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LIBRARY 

OF  THF. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


©IFT    OF 

THE' BANCROFT  LIBRARY  - 


THE 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY: 


CONTAINING  AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE 


LIVES,  CHARACTERS,  AND  WRITINGS 


OF  THE 


tost  Eminent  &tttm    mastfc  m 


FROM  ITS  FIKST  SETTLEMENT. 


BY 

WILLIAM    ALLEN,     D.  D., 

LATE  PRESIDENT  OF  BOWDOIN  COLLEGE,  FELLOW  OF  THE  AMERICAN  ACADEMY  OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES, 

MEMBER  OF  THE  AMERICAN  ANTIQUARIAN  SOCIETY,  AND  OF  THE  HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES  OF 

MASSACHUSETTS,  MAINE,  NEW  HAMPSHIRE,  NEW  YORK,  AND  NEW  JERSEY;  AUTHOR 

OF  "ADDRESSES,"  AND  OF  THE  "VALE  OF  HOOSATUNNUK." 


QUIQUE  SUI  MEMORES  ALIOS  FECERE  MERENDO.-»YmGlL. 


THIBD  EDITION. 


BOSTON: 

PUBLISHED  BY  JOHN  P.  JEWETT  AND  COMPANY. 

CLEVELAND,    OHIO  : 

HENRY   P.   B.    JEWETT. 

M.DCCC.LVII. 

?$"? 

/ 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1857,  by 

JOHN  P.  JEWETT  AND  COMPANY, 
In  the  Clerk's  office  of  the  District  Court  for  the  District  of  Massachusetts, 


LITIIOTYPED    BY   THE  AMERICAN   STEREOTYPE   COMPANY, 
P1ICENIX  BUILDING,  BOSTON. 


PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION. 


THE  following  work  presents  itself  to  the  public  with  no  claims  to  attention,  but  such  as 
are  founded  upon  the  interest  which  may  be  felt  in  the  lives  of  Americans.  Finding 
himself,  a  few  years  ago,  in  a  literary  retirement,  with  no  important  duties  which  pressed 
immediately  upon  him,  the  author  conceived  the  plan  of  this  Dictionary.  He  was  desirous 
of  bringing  to  the  citizens  of  the  United  States  more  information  than  was  generally 
possessed,  respecting  the  illustrious  men  of  former  times,  the  benefactors  and  ornaments  of 
this  country,  who  have  passed  away.  He  persuaded  himself  that,  if  he  could  collect  the 
fragments  of  biography,  which  were  buried  in  the  mass  of  American  history,  or  scattered 
amidst  a  multitude  of  tracts  of  various  kinds,  and  could  fashion  these  materials  into  a 
regular  form,  so  as  to  place  before  the  eye  our  great  and  good  men,  if  not  in  their  full 
dimensions,  yet  in  their  true  sliape,  he  should  render  an  acceptable  service  to  his  country 
men.  This  work,  with  no  little  labor,  he  has  now  completed  ;  and  the  inexperienced  artist, 
in  his  first  essay,  can  hope  only  that  his  design  will  be  commended.  He  wishes  chiefly, 
that,  as  the  images  of  departed  excellence  are  surveyed,  the  spirit  which  animated  them 
may  be  caught  by  the  beholder. 

As  an  apology,  however,  for  the  deficiencies  and  errors  of  various  kinds  which  may  be 
found  in  the  work,  a  full  exposition  of  his  plan,  and  some  representation  of  the  difficulty  of 
executing  it,  seem  to  be  necessary. 

It  was  proposed  to  give  some  account  of  the  persons  who  first  discovered  the  new  world; 
of  those  who  had  a  principal  agency  in  laying  the  foundations  of  the  several  colonies  ;  of 
those  who  have  held  important  offices  and  discharged  the  duties  of  them  with  ability  and 
integrity ;  of  those  who  have  been  conspicuous  in  the  learned  professions ;  of  those  who 
have  been  remarkable  for  genius  and  knowledge,  or  who  have  written  anything  deserving 
of  remembrance ;  of  the  distinguished  friends  of  literature  and  science  ;  of  the  statesmen, 
the  patriots,  and  heroes,  who  have  contended  for  American  liberty,  or  aided  in  the  estab 
lishment  of  our  civil  institutions  ;  and  of  all,  whose  lives,  bright  with  Christian  virtue, 
might  furnish  examples  which  should  be  worthy  of  imitation.  It  was  determined  to  enlarge 
this  wide  field  by  giving  as  complete  a  list  as  could  be  made  of  the  writings  of  each 
person,  and  by  introducing  the  first  ministers  of  the  principal  towns,  for  the  purpose  of 
illustrating  the  history  of  this  country.  The  design  included,  also,  a  very  compendious 
history  of  the  United  States,  as  well  as  of  each  separate  colony  and  State,  for  the  satisfac 
tion  of  the  reader  who  might  wish  to  view  the  subjects  of  the  biographical  sketches  in 
connection  with  the  most  prominent  facts  relating  to  the  country  in  which  they  lived.  In 
addition  to  all  this,  it  was  intended  to  annex  such  references  as  would  point  out  the 
sources  from  which  information  should  be  derived,  and  as  might  direct  to  more  copious 
intelligence  than  could  be  contained  in  this  work. 

Such  were  the  objects  which  the  author  had  in  view,  when  he  commenced  an  enterprise, 
of  whose  magnitude  and  difficulty  he  was  not  sufficiently  sensible,  before  he  had  advanced 
too  far  to  be  able  to  retreat.  The  modern  compilers  of  similar  works  in  Europe  have 
little  else  to  do  but  to  combine  or  abridge  the  labors  of  their  predecessors,  and  employ  the 

229532  (iii) 


IV  PEEFACE. 

materials  previously  collected  to  their  hands.  But  in  the  compilation  of  this  work  a  new 
and  untrodden  field  was  to  be  explored.  It  became  necessary,  not  only  to  examine  the 
whole  of  American  history,  in  order  to  know  who  have  taken  a  conspicuous  part  in  the 
transactions  of  this  country,  but  to  supply,  from  other  sources,  the  imperfect  accounts  of 
general  historical  writers.  By  a  recurrence  to  the  references,  it  will  be  seen  that  much 
toil  has  been  encountered.  But,  although  the  authorities  may  seem  to  be  unnecessarily 
multiplied,  there  has  been  some  moderation  in  introducing  them,  for  in  many  instances  they 
do  not,  by  any  means,  exhibit  the  extent  of  the  researches  which  have  been  made.  It 
could  not  be  expected,  or  wished,  that  newspapers,  pamphlets,  and  other  productions  should 
be  referred  to  for  undisputed  dates  and  single  facts  which  they  have  afforded,  and  which 
have  been  embodied  with  regular  accounts.  The  labor,  however,  of  searching  for  inform 
ation  has  frequently  been  less  than  that  of  comparing  different  statements,  endeavoring  to 
reconcile  them  when  they  disagreed,  adjusting  the  chronology,  combining  the  independent 
facts,  and  forming  a  consistent  whole  of  what  existed  only  in  disjointed  parts*  Sometimes 
the  mind  has  been  overwhelmed  by  the  variety  and  abundance  of  intelligence ;  and  some 
times  the  author  has  prosecuted  his  inquiries  in  every  direction,  and  found  only  a  barren 
waste. 

For  the  large  space  which  is  sometimes  occupied  in  describing  the  last  hours  of  the 
persons  of  whom  a  sketch  is  given,  the  following  reasons  are  assigned.  In  the  lives  of  our 
fellow-men,  there  is  no  period  so  important  to  them,  and  so  interesting  to  us,  as  the  period 
which  immediately  precedes  their  dissolution.  To  see  one  of  our  brethren  at  a  point  of 
his  existence,  beyond  which  the  next  step  will  either  plunge  him  down  a  precipice  into  an 
abyss  from  which  he  will  never  rise,  or  will  elevate  him  to  everlasting  glory,  is  a  spectacle 
which  attracts  us,  not  merely  by  its  sublimity,  but  because  we  know  that  the  flight  of  time 
is  rapidly  hastening  us  to  the  same  crisis.  We  wish  to  see  men  in  the  terrible  situation 
which  inevitably  awaits  us;  to  learn  what  it  is  that  can  support  them,  and  can  secure  them. 
The  gratification  of  this  desire  to  behold  what  is  great  and  awful,  and  the  communication 
of  the  aids  which  may  be  derived  from  the  conduct  of  dying  men,  have  accordingly  been 
combined  in  the  objects  of  this  work.  After  recounting  the  vicissitudes  attending  the 
affairs  of  men,  the  author  was  irresistibly  inclined  to  turn  from  the  fluctuations  of  human 
life,  and  to  dwell,  when  his  subject  would  give  him  an  opportunity,  upon  the  calm  and  firm 
hopes  of  the  Christian,  and  the  sure  prospects  of  eternity.  While  he  thus  soothed  his 
own  mind,  he  also  believed  that  he  should  afford  a  resting-place  to  the  minds  of  others, 
fatigued  with  following  their  brethren  amidst  their  transient  occupations,  their  successes, 
their  disappointments,  and  their  afflictions. 

Some  terms  are  used  which  relate  to  local  circumstances,  and  which  require  those 
circumstances  to  be  pointed  out.  In  several  of  the  New  England  States,  when  the  annual 
election  of  the  several  branches  of  the  legislature  is  completed,  and  the  government  is 
organized,  it  has  been  an  ancient  practice  to  have  a  sermon  preached  in  the  audience  of 
the  newly-elected  rulers,  which  is  called  the  election  sermon.  This  phrase  would  not  need 
an  explanation  to  an  inhabitant  of  New  England.  The  names  of  pastor  and  teacher,  as 
distinct  officers  in  the  church,  frequently  occur.  Soon  after  the  first  settlement  of  this 
country,  when  some  societies  enjoyed  the  labors  of  two  ministers,  they  bore  the  titles  of 
teacher  and  pastor,  of  which  it  was  the  duty  of  the  former  to  attend  particularly  to  doctrine, 
and  of  the  latter  to  exhortation  ;  the  one  was  to  instruct,  and  the  other  to  persuade.  But 
the  boundary  between  these  two  offices  was  not  well  defined,  and  was  in  fact  very  little 
regarded.  The  distinction  of  the  name  itself  did  not  exist  long. 

Great  care  has  been  taken  to  render  the  dates  accurate,  and  to  avoid  the  mistakes  which 
have  been  made  from  inattention  to  the  former  method  of  reckoning  time,  when  March  was 


PREFACE.  V 

the  first  month  of  the  year.  If  any  one,  ignorant  of  this  circumstance,  should  look  into 
Dr.  Mather's  Magnalia,  or  ecclesiastical  history  of  New  England,  he  would  sometimes 
wonder  at  the  absurdity  of  the  writer.  He  would  read,  for  instance,  in  the  life  of  President 
Chauncy,  that  he  died  in  February,  1671,  and  will  find  it  previously  said  that  he  attended 
the  commencement  in  the  same  year,  which  was  in  July.  Thus,  too,  Peter  Hobart  is  said 
to  have  died  in  January,  and  yet  to  have  been  infirm  in  the  summer  of  1 G78.  When  it  is 
remembered  that  March  was  the  first  month,  these  accounts  are  easy  to  be  reconciled. 
There  seems  not,  however,  to  have  been  any  uniformity  in  disposing  of  the  days  between 
the  first  and  the  twenty-fifth  of  March,  for  sometimes  they  are  considered  as  belonging  to 
the  antecedent,  and  sometimes  to  the  subsequent  year.  American  writers,  it  is  believed, 
have  generally,  if  not  always,  applied  them  to  the  latter.  When  the  figures  for  two  years 
are  written,  as  in  dates  before  the  adoption  of  the  new  style  in  1752  is  found  frequently  to 
be  the  case,  not  only  for  the  days  above  mentioned,  but  for  the  days  in  January  and 
February,  it  is  the  latter  year  which  corresponds  with  our  present  mode  of  reckoning. 
Thus,  March  1,  1689,  was  sometimes  written  March  1,  1688-9,  or  with  the  figures  placed 
one  above  the  other.  The  months  were  designated  usually  by  the  names  of  the  first,  the 
second,  etc. ;  so  that  February  was  the  twelfth  month. 

No  apology  is  necessary  for  the  free  use  which  has  been  made  of  the  labors  of  others,  for 
the  plan  of  this  book  is  so  essentially  different  from  that  of  any  which  has  preceded  it,  that 
the  author  has  not  encroached  upon  the  objects  which  others  had  in  view.  He  has  had  no 
hesitation  in  using  their  very  language,  whenever  it  suited  him.  Compilers  seem  to  be 
licensed  pillagers.  Like  the  youth  of  Sparta,  they  may  lay  their  hands  upon  plunder 
without  a  crime,  if  they  will  but  seize  it  with  adroitness.  The  list  of  American  literary 
productions,  which  has  been  rendered  as  complete  as  possible,  is,  for  the  sake  of  method, 
placed  at  the  close  of  each  article ;  and,  in  giving  the  titles  of  them,  it  will  be  perceived 
that  there  has  frequently  been  an  economy  of  words,  as  far  as  was  consistent  with  distinct 
ness  of  representation. 

The  author  is  aware  that  he  lives  in  times  which  are  like  all  other  times,  when  the  sym 
pathies  of  parties  of  different  kinds  are  very  strong ;  and  he  believes  that  he  has  sought 
less  to  conciliate  them  than  to  follow  truth,  though  she  might  not  lead  him  into  any  of  the 
paths  along  which  the  many  are  pressing.  Without  resolving  to  be  impartial,, it  would 
indicate  no  common  destitution  of  upright  and  honorable  principles  to  attempt  a  delineation 
of  the  characters  of  men.  He  may  have- misapprehended,  and  he  may  have  done  what  is 
worse.  All  are  liable  to  errors,  and  he  knows  enough  of  the  windings  of  the  heart  to 
remember  that  errors  may  proceed  from  prejudice,  or  indolence  of  attention,  and  be  crimi 
nal,  while  they  are  cherished  as  honest  and  well-founded  convictions,  the  result  of  impartial 
inquiry.  He  trusts,  however,  that  nothing  will  be  found  in  this  book  to  counteract  the 
influence  of  genuine  religion,  evincing  itself  in  piety  and  good  works,  or  to  weaken  the 
attachment  of  Americans  to  their  well-balanced  republic,  which  equally  abhors  the  tyranny 
of  irresponsible  authority,  the  absurdity  of  hereditary  wisdom,  and  the  anarchy  of  lawless 
liberty. 

CAMBRIDGE,  MASSACHUSETTS,  August  2,  1809. 


PREFACE  TO  THE  SECOND  EDITION. 


AFTER  a  long  interval  since  the  first  edition  of  this  work,  the  author  now  offers  this 
second  edition  to  the  public.  During  twenty  years  past  he  has  been  repeatedly  urged  to 
accomplish  what  he  has  not  found  leisure  to  accomplish  till  the  present  time.  But  the 
delay,  as  the  death-harvest  among  the  eminent  men  of  our  country  has  been  gathered  in, 
has  swelled  the  catalogue  of  those  who  ought  to  be  commemorated  in  a  biography  of  "  the 
mighty  dead  "  of  America.  The  first  edition  was  the  first  general  collection  of  American 
biography  ever  published ;  and  it  is  still  the  largest  work  of  the  kind  which  has  appeared. 
In  the  prospectus  of  this  second  edition  it  was  proposed  to  print  seven  hundred  and  fifty 
pages,  and  it  was  thought  that  the  separate  biographical  notices  would  amount  to  about  twelve 
hundred,  being  about  five  hundred  more  than  are  contained  in  the  first  edition.  But  the 
book  has  reached  the  unwieldly  size  of  eight  hundred  and  eight  pages,  and  the  biographical 
articles  exceed  eighteen  hundred,  presenting  an  account  of  more  than  one  thousand  indi 
viduals  not  mentioned  in  Lord's  edition  of  Lempriere,  and  of  about  sixteen  hundred  not 
found  in  the  first  ten  volumes  of  the  Encyclopedia  Americana.  Yet  the  author  has  been 
obliged  to  exclude  accounts  of  many  persons  of  whom  he  would  willingly  have  said  some 
thing.  If  he  has  at  times  misjudged  in  his  exclusions  and  admissions,  —  yet  for  some 
omissions  an  apology  will  be  found  in  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  intelligence,  as  well  as  in 
oversight,  which  could  hardly  fail  to  occur  in  a  work  of  such  extent,  embracing  such  a 
multitude  of  facts,  and  requiring,  while  in  the  press,  such  incessant  attention  and  labor,  — 
he  can  only  promise,  should  he  live  to  publish  an  additional  volume,  or  to  prepare  another 
edition,  an  earnest  effort  to  render  the  work  more  complete,  and  more  free  from  error.  In 
the  mean  time  he  solicits  the  communication  of  intelligence  respecting  individuals  worthy 
of  being  remembered,  who  have  escaped,  or  who  are  likely  to  escape,  his  unassisted 
researches. 

To  those  gentlemen  in  different  parts  of  our  country,  who  have  favored  him  with  notices 
of  their  friends,  or  of  others,  he  returns  his  acknowledgments.  He  has  been  particularly 
indebted  to  the  biographical  collections  of  Mr.  Samuel  Jennison,  Jun.,  of  Worcester, 
Mass.,  and  to  the  accurate  antiquarian  researches  of  Mr.  John  Farmer,  of  Concord,  N.  II., 
whose  New  England  Genealogical  Register  will  enable  most  of  the  sons  of  the  Pilgrims 
of  New  England  to  trace  their  descent  from  their  worthy  ancestry.  The  authorities 
referred  to,  though  abridged  from  the  first  edition,  will  show  to  what  books  he  has  been 
chiefly  indebted. 

America  is  reproached  in  Europe  for  deficiency  in  literature  and  science ;  but  if  one  will 
consider  that  it  is  not  two  hundred  years  since  the  first  press  was  set  up  in  this  country, 
and  will  then  look  at  the  list  of  publications  annexed  to  the  articles  in  this  Biography,  he 
will  be  astonished  at  the  multitude  of  works  which  have  been  printed.  New  England  was 
founded  by  men  of  learning,  whose  first  care  was  to  establish  schools ;  and  the  descendants 
of  the  fathers  have  inherited  their  love  of  knowledge  and  mental  energy.  No  race  of  men 
on  the  face  of  the  earth,  it  may  be  safely  asserted,  are  so  rational,  so  intelligent,  so 

(vi) 


PREFACE.  Vll 

enlightened,  and  of  such  intellectual  power,  as  the  descendants  of  the  New  England  Pil 
grims,  and  the  inhabitants  generally  of  our  extensive  country. 

Although  the  wide  diffusion  of  knowledge  is  preferable  to  its  convergence  into  a  few 
points  of  splendor,  yet  America  can  boast  of  names  of  eminence  in  the  arts  and  in  various 
departments  of  science,  and  can  speak  of  her  sons  of  inventive  power,  of  metaphysical 
acuteness,  of  philosophical  discovery,  of  profound  learning,  and  thrilling  eloquence,  and 
especially  of  a  multitude  skilled  in  the  knowledge  and  the  maintenance  of  the  rights  of 
man.  Happy  will  it  be  for  our  country,  if  ancient  wisdom,  and  patriotism,  and  piety  shall 
not,  in  a  future  race,  dwindle  down  into  the  hunger  for  office,  and  the  violence  of  party, 
and  the  cheerlessness  of  infidelity. 

This  body  of  American  Biography  will  be  found  to  comprise  the  first  SETTLERS  and 
FATHERS  of  our  country ;  early  NAVIGATORS,  and  adventurous  TRAVELLERS  ;  the 
STATESMEN,  PATRIOTS,  and  HEROES,  who  have  contended  for  American  liberty,  or 
assisted  in  laying  the  foundations  of  our  republican  iustitutions ;  all  the  SIGNERS  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence ;  brave  and  skilful  MILITARY  and  NAVAL  COMMANDERS  ; 
many  of  the  GOVERNORS  of  the  several  States,  and  the  deceased  PRESIDENTS  of  our 
country ;  profound  LAWYERS,  and  skilful  PHYSICIANS  ;  men  of  GENIUS,  LEARNING,  and 
SCIENCE,  and  the  distinguished  FRIENDS  and  PATRONS  of  LEARNING;  THEOLOGIANS 
and  HISTORIANS,  POETS  and  ORATORS  ;  ingenious  ARTISTS,  and  men  celebrated  for  their 
INVENTIONS  ;  together  with  many  eminent  PHILANTHROPISTS  and  CHRISTIANS,  whose 
examples  have  diffused  a  cheering  radiance  around  them. 

The  author,  in  conclusion,  cannot  avoid  expressing  the  wish  that,  as  the  reader  surveys 
the  lives  of  such  men,  the  commendable  zeal  which  animated  them  may  come  upon  his 
own  soul,  and  that  he  may  help  to  bear  up  the  honors  of  a  country  which  has  been  the 
abode  of  a  race  of  enlightened,  noble-minded,  disinterested,  and  virtuous  men. 

BRUNSWICK,  MAINE,  July  17,  1832. 


PREFACE   TO  THE   THIRD   EDITION. 


THE  reprint  of  the  Prefaces  to  the  two  former  editions  —  the  first  dated  forty-eight 
years  ago,  and  the  second  twenty-five  years  —  renders  unnecessary  any  new  remarks  on 
the  design  and  importance  of  such  a  collection  of  general  American  biography,  as  is  fur 
nished  by  this  book  ;  which  was,  in  fact,  the  first  work  of  the  kind  ever  published,  and  is 
now  the  only  general  and  exclusively  American  biography  to  which  the  inquirer  has  access. 
The  only  change  in  the  plan  is  the  omission  of  the  brief  histories  of  the  several  States, 
which  histories  might  have  been  useful  and  convenient  many  years  ago,  but  "which,  at  the 
present  day,  with  the  great  increase  of  the  number  of  the  States,  and  the  rapid  growth  of 
the  various  interests  of  the  country,  should  give  way  to  fuller  and  more  copious  and  satis 
factory  historical  accounts.  This  work  is  therefore  now  purely  biography  ;  and,  instead  of 
"  An  American  Biographical  and  Historical  Dictionary,"  the  title  is  now  "  The  American 
Biographical  Dictionary." 

This  book  of  American  biography  has  not  been  superseded  nor  approached  in  value  by 
any  book  of  the  kind  which  has  been  published.  Without  referring  again  to  such  books  as 
were  mentioned  in  the  second  preface,  I  may  allude  to  two  general  biographies  which  have 
been  recently  printed,  namely :  Appletons'  Cyclopaedia  of  Biography,  and  Blake's  General 
Biography.  They  each  include  in  one  volume  both  foreign  and  American,  chiefly  foreign, 
and  only  in  small  part  American,  biography.  While  they  may  have  each  ten  or  twelve  thou 
sand  foreign  names,  the  former  has  only  about  one  thousand,  and  the  latter  about  two 
thousand,  American  names;  but  my  book  has,  of  the  distinguished  men  of  our  country,  the 
great  number  of  six  thousand  seven  hundred  seventy-five,  exceeding  the  largest  of  these 
two  books  by  about  four  thousand  seven  hundred  American  names.  And  my  whole  book 
of  nine  hundred  pages,  in  two  columns,  royal  octavo,  is  made  up,  not  chiefly  of  foreigners, 
but  of  ALL  AMERICANS.  Moreover,  I  may  be  permitted  to  add,  my  articles  are  not  shallow 
abridgments  of  my  second  edition,  but  full  and  ample  accounts,  including  a  list  of  the 
writings  of  each  person.  If  the  Appletons'  book  gives  one  page  of  letter  type  to  Wash 
ington,  my  own  book  gives  to  our  greatest  man  twelve  pages  ;  if  that  book  gives  to  Rev. 
Dr.  John  M.  Mason,  of  New  York,  eight  lines,  mine  gives  to  him  a  page  and  a  half;  if 
that  book  gives  to  John  Adams  half  a  page,  mine  gives  to  him  six  pages.  Such  will  often 
be  found  the  proportion  in  the  articles,  without  referring  to  such  a  case  as  Rev.  Dr.  Morse, 
the  father  of  American  geography,  who  has  one  line,  while  in  my  book  he  has  nearly  half 
a  page  ;  such  the  abridgment  to  which  my  book  has  been  subjected. 

I  can  truly  say  of  my  book,  that  it  is  my  own  labor  of  half  a  century,  during  which 
period  I  have  been  gleaning  from  the  wide  field  of  American  history,  and  from  an  immense 
multitude  of  journals,  papers,  and  memorials  of  the  dead,  aided  also  by  the  contribution  of 
facts  from  the  friends  of  the  deceased.  I  have  introduced  many  anecdotes,  for  they  often 
combine  useful  and  important  instruction  with  amusement.  I  have  attempted  truly  to 
describe  all  characters  ;  and,  in  following  the  pathway  of  truth,  I  have  not  invested  men 
with  excellencies  which  do  not  belong  to  them,  nor  regarded  with  equal  favor  contradictory 
systems  of  faith  and  irreconcilable  principles  of  conduct.  As  an  honest  man,  not  deprived 

(viii) 


PREFACE   TO    THE   THIRD    EDITION.  IX 

of  intelligence  nor  void  of  benevolence,  I  have,  as  I  think,  known  how  to  censure  as  well 
as  to  praise. 

The  first  edition  contained  an  account  of  more  than  seven  hundred  deceased  Americans, 
the  second  of  more  than  eighteen  hundred,  which  large  number,  in  the  present  edition, 
brought  down  to  the  present  time,  is  more  than  trebled ;  so  that  in  this  book  may  be 
found  an  account  of  nearly  seven  thousand  Americans,  of  some  note  and  worthiness  of 
being  remembered.  And  how  vast  must  be  the  number  of  American  citizens,  spread 
over  our  wide  country,  who  may  find  here  recorded  the  names  of  their  own  ancestors, 
which,  elsewhere,  they  may  not  be  able  to  find  ? 

If,  as  a  reviewer  regarded  this  book,  when,  many  years  ago,  the  second  edition  was  pub 
lished,  it  was  "  one  of  that  class  of  books  which  may  be  reckoned  as  among  the  necessaries 
of  literary  life,  the  implements  of  study,"  and  if  "  this  work  should  be  in  the  hands,  or  at 
least  within  the  reach,  of  every  literary  and  professional  man  throughout  the  country ; " 
then,  at  the  present  time,  after  the  lapse  of  a  quarter  of  a  century,  this  greatly  enlarged 
book  cannot  be  less  necessary  and  important. 

It  must  be  wanted,  if  I  mistake  not,  by  our  statesmen ;  it  must  be  wanted  by  every 
minister  of  the  gospel,  of  whatever  denomination ;  it  must  be  wanted  in  every  school  and 
town  library.  That  the  print  is  fair  and  easy  to  the  eye,  every  reader  will  perceive  ;  and 
I  rejoice  that  my  publishers  present  this  work  to  the  lovers  of  American  biography  in  a 
form  which  must  be  satisfactory  to  their  wishes,  associating  nothing  of  meanness  or  nar 
rowness  with  this  memorial  of  the  mighty  dead  of  our  country. 

Intelligent,  patriotic  inquirers  concerning  the  lives  of  their  predecessors  may  here  obtain 
the  information  which,  unaided  by  this  book,  it  might  be  impossible  for  them  to  procure ; 
and  which  they  certainly  will  not  find  in  the  books,  whether  called  dictionaries  or  cyclo 
paedias,  containing  abridgments  of  my  condensed  biography.  The  author  of  one  of  them  had 
indeed  the  grace  to  ask  of  me  permission  to  abridge  my  second  edition  for  his  own  purposes, — 
a  request  which  I  could  not  grant.  The  use  which,  without  my  consent,  has  been  actually 
made  of  my  book,  by  way  of  abridgment  or  abstracts,  will,  I  hope,  create  a  thirst  for  the 
more  copious  biography,  to  be  found  in  this  book.  It  may  be  added,  that  this  biographical 
book  will  not  —  like  many  other  works  which  have  only  a  temporary  interest  —  be  liable 
to  become  antiquated  by  years ;  for  the  memory  of  the  worthy  dead,  the  memory  of  the 
fathers,  will  ever  be  cherished  and  fresh  in  the  American  heart.  The  Pilgrims  who  landed 
on  the  rock  of  Plymouth  were  never  so  reverenced  as  they  are  now. 

It  is  rare  that  an  author  is  permitted  to  superintend  the  publication  of  a  book,  the  first 
edition  of  which  he  published  nearly  half  a  century  before.  To  the  kind  Providence 
which  has  preserved  my  life,  I  offer  my  grateful  acknowledgments ;  and,  as  my  age  and 
my  labors  in  this  book  of  record,  which  speaks  of  the  dead,  have  rendered  my  thoughts 
familiar  with  death,  I  may  be  allowed,  lastly,  to  utter  the  prayer  for  the  readers  of  this 
work,  that  God  will  give  us,  at  the  moment  of  our  departure  from  the  earth,  the  peace  and 
triumph  often  given,  as  here  recorded,  to  his  Christian  servants ;  and  that,  when  we  shall 
meet  in  a  great  company  of  hundreds  of  millions  of  revivified  men  of  all  countries,  He  will 
grant  that  we  may  meet  as  fellow-sharers  in  the  unutterable  blessings  revealed  in  the 
gospel  of  his  Son,  whose  death  has  made  atonement  for  our  sins,  and  by  whose  teach 
ing  and  resurrection  "  life  and  immortality  have  been  brought  to  light." 

NORTHAMPTON,  MASSACHUSETTS,  May  1,  1857. 


THE  AMERICAN 


BIOGRAPHICAL    DICTIONARY. 


ABBOT,  HULL,  a  respectable  minister  of 
Charlestown,  Mass.,  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
College  in  the  year  1720,  and  ordained  Feb.  5, 
1724,  as  colleague  with  Mr.  Bradstreet.  After 
continuing  fifty  years  in  the  ministry,  he  died 
April  19,  1774,  aged  80  years.  He  published 
the  following  sermons :  on  the  artillery  election, 
1735;  on  the  rebellion  in  Scotland,  1746;  against 
cm-sing  and  swearing,  1747. 

ABBOT,  SAMUEL,  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Theological  Seminary  at  Andover,  died  in  that 
town,  of  which  he  was  a  native,  April  30,  1812, 
aged  80.  He  had  been  a  merchant  in  Boston. 
His  donation  for  establishing  the  Seminary,  August 
31,  1807,  was  20,000  dollars;  he  also  bequeathed 
to  it  more  than  100,000  dollars.  He  was  a 
humble,  conscientious,  and  pious  man,  remark 
able  for  prudence,  sincerity,  and  uprightness; 
charitable  to  the  poor,  and  zealous  for  the  inter 
ests  of  religion.  He  bestowed  several  thousands 
of  dollars  for  the  relief  of  ministers  of  the  gospel 
and  for  other  charitable  objects.  It  was  a 
maxim  with  him,  "  to  praise  no  one  in  his 
presence  and  to  dispraise  no  one  in  his  absence." 
In  his  last  sickness  he  enjoyed  a  peace,  which  the 
world  cannot  give.  "  I  desire  to  live,"  he  said, 
"  if  God  has  any  thing  more  for  me  to  do  or  to 
suffer."  When  near  his  end  he  said,  "there  is 
enough  in  God;  I  want  nothing  but  God."  He 
left  a  widow,  with  whom  he  had  lived  more  than 
fifty  years,  and  one  son.  —  Woods1  Funeral  Ser 
mon  ;  Panoplist,  Till.  337. 

ABBOT,  ABIEL,  D.  1).,  a  minister  in  Beverly, 
Mass.,  was  born  at  Andover  Aug.  17,  1770,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1787,  having  an 
unstained  character  and  a  high  rank  as  a  scholar. 
After  being  an  assistant  teacher  in  the  Academy 
at  Andover,  and  studying  theology  with  Mr. 
French,  he  was  settled  about  1794  as  the  minister 
of  Ilaverhill,  where  he  continued  eight  years. 
An  inadequate  support  for  his  family  induced  him 
to  ask  a  dismission,  though  with  great  reluctance. 
He  was  soon  afterwards,  about  1802,  settled  in 
Beverly,  as  the  successor  of  Mr.  McKecu,  who  had 


been  chosen  president  of  Bowdoin  College.  The 
remainder  of  his  life,  about  twenty-four  years,  was 
passed  in  Beverly  in  his  ministerial  office,  except 
Avhen  his  labors  were  interrupted  by  sickness. 
He  passed  the  winter  of  1827-1828  in  and  near 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  for  the  recovery  of  his  health. 
Early  in  Feb.,  1828,  he  embarked  for  Cuba, 
where  he  continued  three  months,  exploring 
different  parts  of  the  island,  and  making  a  dili 
gent  record  of  Ms  observations  in  letters  to  his 
family  and  friends.  On  his  return,  he  sailed  from 
the  pestilential  city  of  Havana,  with  his  health 
almost  restored.  He  preached  at  Charleston, 
June  1,  and  the  next  day  sailed  for  New  York. 
But,  although  able  to  go  on  deck  in  the  morning, 
he  died  at  noon,  June  7th,  just  as  the  vessel  came 
to  anchor  at  the  quarantine  ground  near  the  city 
of  New  York,  and  was  buried  on  Statcn  Island. 
It  is  probable,  that  he  was  a  victim  to  the  yellow 
fever,  the  contagion  of  which  he  received  at  Ha 
vana.  —  Dr.  Abbot  was.  very  courteous  and  inter 
esting  in  social  intercourse,  and  was  eloquent  in 
preaching.  His  religious  sentiments  are  not 
particularly  explained  by  his  biographer,  who 
says,  that  he  belonged  "  to  no  sect  but  that  of 
good  men."  Happy  are  all  they,  who  belong  to 
that  sect.  He  seems  to  have  been,  in  his  last 
days,  extremely  solicitous  on  the  subject  of  reli 
gious  controversy.  In  the  love  of  peace  all  good 
men  will  agree  with  him,  and  doubtless  there  has 
been  much  controversy  concerning  unimportant 
points,  conducted  too  in  an  unchristian  spirit ;  but, 
in  this  world  of  error,  it  is  not  easy  to  imagine 
how  controversy  is  to  be  avoided.  If  the  truth 
is  assailed,  it  would  seem,  that  those  who  love  it, 
should  engage  in  its  vindication ;  for  men  always 
defend  against  unjust  assault  what  they  deem 
valuable.  Besides,  if  an  intelligent  and  benevo 
lent  man  thinks  his  neighbor  has  fallen  into  a 
dangerous  mistake,  why  should  he  not,  in  a 
friendly  debate,  endeavor  to  set  him  right  ?  Es 
pecially  ought  the  preachers  of  truth  to  recom 
mend  it  to  others,  with  meekness  indeed  and  in 
love,  but  with  all  the  energy  which  its  relation  to 

(1) 


ABBOT. 


ABERNETHEY. 


human  happiness  demands.  When  this  is  done, 
the  enemies  of  the  truth,  by  resisting  it,  will  pre 
sent  to  the  world  the  form  of  religious  dissension. 
If  infidels  endeavor  to  subvert  the  foundations 
of  Christianity ;  if  corrupt  heretics  deny  the  plain 
doctrines  of  the  gospel ;  if  bewildered  enthusiasts 
bring  forward  their  whims  and  fancies  as  doc 
trines  revealed  from  heaven ;  shall  the  dread  of 
controversy  prevent  the  exposure  of  their  false 
reasonings,  their  presumptuous  comments,  and 
their  delusive  and  perilous  imaginations  ?  —  Since 
the  death  of  Dr.  Abbot  and  the  settlement  of  his 
Unitarian  successor,  many  of  the  congregation 
have  withdrawn  and  connected  themselves  with 
the  Second  Church  and  Society.  —  His  interesting 
and  valuable  letters  from  Cuba  were  published 
after  his  death,  Svo.,  Boston,  1829.  lie  published 
also  artillery  election  sermon,  1802;  sermons  to 
mariners,  1812;  address  on  intemperance,  1815; 
sermon  before  the  Salem  Missionary  Society,  1816 ; 
before  the  Bible  Society  of  Salem,  1817;  conven 
tion  sermon,  1827.  —  Flint's  Sermon;  Sketch  in 
Letters  from  Cuba. 

ABBOT,  Jonx,  died  at  Andover,  the  place  of 
his  birth,  July  2,  1843,  aged  84.  He  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1754,  was  the  first  professor  of 
languages  at  Bowdoin  College,  and  for  many  years 
its  librarian  and  treasurer. 

ABBOT,  BENJAMIN,  LL.  I).,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1788,  and 
died  in  Exeter  Oct.  25,  1849,  aged  87.  From 
1788  to  1838  he  was  the  highly  respected  prin 
cipal  of  Phillips'  Exeter  Academy.  Many  emi 
nent  men  were  his  pupils  ;  and,  on  his  retire 
ment  in  1838,  they  united  in  a  testimonial  to  his 
merits. 

ABBOT,  JACOB,  died  at  Farmington,  Me.,  Jan. 
25,  1847,  aged  70  —  a  worthy  and  useful  man,  the 
father  of  distinguished  sons,  Jacob,  John,  Gor- 
ham,  and  Charles.  He  was  a  native  of  Andover : 
for  many  years  he  lived  in  Brunswick.  His  sons 
write  the  family  name,  Abbott. 

ABBOT,  SAMUEL,  was  born  in  Wilton,  X.  II., 
in  178G,  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1808,  and  died 
in  1839.  He  invented  the  process  of  extracting 
and  clarifying  strach  from  the  potato. 

ABBOT,  JOHN  EMERY,  a  minister  in  Salem  ; 
died  in  1819,  aged  26.  He  was  a  graduate  of 
Bowdoin  in  1810.  His  sermons,  with  a  memoir 
by  II.  Ware,  were  published  in  1829. 

ABEEL,  JOHN  NELSON,  I).  IX,  an  eloquent 
preacher,  graduated  at  Princeton  College  in  1787. 
He  relinquished  the  study  of  the  law,  Avhich  he 
had  commenced  under  Judge  Patterson,  and  pur 
sued  the  study  of  divinity  with  Dr.  Livingston. 
He  was  licensed  to  preach  in  April,  1793.  After 
being  for  a  short  time  a  minister  of  a  Presby 
terian  church  in  Philadelphia,  he  was  in  1795 
installed  as  pastor  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church 
in  the  city  of  New  York.  He  died  Jan.  20,  1812, 


in  the  43d  year  of  his  age,  deeply  lamented  on 
account  of  his  unassuming,  amiable  manners,  and 
his  eloquence  as  a  preacher  of  the  gospel.  With 
a  discriminating  mind,  and  a  sweet  and  melo 
dious  voice,  and  his  soul  inflamed  with  pious  zeal, 
he  was  pre-eminent  among  extemporaneous  ora 
tors.  In  performing  his  various  pastoral  duties 
he  was  indefatigable.  —  Gunn's  Funeral  Sermon. 

ABEEL,  DAVID,  missionary  to  China,  died  at 
Albany,  Sept.  4,  1846,  aged  about  40.  He  em 
barked  at  New  York,  and  arrived  at  Canton  Feb. 
19,  1830,  and  at  Bankok  in  1831.  From  1833  to 
1839  he  was  from  ill  health  in  the  United  States, 
but  returned  to  Canton  in  1839.  In  1842  he 
commenced  a  mission  at  Amoy.  Ill  health  com 
pelled  his  return  to  America  in  1845.  He  was 
first  a  preacher  to  seamen  at  Canton ;  then  a 
useful,  respected,  and  important  missionary. 

ABEPcCIlOMBIE,  JAMES,  a  British  major-gen 
eral,  took  the  command  of  the  troops  assembled 
at  Albany  in  June,  1756,  bringing  over  with  him 
two  regiments.  It  was  proposed  to  attack  Crown 
Point,  Niagara,  and  Fort  Du  Quesne.  But  some 
difficulty  as  to  the  rank  of  the  provincial  troops 
occasioned  delay,  and  in  August  the  Earl  of 
Loudoun  took  the  command.  The  capture  of 
Oswego  by  Montcalm  disarranged  the  projected 
campaign.  In  1757  Montcalm  took  Fort  Wil 
liam  Henry ;  and  thus  the  French  commanded 
all  the  lakes.  The  British  spirit  was  now  roused. 
Mr.  Pitt  in  1758  placed  50,000  troops  under  the 
command  of  Abercrombie,  determined  to  recover 
the  places  which  had  been  captured  by  the 
French,  and  also  to  capture  Louisbourg.  Aber 
crombie,  at  the  head  of  15,000  men,  proceeded 
against  Ticonderoga,  which  he  assaulted  injudi 
ciously  and  unsuccessfully,  July  8th,  with  the  loss 
of  nearly  2,000  men,  killed,  wounded,  and  missing. 
He  then  retired  to  his  intrenched  camp  on  the 
south  side  of  Lake  George.  An  expedition  which 
he  sent  out  against  Fort  Frontenac,  under  Col. 
Bradstrect,  was  successful.  He  was  soon  super 
seded  by  Amherst,  who  the  next  year  recovered 
Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point,  and  captured 
Quebec.  —  Marshall,  I.  4 C 2-3 6  ;  Holmes,  II.  82. 
Manic,  59,  107,  144,  161. 

ABEKCKOMBIE,  JAMES,  I).  D.,  died  at  Phil 
adelphia,  June  26,  1841,  aged  83,  the  oldest  Epis 
copal  minister  in  the  city.  He  had  been  a  teacher 
of  youth,  and  was  a  venerable  divine. 

ABE11NETIIEY,  HOBF.RT,  M.  D.,  died  in 
Woodbury,  Conn.,  Sept.  24,  1851,  aged  77.  He 
was  the  son  of  Dr.  William  A.,  of  Harwinton, 
and  practised  physic  in  Woodbury  for  25  vears. 
He  was  a  man  of  distinction,  and  the  delight  of 
his  friends ;  also  a  man  of  religion,  a  worthy  pro 
fessor  for  46  years,  loving  the  house  of  God  and 
the  assembly  of  Christians  for  conference  and 
prayer.  His  son,  John  J.  A.,  is  a  surgeon  in  the 
navv. 


ACKLAXD. 


ADAMS. 


ACKLAXD,  Jonx  D.,  major,  a  British  offi 
cer,  was  at  the  head  of  the  grenadiers  on  the 
left,  in  the  action  near  Stillwater,  Oct.  7,  1777. 
lie  bravely  sustained  the  attack ;  but,  overpow 
ered  by  numbers,  the  British  were  obliged  to 
retreat  to  their  camp,  which  was  instantly  stormed 
by  Arnold.  In  this  action,  Major  Ackland  was 
shot  through  the  legs,  and  taken  prisoner.  —  He 
was  discovered  and  protected  by  Wilkinson.  His 
devoted  wife,  in  the  utmost  distress,  sought  him 
in  the  American  cam]),  favored  with  a  letter  from 
Burgoync  to  Gates. — After  his  return  to  England, 
Major  Ackland,  in  a  dispute  with  Lieut.  Lloyd, 
defended  the  Americans  against  the  charge  of 
cowardice,  and  gave  him  the  lie  direct.  A  duel 
followed,  in  which  Ackland  was  shot  through  the 
head.  Lady  Harriet,  his  wife,  in  consequence 
lost  her  senses  for  two  years ;  but  she  afterwards 
married  Mr.  Brudenell,  who  accompanied  her 
from  the  camp  at  Saratoga  in  her  perilous  pursuit 
of  her  husband.  When  will  there  cease  to  be 
victims  to  private  combat  and  public  war  ?  It 
will  be,  when  the  meek  and  benevolent  spirit  of 
the  gospel  shall  universally  reign  in  the  hearts 
of  men.  —  Remembrancer  for  1777,  p.  461,  465; 
Wilkinson's  Memoirs,  269,  376. 

ADAIIl,  JAMES,  a  trader  with  the  Indians  of 
the  Southern  States,  resided  in  their  country  forty 
years.  From  1735,  he  lived  almost  exclusively  in 
intercourse  with  the  Indians,  cut  off  from  the 
society  of  his  civilized  brethren,  chiefly  among 
the  Chickasaws,  with  whom  he  first  traded  in 
1744.  His  friends  persuaded  him  to  publish  a 
work,  which  he  had  prepared  with  much  labor, 
entitled,  "  The  History  of  the  American  Indians ; 
particularly  those  nations  adjoining  the  Missis 
sippi,  East  and  West;  Florida,  Georgia,  South 
and  North  Carolina,  and  Virginia.  London,  4to, 
177,3."  In  this  book  he  points  out  various  cus 
toms  of  the  Indians,  having  a  striking  resemblance 
to  those  of  the  Jews.  His  arguments  to  prove 
them  descended  from  the  Jews  are  founded  on 
their  division  into  tribes ;  their  worship  of  Je 
hovah  ;  their  festivals,  fasts,  and  religious  rites ; 
their  daily  sacrifice ;  their  prophets  and  high 
priests ;  their  cities  of  refuge ;  their  marriages 
and  divorces ;  their  burial  of  the  dead,  and 
mourning  for  them ;  their  language  and  choice 
of  names  adapted  to  circumstances  ;  their  manner 
of  reckoning  time  ;  and  various  other  particulars. 
Some  distrust  seems  to  have  fallen  upon  his 
statements,  although  he  says  that  his  account  is 
"neither  disfigured  by  fable  nor  prejudice."  Dr. 
Boudinot,  in  his  "  Star  in  the  West,"  has  adopted 
the  opinions  of  Aclair. 

AD  AIR,  JOHN,  general,  died  May  19,  1840, 
aged  ,82,  at  Harrodsburg,  Ky.  He  was  a  soldier  in 
the  early  north-western  wars,  and  commanded  the 
Kentucky  troops  at  Xew  Orleans  in  1814.  He 
was  a  senator  in  180,3,  and  a  representative  in 
congress  in  1831. 


ADAMS,  WILLIAM,  the  second  minister  of 
Dedham,  was  the  son  of  W.  A.,  and  born  in 
16*30,  at  Ipswich :  he  died  Aug.  17,  1685,  aged 
35.  He  graduated  in  1671,  and  was  ordained  as 
Mr.  Allen's  successor,  Dec.  3,  1673.  By  his  first 
wife,  Mary  Manning  of  Cambridge,  he  had  three 
children,  one  of  whom  was  Rev.  Eliphalet  A. 
His  second  wife  was  Alice  Bradford,  daughter  of 
William  B.,  and  grand-daughter  of  Gov.  Brad 
ford,  of  Plymouth ;  by  her  he  had  Elizabeth, 
who  married,  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  Rev.  S. 
Whiting,  of  Windham,  afterwards  Rev.  S.  Niles ; 
Alice,  who  married  Rev.  N.  Collins,  of  Enfield ; 
William ;  and  Abial,  born  after  his  death,  who 
married  Rev.  J.  Metcalf,  of  Falmouth.  His 
widow  married  James  Fitch.  He  published  a 
fast  sermon,  1679;  an  election  sermon,  1685. 

ADAMS,  ELIHIALET,  son  of  the  preceding, 
an  eminent  minister  of  New  London,  Conn.,  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1694.  He  was 
ordained  Feb.  9,  1709,  and  died  Oct.  4,  1753, 
aged  76.  Dr.  Chauncey  speaks  of  him  as  a  great 
Hebrician.  —  His  son  William,  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1730,  and  died  in  1798,  having  been  a  preacher 
sixty  years,  but  never  settled  nor  married ;  he 
published  a  thanksgiving  sermon,  1760.  —  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon,  1706,  on  the  death  of  Rev.  James 
Noyes  of  Stonington ;  election  sermons,  1710  and 
1783 ;  a  discourse  occasioned  by  a  storm,  March 
3,  1717;  a  thanksgiving  sermon,  1721;  a  sermon 
on  the  death  of  Gov.  Saltonstall,  1724;  at  the 
ordination  of  William  Gager,  Lebanon.  May  27, 
1725;  of  Thomas  Clap,  Windham,  1726;  and  a 
discourse  before  young  men,  1727. 

ADAMS,  JOHN,  a  poet,  was  the  only  son  of 
John  Adams,  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  College  in  1721.  He  was  settled  in 
the  ministry  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  April  11,  1728,  in 
opposition  to  the  wishes  of  Mr.  Clap,  who  was 
pastor.  Mr.  Clap's  friends  formed  a  new  society, 
and  Mr.  Adams  was  dismissed  in  about  two 
years.  He  died  at  Cambridge  in  Jan.,  1740, 
at  the  age  of  36,  deeply  lamented  by  his  ac 
quaintance.  He  was  much  distinguished  for  his 
learning,  genius,  and  piety.  As  a  preacher  he 
was  much  esteemed.  His  uncle,  Matthew  Ad 
ams,  describes  him  as  "  master  of  nine  languages," 
and  conversant  with  the  most  famous  Greek, 
Latin,  Italian,  French,  and  Spanish  authors,  as 
well  as  with  the  noblest  English  writers.  He 
also  speaks  of  Ms  "  great  and  undissembled  piety, 
which  ran,  like  a  vein  of  gold,  through  all  his 
life  and  performances." — He  published  a  sermon 
on  his  ordination,  1728,  and  a  poem  on  the  love 
of  money.  A  small  volume  of  his  poems  was 
I  published  at  Boston,  in  1745,  which  contains  imi- 
I  tations  and  paraphrases  of  several  portions  of 
Scripture,  translations  from  Horace,  and  the 
whole  book  of  Revelation  in  heroic  verse,  to 
gether  with  original  piece's.  The  versification  is 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


remarkably  harmonious  for  the  period  and  the 
country.  Mr.  Adams'  productions  evince  a  lively 
fancy,  and  breathe  a  pious  strain.  The  following 
is  an  extract  from  his  poem  on  Cotton  Mather : 

"  What  numerous  volumes  scattered  from  his  hand, 
Lightened  his  own,  and  warmed  each  foreign  land? 
What  pious  breathings  of  a  glowing  soul 
Live  in  each  page,  and  animate  the  whole? 
The  breath  of  heaven  the  savory  pages  show, 
As  we  Arabia  from  its  spices  know. 
Ambitious,  active,  towering  was  his  soul, 
But  flaming  piety  inspired  the  whole." 

—  Mass.  Magazine  for  April,  1789;  Backus' 
Hist.  Abridged,  158;  Preface  to  his  Poems; 
Specimens  of  American  Poetry,  I.  67. 

ADAMS,  MATTHEW,  a  distinguished  writer  in 
Boston,  though  a  mechanic  or  "  tradesman,"  yet 
had  a  handsome  collection  of  books,  and  culti 
vated  literature.  Dr.  Franklin  acknowledges  his 
obligations  for  access  to  his  library.  He  was  one 
of  the  writers  of  the  Essays  in  the  New  England 
Journal.  He  died  poor,  but  with  a  reputation 
more  durable  than  an  estate,  in  1733.  —  His  son, 
Her.  John  Adams,  a  graduate  of  1745,  was  the 
minister  of  Durham,  N.  II.,  from  1748  to  1778. 
By  a  grant  of  400  acres  of  land,  he  was  induced 
to  remove  to  the  small  plantation  of  Washington, 
or  Xewfield,  county  of  York,  Me.,  having  only 
five  families,  in  Feb.,  1781.  Here  he  passed 
the  remainder  of  his  life,  preaching  and  prac 
tising  physic  in  Newfield,  Limington,  Parsons- 
field,  and  Limerick,  till  his  death,  June  4,  1792, 
aged  GO.  He  was  .subject,  occasionally,  to  a  deep 
depression  of  feeling ;  and,  at  other  times,  was 
borne  away  by  a  sudden  excitement,  which  gave 
animation  to  his  preaching.  A  fine  letter  from 
Durham  to  the  town  of  Boston  in  1774,  with  a 
donation,  was  written  by  him.  —  Eliot :  Green- 
Icuf's  Ecclesiastical  History  of  Maine,  113. 

ADAMS,  AMOS,  minister  of  Itoxbury,  Mass., 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  College,  in  1752.  He 
was  ordained  as  successor  to  Mr.  Peabody,  Sept. 
12, 1753,  and  died  at  Dorchester,  Oct.  5, 1775,  aged 
47,  of  the  dysentery,  which  prevailed  in  the  camp 
at  Cambridge  and  Roxbury.  His  son,  Thomas 
Adams,  was  ordained  in  Boston  as  minister  for 
Camdcn,  S.  C.,  where,  after  a  residence  of  eight 
years,  he  died  Aug.  16,  1797. 

Mr.  Adams,  in  early  life,  devoted  himself  to 
the  service  of  his  Redeemer ;  and  he  continued 
his  benevolent  labors  as  a  preacher  of  the  gospel 
with  unabated  vigor  till  his  death.  He  was  fer 
vent  in  devotion  ;  and  his  discourses,  always  ani 
mated  by  a  lively  and  expressive  action,  were 
remarkably  calculated  to  warm  the  heart.  He 
was  steadfast  in  his  principles,  and  umvearied  in 
industry. 

lie  published  the  following  sermons :  On  the 
death  of  Lucy  Dudley,  1756;  at  the  artillery 
election,  1759;  on  a  thanksgiving  for  the  reduc 
tion  of  Quebec,  1759;  at  the  ordination  of  S. 


Kingsbury,  Edgartown,  Xov.  25,  1761 ;  at  the 
ordination  of  John  "\Vyeth,  Gloucester,  Feb.  5, 
1766;  the  only  hope  and  refuge  of  sinners,  1767 ; 
two  discourses  on  religious  liberty,  1767 ;  a  view 
of  New  England,  in  two  discourses  on  the  fast, 
April  6,  1769;  sermons  at  the  ordination  of  Jon 
athan  Moore,  Rochester,  Sept.  25,  1768,  and  of 
Caleb  Prentice,  Reading,  Oct.  25,  1769.  He 
preached  the  Dudleian  lecture  of  Harvard  Col 
lege  in  1770,  entitled,  "  Diocesan  Episcopacy,  as 
founded  on  the  supposed  Episcopacy  of  Timothy 
and  Titus,  subverted."  This  work  is  a  specimen 
of  the  learning  of  the  writer.  It  is  lodged  in 
manuscript  in  the  library  of  the  college. 

ADAMS,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Newington,  N. 
H.,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1710, 
was  ordained  in  1715,  and  died  in  1783,  aged 
almost  95,  —  a  descendant  of  Henry  A.,  of  Quincy. 
He  preached  till  just  before  his  death.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  John  Fabian, 
1757;  and  a  sermon  on  the  necessity  of  rulers 
exerting  themselves  against  the  growth  of  im 
piety,  1760. 

ADAMS,  ZABDIEL,  minister  of  Lunenburg, 
Mass.,  was  born  in  Braintree,  now  Quincy,  Nov.  5, 
1739.  His  father  was  the  uncle  of  John  Adams. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1759, 
having  made  while  in  that  seminary  great  profi 
ciency  in  learning,  and  much  improved  the  vigor 
ous  powers  of  mind  with  which  he  was  endued. 
He  was  ordained  Sept.  5,  1764,  and  died  March 
1,  1801,  in  the  62d  year  of  his  age,  and  37th 
of  his  ministry. 

Mr.  Adams  was  eminent  as  a  preacher  of  the 
gospel,  often  explaining  the  most  important  doc 
trines  in  a  rational  and  scriptural  manner,  and 
enforcing  them  with  plainness  and  pungency. 
His  language  was  nervous ;  and,  while  in  his 
public  performances  he  gave  instruction,  he  also 
imparted  pleasure.  In  his  addresses  to  the  throne 
of  grace  he  was  remarkable  for  pertinency  of 
thought  and  readiness  of  utterance.  Though  by 
bodily  constitution  he  was  liable  to  irritation,  yet 
he  treasured  no  ill  will  in  his  bosom.  His  heart 
was  easily  touched  by  the  afflictions  of  others,  and 
his  sympathy  and  benevolence  prompted  him  to 
administer  relief,  when  in  his  power.  About  the 
year  1774  he  wrote  a  pamphlet,  maintaining, 
without  authority  from  the  platform  of  1648,  that 
a  pastor  has  a  negative  upon  the  proceedings  of 
the  Church.  Some  ministers,  who  embraced  his 
principles,  lost  by  consequence  their  parishes. 
He  preached  the  Dudleian  lecture  on  Presbyterian 
ordination  in  1794.  —  He  published  a  sermon  on 
church  music,  1771;  on  Christian  unity,  1772; 
the  election  sermon,  1782;  on  the  19th  of  April, 
1783 ;  at  the  ordination  of  Enoch  Whipplc,  1788. 
—  Whitney's  Funeral  Sermon. 

ADAMS,  ANDREW,  LL.  D.,  chief  justice  of 
Connecticut,  was  appointed  to  that  place  in  1793, 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


having  been  upon  the  bench  with  reputation  as  a  ' 
judge  from  1789.  He  was  a  native  of  Stratford, 
a  graduate  of  Yale  College  in  1760,  and  a  mem 
ber  of  Congress  about  the  year  1782.  He  re 
sided  at  Litclificld,  and  died  Nov.  26,  1797,  aged 
61  years. 

ADAMS,  SAMUEL,  governor  of  Massachusetts, 
and  a  most  distinguished  patriot  in  the  American 
Revolution,  was  born  in  Boston  Sept.  16,  O.  S., 
1722.  His  father,  Samuel,  the  son  of  John  and 
Hannah  A.,  was  born  in  1689,  and  died  in  1747, 
whose  wife  was  Mary  Fifield.  Mr.  S.  A.  married 
in  1749  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Ilev.  S.  Checkley ; 
and  his  second  wife  in  1764,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
Francis  Wells.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
College  in  1740.  When  he  commenced  master  of 
arts  in  1743,  he  proposed  the  following  question 
for  discussion :  "  Whether  it  be  lawful  to  resist  the 
supreme  magistrate,  if  the  Commonwealth  cannot 
otherwise  be  preserved  ?  "  He  maintained  the 
affirmative,  and  thus  early  showed  his  attachment 
to  the  liberties  of  the  people. 

Early  distinguished  by  talents  as  a  writer,  his 
first  attempts  were  proofs  of  his  filial  piety.  By 
his  efforts  he  preserved  the  estate  of  his  father, 
which  had  been  attached  on  account  of  an  engage 
ment  in  the  land  bank  bubble.  He  was  known 
as  a  political  writer  during  the  administration  of 
Shirley,  to  which  he  was  opposed,  as  he  thought 
the  union  of  so  much  civil  and  military  power  in 
one  man  was  dangerous.  His  ingenuity,  wit,  and 
profound  argument  are  spoken  of  with  the  high 
est  respect  by  those,  who  were  contemporary  with 
him.  Ac  this  early  period  he  laid  the  founda 
tion  of  public  confidence  and  esteem.  His  first 
office  of  tax-gatherer  made  him  acquainted  with 
every  shipwright  and  mechanic  in  Boston,  and 
over  their  minds  he  ever  retained  a  powerful  in 
fluence.  From  this  employment  the  enemies  of 
liberty  styled  him  Samuel,  the  Publican. 

In  176.5  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Gen 
eral  Assembly  of  Massachusetts,  in  the  place  of 
Oxenbridge  Thachcr,  deceased.  He  was  soon 
chosen  clerk,  and  he  gradually  acquired  influence 
in  the  Legislature.  This  was  an  eventful  time. 
But  Mr.  Adams  possessed  a  courage,  which  no 
dangers  could  shake.  He  was  undismayed  by 
the  prospect,  which  struck  terror  into  the  hearts 
of  many.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Legislature 
nearly  ten  years,  and  he  was  the  soul,  which  ani 
mated  it  to  the  most  important  resolutions.  No 
man  did  so  much.  He  pressed  his  measures  with 
ardor;  yet  he  was  prudent;  he  knew  how  to 
bend  the  passions  of  others  to  his  purpose.  Gov. 
Hutchinsou  relates  that,  at  a  town  meeting  in 
1769,  an  objection  having  been  made  to  a  motion 
because  it  implied  an  independency  of  parlia 
ment,  Mr.  Adams,  then  a  representative,  con 
cluded  his  speech  with  these  words  :  "  Independ 
ent  we  arc,  and  independent  we  will  be."  He 


represents,  too,  that  Mr.  Adams,  by  a  defalcation 
as  collector,  had  injured  his  character ;  but  he 
adds :  "  The  benefit  to  the  town  from  his  defence 
of  their  liberties  he  supposed  an  equivalent  to 
his  arrears  as  their  collector."  As  a  political 
writer  he  deemed  him  the  most  artful  and  insin 
uating  of  all  men,  whom  he  ever  knew,  and  the 
most  successful  in  "  robbing  men  of  their  char 
acters,"  or  "calumniating  governors,  and  other 
servants  of  the  crown." 

When  the  charter  was  dissolved,  he  was  chosen 
a  member  of  the  Provincial  Convention.  In  1774 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  General  Con 
gress.  In  this  station,  in  which  he  remained  a 
number  of  years,  he  rendered  the  most  impor 
tant  services  to  his  country.  His  eloquence  was 
adapted  to  the  times,  in  which  he  lived.  The 
energy  of  his  language  corresponded  with  the 
firmness  and  vigor  of  his  mind.  His  heart 
glowed  with  the  feeh'ngs  of  a  patriot,  and  his 
eloquence  was  simple,  majestic,  and  persuasive. 
He  was  one  of  the  most  efficient  members  of 
Congress.  He  possessed  keen  penetration,  un 
shaken  fortitude,  and  permanent  decision.  Gor 
don  speaks  of  him  in  1774  as  having  for  a  long 
time  whispered  to  his  confidential  friends,  that 
this  country  must  be  independent.  Walking  in 
the  fields,  the  day  after  the  battle  of  Lexing 
ton,  he  said  to  a  friend  :  "  It  is  a  fine  day,  —  I 
mean,  this  day  is  a  glorious  day  for  America." 
He  deemed  the  blow  to  be  struck,  which  would 
lead  to  independence.  In  the  last  official  act 
of  the  British  government  in  Massachusetts  he 
was  proscribed  with  John  Hancock,  when  a  gen 
eral  pardon  was  offered  to  all  who  had  rebelled. 
This  act  Avas  dated  June  12,  1775,  and  it  teaches 
Americans  what  they  owe  to  the  denounced 
patriot. 

In  1776  he  united  with  Franklin,  J.  Adams, 
Hancock,  Jefferson,  and  a  host  of  worthies  in 
declaring  the  United  States  no  longer  an  ap 
pendage  to  a  monarchy,  but  free  and  independent. 

When  the  constitution  of  Massachusetts  was 
adopted,  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  Senate, 
of  which  body  he  was  elected  president.  He 
was  soon  sent  to  the  western  counties  to  quiet  a 
disturbance,  which  was  rising,  and  he  was  suc 
cessful  in  his  mission.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
convention  for  examining  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States.  He  made  objections  to  several 
of  its  provisions;  but  his  principal  objection  was 
to  that  article,  which  rendered  the  several  States 
amenable  to  the  courts  of  the  nation.  He  thought 
this  reduced  them  to  mere  corporations ;  that  the 
sovereignty  of  each  would  be  dissolved ;  and  that 
a  consolidated  government,  supported  by  an 
army,  would  be  the  consequence.  The  consti 
tution  was  afterwards  altered  in  this  point,  and 
in  most  other  respects  according  to  his  wishes. 

In   1789  he  was  chosen    lieutenant-governor, 


6 


ADAMS. 


and  was  continued  in  this  office  till  1794,  when 
he  was  elected  governor,  as  successor  to  Mr. 
Hancock.  He  was  annually  replaced  in  the  chair 
of  the  first  magistrate  of  Massachusetts  till  1797, 
when  his  age  and  infirmities  induced  him  to  retire 
from  public  life.  He  died  Oct.  2,  1803,  in  the 
8l2d  year  of  his  age.  His  only  son,  of  the  same 
name,  was  born  in  1751,  graduated  at  Harvard 
College  in  1770,  and,  after  studying  under  Dr. 
Joseph  Warren,  served  his  country  as  a  surgeon 
during  the  war.  lleturning  home  with  a  broken 
constitution,  he  at  length  died  Jan.  17,  1788. 
The  avails  of  his  claims  for  services  in  the  army 
gave  his  father  a  competency  in  liis  declining 
years. 

The  leading  traits  in  the  character  of  Mr.  Ad 
ams  were  an  unconquerable  love  of  liberty,  in 
tegrity,  firmness,  and  decision.  Some  acts  of  his 
administration  as  chief  magistrate  were  censured, 
though  all  allowed,  that  his  motives  were  pure. 
A  division  in  political  sentiments  at  that  time 
existed,  and  afterwards  increased.  When  he  dif 
fered  from  the  majority,  he  acted  with  great  inde 
pendence.  At  the  close  of  the  Avar  he  opposed 
peace  with  Great  Britain,  unless  the  Northern 
States  retained  their  full  privileges  in  the  fisheries. 
In  1787  he  advised  the  execution  of  the  condign 
punishment,  to  which  the  leaders  of  the  rebellion 
in  1786  had  been  sentenced.  It  was  his  settled 
judgment,  that  in  a  republic,  depending  for  its 
existence  upon  the  intelligence  and  virtue  of  the 
people,  the  law  should  be  rigidly  enforced.  At 
tached  to  the  old  confederation,  he  often  gave  as 
a  toast  — "  The  States  united,  and  the  States 
separated."  He  was  opposed  to  the  treaty  with 
Great  Britain,  made  by  Mr.  Jay  in  1794,  and  he 
put  his  election  to  hazard  by  avowing  his  dislike 
of  it.  The  three  topics,  on  which  lie  delighted  to 
dwell,  were  British  thraldom,  the  manners,  laws, 
and  customs  of  New  England,  and  the  impor 
tance  of  common  schools. 

Mr.  Adams  was  a  man  of  incorruptible  integ 
rity.  Gov.  Hutchinson,  in  answer  to  the  inquiry 
"  Why  Mr.  Adams  was  not  taken  off  from  his 
opposition  by  an  office  ? "  writes  to  a  friend  in 
1  '.•,!"•! -uid,  "Such  is  the  obstinacy  and  inflexible 
disposition  of  the  man,  that  he  never  can  be  con 
ciliated  by  any  office  or  gift  whatever." 

He  was  poor.  While  occupied  abroad  in  the 
most  important  and  responsible  public  duties,  the 
partner  of  his  cares  supported  the  family  at  home 
by  her  industry.  Though  his  resources  were  very 
small,  yet,  such  were  the  economy  and  dignity  of 
his  house,  that  those,  who  visited  him,  found 
nothing  mean  or  unbecoming  his  station.  His 
country,  to  whose  interests  he  devoted  his  life, 
permitted  him  to  remain  poor ;  but  there  were 
not  wanting  a  few  friends,  who  showed  him  their 
regard.  In  this  honorable  poverty  he  continued 
to  a.  very  late  period  of  his  life;  and  had  not  a 


ADAMS. 

decent  competency  fallen  into  his  hands  by  the 
very  afflicting  event  of  the  death  of  an  only  son, 
he  must  have  depended  for  subsistence  upon  the 
kindness  of  his  friends,  or  the  charity  of  the 
public. 

To  a  majestic  countenance  and  dignified  man 
ners  there  was  added  a  suavity  of  temper,  which 
conciliated  the  affection  of  his  acquaintance.  Some, 
Avho  disapproved  of  his  political  conduct,  loved 
and  revered  him  as  a  neighbor  and  friend.  He 
could  readily  relax  from  severer  cares  and  studies 
to  enjoy  the  pleasures  of  private  conversation. 
Though  somewhat  reserved  among  strangers,  yet 
with  his  friends  he  was  cheerful  and  compan 
ionable,  a  lover  of  chaste  wit,  and  remarkably 
fond  of  anecdote.  He  faithfully  discharged  the 
duties  arising  from  the  relations  of  social  life. 
His  house  was  the  seat  of  domestic  peace,  regu 
larity,  and  method. 

Mr.  Adams  was  a  Christian.  His  mind  was 
early  imbued  with  piety,  as  well  as  cultivated  by 
science.  He  early  approached  the  table  of  the 
Lord  Jesus,  and  the  purity  of  his  life  witnessed 
the  sincerity  of  his  profession.  On  the  Christian 
Sabbath  he  constantly  went  to  the  temple  ;  and 
the  morning  and  evening  devotions  in  his  family 
proved,  that  his  religion  attended  him  in  his  sea 
sons  of  retirement  from  the  world.  His  senti 
ments  were  strictly  Calvinistic.  The  platform  of 
the  New  England  churches  he  deemed  an  ample 
guide  in  all  matters  of  ecclesiastical  discipline 
and  order.  The  last  production  of  his  pen  was 
in  favor  of  Christian  truth.  He  died  in  the  faith 
|  of  the  gospel. 

He  was  a  sage  and  a  patriot.  The  independ 
ence  of  the  United  States  of  America  is  perhaps 
to  be  attributed  as  much  to  his  exertions,  as  to 
the  exertions  of  any  one  man.  Though  he  was 
called  to  struggle  with  adversity,  he  was  never 
discouraged.  He  was  consistent  and  firm  under 
the  cruel  neglect  of  a  friend  and  the  malignant 
rancor  of  an  enemy;  comforting  himself  in  the 
darkest  seasons  with  reflections  upon  the  wisdom 
and  goodness  of  God. 

Mr.  John  Adams  speaks  of  him  in  the  follow 
ing  terms  :  "  The  talents  and  virtues  of  that  great 
man  were  of  the  most  exalted,  though  not  of  the 
most  showy  land.  His  love  of  his  country,  his 
exertions  in  her  service  through  a  long  course  of 
years,  through  the  administrations  of  the  gov 
ernors  Shirley,  Pownall,  Bernard,  Ilutchinson, 
and  Gage,  under  the  royal  government  and 
through  the  whole  of  the  subsequent  revolution, 
and  always  in  support  of  the  same  principles ; 
his  inflexible  integrity,  his  disinterestedness,  his 
invariable  resolution,  his  sagacity,  his  patience, 
perseverance,  and  pure  public  virtue  were  not 
exceeded  by  any  man's  in  America.  A  collection 
of  his  writings  would  be  as  curious  as  voluminous. 
It  would  throw  light  upon  American  history  for 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


fifty  years.  In  it  would  be  found  specimens  of  a 
nervous  simplicity  of  reasoning  and  eloquence, 
that  have  never  been  rivalled  in  America." 

His  writings  exist  only  in  the  perishable  col 
umns  of  a  newspaper  or  pamphlet.  In  his  more 
advanced  life,  in  the  year  1790,  a  few  letters 
passed  between  him  and  John  Adams,  in  which 
the  principles  of  government  are  discussed ;  and 
there  seems  to  have  been  some  difference  of  sen 
timent  between  those  eminent  patriots  and  states 
men,  who  had  toiled  together  through  the  Revo- 
lution.  Tlus  correspondence  was  published  in 
1800.  An  oration,  which  Mr.  Adams  delivered 
at  the  State  House  in  Philadelphia  Aug.  1,  177G, 
was  published.  The  object  is  to  support  Ameri 
can  Independence,  the  declaration  of  which  by 
Congress  had  been  made  a  short  time  before. 
He  opposes  kingly  government  and  hereditary 
succession  with  warmth  and  energy.  Not  long 
before  liis  death  he  addressed  a  letter  to  Paine, 
expressing  his  disapprobation  of  that  unbeliever's 
attempts  to  injure  the  cause  of  Christianity. — 
Thachcr's  Sermon;  Sullivan's  character  of  him 
in  public  papers  ;  Polyanthos,  in.  73-82 ;  Gor 
don,  I.  347,  410;  BYissot,  Nouv.  Voy.,  I.  151; 
Thacker's  Medical  Biography ;  Ilutchinson's 
Last  History,  265  ;  Eliot's  Biographical  Dic 
tionary  ;  Encyclopaedia  Americana,  and  liees. 

ADAMS,  Joiix,  president  of  the  United  States, 
was  born  at  Braintrec,  Mass.,  Oct.  19,  1735,  O.S., 
or  Oct.  30th,  present  style.  His  father,  John, 
was  a  deacon  of  the  church,  a  farmer,  and  a 
mechanic,  and  died  May  25,  1761,  aged  69;  his 
grandfather,  Joseph,  died  Feb.  12,  1737,  aged 
82 ;  his  great-grandfather,  Joseph,  was  born  in 
England,  and  died  at  Braintrce  Dec.  6,  1697, 
aged  03 ;  the  father  of  this  ancestor  was  Henry, 
who,  as  the  inscription  on  his  monument,  erected 
by  John  Adams,  says, "  took  his  flight  from  the 
Dragon  Persecution,  in  Devonshire,  England,  and 
alighted  with  eight  sons  near  Mount  Wollaston." 
Of  these  sons  four  removed  to  Medfield  and  the 
neighboring  towns,  and  two  to  Chclmsford.  The 
year  of  Henry's  arrival  at  Braintree,  now  Quincy, 
is  not  known,  but  is  supposed  to  be  1632 ;  he 
died  Oct.  8,  1646.  His  ancestry  has  been  traced 
up  six  or  seven  hundred  years  to  John  Ap  Adam, 
of  the  Marches  of  Wales. 

John  Adams,  while  a  member  of  Harvard  Col 
lege,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1755,  Avas  dis 
tinguished  by  diligence  in  his  studies,  by  boldness 
of  thought,  and  by  the  powers  of  his  mind. 
While  he  studied  law  at  Worcester  with  Col. 
James  Putnam,  an  able  lawyer  in  extensive  prac 
tice,  from  1755  to  1758,  he  instructed  pupils  in 
Latin  and  Greek,  as  a  means  of  subsistence. 
At  this  early  period  he  had  imbibed  a  prejudice 
against  the  prevailing  religious  opinions  of  New 
England,  and  became  attached  to  speculations 
hostile  to  those  opinions.  Nor  were  his  views 


afterwards  changed.  Perhaps  the  religious  sen 
timents  of  most  men  become  settled  at  as  early  a 
period  of  their  lives.  If  therefore  the  cherished 
views  of  Christianity  have  any  relation  to  prac 
tice  and  to  one's  destiny  hereafter;  with  what 
sobriety,  candor,  and  diligence,  and  with  what 
earnestness  of  prayer  for  light  and  guidance  from 
above  ought  every  young  man  to  investigate  re 
vealed  truth  ?  In  April,  1756,  he  was  deliberating 
as  to  his  profession.  Some  friends  advised  him 
to  study  theology.  In  a  few  months  afterwards 
he  fixed  upon  the  profession  of  law.  He  had 
not  "  the  highest  opinion  of  what  is  called  Or 
thodoxy."  He  had  known  a  young  man,  worthy 
of  the  best  parish,  despised  for  being  suspected 
of  Arminianism.  He  was  more  desirous  of  being 
an  eminent,  honorable  lawyer,  than  of  "  heading 
the  whole  army  of  Orthodox  preachers."  In  a 
letter  to  Dr.  Morse  in  1815  he  says :  "  Sixty-five 
years  ago  my  own  minister,  Rev.  Lemuel  Bryant ; 
Dr.  Mayhew,  of  the  West  Church  in  Boston ; 
Rev.  Mr.  Shute,  of  Hingham ;  Rev.  John  Brown, 
of  Cohasset ;  and  perhaps  equal  to  all,  if  not 
above  all,  Rev.  Mr.  Gay,  of  Hingham,  were  Uni 
tarians.  Among  the  laity  how  many  could  I 
name,  lawyers,  physicians,  tradesmen,  and  farmers  ? 
More  than  fifty-six  years  ago  I  read  Dr.  S. 
Clarke,  Emlyn,  etc." 

In  Oct.,  1758,  Mr.  Adams  presented  himself — 
a  stranger,  poor  and  friendless  —  to  Jeremy 
Gridley,  of  Boston,  attorney-general  of  the 
crown,  to  ask  of  him  the  favor  to  offer  him  to 
the  Superior  Court  of  the  province,  then  sitting, 
for  admission  to  the  bar.  Mr.  Gridley  examined 
him  in  his  office,  and  recommended  him  to  the 
court ;  and  at  the  same  time  gave  him  excellent 
paternal  advice.  For  his  kindness  Mr.  Adams 
was  ever  grateful,  and  was  afterwards  his  intimate 
personal  and  professional  friend.  As  Mr.  Gridley 
was  grand  master  of  the  Massachusetts  Grand 
Lodge  of  Free  Masons,  Mr.  Adams  once  asked 
his  advice,  whether  it  was  worth  his  while  to  be 
come  a  member  of  the  society ;  the  reply  of  the 
grand  master  was,  "  No  " ;  adding,  that  he  did 
not  need  the  artificial  support  of  the  society,  and 
that  there  was  "  nothing  in  the  Masonic  Institu 
tion  worthy  of  his  seeking  to  be  associated  with 
it."  In  consequence  of  this  advice  he  never 
sought  admission  to  the  lodge. 

Mr.  Adams  commenced  the  practice  of  the  law 
at  Quincy,  then  in  the  county  of  Suffolk,  and 
soon  had  a  sufficiency  of  lucrative  business.  In 
1761  he  was  admitted  to  the  degree  of  barrister- 
at-law.  In  this  year  a  small  estate  became  his 
by  the  decease  of  his  father.  At  this  period  his 
zeal  for  the  rights  of  his  country  was  inflamed  by 
the  attempt  of  the  British  cabinet  to  introduce  in 
Massachusetts  writs  of  assistance  —  a  kind  of 
general  search-^  arrant  for  the  discovery  of  goods 
not  discharged  from  the  parliamentary  taxes. 


8  ADAMS. 

The  affair  was  argued  in  Boston  by  Mr.  Otis. 
Mr.  Adams  says,  "  Every  man  of  an  immense, 
crowded  audience  appeared  to  me  to  go  away,  as 
I  did,  ready  to  take  arms  against  writs  of  as 
sistance." —  "Then  and  there  the  child  Inde 
pendence  was  bom." 

In  1764,  he  married  Abigail  Smith,  daughter 
of  Rev.  William  Smith  of  Weymouth,  and  grand 
daughter  of  Colonel  Quincy,  a  lady  of  uncommon 
endowments  and  excellent  education.  —  In  the 
next  year  he  published  an  essay  on  Canon  and 
Feudal  Law,  reprinted  at  London  in  1768,  and  at 
Philadelphia  in  1783.  His  object  was  to  show 
the  conspiracy  between  Church  and  State  for  the 
purpose  of  oppressing  the  people.  He  wished  to 
enlighten  his  fellow-citizens,  that  they  might  prize 
their  liberty,  and  be  ready,  if  necessary,  to  assert 
their  rights  by  force. 

He  removed  to  Boston  in  1765,  and  there  had 
extensive  legal  practice.  In  1768  Gov.  Bernard 
offered  him,  through  his  friend  Mr.  Sewall,  the 
place  of  advocate-general  in  the  Court  of  Ad 
miralty,  a  lucrative  post;  but  he  decidedly  de 
clined  the  offer.  He  was  not  a  man  thus  to  be 
bribed  to  desert  the  cause  of  his  country.  The 
office  was  the  same  which  Mr.  Otis  had  resigned, 
in  1761  in  order  to  oppose  the  writs  of  assistance. 
Yet  Mr.  Hutchinson  states,  that  he  was  at  a  loss 
which  side  to  take,  and  that  the  neglect  of  Ber 
nard  to  make  him  a  justice  of  the  peace  roused 
his  patriotism !  He  adds :  "  His  ambition  was 
without  bounds  ;  and  he  has  acknowledged  to  his 
acquaintance,  that  he  could  not  look  with  com 
placency  upon  any  man,  who  was  in  possession 
of  move  wealth,  more  honor,  or  more  knowledge 
than  himself."  In  1769,  he  was  chairman  of  the 
committee  of  the  town  of  Boston  for  drawing  up 
instructions  to  their  representatives  to  resist  the 
British  encroachments.  His  colleagues  were  R. 
Dana  and  Joseph  Warren.  These  instructions 
were  important  links  in  the  chain  of  revolutionary 
events.  —  In  consequence  of  the  affray  with  the 
British  garrison  March  5,  1770,  in  which  several 
of  the  people  of  Boston  were  killed,  the  soldiers 
were  arraigned  before  the  civil  authority.  Not 
withstanding  the  strong  excitement  against  them, 
Mr.  Adams,  with  J.  Quincy  and  S.  S.  Blowers, 
defended  them,  and  procured  the  acquittal  of  all 
except  two,  who  were  convicted  of  manslaughter, 
and  branded  in  punishment.  This  triumph  of 
justice,  for  the  soldiers  were  first  attacked,  was 
honorable  to  the  cause  of  America.  In  May, 
1770,  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  Legisla 
ture,  in  which  he  took  a  prominent  part. 

In  1773  he  wrote  ably  in  the  Boston  Gazette 
against  the  regulation,  making  judges  dependent 
for  their  salaries  upon  the  crown.  In  1773  and 
1774  he  was  chosen  into  the  council  by  the  as 
sembly,  but  negatived  by  the  governor.  To  the 
struggle,  at  tin's  period,  betAvcen  the  house  and 


ADAMS. 

the  governor  in  respect  to  the  council,  his  friend 
Sewall,  pleasantly  alludes  thus  :  "  We  have  some 
times  seen  half-a-dozen  sail  of  tory  navigation 
unable,  on  an  election  day,  to  pass  the  bar,  formed 
by  the  flux  and  reflux  of  the  tides  at  the  entrance 
of  the  harbor,  and  as  many  whiggish  ones  stranded 
the  next  morning  on  Governor's  Island."  —  June 
17,  1774,  he  was  chosen  by  the  assembly,  to 
gether  with  T.  Cashing,  *S.  Adams,  and  II.  T. 
Paine,  to  the  first  Continental  Congress.  To 
Sewall,  who,  while  they  were  attending  the  court 
at  Portland,  endeavored  to  dissuade  him,  in  a 
morning  walk  on  "  the  great  hill,"  from  accepting 
this  appointment,  he  said :  "  The  die  is  now  cast ; 
I  have  passed  the  Rubicon ;  swim  or  sink,  live  or 
die,  survive  or  perish  with  my  country  is  my  un 
alterable  determination."  Thus  he  parted  with 
his  tory  friend,  nor  did  he  converse  with  him 
again  till  1788. 

He  took  his  seat  in  Congress  Sept.  5, 1774,  and 
was  on  the  committee,  which  drew  up  the  state 
ment  of  the  rights  of  the  colonies,  and  on  that, 
which  prepared  the  address  to  the  king.  At  this 
period  the  members  of  Congress  generally  were 
not  determined  on  independence.  It  was  thought, 
the  British  would  relinquish  their  claims.  —  He 
returned  to  Boston  in  November,  and  soon  wrote 
the  papers,  with  the  signature  of  Novanglus,  in 
answer  to  those  of  his  friend  Sewall,  with  the 
signature  of  Massachusettensis.  The  latter  are 
dated  from  Dec.  12,  1774,  to  April  3,  177o;  the 
former  from  Jan.  23  to  April  17,  l"o.  These 
papers  were  reprinted  in  1819,  with  a  preface  by 
Mr.  Adams,  with  the  addition  of  letters  to  W. 
Tudor. 

A  short  review  of  them  may  be  interesting,  as 
they  relate  to  a  period  immediately  preceding  the 
commencement  of  hostilities.  In  this  controversy 
Mr.  Sewall  said :  "  I  saw  the  small  seed  of  sedi 
tion,  when  it  was  implanted ;  it  was  as  a  grain  of 
mustard.  I  have  watched  the  plant,  until  it  has 
become  a  great  tree ;  the  vilest  reptiles,  that 
crawl  upon  the  earth,  arc  concealed  at  the  root ; 
the  foulest  birds  of  the  air  rest  on  its  branches. 
I  now  would  induce  you  to  go  to  work  immedi 
ately  with  axes  and  hatchets,  and  cut  it  down,  for 
a  twofold  reason  —  because  it  is  a  pest  to  society, 
and  lest  it  be  felled  suddenly  by  a  stronger  arm, 
and  crush  its  thousands  in  the  fall."  In  the  first 
place,  he  maintained,  that  resistance  to  Great 
Britain  would  be  unavailing.  The  militia  he  con 
sidered  undisciplined  and  ungovernable,  each  man 
being  a  politician,  puffed  up  with  his  own  opinion. 
"  An  experienced  British  officer  would  rather  take 
his  chance  with  five  thousand  British  troops,  than 
fifty  'thousand  such  militia."  The  sea  coast  he 
regarded  as  totally  unprotected.  Our  trade, 
fishery,  navigation,  and  maritime  towns  were 
liable  to  be  lost  in  a  moment.  The  back  settle- 
j  ments  would  fall  a  prey  to  the  Canadians  and 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


Indians.  The  British  army  would  sweep  all  be 
fore  it  like  a  wliirlwind.  Besides,  New  England 
would  probably  be  alone,  unsupported  by  the 
other.  States,  llebellion,  therefore,  would  be  the 
height  of  madness.  In  considering  the  reasons 
for  resistance  he  maintained,  that  the  parliament 
had  a  right  to  pass  a  stamp  act,  in  order  that  the 
colonies  should  bear  a  part  of  the  national  burden. 
Similar  acts  had  been  before  passed.  We  had 
paid  postage  agreeably  to  act  of  parliament,  du 
ties  imposed  for  regulating  trade,  and  even  for 
raising  a  revenue  to  the  crown,  without  question 
ing  the  right.  This  right,  he  says,  Avas  first 
denied  by  the  resolves  of  the  house  of  burgesses 
in  Virginia.  "  We  read  them  with  wonder ;  they 
savored  of  independence."  The  three-penny  duty 
on  tea,  he  thought,  should  not  be  regarded  as 
burdensome ;  for  the  duty  of  a  shilling,  laid  upon 
it  for  regulating  trade,  and  therefore  allowed  to 
be  constitutional,  was  taken  ofl';  so  that  we  were 
gainers  ninepence  in  the  pound  by  the  new  regu 
lation,  which  was  designed  to  prevent  smuggling, 
and  not  to  raise  a  revenue.  The  act  declaratory 
of  the  right  to  tax  was  of  no  consequence,  so  long 
as  there  was  no  grievous  exercise  of  it,  especially 
as  we  had  protested  against  it,  and  our  assemblies 
had  ten  times  resolved,  that  no  such  right  ex 
isted.  But  demagogues  were  interested  in  in 
flaming  the  minds  of  the  people.  The  pulpit 
also  was  a  powerful  engine  in  promoting  discon 
tent.  —  Though  the  small  duty  of  three  pence 
was  to  be  paid  by  the  East  India  company,  or 
their  factors,  on  landing  the  tea,  for  the  purpose 
of  selling  it  at  auction,  and  no  one  was  obliged  to 
purchase ;  yet  the  mob  of  Boston,  in  disguise, 
forcibly  entered  the  three  ships  of  tea,  split  open 
the  chests,  and  emptied  the  whole,  10,000  pounds 
sterling  in  value,  into  the  dock,  "  and  perfumed 
the  town  with  its  fragrance."  Yet  zealous  rebel 
merchants  were  every  day  importing  teas,  subject 
to  the  same  duty.  The  act  interfered  with  their 
interest,  not  with  the  welfare  of  the  people.  The 
blockade  act  against  Boston  was  a  just  retaliatory 
measure,  because  the  body-meeting,  contrived 
merely  as  a  screen  to  the  town,  consisting  of 
thousands,  had  resolved,  that  the  tea  should  not  pay 
the  duty.  Now  sprung  up  from  the  brain  of  a 
partizan  the  "  committee  of  correspondence  "  — 
"  the  foulest,  subtlest,  and  most  venomous  ser 
pent,  that  ever  issued  from  the  eggs  of  sedition." 
A  new  doctrine  had  been  advanced,  that,  as  the 
Americans  are  not  represented  in  parliament,  they 
are  exempt  from  acts  of  parh'ament.  But,  if  the 
colonies  are  not  subject  to  the  authority  of  par 
liament,  Great  Britain  and  the  colonies  must  be 
distinct  States.  Two  independent  authorities  can 
not  co-exist.  The  colonies  have  only  power  to 
regulate  their  internal  police,  but  are  necessarily 
subject  to  the  control  of  the  supreme  power  of 
the  State.  Had  any  person  denied,  fifteen  years 


ago,  that  the  colonies  were  subject  to  the  authority 
of  parh'ament,  he  would  have  been  deemed  a 
fool  or  a  madman.  It  was  curious  to  trace  the 
history  of  rebellion.  When  the  stamp  act  was 
passed,  the  right  of  parliament  to  impose  internal 
taxes  was  denied ;  but  the  right  to  impose  ex 
ternal  ones,  to  lay  duties  on  goods  and  mer 
chandize,  was  admitted.  On  the  passage  of  the 
tea  act  a  new  distinction  was  set  up ;  duties  could 
be  laid  for  the  regulation  of  trade,  but  not  for 
raising  a  revenue ;  parliament  could  lay  the  for 
mer  duty  of  a  shilling  a  pound,  but  not  the 
present  duty  of  three  pence.  There  was  but  one 
more  step  to  independence  —  the  denial  of  the 
right  in  parliament  to  make  any  laws  whatever, 
which  should  bind  the  colonies  ;  and  this  step  the 
pretended  patriots  had  taken.  Mr.  Otis,  the 
oracle  of  the  whigs,  in  1764  never  thought  of 
this.  On  the  contrary,  he  maintained  in  respect 
to  the  colonies,  that  "  the  parliament  has  an  un 
doubted  power  and  lawful  authority  to  make  acts 
for  the  general  good."  Obedience,  in  his  view, 
was  a  solemn  duty.  The  original  charter  of  the 
colony  exempted  it  from  taxes  for  a  definite  pe 
riod,  implying  the  right  to  tax  afterwards.  The 
grant  of  all  the  liberties  of  natural  subjects  within 
the  realm  of  England  affords  no  immunity  from 
taxes.  If  a  person,  born  in  England,  should 
remove  to  Ireland,  or  to  Jersey,  or  Guernsey, 
whence  no  member  is  sent  to  parliament,  he 
would  be  in  the  same  predicament  with  an  emi 
grant  to  America,  all  having  the  rights  of  natural 
born  subjects.  In  the  charter  by  King  William 
the  powers  of  legislation  were  restricted,  so  that 
nothing  should  be  done  contrary  to  the  laws  of 
the  realm  of  England.  Even  Dr.  Eranklin  in 
176o  admitted,  that  the  British  had  "  a  natural 
and  equitable  right  to  some  toll  or  duty  upon 
merchandizes,"  carried  through  the  American 
seas.  Mr.  Otis  also,  in  the  same  year,  admitted 
the  same  equitable  right  of  parliament  "  to  im 
pose  taxes  on  the  colonies,  internal  and  external, 
on  lands  as  well  as  on  trade."  Indeed,  for  more 
than  a  century  parliament  had  exercised  the  now 
controverted  right  of  legislation  and  taxation. 

On  the  whole,  Mr.  Sewall  was  convinced,  that 
the  avarice  and  ambition  of  the  leading  whigs 
were  the  causes  of  the  troubles  of  America : 
"  they  call  themselves  the  people ;  and,  when 
their  own  measures  are  censured,  cry  out  —  'the 
people,  the  people  are  abused  and  insulted ! ' " 
He  deplored  the  condition  of  the  dupes  of  the 
republican  party  —  the  men  who,  every  morning, 
"  swallowed  a  chimera  for  breakfast."  By  the  in 
famous  methods  resorted  to,  "  many  of  the  an 
cient,  trusty,  and  skilful  pilots,  who  had  steered 
the  community  safely  in  the  most  perilous  times, 
were  driven  from  the  helm,  and  their  places  occu 
pied  by  different  persons,  some  of  whom,  bank 
rupts  in  fortune,  business,  and  fame,  are  now 


10 


ADAMS. 


striving  to  run  the  ship  on  the  rocks,  that  they 
may  have  an  opportunity  of  plundering  the 
Vi'reck ! " 

To  this  Mr.  Adams  replied,  that  parliament 
had  authority  over  America  by  no  law :  not  by 
the  law  of  nature  and  nations ;  nor  by  common 
law,  which  never  extended  beyond  the  four  seas ; 
nor  by  statute  law,  for  none  existed  before  the 
settlement  of  the  colonies;  and  that  we  were 
under  no  religious,  moral,  or  political  obligations 
to  submit  to  parliament  as  a  supreme  executive. 
He  asked,  "  Is  the  three  pence  upon  tea  our  only 
grievance  ?  Are  we  not  deprived  of  the  privilege 
of  paying  our  governors,  judges,  etc.  ?  Are  not 
trials  by  jury  taken  from  us  ?  Are  we  not  sent  to 
England  for  trial  ?  Is  not  a  military  government 
put  over  us  ?  Is  not  our  constitution  demolished 
to  the  foundation  ?  " — "  Xip  the  shoots  of  ar 
bitrary  power  in  the  bud  is  the  only  maxim, 
winch  can  ever  preserve  the  liberties  of  any 
people."  He  maintained,  that  the  pretence  to 
tax  for  revenue,  and  not  merely  for  the  regula 
tion  of  trade,  had  never  been  advanced  till  re 
cently;  that,  in  1754,  Dr.  Franklin  denied  such  a 
right;  that,  more  than  a  century  before,  both 
Massachusetts  and  Virginia  had  protested  against 
the  act  of  navigation,  and  refused  obedience,  be 
cause  not  represented  in  parliament.  He  denied, 
that  there  was  a  whig  in  the  province,  who  wished 
to  set  up  an  independent  republic.  But  resistance 
to  lawless  violence,  he  said,  is  not  rebellion  by 
the  law  of  God  or  of  the  land.  And,  as  to  ina 
bility  to  cope  with  Great  Britain,  he  maintained, 
that,  "  in  a  land  war  this  continent  might  defend 
itself  against  all  the  world."  As  to  old  charters, 
that  of  Virginia  in  1609  exempted  the  company 
forever  from  taxes  on  goods  and  merchandizes. 
The  same  exemption  was  given  to  Maryland  in 
1 633.  The  Plymouth  colony  was  settled  without 
a  charter,  on  the  simple  principle  of  nature,  and 
thus  continued  an  independent  government  sixty- 
eight  years.  The  same  was  the  case  with  the 
colonies  in  Connecticut.  In  Massachusetts,  the 
general  court  in  1677  declared,  that  the  laws  of 
England  were  bounded  within  the  four  seas,  and 
did  not  reach  America.  The  only  power  of  par 
liament,  which  he  would  allow,  was  that  arising 
from  our  voluntary  cession  of  regulating  trade. 
The  first  charter  erected  a  corporation  within  the 
realm  of  England ;  there  the  governor  and  com 
pany  were  to  reside,  and  their  agents  only  were 
1')  come  to  America.  But  they  came  themselves, 
and  brought  their  charter  with  them,  and  thus, 
being  out  of  the  realm,  were  not  subject  to  par 
liament.  The  king  of  England  could  by  law 
grant  nothing  out  of  England,  or  the  realm. 
The  great  seal  had  no  authority  out  of  the  realm, 
except  to  mandatory  or  prcccptory  writs;  and 
such  was  not  the  charter.  In  case  of  the  for 
feiture  of  a  charter,  the  people  born  here  could 


ADAMS. 

be  under  no  allegiance  to  the  king.  —  Such 
briefly  were  the  opposite  views  of  these  distin 
guished  men.  These  writings  of  Mr.  Adams, 
with  those  of  Otis,  Thachcr,  and  others,,  con 
tributed  much  to  the  emancipation  of  America 
from  British  thraldom. 

Mr.  Adams   attended   the   next   Congress  in 

1775.  On  hearing  of  the  battle  of  Lexington, 
war  was  determined  on.     At  his  suggestion,  Gov. 
Johnstone  nominated  Washington  as  commander- 
in-chief,  and  he  was  unanimously  chosen.     "When 
he  returned   to   Massachusetts,  he  declined   the 
office  of  chief  justice,  to  which  he  had  been  in 
vited.     In  Congress  he  was  among  the  foremost, 
who  were  in  favor  of  independence.     He  moved, 
May  6,  1776,  to  recommend  to  the  colonies  "to 
adopt  such  a  government,  as  would,  in  the  opinion 
of  the  representatives  of  the  people,  best  con 
duce  to  the  happiness  and  safety  of  their  con 
stituents   and  of  America."    This   passed,  after 
earnest  debate,  on  the  15th.     H.  II.  Lee  moved, 
on  the  7th  June,  and  the  motion  was  seconded 
by  Mr.  Adams,  "  that  these  united  colonies  are, 
and  of  right  ought  to  be,  free  and  independent 
States."    The  debate  continued  to  the  10th,  and 
was  then  postponed  to  the  1st  of  July.     A  com 
mittee  of  five,  consisting  of   Jefferson,  Adams, 
Franklin,  Sherman,  and  R.  R.  Livingston,  was 
appointed  to  draw  up  a  declaration  of  independ 
ence.     The   two   first  were   the   sub-committee. 
The   instrument,  at   the  request  of  Mr.  Adams, 
was  written  by  Jefferson.     The  resolution  of  Lee 
was  debated  again  July  1st,  and  adopted  on  the 
2d.     Then  the  Declaration  was  considered  and 
passed,  with  a  few  omissions  and  changes,  July 
4th ;  but  not  without  vigorous  opposition,  particu 
larly  from  John  Dickinson,  one  of  the  ablest  men 
and   finest  writers   in  Congress.     The   opposing 
arguments  were  met  by  Mr.  Adams  in  a  speech 
of  unrivalled  power.    Of  him  Mr.  Jefferson  said,  — 
"  the  great  pillar  of  support  to  the  declaration  of 
independence  and  its  ablest  advocate  and  cham 
pion  on  the  floor  of  the  house  was  John  Ad 
ams." —  "He  was  the  colossus  of  that  Congress: 
not  graceful,  not  eloquent,  not  always  fluent  in 
his   public   addresses,  he   yet   came   out  with  a 
power   both   of  thought   and   expression,  which 
moved  his  hearers  from  their  seats." 

On  the  next  day  Mr.  Adams  wrote  the  follow 
ing  letter  to  his  wife,  dated  Philadelphia,  July  5, 
1776: 

"  Yesterday  the  greatest  question  was  decided, 
which  was  ever  debated  in  America,  and  a 
greater,  perhaps,  never  was,  or  will  be,  decided 
among  men.  A  resolution  has  passed  without 
one  dissenting  colony,  '  That  these  colonies  are, 
and  of  rigid  ought  to  be,  Free  and  Independent 
States.' 

"  The  day  is  passed.     The  fourth  day  of  July, 

1776,  will  be  a  memorable  cpocli  in  the  history 


ADAMS. 

of  America.  I  am  apt  to  believe,  it  will  be  cele 
brated  by  succeeding  generations  as  the  great 
anniversary  festival.  It  ought  to  be  commem 
orated,  as  the  day  of  deliverance,  by  solemn  acts 
of  devotion  to  Almighty  God.  It  ought  to  be 
solemnized  with  pomp,  shows,  games,  sports, 
guns,  bells,  bonfires,  and  illuminations  from  one 
end  of  the  continent  to  the  other,  from  this  time 
forward,  forever.  You  will  think  me  transported 
with  enthusiasm ;  but  I  am  not.  I  am  well  aware 
of  the  toil  and  blood  and  treasure,  that  it  will 
cost  us  to  maintain  this  declaration,  and  support 
and  defend  these  States ;  yet  through  all  the 
gloom  I  can  see  the  rays  of  light  and  glory.  I 
can  see,  that  the  end  is  more  than  worth  all  the 
means,  and  that  posterity  will  triumph,  although 
you  and  I  may  rue,  which  I  hope  we  shall  not." 

Mr.  Silas  Deane,  commissioner  with  Franklin 
and  A.  Lee  at  the  French  court,  having  been 
recalled,  Mr.  Adams  was  appointed  in  his  place 
Nov.  28,  1777. — lie  was  thus  released  from  his 
duties  as  chairman  of  the  board  of  war,  in  which 
he  had  been  engaged  since  June  13,  1776.  It  is 
said,  that  he  had  been  a  member  of  ninety  com 
mittees,  and  chairman  of  twenty-five.  —  Embark 
ing  in  about  two  months  in  the  Boston  frigate,  he 
arrived  safely ;  but  the  treaties  of  commerce  and 
alliance  had  been  signed  before  his  arrival.  — 
Soon  after  his  return  he  assisted,  in  the  autumn 
of  1779,  as  a  member  of  the  convention,  and  as 
one  of  the  sub-committee  in  preparing  a  form  of 
government  for  the  State  of  Massachusetts.  He 
wrote  the  clause  in  regard  to  the  patronage  of 
literature.  Sept.  29, 1779,  he  was  appointed  min 
ister  plenipotentiary  to  negotiate  a  peace,  and 
had  authority  to  form  a  commercial  treaty  with 
Great  Britain.  He  sailed  in  the  French  frigate 
Sensible,  Nov.  17,  landed  at  Ferrol,  and  after  a 
toilsome  journey  arrived  at  Paris  in  Feb.,  1780. 
He  was  accompanied  by  Francis  Dana  as  secre 
tary  of  legation,  and  by  John  Thaxtcr  as  private 
secretary.  Deeming  a  residence  in  Holland  more 
favorable  to  his  country  than  in  Paris,  he  deter 
mined  to  proceed  to  Amsterdam  as  soon  as  per 
mission  could  be  obtained  from  the  French  min 
ister,  Count  de  Vergcnncs,  who  was  displeased 
by  the  refusal  of  Mr.  Adams  to  communicate  to 
him  his  instructions  in  regard  to  the  treaty  of 
commerce.  In  August  he  repaired  to  Amster 
dam,  having  previously  been  instructed  to  procure 
loans  in  Holland,  and  soon  afterwards  receiving 
power  to  negotiate  a  treaty  of  amity  and  com 
merce.  Amidst  great  difficulties,  arising  from 
the  hostility  of  England  and  the  intrigues  of 
France  herself,  he  toiled  incessantly  for  the  in 
terest  of  his  country.  In  a  series  of  twenty-six 
letters  to  Mr.  Kalkoen,  he  gave  an  account  of 
the  controversy  with  Great  Britain,  and  of  the 
resources,  determination,  and  prospects  of  America. 
These  papers  were  reprinted  in  the  Boston  Patriot, 


ADAMS. 


11 


and  in  a  pamphlet  form  in  1809.  They  had 
much  effect  in  enlightening  the  people  of  Hol 
land.  Yet  he  could  not  persuade  the  States 
General  to  acknowledge  him  as  ambassador  of 
the  United  States  until  April,  1782.  Associated 
with  Franklin,  Jay,  and  Laurens,  he  formed  the 
definitive  treaty  of  peace,  which  was  ratified  Jar. 
14,  1784. — After  assisting  in  other  treaties,  Mr. 
Adams  was  in  1785  appointed  the  first  minister 
to  London.  In  that  city  he  published  his  "  De 
fence  of  the  American  constitutions"  in  1787. — 
At  this  time  the  constitution  of  the  United  States 
had  not  been  formed.  The  object  of  the  work 
was  to  oppose  the  theories  of  Turgot,  the  Abbe 
de  Mably,  and  Dr.  Price  in  favor  of  a  single 
legislative  assembly  and  the  consolidation  into 
one  tribunal  of  the  powers  of  government.  He 
maintained  the  necessity  of  keeping  distinct  the 
legislative,  executive,  and  judicial  departments ; 
and,  to  prevent  encroachment  by  the  legislative 
branch,  he  proposed  a  division  of  it  into  two 
chambers,  each  as  a  check  upon  the  other.  He 
carried  his  views  into  effect  in  drafting  the  con 
stitution  of  Massachusetts,  —  which  form  has  been 
copied  in  its  chief  features  by  most  of  the  other 
States.  —  After  an  absence  of  nine  years,  he  re 
turned  to  America,  and  landed  at  Boston  June 
17,  1788.  Congress  had  passed  a  resolution  of 
thanks  for  his  able  and  faithful  discharge  of  vari 
ous  important  commissions.  His  "  Discourses  on 
Davila"  were  written  in  1790. 

After  his  return  he  was  elected  the  first  vice- 
president  of  the  United  States  under  the  new 
constitution,  wliich  went  into  operation  in  March, 
1789.  Having  been  re-elected  to  that  office,  he 
held  it,  and  of  course  presided  in  the  Senate 
during  the  whole  of  the  administration  of  Wash 
ington,  whose  confidence  he  enjoyed  in  an  emi 
nent  degree.  The  Senate  being  nearly  balanced 
between  the  two  parties  of  the  day,  his  casting 
vote  decided  some  important  questions ;  in  this 
way  Clarke's  resolution  to  prohibit  all  intercourse 
with  Great  Britain  on  account  of  the  capture  of 
several  American  vessels  was  rejected.  —  On  the 
resignation  of  Washington  Mr.  Adams  became 
president  of  the  United  States  March  4,  1797. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Jefferson  in  1801,  who 
was  elected  by  a  majority  of  one  vote. 

After  March,  1801,  Mr.  Adams  lived  in  retire 
ment  at  Quincy,  occupied  in  agricultural  pursuits, 
though  occasionally  addressing  various  communi 
cations  to  the  public.  —  In  a  letter  to  the  founder 
of  the  peace  society  of  Massachusetts  in  1816  he 
says :  "  I  have  read,  almost  all  the  days  of  my 
life,  the  solemn  reasonings  and  pathetic  declama 
tions  of  Erasmus,  of  Fenelon,  of  St.  Pierre,  and 
many  others,  against  war  and  in  favor  of  peace. 
My  understanding  and  my  heart  accorded  witli 
them  at  first  blush.  But,  alas !  a  longer  and 
more  extensive  experience  has  convinced  mo,  that 


12 


ADAMS. 


wars  are  necessary,  and  as  inevitable  in  our  sys 
tem  as  hurricanes,  earthquakes,  and  volcanoes. 
Universal  and  perpetual  peace  appears  to  me  no 
more  nor  less  than  everlasting  passive  obedience 
and  non-resistance.  The  human  flock  would  soon 
be  fleeced  and  butchered  by  one  or  a  few.  I 
cannot  therefore,  sir,  be  a  subscriber  or  a  member 
of  your  society.  —  I  do,  sir,  most  humbly  suppli 
cate  the  theologians,  the  philosophers,  and  the 
politicians  to  let  me  die  in  peace.  I  seek  only 
repose."  Mr.  Jefferson  expressed  his  opinions 
more  calmly  on  the  subject. 

In  1816  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  elec 
toral  college,  which  voted  for  Mr.  Monroe  as 
president.  In  1818  he  sustained  his  severest 
affliction  in  the  loss,  in  October,  of  his  wife,  with 
whom  he  had  lived  more  than  half  a  century. 
His  only  daughter,  Mrs.  Smith,  died  in  1813.  In 
1820,  at  the  age  of  eighty-five,  he  was  a  member 
of  the  convention  for  revising  the  constitution  of 
Massachusetts.  In  the  last  years  of  his  life  he 
had  a  friendly  correspondence  with  Mr.  Jefferson. 
He  enjoyed  the  singular  happiness  in  182<3  of  see 
ing  his  son,  John  Quincy  Adams,  elevated  to  the 
office  of  president  of  the  United  States.  In  this 
year  he  was  the  only  survivor  of  the  first  Con 
gress,  lie  died  July  4,  1826. 

On  the  morning  of  the  jubilee  he  was  roused 
by  the  ringing  of  bells  and  the  firing  of  cannon, 
and,  when  asked  by  his  servant  if  he  knew  what 
day  it  was,  he  replied,  "  O  yes !  it  is  the  glorious 
4th  of  July  —  God  bless  it  —  God  bless  you  all." 
In  the  forenoon  the  orator  of  the  day,  his  parish 
minister,  called  to  see  him,  and  found  him  seated 
in  an  arm-chair,  and  asked  him  for  a  sentiment, 
to  be  given  at  the  public  table.  He  replied,  "  I 
will  give  you  —  Independence  forever ! "  In  the 
course  of  the  day  he  said,  "  It  is  a  great  and  glo 
rious  day;"  and  just  before  he  expired,  exclaimed, 
"  Jefferson  survives,"  shewing  that  his  thoughts 
were  dwelling  on  the  scenes  of  17~6.  But 
Jefferson  was  then  dead,  having  expired  at  one 
o'clock.  He  liimself  died  at  twenty  minutes  be 
fore  six  P.  M. 

That  two  such  men  as  Jefferson  and  Adams, 
both  of  whom  had  been  presidents  of  the  United 
States,  the  two  last  survivors  of  those,  who  had 
voted  for  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  the 
former  having  drawn  it  up,  and  the  latter  having 
been  its  most  powerful  advocate  on  the  floor  of 
Congress,  should  have  died  on  the  4th  of  July, 
just  fifty  years  after  the  "glorious  day"  of  the 
Declaration  of  American  Independence,  presented 
such  an  extraordinary  concurrence  of  events  as  to 
overwhelm  the  mind  with  astonishment.  Some 
of  the  eulogists  of  these  illustrious  men  seemed 
to  regard  the  circumstances  of  their  removal  from 
the  earth  as  a  signal  proof  of  the  favor  of  God, 
and  spoke  of  their  spirits  as  beyond  doubt  thus 
wonderfully,  on  the  day  of  their  glory,  translated 


ADAMS. 

to  heaven.  But  surely  these  circumstances  ought, 
not  to  be  regarded  as  indications  of  the  eternal 
destiny  of  these  men  of  political  eminence.  Like 
others,  they  must  appear  at  the  bar  of  Jesus 
Christ,  to  be  judged  agreeably  to  the  settled  prin 
ciples  of  the  Divine  government,  according  to 
their  works  and  characters.  If  they  believed  in 
the  name  of  the  Son  of  God  and  were  his  follow 
ers,  they  will  doubtless,  if  the  Scriptures  are  true, 
be  saved ;  otherwise  they  will  be  lost.  It  is  not 
always  easy  to  ascertain  the  design  of  Providence. 
If  some  imagine,  that  the  extraordinary  deaths 
of  these  men  indicate  the  Divine  approbation  of 
their  patriotism ;  others  may  imagine,  that  their 
deaths  on  the  day,  in  which  a  kind  of  idolatry  had 
often  been  offered  them,  and  in  which  the  Ameri 
can  people  had  been  often  elated  with  the  emotions 
of  vanity  and  pride,  instead  of  rendering  due 
thanksgivings  to  the  Almighty,  were  designed  to 
frown  upon  the  erring  people  and  to  teach  them, 
that  their  boasted  patriots  and  statesmen,  their 
incensed  demi-gods,  were  but  frail  worms  of  the 
dust.  A  new  and  similar  wonder  occurred  in 
the  decease  of  another  president,  Monroe,  on  the 
4th  day  of  July,  1830. 

Mr.  Adams  was  somewhat  irritable  in  his 
temper,  and  at  times  was  frank  in  the  utterance 
of  his  indignant  feelings.  In  reply  to  a  birth-day 
address  in  1802,  the  year  after  the  termination  of 
his  presidency,  he  said :  "  Under  the  continual 
provocations,  breaking  and  pouring  in  upon  me, 
from  unexpected  as  well  as  expected  quarters, 
during  the  last  two  years  of  my  administration,  he 
must  have  been  more  of  a  modern  epicurian 
philosopher,  than  ever  I  was-  or  ever  will  be,  to 
have  borne  them  all  without  some  incautious  ex 
pressions,  at  times,  of  an  unutterable  indignation.. 
I  have  no  other  apology  to  make  to  individuals  or 
the  public." — This  confession  may  teach  the  am 
bitious,  that  the  high  station  of  president  may  be 
a  bed  of  thorns.  Mr.  Adams  added  the  senti 
ment,  which  is  worthy  of  perpetual  remembrance 
by  our  statesmen  and  citizens :  "The  union  is  our 
rock  of  safety,  as  well  as  our  pledge  of  grandeur." 
—  Mr.  Adams,  it  is  believed,  was  a  professor  of 
religion  in  the  church  at  Quincy.  In  his  views  he 
accorded  with  Dr.  Bancroft,  an  Unitarian  minister 
of  Worcester,  of  whose  printed  sermons  he  ex 
pressed  his  high  approbation. 

In  his  person,  Mr.  Adams  was  of  middling 
stature.  With  passions  somewhat  impetuous,  his 
manners  were  courteous.  Industry  carried  him 
honorably  through  his  immense  public  labors  ; 
temperance  procured  him  the  blessing  of  a 
healthful  old  age.  He  lived  to  see  but  one  name 
before  his  imstarrcd  in  the  catalogue  of  Harvard 
College :  excepting  the  venerable  Dr.  Holyoke, 
all  before  him  were  numbered  with  the  dead.  He 
was  a  scholar,  versed  in  the  ancient  languages. 
In  his  writings  he  was  perspicuous  and  energetic. 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


13 


To  his  native  town  he  gave  his  whole  library,  and 
made  bequests  for  the  endowment  of  an  academy 
and  the  building  of  a  stone  church. 

His  chief  writings  are — History  of  the  dispute 
with  America,  1774;  twenty-six  letters  on  the 
American  llcvolution,  written  in  Holland  in  1780; 
memorial  to  the  States  general,  1782;  essay  on 
canon  and  feudal  law,  1783;  defence  of  the 
American  Constitution,  3  vols.,  1788;  answers  to 
patriotic  addresses,  1798;  letters  on  government, 
to  Sam.  Adams,  1802 ;  discourses  on  Davila, 
1805;  correspondence,  1809;  Novanglus,  re-pub 
lished,  1819;  correspondence  with  W.  Cunning 
ham,  1823;  letters  to  Jefferson. — Encyclopedia 
Amer. ;  Amer.  Ann.  Reg.  I.  225-240;  Boston 
Weekly  Messenger,  vi.  306 ;  /.  Q.  Adams'  letters 
in  Boston  Patriot,  Sept.  3,  1831;  Holmes,  II. 
499. 

ADAMS,  Jonx  QONCY,  president  of  the  United 
States,  died  at  Washington  Feb.  23,  1848,  aged 
80  years,  being  born,  the  son  of  John  A.,  July  11, 
1767.  At  the  age  of  ten  he  accompanied  his 
father  to  France ;  at  the  age  of  fifteen  he  was  private 
secretary  of  Mr.  Dana,  minister  to  Russia.  At 
Harvard  college  he  was  graduated  in  1787,  and 
then  studied  law  with  Mr.  Parsons  at  Ncwbury- 
port.  Living  in  Boston,  he  published  in  1791 
the  papers,  signed  Publicolu,  remarking  on 
Paine's  Rights  of  Man,  distrusting  the  issue  of 
the  French  Revolution.  From  1794  to  1801  he 
was  minister  in  Holland,  Fngland,  and  Prussia. 
From  1803  to  1808  he  was  a  senator  of  the  U.  S. ; 
but  resigned  from  disagreement  with  lu's  own 
State  Legislature.  He  was  a  professor  of  rhetoric 
at  Harvard  from  1806  to  1809.  He  assisted  in 
negotiating  the  treaty  of  Ghent  in  Dec.,  1814, 
and  afterwards  assisted  in  the  convention  of  com 
merce  with  Great  Britain.  In  1817  he  was  sec 
retary  of  state  in  the  cabinet  of  Monroe.  In  1825 
he  was  chosen  president  of  the  U.  S.  The  elec 
toral  votes  were  99  for  Jackson,  84  for  Adams, 
41  for  Crawford,  37  for  Clay.  The  votes  of  thir 
teen  States,  represented  in  the  house,  elected  him 
president.  He  served  for  four  years.  In  Decem 
ber,  1831,  he  became  a  member  of  Congress, 
and  was  continued  in  that  post  till  his  death. 
While  in  his  seat  in  the  House  of  Rep 
resentatives,  Feb.  21st,  he  fell  over  on  one  side, 
and  was  removed  to  Mr.  Speaker  Winthrop's 
apartment,  in  which  he  died.  He  was  only  able 
to  say:  "This  is  the  last  of  earth;  I  am  con 
tent."  His  wife,  Louisa,  daughter  of  Joshua 
Johnson  of  Maryland,  whom  he  married  in  1797, 
survived  him ;  but  died  at  Washington  May 
15,  1852,  aged  76. 

As  a  member  of  Congress  he  in  his  old  age 
gained  imperishable  honor  by  watching  the  move 
ments  and  withstanding  the  progress  of  the  slave- 
holding  power,  which  threatened  to  gain  the  as 
cendency  in  our  general  government,  over  all  the 


interests  of  justice  and  human  freedom,  and  to 
render  this  land  of  liberty  the  scorn  of  the  des 
potisms  of  Europe.  At  the  present  day  the  battle 
between  slavery  and  freedom  rages  with  increased 
vehemence;  and,  had  "the  old  man  eloquent" 
lived  to  see  the  border-ruffianism  of  Missouri 
tolerated  by  our  rulers,  and  allowed  to  create  a 
government  and  bear  sway  in  the  Territory  of 
Kansas,  and  also  to  see  a  Southern  ruffian  striking 
down  a  Massachusetts  senator  in  his  seat,  and 
supported  in  the  act  by  the  whole  South,  his  voice 
would  have  rung  like  a  clarion  through  the  hall 
of  Congress  and  through  our  land. 

He  published  letters  on  Silesia,  1804;  lectures 
on  rhetoric  and  oratory,  2  vols.,  1810;  Dermot 
MacMorrogh,  a  poetic  historical  tale,  1832 ;  poems 
of  religion  and  society,  and  various  occasional 
addresses. 

ADAMS,  HANNAH,  died  Dec.  15,  1831,  aged 
74,  and  was  the  first  tenant  of  the  burying-ground 
at  Mount  Auburn.  She  was  born  in  Medfield, 
Mass. ;  her  father  kept  a  store ;  her  mother  died 
when  she  was  ten  years  old.  She  was  perhaps 
the  first  American  lady  who  devoted  her  life  to 
literature ;  but  the  profits  of  her  labors  were  in 
considerable.  She  was  under  the  middle  stature, 
very  deaf,  a  great  rappee  snuff-taker,  and  very 
fond  of  strong  tea.  A  few  noble-minded  friends 
bestowed  upon  her  the  comforts  of  life.  A  jour 
ney  to  Chelmsford  was  the  farthest  she  had  been 
by  land,  and  a  trip  from  Boston  to  Nahant,  only 
ten  miles,  her  only  voyage  by  water.  She  pub 
lished  a  history  of  New  England,  1799;  a  view 
of  religions,  1801;  history  of  the  Jews,  1812; 
controversy  with  Dr.  Morse,  1814;  letters  on 
the  Gospels,  2d  ed.,  1826.  A  memoir,  written  by 
herself,  with  additions  by  a  friend,  1832. 

ADAMS,  EBENEZER,  professor  of  languages 
and  of  mathematics  at  Dartmouth  college,  died 
Aug.  15,  1841,  aged  77.  He  was  born  at  Xew 
Ipswich,  and  graduated  in  1791  at  Dartmouth. 
His  daughter  married  Professor  Young  of  the 
same  college. 

ADAMS,  BENJAMIN,  died  at  Uxbridge  March 
28,  1837,  aged  72.  A  graduate  of  Brown  univer 
sity  in  1788,  he  was  a  lawyer,  and  a  member  of 
Congress  from  1816  to  1821;  a  man  of  integrity 
and  worth,  and  much  respected. 

ADAMS,  JOHN  W.,  presbyterian  minister,  died 
at  Syracuse  March  4,  1850,  aged  54.  He  was 
the  son  of  Rev.  Roger  A.,  of  Conn.,  and  Avas 
settled  over  the  first  church  Dec.  14,  1824.  The 
church  members  were  three  hundred  and  sixty- 
five  in  number. 

ADAMS,  NEWTON,  M.  D.,  missionary  among 
the  Zulus  in  S.  Africa,  died  Sept.  16,  1851,  aged 
47.  Born  in  East  Bloomfield,  X.  Y.,  he  decided 
to  become  a  missionary  in  1834,  and  went  out  as 
a  physician ;  but  was  ordained  in  1844.  He  was 
one  of  the  six  men,  who  with  their  wives  sailed 


14 


ADAMS. 


from  Boston  in  Dec.,  1834,  to  lay  the  foundation 
of  the  Zulu  mission. 

ADAMS,  CHARLES  BAKER,  died  at  St.  Thomas 
of  the  fever  Jan.  19,  1853,  aged  38.  He  was 
professor  at  Amhcrst  college  of  zoology  and  as 
tronomy  from  1847,  and  had  been  professor  of 
chemistry  and  natural  history  at  Middlcbury. 
He  published  Ileports  as  State  geologist  of  Ver 
mont,  and  a  work  with  Prof.  Gray  on  geology. 
Some  of  his  writings  on  zoology  are  in  the  annals 
of  the  Lyceum  of  Natural  History  of  Xew  York. 

ADAMS,  ZABDIEL  BOYLSTON,  M.  D.,  died  in 
Boston  Jan.  25,  185-5,  aged  62.  Born  in  Rox- 
bury,  he  graduated  in  1813,  and  was  a  skilful  and 
beloved  physician. 

ADDLXGTOX,  ISAAC,  secretary  of  the  proA-- 
incc  of  Massachusetts,  died  at  Boston  March  19, 
1715,  aged  70  years.  His  father  was  Isaac ;  his 
mother  was  Anne,  daughter  of  elder  Thomas 
Leverett,  sister  of  Gov.  L. ;  his  sister  Rebecca 
married  Capt.  E.  Davenport;  his  sister  Sarah 
married  Col.  Penn  Townscnd.  He  sustained  a 
high  character  for  talents  and  learning,  and  for 
integrity  and  diligence  in  his  public  services.  He 
was  secretary  more  than  twenty  years,  and  for 
many  years  a  magistrate  and  member  of  the 
council,  elected  by  the  people ;  and  was  also  some 
times  "useful  in  practicing  physic  and  chirurgery." 
lie  was  singularly  meek  and  humble  and  disinter 
ested.  In  his  family  he  was  a  daily  worshipper 
of  God.  The  religion,  which  he  professed,  gave 
him  peace,  as  he  went  down  to  the  dead. — 
Wadswortlis  Funeral Serm. ;  Hutchinson,!.  414; 
II.  212. 

ADDIS,  ASA,  chief  justice  of  Vt.,  died  at  St. 
Albans  Oct.  15,  1847,  aged  77.  He  was  a  grad 
uate  of  Brown  university. 

ADDISOX,  ALEXANDER,  a  distinguished  lawyer, 
died  at  Pittsburg,  Pcnn.,  Nov.  24,  1807,  aged  48.  \ 
In  the  office  of  a  judge  for  twelve  years  he  was  a 
luminous  expounder  of  the  law,  prompt  and  im 
partial,  and  never  was  there  an  appeal  from  his  j 
judgment.  His  various  powerful  talents  and  ex 
tensive  learning  were  displayed  in  numerous  writ 
ings,  which  evinced  not  only  a  cogency  in  reason 
ing,  but  a  classic  purity  of  style,  and  a  uniform 
regard  to  the  interests  of  virtue.  He  was  dis 
interested,  generous,  beneficent.  He  published 
observations  on  Gallatin's  speech,  1798;  analysis 
of  report  of  committee  of  Virginia  Assembly, 
1800;  reports  in  Pcnns.  1800. 

ADRAIX,  ROBERT,  LL.  I).,  died  at  Xew  | 
Brunswick,  X.  J.,  Aug.  10,  1843,  aged  68.  A  ! 
native  of  Ireland,  he  came  to  this  country  with  j 
Emmet.  He  was  professor  of  mathematics  at  j 
Rutgers  college,  also  at  Columbia  college. 

AGATE,  FREDERICK  S.,  died  at  Xew  York  in 
May,  1844,  aged  37;  an  historical  painter  of  con 
siderable  reputation  among  American  artists. 

AHvEX,  DANIEL,  died   at  Wcxford,   Canada 


ALDEX. 

West,  in  Jan.,  1847,  aged  120.  He  was  seven 
times  married :  his  grandchildren  Avere  370  boys 
and  200  girls. 

AITKEX,  ROBERT,  a  printer  in  Philadelphia, 
came  to  this  country  in  1769,  and  died  July,  1802, 
aged  68.  For  his  attachment  to  American  liberty, 
he  was  thrown  into  prison  by  the  British.  Among 
his  publications  were  a  magazine,  an  edition  of  the 
Bible,  and  the  transactions  of  the  Amer.  Phil. 
Soc.  He  was  the  author,  it  is  believed,  of  an 
inquiry  concerning  the  principles  of  a  commercial 
system  for  the  United  States,  1787.  Jane  Aitken, 
his  daughter,  continued  the  business ;  she  printed 
Thompson's  Septuagint. —  Thomas,  II.  77. 

AKERLY,  SAMUEL,  M.  D.,  died  at  Staten 
Island  July  6, 1845,  aged  60.  He  studied  with  his 
brother-in-law,  Mitchell,  and  contributed  largely 
to  medical  and  scientific  journals.  He  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  institutions  for  the  deaf 
and  dumb,  and  the  blind. 

ALBERT,  PIERRE  ANTONIE,  rector  of  the 
French  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  Xew 
York,  was  the  descendant  of  a  highly  respectable 
family  in  Lausanne,  Switzerland.  Being  invited 
to  take  the  charge  of  the  church  in  the  city 
of  Xew  York,  which  was  founded  by  the  perse 
cuted  Huguenots  after  the  revocation  of  the  edict 
of  Xantes,  he  commenced  his  labors  July  26, 
1797,  and  died  July  12,  1806,  aged  40.  He  was 
an  accomplished  gentleman,  an  erudite  scholar,  a 
profound  theologian,  and  a  most  eloquent  preacher. 
A  stranger,  of  unobtrusive  manners  and  invincible 
modesty,  he  led  a  very  retired  life.  His  worth, 
however,  could  not  be  concealed.  He  was  es 
teemed  and  beloved  by  all  his  acquaintance.  — 
Massachusetts  Missionary  Magazine,  iv.  78. 

ALDEX,  JOHN,  a  magistrate  of  Plymouth 
colony,  was  one  of  the  first  company  which  settled 
Xew  England.  He  arrived  in  16CO,  and  his  life 
was  prolonged  till  Sept.  12,  1687,  when  he  died, 
aged  about  89  years.  When  sent  by  his  friend, 
Capt.  Standish,  to  make  for  him  proposals  of 
marriage  to  Priscilla  Mullins,  the  lady  said  to 
him,  —  "Prithee,  John,  why  do  you  not  speak  for 
yourself  ?  "  This  intimation  of  preference  from 
the  lips  of  one  of  the  Pilgrim  beauties  was  not 
to  be  overlooked.  Priscilla  became  his  wife.  He 
was  a  very  worthy  and  useful  man,  of  great  hu 
mility  and  eminent  piety.  He  was  an  assistant 
in  the  administration  of  every  governor  for  many 
years.  A  professed  disciple  of  Jesus  Christ,  he 
lived  in  accordance  with  his  profession.  In  his 
last  illness  he  was  patient  and  resigned,  fully  be 
lieving  that  God,  who  had  imparted  to  him  the 
love  of  excellence,  would  perfect  the  work,  which 
he  had  begun,  and  would  render  him  completely 
holy  in  heaven. 

ALDEX,  JOHN,  died  at  Middlcborough,  in 
1821,  aged  102;  the  great  grandson  of  J.  A.,  of 
the  Mavflower. 


ALDEN. 


ALEXANDER 


15 


ALDEX,  JUDAII,  died  at  Duxbury  March  2, 
1845,  aged  94.  He  was  a  patriot  and  officer  of 
the  Revolution,  and  president  of  the  Cincinnati. 

ALDEX,  SETH,  died  at  Titicut  Feb.  22,  1855, 
aged  83  ;  a  descendant  of  John  Alden,  the  young 
est  of  nineteen  children. 

ALDEX,  TIMOTHY,  a  descendant  of  John  Al 
den,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1762, 
and  settled  Dec.  13,  17G9,  at  Yarmouth,  Mass., 
where  he  died  Nov.  13,  1828,  aged  91  years. 
For  more  than  half  a  century  he  was  a  faithful 
laborer  in  the  cause  of  religion.  His  people,  in 
their  affection  to  him,  gave  him  a  comfortable 
support  for  years  after  he  had  ceased  to  teach 
them.  He  published  a  dedication  sermon,  1795. 

ALDEX,  TIMOTHY,  I).  D.,  son  of  the  pre 
ceding,  died  at  Pittsburg  July  5,  1839,  aged  G8. 
He  was  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1794,  a  minis 
ter  in  Portsmouth,  and  president  of  Allcghany 
college  at  Meadville.  lie  published  a  sermon  on 
the  death  of  Washington,  1800;  account  of  socie 
ties  in  Portsmouth,  1808  ;  a  century  sermon,  1811 ; 
Xcw  Jersey  Register,  1811 ;  collection  of  epitaphs, 
5  vols.,  1814;  Alleghany  Magazine,  1816. 

ALDEX,  ICHABOD,  colonel,  was  killed  by  the 
Indians  at  Cherry  Valley  in  Xov.,  1778.  He 
commanded  a  Massachusetts  regiment  in  the  war. 
He  was  the  descendant  of  John  Alden ;  and  a  son 
of  Samuel,  of  Duxbury,  who  died  in  1780,  aged  93. 

ALDEX,  ROGER,  major,  an  officer  of  the  Revo 
lution,  died  at  West  Point  Xov.  5,  1836,  aged  88. 

ALEXAXDER,  an  Indian,  was  the  son  and 
successor  of  Massassoit,  and  brother  of  King 
Philip.  His  Indian  name  was  Wamsutta.  He 
received  his  English  name  in  1656.  Being  sus 
pected  of  conspiring  with  the  Xarragansetts 
against  the  English,  he  was  captured  by  surprise, 
by  Major  Winslowin  1662,  and  carried  to  Marsh- 
field.  The  indignant  sachem  fell  sick  of  a  fever ,- 
and  was  allowed  to  return,  under  a  pledge  of  ap 
pearing  at  the  next  court ;  but  he  died  on  his 
way.  Judge  Davis  gives  a  minute  account  of 
this  affair.  Dr.  Holmes  places  the  occurrence  in 
1657.  —  Davis'  Morton,  287;  Holmes,  I.  308. 

ALEXAXDER,  JAMES,  secretary  of  the  prov 
ince  of  Xew  York,  and  many  years  one  of  the 
council,  arrived  in  the  colony  in  1715.  He  was  a 
Scotch  gentleman,  who  was  bred  to  the  law. 
Gov.  Burnett  was  particularly  attached  to  him. 
Though  not  distinguished  for  his  talents  as  a 
public  speaker,  he  was  at  the  head  of  his  pro 
fession  for  sagacity  and  penetration.  Eminent 
for  Iris  knowledge,  he  was  also  communicative 
and  easy  of  access.  By  honest  practice  and  un 
wearied  application  to  business,  he  acquired  a 
great  estate.  He  died  in  the  beginning  of 
1756.  —  Smith's  New  York,  152. 

ALEXAXDER,  WILLIAM,  commonly  called 
Lord  Stirling,  a  major-general  in  the  American 
army,  was  a  native  of  the  city  of  New  York,  the 


son  of  the  secretary,  James  Alexander,  but  spent 
a  considerable  part  of  his  life  in  Xew  Jersey. 
He  was  considered  by  many  as  the  rightful  heir 
to  the  title  and  estate  of  an  earldom  in  Scotland, 
of  which  country  his  father  was  a  native ;  and 
although,  when  he  went  to  Xorth  Britain  in  pur 
suit  of  this  inheritance,  he  failed  of  obtaining  an 
acknowledgment  of  his  claim  by  government,  yet 
among  his  friends  and  acquaintances  he  received 
by  courtesy  the  title  of  Lord  Stirling.  —  He  dis 
covered  an  early  fondness  for  the  study  of  mathe 
matics  and  astronomy,  and  attained  great  emi 
nence  in  these  sciences. 

In  the  battle  on  Long  Island  Aug.  27,  1776, 
he  was  taken  prisoner,  after  having  secured  to  a 
large  part  of  the  detachment  an  opportunity  to 
escape  by  a  bold  attack  with  four  hundred  men 
upon  a  corps  under  Lord  Cornwallis.  His  at 
tachment  to  Washington  was  proved  in  the  latter 
part  of  1777,  by  transmitting  to  him  an  account 
of  the  disaffection  of  Gen.  Conway  to  the  com- 
mander-in-chief.  In  the  letter  he  said :  "  Such 
wicked  duplicity  of  conduct  I  shall  always  think 
it  my  duty  to  detect."  He  died  at  Albany  Jan. 
15,  1783,  aged  57  years.  He  was  a  brave,  dis 
cerning,  and  intrepid  officer.  —  He  married  Sarah, 
daughter  of  Philip  Livingston.  His  eldest  daugh 
ter,  Mary,  married  John  Watts,  of  a  wealthy 
family  in  Xew  York.  He  published  a  pamphlet, 
"The  conduct  of  Maj.-Gen.  Shirley  briefly  stated." 
—  Miller,  II.  390;  Holmes,  II.  247;  Marshall, 
in.  Note  No  v. 

ALEXAXDER,  NATHANIEL,  governor  of 
Xorth  Carolina,  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in 

1776,  and  after  studying   medicine  entered   the 
army.     At  the  close  of  the  war  he  resided  at  the 
High  Hills  of  Santee,  pursuing   his   profession, 
and  afterwards  at  Mecklenburg.     While  he  held 
a  seat  in  Congress,  the  Legislature  elected   him 
governor  in  1806.     He  died  at  Salisbury  March 
8,  1808,  aged  52.     In  all  his  public  stations  he 
discharged  his  duty  with  ability  and  firmness.  — 
Charleston  Courier,  March  23. 

ALEXAXDER,  CALEB,  I).  D.,  a  native  of 
Xorthfield,  Mass.,  and  a  graduate  of  Yale  in 

1777,  was  ordained  at  Xew  Marlborough,  Mass., 
in  1781,  and  dismissed  in  1782.     He  was  again 
settled  at  Mendon,and  dismissed  in  1803.     After 
an  ineffectual  attempt  to  establish  a  college  at 
Fairfield,  State  of  Xew  York,  he  took  the  charge 
of  the  academy  at  Onondaga  Hollow,  where  he 
died  in  April,  1828.     He  published  an  essay  on 
the  deity  of  Jesus  Christ,  with  strictures  on  Em- 
lyn,  1791;  a  Latin  grammar,  1794;    an  English 
grammar,  and  grammar  elements.  —  History  of 
Berkshire,  293. 

ALEXAXDER,  ARCHIBALD,  D.  D.,  professor 
of  theology  at  Princeton,  was  the  descendant  of  a 
Scotch-Irish  family,  which  came  over  about  1736 
and  settled  in  the  great  valley  of  Virginia;  and 


16 


ALFOHD. 


•was  the  son  of  William  A.  lie  died  Oct.  22, 
1851,  aged  79.  About  1801  lie  was  president  of 
Hampdcn  Sidney  college,  and  married  Janetta, 
daughter  of  Rev."  Dr.  Waddel,  of  LotuVa  county, 
Va.  In  1806  he  succeeded  Dr.  Milledoler  in  Tine 
street  church  in  Phila.  In  1812  he  became  the 
professor  of  theology  in  the  new  seminary  at 
Princeton.  Dr.  Miller  came  in  Dec.,  1813.  He 
remained  with  honor  in  this  important  station 
until  his  death.  He  left  six  sons  and  a  daughter; 
three  were  ministers,  two  lawyers,  one  a  physician. 
His  brother,  Maj.  John  A.,  who  served  in  the  war 
of  1812,  died  at  Lexington  in  1853. 

He  published  a  sermon  at  Philadelphia,  1808; 
on  the  burning  of  the  theatre,  1811;  missionary, 
1813;  inaugural;  Christian  evidences,  1825;  canon 
of  Bible;  to  young  men,  1826;  on  Sunday  schools, 
1829;  growth  in  grace;  before  Amer.  Board, 
1829;  hymns,  selected,  1831;  on  pastoral  office; 
lives  of  patriarchs;  history  of  Israel;  house  of 
God;  the  people  of  God  led,  1842;  at  Washing 
ton  college,  1843;  sketches  in  regard  to  the  log 
college,  1845;  history  of  colonization  ;  outlines  of 
moral  science ;  introd.  to  Henry,  Bates,  Jay,  and 
Watcrbury;  practical  sermons;  letters  to  the 
aged ;  counsels  to  the  young ;  against  Universal- 
ism;  compend  of  Bible  truth;  on  experience; 
life  of  Baxter ;  of  Melville ;  of  Knox ;  way  of 
salvation,  with  various  other  tracts,  as  on  justifica 
tion  by  faith;  the  day  of  judgment;  and  the 
misery  of  the  lost.  His  life  by  his  son,  Dr.  J. 
W.  A.,  was  published  in  1854  by  C.  Scribner,  N. 
York. 

ALFORD,  ABIGAIL,  died  at  Northampton  Aug. 
26,  1756,  aged  102. 

ALICE,  a  slave,  died  in  Bristol,  Penn.,  in  1802, 
aged  116.  She  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  which 
place  she  remembered  as  chiefly  a  wilderness 
inhabited  by  Indians.  For  forty  years  she  was 
employed  in  ferrying.  She  retained  her  hearing, 
but  was  blind  at  the  age  of  one  hundred ;  though 
her  sight  was  gradually  restored.  Her  hair  be 
came  white.  Unable  to  read,  she  loved  to  have 
the  Bible  read  to  her.  A  worthy  member  of  the 
Episcopal  church,  she  anticipated  the  happiness  of 
dwelling  in  the  presence  of  her  Saviour. 

ALFORD,  JOHN,  founder  of  the  professorship 
of  natural  religion,  moral  philosophy,  and  civil 
polity  in  Harvard  college,  died  at  Charlestown 
Sept.  29,  1761,  aged  75.  He  had  been  a  member 
of  the  council.  His  executors  determined  the 
particular  objects,  to  which  his  bequest  for  charit 
able  uses  should  be  applied,  and  divided  it 
equally  between  Harvard  college,  Princeton  col 
lege,  and  the  society  for  the  propagation  of  the 
Gospel  among  the  Indians.  To  the  latter  10,6 
dollars  were  paid  in  1787.  Levi  Frisbie  was  the 
first  Alford  professor. 

ALLEN,  Jonx,  first  minister  of  Dcdham, 
Mass.,  was  born  in  England  in  1596,  and  was 


ALLEN. 

driven  from  his  native  land  during  the  persecution 
of  the  Puritans.  He  had  been  for  a  number  of 
years  a  faithful  preacher  of  the  Gospel.  Soon 
after  he  arrived  in  New  England,  he  was  settled 
pastor  of  the  church  in  Dedham  April  24,  1639. 
Here  he  continued  till  his  death  Aug.  26,  1671, 
aged  74.  He  was  a  man  of  great  meekness  and 
humility,  and  of  considerable  distinction  in  his 
day.  Mr.  Cotton  speaks  of  him  with  respect  in 
his  preface  to  Norton's  answer  to  Apollonius. 
He  published  a  defence  of  the  nine  positions,  in 
which,  with  Mr.  Shepard  of  Cambridge,  he  dis 
cusses  the  .points  of  church  discipline ;  and  a 
defence  of  the  Synod  of  1662,  against  Mr. 
Chauncy,  under  the  title  of  Animadversions  upon 
the  Antisynodalia,  4to,  1664.  This  work  is  pre 
served  in  the  New  England  library.  The  last 
two  sermons,  which  he  preached,  were  printed 
after  his  death.  —  Magnolia,  in.  132;  Prenliss' 
Funeral  Sermon  on  Haven. 

ALLEN,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Charlestown,  was 
born  at  Norwich  in  England,  in  1608,  and  was 
educated  at  Cambridge.  He  was  afterwards  min 
ister  of  St.  Edmond's  in  Norwich,  but  was 
silenced  by  bishop  Wren,  about  the  year  1636,  for 
refusing  to  read  the  book  of  sports  and  conform 
to  other  impositions.  In  1638  he  fled  to  New 
England,  and  was  the  same  year  installed  in 
Charlestown,  where  he  was  a  faithful  preacher  of 
the  Gospel  till  about  1651,  when  he  returned  to 
Norwich,  and  continued  the  exercise  of  his  minis 
try  till  1662.  He  afterwards  preached  to  his 
church  on  all  occasions,  that  offered,  till  his  death, 
Sept.  21,  1673,  aged  65.  He  was  a  very  pious 
man,  greatly  beloved,  and  an  able,  practical 
preacher. 

He  published  an  imitation  to  thirsty  sinners  to 
come  to  their  Saviour ;  the  way  of  the  Spirit  in 
bringing  souls  to  Christ ;  the  glory  of  Christ  set 
forth,  with  the  necessity  of  faith,  in  several  ser 
mons  ;  a  chain  of  Scripture  chronology  from  the 
creation  to  the  death  of  Christ,  in  seven  periods. 
This  was  printed  in  1658,  and  was  regarded  as  a 
very  learned  and  useful  work.  It  is  preserved  in 
the  New  England  library,  established  by  Mr. 
Prince,  by  whom  the  authors  quoted  in  the  book 
arc  written  in  the  beginning  of  it  in  his  own 
hand.  Mr.  Allen  wrote  also,  with  Mr.  Shepard,  in 
1645,  a  preface  to  a  treatise  on  liturgies,  &c.  com 
posed  by  the  latter.  He  contends,  that  only 
visible  saints  and  believers  should  be  received  to 
communion.  —  Magnal.  III.  215 ;  Nonconformists' 
Memorial,!.  254;  in.  11,  12. 

ALLEN,  MATTHEW,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of 
Connecticut,  came  to  this  country  with  Mr.  Hooker 
in  1632,  and  become  a  landholder  in  Cambridge, 
in  the  records  of  which  town  his  lands  and  houses 
are  described.  He  accompanied  Mr.  Hooker  to 
Hartford  in  1636,  and  was  a  magistrate.  In  the 
charter  of  1662  he  is  named  as  one  of  the  com- 


ALLEN. 


ALLEN. 


17 


pany.  His  public  services  were  various.  In  1664 
he  is  called  Mr.  Allen,  senior.  He  might  have 
been  the  father  of  John.  There  was,  however,  a 
Mr.  Matthew  Allen,  a  magistrate,  in  1710 ;  another 
of  the  same  name  in  Windsor,  in  1732.  Trum- 
bell  gives  the  name  Allen;  but  Mather  wrote 
Allyn. 

ALLEN,  JOIEV,  secretary  of  the  colony  of 
Connecticut,  was  chosen  a  magistrate  under  the 
charter  in  1662  and  treasurer  in  1663.  He  was 
on  the  committee,  with  Matthew  Allen  and  John 
Talcott,  respecting  the  union  with  New  Haven  in 
1663.  He  appears  to  have  been  secretary  as 
early  as  Dec.,  1664 ;  Joseph  Allen  had  been  sec 
retary  before  him.  He  was  also  secretary  in  1683 
and  on  the  committee  respecting  the  boundary  of 
New  York.  The  time  of  his  death  is  not  known. 
One  of  his  name  was  magistrate  as  late  as  1709. 
The  history  of  the  Pequot  war,  given  by  Increase 
Mather  in  his  Relation  in  1677,  w7as  not  written 
by  Mr.  Allen,  as  Judge  Davis  erroneously  sup 
poses,  but  merely  communicated  by  him  to  Mr. 
Mather.  —  Davis'  Morton,  196;  Prince's  Introd. 
to  Mason's  Hist. 

ALLEN,  JAMES,  minister  in  Boston,  came  to 
this  country  in  1662,  recommended  by  Mr.  Good 
win.  He  had  been  a  fellow  of  New  college, 
Oxford.  He  was  at  this  time  a  young  man,  and 
possessed  considerable  talents.  He  was  very 
pleasing  to  many  of  the  church  in  Boston,  and  an 
attempt  was  made  to  settle  him  as  assistant  to 
Mr.  Wilson  and  Mr.  Norton.  He  was  ordained 
teacher  of  the  first  church  Dec.  9,  1668,  as 
colleague  with  Mr.  Davenport,  who  was  at  the 
same  time  ordained  pastor.  After  the  death  of 
Mr.  Davenport,  he  had  for  his  colleague  Mr. 
Oxcnbridge,  and  after  his  decease  Mr.  Wadsworth. 

In  1669  seventeen  ministers  published  their 
testimony  against  the  conduct  of  Mr.  Allen  and 
Mr.  Davenport  in  relation  to  the  settlement  of 
the  latter.  They  were  charged  with  communica 
ting  parts  only  of  letters  from  the  church  of  New 
Haven  to  the  church  of  Boston,  by  which  means, 
it  was  said,  the  church  was  deceived ;  but  they  in 
defence  asserted,  that  the  letters  retained  did  not 
represent  things  differently  from  what  had  been 
stated.  The  whole  colony  was  interested  in  the 
controversy  between  the  first  and  the  new,  or  third 
church.  At  length  the  General  Court,  in  1670, 
declared  the  conduct  of  those  churches  and  elders, 
who  assisted  in  establishing  the  third  church,  to 
be  illegal  and  disorderly.  At  the  next  session, 
however,  as  there  was  a  change  of  the  members 
of  the  General  Court,  the  censure  was  taken  off. 
It  seems,  the  act  of  censure  was  expressed  in  lan 
guage  very  intemperate,  and  invasion  of  the  rights 
of  churches  and  assumption  of  prelatical  power 
were  declared  in  it  to  be  among  the  prevailing 
evils  of  the  day.  The  charge  was  so  general,  and 
it  threatened  to  operate  so  unfavorably  on  religion, 


that  a  number  of  the  very  ministers,  who  had 
published  their  testimony  against  the  elders  of 
the  first  church,  wrote  an  address  to  the  court, 
representing  the  intemperate  nature  of  the  vote ; 
and  it  was  in  consequence  revoked,  and  the  new 
church  was  exculpated.  Mr.  Allen  died  Sept. 
22,  1710,  aged  78  years.  His  sons  were  James, 
John,  and  Jeremiah,  born  in  1670,  1672,  and 
1673.  The  last  was  chosen  treasurer  of  the  prov 
ince  in  1715. 

He  published  healthful  diet,  a  sermon ;  New 
England's  choicest  blessings,  an  election  sermon, 
1679 ;  serious  advice  to  delivered  ones ;  man's 
self-reflection  a  means  to  further  his  recovery 
from  his  apostasy  from  God ;  and  two  practical 
discourses.  —  Hutchinson's  Hist,  of  Mass.  I.  173, 
222,  225,  270 ;  Collections  of  the  Hist.  Society, 
IX.  173 ;  Calami/. 

ALLEN,  SAMUEL,  a  merchant  of  London,  pro 
prietor  of  a  part  of  New  Hampshire,  made  the 
purchase  of  the  heirs  of  Mason  in  1691.  The 
territory  included  Portsmouth  and  Dover,  and 
extended  sixty  miles  from  the  sea.  The  settlers 
resisting  his  claims,  a  perplexing  litigation  fol 
lowed.  In  the  midst  of  it  Mr.  Allen  died  at 
Newcastle  May  5,  1705,  aged  69.  He  sustained 
an  excellent  character.  Though  attached  to  the 
church  of  England,  he  attended  the  Congregational 
meeting.  His  son,  Thomas  Allen  of  London, 
continued  the  suit.  The  final  verdict  was  against 
him,  in  1707,  in  the  case,  Allen  vs.  Waldron;  — 
he  appealed,  yet  his  death  in  1715,  before  the 
appeal  was  heard,  put  an  end  to  the  suit.  The 
principal  reliance  of  the  defendant  w'as  on  the 
Indian  deed  to  Wheelright  of  1629.  This  Mr. 
Savage  has  satisfactorily  showrn  to  be  a  forgery  of 
a  later  date.  If  so,  it  would  seem,  that  the 
Aliens  were  wrongfully  dispossessed  of  a  valuable 
province.  —  Belknap's  N.  II.  I. ;  Savage's  Win- 
tlirop,  I.  405 ;  N.  H.  Coll.  II.  137. 

ALLEN,  JAMES,  first  minister  of  Brookline, 
Mass.,  was  a  native  of  Roxbury,  and  was  gradua 
ted  at  Harvard  college  in  1710.  He  was  ordained 
Nov.  5,  1718,  and  after  a  ministry  of  twenty-eight 
years  died  of  a  lingering  consumption  Feb.  18, 
1747,  aged  55  years,  with  the  reputation  of  a 
pious  and  judicious  divine.  His  successors  were 
Cotton  Brown  from  1748  to  1751;  Nathaniel 
Potter  from  1755  to  1759;  Joseph  Jackson  from 
1760  to  1796 ;  and  John  Pierce  from  1797  to  1849. 
In  July,  1743,  he  gave  his  attestation  to  the  revival 
of  religion,  which  took  place  throughout  the 
country,  and  made  known  the  success,  which  had 
attended  his  own  exertions  in  Brookline.  Almost 
every  person  in  his  congregation  was  impressed 
in  some  degree  with  the  important  concerns  of 
another  world,  and  he  could  no  more  doubt,  he 
said,  that  there  was  a  remarkable  work  of  God, 
than  he  could,  that  there  was  a  sun  in  the 
heavens.  Afterwards,  from  peculiar  circumstances, 


18 


ALLEN. 


ALLEN. 


perhaps  from  the  apostasy  of  some,  who  had  ap 
peared  strong  in  the  faith,  he  was  led  to  speak 
of  this  revival  "  unadvisedly  with  his  lips."  This 
produced  an  alienation  among  some  of  his  former 
friends.  In  his  last  hours  he  had  a  hope,  which 
he  would  not  part  with,  as  he  said,  for  a  thousand 
worlds. 

He  published  a  thanksgiving  sermon,  1722 ;  a 
discourse  on  Providence,  1727 ;  the  doctrine  of 
merit  exploded,  and  humility  recommended,  1727 ; 
a  fast  sermon,  on  the  earthquake,  1727  ;  a  sermon 
to  young  men,  1731 ;  a  sermon  on  the  death  of 
S.  Aspinwall,  1733;  an  election  sermon,  1744. 
—  Pierce's  Cent.  Discourse;  Christian  Hist.  I. 
394. 

ALLEN,  JAMES,  member  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  of  Massachusetts  a  number  of 
years,  and  a  councillor,  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1717,  and  died  Jan.  8,  1755,  aged  57. 

In  the  beginning  of  1749  he  made  a  speech  in 
the  House,  censuring  the  conduct  of  the  governor, 
for  which  he  was  required  to  make  an  acknowl 
edgment.  As  he  declined  doing  this,  the  House 
issued  a  precept  for  the  choice  of  a  new  repre 
sentative.  When  re-elected,  he  was  not  permitted 
to  take  his  seat ;  but  next  year  he  took  it,  and 
retained  it  till  his  death.  —  Minofs  Hist.  Mass. 
I.  104-107. 

ALL  EX,  WILLIAM,  the  first  minister  of  Green 
land,  N.  II.,  died  in  1760,  aged  84.  A  graduate 
of  Harvard  in  1703,  and  settled  in  1707,  he  had 
been  a  minister  fifty-three  years.  Mr.JNIacClin- 
tock  became  his  colleague  in  17,36.  Before  his 
settlement  the  people  of  G.,  then  a  part  of 
Portsmouth,  were  accustomed  to  walk  six  or 
eight  miles  to  P.  to  meeting. 

ALLEN,  "WILLIAM,  chief  justice  of  Pennsyl 
vania,  was  the  son  of  William  Allen,  an  eminent 
merchant  of  Philadelphia,  who  died  in  1725. 
On  the  approach  of  the  Revolution  he  retired  to 
England,  where  he  died  Sept.,  1780.  His  wife 
•was  a  daughter  of  Andrew  Hamilton,  whom  he 
succeeded  as  recorder  of  Philadelphia  in  1741. 
He  was  much  distinguished  as  a  friend  to  litera 
ture.  He  patronized  Sir  Benjamin  West,  the 
painter.  By  his  counsels  and  exertions  Dr. 
Franklin  was  much  assisted  in  establishing  the 
college  in  Philadelphia.  He  published  the 
American  crisis,  London,  1774,  in  which  he  sug 
gests  a  plan  "for  restoring  the  dependence  of 
America  to  a  state  of  perfection."  His  principles 
seem  to  have  been  not  a  little  arbitrary.  On  his 
resignation  of  the  office  of  chief  justice,  to  which 
he  had  been  appointed  in  1750,  he  was  succeeded, 
till  the  Revolution,  by  Mr.  Chew,  attorney-general, 
and  Mr.  Chew  by  his  son,  Andrew  Allen.  This 
son  died  in  London  March  7,  1825,  aged  85.  At 
the  close  of  177G  he  put  himself  under  the 
protection  of  Gen.  Howe  at  Trenton,  with  his 
brothers  John  and  William.  He  had  been  a 


member  of  Congress  and  of  the  Committee  of 
Safety;  and  William  a  lieutenant-colonel  in  the 
continental  service,  but  in  1778  he  attempted  to 
raise  a  regiment  of  tories.  —  Miller's  Retrospect, 
n.  352;  Proud's  Hist.  of-Pcnnsylvania,ll.  188; 
Amer.  Remembrancer,  1777,  p.  56. 

ALLEN,  HEXRY,  a  preacher  in  Nova  Scotia, 
was  born  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  June  14,  1748,  and 
began  to  propagate  some  very  singular  sentiments, 
about  the  year  1778.  He  was  a  man  of  good 
capacity,  though  his  mind  had  not  been  much 
cultivated,  and  though  he  possessed  a  warm 
imagination.  He  believed,  that  the  souls  of  all 
men  arc  emanations  or  parts  of  the  one  great 
Spirit,  and  that  they  were  present  Avith  our  first 
parents  in  Eden  and  participated  in  the  first 
transgression  ;  that  our  first  parents  in  innocency 
were  pure  spirits  without  material  bodies ;  that 
the  body  will  not  be  raised  from  the  grave ;  and 
that  the  ordinances  of  the  Gospel  are  matters  of 
indifference.  The  Scriptures,  he  contended,  have 
a  spiritual  meaning,  and  are  not  to  be  understood 
in  a  literal  sense.  He  died  at  the  house  of  Rev. 
I).  M'Clurc,  Northampton,  N.  II.,  Eel).  2,  1784, 
aud  since  his  death  his  party  has  much  declined. 
He  published  a  volume  of  hymns;  and  several 
treatises  and  sermons.  —  Adams'  View  of  Re 
ligions  ,  Benedict,!..  282. 

ALLEN,  ETHAN,  brigadier-general,  was  born 
in  173.8,  in  Woodbury,  Conn.  His  ancestor, 
Nehcmiah,  was  a  brother  of  Samuel,  of  North 
ampton.  His  parents  removed  to  Salisbury ;  at 
an  early  age  he  himself  emigrated  to  Vermont. 
At  the  commencement  of  the  disturbances  in  this 
territory  about  the  year  1770  he  took  a  most 
active  part  in  favor  of  the  "  Green  Mountain  Boys," 
as  the  settlers  were  then  called,  in  opposition  to 
the  government  of  New  York.  An  act  of  out 
lawry  against  him  was  passed  by  this  State,  and 
50  pounds  were  offered  for  his  apprehension ;  but 
his  party  was  too  numerous  and  faithful  to  permit 
him  to  be  disturbed  by  any  apprehensions  for  his 
safety ;  in  all  the  struggles  of  the  day  he  was 
successful;  and  he  not  only  proved  a  valuable 
friend  to  thore,  whose  cause  he  had  espoused,  but 
he  was  humane  and  generous  towards  those,  with 
whom  he  had  to  contend.  When  called  to  take 
the  field,  he  showed  himself  an  able  leader  and 
an  intrepid  soldier. 

The  news  of  the  battle  of  Lexington  deter 
mined  Col.  Allen  to  engage  on  the  side  of  his 
country,  and  inspired  him  with  the  desire  of 
demonstrating  his  attachment  to  liberty  by  some 
bold  exploit.  While  his  mind  was  in  this  state,  a 
plan  for  taking  Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point  by 
surprise  was  formed  by  Capts.  Edward  Mott  and 
Noah  Phelps,  of  Hartford,  Conn.  They  marched 
privately  April  29th,  with  sixteen  unarmed  men. 
Arriving  at  Pittsfield,  the  residence  of  Col.  James 
Easton  and  John  Brown,  Esq.,  they  communicated 


ALLEN. 


ALLEN. 


19 


the  project  to  them  and  to  Col.  Ethan  Allen,  then 
at  Pittsfield.  These  gentlemen  immediately  en 
gaged  to  co-operate  and  to  raise  men  for  the  pur 
pose.  Of  the  Berkshire  men  and  the  "  Green  Moun 
tain  Boys  "  two  hundred  and  thirty  were  collected, 
under  the  command  of  Allen,  and  proceeded  to 
Castleton.  Here  he  was  unexpectedly  joined 
by  Col.  Arnold,  who  had  been  commissioned  by 
the  Massachusetts  committee  to  raise  four  hundred 
men  and  effect  the  same  object,  which  was  now 
about  to  be  accomplished.  As  he  had  not  raised 
the  men,  he  was  admitted  to  act  as  an  assistant  to 
Col.  Allen.  They  reached  the  lake  opposite 
Ticonderoga  Tuesday  evening,  May  9,  1775. 
With  the  utmost  difficulty  boats  were  procured, 
and  eighty-three  men  were  landed  near  the  gar 
rison.  The  approach  of  day  rendering  it  danger 
ous  to  wait  for  the  rear,  it  was  determined  imme 
diately  to  proceed.  The  commander-in-chief  now 
addressed  his  men,  representing,  that  they  had 
been  for  a  number  of  years  a  scourge  to  arbitrary 
power,  and  famed  for  their  valor,  and  concluded 
with  saying,  "  I  now  propose  to  advance  before 
you,  and  in  person  conduct  you  through  the 
wicket  gate,  and  you,  that  will  go  with  me  volun 
tarily  in  this  desperate  attempt,  poise  your  fire 
locks."  At  the  head  of  the  centre  file  he  marched 
instantly  to  the  gate,  where  a  sentry  snapped  his 
gun  at  him  and  retreated  through  the  covered 
way ;  he  pressed  forward  into  the  fort,  and  formed 
his  men  on  the  parade  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
face  two  opposite  barracks.  Three  huzzas  awoke 
the  garrison.  A  sentry,  who  asked  quarter, 
pointed  oat  the  apartments  of  the  commanding 
officer ;  and  Allen,  with  a  drawn  sword  over  the 
head  of  Capt.  De  la  Place,  who  was  undressed, 
demanded  the  surrender  of  the  fort.  "  By  what 
authority  do  you  demand  it?"  inquired  the 
astonished  commander.  "  I  demand  it,"  said 
Allen,  "  in  the  name  of  the  great  Jehovah  and  of 
the  Continental  Congress."  The  summons  could 
not  be  disobeyed,  and  the  fort,  with  its  very 
valuable  stores  and  forty-nine  prisoners,  was  im 
mediately  surrendered  on  May  10th.  There 
were  from  112  to  120  iron  cannon  from  6  to  24 
pounders,  2  brass  cannon,  50  swivels,  2  mortars, 
10  tons  of  musket  balls,  3  cartloads  of  flints,  10 
casks  of  powder,  30  new  carriages,  100  stand  of 
small  arms,  30  barrels  of  flour,  and  18  barrels  of 
pork.  Crown  Point  was  taken  the  same  day,  and 
the  capture  of  a  sloop  of  war  soon  afterwards 
made  Allen  and  his  brave  party  complete  masters 
of  Lake  Champlain.  May  18th,  Arnold  with 
thirty-five  men  surprised  the  fort  of  St.  John's  in 
Canada,  taking  fourteen  prisoners,  a  sloop,  and 
two  brass  cannon.  Allen,  arriving  the  same  day 
with  ninety  men,  resolved,  against  the  advice  of 
Arnold,  to  attempt  to  hold  the  place.  But  he  was 
attacked  the  next  day  by  a  larger  force  from 
Montreal,  and  compelled  to  retreat.  In  the  fall 


of  1775  lie  was  sent  twice  into  Canada,  to  observe 
the  dispositions  of  the  people,  and  attach  them, 
if  possible,  to  the  American  cause.  During  tin's 
last  tour  Col.  Brown  met  him,  and  proposed  an 
attack  on  Montreal  in  concert.  The  proposal  was 
eagerly  embraced,  and  Col.  Allen,  with  one  hun 
dred  and  ten  men,  nearly  eighty  of  whom  were 
Canadians,  crossed  the  river  in  the  night  of  Sept. 
24.  In  the  morning  he  waited  with  impatience 
for  the  signal  from  Col.  Brown,  who  agreed  to  co 
operate  with  him ;  but  he  waited  in  vain.  He 
made  a  resolute  defence  against  an  attack  of  five- 
hundred  men,  and  it  was  not  till  his  own  party 
was  reduced  by  desertions  to  the  number  of 
thirty-one,  and  he  had  retreated  near  a  mile,  that 
he  surrendered.  A  moment  afterwards  a  furious 
savage  rushed  towards  him,  and  presented  his 
firelock  with  the  intent  of  killing  him.  It  was 
only  by  making  use  of  the  body  of  the  officer,  to 
whom  he  had  given  his  sword,  as  a  shield,  that  he 
escaped  destruction.  This  rash  attempt  was  made 
without  authority  from  Gen.  Schuyler.  He  was 
kept  for  some  time  in  irons,  and  then  sent  to 
England  as  a  prisoner,  being  assured  that  the 
halter  would  be  the  reward  of  his  rebellion,  when 
he  arrived  there.  On  his  passage,  handcuffed 
and  fettered,  he  was  shut  up  with  his  fellow 
prisoners  in  the  cable  tier,  a  space  twelve  feet  by 
ten.  After  his  arrival,  about  the  middle  of  Decem 
ber,  he  was  lodged  for  a  short  time  in  Pcndennis 
castle,  near  Falmouth.  On  the  8th  of  Jan.,  1776, 
he  was  put  on  board  a  frigate  and  by  a  circuitous 
route  carried  to  Halifax.  Here  he  remained 
confined  in  the  gaol  from  June  to  October,  when 
he  was  removed  to  New  York.  During  the  pas 
sage  to  tin's  place,  Capt.  Burke,  a  daring  prisoner, 
proposed  to  kill  the  British  captain  and  seize  the 
frigate ;  but  Col.  Allen  refused  to  engage  in  the 
plot,  and  was  probably  the  means  of  preserving 
the  life  of  Capt.  Smith,  who  had  treated  him 
very  politely.  He  was  kept  at  New  York  about  a 
year  and  a  half,  sometimes  imprisoned,  and  some 
times  permitted  to  be  on  parole.  While  here,  he 
had  an  opportunity  to  observe  the  inhuman  man 
ner,  in  which  the  American  prisoners  were  treated. 
In  one  of  the  churches,  in  which  they  were 
crowded,  he  saw  seven  lying  dead  at  one  time,  and 
others  biting  pieces  of  chips  from  hunger.  He 
calculated,  that  of  the  prisoners,  taken  at  Long 
Island  and  Fort  Washington,  near  two  thousand 
perished  by  hunger  and  cold,  or  in  consequence 
of  diseases  occasioned  by  the  impurity  of  their 
prisons. 

Col.  Allen  was  exchanged  for  Col.  Campbell 
May  6,  1778,  and  after  having  repaired  to  head 
quarters  and  offered  his  services  to  Gen.  Wash 
ington  in  case  his  health  should  be  restored,  he 
returned  to  Vermont.  His  arrival,  on  the  evening 
of  the  last  of  May,  gave  his  friends  great  joy,  and 
it  was  announced  by  the  discharge  of  cannon. 


20 


ALLEN. 


As  an  expression  of  confidence  in  his  patriotism 
and  military  talents,  he  was  very  soon  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  State  militia.  It  does  not 
appear,  however,  that  his  intrepidity  was  ever 
again  brought  to  the  test,  though  his  patriotism 
was  tried  by  an  unsuccessful  attempt  of  the 
British  to  bribe  him  to  effect  a  union  of  Vermont 
with  Canada.  Sir  II.  Clinton  wrote  to  Lord 
Germaine,  Feb.,  1781,  "There  is  every  reason  to 
suppose,  that  Ethan  Allen  has  quitted  the  rebel 
cause."  He  died  of  apoplexy  at  his  estate  in 
Colchester  Feb.  13,  1789,  aged  51.  His  first  wife 
was  Mary  Brownson  of  Itoxbury ;  his  second  wife 
was  Frances,  daughter  of  Col.  Brush  of  the 
British  army,  whom  he  met  in  Boston  on  his 
return  from  his  captivity  in  England.  Her 
mother  was  the  daughter  of  James  Calcraft,  a 
soldier  and  a  schoolmaster,  whose  name  is  now 
changed  to  Schoolcraft.  After  his  death  she 
married  Dr.  Pcnniman  of  Colchester.  The 
names  of  the  other  children  of  Joseph,  Ethan's 
father,  were  Ileman,  Lydia,  Hebcr,  Levi,  Lucy, 
Zimri,  and  Ira ;  their  mother's  name  was  Remem 
brance  Baker.  His  daughter  Pamela  married  E. 
W.  Keyes,  Esq.,  in  1803.  Another  daughter 
entered  a  nunnery  in  Canada.  He  had  lived  for 
a  time  in  Sunderland.  It  was  his  project  to  make 
a*  city,  Vergennes,  a  mile  square.  His  son,  Capt. 
Ethan  A.  Allen,  formerly  of  the  army,  died  at 
Norfolk  Jan.  6,  1855 ;  his  grandson,  Col.  Hitch 
cock  of  the  army,  is  said  to  resemble  him.  From 
this  likeness  Kinncy's  statue  of  him  was  framed. 

Gen.  Allen  possessed  strong  powers  of  mind, 
but  they  never  felt  the  influence  of  education. 
Though  he  was  brave,  humane,  and  generous,  yet 
his  conduct  does  not  seem  to  have  been  much 
influenced  by  considerations  respecting  that  holy 
and  merciful  Being,  whose  character  and  whose 
commands  arc  disclosed  to  us  in  the  Scriptures. 
His  notions  with  regard  to  religion  Avere  such,  as 
to  prove  that  they,  who  rather  confide  m  their 
own  wisdom  than  seek  instruction  from  heaven, 
may  embrace  absurdities,  which  would  disgrace  the 
understanding  of  a  child.  He  believed,  with 
Pythagoras,  that  men  after  death  would  trans 
migrate  into  beasts,  birds,  fishes,  reptiles,  etc.,  and 
often  informed  his  friends,  that  he  himself  ex 
pected  to  live  again  in  the  form  of  a  large  white 
horse. 

Besides  a  number  of  pamphlets  in  the  contro 
versy  with  New  York,  he  published  in  1779  a 
narrative  of  his  observations  during  his  captivity, 
which  was  afterwards  reprinted  ;  a  vindication  of 
the  opposition  of  the  inhabitants  of  Vermont  to 
the  government  of  New  York,  and  their  right  to 
form  an  independent  State,  1779;  and  Allen's 
theology,  or  the  oracles  of  reason,  1786.  Tin's 
last  work  was  intended  to  ridicule  the  doctrine  of 
Moses  and  the  prophets.  It  would  be  unjust  to 
bring  against  it  the  charge  of  having  effected 


ALLEN. 

great  mischief  in  the  Avorld,  for  few  have  had  the 
patience  to  read  it.  —  Allen's  Narrative;  Boston 
Weekly  Magazine,  II. ;  Holmes'  Annals,  n.  207; 
Williams'  Vermont;  Chronicle,  March  5,  1789; 
Marshall's  Wash.,  II.  203-;  III.  24;  Gordon,  II. 
13,  160;  Graham's  Vermont;  Encyc.  Amer. ; 
Du'ight's  Travels,  II.  409,  421 ;  Amer.  Eemenib., 
1778,  p.  50. 

ALLEN,  IRA,  first  secretary  of  Vermont,  the 
brother  of  Ethan,  was  born  at  Cornwall,  Conn, 
about  1752,  and  in  early  life  co-operated  with  his 
brother  in  the  controversy  between  Vermont  and 
New  York,  being  a  lieutenant  under  him.  He 
also  took  an  active  part  on  the  lakes  in  the  war 
of  1775.  Being  a  member  of  the  Legislature  in 
1776  and  1777,  he  was  zealous  in  asserting  the 
independence  of  Vermont.  In  Dec.,  1777,  he 
assisted  in  forming  the  constitution  of  Vermont; 
and  soon  afterwards  was  nominated  surveyor- 
general  and  treasurer.  He  and  Bradley  and  Fay 
were  commissioners  to  Congress  for  Vermont  in 
1780  and  1781.  In  the  politic  negotiations  with 
Canada  in  1781,  designed  to  protect  the  people 
of  the  "  New  Hampshire  grants  "  from  invasion, 
Mr.  Allen  and  Jonas  Fay  were  the  principal 
agents.  In  1789  he  drew  up  a  memorial  in  favor 
of  the  establishment  of  a  college  at  Burlington. 
Having  risen  to  the  rank  of  eldest  major-general 
of  the  militia,  he  proceeded  to  Europe  in 
Dec.,  1795,  to  purchase  arms,  by  the  advice  of  the 
governor,  for  the  supply  of  the  State,  but  as  a 
private  speculation  by  the  sale  of  his  lands,  of 
which  he  asserted,  that  he  and  the  heirs  of  Ethan 
held  nearly  three  hundred  thousand  acres.  He 
went  to  France  and  purchased  of  the  French  re 
public  twenty-four  brass  cannon  and  twenty 
thousand  muskets  at  twenty-five  livres,  expecting 
to  sell  them  at  fifty,  a  part  of  which  he  shipped 
at  Ostend  in  the  Olive  Branch ;  but  he  was  cap 
tured  Nov.  9,  1796,  and  carried  into  England.  A 
litigation  of  eight  years  in  the  court  of  admiralty 
followed.  He  Avas  charged  Avith  the  purpose  of 
supplying  the  Irish  rebels  Avith  arms.  In  1798 
he  Avas  imprisoned  in  France.  He  returned  to 
America  in  1801.  At  length  he  procured  a 
decision  in  his  favor.  His  residence,  when  in 
Vermont,  was  at  Colchester;  but  he  died  at 
Philadelphia  Jan.  7,  1814,  aged  62,  leaving  seA'eral 
children.  He  published  the  natural  and  political 
history  of  Vermont,  1798,  and  statements  appli 
cable  to  the  Olive  Branch,  Phila.  1807. — Pub. 
Char.,  1802,  p.  234-248;  Holmes,  II.  472;  Amer. 
Eememb.,  1782,  p.  351,  Part  II.  74. 

ALLEN,  TIMOTHY,  died  at  Chesterfield  Jan. 
12,  1806,  aged  91.  He  Avas  a  minister  of  note  in 
his  day.  A  graduate  of  Yale  in  1736,  he  Avas 
ordained  at  West  IlaA'en  in  1738,  and  dismissed 
in  1742.  In  the  time  of  Mr.  "Whitfield  he  was  a 
zealous  preacher,  as  mentioned  by  Trumbull. 
His  second  settlement  was  at  Ashford ;  his  last  at 


ALLEN. 

Chesterfield.  He  published  a  sermon  at  his  in 
stallation,  Ashford,  1761;  answer  to  Pilate's  ques 
tion;  the  main  point,  1166. 

ALLEN,  MOSES,  minister  of  Midway,  Ga.,  and 
a  distinguished  friend  of  his  country,  was  born  in 
Northampton,  Mass.,  Sept.  14,  1748.  He  was 
educated  at  the  college  in  New  Jersey,  where  he 
was  graduated  in  1772 ;  and  was  licensed  by  the 
Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick  Feb.  1,  1774,  and 
recommended  by  them  as  an  ingenious,  prudent, 
pious  man.  In  his  journal  of  this  year  he  speaks 
of  passing  a  few  days  in  December,  at  his  earnest 
request,  with  his  friend,  James  Madison,  in  Vir 
ginia,  at  the  house  of  his  father,  Col.  Madison, 
and  of  preaching  repeatedly  at  the  court  house, 
and  of  being  solicited  to  pass  the  winter  there. 
In  March  following  he  preached  first  at  Christ's 
church  parish,  about  twenty  miles  from  Charleston, 
in  South  Carolina.  Here  he  was  ordained 
March  16,  1775,  by  Mr.  Zubly,  Mr.  Edmonds,  and 
William  Tcnnent.  He  preached  his  farewell  ser 
mon  in  this  place  June  8,  1777,  and  was  soon 
afterwards  established  at  Midway,  to  which  place 
he  had  been  earnestly  solicited  to  remove. 

The  British  army  from  Florida  under  Gen. 
Prevost  dispersed  his  society  in  1778,  and  burned 
the  meeting  house,  almost  every  dwelling  house, 
and  the  crops  of  rice  then  in  stacks.  In  Decem 
ber,  when  Savannah  was  reduced  by  the  British 
troops,  he  was  taken  prisoner.  The  continental 
officers  were  sent  to  Sunbury  on  parole,  but  Mr. 
Allen,  who  was  chaplain  to  the  Georgia  brigade, 
was  denied  that  privilege.  His  warm  exhorta 
tions  from  the  pulpit  and  his  animated  exertions 
in  the  field  exposed  him  to  the  particular  resent 
ment  of  the  British.  They  sent  him  on  board  the 
prison  ships.  Wearied  with  a  confinement  of  a 
number  of  weeks  in  a  loathsome  place,  and  seeing 
no  prospect  of  relief,  he  determined  to  attempt 
the  recovery  of  his  liberty  by  throwing  himself 
into  the  river  and  swimming  to  an  adjacent 
point ;  but  he  was  drowned  in  the  attempt  on  the 
evening  of  Feb.  8,  1779,  aged  30.  His  body  was 
washed  on  a  neighboring  island,  and  was  found 
by  some  of  his  friends.  They  requested  of  the 
captain  of  a  British  vessel  some  boards  to  make 
a  coffin,  but  could  not  procure  them. 

Mr.  Allen,  notwithstanding  his  clerical  function, 
appeared  among  the  foremost  in  the  day  of  battle, 
and  on  all  occasions  sought  the  post  of  danger  as 
the  post  of  honor.  The  friends  of  independence 
admired  him  for  his  popular  talents,  his  courage, 
and  his  many  virtues.  The  enemies  of  indepen 
dence  could  accuse  him  of  nothing  more,  than  a 
vigorous  exertion  of  all  his  powers  in  defending 
the  rights  of  his  injured  country.  He  Avas 
eminently  a  pious  man.  —  Ramsay,  II.  6;  Hist. 
Coll.  IX.  157  ;  Allen's  Ser.  on  M.  Allen ;  Hart. 

ALLEN,  THOMAS,  brother  of  the  preceding 
and  first  minister  of  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  was  born 


ALLEN. 


21 


Jan.  17,  1743,  at  Northampton,  of  which  town 
his  great-grandfather,  Samuel,  was  one  of  the  first 
settlers,  receiving  a  grant  of  land  from  the  town 
Dec.  17,  1657.  In  the  records  of  the  town  the 
name  is  written  variously,  Allen,  Allin,  Allyn,  and 
Alyn.  His  grandfather,  Samuel,  who  died  in 
1739,  was  a  deacon  of  the  church,  of  which 
Jonathan  Edwards  was  pastor.  His  father, 
Joseph,  who  died  Dec.  30,  1779,  and  his  mother, 
Elizabeth  Parsons,,  who  died  Jan.  10,  1800,  both 
eminent  for  piety,  were  the  steady  friends  of  Mr. 
Edwards  during  the  popular  commotion,  which 
caused  the  removal  of  that  excellent  minister. 
The  church  records  commend  her  character,  and 
say,  she  assisted  at  the  birth  of  three  thousand 
children. 

Through  the  bequest  of  an  uncle  of  his  father, 
—  Mr.  Thomas  Allen,  who  died  in  1754,  —  Mr. 
Allen  was  educated  at  Harvard  college,  where  he 
was  graduated  in  1762,  being  ranked  among  the 
best  classical  scholars  of  the  day. 

After  studying  theology  under  the  direction  of 
Mr.  Hooker  of  Northampton,  Mr.  Allen  was 
ordained  April  18, 17G4,  the  first  minister  of  Pitts- 
field,  so  named  in  honor  of  William  Pitt,  —  then 
a  frontier  town,  in  which  a  garrison  had  been 
kept  during  the  French  war.  The  Indian  name 
of  the  place  was  Pontoosuc.  At  the  time  of  his 
settlement  there  were  in  Pittsfield  but  half  a 
dozen  houses  not  made  of  logs.  He  lived  to  see 
it  a  rich  and  beautiful  town,  containing  nearly 
three  thousand  inhabitants.  During  a  ministry 
of  forty-six  years  he  was  unwearied  in  dispensing 
the  glorious  Gospel.  Besides  his  stated  labors  on 
the  Sabbath,  he  frequently  delivered  lectures,  and 
in  the  course  of  his  life  preached  six  or  seven 
hundred  funeral  sermons.  In  the  early  part  of 
his  ministry  he  also  occasionally  preached  in  the 
neighboring  towns,  not  then  supplied  with  settled 
ministers. 

The  same  benevolence,  which  awakened  his 
zeal  in  guiding  men  in  the  way  to  heaven,  made 
him  desirous  of  rendering  them  happy  also  in 
this  world.  His  charities  to  the  poor  excited 
their  gratitude  and  rendered  his  religious  instruc 
tions  the  more  effectual.  His  house  was  the  seat 
of  hospitality.  Towards  other  denominations  of 
Christians,  though  strict  in  his  own  principles,  he 
was  yet  exemplarily  candid,  neither  believing  that 
true  piety  was  confined  to  his  own  sect,  nor  that 
gentleness  and  forbearance  were  useless  in  the 
attempt  to  reclaim  men  from  error.  At  the  com 
mencement  of  the  American  Revolution,  like 
most  of  his  brethren,  he  engaged  warmly  in  the 
support  of  the  rights  and  independence  of  his 
country,  for  he  believed,  that  the  security  and  per 
manence  of  the  best  of  earthly  enjoyments,  as 
well  as  the  progress  of  genuine  religion,  were  in 
timately  connected  with  public  liberty.  Twice  he 
went  out  as  a  volunteer  chaplain  for  a  short 


22 


ALLEN. 


time;  —  from  Oct.  3  to  Nov.  23,  1776,  ho  was 
absent  from  home,  with  the  army  at  White 
Plains,  near  New  York,  and  in  June  and  July, 
1777,  he  was  at  Ticonderoga.  On  the  retreat  of 
St.  Clair  before  Burgoyne  he  returned  home. 
But  the  next  month,  when  a  detachment  from 
Burgoyne's  troops  under  the  command  of  Col. 
Baum  had  penetrated  to  the  neighborhood  of 
Bennington,  and  threatened  to  desolate  the  coun 
try,  he  accompanied  the  volunteer  militia  of 
rittsficld,  who  marched  to  repel  the  invasion. 
Previously  to  the  assault  of  a  particular  intrench- 
ment,  which  was  filled  with  refugees,  he  deemed 
it  his  duty  to  advance  towards  the  enemy  and 
exhort  them  to  surrender,  assuring  them  of  good 
treatment,  in  a  voice  distinctly  heard  by  them ; 
but  being  fired  upon,  he  rejoined  the  militia,  and 
was  among  the  foremost,  who  entered  the  breast 
work.  His  exertions  and  example  contributed 
somewhat  to  the  triumph  of  that  day,  August 
16th,  which  checked  the  progress  of  the  British 
and  led  to  the  capture  of  Burgoyne.  After  the 
battle  he  found  a  Hessian  surgeon's  horse,  loaded 
with  panniers  of  bottles  of  wine.  The  wine  he 
administered  to  the  wounded  and  the  weary ;  but 
two  large  square  white  glass  bottles  he  carried 
home  with  him,  as  trophies  of  his  campaign  of 
three  or  four  days.  During  the  rebellion  of 
Shays,  which  extended  to  the  county  of  Berk 
shire,  Mr.  Allen  supported  the  authority  of  the 
established  government  of  Massachusetts.  The 
insurgents  at  one  period  threatened  to  seize  him 
and  carry  him  as  a  hostage  into  the  State  of  New 
York.  But  in  his  intrepidity  he  was  not  to  be 
shaken  from  his  purpose  and  his  duty.  He  slept 
with  arms  in  his  bedroom,  ready  to  defend  him 
self  against  the  violence  of  lawless  men.  In  the 
new  political  controversy,  which  sprung  up  after 
the  adoption  of  the  federal  constitution,  Mr.  Al 
len's  principles  attached  him  to  what  was  called 
the  Democratic  or  Republican  party.  Among  his 
parishioners  were  some,  who  were  tories  in  the 
revolutionary  war  and  who  remembered  with  no 
good  will  the  zeal  of  their  whig  minister ;  others 
were  furious  politicians,  partaking  fully  of  the 
malevolent  spirit  of  the  times,  intent  on  accom 
plishing  their  object,  though  with  the  weapons 
of  obloquy  and  outrage.  "  During  the  presidency 
of  Mr.  Jefferson,"  says  the  history  of  Berkshire, 
"  that  spirit  of  political  rancor,  that  infected  every 
class  of  citizens  in  this  country,  arraying  fathers, 
brothers,  sons,  and  neighbors  against  each  other, 
entered  even  the  sanctuary  of  the  church.  A 
number  of  Mr.  Allen's  church  and  congregation 
withdrew,  and  were  incorporated  by  the  legisla 
ture  into  a  separate  parish  in  1808 ;  thus  present 
ing  to  the  world  the  ridiculous  spectacle  of  a  church 
divided  on  party  politics  and  known  by  the  party 
names  of  the  day."  This  division  was,  however, 
healed  in  a  few  years  ;  though  not  until  after  the 


ALLEN. 

death  of  him,  whose  last  days  were  thus  em 
bittered,  as  well  as  by  domestic  afflictions  in  the 
loss  of  his  eldest  son  and  daughter. 

In  Mr.  Allen  the  strength  of  those  affections, 
which  constitute  the  charm  of  domestic  and  social 
life,  was  remarkable ;  giving  indeed  peculiar 
poignancy  to  the  arrows  of  affliction,  but  also 
swelling  in  a  high  degree  the  amount  of  good, 
found  in  the  pilgrimage  of  the  earth. 

After  the  death  of  his  brother  Moses  Allen  in 
1779,  he  took  a  journey  on  horseback  to  Savan 
nah,  out  of  regard  to  the  welfare  of  the  widow  and 
her  infant  son,  whom,  while  the  war  was  raging  at 
the  south,  he  placed  for  a  time  in  a  happy  refuge 
at  his  house.  Mr.  Allen's  first-born  daughter, 
who  married  William  P.  White  of  Boston,  died 
in  London,  leaving  an  infant,  unprotected  by  any 
relatives,  her  husband  being  then  in  the  East 
Indies.  Though  the  child  was  left  under  the  care 
of  a  very  respectable  gentleman,  who  was  con 
nected  with  its  father  in  large  mercantile  busi 
ness,  yet  such  was  his  solicitude  for  its  welfare, 
that  in  the  year  1799  he  encountered  the  dangers 
of  a  voyage  across  the  Atlantic  and  brought  his 
grandchild  home  to  his  own  family. 

He  sailed  in  the  ship  Argo,  Capt.  Rich. —  On 
the  voyage  many  fears  were  awakened  by  a  vessel 
of  force,  which  pursued  the  Argo,  and  was  sup 
posed  to  be  a  French  ship.  The  idea  of  a  prison 
in  France  was  by  no  means  welcome.  In  the 
expectation  of  a  fight  Mr.  Allen  obtained  the 
captain's  consent  to  offer  a  prayer  with  the  men 
and  to  make  an  encouraging  speech  to  them 
before  the  action.  The  frigate  proved  to  be 
British  ;  and  the  deliverance  was  acknowledged  in 
a  thanksgiving  prayer.  On  his  arrival  at  London 
he  was  received  with  great  kindness  by  his 
friends,  Mr.  liobert  Cowic  and  Mr.  llobert  Steel, 
and  was  made  acquainted  with  several  of  the  dis 
tinguished  evangelical  ministers  of  England ; 
with  Newton,  and  Ilawcis,  and  Rowland  Hill,  and 
Bogue,  and  others,  from  whom  he  caught  a  pious 
zeal  for  the  promotion  of  foreign  missions,  which 
on  his  return  he  diffused  around  him.  He 
regarded  the  London  missionary  society  as  the 
most  wonderful  work  of  Divine  Providence  in 
modern  times.  It  appears  from  his  journal,  that 
he  was  absent  from  Pittsfiekl  from  July  3d  to 
Dec.  30,  1799.  His  return  passage  was  boisterous 
and  extended  to  the  great  length  of  eighty-five 
days.  Among  other  objects  of  curiosity,  which 
attracted  his  attention  in  London,  he  went  to  .see 
the  king,  as  he  passed  from  St.  James'  to  the 
parliament  house  in  a  coach,  drawn  by  six  cream- 
colored  horses.  On  this  sight  he  recorded  the 
following  reflections  :  "  This  is  he,  who  desolated 
my  country ;  who  ravaged  the  American  coasts ; 
annihilated  our  trade ;  burned  our  towns ;  plun 
dered  our  cities ;  sent  forth  his  Indian  allies  to 
scalp  our  wives  and  children ;  starved  our  youth 


ALLEN. 

in  his  prison  ships ;  and  caused  the  expenditure 
of  a  hundred  millions  of  money  and  a  hundred 
thousand  of  precious  lives.  Instead  of  being  the 
father  of  his  people,  he  has  been  their  destroyer. 
May  God  forgive  him  so  great  guilt !  And  yet  he 
is  the  idol  of  the  people,  who  think,  they  cannot 
live  without  him."  In  this  journal  he  also  re 
corded  with  much  confidence  the  following  pre 
diction  :  "  This  country  will  work  the  subversion 
and  ruin  of  the  freedom  and  government  of  my 
country,  or  my  country  will  work  the  melioration 
if  not  the  renovation  of  this  country."  Late 
events  seem  to  prove,  that  the  example  of  Ameri 
can  liberty  has  not  been  without  a  beneficial  effect 
in  Great  Britain. 

His  health  had  been  declining  for  several  years 
before  his  death,  and  more  than  once  he  was 
brought  to  the  brink  of  the  grave.  For  several 
months  he  was  unable  to  preach.  He  was  fully 
aware  of  his  approaching  dissolution,  and  the 
prospects  of  eternity  brightened,  as  he  drew  near 
the  close  of  life.  Those  precious  promises,  which 
with  peculiar  tenderness  he  had  often  announced 
to  the  sick  and  dying,  were  now  his  support.  The 
all-sufficient  Saviour  was  his  only  hope ;  and  he 
rested  on  him  with  perfect  confidence.  He  was 
desirous  of  departing,  and  was  chiefly  anxious, 
lest  he  should  be  impatient, 

KnoAving  his  dependence  upon  God,  he  contin 
ually  besought  those,  who  were  around  his  bed, 
to  pray  for  him.  He  took  an  affecting  leave  of 
lu's  family,  repeating  his  pious  counsels  and  be 
stowing  upon  each  one  his  valedictory  blessing. 
"When  he  was.  reminded  by  a  friend  of  his  great 
labors  in  the  ministry,  he  disclaimed  all  merit  for 
what  he  had  done,  though  he  expressed  his 
belief,  that  he  had  plainly  and  faithfully  preached 
the  Gospel.  He  forgave  and  prayed  for  his 
enemies.  When  one  of  his  children,  a  day  or 
two  before  his  death,  pressed  him  to  take  some 
nourishment,  or  it  would  be  impossible  for  him  to 
live,  he  replied,  "Live?  I  am  going  to  live 
forever ! "  He  frequently  exclaimed,  "  Come, 
Lord  Jesus ;  come  quickly."  In  the  morning  of 
the  Lord's  day,  Feb.  11,  1810,  he  fell  asleep  in 
Jesus,  in  the  GSth  year  of  his  age  and  the  46th 
of  his  ministry.  Among  his  children,  who  have 
deceased  since  his  departure,  was  one  son,  who 
was  a  captain  in  service  during  the  Avar  of  1812. 
Another,  ])r.  Elisha  Lee  Allen,  officiated  as  sur 
geon  in  the  same  Avar  on  the  Niagara  frontier,  and 
was  retained  on  the  peace  establishment  May, 
1815.  His  account  of  the  battle  of  ChippeAva 
was  published  in  the  Boston  Centinel  Aug.  10, 
1814.  He  died  of  the  yclloAV  fever  at  Pas 
Christian,  near  New  Orleans,  Sept.  5,  1817. 
Another  son,  Prof.  Solomon  M.  Allen,  died  a  feAv 
days  afterwards,  Sept,  23,  1817.  And  Mrs. 
Piiplcy,  the  wife  of  Maj.-Gcn.  llipley,  died  at  the 
Bay  of  St.  Louis  of  the  yellow  fever  Sept.  11, 


ALLEN. 


23 


1820.  Mr.  Allen's  Avidow,  Elizabeth,  died  March 
31,  1830,  aged  82  years.  She  Avas  the  daughter 
of  RCA-.  J.  Lee  of  Salisbury,  and  a  descendant 
from  GOAT.  Bradford. 

He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  his 
daughter,  Elizabeth  White,  1798;  on  the  death 
of  Moses  Allen,  son  of  Hcv.  Moses  Allen,  1801 ; 
on  the  death  of  Anna  Collins,  1803 ;  on  the  death 
of  his  son  Thomas  Allen,  Jr.,  180G ;  election  ser 
mon,  1808.  Several  of  his  letters  on  the  sickness 
and  death  of  his  daughter  Avere  published  in  the" 
Edinburgh  Missionary  Magazine  for  Oct.  Nov.  and 
Dec.,  1199.  — Panoplist,- March,  1810;  Hist,  of 
Berkshire,  377;  Pittsfidd  Sun,  Feb.  21. 

ALLEN,  SOLOMON,  a  useful  minister  of  the 
Gospel,  brother  of  the  preceding,  Avas  born  at 
Northampton  Feb.  23,  1701.  He  and  four  of  his 
brothers  entered  the  army  in  the  ReA-olutionary 
Avar.  Of  these,  tAvo,  Moses  and  Thomas,  Avhose 
lives  are  here  recorded,  Avcrc  chaplains.  Another, 
Maj.  Jonathan  Allen,  after  escaping  the  perils  of 
the  sendee,  Avas  shot  by  his  companion,  Mr.  Seth 
Lyman,  Avhile  hunting  deer  in  a  deep  snoAv  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Northampton,  in  January,  1780, 
aged  42  years.  To  such  families  of  daring,  self- 
denying,  zealous  patriots  and  soldiers  America  is 
indebted,  through  the  blessing  of  God  on  their 
sacrifices  and  toils,  for  her  freedom  and  inde 
pendence. 

Mr.  Solomon  Allen,  in  the  course  of  the  war, 
rose  to  the  rank  of  major.  At  the  time  of  the 
capture  of  Andre  he  Avas  a  lieutenant  and  adju 
tant,  on  serA'ice  near  the  lines  not  far  from  NCAV 
York.  His  account  of  the  removal  of  Andre  to 
West  Point,  received  from  his  OAATI  lips,  will  cor 
rect  the  errors  of  the  other  accounts,  Avliich  have 
been  given  to  the  world.  When  the  British  spy 
was  brought  to  the  American  post,  Col.  Jameson 
ordered  Lieut.  Allen  to  select  a  guard  of  nine 
men  out  of  three  hundred,  who  were  detached 
from  West  Point  as  a  covering  party  to  Col.  Weld's 
(or  Sheldon's)  light  horse  on  the  hues  sixty  miles 
from  West  Point,  and  to  carry  the  prisoner  to  Gen. 
Arnold,  the  commanding  officer  at  West  Point, 
with  a  letter  from  Jameson  to  Arnold.  Just  at 
night,  Sept,  23,  1780,  he  set  out  Avith  his  prisoner, 
Avho  wore  an  old,  torn  crimson  coat,  nankeen  A'est, 
and  small  clothes,  old  boots  and  flapped  hat. 
Andre's  arms  being  bound  behind  him,  one  of  the 
soldiers  held  the  strap,  which  was  around  his 
arm,  and  the  guard  on  each  side  as  well  as  before 
and  behind  Avcre  ordered  to  run  him  through,  if 
he  attempted  to  escape.  Lieut,  Allen,  riding 
behind,  assured  Andre  of  good  treatment,  and 
offered,  if  he  should  be  tired,  to  dismount  and 
give  him  his  horse.  HaA'ing  thus  proceeded 
seven  miles,  AAith  much  cheerfulness  on  the  part 
of  the  prisoner,  an  express  overtook  them  Avith  a 
letter  from  Jameson  of  this  import,  that  as  the 
enemy  might  have  parties  landed  between  them 


24 


ALLEN. 


and  West  Point,  Lieut.  Allen  was  ordered  to  leave 
the  river  road  and  take  the  prisoner  immediately 
over  east  to  lower  Salem  and  deliver  him  to  Capt. 
Hoogland,  commanding  there  a  company  of  light 
horse ;  then  to  take  one  of  the  guard  and  proceed 
with  Jameson's  letter  to  Arnold  at  West  Point, 
sending  the  eight  men  back  under  the  command 
of  the  sergeant.  The  guard  were  unwilling  to 
comply,  for  they  wished  to  get  back  to  West 
Point.'  They  said,  there  was  no  danger,  and  it 
would  be  best  to  proceed ;  and  Andre  seconded 
the  proposal.  lie  thought,  the  fear  of  a  rescue 
was  very  idle.  But  Lieut.  Allen  replied,  like  a 
soldier,  I  must  obey  orders.  From  this  moment 
Andre  appeared  downcast.  The  same  night 
Allen  delivered  him  to  Hoogland,  having  travelled 
twenty  miles.  In  the  morning  of  Sept.  24th  he 
proceeded  with  one  of  the  guard  to  West  Point, 
it  being  arranged,  that  Andre  should  soon  follow 
him ;  but  the  man  being  on  foot,  and  the  distance 
forty  or  fifty  miles,  they  did  not  arrive  till  the 
forenoon  of  the  25th,  at  llobinson's  house,  the 
east  side  of  the  river,  opposite  West  Point,  —  the 
residence  of  Arnold  and  the  quarters  of  the 
general  officers.  Arnold  was  in  the  buttery 
eating,  it  being  10  or  11  o'clock ;  on  receiving  the 
letter  from  Jameson  he  was  thrown  into  great 
confusion;  he,  however,  in  a  short  time  asked 
Lieut.  Allen  up  stairs  to  sit  with  Mrs.  Arnold, 
probably  to  keep  him  from  an  interview  with  the 
other  officers,  and  precipitately  left  the  house  and 
fled.  Such  was  Mr.  Allen's  statement.  Wash 
ington  soon  arrived,  at  12  o'clock  on  the  same 
day,  from  Hartford,  and  in  the  afternoon  the 
treason  was  discovered  by  the  arrival  of  the 
packet  from  Jameson  for  Washington ;  Andre 
was  brought  to  head-quarters  the  next  day.  On 
the  same  day  Adj.  Allen  was  invited  to  dine  at 
head-quarters ;  and  at  dinner  he  heard  Gen. 
Knox  remark,  "What  a  \eryfoTtunatc  discovery 
this  was!  Without  it  we  should  all  have  been 
cut  up."  To  which  Gen.  Washington  very 
gravely  and  emphatically  replied,  "  I  do  not  call 
this  a  fortunate  occurrence;  but  a  remarkable 
Providence! " 

After  the  war  Maj.  Allen  was  a  conspicuous 
officer  in  quelling  the  insurrection  of  Shays.  At 
the  age  of  forty  his  soul  was  conquered  by  the 
power  of  the  Gospel,  which  till  then  he  had 
resisted ;  in  a  few  years  afterwards  he  was  chosen 
a  deacon  of  the  church  of  Northampton.  As  his 
personal  piety  increased,  he  became  solicitous  to 
preach  the  Gospel  to  his  perishing  brethren. 
But,  at  the  age  of  fifty,  with  no  advantages  of 
education,  there  were  formidable  obstacles  in  his 
way.  The  ministers  around  him  suggested  dis 
couragements,  as  he  could  hardly  acquire  the 
necessary  qualifications.  But  his  pious  zeal  was 
irrepressible.  There  were  various  branches  of 
learning,  which  he  could  not  hope  to  gain ;  but 


ALLEN. 

"  one  thing  he  could  do ;  —  he  could  bend  all  the 
force  of  a  naturally  robust  intellect  to  the  work 
of  searching  the  Scriptures.  This  he  did,  and 
while  in  this  way  he  enriched  his  understanding 
from  their  abundant  treasures,  his  faith  was 
strengthened,  his  hope  brightened,  and  all  the 
Christian  graces  were  refreshed  from  that  fountain 
of  living  waters."  He  read  also  HOAVC'S  and 
Baxter's  works.  The  former  was  in  his  view  the 
greatest  of  uninspired  writers.  From  these 
sources  he  drew  his  theology.  He  wrote  out  a 
few  sermons,  and  thus  commenced  the  labor  of 
preaching,  at  first  in  a  few  small  towns  in 
Hampshire  county,  but  for  the  last  years  of  his 
life  in  the  western  part  of  the  State  of  New  York, 
in  Middletown  at  the  head  of  Canandaigua  Lake, 
in  Puga,  Pittsford,  Brighton,  and  other  towns  near 
the  Genesee  lliver.  Without  property  himself, 
he  preached  the  Gospel  to  the  poor,  and  was  per 
fectly  content  with  food  and  clothing,  demanding 
and  receiving  no  other  compensation  for  his  ser 
vices.  He  rejoiced  in  fatigues  and  privations  in 
the  service  of  his  blessed  Master.  Sometimes  in 
his  journeys  he  reposed  himself  with  nothing  but 
a  blanket  to  protect  him  from  the  inclemency  of 
the  weather.  But,  though  poor,  he  was  the  means 
of  enriching  many  with  the  inestimable  riches  of 
religion.  Four  churches  were  established  by 
him,  and  he  numbered  about  two  hundred  souls, 
as  by  his  preaching  reclaimed  from  perdition. 
Though  poor  himself,  there  were  those  connected 
with  him,  who  were  rich,  and  by  Avhose  liberality 
he  was  enabled  to  accomplish  his  benevolent  pur 
poses.  When  one  of  his  sons  presented  him 
with  a  hundred  dollars,  he  begged  him  to  receive 
again  the  money,  as  he  had  no  unsupplicd  wants 
and  knew  not  what  to  do  with  it ;  but,  as  he  was 
not  allowed  to  return  it,  he  purchased  with  it 
books  for  the  children  of  his  flock,  and  gave  every 
child  a  book.  From  such  sources  he  expended 
about  a  thousand  dollars  in  books  and  clothing 
for  the  people  in  the  wilderness,  while  at  the 
same  time  he  toiled  incessantly  in  teaching  them 
the  wray  to  heaven.  Such  an  example  of  dis 
interestedness  drew  forth  from  an  enemy  of  the 
Gospel  the  following  remark :  "  This  is  a  thing  I 
cannot  get  along  with  :  this  old  gentleman,  who 
can  be  as  rich  as  he  pleases,  comes  here  and  does 
all  these  things  for  nothing ;  there  must  be  some 
thing  in  his  religion." 

In  the  autumn  of  1820,  after  having  been  nearly 
twenty  years  a  preacher  in  the  new  settlements 
of  the  west,  his-  declining  health  induced  him  to 
bid  adieu  to  his  people,  in  order  to  visit  once 
more,  before  his  death,  his  children  and  friends 
in  Massachusetts  and  in  the  cities  of  New  York 
and  Philadelphia.  His  parting  with  his  church  at 
Brighton  was  like  the  parting  of  Paul  with  the 
elders  of  the  church  of  Ephesus.  Many  of  the 
members  of  the  church  accompanied  him  to  the 


ALLEN. 


ALLEX. 


25 


boat,  and  tears  were  shed  and  prayers  offered  on 
the  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  as  on  the  seacoast  of 
Asia  Minor.  Even  the  passengers  in  the  boat 
could  not  refrain  from  weeping  at  the  solemnity 
and  tenderness  of  the  scene.  It  was,  as  it  was 
apprehended  to  be,  the  last  interview  between  the 
beloved  pastor  and  his  people,  until  they  meet 
again  in  the  morning  of  the  resurrection  of  the 
just.  The  attachment  of  children  to  Mr.  Allen 
was  indeed  remarkable.  Wherever  he  went, 
children,  while  they  venerated  his  white  locks, 
would  cling  around  his  knees  to  listen  to  the 
interesting  anecdotes,  which  he  would  relate,  and 
to  his  warnings  and  instructions. 

Mr.  Allen  revisited  his  friends,  with  a  presenti 
ment,  that  it  was  his  last  visit.  lie  had  come,  he 
said,  "  to  set  his  house  in  order,"  alluding  to  his 
numerous  children  and  grandchildren,  living  in 
different  places.  It  was  his  custom  to  address 
them  first  individually,  then  collectively,  and  while 
a  heavenly  serenity  beamed  upon  his  countenance, 
he  pressed  upon  them  the  concerns  of  another 
world  with  plainness  and  simplicity,  with  pathos 
and  energy.  He  had  the  happiness  to  be  per 
suaded,  that  all  his  children,  excepting  one,  were 
truly  pious ;  and  concerning  that  one  he  had  the 
strongest  faith,  that  God  would  have  mercy  upon 
him.  After  ten  years  that  son  espoused  a  cause, 
which  he  never  before  loved,  and  manifested 
much  pious  zeal. 

At  Pittsfield,  where  some  of  his  relatives  lived 
and  where  his  brother  had  been  the  minister,  Mr. 
Allen  went  through  the  streets,  and,  entering  each 
house,  read  a  chapter  in  the  Bible,  exhorting  all 
the  members  of  the  family  to  serve  God,  and 
praying  fervently  for  their  salvation.  In  like 
manner  he  visited  other  towns.  He  felt,  that  the 
time  was  short,  and  he  was  constrained  to  do  all 
the  good  in  his  power.  With  his  white  locks  and 
the  strong  impressive  tones  of  his  voice,  and 
having  a  known  character  of  sanctity,  all  were 
awed  at  the  presence  of  the  man  of  God.  He 
went  about  with  the  holy  zeal  and  authority  of  an 
apostle.  In  prayer  Mr.  Allen  displayed  a  sub 
limity  and  pathos,  which  good  judges  have 
considered  as  unequalled  by  any  ministers,  whom 
they  have  known.  It  was  the  energy  of  true 
faith  and  strong  feeling.  In  November  he  arrived 
at  New  York,  and  there,  after  a  few  weeks,  he 
expired  in  the  arms  of  his  children  Jan.  20,  1821, 
aged  70  years.  At  his  funeral  his  pall  was  borne 
by  eight  clergymen  of  the  city. 

As  he  went  down  to  the  grave  he  enjoyed  an 
unbroken  serenity  of  soul,  and  rejoiced  and 
exulted  in  the  assured  hope  of  eternal  life  in  the 
presence  of  his  Redeemer  in  heaven.  Some  of 
his  last  memorable  sayings  have  been  preserved 
by  Rev.  Mr.  Danforth  in  his  sketch  of  his  last 
hours.  If  there  are  any  worldly-minded  ministers, 
who  neglect  the  sheep  and  lambs  of  the  flock,  — 


any,  who  repose  themselves  in  learned  indolence, 

—  any,  who  are  not  bold  to  reprove  and  diligent 
to  instruct,  —  any,  who  are  not  burning  with  holy 
zeal,  nor  strong  in  faith,  nor  fervent  and  mighty 
in  prayer ;   to  them  the  history  of  the  ministry 
and  faithfulness  of  Mr.  Allen  might  show  to  what 
a  height  of  excellence   and   honor  they  might 
reach,  did  they  but  possess  his  spirit. 

Mr.  Allen  published  no  writings  to  keep  alive 
his  name  on  earth.  He  did  not,  like  some  learned 
men,  spend  his  life  in  laboriously  doing  nothing. 
But  he  has  a  record  on  high ;  and  his  benevolent, 
pious,  zealous  toils  have  doubtless  gained  for  him 
that  honor,  which  cometh  from  God,  and  which 
will  be  green  and  flourishing,  when  the  honors  of 
science  and  of  heroic  exploits  and  all  the  honors 
of  earth  shall  wither  away.  In  his  life  there  is 
presented  to  the  world  a  memorable  example  of 
the  power  in  doing  good,  which  may  be  wielded 
by  one  mind,  even  under  the  most  unfavorable 
circumstances,  \vhen  its  energies  are  wholly 
controlled  by  a  spirit  of  piety.  Though  found  in 
deep  poverty,  such  a  pious  zeal  may  mould  the 
characters  of  those,  who  by  their  industry  and 
enterprise  acquire  great  wealth ;  and  thus  may  be 
the  remote  cause  of  all  their  extensive  charities. 
One  lesson  especially  should  come  home  to  the 
hearts  of  parents ;  teaching  them  to  hope  that  by 
their  faithfulness  and  the  constancy  and  impor 
tunity  of  prayer  all  their  offspring  and  a  multitude 
of  their  descendants  will  be  rendered  through  the 
faithfulness  and  mercy  of  God  rich  in  faith,  and  be 
made  wise  unto  salvation.  —  Sketch  of  his  last 
hours,  by  J.  N.  Danfortli ;  Sparks'  Letters  of 
Washington,  VII. 

ALLEN,  JONATHAN,  minister  of  Bradford,  died 
in  1827,  aged  77.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the 
ordination  of  B.  Thurston,  1786. 

ALLEN,  J:«IES,  a  poet,  was  born  at  Boston 
July  24,  1739.  It  was  his  misfortune  to  be  the 
son  of  a  merchant  of  considerable  wealth. 
From  youth  he  was  averse  to  study.  He  early 
adopted  free  notions  on  religion.  After  remaining 
three  years  at  college,  he  afterwards  lived  at  his 
ease  in  Boston,  without  business  and  without  a 
family,  displaying  much  eccentricity,  till  his  death 
,  Oct.,  1808,  aged  G9  years.  Had  he  been  without 
property,  he  might  have  been  impelled  to  some 
useful  exertion  of  his  powers.  He  wrote  a  few 
pieces  of  poetry — lines  on  the  Boston  massacre, 
at  the  request  of  Dr.  Warren,  the  Retrospect,  &c. 

—  Spec,  of  Amer.  Poetry,  I.  160. 

ALLEN,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  a  naval  officer,  was 
born  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  Oct.  21,  1784.  His 
father,  William  Allen,  was  a  major  in  the  Revolu 
tionary  army,  and  in  1799  appointed  brigadier- 
general  of  the  militia  of  the  State.  His  mother 
was  the  sister  of  Gov.  Jones.  Notwithstanding 
the  remonstrances  of  his  father,  who  wished  him 
!  to  cultivate  the  arts  of  peace,  he  entered  the  navy 


26 


ALLEN. 


as  a  midshipman  in  1800  and  sailed  under  Bain- 
bridge   to   Algiers.     After   his  return   he  again 
sailed  for  the  Mediterranean  under  Barren  in  the 
Philadelphia;    the    third    time,  in    1802,   under 
Rodgers  in  the  frigate  John   Adams;    and  the 
fourth  time,  in  1804,  as  sailing  master  of  the  Con 
gress.     In  his  voyage,  while  the  ship  was  lying  to 
in  a  gale,  he  fell  from  the  fore  yard  into  the  sea, 
and  must  have  been  lost,  had  he  not  risen  close 
by  the  mizzen  chains,  on  which  he  caught  hold. 
Thus  was  he  by  a  kind  Providence  preserved. 
As  lieutenant  he  repaired  on  board  the  Constitu 
tion,   commanded    by   Ilodgers,   in  Oct.,    1805. 
During  the  cruise  he  visited  the  mountains  ^Etna 
and  Vesuvius   and  the  cities  Herculaneum  and 
Pompeii.     Returning  in  1806,  he  was  the  next 
year   on  board  the   Chesapeake,  when,  without 
fighting,   she   struck   her   colors  to   the   British 
frigate  Leopard,  —  an  event,  which  filled  him  with 
indignation.     He,  in  consequence,  drew  up  the 
letter  of  the  officers  to  the  secretary  of  the  navy, 
urging  the  arrest  and  trial  of  Com.  Barron  for 
neglect  of  duty.     During  the  embargo  of  1808 
he  cruised  off  Block  Island  for  the  enforcement 
of  the  law,  but  in  his  delicacy  got  excused  from 
boarding  in  person  any  vessel  from  his  native 
State.     In  1809  he  joined  the  frigate  United  States 
as  first  lieutenant  under  Decatur.     Soon  after  the 
declaration  of  Avar  in  1812  he  was  distinguished 
in  the  action,  Oct.  25th,  which  issued  in  the  capture 
of  the   Macedonian.     The  superior  skill  of  the 
United  States  in  gunnery  was  ascribed  to  the 
diligent  training  and  discipline  of  Lieut.  Allen. 
lie  carried  the  prize  safely  into  the  harbor  of 
New  York  amidst  the  gratulations  of  thousands. 
Promoted  to  be  master  commandant,  in  1813  he 
conveyed  Mr.  Crawford,  the  minister,  to  France 
in  the  brig  Argus,  and  afterwards  proceeded  to 
the  Irish  Channel,  agreeably  to  orders,  for  the 
purpose  of   destroying   the  English    commerce. 
His  success  was  so  great,  that  the  injury  inflicted 
by  him  upon  the  enemy  in  the  capture  of  twenty 
vessels  was  estimated  at  2,000,000   dollars.     In 
his  generosity  he  never  allowed  the  baggage  of 
passengers  to  be  molested.     On  the  14th  of  Aug. 
he  fell  in  with  the  British  brig  Pelican,  cruising 
in  the  channel  for  the  purpose  of  capturing  the 
Argus.     Soon  after  the  action  commenced,  Capt. 
Allen  was  mortally  wounded,  and  carried  below ; 
Lieut.  Watson  being  also  wounded,  the  command 
for  a  time  devolved  on  Lieut.  W.  H.  Allen,  Jr. 
After  a  vigorous  resistance  of  nearly  an  hour,  the 
Argus  was  captured,  with  the  loss  of  six  killed 
and  seventeen  wounded.     Capt.  Allen  was  carried 
into  Plymouth  the  next  day,  his  leg  having  been 
amputated  at  sea.     He  died  Aug.  15,  1813,  aged 
28  years,  and  was  buried  with  military  honors. 
Capt.  Allen  was  highly  respected  and  esteemed  in 
private  life,  exhibiting  a  uniform  courtesy  and 
amenity    of   manners.       With     great    care    he 


ALLEN. 

abstained  from  all  irritating  and  insulting  language. 
ile  united  the  milder  graces  with  the  stern  and 
masculine  character  of  tLe  sailor.  The  eager 
desire  of  fame,  called  "  the  last  infirmity  of  noble 
minds,"  seemed  to  reign  in  his  heart.  Against 
the  wishes  of  all  his  friends  he  entered  the  naval 
service,  thirsting  for  honor  and  distinction,  of 
which  he  had  his  share ;  but  in  early  manhood  he 
died  a  prisoner  in  a  foreign  land.  If  there  must 
be  victims  to  war,  we  could  wish  the  defenders  of 
their  country's  rights  a  higher  reward  than  fame. 
Bailey's  Naval  Biography,  205-226. 

ALLEN,  SOLOMON  METCALF,  professor  of  lan 
guages  in  Micldlebury  college,  Vermont,  was  the 
son  of  Rev.  T.  Allen  of  Pittsfield,  and  was  born 
Feb.  18,  1789.  lie  received  his  second  name  on 
account  of  his  being  a  descendant  on  his  mother's 
side  of  Rev.  Joseph  Metcalf,  first  minister  of 
Falmouth.  His  father  destined  him  to  be  a 
farmer,  as  he  was  athletic  and  fond  of  active  life ; 
but,  after  he  became  pious,  his  friends  being 
desirous  that  he  should  receive  a  collegial  edu 
cation,  he  commenced  the  study  of  Latin  at  the 
age  of  twenty.  In  1813  he  graduated  at  Middle- 
bury  with  high  reputation  as  a  scholar.  During 
a  year  spent  at  Andover,  besides  attending  to  the 
customary  studies,  he  read  a  part  of  the  New 
Testament  in  the  Syriac  language.  After  officiat 
ing  for  two  years  as  a  tutor,  he  was  chosen  in 
1816  professor  of  the  ancient  languages,  having 
risen  to  this  honor  in  seven  years  after  commencing 
the  study  of  Latin.  He  lived  to  accomplish  but 
little,  but  long  enough  to  show  what  the  energy 
of  pious  zeal  is  capable  of  accomplishing. 
Respected  and  beloved  by  all  his  associates  and 
acquaintance,  his  sudden  and  awful  death  over 
whelmed  them  with  sorrow.  Being  induced,  on 
account  of  a  defect  in  the  chimney,  to  go 
imprudently  upon  the  roof  of  the  college  building, 
he  fell  from  it  Sept.  23,  1817,  and  in  consequence 
died  the  same  evening,  aged  28  years.  In  his 
last  hours  his  numerous  friends  crowded  around 
him,  "  watching  with  trembling  anxiety  the  flight 
of  his  immortal  soul  to  the  kindred  spirits  of  a 
better  world."  Under  the  extreme  anguish  of  his 
dying  moments,  resigning  the  loveliness,  which  he 
had  hoped  would  be  shortly  his  own,  and  all  the 
fair  prospects  of  this  world,  he  exclaimed :  "  The 
Lord  reigneth,  let  the  earth  rejoice !  O  Father, 
thy  will  be  done!  So  seemcth  it  good  in  thy 
sight,  O  Lord."  Professor  Frederic  Hall  has 
described  his  frank  and  noble  character  and  his 
many  virtues,  the  tenderness  of  his  heart  and  his 
energy  of  mind.  Another  writer  speaks  of  his 
unwearied  perseverance  and  unconquerable  reso 
lution,  and  says :  "  His  march  to  eminence  was 
steady,  rapid,  and  sure.  Whether  he  turned  his 
attention  to  the  abstruse  and  profound  branches 
of  mathematical  science  or  to  the  stores  of  ancient 
classical  learning,  he  solved  every  problem  and 


ALLEN. 

overcame  every  obstacle  with  equal  facility  and 
triumph."  Mr.  Allen  was  at  Andover  one  of 
"  the  group  of  stars,"  the  friends  of  Carlos  Wilcox, 
alluded  to  by  him  in  the  following  lines.  The 
others  were  Sylvester  Lamed,  Alexander  M. 
Fisher,  Levi  Parsons,  Pliny  Fisk,  and  Joseph  R. 
Andrus ;  all  recorded  in  this  volume.  These, 
with  Mr.  Allen  and  Mr.  Wilcox,  all  young  men, 
no  longer  shine  on  the  earth ;  but,  it  is  believed, 
they  make  a  constellation  of  seven  stars,  like  the 
Pleiades,  resplendent  in  heaven.  May  there  be 
in  future  many  such  groups  in  our  theological 
schools. 

"  Ye  were  a  group  of  stars  collected  here, 
Some  mildly  glowing,  others  sparkling  bright ; 
Here,  rising  in  a  region  calm  and  clear, 
Ye  shone  awhile  with  intermingled  light ; 
Then,  parting,  each  pursuing  his  own  flight 
O'er  the  wide  hemisphere,  ye  singly  shone; 
But,  ere  ye  climbed  to  half  your  promised  height, 
Ye  sunk  again  with  brightening  glory  round  you  thrown, 
Each  left  a  brilliant  track,  as  each  expired  alone." 

—  HalVs  Eulogy;  Wilcox 's  Remains,  90;  Na 
tional  Standard,  Oct.  1,  1817. 

ALLEN,  PAUL,  a  poet,  was  born  at  Providence, 
R.  I.,  Feb.  15, 1775  ;  his  father,  Paul  Allen,  being 
a  representative  in  the  legislature,  and  his  mother 
the  daughter  of  Gov.  Cook.  He  was  graduated 
at  Brown  university  in  1796  and  afterwards 
studied,  but  never  practised,  law.  Devoted  to 
literature,  he  removed  to  Philadelphia  and  was 
engaged  as  a  writer  in  the  Port-Folio  and  in  the 
United  States  Gazette,  and  was  also  employed  to 
prepare  for  the  press  the  travels  of  Lewis  and 
Clark.  After  this  he  was  for  some  time  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  Federal  Republican  at  Baltimore  ; 
but  on  quitting  this  employment  he  found  him 
self  in  impaired  health  and  extreme  indigence, 
with  a  widowed  mother  dependent  on  him  for 
support.  In  his  mental  disorder,  he  believed 
that  he  was  to  be  waylaid  and  murdered.  To 
the  disgrace  of  our  laws  he  was  thrown  into  jail 
for  a  debt  of  30  dollars.  About  this  time  he 
wrote  for  the  Portico,  a  magazine,  associated  with 
Pierpont  and  Neal.  His  friends  procured  for 
him  the  establishment  of  the  Journal  of  the 
Times,  and  afterwards  of  the  Morning  Chronicle, 
which  was  widely  circulated.  Having  long  and 
frequently  advertised  a  history  of  the  American 
Revolution,  of  which  he  had  written  nothing,  it 
was  now  determined  to  publish  it,  an  unequalled 
subscription  having  been  obtained.  The  work 
appeared  in  two  vols.  in  his  name,  but  was  written 
by  Mr.  John  Neal  and  Mr.  Watkins  ;  Neal  writing 
the  first  vol.,  beginning  with  the  Declaration  of 
Independence.  His  principal  poem,  called  Noah 
which  has  simplicity  and  feeling,  was  also  sub 
mitted  to  Mr.  Neal,  and  reduced  to  one-fifth  of 
its  original  size,  lie  died  at  Baltimore  in  Aug. 
1826,  aged  51  years.  He  published  origina 
poems,  serious  and  enter taining,  1801.  A  long 


ALLEN. 


27 


extract  from  Noah  is  in  Specimens  of  American 
Poetry.  —  Spec.  American  Poetry,  II.  185. 

ALLEN,  RICHARD,  first  bishop  of  the  Afri- 
an  Methodist  Episcopal  church,  died  at  Philadel 
phia  March  26,  1831,  aged  71. 

ALLEN,  BEXJAMIX,  Rector  of  St.  Paul's  church, 
Philadelphia,  died  at  sea  in  the  brig  Edward  on 
his  return  from  Europe  Jan.  27,  1829.  He  had 
been  the  editor  of  the  Christian  Magazine,  and 
was  a  disinterested,  zealous  servant  of  God. 

ALLEN,  JEXXIXGS,  died  in  Fail-field  district, 
S.  C.,  Jan.,  1835,  aged  114;  a  soldier  of  the  rev 
olutionary  army. 

ALLEN,  EPHRAEVI,  died  in  Salem,  N.  Y.,  in 
1816;  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1789,  and  re 
spected  as  a  physician.  His  wife  was  a  daughter 
of  Gen.  Newhall. 

ALLEN,  HARRISOX,  missionary  among  the 
Choctaws,  died  at  Eliot  Aug.  19,  1831,  aged  39. 
Born  in  Chilmark,  he  graduated  at  Bowdoin  in 
1824,  at  Andover  seminary  in  1828.  He  arrived 
at  Eliot  Jan.,  1830. 

ALLEN,  BEXJAMIX,  LL.  D.,  died  at  Hyde 
Park,  N.  Y.,  July  22,  1836,  aged  65 ;  once  pro 
fessor  of  mathematics  at  Union  College,  and  long 
the  eminent  head  of  a  classical  school  at  Hyde 
Park. 

ALLEN,  MYRA,  wife  of  D.  O.  Allen,  mission 
ary  at  Bombay,  died  suddenly,  Feb.  5,  1831,  aged 
30.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Col.  Abel  Wood 
of  Westminster,  Mass. ;  a  devoted  and  useful  mis 
sionary  for  the  short  period  of  three  years.  Her 
character  is  described  in  the  Miss.  Herald  for 
1831  and  1832. 

ALLEN,  ORPAH,  missionary,  wife  of  1).  O. 
Allen,  died  at  Bombay  June  5,  1842.  Her  name 
was  Graves,  of  Rupert,  Vt.  She  went  to  Bombay 
in  1834  and  was  married  in  1838. 

ALLEN,  AZUBA,  wife  of  D.  O.  Allen,  mission 
ary  at  Bombay,  died  June  11,  1843.  Her  name 
was  Condit.  She  left  New  York  with  her  sister, 
Mrs.  Nevins,  in  1836,  and  lived  some  time  in 
Batavia  and  Borneo  before  her  marriage  in  Dec., 
1842.  She  died  in  peace  and  triumph. 

ALLEN,  SARAH  Jonxsox,  wife  of  William 
Allen,  died  at  Northampton  Feb.  25,  1848,  aged 
57 ;  a  daughter  of  John  M.  Breed,  a  merchant 
of  Norwich,  Conn.  —  While  unmarried,  she  and 
Sarah  L.  Iluntington,  afterwards  married  to  Dr. 
Eli  Smith,  established  and  conducted  a  Sabbath 
school  among  the  Mohegan  Indians  near  Nor 
wich.  In  the  result  a  church  was  built  at  their 
residence  in  Montville,  at  which  Gen.  William 
Williams  was  accustomed,  last  year,  to  visit  them 
every  Sabbath  as  their  teacher. 

ALLEN,  JOSEPH,  died  at  Worcester  Sept.  2, 
1827,  aged  78.  Born  in  Boston,  his  mother  was 
a  sister  of  Samuel  Adams.  He  was  a  merchant 
in  Leicester,  a  benefactor  and  treasurer  of  the 
academy.  In  1776  he  removed  to  Worcester,  and 


28 


ALLEN. 


ALLISON. 


sustained  various  public  offices,  —  was  clerk  of  the 
courts,  a  councillor,  a  member  of  congress,  twice 
one  of  the  electors  of  president.  His  sons  were 
Charles  and  George  Allen. 

ALLEN,  HEMAN,  died  in  Burlington,  Vt,  Dec. 
11,  1844,  a  brother  of  Ethan  A.,  and  a  member 
of  congress.  He  was  also  minister  to  Chili. 

ALLEN,  JONATHAN,  died  at  Pittsfield,  May  26, 
1845,  aged  72.  He  was  the  son  of  Ilev.  T.  Allen, 
and  had  been  a  senator  of  Massachusetts.  He 
greatly  promoted  the  interests  of  agriculture  by 
introducing  into  Berkshire  an  excellent  flock  of 
Spanish  merino  sheep,  for  which  sole  object  he 
crossed  the  ocean. 

ALLEN,  SAMUEL  C.,  died  at  Northfield  Feb. 
8,  1845.  A  graduate  of  Dartmouth  in  1794,  he 
was  the  minister  of  N.  in  1795;  but  withdrew 
from  the  pulpit  and  studied  law.  For  twelve 
years  he  was  a  member  of  congress.  He  pub 
lished  an  oration  July  4,  180G ;  eulogy  on 
President  John  Whcelock,  delivered  at  Hanover 
Aug.  17,  1817. 

ALLERTON,  ISAAC,  one  of  the  first  settlers 
of  Plymouth,  came  over  in  the  first  ship,  the  May 
flower.  His  name  appears  the  fifth  in  the  agree 
ment  of  the  company,  signed  at  Cape  Cod,  Nov. 
11,  1620.  There  were  six  persons  in  his  family. 
Mary,  his  wife,  died  Feb.  25,  1621.  His  daugh 
ter,  Mary,  married  Elder  T.  Cushman,  son  of 
Robert  C.,  and  died  in  1699,  aged  about  90, 
the  last  survivor  of  those,  who  came  over  in  the 
Mayflower.  —  Sarah  married  Moses  Maverick  of 
Marblehead.  In  the  summer  or  autumn  of  1626 
he  went  to  England  as  agent  for  the  colony ;  and 
he  returned  in  the  spring  of  1627,  having  condi 
tionally  purchased  for  his  associates  the  rights  of 
the  adventurers  for  1800  pounds,  the  agreement 
being  signed  Nov.  15,  1626,  and  also  hired  for 
them  200  pounds,  at  30  per  cent,  interest,  and  ex 
pended  it  in  goods.  He  took  a  second  voyage  as 
agent  in  1627  and  concluded  the  bargain  with  the 
company  at  London  Nov.  6,  accomplishing  also 
other  objects,  particularly  obtaining  a  patent  for 
a  trading  place  in  the  Kennebec.  Judge  Davis 
erroneously  represents,  that  Mr.  Prince  dates  the 
departure  of  Mr.  Allerton  in  the  autumn  ;  but  Mr. 
Prince  speaks  only  of  his  going  "  with  the  return 
of  the  ships,"  probably  June  or  July.  The  voyage 
of  the  preceding  year  he  regards  as  made  "  in  the 
fall ;  "  also  the  third  voyage  in  1628,  for  the  pur 
pose  of  enlarging  the  Kennebec  patent.  After 
his  return  in  August,  1629,  he  proceeded  again 
to  England  and  with  great  difficulty  obtained  the 
patent  Jan.  29,  1630.  A  fifth  voyage  was  made 
in  1630,  and  he  returned  the  following  year  in 
the  ship  White  Angel.  He  was  an  enterprising 
trader  at  Penobscot  and  elsewhere.  In  1633  he 
•was  engaged  in  "  a  trading  wigwam,"  which  was 
lost  at  Machias.  A  bark  of  his  was  lost  on  Cape 
Ann  in  1635,  and  twenty-one  persons  perished, 


among  whom  were  John  Avery,  a  minister,  his 
wife,  and  six  children.  The  rock  is  called  "  Avery's 
fall."  From  1643  to  1659  he  lived  at  New  Haven, 
and  probably  traded  with  the  Dutch  at  New  York. 
In  1653  he  received  mackerel  from  Boston  to  sell 
for  half  profits,  and  is  called  J.  Allerton,  senior.  — 
Point  Alderton  in  Boston  harbor  is  supposed  to 
be  named  from  him.  —  His  second  wife,  whom  he 
married  before  1627,  and  who  died  of  "  the  pest 
ilent  fever  "  in  1634,  was  Fear  Brcwster,  daughter 
of  Elder  Brewster,  who  had  another  daughter, 
Love,  and  a  son,  Wrestling.  It  seems,  that  he 
was  married  again ;  for  coming  from  New  Haven 
in  1644,  he  was  cast  away  with  his  wife  Johanna 
at  Scituate,  but  was  saved.  He  died  in  1659 ;  his 
widow  in  1684.  His  son  Isaac  was  graduated  in 
1650 :  —  Elizabeth,  his  daughter,  married  B.  Starr 
and  S.  Eyre.  Davis1  Morton,  38,  221, 389,  391 ; 
Mass.  His.  Coll.  III.  46 ;  Prince,  242 ;  Savage's 
Winthr.  I.  25;  II.  210;  /.  Mathers'  Rem.  Prov. 

ALLISON,  FRANCIS,  D.  D.,  assistant  minister 
of  the  first  Presbyterian  church  in  Philadelphia, 
was  born  in  Ireland  in  1705.  After  an  early 
classical  education  at  an  academy  he  completed 
his  studies  at  the  university  of  Glasgow.  He 
came  to  this  country  in  1735,  and  was  soon  ap 
pointed  pastor  of  a  Presbyterian  church  at  New 
London  in  Chester  county,  Penn.  Here,  about 
the  year  1741,  his  solicitude  for  the  interests  of 
the  Redeemer's  kingdom  and  his  desire  of  en 
gaging  young  men  in  the  work  of  the  ministry 
and  of  promoting  public  happiness  by  the  diffu 
sion  of  religious  liberty  and  learning  induced  him 
to  open  a  public  school.  There  was  at  this  time 
scarcely  a  particle  of  learning  in  the  middle 
States,  and  he  generally  instructed  all,  that  came 
to  him,  without  fee  or  reward.  —  About  the  year 
1747  he  was  invited  to  take  the  charge  of  an 
academy  in  Philadelphia;  in  1755  he  was  elected 
vice  provost  of  the  college,  which  had  just  been 
established,  and  professor  of  moral  philosophy. 
He  was  also  minister  in  the  first  Presbyterian 
church.  In  the  discharge  of  the  laborious  duties, 
which  devolved  upon  him,  he  continued  till  his 
death  Nov.  28,  1777,  aged  72. 

Besides  an  unusually  accurate  and  profound 
acquaintance  with  the  Latin  and  Greek  classics, 
he  was  well  informed  in  moral  philosophy,  history, 
and  general  literature.  To  his  zeal  for  the  diffu 
sion  of  knowledge  Pennsylvania  owes  much  of 
that  taste  for  solid  learning  and  classical  literature, 
for  which  many  of  her  principal  characters  have 
been  so  distinguished.  The  private  virtues  of  Dr. 
Allison  conciliated  the  esteem  of  all  that  knew 
him,  and  his  public  usefulness  has  erected  a  last 
ing  monument  to  his  praise.  For  more  than 
forty  years  he  supported  the  ministerial  character 
with  dignity  and  reputation.  In  his  public  ser 
vices  he  was  plain,  practical,  and  argumentative ; 
warm,  animated,  and  pathetic.  He  was  greatly 


ALLISON. 

honored  by  the  gracious  Redeemer  in  being 
made  instrumental,  as  it  is  believed,  in  the  salva 
tion  of  many,  who  heard  him.  lie  was  frank  and 
ingenuous  in  his  natural  temper ;  warm  and  zeal 
ous  in  his  friendships ;  catholic  in  his  sentiments ; 
a  friend  to  civil  and  religious  liberty.  His  benev 
olence  led  him  to  spare  no  pains  nor  trouble  in 
assisting  the  poor  and  distressed  by  his  advice 
and  influence,  or  by  his  own  private  liberality.  It 
was  he,  who  planned  and  was  the  means  of  estab 
lishing  the  widows'  fund,  which  was  remarkably 
useful.  He  often  expressed  his  hopes  in  the 
mercy  of  God  unto  eternal  life,  and  but  a  few 
days  before  his  death  said  to  Dr.  Ewing,  that  he 
had  no  doubt,  but  that  according  to  the  gospel 
covenant  he  should  obtain  the  pardon  of  his  sins 
through  the  great  Redeemer  of  mankind,  and 
enjoy  an  eternity  of  rest  and  glory  in  the  presence 
of  God.  —  He  published  a  sermon  delivered  be 
fore  the  synods  of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania 
May  24,  1758,  entitled,  peace  and  unity  recom 
mended. —  Assembly's  Miss.  Mag.  1.  457 — 361; 
Miller's  Retrospect,  II.  342;  Holmes'  Life  of 
Stiles,  98,  99. 

ALLISON,  PATRICK,  D.  D.,  first  minister  of  the 
Presbyterian  church  in  Baltimore,  was  born  in 
Lancaster  county  in  1740,  educated  at  the  college 
of  Philadelphia,  and  installed  in  17G2  at  Balti 
more,  where  he  remained  in  eminent  usefulness 
till  his  death  Aug.  21,  1802,  aged  61.  His  few 
publications  were  in  favor  of  civil  and  religious 
liberty. 

ALLSTON,  JOSEPH,  general,  was  elected  gov 
ernor  of  South  Carolina  in  1812.  He  died  at 
Charleston  Sept.  10,  1816,  aged  38.  His  wife, 
the  daughter  of  Col.  Aaron  Burr,  was  lost  at  sea 
on  her  passage  from  Charleston  to  New  York  in 
1812. 

ALLSTON,  WILLIAM,  colonel,  senator  in  the 
first  congress,  died  at  Charleston  June  26,  1839, 
aged  82.  One  of  the  largest  owners  of  his  fellow 
men  in  the  State,  his  slaves  cultivated  his  paternal 
estate  near  Georgetown.  He  was  an  officer 
under  Marion ;  and  the  father  of  Gov.  A. 

ALLSTON,  WASHINGTON,  a  very  distinguished 
painter,  died  at  Cambridge  July  9, 1843,  aged  63. 
He  was  born  of  a  respected  family  in  Charleston, 
S.  C.,  Nov.  5,  1779.  After  being  in  the  school 
of  R.  Rogers,  Newport,  he  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1800.  He  was  early  fond  of  music,  painting, 
and  poetry.  In  order  to  cultivate  his  taste  for 
painting  he  sold  his  patrimonial  estate,  and 
entered  in  1801  the  Royal  Academy  in  London, 
of  which  Benjamin  West,  an  American,  was  the 
president.  In  1804  he  passed  over  to  Paris  and 
thence  to  Italy.  Thus  he  was  eight  years  in 
Europe,  studying  the  works  of  the  great  masters, 
and  enjoying  the  friendship  of  poets  and  painters 
in  England  and  Italy.  Among  his  friends  were 
the  poets  Wordsworth,  Southey,  and  Coleridge ; 


ALSOP. 


29 


and  among  the  painters  Reynolds,  West,  and 
Fuseli. 

In  1809  he  returned  to  America,  and  the  next 
year  delivered  a  poem  at  Cambridge  at  the  annual 
meeting  of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  society,  when  the 
writer  of  this  had  the  honor  of  being  his  literary 
associate,  and  of  delivering  the  prose  address  on 
that  occasion;  and  after  the  lapse  of  forty-six 
years  I  remember  well  his  ample  locks,  and  fine, 
interesting,  animated,  spiritual  countenance.  At 
this  period  he  married  the  sister  of  Dr.  Channing. 
The  years  from  1811  to  1818  he  also  spent  in 
England,  where  he  published  in  1813  the  sylphs 
of  the  seasons  and  other  poems.  God  afflicted 
him  by  bereaving  him  of  his  wife ;  but  led  him  to 
seek  earnestly  the  permanent  consolations  of  re 
ligion.  His  faith  was  strong  in  the  incarnation 
of  the  Son  of  God ;  and  he  had  recourse  to  the 
sacraments  of  the  church. 

On  his  return  in  1818  he  made  Boston  his 
home ;  but  soon  built  him  a  house  and  studio  in 
Cambridge,  where  he  married  a  daughter  of  Judge 
Dana  in  1830.  His  principal  works  as  a  painter 
were,  "  the  dead  man  restored  to  life  by  Elijah," 
"  the  angel  liberating  Peter  from  prison,"  "  Jacob's 
dream,"  "  Elijah  in  the  desert,"  "  the  angel  Uriel 
in  the  sun,"  "  Saul  and  the  witch  of  Endor," 
"  Spalatro's  vision  of  the  bloody  hand,"  "  Gabriel 
setting  the  guard  of  the  heavenly  host,"  "  Anna 
Page  and  Slender,"  "  Beatrice,"  and  "  Belshazzar's 
Feast," — his  last  work.  He  died  suddenly.  He 
possessed  a  powerful  and  brilliant  imagination ; 
and  as  a  colorist  he  was  called  the  American 
Titian.  His  brother,  William  Moore  A.,  died  at 
Newrport  in  1844,  aged  62.  Receiving  by  the  will 
of  his  father  a  young  slave,  named  Diana,  he 
emancipated  her,  and  she  became  the  mother  of 
freemen  in  Charleston.  His  faith  in  the  atone 
ment  and  his  Christian  character  were  commended 
in  a  sermon  by  Mr.  Albro  of  Cambridge.  Besides 
his  poems,  he  also  published  Monaldi,  a  prose 
tale ;  lectures  on  art  and  poems,  with  a  preface 
by  Mr.  Dana,  N.  Y.,  1850. 

ALLYN,  MATTHEW,  judge,  died  at  Windsor, 
Conn.,  in  1758,  aged  97.  He  was  a  colonel,  a 
councillor,  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court. 

ALLYN,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  the  minister  of  Duxbury, 
died  July  19,  1833,  aged  66.  He  was  born  in 
Barnstable,  and  was  a  graduate  of  1785  ;  ordained 
in  1788.  Benj.  Kent  was  his  colleague  in  1826. 
A  memoir  by  C.  Francis,  his  son-in-law,  is  in 
Hist.  Coll.  III.,  vol.  5. 

He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of 
A.  Bradford,  1793;  at  thanksgiving,  1798;  at 
Hanover,  1799;  at  Plymouth,  1801;  at  election, 
1805  ;  at  New  Year's,  1806 ;  Christian  Monitor, 
1806,  being  prayers,  &c. ;  at  Sandwich,  1808 ;  also 
two  charges,  and  obituary  notices  of  Drs.  West 
and  Barnes. 

ALSOP,  GEORGE,  published  "a  character  of 


30 


ALSOP. 


the  province  of  Maryland,"  describing  the  laws, 
customs,  commodities,  usage  of  slaves,  &c. ;  also 
"  a  small  treatise  of  the  wild  and  native  Indians, 
&c."  London,  1GG6,  pp.  118. 

ALSOP,  RICHARD,  a  poet,  the  son  of  Richard 
A.  and  Mary  Wright,  was  born  in  Middletown, 
Conn.,  in  1759,  and  was  a  merchant,  as  was  his 
father.  He  died  at  Flatbush,  L.  I.,  Aug.  20, 
1815,  aged  56  years,  with  a  character  of  correct 
morality.  Several  of  his  poetical  compositions 
are  preserved  in  the  volume  entitled  "  American 
Poetry."  In  1800  he  published  a  monody,  in 
heroic  verse,  on  the  death  of  Washington,  and 
in  1808  a  translation  from  the  Italian  of  a  part 
of  Berni's  Orlando  Inamorato,  under  the  title  of 
the  Fairy  of  the  Enchanted  Lake.  He  published 
also  several  prose  translations  from  the  French 
and  Italian,  among  which  is  Molini's  history  of 
Chili,  with  notes,  4  vols.  8  vo.,  1808.  This  was 
republished  in  London  without  acknowledgment 
of  its  being  an  American  translation.  In  1815  he 
published  the  narrative  of  the  captivity  of  J.  R. 
Jewitt  at  Nootka  Sound.  The  Universal  Receipt 
Book  was  compiled  also  by  him.  Among  numer 
ous  unpublished  works,  left  by  him,  is  the  poem 
called  The  Charms  of  Fancy.  He  wrote  for 
amusement,  and  made  but  little  effort  for  literary 
distinction ;  yet  his  powers  were  above  the  com 
mon  level.  With  a  luxuriant  fancy  he  had  a 
facility  of  expression.  In  1791  the  Echo  was 
commenced  at  Hartford,  being  a  series  of  bur 
lesque,  poetic  pieces,  designed  at  first  to  ridicule 
the  inflated  style  of  Boston  editors.  The  plan 
was  soon  extended,  so  as  to  include  politics.  The 
writers  were  Alsop,  Theodore  Dwight,  Hopkins, 
Trumbull,  and  others,  called  the  "Hartford  wits." 
This  was  republished  with  other  poems  in  1807. 
Alsop  wrote  more  of  the  Echo  than  any  other 
contributor  ;  also  the  Political  Greenhouse  in  the 
same  volume.  His  mother,  who  had  been  a 
widow  about  fifty  years,  died  in  Oct.,  1829,  aged 
90.  Mr.  A.'s  widow  married  Samuel  W.  Dana, 
a  member  of  Congress ;  one  sister  married 
Theodore  Dwight,  and  another  married  Mr. 
Ililey  of  New  York.  —  Spec.  Amcr.Poet.  n. 

AMERICUS  VESPUCIUS,  or  more  properly 
Amerigo  Vespucci,  a  Florentine  gentleman,  from 
whom  America  derives  its  name,  was  born  March 
9,  1451,  of  an  ancient  family.  His  father,  who 
was  an  Italian  merchant,  brought  him  up  in  this 
business,  and  his  profession  led  him  to  visit  Spain 
and  other  countries.  Being  eminently  skilful  in 
all  the  sciences  subservient  to  navigation,  and 
possessing  an  enterprising  spirit,  he  became 
desirous  of  seeing  the  new  world,  which  Columbus 
had  discovered  in  1492.  He  accordingly  entered 
as  a  merchant  on  board  the  small  fleet  of  four 
ships,  equipped  by  the  merchants  of  Seville  and 
sent  out  under  the  command  of  Ojeda.  The 
enterprise  was  sanctioned  by  a  royal  license. 


AMERICUS. 

According  to  Amerigo's  own  account  he  sailed 
from  Cadiz  May  20,  1497,  and  returned  to  the 
same  port  October  15,  1498,  having  discovered 
the  coast  of  Paria  and  ,passed  as  far  as  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico.  If  this  statement  is  correct,  he  saw 
the  continent  before  Columbus ;  but  its  correct 
ness  has  been  disproved ;  and  the  voyage  of 
Ojeda  was  not  made  until  1499,  which  Amerigo 
calls  his  second  voyage,  falsely  representing  that 
he  himself  had  the  command  of  six  vessels.  He 
sailed  May  20,  1499,  under  the  command  of 
Ojeda,  and  proceeded  to  the  Antilla  Islands,  and 
thence  to  the  coast  of  Guiana  and  Venezuela,  and 
returned  to  Cadiz  in  Nov.,  1500.  After  his 
return  Emanuel,  king  of  Portugal,  who  was 
jealous  of  the  success  and  glory  of  Spain,  invited 
him  to  his  kingdom,  and  gave  him  the  command 
of  three  ships  to  make  a  third  voyage  of  discovery. 
He  sailed  from  Lisbon  May  10,  1501,  and  ran 
down  the  coasts  of  Africa  as  far  as  Sierra  Leone 
and  the  coast  of  Angola,  and  then  passed  over  to 
Brazil  in  South  America,  and  continued  his  dis 
coveries  to  the  south  as  far  as  Patagonia.  He 
then  returned  to  Sierra  Leone  and  the  coast  of 
Guinea,  and  entered  again  the  port  of  Lisbon 
Sept,  7,  1502. 

King  Emanuel,  highly  gratified  by  his  success, 
equipped  for  him  six  ships,  with  which  he  sailed 
on  his  fourth  and  last  voyage  May  10,  1503.  It 
was  his  object  to  discover  a  western  passage  to 
the  Molucca  Islands.  He  passed  the  coasts  of 
Africa,  and  entered  the  Bay  of  All  Saints  in 
Brazil.  Having  provision  for  only  twenty  months, 
and  being  detained  on  the  coast  of  Brazil  by  bad 
weather  and  contrary  winds  five  months,  he 
formed  the  resolution  of  returning  to  Portugal, 
where  he  arrived  June  14,  1504.  As  he  carried 
home  with  him  considerable  quantities  of  the 
Brazil  wood,  and  other  articles  of  value,  he  was 
received  with  joy.  It  was  soon  after  this  period, 
that  he  wrote  an  account  of  his  four  voyages. 
The  work  was  dedicated  to  Rene  II.,  duke  of  Lor 
raine,  who  took  the  title  of  king  of  Sicily,  and 
Avho  died  Dec.  10,  1508.  It  was  probably  pub 
lished  about  the  year  1507,  for  in  that  year  he 
went  from  Lisbon  to  Seville,  and  King  Ferdinand 
appointed  him  to  draw  sea  charts,  with  the  title 
of  chief  pilot.  He  died  at  the  island  of  Tercera 
in  1514,  aged  about  63  years,  or,  agreeably  to 
another  account,  at  Seville,  in  1512. 

As  he  published  the  first  book  and  chart 
describing  the  new  world,  and  as  he  claimed  the 
honor  of  first  discovering  the  continent,  the  new 
world  has  received  from  him  the  name  of 
America.  His  pretensions,  however,  to  this  first 
discovery  do  not  seem  to  be  well  supported  against 
the  claims  of  Columbus,  to  whom  the  honor  is 
uniformly  ascribed  by  the  Spanish  historians,  and 
who  first  saw  the  continent  in  1498.  Ilerrera, 
who  compiled  his  general  history  of  America 


AMES. 


AMES. 


31 


from  the  most  authentic  records,  says,  that 
Amerigo  never  made  but  two  voyages,  and  those 
were  with  Ojeda  in  1499  and  1501,  and  that  his 
relation  of  his  other  voyages  was  proved  to  be  a 
mere  imposition.  This  charge  needs  to  be  con 
firmed  by  strong  proof,  for  Amerigo's  book  was 
published  within  ten  years  of  the  period  assigned 
for  his  first  voyage,  when  the  facts  must  have  been 
fresh  in  the  memories  of  thousands.  Besides  the 
improbability  of  his  being  guilty  of  falsifying 
dates,  as  he  was  accused,  which  arises  from  this 
circumstance,  it  is  very  possible,  that  the  Spanish 
writers  might  have  felt  a  national  resentment 
against  him  for  having  deserted  the  service  of 
Spain.  But  the  evidence  against  the  honesty  of 
Amerigo  is  very  convincing.  Neither  Martyr  nor 
Bcnzoni,  who  were  Italians,  natives  of  the  same 
country,  and  the  former  of  whom  was  a  contem 
porary,  attribute  to  him  the  first  discovery  of  the 
continent.  Martyr  published  the  first  general 
history  of  the  new  world,  and  his  epistles  contain 
an  account  of  all  the  remarkable  events  of  his 
time.  All  the  Spanish  historians  are  against 
Amerigo.  Herrera  brings  against  him  the  testi 
mony  of  Ojeda  as  given  in  a  judicial  inquiry. 
Fonseca,  who  gave  Ojeda  the  license  for  his 
voyage,  was  not  reinstated  in  the  direction  of 
Indian  affairs  until  after  the  time,  which  Amerigo 
assigns  for  the  commencement  of  his  first  voyage. 
Other  circumstances  might  be  mentioned;  and 
the  whole  mass  of  evidence  it  is  difficult  to  resist. 
The  book  of  Amerigo  was  probably  published 
about  a  year  after  the  death  of  Columbus,  when 
his  pretensions  could  be  advanced  without  the 
fear  of  refutation  from  that  illustrious  navigator. 
But  however  this  controversy  may  be  decided,  it 
is  well  known,  that  the  honor  of  first  discovering 
the  continent  belongs  neither  to  Columbus  nor 
to  Vespucci,  even  admitting  the  relation  of  the 
latter;  but  to  the  Cabots,  who  sailed  from 
England.  A  life  of  Vespucci  was  published  at 
Florence  by  Bandini,  174,3,  in  which  an  attempt 
is  made  to  support  his  pretensions. 

The  relation  of  his  four  voyages,  which  was 
first  published  about  the  year  1507,  was  re- 
published  in  the  Novus  Orbis,  fol.  1555.  His 
letters  were  published  after  his  death  at  Florence. 
—  Moreri,  Did.  Historique;  New  and  Gen. 
Biog.  Diet. ;  Robertson's  8.  America  I.  Note  22  ; 
Holmes'  Annals,  I.  16;  Herrera,  I.  221;  Prince, 
Introd.  80-82  ;  Irving's  Columbus,  III.  App.  9. 

AMES,  NATHANIEL,  a  physician,  died  at  Ded- 
ham,  Mass.,  in  1765,  aged  57.  He  had  published 
for  about  forty  years  an  almanac,  which  was  in 
high  repute.  His  taste  for  astronomy  he  acquired 
from  his  father,  Nathaniel  Ames,  of  Bridgewater, 
who  died  in  1736,  and  who  was  not,  as  Dr.  Eliot 
supposed,  a  descendant  of  the  famous  William 
Ames,  lie  married  two  wives,  each  of  the  name 
of  Fisher.  His  most  distinguished  sou  bore  that 


1  name.  His  son,  Dr.  Nathaniel  Ames,  a  graduate 
of  1761,  died  at  Dedham  in  1822,  aged  82 ;  an 
other  son,  Dr.  Seth  Ames,  a  graduate  of  1764, 
settled  at  Amherst,  N.  II.,  but  removed  to  Ded 
ham,  where  he  died  in  1776.  His  widow,  who 
married  Mr.  Woodward,  died  in  1818,  aged  95. 
Mass.  Hist.  Coll.  N.  S.  vn.  154;  Hist.  Coll.  N. 
H.  n.  79. 

AMES,  FISHER,  LL.  D.,  a  distinguished  states 
man  and  eloquent  orator,  was  the  son  of  the  pre 
ceding,  and  Avas  born  at  Dedham  April  9,  1758. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1774, 
I  and  after  a  few  years  commenced  the  study  of  the 
I  law  in  Boston.  lie  began  the  practice  of  his  pro 
fession  in  his  native  village  ;  but  his  expansive  mind 
could  not  be  confined  to  the  investigation  of  the 
law.  Rising  into  life  about  the  period  of  the 
American  Revolution,  and  taking  a  most  affection 
ate  interest  in  the  concerns  of  his  country,  he  felt 
himself  strongly  attracted  to  politics.  His  re 
searches  into  the  sciences  of  government  were 
extensive  and  profound,  and  he  began  to  be  known 
by  political  discussions,  published  in  the  newspa 
pers.  A  theatre  soon  presented  for  the  display 
of  his  extraordinary  talents.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  convention  of  his  native  state, 
which  considered  and  ratified  the  federal  consti 
tution  ;  and  his  speeches  in  this  convention  were 
indications  of  his  future  eminence.  The  splendor 
of  his  talents  burst  forth  at  once  upon  his  coun 
try. 

When  the  general  government  of  the  United 
States  commenced  its  operations  in  1789,  he  ap 
peared  in  the  national  legislature  as  the  first  rep 
resentative  of  his  district,  and  for  eight  successive 
years  he  took  a  distinguished  part  in  the  national 
councils.  He  was  a  principal  speaker  in  the  de 
bates  on  every  important  question.  Towards  the 
close  of  this  period  his  health  began  to  fail,  but 
his  indisposition  could  not  prevent  him  from  en 
gaging  in  the  discussion  relating  to  the  appropri 
ations  necessary  for  carrying  into  effect  the  British 
treaty.  Such  was  the  effect  of  his  speech  of 
April  28,  1796,  that  one  of  the  members  of  the 
legislature,  who  was  opposed  to  Mr.  Ames,  rose 
and  objected  to  taking  a  vote  at  that  time,  as  they 
had  been  carried  away  by  the  impulse  of  oratory. 
After  his  return  to  his  family,  frail  in  health  and 
fond  of  retirement,  he  remained  a  private  citizen. 
For  a  few  years  however  he  was  persuaded  to  be 
come  a  member  of  the  council.  But,  though  he 
continued  chiefly  in  retirement,  he  operated  far 
around  him  by  his  writings  in  the  public  papers. 
A  few  years  before  his  death  he  was  chosen  pres 
ident  of  Harvard  college,  but  the  infirm  state  of 
his  health  induced  him  to  decline  the  appoint 
ment.  He  died  on  the  morning  of  July  4,  1808. 
His  wife,  Frances  Worthington,  was  the  daughter 
of  John  Worthington,  of  Springfield.  He  left 
seven  children ;  his  only  daughter  died  in  1829. 


32 


AMES. 


Mr.  Ames  possessed  a  mind  of  a  great  and  ex 
traordinary  character.  He  reasoned,  but  he  did 
not  reason  in  the  form  of  logic.  By  striking  allu 
sions,  more  than  by  regular  deductions,  he  com 
pelled  assent.  The  richness  of  his  fancy,  the 
fertility  of  his  invention,  and  the  abundance  of 
his  thoughts  were  as  remarkable  as  the  justness 
and  strength  of  his  understanding.  His  political 
character  may  be  known  from  his  writings,  and 
speeches,  and  measures.  He  was  not  only  a  man 
of  distinguished  talents,  whose  public  career  was 
splendid,  but  he  was  amiable  in  private  life  and 
endeared  to  his  acquaintance.  To  a  few  friends 
he  unveiled  himself  without  reserve.  They  found 
him  modest  and  unassuming,  untainted  with  am 
bition,  simple  in  manners,  correct  in  morals,  and 
a  model  of  every  social  and  personal  virtue.  The 
charms  of  his  conversation  were  unequalled. 

He  entertained  a  firm  belief  in  Christianity,  and 
his  belief  was  founded  upon  a  thorough  investi 
gation  of  the  subject.  He  read  most  of  the  best 
writings  in  defence  of  the  Christian  religion,  but 
he  was  satisfied  by  a  view  rather  of  its  internal 
than  its  external  evidences.  He  thought  it  im 
possible,  that  any  man  of  a  fair  mind  could  read 
the  Old  Testament  and  meditate  on  its  contents 
without  a  conviction  of  its  truth  and  inspiration. 
The  sublime  and  correct  ideas,  which  the  Jewish 
scriptures  convey  of  God,  connected  with  the  fact 
that  all  other  nations,  many  of  whom  were  supe 
rior  to  the  Jews  in  civilization  and  general  im 
provement,  remained  in  darkness  and  error  on 
this  great  subject,  formed  in  his  new  a  conclusive 
argument.  After  reading  the  book  of  Deuter 
onomy  he  expressed  his  astonishment,  that  any 
man  versed  in  antiquities  could  have  the  hardi 
hood  to  say,  that  it  was  the  production  of  human 
ingenuity.  Marks  of  Divinity,  he  said,  were 
stamped  upon  it.  His  views  of  the  doctrines  of 
religion  were  generally  Calvinistic.  An  enemy 
to  the  metaphysical  and  controversial  theology, 
he  disliked  the  use  of  technical  and  sectarian 
phrases.  The  term  trinity  however  he  frequently 
used  with  reverence,  and  in  a  manner,  which  im 
plied  his  belief  of  the  doctrine.  His  persuasion 
of  the  divinity  of  Christ  he  often  declared,  and 
his  belief  of  this  truth  seems  to  have  resulted 
from  a  particular  investigation  of  the  subject,  for 
he  remarked  to  a  friend,  that  he  once  read  the 
evangelists  with  the  sole  purpose  of  learning  what 
Christ  had  said  of  himself. 

He  was  an  admirer  of  the  common  translation 
of  the  Bible.  He  said  it  was  a  specimen  of  pure 
English;  and  though  he  acknowledged,  that  a 
few  phrases  had  grown  obsolete,  and  that  a  few 
passages  might  be  obscurely  translated,  yet  he 
should  consider  the  adoption  of  any  new  translation 
as  an  incalculable  evil.  He  lamented  the  prevail 
ing  disuse  of  the  Bible  in  our  schools.  lie  thought, 
that  children  should  early  be  made  acquainted 


AMES. 

with  the  important  truths,  which  it  contains,  and 
he  considered  it  as  a  principal  instrument  of  mak 
ing  them  acquainted  with  their  own  language  in 
its  purity.  He  said,  "  I  will  hazard  the  assertion, 
that  no  man  ever  did  or  ever  will  become  truly 
eloquent,  without  being  a  constant  reader  of  the 
Bible,  and  an  admirer  of  the  purity  and  sublim 
ity  of  its  language."  He  recommended  the  teach 
ing  of  the  Assembly's  Catechism ;  not  perhaps 
because  he  was  perfectly  satisfied  with  every  ex 
pression,  but  because,  as  he  remarked,  it  was  a 
good  thing  on  the  whole,  because  it  had  become 
venerable  by  age,  because  our  pious  ancestors 
taught  it  to  their  children  with  happy  effect,  and 
because  he  was  opposed  to  innovation,  unwilling 
to  leave  an  old,  experienced  path  for  one  new 
and  uncertain.  On  the  same  ground  he  approved 
the  use  of  Watts'  version  of  the  Psalms  and 
Hymns.  No  uninspired  man,  in  his  judgment, 
had  succeeded  so  well  as  Watts  in  uniting  with  the 
sentiments  of  piety  the  embellishments  of  poetry. 

Mr.  Ames  made  a  public  profession  of  religion 
in  the  first  congregational  church  in  Dedham. 
With  this  church  he  regularly  communed,  till  pre 
cluded  by  indisposition  from  attending  public 
worship.  His  practice  corresponded  with  his 
profession.  His  life  was  regular  and  irreproacha 
ble.  Pew,  who  have  been  placed  in  similar  cir 
cumstances,  have  been  less  contaminated  by  inter 
course  with  the  world.  It  is  doubted,  whether 
any  one  ever  heard  him  utter  an  expression  cal 
culated  to  excite  an  impious  or  impure  idea.  The 
most  scrutinizing  eye  discovered  in  him  no  dis 
guise  or  hypocrisy.  His  views  of  himself  however 
were  humble  and  abased.  He  was  often  observed 
to  shed  tears,  while  speaking  of  his  closet  devo 
tions  and  experiences.  He  lamented  the  cold 
ness  of  his  heart  and  the  wanderings  of  his 
thoughts  while  addressing  his  Maker,  or  medi 
tating  on  the  precious  truths,  which  he  had  re 
vealed.  In  his  last  sickness,  when  near  his  end, 
and  when  he  had  just  expressed  his  belief  of  his 
approaching  dissolution,  he  exhibited  submission 
to  the  Divine  will  and  the  hope  of  the  Divine  fa 
vor.  "  I  have  peace  of  mind,"  said  he.  "  It  may 
arise  from  stupidity ;  but  I  think  it  is  founded  on 
a  belief  of  the  Gospel."  At  the  same  time  he 
disclaimed  every  idea  of  meriting  salvation.  "  My 
hope,"  said  he,  "  is  in  the  mercy  of  God,  through 
Jesus  Christ." 

Mr.  Ames'  speech  in  relation  to  the  British 
treaty,  which  was  delivered  April  28,  179G,  is  a 
fine  specimen  of  eloquence.  He  published  an 
oration  on  the  death  of  Washington  in  1800,  and 
he  wrote  much  for  the  newspapers.  His  political 
writings  Avere  published  in  1809,  in  one  volume, 
8vo.,  with  a  notice  of  his  life  and  character  by- 
President  Kirkland.  —  Panoplist,  July,  1800; 
Dexter's  Funeral  Eulogy;  Marshall's  Washing 
ton,  v.  203 ;  Ames1  Works. 


AMES. 


ANDERSON. 


33 


AMES,  NATHANIEL,  son  of  Fisher  Ames,  died 
Jan.  18,  1835;  author  of  mariner's  sketches; 
nautical  reminiscences ;  and  old  sailors'  yarns. 

AMES,  N.  P.,  died  at  Cabotville  April  23, 
1847,  aged  44 ;  a  large  manufacturer  of  firearms, 
and  a  man  of  sound  judgment  and  practical  skill. 

AMHERST,  JEFFREY,  lord,  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  British  army  at  the  conquest  of  Canada 
in  1760,  was  born  in  Kent,  England,  Jan.  29, 
1717.  Having  early  discovered  a  predilection  for 
the  military  life,  he  received  his  first  commission 
in  the  army  in  1731,  and  was  aid-de-camp  to 
Gen.  Ligonier  in  1741,  in  which  character  he  was 
present  at  the  battles  of  Dettingen,  Fontenoy, 
and  Rocoux.  He  was  afterward  aid-de-camp  to 
his  royal  highness,  the  duke  of  Cumberland,  at 
the  battle  of  Laffeldt.  In  1758  he  received  orders 
to  return  to  England,  being  appointed  for  the 
American  service.  He  sailed  from  Portsmouth 
March  16th  as  major-general,  having  the  command 
of  the  troops  destined  for  the  siege  of  Louisbourg, 
On  the  26th  of  July  following  he  captured  that 
place,  and  without  farther  difficulty  took  entire 
possession  of  the  island  of  Cape  Breton.  After 
this  event  he  succeeded  Abercrombie  in  the  com 
mand  of  the  army  in  North  America.  In  1759 
the  vast  design  of  the  entire  conquest  of  Canada 
was  formed.  Three  armies  were  to  attack  at 
nearly  the  same  time  all  the  strongholds  of  the 
French  in  that  country.  They  were  commanded 
by  Wolfe,  Amherst,  and  Prideaux.  Gen.  Am- 
herst  in  the  spring  transferred  his  head-quarters 
from  New  York  to  Albany ;  but  it  was  not  till 
the  22d  of  July,  that  h<5  reached  Ticonderoga, 
against  which  place  he  was  to  act.  On  the  27th 
this  place  fell  into  his  hands,  the  enemy  having 
deserted  it.  He  next  took  Crown  Point,  and  put 
his  troops  in  winter  quarters  about  the  last  of  Oc 
tober.  In  the  year  1760  he  advanced  against 
Canada,  embarking  on  lake  Ontario  and  proceed 
ing  down  the  St.  Lawrence.  On  the  8th  of  Sep 
tember  M.  de  Vaudreuil  capitulated,  surrendering 
Montreal  and  all  other  places  within  the  govern 
ment  of  Canada. 

He  continued  in  the  command  in  America  till 
the  latter  end  of  1763,  when  he  returned  to  Eng 
land.  The  author  of  the  letters  of  Junius  was 
his  friend,  and  in  Sept.,  1768,  wrote  in  his  favor. 
In  1771  he  was  made  governor  of  Guernsey,  and 
in  1776  he  was  created  Baron  Amherst  of  Holms- 
dale  in  the  county  of  Kent.  In  1778  he  com 
manded  the  army  in  England.  At  this  period 
Lord  Sackville,  to  whom  the  letters  of  Junius 
have  been  ascribed,  was  one  of  the  king's  minis 
ters  ;  and  he  had  been  intimate  with  Amherst 
from  early  life.  In  1782  he  received  the  gold 
stick  from  the  king ;  but  on  the  change  of  the 
administration  the  command  of  the  army  and  the 
lieutenant-generalship  of  the  ordnance  were  put 
into  other  hands.  In  1787  he  received  another 


patent  of  peerage,  as  Baron  Amherst  of  Mont 
real.  In  January,  1793,  he  was  again  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  army  in  Great  Britain  ; 
but  in  1795  this  veteran  and  very  deserving  offi 
cer  was  superseded  by  his  royal  highness,  the 
Duke  of  York,  the  second  son  of  the  king,  who 
was  only  in  the  thirty-first  year  of  his  age,  and 
had  never  seen  any  actual  service.  The  govern 
ment  upon  this  occasion,  with  a  view  to  soothe  the 
feelings  of  the  old  general,  offered  him  an  earldom 
and  the  rank  of  field  marshal,  both  of  which  he 
at  that  time  rejected.  The  office  of  field  marshal 
however  he  accepted  in  July,  1796.  He  died 
without  children  at  his  seat  in  Kent  August  3, 
1797,  aged  eighty  years. —  Watkins;  Holmes' 
Annals,  II.  226-246,  498;  Marshall,  I.  442-470; 
Minot,  II.  36. 

AMY,  a  slave,  died  at  Charleston  in  1826,  said 
to  be  aged  140,  and  that  she  came  to  C.  when 
there  were  but  six  small  buildings  there. 

ANDERSON,  RUFUS,  minister  of  Wenhnm, 
Mass.,  was  born  in  Londonderry  Mai'ch  5,  1765, 
and  graduated  at  Dartmouth  college  in  1791.  In 
consequence  of  a  religious  education  his  mind  was 
early  imbued  with  the  truths  of  the  gospel.  He 
was  ordained  pastor  of  the  second  church  in 
North  Yarmouth  Oct.  22,  1794.  After  a  ministry 
of  ten  years  he  was  dismissed,  and  installed  July 
10,  1805,  at  Wenham,  where  he  died  Feb.,  1814. 
Dr.  Worcester  has  described  his  excellent  charac 
ter,  and  spoken  of  his  useful  labors  and  peaceful 
death.  He  published  two  discourses  on  the  fast, 
1802;  and  seven  letters  against  the  close  com 
munion  of  the  Baptists,  1805.  —  Worcester's  Fu 
neral  Sermon ;  Panoplist,  x.  307. 

ANDERSON,  JAMES,  the  first  Presbyterian 
minister  in  the  city  of  New  York,  began  his 
labors  in  Oct.,  1717.  He  was  born  in  Scotland  in 
1678;  came  to  Philadelphia  in  1710,  and  became 
the  pastor  of  Newcastle.  His  high  notions  of 
church  authority  occasioned  a  division  of  his 
church  in  N.  Y.  To  the  seceders  Jonathan 
Edwards  was  the  preacher  for  some  months.  Mr. 
A.  accepted  in  1727  a  call  to  Donegal,  in  Penn., 
and  was  succeeded  in  N.  Y.  by  Mr.  Pemberton. 

ANDERSON,  JAMKS,  M.  D.",  an  eminent  phy 
sician  of  Maryland,  died  at  his  seat  near  Chestcr- 
town  Dec.  8,  1820,  in  the  69th  year  of  his  age. 
He  studied  at  Philadelphia  and  at  Edinburgh. 
His  father  was  a  physician  from  Scotland.  Dr. 
Anderson  was  learned  and  skilful,  and  highly 
respected  in  all  the  relations  of  life.  As  a  Chris 
tian  he  was  distinguished,  —  in  his  peculiar  views 
being  a  disciple  of  AVcsley.  With  exemplary 
patience  and  meekness  he  submitted  to  painful 
illness,  and  died  in  peace.  —  T/tacher's  Msd. 
Biography. 

ANDERSON,  RICHARD,  minister  of  the  United 
States  to  Colombia,  was  a  native  of  Kentucky,  and 
for  some  years  a  member  of  Congress.  Being 


34 


ANDRE. 


appointed  envoy  extraordinary  to  the  assembly 
of  American  nations  at  Panama,  while  on  his  way 
to  that  place  he  died  at  Carthagena  July  24,  1826. 
On  his  former  visit  to  Colombia  he  lost  his  excel 
lent  -wife.  His  father,  Richard  C.  Anderson,  died 
Nov.  6.  —  Mr.  Anderson  was  a  very  amiable  man, 
of  a  discriminating  mind,  and  very  discreet  and 
conciliatory  as  a  politician. 

ANDERSON,  JOHN  WALLACE,  M.  D.,  physi 
cian  to  the  colony  in  Liberia,  was  the  son  of  Col. 
Richard  Anderson,  and  born  in  Ilagerstown,  Mary 
land,  in  1802.  His  medical  education  was  at 
Philadelphia,  where  he  took  his  degree  in  1828, 
and  afterwards  settled  as  a  physician  at  Hagers- 
town.  Here,  at  his  home,  amidst  all  the  happi 
ness  of  the  family  circle  and  of  religious  institu 
tions,  he  formed  the  purpose  of  devoting  his  life 
to  the  colonists  of  Liberia.  He  hoped  to  benefit 
them  by  his  medical  skill,  and  was  particularly 
anxious  to  promote  the  cause  of  temperance  in 
Africa.  He  sailed  Jan.  17,  1830,  and  arrived  at 
the  colony  Feb.  17.  Dr.  Mechlin,  the  agent,  now 
returning,  the  affairs  of  the  colony  were  commit 
ted  to  Dr.  Anderson ;  but  he  died  of  the  African 
fever  April  12,  aged  27  years.  In  his  illness  he 
was  resigned  and  joyful  in  the  hope  of  salvation. 
He  requested,  that  the  following  sentence  might 
be  inscribed  on  his  tombstone  :  —  "  Jesus,  for  thee 
I  live,  for  thee  I  die !  "  —  Afric.  Repos.  vi.  189— 
191. 

ANDRE,  JOHN,  aid-dc-camp  to  Sir  Henry 
Clinton,  and  adjutant-general  of  the  British  army 
in  the  Revolutionary  war,  was  born  in  England  in 
1749.  His  father  was  a  native  of  Geneva,  and  a 
considerable  merchantman  the  Levant  trade ;  he 
died  in  1769.  Young  Andre  was  destined  to 
mercantile  business,  and  attended  his  father's 
counting-house,  after  having  spent  some  years 
for  his  education  at  Geneva.  He  first  entered 
the  army  in  Jan.,  1771.  At  this  time  he  had  a 
strong  attachment  to  Honoria  Sneyd,  who  after 
wards  married  Mr.  Edgcworth.  In  1772  he  vis 
ited  the  courts  of  Germany,  and  returned  to 
England  in  1773.  He  landed  at  Philadelphia  in 
Sept.,  1774,  as  lieutenant  of  the  Royal  English 
Fusileers ;  and  soon  proceeded,  by  way  of  Boston, 
to  Canada,  to  join  his  regiment.  In  1775  he  was 
taken  prisoner  by  Montgomery  at  St.  John's ; 
but  was  afterwards  exchanged,  and  appointed 
captain.  In  the  summer  of  1777  he  was  ap 
pointed  aid  to  Gen.  Grey  and  was  present  at  the 
engagements  in  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  in 
1777  and  1778.  On  the  return  of  Gen.  Grey,  he 
was  appointed  aid  to  Gen.  Clinton.  In  1780  he 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  major,  and  made 
adjutant-general  of  the  British  army. 

After  Arnold  had  intimated  to  the  British  in 
1780  his  intention  of  delivering  up  West  Point  to 
them,  Maj.  Andre  was  selected  as  the  person,  to 
whom  the  maturing  of  Arnold's  treason  and  the 


ANDRE. 

arrangements  for  its  execution  should  be  commit 
ted.  A  correspondence  was  for  some  time  car 
ried  on  betAvecn  them  under  a  mercantile  disguise 
and  the  feigned  names  of  Gustavus  and  Ander 
son  ;  and  at  length  to  facilitate  their  communica 
tions  the  Vulture  sloop-of-war  moved  up  the  North 
river  and  took  a  station  convenient  for  the  pur 
pose,  but  not  so  near  as  to  excite  suspicion.  An 
interview  was  agreed  on,  and  in  the  night  of  Sep 
tember  21,  1780,  he  was  taken  in  a  boat,  which 
was  dispatched  for  the  purpose,  and  carried  to 
the  beach,  without  the  posts  of  both  armies,  under 
a  pass  for  John  Anderson.  He  met  Gen.  Arnold 
at  the  house  of  a  Mr.  Smith.  While  the  confer 
ence  was  yet  unfinished,  daylight  approached ; 
and  to  avoid  the  danger  of  discovery  it  was  pro 
posed,  that  he  should  remain  concealed  till  the 
succeeding  night.  He  is  understood  to  have  re 
fused  to  be  carried  within  the  American  posts,  but 
the  promise  made  him  by  Arnold  to  respect  this 
objection  was  not  observed.  He  was  carried 
I  within  them  contrary  to  his  wishes  and  against 
|  his  knowledge.  He  continued  with  Arnold  the 
1  succeeding  day,  and  when  on  the  following  night 
he  proposed  to  return  to  the  Vulture,  the  boat 
man  refused  to  carry  him,  because  she  had  dur 
ing  the  day  shifted  her  station,  in  consequence  of 
a  gun  having  been  moved  to  the  shore  and 
brought  to  bear  upon  her.  This  embarrassing 
circumstance  reduced  him  to  the  necessity  of  en 
deavoring  to  reach  New  York  by  land.  Yielding 
with  reluctance  to  the  urgent  representations  of 
Arnold,  he  laid  aside  his  regimentals,  Avhich  he 
had  hitherto  worn  under  a  surtout,  and  put  on  a 
plain  suit  of  clothes ;  and  receiving  a  pass  from 
the  American  general,  authorizing  him,  under  the 
feigned  name  of  John  Anderson,  to  proceed  on 
the  public  service  to  the  White  Plains,  or  lower  if 
he  thought  proper,  he  set  out  on  his  return  in  the 
evening  of  the  22d,  accompanied  by  Joshua 
Smith,  and  passed  the  night  at  Crompond.  The 
next  morning  he  crossed  the  Hudson  to  King's 
ferry  on  the  east  side.  A  little  beyond  the  Cro- 
ton,  Smith,  deeming  him  safe,  bid  him  adieu.  He 
had  passed  all  the  guards  and  posts  on  the  road 
without  suspicion,  and  was  proceeding  to  New 
York  in  perfect  security,  when,  September  23d, 
one  of  the  three  militia-men,  who  were  employed 
with  others  in  scouting  parties  between  the  lines 
of  the  two  armies,  springing  suddenly  from  his 
covert  into  the  road,  seized  the  reins  of  his  bridle 
and  stopped  his  horse.  Instead  of  producing  his 
pass,  Andre,  with  a  want  of  self-possession,  which 
can  be  attributed  only  to  a  kind  Providence, 
asked  the  man  hastily  where  he  belonged,  and 
being  answered,  "  to  below,"  replied  immediately, 
"  and  so  do  I."  He  then  declared  himself  to  be 
a  British  officer,  on  urgent  business,  and  begged 
that  he  might  not  be  detained.  The  other  two 
militia  men  coming  up  at  this  moment,  he  discov- 


ANDRE. 


ANDRE. 


35 


ered  his  mistake ;  but  it  was  too  late  to  repair  it. 
He  offered  them  his  purse  and  a  valuable  watch, 
to  winch  he  added  the  most  tempting  promises 
of  ample  reward  and  permanent  provision  from 
the  government,  if  they  would  permit  him  to 
escape  ;  but  his  offers  were  rejected  without  hesi 
tation. 

The  militia-men,  whose  names  were  John  Paul- 
ding,  ]  )avid  Williams,  and  Isaac  Van  Wart,  pro 
ceeded  to  search  him.  They  found  concealed  in 
his  boots  exact  returns,  in  Arnold's  handwriting, 
of  the  state  of  the  forces,  ordnance,  and  defences 
at  West  Point  and  its  dependencies,  critical  re 
marks  on  the  works,  and  an  estimate  of  the  men 
ordinarily  employed  in  them,  with  other  interest 
ing  papers.  Andre  was  carried  before  Lieut.-Col. 
Jameson,  the  officer  commanding  the  scouting 
parties  on  the  lines,  and  regardless  of  himself  and 
only  anxious  for  the  safety  of  Arnold,  he  still 
maintained  the  character,  which  he  had  assumed, 
and  requested  Jameson  to  inform  his  commanding 
officer,  that  Anderson  was  taken.  A  letter  was 
accordingly  sent  to  Arnold,  and  the  traitor,  thus 
becoming  acquainted  with  his  danger,  escaped. 
The  narrative  of  the  bearer  of  this  letter,  Salomon 
Allen,  is  given  in  the  sketch  of  his  life :  it  differs 
in  several  respects  from  the  account  of  the  affair 
in  the  Encyclopaedia  Americana,  and  throws  light 
upon  circumstances,  which  have  been  heretofore 
obscure. 

A  board  of  general  officers,  of  which  Maj. 
Gen.  Greene  was  president,  and  the  two  foreign 
generals,  Lafayette  and  Steuben,  were  members, 
was  called  to  report  a  precise  state  of  the  case  of 
Andre,  who  had  acknowledged  himself  Adjutant- 
General  of  the  British  army,  and  to  determine  in 
what  character  he  was  to  be  considered,  and  to 
what  punishment  he  was  liable.  He  received 
from  the  board  every  mark  of  indulgent  atten 
tion  ;  and  from  a  sense  of  justice,  as  well  as  of 
delicacy,  he  was  informed  on  the  first  opening  of 
the  examination,  that  he  was  at  perfect  liberty 
not  to  answer  any  interrogatory,  which  might  em 
barrass  his  own  feelings.  But  he  disdained  every 
evasion,  and  frankly  acknowledged  every  thing, 
which  was  material  to  his  condemnation.  The 
board,  which  met  Sept.  29th,  did  not  examine  a 
single  witness,  but,  founding  their  report  entirely 
upon  his  own  confession,  reported  that  he  came 
within  the  description  of  a  spy  and  ought  to  suf 
fer  death.  The  execution  of  this  sentence  was 
ordered  on  the  day  succeeding  that  on  which  it 
was  rendered. 

The  greatest  exertions  were  made  by  Sir  Henry 
Clinton,  to  whom  Andre  was  particularly  dear,  to 
rescue  him  from  his  fate.  It  was  first  represented, 
that  he  came  on  shore  under  the  sanction  of  a 
flag;  but  Washington  returned  an  answer  to 
Clinton,  in  which  he  stated,  that  Andre  had  him 
self  disclaimed  the  pretext.  An  interview  was 


next  proposed  between  Lieut.-Gen.  Robertson 
and  Gen.  Greene ;  but  no  facts,  which  had  not 
before  been  considered,  Avere  made  known.  When 
every  other  exertion  failed,  a  letter  from  Arnold, 
filled  with  threats,  was  presented. 

Andre  was  deeply  affected  by  the  mode  of 
dying,  which  the  laws  of  war  had  decreed  to  per 
sons  in  his  situation.  He  wished  to  die  as  a  sol 
dier,  and  not  as  a  criminal.  To  obtain  a  mitigation 
of  his  sentence  in  this  respect  he  addressed  a  let 
ter  to  Gen.  Washington,  replete  with  all  the  feel 
ings  of  a  man  of  sentiment  and  honor.  The 
commander-in-chief  consulted  his  officers  on  the 
subject ;  but  as  Andre  unquestionably  came  under 
the  description  of  a  spy,  it  was  thought,  that  the 
public  good  required  his  punishment  to  be  in  the 
usual  way.  The  decision,  however,  from  tender 
ness  to  Andre,  was  not  divulged.  He  encoun 
tered  his  fate,  Oct.  2d,  at  Tappan,  with  a  compo 
sure  and  fortitude,  which  excited  the  admiration 
and  interested  the  feelings  of  all  who  were  pres 
ent.  He  exhibited  some  emotion,  when  he  first 
beheld  the  preparations  at  the  fatal  spot,  and  in 
quired,  "  must  I  die  in  this  manner  ?  "  He  soon 
afterwards  added,  "  it  will  be  but  a  momentary 
pang  ; "  and  being  asked,  if  he  had  any  request 
to  make  before  he  left  the  world,  he  answered, 
"  none  but  that  you  will  witness  to  the  world,  that 
I  die  like  a  brave  man."  While  one  weeps  at  the 
ignominious  death  of  a  man  so  much  esteemed 
and  beloved,  it  would  have  given  some  relief  to 
the  pained  mind,  if  he  had  died  more  like  a 
Christian  and  less  like  a  soldier.  The  sympathy, 
excited  among  the  American  officers  by  his  fate, 
was  as  universal,  as  it  is  unusual  on  such  occa 
sions  ;  and  proclaims  the  merit  of  him,  who  suf 
fered,  and  the  humanity  of  those,  who  inflicted 
the  punishment.  In  1821  the  bones  of  Andre 
were  dug  up  and  carried  to  his  native  land  by 
royal  mandate.  Major  Andre  wrote  the  Cow 
Chase,  in  three  cantos,  1781.  This  poem  was 
originally  published  in  Rivington's  Royal  Gazette, 
New  York,  in  the  morning  of  the  day,  on  which 
Andre  was  taken  prisoner.  The  last  stanza,  in 
tended  to  ridicule  Gen.  Wayne  for  his  failure  in 
an  attempt  to  collect  cattle  for  the  army,  is  this  : 

"  And  now  I've  closed  my  epic  strain, 
I  tremble,  as  I  show  it, 
Lest  this  same  Warrior-Drover,  Wayne, 
Should  ever  catch  the  Poet  '.  " 

He  wrote  also  letters  to  Miss  Seward,  New 
York,  1772.  Miss  Seward  wrote  a  monody  on 
Andre,  in  which  she  predicted,  that  Washington 
would  die  miserably  for  executing  the  spy.  — 
Annual  Register  for  1781,  39-46  ;  Marshall,  iv. 
277-286;  Gordon,  m.  481-490;  Stedman,  n. 
249-2,33  ;  Ramsay,  II.  196-201 ;  Political  May. 
II.  171 ;  Amer.  fiememb.  1781, 1.,  p.  101 ;  Smit/Vs 
Narrative ;  Thacher's  Military  Journal. 


3G 


ANDREWS. 


ANDROS. 


ANDREW,  SAMUEL,  the  second  rector  of 
Yale  college,  was  the  son  of  Samuel  Andrew,  of 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  born  1656,  graduated  1675, 
and  ordained  the  minister  of  Milford,  Conn., 
Nov.  18,  1685.  Being  appointed,  after  the  death 
of  Mr.  Pierson,  temporary  rector  of  the  college  in 
1707,  he  officiated  till  1719,  occasionally  repair 
ing  to  the  college  at  Saybrook  and  New  Haven, 
but  residing  at  Milford.  He  died  Jan.  24,  1738, 
aged  82,  leaving  an  excellent  reputation.  His 
predecessors  in  the  ministry  were  Prudden  and 
Newton  ;  Whittlesey  succeeded  him. 

ANDREWS,  ROBERT,  professor  of  mathematics 
in  William  and  Mary  college,  Virginia,  died  in 
Jan.,  1804,  at  Williamsburg.  In  1779  he  was  a 
commissioner  with  Dr.  Madison  to  settle  the 
boundary  line  with  Pennsylvania,  —  Bryan,  Ewing, 
and  Rittenhouse  being  the  commissioners  of  Penn. 
The  talents  of  Mr.  Andrews  were  actively  em 
ployed  and  regulated  by  reason  and  religion. 
His  wife  and  children  were  taught  by  him  those 
divine  principles,  which  bear  the  afflicted  above 
the  evils  of  life. 

ANDREWS,  JOHN,  D.  ]).,  provost  of  the 
university  of  Penn.,  was  born  in  Cecil  county, 
Md.,  April  4,  1746,  and  educated  at  Philadelphia. 
After  receiving  Episcopal  ordination  in  London 
Feb.,  1767,  he  was  three  years  a  missionary  at 
Lewiston,  Md.,  and  then  a  missionary  at  York- 
town,  and  a  rector  in  Queen  Ann's  county,  Md. 
Not  partaking  of  the  patriotic  spirit  of  the  times, 
he  was  induced  to  quit  Maryland  for  many  years. 
In  1785  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  Episco 
pal  academy  in  Philadelphia,  and  in  1789  ap 
pointed  professor  of  moral  philosophy  in  the 
college.  In  1810  he  succeeded  Dr.  M'Dowell  as 
provost.  He  died  March  29,  1813,  aged  67.  As 
a  scholar  he  was  very  distinguished.  He  published 
a  sermon  on  the  parable  of  the  unjust  steward, 
1789;  and  elements  of  logic. 

ANDREWS,  LORING,  a  distinguished  editor, 
died  at  Charleston  Oct.  19,  1805.  He  was  the 
brother  of  Rev.  John  Andrews,  of  Newburyport. 
He  first  published,  in  Boston,  the  Herald  of 
Freedom ;  then,  at  Stockbridge,  the  Western  Star ; 
and  in  1803  he  established  the  Charleston  Courier, 
a  political  paper  of  high  reputation. 

ANDREWS,  JOIIN,  D.  D.,  died  in  Newbury 
port  in  Aug.,  1845,  aged  81.  A  graduate  of  1786, 
he  was  settled  as  a  colleague  with  Mr.  Cary  in 
1788.  He  published  a  thanksgiving  sermon, 
1795;  at  a  dedication,  1801 ;  on  the  death  of  T. 
Cary,  1808;  before  a  humane  society,  1812. 

ANDREWS,  PARNELLY,  wife  of  Dr.  S.  L. 
Andrews,  missionary  at  the  Sandwich  Islands, 
died  at  Kailua  Sept.  29,  1846,  aged  39.  Her 
name  was  Pierce,  of  Woodbury,  Conn.  She  em 
barked  in  1836. 

ANDREWS,  JOANNA,  Mrs.,  died  at  Gloucester 
Jan.  20,  1847,  aged  102. 


ANDREWS,  EBENEZER  T.,  an  extensive  printer, 
died  in  Boston  Oct.  9,  1851,  aged  84.  He  was 
of  the  firm  of  Thomas  &  Andrews. 

ANDREWS,  ASA,  the  survivor  of  all  the  pre 
ceding  graduates  of  Harvard,  died  at  Ipswich 
Jan.  13, 1856,  aged  93.  He  was  born  in  Boylston ; 
his  mother,  whose  name  was  Bradstreet,  was  a 
descendant  of  Gov.  B.  He  graduated  in  1783, 
and  studied  law  with  C.  Strong,  Northampton. 
From  1796  to  1829  he  was  collector  of  the  port 
of  Ipswich.  He  was  a  man  of  ability,  highly 
respected. 

ANDROS,  EDMUND,  governor  of  New  England, 
had  some  command  in  New  York  in  1672,  and  in 
1674  was  appointed  governor  of  that  province. 
He  continued  in  this  office  till  1682,  exhibiting  in 
this  government  but  little  of  that  tyrannical  dis 
position,  which  he  afterwards  displayed.  He 
arrived  at  Boston  Dec.  20,  1686,  with  a  commis 
sion  from  King  James  for  the  government  of 
New  England.  He  made  high  professions  of 
regard  to  the  public  good,  directed  the  judges  to 
administer  justice  according  to  the  custom  of  the 
place,  ordered  the  established  rules  with  respect 
to  rates  and  taxes  to  be  observed,  and  declared, 
that  all  the  colony  laws,  not  inconsistent  with  his 
commission,  should  remain  in  full  force.  By 
these  professions  he  calmed  the  apprehensions, 
which  had  agitated  the  minds  of  many;  but  it 
was  not  long  before  the  monster  stood  forth  in 
his  proper  shape. 

His  administration  was  most  oppressive  and 
tyrannical.  The  press  was  restrained,  exorbitant 
taxes  were  levied,  and  the  Congregational  minis 
ters  were  threatened  to  be  deprived  of  their  sup 
port  for  nonconformity.  Sir  Edmund,  knowing 
that  his  royal  master  was  making  great  progress 
towards  despotism  in  England,  was  very 
willing  to  keep  equal  pace  in  his  less  important 
government.  It  was  pretended,  that  all  titles  to 
land  were  destroyed;  and  the  farmers  were 
obliged  to  take  new  patents,  for  which  they  paid 
large  fees.  He  prohibited  marriage,  unless  the 
parties  entered  into  bonds  with  sureties  to  be 
forfeited  in  case  there  should  afterwards  appear 
to  have  been  any  lawful  impediment.  There  was 
at  this  time  but  one  Episcopal  clergyman  in  the 
country ;  but  Andros  wrote  to  the  bishop  of  Lon 
don,  intimating,  for  the  encouragement  of  those 
who  might  be  persuaded  to  come  to  this  country, 
that  in  future  no  marriage  should  be  deemed 
lawful,  unless  celebrated  by  ministers  of  the 
church  of  England.  With  four  or  five  of  his 
council  he  laid  what  taxes  he  thought  proper. 
The  fees  of  office  were  raised  to  a  most  exorbitant 
height.  In  Oct.,  1687,  he  went  with  troops  to 
Hartford,  and  demanded  the  surrender  of  the 
charter  of  Connecticut,  which  was  placed  in  the 
evening  upon  the  table  of  the  Assembly,  but 
instantly  the  lights  were  extinguished,  and  the 


ANDROS. 


ANDRUS. 


37 


charter  disappeared,  having  been  carried  off  by 
Capt.  Wadsworth  and  secreted  in  a  hollow  oak, 
near  the  house  of  Samuel  "\Vyllys. 

In  the  spring  of  1688  Andros  proceeded  in  the 
Rose  frigate  to  Penobscot  and  plundered  the 
house  and  fort  of  Castine,  and  thus  by  his  base 
rapacity  excited  an  Indian  war.  In  November  he 
marched  against  the  eastern  Indians  at  the  head 
of  seven  or  eight  hundred  men ;  but  not  an 
Indian  was  seen.  They  had  retired  to  the  woods 
for  hunting.  He  built  two  forts,  one  at  Sheepscot, 
the  other  at  Pegypscot  Falls  or  Brunswick,  and 
left  garrisons  in  them.  If  the  old  name  of 
Amarascoggin,  on  which  river  he  built  Pegypscot 
Fort,  received  at  this  time,  in  honor  of  him,  the 
name  of  Androscoggin,  he  was  not  worthy  of 
such  remembrance.  The  ancient  name  is  to  be 
preferred. 

At  length  the  capricious  and  arbitrary  proceed 
ings  of  Andros  roused  the  determined  spirit  of 
the  people. 

Having  sought  in  the  wilds  of  America  the 
secure  enjoyment  of  that  civil  and  religious 
liberty,  of  which  they  had  been  unjustly  deprived 
in  England,  they  were  not  disposed  to  see  their 
dearest  rights  wrested  from  them  without  a 
struggle  to  retain  them.  Animated  with  the  love 
of  liberty,  they  v/ere  also  resolute  and  courageous 
in  its  defence.  They  had  for  several  years 
suffered  the  impositions  of  a  tyrannical  adminis 
tration,  and  the  dissatisfaction  and  indignation, 
which  had  been  gathering  during  this  period, 
were  blown  into  a  flame  by  the  report  of  an 
intended  massacre  by  the  governor's  guards.  On 
the  morning  of  April  18,  1689,  the  inhabitants  of 
Boston  took  up  arms,  the  people  poured  in  from 
the  country,  and  the  governor,  with  such  of  the 
council  as  had  been  most  active,  and  other 
obnoxious  persons,  about  fifty  in  number,  were 
seized  and  confined.  The  old  magistrates  were 
restored,  and  the  next  month  the  joyful  news  of 
the  Revolution  in  England  reached  this  country, 
and  quieted  all  apprehension  of  the  consequences 
of  what  had  been  done.  After  having  been  kept 
at  the  castle  till  February  following,  Andros  was 
sent  to  England  for  trial.  The  General  Court 
about  the  same  time  despatched  a  committee  of 
several  gentlemen  to  substantiate  the  charges 
against  him. 

The  government  was  reduced  to  a  most  per 
plexing  dilemma.  If  they  condemned  Andros' 
administration,  the  sentence  might  be  drawn  into 
a  precedent,  and  they  might  seem  to  encourage 
insurrection  and  rebellion  in  future  periods,  when 
circumstances  did  not  render  so  desperate  an  ex 
pedient  necessary.  On  the  other  hand,  if  they 
should  approve  of  the  administration  of  Andros 
and  censure  the  proceedings  of  the  colonists,  it 
would  imply  a  reprobation  of  the  very  measure, 
which  had  been  pursued  in  bringing  about  the 


Revolution  in  England.  It  was  therefore  deemed 
prudent  to  dismiss  the  business  without  coming  to 
a  final  decision.  The  people  were  accordingly 
left  to  the  full  enjoyment  of  their  freedom  ;  and 
Andros,  in  public  estimation  guilty,  escaped  with 
out  censure. 

In  1692  he  was  appointed  the  governor  of 
Virginia,  in  which  office  his  conduct  was  for  the 
most  part  prudent  and  unimpeached.  He  was 
succeeded  by  Nicholson  in  1698.  He  died  in 
London  Feb.  24,  1714,  at  a  very  advanced  age. 
His  narrative  of  his  proceedings  in  New  England 
was  published  in  1691,  and  republished  in  1773. 
—  HutcUnson,  Douglass,  II.  247,  272,  369; 
Holmes,  I.  421,  425;  Bdknap,  I.  244;  Eliot; 
Beverly. 

ANDROS,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Berkley,  was 
born  in  Norwich,  Conn.,  May  1,  1759,  the  son  of 
a  merchant.  His  widowed  mother  removed  to 
Plainfield,  where  her  friends  resided.  At  the  age 
of  sixteen  he  joined  the  army  as  a  soldier  at 
Cambridge  in  1775.  Afterwards  he  was  in  the 
battles  of  Long  Island  and  White  Plains,  and 
served  elsewhere.  In  1781  he  enlisted  in  a  private 
armed  vessel  at  New  London ;  but,  captured  in  a 
prize  vessel,  he  was  thrown  into  prison  in  the  old 
Jersey  prison-ship  at  New  York,  in  which,  it  is 
said,  eleven  thousand  died.  In  a  few  months  he, 
by  a  remarkable  Providence,  escaped ;  and  his 
lost  health  was  restored.  Having  studied  theology 
with  Dr.  Benedict  of  Plainfield,  he  was  ordained 
at  Berkley  March  19,  1788,  on  a  salary  of  80 
pounds.  He  was  dismissed  at  his  request  June 
15,  1834,  having  labored  with  his  people  forty- 
six  years.  His  last  sermon  he  preached  October 
5,  1845,  walking  two  miles  to  church,  and  speaking 
with  animation  and  force.  He  died  of  apo 
plexy  Dec.  30,  1845,  aged  86.  His  first  wife 
Avas  Abigail  Cutter,  of  Killingly ;  his  second, 
Sophia  Sanford,  of  Berkley,  in  1799.  His  son, 
R.  S.  S.  Andros,  wrote  an  account  of  him  for 
Emery's  Ministry  of  Taunton. 

He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  J. 
Crane,  1795;  of  Mrs.  Andros,  1798;  at  thanks 
giving,  1808  and  1812;  on  restraining  prayer; 
Bible  news,  &c.,  against  N.  "Worcester's  book, 
1813;  on  human  creeds,  1814;  at  the  ordination 
of  B.  Whittcmore,  1815;  against  philosophical 
mixtures,  1819;  an  essay  against  a  positive 
efficiency  in  the  production  of  sin,  1820 ;  six  dis 
courses  ;  on  the  death  of  S.  Tobey,  1823;  a  ser 
mon  vindicating  the  temperance  society,  1830;  a 
narrative  of  his  imprisonment  and  escape  from 
the  Jersey  prison-ship. 

ANDRUS,  JOSEHI  R.,  agent  of  the  colonization 
society,  was  graduated  at  Middlebury  college  in 
1812,  and  after  studying  theology  at  New  Haven 
and  Andover,  and  also  under  Bishop  Gri.swold  at 
Bristol,  R.  L,  received  Episcopal  ordination.  It 
had  been  for  years  his  purpose  to  devote  himself 


38 


ANGE. 


to  promote  the  welfare  of  the  degraded  and 
oppressed  race  of  Africans.  Being  appointed  the 
agent  of  the  colonization  society,  he  sailed  early 
in  1821,  and  proceeded,  with  his  associate, 
Ephraim  Bacon,  in  April  from  Sierra  Leone  to 
the  Bassa  country  to  negotiate  with  King  Ben  for 
a  place  of  settlement.  It  was  well  for  the  pro 
posed  colony,  that  the  attempt  was  unsuccessful, 
for  a  more  healthful  and  eligible  territory  was 
afterwards  purchased  by  Dr.  Apes  at  Montserado. 
Mr.  Andrus  died  at  Sierra  Leone,  and  \vas 
buried  July  29,  1821.  He  was  the  friend  of 
Carlos  Wilcox,  and  by  him  honored  in  his  lines, 
"The  Group  of  Stars"."— Panoplist,  XVIII. ;  25, 
400 ;  Remains  of  Wilcox,  90. 

ANGE,  FRANCIS,  a  planter  of  Pennsylvania, 
died  in  1767,  aged  134  years.  He  remembered 
the  death  of  Charles  I. ;  at  the  age  of  130  was  in 
good  health ;  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  his 
memory  was  strong,  his  faculties  perfect.  He 
had  lived  on  simple  food.  His  residence  was 
between  Broad  creek  and  the  head  of  Wicomoco 
river.  —  Mem.  of  Historical  Society,  Philad.,  I. 
320. 

ANGIER,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Rehoboth,  died 
in  1719,  aged  about  66.  He  was  a  graduate  of 
1673,  in  a  class  of  four,  of  whom  one  was  John 
"Wise.  He  was  ordained  in  May,  1679,  and  dis 
missed  in  1693 ;  after  which  he  was  the  pastor  of 
Watertown,  yet  living  at  Cambridge,  where  his 
house  was  burnt,  with  the  records  of  Rehoboth. 
His  mother  was  the  daughter  of  the  famous  Win. 
Ames :  his  wife  was  the  only  child  of  President 
Oakes,  and  he  had  by  her  fifteen  children. 

AXGLIX,  HENRY,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution 
ary  army  in  North  Carolina,  died  at  Athens  in 
Georgia  in  1853,  aged  105. 

ANTES,  JOHN,  a  Moravian  missionary,  was 
born  March  4,  1740,  and  sent  from  America  to 
Herrnhut  in  Germany  in  1764.  In  1769  he  pro 
ceeded  to  Cairo  on  a  proposed  mission  to  Abys 
sinia  ;  but  meeting  Mr.  Bruce,  he  was  induced  to 
abandon  the  undertaking.  He  returned  to  Ger 
many  in  1781 ;  and  in  1808  risked  England,  and 
died  at  Bristol  Dec.  17,  1811.  He  published  a 
reply  to  Lord  Valencia,  vindicating  Bruce's  ve 
racity  ;  observations  on  the  manners  of  the  Egyp 
tians  ;  and  wrote  a  memoir  of  his  own  life. 

ANTHONY,  SUSANNA,  an  eminently  pious 
woman  of  Rhode  Island,  was  born  in  1726,  and 
died  at  Newport  June  23,  1791,  aged  64  years. 
Her  parents  were  Quakers.  Dr.  Hopkins  pub 
lished  the  memoirs  of  her  life,  consisting  chiefly 
of  extracts  from  her  writings,  of  which  there  was 
a  second  edition  in  1810.  She  devoted  herself 
chiefly  to  prayer. 

AP'PLETON,  NATHANIEL,  D.  D.,  minister  of 
Cambridge,  was  born  at  Ipswich  Dec.  9,  1693. 
His  father  was  John  Appleton,  one  of  the  king's 
council  and  for  twenty  years  judge  of  probate 


APPLETON. 

!  in  the  county  of  Essex,  and  his  mother  was 
the  eldest  daughter  of  President  Rogers.  He 
•  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1712. 
After  completing  his  education,  an  opportunity 
!  presented  of  entering  into  commercial  business 
|  on  very  advantageous  terms  with  an  uncle  in 
Boston,  who  was  an  opulent  merchant ;  but 
I  he  resolved  to  forego  every  worldly  advantage, 
|  that  he  might  promote  the  interest  of  the 
i  Redeemer's  kingdom.  Soon  after  he  began  to 
!  preach,  he  was  invited  to  succeed  Mr.  Brattle  in 
the  ministry  at  Cambridge,  and  was  ordained 
Oct.  9,  1717.  On  this  occasion  Dr.  Increase 
Mather  preached  the  sermon  and  gave  the  charge, 
and  Dr.  Cotton  Mather  gave  the  right  hand  of 
fellowship.  He  was  the  same  year  elected  a 
fellow  of  Harvard  college,  which  office  he  sus 
tained  above  sixty  years,  faithfully  consulting  and 
essentially  promoting  the  interests  of  the  insti 
tution.  In  1771  the  university  conferred  on  him 
the  degree  of  doctor  of  divinity,  an  honor,  which 
had  been  conferred  upon  but  one  person,  In 
crease  Mather,  about  eighty  years  before.  De 
grees  have  since  become  more  frequent  and  less 
honorable.  The  usefulness  of  Dr.  Appleton  was 
diminished  for  a  few  of  his  last  years  through  the 
infirmities  of  age,  but  did  not  entirely  cease  ex 
cept  with  his  life.  He  received  Mr.  Hilliard  as 
his  colleague  in  1783.  After  a  ministry  of  more 
than  sixty-six  years,  he  died  Feb.  9,  1784,  in  the 
91st  year  of  his  age.  This  country  can  furnish 
few  instances  of  more  useful  talents,  and  more 
exemplary  piety,  exhibited  for  so  long  a  time  and 
with  such  great  success.  During  his  ministry  two 
thousand  one  hundred  and  thirty-eight  persons 
were  baptized,  and  seven  hundred  and  eighty-four 
admitted  members  of  the  church. 

Dr.  Appleton  was  as  venerable  for  his  piety  as 
for  his   years.     His  whole  character  was   patri 
archal.     In  his  dress,  in  his  manners,  in  his  con- 
|  versation,  in  his  ministry  he  resembled  the  Pu 
ritan  ministers,  who  first  settled  New  England. 
!  He  lived  from  the  close  of  one  century  to  near 
j  the  close  of  another,  and  he  brought  down  with 
j  him   the   habits   of  former   times.     His   natural 
temper  was  cheerful,  but  his  habitual  deportment 
was  grave.     Early  consecrated  to  God,  and  hav 
ing  a  fixed  predilection  for  the  ministry,  by  the 
union  of  good  sense  with  deep  seriousness,  of 
enlightened  zeal  with  consummate  prudence,  he 
was  happily  fitted  for  the  pastoral  office. 

He  preached  with  great  plainness  and  with 
primitive  simplicity.  In  order  to  accommodate 
his  discourses  to  the  meanest  capacity,  he  fre 
quently  borrowed  similitudes  from  familiar,  some 
times  from  vulgar  objects  ;  but  his  application  of 
them  was  so  pertinent  and  his  utterance  so  sol 
emn,  as  to  suppress  levity  and  silence  criticism. 
Deeply  sensible  of  the  fallen  state  of  man,  he  ad 
mired  the  wisdom,  holiness,  and  mercy,  which  are 


APPLETOX. 


APPLETOX. 


39 


displayed  in  the  plan  of  redemption  through  a 
glorious  Saviour.  From  the  abundance  of  his 
heart,  filled  with  the  love  of  God,  he  spake  with 
such  fervor,  as  was  fitted  to  inspire  his  hearers 
with  pious  sentiments  and  affections. 

He  possessed  the  learning  of  his  time.     The 
scriptures  he  read  in  the  originals.     His  exposi 
tion,  preached  in  course  on  the   Sabbath,  com- 1 
prchended   the  whole  Xew  Testament,  the  pro 
phecy  of  Isaiah,  and  some  of  the  other  prophets,  j 
It  was    chiefly   designed    to   promote    practical 
piety ;  but  on  the  prophetical  parts  he  discovered 
a  continued   attention,  extent  of  reading,  and  a 
depth  of  research,  which  come  to  the  share  of  j 
but   very  few.     In   his   preaching    he    carefully 
availed   himself  of  special  occurrences,  and   his  i 
discourses  on  such  occasions  were  peculiarly  sol-  j 
emn    and    impressive.     With    the    fidelity   and  j 
plainness  of  a  Christian  minister  he  administered 
reproofs   and  admonitions,  and  maintained  with 
parental   tenderness   and  pastoral    authority   the 
discipline  of  the  church.     By  his  desire  a  com 
mittee  was  appointed,  and  "continued   for  many 
years,  for  inspecting  the  manners  of  professing 
Christians.     So  great  was  the  ascendency,  which 
he  gained  over  his  people  by  his  discretion  and  j 
moderation,  by   his   condescension   and    benevo-  j 
lence,  by  his  fidelity  and  piety,  that  they  regarded 
his  counsels  as  oracular. 

In  controversial  and  difficult  cases  he  was  often 
applied  to  for  advice  at  ecclesiastical  councils. 
Impartial  yet  pacific,  firm  yet  conciliatory,  he  was 
peculiarly  qualified  for  a  counsellor,  and  in  that 
character  he  materially  contributed  to  the  unity, 
flic  peace,  an-1  order  of  the  churches.  With  the 
wisdom  of  the  serpent  he  happily  united  the 
innocence  of  the  dove.  In  his  religious  princi 
ples  he  was  a  Calvinist,  as  were  all  his  predeces 
sors  in  the  ministry,  Hooker,  Stone,  Shqjard, 
Mitchel,  Oakes,  Gookin,  and  Brattle.  But  towards 
those  of  different  principles  he  was  candid  and 
catholic. 

His  own  example  enforced  the  duties,  which  he 
enjoined  upon  others.  He  was  humble,  meek, 
and  benevolent.  He  was  ready  at  all  times  to 
relieve  the  distressed,  and  through  life  he  de 
voted  a  tenth  part  of  lu's  whole  income  to  pious 
and  charitable  uses.  He  was  ever  a  firm  friend 
to  the  civil  and  religious  liberties  of  mankind, 
and  was  happy  in  living  to  see  the  establishment 
of  peace  and  independence  in  his  native  land, 
lie  deserves  honorable  remembrance  for  his  ex 
ertions  to  send  the  gospel  to  the  Indians.  Under 
his  many  heavy  trials  he  was  submissive  and  pa 
tient.  When  his  infirmities  had  in  a  great 
measure  terminated  his  usefulness,  he  expressed 
his  desire  to  depart  and  be  with  Christ.  He  at 
length  calmly  resigned  his  spirit  into  the  hands 
of  its  Redeemer.  His  son,  Xathaniel,  a  mer 
chant  in  Boston,  who  died  in  1798,  wrote,  with 


James  Swan  and  others,  against  the  slave  trade 
and  slavery  from  1766  to  1770. 

His  publications  are  the  following :  the  wisdom 
of  God  in  the  redemption  of  man,  1728 ;  a  ser 
mon  at  the  artillery  election,  1733 ;  on  evan 
gelical  repentance,  1741 ;  discourses  on  llomans 
VIII.  14,  1743;  funeral  sermons  on  the  death  of 
President  Leverett,  1724;  of  Francis  Foxcroft, 
1728;  of  President  Wadsworth,  1737;  of  Han 
cock,  1752;  of  Spencer  Phips,  1757;  of  Henry 
Flynt,  1760;  of  Dr.  Wigglesworth,  1765;  of 
President  Holyoke,  1769;  sermons  at  the  or 
dination  of  Josiah  Cotton,  1728 ;  of  John  Ser 
geant,  1735 ;  of  John  Sparhawk,  1736 ;  of 
Matthew  Bridge,  1746;  of  O.  Peabody,  Jr., 
1750 ;  of  Stephen  Badger,  1753 ;  a  sermon  at  the 
general  election,  1742;  at  the  convention,  1743; 
two  discourses  on  a  fast,  1 748  ;  on  the  difference 
between  a  legal  and  evangelical  righteousness, 
1749;  Dudleian  lecture,  1758;  at  the  Boston  lec 
ture,  1763;  against  profane  swearing,  1765;  a 
thanksgiving  sermon  for  the  conquest  of  Can 
ada,  1760;  for  the  repeal  of  the  stamp  act,  1766; 
two  discourses  on  a  fast,  1770.  —  Holmes'  History 
of  Cambridge ;  Collections  of  Historical  Society, 
vii.  37,9-63;  x.  158;  American  Herald,  Feb. 
23,  1784. 

APPLETOX,  JESSE,  D.  D.,  the  second  president 
of  Bowdoin  college,  was  born  at  Xew  Ipswich 
Xov.  17,  1772.  He  descended  from  John  Apple- 
ton  of  Great  Waldingfield,  Suffolk,  England,  who 
died  in  1436.  Samuel,  a  descendant  of  John, 
came  to  this  country  in  1635,  and  settled  at 
Ipswich,  Mass.  Francis,  his  father,  a  man  of 
piety  and  vigorous  intellect,  died  in  1816,  aged  83. 

President  Appleton  was  graduated  at  Dart 
mouth  college  in  1792.  It  was  during  his  resi 
dence  at  that  seminary,  that  he  experienced  deep 
religious  impressions ;  yet  of  any  precise  period, 
when  his  heart  was  regenerated  by  the  Spirit  of 
God,  he  was  not  accustomed  to  speak.  The  only 
safe  evidence  of  piety,  he  believed,  was  "  the 
perception  in  himself  of  those  qualities,  which  the 
Gospel  requires."  Having  spent  two  years  in  the 
instruction  of  youth  at  Dover  and  Aniherst,  he 
studied  theology  under  Dr.  Lathrop  of  West 
Springfield.  In  Feb.,  1797,  he  was  ordained  as 
the  pastor  of  a  church  at  Hampton.  His 
religious  sentiments  at  this  period  were  Arminian. 
Much  of  his  time  during  his  ten  years'  residence 
in  that  town  was  devoted  to  systematic,  earnest 
study,  in  consequence  of  which  liis  sentiments 
assumed  a  new  form.  By  his  faithful,  affectionate 
services  he  was  very  much  endeared  to  his  people. 
At  his  suggestion  the  Piscataqua  Evangelical 
Magazine  was  published,  to  which  he  contributed 
valuable  essays,  with  the  signature  of  Lc'^hton. 
Such  was  his  public  estimation,  that  in  1803  he 
was  one  of  the  two  principal  candidates  for  the 
professorsliip  of  theology  at  Harvard  college ;  but 


40 


APPLETOX. 


Dr.  Ware  was  elected.  In  1807  he  was  chosen 
president  of  Bowdoin  college,  into  which  office 
he  was  inducted  Dec.  23.  After  the  toils  of  ten 
years  in  this  station,  his  health  hecame  much  im 
paired  in  consequence  of  a  severe  cold,  in  October, 
1817.  In  May,  1819,  his  illness  became  more 
alarming,  his  complaints  being  a  cough,  hoarse 
ness,  and  debility.  A  journey  proved  of  no 
essential  benefit.  A  profuse  hemorrhage  in 
October  extinguished  all  hope  of  recovery.  As 
the  day  of  his  dissolution  approached,  he  re 
marked,  "  Of  this  I  am  sure,  that  salvation  is  all 
of  grace.  I  would  make  no  mention  of  any 
thing,  which  I  have  ever  thought,  or  said,  or  done ; 
but  only  of  this,  that  God  so  loved  the  world,  as 
to  give  his  only  begotten  Son,  that  whosoever  be- 
licvefh  on  Him  should  not  perish,  but  have  ever 
lasting  life.  The  atonement  is  the  only  ground 
of  hope."  In  health  he  was  sometimes  anxious, 
in  a  high  degree,  in  regard  to  the  college ;  but  in 
his  sickness  he  said  in  cheerful  confidence,  "  God 
has  taken  care  of  the  college,  and  God  will  take 
care  of  it."  Among  his  last  expressions  were 
heard  the  words,  "  Glory  to  God  in  the  highest : 
the  whole  earth  shall  be  filled  with  his  glory." 
lie  died  Xov.  12,  1,819,  at  the  age  of  47,  having 
been  president  nearly  twelve  years.  A  discourse 
was  published,  which  was  delivered  at  his  funeral 
by  Benjamin  Tappan  of  Augusta,  describing  the 
excellences  of  his  character  and  his  peculiar 
qualifications  for  the  station,  which  he  occupied. 
His  widow,  Elizabeth,  died  in  Boston  in  1844. 

He  published  a  dedication  sermon  at  Hampton, 
1797 ;  sermons  at  the  ordination  of  Asa  Rand 
of  Gorham,  1809,  and  Jonathan  Cogswell  of  Saco, 
and  Reuben  Xason  of  Freeport,  1810;  of  Ben 
jamin  Tappan  of  Augusta,  1811;  discourse  on 
the  death  of  Frederic  Southgate,  1813 ;  Massa 
chusetts  election  sermon,  1814  ;  a  sermon  on  the 
perpetuity  of  the  Sabbath,  1814 ;  thanksgiving 
sermon,  1815  ;  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Enos 
Merrill,  of  Freeport;  sermon  before  the  Bath 
society  for  the  suppression  of  public  vices  ;  address 
before  the  Mass,  society  for  the  suppression  of  in 
temperance,  1816 ;  sermon  before  the  American 
commissioners  for  foreign  missions,  1817;  sermon 
at  the  formation  of  the  Maine  education  society, 
1818 ;  also  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Mrs.  Buck- 
minster  ;  a  sermon  before  the  Portsmouth  female 
asylum ;  and  a  sermon  relating  to  Dr.  Emmons  on 
unity. 

In  1820  a  volume  of  his  addresses  was  pub 
lished,  containing  his  inaugural  address  and 
eleven  annual  addresses,  with  a  sketch  of  his 
character  by  Dr.  Xichols  of  Portland.  In  1822 
his  lectures  and  occasional  sermons  were  published 
in  one  volume,  witli  a  memoir  of  his  life  by 
Benjamin  Tappan  of  Augusta.  The  subjects  of 
those  lectures,  twenty-seven  in  number,  are  the  ne 
cessity  of  revelation,  human  depravity,  the  atone- 


APTIIORP. 

ment,  regeneration,  the  eternity  of  future  punish 
ment,  the  resurrection  of  the  body,  and  the 
demoniacs  of  the  Xew  Testament. 

The  sermons  are  on  the  immortality  of  the  soul, 
the  influence  of  religion  on  the  condition  of 
man,  the  evils  of  war  and  the  probability  of 
universal  peace,  the  truth  of  Christianity  from  its 
moral  effects,  conscience,  and  consequences  of 
neglecting  the  great  salvation.  His  works,  with 
a  memoir,  were  published  in  two  vols.,  1837. 

APPLETOX,  SAMUEL,  a  distinguished  mer 
chant,  died  July  12,  1853,  aged  87.  He  was  born 
in  Xew  Ipswich,  X.  H.,  June  22,  1766,  one  of  a 
family  of  twelve  brothers  and  sisters.  He  early 
became  a  country  merchant;  in  1794  he1  es 
tablished  himself  in  business  in  Boston,  in  which 
his  career  was  one  of  great  honor,  success,  and 
usefulness.  His  brother,  Xathan,  became  his 
partner.  He  married  in  1819  Mrs.  Mary  Gore. 
As  early  as  1823  he  determined  to  spend 
annually  the  amount  of  his  income.  Having  no 
children,  much  of  his  beneficence  had  respect  to 
the  children  of  his  brothers  and  sisters ;  and 
much  of  his  charity  went  to  the  poor.  He  was 
accustomed  to  give  away  25,000  dollars  a  year. 
To  all  great  objects  of  charity  he  Avas  a  large  con 
tributor.  He  deemed  the  day  lost,  in  which  he 
had  not  done  some  good.  To  Dartmouth  college 
he  gave  10,000  dollars.  A  print  of  him  is  in  the 
Historical  Register.  His  life  by  E.  Peabody  may 
be  found  in  the  lives  of  American  merchants. 

APPLETOX,  LYDIA,  sister  of  X.  Dane,  died 
in  Beverly  Aug.  23,  1845,  aged  103  years  and  8 
months.  She  was  married  at  thirty  and  was  a 
widow  at  ninety. 

APTHORP,  EAST,  an  Episcopal  minister,  was 
the  son  of  Charles  Apthorp,  a  merchant  of 
Boston,  Avho  died  in  1758,  aged  61.  He  was  born 
in  1733,  and  studied  at  Jesus'  college,  Cambridge, 
England.  Having  taken  orders,  he  was  appointed 
in  1761  by  the  society  for  propagating  the  Gospel 
in  foreign  parts  a  missionary  at  Cambridge,  in 
which  place  he  continued  four  or  five  years.  He 
engaged  in  a  warm  controversy  with  Dr.  Mayhcw 
concerning  the  design  and  conduct  of  the  society, 
of  which  he  was  a  missionary.  The  political 
feelings  of  the  people  were  mingled  with  their 
religious  attachments ;  the  cause,  which  Mr.  Ap 
thorp  espoused,  was  unpopular,  and  he  returned 
to  England.  He  was  made  vicar  of  Croydon  in 
1765,  and  in  1778  rector  of  Bow  church,  London, 
to  which  he  was  presented  by  his  friend  and 
fellow  collegian,  bishop  Porteus.  In  1790,  having 
lost  his  sight,  he  exchanged  these  livings  for  the 
prebend  of  Finsbury,  and  having  an  adequate 
income,  he  retired  to  spend  the  evening  of  his 
days  among  the  scenes  and  friends  of  his  youth, 
at  the  university,  in  a  house  provided  for  him  by 
his  patron,  Bishop  Watson.  He  died  at  Cam 
bridge,  England,  April  16,  1816,  aged  83  years. 


APTHORP. 

His  wife  was  the  daughter  of  Foster  Hutchinson, 
a  brother  of  the  governor.  His  only  son  was  a 
clergyman ;  of  three  daughters,  one  was  married 
to  Dr.  Cary  and  one  to  Dr.  Butler,  both  heads  of 
colleges ;  the  third  married  a  son  of  Dr.  Palcy. 
Dr.  Thomas  Bulfinch  of  Boston  married  one  of 
his  sisters,  and  Robert  Bayard  of  New  York 
another.  He  was  eminent  as  a  writer.  He 
published  a  sermon  at  the  opening  of  the  church 
at  Cambridge,  17G1;  on  the  peace,  1763;  con 
siderations  respecting  the  society  for  the  propaga 
tion,  etc.,  1763 ;  on  the  death  of  Ann  Wheelwright, 
1764 ;  review  of  Mayhew's  remarks  on  the  answer 
to  his  observations,  etc.,  1765;  discourses  on 
prophecy,  at  the  Warburton  lecture,  Lincoln's 
Inn  chapel,  2  vols;  and  an  answer  to  Gibbon's 
statement  of  the  causes  of  the  spread  of  Christ 
ianity. —  Jcnnison,  MS. ;  Holmes,  n.  120,481. 

APTHORP,  GEORGE  H.,  missionary  to  Ceylon, 
died  June  8,  1844,  aged  46.  Born  in  Quincy,  he 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1829,  and  studied  theology 
at  Princeton.  He  sailed  from  Boston  in  1833. 
He  lived  chiefly  at  Varany.  He  said  in  his  sick 
ness,  "  My  faith  rests  firmly  on  the  rock." 
Among  his  last  words  were,  "  Precious  Saviour, 
come,  —  come  quickly."  His  last  prayers,  both  in 
English  and  Tamul,  for  all  descriptions  of  men, 
were  most  earnest.  His  wife,  Mary  Robertson, 
of  Albemarle  county,  Va.,  died  in  peace  Sept.  3, 
1849,  aged  41,  and  was  buried  by  the  side  of  her 
husband. 

ARBUCKLE,  MATTHEW,  brigadier-general, 
died  at  Fort  Smith,  Ark.,  June  11,  1851,  aged  75. 
He  commanded  at  New  Orleans,  Fort  Gibson,  and 
Fort  Smith.  Thoroughly  acquainted  with  the 
Indians,  he  always  preserved  their  confidence. 

ARCH,  JOHN,  a  Cherokee  Indian  and  an 
interpreter,  died  at  Brainerd  June  8,  1825,  aged 
27.  When  taken  sick,  he  was  engaged  in  trans 
lating  John's  Gospel  into  Cherokee,  using  the 
ingenious  alphabet  invented  by  Mr.  Guess.  He 
had  been  a  Christian  convert  several  years ;  and 
he  died  in  peace,  saying,  "  God  is  good,  and  will 
do  right!"  He  was  buried  by  the  side  of  Dr. 
Worcester. 

ARCHDALE,  JOHN,  governor  of  Carolina,  was 
appointed  to  this  office  by  the  proprietors,  after 
Lord  Ashley  had  declined  accepting  it.  He  was 
a  Quaker  and  a  proprietor,  and  arrived  in  the 
summer  of  1695.  The  settlers  received  him  with 
universal  joy.  The  colony  had  been  in  much  con 
fusion,  but  order  was  now  restored.  The  As 
sembly  was  called,  and  the  governor  by  the 
discreet  use  of  his  extensive  powers  settled  almost 
every  public  concern  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
people.  The  price  of  lands  and  the  form  of  con 
veyances  were  settled  by  law.  Magistrates  were 
appointed  for  hearing  all  causes,  and  determining 
all  differences  between  the  settlers  and  the 
Indians.  Public  roads  were  ordered  to  be  made 
G 


ARGALL. 


41 


and  water  passages  cut.  The  planting  of  rice, 
which  has  since  become  the  great  source  of  the 
opulence  of  Carolina,  was  introduced.  A  captain 
of  a  vessel  from  Madagascar  on  his  way  to  Great 
Britain  anchored  off'  Sullivan's  Island  and  made  a 
present  to  the  governor  of  a  bag  of  seed  rice, 
which  he  had  brought  from  the  east.  This  rice 
the  governor  divided  among  some  of  his  friends, 
who  agreed  to  make  an  experiment.  The  success 
equalled  their  expectation,  and  from  this  small 
beginning  arose  the  staple  commodity  of  Carolina. 

He  continued  one  year  in  his  government. 
After  his  return  to  London,  he  published  a  work 
entitled,  a  new  description  of  that  fertile  and 
pleasant  province  of  Carolina,  with  a  brief  ac 
count  of  its  discovery,  settling,  and  the  govern 
ment  thereof  to  this  time,  with  several  remark 
able  passages  during  my  time,  1707.  —  Holmes; 
Ilewatt,  I.  119,  129-131 ;  Ramsay,  I.  47-50. 

ARCHER,  STEVENSON,  chief  judge  of  the  court 
of  appeals  in  Maryland,  died  Jan.  25,  1848. 

ARGALL,  SAMUEL,  deputy  governor  of  Vir 
ginia,  came  to  that  colony  in  1609  to  trade  and 
to  fish  for  sturgeon.  The  trade  v\-as  in  violation 
of  the  laws;  but  as  the  wine  and  provisions, 
which  he  brought,  were  much  wanted,  his  con 
duct  was  connived  at,  and  he  continued  to  make 
voyages  for  Ins  OAvn  advantage  and  in  the  service 
of  the  colony.  In  1612  he  carried  off  Pocahon- 
tas  to  James  Town.  In  1613  he  arrived  at  the 
Island,  now  called  Mount  Desert,  in  Maine,  for 
the  purpose  of  fishing,  and  having  discovered  a 
settlement  of  the  French,  which  was  made  two 
years  before,  he  immediately  attacked  it,  and 
took  most  of  the  settlers  prisoners.  Gilbert  de 
Thet,  a  Jesuit  father,  was  killed  in  the  engage 
ment.  This  was  the  commencement  of  hostili 
ties  between  the  French  and  English  colonists  in 
America.  Capt.  Argall  soon  afterwards  sailed 
from  Virginia  to  Acadie  and  destroyed  the  French 
settlements  of  St.  Croix  and  Port  Royal.  The 
pretext  for  this  hostile  expedition  in  time  of 
peace  was  the  encroachment  of -the  French  on 
the  rights  of  the  English,  which  were  founded  on 
the  prior  discovery  of  the  Cabots.  Argall  on  his 
return  subdued  the  Dutch  settlement  at  Hudson's 
river.  In  1614  he  went  to  England,  and  returned 
in  1617  as  deputy  governor.  On  his  arrival  he 
found  the  public  buildings  at  James  Town  fallen 
to  decay,  the  market  place  and  streets  planted 
with  tobacco,  and  the  people  of  the  colony  dis 
persed  in  places,  which  they  thought  best  adapted 
for  cultivating  that  pernicious  weed.  To  restore 
prosperity  to  the  colony  Capt.  Argall  introduced 
some  severe  regulations.  He  prohibited  all  trade 
or  familiarity  with  the  Indians.  Teaching  them 
the  use  of  arms  Was  a  crime  to  be  punished  by 
death.  He  ordered,  that  all  goods  should  be 
sold  at  an  advance  of  twenty-five  per  cent.,  and 
fixed  the  price  of  tobacco  at  three  shillings  per 


42 


ARMISTEAD. 


pound.  None  could  sell  or  buy  at  a  different 
price  under  the  penalty  of  three  years'  imprison 
ment.  No  man  was  permitted  to  fire  a  gun,  be 
fore  a  new  supply  of  ammunition,  except  in  self- 
defence,  on  pain  of  a  year's  slavery.  Absence 
from  church  on  Sundays  or  holidays  was  punished 
by  confinement  for  the  night,  and  one  week's 
slavery  to  the  colony,  and  on  a  repetition  of  the 
offence  the  punishment  was  increased. 

The  rigorous  execution  of  these  laws  rendered 
him  odious  in  the  colony,  and  the  report  of  his 
tyranny  and  his  depredations  upon  the  revenues 
of  the  company  reaching  England,  it  was  deter 
mined  to  recall  him.  Lord  Delaware  was  di 
rected  to  send  him  home  to  answer  the  charges 
brought  against  him ;  but  as  his  lordship  did  not 
reach  Virginia,  being  summoned  away  from  life 
•while  on  his  passage,  the  letter  to  him  fell  into 
the  hands  of  Argall.  Perceiving  from  it  that 
the  fine  harvest,  which  now  occupied  him,  would 
be  soon  ended,  he  redoubled  his  industry.  He 
multiplied  his  acts  of  injustice,  and  before  the 
arrival  of  a  new  governor  in  1619  set  sail  in  a 
vessel,  loaded  with  his  effects.  He  was  the 
partner  in  trade  of  the  Earl  of  Warwick,  and  by 
this  connection  was  enabled  to  defraud  the  com 
pany  of  the  restitution,  which  they  had  a  right  to 
expect.  In  1620  he  commanded  a  ship  of  war 
in  an  expedition  against  the  Algerines ;  in  1623 
he  was  knighted  by  King  James ;  in  1625  he 
was  engaged  in  the  expedition  against  the  Span 
ish  under  Cecil. 

His  character,  like  that  of  most,  who  were  con 
cerned  in  the  government  of  Virginia,  is  differ 
ently  drawn ;  by  some  he  is  represented  as  a 
good  mariner,  a  man  of  public  spirit,  active,  in 
dustrious,  careful  to  provide  for  the  people,  and 
to  keep  them  constantly  employed ;  and  by  others 
he  is  described  as  negligent  of  the  public  busi 
ness,  selfish,  rapacious,  passionate,  arbitrary,  and 
cruel,  pushing  his  unrighteous  gains  in  every  way 
of  extortion  and  oppression.  He  was,  without 
question,  a  man  of  talents  and  art,  for  he  so 
foiled  and  perplexed  the  company,  that  they  were 
never  able  to  bring  him  to  any  account  or  pun 
ishment.  An  account  of  his  voyage  from  James 
Town,  beginning  June  19,  1610,  in  which,  missing 
Bermuda,  he  "  put  over  towards  Sagadahoc  and 
Cape  Cod,"  and  his  letter  respecting  his  voyage 
to  Virginia  in  1613,  are  preserved  in  Purchas. — 
Belknap's  Biography,  II.  51-63;  Holmes,  144, 
155  ;  I.  Smith :  Stith ;  Marshall,  I.  56,  107  ; 
Beverly. 

AllMISTEAD,  Gen.  W.  K.,  died  at  Upper- 
ville,  Va.,  Oct.  13,  1845,  aged  about  60.  He 
was  in  the  army  forty  years,  of  correct  moral 
deportment :  for  many  years  he  was  chief  of  the 
corps  of  engineers.  He  commanded  in  1840  in 
the  war  against  the  Florida  Indians. 

ARMSTRONG,  WILLIAM  J.,  D.  D.,  secretary 


ARMSTRONG. 

of  the  American  Board  of  Missions,  died  in  the 
wreck  of  the  steamer  Atlantic  Nov.  27,  1846, 
aged  50.  He  was  born  in  1796  at  Mendham, 
N.  J.,  where  his  father,  Dr.  A.  Armstrong,  was 
the  minister.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  in 
1816.  When  he  first  began  to  preach,  he  sought 
an  untried  field  of  labor  at  Charlottesville,  in 
central  Virginia,  where  there  was  no  church,  but 
where  he  gathered  one.  In  1821  he  returned  to 
New  Jersey,  and  became  for  three  years  the 
pastor  of  the  church  in  Trenton.  He  then  was 
for  ten  years  pastor  of  a  church  in  Richmond, 
Va.,  as  the  successor  of  Dr.  Rice;  and  here  he 
faithfully  toiled  with  remarkable  success.  In 
1834  he  was  chosen  a  secretary  of  the  American 
Board  of  Missions  as  successor  of  Dr.  Wisncr, 
and  removed  to  Boston ;  but  in  1838  it  was 
thought  best,  that  he  should  reside  in  New  York, 
retaining  his  connection  with  the  Board.  Almost 
every  Sabbath  he  preached,  far  and  wide,  on  the 
claims  of  the  heathen. 

He  made  his  monthly  visit  to  Boston  on 
Monday  Nov.  23,  1846,  to  attend  the  meeting  of 
the  Prudential  Committee  of  the  Board.  A 
storm  set  in  on  Wednesday,  when  he  proposed 
to  return  to  New  York :  in  vain  did  his  associates 
advise  him  not  to  venture  upon  the  water  in  such 
a  tempest ;  but  he  was  desirous  to  reach  home, 
as  the  next  day  was  thanksgiving.  At  five  o'clock 
he  left  Boston  by  railroad  for  Norwich,  and  pro 
ceeded  from  Allyn's  Point  in  the  steamer  Atlantic 
to  New  London ;  but  when  about  nine  miles  out 
of  the  harbor  the  steam-pipe  burst,  leaving  the 
vessel  to  the  north-west  wind.  The  anchors 
dragged,  and  during  the  whole  day  and  night 
of  Thursday  the  vessel  was  at  the  mercy  of  the 
storm.  As  a  minister  of  Christ  Dr.  A.  was  busily 
employed  in  teaching,  in  exhortation,  and  prayer, 
that  he  might  aid  others  in  preparing  to  die. 
About  fifty  met  in  the  cabin  in  the  afternoon  to 
read  the  Bible  and  to  pray.  He  was  calm  and 
resigned.  After  four  o'clock  in  the  morning  of 
Friday  the  27th  the  vessel  went  to  pieces,  as  it 
struck  the  reef,  and  he  and  many  others  died. 
His  body  was  recovered,  and  his  funeral  was  at 
tended  at  New  York.  —  N.  Y.  Observer,  Dec.  5. 

ARMSTRONG,  ROBERT,  general,  died  at  Wash 
ington  in  Feb.,  1854,  aged  about  65.  Born  in 
East  Tennessee,  he  was  a  general  in  the  Florida 
war  of  1836;  afterwards  consul  at  Liverpool. 
Gen.  Jackson  bequeathed  to  him  his  sword. 

ARMSTRONG,  JOHN,  general,  died  at  Red 
Hook,  N.  Y.,  April  1,  1855,  aged  84.  He  served 
as  an  officer  with  much  credit  during  the  Revolu 
tionary  war,  at  the  close  of  which  he  published 
the  celebrated  Newburgh  Letters,  written  with 
great  vigor  and  eloquence.  The  prudence  of 
AVashington  gave  triumph  to  milder  counsels. 
After  the  war  he  was  adjutant-general  of  Penn 
sylvania  :  he  conducted  the  vigorous  movement 


ARMSTRONG. 


ARNOLD. 


43 


against  the  settlers  at  Wyoming.  From  New 
York  he  was  sent  to  the  Senate  of  the  United 
States :  he  was  also  minister  in  France,  after 
Chancellor  Livingston.  Mr.  Madison  placed  him 
at  the  head  of  the  war  department.  After  the 
capture  of  Washington  by  the  British  in  1814  he 
was  dismissed  from  office  and  afterwards  lived  in 
retirement.  He  published  a  brief  history  of  the 
war  with  England. 

ARMSTRONG,  SAMUEL  T.,  died  in  Boston 
March  26,  1850,  aged  66.  He  was  a  bookseller, 
in  which  profession  he  made  a  fortune ;  mayor 
of  the  city ;  and  lieutenant-governor.  Among 
the  books  he  published  was  a  stereotype  edition 
of  Scott's  family  Bible,  which  was  widely  circu 
lated.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Prudential 
Committee  of  the  American  Board.  It  is  said, 
that  it  was  his  purpose,  —  as  he  had  a  fortune  of 
100  or  150,000  dollars  and  no  children,  —  to 
leave  a  liberal  charitable  bequest;  but  he  died 
suddenly  in  his  chair.  His  wife,  a  descendant 
of  Edward  Johnson,  survived  him. 

ARMSTRONG,  JOHN,  general,  resided  in 
Pennsylvania  and  was  distinguished  in  the  Indian 
wars.  In  1 7  76,  being  appointed  brigadier-general, 
he  assisted  in  the  defence  of  Fort  Moultrie  and 
in  the  battle  of  Germantown.  He  left  the  army 
in  1777  through  dissatisfaction  as  to  rank,  and 
was  afterwards  .a  member  of  Congress.  He  died 
at  Carlisle  March  9,  1795.  He  was  a  professor 
of  religion.  —  Lempriere. 

ARNOLD,  BENEDICT,  governor  of  Rhode 
Island,  succeeded  Roger  Williams  in  that  office 
in  1657  and  continued  till  1660 ;  he  was  also 
governor  from  1662  to  1666,  from  1669  to  1672, 
and  from  1677  to  1678,  —  in  which  last  year 
he  died.  lie  had  lived  in  Providence  as  early 
as  1639.  Winthrop  speaks  of  him,  "  as  a  great 
friend  of  Massachusetts,  especially  in  negotiations 
with  the  Indians."  —  In  1657  he  and  Coddington 
purchased  of  the  Indian  sachems  the  island  of 
Quononoquot,  afterwards  called  James  Town.  — 
Massachusetts  Historical  Collections,  \.  217; 
Savage's  V/inthrop ;  Farmer. 

ARNOLD,  BENEDICT,  a  major-general  in  the 
American  army,  and  infamous  for  deserting  the 
cause  of  his  country,  died  in  England  June  14, 
1801.  He  was  bred  an  apothecary  with  a  Dr. 
Lathrop,  who  was  so  pleased  with  him,  as  to  give 
him  500  pounds  sterling.  From  1763  to  1767 
he  combined  the  business  of  a  druggist  with  that 
of  a  bookseller,  at  New  Haven,  Conn.  Being 
captain  of  a  volunteer  company,  after  hearing  of 
the  battle  of  Lexington  he  immediately  marched 
with  his  company  1'or  the  American  head-quar 
ters,  and  reached  Cambridge  April  29,  1775.  He 
waited  on  the  Massachusetts  committee  of  safety 
and  informed  them  of  the  defenceless  state  of 
Ticondcroga.  The  committee  appointed  him  a 
colonel,  and  commissioned  him  to  raise  four  hun 


dred  men,  and  to  take  that  fortress.  He  pro 
ceeded  directly  to  Vermont,  and  when  he  arrived 
at  Castleton  was  attended  by  one  servant  only. 
Here  he  joined  Col.  Allen,  and  on  May  10th  the 
fortress  was  taken. 

In  the  fall  of  1775  he  was  sent  by  the  com- 
mander-in-chief  to  penetrate  through  the  wilder 
ness  of  the  District  of  Maine  into  Canada.  He 
commenced  his  march  Sept.  16,  with  about  one 
thousand  men,  consisting  of  New  England  in 
fantry,  some  volunteers,  a  company  of  artillerv, 
and  three  companies  of  riflemen.  One  division, 
that  of  Col.  Enos,  was  obliged  to  return  from 
Dead  river  from  the  want  of  provisions ;  had  it 
proceeded,  the  whole  army  might  have  perished. 
The  greatest  hardships  were  endured  and  the 
most  appalling  difficulties  surmounted  in  this  ex 
pedition,  of  which  Ma j.  Mcigs  kept  a  journal,  and 
Mr.  Henry  also  published  an  account.  The  army 
was  in  the  wilderness,  between  Fort  W estern  at 
Augusta  and  the  first  settlements  on  the  Chaudiere 
in  Canada,  about  five  weeks.  In  the  want  of 
provisions  Capt.  Dearborn's  dog  was  killed,  and 
eaten,  even  the  feet  and  skin,  with  good  appe 
tite.  As  the  army  arrived  at  the  first  settle 
ments  Nov.  4th,  the  intelligence  necessarily 
reached  Quebec  in  one  or  two  days ;  but  a  week 
or  fortnight  before  this  Gov.  Cramahe  had  been 
apprized  of  the  approach  of  this  army.  Arnold 
had  imprudently  sent  a  letter  to  Schuyler,  en 
closed  to  a  friend  in  Quebec,  by  an  Indian,  dated 
Oct.  13,  and  he  was  himself  convinced,  from  the 
preparations  made  for  his  reception,  that  the  In 
dian  had  betrayed  him.  Nov.  5th  the  troops 
arrived  at  St.  Mary's,  ten  or  twelve  miles  from 
Quebec,  and  remained  there  three  or  four  davs. 
Nov.  9th  or  10th  they  advanced  to  Point  Levi, 
opposite  Quebec.  Forty  birch  canoes  having 
been  collected,  it  was  still  found  necessary  to 
delay  crossing  the  river  for  three  nights  on  ac 
count  of  a  high  wind.  On  the  14th  the  wind 
moderated ;  but  this  delay  was  very  favorable  to 
the  city,  for  on  the  13th  Col.  M'Lean,  an  active 
officer,  arrived  with  eighty  men  to  strengthen  the 
garrison,  which  already  consisted  of  more  than  a 
thousand  men,  so  as  to  render  an  assault  hope 
less.  Indeed  Arnold  himself  placed  his  chief 
dependence  on  the  co-operation  of  Montgomery. 

On  the  14th  of  Nov.  he  crossed  the  St.  Law 
rence  in  the  night ;  and,  ascending  the  precipice, 
which  Wolfe  had  climbed  before  him,  formed  his 
small  corps  on  the  height  near  the  plains  of 
Abraham.  With  only  about  seven  hundred  men, 
one  third  of  whose  muskets  had  been  rendered 
useless  in  the  march  through  the  wilderness, 
success  could  not  be  expected.  It  is  surprising, 
that  the  garrison,  consisting  Nov.  14th  of  one 
thousand  one  hundred  and  twenty-six  men,  did 
not  march  out  and  destroy  the  small  force  of 
Arnold.  After  parading  some  days  on  the 


ARNOLD. 


ARNOLD. 


heights  near  the  town,  and  sending  two  flags  to 
summon  the  inhabitants,  he  retired  to  Point  aux 
Trembles,  twenty  miles  above  Quebec,  and  there 
awaited  the  arrival  of  Montgomery,  who  joined 
him  on  the  first  of  December.  The  city  was  im 
mediately  besieged,  but  the  best  measures  had 
been  taken  for  its  defence.  The  able  Gen.  Carle- 
ton  had  entered  the  city  with  sixty  men  Nov. 
20th.  On  the  morning  of  the  last  day  of  the 
year  an  assault  was  made  on  the  one  side  of  the 
lower  town  by  Montgomery,  who  was  killed.  At 
the  same  time  Col.  Arnold,  at  the  head  of  about 
three  hundred  and  fifty  men,  made  a  desperate 
attack  on  the  opposite  side.  Advancing  with  the 
utmost  intrepidity  along  the  St.  Charles  through 
a  narrow  path,  exposed  to  an  incessant  fire  of 
grape-shot  and  musketry,  as  he  approached  the 
first  barrier  he  received  a  musket  ball  in  the  left 
leg,  which  shattered  the  bone.  He  was  com 
pelled  to  retire,  on  foot,  dragging  "  one  leg  after 
him"  near  a  mile  to  the  hospital,  having  lost 
sixty  men  killed  and  wounded,  and  three  hun 
dred  prisoners.  Although  the  attack  was  unsuc 
cessful,  the  blockade  of  Quebec  was  continued 
till  Mav,  1776,  when  the  army,  which  was  in  no 
condition  to  risk  an  assault,  was  removed  to  a 
more  defensible  position.  Arnold  was  compelled 
to  relinquish  one  post  after  another,  till  the  18th 
of  June,  when  he  quitted  Canada.  After  this 
period  he  exhibited  great  bravery  in  the  com 
mand  of  the  American  fleet  on  Lake  Champlain. 
In  August,  1777,  he  relieved  Fort  Schuyler 
under  the  command  of  Col.  Gansevoort,  which 
was  invested  by  Col.  St.  Leger  with  an  army  of 
from  fifteen  to  eighteen  hundred  men.  In  the 
battle  near  Stillwater,  Sept.  19th,  he  was  engaged 
incessantly  for  four  hours.  In  the  action  of  Oct. 
7th,  after  the  British  had  been  driven  into  the 
lines,  Arnold  pressed  forward  and  under  a  tre 
mendous  fire  assaulted  the  works  throughout 
their  whole  extent  from  right  to  left.  The  in- 
trenchments  were  at  length  forced,  and  with  a 
few  men  he  actually  entered  the  works ;  but  his 
horse  being  killed,  and  he  himself  badly  wounded 
in  the  leg,  he  found  it  necessary  to  withdraw, 
and,  as  it  was  now  almost  dark,  to  desist  from  the 
attack.  Being  rendered  unfit  for  active  service 
in  consequence  of  his  wound,  after  the  recovery 
of  Philadelphia  he  was  appointed  to  the  com 
mand  of  the  American  garrison.  When  he  en 
tered  the  city,  he  made  the  house  of  Gov.  Penn, 
the  best  house  in  the  city,  his  head-quarters. 
This  he  furnished  in  a  very  costly  manner,  and 
lived  far  beyond  his  income.  He  had  wasted  the 
plunder,  which  he  had  seized  at  Montreal  in  his 
retreat  from  Canada ;  and  at  Philadelphia  he  was 
determined  to  make  new  acquisitions.  He  laid 
his  hands  on  every  thing  in  the  city,  which  could 
be  considered  as  the  property  of  those,  who  were 
unfriendly  to  the  cause  of  his  country.  He  was 


charged  with  oppression,  extortion,  and  enormous 
charges  upon  the  public  in  his  accounts,  and  with 
I  applying  the  public  money  and  property  to  his 
I  own  private  use.  Such  was  his  conduct,  that  he 
drew  upon  himself  the  odium  of  the  inhabitants, 
not  only  of  the  city,  but  of  the  province  in  gen 
eral.  He  was  engaged  in  trading  speculations, 
and  had  shares  in  several  privateers,  but  was  un 
successful.  From  the  judgment  of  the  commis 
sioners  appointed  to  inspect  his  accounts,  who 
had  rejected  above  half  the  amount  of  his  de 
mands,  he  appealed  to  Congress  ;  and  they  ap 
pointed  a  committee  of  their  own  body  to  settle 
the  business.  The  committee  confirmed  the  re 
port  of  the  commissioners,  and  thought  they  had 
allowed  him  more  than  he  had  any  right  to  ex 
pect.  By  these  disappointments  he  became  irri 
tated,  and  he  gave  full  scope  to  his  resentment. 
His  invectives  against  Congress  were  not  less 
violent,  than  those,  which  he  had  before  thrown 
out  against  the  commissioners.  He  was,  however, 
soon  obliged  to  abide  the  judgment  of  a  court 
martial  upon  the  charges  exhibited  against  him 
by  the  executive  of  Pennsylvania;  and  he  was 
subjected  to  the  mortification  of  receiving  a  repri 
mand  from  Washington.  His  trial  commenced 
in  June,  1778,  but  such  were  the  delays  occa 
sioned  by  the  movements  of  the  army,  that  it  was 
not  concluded  until  Jan.  26,  1779.  The  sentence 
of  a  reprimand  was  approved  by  Congress,  and 
was  soon  afterwards  carried  into  execution. 

Such  was  the  humiliation,  to  which  Gen.  Ar 
nold  was  reduced  in  consequence  of  yielding  to 
the  temptations  of  pride  and  vanity,  and  indulging 
himself  in  the  pleasures  of  a  sumptuous  table 
and  expensive  equipage.  From  this  time  his 
proud  spirit  revolted  from  the  cause  of  America. 
He  turned  his  eyes  to  West  Point  as  an  acquisi 
tion,  which  would  give  value  to  treason,  while  its 
loss  would  inflict  a  mortal  wound  on  his  former 
friends.  He  addressed  himself  to  the  delegation 
of  New  York,  in  which  state  his  reputation  was 
peculiarly  high,  and  a  member  of  Congress  from 
this  state  recommended  him  to  Washington  for 
the  service,  which  he  desired.  The  same  appli 
cation  to  the  commander-in-chief  was  made  not 
long  afterwards  through  Gen.  Schuyler.  Wash 
ington  observed,  that  as  there  was  a  prospect  of 
an  active  campaign  he  should  be  gratified  with 
the  aid  of  Arnold  in  the  field  ;  but  intimated  at 
the  same  time,  that  he  should  receive  the  ap 
pointment  requested,  if  it  should  be  more  pleas 
ing  to  him.  Arnold,  without  discovering  much 
solicitude,  repaired  to  camp  in  the  beginning  of 
August,  and  renewed  in  person  the  solicitations, 
which  had  been  before  indirectly  made.  He  was 
now  offered  the  command  of  the  left  wing  of  the 
army,  which  was  advancing  against  New  York  ; 
but  he  declined  it  under  the  pretext,  that  in  con 
sequence  of  his  wounds,  he  was  unable  to  perform 


ARNOLD. 


ARNOLD. 


45 


the  active  duties  of  the  field.  Without  a  sus 
picion  of  his  patriotism  he  was  invested  with  the 
command  of  \Ycst  Point.  Previously  to  his  so 
liciting  this  station,  he  had  in  a  letter  to  Col. 
Beverlcy  Robinson  signified  his  change  of  prin 
ciples  and  his  wish  to  restore  himself  to  the  favor 
of  his  prince  by  some  signal  proof  of  his  repent 
ance.  This  letter  opened  to  him  a  correspond 
ence  with  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  the  object  of  which 
was  to  concert  the  means  of  putting  the  im 
portant  post,  which  he  commanded,  into  the  pos 
session  of  the  British  general.  His  plan,  it  is 
believed,  was  to  have  drawn  the  greater  part  of 
his  army  without  the  works  under  the  pretext 
of  fighting  the  enemy  in  the  defiles,  and  to  have 
left  unguarded  a  designated  pass,  through  which 
the  assailants  might  securely  approach  and  sur 
prise  the  fortress.  His  troops  he  intended  to 
place,  so  that  they  Avould  be  compelled  to  sur 
render,  or  be  cut  in  pieces.  But  just  as  his 
scheme  was  ripe  for  execution  the  wise  Disposer 
of  events,  who  so  often  and  so  remarkably  inter 
posed  in  favor  of  the  American  cause,  blasted  his 
designs. 

Maj.  Andre,  after  his  detection,  apprized  Arnold 
of  his  danger,  and  the  traitor  found  opportunity 
to  escape  on  board  the  Vulture,  Sept.  25,  1780,  a 
few  hours  before  the  return  of  Washington,  who 
had  been  absent  on  a  journey  to  Hartford,  On 
the  very  day  of  his  escape  Arnold  wrote  a  letter 
to  Washington,  declaring  that  the  love  of  his 
country  had  governed  him  in  his  late  conduct, 
and  requesting  him  to  protect  Mrs.  Arnold.  She 
was  conveyed  to  her  husband  at  New  York,  and 
his  clothes  and  baggage,  for  which  he  had 
written,  were  transmitted  to  him.  During  the 
exertions,  which  were  made  to  rescue  Andre  from 
the  destruction,  which  threatened  him,  Arnold 
had  the  hardihood  to  interpose.  He  appealed  to 
the  humanity  of  the  commander-in-clu'ef,  and 
then  sought  to  intimidate  him  by  stating  the  situ 
ation  of  many  of  the  principal  characters  of 
South  Carolina,  who  had  forfeited  their  lives,  but 
had  hitherto  been  spared  through  the  clemency 
of  the  British  general.  This  clemency,  he  said, 
could  no  longer  in  justice  be  extended  to  them, 
should  Maj.  Andre  suffer. 

Arnold  was  made  a  brigadier-general  in  the 
British  service ;  which  rank  he  preserved  through 
out  the  war.  Yet  he  must  have  been  held  in 
contempt  and  detestation  by  the  generous  and 
honorable.  It  was  impossible  for  men  of  this 
description,  even  when  acting  with  him,  to  forget 
that  he  was  a  traitor :  first  the  slave  of  his  rage, 
then  purchased  with  gold,  and  finally  secured  by 
the  blood  of  one  of  the  most  accomplished  officers 
in  the  British  army.  One  would  suppose,  that 
his  mind  could  not  have  been  much  at  ease ;  but 
he  had  proceeded  so  far  in  vice,  that  perhaps  his 
reflections  gave  him  but  little  trouble.  "I  am 


mistaken,"  says  Washington  in  a  private  letter, 
"if  at  this  time  Arnold  is  not  undergoing  the 
torments  of  a  mental  hell.  He  wants  feeling. 
From  some  traits  of  his  character,  which  have 
lately  come  to  my  knowledge,  he  seems  to  have 
been  so  hackneyed  in  crime,  so  lost  to  all  sense  of 
honor  and  shame,  that  while  his  faculties  still 
enable  him  to  continue  his  sordid  pursuits,  there 
will  be  no  time  for  remorse." 

Arnold  found  it  necessary  to  make  some  exer 
tions  to  secure  the  attachment  of  his  new  friends. 
With  the  hope  of  alluring  many  of  the  discon 
tented  to  his  standard,  he  published  an  address 
to  the  inhabitants  of  America,  in  which  he  en 
deavored  to  justify  his  conduct.  He  had  encoun 
tered  the  dangers  of  the  field,  he  said,  from  ap 
prehension  that  the  rights  of  his  country  were  in 
danger.  He  had  acquiesced  in  the  Declaration 
of  Independence,  though  he  thought  it  precipitate. 
But  the  rejection  of  the  overtures  made  by  Great 
Britain  in  1778,  and  the  French  alliance,  had 
opened  his  eyes  to  the  ambitious  views  of  those, 
who  would  sacrifice  the  happiness  of  their  country 
to  their  own  aggrandizement,  and  had  made  him 
a  confirmed  loyalist.  He  artfully  mingled  asser 
tions,  that  the  principal  members  of  Congress 
held  the  people  in  sovereign  contempt.  This 
was  followed  in  about  a  fortnight  by  a  proclama 
tion,  addressed  "  to  the  officers  and  soldiers  of  the 
continental  army,  who  have  the  real  interest  of 
their  country  at  heart,  and  who  are  determined 
to  be  no  longer  the  tools  and  dupes  of  Congress 
or  of  France."  To  induce  the  American  officers 
and  soldiers  to  desert  the  cause,  which  they  had 
embraced,  he  represented,  that  the  corps  of 
cavalry  and  infantry,  -which  he  Avas  authorized  to 
raise,  would  be  upon  the  same  footing  Avith  other 
troops  in  the  British  senice ;  that  he  should  Avith 
pleasure  adArance  those,  Avhose  valor  he  might 
Avitness ;  that  the  priA'ate  men,  who  joined  him, 
should  receive  a  bounty  of  three  guineas  each,  be 
sides  payment  at  the  full  value  for  horses,  arms, 
and  accoutrements.  His  object  was  the  peace, 
liberty,  and  safety  of  America.  "  You  are 
promised  liberty,"  he  exclaims,  "  but  is  there  an 
indiAidual  in  the  enjoyment  of  it,  saving  your  op 
pressors  ?  Who  among  you  dare  speak  or  Avrite 
Avhat  he  thinks  against  the  tyranny,  which  has 
robbed  you  of  your  property,  imprisons  your 
persons,  drags  you  to  the  field  of  battle,  and  is 
daily  deluging  your  country  with  your  blood  ? " 
"  What,"  he  exclaims  again,  "  is  America  now, 
but  a  land  of  AvidoAvs,  orphans,  and  beggars  ?  As 
to  you,  Avho  have  been  soldiers  in  the  continental 
army,  can  you  at  this  day  Avant  evidence,  that  the 
funds  of  your  country  arc  exhausted,  or  that  the 
managers  have  applied  them  to  their  private 
uses  ?  In  either  case  you  surely  can  no  longer 
continue  in  their  sen-ice  Avith  honor  or  advantage. 
Yet  you  have  hitherto  been  their  supporters  in 


46 


ARNOLD. 


that  cruelty,  which  with  equal  indifference  to 
yours  as  well  as  to  the  labor  and  blood  of  others, 
is  devouring  a  country,  that  from  the  moment  you 
quit  their  colors  will  be  redeemed  from  their 
tyranny."  These  proclamations  did  not  produce 
the  effect  designed ;  and  in  all  the  hardships, 
sufferings,  and  irritations  of  the  war  Arnold 
remains  the  solitary  instance  of  an  American 
officer,  who  abandoned  the  side  first  embraced  in 
the  contest,  and  turned  his  sword  upon  his  former 
companions  in  arms. 

He  was  soon  dispatched  by  Sir  Henry  Clinton 
to  make  a  diversion  in  Virginia.  With  about 
seventeen  hundred  men  he  arrived  in  the 
Chesapeake  in  Jan.,  1781,  and  being  supported  by 
such  a  naval  force  as  was  suited  to  the  nature  of 
the  service,  he  committed  extensive  ravages  on 
the  rivers  and  along  the  unprotected  coasts.  It 
is  said  that,  while  on  this  expedition  Arnold 
inquired  of  an  American  captain,  whom  he  had 
taken  prisoner,  what  the  Americans  would  do 
with  him,  if  he  should  fall  into  their  hands.  The 
officer  replied,  that  they  would  cut  off'  his  lame 
leg  and  bury  it  with  the  honors  of  war,  and  hang 
the  remainder  of  his  body  in  gibbets.  After  his 
recall  from  Virginia  he  conducted  an  expedition 
against  his  native  state,  Connecticut.  He  took 
Fort  Trumbull  Sept.  6th,  with  inconsiderable  loss. 
On  the  other  side  of  the  harbor  Lieut-Col.  Eyre, 
who  commanded  another  detachment,  made  an 
assault  on  Fort  Griswold,  and  with  the  greatest 
difficulty  entered  the  works.  An  officer  of  the 
conquering  troops  asked,  Avho  commanded?  "I 
did,"  answered  Col.  Ledyard,  "  but  you  do  now," 
and  presented  him  his  sword,  which  was  in 
stantly  plunged  into  his  own  bosom.  A  merci 
less  slaughter  commenced  upon  the  brave  garrison, 
who  had  ceased  to  resist,  until  the  greater  part 
were  either  killed  or  wounded.  After  burning 
the  town  and  the  stores,  which  Avere  in  it,  and 
thus  thickening  the  laurels,  with  which  his  brow 
was  adorned,  Arnold  returned  to  New  York  in 
eight  days. 

From  the  conclusion  of  the  war  till  his  death 
Gen.    Arnold   resided   chiefly   in    England.      In 
1786    he   was   at   St.    John's,   New   Brunswick, 
engaged  in  trade  and  navigation,  and  again  in 
1790.     For  some  cause  he  became  very  unpopular 
in   1792  or   1793,  was  hung  in  effigy,  and  the  j 
mayor  found  it  necessary  to  read  the  riot  act,  and  j 
a  company  of  troops  was  called  to  quell  the  mob. 
Repairing  to  the  West  Indies  in   1794,  a  French 
fleet  anchored  at  the  same  island ;    he  became 
alarmed  lest  he  should  be  detained  by  the  Ameri 
can  allies,  and  passed  the  fleet  concealed  on  a  : 
raft   of  lumber.      He   died   in  Gloucester  place,  ' 
London.     He  married  Margaret,  the  daughter  of 
Edward   Shippen  of  Philadelphia,  chief  justice, 
and  a  loyalist.     Gen.  Greene,  it  is  said,  was  his 
rival.      She  combined  fascinating  manners  with 


ASBURY. 

strength  of  mind.  She  died  at  London  Aug.  24, 
1804,  aged  43.  His  sons  were  men  of  property 
in  Canada  in  1829.  He  fought  bravely  for  his 
country  and  he  bled  in  her  cause ;  but  his  counti-y 
owed  him  no  returns  of  gratitude,  for  his  sub 
sequent  conduct  proved,  that  he  had  no  honest 
regard  to  her  interests,  but  was  governed  by 
selfish  considerations.  His  progress  from  self- 
indulgence  to  treason  was  easy  and  rapid.  He 
was  vain  and  luxurious,  and  to  gratify  his  giddy 
desires  he  must  resort  to  meanness,  dishonesty, 
and  extortion.  These  vices  brought  with  them 
disgrace ;  and  the  contempt,  into  which  he  fell, 
awakened  a  spirit  of  revenge,  and  left  him  to  the 
unrestrained  influence  of  his  cupidity  and  passion. 
Thus  from  the  high  fame,  to  which  his  bravery 
had  elevated  him,  he  descended  into  infamy. 
Thus  too  he  furnished  new  evidence  of  the  infatu 
ation  of  the  human  mind  in  attaching  such  value 
to  the  reputation  of  a  soldier,  which  may  be 
obtained,  while  the  heart  is  unsound  and  every 
moral  sentiment  is  entirely  depraved.  —  Marshall's 
Washington,  IV.  271-290;  Warren's  Hist.  War; 
Holmes ;  Stedman,  I.  138,  336 ;  n.  247 ;  Smith's 
Narrative  of  the  Death  of  Andre ;  Maine  Hist. 
Coll.  I.;  Amer.  Rememb.,  1776,  part  II. ;  1778, 
part  n. 

ARNOLD,  PELEG,  chief  justice  of  Rhode 
Island,  was  a  delegate  to  Congress  under  the 
confederation,  and  then  was  appointed  judge.  He 
died  at  Smithfield  Feb.  13,  1820,  aged  68. 

ARNOLD,  THOMAS,  appointed  chief  justice  in 
1809,  died  at  Warwick,  It.  I.,  Oct.  8,  1820. 

ARNOLD,  JOSIAH  LYNDON,  a  poet,  was  born 
at  Providence  and  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
college  in  1788.  After  superintending  for  some 
time  the  academy  at  Plainfield,  Conn.,  he  studied 
law  at  Providence  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar; 
but  he  did  not  pursue  the  profession,  being  ap 
pointed  a  tutor  in  the  college.  On  the  death, 
March,  1793,  of  his  father,  Dr.  Jonathan  Arnold, 
formerly  a  member  of  Congress,  he  settled  at  St. 
Johnsbury,  Vt.,  the  place  of  his  father's  residence, 
where  he  died  June  7,  1796,  aged  28  years.  His 
few  hasty  effusions  in  verse  were  published  after 
his  death.  —  Specimens  of  Amer.  Poetry,  II.  77. 

ARNOLD,  SETH,  died  at  Westminster,  Vt., 
Aug.  6,  1849,  aged  101  years,  10  months,  —  a 
Revolutionary,  pensioner. 

ARNOLD,  LKMUEL  H.,  governor,  died  in 
Kingston,  R.  I.,  June  27,  18u2,  aged  59.  Born 
in  St.  Johnsbury,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
in  1811,  and  left  the  bar  for  mercantile  pursuits. 
He  was  governor  of  Rhode  Island  in  1831  and 
1832,  and  afterwards  a  member  of  Congress. 
His  father,  Jonathan,  was  of  the  Continental 
Congress  from  Rhode  Island. 

ASBURY,  FIIANCIS,  senior  bishop  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  church  in  the  Uniled  States, 
came  to  this  country  in  1771  as  a  preacher,  at  the 


ASH. 


ASIIMUN. 


47 


age  of  twenty-six.  In  1773  the  first  annual  con 
ference  of  the  Methodists  was  held  at  Philadelphia, 
when  it  consisted  of  ten  preachers  and  about 
eleven  hundred  members.  He  was  consecrated 
bishop  by  Dr.  Coke  in  1784.  From  this  time  he 
travelled  yearly  through  the  United  States, 
probably  ordaining  three  thousand  preachers  and 
preaching  seventeen  thousand  sermons.  He  died 
suddenly  while  on  a  journey,  at  Spotsylvania,  Va., 
March  31,  1S1G,  aged  70  years.  A  letter  from  J. 
W.  Bond  to  Bishop  M'Kendree  gives  an  account 
of  his  death. 

ASH,  JOHN,  an  agent  of  Carolina,  was  sent  by 
that  colony  to  England  to  seek  redress  of 
grievances,  in  1703.  In  the  same  year  he  pub 
lished  an  account  of  the  affairs  in  Carolina. 

ASHE,  THOMAS,  published  in  1682  a  description 
of  Carolina. 

ASHE,  SAMUEL,  governor  of  North  Carolina, 
was  appointed  chief  justice  in  1777,  and  was 
governor  from  1796  to  1799.  He  died  Jan.,  1813, 
aged  88  years. 

ASHLEY,  JONATHAN,  minister  of  Deerfield, 
Mass.,  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1730,  and 
was  ordained  in  1738.  He  died  in  1780,  aged 
67.  He  possessed  a  strong  and  discerning  mind 
and  lively  imagination,  and  was  a  pungent  and 
energetic  preacher.  He  proclaimed  the  doctrines 
of  grace  with  a  pathos,  which  was  the  effect,  not 
merely  of  his  assent  to  their  Divine  authority,  but 
of  a  deep  sense  of  their  importance  and  excellency. 
He  published  a  sermon  on  visible  saints,  vindicating 
Mr.  Stoddarcl's  sentiments  respecting  church 
membership ;  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  John 
Norton,  Deerfield,  1741 ;  the  great  duty  of 
charity,  1742;  a  letter  to  W.  Cooper,  174*5. 

ASHLEY,  JOHN,  major-general,  was  the  son 
of  Col.  John  Ashley,  one  of  the  settlers  in  1732 
of  Iloussatonnoc,  afterwards  Sheffield,  died  Nov. 
5,  1799,  aged  60.  He  descended  from  Robert 
A.  of  Springfield,  1630,  —  and  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  17o8.  In  the  Shays'  insurrection 
he  commanded  the  force,  which  dispersed  the  in 
surgents  at  Sheffield  Feb.  26, 1787.  His  daughter 
Lydia,  married  to  II.  II.  Hinman,  died  in  18<53, 
aged  65.  —  Hint.  Berkshire,  213. 

ASHLEY,  EDWARD,  died  at  Groton,  Conn., 
Jan.,  1767,  aged  108. 

ASHLEY,  WILLIAM  II.,  general,  of  St.  Louis, 
died  March  26,  1838.  Born  in  Powhatan  county, 
Va.,  at  the  age  of  thirty  he  emigrated  to  Missouri, 
then  upper  Louisiana,  and  settled  near  the  lead 
mines.  He  was  lieutenant-governor  of  Missouri, 
and  a  member  of  Congress  1831-33.  He  was 
respected  for  his  talents,  enterprise,  and  integrity. 
In  1822  he  projected  the  "mountain  expedition," 
uniting  the  Indian  trade  in  the  Itocky  Mountains 
with  hunting  and  trapping,  and  enlisted  in  the 
scheme  three  hundred  men.  After  losses  by 


Indian  robbery  and  river  disasters  he  and  his  as 
sociates  acquired  a  handsome  fortune. 

ASIIMUN,-  ELI  P.,  died  at  Northampton  May 
10,  1819,  aged  48.  Born  in  Blandford,  he  studied 
law  with  Judge  Sedgwick,  and  practised  in  his 
native  town  until  1807.  In  1816  he  was  a  Senator 
of  the  U.  S.  A  man  once  asked  him  for  a  writ 
against  his  neighbor,  saying,  "  I  will  sue  him,  for 
he  has  sued  me.  I  can  prove  he  had  the  property." 
But  Mr.  A.  pushed  his  inquiries,  and  asked,  if 
the  purchaser  had  paid  for  the  property,  and 
extorted  the  answer,  "  There  was  nobody  present, 
when  he  paid  me,  and  he  can't  prove  it."  The 
man  was  sent  away  from  the  office  with  a  scorching 
rebuke. 

ASIIMUN,  JOHN  HOOKER,  son  of  the  preceding, 
professor  of  law  in  Harvard  university,  died  April 
1,  1833,  aged  32.  He  was  born  July  3,  1800,  was 
graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1818,  and  appointed 
professor  in  1829.  Dying  early,  "  he  had  gathered 
about  him,"  said  Judge  Story,  "  all  the  honors, 
which  are  usually  the  harvest  of  the  ripest  life." 

ASIIMUN,  JEHUDI,  agent  of  the  American 
Colonization  Society,  died  Aug.  25,  1828,  aged 
34.  He  was  born  of  pious  parents  in  Champlain, 
on  the  western  shore  of  the  lake  of  the  same 
name,  New  York,  in  April,  1794.  In  early  life  he 
was  an  unbeliever ;  but  it  pleased  God  to  disclose 
to  him  the  iniquity  of  his  heart  and  his  need  of 
mercy  and  the  value  and  glory  of  the  Gospel. 
He  graduated  at  Burlington  college  in  1816,  and 
after  preparing  for  the  ministry  was  elected  a 
professor  in  the  theological  seminary  at  Bangor, 
Maine,  in  which  place,  however,  he  continued  but 
a  short  time.  Removing  to  the  District  of  Co 
lumbia,  he  became  a  member  of  the  Episcopal 
church,  edited  the  Theological  Repertory  and 
published  his  memoirs  of  Samuel  Bacon.  He 
also  projected  a  monthly  journal  for  the  American 
Colonization  Society,  and  published  one  number ; 
but  the  work  failed  for  want  of  patronage. 
Being  appointed  to  take  charge  of  a  reinforcement 
to  the  colony  at  Liberia,  he  embarked  for  Africa 
June  19,  1822,  and  arrived  at  Cape  Montserado 
Aug.  8.  He  had  authority,  in  case  he  should 
find  no  agent  there,  to  act  as  such  for  the  society, 
and  also  for  the  navy  department.  In  the  absence 
of  the  agents,  it  was  at  a  period  of  great  difficulty, 
that  he  assumed  the  agency.  The  settlers  were 
few  and  surrounded  with  numerous  enemies.  It 
was  necessary  for  him  to  act  as  a  legislator  and 
also  as  a  soldier  and  engineer,  to  lay  out  the 
fortifications,  superintending  the  construction,  and 
this  too  in  the  time  of  affliction  from  the  loss  of 
his  wife  and  while  suffering  himself  under  a  fever, 
and  to  animate  the  emigrants  to  the  resolute  pur 
pose  of  self-defence.  About  three  months  after 
his  arrival,  just  as  he  was  beginning  to  recover 
strength,  and  while  his  whole  force  was  thirty-five 


48 


ASPINWALL. 


men  and  boys,  he  was  attacked  at  the  dawn  of 
day,  Nov.  11,  by  eight  hundred  armed  savages; 
but  by  the  energy  and  desperate"  valor  of  the 
agent  the  assailants  were  repulsed,  with  the  loss 
of  four  colonists  killed  and  four  wounded,  and 
again  in  a  few  days,  when  they  returned  with 
redoubled  numbers,  were  utterly  defeated.  Here 
was  a  memorable  display  of  heroism.  The  same 
energy,  diligence,  and  courage  were  displayed  in 
all  his'  labors  for  the  benefit  of  the  colony.  When 
ill  health  compelled  him  to  take  a  voyage  to 
America,  he  was  escorted  to  the  place  of  embarka 
tion,  March  26,  1828,  by  three  companies  of  the 
militia,  and  the  men,  women,  and  children  of 
Monrovia  parted  with  him  with  tears.  He  left  a 
community  of  twelve  hundred  freemen.  The 
vessel  touched  and  landed  him  at  St.  Bartholo 
mew's  in  very  ill  health.  He  arrived  at  New 
Haven  Aug.  10th,  a  fortnight  before  his  death. 
In  his  sickness  he  was  very  humble  and  patient. 
He  said :  "  I  have  come  here  to  die.  It  is  hard  to 
be  broken  down  by  the  slow  progress  of  disease. 
I  wish  to  be  submissive.  My  sins,  my  sins  ;  they 
seem  to  shut  me  out  from  that  comfort,  which  I 
wish  to  enjoy.  I  have  been  praying  for  light; 
and  a  little  light  has  come,  cheering  and  refresh 
ing  beyond  expression."  An  eloquent  discourse 
was  preached  by  Leonard  Bacon  at  his  funeral, 
describing  his  remarkable  character,  the  important 
influence  on  the  tribes  of  Africa  of  his  piety  and 
regard  to  justice,  and  his  great  services  for  the 
colonists.  He  was,  as  Mrs.  Sigourney  represents, 

"  Their  leader,  -when  the  blast 
Of  ruthless  war  swept  b}- ;  — 
Their  teacher,  when  the  storm  was  past, 
Their  guide  to  worlds  on  high." 

Mr.  Gurlcy,  the  editor  of  the  African  Repository, 
is  preparing  an  account  of  his  life.  In  the  Re 
pository  various  communications,  written  by  Mr. 
Ashmun,  were  published ;  his  memoirs  of  S. 
Bacon  have  been  already  mentioned. — African 
Repository,  IV.  214-224,  286;  Christian  Spec- 
tator,  II.  528 ;  N.  Y.  Mercury,  I.  13. 

ASPINWALL,  WILLIAM,  M.  D.,  an  eminent 
physician,  was  born  in  Brookline,  Mass.,  in  June, 
1743,  and  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1764.  His 
ancestor,  Peter,  was  the  first  settler  in  Brookline 
in  1650.  Dr.  Aspinwall  studied  his  profession 
with  Dr.  B.  Gale  of  Connecticut,  and  at  Philadel 
phia,  where  he  received  his  medical  degree  in 
1768.  In  the  war  of  the  Revolution  he  acted  as 
a  surgeon  in  the  army.  In  the  battle  of  Lexing 
ton  he  served  as  a  volunteer,  and  bore  from  the 
field  the  corpse  of  his  townsman,  Isaac  Gardner, 
Esq.,  whose  daughter  he  afterwards  married. 
After  the  death  of  Dr.  Boylston  he  engaged  in 
the  business  of  inoculating  for  the  small  pox,  and 
erected  hospitals  for  the  purpose.  Perhaps  no 
man  in  America  ever  inoculated  so  many,  or  had 


ATHERTON. 

such  reputation  for  skill  in  that  disease.  Yet, 
when  the  vaccine  inoculation  was  introduced, 
after  a  proper  trial  he  acknowledged  its  efficacy 
and  relinquished  his  own  profitable  establishment. 
For  forty-five  years  he  had  extensive  practice, 
frequently  riding  on  horseback  forty  miles  a  day. 
In  his  youth  he  lost  the  use  of  one  eye ;  in  his 
old  age  a  cataract  deprived  him  of  the  other. 
He  died  April  16,  1823,  in  his  80th  year,  in  the 
peace  of  one,  who  had  long  professed  the  religion 
of  Jesus  Christ  and  practised  its  duties.  At  the 
bed  of  sickness  he  was  accustomed  to  give  re 
ligious  counsel.  His  testimony  in  favor  of  the 
gospel  he  regarded  as  his  best  legacy  to  his  chil 
dren.  In  his  political  views  he  was  decidedly 
democratic  or  republican ;  yet  he  was  not  a  per 
secutor,  and  when  in  the  council,  he  resisted  the 
measures  of  the  violent.  He  was  anxious,  that 
wise  and  good  men  should  bear  sway,  and  that 
all  benevolent  and  religious  institutions  should  be 
perpetuated.  His  son  of  the  same  name  suc 
ceeded  him  in  his  profession.  Another  son,  Col. 
Thomas  Aspinwall,  lost  an  arm  in  the  war  of 
1812  and  was  afterwards  appointed  consul  at 
London.  —  Tliaclier's  Medical  Biography. 

ASPLUND,  JOHN,  died  in  Maryland  in  1807. 
Born  a  Swede,  he  was  a  Baptist  minister  in  Caro 
lina  in  1782.  He  was  drowned  from  a  canoe  in 
Maryland.  With  great  labor  he  prepared  the 
Register  of  the  Baptist  churches  in  1791  and 
1794. 

ASTOR,  JOHN  JACOB,  died  in  New  York  March 
29,  1848,  aged  84.  He  was  born  in  Waldrop, 
near  Heidelberg,  of  humble  parents,  and  came  to 
Baltimore  in  1784,  commencing  business  as  a 
fur-trader.  He  made  frequent  voyages  up  the 
Mohawk  to  trade  with  the  Indians,  and  exte'ndcd 
his  business  to  the  Columbia  river,  founding  As 
toria.  W.  Irving  has  recorded  the  over-land 
journeys  projected  by  him  to  the  Pacific.  Pre 
vious  to  the  war  of  1812  he  had  ships  in  the 
Canton  trade :  their  safe  arrival  during  the  war 
gave  him  enormous  wealth.  He  purchased  Amer 
ican  stocks  at  sixty  to  seventy  cents,  which  after 
the  Avar  were  worth  twenty  per  cent,  above  par. 
His  chief  wealth  was  from  the  purchase  of  real 
estate. 

ATHERTON,  HUMPHREY,  major-general,  came 
to  this  country  about  the  year  1636,  succeeded 
Robert  Sedgwick  in  his  military  office  in  1654, 
and  was  much  employed  in  negotiations  with  the 
Indians.  He  died  in  consequence  of  a  fall  from 
his  horse  Sept.  17,  1661.  His  residence  was  at 
Dorchester.  Among  his  children  are  the  names 
of  Rest,  Increase,  Thankful,  Hope,  Consider, 
Watching,  and  Patience.  —  Hope,  a  graduate  of 
1665,  was  the  first  minister  of  Hatfield.  As 
chaplain  he  was  at  the  Indian  battle  in  Montague, 
i  May  18,  1676.  —  Farmer's  Genealogical  Ueyis- 
\  ter ;  Savage's  Wintlirop,  II.  137. 


ATHERTON. 


AUDUBON. 


49 


ATHERTdN,  CHARLES  II.,  an  eminent  law 
yer,  died  at  Amherst,  N.  H.,  Jan.  8,  1853,  aged 
79,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1794.  He  was  a 
member  of  Congress  1815-1817,  and  register  of 
probate  thirty-nine  years. 

ATHERTON,  CHARLES  G.,  son  of  the  pre 
ceding,  died  in  Nashua  Nov.  15,  1853,  aged  53,  a 
graduate  of  Harvard  in  1822.  He  was  a  repre 
sentative  in  Congress  1837-1843,  and  a  senator 
from  1843  till  his  death.  lie  left  a  widow,  but 
no  children  to  inherit  an  estate  of  200,000  or 
300.000  dollars. 

ATKINS,  HEXRY,  a  navigator,  sailed  from 
Boston  in  the  ship  Whale,  on  a  voyage  to  Davis' 
Straits,  in  1729.  In  this  and  in  subsequent  voy 
ages  for  the  purpose  of  trade  with  the  Indians, 
the  last  of  which  was  made  in  1758,  he  explored 
much  of  the  coast  of  Labrador.  A  short  account 
of  his  observations  was  published  in  the  first  vol 
ume  of  Mass.  Historical  Collections. 

ATKINS,  ELISHA,  minister  of  Killingly,  died 
June  11,  1839,  aged  89,  formerly  a  chaplain  in  the 
army. 

ATKINSON,  THEODORE,  chief  justice  of  New 
Hampshire,  was  born  at  New  Castle,  son  of  Col. 
Theodore  Atkinson,  and  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1718.  He  sustained  many  public  offi 
ces,  civil  and  military;  was  secretary  in  1741;  a 
delegate  to  the  congress  at  Albany  in  1754,  and 
chief  justice  in  the  same  year.  The  Revolution 
deprived  him  of  the  offices  of  judge  and  secre 
tary.  He  died  in  1779,  bequeathing  200  pounds 
to  the  Episcopal  church,  the  interest  to  be  ex 
pended  in  bread  for  the  poor,  distributed  on  the 
Sabbath.  —  Adams'  Annals  of  Portsmouth,  269. 

ATKINSON,  ISRAEL,  an  eminent  physician, 
was  a  native  of  Harvard,  Mass.,  and  graduated  at 
Cambridge  in  1762.  He  settled  in  1765,  at  Lan 
caster,  where  he  died  July  20,  1822,  aged  82. 
For  some  years  he  was  the  only  physician  in  the 
county  of  Worcester,  who  had  been  well  edu 
cated.  —  Thaclier's  Medical  Bioc/rapJty. 

ATKINSON,  HEXRY,  brigadier-general,  died 
near  St.  Louis  June  20,  1842,  aged  60.  He  en 
tered  the  army  in  1808. 

ATLEE,  SAMUEL  JOHN,  colonel,  commanded 
a  Pennsylvania  company  in  the  French  war  and  a 
regiment  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  and  ac 
quired  great  honor  in  the  battle  on  Long  Island, 
though  taken  prisoner  and  subject  to  a  long  cap 
tivity.  Afterwards  he  acted  as  commissioner  to 
treat  with  the  Indians.  In  1780  he  was  elected 
to  Congress  and  was  on  the  committee  concern 
ing  the  mutiny  of  the  Pennsylvania  troops  in 
1781.  His  usual  residence  was  at  Lancaster. 
He  died  at  Philadelphia  in  Nov.,  1786,  aged  48. 

ATLEE,  WILLIAM  AUGUSTUS,  a  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  and  president  of  the  common  pleas 
for  Lancaster  and  other  counties,  died  at  his  scat 
on  the  Susquehanna  Sept.  9,  1793.  —  Jcnnison. 


ATWELL,  LUCRETIA,  Mrs.,  died  at  Montville, 
Conn.,  Nov.  1,  1851,  aged  102;  retaining  all  her 
faculties  to  the  day  of  her  death. 

ATWELL,  ZACIIARIAH,  captain,  died  at  Lynn 
in  1847,  aged  67.  Crossing  the  Atlantic  seventy 
times,  he  never  lost  a  man. 

AT  WOOD,  MARY,  the  mother  of  Harriet  Newell, 
died  in  Boston  July  4,  1853,  aged  84.  She  was 
the  daughter  of  Thomas  Tenney  of  East  Brad 
ford,  of  an  eminent  family,  and  married  in  1788 
Moses  Atwood,  a  merchant  of  Haverhill,  who 
died  in  1808.  The  whole  care  of  her  family 
now  rested  upon  her  ;  but  she  was  diligent,  pru 
dent,  prayerful.  When  her  daughter  asked  her 
consent  to  quit  her  country  in  the  cause  of  Christ, 
she  resigned  the  beloved  one  to  her  work.  In 
the  course  of  her  life  her  home  was  with  her 
children  in  Medford,  Newton,  Pittsburg,  Granby, 
and  Philadelphia ;  and  widely  apart  did  she  bury 
most  of  them,  to  be  gathered  together  in  glory 
eternal.  The  Journal  of  Missions  for  Sept.,  1853, 
has  a  beautiful  piece  of  poetry  on  her  death. 

AUCHMUTY,  ROBERT,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
died  in  1750.  He  was  of  Scottish  descent,  and 
after  his  education  at  Dublin  studied  law  at  the 
Temple.  He  came  to  Boston  in  early  life ;  and 
on  the  death  of  Mr.  Menzies  was  appointed  judge 
of  the  court  of  admiralty  in  1703,  but  held  the 
place  only  a  few  months.  In  1740  he  was  one 
of  the  directors  of  the  Land  Bank  bubble,  or 
Manufacturing  Company,  in  which  the  father  of 
Samuel  Adams  was  involved.  When  sent  to 
England  as  agent  for  the  colony  on  the  boundary 
question  with  Rhode  Island,  he  projected  the 
expedition  to  Cape  Breton,  publishing  a  pam 
phlet,  entitled,  "  the  importance  of  Cape  Breton  to 
the  British  nation,  and  a  plan  for  taking  the 
place."  On  the  death  of  Byfield  he  was  again 
appointed  judge  of  admiralty  in  1733.  His  daugh 
ter  married  Mr.  Pratt.  His  son  Samuel  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  college  in  1742,  was  an  Episcopal 
minister  in  New  York,  and  received  the  degree 
of  doctor  in  divinity  from  Oxford.  He  died 
March  3,  1777 ;  and  his  son,  Sir  Samuel,  licut.- 
general  in  the  British  army,  died  in  1822.  — His 
name  is  introduced  in  the  versification  of  Hugh 
Gaine's  petition,  Jan.  1,  1783.  He  is  alluded  to 
also  in  Trumbull's  M'Fingal.  His  other  son, 
Robert,  a  most  interesting,  persuasive  pleader, 
defended,  with  John  Adams,  Capt.  Preston.  He 
had  previously  been  appointed  judge  of  admiralty 
in  1768.  His  letters,  with  Ilutchinson's,  were 
sent  to  America  by  Franklin  in  1773.  Like  his 
brother,  he  was  a  zealous  royalist,  and  left  Amer 
ica  in  1776.  He  died  in  England.  —  Jennison, 
Manuscripts ;  Thomas,  II.  488 ;  Hutchinson's  Last 
History,  401 ;  Eliot. 

AUDUBON,  JOHN  JAMES,  died  at  Minniesland, 
near  New  York,  Jan.  27,  1851,  aged  71.  Born 
of  French  parents  at  New  Orleans,  he  was  edu- 


50 


AUSTIN. 


cated  at  Paris.  As  early  as  1810  he  went  down 
the  Ohio  in  an  open  boat  in  search  of  a  forest 
home.  His  life  was  a  life  of  adventure  and  ro 
mantic  interest,  hardly  a  region  of  the  United 
States  being  unvisited  by  him  in  his  ornithological 
pursuits,  lie  published  a  splendid  work,  —  Birds 
of  America,  from  original  drawings,  folio ;  also 
Ornithological  biography,  8vo.  1831. 

AUSTIN,  BENJAMIN,  a  political  writer,  died  in 
Boston  May  4, 1820,  aged  68.  He  early  espoused 
the  democratic  or  republican  side  in  the  political 
controversy,  which  raged  during  the  administra 
tion  of  John  Adams.  He  was  bold,  unflinching, 
uncompromising.  He  assailed  others  for  their 
political  errors;  and  he  was  himself  traduced 
with  the  utmost  virulence.  Perhaps  no  man  ever 
met  such  a  tide  of  obloquy.  Yet  many,  who  once 
detested  his  party,  have  since  united  themselves 
to  it.  After  the  triumph  of  Mr.  Jefferson,  he 
was  appointed,  without  soliciting  the  place,  com 
missioner  of  loans  for  Mass.  In  1806  his  son, 
Charles  Austin,  when  attempting  to  chastise  Mr. 
Selfridge  for  abuse  of  his  father,  was  by  him  shot 
and  killed  in  the  streets  of  Boston.  Mr.  S.  was 
tried  and  acquitted.  His  political  writings,  with 
the  signature  of  "  Old  South,"  published  in  the 
Chronicle,  were  collected  into  a  volume,  entitled 
"  Constitutional  Republicanism/'  8vo.  1803. 

AUSTIN,  JONATHAN  LOIUXG,  died  in  Boston 
May  10,  1826,  aged  78.  He  rendered  important 
services  in  the  Revolution.  Born  in  Boston  Jan. 
2,  1748,  he  was  graduated  in  1766 ;  was  a  mer 
chant  and  secretary  of  the  board  of  war  in  Mas 
sachusetts.  He  was  sent  to  Paris  in  1777  with 
news  to  our  commissioners  of  the  capture  of  Bur- 
goyne  :  presenting  a  note  to  Dr.  Chauncy's  church 
for  a  safe  voyage,  the  Doctor,  who  was  somewhat 
unskilful,  prayed,  that  whatever  might  become  of 
the  young  man,  the  packet  might  be  safe.  For 
two  years  in  Paris  he  was  Franklin's  secretary. 
A  large  cake  was  once  sent  to  the  apartment  of 
the  commissioners,  inscribed —  "  Le  digne  Frank 
lin," —  the  worthy  Franklin.  F.  immediately  re 
marked  —  "  The  present  is  for  all  of  us  —  these 
French  people  cannot  write  English :  they  mean 
Lee,  Deane,  Franklin." 

As  the  agent  of  Franklin  he  spent  two  years 
in  London  in  the  family  of  the  Earl  of  Shel- 
burnc.  On  his  return  in  May,  1779,  he  was  lib 
erally  rewarded  by  Congress.  In  1780  in  going 
to  Spain  as  an  agent  of  the  state  he  was  cap 
tured  and  carried  to  England.  lie  was  secretary 
and  treasurer  of  the  state,  and  an  exemplary 
member  of  the  church.  His  son,  James  T.  Austin, 
was  attorney-general  in  1832. 

AUSTIN,  MOSES,  an  enterprising  settler  in 
upper  Louisiana,  was  a  native  of  Durham,  Conn., 
and  after  residing  in  Philadelphia  and  Richmond 
emigrated  to  the  west  with  his  family  in  1798, 
having  obtained  a  considerable  grant  of  land 


AUSTIN. 

from  the  Spanish  governor.  He  commenced  the 
business  of  mining  at  Mine  au  Breton,  and  cre 
ated  there  a  town ;  but  becoming  embarrassed  by 
his  speculations,  he  sold  his  estate  and  purchased 
a  large  tract  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Colorado, 
in  Mexico.  Ere  his  arrangements  for  removal 
were  completed,  he  died  in  1821.  Believing  the 
gospel,  he  placed  his  hopes  of  future  happiness 
on  the  atonement  of  the  Saviour.  —  Schoolcraft's 
Travels,  1821,  p.  239-250. 

AUSTIN,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  president  of  the  uni 
versity  of  Vermont,  was  born  at  New  Haven, 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1783,  and  ordained, 
as  the  successor  of  Allyn  Mather,  at  Fairhaven, 
Conn.,  Nov.  9,  1786,  but  was  dismissed  Jan.  19, 
1790.  He  was  afterwards  for  many  years  pastor 
of  a  church  in  Worcester,  Mass.  He  was  but  a 
few  years  at  the  head  of  the  college  in  Burling 
ton.  After  his  resignation  of  that  place  he  was 
not  resettled  in  the  ministry.  He  died  at  Glas- 
tenbury,  Conn.,  Dec.  4,  1830,  aged  70  years. 
His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Hopkins  of  Had- 
ley.  He  Avas  eminently  pious  and  distinguished 
as  a  minister.  With  three  other  ministers  he 
was  the  projector  of  the  Massachusetts  mission 
ary  society,  and  was  active  in  originating  the 
Mass,  general  association.  Much  might  be  said 
of  his  high  intellectual  character,  of  his  zeal  and 
eloquence,  his  charity,  influence,  and  usefulness. 
But  for  the  last  three  years  it  pleased  God  to 
cast  a  thick  cloud  over  his  mind,  so  that  he  was 
in  a  state  of  despondence  and  sometimes  in 
paroxysms  of  horror.  His  last  words  in  prayer 
were,  "  Blessed  Jesus !  sanctify  me  wholly." 

He  published  two  important  works ;  a  view  of 
the  church,  and  theological  essays :  also  letters 
on  baptism,  examining  Merrill's  seven  sermons, 
1805  ;  reply  to  Merrill's  twelve  letters,  1806;  and 
the  following  sermons,  —  on  disinterested  love, 
1790;  ordination  and  installation  of  S.Worces 
ter;  on  the  death  of  Mrs.  Blair,  1792;  Mass, 
missionary,  1 803 ;  dedication  at  Hadley ;  ordina 
tion  of  W.  Fay,  J.  M.  Whiton,  N.  Nelson,  G.  S. 
Olds;  at  a  fast,  1811 :  at  two  fasts,  1812  ;  view  of 
the  economy  of  the  church. 

AUSTIN,  DAYID,  died  in  Norwich,  Conn.,  Feb. 
5,  1831,  aged  71.  His  father  was  collector  of  the 
customs  and  a  merchant  in  New  Haven.  —  He 
graduated  in  1779.  After  travelling  abroad  he 
was  ordained  at  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  in  1788. 
His  wife,  Lydia  Lathrop  of  Norwich,  was  the 
daughter  of  a  man  of  wealth.  An  illness  of  the 
scarlet  fever  in  1795,  it  is  supposed,  affected  his 
reason.  He  predicted  the  second  coming  of 
Christ  on  the  fourth  Sunday  of  May,  1796.  As 
the  event  did  not  cure  him  of  his  delusion,  the 
presbytery  dismissed  him  in  1797.  By  building 
houses  for  the  Jews,  who,  he  thought,  were 
coming  to  New  Haven,  he  incurred  debts,  for 
which  he  was  imprisoned.  Recovering  his  reason, 


AVERY. 


BACKUS. 


51 


he  was  the  minister  of  Bozrah  from  1815  till  his 
death.  He  published  in  four  vols.  the  "American 
Preacher,"  by  various  ministers,  and  the  "  Down 
fall  of  Babylon."—  Observer,  Aug.  11,  1844. 

AVERY,  JOHX,  a  minister,  came  to  this  coun 
try  in  1635.  While  sailing  from  Xewbury  towards 
Marblehead,  where  he  proposed  to  settle,  he  was 
shipwrecked  in  a  violent  storm  Aug.  14,  1635,  on 
a  rocky  island,  called  Thacher's  woe  and  Avery's 
fall,  and  died  with  his  wife  and  six  children.  — 
Mr.  A.  Thacher  escaped.  —  His  last  words  were  : 
"  I  can  lay  no  claim  to  deliverance  from  this 
danger,  but  through  the  satisfaction  of  Christ  I 
can  lay  claim  to  heaven  :  this,  Lord,  I  entreat  of 
thee." —  Magnal.  in.  77  ;  Savage,  I.  165  ;  Eliot. 

AVERY,  WILLIAM,  Dr.,  died  in  Dedham  about 
1687,  having  lived  there  as  early  as  1653.  Of 
his  grandchildren,  Joseph  was  the  first  minister 
of  Norton  from  1714  to  1770,  and  John  the  first 
minister  of  Truro,  dying  in  1754,  aged  about  70. 
Rev.  David  A.  of  Holden  and  Rev.  Daniel  A.  of 
Wrentham  were  also  his  descendants. 

AXTELL,  HENRY,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Geneva, 
X.  Y.,  was  born  at  Mendham,  X.  J.,  in  1773,  and 
graduated  at  Princeton  in  1796.  He  went  to 
Geneva  soon  after  the  settlement  of  that  part  of 
the  state,  and  was  very  useful.  At  the  time  of 
his  ordination  in  1812  his  church  consisted  of 
seventy  members :  at  the  time  of  his  death  of 
about  400.  In  two  revivals  his  labors  had  been 
particularly  blessed.  He  died  Feb.  11,  1829, 
aged  55.  His  eldest  daughter  was  placed  in  the 
same  grave. 

BACHE,  RICHARD,  postmaster-general  of  the 
United  States,  was  appointed  in  the  place  of  Dr. 
Franklin  in  Xov.  1776,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Mr.  Hazard  in  1782.  A  native  of  England,  he 
came  in  early  life  to  this  country,  and  was  at  the 
beginning  of  the  Revolution  chairman  of  the  re 
publican  society  in  Philadelphia.  He  married  in 
1767  Sally,  the  only  daughter  of  Dr.  Franklin, 
who  died  in  Oct.,  1808;  he  died  at  Settle  in  the 
county  of  Berks,  Penn.,  July  29,  1811,  aged  74. 

BACHE,  BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN,  a  printer,  died 
in  1799.  He  was  the  son  of  the  preceding,  and 
accompanied  Dr.  Franklin  to  Paris,  where  he 
completed  his  education  as  a  printer  and  founder 
in  the  printing  house  of  the  celebrated  Didot. 
After  his  return  in  1785  he  pursued  with  honor 
his  studies  at  the  college  of  Philadelphia.  In 
Oct.,  1790,  he  commenced  the  publication  of  the 
General  Advertiser,  the  name  of  which  was  after 
wards  changed  to  that  of  the  Aurora,  —  a  paper, 
which  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Bache  and  his 
successor,  Mr.  I  Hume,  exerted  a  powerful  influ 
ence  on  the  politics  of  the  country  in  hostility  to 
the  two  first  administrations.  His  widow  married 
Mr.  Duanc.  —  Jennison's  Manuscripts. 

BACHE,  GEORGE  M.,  a  lieutenant  in  the  navy, 
was  swept  from  the  deck  of  his  ship  off  Cape  Ilat- 


teras  in  a  hurricane  Sept.  8, 1846.  He  had  toiled 
for  eight  years  in  a  scientific  coast-survey,  being 
chief  of  a  hydrographic  party.  He  was  a  native 
of  Philadelphia. 

BACHI,  PIETRO,  died  in  Boston  Aug.  22, 1853, 
aged  66.  Born  in  Sicily,  he  came  to  this  country 
in  1825  and  was  teacher  of  Italian  at  Harvard 
from  1826  to  1846. 

BACKUS,  ISAAC,  a  distinguished  Baptist  min 
ister  of  Massachusetts,  died  Xov.  20,  1806,  aged 
82.  He  was  born  at  Xorwich  in  Connecticut,  in 
1724.  In  1741,  a  year  memorable  for  the  revival 
of  religion  through  this  country,  his  attention 
was  first  arrested  by  the  concerns  of  another 
world,  and  he  was  brought,  as  he  believed,  to  the 
knowledge  of  the  truth,  as  it  is  in  Jesus.  In 
1746  he  commenced  preaching  the  gospel;  and 
April  13,  1748,  he  was  ordained  first  minister  of 
a  Congregational  church  in  Titicut  precinct,  in  the 
town  of  Middlcborough,  Mass.  This  society  was 
formed  in  Feb.,  1743,  in  consequence  of  disputes 
with  regard  to  the  settlement  of  a  minister.  The 
members  of  it  wished  for  a  minister  of  different 
sentiments  from  the  man,  who  was  settled,  and, 
as  they  could  not  obtain  a  dismission  from  the 
church  by  an  ecclesiastical  council,  at  the  end 
of  five  years  they  withdrew  without  this  sanction, 
and  formed  a  church  by  themselves  in  Feb.,  1748. 
The  society,  however,  was  not  permitted  now  to 
rest  in  peace,  for  they  were  taxed  with  the  other 
inhabitants  of  the  town  for  the  purpose  of  build 
ing  a  new  meeting-house  for  the  first  church. 

In  1749  a  number  of  the  members  of  Mr. 
Backus'  church  altered  their  sentiments  with  re 
gard  to  baptism,  and  obtained  an  exemption  from 
the  congregational  tax ;  and  he  at  length  united 
with  them  in  opinion.  He  was  baptized  by  im 
mersion  in  August,  1751.  For  some  years  after 
wards  he  held  communion  with  those,  who  were 
baptized  in  infancy,  but  he  withdrew  from  this 
intercourse  with  Christians  of  other  denomina 
tions.  A  Baptist  church  was  formed  Jan.  16, 
1756,  and  he  was  installed  its  pastor  June  23  of 
the  same  year  by  ministers  from  Boston  and  Re- 
hoboth.  In  this  relation  he  continued  through 
the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  had  been  enabled 
to  preach  nearly  sixty  years  until  the  spring  before 
his  death,  when  he  experienced  a  paralytic  stroke, 
which  deprived  him  of  speech,  and  of  the  use  of 
his  limbs. 

Mr.  Backus  was  a  plain,  evangelical  preacher, 
without  any  pretensions  to  eloquence.  It  may  be 
ascribed  to  his  natural  diffidence  that,  when 
preaching  or  conversing  on  important  subjects, 
he  was  in  the  habit  of  shutting  his  eyes.  To  his 
exertions  the  Baptist  churches  in  America  owe 
not  a  little  of  their  present  flourishing  condition. 
He  was  ever  a  zealous  friend  to  the  equal  rights 
of  Christians.  When  the  Congress  met  at  Phil 
adelphia  in  1774,  he  was  sent  as  an  agent  from 


52 


BACKUS. 


the  Baptist  churches  of  the  Warren  association 
to  support  their  claims  to  the  same  equal  liber 
ties,  wlu'ch  ought  to  be  given  to  every  denomina 
tion.  In  October  he  had  a  conference  with  the 
Massachusetts  delegation  and  others,  at  which  he 
contended  only  for  the  same  privileges,  which 
were  given  to  the  churches  in  Boston;  and  he 
received  the  promise,  that  the  rights  of  the 
Baptists  should  be  regarded.  On  his  return,  as  a 
report  had  preceded  him,  that  he  had  been  at 
tempting  to  break  up  the  union  of  the  colonies, 
he  addressed  himself  to  the  convention  of  Mass. 
Dec.  9,  and  a  vote  was  passed,  declaring  his  con 
duct  to  have  been  correct.  When  the  convention 
in  1779  took  into  consideration  the  constitution 
of  the  state,  the  subject  of  the  extent  of  the  civil 
power  in  regard  to  religion  naturally  presented 
itself,  and  in  the  course  of  debate  the  perfect 
correctness  of  the  Baptist  memorial,  which  was 
read  at  Philadelphia,  was  called  in  question.  In 
consequence  of  which  Mr.  Backus  published  in 
the  Chronicle  of  Dec.  2d  a  narrative  of  his  pro 
ceedings  as  Baptist  agent,  and  brought  arguments 
against  an  article  in  the  bill  of  rights  of  the  con 
stitution  of  Massachusetts.  He  believed,  that  the 
civil  authority  had  no  right  to  require  men  to 
support  a  teacher  of  piety,  morality,  and  religion, 
or  to  attend  public  worship ;  that  the  church 
ought  to  have  no  connection  with  the  state ;  that 
the  kingdom  of  the  Lord  Jesus  was  not  of  this 
world,  and  was  not  dependent  on  the  kingdoms 
of  this  world;  and  that  the  subject  of  religion 
should  be  left  entirely  to  the  consciences  of 
men. 

The  publications  of  Mr.  Backus  are  more 
numerous,  than  those  of  any  other  Baptist  writer 
in  America.  An  abridgement  of  the  whole  work 
was  published  in  one  volume,  when  the  author 
was  80  years  of  age. 

Little  can  be  said  in  commendation  of  his 
three  volumes  of  the  history  of  the  Baptists,  of 
which  he  published  an  abridgment,  brought 
down  to  1804.  It  contains  indeed  many  facts, 
for  which  the  public  is  indebted  to  the  patient  in 
dustry  of  the  writer,  and  it  must  be  a  very  valu 
able  work  to  the  Baptists,  as  it  presents  a  minute 
account  of  almost  every  church  of  that  denom 
ination  in  New  England.  But  these  facts  are 
combined  without  much  attention  to  the  connec 
tion,  which  ought  to  subsist  between  them,  and 
the  author  shows  himself  too  much  under  the  in 
fluence  of  the  zeal  of  party.  —  Backus'  Church 
History,  III.  139-141 ;  Benedict,  n.  267-274. 

BACKUS,  CHARLES,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  minister, 
was  born  in  Norwich,  Conn.,  in  1749.  He  lost 
his  parents  in  his  childhood,  but,  as  he  early  dis 
covered  a  love  of  science,  his  friends  assisted  him 
to  a  liberal  education.  He  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1769.  His  theological  education 
was  directed  by  Dr.  Hart  of  Preston.  In  1774 


BACKUS. 

he  was  ordained  to  the  pastoral  charge  of  the 
church  in  Somers,  in  which  town  he  remained  till 
his  death  Dec.  30,  1803,  after  a  faithful  ministry 
of  more  than  twenty-nine  years.  In  the  last 
year  of  his  residence  at  college  the  mind  of  Dr. 
Backus  was  impressed  by  Divine  truth,  and, 
although  his  conduct  had  not  been  immoral,  he 
was  deeply  convinced  of  his  sinfulncss  in  the 
sight  of  God.  He  was  for  a  time  opposed  to  the 
doctrines  of  the  gospel,  particularly  to  the  doc 
trine  of  the  atonement,  and  of  the  dependence 
of  man  upon  the  special  influences  of  the  Holy 
Spirit  to  renew  his  heart.  But  at  last  his  pride 
was  humbled,  and  he  was  brought  to  an  acquaint 
ance  with  the  way  of  salvation  by  a  crucified  Re 
deemer.  From  this  time  he  indulged  the  hope 
that  he  was  reconciled  unto  God.  A  humble  and 
an  exemplary  Christian,  under  the  afflictions  of 
life  he  quietly  submitted  to  the  will  of  his  Father 
in  heaven.  He  was  a  plain,  evangelical,  impressive 
preacher.  Knowing  the  worth  of  immortal  souls, 
he  taught  with  the  greatest  clearness  the  way  of 
salvation  through  faith  in  the  Redeemer,  and 
enforced  upon  his  hearers  that  holiness,  without 
which  no  man  can  see  the  Lord.  During  his 
ministry  there  were  four  seasons  of  peculiar  atten 
tion  to  religion  among  his  people.  Dr.  Backus 
was  eminent  as  a  theologian.  His  retired  situa 
tion  and  his  eminence  as  an  instructor  drew 
around  him  many,  who  were  designed  for  the 
Christian  ministry.  Nearly  fifty  young  men  were 
members  of  his  theological  school,  among  whom 
were  Drs.  Woods,  Church,  Hyde,  Moore,  Davis, 
Lovell,  and  Cooley.  He  refused  invitations  to  the 
theological  chair  in  Dartmouth  and  Yale.  His 
only  child,  a  son,  a  member  of  college,  died  in 
1794.  He  was  a  very  fervent,  eloquent,  extempo 
raneous  preacher.  In  his  last  sickness  he  had 
much  of  the  Divine  presence.  The  last  words, 
which  he  was  heard  to  whisper,  were,  "  Glory  to 
God  in  the  highest,  and  on  earth  peace,  good 
will  towards  men."  He  published  the  following 
sermons:  at  the  ordination  of  A.  Backus,  1791; 
of  F.  Reynolds,  1795 ;  of  J.  Russell,  Princeton, 
and  T.  M.  Cooley,  1796 ;  of  J.  H.  Church  and  T. 
Snell,  1798;  of  Z.  S.  Moore  and  V.  Gould;  on 
death  of  J.  Howard,  1785;  of  M.  Chapin,  1794; 
of  Mrs.  Prudden  ;  of  six  young  persons,  drowned 
at  Wilbraham,  1799;  to  free  masons,  1795;  five 
on  the  truth  of  the  Bible,  1797 ;  century  sermon, 
1801;  a  volume  on  regeneration. 

BACKUS,  AZEL,  D.  D.,  president  of  Ham 
ilton  college,  died  Dec.  28,  1816,  aged  51. 
He  was  the  son  of  Jabez  Backus  of  Norwich, 
Conn.  His  father  bequeathed  to  him  a  farm  in 
Franklin,  which,  he  says,  "  I  wisely  exchanged  for 
an  education  in  college."  He  was  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1787.  While  in  college  he  was  a  deist; 
but  his  uncle  and  friend,  Charles  Backus  of 
Somers,  won  him  from  infidelity  through  the 


BACOS. 


BACON. 


53 


Divine  blessing,  and  reared  him  up  for  the  minis 
try.  From  the  time  that  he  believed  the  gospel, 
he  gloried  in  the  cross.  In  early  life  he  was  or 
dained  as  the  successor  of  Dr.  Bellamy  at  Beth- 
lorn,  where  he  not  only  labored  faithfully  in  the 
ministry,  but  also  instituted  and  conducted  a  school 
of  considerable  celebrity.  After  the  establishment 
of  Hamilton  college,  near  Utica,  he  was  chosen 
the  first  president,  and  was  succeeded  by  President 
Davis  of  Middlebury  college.  He  was  a  man  of 
an  original  cast  of  thought,  distinguished  by  sus 
ceptibility  and  ardor  of  feeling  and  by  vigorous 
and  active  piety.  Of  his  benevolence  and  good 
ness  no  one  could  doubt.  In  his  sermons,  though 
familiar  and  not  perhaps  sufficiently  correct  and 
elevated  in  style,  he  was  earnest,  affectionate,  and 
faithful.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of 
Gov.  Wolcott,  1797;  at  the  election,  1798;  at  the 
ordination  of  John  Frost,  Whitesborough,  1813. 
—  Belig.  Intel.  I.  527,  592;  Panoplist,  XIII.  43. 
BACON,  NATHANIEL,  general,  a  Virginia  rebel, 
died  Oct.  1,  1G76.  He  was  educated  at  the  Inns 
of  court  in  England,  and  after  his  arrival  in  this 
country  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  council. 
He  was  a  young  man  of  fine  accomplishments,  of 
an  interesting  countenance,  and  of  impressive 
eloquence.  The  treachery  of  the  English  in  the 
murder  of  six  Woerowances  or  Indian  chiefs,  who 
came  out  of  a  beseiged  fort  in  order  to  negotiate 
a  treaty,  induced  the  savages  to  take  terrible 
vengeance,  inhumanly  slaughtering  sixty  for  the 
six,  for  they  thought  that  ten  for  one  was  a  just 
atonement  for  the  loss  of  their  great  men.  Their 
incursions  caused  the  frontier  plantations  to  be 
abandoned.  Thus  did  the  crime  of  the  Virginians, 
as  is  always  the  case  with  public  crime,  draw  after 
it  punishment.  The  governor,  Berkeley,  resorted 
to  the  wretched  policy  of  building  a  few  forts  on 
the  frontiers,  which  could  have  no  effect  in  pre 
venting  the  incursions  of  the  savages,  who  quickly 
found  out,  as  an  old  history  of  the  affair  expresses 
it, "  where  the  mouse-traps  were  set!"  The  people, 
in  their  indignation,  determined  on  wiser  and 
more  active  measures.  Having  chosen  Bacon  as 
their  general,  he  sent  to  their  governor  for  a 
commission,  but  being  refused,  he  marched  with 
out  one  at  the  head  of  eighty  or  ninety  men,  and 
in  a  battle  defeated  the  Indians  and  destroyed 
their  magazine.  In  the  mean  time  the  governor, 
at  the  instigation  of  men  who  were  envious  of  the 
rising  popularity  of  Bacon,  proclaimed  him  a 
rebel  May  29,  1G7G,  and  marched  a  force  against 
him  to  "  the  middle  plantation,"  or  Williamsburg, 
but  in  a  few  days  returned  to  meet  the  assembly. 
Bacon  himself  soon  proceeded  in  a  sloop  with 
thirty  men  to  Jamestown ;  but  was  taken  by  sur 
prise  and  put  in  irons.  At  his  trial  before  the 
governor  and  council  June  10,  he  was  acquitted 
and  restored  to  the  council,  and  promised  also  in 
two  days  a  commission  as  general  for  the  Indian 


war,  agreeably  to  the  passionate  wishes  of  the 
people.  Their  regard  to  him  will  account  for  his 
acquittance.  As  the  governor  refused  to  sign  the 
promised  commission,  Bacon  soon  appeared  at  the 
head  of  five  hundred  men  and  obtained  it  by 
force.  Thus  was  he  "  crowned  the  darling  of  the 
people's  hopes  and  desires."  Nor  did  the  people 
misjudge  as  to  his  capacity  to  serve  them.  By 
sending  companies  under  select  officers  into  the 
different  counties  to  scour  the  thickets,  swamps, 
and  forests,  where  the  Indians  might  be  sheltered, 
he  restored  the  dispersed  people  to  their  planta 
tions.  While  he  was  thus  honorably  employed, 
the  governor  again  proclaimed  him  a  rebel.  This 
measure  induced  him  to  countermarch  to  Wil 
liamsburg,  whence  he  issued,  Aug.  6,  his  declara 
tion  against  the  governor  and  soon  drove  him 
across  the  bay  to  Accomac.  He  also  exacted  of 
the  people  an  oath  to  support  him  against  the 
forces  employed  by  the  governor.  He  then 
prosecuted  the  Indian  war.  In  September  he 
again  put  the  governor  to  flight  and  burned 
Jamestown,  consisting  of  sixteen  or  eighteen 
houses  and  a  brick  church,  the  first  that  was  built 
in  Virginia.  At  this  period  he  adopted  a  singular 
expedient  to  prevent  an  attack  by  the  governor, 
beseiged  by  him.  He  seized  the  wives  of  several 
of  the  governor's  adherents  and  brought  them 
into  camp;  then  sent  word  to  their  husbands, 
that  they  would  be  placed  in  the  fore  front  of  his 
men.  Entirely  successful  on  the  western  shore, 
Bacon  was  about  to  cross  the  bay  to  attack  the 
governor  at  Accomac,  when  he  was  called  to  sur 
render  up  his  life  "  into  the  hands  of  that  grim 
and  all  conquering  captain,  Death."  In  his  sick 
ness  he  implored  the  assistance  of  Mr.  Wading,  a 
minister,  in  preparing  for  the  future  world. 

After  the  death  of  Bacon  one  Ingram,  a  Aveak 
man,  assumed  his  commission,  but  was  soon  won 
over  by  the  governor.  Among  his  followers,  who 
were  executed,  was  Col.  Hansford,  who,  with  the 
feelings  of  Maj.  Andre,  had  no  favor  to  ask,  but 
that  "  he  might  be  shot  like  a  soldier,  and  not  be 
hanged  like  a  dog ; "  also  Capt.  Carver,  and  Far- 
low,  and  Wilford.  Maj.  Cheisman  died  in  prison. 
Drummond  also,  formerly  governor  of  Carolina, 
and  Col.  llichard  Lawrence  were  \ictims  of  this 
civil  war,  which,  besides  the  loss  of  valuable  lives, 
cost  the  colony  100,000  pounds.  After  reading 
;  the  history  of  this  rebellion,  one  is  ready  to  per 
suade  himself,  that  its  existence  might  have  been 
prevented,  had  the  governor  consulted  the  wishes 
of  the  people  by  giving  Bacon  the  command  in 
the  Indian  war ;  had  he  been  faithful  to  his  own 
promise ;  had  he  not  yielded  to  the  envious  or 
malignant  counsels  of  others.  Had  Bacon  lived 
and  been  triumphant,  he  would  probably  have 
been  remembered,  not  as  an  insurgent,  but  as  the 
deliverer  of  his  country.  Yet  it  is  very  obvious, 
that  under  an  organized  government  he  did  not 


BACON. 


BADGER. 


prove  himself  a  good  citizen,  but  was  an  artful 
demagogue,  and  borne  away  by  a  reprehensible 
and  rash  ambition.  —  Death  of  Bacon;  Keith's 
Hist,  of  Virginia,  156-162;  Chalmers,  I.  332- 
335;  Beverly,  105;  Wynne,  II.  222,  223;  Mar 
shall,  I.  198-201. 

BACON,  THOMAS,  an  Episcopal  minister  at 
Frederictown,  Md.,  died  May  24,  1768.  He 
compiled  "  a  complete  system  of  the  revenue  of 
Ireland,"  published  in  1737  ;  also  a  complete  body 
of  the  laws  of  Maryland,  fol.,  1765.  He  also 
wrote  other  valuable  pieces.  —  Jenn. 

BACON,  JACOB,  first  minister  of  Keene,  N.  II., 
died  at  Rowley  in  1787,  aged  81.  A  graduate  of 
Harvard  in  1731,  he  was  ordained  in  1738.  The 
settlement  was  broken  up  by  the  Indians  in 
April,  1747.  He  afterwards  was  settled  in  Ply 
mouth.  His  successors  at  K.  were  Carpenter, 
Sumner,  Hall,  Oliphant,  and  Barstow.  The  last 
was  ordained  July  1,  1818. 

BACON,  JOHN,  minister,  of  Boston,  died  Oct. 
25,  1820.  He  was  a  native  of  Canterbury, 
Conn.,  and  was  graduated  at  the  college  of 
New  Jersey  in  1765.  After  preaching  for  a  time 
in  Somerset  county,  Maryland,  he  and  John  Hunt 
were  settled  as  colleague  pastors  over  the  old 
south  church  in  Boston,  as  successors  to  Mr. 
Blair,  Sept.  25,  1771.  His  style  of  preaching 
was  argumentative ;  his  manner  approaching  the 
severe.  Difficulties  soon  sprung  up  in  regard  to 
the  doctrines  of  the  atonement  and  of  imputation 
and  the  administration  of  baptism  on  the  half 
way  covenant,  which  led  to  the  dismission  of  Mr. 
Bacon  Feb.  8,  1775.  His  views  seem  to  have 
been  such  as  now  prevail  in  New  England,  while 
his  church  advocated  limited  atonement  and  the 
notion  of  the  actual  transference  of  the  sins  of 
believers  to  Christ  and  of  his  obedience  to  them. 
Probably  the  more  popular  talents  of  Mr.  Hunt 
had  some  influence  in  creating  the  difficulty.  Mr. 
Bacon  removed  to  Stockbridge,  Berkshire  county, 
where  he  died.  He  was  a  magistrate ;  a  repre 
sentative  ;  associate  and  presiding  judge  of  the 
common  pleas ;  a  member  and  president  of  the 
state  senate ;  and  a  member  of  Congress.  In  his 
political  views  he  accorded  with  the  party  of  Mr. 
Jefferson.  He  married  the  widow  of  his  prede 
cessor,  Mr.  Gumming.  She  was  the  daughter  of 
Ezekiel  Goldthwait,  register  of  deeds.  His  son, 
Ezekiel  Bacon,  was  a  distinguished  member  of 
Congress  just  before  the  war  of  1812.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  after  his  installation,  1772 ;  an 
answer  to  Huntington  on  a  case  of  discipline, 
1781 ;  a  speech  on  the  courts  of  U.  S.,  1802 ;  con 
jectures  on  the  prophecies,  1805.  —  Wisner's  Hist. 
0.  8.  Church,  33;  Hint,  of  Berkshire,  104,  201. 

BACON,  MARY,  died  at  Providence  July  3, 
1848,  aged  108  ;  born  June  10,  1740,  the  daughter 
of  John  Matthewson. 

BACON,  SAMUEL,  agent  of  the  American  gov- 


ernment  for  establishing  a  colony  in  Africa,  was  an 
Episcopal  clergyman.  He  proceeded  in  the 
Elizabeth  to  Sierra  Leone  with  eighty-two  colored 
people,  accompanied  by  Mr.  Bankson,  also  agent, 
and  Dr.  Crozer  ;  and  arrived  March  9,  1820.  The 
Augusta  schooner  was  purchased  and  the  people 
and  stores  were  transhipped,  and  carried  to 
Campelar  in  Sherbro  river  March  20th.  Dr. 
Crozer  and  Mr.  Bankson  died  in  a  few  weeks,  and 
Mr.  Bacon  being  taken  ill  on  the  17th  April 
proceeded  to  Kent,  at  Cape  Shilling,  but  died  two 
days  after  his  arrival,  on  the  3d  of  May.  Many 
others  died.  The  circular  of  the  colonization 
society,  signed  by  E.  B.  Caldwell,  Oct.  26, 
describes  this  disastrous  expedition.  —  Memoirs 
by  Ashmun. 

BADGER,  STEPHEN,  minister  of  Natick,  Mass., 
was  born  in  Charlestown  in  1725  of  humble 
parentage,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1747,  his  name  being  last  in  the  catalogue,  when 
the  names  were  arranged  according  to  parental 
dignity.  Employed  by  the  commissioners  for 
propagating  the  Gospel  in  New  England,  he  was 
ordained  as  missionary  over  the  Indians  at  Natick, 
as  successor  of  Mr.  Peabody,  March  27,  1753, 
and  died  Aug.  28,  1803,  aged  78  years.  Mr. 
Biglow  represents  him  as  in  reality  a  Unitarian, 
although  not  avowedly  such.  He  published  a 
letter  from  a  pastor  against  the  demand  of  a  con 
fession  of  particular  sins  in  order  to  church  fellow 
ship  ;  a  letter  concerning  the  Indians  in  the  Mass. 
hist,  collections,  dated  1797  ;  and  two  discourses 
on  drunkenness,  1774,  recently  reprinted.  In 
his  letter  concerning  the  Indians  he  states,  that 
Deacon  Ephraim,  a  good  Christian  Indian  of  his 
church,  on  being  asked  how  it  was  to  be  accounted 
for,  that  Indian  youths,  virtuously  educated  in 
English  families,  were  apt,  when  losing  the  re 
straints  under  which  they  had  been  brought  up, 
to  become  indolent  and  intemperate  like  others, 
replied  :  "  Ducks  will  be  ducks,  notwithstanding 
they  are  hatched  by  the  hen,"  —  or  in  his  own 
imperfect  English  —  "Tucks  will  be  tucks,  for  all 
ole  hen  he  hatchum."  Another  Indian  of  Natick 
once  purchased  a  dram  at  a  shop  in  Boston,  and 
the  next  spring,  after  drinking  rum  at  the  same 
shop,  found  that  the  price  of  the  poison  was 
doubled.  On  inquiring  the  reason,  the  dealer 
replied,  that  he  had  kept  the  cask  over  winter, 
and  it  was  as  expensive  as  to  keep  a  horse. 
"  Hah,"  replied  the  Indian,  "  he  no  eat  so  much 
hay  ;  but  I  believe  he  drink  as  much  water  !  " 
Of  the  strength  of  rum  the  Naticks  were  un 
happily  too  good  judges.  It  is  deplorable,  that  in 
1797  there  were  among  the  Natick  Indians,  for 
whom  the  apostolic  Eliot  labored,  only  two  or 
three  church-members,  and  not  one  who  could 
speak  their  language,  into  which  he  translated  the 
Bible.  Among  the  many  causes  of  their  degene 
racy  may  be  mentioned  the  sale  of  their  lands, 


BADGER. 


DAILY. 


55 


their  intermixture  with  blacks  and  whites,  leaving 
only  about  twenty  clear-blooded  Indians,  their 
unconquerable  indolence  and  propensity  to  excess, 
and  perhaps  the  want  of  zeal  on  the  part  of  their 
religious  teachers.  In  1670  there  were  forty  or 
fifty  church-members.  The  number  of  Indians 
in  1749  was  one  hundred  and  sixty;  in  1703  only 
thirty-seven.  The  war  of  1759  and  a  putrid  fever 
had  destroyed  many  of  them.  —  Si  glow's  Hist. 
Natick,  59^-69,  77 ;  Col.  Hist.  Soc.  \.  32-45. 

BADGER,  WILLIAM,  governor  of  N.  H.,  died 
at  Gilmanton  Sept.  21,  1852,  aged  73.  He  was 
governor  in  1834  and  1835  and  had  sustained 
many  offices. 

BADGER,  RACHEL,  Mrs.,  died  at  Lynde- 
borough,  X.  II.,  1834,  aged  100. 

BADGER,  JOSEPH,  died  at  Perrysburgh  May 
5,  184G,  aged  87,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  and 
chaplain  under  Harrison  at  Fort  Meigs ;  an  ex 
emplary  Christian. 

BADLAM,  STEPHEN,  brigadier-general  of  the 
militia,  died  in  Aug.,  1815.  He  was  born  in  Can 
ton,  Mass.,  and  joined  the  American  army  in 
1775.  In  the  next  year,  as  major  of  artillery,  he 
took  possession,  July  4th,  of  the  mount,  which 
from  that  circumstance  was  called  Mount  Inde 
pendence.  He  did  good  service  with  his  fieklpiece 
in  the  action  at  Fort  Stanwix,  under  Willett,  in 
Aug.,  1777.  His  residence  was  at  Dorchester, 
where  he  was  an  eminently  useful  citizen,  acting 
as  a  magistrate  and  a  deacon  of  the  church.  — 
Codman's  Funeral  Sermon ;  Panoplist,  XI.  572. 

BAILEY,  MOUNTJOY,  general,  died  at  Wash 
ington  March  22,  1836,  aged  81 ;  an  officer  of  the 
Revolution. 

BAILEY,  EBENEZER,  died  at  Lynn  Mineral 
Springs  Aug.,  1839,  long  an  eminent  teacher  of 
youth  in  Boston.  A  lock-jaw  was  occasioned  by 
running  a  nail  into  his  foot. 

BAILEY,  MOSES,  died  in  Andover,  Mass., 
March  14,  1842,  aged  98,  leaving  one  hundred 
and  thirty-five  descendants. 

BAILEY,  JACOB,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in 
1755,  died  in  1808,  an  Episcopal  preacher  in 
Pownalborough  and  Xova  Scotia.  His  journal 
was  published  in  1853,  with  a  biography  by  W.  J. 
Bartlet. 

BAILY,  JOHN,  an  excellent  minister  in  Boston, 
died  in  1697,  aged  53.  He  was  born  in  1644  in 
Lancashire,  England.  From  his  earliest  years 
his  mind  seems  to  have  been  impressed  by  the 
truths  of  religion.  While  he  was  yet  very  young, 
his  mother  one  day  persuaded  him  to  lead  the 
devotions  of  the  family.  When  his  father,  who 
was  a  very  dissolute  man,  heard  of  it,  his  heart 
was  touched  with  a  sense  of  his  sin  in  the  neglect 
of  this  duty,  and  he  became  afterwards  an 
eminent  Christian.  After  having  been  carefully 
instructed  in  classical  learning,  he  commenced 
preaching  the  gospel  about  the  age  of  twenty-two. 


He  soon  went  to  Ireland,  where  by  frequent 
labors  he  much  injured  his  health,  which  was 
never  perfectly  restored.  He  spent  about  fourteen 
years  of  his  life  at  Limerick,  and  was  exceedingly 
blessed  in  his  exertions  to  turn  men  from  dark 
ness  to  light.  Yet  while  in  this  place  as  well  as 
previously,  he  was  persecuted  by  men,  who  were 
contending  for  form  and  ceremony  in  violation  of 
the  precepts  and  the  spirit  of  the  gospel.  While 
he  was  a  young  man,  he  often  travelled  far  by 
night  to  enjoy  the  ordinances  of  the  gospel, 
privately  administered  in  dissenting  congregations, 
and  for  this  presumptuous  offence  he  was  some 
times  thrown  into  Lancashire  jail.  As  soon  as  he 
began  to  preach,  his  fidelity  was  tried,  and  he 
suffered  imprisonment  because  in  his  conscience 
he  could  not  conform  to  the  established  church. 
While  at  Limerick  a  deanery  was  offered  him,  if 
he  would  conform,  with  the  promise  of  a  bishopric 
upon  the  first  vacancy.  But  disdaining  worldly 
things,  when  they  came  in  competition  with  duty 
to  his  Saviour  and  the  purity  of  Divine  worship, 
he  rejected  the  offer  in  true  disinterestedness  and 
elevation  of  spirit.  But  neither  this  proof,  that 
he  was  intent  on  higher  objects,  than  this  world 
presents,  nor  the  blamelessness  of  his  life,  nor  the 
strong  hold,  which  he  had  in  the  affections  of  his 
acquaintance,  could  preserve  him  from  again 
suffering  the  hardships  of  imprisonment,  while 
the  papists  in  the  neighborhood  enjoyed  liberty 
and  countenance.  When  he  was  before  the 
judges  he  said  to  them,  "If  I  had  been  drinking, 
and  gaming,  and  carousing  at  a  tavern  with  my 
company,  my  lords,  I  presume,  that  would  not 
have  procured  my  being  thus  treated  as  an 
offender.  Must  praying  to  God,  and  preaching 
of  Christ  with  a  company  of  Christians,  who  are 
peaceable  and  inoffensive  and  as  serviceable  to  his 
majesty  and  the  government  as  any  of  his  sub 
jects;  must  this  be  a  greater  crime?"  The 
recorder  answered,  "  We  will  have  you  to  know 
it  is  a  greater  crime."  His  flock  often  fasted  and 
prayed  for  his  release ;  but  he  was  discharged  on 
this  condition  only,  that  he  should  depart  from 
the  country  within  a  limited  time. 

He  came  to  New  England  in  1684,  and  was 
ordained  the  minister  of  Watertown,  Oct.  6, 1686, 
with  his  brother,  Thomas  Bailey,  as  his  assistant ; 
he  removed  to  Boston  in  1692,  and  became  as 
sistant  minister  of  the  first  church  July  17,  1693, 
succeeding  Mr.  Moody.  In  1696  Mr.  Wadsworth 
was  settled.  His  brother,  Thomas,  who  died  in 
Watertown  in  Jan.,  1689,  wrote  Latin  odes  at 
Lindsay  in  1668,  which  are  in  manuscript  in  the 
library  of  the  Mass.  Historical  Society. 

He  was  a  man  eminent  for  piety,  of  great  sen 
sibility  of  conscience,  and  very  exemplary  in  his 
life.  It  was  his  constant  desire  to  be  patient  and 
resigned  under  the  calamities,  which  were  ap 
pointed  him,  and  to  fix  his  heart  more  upon 


56 


BAINBRIDGE. 


things  above.  —  His  ministry  was  very  acceptable 
in  different  places,  and  he  was  a  warm  and  ani 
mated  preacher.  Dunton  says,  "  I  heard  him 
upon  these  words  — '  Looking  unto  Jesus '  —  and 
I  thought  he  spake  like  an  angel."  But  with  all 
his  faithfulness  he  saw  many  disconsolate  hours. 
He  was  distressed  with  doubts  respecting  him 
self;  but  his  apprehensions  only  attached  him 
the  more  closely  to  his  Redeemer. 

In  his  last  sickness  he  suffered  under  a  com 
plication  of  disorders ;  but  he  did  not  complain. 
His  mind  was  soothed  in  dwelling  upon  the  suf 
ferings  of  his  Saviour.  At  times  he  was  agitated 
with  fears,  though  they  had  not  respect,  as  he 
said,  so  much  to  the  end,  as  to  what  he  might 
meet  in  the  way.  His  last  words  were,  speaking 
of  Christ,  "  O,  what  shall  I  say  ?  He  is  altogether 
lovely.  His  glorious  angels  are  come  for  me ! " 
He  then  closed  his  eyes,  and  his  spirit  passed 
into  eternity.  He  published  an  address  to  the 
people  of  Limerick ;  and  man's  chief  end  to 
glorify  God,  a  sermon  preached  at  Watertown, 
1089.  —  Middleton's  Evang,  Biography,  iv. 
101-105;  Nonconformist  Memorial,  i.  331-335; 
Mather's  Funeral  Sermon ;  Magnalia,  in.  224- 
238;  Eliot. 

BAIXBRIDGE,  WILLIAM,  commodore,  died  at 
Philadelphia  July  27,  1833,  aged  59.  He  was 
born  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  the  son  of  Dr.  Absalom 
B. :  in  1798  he  was  a  lieutenant  in  the  navy ;  in 
1800  he  commanded  a  frigate  and  sailed  for 
Algiers.  In  consequence  of  his  vessel's  grounding 
before  Tripoli,  he  was  captured  in  the  Philadel 
phia  in  1800.  In  the  Constitution  he  captured 
the  British  frigate  Java,  Dec.  29,  1812.  After  the 
war  he  had  the  command  at  several  naval  sta 
tions  :  for  several  years  he  was  commissioner  of 
the  navy  board. 

BAIRD,  THOMAS  D.,  editor  of  the  Pittsburgh 
Christian  Herald,  died  Jan.  7,  1839,  aged  65. 

BALCH,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Bradford,  Mass., 
was  born  at  Beverly  in  1704  and  graduated  in 
1724.  He  was  a  descendant  of  John  Balch, 
who  came  to  this  country  about  1625  and  died  at 
Salem  in  1648.  Ordained  in  1728  over  the  sec 
ond  church  in  Bradford,  he  there  passed  lu's 
days,  and  died  Jan.  12,  1792,  aged  87  years. 

About  the  year  1742  or  1743  several  members, 
a  minority  of  his  church,  dissatisfied  with  his 
preaching,  applied  to  a  neighboring  church  to 
admonish  their  pastor,  agreeably  to  the  Platform. 
A  council  was  convened,  which  censured  the  con 
duct  of  the  complainants.  But  in  1746  Mr.  Wig- 
glesworth  and  Mr.  Chipman,  ministers  of  Ipswich 
and  Beverly,  accused  Mr.  Balch  of  propagating 
Arminian  tenets.  He  wrote  a  reply,  mingling 
keen  satire  with  solid  argument.  After  this,  they, 
who  were  dissatisfied  with  Mr.  Balch,  built  a 
meeting-house  for  themselves.  In  his  old  age  he 
received  a  colleague.  He  lived  in.  retirement, 


BALDWIN. 

occupied  in  agriculture,  and  raising  the  best 
apples  in  Essex.  His  mental  powers  retained 
their  vigor  in  old  age.  New  writings  delighted 
him;  and  he  engaged  freely  in  theological  dis 
cussion. — He  published  the  following  discourses: 
on  reconciliation,  1740;  faith  and  Avorks,  1743; 
at  the  election,  1749;  at  the  convention,  1760; 
account  of  the  proceedings  of  the  2d  church; 
reply  to  Wigglesworth  and  Chipman,  1746.  — 
Eliot ;  Mass.  Historical  Collections,  rv.  s.  s.  145. 

BALCH,  THOMAS,  first  minister  of  the  2d  parish 
of  Dedham,  died  in  1774,  aged  about  60.  He 
graduated  in  1733,  and  was  ordained  in  1736. 
He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  J. 
Newman,  Edgartown,  1747 ;  Christ  present,  1748 ; 
at  election,  1749;  ordination  of  W.  Patten,  1757; 
at  artillery  election,  1763. 

BALCH,  STEPHEN  B.,  D.  D.,  died  at  George 
town,  D.  C.,  Sept,  22,  1833,  aged  86. 

BALCH,  JOSEPH,  died  in  Johnstown,  N.  Y., 
Dec.  5,  1855,  aged  95,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  then  of  Wethcrsfield.  At  the  age  of  about 
80  he  made  a  Christian  profession.  On  the  day 
of  his  death  he  was  attending  a  public  fast :  the 
Bible  fell  from  his  hands,  and  he  died. 

BALDWIN,  EBENEZER,  minister  of  Danbury, 
Conn.,  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1763,  and 
was  tutor  in  that  seminary  from  1766  to  1770. 
He  was  ordained  as  successor  of  Mr.  Warner  and 
Mr.  White,  Sept.  19,  1770,  and  died  Oct.  1, 1776, 
aged  31  years.  He  was  a  man  of  great  talents 
and  learning,  an  unwearied  student,  grave  in 
manners,  and  an  able  supporter  of  the  sound 
doctrines  of  the  gospel.  He  left  a  legacy  of 
about  300  pounds  to  his  society,  which  is  appro 
priated  to  the  support  of  religion.  —  Bobbins' 
Centennial  Sermon. 

BALDWIN,  JONATHAN,  died  at  Brookficld  in 
1788,  aged  57.  He  was  a  captain  in  the  French 
war ;  and  was  a  prominent  member  of  the  Mass, 
congress  in  1774 :  a  colonel  in  the  Revolutionary 
struggle.  A  soldier,  a  patriot,  a  Christian,  he  was 
also  a  friend  of  literature,  leaving  a  bequest  to 
Leicester  academy. 

BALDWIN,  ABRAHAM,  a  distinguished  states 
man,  was  born  in  Connecticut  in  1754  and  grad 
uated  at  Yale  college  in  1772.  From  1775  to 
1779  he  was  a  tutor  in  that  seminary,  being  an 
eminent  classical  and  mathematical  scholar.  Hav 
ing  studied  law,  he  removed  to  Savannah  and  was 
admitted  a  counsellor  at  the  Georgia  bar,  and  in 
three  months  was  elected  a  member  of  the  state 
legislature.  At  the  first  session  he  originated 
the  plan  of  the  university  of  Georgia,  drew  up 
the  charter,  by  which  it  was  endowed  with  forty 
thousand  acres  of  land,  and,  vanquishing  many 
prejudices,  by  the  aid  of  John  Milledge  persuaded 
the  assembly  to  adopt  the  project.  The  college 
was  located  at  Athens,  and  Josiah  Meigs  was  ap 
pointed  its  first  president.  Being  elected  a  dele- 


BALDWIN. 


BALDWIN. 


57 


gate  to  congress- in  1786,  he  was  an  active  mem 
ber  of  the  convention,  which  formed  the  present 
constitution  of  the  United  States,  during  its  ses 
sion  from  May  25  to  Sept.  17,  1787.  After  its 
adoption  he  was  continued  a  member  of  congress 
until  1799,  when  he  was  appointed  as  colleague 
with  Mr.  Millcdge  a  senator,  in  which  station  he 
remained  until  his  death,  at  Washington  city, 
March  4,  1807,  aged  53  years.  His  remains  were 
placed  by  the  side  of  his  friend  and  former  col 
league,  Gen.  J.  Jackson,  whom  he  had  followed  to 
the  grave  just  one  year  before.  He  was  the 
brother-in-law  of  Joel  Barlow.  Having  never 
been  married,  his  economy  put  it  in  his  power  to 
assist  many  young  men  in  their  education.  His 
father  dying  in  1787  with  little  property,  six 
orphan  children,  his  half  brothers  and  sisters, 
were  protected  and  educated  by  him,  and  owed 
every  tiling  to  his  care  and  affection.  In  public 
life  he  was  industrious  and  faithful.  Though  firm 
in  his  own  republican  principles  during  the  con 
tests  of  the  last  ten  years  of  his  life,  he  was  yet 
moderate,  and  indulgent  towards  his  opponents. 
Until  a  week  before  his  death  his  public  sen-ices 
for  twenty-two  years  had  been  uninterrupted  by 
sickness.  —  National  Intelligencer. 

BALDWIN,  THOMAS,  D.  D.,  a  Baptist  minister 
in  Boston,  was  born  in  Norwich,  Conn.,  Dec.  23, 
1753.  After  he  had  removed  to  Canaan,  in  New 
Hampshire,  he  became  pious,  and  joined  the 
Baptist  church  in  1781.  It  was  with  pain,  that 
he  thus  forsook  his  connections  and  early  friends, 
for  he  had  been  educated  a  pedo-Baptist  and  his 
venerable  minister  at  Norwich  was  his  grand 
uncle.  Having  for  some  time  conducted  the  re 
ligious  exercises  at  public  meetings,  in  Aug.,  1782, 
he  ventured  for  the  first  time  to  take  a  text  and 
preach  doctrinally  and  methodically.  His  ad 
vantages  for  intellectual  culture  had  been  few. 
At  the  request  of  the  church  he  was  ordained 
June  11, 1783,  as  an  evangelist,  and  he  performed 
the  duties  of  pastor  for  seven  years,  besides 
preaching  often  during  each  week  in  the  towns 
within  a  circle  of  fifty  miles,  "  chiefly  at  his  own 
charges,"  sometimes  receiving  small  presents,  but 
never  having  a  public  contribution.  In  these  jour 
neys  he  was  obliged  to  climb  rocky  steeps  and  to 
pass  through  dismal  swamps;  and  as  the  poor 
people  had  no  silver,  and  the  continental  cur 
rency  was  good  for  nothing,  sometimes  the  trav 
elling  preacher  was  obliged  either  to  beg  or  to 
starve.  For  several  years  he  was  chosen  a  mem 
ber  of  the  legislature. 

In  1790  he  was  invited  to  Boston,  as  the  pastor 
of  the  second  Baptist  church.  He  now  success 
fully  pursued  a  course  of  study,  and  by  his  un 
wearied  exertions  acquired  a  high  rank  as  a 
preacher.  His  church,  though  small  in  1790,  be 
came  under  his  care  numerous  and  flourishing. 
Of  his  own  denomination  in  New  England  he 
8 


was  the  head,  and  to  him  all  his  brethren  looked 
for  advice.  Besides  being  connected  with  most 
of  the  benevolent  institutions  of  Boston,  he  was  a 
member  of  the  convention  for  revising  the  con 
stitution  of  the  state,  and  just  before  his  death 
was  fixed  upon,  by  one  party  among  the  people, 
as  a  candidate  for  an  elector  of  president  of  the 
United  States.  He  died  very  suddenly  at  Water- 
ville,  Me.,  whither  he  had  gone  to  attend  the 
commencement,  Aug.  29,  1825,  aged  71  years. 
The  following  stanza  on  his  death  will  apply  to  a 
multitude  of  others,  recorded  in  this  work. 

"  He  was  a  goorl  man.    Yet  amid  onr  tears 
Sweet,  grateful  thoughts  within  our  bosoms  rise  ; 
We  trace  his  spirit  up  to  brighter  spheres, 
And  think  with  what  pure,  rapturous  surprise 
He  found  himself  translated  to  the  skies  : 
From  night  at  once  awoke  to  endless  noon. 
Oh  !  with  what  transport  did  his  eager  eyes 
Behold  his  Lord  ia  glory  ?     'T  was  the  boon 
His  heart  had  longed  for  !    Why  deem  we  it  came  to  soon  ?  " 

He  published  the  following  discourses  :  at  the 
thanksgiving,  1795 ;  quarterly  sermon ;  at  the 
concert  of  prayer ;  account  of  revival  of  religion, 
1799  ;  on  the  death  of  Lieut-Gov.  Phillips ;  elec 
tion  sermon,  1802 ;  on  the  eternal  purpose  of 
God ;  at  thanksgiving ;  before  a  missionary  soci 
ety,  1804;  at  the  ordination  of  D.  Merrill,  1805; 
installation  of  J.  Winchell,  1814 ;  before  the  fe 
male  asylum,  1806;  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Still- 
man  ;  at  the  artillery  election,  1807 ;  and  the  bap 
tism  of  believers  only,  and  particular  communion 
vindicated,  12mo.  1806.  Of  this  work  the  first 
and  second  parts  were  originally  published  in 
1789  and  1794. 

BALDWIN,  CHRISTOPHER  COLUMBUS,  libra 
rian  of  the  Antiquarian  Society  at  Worcester,  wras 
killed  by  the  upsetting  of  a  stage,  in  which  he 
was  travelling,  at  Norwich,  Ohio,  Aug.  20,  1835, 
aged  35.  He  was  riding  with  the  driver,  and 
leaped  from  the  stage  for  security,  but  fell  back 
from  the  bank. 

BALDWIN,  LOAMMI,  died  at  Charlestown, 
June  30,  1838,  of  paralysis.  He  was  graduated 
in  1800,  and  educated  for  the  law,  but  became 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  civil  engineers  of 
our  country.  The  dry  docks  at  the  navy  yards  at 
Charlestown  and  near  Norfolk  and  other  public 
works  attested  his  skill.  He  was  lamented  by 
many  friends. 

BALDWIN,  ELILTU  W.,  D.  D.,  president  of 
Wabash  college,  Crawfordsville,  Ind.,  died  Oct. 
15,  1840,  aged  50.  Born  at  Durham,  N.  Y.,  he 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1812,  studied  at  Andover, 
and  was  a  minister  in  New  York  from  1820  to 
1835.  He  died  in  peace  and  joyful  hope. 

BALDAVIN,  ELI,  D.  D.,  of  the  Reformed 
Dutch  Church  at  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  died  in 
1839. 

BALDWLN,  ASIIBEL,  died  at  Rochester,  New 
York,  Feb.  8,  1846,  aged  89.  A  graduate  of 


58 


BALDWIN. 


BANISTER. 


Yale,  he  served  in  the  army,  and  \vas  ordained  by 
Bishop  Seabury  in  1785 —  the  first  Episcopal  or 
dination  in  the  U.  S.  He  was  secretary  of  the 
general  Episcopal  convention  many  years. 

BALDWIN,  HENRY,  Judge,  died  in  Philadel 
phia  Apr.  21,  1844,  aged  Go.  A  native  of  New 
Haven,  he  graduated  in  1797,  and  settled  in 
Pennsylvania.  lie  was  a  member  of  Congress 
and  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  U.  S. ; 
and  was  highly  respected. 

BALDWIN,  SIMEON,  judge,  died  in  New  Ha 
ven  May  26,  1851,  aged  89.  He  was  born  in 
Norwich  and  graduated  1781.  After  being  a 
tutor  for  several  years  he  commenced  the  practice 
of  the  law  in  1786.  He  was  in  congress  from 
1803  to  1805 ;  a  judge  of  the  superior  court  in 
1806;  in  1822  president  of  the  Farmington  canal 
board ;  and  mayor  of  the  city  in  1826. 

BALDWIN,  METHUSELAH,  minister  of  Scotch- 
town,  N.  Y.,  died  in  1847,  aged  84. 

BALDWIN,  CYRUS,  Dr.,  died  in  Goodrich, 
Mich.,  Aug.,  1855,  aged  81.  Born  in  Worcester, 
he  assisted  as  an  earnest  Christian  in  founding 
churches  in  Baldwinsviile,  N.  Y.,  and  elsewhere. 
He  lived  in  Hebron,  and  in  Home,  Mich.,  in 
Grand  Blanc,  in  Atlas,  and  Goodrich. 

BALFOUR,  WALTER,  died  in  Charlestown, 
Jan.  3,  1852,  aged  74;  a  Scotchman,  who  came 
early  to  this  country  as  a  Presbyterian  preacher. 
After  ten  years  he  became  a  Baptist,  and  in  a  few 
years  more  a  Universalist.  He  published  inqui 
ries,  essays,  reply  and  letters  to  Mr.  Stuart,  and 
letters  to  Mr.  Hudson.  He  had  also  a  contro 
versy  with  Sabinc  and  Whitman. 

BALL,  HEMAN,  1).  D.,  died  at  Rutland,  Vt, 
Dec.  17,  1821,  aged  57,  highly  respected  and  of 
extensive  influence.  He  was  a  native  of  West 
Springfield,  and  a  graduate  of  Dartmouth  in  1791. 
He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Washing 
ton. 

BALL,  LUCY,  missionary  to  China,  died  June 
6,  1844,  aged  37.  Her  name  was  Mills  of  New 
Haven ;  her  husband  was  Dyer  Ball,  who  em 
barked  in  1838.  Her  oldest  daughter  made  a 
profession  of  religion  in  the  presence  of  all  the 
missionaries  at  Hong  Kong  a  few  weeks  before 
her  mother's  death. 

BALLANTLNE,  JOHN,  minister  of  Wcstfield, 
was  the  son  of  John  B.  of  Boston,  clerk  of  court 
and  register  of  deeds,  and  of  Mary  Winthrop, 
daughter  of  Adam  W. ;  was  graduated  in  1735 
and  was  ordained  June  17,  1741.  He  died  Feb. 
12,  1776,  aged  59.  His  wife  was  Mary,  daughter 
of  Luther  Gay  and  sister  of  Dr.  Gay  of  Suflield. 
His  son,  Wm.  G.,  a  graduate  of  1771,  died  in 
1854  ;  he  was  the  minister  of  Washington,  Mass., 
ancestor  of  Rev.  Henry  B.,  missionary  to  India. 
His  daughter,  Mary,  married  Gen.  Ashley.  He 
published  a  sermon  on  the  march  of  a  company 
to  Crown  Point  June  2,  1756. 


BALLARD,  JOHN  B.,  died  in  New  York  Jan. 
29,  185G,  aged  60.  A  native  of  Dudley,  Mass., 
he  was  the  pastor  of  several  Baptist  churches, 
then  a  dozen  years  the  agent  of  the  Sunday 
school  union  in  N.  C.  and  Ky. ;  last  a  useful  tract 
missionary  six  years  in  N.  Y. 

BALLOU,  HOSEA,  died  June  7,  1851,  aged  80. 
Born  in  Richmond,  N.  II.,  the  son  of  a  Baptist 
minister,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Baptist  church ; 
but  on  becoming  a  Universalist  he  was  excluded 
from  the  church.  He  was  settled  in  Dana,  Barn 
ard,  Vt.,  Portsmouth,  Salem ;  and  in  the  School 
street  church  in  Boston  from  1817  till  his  death. 
He  published  two  orations ;  a  dedication  and  or 
dination  sermon  ;  orthodoxy  unmasked ;  reply  to 
T.  Merritt ;  divine  benevolence,  1815  ;  strictures 
on  Channing's  sermon  ;  series  of  lecture  sermons, 
1818;  series  of  letters;  on  the  atonement,  1828. 

BANCROFT,  AARON,  D.  D.,  died  at  Worces 
ter  Aug.  19,  1839,  aged  84.  Born  at  Reading  in 
1735,  he  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1778,  and 
was  the  minister  of  a  Unitarian  church  from  1786 
till  his  death.  He  was  the  father  of  Mr.  Bancroft, 
the  historian. 

He  published  eulogy  on  Washington,  1800; 
life  of  Washington,  1807  ;  election  sermon,  1801 ; 
on  conversion,  1818;  convention  sermon,  1820; 
sermons  on  the  doctrines  of  the  gospel,  1822  ;  on 
the  death  of  John  Adams;  at  the  end  of  fifty 
years  of  his  ministry  ;  and  about  twenty-five  other 
single  sermons  and  controversial  pieces. 

BANISTER,  JOHN,  an  eminent  botanist,  was 
a  native  of  England.  After  passing  some  time 
in  the  West  Indies  he  came  to  Virginia  and  set 
tled  on  James  River,  near  James  Town.  Rees 
I  speaks  of  him  as  a  clergyman.  In  1680  he  trans 
mitted  to  Mr.  Ray  a  catalogue  of  plants,  observed 
by  him  in  Virginia,  which  was  published  by  Ray 
in  the  second  volume  of  his  history  of  plants,  in 
the  preface  to  the  supplement  of  which  work, 
published  in  1704,  he  speaks  of  Banister  as  an 
illustrious  man,  who  had  long  resided  in  Virginia, 
devoted  to  botanical  pursuits,  and  as  drawing  with 
his  own  hand  the  figures  of  the  rarer  species.  He 
mentions  a!ro,  thnt  he  had  fallen  a  victim  to  his 
favorite  pursuit  before  he  had  completed  a  work, 
in  which  he  was  engaged,  on  the  natural  history 
of  Virginia.  In  one  of  his  botanical  excursions, 
while  clambering  the  rocks,  Banister  fell  and  was 
killed.  This  event  occurred  after  1687  and  prob 
ably  before  the  end  of  the  century.  Many  of  his 
descendants  arc  living  in  Virginia  and  are  very 
respectable.  In  honor  of  him  Dr.  Houston 
named  a  plant  Banisteria,  of  which  twenty-four 
species  are  enumerated.  Lawson  says,  he  "  was 
the  greatest  virtuoso  we  ever  had  on  the  conti 
nent."  Besides  his  "  catalogue  of  plants,"  his  prin 
cipal  work  in  the  philosophical  transactions  1693, 
other  communications  on  natural  history  were 
published  ;  observations  on  the  natural  produc- 


BANNEKER. 


BARD. 


59 


tions  of  Jamaica;  the  insects  of  Virginia,  1700; 
curiosities  in  Virginia ;  observations  on  the  musca 
lupus ;  on  several  sorts  of  snails ;  a  description 
of  the  pistolochia  or  serpentaria  Virginiana,  the 
snake  root.  —  Barton's  Med.  Jour.  II.  134-139 ; 
Hay's  Sup.;  Lau'son,  136. 

BANNEKER,  BENJAMIN,  a  negro  astronomer, 
died  in  Baltimore  county,  Md.,  in  Oct.,  1806,  aged 
70.  His  parents  obtained  their  freedom,  and  sent 
him  to  a  common  school,  where  he  acquired  a 
great  readiness  in  calculation.  He  assisted  Ellicott 
in  laying  out  the  city  of  Washington.  Procuring 
Mayer's  tables,  Ferguson's  astronomy,  and  some 
instruments,  he  made  sets  of  observations  for  an 
almanac  for  the  years  1792  and  1793.  He  pub 
lished  a  letter  to  the  secretary  of  state,  1792. 

BANNISTER,  WILLIAM  B.,  died  at  Newbury- 
port  July  1,  1853,  aged  79.  Born  in  Brookfield, 
he  was  a  graduate  of  Dartmouth  in  1797  ;  he  was 
a  man  of  wealth,  pious,  and  benevolent.  In  his 
age  he  married  Miss  Grant,  the  eminent  teacher 
at  Ipswich,  \vho  survived  him.  For  some  years 
he  was  a  member  of  the  senate,  and  a  trustee  of 
Amherst  college  and  a  visitor  of  the  theological 
seminary  at  Andover,  and  a  worthy  member  of 
various  charitable  institutions,  to  which  he  be 
queathed  about  40,000  dollars,  most  of  his  prop 
erty. 

BARBOUR,  THOMAS,  colonel,  was  a  whig  of 
the  Revolution  and  in  1769  was  a  member  of  the 
house  of  burgesses  of  Virginia,  which  made  the 
first  protest  against  the  stamp  act.  He  died  at 
Barboursville  May  16,  1825,  aged  90.  For  60 
years  he  had  discharged  the  duties  of  a  civil  mag 
istrate,  and  was  many  years  the  sheriff  of  the 
county,  enjoying  in  a  high  degree  the  confidence 
of  his  fellow  citizens.  He  was  the  father  of 
James  Barbour,  the  secretary  of  war. 

BARBOUR,  PHILIP  P.,  a  judge  of  the  Su 
preme  court,  and  a  member  of  congress  1814-25, 
and  speaker,  died  at  Washington  Feb.  25,  1841, 
aged  about  60.  He  was  a  man  of  talents  and 
eloquence,  and  successful.  His  disease  was  ossi 
fication  of  the  heart. 

BARBOUR,  JOHN  S.,  died  in  Ciilpepper  co., 
Va.,  Jan.  12,  1855,  aged  65 ;  from  1823  to  1833  a 
member  of  Congress,  a  man  of  ability  and  influ 
ence. 

BARCLAY,  ROBERT,  governor  of  East  Jer 
sey,  the  author  of  the  "  Apology  for  the  Quakers," 
died  in  1690,  aged  41.  lie  was  born  in  1648  in 
Scotland,  and  receiving  his  education  at  Paris  he 
at  first  imbibed  the  Catholic  tenets,  but  afterwards 
with  his  father  embraced  the  principles  of  the 
Quakers.  His  book  was  published  in  Latin  in 
1676,  and  translated  by  himself.  He  travelled 
with  William  Penn  in  England  and  on  the  conti 
nent.  In  1682,  when  East  Jersey  was  transferred 
to  Penn  and  eleven  associates,  he  was  appointed 
the  governor,  though  he  never  came  to  this  coun 


try;  in  which  office  lord  Neil  Campbell  succeeded 
him  in  1685.  His  brother,  John,  a  useful  citizen 
of  Jersey,  died  at  Amboy  in  1731,  leaving  two 
sons.  His  grandson,  Alexander,  was  comptroller 
of  the  customs  in  Philadelphia,  and  died  in  1771. 
—  Jennison. 

BARCLAY,  HENRY,  D.  D.,  an  Episcopal  cler 
gyman  in  New  York,  was  a  native  of  Albany, 
and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1734.  In 
England  he  received  orders  in  the  church,  and 
was  appointed  missionary  to  the  Mohawk  Indians. 
Having  served  in  this  capacity  for  some  years 
with  but  little  success,  he  was  called  to  the  city  of 
New  York  and  appointed  rector  of  Trinity  church. 
In  this  respectable  station  he  continued  till  his 
death,  in  1765.  The  translation  of  the  liturgy 
into  the  Mohawk  language,  made  under  his  di 
rection  and  that  of  Rev.  W.  Andrews  and  J. 
Ogilvic,  was  printed  in  1769.  Mr.  Ogilvie  suc 
ceeded  him  both  among  the  Indians  and  at  New 
York.  —  Life  of  Ritten.  245 ;  Miller's  Retros 
pect,  n.  356. 

BARD,  JOHN,  a  learned  physician,  died  March 
30,  1799,  aged  83.  He  was  born  in  Burlington, 
N.  J.,  Feb.  1,  1716.  His  father,  Peter  Bard,  an 
exile  from  France  in  consequence  of  the  revoca 
tion  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  came  to  this  country 
in  1703  as  a  merchant ;  he  soon  married  the 
daughter  of  Dr.  Marmion,  and  was  for  many 
years  a  member  of  the  council  and  a  judge  of  the 
supreme  court. 

Mr.  Bard  received  his  early  education  under 
the  care  of  Mr.  Annan  of  Philadelphia,  a  very 
eminent  teacher.  About  the  age  of  fifteen  he 
was  bound  an  apprentice  for  seven  years  to  Dr. 
Kearsly,  a  surgeon  of  unhappy  temper  and  rigor 
ous  in  the  treatment  of  his  pupils.  Under  his 
thraldom  the  kindness  of  Mrs.  Kearsly  and  the 
friendship  of  Dr.  Franklin  beguiled  his  sorrows. 
He  engaged  in  business  in  1737  and  soon  ac 
quired  a  large  share  of  practice  and  became  much 
respected.  In  1743  he  was  induced  by  urgent  ap 
plications  from  New  York  to  remove  to  that  city 
to  supply  the  loss  of  several  eminent  physicians. 
Here  he  continued  till  within  a  few  months  of  his 
death.  In  the  year  1795,  when  the  yellow  fever 
had  put  to  flight  a  number  of  physicians,  who 
were  in  the  meridian  of  life,  the  veteran  Dr.  Bard, 
though  verging  towards  his  eightieth  year,  re 
mained  at  his  post.  In  May,  1798,  he  removed 
to  his  estate  at  Hyde  Park,  near  Poughkecpsie. 
Here  he  continued  in  the  enjoyment  of  perfect 
health,  till  he  felt  a  paralytic  stroke,  which  in  a 
few  days  occasioned  his  death.  He  was  a  firm  be 
liever  in  the  truth  and  excellency  of  the  Christian 
religion.  In  a  letter  to  his  son,  Dr.  Samuel  Bard, 
he  said,  "  above  all  things  suffer  not  yourself  by 
any  company  or  example  to  depart,  either  in  your 
conversation  or  practice,  from  the  highest  rever 
ence  to  God  and  your  religion."  In  liis  old  age 


60 


BAUD. 


BARD. 


he  was  cheerful  and  remarkable  for  his  gratitude 
to  his  heavenly  Father. 

Dr.  Bard  was  eminent  in  his  profession,  and  his 
practice  was  very  extensive.  Soon  after  the  close 
of  the  war  with  Great  Britain,  on  the  re-establish 
ment  of  the  medical  society  of  the  state  of  NCAV 
York,  he  was  elected  its  president,  and  he  was 
placed  in  the  chair  for  six  or  seven  successive 
years.  He  possessed  a  singular  ingenuity  and 
quickness  in  discriminating  diseases ;  yet  he  did 
not  presumptuously  confide  in  his  penetration, 
but  was  remarkably  particular  in  his  inquiries  into 
the  circumstances  of  the  sick.  Ever  desirous  of 
removing  the  disorders,  to  which  the  human  frame 
is  subject,  his  anxiety  and  attention  were  not 
diminished,  when  called  to  visit  the  indigent,  from 
whom  he  could  not  expect  compensation.  His 
conduct  through  his  whole  life  was  marked  by  the 
strictest  honor  and  integrity.  In  conversation  he 
was  polite,  affable,  cheerful,  and  entertaining.  To 
his  pupils  he  was  not  only  an  instructor,  but  a 
father.  In  the  early  part  of  his  life  he  devoted 
much  attention  to  polite  learning,  in  which  he 
made  great  proficiency.  He  possessed  a  correct 
and  elegant  taste,  and  wrote  with  uncommon  ac 
curacy  and  precision.  He  drew  up  an  essay  on 
the  pleurisy  of  Long  Island  in  1749,  which  paper 
was  not  published ;  a  paper,  inserted  in  the  Lon 
don  Medical  Observations;  and  several. papers  on 
the  yellow  fever  and  the  evidence  of  its  importa 
tion,  inserted  in  the  American  Medical  Register. 
In  1750  he  assisted  Dr.  Middleton  in  the  first  re 
corded  dissection  in  America,  that  of  Hcrmannus 
Carroll,  executed  for  murder.  —  Thacher's  Med. 
Biog.  96-103  ;  M'Vickar's  life  of  S.  Sard. 

BAUD,  'SAMUEL,  M.  D.,  son  of  the  preceding, 
died  May  24,  1821,  aged  79.  He  was  born  in 
Philadelphia  April  1,  1742.  When  a  boy,  in  order 
to  screen  a  servant,  who  had  broken  his  father's 
cane,  he  falsely  took  the  blame  to  himself.  His 
father  praised  his  generosity,  but  severely  pun 
ished  his  falsehood,  thus  giving  him  a  lesson  on 
the  value  of  truth,  which  he  was  careful  to  trans 
mit  to  his  children.  From  his  mother  he  received 
early  impressions  in  favor  of  religion.  Residing 
one  summer,  on  account  of  ill  health,  in  the  fam 
ily  of  Lieut.-Gov.  Golden,  his  father's  friend,  he 
acquired  a  taste  for  botany  under  the  teaching  of 
Miss  Golden.  His  skill  in  painting  enabled  him 
to  perpetuate  the  beauty  of  plants.  While  a  stu 
dent  at  Columbia  college  he  formed  the  habit  of 
early  rising,  at  daylight  in  summer  and  an  hour 
previous  to  it  in  winter,  which  he  continued 
through  life.  In  Sept.,  1761,  he  embarked  for 
England  in  order  to  obtain  a  thorough  medical 
education,  and  was  absent,  in  France,  England, 
and  Scotland,  five  years.  His  professional  studies 
were  pursued  with  undiminished  zeal,  and  espe 
cially  under  the  illustrious  teachers  in  the  school 
of  Edinburgh.  Such  was  his  skill  in  botany,  that 


he  obtained  the  annual  medal,  given  by  Dr.  Hope, 
the  professor,  for  the  best  collection  of  plants. 
He  received  his  degree  at  Edinburgh  in  May, 
1765.  On  his  return  he  found  his  father  in  debt 
for  his  education,  which  had  cost  more  than  a 
thousand  pounds;  he  entered  into  partnership 
with  him  and  for  three  years  drew  notliing  beyond 
his  expenses  from  the  profits  of  the  business, 
amounting  to  £1500  a  year.  Having  thus  hon 
orably  discharged  this  debt,  he  married  liis  cousin 
Mary  Bard,  a  lady  of  beauty  and  accomplish 
ments,  to  whom  he  had  long  been  attached.  He 
formed  this  connection  on  a  stock  of  £100,  ob 
serving,  that  "  his  wife's  economy  would  double  his 
earnings." 

Dr.  Bard  formed  the  plan  of  the  medical  school 
of  New  York,  which  was  established  within  a  year 
after  his  return.  He  was  appointed  professor  of 
the  practice  of  physic.  Medical  degrees  were 
first  conferred  in  1769.  In  the  same  year  the 
hospital  was  founded  by  his  exertions ;  but  the 
building  was  burnt,  causing  a  delay  of  the  estab 
lishment  until  1791.  In  1774  he  delivered  a 
course  of  chemical  lectures.  In  the  time  of  the 
war  he  left  the  city,  placing  his  family  in  the' 
house  of  his  father  at  Hyde  Park ;  but,  anxious  to 
provide  for  his  wife  and  children,  and  to  secure 
his  property,  he  the  next  year  by  permission 
returned  to  New  York,  while  the  enemy  had 
possession  of  it,  and  engaged  anew  in  his  pro 
fessional  business,  after  being  a  considerable  time 
without  a  call  and  reduced  to  his  last  guinea. 
After  the  return  of  peace  Washington  selected 
him  as  his  family  physician.  At  this  period  he 
lost  four  out  of  his  six  children  by  the  scarlatina, 
which  prevailed  in  a  virulent  form,  attended  with 
delirium.  In  consequence  of  the  illness  of  Mrs. 
Bard  he  withdrew  from  business  for  a  year, 
devoting  himself  to  her.  A  prayer  for  her 
recovery  was  found  among  his  papers.  In  1784 
he  returned  to  the  city.  At  this  period  he  devoted 
5000  guineas  to  enable  his  father  to  free  himself 
from  debt.  At  another  time,  when  he  had  ac 
cumulated  1500  guineas,  he  sent  that  sum  to 
England,  but  lost  it  by  the  failure  of  the  banker. 
On  receiving  the  intelligence,  he  said  to  his  wife, 
"  We  are  ruined ; "  but  she  replied,  "  Never  mind 
the  loss,  we  will  soon  make  it  up  again."  Having 
formed  the  purpose  to  retire  from  business,  he  in 
1795  took  Dr.  Hosack  into  partnership,  and  in 
1798  removed  to  his  seat  in  the  neighborhood  of 
his  father  at  Hyde  Park.  But,  when  the  yellow 
fever  appeared,  he  resolutely  returned  to  his  post. 
By  his  fearless  exposure  of  himself  he  took  the 
disease,  but  nursed  by  his  faithful  wife  he  recovered. 
The  remaining  twenty-three  years  of  his  life  were 
spent  in  happy  retirement,  surrounded  by  his 
children  and  grandchildren,  delighted  with  their 
society,  and  finding  much  enjoyment  also  in 
agricultural  improvements,  in  contemplating  the 


BARKER. 


BARLOW. 


61 


beauties  of  nature,  and  in  the  gratification  of  his 
continued  thirst  for  knowledge.  For  the  benefit 
of  those,  who  with  himself  had  engaged  in  rearing 
merino  sheep,  he  published  "The  Shepherd's 
Guide."  In  1813  he  was  appointed  president  of 
the  college  of  physicians  and  surgeons.  His 
discourses,  on  conferring  degrees,  were  very  im 
pressive.  He  died  of  the  pleurisy,  and  his  wife 
of  the  same  disorder  the  preceding  day;  they 
•were  buried  in  one  grave.  It  had  long  been 
their  wish  to  be  thus  united  in  death,  and  a  re 
markable  dream  of  Mrs.  Bard  to  tin's  effect  was 
remembered. 

Dr.  Bard  was  attached  to  the  Episcopal  mode 
of  religious  worship.  The  church  at  Hyde  Park 
was  chiefly  founded  by  him  in  1811,  and  to 
provide  for  the  absence  of  its  rector  he  procured 
a  license  to  act  as  lay  reader  at  the  age  of  seventy. 
He  regularly  devoted  a  part  of  the  morning  to 
religious  reading  and  reflection.  Of  religion  he 
said  to  his  son,  William  Bard,  Esq.,  "  This  is  our 
stronghold,  our  castle  and  rock  of  defence,  our 
refuge  in  times  of  adversity,  our  comforter  under 
misfortune,  our  cheerful  companion  and  friendly 
monitor  in  the  hours  of  gladness  and  prosperity." 
The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  form  of 
dailv  devotion,  used  by  himself  and  wife :  "  O 
God!  enlighten  our  understanding,  that  we  may 
comprehend  thy  will,  strengthen  our  resolution  to 
obey  thy  commands,  endow  us  with  resignation 
under  thy  dispensations,  and  fill  our  hearts  with 
love  and  gratitude  for  all  thy  benefits.  Give  unto 
us,  O  Lord,  whose  lives  thou  hast  continued  to  so 
late  a  day,  sincere  and  true  repentance,  and  grant, 
that  as  age  advances  upon  us,  our  minds  may  be 
more  and  more  enlightened  by  the  knowledge  of 
thy  will,  more  resigned  to  thy  dispensations,  and 
more  invigorated  with  the  resolution  to  obey  thy 
commands.  Calm  all  our  thoughts  and  fears; 
give  peace  and  quiet  to  our  latter  days ;  and  so 
support  us  by  thy  grace  through  the  weakness 
and  infirmities  of  age,  that  we  may  die  in  humble 
hope  and  confidence  of  thy  merciful  pardon 
through  the  merits  of  our  Redeemer."  He  pub 
lished  a  treatise  de  viribus  opii,  17 Go;  on  angina 
sufiocativa,  repub.  in  vol.  I.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc. ;  on 
the  use  of  cold  in  hemorrhage ;  compendium  of 
midwifery,  1807,  and  subsequent  editions;  many 
occasional  addresses  to  public  bodies ;  and  anni 
versary  discourses  to  medical  students.  —  Life  by 
McVickar;  Thaclier's  Med.  Diog.  103-143. 

BARKER,  JOHN,  general,  an  officer  of  the 
Revolution,  died  at  Philadelphia  April  3,  1818, 
aged  72;  he  was  sheriff,  mayor,  and  a  popular 
orator. 

BARLOW,  JOEL,  an  eminent  statesman  and 
poet,  died  in  Poland  Dec.  22,  1812,  aged  08.  He 
was  born  at  Reading,  Conn.,  March  24,  1754, 
and  was  the  youngest  of  ten  children.  His 
father,  Samuel,  a  respectable  fanner,  died  while  he 


was  yet  at  school,  leaving  him  property  sufficient 
only  to  defray  the  expenses  of  his  education.  In 
1775  he  was  placed  at  Dartmouth  college  ;  but  he 
very  soon  removed  to  Yale  college,  where  he  was 
graduated  in  1778,  being  ranked  among  the  first 
cf  his  class,  for  talents  and  learning,  and  particu 
larly  conspicuous  for  his  skill  in  poetry.  During 
the  vacations  of  the  college  he  more  than  once 
seized  his  musket,  and  repaired  as  a  volunteer  to 
the  camp,  where  four  of  his  brothers  were  on  duty. 
He  was  present  at  several  skirmishes,  and  is  said 
to  have  fought  bravely  in  the  battle  of  the  Wlu'te 
Plains. 

After  leaving  college  he  engaged  for  a  short 
time  in  the  study  of  the  law ;  but,  being  urged  to 
qualify  himself  for  the  office  of  chaplain,  he 
applied  himself  diligently  to  the  study  of  theology, 
and  at  the  end  of  six  weeks  was  licensed  to 
preach.  He  immediately  joined  the  army  and 
discharged  the  duties  of  his  new  station  until  the 
return  of  peace.  As  a  preacher  he  was  much 
respected.  But  in  the  camp  he  continued  to 
cultivate  his  taste  for  poetry,  writing  patriotic 
songs,  and  composing,  in  part,  his  Vision  of  Co 
lumbus.  He  also  published  in  1780  an  elegy  on 
the  death  of  his  early  friend  and  patron,  Titus 
Hosmcr,  and  in  1781  a  poem  entitled  "The 
Prospect  of  Peace,"  which  he  had  pronounced  at 
Commencement.  About  this  time  he  married 
Ruth  Baldwin  of  New  Haven,  sister  of  Abraham 
Baldwin. 

In  1783,  after  the  army  was  disbanded,  he 
returned  to  the  study  of  the  law  at  Hartford, 
where  for  his  immediate  support  he  established  a 
weekly  newspaper.  The  original  articles,  which 
he  inserted,  gave  it  celebrity  and  a  wide  circula 
tion.  In  17  80  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and 
in  the  same  year  published  a  corrected  and 
enlarged  edition  of  Watts'  version  of  the  Psalms 
with  a  collection  of  hymns.  It  was  printed  at 
Hartford  by  "Barlow  &  Babcock."  This  work 
was  undertaken  at  the  request  of  the  General 
.Association  of  the  ministers  of  Connecticut,  and 
published  by  their  recommendation.  Many  of 
the  psalms  were  altered  so  as  to  be  adapted  to 
the  American  churches,  several  were  Avritten 
almost  anew,  and  several,  which  had  been 
omitted  by  Dr.  Watts,  were  supplied.  Barlow 
inserted  also  some  original  hymns.  In  1787  he 
published  the  Vision  of  Columbus,  a  large  poem, 
with  flattering  success.  It  was  dedicated  to  Louis 
XVI.  Some  of  its  interesting  passages  are  said 
to  be  imitations  or  copies  of  descriptions  in  the 
Incas  of  Marmontel. 

About  this  time  he  gave  up  his  concern  in  the 
weekly  paper,  and  opened  a  book-shop,  chiefly 
with  a  view  to  the  sale  of  his  poem  and  of  the 
new  edition  of  the  psalms..  Having  accomplished 
these  objects,  he  quitted  the  business  and  engaged 
in  the  practice  of  the  law.  But  in  this  profession 


62 


BARLOW. 


BARLOW. 


he  was  not  successful.  lie  was  concerned  in 
several  occasional  publications  at  Hartford,  par 
ticularly  in  the  Anarchiad,  a  very  singular  poem, 
which  was  projected  by  Dr.  Hopkins,  and  which 
had  considerable  political  influence.  In  an  oration 
July  4,  1787,  he  earnestly  recommended  an 
efficient  general  government,  the  new  Constitution 
being  then  under  consideration  of  the  convention 
at  Philadelphia.  Urged  by  the  necessity  of  pro 
viding  for  his  subsistence,  he  went  to  Europe  in 
1788  as  the  agent  of  the  Scioto  land  company, 
but  ignorant  of  their  fraudulent  designs.  From 
England  he  crossed  over  to  France,  where  he 
made  sale  of  some  of  the  lands ;  but  in  the 
result  he  was  left  without  any  resource  for  his 
maintenance,  excepting  his  own  talents  and  repu 
tation.  At  this  period  his  zeal  for  republicanism 
induced  him  to  take  an  active  part  in  the  French 
Revolution,  being  particularly  connected  with  the 
Girondists,  or  the  moderate  party.  In  1791  he 
went  to  England,  where  he  published  the  first 
part  of  his  "  Advice  to  the  Privileged  Orders,"  a 
work  in  which  he  reprobates  the  feudal  system, 
the  national  church  establishments,  the  military 
system,  the  administration  of  justice,  and  the 
system  of  revenue  and  finance,  as  they  exist  in 
the  royal  and  aristocratical  governments  of  Eu 
rope.  In  Feb.,  1792,  he  published  the  "  Conspiracy 
of  Kings,"  a  poem  of  about  four  hundred  lines, 
occasioned  by  the  first  coalition  of  the  continental 
sovereigns  against  France  ;  and  in  the  autumn  of 
the  same  year  a  letter  to  the  national  convention 
of  France,  in  which  he  recommends  among  other 
measures  the  abolition  of  the  connection  between 
the  government  and  the  national  church.  These 
publications  brought  him  some  profit  as  well  as 
fame.  At  the  close  of  this  year  he  was  deputed 
by  the  London  constitutional  society  to  present 
their  address  to  the  French  national  convention, 
which  conferred  upon  him  the  rights  of  a  French 
citizen.  Feari'ul  of  the  resentment  of  the  English 
government,  he  now  fixed  his  residence  in  France. 
A  deputation  being  soon  sent  to  Savoy  to  organize 
it  as  a  department  of  the  Republic,  he  accompanied 
it  with  his  friend,  Gregoire,  to  Chamberry,  the 
capital,  where  he  resided  several  months,  and  at 
the  request  of  his  legislative  friends  wrote  an 
address  to  the  people  of  Piedmont,  inciting  them 
to  throw  off  their  allegiance  to  their  king.  At 
this  time  he  also  composed  "  Hasty  Pudding,"  a 
mock  didactic  poem,  the  most  popular  of  his 
poetical  productions.  After  his  return  to  Paris  he 
translated  Volney's  Ruins,  but  his  time  was  prin 
cipally  occupied  by  commercial  speculations,  in 
which  he  acquired  a  large  property.  Shocked  by 
the  atrocities  of  the  Revolution,  he  took  little 
part  in  politics. 

About  the  year  179o  he  went  to  the  north  of 
Europe  to  accomplish  some  private  business, 
entrusted  to  him,  and  on  lus  return  was  appointed 


by  President  Washington  as  consul  at  Algiers, 
with  powers  to  negotiate  a  treaty  of  peace  with 
the  l)ey  and  redeem  the  American  captives  on  the 
coast  of  Barbary.  He  immediately  left  Paris,  and 
passing  through  Spain  crossed  over  to  Algiers. 
He  soon  concluded  a  treaty  and  negotiated  also  a 
treaty  with  Tripoli,  rescuing  many  American 
citizens  from  slavery.  His  humane  exertions  were 
attended  with  great  danger.  In  1797  he  resigned 
his  consulship  and  returned  to  Paris,  where  he 
purchased  the  splendid  hotel  of  the  Count  Cler- 
mont  de  Tonnerc,  in  which  he  lived  for  some  years 
in  a  sumptuous  manner. 

On  the  occurrence  of  the  rupture  between  his 
native  country  and  France,  he  published  a  letter 
to  the  people  of  the  United  States  on  the  meas 
ures  of  Mr.  Adams'  administration.  Tin's  was 
soon  followed  by  a  second  part,  containing  specu 
lations  on  various  political  subjects.  At  this 
period  he  presented  a  memoir  to  the  French 
government,  denouncing  the  whole  system  of 
privateering,  and  contending  for  the  right  of 
neutrals  to  trade  in  articles  contraband  of  war. 

In  the  spring  of  180.3,  having  sold  his  real 
estate  in  France,  he  returned  to  America  after  an 
absence  of  nearly  seventeen  years.  He  purchased 
a  beautiful  situation  and  house  near  Georgetown, 
but  within  the  limits  of  the  city  of  Washington. 
This  place  he  called  "  Kalorama."  He  printed  in 
180G  a  prospectus  of  a  national  institution  at 
Washington,  which  should  combine  a  university 
with  a  learned  society,  together  with  a  military 
and  naval  academy  and  a  school  of  fine  arts.  In 
compliance  with  this  project  a  bill  was  introduced 
into  the  Senate,  but  it  was  not  passed  into  a  law. 

In  1808  he  published  the  Columbiad,  a  poem, 
which  had  been  the  labor  of  half  his  life,  in  the 
most  splendid  volume,  which  had  ever  issued  from 
the  American  press.  It  was  adorned  by  excellent 
engravings,  executed  in  London,  and  was  inscribed 
to  Robert  Fulton,  with  whom  he  had  long  lived  in 
friendship  and  whom  he  regarded  as  his  adopted 
son.  This  work,  though  soon  published  in  a 
cheaper  form,  has  never  acquired  much  popularity. 
As  an  epic  poem  it  has  great  faults  both  in  the 
plan  and  the  execution.  It  is  justly  exposed  to 
severe  criticism  for  some  extravagant  and  absurd 
flights  of  fancy  and  for  the  many  new-coined  and 
uncouth  words  which  it  contains.  Its  sentiments 
also  have  been  thought  hostile  to  Christianity. 
Gregoire  addressed  a  letter  to  the  author,  re 
proving  him  for  placing  the  cross  among  the 
symbols  of  fraud,  folly,  and  error.  Mr.  Barlow  in 
his  reply  declared,  that  he  was  not  an  unbeliever, 
or  that  he  had  not  renounced  Christianity,  and 
justified  the  description,  which  had  offended 
Gregoire,  on  the  ground  that  he  had  been  ac 
customed  to  regard  the  cross  not  as  the  emblem 
of  Christianity  itself  but  of  its  corruptions  by 
popery. 


BARNARD. 


BARNARD. 


63 


In  1811  he  was  nominated  a  minister  plenipo 
tentiary  to  the  French  government,  but  in  his 
attempt  to  negotiate  a  treaty  of  commerce  and 
indemnification  for  spoliations  he  was  not  success 
ful.  At  length,  in  October,  1812,  he  was  invited 
to  a  conference  with  the  emperor  at  Wilna.  He 
immediately  set  off,  travelling  day  and  night. 
Overcome  by  fatigue,  and  exposed  to  sudden 
changes  from  extreme  cold  to  the  excessive  heat 

o 

of  the  small  cottages  of  the  Jews,  which  are  the 
only  taverns  in  Poland,  he  was  seized  by  a  violent 
inflammation  of  the  lungs,  which  terminated  his 
life  at  Zarnowica,  or  Zarnowitch,  an  obscure 
village  near  Cracow.  His  widow  died  in  Wash 
ington  May  30,  1818,  aged  62. 

He  was  of  an  amiable  disposition  and  domestic 
habits,  generally  silent  in  mixed  company,  and 
often  absent  in  mind.  His  manners  were  grave 
and  dignified.  If,  as  there  is  reason  to  conclude, 
though  once  a  preacher  of  the  gospel  he  had 
ceased  to  regard  it  as  of  Divine  authority,  and 
died  without  the  support  of  its  glorious  promises ; 
there  is  no  wise  man,  who  will  envy  him  the 
possession  of  his  worldly  prosperity  and  distinc 
tion  acquired  at  the  price  of  the  abandonment 
of  the  religion,  which  he  once  preached.  As  a 
poet  Mr.  Barlow  will  hardly  live  in  the  memory 
of  future  ages.  His  vision  of  Columbus,  replete 
with  the  scenes  of  the  Revolution,  acquired,  not 
withstanding  its  imperfections,  great  popularity  as 
a  national,  patriotic  poem.  But,  when  cast  anew 
into  an  epic  form,  with  the  attempt  to  give,  by 
means  of  a  vision,  an  epic  unity  to  a  long  scries  of 
unconnected  actions,  presenting  philosophical  spec 
ulation  rather  than  interesting  narrative,  the  Co- 
lumbiad  sunk  into  neglect.  Besides  intellectual 
power  a  poet  must  have  a  rich  fancy,  a  refined 
taste,  and  a  heart  of  feeling.  Mr.  Barlow  had 
meditated  a  general  history  of  the  United  States, 
and  made  large  collections  of  the  necessary  docu 
ments. 

He  published  several  pieces  in  American  Poems ; 
prospect  of  peace,  1781 ;  vision  of  Columbus,  1787 ; 
the  conspiracy  of  kings,  London,  1796;  advice  to 
privileged  orders,  in  tw  o  parts ;  a  letter  to  the 
national  convention ;  address  to  the  people  of 
Piedmont;  hasty  pudding,  a  poem,  12mo.  1796; 
the  Columbiad,  4to.  1808,  and  12mo.  1809;  ora 
tion  on  the  fourth  July,  1809.  —  London  Monthly 
Mag.  1798;  Public 'Characters,  1806,  p.  152- 
180;  Monthly  Mag.  and  American  Revieiv,  I. 
465-468;  Analectic  Mag.  IV.  130-158;  Speci 
mens  of  American  Poetry,  II.  1-13. 

BARNARD,  JOHN,  minister  of  Marblchead, 
died  Jan.  24,  1770,  aged  88  years.  He  was  born 
in  Boston  Nov.  6,  1681.  His  parents  were  re 
markable  for  their  piety,  and  they  took  particular 
care  of  his  education.  He  was  graduated  at  Har 
vard  college  in  1700.  In  the  former  part  of  his 
collemal  course  the  sudden  death  of  two  of  his 


acquaintance  impressed  his  mind  and  led  him  to 
think  of  his  own  departure  from  this  world;  but 
the  impression  was  soon  effaced.  However,  be 
fore  he  left  that  institution  he  was  brought  to 
repentance,  and  he  resolved  to  yield  himself  to 
the  commands  of  God.  In  1702  he  united  him 
self  to  the  north  church  in  Boston  under  the 
pastoral  care  of  the  Mathers.  In  1705  he  was 
invited  to  settle  at  Yarmouth,  but  he  declined 
accepting  the  invitation.  He  was  employed  for 
some  time  as  an  assistant  to  Dr.  Colman.  Being 
fond  of  active  life,  he  was  appointed  by  Gov. 
Dudley  one  of  the  chaplains,  who  accompanied 
the  army  to  Port  Royal  in  1707  to  reduce  that 
fortress.  In  an  attempt  to  take  a  plan  of  the 
fort,  a  cannon  ball  was  fired  at  him,  that  covered 
him  with  dirt  without  doing  him  any  injury.  At 
the  solicitation  of  Capt.  John  Wentworth,  he 
sailed  with  him  to  Barbadoes  and  London.  While 
he  was  in  this  city  the  affair  of  Dr.  Sachcverel 
took  place,  of  which  he  would  often  speak.  He 
became  acquainted  with  some  of  the  famous  dis 
senting  ministers,  and  received  some  advantageous 
offers  of  settlement  if  he  would  remain  in  Eng 
land.  He  might  have  accompanied  Lord  Whar- 
ton  to  Ireland  as  his  chaplain,  but  he  refused  to 
conform  to  the  articles  of  the  national  church. 
Soon  after  this  he  returned  to  seek  a  settlement 
in  his  own  country.  The  north  church  in  Boston 
was  built  for  him  and  he  preached  the  dedication 
sermon  May  23,  1714,  expecting  soon  to  be  or 
dained  according  to  mutual  agreement;  but  a 
more  popular  candidate,  a  Mr.  Webb,  being  in 
vited  at  the  request  of  Dr.  Cotton  Mather,  the 
people  chose  him  for  their  pastor.  Of  this  trans 
action  he  could  not  speak  with  calmness  to  the 
day  of  his.  death.  He  was  ordained  minister  of 
Marblehead  July  18,  1716,  as  colleague  with  Mr. 
Cheever.  In  1762  he  received  Mr.  Whitwell  as 
his  assistant.  The  last  sermon,  which  he  preached, 
was  delivered  Jan.  8,  1769. 

Mr.  Barnard  was  eminent  for  his  learning  and 
piety,  and  was  famous  among  the  divines  of 
America.  During  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  Avhen 
he  retained  a  vigor  of  mind  and  zeal  uncommon 
at  so  advanced  an  age,  he  was  regarded  as  the 
father  of  the  churches.  His  form  was  remark 
ably  erect,  and  he  never  bent  under  the  infirmi 
ties  of  years.  His  countenance  was  grand,  his 
mien  majestic,  and  there  was  a  dignity  in  his 
whole  deportment.  His  presence  restrained  the 
imprudence  and  folly  of  youth,  and  when  the 
aged  saw  him,  they  arose  and  stood  up.  He 
added  a  knowledge  of  the  Hebrew  to  his  other 
theological  attainments ;  he  was  well  acquainted 
Avith  the  mathematics;  and  he  excelled  in  skill 
for  naval  architecture.  Several  draughts  of  his, 
the  amusement  of  leisure  hours,  were  commended 
by  master  ship-builders.  When  he  first  went  to 
Marblehead  and  for  some  years  afterwards,  there 


BARNARD. 


BARNARD. 


was  not  one  trading  vessel  belonging  to  the  town. 
It  was  through  his  exertions,  that  a  commercial 
improvement  soon  took  place.  Having  taken 
great  pains  to  learn  "  the  mystery  of  the  fish 
trade,"  he  directed  the  people  to  the  best  use, 
•which  they  could  make  of  the  advantages  of  their 
situation.  A  young  man  was  first  persuaded  to 
send  a  small  cargo  to  Barbadoes,  and  his  success 
was  so  encouraging,  that  the  people  were  soon 
able  in  their  own  vessels  to  transport  their  fish  to 
the  West  Indies  and  Europe.  In  1767  there 
were  thirty  or  forty  vessels,  belonging  to  the 
town,  employed  in  the  foreign  trade.  When  Mr. 
Barnard  first  went  to  Marblehead,  there  was  not 
in  the  place  so  much  as  one  proper  carpenter, 
nor  mason,  nor  tailor,  nor  butcher. 

By  prudence  in  the  management  of  his  affairs 
he  acquired  considerable  property;  but  he  gave 
tithes  of  all  he  possessed.  His  charity  was  of  a 
kind,  which  is  Avorthy  of  imitation.  He  was  not 
disposed  to  give  much  encouragement  to  common 
beggars,  but  he  sought  out  those  objects  of  be 
nevolent  attention,  who  modestly  hid  their  wants. 
The  poor  were  often  fed  by  him,  and  the  widow's 
heart  was  gladdened,  while  they  knew  not  where 
to  return  thanks,  except  to  the  merciful  Father 
of  the  wretched.  In  one  kind  of  charity  he  was 
somewhat  peculiar.  He  generally  supported  at 
school  two  boys,  whose  parents  were  unable  to 
meet  this  expense.  By  his  last  will  he  gave  200 
pounds  to  Harvard  college.  He  left  no  children. 
In  his  sickness,  which  terminated  in  his  death,  he 
said  with  tears  flowing  from  his  eyes,  "  My  very 
soul  bleeds,  when  I  remember  my  sins ;  but  1 
trust  I  have  sincerely  repented,  and  that  God  will 
accept  me  for  Christ's  sake.  His  righteousness  is 
my  only  dependence." 

The  publications  of  Mr.  Barnard  are  numerous 
and  valuable.  They  show  his  theological  knowl 
edge,  and  his  talents  as  a  writer.  His  style  is 
plain,  warm,  and  energetic.  The  doctrines,  which 
he  enforces,  are  the  same,  which  were  embraced 
by  the  fathers  of  New  England.  His  autobiog 
raphy  is  in  Historical  Collections,  in.  vol.  v.  He 
published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  G.  Cur- 
win  of  Salem,  1717;  on  the  death  of  his  col 
league,  S.  Cheever,  1724;  history  of  the  strange 
adventures  of  Philip  Ashton,  1725 ;  two  discourses 
addressed  to  young  persons,  with  one  on  the 
earthquake,  1727 ;  a  volume  of  sermons  on  the 
confirmation  of  the  Christian  religion,  on  com 
pelling  men  to  come  in,  and  the  saints'  victory 
and  rewards,  1727 ;  judgment,  mercy,  and  faith, 
1729;  on  the  certainty  of  the  birth  of  Christ, 
1731 ;  election  sermon,  1734;  call  to  parents  and 
children,  1737 ;  convention  sermon,  1738 ;  zeal 
for  good  works,  1742;  election  sermon,  174G; 
the  imperfection  of  the  creature  and  the  excel 
lency  of  the  divine  commandment,  in  nine  ser 
mons,  1747;  the  mystery  of  the  gospel  in  the 


salvation  of  a  sinner,  in  several  discourses,  1750; 
a  version  of  the  psalms,  1752  ;  a  proof  of  Jesus 
Christ's  being  the  Messiah,  a  Dudleian  lecture, 
the  first  that  was  published,  1756;  the  true  di 
vinity  of  Jesus  Christ,  1761;  a  discourse  at  the 
ordination  of  Mr.  Whitwcll,  a  charge,  and  an  ad 
dress  to  the  people,  annexed  to  Mr.  T.  Barnard's 
ordination  sermon,  1762.  A  letter  from  Mr.  Bar 
nard  to  President  Stiles,  written  in  1767,  giving  a 
sketch  of  the  eminent  ministers  of  New  England, 
is  published  in  the  Mass.  Hist.  Coll.  —  WhitvielVs 
Funeral  Sermon  ;  Collections  of  Historical  So 
ciety,  VIII.  66-69;  X.  157,  167  ;  Holmes,  II.  525. 

BARNARD,  JOHN,  minister  of  Andover,  Mass., 
was  the  grandson  of  P'rancis  Barnard  of  Hadley, 
and  the  son  of  Thomas  Barnard,  the  third  min 
ister  of  Andover,  who  was  ordained  colleague 
with  Francis  Dane  in  1682  and  died  Oct.  13,  1718. 
The  first  minister  of  Andover  was  J.  Woodbridge. 
—  Mr.  Barnard  was  graduated  in  1709  and  suc 
ceeding  his  father  in  the  ministry  died  June  14, 
1758,  aged  68.  During  liis  ministry  Mr.  Phillips 
was  the  minister  of  the  south  parish.  He  was 
succeeded  by  Mr.  Symmes.  His  sons  were  min 
isters  of  Salem  and  Haverhill.  He  published  a 
discourse  on  the  earthquake  ;  to  a  society  of 
young  men;  on  sinful  mirth,  1728;  on  death  of 
A.  Abbot,  1739  ;  at  ordination  of  T.  Walker, 
1731  ;  election  sermon,  1746. 

BARNAHI),  THOMAS,  minister  of  Salem,  the 
son  of  the  preceding,  died  Aug.  15,  1776,  aged  62. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1732 
and  ordained  at  Newbury  Jan.  31,  1739.  Dis 
turbed  by  those,  who  called  in  question  the  cor 
rectness  of  his  sentiments,  he  was  dismissed  at  his 
own  request,  and  afterwards  studied  law.  He  was 
installed  Sept.  17,  1755,  as  the  minister  of  the 
first  church  at  Salem,  and  received  Asa  Dunbar 
as  his  colleague  in  1772  ;  Dr.  Prince  succeeded 
Mr.  Dunbar  in  1779.  A  paralytic  affection  im 
paired  his  mental  powers.  He  was  regarded  as  a 
semi-arian  of  Dr.  Clarke's  school,  and  as  rather  an 
Arminian,  than  a  Calvinist.  As  a  preacher  he 
was  destitute  of  animation  and  he  was  deficient 
in  perspicuity  of  style.  He  published  discourses 
at  the  ordination  of  E.  Barnard,  1743;  of  Mr. 
Bailey  of  Portsmouth,  1757;  of  W.  Whitvell, 
1762;  before  the  society  for  encouraging  industry, 
1757  ;  at  the  artillery  election,  1758;  at  the  elec 
tion,  1763;  Dudleian  lecture,  1768;  at  the  funeral 
of  P.  Clarke,  1768.  —  Muss.  Historical  Collec 
tions,  vi.  273. 

BARNARD,  EDWARD,  minister  of  Haverhill, 
the  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  graduated  in 
1736,  and  ordained  April  27,  1743,  as  the  suc 
cessor  of  John  Brown.  He  died  Jan.  26,  1774, 
aged  53,  and  was  succeeded  by  John  Shaw.  In 
his  last  days  a  division  sprung  up  in  his  society. 
There  were  those,  who  accused  him  of  not  preach 
ing  the  gospel.  He  was  regarded  as  an  Ar- 


BARNARD. 


BARNEY. 


65 


minian.  Yet  he  was  accustomed  to  preach,  as  he 
said,  "  the  fallen  state  of  man,  which  gave  rise  to 
the  gospel  dispensation,  the  fulness  and  freeness 
of  divine  grace  in  Christ  as  the  foundation  of  all 
our  hopes,  the  influence  of  the  Spirit,  the  necessity 
of  regeneration,  implying  repentance  towards 
God  and  faith  towards  onr  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  the 
necessity  of  practical  religion,  originating  from 
evangelical  principles."  He  was  an  excellent 
scholar  and  a  highly  esteemed  preacher  and  min 
ister.  He  published  a  poem  on  the  death  of 
Abiel  Abbot ;  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  II. 
True,  1754;  of  G.  Merrill,  1765;  of  T.  Cary;  at 
the  fast,  1764;  at  the  election,  1766;  at  the  con 
vention,  1773.  —  SaltonstalVs  Sketch  of  Haver- 
hill  in  Historical  Collections,  n.  s.  IV.  143-146. 

BARNARD,  THOMAS,  D.  D.,  minister  in  Salem, 
the  son  of  T.  Barnard,  graduated  at  Harvard  col 
lege  in  1766,  and  was  ordained  over  the  north 
church  Jan.  13,  1773.  He  died  of  the  apoplexy 
Oct.  1,  1814,  aged  66.  He  published  the  follow 
ing  discourses  :  at  the  ordination  of  A.  Bancroft, 
1786;  of  I.  Nichols,  1809;  at  the  election,  1789; 
at  the  convention,  1793 ;  before  the  humane  so 
ciety,  1794;  at  the  thanksgiving;  Dudleian  lec 
ture,  1795;  at  thanksgiving,  1796;  before  a  char 
itable  society,  1803 ;  before  the  society  for  propa 
gating  the  gospel  among  the  Indians,  1806 ;  be 
fore  the  Bible  society  of  Salem,  1814. 

BARNARD,  JEREMIAH,  minister  of  Amherst, 
N.  H.,  died  Jan.  15,  1834,  aged  84. 

BARNES,  DAVID,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Scituate, 
Mass.,  was  born  at  Marlborough,  graduated  in 
1752,  and  ordained  Dec.  4,  1754.  His  predeces 
sors  in  the  second  society  since  1645  were  Weth- 
erell,  Mighill,  Lawson,  Eelles,  and  Dorby.  He 
died  April  27,  1811,  aged  80  years.  His  wife  was 
the  daughter  of  Col.  G.  Leonard.  David  L. 
Barnes,  a  lawyer  of  Providence,  appointed  dis 
trict  judge  of  Rhode  Island  in  1801,  and  who 
died  Nov.  3, 1812,  was  lu's  only  son.  —  Dr.  Barnes 
is  represented  as  remarkable  for  meekness.  A 
volume  of  his  sermons  was  published  with  a  bio 
graphical  sketch.  He  published  an  ordination 
sermon,  1756 ;  on  the  love  of  life  and  fear  of 
death,  1795 ;  on  the  death  of  "Washington,  1800; 
on  the  death  of  James  Hawley,  1801 ;  ordination 
sermon,  1802;  discourse  on  education,  1803. — 
Mass.  Historical  Collections,  s.  s.  iv.  237. 

BARNES,  DANIEL  II.,  a  distinguished  con- 
chologist,  died  in  the  meridian  of  life  Oct.  27, 
1818.  He  and  Dr.  Grificom  originated  and  con 
ducted  with  great  reputation  the  high  school  of 
New  York.  He  was  also  a  Baptist  preacher. 
Invited  by  Gen.  Van  Rcnsselacr  to  attend  the 
first  public  examination  of  the  school  established 
by  him  at  Troy,  he  proceeded  to  New  Lebanon 
and  there  preached  on  Sunday,  the  day  before  his 
death,  from  the  text,  "  Ye  know  not  what  shall 
be  on  the  morrow.  For  what  is  your  life,"  &c. 

9 


On  Monday,  while  riding  between  Nassau  and 
Troy,  the  driver  being  thrown  from  his  seat  as 
the  stage  was  rapidly  descending  a  hill,  Mr. 
Barnes  in  his  alarm  jumped  from  the  carriage  and 
fractured  his  skull.  He  died  in  a  short  time 
after.  Of  the  New  York  Lyceum  of  natural  lu's- 
tory  he  was  an  active  member.  He  was  a  clas 
sical  scholar  of  high  attainments,  and  of  a  most 
estimable  character  as  a  man.  He  had  presided 
over  several  seminaries,  and  refused  the  presi 
dency  of  the  college  at  Washington  city.  He 
was  probably  the  first  conchologist  in  the  United 
States.  His  learned  communications  on  con- 
chology  were  published  in  Silliman's  journal,  with 
explanatory  plates.  Of  his  writings  in  that  jour 
nal  the  following  is  a  catalogue :  geological  sec 
tion  of  the  Canaan  mountain,  v.  8-21 ;  memoir 
on  the  genera  unio  and  alasmodonta,  with  nu 
merous  figures,  VI.  107-127,  258-280 ;  five  species 
of  chiton,  with  figures,  VII.  69-72 ;  memoir  on 
batrachian  animals  and  doubtful  reptiles,  XI.  269- 
297,  XIII.  66-70 ;  on  magnetic  polarity,  XIII.  70- 
73 ;  reclamation  of  unios,  XIII.  358-364.  —  Silli 
man's  Journal,  XV.  401. 

BARNES,  JOHN,  died  in  Dudley  in  1813,  aged 
92,  a  Revolutionary  soldier. 

BARNES,  JOHN,  a  distinguished  engineer,  died 
at  Marseilles  Sept,  24,  1852. 

BARNES,  LEWIS,  a  worthy,  respected  citizen 
of  Portsmouth,  died  June  27,  1856,  aged  79.  A 
native  of  Gottenburg,  with  ancestors  of  rank,  his 
name  was  Ludwig  Baarnhiclm.  On  coming  to 
this  country  at  the  age  of  14,  he  lived  at  Salem 
under  the  patronage  of  Hasket  Derby,  and  changed 
his  name  to  Barnes.  For  more  than  fifty  years 
he  lived  in  Portsmouth.  At  first  he  commanded 
a  ship,  and  then  became  a  merchant ;  and  was 
intelligent,  charitable,  and  a  blessing  to  the  com 
munity.  His  last  hours  were  peaceful,  full  of 
faith  and  hope.  —  His  daughter  married  C.  S. 
Franklin  of  New  York. 

BARNEY,  JOSHUA,  commodore,  a  distinguished 
commander,  died  Dec.  1, 1818,  aged  59.  He  was 
born  in  Baltimore  July  6,  1759.  In  early  life  he 
made  several  voyages.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
war  he  entered  as  master's  mate  in  the  sloop-of- 
war  Hornet,  in  which  vessel  he  accompanied  the 
fleet  of  Commodore  Hopkins,  who  in  1775  cap 
tured  New  Providence.  Promoted  to  the  rank 
of  lieutenant  for  his  bravery,  he  was  captured  in 
the  Sachem,  but  was  soon  exchanged.  He  was 
twice  afterwards  captured.  But  in  Oct.,  1779,  he 
and  his  friend  Capt.  Robinson  brought  a  valuable 
prize  into  Philadelphia.  In  1780  he  married  the 
daughter  of  Alderman  Bedford.  In  a  lew  weeks 
afterwards,  having  all  his  fortune  with  him  in 
paper  money,  he  was  robbed  of  it,  wliilc  going  to 
Baltimore.  Without  mentioning  his  loss  he  soon 
went  to  sea,  but  was  captured  and  sent  to  Ply 
mouth,  England.  From  the  Mill  prison  he  es- 


G6 


BARON. 


capcd,  and  returning  to  Pennsylvania,  the  state  in 
March,  1782,  gave  him  the  command  of  the 
Ilyder  Ally,  a  small  ship  of  sixteen  guns.  In 
this  vessel,  carrying  four  nine  and  twelve  six 
pounders,  he  captured,  April  26th,  after  an  action 
of  twenty-six  minutes,  the  Gen.  Monk  of  eighteen 
guns,  nine  pounders,  with  the  loss  of  four  killed 
and  eleven  wounded.  The  Gen.  Monk  lost  thirty 
killed  and  fifty-three  wounded.  In  Sept.,  1782, 
he  sailed  in  the  command  of  the  Gen.  Monk, 
which  was  bought  by  the  United  States,  with 
dispatches  for  Dr.  Franklin  at  Paris ;  he  brought 
back  a  valuable  loan  from  the  king  of  France  in 
chests  of  gold  and  barrels  of  silver.  In  17%  he 
went  to  France  with  Mr.  Monroe,  deputed  the 
bearer  of  the  American  flag  to  the  national  con 
vention,  lie  was  induced  to  take  the  command 
of  a  squadron  in  the  French  service,  but  resigned 
in  1800  and  returned  to  America.  In  1813  he 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  flotilla  for 
the  defence  of  the  Chesapeake.  He  participated 
in  the  battle  of  Bladensburg  Aug.  24,  1814,  and 
was  wounded  in  the  thigh  by  a  ball,  which  was 
never  extracted.  In  May,  1815,  he  was  sent  on 
a  mission  to  Europe,  and  returned  in  Oct.,  and 
resided  on  his  farm  at  Elkridge.  He  visited  the 
western  country  in  1817.  Having  resolved  to  em 
igrate  to  Kentucky,  while  on  his  journey  he  was 
taken  ill  at  Fittsburg  and  died  there.  He  had 
been  forty-one  years  in  public  service  and  engaged 
in  twenty-six  battles  and  one  duel.  He  fought 
with  Lemuel  Tailor  in  private  combat  Sept.  3, 
1813,  —  observing  the  laws  of  honor  but  con 
temning  the  laws  of  liis  country  and  of  God. 
The  want  of  moral  courage,  the  courage  to  do 
right  in  disregard  of  the  opinion  of  those,  who 
judge  wrong,  the  want  of  fixed  virtuous  principle, 
is  a  great  deficiency  in  any  character.  — Encyclo 
paedia  Americana. 

BARON,  ALEXANDER,  M.  D.,  was  born  in 
Scotland  in  1745,  and  received  his  medical  educa 
tion  at  Edinburgh.  He  arrived  at  Charleston, 
S.  C.,  and  soon  obtained  extensive  practice  in  part 
nership  successively  with  Drs.  Milligan,  Oliphant, 
and  S.  and  R.  Wilson.  He  died  Jan.  9,  1819, 
aged  74.  He  had  great  reputation  as  a  physi 
cian.  Possessing  extensive  knowledge  and  en 
dowed  with  almost  every  attribute  of  genius,  he 
was  a  most  agreeable  and  instructive  companion. 
His  affability  and  kindness  made  him  a  favorite 
with  the  younger  members  of  the  profession. — 
Thaclier's  Med.  Biog.  144-146. 

BARRES,  JOSEPH  FREDERIC  WALLET,  DES, 
had  the  title  of  colonel,  and  was  lieut.-gov.  of 
Cape  Breton,  and  afterwards  of  Prince  Edward 
Island.  He  died  at  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  Oct.  22, 
1804,  aged  102  years.  During  the  revolutionary 
war  he  published  in  1780,  by  order  of  Admiral 
Howe,  for  the  use  of  the  British  navy,  valuable 
charts  of  the  coasts  and  harbors  in  the  gulf  of 


BARRY. 

St.  Lawrence,  of  Nova  Scotia,  of  New  England, 
of  New  York  and  southerly,  compiled  from  sur 
veys  by  Maj.  Samuel  Holland,  surveyor-general. 
These  charts  of  DCS  Barres  were  authentic  and 
useful  surveys  of  these  extensive  coasts.  All 
the  numerous  islands  in  Casco  bay  and  along  the 
whole  coast  of  Maine  are  here  described.  A  copy, 
with  the  title  of  Atlantic  Neptune,  Vol.  IL,  is  in 
the  library  of  Bowdoin  college  and  another  in 
that  of  the  American  philosophical  society  at 
Philadelphia. 

BARRON,  SAMUEL,  a  commodore  in  the  navy, 
commanded  about  the  year  1798  the  brig  Au 
gusta,  equipped  by  the  citizens  of  Norfolk  in  con 
sequence  of  aggressions  by  the  French.  When  a 
fleet  was  sent  to  the  Mediterranean  in  1805  to 
co-operate  with  Gen.  Eaton  in  his  operations 
against  Tripoli,  Com.  Barron  had  the  command 
of  it ;  but  ill  health  induced  him  to  transfer  the 
command  to  Capt.  Rodgers.  Eaton  was  indig 
nant  at  the  negotiation  for  peace  conmmcnced  by 
Barron.  On  his  return  Barron  felt  keenly  the 
neglect  of  the  government  in  not  continuing  him 
in  service.  A  few  months  before  his  death  he 
was  made  superintendent  of  the  naval  arsenal  at 
Gosport.  He  died  of  the  apoplexy  at  Hampton, 
Va.,  Oct.  29,  1810.  In  the  private  walks  of  life 
he  was  greatly  esteemed. — Norfolk  Ledger; 
Life  of  Eaton,  368. 

BARRON,  JAMES,  commodore,  died  in  Norfolk, 
Apr.  21,  1851,  aged  82.  His  father  was  commo 
dore  of  the  vessels  of  Virginia.  He  was  lieuten 
ant  in  1798;  in  1799  he  went  to  the  Mediterra 
nean  under  the  command  of  his  brother  Samuel. 
In  the  ship  Chesapeake  he  was  compelled  to 
strike  to  the  British  frigate  Leopard,  after  winch 
he  was  not  on  sea  duty. 

BARRY,  JOHN,  first  commodore  in  the  Amer 
ican  navy,  died  Sept.  13,  1803,  aged  58.  He  was 
born  in  the  county  of  Wcxford,  Ireland,  in  1745. 
With  an  education  adapted  to  his  proposed  ac 
tive  life  upon  the  sea,  he  came  to  this  country 
about  1760,  and  was  for  years  employed  by  the 
most  respectable  merchants  in  the  command  of 
vessels,  having  their  unreserved  confidence.  In 
Feb.,  1776,  congress  appointed  him  to  the  com 
mand  of  the  brig  Lexington  of  sixteen  guns,  and 
he  sailed  on  a  successful  cruise  from  Philadelphia. 
From  this  vessel  he  was  transferred  to  the  Effing- 
ham,  a  large  frigate.  Shut  up  by  the  ice  in  the 
winter  he  joined  the  army  as  aid  to  Gen.  Cadwal- 
lader  in  the  operations  near  Trenton.  When 
Philadelphia  was  in  the  hands  of  the  enemy  and 
the  American  frigates  were  up  the  river,  at  White- 
hill,  Barry  formed  and  executed  the  project  of  de 
scending  the  river  in  boats  to  cut  off  the  supplies  of 
the  enemy.  For  this  enterprise  he  received  the 
thanks  of  Washington.  After  his  vessel  was  de 
stroyed,  he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of 
the  Raleigh  of  thirty-two  guns,  which  a  British 


BARRY. 

squadron  compelled  him  to  run  on  shore  at  Fox's 
island  in  Penobscot  bay.  He  next  made  several 
voyages  to  the  West  Indies.  In  Feb.,  1781,  he 
sailed  in  the  frigate  Alliance  of  thirty-six  guns 
from  Boston  for  L'Orient,  carrying  Col.  Laurens 
on  an  embassy  to  the  French  court.  On  his  re 
turn,  May  29,  1781,  he  fought  the  ship  of  war 
Atlanta,  of  between  twenty  and  thirty  guns,  and 
her  consort  the  brig  Trepasa.  After  a  severe  ac 
tion  both  struck  their  colors.  Com.  Barry  was 
dangerously  wounded  in  the  shoulder  by  a  grape- 
shot.  He  sailed  again  from  Boston  in  the  Alli 
ance,  and  carried  La  Fayette  and  Count  de 
Noailles  to  France,  and  proceeded  on  a  cruise. 
Returning  from  Havana  he  fought  a  vessel  of  the 
enemy  of  equal  size,  which  escaped  only  by  the 
aid  of  her  consorts.  It  is  related,  that  Gen. 
Howe  at  one  period  attempted  to  bribe  him  to 
desert  the  cause  of  America  by  the  promise  of 
fifteen  thousand  guineas  and  the  command  of  a 
British  frigate,  and  that  the  offer  was  rejected 
with  disdain.  Under  the  administration  of  Mr. 
Adams  he  superintended  the  building  at  Philadel 
phia  of  the  frigate  United  States,  of  which  he 
retained  the  command,  until  she  was  laid  up  in 
ordinary  after  the  accession  of  Mr.  Jefferson  to 
the  executive  chair.  He  died  at  Philadelphia  of 
an  asthmatic  affection.  His  person,  above  the 
ordinary  stature,  was  graceful  and  commanding. 
His  strongly  marked  countenance  expressed  the 
qualities  of  his  mind  and  virtues  of  lu's  heart. 
He  possessed  all  the  important  qualities,  requisite 
in  a  naval  commander.  Though  a  rigid  discipli 
narian,  his  kindness  and  generosity  secured  the 
attachment  of  his  men.  There  was  no  desertion 
from  his  ship.  To  the  moral  deportment  of  his 
crew  he  scrupulously  attended,  and  he  enforced  on 
board  a  strict  observance  of  divine  worship.  Ed 
ucated  in  the  habits  of  religion,  he  experienced 
its  comforts ;  and  he  died  in  the  faith  of  the  gos 
pel.  —  Portfolio ;  American  Naval  Biography, 
156-106. 

BARRY,  WILLIAM  T.,  died  at  Liverpool,  Aug. 
30,  1835.  A  native  of  Kentucky,  he  had  been  a 
senator,  and  postmaster-general,  and  minister  to 
Spain. 

BARSTOW,  JOHN,  deacon,  died  in  Canterbury, 
Conn.,  Dec.  9,  1838,  aged  85.  A  soldier,  he  -was 
present  at  the  surrender  of  Burgoync.  In  the 
army  he  kept  a  journal.  His  services  to  the  town 
and  church  were  very  great.  Many  years  super 
intendent  of  the  Sabbath  school,  in  lu's  old  age  he 
taught  the  aged.  In  his  sickness  he  sent  word  to 
his  friends  to  prepare  to  meet  him  in  heaven.  lie 
was  the  father  of  Rev.  Dr.  B.  of  Keene. 

BARTLETT,  Josun,  M.  D.,  governor  of  New 
Hampshire,  died  suddenly  of  a  paralytic  affection, 
May  19,  1795,  aged  65.  He  was  the  son  of  Ste 
phen  Bartlctt,  and  born  in  Amcsbury,  Mass.,  in 


BARTLETT. 


67 


Nov.,  1729.  After  an  imperfect  medical  education 
he  commenced  the  practice  of  physic  at  Kings 
ton  in  1750.  During  the  prevalence  of  the  angi 
na  maligna  in  1754,  lu's  successful  antiseptic  prac 
tice  in  the  use  of  the  Peruvian  bark  established 
lu's  fame.  He  also  acted  as  a  magistrate,  and 
Gov.  Wrentworth  gave  him  the  command  of  a  reg 
iment,  but  at  last  deprived  him  of  his  commis 
sions  in  Feb.,  1775,  in  consequence  of  his  being  a 
zealous  whig.  Being  appointed  a  delegate  to  con 
gress,  his  name  was  first  called  as  representing 
the  most  easterly  province,  on  the  vote  of  the  de 
claration  of  independence,  and  he  boldly  an 
swered  in  the  affirmative.  In  1777,  as  medical 
agent,  he  accompanied  Stark  to  Bennington.  In 
1778  he  withdrew  from  congress.  He  was  ap 
pointed  chief  justice  of  the  court  of  common 
pleas  in  1779,  a  justice  of  the  superior  court  in 
1784,  and  chief  justice  in  1788.  In  1790  he  was 
President  of  New  Hampshire,  chosen  by  the  leg 
islature,  though  Pickering  and  Joshua  Wentwor th 
received  each  many  more  of  the  votes  of  the  peo 
ple.  In  1791  and  1792  he  was  chosen  by  the 
people.  He  had  nominated  his  rival,  J.  Picker 
ing,  chief  justice.  In  1793  he  was  elected  the 
first  governor  under  the  new  form  of  government. 
Of  the  medical  society,  established  by  his  efforts 
in  1791,  he  was  the  president.  The  duties  of  his 
various  offices  were  faithfully  discharged.  He 
was  a  good  physician,  devoting  most  of  his  time 
to  his  profession.  His  patriotism  induced  him  to 
make  great  sacrifices  for  the  public  good.  By  the 
force  of  his  talents,  without  much  education,  he 
rose  to  his  various  high  offices.  His  mind  was 
discriminating,  his  judgment  sound,  and  in  all 
his  dealings  he  was  scrupulously  just.  In  his  last 
years  his  health  was  impaired  and  after  the  loss 
of  his  wife  in  1789  his  spirits  greatly  depressed. 
His  son,  Dr.  Ezra  B.,  died  at  Ilaverhill,  N.  II., 
Dec.  6,  1848,  aged  78.  —  ThacJier's  Med.  Biog., 
147-150  ;  Eliot ;  Goodrich's  Lives. 

BARTLETT,  Josun,  M.  I).,  was  born  in 
jCharlestown  in  1759,  and  studied  physic  with  Dr. 
I.  Foster,  who  was  chief  surgeon  of  the  military 
hospital  in  the  war  of  1775,  under  whom  he  served 
as  surgeon's  mate  till  1780.  He  then  went  two 
voyages  as  surgeon  to  ships  of  war.  He  settled 
in  Charlestown,  where  for  many  years  he  had 
extensive  practice.  At  length  misfortune  broke 
down  liis  spirits  and  health,  and  life  ceased  to  be 
desired.  After  two  years  the  apoplexy  terminated 
his  life  March  5,  1820.  He  had  been  a  represen 
tative,  senator,  and  councillor.  He  delivered 
many  orations,  medical,  political  and  literary ;  and 
published  various  papers  in  the  works  of  the 
medical  society  and  in  the  N.  E.  medical  journal  ; 
address  to  free  masons,  1797;  discourse  before 
the  Middlesex  medical  association ;  progress  of 
medical  science  in  Mass.,  1810;  history  of 


G8 


BARTLETT. 


BAKTON. 


Charlestown,  1814;  oration  on  the  death  of  Dr. 
John  Warren,  1815.  —  Thacher's  Med.  Biog.,  150, 
151. 

BARTLETT,  JOSIAH,  M.  D.,  died  at  Stratham 
April  14,  1838,  aged  70.  The  son  of  Governor 
Josiah  B.,  he  Avas  a  member  of  Congress  in  1811- 
13. 

BARTLETT,  JOHN,  died  at  Marblehead  in 
Feb.,  1840,  aged  GO,  having  been  the  pastor  of  the 
Unitarian  church  thirty-seven  years.  He  published 
two  discourses. 

BARTLETT,  ELISHA,  M.  D.,  died  in  Smith- 
field,  R.  I.,  July  19,  1855,  aged  about  40.  For 
some  years  he  had  been  unable  to  practice. 
When  residing  at  Lowell,  he  was  its  first  mayor; 
afterwards  he  was  at  the  head  of  a  medical  college 
at  the  West,  whence  in  failing  health  he  went  back 
to  the  old  homestead  in  R.  I. 

BARTLETT,  SHUBAEL,  minister  of  Scantic, 
descended  from  the  little  company,  which  landed 
at  Plymouth  in  1620,  and  his  character  corres 
ponded  with  that  of  his  puritan  ancestry.  At  the 
age  of  twenty-two  he  entered  Yale  college,  in 
which  he  and  one  other  were  the  only  professors 
of  religion.  lie  graduated  in  1800,  and  having 
studied  theology  with  Dr.  Dwight  was  ordained  at 
East  Windsor  Feb.  12,  1804;  and  there  he  died 
June  6,  1854,  aged  76.  A  half-century  sermon, 
which  he  prepared,  was  read  to  his  people  by  his 
son-in-law,  Rev.  S.  B.  Brown,  late  a  missionary  to 
Cliina.  He  was  a  faithful  preacher,  endowed 
with  a  spirit  of  prayer.  During  his  ministry  five 
hundred  and  twenty-four  members  were  added  to 
his  church.  His  descent  was  from  several  of  the 
Pilgrims  at  Plymouth. 

BARTLETT,  WILLIAM,  a  generous  benefactor 
of  theological  literature,  was  born  in  Newbury 
Jan.  31,  1748,  and  died  Feb.  8,  1841,  aged  93. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  theological 
seminary  in  Andover.  He  gave  25,000  dollars  to 
endow  a  professorship  of  sacred  rhetoric;  built 
two  professors'  houses,  one  of  the  large  halls,  and 
the  chapel;  paid  the  president's  salary  for  five  or 
six  years ;  contributed  largely  to  another  professor 
ship  ;  and  bequeathed  50,000  dollars  in  his  Mill. 

BARTLETT,  ZACCIIEUS,  M.  D.,  died  at  Ply 
mouth  in  Dec.,  1835,  aged  70.  A  graduate  of 
Harvard  in  1780,  he  was  a  member  of  the  state 
convention  in  1820,  and  president  of  the  pilgrim 
society. 

BARTLETT,  ICIIABOD,  a  lawyer  of  distinction 
in  N.  II.,  died  at  Portsmouth  Oct.  19,  1853,  aged 
67.  Born  in  Salisbury,  he  graduated  at  Dart 
mouth  in  1808,  and  lived  first  in  Durham,  then  in 
P.  He  Avas  a  member  of  Congress  from  1823  to 
1829. 

BARTLETT,  RICILUID,  secretary  of  state  of 
IST.  II.,  died  at  New  York  Oct.  23,  1837,  aged  45. 

BARTLETT,  ELISIIA,  died  in  Georgia,  Vt.,  in 
1855,  aged  100,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution.  His 


father  was  Moses  B.,  the  minister  of  Chatham, 
Conn.,  who  graduated  in  1730,  and  died  in  1766. 

BARTON,  THOMAS,  an  Episcopal  minister,  M'as 
a  native  of  Ireland  and  educated  at  the  university 
of  Dublin.  In  1753  he  married  at  Philadelphia 
the  sister  of  Mr.  Rittenhouse,  and  the  next  year 
Avas  ordained  in  England.  His  talents  and  learn 
ing  M'ere  of  great  service  to  his  friend  Mr.  Ritten 
house,  who  enjoyed  few  advantages  of  early  edu 
cation.  From  1755  to  1759  he  M'as  a  missionary 
of  a  society  in  England  and  resided  in  Redding 
township,  York  county.  In  1758  he  M'as  a  chap 
lain  in  the  expedition  against  Fort  Du  Qucsne, 
and  became  acquainted  M'ith  Washington  and 
Mercer  and  other  distinguished  officers.  He 
resided  in  Lancaster  as  rector  nearly  twenty  years. 
Adhering  to  the  royal  government  in  the  Revolu 
tion  and  refusing  to  take  a  required  oath,  he  M'cnt 
in  1778  to  New  York,  M'here  he  died  May  25, 
1780,  aged  50  years.  His  eldest  son,  William 
Barton  of  Lancaster,  M-rote  the  memoirs  of  Ritten 
house  and  a  tract  on  free  commerce ;  he  left  seven 
other  children,  one  of  M'hom  was  Prof.  Barton. 
His  M'idow  passed  her  last  years  in  the  house  of 
her  nephew  and  niece,  Dr.  Samuel  Bard  and  -wife. 
Within  a  few  days  of  their  decease  she  also  died, 
aged  90.  He  published  a  sermon  on  Braddock's 
defeat,  1755. — Mem.  of  Rittenhouse,  100,  112, 
287,  441 ;  Thacher's  Med.  Biog.,  139. 

BARTON,  BENJAMIN  SMITH,  M.  D.,  professor 
in  the  university  of  Pennsylvania,  died  Dec.  19, 
1815,  aged  49.  lie  was  the  son  of  the  Rev. 
Mr.  Barton  of  Lancaster,  Penn.,  and  was  born 
Feb.  10,  1766.  His  mother  was  the  sister  of 
Rittenhouse,  M'hose  life  M'as  written  by  his  brother, 
William  Barton.  After  spending  several  years  in 
study  in  Philadelphia,  he  went  to  Edinburgh  and 
London  in  1786  to  pursue  his  medical  studies. 
His  medical  degree  he  obtained  at  Gottingen.  In 
1789  he  returned  to  Pliiladelphia  and  commenced 
the  practice  of  physic.  In  the  same  year  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  natural  history  and  botany 
in  the  college.  He  succeeded  Dr.  Griffiths  as 
professor  of  materia  medica  and  Dr.  Rush  as 
professor  of  the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine. 

Dr.  Barton  was  distinguished  by  his  talents  and 
professional  attainments.  He  contributed  much 
to  the  progress  of  natural  science,  and  his  various 
works  evince  a  closeness  of  observation,  an  extent 
of  learning,  and  a  comprehensiveness  of  mind, 
honorable  to  his  character.  He  was  the  first 
American  M'ho  gave  to  his  country  an  elementary 
M'ork  on  botany.  His  publications  are  the  folloAV- 
ing:  On  the  fascinating  quality  ascribed  to  the 
rattlesnake,  1796;  new  vieAvs  of  the  origin  of  the 
tribes  of  America,  1797 ;  collections  toM-ards  a 
materia  medica  of  the  U.  S.,  1798;  remarks  on 
the  speech  attributed  by  Jefferson  to  Logan,  1798; 
medical  physical  journal,  begun  1804,  continued 
several  years ;  eulogy  on  Dr.  Priestley ;  elements 


BARTON. 

of  botany  with  thirty  plates,  1804;  also  in  two 
vols.  40  plates,  1812;  flora  Virginica,  1812;  an 
tdition  of  Cullen's  materia  medica,  1808 ;  account 
of  the  Syren  laccrtina ;  observations  on  the  oppos- 
sum,  1813;  collections  on  extinct  animals,  &c., 
1814;  fragments  of  the  natural  history  of  Penn. ; 
remedy  for  the  bite  of  the  rattlesnake ;  on  the 
honey  bee ;  on  the  native  country  of  the  potato, 
and  other  papers  in  the  Am.  Philos.  Transactions. 
— W.  P.  C.  Barton's  Biog.  Sketch;  Thacher's 
Med.  Biog.,  151-153. 

BARTON,  WILLIAM,  lieutenant-colonel,  a  patriot 
of  the  Revolution,  planned  the  capture  of  Maj.- 
Gen.  Prescott  on  Rhode  Island,  and  executed  the 
project  July  10,  1777.  Information  had  been 
received  at  Providence,  that  the  general  was  to 
sleep  at  Overing's  house,  four  miles  from  Newport. 
Barton  went  with  a  party  of  forty  men,  including 
Capts.  Adams  and  Phillips,  in  four  whale-boats 
from  Warwick  neck  ten  miles  by  water,  landed 
about  half  way  from  Newport  to  Bristol  ferry,  then 
marched  one  mile  to  the  general's  quarters.  On 
reaching  the  chamber,  at  midnight,  the  sentry  was 
secured ;  then  a  negro,  called  Prince,  who  accom 
panied  Barton,  and  who  died  at  Plymouth  1821, 
aged  78,  dashed  his  head  against  the  door  and 
knocked  out  a  panel,  so  that  Col.  Barton  rushed 
in  and  surprised  Prescott  in  bed,  and  carried  him 
off  with  his  aid,  Maj.  William  Barrington,  who 
jumped  from  the  window  in  his  shirt.  He  escaped 
the  guard  boats  and  no  alarm  was  given  to  the 
enemy,  until  the  party  on  their  return  had  nearly 
reached  the  main,  when  the  firing  of  rockets  was 
in  vain.  For  this  exploit  Congress  presented  him 
with  a  sword  and  with  a  grant  of  land  in  Ver 
mont.  By  the  transfer  of  some  of  this  land  he 
became  entangled  in  the  toils  of  the  law  and  was 
imprisoned  in  Vermont  for  years,  until  the  visit  to 
this  country  in  1825  of  La  Fayette,  who  in  his 
munificence  liberated  his  fellow  soldier  and  re 
stored  the  hoary  veteran  to  his  family.  Col.  Bar 
ton  was  wounded  in  an  action  at  Bristol  ferry  in 
May,  1778.  He  died  at  Providence  in  Oct.,  1831, 
aged  84  years. — Amer.  Rememb.,  1777,  271,  361; 
Mass.  Hist.  Coll.,  n.,  107,  138;  Heath,  122. 

BARTON,  CYRUS,  editor  of  the  Concord  Re 
porter,  died  Feb.  17,  1855.  At  the  close  of  a 
political  speech  near  C.  he  fell  and  expired.  He 
was  an  associate  with  Isaac  Hill  in  business. 

BARTON,  ROGER,  died  in  Mississippi  March 
4,  1855,  aged  about  55;  for  fifteen  years  a  Senator 
of  the  U.  S. 

BARTRAM,  Jonx,  an  eminent  botanist,  died 
in  Sept.,  1777,  aged  75.  He  was  born  at  Marpole, 
Chester  county,  Penn.,  in  the  year  1701.  His 
grandfather,  Richard,  accompanied  William  Penn 
to  this  country  in  1682.  His  father,  John,  re 
moved  to  North  Carolina  and  was  killed  by  the 
Whitoc  Indians.  He  himself  inherited  the  estate 


BARTRAM. 


69 


of  his  uncle,  Isaac,  at  Derby,  a  few  miles  from 
Philadelphia. 

This  self-taught  genius  early  discovered  an 
ardent  desire  for  the  acquisition  of  knowledge, 
especially  of  botanical  knowledge ;  but  the  infant 
state  of  the  colony  placed  great  obstacles  in  his 
way.  He  however  surmounted  them  by  intense 
application  and  the  resources  of  his  own  mind. 
By  the  assistance  of  respectable  characters  he 
obtained  the  rudiments  of  the  learned  languages, 
Avhich  he  studied  with  extraordinary  success.  So 
earnest  was  he  in  the  pursuit  of  learning,  that  he 
could  hardly  spare  time  to  eat ;  and  he  might 
often  have  been  found  with  his  victuals  in  one 
hand  and  his  book  in  the  other.  He  acquired  so 
much  knowledge  of  medicine  and  surgery,  as  to 
administer  great  assistance  to  the  indigent  and 
distressed  in  his  neighborhood.  He  cultivated 
the  ground  as  the  means  of  supporting  a  large 
family ;  but  while  ploughing  or  sowing  his  fields, 
or  mowing  his  meadows,  he  was  still  puslmig  his 
inquiries  into  the  operations  of  nature. 

He  was  the  first  American  who  conceived  and 
carried  into  effect  the  design  of  a  botanic  garden, 
for  the  cultivation  of  American  plants,  as  well  as 
of  exotics.  He  purchased  a  fine  situation  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Schuylkill  about  four  miles  below 
Philadelphia,  where  he  laid  out  with  his  own 
hands  a  garden  of  five  or  six  acres.  He  furnished 
it  with  a  variety  of  the  most  curious  and  beautiful 
vegetables,  collected  in  his  excursions  from  Canada 
to  Florida.  These  excursions  were  made  princi 
pally  in  autumn,  when  his  presence  at  home  was 
least  demanded  by  his  agricultural  avocations. 
His  ardor  in  these  pursuits  was  such,  that  at  the 
age  of  seventy  he  made  a  journey  into  East 
Florida  to  explore  its  natural  productions.  His 
travels  among  the  Indians  were  frequently  at 
tended  with  danger  and  difficulty.  By  his  means 
the  gardens  of  Europe  were  enriched  with  elegant 
flowering  shrubs,  with  plants  and  trees,  collected 
in  different  parts  of  our  country  from  the  shore 
of  Lake  Ontario  to  the  source  of  the  River  St. 
Juan.  He  made  such  proficiency  in  his  favorite 
pursuit,  that  Linnaeus  pronounced  him  "  the 
greatest  natural  botanist  in  the  world."  His 
eminence  in  natural  history  attracted  the  esteem 
of  the  most  distinguished  men  in  America  and 
Europe,  and  he  corresponded  with  many  of  them. 
He  was  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.  By  means 
of  the  friendship  of  Sir  Hans  Sloane,  Mr.  Catesby, 
Dr.  Hill,  Linnccus,  and  others,  he  was  furnished 
with  books  and  apparatus,  which  he  much  needed, 
and  which  greatly  lessened  the  difficulties  of  his 
situation.  He  in  return  sent  them  what  was  new 
and  curious  in  the  productions  of  America.  He 
was  elected  a  member  of  several  of  the  most 
eminent  societies  and  academies  abroad,  and  was 
at  length  appointed  American  botanist  to  his 


70 


BAETRAM. 


BASCOM. 


Britannic  majesty,  George  III.,  in  which  appoint 
ment  he  continued  till  his  death. 

Mr.  Bartram  was  an  ingenious  mechanic.  The 
stone  house  in  which  he  lived,  he  built  himself, 
and  several  monuments  of  his  skill  remain  in  it. 
He  was  often  his  own  mason,  carpenter,  and  black 
smith,  and  generally  made  his  own  farming  uten 
sils.  His  stature  was  rather  above  the  middle 
size ;  his  body  was  erect  and  slender ;  his  com 
plexion  was  sandy ;  his  countenance  was  cheerful, 
though  there  was  a  solemnity  in  his  air.  His  gen 
tle  manners  corresponded  with  his  amiable  dispo 
sition.  He  was  modest  and  charitable ;  a  friend 
to  social  order ;  and  an  advocate  for  the  abolition 
of  slavery.  He  gave  freedom  to  a  young  African, 
whom  he  had  brought  up  ;  but  he  in  gratitude  to 
his  master  continued  in  his  service.  Though  tem 
perate,  he  kept  a  plentiful  table ;  and  annually  on 
new  year's  day  he  made  an  entertainment,  conse 
crated  to  friendship  and  philosophy.  Born  and 
educated  in  the  society  of  Quakers,  he  professed 
to  be  a  worshipper  of  "  God  alone,  the  Almighty 
Lord."  He  often  read  the  scriptures,  particularly 
on  Sundays.  Of  his  children,  John,  his  youngest 
son,  who  succeeded  him  in  his  botanic  garden, 
died  at  Philadelphia  Nov.,  1812.  In  addition  to 
his  other  attainments  he  acquired  some  knowledge 
of  medicine  and  surgery,  which  rendered  him  use 
ful  to  his  neighbors.  In  his  first  efforts  to  make 
a  collection  of  American  plants  he  was  aided  by 
a  liberal  subscription  of  some  scientific  gentlemen 
in  Pliiladclphia.  In  1737,  Mr.  Collinson  wrote  to 
Col.  Custis  of  Virginia,  that  Bartram  was  em 
ployed  by  "  a  set  of  noblemen"  at  his  recommen 
dation  ;  and  he  added, "  Be  so  kind  as  to  give  him 
a  little  entertainment,  and  recommendation  to  a 
friend  or  two  of  yours  in  the  country,  for  he  does 
not  value  riding  50  or  100  miles  to  see  a  new 
plant." 

Mr.  Bartram's  communications  in  the  British 
Philosophical  Transactions,  vols.  41,  43,  46,  62, 
are  these :  on  the  teeth  of  a  rattlesnake ;  on  the 
muscles  and  oyster  banks  of  Perm. ;  on  clay  wasp 
nests ;  on  the  great  black  wasp  ;  on  the  libella ; 
account  of  an  aurora  borealis,  observed  Nov.  12, 
1757.  He  published  also  observations  on  the 
inhabitants,  climate,  soil,  &c.,  in  his  travels  to 
lake  Ontario,  4lh  cd.  4to.  Loud.  1751;  descrip 
tion  of  East  Florida,  with  a  journal,  4to.  1774. 
—  Miller,  I.  515  ;  II.  367  ;  Life  of  Eittenlwuse, 
375  ;  Mem.  Penns.  Hist.  Soc.  I.  134 ;  Barton's 
Med.  and  Phys.  Jour.  I.  115-124. 

BARTRAM,  WILLIAM,  a  botanist,  son  of  the 
preceding,  died  July  22,  1823,  aged  84.  He  was 
born  at  the  Botanic  Garden,  Kingsessing,  Penns., 
in  1739.  After  living  with  a  merchant  in  Phila 
delphia  six  years,  he  went  to  North  Carolina,  en 
gaged  in  mercantile  pursuits ;  but,  attached  to 
the  study  of  botany,  he  accompanied  his  father  in 
his  journey  to  E.  Florida.  After  residing  for  a 


time  on  the  river  St.  John's  in  Florida,  he  re 
turned  to  Ins  father's  residence  in  177 1.  In  April, 
1773,  at  the  request  of  Dr.  Fothergill  he  pro 
ceeded  to  Charleston  in  order  to  examine  the  nat 
ural  productions  of  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  the 
Floridas,  and  was  thus  employed  nearly  five  years. 
His  collections  and  drawings  were  forwarded  to 
Dr.  Fothergill.  His  account  of  his  travels  was 
published  in  1791.  It  is  a  delightful  specimen  of 
the  enthusiasm  with  which  the  lover  of  nature, 
and  particularly  the  botanist,  surveys  the  beautiful 
and  wonderful  productions  which  are  scattered 
over  the  face  of  the  earth.  Of  himself  Mr.  Bar- 
tram  said,  —  "  continually  impelled  by  a  restless 
spirit  of  curiosity  in  pursuit  of  new  productions 
of  nature,  my  chief  happiness  consisted  in  tracing 
and  admiring  the  infinite  power,  majesty,  and  per 
fection  of  the  great  Almighty  Creator,  and  in  the 
contemplation,  that  through  divine  aid  and  per 
mission  I  might  be  instrumental  in  discovering 
and  introducing  into  my  native  country  some  orig 
inal  productions  of  nature,  which  might  be  useful 
to  society."  Ilcposing  in  a  grove  of  oranges, 
palms,  live  oaks,  and  magnolias,  in  the  midst  of 
beautiful  flowers  and  singing  birds,  he  cried  out, 
—  "  ye  vigilant  and  most  faithful  servants  of  the 
Most  High ;  ye,  who  worship  the  Creator  morning, 
noon,  and  eve,  in  simplicity  of  heart !  I  haste  to 
join  the  universal  anthem.  My  voice  and  heart 
unite  with  yours  in  sincere  homage  to  the  great 
Creator,  the  universal  sovereign." 

In  1782  he  was  elected  professor  of  botany  in 
the  university  of  Penns.,  but  from  ill  health  de 
clined  the  appointment.  Besides  his  discoveries 
in  botany,  he  prepared  the  most  complete  table  of 
American  ornithology  before  the  appearance  of 
the  book  of  Wilson,  whom  he  assisted  in  the  com 
mencement  of  that  work.  Such  was  his  continued 
love  for  botany,  that  he  wrote  a  description  of  a 
plant  a  few  minutes  before  his  death,  which  oc 
curred  suddenly  by  the  rupture  of  a  blood-vessel 
in  the  lungs.  He  published  Travels  through  N. 
and  S.  Carolina,  Georgia,  East  and  West  Florida, 
the  Cherokee  country,  with  observations  on  the 
manners  of  the  Indians,  with  plates,  8vo.  Phil., 
1731;  the  same,  London,  1792;  and  translated 
into  French  by  Benoist,  entitled  Voyage,  &c.,  2 
vols.;  Paris,  1801;  an  account  of  J.  Bartram  ; 
anecdotes  of  a  crow ;  description  of  Ccrthia ;  on 
the  site  of  Bristol.  —  Enc.  Amer.  ;  Barton's  Med. 
Jour.  I.  i.  89-95  ;  I.  ii.  103. 

BASCOM,  II.  B.,  D.  I).,  bishop  of  the  Meth 
odist  church,  died  in  Louisville  on  liis  return  from 
St.  Louis  to  Kentucky  Sept.  9,  1850,  aged  about 
56.  He  was  born  in  Western  New  York ;  in 
1828  was  president  of  Madison  college,  the  sec 
ond  Methodist  college  in  the  U.  S.  In  1842,  he 
was  chosen  president  of  Transylvania  university, 
Ky.  In  1849  he  was  elected  bishop.  He  was  a 
pulpit  orator  of  great  power,  though  not  of  good 


BASS. 

taste.  He  delighted  in  strong  epithets  and  high 
flown  metaphors.  A  volume  of  his  sermons  was 
published  in  1849.  He  published  inaugural  ad 
dress,  1828. 

BASS,  EDWARD,  D.  D.,  first  bishop  of  Massa 
chusetts,  was  born  at  Dorchester  Nov.  23,  172G, 
and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1744.  For 
several  years  he  was  the  teacher  of  a  school. 
From  1747  to  17*51  he  resided  at  Cambridge,  pur 
suing  In's  theological  studies,  and  occasionally 
preaching.  In  1752,  at  the  request  of  the  Episco 
pal  society  in  Newburyport,  he  went  to  England 
for  orders,  and  was  ordained  May  24,  by  bishop 
Sherlock.  In  1796  he  was  elected  by  the  conven 
tion  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  of  Mas 
sachusetts  to  the  office  of  bishop,  and  was  conse 
crated  May  7,  1797,  by  the  bishops  of  Pennsylva 
nia,  New  York,  and  Maryland.  Afterwards  the 
Episcopal  churches  in  Rhode  Island  elected  him 
their  bishop,  and  in  1803  a  convention  of  the 
churches  in  NCAV  Hampshire  put  themselves  under 
his  jurisdiction.  He  died  Sept.  10,  1803,  humble 
and  resigned.  He  was  a  sound  divine,  a  critical 
scholar,  an  accomplished  gentleman,  and  an  exem 
plary  Christian.  —  Mass.  Hist.  Coll.,  IX.  188. 

BASSETT,  RICHARD,  governor  of  Delaware, 
was  a  member  of  the  old  congress  in  1787,  and 
was  appointed  a  senator  under  the  new  constitu 
tion.  He  was  governor,  after  Mr.  Bedford,  from 
1798  to  1801,  when  he  was  placed  by  Mr.  Adams 
on  the  bench  of  the  federal  judiciary.  The  repeal 
of  the  act,  constituting  the  courts,  displaced  him 
from  his  office  in  1802.  He  had  practised  law 
for  many  years  with  reputation  and  was  a  gentle 
man  of  fortune.  His  daughter  married  Mr.  Bay 
ard.  He  died  in  Sept.,  1815. 

BASSETT,  AMOS,  D.  D.,  died  in  Cornwall  in 
1828,  aged  44.  A  native  of  Derby,  he  graduated 
in  1784,  and  was  the  minister  of  Hebron  from 
about  1793  to  1820,  and  was  then  the  head  of  the 
Mission  school  at  Cornwall.  His  voice  and  man 
ner  in  preaching  were  extremely  solemn.  He 
was  perhaps  gloom}-  and  hypochondriacal ;  some 
times  keen  and  severe.  Seeing  some  men  of  in 
fluence,  whom  he  deemed  anti-patriotic  and  anti- 
christian,  following  in  the  funeral  procession  of  a 
very  wicked  man,  he  said,  —  "if  it  had  been  the 
devil  liimsclf,  they  would  have  followed  him,  only 
they  would  have  chosen  to  follow  him  alive."  He 
published  election  sermon,  1807 ;  and  before  a 
missionary  society  ;  he  wrote  a  reply  of  the  con 
sociation  to  A.  Abbot. 

BATES,  BARNABAS,  died  at  Boston  Oct.  11, 
1853,  aged  66.  A  native  of  England,  he  was  a 
Baptist  minister  in  R.  I.,  then  a  Unitarian.  He 
was  collector  of  Bristol,  and  connected  with  the 
post  office.  As  a  zealous  advocate  of  cheap  post 
age  he  deserves  public  remembrance. 

BATES,  ISAAC  C.,  died  in  Washington,  a  sen 
ator,  March  10,  1845,  aged  65.  Born  in  Cran- 


BAXTER. 


71 


villc,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1802,  and  settled  as 
a  lawyer  in  Northampton.  For  eight  years  he 
was  a  member  of  the  house  of  representatives, 
and  afterwards  of  the  senate,  rendering  important 
public  services.  At  his  funeral  in  Washington, 
Mr.  Tuston  delivered  an  eloquent  sermon  on  the 
happiness  of  heaven,  described  as  "  light."  He 
delivered  an  able  speech,  costing  much  effort, 
against  the  admission  of  Texas  into  the  Union ; 
and  in  a  few  days  afterwards  died.  His  printed 
addresses  and  speeches  are  specimens  of  logical 
and  beautiful  writing. 

BATES,  JOSHUA,  D.  D.,  president  of  Middle- 
bury  college,  died  in  Dudley  Jan.  14,  1854,  aged 
77.  Born  at  Cohasset,  he  graduated  at  Cam 
bridge  in  1800  ;  was  settled  as  a  minister  in  Ded- 
ham  in  1803;  was  chosen  president  in  1818  and 
continued  at  Middlebury  twenty-one  years,  till 
1840,  when  he  resigned.  In  1843  he  was  settled 
at  Dudley,  where  he  toiled  during  ten  years  of  a 
green  old  age.  He  was  distinguished  as  a  scholar, 
was  open-hearted  and  of  a  manly  character, 
highly  esteemed  and  useful.  Dr.  Sprague  preached 
a  sermon  on  his  death. 

He  published  Reminiscences  of  Rev.  John  Cod- 
man,  making  a  volume  with  W.  Allen's  life  of 
J.  C.  ;  two  sermons  on  intemperance,  1813 ;  a 
volume  of  sermons  ;  on  the  death  of  T.  Prentiss, 
1814 ;  at  ordination  of  J.  Thompson,  1804  ;  R. 
Hurlburt  and  F.  Burt,  1817  ;  Ira  Ingraham,  1821; 
J.  Steel,  1828 ;  inaugural  address,  1818 ;  two 
sermons  to  missionary  societies. 

BATTELL,  SARAII,  the  widow  of  Joseph  B., 
died  at  Norfolk,  Conn.,  Sept.  23,  1854,  aged  75, 
the  daughter  of  Rev.  A.  Robbins.  She  was  one 
of  the  women  of  excellent  Christian  character 
and  well-known  benevolence,  who  by  their  virtues 
adorn  our  community. 

BAXTER,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Medford,  Mass., 
was  the  son  of  Lieut.  John  Baxter,  of  Braintrce, 
who  died  in  1719,  aged  80,  and  grandson  of 
Gregory  Baxter,  a  settler  of  B.  in  1632,  who  was 
a,  relative  of  Richard  Baxter,  of  England.  lie 
was  born  in  1676,  graduated  in  1693,  and  or 
dained  April  21,  1697.  When  Gov.  Shute  had  a 
conference  with  the  Indians  at  Georgetown,  on 
Arrousic  Island,  in  Aug.,  1717,  he  presented  to 
them  a  Mr.  Baxter  as  a  protestant  missionary, 
who  was  probably  Mr.  Joseph  B.  ;  but  through 
the  influence  of  the  Jesuit  Halle  he  was  rejected. 
He  had  a  correspondence  in  Latin  with  Ralle,  and 
the  Jesuit  accused  him  of  the  want  of  scholarship. 
Gov.  Shute  in  his  letter  replied,  that  the  main 
qualification  in  a  missionary  to  the  barbarous  In 
dians  was  not  "  to  be  an  exact  scholar  as  to  the 
Latin  tongue,"  but  to  bring  them  from  darkness 
to  the  light  of  the  gospel,  and,  "  under  the  influ 
ence  of  the  divine  Spirit  to  translate  them  from 
the  power  of  Satan,  who  has  had  an  usurped  pos 
session  of  these  parts  of  the  world  for  so  many 


72 


BAXTER. 


ages,  to  the  kingdom  of  the  Son  of  God."  Mr. 
Baxter  died  May  2,  1745.  His  son,  Joseph,  a 
physician,  died  of  the  small  pox.  He  published 
the  election  sermon,  1727  ;  sermons  to  two  socie 
ties  of  young  men ;  and  sermons  on  the  danger 
of  security,  1729.  —  Mass.  Hist.  Coll.  v.  115; 
Coll.  N.  II.  Hist.  Soc.  II.  245  ;  Farmer. 

BAXTER,  GEORGE  A.,  1).  I).,  died  in  Vir 
ginia  March  16,  1841,  aged  77;  professor  of  the 
ology  in  Union  theological  seminary,  Prince 
Edward  county.  He  was  previously  president  of 
Washington  college,  Lexington.  He  was  one  of 
the  most  eminent  and  respected  of  the  Presbyte 
rian  ministers  of  Virginia. 

BAY,  ELIHU  H.,  died  at  Charleston  in  1839, 
aged  85.  He  published  law  reports. 

BAYARD,  JOHN,  a  friend  to  his  country,  and 
an  eminent  Christian,  was  born  Aug.  11,  1738,  on 
Bohemia  manor  in  Cecil  county,  Maryland.  His 
father  died  without  a  will,  and  being  the  eldest 
son,  he  became  entitled  by  the  laws  of  Maryland 
to  the  whole  real  estate.  Such,  however,  was  his 
affection  for  his  twin  brother,  younger  than  him 
self,  that  no  sooner  had  he  reached  the  age  of 
manhood,  than  he  conveyed  to  him  half  the  estate. 
After  receiving  an  academical  education  under  Dr. 
Fin  ley,  he  was  put  into  the  counting-house  of 
Mr.  John  Rhea,  a  merchant  of  Philadelphia.  It 
was  here,  that  the  seeds  of  grace  began  first  to 
take  root,  and  to  give  promise  of  those  fruits  of 
righteousness,  which  afterwards  abounded.  He 
early  became  a  communicant  of  the  Presbyterian 
church  under  the  charge  of  Gilbert  Tennent. 
Some  years  after  his  marriage  he  was  chosen  a 
ruling  elder,  and  he  filled  this  place  with  zeal  and 
reputation.  Mr.  Whitfield,  while  on  his  visits 
to  America,  became  intimately  acquainted  with 
Mr.  Bayard,  and  was  much  attached  to  him. 
They  made  several  tours  together.  In  1770,  Mr. 
Bayard  lost  his  only  brother,  Dr.  James  A.  Bay 
ard,  a  man  of  promising  talents,  of  prudence  and 
skill,  of  a  most  amiable  disposition  and  growing 
reputation.  The  violence  of  his  sorrow  at  first 
produced  an  illness,  which  confined  him  to  his  bed 
for  several  days.  By  degrees  it  subsided  into  a 
tender  melancholy,  which  for  years  after  would 
steal  across  his  mind,  and  tinge  his  hours  of  do 
mestic  intercourse  and  solitary  devotion  with 
pensive  sadness.  When  his  brother's  widow  died, 
he  adopted  the  children,  and  educated  them  as  his 
own.  One  of  them  was  an  eminent  statesman. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  Revolutionary 
war  he  took  a  decided  part  in  favor  of  his  country. 
At  the  head  of  the  second  battalion  of  the  Phila 
delphia  militia  he  marched  to  the  assistance  of 
Washington,  and  was  present  at  the  battle  of 
Trenton.  He  was  a  member  of  the  council  of 
safety,  and  for  many  years  speaker  of  the  legisla 
ture.  In  1777,  when  there  was  a  report  that 


BAYARD. 

Col.  Bayard's  house  had  been  destroyed  by  the 
British  army,  and  that  his  servant,  who  had  been 
intrusted  with  his  personal  property,  had  gone  off 
with  it  to  the  enemy,  Mr.  William  Bell,  who  had 
served  his  apprenticeship  with  Col.  Bayard,  and 
accumulated  several  thousand  pounds,  insisted 
that  his  patron  should  receive  one  half  of  his 
estate.  This  generous  offer  was  not  accepted,  as 
the  report  was  without  foundation.  Reiterated 
afflictions  induced  a  deep  depression  of  mind, 
and  for  some  time  he  was  no  longer  relieved  by 
the  avocations  of  business.  In  1785,  however,  he 
was  appointed  a  member  of  the  old  congress,  then 
sitting  in  New  York,  but  in  the  following  year  he 
was  left  out  of  the  delegation.  In  1788  he  re 
moved  to  New  Brunswick,  where  he  was  mayor 
of  the  city,  judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas, 
and  a  ruling  elder  of  the  church.  Here  he  died 
Jan.  7,  1807,  aged  68. 

At  his  last  hour  he  was  not  left  in  darkness. 
That  Redeemer,  whom  he  had  served  with  zeal, 
was  with  him  to  support  him  and  give  him  the 
victory.  During  his  last  illness  he  spoke  much 
of  his  brother,  and  one  night,  awaking  from  sleep, 
exclaimed,  "My  dear  brother,  I  shall  soon  be 
with  you."  He  addressed  his  two  sons,  "  My  dear 
children,  you  see  me  just  at  the  close  of  life. 
Death  has  no  terrors  to  me.  What  now  is  all 
the  world  to  me  ?  I  would  not  exchange  my  hope 
in  Christ  for  ten  thousand  worlds.  I  once  enter 
tained  some  doubts  of  his  Divinity  ;  but,  blessed 
be  God,  these  doubts  were  soon  removed  by  in 
quiry  and  reflection.  From  that  time  my  hope 
of  acceptance  with  God  has  rested  on  his  merits 
and  atonement.  Out  of  Christ,  God  is  a  consum 
ing  fire."  As  he  approached  nearer  the  grave, 
he  said,  "  I  shall  soon  be  at  rest ;  I  shall  soon  be 
with  my  God.  O  glorious  hope  !  Blessed  rest ! 
HOAV  precious  are  the  promises  of  the  gospel !  It 
is  the  support  of  my  soul  in  my  last  moments." 
While  sitting  up,  supported  by  his  two  daughters, 
holding  one  of  his  sons  by  the  hand,  and  looking 
intently  in  his  face,  he  said,  "  My  Christian  brother !'' 
Then  turning  to  his  daughters  he  continued,  "  You 
are  my  Christian  sisters.  Soon  will  our  present 

ties  be  dissolved,  but  more  glorious  bonds 

lie  could  say  no  more,  but  his  looks  and  arms, 
directed  towards  heaven,  expressed  everything. 
He  frequently  commended  himself  to  the  blessed 
Redeemer,  confident  of  his  love;  and  the  last 
words,  which  escaped  from  his  dying  lips,  were, 
"  Lord  Jesus,  Lord  Jesus,  Lord  Jesus ! "  —  Evang. 
Litclliyencer,  I.  1-7,  49-57. 

BAYARD,  JAMES  A.,  a  distinguished  states 
man,  died  Aug.  6,  1815,  aged  48.  lie  was  the 
son  of  Dr.  J.  A.  Bayard,  and  was  born  in  Phila 
delphia  in  1767.  On  the  death  of  his  father  he 
was  received  into  the  family  of  his  uncle,  John 
Bayard,  and  was  graduated  at  Princeton  college 


BAYARD. 


BAYLEY. 


73 


in  1784.  After  studying  law  at  Philadelphia  with 
Gen.  Reed  and  Mr.  Ingcrsoll,  he  commenced  the 
practice  in  Delaware.  In  Oct.,  1796,  he  was 
elected  a  member,  of  Congress.  In  the  party  con 
tests  of  the  day  he  was  a  distinguished  supporter 
of  the  federal  administration.  In  the  memorable 
contest  in  the  house  concerning  the  election  of 
president  in  1801,  Jefferson  and  Burr  having  an 
equal  number  of  the  electoral  votes,  he  directed 
the  course,  which  issued  in  the  election  of  Mr. 
Jefferson.  Among  the  debaters  on  the  repeal  of 
the  judiciary  bill  in  March,  1802,  he  was  the 
ablest  advocate  of  the  system,  which  was  over 
thrown.  From  the  house  he  was  transferred  to 
the  senate  in  1804,  and  was  again  elected  for  six 
years  from  March,  1805,  and  also  from  March, 

1811.  He  opposed  the   declaration  of  war  in 

1812.  After  the  commencement  of  the  war,  the 
mediation  of  Russia  being  offered,  he  was  selected 
by  Mr.  Madison  as  a  commissioner  with  Mr.  Gal- 
latin  to  negotiate  a  peace  with  Great  Britain,  and 
sailed  from  Philadelphia  for   St.  Petersburg  May 
9,  1813.     The  absence  of  the  emperor  preventing 
the  transaction  of  any  business,  he  proceeded  to 
Holland  by  land  in  Jan.,  1814.     He  lent  his  able 
assistance  in  the   negotiation   of   the   peace   at 
Ghent  in  this  year,  and  afterwards  made  a  jour 
ney  to  Paris,  where  he  was  apprized  of  his  ap 
pointment  as  envoy  to  the  court  of  St.  Petersburg. 
This  he  declined,  stating,  "  that  he  had  no  wish 
to  serve  the  administration,  except  when  his  ser 
vices  were  necessary  for  the  good  of  his  country." 
Yet  he  proposed  to  co-operate  in  forming  a  com 
mercial  treaty  with  Great  Britain.     An  alarming 
illness,  however,  constrained  him  to  return  to  the 
United  States.     He  arrived  in  June  and  died  at 
Wilmington.     His   wife,  the   daughter   of    Gov. 
Basset,  and  several  children,  survived  him.     Mr. 
Bavard  was  an  ingenious  reasoner  and  an  accom 
plished  orator.     His  fine  countenance  and  manly 
person  recommended  his  eloquent  words.     There 
were  few  of  his  contemporaries  of  higher  political 
distinction.     But  his   race    of  worldly  eminence 
was  soon  run. — His  speech  on  the  foreign  inter 
course  bill  was  published  1798;  and  his  speech 
on  the  repeal  of  the  judiciary  in  a  vol.  of  the 
speeches,  1802. — Biog' Amer.  50;  Encyc.Amer. 

BAYARD,  SAMUEL,  judge,  died  at  Princeton 
N.  J.,  May  12,  1840,  aged  75.  He  was  a  judge 
of  the  common  pleas,  a  most  upright,  respected, 
and  esteemed  man. 

BAYLEY,  MATTHIAS,  died  about  the  year  1789 
at  Jones'  creek,  a  branch  of  the  Pedee,  in  North 
Carolina,  aged  136  years.  He  was  baptized  at 
the  age  of  134.  His  eyesight  remained  good, 
and  his  strength  was  very  remarkable,  till  his 
death. — American  Museum,  vil.  206. 

BAYLEY,  RICHARD,  an  eminent  physician  of 
New  York,  died  Aug.  17,  1801,  aged  56.  He 
was  bom  at  Fairfield,  Conn.,  in  the  year  1745. 

10 


From  his  mother's  being  of  French  descent  and 
his  parents'  residence  among  the  French  Protes 
tant  emigrants  at  New  Rochclle,  N.  Y.,  he  became 
early  familiar  with  the  French  language.  He 
studied  physic  with  Dr.  Charlton,  whose  sister  he 
married.  In  1769  or  1770  he  attended  the  Lon 
don  lectures  and  hospitals.  Returning  in  1772 
he  commenced  practice  with  Dr.  Charlton  in  New 
York.  His  attention  in  1774  was  drawn  to  the 
croup,  which  prevailed,  and  which  men  of  high 
character,  as  Dr.  Bard,  had  fatally  treated  as  the 
putrid  sore  throat.  He  had  seen  a  child  perish 
in  thirty-six  hours  under  the  use  of  stimulants  and 
antiseptics.  His  dissections  confirmed  him  in  his 
views ;  and  they  were  adopted  afterwards  by  his 
friend,  Michaelis,  the  chief  of  the  Hessian  medical 
staff  in  New  York,  the  author  of  a  treatise  "  De 
angina  polyposa." 

In  the  autumn  of  1775  he  revisited  England  in 
order  to  make  further  improvement  under  Hunter, 
and  spent  the  winter  in  dissections  and  study.  In 
the  spring  of  1776  he  returned  in  the  capacity  of 
surgeon  in  the  English  army  under  Howe.  This 
was  a  measure  of  mistaken  prudence,  in  order  to 
provide  for  his  wife  and  children.  In  the  fall  he 
proceeded  with  the  fleet  to  Newport ;  but  incapable 
of  enduring  this  separation  from  his  wife,  he 
resigned  and  returned  to  New  York  in  the  spring 
of  1777  just  before  her  death.  His  influence  was 
now  beneficially  exerted  in  saving  the  property  of 
Ms  absent  fellow-citizens.  In  1781  his  letter  to 
Hunter  on  the  croup  was  published,  in  which  he 
recommended  bleeding,  blisters  to  the  throat, 
antimony,  calomel,  and  enemata.  He  said,  there 
was  no  fear  of  putresccncy,  unless  there  were 
ulcers.  To  Baylcy  the  public  is  indebted  for  the 
present  active  treatment  of  the  croup.  In  1787 
he  delivered  lectures  on  surgery,  and  his  son-in-law, 
Dr.  Wright  Post,  lectured  on  anatomy,  in  the 
edifice  since  converted  into  the  New  York  hospital. 
In  1788  "  the  doctors'  mob,"  in  consequence  of 
the  imprudence  of  some  students,  broke  into  the 
building  and  destroyed  Bayley's  valuable  anatomi- 
"cal  cabinet.  In  1792  he  was  elected  professor  of 
anatomy  at  Columbia  college;  but  in  1793  he 
took  the  department  of  surgery,  in  which  he  was 
very  skilful.  About  1795  he  was  appointed  health 
officer  to  the  port.  During  the  prevalence  of  the 
yellow  fever  he  fearlessly  attended  upon  the  sick 
and  investigated  the  disease.  In  1797  he  pub 
lished  his  essay  on  that  fever,  maintaining  that  it 
had  a  local  origin  and  was  not  contagious,  lie 
also  published  in  1798  a  series  of  letters  on  the 
subject.  By  contagion  he  meant  a  specific  poison, 
as  in  small  pox.  He  allowed,  that  the  fever  in 
certain  circumstances  was  infectious.  No  nurse 
or  attendant  in  the  hospitals  had  t alien  the 
disease,  yet  it  might  be  conveyed  in  clothing  and 
in  other  ways.  Hence  the  importance  of  cleanli 
ness  and  ventilation.  The  state  quarantine  laws 


74 


BAYLIES. 


originated  with  him;  the  total  interdiction  of 
commerce  with  the  West  Indies  had  by  some  been 
contemplated.  In  Aug.,  1821,  an  Irish  emigrant 
ship,  with  ship  fever,  arrived.  lie  found  the  crew 
and  passengers  and  baggage  huddled  in  one  un- 
ventilated  apartment,  contrary  to  his  orders. 
Entering  it  only  a  moment,  a  deadly  sickness  at 
the  stomach  and  intense  pain  in  the  head  seized 
him,  and  on  the  seventh  day  he  expired.  He  is 
represented  as  in  temper  fiery,  invincible  in  his 
dislikes,  inflexible  in  attachment,  of  perfect  integ 
rity,  gentlemanly,  and  chivalrously  honorable. 
He  married  in  1778  Charlotte  Amelia,  daughter 
of  Andrew  Barclay,  a  merchant  of  New  York. 
His  writings  have  been  mentioned :  on  the  croup, 
1781;  essay  on  the  yellow  fever,  1797;  letters  on 
the  same,  1798. —  Thacher's  Med.  Biog.,  156- 
168. 

BAYLIES,  WILLIAM,  M.  D.,  died  at  Dighton, 
Mass.,  June  17,  1826,  aged  82.  lie  was  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  college  in  1760,  and  was  a  member 
of  the  provincial  congress  in  1775,  and  often  a 
member  of  the  council  of  the  State. 

BAYLIES,  HODIJAII,  judge,  died  at  Dighton 
April  26,  1843,  aged  86.  A  graduate  of  Harvard 
in  1777,  he  was  aid  to  Gen.  Lincoln,  also  to 
Washington.  He  was  collector  of  customs,  and 
judge  of  probate  from  1810  until  he  was  81.  He 
possessed  a  Christian  character,  and  shared  largely 
in  the  public  confidence. 

BAYLIES,  FREDERIC,  died  in  Edgartown  Oct., 
1836,  for  twenty  years  a  useful  teacher  of  the 
Ladians  on  Martha's  Vineyard  and  in  11.  I. ;  an 
exemplary,  worthy  man,  doing  much  for  Sunday 
schools  and  the  cause  of  temperance. 

BAYLIES,  NICHOLAS,  judge,  died  at  Lyndon, 
Vt,  Aug.  17,  1847,  aged  75.  He  was  a  graduate 
of  Dartmouth  in  1794,  and  practised  law  in 
Woodstock  and  Montpelier.  His  wife  was  Mary 
Itipley,  daughter  of  Prof.  Riplcy  and  grand 
daughter  of  President  E.  Whcclock.  He  pub 
lished  some  law  books. 

BAYLIES,  FRANCIS,  died  at  Taunton,  Oct.  28, 
1852,  aged  68.  For  several  terms  he  was  a  mem 
ber  of  congress.  The  only  electoral  vote  for  Jack 
son  as  president,  from  New  England,  Avas  given 
by  him.  Soon  afterwards  he  was  appointed  min 
ister  to  Brazil,  but  was  quickly  recalled.  He 
published  a  history  of  the  old  colony  of  Plymouth 
in  2  vols.,  1828. 

BAYNAM,  WILLIAM,  a  surgeon,  the  son  of 
Dr.  John  Baynham  of  Caroline  county,  Va.,  was 
born  in  1749,  and  after  studying  with  Dr.  Walker 
was  sent  to  London  in  1769,  where  he  made  great 
proficiency  in  anatomy  and  surgery.  He  was  for 
years  an  assistant  demonstrator  to  Mr.  Else, 
professor  in  St.  Thomas'  hospital.  After  residing 
sixteen  years  in  England,  he  returned  to  this  coun 
try,  and  settled  in  Essex  about  1785.  He  died 
Dec.  8,  1814,  aged  66  years.  He  performed 


BEACH. 

many  remarkable  surgical  operations.  As  an 
anatomist  he  had  no  superior.  The  best  prepara 
tions  in  the  museum  of  Clinc  and  Cooper  at  Lon 
don  were  made  by  him.  Various  papers  by  Mr. 
B.  were  published  in  the  medical  journals.  — 
TJiacJier's  Mcd.  Biog.,  168-173;  JV.  Y.  Med. 
Journal,  I.;  Phil.  Journal,  IV. 

BEACH,  JOHN,  an  Episcopal  clergyman  and 
writer,  was  probably  a  descendant  of  Ilichard 
Beach,  who  lived  in  New  Haven  and  had  a  son, 
John,  born  in  1639.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1721,  and  was  for  several  years  a  Con 
gregational  minister  at  Newtown.  Through  his 
acquaintance  with  Dr.  Johnson,  he  was  induced  to 
embrace  the  Episcopal  form  of  worship.  In  1732 
he  went  to  England  for  orders,  and  on  his  return 
was  employed  as  an  Episcopalian  missionary  at 
Heading  and  Newtown.  After  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  Congress  ordered  the  ministers  to 
pray  for  the  commonwealth  and  not  for  the  king. 
Mr.  Beach,  who  retained  his  loyalty,  chose  to  pray 
as  usual  for  his  majesty,  and  was  in  consequence 
handled  roughly  by  the  wliigs.  He  died  March 
19,  1782. 

He  published  an  appeal  to  the  unprejudiced,  in 
answer  to  a  sermon  of  Dickinson,  1737 ;  also, 
about  the  year  1745,  a  sermon  on  Itomans  6 :  23, 
entitled,  a  sermon  shewing  that  eternal  life  is 
God's  free  gift,  bestowed  upon  men  according  to 
their  moral  behavior.  In  this  he  opposed  with 
much  zeal  some  of  the  Calvinistic  doctrines, 
contained  in  the  articles  of  the  church  which  he 
had  joined.  Jonathan  Dickinson  wrote  remarks 
upon  it  the  following  year,  in  his  vindication  of 
God's  sovereignty  and  His  universal  love  to  the 
souls  of  men  reconciled,  in  the  form  of  a  dialogue, 
1747.  He  wrote  also  a  reply  to  Dickinson's 
second  vindication.  Mr.  Beach  was  a  bold  and 
distinguished  advocate  of  those  doctrines,  which 
are  denominated  Arminian.  Whatever  may  be 
said  of  his  argument  in  his  dispute  with  Dickinson, 
he  evidently  yields  to  his  antagonist  in  gentleness 
and  civility  of  manner.  Another  controversy,  in 
which  he  engaged,  had  respect  to  Episcopacy. 
He  published  in  17-19,  in  answer  to  Hobart's  first 
address,  a  calm  and  dispassionate  vindication  of 
the  professors  of  the  church  of  England,  to  which 
Dr.  Johnson  wrote  a  preface  and  Mr.  Caner  an 
appendix.  He  seems  to  have  had  high  notions 
of  the  necessity  of  Episcopal  ordination.  His 
other  publications  are,  the  duty  of  loving  our 
enemies,  1738;  an  inquiry  into  the  state  of  the 
dead,  1755;  a  continuation  of  the  vindication  of 
the  professors,  &c.,  1756 ;  the  inquiry  of  the  young 
man  in  the  gospel ;  a  sermon  on  the  death  of 
Dr.  Johnson,  1772.  —  Chandler's  Life  of  John 
son,  62,  126. 

BEACH,  ABRAHAM,  D.  D.,  an  Episcopal  min 
ister,  was  born  at  Cheshire,  Conn.,  Sept.  9,  1740, 
and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1757.  The 


BEACH. 

bishop  of  London  ordained  him  in  June,  1767,  as 
a  priest  for  New  Jersey.  During  seventeen  years, 
including  the  period  of  the  Revolution,  he  tran 
quilly  discharged  the  duties  of  his  office  at  Xe\v 
Brunswick.  Alter  the  peace,  he  was  called  to 
New  York  as  an  assistant  minister  of  Trinity 
church,  where  he  remained  about  thirty  years, 
and  then  retired  in  1813  to  his  farm  on  the  Rari- 
tan  to  pass  the  evening  of  his  life.  He  died  Sept. 
11,  1828,  aged  88  years.  His  daughter,  Maria, 
and  his  son-in-law,  Abiel  Carter,  an  Episcopal 
minister,  died  at  Savannah,  Oct.  28,  and  Nov.  1, 
1827.  His  dignified  person,  expressive  counte 
nance,  and  lively  feelings  rendered  his  old  age 
interesting  to  his  acquaintance.  He  was  respected 
and  honored  in  his  failing  years.  A  sermon  of 
his,  on  the  hearing  of  the  word,  is  in  American 
Preacher,  in.  He  published  a  funeral  sermon  on 
Dr.  Chandler,  1790. — Episcopal  Watchman. 

BEACH,  EBEXEZER  S.,  died  at  Rochester,  N.  Y., 
March  14,  1850,  aged  65.  He  was  educated  and 
very  successful  in  business.  In  furnishing  stores 
for  the  army  he  made  much  money  ;  for  his  flour 
milling  operations  he  was  extensively  known. 

BEACH,  SAMUEL,  M.  D.,  of  Bridgeport,  died, 
killed  by  the  railroad  disaster  at  Norwalk  bridge 
May  6,  1853.  He  was  among  the  forty-five  per 
sons  killed.  He  received  his  medical  degree  at 
Yale  in  1826; — besides  being  an  eminent  physi 
cian  he  was  an  excellent  Christian. 

BEADLE,  WILLIAM,  a  deist,  was  born  near 
London,  and  came  to  this  country  with  a  small 
quantity  of  goods.  After  residing  at  New  York, 
Stratford,  and  Derby,  he  removed  to  Fairfield, 
where  he  married  a  Miss  Lathrop  of  Plymouth, 
Mass.  In  1772  he  transplanted  himself  to 
Wethersfield,  where  he  sustained  the  character  of 
a  fair  dealer.  In  the  depreciation  of  the  paper 
currency,  he,  through  some  error  of  judgment, 
thought  he  was  still  bound  to  sell  his  goods  at 
the  old  prices,  as  though  the  continental  money 
had  retained  its  nominal  value.  In  the  decay  of 
his  property  he  became  melancholy.  For  years 
he  meditated  the  destruction  of  his  family.  At 
last,  Dec.  11,  1782,  he  murdered  with  an  axe  and 
a  knife  his  wife  and  children  and  then  shot  him 
self  with  a  pistol.  He  was  aged  52  ;  his  wife  32  ; 
and  the  eldest  child  15  years.  The  jury  of  in 
quest  pronounced  him  to  be  of  a  sound  mind ; 
and  the  indignant  inhabitants  dragged  his  body, 
uncollined,  with  the  bloody  knife  tied  to  it,  on  a 
sled  to  the  river,  and  "  buried  it,  as  they  would 
have  buried  the  carcase  of  a  beast,"  and  as  the 
masonic  oaths  speak  of  burying  a  mason,  mur 
dered  for  his  faithlessness  to  masonry,  "  between 
high  and  low  water  mark."  He  was  a  man  of 
good  sense,  of  gentlemanly  conduct,  and  a  hospi 
table  disposition.  His  wife  was  very  pleasing  in 
person,  mind,  and  manners.  —  It  appears  from  his 
writings,  that  he  was  a  deist,  and  that  pride  was 


BEAN. 


75 


the  cause  of  his  crimes.  He  was  unwilling  to 
submit  to  the  evils  of  poverty  or  to  receive  aid 
from  others,  and  unwilling  to  leave  his  family 
without  the  means  of  distinction.  Yet  was  he 
worth  300  pounds  sterling.  He  endeavored  to 
convince  himself,  that  he  had  a  right  to  kill  his 
children,  because  they  were  his  ;  as  for  his  wife, 
he  relied  on  the  authority  of  a  dream  for  a  right 
to  murder  her.  His  wife,  in  consequence  of  his 
carrying  the  implements  of  death  into  his  bed 
chamber,  had  dreamed,  that  she  and  the  children 
were  exposed  in  cofiins  in  the  street.  This  solved 
his  doubts.  As  to  killing  himself  he  had  no 
qualms.  From  such  horrible  crimes  what  is  there 
to  restrain  that  class  of  men,  who  reject  the 
scriptures,  or  who,  while  professing  to  believe 
them,  deny  that  there  will  be  a  future  judgment, 
and  maintain,  that  death  will  translate  the  blood 
stained  wretch  to  heaven?  —  Dwiylifs  Travels, 
I.  229. 

BEAN,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Wrentham,  died 
Dec.  12,  1784,  aged  66.  He  was  born  in  Boston 
March  7,  1718,  of  pious  parents,  who  devoted  him 
to  God.  Having  learned  a  trade,  he  commenced 
business  at  Cambridge ;  but  in  1741  the  preach 
ing  of  Whitefield  and  Tennent  and  of  his  own 
minister,  Appleton,  was  the  means  of  subduing 
his  love  of  the  world  and  of  rendering  him  wise 
unto  salvation.  He  now  made  a  profession  of 
religion  and  commenced  a  consistent  course  of 
piety  and  beneficence,  in  which  he  continued 
through  life.  He  joined  a  religious  society  of 
young  men,  who  met  once  a  week ;  and  seized 
every  opportunity  for  conversing  with  others,  es 
pecially  with  the  young  on  their  spiritual  concerns. 
In  1742  he  deemed  it  his  duty  to  abandon  his 
trade  and  to  seek  an  education,  that  he  might 
preach  the  gospel.  The  study  of  the  languages 
was  wearisome ;  but  he  persevered,  and  was 
gi'aduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1748,  and  or 
dained  the  third  minister  of  Wrentham  Nov.  24, 
1750.  Mr.  Bean  was  an  eminently  pious  and 
faithful  minister,  and  is  worthy  of  honorable  re 
membrance.  From  his  diary  it  appears,  that  he 
usually  spent  one  or  two  hours,  morning  and 
evening,  in  reading  the  Bible  and  secret  devotion ; 
also  the  afternoons  of  Saturday,  when  his  dis 
courses  were  prepared  for  the  Sabbath  ;  and  the 
days  of  the  birth  of  himself  and  children,  as  well 
as  other  days.  He  was  truly  humble,  and  watch 
ful  against  all  the  excitements  of  pride.  His 
conscience  was  peculiarly  susceptible.  His  heart 
wras  tender  and  benevolent.  Such  was  his  con 
stant  intercourse  with  heaven,  that  hundreds  of 
times,  when  riding  in  the  performance  of  paro 
chial  duty,  he  had  dismounted  in  a  retired  place 
to  pour  out  his  heart  to  God.  When  he  had  pre 
pared  a  sermon,  he  would  take  it  in  his  hand  and 
kneel  down  to  implore  a  blessing  on  it.  Nothing 
was  permitted  to  divert  him  from  preaching  faith- 


76 


BEASLEY. 


BEECHER. 


fully  the  solemn  truths  of  the  gospel.  He  loved 
his  work  and  his  people,  and  they  loved  and 
honored  him.  Such  a  life  will  doubtless  obtain 
the  honor,  which  cometh  from  God ;  and  in  the 
day  of  judgment  many  such  obscure  men,  whom 
the  world  knew  not,  will  be  exalted  far  above  a 
multitude  of  learned  doctors  in  divinity,  and  cele 
brated  orators,  and  lofty  dignitaries,  whose  names 
once  resounded  through  the  earth.  He  published 
a  century  sermon  Oct.  26,  1773. — Panoplist,  v. 
481-188. 

BEASLEY,  NATHANIEL,  general,  died  in  Knox 
co.,  Ohio,  in  1835,  aged  84.  He  was  an  early 
settler,  intelligent  and  useful. 

BEASLEY,  FREDERICK,  D.  D.,  died  in  Eliza- 
bethtown,  N.  J.,  Nov.  2,  1845,  aged  68,  formerly 
provost  of  the  university  of  Pennsylvania.  lie 
wrote  on  Episcopacy  and  on  moral  and  meta 
physical  subjects. 

BEATTY,  CHARLES,  a  missionary  for  many 
years  at  Neshaminy,  Penns.,  was  appointed  about 
1761  an  agent  to  procure  contributions  to  a  fund 
for  the  benefit  of  the  Presbyterian  clergy,  their 
widows,  and  children.  He  died  at  Barbadoes, 
whither  he  had  gone  to  obtain  benefactions  for 
the  college  of  New  Jersey,  Aug.  13,  1772.  He 
was  highly  respected  for  his  private  virtues  and 
for  his  public  toils  in  the  cause  of  learning,  charity, 
and  religion.  He  was  a  missionary  from  the 
Presbvterian  church  to  the  Indians,  from  about 
1740  to  1765.  In  one  of  his  tours  Mr.  Duffield 
accompanied  him.  He  published  a  journal  of  a 
tour  of  two  months  to  promote  religion  among 
the  frontier  inhabitants  of  Pennsylvania,  8vo. 
London,  1768.  —  Jennison ;  Brainerd's  Life, 
149-155. 

BEATTY,  JOHN,  M.  D.,  general,  the  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  a  native  of  Bucks  county, 
Penn.,  and  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1769. 
After  studying  medicine  with  Dr.  Rush,  he  en 
tered  the  army  as  a  soldier.  Reaching  the  rank 
of  Lieut.-Col.  he  in  1776  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  enemy  at  the  capture  of  fort  Washington,  and 
suffered  a  long  and  rigorous  imprisonment.  In 
1779  he  succeeded  Elias  Boudinot  as  commissary 
general  of  prisoners.  After  the  war  he  settled  at 
Princeton  as  a  physician,  and  was  also  a  member 
of  the  State  legislature,  and  in  1793  of  congress. 
For  ten  years  he  was  secretary  of  the  state  of 
New  Jersey,  succeeding  in  1795  Samuel  W.  Stock 
ton.  For  eleven  years  he  was  president  of  the 
bank  of  Trenton,  where  he  died  April  30,  1826, 
aged  77.  For  many  years  he  was  a  ruling  elder 
in  the  church.  —  Thacher's  Med.  Biog.  173,174. 

BEAUMONT,  WILLIAM,  doctor,  died  in  St. 
Louis  April  25,  1853,  aged  57.  His  account  of 
experiments  with  St.  Martin,  the  Canadian,  were 
published  in  1833  and  1847. 

BECK,  GEORGE,  a  painter,  was  a  native  of  Eng 
land,  and  appointed  professor  of  mathematics  hi 


the  royal  academy  at  Woolwich  in  1776,  but 
missed  the  office  by  his  neglect.  After  coming 
to  this  country  in  1795,  he  was  employed  in  paint 
ing  by  Mr.  Hamilton  of  the  Woodlands,  near 
Philadelphia.  His  last  days  were  spent  in  Lex 
ington,  Ky.,  where  he  died  Dec.  14,  1812,  aged 
63.  Besides  his  skill  in  mathematics  and  paint 
ing,  he  had  a  taste  for  poetry,  and  wrote  original 
pieces,  besides  translating  Anacrcon,  and  much 
of  Homer,  Virgil,  and  Horace.  He  published 
observations  on  the  comet,  1812.  —  Jennison. 

BECK,  JOHN  BRODHEAD,  M.  D.,  died  at 
Rhinebeck,  April  9,  1851,  aged  57.  He  was  em 
inent  as  a  physician  in  New  York  ;  professor  of 
materia  medica  and  botany  in  1826,  and  then  of 
medical  jurisprudence. 

BECK,  T.  ROMEYN,  M.  D.,  died  at  Albany 
Nov.,  1855,  aged  64.  He  was  born  at  Schenec- 
tady  Aug.  11,  1791,  the  grandson  of  Rev.  Derick 
Romeyn,  a  professor  of  theology  in  the  Dutch 
church  ;  graduated  at  Union  in  1807,  and  received 
the  degree  of  M.  D.  from  the  New  York  college 
of  physicians  in  1811,  delivering  a  dissertation  on 
insanity,  which  was  published.  He  practised 
physic  in  Albany;  in  1815  he  was  professor  of 
the  institutes  and  lecturer  on  medical  jurispru 
dence  in  the  western  district.  In  1817  he  was 
appointed  principal  of  the  Albany  academy  ;  in 
1829  president  of  the  medical  society,  his  ad 
dresses  in  which  station  were  published  in  the 
society's  transactions.  In  1854  he  was  president 
of  the  lunatic  asylum.  For  many  years  he 
edited  the  American  journal  of  insanity.  He 
published  in  1853  his  medical  jurisprudence,  a 
work  unequalled  in  that  branch. 

BECK,  LEWIS  C.,  professor,  died  in  Albany 
April  21,  1853,  aged  53.  lie  was  born  and  edu 
cated  at  Schencctady.  For  many  years  he  was 
the  professor  of  chemistry  and  natural  science  at 
Rutgers  college,  and  subsequently  professor  of 
chemistry  in  the  Albany  medical  college.  He 
published  an  account  of  the  salt  springs  at  Salina, 
1826;  manual  of  chemistry,  1831. 

BEDELL,  GREGORY  T.,  D.  D.,  an  Episcopal 
minister,  died  at  Philadelphia  Aug.  30,  1834;  a 
man  of  learning.  He  published  Cause  of  the 
Greeks,  1827. 

BEDFORD,  GUNNING,  governor  of  Delaware, 
was  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution.  He  was  chosen 
governor  in  1796.  He  was  afterwards  appointed 
the  district  judge  of  the  court  of  the  United 
States;  and  died  at  Wilmington,  in  March,  1812. 

BEECIIER,  PHILEMON,  general,  an  early  set 
tler  of  Ohio,  emigrated  from  Litchficld,  Conn., 
and  died  at  Lancaster,  Ohio,  Nov.  30,  1839,  aged 
63.  He  was  a  member  of  congress  in  1817-1821 
and  in  1823-1829;  in  his  politics  a  federalist. 
He  was  an  able  lawyer  and  advocate,  respected 
for  his  talents  and  his  exemplary  Christian  virtues. 

BEECIIER,  GEORGE,  died  July  1,  1843,  aged 


BEEKMAN. 

about  3~),  a  graduate  of  Yale  in  1828.  He  was  a 
son  of  Dr.  L.  Beecher,  and  a  minister,  first  at 
Batavia,  and  then  three  years  at  Chillicothe.  He 
went  into  his  garden  with  a  double-barrelled  gun 
to  shoot  birds  :  after  one  shot  he  put  his  mouth 
to  the  barrel,  to  blow  into  it,  as  was  supposed, 
and  the  gun  went  off  and  killed  him. 

BEEKMAN,  CORNELIA,  an  admirable  woman, 
a  patriot  of  the  Ilcvolution,  died  in  Christian  peace 
near  Tarrytown  March  14,  1847,  aged  94 :  her 
husband,  Gerard  G.  B.,  died  in  1822,  aged  7G. 
She  was  the  daughter  of  Pierre  Van  Cortlandt 
and  Joanna  Livingston.  Married  at  17,  she  lived 
in  Bcekman  street,  N.  Y. ;  then,  during  the  war, 
at  Peekskill ;  afterwards  at  the  manor  house  of 
Philipsburgh,  or  castle  Philipse,  near  Tarrytown, 
watered  by  the  Pocanteco  or  Mill  river.  Her 
brother,  Gen.  P.  Van  Cortlandt,  and  her  sister, 
Mrs.  Van  llensselaer,  survived  her ;  also  her 
daughter,  Mrs.  De  Peyster,  and  her  son,  Dr.  S.  D. 
Bcekman. 

BEERS,  NATHAN,  died  at  New  Haven  Feb.  10, 
1849,  aged  96.  After  serving  in  the  Ilevolutionary 
war,  he  engaged  in  mercantile  business,  and  was 
long  the  steward  of  Yale  college.  He  was  a 
deacon  of  the  north  church,  distinguished  for 
courtesy,  integrity,  and  piety. 

BELCHER,  SAMUEL,  first  minister  of  that 
parish  in  Xcwbury,  Mass.,  which  is  called  New- 
bury  Xewtown,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  16.39.  After  preaching  some  time  at  the  Isle 
of  Shoals,  he  was  ordained  at  Ncwbury  Nov.  30, 
1698;  and  died  at  Ipswich,  in  1714,  aged  74. 
He  was  a  good  scholar,  a  judicious  divine,  and  a 
holy  and  humble  man.  lie  published  an  election 
sermon,  1707. —  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  x.  168  ;  Farmer. 

BELCHER,  JONATHAN,  governor  of  Massachu 
setts  and  New  Jersey,  was  the  son  of  Andrew 
Belcher  of  Cambridge,  one  of  the  council  of  the 
province,  and  a  gentleman  of  large  estate,  who 
died  in  1717,  and  grandson  of  Andrew  B.,  who 
lived  in  Cambridge  in  1646,  and  who  received  in 
1652  a  license  for  an  inn,  granting  him  liberty 
"  to  sell  beer  and  bread  for  entertainment  of 
strangers  and  the  good  of  the  town."  He  was 
born  in  Jan.,  1681.  As  the  hopes  of  the  family 
rested  on  him,  his  father  carefully  superintended 
his  education.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1699.  While  a  member  of  this  insti 
tution  his  open  and  pleasant  conversation,  joined 
with  his  manly  and  generous  conduct,  conciliated 
the  esteem  of  all  his  acquaintance.  Not  long 
after  the  termination  of  his  collegiate  course  he 
visited  Europe,  that  he  might  enrich  his  mind 
by  his  observations  upon  the  various  manners  and 
characters  of  men,  and  might  return,  furnished 
with  that  useful  knowledge,  which  is  gained  by 
intercourse  with  the  world. 

During  an  absence  of  six  years  from  his  native 
country,  he  was  preserved  from  those  follies  into 


BELCHER. 


77 


which  inexperienced  youth  are  frequently  drawn, 
and  he  even  maintained  a  constant  regard  to  that 
holy  religion,  of  which  he  had  early  made  a  pro 
fession.  He  was  every  where  treated  with  the 
greatest  respect.  The  acquaintance,  which  he 
formed  with  the  princess  Sophia  and  her  son,  af 
terwards  king  George  II.,  laid  the  foundation  of 
his  future  honors.  After  his  return  from  his 
travels,  he  lived  in  Boston  as  a  merchant  with 
great  reputation.  He  was  chosen  a  member  of 
the  council,  and  the  general  assembly  sent  him  as 
an  agent  of  the  province  to  the  British  court  in 
the  year  1729.  Hutchinson  relates,  that  just  be 
fore  he  obtained  tlu's  appointment,  he  suddenly 
abandoned  the  party  of  Gov.  Shute  and  his  meas 
ures,  to  which  he  had  been  attached,  and  went 
over  to  the  other  side.  This  sudden  change  of 
sides  is  no  rare  occurrence  among  politicians. 

After  the  death  of  Gov.  Burnet,  he  was  ap 
pointed  by  his  majesty  to  the  government  of  Mas 
sachusetts  and  New  Hampshire,  in  1730.  In  this 
station  he  continued  eleven  years.  His  style  of 
living  was  elegant  and  splendid,  and  he  was  dis 
tinguished  for  hospitality.  By  the  depreciation  of 
the  currency  his  salary  was  much  diminished  in 
value,  but  he  disdained  any  unwarrantable  means 
of  enriching  himself,  though  apparently  just  and 
sanctioned  by  his  predecessors  in  office.  He  had 
been  one  of  the  principal  merchants  of  New  Eng 
land  ;  but  he  quitted  his  business  on  his  accession 
to  the  chair  of  the  first  magistrate.  Having  a 
high  sense  of  the  digniiy  of  his  commission,  he 
was  determined  to  support  it  even  at  the  expense 
of  his  private  fortune.  Frank  and  sincere,  he 
was  extremely  liberal  in  his  censures,  both  in  con 
versation  and  letters.  This  imprudence  in  a  pub 
lic  officer  gained  him  enemies,  who  were  deter 
mined  on  revenge.  He  also  assumed  some 
authority,  which  had  not  been  exercised  before, 
though  he  did  not  exceed  his  commission.  These 
causes  of  complaint,  together  with  a  controversy 
respecting  a  fixed  salary,  which  had  been  trans 
mitted  to  him  from  his  predecessors,  and  his 
opposition  to  the  land  bank  company,  finally  occa 
sioned  his  removal.  His  enemies  were  so  inveter 
ate,  and  so  regardless  of  justice  and  truth,  that, 
as  they  were  unable  to  find  real  grounds  for  im 
peaching  his  integrity,  they  forged  letters  for  the 
purpose  of  his  ruin.  They  accused  him  of  being 
a  friend  of  the  land  bank,  when  he  was  its  deter 
mined  enemy.  The  leading  men  of  New  Hamp 
shire,  who  wished  for  a  distinct  government,  were 
hostile  to  him  ;  and  his  resistance  to  a  proposed 
new  emission  of  paper  bills  also  created  him  ene 
mies.  On  being  superseded,  he  repaired  to  court, 
where  he  vindicated  his  character  and  conduct, 
and  exposed  the  base  designs  of  his  enemies.  He 
was  restored  to  the  royal  favor,  and  was  prom 
ised  the  first  vacant  government  in  America. 
This  vacancy  occurred  in  the  province  of  New 


78 


BELCIIER. 


BELDEX. 


Jersey,  where  he  arrived  in  1747,  and  where  he 
spent  the  remaining  years  of  his  life.  In  this 
province  his  memory  has  been  held  in  deserved 
respect. 

When  he  first  arrived  in  this  province,  he  found 
it  in  the  utmost  confusion  by  tumults  and  riotous 
disorders,  which  had  for  some  time  prevailed. 
This  circumstance,  joined  to  the  unhappy  contro 
versy  between  the  two  branches  of  the  legislature, 
rendered  the  first  part  of  his  administration  pe 
culiarly  difficult ;  but  l;y  bis  firm  and  prudent  j 
measures  he  surmounted  the  difficulties  of  his  sit 
uation,  lie  steadily  pursued  the  interest  of  the 
province,  endeavoring  to  distinguish  and  promote 
men  of  worth  without  partiality.  lie  enlarged 
the  charter  of  Princeton  college,  and  was  its 
chief  patron  and  benefactor.  Even  under  the 
growing  infirmities  of  age,  he  applied  himself 
with  his  accustomed  assiduity  and  diligence  to  the 
high  duties  of  his  office.  lie  died  at  Elizabeth- 
town,  Aug.  31,  1757,  aged  70  years;  His  body 
was  brought  to  Cambridge,  Mass.,  where  it  was 
entombed.  His  eldest  son,  Andrew,  a  member  of 
the  council,  died  at  Milton  before  the  Revolution. 
In  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Elliot  he  did  not  inherit  the 
spirit  of  his  father. 

Gov.  Belcher  possessed  uncommon  gracefulness 
of  person  and  dignity  of  deportment.  He  obeyed 
the  royal  instructions  on  the  one  hand  and  exhib 
ited  a  real  regard  to  the  liberties  and  happiness 
of  the  people  on  the  other.  He  was  distin 
guished  by  his  unshaken,  integrity,  by  his  zeal  for 
justice,  and  care  to  have  it  equally  distributed. 
Neither  the  claims  of  interest  nor  the  solicitations 
of  friends  could  move  him  from  what  appeared  to 
be  lu's  duty.  He  seems  to  have  possessed,  in  ad 
dition  to  his  other  accomplishments,  that  piety, 
whose  lustre  is  eternal.  His  religion  was  not  a 
mere  formal  thing,  which  he  received  from  tra 
dition,  or  professed  in  conformity  to  the  custom 
of  the  country,  in  which  he  lived;  but  it  im 
pressed  his  heart,  and  governed  his  life.  He  had 
such  views  of  the  majesty  and  holiness  of  God, 
of  the  strictness  and  purity  of  the  divine  law,  and 
of  his  own  unworthiness  and  iniquity,  as  made 
him  disclaim  all  dependence  on  his  own  right 
eousness,  and  led  him  to  place  his  whole  hope  for 
salvation  on  the  merits  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ, 
who  appeared  to  liim  an  all-sufficient  and  glori 
ous  Saviour.  He  expressed  the  humblest  sense 
of  his  own  character  and  the  most  exalted  views 
of  the  rich,  free,  and  glorious  grace  offered  in  the 
gospel  to  sinners.  His  faith  worked  by  love,  and 
produced  the  genuine  fruits  of  obedience.  It  ex 
hibited  itself  in  a  life  of  piety  and  devotion,  of 
meekness  and  humility,  of  justice,  '.ruth,  and  be 
nevolence.  He  searched  the  holy  scriptures  with 
the  greatest  diligence  and  delight.  In  his  family 
he  maintained  the  worship  of  God,  liimself  read 


ing  the  volume  of  truth,  and  addressing  in  prayer 
the  Majesty  of  heaven  and  of  earth,  as  long  as 
his  health  and  strength  would  possibly  admit. 
In  the  hours  of  retirement  he  held  intercourse 
with  heaven,  carefully  redeeming  time  from  the 
business  of  this  world  to  attend  to  the  more  im 
portant  concerns  of  another.  Though  there  was 
nothing  ostentatious  in  his  religion,  yet  he  was 
not  ashamed  to  avow  his  attachment  to  the  gospel 
of  Christ,  even  when  he  exposed  himself  to 
ridicule  and  censure.  When  Mr.  Whitfield  was 
at  Boston  in  the  year  1740,  he  treated  that  elo 
quent  itinerant  with  the  greatest  respect.  He 
even  followed  him  as  far  as  Worcester,  and  re 
quested  him  to  continue  his  faithful  instructions 
and  pungent  addresses  to  the  conscience,  desiring 
him  to  spare  neither  ministers  nor  rulers.  He 
was  indeed  deeply  interested  in  the  progress  of 
holiness  and  religion.  As  he  approached  the 
termination  of  his  life,  he  often  expressed  his 
desire  to  depart  and  to  enter  the  world  of  glory. 
— Burr's  Funeral  Sermon;  Hutchinson,  II.  367- 
397;  Holmes,  II.  78;  Smith's  N.  J.,  437-438; 
Belknap's  N.  H.;  Whitfield's  Jour,  for  1743; 
Marshall,  I.  299;  Minot,  I.  61;  Elliot. 

BELCIIER,  JONATHAN,  chief  justice  of  Xova 
Scotia,  was  the  second  son  of  the  preceding,  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1728.  He 
studied  law  at  the  temple  in  London  and  gained 
some  distinction  at  the  bar  in  England.  At  the 
settlement  of  Chebucto,  afterwards  called  Hali 
fax,  in  honor  of  one  of  the  king's  ministers,  he 
proceeded  to  that  place,  and  being  in  1760  senior 
councillor,  on  the  death  of  Gov.  Lawrence  he 
was  appointed  lieutenant-governor,  in  which  office 
he  was  succeeded  by  Col.  Wilmot  in  1763.  In 
1761  he  received  his  appointment  of  chief  justice  ; 
in  the  same  year,  as  commander  in  chief,  he  made 
a  treaty  with  the  Mirhnichi,  Jcdiuk,  and  I'ogi- 
nouch,  Mickmack  tribes  of  Indians.  He  died  at 
Halifax  March,  1776,  aged  60.  He  was  a  man 
of  prudence  and  integrity,  and  a  friend  of  New 
England.  In  17^6  he  married  at  Boston  the  sis 
ter  of  Jcrem.  Allen,  sheriff  of  Suffolk  ;  on  her 
death  in  1771  Mr.  Secomb  published  a  discourse, 
and  her  kinsman,  Dr.  Byles,  a  monody.  Andrew 
Belcher,  his  son,  was  a  distinguished  citizen  of 
Halifax  and  a  member  of  the  council  in  1801. 
A  daughter  married  Dr.  Timothy  L.  Jennison  of 
Cambridge,  Mass.  —  Mass.  Hist.  Coll.  V.  102  ; 
Jennison  ;  Eliot. 

BELDEX,  JOSHUA,  physician  of  Weathersfield, 
was  the  son  of  Rev.  Joshua  Belden  of  that  town, 
who  reached  the  age  of  90  years.  After  graduating 
at  Yale  college  in  1787,  he  studied  physic  with 
Dr.  L.  Hopkins.  Besides  his  useful  toils  as  a 
physician,  he  was  employed  in  various  offices  of 
public  trust.  He  was  a  zealous  supporter  of  all 
charitable  and  religious  institutions.  At  the  acre 


BELKXAP. 

of  50  lie  fell  a  victim  suddenly  to  the  spotted 
fever,  June  6,1818.  —  Thacher's  Medical  Bioy- 
raphy, 

BELKXAP,  JEREMY,  1).  D.,  minister  in  Bos 
ton,  and  eminent  as  a  writer,  died  June  20,  1798, 
aired  54.  He  was  born  June  4,  1744,  and  was  a 
descendant  of  Joseph  Belknap,  who  lived  in  Bos 
ton  in  10,38.  He  received  the  rudiments  of  learn 
ing  in  the  grammar  school  of  the  celebrated  Mr. 
Lovel,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1762.  He  exhibited,  at  this  early  period,  such 
marks  of  genius  and  taste,  and  such  talents  in 
•writing  and  conversation,  as  to  excite  the  most 
pleasing  hopes  of  his  future  usefulness  and  dis 
tinction.  Having  upon  his  mind  deep  impressions 
of  the  truths  of  religion,  he  now  applied  himself 
to  the  study  of  theology,  and  he  was  ordained 
pastor  of  the  church  in  Dover,  N.  H.,  Feb.  18. 
1707.  Here  he  passed  near  twenty  years  of  his 
life,  with  the  esteem  and  affection  of  his  flock,  and 
respected  by  the  first  characters  of  the  state.  He 
was  persuaded  by  them  to  compile  his  history  of 
New  Hampshire,  which  gained  liim  a  high  repu 
tation.  In  1786  he  Avas  dismissed  from  his  peo 
ple.  The  Presbyterian  church  in  Boston  becom 
ing  vacant  by  the  removal  of  Mr.  Annan,  and 
having  changed  its  establishment  from  the  Pres- 
bvterian  to  the  Congregational  form,  soon  invited 
him  to  become  its  pastor.  He  was  accordingly 
installed  April  4,  1787.  Here  he  passed  the  re 
mainder  of  his  days,  discharging  the  duties  of 
his  pastoral  office,  exploring  various  fields  of  liter 
ature,  and  giving  his  efficient  support  to  every 
useful  and  benevolent  institution.  After  being 
subject  to  frequent  returns  of  ill  health  he  was 
suddenly  seized  by  a  fatal  paralytic  affection. 

Dr.  Belknap  in  his  preaching  did  not  possess 
the  graces  of  elocution,  nor  did  he  aim  at  splen 
did  diction ;  but  presented  his  thoughts  in  plain 
and  perspicuous  language,  that  all  might  under 
stand  him.  While  he  lived  in  Boston,  he  avoided 
controversial  subjects,  dwelling  chiefly  upon  the 
practical  views  of  the  gospel.  His  sermons  were 
filled  with  a  rich  variety  of  observations  on  human 
life  and  manners,  lie  was  peculiarly  careful  in 
giving  religious  instruction  to  young  children,  that 
their  feet  might  be  early  guided  in  the  way  of 
Hie.  In  the  afternoon  preceding  his  death,  he 
was  engaged  in  catechizing  the  youth  of  his  soci 
ety.  In  the  various  relations  of  life  his  conduct 
was  exemplary.  He  was  a  member  of  many  lit 
erary  and  humane  societies,  whose  interests  he 
essentially  promoted.  Wherever  he  could  be  of 
any  service,  he  freely  devoted  his  time  and  talents. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Massachusetts 
historical  society.  He  had  been  taught  the  value 
of  an  association,  whose  duty  it  should  be  to  col 
lect  and  preserve  manuscripts  and  bring  together 
the  materials  for  illustrating  the  history  of  our 


BELKXAP. 


79 


country;  and  he  had  the  happiness  of  seeing 
such  an  institution  incorporated  in  1794. 

Dr.  Belknap  gained  a  high  reputation  as  a  wri 
ter  ;  but  he  is  more  remarkable  for  the  patience 
and  accuracy  of  his  historical  researches,  than  for 
elegance  of  style.  His  deficiency  in  natural  sci 
ence,  as  manifested  in  his  history  of  New  Hamp 
shire,  is  rendered  more  prominent  by  the  rapid 
progress  of  natural  history  since  his  death.  His 
Foresters  is  not  only  a  description  of  American 
manners,  but  a  work  of  humor  and  wit,  which 
went  into  a  second  edition.  Before  the  llevolu- 
tion  he  wrote  much  in  lavor  of  freedom  and  his 
country,  and  he  afterwards  gave  to  the  public 
many  fruits  of  his  labors  and  researches.  His 
last  and  most  interesting  work,  his  American  Biog 
raphy,  he  did  not  live  to  complete.  He  was  a 
decided  advocate  of  our  republican  forms  of  gov 
ernment,  and  ever  was  a  warm  friend  of  the  con 
stitution  of  the  United  States,  which  he  consid 
ered  the  bulwark  of  our  national  security  and 
happiness.  He  was  earnest  in  his  wishes  and 
prayers  for  the  government  of  his  country,  and  in 
critical  periods  took  an  open  and  unequivocal, 
and,  as  far  as  professional  and  private  duties  al 
lowed,  an  active  part. 

The  following  extract  from  some  lines,  found 
among  his  papers,  expresses  his  choice  with  regard 
to  the  manner  of  his  death ;  and  the  event  corre 
sponded  with  his  wishes. 

When  faith  and  patience,  hope  and  love 
Have  made  us  meet  for  heaveu  above, 
How  blest  the  privilege  to  rise, 
Snatched  in  a  moment  to  the  skies  ! 
Unconscious,  to  resign  our  breath. 
Nor  taste  the  bitterness  of  death. 

Dr.  Belknap  published  a  sermon  on  military 
duty,  1772 ;  a  serious  address  to  a  parishioner 
upon  the  neglect  of  public  worship ;  a  sermon  on 
Jesus  Christ,  the  only  foundation  ;  election  ser 
mon,  1784;  history  of  New  Hampshire,  the  first 
volume  in  1784,  the  second  in  1791,  and  the  third 
in  1792  ;  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Jedediah 
Morse,  1789;  a  discourse  in  1792,  on  the  com 
pletion  of  the  third  century  from  Columbus'  dis 
covery  of  America ;  dissertations  upon  the  char 
acter  and  resurrection  of  Christ,  12mo. ;  collec 
tion  of  psalms  and  hymns,  1795;  convention 
sermon,  1796 ;  a  sermon  on  the  national  fast, 
May  9,  1793 ;  American  biography,  first  volume 
in  1794,  the  second  in  1798;  the  foresters,  an 
American  tale,  being  a  sequel  to  the  history  of 
John  Bull,  the  clothier,  12mo.  He  published 
also  several  essays  upon  the  African  trade,  upon 
civil  and  religious  liberty,  upon  the  state  and  set 
tlement  of  this  country,  in  periodical  papers ;  in 
the  Columbian  magazine  printed  in  Philadelphia ; 
in  the  Boston  magazine,  1784;  in  the  historical 
collections;  and  in  newspapers.  Two  of  his 


80 


BELKNAP. 


BELLAMY. 


sermons  on  the  institution  and  observation  of  the 
Sabbath  were  published  in  1801.  —  Mass.  Hist. 
Coll.  VI.  X.-XVlll. ;  Columbian  Cent.,  June  25, 
1798;  Polyantlws,l.  1-13. 

BELKNAP,  EZEKIEL,  died  in  Atkinson,  N.  II., 
Jan.  5,  1836,  aged  100  years  and  40  days;  an 
officer  in  the  Revolutionary  army.  He  was  the 
son  of  Moses,  who  died  in  1813,  aged  99,  and 
grandson  of  Hannah  B.,  who  died  aged  107. 

BELL,  JOHN,  a  distinguished  citizen  of  New 
Hampshire,  of  great  judgment,  decision,  and  in 
tegrity,  died  at  Londonderry,  Nov.  30,  1825,  aged 
95  years.  His  father,  John,  was  an  early  settler 
of  that  town.  During  the  llevolutionary  war  he 
was  a  leading  member  of  the  senate.  From  an 
early  age  he  was  a  professor  of  religion.  Two  of 
his  sons,  Samuel  and  John,  were  governors  of 
New  Hampshire ;  the  former  was  a  senator  of 
the  United  States.  His  grandson,  John  Bell,  son 
of  Samuel,  a  physician  of  great  promise,  died  at 
Grand  Caillon,  La.,  Nov.  27,  1830  aged  30. 

BELL,  SAMUEL,  governor,  died  in  Chester, 
N.  II.,  Dec.  23,  1850,  aged  81 ;  a  graduate  of  Dart 
mouth,  a  judge  of  the  superior  court  from  1816 
to  1819,  governor  from  1819  to  1823,  and  a  sen 
ator  in  congress  from  1823  to  1835. 

BELL,  JOHN,  governor  of  N.  II.  in  1828,  died 
at  Chester,  March  22,  1836. 

BELLAMONT,  RICHARD,  earl  of,  governor 
of  New  York,  Massachusetts,  and  New  Hamp 
shire,  was  appointed  to  these  offices  early  in  May, 
1095,  but  did  not  arrive  at  New  York  until  May, 
1698.  He  had  to  struggle  with  many  difficulties, 
for  the  people  were  divided,  the  treasury  was  un- 
supplicd,  and  the  fortifications  were  out  of  repair. 
Notwithstanding  the  care  of  government,  the 
pirates,  who  in  time  of  peace  made  great  depre 
dations  upon  Spanish  ships  and  settlements  in 
America,  were  frequently  in  the  sound,  and  were 
supplied  with  provisions  by  the  inhabitants  of 
Long  Island.  The  belief,  that  large  quantities  of 
money  were  hid  by  these  pirates  along  the  coast, 
led  to  many  a  fruitless  search  ;  and  thus  the  nat 
ural  credulity  of  the  human  mind  and  the  desire 
of  sudden  wealth  were  suitably  punished.  The 
Earl  of  Bellamont  remained  in  the  province  of 
New  York  about  a  year.  He  arrived  at  Boston 
May  26,  1699,  and  in  Massachusetts  he  was  re 
ceived  with  the  greatest  respect,  as  it  was  a  new 
thing  to  sec  a  nobleman  at  the  head  of  the  gov 
ernment.  Twenty  companies  of  soldiers  and  a 
vast  concourse  of  people  met  "  his  lordship  and 
countess  "  on  his  arrival.  "  There  were  all  man 
ner  of  expressions  of  joy,  and,  to  end  all,  firework 
and  good  drink  at  night."  He  in  return  took  ev 
ery  method  to  ingratiate  himself  with  the  people. 
He  was  condescending,  affable,  and  courteous 
upon  all  occasions.  Though  a  churchman,  he  at 
tended  the  weekly  lecUre  in  Boston  with  the  gen 
eral  court,  who  always  adjourned  for  the  purpose. 


For  the  preachers  he  professed  the  greatest 
regard.  By  his  wise  conduct  he  obtained  a  lar 
ger  sum  as  a  salary  and  as  a  gratuity,  than  any  of 
his  predecessors  or  successors.  Though  he  re 
mained  but  fourteen  months,  the  grants  made  to 
him  were  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sev 
enty-five  pounds  sterling.  His  time  was  much 
taken  up  in  securing  the  pirates  and  their  effects, 
to  accomplish  which  was  a  principal  reason  of  his 
appointment.  During  his  administration  Capt. 
Kidd  was  seized,  and  sent  to  England  for  trial. 
Soon  after  the  session  of  the  general  court  in 
May,  1700,  he  returned  to  New  York,  where  he 
died  March  5,  1701.  He  had  made  himself  very 
popular  in  his  governments.  He  was  a  nobleman 
of  polite  manners,  a  friend  to  the  revolution, 
which  excited  so  much  joy  in  New  England,  and 
a  favorite  of  king  William.  Hutchinson,  who 
was  himself  not  unskilled  in  the  arts  of  popu 
larity,  seems  to  consider  his  regard  to  religion  as 
pretended,  and  represents  him  as  preferring  for 
his  associates  in  private  the  less  precise  part  of 
the  country.  As  the  earl  was  once  going  from 
the  lecture  to  his  house  with  a  great  crowd  around 
him,  he  passed  by  one  Bullivant,  an  apothecary, 
and  a  man  of  the  liberal  cast,  who  was  standing 
at  his  shop-door  loitering.  "  Doctor,"  said  the 
earl  with  an  audible  voice,  "  you  have  lost  a  pre 
cious  sermon  to-day."  Bullivant  whispered  to  one 
of  his  companions,  who  stood  by  him,  "  if  I  could 
have  got  as  much  by  being  there,  as  his  lordship 
will,  I  would  have  been  there  too."  However, 
there  seems  to  be  no  reason  to  distrust  the  sin 
cerity  of  Bellamont.  The  dissipation  of  his  early 
years  caused  afterwards  a  deep  regret.  It  is  said, 
that  while  residing  at  fort  George,  N.  Y.,  he 
once  a  week  retired  privately  to  the  chapel  to 
meditate  humbly  upon  his  juvenile  folly.  Such 
a  man  might  deem  a  sermon  on  the  method  of 
salvation  "  precious,"  without  meriting  from  the 
scoffer  the  charge  of  hypocrisy.  —  Hutchinson,  II. 
87,  108,  112-16,  121.  ' 

BELLAMY,  JOSEPH,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  min 
ister,  died  March  6,  1790,  aged  71,  in  the  fiftieth 
year  of  his  ministry.  lie  was  born  at  New  Che 
shire  in  1719,  and  was  graduated  at  Yale  college 
in  1735.  It  was  not  long  after  his  removal  from 
New  Haven,  that  he  became  the  subject  of  those 
serious  impressions,  which,  it  is  believed,  issued 
in  renovation  of  heart.  From  this  period  he 
consecrated  his  talents  to  the  evangelical  ministry. 
At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  began  to  preach  with 
acceptance  and  success.  An  uncommon  blessing 
attended  his  ministry  at  Bethlem  in  the  town  of 
Woodbury  ;  a  large  proportion  of  the  society  ap 
peared  to  be  awakened  to  a  sense  of  religion,  and 
they  were  unwilling  to  part  with  the  man,  by 
whose  ministry  they  had  been  conducted  to  a 
knowledge  of  the  truth.  He  was  ordained  to  the 
pastoral  office  over  this  church  in  1740.  In  this 


BELLAMY. 


BELLAMY. 


81 


retirement  he  devoted  himself  with  uncommon 
ardor  to  his  studies  and  the  duties  of  his  office 
till  the  memorable  revival,  which  was  most  con 
spicuous  in  1742.  His  spirit  of  piety  was  then 
blown  into  a  flame  ;  he  could  not  be  contented  to 
confine  his  labors  to  his  small  society.  Taking 
care  that  his  own  pulpit  should  be  vacant  as  little 
as  possible,  he  devoted  a  considerable  part  of  his 
time  for  several  years  to  itinerating  in  different 
parts  of  Connecticut  and  the  neighboring  colonies, 
preaching  the  gospel  daily  to  multitudes,  who 
flocked  to  hear  him.  He  was  instrumental  in  the 
conversion  of  many.  When  the  awakening  de 
clined,  he  returned  to  a  more  constant  attention 
to  his  own  charge.  He  now  began  the  task  of 
writing  an  excellent  treatise,  entitled  true  religion 
delineated,  which  was  published  in  1750.  His 
abilities,  his  ardent  piety,  his  theological  knowl 
edge,  his  acquaintance  with  persons  under  all 
kinds  of  religious  impressions  qualified  him  pecu 
liarly  for  a  work  of  this  kind.  From  this  time 
he  became  more  conspicuous,  and  young  men, 
who  were  preparing  for  the  gospel  ministry,  ap 
plied  to  him  as  a  teacher.  In  tliis  branch  of  his 
work  he  was  eminently  useful  till  the  decline  of 
life,  when  he  relinquished  it.  His  method  of  in 
struction  was  the  following.  After  ascertaining  the 
abilities  and  genius  of  those,  who  applied  to  him, 
he  gave  them  a  number  of  questions  on  the  lead 
ing  and  most  essential  subjects  of  religion,  in  the 
form  of  a  system.  He  then  directed  them  to 
such  books  as  treat  these  subjects  with  the  great 
est  perspicuity  and  force  of  argument,  and  usually 
spent  his  evenings  in  inquiring  into  their  improve 
ments  and  solving  difficulties,  till  they  had  ob 
tained  a  good  degree  of  understanding  in  the 
general  system.  After  this,  he  directed  them  to 
write  on  each  of  the  questions  before  given 
them,  reviewing  those  parts  of  the  authors  which 
treated  on  the  subject  proposed.  These  disserta 
tions  were  submitted  to  his  examination.  As  they 
advanced  in  ability  to  make  proper  distinctions,  he 
led  them  to  read  the  most  learned  and  acute  op- 
posers  of  the  truth,  the  deistical,  arian,  and  socin- 
ian  writers,  and  laid  open  the  fallacy  of  their 
most  specious  reasonings.  When  the  system 
was  completed,  he  directed  them  to  write  on  sev 
eral  of  the  most  important  points  systematicallv, 
in  the  form  of  sermons.  He  next  led  them  to 
peruse  the  best  experimental  and  practical  dis 
courses,  and  to  compose  sermons  on  Hive  subjects. 
He  revised  and  corrected  their  compositions,  in 
culcating  the  necessity  of  a  heart  truly  devoted 
to  Christ,  and  a  life  of  watching  and  prayer  ;  dis 
coursing  occasionally  on  the  various  duties,  trials, 
comforts,  and  motives  of  the  evangelical  work ; 
that  his  pupils  might  be,  as  far  as  possible, 
"  scribes  well  instructed  in  the  kingdom  of  God." 
In  1786  Dr.  Bellamy  was  seized  by  a  paralytic 
affection,  from  which  he  never  recovered.  His 
11 


first  wife,  Frances  Sherman  of  New  Haven,  whom 
he  married  about  1744,  died  in  1785,  the  mother 
of  seven  children.  Of  these  Jonathan  Bellamy, 
a  lawyer,  took  an  active  part  in  the  war,  and  died 
of  the  small  pox  in  1777  ;  and  Rebecca  married 
Rev.  Mr.  Hart.  His  eldest  son,  David,  died  at 
Bethlem  May,  1826,  aged  75.  His  second  wife 
was  the  relict  of  Rev.  Andrew  Storrs  of  Water- 
town. 

Dr.  Bellamy  "  was  a  large  and  well-built  man, 
of  a  commanding  appearance."  As  a  preacher, 
he  had  perhaps  no  superior,  and  very  few  equals. 
His  voice  was  manly,  his  manner  engaging  and 
most  impressive.  He  had  a  peculiar  faculty  of 
arresting  the  attention ;  he  was  master  of  his 
subject  and  could  adapt  himself  to  the  meanest 
capacity.  When  the  law  was  his  theme,  he  was 
awful  and  terrifying;  on  the  contrary,  in  the 
most  melting  strains  would  he  describe  the  suffer 
ings  of  Christ  and  his  love  to  sinners,  and  with 
most  persuasive  eloquence  invite  them  to  be  rec 
onciled  to  God. 

He  was  a  man  of  wit  and  humor.  He  and 
Mr.  Sanford  married  sisters.  B.  said  to  S.  in 
reference  to  their  different  manner  of  preaching, 
—  "  When  I  go  a  fishing,  I  have  a  suitable  pole, 
and  black  line,  and,  creeping  along,  keeping  my 
self  out  of  sight,  throw  my  hook  gently  into  the 
water ;  but  you,  with  a  white-peeled  pole,  and 
white  line,  march  up  boldly  to  the  bank,  and 
splash  in  your  hook  and  line,  crying  out,  '  Bite, 
you  dogs ! ' " 

In  his  declining  years  he  did  not  retain  his  pop 
ularity  as  a  preacher.  As  a  pastor  he  was  dili 
gent  and  faithful.  He  taught  not  only  publicly 
but  from  house  to  house.  He  was  particularly 
attentive  to  the  rising  generation.  Besides  the 
stated  labors  of  the  Lord's  day,  he  frequently 
spent  an  hour  in  the  intervals  of  public  worship 
in  catechising  the  children  of  the  congregation. 
In  a  variety  of  respects  Dr.  Bellamy  shone  with 
distinguished  lustre.  Extensive  science  and  ease 
of  communicating  his  ideas  rendered  him  one  of 
the  best  of  instructors.  His  writings  procured 
him  the  esteem  of  the  pious  and  learned  at  home 
and  abroad,  with  many  of  whom  he  maintained  an 
epistolary  correspondence.  In  his  preaching,  a 
mind  rich  in  thought,  a  great  command  of  lan 
guage,  and  a  powerful  voice  rendered  his  extem 
porary  discourses  peculiarly  acceptable.  He  was 
one  of  the  most  able  divines  of  this  country.  In 
his  sentiments  he  accorded  mainly  with  President 
Edwards,  with  whom  he  was  intimately  acquainted. 
From  comparing  the  first  chapter  of  John  with 
the  first  of  Genesis  he  was  led  to  believe,  and  he 
maintained,  that  the  God,  mentioned  in  the  latter 
as  the  Creator,  was  Jesus  Christ. 

He  published  a  sermon  entitled,  early  piety 
recommended;  true  religion  delineated,  1750; 
sermons  on  the  Divinity  of  Christ,  the  millennium, 


82 


BELLAMY. 


BENEDICT. 


and  the  wisdom  of  God  in  the  permission  of  sin, 
1758 ;  letters  and  dialogues  on  the  nature  of  love 
to  God,  faith  in  Christ,  and  assurance,  1759 ;  essay 
on  the  glory  of  the  gospel ;  a  vindication  of  his 
sermon  on  the  wisdom  of  God  in  the  permission 
of  sin ;  the  law  a  schoolmaster ;  the  great  evil  of 
sin ;  election  sermon,  1762.  Besides  these,  he 
published  several  small  pieces  on  creeds  and  con 
fessions  ;  on  the  covenant  of  grace ;  on  church 
covenanting;  and  in  answer  to  objections  made 
against  his  writings.  The  following  are  the  titles 
of  some  of  these :  the  half-way  covenant,  1768 ; 
the  inconsistency  of  renouncing  the  half-way 
covenant  and  retaining  the  halt-way  practice ;  that 
there  is  but  one  covenant,  against  Moses  Mather. 
His  works,  in  2  vols.,  with  memoir  by  Dr.  T. 
Edwards,  were  published  by  Doct.  Tract.  Soc., 
Boston,  1830.  —  Brainerd's  Life,  22,  41,  43,  55; 
Trumbull,  II.  159;  Theol.  Mag.,  I.  5. 

BELLAMY,  SAMUEL,  a  noted  pirate,  in  his 
ship,  the  "VVhidah,  of  twenty-three  guns  and  one 
hundred  and  thirty  men,  captured  several  vessels 
on  the  coast  of  New  England;  but  in  April,  1717, 
he  was  wrecked  on  Cape  Cod.  The  inhabitants 
of  Wellfleet  still  point  out  the  place  of  the 
disaster.  More  than  one  hundred  bodies  were 
found  on  the  shore.  Only  one  Englishman  and 
one  Indian  escaped.  A  few  days  before,  the 
master  of  a  captured  vessel,  while  seven  pirates  on 
board  were  drunk,  ran  her  on  shore  on  the  back 
of  the  cape.  Six  of  the  pirates  were  executed  at 
Boston  in  November. 

BELLINGIIAM,  RICHARD,  governor  of  Massa 
chusetts,  was  a  native  of  England,  where  he  was 
bred  a  lawyer.  He  came  to  this  country  in  1634, 
and  August  3d  was  received  into  the  church,  with 
his  wife  Elizabeth,  and  in  the  following  year  was 
chosen  deputy  governor.  In  1641  he  was  elected 
governor,  in  opposition  to  Mr.  Winthrop,  by  a 
majority  of  six  votes;  but  the  election  did  not 
seem  to  be  agreeable  to  the  general  court.  He 
was  re-chosen  to  this  office  in  1654,  and  after  the 
death  of  Gov.  Endicot  was  again  elected  in  May, 
1665.  He  continued  chief  magistrate  of  Massa 
chusetts  during  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He 
was  deputy  governor  thirteen  years,  and  governor 
ten.  In  1664  he  was  chosen  major-general.  In 
this  year  the  king  scut  four  commissioners,  Nich 
ols,  Cartwright,  Carr,  and  Maverick,  to  regulate 
the  affairs  of  the  colonies.  A  long  account  of 
their  transactions  is  given  by  Hutchinson.  Bell- 
ingham  and  others,  obnoxious  to  the  king,  were 
required  to  go  to  England  to  answer  for  them 
selves  ;  but  the  general  court,  by  the  advice  of 
the  ministers,  refused  compliance  and  maintained 
the  charter  rights.  But  they  appeased  his  majesty 
by  sending  lu'm  "a  ship  load  of  masts."  He 
died  Dec.  7,  1672,  aged  80  years,  leaving  several 
children.  Of  his  singular  second  marriage  in 


1641  the  following  is  a  brief  history:  A  young 
gentlewoman  was  about  to  be  contracted  to  a 
friend  of  his,  with  his  consent,  "when  on  the 
sudden  the  governor  treated  with  her  and 
obtained  her  for  himself."  He  failed  to  publish 
the  contract  where  he  dwelt,  and  he  performed 
the  marriage  ceremony  himself.  The  great  in 
quest  presented  him  for  breach  of  the  order  of 
court;  but  at  the  appointed  time  of  trial,  not 
choosing  to  go  off  from  the  bench  and  answer  as 
an  offender,  and  but  few  magistrates  being  present, 
he  escaped  any  censure. 

His  excuse  for  this  marriage  was  "  the  strength 
of  his  affection."  In  his  last  will  he  gave  certain 
farms,  after  his  wife's  decease,  and  his  whole 
estate  at  Winisimet,  after  the  decease  of  his  son 
and  his  son's  daughter,  for  the  annual  encourage 
ment  of  "  godly  ministers  and  preachers,"  at 
tached  to  the  principles  of  the  first  church,  "  a 
main  o'ne  whereof  is,  that  all  ecclesiastical  juris 
diction  is  committed  by  Christ  to  each  particular 
organical  church,  from  which  there  is  no  appeal." 
The  general  court,  thinking  the  rights  of  his 
family  were  impaired,  set  aside  the  will.  His 
sister,  Anne  Hibbins,  widow  of  William  Hibbins, 
an  assistant,  was  executed  as  a  witch  in  June, 
1656.  Hubbard  speaks  of  Bellingham  as  "  a  very 
ancient  gentleman,  having  spun  a  long  thread  of 
above  eighty  years;"  "he  was  a  great  justiciary,  a 
notable  hater  of  bribes,  firm  and  fixed  in  any 
resolution  he  entertained,  of  larger  comprehension 
than  expression,  like  a  vessel,  whose  vent  holdeth 
no  good  proportion  with  its  capacity  to  contain,  a 
disadvantage  to  a  public  person."  He  did  not 
harmonize  with  the  other  assistants ;  yet  they 
respected  his  character  and  motives. 

Gov.  Bellingham  lived  to  be  the  only  surviving 
patentee  named  in  the  charter.  He  was  severe 
against  those  who  were  called  sectaries ;  but  he 
was  a  man  of  incorruptible  integrity,  and  of  ac 
knowledged  piety.  In  the  ecclesiastical  contro 
versy,  which  was  occasioned  in  Boston  by  the 
settlement  of  Mr.  Davenport,  he  was  an  advocate 
of  the  first  church.  —  Hutchinson,  I.  41,  43,  97, 
211,  269 ;  Neal's  Hist.,  I.  390 ;  Mather's  Mag.,  n. 
18;  Holmes,  I.  414;  Savaye's  Winthrop,  n.  43. 

BENEDICT,  NOAII,  minister  of  Woodbury, 
Conn.,  was  graduated  at  Princeton  college  in 
1757,  and  was  ordained  as  the  successor  of 
Anthony  Stoddard,  Oct.  22,  1760.  He  died  in 
Sept.,  1813,  aged  75.  He  published  a  sermon  on 
the  death  of  Dr.  Bellamy,  1790,  and  memoirs  of 
B.,  1811. 

BENEDICT,  JOEL,  D.  I).,  minister  of  Plain- 
field,  Conn.,  was  graduated  at  Princeton  college 
in  1765,  settled  at  Plainfield  in  1782,  and  died  in 
1816,  aged  71.  He  was  a  distinguished  Hebrew 
scholar;  and  for  his  excellent  character  he  was 
held  in  high  respect.  One  of  his  daughters 


BENEZET. 

married  Dr.  Nott,  president  of  Union  college. 
He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Hart, 
1809. 

BENEZET,  ANTHONT,  a  philanthropist  of 
Philadelphia,  died  May  3,  1784,  aged  71.  He 
was  born  at  St.  Quintals,  a  town  in  the  province 
of  Picardy,  France,  Jan.  31,  1713.  About  the 
time  of  lu's  birth  the  persecution  against  the 
Protestants  was  carried  on  with  relentless  se 
verity,  in  consequence  of  which  many  thousands 
found  it  necessary  to  leave  their  native  country, 
and  seek  a  shelter  in  a  foreign  land.  Among 
these  were  his  parents,  who  removed  to  London 
in  Feb.,  1715,  and,  after  remaining  there  upwards  of 
sixteen  years,  came  to  Philadelphia  in  Nov.,  1731. 
During  their  residence  in  Great  Britain  they  had 
imbibed  the  religious  opinions  of  the  Quakers, 
and  were  received  into  that  body  immediately 
after  their  arrival  in  this  country. 

In  the  early  part  of  his  life  Benezet  was  put  an 
apprentice  to  a  merchant ;  but  soon  after  his  mar 
riage  in  1722,  when  his  affairs  were  in  a  prosperous 
situation,  he  left  the  mercantile  business,  that  he 
might  engage  in  some  pursuit,  which  would  afford 
him  more  leisure  for  the  duties  of  religion  and  for 
the  exercise  of  that  benevolent  spirit,  for  which 
during  the  course  of  a  long  life  he  was  so  con 
spicuous.  But  no  employment,  which  accorded 
perfectly  with  his  inclination,  presented  itself  till 
the  year  1742,  when  he  accepted  the  appointment 
of  instructor  in  the  Friends'  English  school  of 
Philadelphia.  The  duties  of  the  honorable,  though 
not  very  lucrative,  office  of  a  teacher  of  youth  he 
from  this  period  continued  to  fulfil  with  unremit 
ting  assiduity  and  delight  and  with  very  little 
intermission  till  his  death.  During  the  two  last 
years  of  his  life  his  zeal  to  do  good  induced  him 
to  resign  the  school,  which  he  had  long  super 
intended,  and  to  engage  in  the  instruction  of  the 
blacks.  In  doing  this  he  did  not  consult  his 
worldly  interest,  but  was  influenced  by  a  regard 
to  the  welfare  of  men,  whose  minds  had  been 
debased  by  servitude.  He  wished  to  contribute 
something  towards  rendering  them  fit  for  the 
enjoyment  of  that  freedom,  to  which  many  of 
them  had  been  restored.  So  great  was  his 
sympathy  with  every  being  capable  of  feeling 
pain,  that  he  resolved  towards  the  close  of  his  life 
to  eat  no  animal  food.  His  active  mind  did  not 
yield  to  the  debility  of  his  body.  He  persevered 
in  his  attendance  upon  his  school  till  within  a  few 
days  of  his  decease. 

Such  was  the  general  esteem  in  which  he  was 
held,  that  his  funeral  was  attended  by  persons  of 
all  religious  denominations.  Many  hundred  ne 
groes  followed  their  friend  and  benefactor  to  the 
grave,  and  by  their  tears  they  proved  that  they 
possessed  the  sensibilities  of  men.  An  officer, 
who  had  served  in  the  army  during  the  war  with 
Britain,  observed  at  this  time,  "  I  would  rather 


BENEZET. 


83 


be  Anthony  Benezet  in  that  coffin,  than  George 
Washington  with  all  his  fame."  He  exhibited 
uncommon  activity  and  industry  in  every  thing 
which  he  undertook.  He  used  to  say,  that  the 
highest  act  of  charity  was  to  bear  with  the  un 
reasonableness  of  mankind.  He  generally  wore 
plush  clothes,  and  gave  as  a  reason  for  it,  that, 
after  he  had  worn  them  for  two  or  three  years, 
they  made  comfortable  and  decent  garments  for 
the  poor.  So  disposed  was  he  to  malic  himself 
contented  in  every  situation,  that  when  his  mem 
ory  began  to  fail  him,  instead  of  lamenting  the 
decay  of  his  powers,  he  said  to  a  young  friend, 
"This  gives  me  one  great  advantage  over  you,  for 
you  can  find  entertainment  in  reading  a  good 
book  only  once ;  but  I  enjoy  that  pleasure  as  often 
as  I  read  it,  for  it  is  always  new  to  me."  Few 
men,  since  the  days  of  the  apostles,  ever  lived  a 
more  disinterested  life ;  yet  upon  his  death-bed 
he  expressed  a  desire  to  live  a  little  longer,  "  that 
he  might  bring  down  self."  The  last  time  he  ever 
walked  across  his  room  was  to  take  from  his  desk 
six  dollars,  which  he  gave  to  a  poor  widow,  whom 
he  had  long  assisted  to  maintain.  In  his  conver 
sation  he  was  affable  and  unreserved ;  in  his 
manners  gentle  and  conciliating.  For  the  acqui 
sition  of  wealth  he  wanted  neither  abilities  nor 
opportunity;  but  he  made  himself  contented  with 
a  little ;  and  with  a  competency  he  was  liberal  be 
yond  most  of  those,  whom  a  bountiful  Providence 
had  encumbered  with  riches.  By  his  will  he  de 
vised  lu's  estate,  after  the  decease  of  his  wife,  to 
certain  trustees  for  the  use  of  the  African  school. 
While  the  British  army  was  in  possession  of  Phila 
delphia,  he  was  indefatigable  in  his  endeavors  to 
render  the  situation  of  the  persons  who  suffered 
from  captivity,  as  easy  as  possible.  He  knew  no 
fear  in  the  presence  of  a  fellow  man,  however 
dignified  by  titles  or  station ;  and  such  was  the 
propriety  and  gentleness  of  his  manners  in  his 
intercourse  with  the  gentlemen,  who  commanded 
the  British  and  German  troops,  that,  when  he 
could  not  obtain  the  object  of  his  requests,  he 
•never  failed  to  secure  their  civilities  and  esteem. 
Although  the  life  of  Mr.  Benezet  was  passed  in 
the  instruction  of  youth,  yet  his  expansive  benevo 
lence  extended  itself  to  a  wider  sphere  of  useful 
ness.  Giving  but  a  small  portion  of  his  time  to 
sleep,  he  employed  his  pen  both  day  and  night  in 
writing  books  on  religious  subjects,  composed 
chiefly  with  a  view  to  inculcate  the  peaceable 
temper  and  doctrines  of  the  gospel,  in  opposition 
to  the  spirit  of  war,  and  to  expose  the  flagrant 
injustice  of  slavery,  and  fix  the  stamp  of  infamy 
on  the  traffic  in  human  blood.  His  writings  con 
tributed  much  towards  meliorating  the  condition 
of  slaves,  and  undoubtedly  had  influence  on  the 
public  mind  in  effecting  the  complete  prohibition 
of  that  trade,  which  until  the  year  1808  was  a 
blot  on  the  American  national  character.  In  order 


84 


BENJAMIN. 


BERKELEY. 


to  disseminate  his  publications  and  increase  his 
usefulness,  he  held  a  correspondence  with  such 
persons  in  various  parts  of  Europe  and  America, 
as  united  with  him  in  the  same  benevolent  design, 
or  would  be  likely  to  promote  the  objects,  which 
he  was  pursuing.  No  ambitious  or  covetous  views 
impelled  liim  to  his  exertions.  Regarding  all 
mankind  as  children  of  one  common  Father  and 
members  of  one  great  family,  he  was  anxious,  that 
oppression  and  tyranny  should  cease,  and  that 
men  should  live  together  in  mutual  kindness  and 
affection,  lie  himself  respected  and  he  wished 
others  to  respect  the  sacred  injunction  of  doing 
unto  others  as  they  would  that  others  should  do 
unto  them.  On  the  return  of  peace  in  1783,  ap 
prehending  that  the  revival  of  commerce  would  be 
likely  to  renew  the  African  slave  trade,  which 
during  the  war  had  been  in  some  measure  ob 
structed,  he  addressed  a  letter  to  the  queen  of 
Great  Britain,  to  solicit  her  influence  on  the  side 
of  humanity.  At  the  close  of  this  letter  he  says, 
"  I  hope  thou  wilt  kindly  excuse  the  freedom  used 
on  this  occasion  by  an  ancient  man,  whose  mind 
for  more  than  forty  years  past  has  been  much 
separated  from  the  common  course  of  the  world, 
long  painfully  exercised  in  the  consideration  of 
the  miseries  under  which  so  large  a  part  of  man 
kind,  equally  with  us  the  objects  of  redeeming 
love,  are  suffering  the  most  unjust  and  grievous 
oppression,  and  who  sincerely  desires  the  tem 
poral  and  eternal  felicity  of  the  queen  and  her 
royal  consort."  lie  published,  among  other  tracts, 
an  account  of  that  part  of  Africa  inhabited  by 
negroes,  1762 ;  a  caution  to  Great  Britain  and 
her  colonies,  in  a  short  representation  of  the  ca 
lamitous  state  of  the  enslaved  negroes  in  the 
British  dominions,  1707  ;  some  historical  account 
of  Guinea,  with  an  inquiry  into  the  slave  trade, 
1771;  a  short  account  of  the  society  of  Friends, 
1780;  a  dissertation  on  the  Christian  religion, 
1782;  tracts  against  the  use  of  ardent  spirits; 
observations  on  the  Indian  natives,  1784.  —  Rusk's 
Essays,  311-314;  Vaux's  Memoir;  New  and 
Gen.  Biog.  Diet. ;  Am.  Museum,  ix.  192-194. 

BENJAMIN,  NATHAN,  missionary,  died  at  Con 
stantinople  Jan.  27,  1855,  aged  43 ;  one  month 
after  the  death  of  Mrs.  Grant.  Born  in  Catskill, 
he  lived  in  Williamstown,  where  he  graduated  in 
1831,  and  at  Andover  in  1834.  He  married  Mary 
G.  Wheeler  of  New  York,  and  proceeded  to 
Argos  in  1836,  and  to  Athens  in  1838,  where  he 
labored  six  years,  chiefly  in  connection  with  the 
press.  In  1844  he  entered  upon  the  Armenian 
mission  at  Trebizond ;  but  the  ill  health  of  his 
wife  brought  him  to  America  in  1845. 

Being  summoned  to  a  new  mission,  he  arrived 
at  Smyrna  Dec.  7,  1847 ;  and  there  he  toiled  in 
the  printing  of  the  Bible  and  tracts  in  the  Arme 
nian.  The  printing  operations  were  transferred 


to  Constantinople  in  1852 ;  and  there  he  also 
preached  statedly  in  Greek  and  English.  Living 
at  Pera,  and  being  the  treasurer  of  the  mission, 
a  great  amount  of  business  fell  upon  him.  He 
died  of  the  typhus  fever ;  his  last  words  were, 
"Come,  Lord  Jesus;  come  quickly." — Mr.  B. 
had  a  large  share  of  common  sense,  a  sound 
judgment,  a  knowledge  of  books  and  of  men. 
By  printed  truth  he  will  preach  for  ages  to  thou 
sands  of  Armenians. 

BENNET,  DAVID,  a  physician,  was  born  in 
England  Dec.  1,  1615,  and  died  at  Rowley,  Mass., 
Feb.  4,  1719,  aged  103  years.  He  never  lost  a 
tooth.  His  senses  were  good  to  the  last.  His 
wife  was  the  sister  of  William  Phipps.  His  son, 
Spencer,  who  took  the  name  of  Phipps,  was 
graduated  in  1703,  was  lieut.  governor  of  Mass., 
and  died  April  4,  1757,  aged  72. — Farmer. 

BENNETT,  BARTLETT,  a  Baptist  minister,  died 
at  Cincinnati  Oct.  12,  1842,  aged  99.  He  was 
born  in  Albemarle  county,  Va.,  in  1743 ;  was  a 
preacher  at  the  age  of  25,  a  pioneer  of  Kentucky. 

BENSON,  EGBERT,  LL.  I).,  judge,  died  at 
Jamaica,  N.  Y.,  in  Aug.,  1833,  aged  86 ;  a  man 
of  learning  and  eminent  virtues.  He  was  a  grad 
uate  of  Columbia  college  in  1765,  a  member  of 
congress,  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  New 
York,  and  of  the  circuit  court  of  the  United  States. 
He  wrote  remarks  on  "  The  Wife  "  of  Irving. 

BENTLEY,  WILLIAM,  D.  D.,  born  in  Bos 
ton,  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1777,  and  was 
ordained  over  the  second  church  of  Salem  Sept., 
1783.  He  died  suddenly  Dec.  29,  1819,  aged 
61.  In  his  theological  notions  he  was  regarded 
as  a  Socinian.  Some  of  his  sermons  were  re 
markably  deficient  in  perspicuity  of  style.  For 
nearly  twenty  years  he  edited  the  Essex  Register, 
a  newspaper,  which  espoused  the  democratic  side 
in  politics.  He  was  a  great  collector  of  books, 
and  much  conversant  with  ancient  branches  of 
learning,  admitting  of  little  practical  application. 
His  valuable  library  and  cabinet  he  bequeathed 
cliiefly  to  the  college  at  Meadville,  Pennsylvania, 
and  to  the  American  Antiquarian  society  at  Wor 
cester.  An  eulogy  was  pronounced  by  Prof.  E. 
Everett.  —  He  published  a  sermon  on  Matt.  7: 
21,  1790;  on  the  death  of  J.  Gardiner,  1791 ;  of 
Gen.  Fiske,  1797  ;  of  B.  Hodges,  1804 ;  collec 
tion  of  psalms  and  hymns,  1795 ;  three  masonic 
addresses  and  a  masonic  charge,  1797-1799;  at 
the  artillery  election,  1796 ;  at  ordination  of  J. 
Richardson,  1806 ;  before  the  female  charitable 
society  ;  at  the  election,  1807  ;  a  history  of  Salem 
in  Historical  Collections,  vol.  vn. 

BENTLEY,  WILLIAM,  an  eminent  Baptist 
minister,  died  at  Weathersfield  in  Jan.,  1856,  aged 
81. 

BERKELEY,  CARTER,  M.  D.,  died  in  Hano 
ver,  Va.,  Nov.  3,  1739,  aged  71,  —  while  feeling 


BERKELEY. 


BERKELEY. 


85 


the  pulse  of  a  dying  patient.  He  was  a  descend 
ant  of  Sir  William  B. ;  a  distinguished  physician, 
a  benevolent  man  and  a  Christian. 

BERKELEY,  AVlLLlAM,  governor  of  Virginia, 
was  born  of  an  ancient  family  near  London  and 
was  educated  at  Merton  college,  in  Oxford,  of 
which  he  was  afterwards  a  fellow.  He  was  ad 
mitted  master  of  arts  in  1629.  In  1630  he 
travelled  in  different  parts  of  Europe.  He  is 
described  as  being  in  early  life  the  perfect  model 
of  an  elegant  courtier  and  a  high-minded  cavalier. 
He  succeeded  Sir  Francis  Wyatt  in  the  govern 
ment  of  Virginia  in  1641.  Some  years  after  his 
arrival  the  Indians,  irritated  by  encroachments 
on  their  territory,  massacred  about  five  hundred 
of  the  colonists.  This  massacre  occurred  about 
April  18,  1644,  soon  after,  as  Winthrop  says,  an 
act  of  persecution.  Sir  William  with  a  company 
of  horse  surprised  the  aged  Oppecancanough,  and 
brought  him  prisoner  to  Jamestown.  The  Indian 
emperor  was  a  man  of  dignified  sentiments.  One 
day,  when  there  was  a  large  crowd  in  his  room 
gazing  at  him,  he  called  for  the  governor,  and 
said  to  him,  "  If  it  had  been  my  fortune  to  have 
taken  Sir  William  Berkeley  prisoner,  I  should 
have  disdained  to  have  made  a  show  of  him  to 
my  people."  About  a  fortnight  after  he  was  taken, 
a  brutal  soldier  shot  him  through  the  back,  of 
which  wound  the  old  man  soon  died.  A  firm 
peace  was  soon  afterwards  made  with  the  Indians. 

During  the  civil  Avar  in  England  Gov.  Berkeley 
took  the  side  of  the  king,  and  Virginia  was  the 
last  of  the  possessions  of  England,  which  ac 
knowledged  the  authority  of  Cromwell.  Severe 
laws  were  made  against  the  Puritans,  though  there 
were  none  in  the  colony;  commerce  was  inter 
rupted;  and  the  people  were  unable  to  supply 
themselves  even  with  tools  for  agriculture.  It 
was  not  till  1651,  that  Virginia  was  subdued. 
The  parliament  had  sent  a  fleet  to  reduce  Barba- 
does,  and  from  this  place  a  small  squadron  was 
detached  under  the  command  of  Capt.  Denm's. 
The  Virginians,  by  the  help  of  some  Dutch  vessels 
which  were  then  in  the  port,  made  such  resistance, 
that  he  was  obliged  to  have  recourse  to  other 
means  besides  force.  He  sent  word  to  two  of  the 
members  of  the  council,  that  he  had  on  board  a 
valuable  cargo  belonging  to  them,  which  they  must 
lose,  if  the  protector's  authority  was  not  imme 
diately  acknowledged.  Such  dissensions  now 
took  place  in  the  colony,  that  Sir  William  and  his 
friends  were  obliged  to  submit  on  the  terms  of  a 
general  pardon.  He  however  remained  in  the 
country,  passing  his  time  in  retirement  at  his  own 
plantation,  and  observing  with  satisfaction,  that  the 
parliament  made  a  moderate  use  of  its  success, 
and  that  none  of  the  Virginia  royalists  were  per 
secuted  for  their  resistance. 

After  the  death  of  Gov.  Matthews,  who  was 
appointed  by  Cromwell,  the  people  applied  to  Sir 


William  to  resume  the  government ;  but  he  de 
clined  complying  with  their  request,  unless  they 
would  submit  themselves  again  to  the  authority 
of  the  king.  Upon  their  consenting  to  do  this, 
he  resumed  his  former  authority  in  January,  1659 ; 
i  and  King  Charles  II.  was  proclaimed  in  Virginia 
before  his  restoration  to  the  throne  of  England. 
I  The  death  of  Cromwell,  in  the  mean  time, 
dissipated  from  the  minds  of  the  colonists  the  fear 
of  the  consequences  of  their  boldness.  After  the 
restoration  Gov.  Berkeley  received  a  new  com 
mission  and  was  permitted  to  go  to  England  to 
pay  his  respects  to  his  majesty.  During  his 
absence  the  deputy  governor,  whom  he  had  ap 
pointed,  in  obedience  to  his  orders  collected  the 
laws  into  one  body.  The  church  of  England  was 
made  the  established  religion,  parishes  were  regu 
lated,  and,  besides  a  parsonage  house  and  glebe,  a 
,  yearly  stipend  in  tobacco,  to  the  value  of  eighty 
I  pounds,  was  settled  on  the  minister.  In  1662 
!  Gov.  Berkeley  returned  to  Virginia,  and  in  the 
following  year  the  laws  were  enforced  against  the 
dissenters  from  the  establishment,  by  which  a 
number  of  them  were  driven  from  the  colony. 
In  1667,  in  consequence  of  his  attempt  to  extend 
the  influence  of  the  council  over  certain  measures 
of  the  assembly,  he  awakened  the  fears  and  in 
dignation  of  the  latter  body.  From  this  period 
the  governor's  popularity  declined.  A  change 
also  was  observed  in  his  deportment,  which  lost 
its  accustomed  urbanity.  His  faithlessness  and 
obstinacy  may  be  regarded  as  the  causes  of 
Bacon's  rebellion  in  1076.  The  people  earnestly 
desired,  that  Bacon  might  be  appointed  general  in 
the  Indian  war ;  and  the  governor  promised  to 
give  him  a  commission,  but  broke  his  promise, 
and  thus  occasioned  the  rebellion.  As  his  obsti 
nacy  caused  the  rebellion,  so  his  revengeful  spirit, 
after  it  was  suppressed,  aggravated  the  evils  of  it 
by  the  severity  of  the  punishments  inflicted  on 
Bacon's  adherents.  Though  he  had  promised 
pardon  and  indemnity,  "  nothing  was  heard  of 
but  fines,  executions,  and  confiscations."  When 
the  juries  refused  to  aid  his  projects  of  vengeance, 
he  resorted  to  the  summary  proceedings  of 
martial  law.  The  assembly  at  length  restrained 
him  by  their  remonstrances.  Charles  II.  is  said 
to  have  remarked  concerning  him,  "The  old  fool 
has  taken  away  more  lives  in  that  naked  country, 
than  I  have  taken  for  the  murder  of  my  father." 
After  the  rebellion,  peace  was  preserved  not  so 
much  by  the  removal  of  the  grievances,  which 
i  awakened  discontent,  as  by  the  arrival  of  a  regi 
ment  from  England,  which  remained  a  long  time 
in  the  country. 

In  1677  Sir  William  was  induced,  on  account 
of  his  ill  state  of  health,  to  return  to  England, 
leaving  Col.  Jeffreys  deputy  governor.  He  died 
soon  after  his  arrival,  and  before  he  had  seen  the 
lung,  after  an  administration  of  nearly  forty 


86 


BERKELEY. 


BERKELEY. 


years.  He  was  buried  at  Twickenham  July  13, 
1677.  The  following  extract  from  his  answer  in 
June,  1671,  to  inquiries  of  the  committee  for  the 
colonies,  is  a  curious  specimen  of  his  loyalty  : 
"  We  have  forty-eight  parishes  and  our  ministers 
are  well  paid,  and  by  my  consent  should  be 
better,  if  they  would  pray  oftener  and  preach  less ; 
but,  as  of  all  other  commodities,  so  of  this,  the 
worst  are  sent  us,  and  we  have  few,  that  we  can 
boast  of,  since  the  persecution  in  Cromwell's 
tyranny  drove  divers  worthy  men  hither.  Yet  I 
thank  God,  there  are  no  free  schools,  nor  printing ; 
and  I  hope  we  shall  not  have  these  hundred 
years.  For  learning  has  brought  disobedience, 
and  heresy,  and  sects  into  the  world,  and  printing 
has  divulged  them  and  libels  against  the  best 
government."  Thus  Sir  William,  of  a  very  differ 
ent  spirit  from  the  early  governors  of  New  Eng 
land,  seems  to  have  had  much  the  same  notion  of 
education  as  the  African  governor,  mentioned  by 
Robert  Southey  in  his  colloquies.  The  black 
prince  said,  he  would  send  his  son  to  England, 
that  he  might  learn  "  to  read  book  and  be  rogue.'' 
More  recently  Mr.  Giles  of  Virginia  expressed 
his  belief,  that  learning  was  become  too  general. 

He  published  the  lost  lady,  a  tragi-comedy, 
1639;  a  discourse  and  view  of  Virginia,  pp.  12. 
1663.  —  Keith's  Hist.  Virginia,  144-162 ;  Wynne, 
II.  216-224;  Holmes,  I.  293,  311;  Chalmers,  I. 
336,  337;  Wood's  Athence  Oxonienses,  II.  5865 
Sav.  Wintlirop,  n.  159,  165. 

BERKELEY,  GEOIIGE,  bishop  of  Cloyne  in 
Ireland,  and  a  distinguished  benefactor  of  Yale 
College,  was  born  March  12,  1684,  at  Kilcrin  in 
the  county  of  Kilkenny,  and  was  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Dublin.  After  publishing  a  num 
ber  of  his  works,  which  gained  him  a  high  reputa 
tion,  particularly  liis  theory  of  vision,  he  travelled 
four  or  five  years  upon  the  continent.  He  re 
turned  in  1721,  and  a  fortune  was  soon  bequeathed 
him  by  Mrs.  Vanhomrigh,  a  lady  of  Dublin,  the 
"Vanessa"  of  Swift.  In  1724  he  was  promoted 
to  the  deanery  of  Derry,  worth  1 100  pounds  per 
annum.  Having  for  some  time  conceived  the 
benevolent  project  of  converting  the  savages  of 
America  to  Christianity  by  means  of  a  college  to 
be  erected  in  one  of  the  isles  of  Bermuda,  he 
published  a  proposal  for  this  purpose  at  London 
in  1725.  and  offered  to  resign  his  own  opulent 
preferment,  and  to  dedicate  the  remainder  of  his 
life  to  the  instruction  of  youth  in  America  on  the 
subsistence  of  100  pounds  a  year.  He  obtained 
a  grant  of  10,000  pounds  from  the  government 
of  Great  Britain,  and  immediately  set  sail  for  the 
field  of  his  labors.  He  arrived  at  Newport,  R.  I., 
in  Feb.,  1729,  with  a  view  of  settling  a  correspon 
dence  there  for  supplying  his  college  with  such 
provisions  as  might  be  wanted  from  the  northern 
colonies.  Here  he  purchased  a  country  seat  and 
farm  in  the  neighborhood  of  Newport,  and 


resided  about  two  years  and  a  half.  His  house, 
which  he  called  Whitehall,  still  remains,  situated 
half  a  mile  north-east  from  the  state  house.  To 
the  Episcopal  church  he  gave  an  organ  and  a 
small  library.  His  usual  place  of  study  was  a 
cliff  or  crag  near  his  dwelling.  His  residence  in 
this  country  had  some  influence  on  the  progress 
of  Literature,  particularly  in  Rhode  Island  and 
Connecticut.  The  presence  and  conversation  of  a 
man  so  illustrious  for  talents,  learning,  virtue, 
and  social  attractions  could  not  fail  of  giving  a 
spring  to  the  literary  diligence  and  ambition  of 
many,  who  enjoyed  his  acquaintance.  Finding, 
at  length,  that  the  promised  aid  of  the  ministry 
towards  his  new  college  would  fail  him,  Dean 
Berkeley  returned  to  England.  At  his  departure 
he  distributed  the  books,  which  he  had  brought 
with  him,  among  the  clergy  of  Rhode  Island. 
He  embarked  at  Boston  in  Sept.,  1731.  In  the 
following  year  he  published  his  minute  philosopher, 
a  work  of  great  ingenuity  and  merit,  which  he 
wrote  while  at  Newport.  It  was  not  long  before 
he  sent,  as  a  gift  to  Yale  college,  a  deed  of  the 
farm,  which  he  held  in  Rhode  Island ;  the  rents 
of  which  he  directed  to  be  appropriated  to  the 
maintenance  of  the  three  best  classical  scholars, 
who  should  reside  at  college  at  least  nine  months 
in  a  year  in  each  of  three  years  between  their 
first  and  second  degrees.  All  surplusages  of 
money,  arising  from  accidental  vacancies,  were  to 
be  distributed  in  Greek  and  Latin  books  to  such 
undergraduates,  as  should  make  the  best  compo 
sition  in  the  Latin  tongue  upon  such  a  moral 
theme  as  should  be  given  them.  lie  also  made 
a  present  to  the  library  of  Yale  college  of  nearly 
one  thousand  volumes.  AVhcn  it  is  considered, 
that  he  was  warmly  attached  to  the  Episcopal 
church,  and  that  he  came  to  America  for  the 
express  purpose  of  founding  an  Episcopal  college, 
his  munificence  to  an  institution,  under  the  exclu 
sive  direction  of  a  different  denomination,  must 
be  thought  worthy  of  high  praise.  It  was  in  the 
year  1733  that  he  was  made  bishop  of  Cloyne ; 
and  from  this  period  he  discharged  with  exemplary 
faithfulness  the  episcopal  duties,  and  prosecuted 
his  studies  with  unabating  diligence.  On  the 
14th  of  January,  1753,  he  was  suddenly  seized  at 
Oxford,  whither  he  had  removed  in  1752,  by  a 
disorder  called  the  palsy  of  the  heart,  and 
instantly  expired,  being  nearly  sixty-nine  years  of 
age.  Pope  ascribes 

"  To  Berkeley  every  virtue  under  heaven." 

His  fine  portrait  by  Smibert,  with  his  family  and 
the  artist  himself,  will  be  contemplated  with  de 
light  by  all,  who  visit  Yale  college.  Bishop 
Berkeley,  while  at  Cloyne,  constantly  rose  between 
three  and  four  in  the  morning.  His  favorite 
author  was  Plato.  His  character,  though  marked 
by  enthusiasm,  was  singularly  excellent  and  amia- 


BERKELEY. 

ble.  lie  was  held  by  his  acquaintance  in  the 
highest  estimation.  Bishop  Atterbury,  after  be 
ing  introduced  to  him,  exclaimed,  "  so  much  un 
derstanding,  so  much  knowledge,  so  much  inno 
cence,  and  such  humility  I  did  not  think  had  been 
the  portion  of  any  but  angels,  till  I  saw  this  gen 
tleman."  It  is  well  known,  that  Bishop  Berkeley 
rejected  the  commonly  received  notion  of  the  ex 
istence  of  matter,  and  contended,  that  what  arc 
called  sensible  material  objects  are  not  external 
but  exist  in  the  mind,  and  are  merely  impressions 
made  upon  our  mind  by  the  immediate  act  of 
God.  These  peculiar  sentiments  he  supported  in 
his  work,  entitled,  the  principles  of  human  knowl 
edge,  1710,  and  in  the  dialogues  between  Ily- 
las  and  Philonous,  1713.  Besides  these  works, 
and  the  minute  philosopher,  in  which  he  attacks 
the  free  thinker  with  great  ingenuity  and  effect, 
he  published,  also,  arithmetica  absque  algebra 
aut  Euclide  demonstrata,  1707;  theory  of  vision, 
1709;  de  motu,  1721;  an  essay  towards  prevent 
ing  the  ruin  of  Great  Britain,  1721 ;  the  analyst, 
1734 ;  a  defence  of  free  thinking  in  mathematics, 
1735  ;  the  querist,  1735  ;  discourse  addressed  to 
magistrates,  1736;  on  the  virtues  of  tar  water, 
1741;  maxims  concerning  patriotism,  1750. — 
Chandler's  Life  of  Johnson,  47-60 ;  Miller,  II. 
349  ;  fiees'  Cycl. ;  Holmes,  n.  53. 

BERKLEY,  ALEXANDER,  died  at  Lynchburg, 
Va.,  Oct.  25,  1825,  aged  114:  his  wife  died  Jan. 
9,  1825,  aged  111. 

BERKLEY,  NORBORNE,  baron  de  Botetourt, 
one  of  the  last  governors  of  Virginia  while  a 
British  colony,  obtained  the  peerage  of  Botetourt 
in  1764.  In  July,  1768,  he  was  appointed  gov 
ernor  of  Virginia  in  the  place  of  Gen.  Amherst. 
He  died  at  Williamsburg  Oct  15,  1770,  aged  52. 
At  his  death  the  government,  in  consequence  of 
tire  resignation  of  John  Blair,  devolved  upon 
William  Nelson,  until  the  appointment  in  Decem 
ber  of  Lord  Dunmore,  then  governor  of  New 
York.  Lord  Botetourt  seems  to  have  been  highly 
respected  in  Virginia.  His  exertions  to  promote 
the  interests  of  William  and  Mary  college  were 
zealous  and  unremittcd.  He  instituted  an  annual 
contest  among  the  students  for  two  golden  med-  \ 
als  of  the  value  of  five  guineas ;  one  for  the  best 
Latin  oration  on  a  given  subject,  and  the  other  for 
superiority  in  mathematical  science.  For  a  long 
time  he  sanctioned  by  his  presence  morning  and 
evening  prayers  in  the  college.  No  company 
nor  avocation  prevented  his  attendance  on  this 
service.  He  was  extremely  fond  of  literary  char 
acters.  No  one  of  this  class,  who  had  the  least 
claims  to  respect,  was  ever  presented  to  him 
without  receiving  his  encouragement.  —  Miller, 
II.  378;  Boston  Gazette,  Nov.  12,  1770;  Mar 
shall,  IT.  130. 

BERNARD,  FRANCIS,  governor  of  Massachu 
setts,  was  the  governor  of  New  Jersey,  after  Gov. 


BERNARD. 


87 


Belcher,  in  1758.  He  succeeded  Gov.  Fownall 
of  Massachusetts,  in  1760.  Arriving  at  Boston 
Aug.  2d,  he  continued  at  the  head  of  the  govern 
ment  nine  years.  His  administration  was  during 
one  of  the  most  interesting  periods  in  American 
history.  He  had  governed  New  Jersey  two  years 
in  a  manner  very  acceptable  to  that  province,  and 
the  first  part  of  his  administration  in  Massachu 
setts  was  very  agreeable  to  the  general  court. 
Soon  after  his  arrival  Canada  was  surrendered  to 
Amherst.  Besides  voting  a  salary  of  1300  pounds, 
they  made  to  him  at  the  first  session  a  grant  of  Mt. 
Desert  Island,  which  was  confirmed  by  the  king. 
Much  harmony  prevailed  for  two  or  three  years  ; 
but  this  prosperous  and  happy  commencement 
did  not  continue.  There  had  long  been  two  par 
ties  in  the  State,  the  advocates  for  the  crown,  and 
the  defenders  of  the  rights  of  the  people.  Gov. 
Bernard  was  soon  classed  with  those,  who  were 
desirous  of  strengthening  the  royal  authority  in 
America ;  the  sons  of  liberty  therefore  stood 
forth  uniformly  in  opposition  to  him.  His  indis 
cretion  in  appointing  Mr.  Ilutchinson  chief  jus 
tice,  instead  of  giving  that  office  to  Col.  Otis  of 
Barnstable,  to  whom  it  had  been  promised  by 
Shirley,  proved  very  injurious  to  his  cause.  In 
consequence  of  this  appointment  he  lost  the  influ 
ence  of  Col.  Otis,  and  by  yielding  himself  to  Mr. 
Ilutchinson  he  drew  upon  him  the  hostility  of 
James  Otis,  the  son,  a  man  of  great  talents,  who 
soon  became  the  leader  on  the  popular  side.  The 
laws  for  the  regulation  of  trade  and  the  severities 
of  the  officers  of  customs  were  the  first  things 
which  greatly  agitated  the  public  mind ;  and  af 
terwards  the  stamp  act  increased  the  energy  of 
resistance  to  the  schemes  of  tyranny.  Gov.  Ber 
nard  possessed  no  talent  for  conciliating ;  he  was 
for  accomplishing  ministerial  purposes  by  force  ; 
and  the  spirit  of  freedom  gathered  strength  from 
the  open  manner  in  which  he  attempted  to  crush 
it.  His  speech  to  the  general  court  after  the  re 
peal  of  the  stamp  act  was  by  no  means  calculated 
to  assuage  the  angry  passions  which  had  lately 
been  excited.  He  was  the  principal  means  of 
bringing  the  troops  to  Boston,  that  he  might 
overawe  the  people ;  and  it  was  owing  to  him, 
that  they  were  continued  in  the  town.  This 
measure  had  been  proposed  by  him  and  Mr. 
Ilutchinson  long  before  it  was  executed.  While 
he  professed  himself  a  friend  to  the  province,  he 
was  endeavoring  to  undermine  its  constitution, 
and  to  obtain  an  essential  alteration  in  the  char 
ter,  by  transferring  from  the  general  court  to  the 
crown  the  right  of  electing  the  council.  His 
conduct,  though  it  drew  upon  him  the  indigna 
tion  of  the  province,  was  so  pleasing  to  the  min 
istry,  that  he  was  created  a  baronet  March  20, 
1769.  Sir  Francis  had  too  little  command  of  his 
temper.  He  could  not  conceal  his  resentments, 
and  he  could  not  restrain  his  censures.  One  of 


88 


BERNARD. 


BEVERLY. 


his  last  public  measures  was  to  prorogue  the  gen 
eral  court  in  July,  in  consequence  of  their  refusing 
to  make  provision  for  the  support  of  the  troops. 
The  general  court,  however,  before  they  were  pro 
rogued,  embraced  the  opportunity  of  drawing  up 
a  petition  to  his  majesty  for  the  removal  of  the 
governor.  It  was  found  necessary  to  recall  him, 
and  he  embarked  Aug.  1,  1769,  leaving  Mr. 
Hutchinson,  the  lieutenant-governor,  commander 
in  chief.  There  were  few  who  lamented  his  de 
parture.  He  died  in  England  in  June,  1779. 
His  second  son,  Sir  John  B.,  who  held  public  offi 
ces  in  Barbadoes  and  St.  Vincent's,  died  in  1809; 
his  third  son,  Sir  Thomas  B.,  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1767,  and  marrying  in  Eng 
land  a  lady  of  fortune,  the  daughter  of  Patrick 
Adair,  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  various  benev 
olent  institutions  in  London,  so  as  to  gain  the 
reputation  of  a  philanthropist ;  he  died  July  1, 
1818  :  his  publications,  chiefly  designed  to  im 
prove  the  common  people,  were  numerous. 

The  newspapers  were  very  free  in  the  ridicule 
of  the  parsimony  and  domestic  habits  of  Bernard. 
But  he  was  temperate,  a  friend  to  literature,  and 
a  benefactor  of  Harvard  college,  exerting  himself 
for  its  relief  after  the  destruction  of  the  library 
by  fire.  He  was  himself  a  man  of  erudition,  be 
ing  conversant  with  books,  and  retaining  the 
striking  passages  in  his  strong  memory.  He 
said,  that  he  could  repeat  the  whole  of  Shak- 
speare.  Believing  the  Christian  religion,  he 
attended  habitually  public  worship.  Though 
attached  to  the  English  church,  when  he  resided 
at  Roxbury,  he  often  repaired  to  the  nearest  Con 
gregational  meeting,  that  of  Brookline. 

If  a  man  of  great  address  and  wisdom  had 
occupied  the  place  of  Sir  Francis,  it  is  very  prob 
able,  that  the  American  Revolution  would  not 
have  occurred  so  soon.  But  his  arbitrary  princi 
ples  and  his  zeal  for  the  authority  of  the  crown 
enkindled  the  spirit  of  the  people,  while  his  rep 
resentations  to  the  ministry  excited  them  to  those 
measures,  which  hastened  the  separation  of  the 
colonies  from  the  mother  country. 

From  the  letters  of  Gov.  Bernard,  which  were 
obtained  and  transmitted  to  this  country  by  Mr. 
Bollan,  it  appears,  that  he  had  very  little  regard 
to  the  interests  of  liberty.  His  select  letters  on 
the  trade  and  government  of  America,  written  in 
Boston  from  1763  to  1768,  were  published  in 
London  in  1774.  His  other  letters,  written  home 
in  confidence,  were  published  in  1768  and  1769. 
He  wrote  several  pieces  in  Greek  and  Latin  in 
the  collection  made  at  Cambridge,  styled,  "  Pietas 
et  Gratulatio,"  1761.  — Minofs  Hist.  Mass.  i.  73- 
222;  Gordon,  I.  139,  272-274;  Marshall,  II. 
96,  114;  Eliot. 

BERRIEN,  JOHN  MACTHERSON,  attorney-gen 
eral  of  U.  S.,  died  at  Savannah  Jan.  1,  1856  :  he 


had  been  a  senator.     A  speech  of  his  is  in  Willis- 
ton's  "  Eloquence." 

BERRY,  JOHN,  died  on  Peterson's  Creek,  Va., 
in  1845,  aged  101  :  he  was  a  soldier  in  various 
battles. 

BETHUXE,  DIVIE,  an  eminent  philanthropist 
and  Christian,  was  born  at  Dingwall,  Rosshire, 
Scotland,  in  1771.  In  early  life  he  resided  at 
Tobago,  where  his  only  brother  was  a  physician. 
At  the  command  of  his  pious  mother  he  left  the 
irreligious  island  and  removed  to  the  United 
States  in  1792,  and  settled  as  a  merchant  in  New 
York.  He  soon  joined  the  church  of  Dr.'  Mason  ; 
in  1802  became  one  of  its  elders.  He  died  Sept. 
18,  1824.  His  wife  was  the  daughter  of  Isabella 
Graham.  Before  a  tract  society  was  formed  in 
this  country  Mr.  Bethune  printed  ten  thousand 
tracts  at  his  own  expense,  and  himself  distributed 
many  of  them.  He  also  imported  Bibles  for  dis 
tribution.  From  1803  to  1816  he  was  at  the  sole 
expense  of  one  or  more  Sunday  schools.  The 
tenth  of  his  gains  he  devoted  to  the  service  of 
his  heavenly  Master.  In  his  last  sickness  he  said  : 
"  I  wish  my  friends  to  help  me  through  the  val 
ley  by  reading  to  me  the  word  of  God.  I  have 
not  read  much  lately  but  the  Bible :  the  Bible  ! 
the  Bible  !  I  want  nothing  but  the  Bible  !  O, 
the  light,  that  has  shined  into  my  soul  through 
the  Bible  !"  His  end  was  peace.  Such  a  bene 
factor  of  the  human  family  is  incomparably  more 
worthy  of  remembrance,  than  the  selfish  philoso 
phers  and  the  great  warriors  of  the  earth.  — 
N.  Y.  Observer ;  Boston  Recorder,  Oct.  16. 

BETTS,  THADDEUS,  died  at  Norwalk,  Conn., 
April  7,  1840.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Yale  of 
1807,  a  lawyer  of  eminence,  lieutenant-governor, 
and  senator  of  the  U.  S. 

BEVERIDGE,  JOHN,  a  poet,  was  a  native  of 
Scotland.  In  1758  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
languages  in  the  college  and  academy  of  Phila 
delphia.  He  published  in  1765  a  volume  of 
Latin  poems,  entitled,  "  Epistokc  familiares  et 
alia  quaedam  miscellanea."  In  an  address  to  John 
Pcnn  he  suggests,  that  a  conveyance  to  him  of 
some  few  acres  of  good  land  would  be  a  proper 
return  for  the  poetic  mention  of  the  Pcnn  family. 
The  Latin  hint  was  lost  upon  the  Englishman. 
The  unrewarded  poet  continued  to  ply  the  birch 
in  the  vain  attempt  to  govern  seventy  or  eighty 
ungovernable  boys.  —  Mem.  Hist.  Soc.  of  Penn., 
I.  145. 

BEVERLY,  ROBERT,  a  native  of  Virginia, 
died  in  1716.  He  was  clerk  of  the  council  about 
1697,  when  Andros  was  governor,  with  a  salary  of 
50  pounds  and  perquisites.  Intimately  associated 
with  the  government,  his  views  of  public  measures 
were  influenced  by  his  situation.  His  book  was 
written  by  a  man  in  office.  Peter  Beverly  was  at 
the  same  time  clerk  of  the  house  of  burgesses. 


BEVERLY. 


BIDDLE. 


89 


Mr.  Beverly  published  a  history  of  that  colony, 
London,  1705,  in  .four  parts,  embracing  the  first 
settlement  of  Virginia  and  the  government  there 
of  to  the  time  when  it  was  written ;  the  natural 
productions  and  conveniences  of  the  country, 
suited  to  trade  and  improvement ;  the  native  In 
dians,  their  religion,  laws,  and  customs ;  and  the 
state  of  the  country  as  to  the  policy  of  the  gov 
ernment  and  the  improvements  of  the  land. 
Another  edition  was  published  with  Gnbelin'a 
cuts,  Svo.  1722 ;  and  a  French  translation,  with 
plates,  Amsterd.,  1707.  This  work  in  the  histor 
ical  narration  is  as  concise  and  unsatisfactory,  as 
the  history  of  Stith  is  prolix  and  tedious. 

BEVERLY,  CARTER,  a  distinguished  Virgin 
ian,  died  at  Fredericksburg  Feb.  10,  1844,  aged 
72. 

BIART,  PIERRE,  a  Jesuit  missionary,  came 
from  France  to  Port  1  loyal  in  June,  1611.  Of 
his  voyage  and  events  at  Acadia  he  made  a  rela 
tion,  in  which  Charlcvoix  confides  more  than  in 
the  memoirs  used  by  De  Laet  to  decry  the 
Jesuits.  Biart  gave  the  name  of  Souriquois  to 
the  Indians  afterwards  called  Micmacks.  In  1G12 
he  ascended  the  Kim'bequi  or  Kennebec,  and  was 
well  received  by  the  Canibas,  formerly  called  the 
Canibequi,  a  nation  of  the  Abenaquis,  from  whom 
the  name  of  the  river  is  derived.  This  visit  was 
soon  after  the  attempted  establishment  of  the 
English  under  Popham  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ken 
nebec.  He  was  followed  by  Dreuillettes  in  1640. 
Biart  obtained  provisions  for  Port  Royal.  In 
1613  he  repaired  to  the  Penobscot,  to  the  settle 
ment  called  S.  Sauveur.  According  to  Charlcvoix 
he  performed  a  miracle  in  healing  by  baptism  a 
sick  Malecite  Indian  child.  But  the  miraculous 
powers  of  the  Jesuit  failed  him  on  the  arrival  of 
Argall,  who  took  him  prisoner  and  carried  him 
to  Virginia  and  England. —  Ckarlec.  l.  131; 
Maine  Hist.  Coll.,  I.  325. 

BIBB,  WILLIAM  W.,  governor  of  Alabama, 
was  a  representative  from  Georgia  from  1813  to 
1815.  He  was  appointed  in  1817  governor  of 
the  territory  of  Alabama,  and  under  the  consti 
tution  of  the  State  was  elected  the  first  governor 
in  1819.  He  died  at  his  residence  near  fort 
Jackson  July  9,  1820,  aged  39  years,  and  was  suc 
ceeded  by  Israel  Pickens.  He  was  highly  re 
spected  for  his  talents  and  dignity  as  a  states 
man  ;  and  in  private  life  was  condescending,  affa 
ble  and  kind. 

BIDDLE,  NICHOLAS,  a  naval  commander,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia  Sept.  10,  1750.  In  sailing 
to  the  West  Indies  in  1765  he  was  cast  away. 
The  long  boat  being  lost  and  the  yawl  not  being 
large  enough  to  carry  away  all  the  crew,  he  and 
three  others  were  left  by  lot  two  months  in  mis 
ery  on  an  island,  which  was  uninhabited.  His 
many  voyages  made  him  a  thorough  seaman.  In 
1770  he  went  to  London  and  entered  the  British 
12 


navy.  When  Capt.  Phipps,  afterwards  Lord  Mul- 
grave,  was  about  to  sail  on  his  exploring  expedi 
tion,  Biddle,  then  a  midshipman,  absconded  from 
his  own  ship  and  entered  on  board  the  Carcass 
before  the  mast.  Horatio  Nelson  was  on  board 
the  same  vessel.  After  the  commencement  of  the 
Revolution  he  returned  to  Philadelphia.  Being 
appointed  commander  of  the  Andrew  Doria,  a 
brig  of  14  guns  and  130  men,  he  sailed  under 
Com.  Hopkins  in  the  successful  expedition  against 
Xew  Providence.  After  refitting  at  New  London, 
he  was  ordered  to  proceed  off  the  banks  of  New 
foundland.  He  captured  in  1776,  among  other 
prizes,  two  ships  from  Scotland  with  four  hundred 
Highland  troops.  Being  appointed  to  the  com 
mand  of  the  Randolph,  a  frigate  of  thirty-two 
guns,  he  sailed  from  Philadelphia  in  Feb.,  1777. 
lie  soon  carried  into  Charleston  four  valuable  pri 
zes,  one  of  them  the  True  Briton  of  twenty  guns. 
A  little  fleet  was  now  fitted  out  under  his  com 
mand,  with  which  he  cruised  in  the  West  Indies. 
In  an  action  with  the  British  ship  Yarmouth  of 
sixty-four  guns  March  7,  1778,  Capt.  Biddle  was 
wounded,  and  a  few  minutes  afterwards,  while  he 
was  under  the  hands  of  the  surgeon,  the  Ran 
dolph  with  a  crew  of  three  hundred  and  fifteen 
blew  up,  and  he  and  all  his  men,  but  four,  per 
ished.  The  four  men  were  tossed  about  four 
days  on  a  piece  of  the  wreck,  before  they  were 
taken  up.  The  other  vessels  escaped,  from  the 
disabled  condition  of  the  Yarmouth.  Capt.  Bid- 
die  was  but  27  years  of  age.  He  had  displayed  the 
qualities  requisite  for  a  naval  commander, — 
skill,  coolness,  self-possession,  courage,  together 
with  humanity  and  magnanimity.  His  temper 
was  cheerful.  Believing  the  gospel,  his  religious 
impressions  had  a  powerful  influence  upon  his  con 
duct.  He  was  a  brother  of  the  late  Judge  Biddle. 
—  Rogers  ;  Biog.  Americana. 

BIDDLE,  THOMAS,  was  a  captain  of  artillery 
in  the  campaigns  on  the  Niagara  in  1813  and  1814. 
He  served  under  Gen.  Scott  at  the  capture  of 
Fort  George.  In  the  battle  of  Lundy's  lane  he 
brought  off  a  piece  of  the  enemy's  artillery. 
After  the  Avar,  with  the  brevet  rank  of  major,  he 
removed  to  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  and  was  paymas 
ter  in  the  army.  He  was  shot  in  a  duel  with 
Spencer  Pettis,  a  member  of  congress,  and  died 
Aug.  29,  1831,  at  the  age  of  41.  The  history  of 
this  affair  is  the  history  of  consummate  folly,  dis 
creditable  pusillanimity,  and  hardened  depravity. 
Political  controversy  was  the  origin  of  the  duel. 
Biddle  had  anonymously  abused  Pettis  in  the 
newspapers ;  tin's  led  to  a  retort  of  hard  words. 
Next,  Biddle  assaulted  Pettis  when  he  was  asleep, 
with  a  cowskiii.  Bonds  were  imposed  on  Biddle 
for  the  preservation  of  the  peace.  At  last  the 
friends  of  Mr.  Pettis  urged  him  and  constrained 
him  to  challenge  his  chastiser  and  to  hazard  his 
life  and  soul  in  the  attempt  of  mutual  murder. 


90 


BIDDLE. 


The  distance  chosen  by  Biddle,  who  was  near 
sighted,  was  five  feet,  so  that  the  pistols  would 
overlap  each  other,  making  death  apparently  cer 
tain  to  both :  accordingly  both  fell,  Friday,  Aug. 
26th,  and  soon  their  spirits  went  into  eternity 
with  the  guilt  of  blood.  Pettis  died  on  Saturday 
and  Biddle  on  [Monday.  The  promoters  of  this 
duel  must  be  regarded  as  sharers  in  the  guilt. 
Dean  Swift  remarked,  "None  but  fools  fight 
duels,  and  the  sooner  the  world  is  rid  of  such 
folks,  the  better."  It  will  be  well  for  those,  who 
call  themselves  men  of  honor,  and  well  for  their 
miserable  families,  if  they  shall  learn  to  fear  the 
judgment  of  God  rather  than  the  sneers  of  un 
principled  men,  and  if  they  shall  learn  to  abstain 
from  calumny,  to  forgive  injuries,  and  to  love  a 
brother.  —  N.  Y.  Mercury,  iv.  9. 

BIDDLE,  NICHOLAS,  died  at  Andalusia,  near 
Philadelphia,  Feb.  27,  1844,  aged  58.  He  was 
the  son  of  Charles  Biddle  of  Philadelphia,  a  whig 
of  the  Revolution.  At  the  age  of  19  he  was 
secretary  to  Armstrong  in  his  mission  to  Paris. 
On  his  return  he  studied  law  and  devoted  himself 
much  to  literature,  for  a  time  editing  the  Port- 
Folio.  In  1819  he  was  one  of  the  directors  of 
the  bank  of  the  United  States,  and  in  1823  suc 
ceeded  Mr.  Cheves  as  president, — a  post  which 
he  filled  sixteen  years.  Under  his  management 
and  the  hostility  of  Gen.  Jackson  the  bank  broke 
down.  He  wrote  the  commercial  digest. 

BIDDLE,  WILLIAM  P.,  died  at  Newbern, 
N.  C.,  Aug.  8,  1853,  after  a  ministry  cf  nearly 
hah0  a  century.  Born  in  Virginia,  he  was  a  pion 
eer  of  the  Baptists  in  North  Carolina. 

BIDDLE,  JAMES,  commodore,  died  at  Phila 
delphia  Oct.  1,  1848,  aged  65.  Educated  at  the 
Pennsylvania  university,  he  entered  the  navy  in 
1800,  and  was  engaged  in  various  actions.  He 
captured  the  Penguin.  He  signed  the  commer 
cial  treaty  with  Turkey  in  1832,  and  commanded 
a  squadron  in  China  in  1847. 

BIENVILLE,  LE  MOYNE  De,  governor  of  Lou 
isiana  and  founder  of  New  Orleans,  took  the  name 
of  his  brother,  who  was  killed  by  the  Iroquois  in 
1691.  While  in  command  at  Mobile,  he  mani 
fested  his  humanity  by  liberating  the  prisoners, 
which  were  brought  from  Carolina  by  the  Indians, 
in  the  Indian  war  of  1715.  In  17 14  he  constructed 
a  fort  at  Natchez,  and  in  1717,  on  a  visit  to  the 
governor  of  Mobile,  he  obtained  permission  to 
lay  the  foundation  of  the  city  of  New  Orleans. 
In  1726,  M.  Perrier  being  nominated  commandant 
of  Louisiana  in  his  place,  he  went  to  France; 
but  in  1733  he  returned  with  a  new  commission 
as  governor.  In  1740,  with  a  large  army  of 
French,  Indians,  and  negroes,  he  made  a  second 
expedition  against  the  Chickasaws ;  proceeding 
up  the  Mississippi,  he  encamped  near  their  towns, 
and  brought  them  to  terms  of  peace.  —  Ckarle- 
voix ;  Holmes,  I.  513;  II.  16. 


BIGELOW. 

BIGELOW,  TIMOTHY,  colonel,  died  at  Wor 
cester  March  31,  1790,  aged  50.  He  was  the  son 
of  Daniel ;  and  he  had  an  eminent  son  of  his  own 
name.  A  blacksmith,  he  was  the  associate  of  the 
leading  patriots  of  his  day.  On  hearing  of  the 
battle  of  Lexington  he  marched  at  the  head  of 
minute-men  ;  he  marched  up  the  Kennebcc  against 
Quebec,  and  was  taken  prisoner  ;  at  the  head  of 
the  fifteenth  Mass,  regiment  he  was  at  Saratoga, 
Rhode  Island,  Valley  Forge,  and  West  Point. 
He  was  an  original  grantor  of  Montpclier.  As 
a  benefactor  of  Leicester  academy  he  is  honored 
by  its  friends.  With  an  ardent  temperament  he 
was  dignified  and  graceful.  —  Lincoln's  Hist. 
Worcester. 

BIGELOW,  TIMOTHY,  a  lawyer,  was  born  at 
Worcester,  Ms.,  April  30,  1767,  the  son  of  Col. 
Timothy  B.,  who  served  in  Arnold's  expedition  to 
Quebec,  and  commanded  the  16th  regiment  in 
the  Revolutionary  Avar,  and  probably  a  descendant 
of  John  Bigelow,  who  lived  in  Watertown  in 
1642.  After  graduating  at  Harvard  college  in 
1786,  he  studied  law,  and  in  1789  commenced 
the  practice  at  Groton.  For  more  than  twenty 
years  from  1790  he  was  a  distinguished  member 
of  the  legislature ;  for  eleven  years  he  was  the 
speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives.  In  his 
politics  he  was  ardently  attached  to  the  federal 
party.  Of  the  Hartford  convention  in  1814  he 
was  a  member ;  and  grand  master  of  masons.  In 
1807  he  removed  to  Mcdford  and  kept  an  office 
in  Boston.  He  died  May  18,  1821,  aged  54. 
His  wife  was  the  daughter  of  Oliver  Prescott ; 
one  of  his  daughters  married  Abbott  Lawrence. 
Mr.  Bigelow  was  a  learned,  eloquent,  and  popular 
lawyer.  It  has  been  computed,  that  during  a 
practice  of  thirty-two  years  he  argued  not  less 
than  fifteen  thousand  causes.  His  usual  antag 
onist  was  Samuel  Dana.  Over  the  multitudinous 
assembly  of  six  or  seven  hundred  legislators  of 
Massachusetts  he  presided  with  great  dignity  and 
energy.  Of  many  literary  and  benevolent  socie 
ties  he  was  an  active  member ;  and  in  private  Hie 
was  respected  and  beloved.  He  published  an 
oraiion  before  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  society,  1797. 
An  extract  of  his  eulogy  on  S.  Dana  is  in  the 
historical  collections. — Jennison;  Maine  Hist. 
Coll.  I.  363,  388,  409 ;  Mass.  Hist.  Coll  S.  S.  II. 
235,  252. 

BIGELOW,  LEWIS,  died  in  Peoria,  Illinois, 
Oct.  3,  1838,  aged  53.  He  was  a  member  of 
congress  from  Massachusetts  in  1821,  and  the 
author  of  Digest  of  twelve  vols.  of  Massachusetts 
Reports. 

BIGELOW,  JONATHAN,  died  Jan.  26,  1854, 
aged  90.  Born  in  Boylston,  he  graduated  at 
Brown  university  in  1816,  and  was  successively  a 
minister  at  Lubec  in  1821;  at  Rochester,  Mass., 
for  twenty  years  from  1828 ;  at  Euclid,  Oliio,  in 
1850,  where  his  labors  were  greatly  blessed.  He 


BIGELOW. 


BINGHAM. 


91 


was  regarded  as  a  scholar,  and  a  faithful  min 
ister. 

BIGELOW,  WILLIAM,  died  in  Boston,  Jan. 
12,  1844,  aged  70,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in 
1794.  He  was  a  teacher,  a  wit,  writer  of  po 
etry,  editor  of  several  periodicals,  and  author  of  a 
history  of  his  native  town,  Natick,  and  of  Sher- 
burne.  Unhappily  he  did  not  hold  the  mastery 
over  the  appetites,  which  lead  to  a  disregard  of 
the  laws  of  temperance. 

BIGOT,  VINCENT,  a  Jesuit  missionary,  was  em 
ployed  in  1697  by  Gen.  De  Denonville  to  collect 
a  village  of  the  Penobscot  Indians,  who  had  been 
dispersed,  in  order  to  counteract  the  designs  of 
Gov.  Andros.  It  would  seem,  that  he  had  been 
a  missionary  among  these  Indians  near  Penta- 
goet,  or  Penobscot,  for  some  years  before,  but 
had  been  driven  off  by  the  disputes  with  a  com 
pany  of  fishermen.  Bigot  returned,  says  Den 
onville,  "  at  my  request,  in  order  to  keep  the 
savages  in  our  interest,  which  they  had  aban 
doned."  Such  was  the  worldly  policy,  which 
produced  the  Jesuit  missions  in  Maine  ;  and  the 
Jesuits,  by  their  vows  of  obedience  being  subject 
to  their  superiors,  were  convenient  instruments 
of  politic  governors  and  adventurous  generals. 
Denonville,  in  a  memoir  which  he  prepared  after 
his  return  to  France,  ascribes  much  of  the  good 
understanding  which  had  been  preserved  with 
the  Abenaki  Indians,  to  the  influence  of  the  two 
father  Bigots  :  the  name  of  the  younger  was 
James.  Vincent  chiefly  resided  at  St.  Francois, 
among  the  Indians  there  assembled  by  the 
governor  of  Canada.  In  an  expedition  of  the 
Abenakis  against  New  England,  Bigot  accompa 
nied  them,  as  is  related  by  Charlevoix  under  the 
year  1721,  from  the  lips  of  the  missionary  him 
self,  and  witnessed  their  heroism  in  a  battle,  in 
which  at  the  odds  of  twenty  English  for  one  In 
dian  they  fought  a  whole  day,  and  without  the 
loss  of  a  man  strewed  the  field  of  battle  with  the 
dead  and  put  the  English  to  flight.  In  this 
story  there  is  as  much  truth,  as  in  father  Biart's 
miracle  on  the  Penobscot.  There  was  no  such 
battle  in  1721,  nor  in  any  other  year;  though  it 
is  true,  that  in  1724  many  Indians  with  father 
Rallc  fell  in  battle  at  Norridgewock,  Avithout  the 
loss  of  one  of  the  English.  Mr.  Southey  says : 
"  Let  any  person  compare  the  relations  of  our  Pro 
testant  missionaries  with  those  of  the  Jesuits,  Dom- 
incians,  Franciscans,  or  any  other  Ilomish  order, 
and  the  difference,  which  he  cannot  fail  to  per 
ceive,  between  the  plain  truth  of  the  one  and  the 
audacious  and  elaborate  mendacity  of  the  other, 
may  lead  him  to  a  just  inference  concerning  the 
two  churches."  —  Charlevoix,  I.  531,  559;  ill.  308; 
Southey's  Coll.  II.  374 ;  Maine  Hist.  Col.  I.  328. 

BIG  WARRIOR,  the  principal  chief  of  the 
Creek  nation,  died  Feb.  9,  1825.  With  a  colos 
sal  body,  he  had  a  mind  of  great  power.  In 


November,  1824,  he  and  Little  Prince  and  other 
chiefs,  signed  the  declaration  of  a  council  of  the 
tribe,  asserting  their  reluctance  to  sell  any  more 
land,  and  their  claims  to  justice,  and  describing 
the  progress  made  in  the  arts  of  civil  life.  They, 
who  think  the  Indians  incapable  of  civilization, 
may  be  surprised  to  learn,  that  the  upper  Creeks 
alone  had  manufactured  thirty  thousand  yards  of 
'  homespun.'  He  had  always  been  a  friend  of  the 
whites,  and  fought  for  them  in  many  a  battle. 

BILLINGS,  ASAIIEL,  died  at  Hardwick  July 
16,  1838,  aged  100 ;  an  officer  at  the  capture  of 
Burgoyne. 

BILLINGS,  BENJAMIN,  M.  D.,  died  at  Mans 
field,  Mass.,  Oct.  9,  1842,  aged  82.  He  was  a 
surgeon  in  the  Revolutionary  army. 

BINGHAM,  WILLIAM,  a  senator  of  the  United 
States,  was  graduated  at  the  college  of  Philadel 
phia  in  1768 ;  he  was  agent  for  his  country  at 
Martinique  in  the  period  of  the  Revolution  ;  in 
1786  he  was  a  delegate  to  congress  from  Pennsyl 
vania;  in  1795  he  succeeded  Mr.  Morris  as  sena 
tor.  Of  the  measures  of  Mr.  Adams'  adminis 
tration,  he  was  a  decided  advocate.  He  died  at 
Bath,  England,  Feb.  7,  1804,  aged  52.  He  mar 
ried  in  1780  Miss  Willing  of  Philadelphia ;  his 
son,  William,  married  in  Montreal  in  1822 ;  a 
daughter  was  married  to  a  son  of  Sir  Francis 
Baring.  He  purchased  about  the  year  1793  more 
than  two  millions  of  acres  of  land  in  Maine,  at  an 
eighth  of  a  dollar  per  acre,  or  for  more  than 
$250,000.  In  1715  Mr.  Greenleaf  calculated  the 
cost  to  have  amounted  to  forty-nine  cents  per 
acre,  when  perhaps  the  average  value  might  not 
exceed  seventeen  cents.  Mr.  B.  published  "  a 
letter  from  an  American  on  the  subject  of  the  re 
straining  proclamation,"  with  strictures  on  Lord 
Sheffield's  pamphlets,  1784;  description  of  cer 
tain  tracts  of  land  in  the  district  of  Maine,  1793. 

BINGHAM,  CALEB,  a  bookseller  of  Boston, 
died  April  6,  1817,  aged  60.  A  native  of  Salis 
bury,  Conn.,  he  was  the  son  of  Daniel,  and  a  de 
scendant  of  Thomas  of  Norwich.  By  his  mother 
lie  descended  from  R.  Conant.  He  was  gradu 
ated  at  Dartmouth  in  1782.  He  was  the  preceptor 
of  Moor's  academy  and  afterwards  for  many  years 
a  teacher  in  one  of  the  principal  schools  of  Boston. 
Quitting  the  toils  of  instruction,  he  kept  a  large 
book  shop  in  Cornhill,  Boston,  and  compiled  for 
the  benefit  of  youth  various  books,  some  of  which 
went  through  many  editions.  For  several  years 
he  was  a  director  of  the  State  prison,  in  which 
capacity  he  made  great  efforts  for  the  mental  im 
provement  of  the  younger  criminals.  In  his  pol 
itics  he  belonged  to  the  school  of  Mr.  Jefferson. 
He  had  a  character  of  strict  integrity  and  up 
rightness,  and  he  was  an  exemplary  professor  of 
religion.  A  daughter,  Sophia,  married  Col.  Tow- 
son  of  the  army.  He  published  an  interesting 
narrative,  entitled,  "  the  hunters  ;  "  young  lady's 


92 


BIXGIIAM. 


BISSELL. 


accidence,  1789;  epistolary  correspondence;  the 
Columbian  Orator,  1797;  Atala,  a  translation  from 
Chateaubriand.  The  sale  of  his  school  books  in 
editions  and  copies  was  as  follows  :  young  lady's 
accidence,  20  eds.,  100,000 :  child's  companion, 
20  eds.,  180,000;  American  preceptor,  04  eds., 
640,000 ;  Geographical  catechism,  22  eds.,  100,000 ; 
Columbian  orator,  23  eds.,  190,000 ;  Juvenile  let 
ters,  7  eds.,  25,000. 

BIXGIIAM,  JEREMIAH,  died  in  Cornwall,  Vt, 
in  1842,  aged  94.  Born  in  Norwich,  Conn.,  he 
was  a  useful  schoolmaster  in  Mass,  and  X.  II.  lie 
was  the  first  settler  in  C. :  through  his  efforts  a 
church  of  eight  persons  was  formed  in  1785. 

BIXGIIAM,  SIBYL  M.,  wife  of  Rev.  Hiram 
Bingham,  died  at  Easthampton,  Mass.,  in  March, 
1848,  aged  55.  She  was  a  missionary  at  the 
Sandwich  Islands  twenty  years. 

BLXKLEY,  ADAM,  colonel,  died  in  David 
son  co.,  Tenn.,  Eeb.  28,  1837,  aged  136.  He 
served  during  the  Revolutionary  war ;  then  mar 
ried  and  had  eleven  children. 

BIXXEY,  AMOS,  colonel,  died  in  Boston  Jan. 
10,  1833,  aged  60.  Born  at  Hull,  he  never  went 
to  school  one  day ;  yet  was  intelligent  and  capa 
ble.  He  was  navy  agent  in  Boston ;  a  Methodist, 
and  a  man  of  charity. 

BIKDSEYE,  NATHAN,  died  Jan.  28,  1818, 
aged  103.  He  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1736, 
and  was  ordained  the  fourth  pastor  of  West  Ha 
ven,  Oct.,  1742.  His  predecessors  were  Samuel 
Johnson,  Jonathan  Arnold,  and  Timothy  Allen ; 
his  successor  was  Xoah  "VVilliston.  After  being 
in  the  ministry  sixteen  years,  he  was  dismissed  in 
June,  1758,  and  retired  to  his  patrimonial  estate 
at  Oronoake  in  Stratford,  where  he  resided  sixty 
years,  till  his  death.  About  a  hundred  of  his  pos 
terity  were  present  at  his  funeral.  The  whole 
number  of  his  descendants  \vas  two  hundred  and 
fifty-eight,  of  whom  two  hundred  and  six  were 
living.  His  wife,  with  whom  he  had  lived  sixty- 
nine  years,  died  at  the  age  of  88.  By  her  he  had 
twelve  children,  alternately  a  boy  and  a  girl ;  he 
had  seventy-six  grandchildren  ;  one  hundred  and 
sixty-three  great-grandchildren ;  and  seven  of  the 
fifth  generation.  Of  all  the  branches  of  his  numer 
ous  family,  scattered  into  various  parts  of  the  United 
States,  not  one  of  them  had  been  reduced  to 
want.  Most  of  them  were  in  prosperous,  all  in 
comfortable  circumstances.  In  his  last  years  he 
occasionally  preached,  and  once  at  Stratford  to 
great  acceptance,  after  he  was  one  hundred  years 
old.  At  last  he  became  blind  and  deaf;  yet  his 
retentive  memory  and  sound  judgment  and  excel 
lent  temper  gave  an  interest  to  liis  conversation 
with  his  friends.  He  died  without  an  enemy,  in 
the  hope  of  a  happy  immortality.  According  to 
his  account  of  the  Indians  near  Stratford,  about 
the  year  1700  there  were  sixty  or  eighty  fighting 
men;  in  1761  but  three  or  four  men  were  left. 


However,  the  race  was  not  exterminated ;  for  of 
the  emigrants  there  lived  at  Kent  on  the  "  Ous- 
tonnoc  river"  one  hundred  and  twenty-seven  souls. 
—  Mass.  Hist.  Coll.  x.  111. 

BIRCH,  THOMAS,  died  in  Philadelphia  Jan. 
14,  1851,  aged  72 ;  an  artist.  He  was  distin 
guished  for  landscape  and  marine  painting,  de 
lighting  in  coast  and  river  scenes. 

BHICHARD,  SOLOMON,  M.  D.,  an  eminent 
physician,  died  at  Baltimore  Xov.  30,  1836,  aged 
77. 

BIRD,  ROBERT  M.,  M.  D.,  died  at  Philadel 
phia  Jan.  23,  1854,  aged  50.  He  was  one  of  the 
editors  and  proprietors  of  the  North  American  ; 
also  a  novel  writer,  author  of  Nick  of  the  Woods 
and  Peter  Pilgrim. 

BISHOP,  GEORGE,  a  Quaker,  published  "  New 
England  judged,  not  by  man's  but  by  the  Spirit 
of  the  Lord,  and  the  summe  sealed  up  of  New 
England's  persecutions,  being  a  brief  relation  of 
the  sufferings  of  the  Quakers  in  that  part  of 
America  from  the  beginning  of  the  5th  m.  1656, 
to  the  end  of  the  10th  m.  1660 :  wherein  the 
cruel  whippings  and  scourgings,  bonds  and  im 
prisonments,  &c.,  burning  in  the  hand  and  cutting 
off  of  ears,  banishment  upon  pain  of  death,  and 
putting  to  death,  &c.,  are  shortly  touched,  1661." 
He  gives  an  account  of  the  execution  of  Wm. 
Robinson,  Marmaduke  Stephcnson,  Mary  Dyer, 
and  William  Ledea,  for  returning  after  being 
banished  as  Quakers  ;  such  was  the  bloody  spirit 
of  persecution  in  men,  who  sought  liberty  of  con 
science  in  a  wilderness.  Among  the  banished 
was  Mary  Fisher,  who  travelled  as  far  as  Adrian- 
ople,  and  in  the  camp  of  the  grand  vizier  delivered 
her  message  "  from  the  great  God  to  the  great 
Turk."  Ilutchinson  remarks,  "  she  fared  better 
among  the  Turks,  than  among  the  Christians."  — 
Hutch,  i.  180. 

BISHOP,  ABRAHAM,  died  at  New  Haven  April 
28,  1844,  aged  81.  He  graduated  in  1778.  He 
was  a  zealous  political  writer  on  the  democratic  or 
republican  side,  and  for  twenty  years  collector  of 
the  port  of  New  Haven.  He  published  an  oration, 
1800  ;  proofs  of  a  conspiracy,  1802. 

BISHOP,  ROBERT  II.,  D.  D.,  died  at  College 
Hill,  Ohio,  April  29,  1855,  aged  78.  Boru  in 
Scotland,  he  graduated  at  Edinburgh  in  1794. 
Coming  to  this  country  in  1801,  he  was  a  teacher 
and  professor  in  various  seminaries,  and  president 
of  Miami  university.  At  his  death  he  was  a  pro 
fessor  in  Farmer's  college. 

BISSELL,  JOSIAII,  a  generous  philanthropist, 
died  in  April,  1831,  aged  40.  He  was  the  son  of 
Deacon  Josiah  Bissell.  About  the  year  1814  or 
1815  he  was  one  of  a  number  of  young  men,  who 
removed  from  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  to  the  new  town 
of  Rochester,  N.  Y.  The  increase  in  the  value  of 
the  land,  which  he  had  purchased,  made  him  rich  ; 
but  his  wealth  he  very  liberally  employed  in  pro- 


BISSELL, 


BLACKSTOXE. 


93 


moting  the  various  benevolent  operations  of  the 
day.  He  expended  many  thousands  of  dollars. 
Were  his  example  followed  by  the  rich,  the  face 
of  the  world  would  soon  be  renewed.  At  great 
expense  he  was  the  principal  promoter  of  the 
"  Pioneer  "  line  of  stages,  so  called,  which  did  not 
run  on  Sunday,  and  which  was  established  for  the 
sole  purpose  of  preventing  the  desecration  of  the 
holy  day.  His  piety  was  ardent ;  his  courage  un 
shaken  by  the  calumnies  and  rcvilings  of  men 
•who  preferred  gain  to  godliness.  As  he  had  lived 
for  Christ,  he  died  in  the  triumphs  of  faith. 
When  told  that  he  would  soon  die,  he  said,  "  Why 
should  I  be  afraid  to  die  ?  The  Lord  knows  I 
have  loved  lu's  cause  more  than  all  things  eke ;  I 
have  wronged  no  man  ;  I  possess  no  man's  goods ; 
I  am  at  peace  with  all  men ;  I  have  peace,  and 
trust,  and  confidence  ;  I  am  ready,  willing,  yea 
anxious  to  depart."  When  told  the  next  day  that 
he  was  better,  he  said,  "  I  desire  to  go :  my  face 
is  set."  "  Tell  my  children  to  choose  the  Lord 
Jesus  Christ  for  their  portion,  and  to  serve  him 
better  than  I  have  done.  Say  to  the  church, — go 
on  gloriously.  Say  to  impenitent  sinners,  —  if 
they  wish  to  know  the  value  of  religion,  look  at  a 
dying  bed." 

BISSELL,  EMERY,  Dr.,  died  in  Xorwalk  in 
1849,  aged  GO  ;  a  highly  respectable  physician. 

BIXBY,  SUSAX,  the  wife  of  M.  II.  Bixby,  a 
Baptist  missionary  in  Maulmain,  Burmah,  died  at 
Burlington,  Vt,,  Aug.  18,  18,30,  aged  26.  She 
went  out  to  Burmah  in  1833.  She  believed,  that 
more  than  one  soul  was  won  by  her  to  God's  ser 
vice. 

BLACK,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  died  in  Pittsburgh, 
Xov.,  1849,  aged  82 ;  one  of  the  early  settlers  of  P. 

BLACKBU11X,  SAMUEL,  general,  died  in  Bath 
county,  Va.,  March  2,  1835,  aged  77  ;  an  eminent 
lawyer  and  legislator.  By  his  Mill  he  liberated 
forty-six  slaves  and  provided  for  their  transporta 
tion  to  Liberia.  Did  he  misjudge  in  thinking  it 
an  act,  required  by  humanity  and  justice,  to  re 
store  freedom  to  his  slaves  ? 

BLACKBUHX,  GIDEOX,  D.  D.,  died  at  Car- 
linvllle,  111.,  Aug.  23,  1838,  an  eloquent  preacher 
for  forty  years.  He  organized  some  of  the  first 
churches  in  the  west.  From  1803  to  1809  he 
was  for  part  of  each  year  a  missionary  to  the 
Cherokces,  establishing  a  school  at  Ilywassee,  un 
der  the  general  assembly.  He  also  set  up  a 
school  in  Tennessee  in  1806. 

BLACK  DOG,  chief  of  the  Osages,died  March 
24,  1848. 

BLACK  HAWK,  an  Indian  chief,  died  Oct. 
3,  1838,  at  his  camp  on  the  river  DCS  Moincs, 
aged  73.  His  Indian  name  was  Muck-ker-ta-me- 
scheck-ker-kcrk. 

BLACK  HOOF,  a  chief  of  the  Shawanese 
tribe  of  Indians,  died  at  Wapaghkonnetta  in  Sept., 
1831,  aged  114  years.  In  war  he  had  been  a 


formidable  enemy,  though  the  latter  part  of  his 
warfaring  life  had  been  devoted  to  the  American 
cause.  He  was  at  St.  Clair's,  Harmer's,  and 
Crawford's  defeats,  and  perhaps  was  the  last  sur 
vivor  of  those  who  were  concerned  in  Braddock's 
defeat. 

BLACKMAX,  ADAM,  first  minister  of  Strat 
ford,  Conn.,  was  a  preacher  in  Liecestershire  and 
Derbyshire,  England.  Mr.  Goodwin  writes  the 
name  Blakeman.  After  he  came  to  this  country, 
he  preached  a  short  time  at  Scituate,  and  then  at 
Guilford ;  in  1640  he  was  settled  at  Stratford, 
where  he  died  in  1665.  His  successors  were 
Israel  Chauncey,  Timothy  Cutler,  Ilczekiah  Gould, 
Israliiah  Wetmore,  and  Mr.  Dutton,  afterwards 
professor  at  Yale.  Xotwithstanding  his  name, 
Mather  represents  him  as  for  his  holiness  "  purer 
than  snow,  whiter  than  milk."  With  almost  the 
same  name  as  Melancthon,  he  was  a  Melancthon 
among  the  reformers  of  Xew  Haven,  but  with  less 
occasion  than  the  German,  to  complain,  that  "  old 
Adam  was  too  hard  for  his  young  namesake." 
Mr.  Hooker  so  much  admired  the  plainness  and 
simplicity  of  his  preaching,  that  he  said,  if  he 
could  have  his  choice,  he  should  choose  to  live 
and  die  under  his  ministry.  His  son,  Benjamin, 
a  graduate  of  Harvard  college  in  1663,  preached 
for  a  time  at  Maiden,  but  left  that  place  in  1678; 
and  afterwards  at  Scarborough :  in  1683  he  was  a 
representative  of  Saco,  in  which  town  he  was  a 
large  landholder,  and  owner  of  all  the  mill  privi 
leges  on  the  east  side  of  the  river.  His  wife  died 
in  1715,  in  Boston.  —  Magnalia,  in.  94;  Fol- 
sorri's  Hist.  Saco,  164. 

BLACKMAX,  ELEAZER,  died  at  Hanover,  Pa., 
Xov.  4,  1845,  aged  85 ;  a  respected  citizen,  the 
last  survivor  of  the  massacre  of  Wyoming. 

BLACKSTOXE,  WILLIAM,  an  Episcopal  min 
ister,  and  the  first  inhabitant  of  Boston,  settled 
there  as  early  as  1625  or  1626 ;  and  there  he 
lived,  when  Gov.  Winthrop  arrived  in  the  summer 
of  1630  at  Charlestown,  the  records  of  which 
place  say :  "  Mr.  Blackstone,  dwelling  on  the 
other  side  of  Charles  river,  alone,  at  a  place  by 
the  Indians  called  Shawmut,  where  he  only  had 
a  cottage,  at  or  not  far  off  the  place,  called  Black- 
stone's  point,  he  came  and  acquainted  the  gover 
nor  of  an  excellent  spring  there,  withal  inviting 
him  and  soliciting  him  thither  ;  whereupon,  after 
the  death  of  Mr.  Johnson  and  divers  others,  the 
governor,  with  Mr.  Wilson,  and  the  greatest  part 
of  the  church,  removed  thither."  Though  Mr. 
Blackstone  had  first  occupied  the  peninsula,  or 
Trimountain ;  yet  all  the  right  of  soil,  which  the 
charter  could  give,  was  held  by  the  governor  and 
company.  In  their  regard  to  equity  they  at  a 
court,  April  1,  1633,  agreed  to  give  him  fifty  acres 
near  his  house  in  Boston  to  enjoy  forever.  In 
1634  he  sold  the  company  this  estate,  probably 
for  thirty  pounds,  which  was  raised  by  an  assess- 


94: 


BLAIR. 


ment  of  six  shillings  or  more  on  each  inhabitant. 
With  the  proceeds  he  purchased  cattle,  and  re 
moved,  probably  in  1635,  to  Pawtucket  river,  now 
bearing  his  name,  Blackstone  river,  a  few  miles 
north  of  Providence,  near  the  southern  part  of 
the  town  of  Cumberland.  He  was  married  July 
4,  1659,  to  widow  Sarah  Stephenson,  who  died 
June,  1673.  He  died  May  26,  1675,  having  lived 
in  New  England  fifty  years.  His  residence  was 
about  two  miles  north  of  Pawtucket,  on  the  east 
ern  bank  of  the  Blackstone  river,  and  within  a 
few  rods  of  Whipple's  bridge.  From  his  house 
a  long  extent  of  the  river  could  be  seen  to  the 
south.  The  cellar  and  well  are  at  this  day  recog 
nized.  A  small  round  eminence  west  of  his  house 
is  called  Study  Hill,  from  its  being  his  place  of  re 
tirement  for  study.  His  grave  near  his  house  was 
marked  by  a  large  round  white  stone.  —  Holmes, 
I.  377;  2  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.,  x.  171;  ix.  174; 
Savage's  Winthrop,  I.  44;  Everett's  Address, 
Second  Cent.,  29. 

BLAIR,  JAMES,  first  president  of  William  and 
Mary  college,  Virginia,  and  a  learned  divine,  died 
Aug.  1,  1743,  in  a  good  old  age.  He  was  born 
and  educated  in  Scotland,  where  he  obtained  a 
benefice  in  the  Episcopal  church.  On  account  of 
the  unsettled  state  of  religion,  which  then  existed 
in  that  kingdom,  he  quitted  his  preferments  and 
went  into  England  near  the  end  of  the  reign  of 
Charles  II.  The  bishop  of  London  prevailed  on 
him  to  go  to  Virginia,  as  a  missionary,  about  the 
year  1685 ;  and  in  that  colony  by  his  exemplary 
conduct  and  unwearied  labors  in  the  work  of  the 
ministry  he  much  promoted  religion,  and  gained 
to  himself  esteem  and  reputation.  In  1689  he 
was  appointed  by  the  bishop,  ecclesiastical  commis 
sary,  the  lu'ghest  office  in  the  church  which  could 
be  given  him  in  the  province.  This  appointment, 
however,  did  not  induce  him  to  relinquish  the  pas 
toral  office,  for  it  was  his  delight  to  preach  the 
gospel  of  salvation. 

Perceiving  that  the  want  of  schools  and  semi 
naries  for  literary  and  religious  instruction  would 
in  a  great  degree  defeat  the  exertions,  which  were 
making  in  order  to  propagate  the  gospel,  he 
formed  the  design  of  establishing  a  college  at 
Williamsburg.  For  this  purpose  he  solicited 
benefactions  in  tin's  country,  and  by  direction  of 
the  assembly  made  a  voyage  to  England  in  1691 
to  obtain  the  patronage  of  the  government.  A 
charter  was  procured  in  this  year  with  liberal  en 
dowments,  and  he  was  named  in  it  as  the  first 
president ;  but  it  does  not  appear  that  he  entered 
on  the  duties  of  his  office  before  the  year  1729, 
from  which  period  till  1742  he  discharged  them 
with  faithfulness.  The  college  however  did  not 
flourish  very  greatly  during  his  presidency,  nor 
for  many  years  afterwards.  The  wealthy  farmers 
were  in  the  habit  of  sending  their  sons  to  Europe 
for  their  education.  After  a  life  of  near  sixty 


BLAIR. 

years  in  the  ministry,  he  died,  and  went  to  enjoy 
;he  glory  for  which  he  was  destined.  Mr.  Blair 
was  for  some  time  president  of  the  council  of  the 
:olony,  and  rector  of  Wiiliamsburg.  He  was  a 
faithful  laborer  in  the  vineyard  of  his  Master,  and 
an  ornament  to  his  profession  and  to  the  several 
offices,  which  he  sustained.  He  published  :  our 
Saviour's  divine  sermon  on  the  mount,  in  divers 
sermons  and  discourses,  4  vol.  8vo.,  London, 
1742.  Tlu's  work  is  spoken  of  with  high  appro 
bation  by  Dr.  Doddridge,  and  by  Dr.  Williams  in 
his  Christian  preacher.  —  Introduction  to  the 
above  work ;  Miller's  Heir.,  II.  335,  336 ;  New 
and  Gen.  Biog.  Diet. ;  Burnefs  Hist,  own  limes, 
II.  129,  120. 

BLAIR,  SAMUEL,  a  learned  minister  in  Penn 
sylvania,  died  about  1751.  He  was  a  native  of 
Ireland.  He  came  to  America  very  early  in  life, 
and  was  one  of  Mr.  Tennent's  pupils  in  his  acad 
emy  at  Neshaminy.  About  the  year  1745  he 
himself  opened  an  academy  at  Fog's  manor, 
Chester  county,  with  particular  reference  to  the 
study  of  theology  as  a  science.  He  also  took 
the  pastoral  charge  of  the  church  in  that  place; 
but  such  was  his  zeal  to  do  good,  that  he  did  not 
confine  himself  to  his  own  society,  but  often  dis 
pensed  the  precious  truths  of  heaven  to  destitute 
congregations.  His  brother  succeeded  him  in  the 
care  of  the  church. 

Mr.  Blair  was  one  of  the  most  learned  and  able, 
as  well  as  pious,  excellent,  and  venerable  men  of 
his  day.  He  was  a  profound  divine  and  a  most 
solemn  and  impressive  preacher.  To  his  pupils 
he  was  himself  an  excellent  model  of  pulpit  elo 
quence.  In  his  life  he  gave  them  an  admirable 
example  of  Christian  meekness,  of  ministerial 
diligence,  of  candor,  and  Catholicism,  without  a 
dereliction  of  principle.  He  was  eminently  ser 
viceable  to  the  part  of  the  country  where  he  lived, 
not  only  as  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  but  as  a 
teacher  of  human  knowledge.  From  his  acad 
emy,  that  school  of  the  prophets,  as  it  was  fre 
quently  called,  there  issued  forth  many  excellent 
pupils,  who  did  honor  to  their  instructor,  both  as 
scholars  and  Christian  ministers.  Among  the 
distinguished  characters,  who  received  their  classi 
cal  and  theological  education  at  this  seminary, 
were  his  nephew,  Alexander  Gumming,  Samuel 
Davies,  Dr.  Rodgers  of '  New  York,  and  James 
Finley,  Hugh  Henry,  and  a  number  of  other  re 
spectable  clergymen.  Mr.  Davies,  after  being 
informed  of  his  sickness,  wrote  respecting  him 
to  a  friend  the  following  lines  : 

"  0,  had  you  not  the  mournful  news  divulg'd, 
My  mind  had  still  the  pleasing  drc;im  indulg'd, 
Still  fancied  Blair  with  health  and  vigor  biess'd, 
With  some  grand  purpose  lab'ring  in  his  breast, 
In  studious  thought  pursuing  truth  divine; 
Till  the  full  demonstration  round  him  shine; 
Or  from  the  sacred  desk  proclaiming  loud 
His  master's  message  to  the  attentive  crowd, 


BLAIR. 


BLAIR. 


95 


While  heavenly  truth  with  bright  conviction  glares. 
And  coward  error  shrinks  and  disappears, 
While  quick  remorse  the  hardy  sinner  feels, 
And  Calvary's  balm  the  bleeding  conscience  heals.'' 

lie  published  animadversions  on  the  reasons  of 
A.  Creaghead  for  quitting  the  Presbyterian  church, 
1742;  a  narrative  of  a  revival  of  religion  in  sev 
eral  parts  of  Pennsylvania,  1744.  —  Miller's  Rctr. 
n.  343 ;  Mass.  Miss.  Magazine,  in.  363  ;  JJa- 
vics'  Life. 

BLAIR,  JOHN,  an  eminent  minister  in  Penn 
sylvania,  was  ordained  to  the  pastoral  charge  of 
three  congregations  in  Cumberland  county  as 
early  as  1742.  These  were  frontier  settlements 
and  exposed  to  depredations  in  the  Indian  wars, 
and  he  was  obliged  to  remove.  He  accepted  a 
call  from  Fog's  manor  in  Chester  county,  in  1757. 
This  congregation  had  been  favored  with  the 
ministry  of  his  brother,  Samuel  Blair ;  and  here 
he  continued  about  nine  years,  besides  discharging 
the  duties  of  the  ministry,  superintending  also  a 
flourishing  grammar  school,  and  preparing  many 
young  men  for  the  ministry.  "When  the  presi 
dency  of  New  Jersey  college  became  vacant,  he 
was  chosen  professor  of  divinity  and  had  for  some 
time  the  charge  of  that  seminary  before  the  arri 
val  of  Dr.  Witherspoon.  After  this  event  he  set 
tled  at  "Walkill  in  the  State  of  New  York.  Here 
he  labored  a  while  with  his  usual  faithfulness,  and 
finished  his  earthly  course  Dec.  8,  1771,  aged 
about  5 1  years. 

He  was  a  judicious  and  persuasive  preacher, 
and  through  his  exertions  sinners  were  converted 
and  the  children  of  God  edified.  Fully  convinced 
of  the  doctrines  of  grace,  he  addressed  immortal 
souls  with  that  warmth  and  power,  which  left  a 
witness  in  every  bosom.  Though  he  sometimes 
wrote  his  sermons  in  full,  yet  his  common  mode 
of  preaching  was  by  short  notes,  comprising  the 
general  outlines.  His  labors  were  too  abundant 
to  admit  of  more ;  and  no  more  was  necessary  to 
a  mind  so  richly  stored,  and  so  constantly  im 
pressed  with  the  great  truths  of  religion.  For 
his  large  family  he  had  amassed  no  fortune,  but 
he  left  them  what  was  infinitely  better,  a  religious 
education,  a  holy  example,  and  prayers,  which 
have  been  remarkably  answered.  —  His  disposition 
was  uncommonly  patient,  placid,  benevolent,  dis 
interested,  and  cheerful.  He  was  too  mild  to 
indulge  bitterness  or  severity,  and  he  thought  that 
truth  required  little  else  than  to  be  fairly  stated 
and  properly  understood.  Those,  who  could  not 
relish  the  savor  of  his  piety,  loved  lu'm  as  an 
amiable,  and  revered  him  as  a  great  man.  In  his 
last  sickness  he  imparted  his  advice  to  the  con 
gregation,  and  represented  to  his  family  the 
necessity  of  an  interest  in  Christ.  A  few  nights 
before  he  died  he  said,  "Directly  I  am  going 
to  glory.  My  Master  calls  me ;  I  must  be  gone." 
He  published  a  few  occasional  sermons  and  tracts 


in  defence  of  important,  truths.  —  Evang.  Intellig. 
I.  241-244. 

BLAIR,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Boston,  the  son 
of  Rev.  Samuel  Blair,  died  Sept.  24,  1818,  aged 
77.  He  was  born  at  Fog's  manor  in  1741. 
After  being  graduated  at  the  college  of  New 
Jersey  in  1760,  he  was  a  tutor  in  that  seminary. 
He  was  settled  as  colleague  with  ]  )r.  Sewall  over 
the  old  south  church  in  Boston  Nov.  26,  1766. 
He  had  been  previously  ordained  as  a  Presbyte 
rian.  In  the  next  year  he  was  chosen  president 
of  the  college  in  New  Jersey,  as  successor  of 
Finlcy,  but  he  declined  the  appointment,  in  con 
sequence  of  the  ascertained  willingness  of  Dr. 
Withcrspoon  to  accept  the  place,  which  at  first 
he  had  rejected.  By  reason  of  ill  health  and 
some  difficulty  respecting  the  half-way  covenant, 
Mr.  Blair  was  dismissed  Oct.  10, 1769.  He  never 
resumed  a  pastoral  charge.  During  the  last 
years  of  his  life  he  resided  at  Germantown,  where 
he  died  suddenly.  lie  was  succeeded  by  Mr. 
Bacon  and  Mr.  Hunt.  Distinguished  for  talents 
and  learning,  he  was  in  preaching,  with  a  feeble 
voice,  a  master  of  the  touching  and  pathetic.  He 
married  in  1769  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Shippcn,  the 
elder,  of  Philadelphia :  his  daughter  married 
Charles  Pierce.  He  published  an  oration  on  the 
death  of  George  II.,  1761.—  Wisner's  Hist.  0.  S. 
CJntrcJi,  31  ;  Green's  Discourses,  392,  396. 

BLAIR,  JOHN,  one  of  the  associate  judges  of 
the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States,  died  at 
Williamsburg  in  Virginia  August  31,  1800,  aged 
68.  He  was  a  judge  of  the  court  of  appeals  in 
Virginia  in  1787,  at  which  time  the  legislature 
of  that  State,  finding  the  judiciary  system  incon 
venient,  established  circuit  courts,  the  duties  of 
which  they  directed  the  judges  of  the  court  of 
appeals  to  perform.  These  judges,  among  whose 
names  are  those  of  Blair,  Pendleton,  and  Wythe, 
remonstrated  and  declared  the  act  unconstitu 
tional.  In  the  same  year,  he  was  a  member  of 
the  general  convention,  which  formed  the  con 
stitution  of  the  United  States.  To  that  instrument 
the  names  of  Blair  and  Madison  arc  affixed  as 
the  deputies  from  Virginia.  In  September,  1789, 
when  the  government,  which  he  had  assisted  in 
establishing,  had  commenced  its  operation,  he 
was  appointed  by  Washington  an  associate  judge 
of  the  supreme  court,  of  which  John  Jay  was 
chief  justice.  He  was  an  amiable,  accomplished, 
and  truly  virtuous  man.  He  discharged  with 
ability  and  integrity  the  duties  of  a  number  of 
the  highest  and  most  important  public  trusts; 
and  in  these,  as  well  as  in  the  relations  of  private 
life,  his  conduct  was  upright,  and  so  blameless, 
that  he  seldom  or  never  lost  a  friend  or  made 
an  enemy.  Through  life  he  in  a  remarkable 
manner  experienced  the  truth  of  our  Saviour's 
declaration,  "Blessed  are  the  meek,  for  they  shall 
inherit  the  earth ; "  and  at  death  lie  illustrated 


96 


BLAKE. 


BLANC. 


the  force  of  the  exclamation,  "  Let  me  die  the !  Lexington  with  the  militia  from  Wrentham,  and 

death  of  the  righteous,  and  let  my  last  end  be  i  served  in  the  war. 

like  his."—  Claypoole's   Adv.,  Sept.    12,  1800;;      BLAKE,  JAMES,  died  at  Dorchester  May  22, 


MarshaU,\.  216. 

BLAKE,  JOSEPH,  governor  of  South  Carolina, 


1753,  aged  65 ;  the  author  of   annals  of   Dor 
chester. 

BLAKE,  THOMAS  DAWES,  doctor,  died  in  Farm- 


was  a  proprietary  and  a  nephew  of  the  famous 
Admiral  Blake.  He  succeeded  Gov.  Thomas  Smith  ington,  Me.,  Nov.  20,  1849,  aged  81,  an  eminent 
in  1694,  and  Archdale  in  1696,  and  was  himself  physician.  He  was  a  native  of  Boston, 
succeeded  by  James  Moore  in  1700.  During  j  BLAKELEY,  JOHXSTOX,  a  captain  in  the  navy, 
Blake's  administration  a  set  of  forty-one  articles,  [  ^-as  born  in  Ireland  in  1781.  After  lu's  father's 
called  "  the  last  fundamental  constitutions,"  was  j  removal  to  Wilmington,  N.  C.,  he  passed  a  few 
sent  from  England  by  the  Earl  of  Bath,  the  pala-  j  years  in  the  university  of  that  State.  In  the  year 
tine,  and  other  patentees ;  but  the  change  in  the  j  igQO  he  obtained  a  midshipman's  warrant.  Ap- 
government  was  never  confirmed  by  the  Carolina  |  pointed  to  the  command  of  the  Wasp,  in  1814 
assembly.  Mr.  Blake  died  in  1700.  Although  j  he  captured  and  burnt  the  Reindeer,  after  an 
a  dissenter,  yet  with  a  highly  honorable  spirit  of  action  of  nineteen  minutes,  with  the  loss  of  twenty- 
liberality  he  prevailed  on  the  assembly  to  settle  one  men ;  the  enemy  lost  sixty-seven.  In  an 


on  the  Episcopal  minister  of  Charleston  150 
pounds  a  year,  and  to  furnish  him  with  a  house, 
glebe,  and  two  servants.  A  very  different,  an  in 
tolerant  and  persecuting  spirit  was  manifested 


action  Sept.  1,  1814,  the  Avon  struck  to  him, 
though  the  approach  of  other  vessels  prevented 
his  taking  possession  of  her.  The  last  account 
of  the  Wasp  is,  that  she  was  spoken  off  the  West- 


towards  the  dissenters  in  the  subsequent  admin-  ]  ern   Isles.     In  what    manner   Blakeley  died  is, 
istration  of  Johnson.  —  Univ.  Hist.  XL.  427.         j  therefore,   not  known.     His  Avife  and  an  infant 
BLAKE,    JAMKS,   a   preacher,   died  Nov.   17,  i  daughter    survived.     The    legislature  of   North 


1771,  aged  21.  He  was  a  native  of  Dorchester, 
and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1769.  In  col 
lege  he  was  distinguished  by  the  sweetness  of 
his  temper  and  the  purity  of  his  morals.  He 
conciliated  the  love  of  his  fellow  students,  and 
the  high  approbation  of  his  instructors.  After 
pursuing  for  some  time  his  theological  studies 
under  the  care  of  Mr.  Smith  of  Weymouth,  he 
began  with  reluctance  at  a  very  early  period  the 


Carolina  passed  the  resolution  that  this  child  "  be 
educated  at  the  expense  of  the  State." 

BLAKEMAX,  ADAM,  first  minister  of  Strat 
ford,  died  in  1665.  His  son  Benjamin,  a  graduate 
of  Harvard  in  1663,  was  a  preacher  at  Maiden. 
The  catalogue  has  the  name  Blackman. 

BLANC,  VIXCEXT  LE,  a  traveller  in  Asia,  Af 
rica,  and  America,  from  the  age  of  twelve  to  sixty, 
gives  an  account  of  Canada  in  his  book,  entitled, 


important  work  of  the  ministry.  A  small  volume  «  Les  Voyages  fameux,  &c.,"  1648.  Though  his 
of  his  sermons,  which  was  published  by  his  friends  j  narrative  is  in  some  respects  valuable,  yet  it  is 
after  his  death,  displays  a  strength  of  mind  and  j  confused,  with  little  regard  to  dates,  and  tolerant 
a  knowledge  of  theoretical  and  practical  divinity  j  towards  fables.  The  author  speaks  of  the  giant 
very  uncommon  in  a  person  so  young.  His  ser-  j  stature  of  the  Indians.  —  Charlevoix,  I.  4. 
mons  also  indicate  a  warmth  of  pious  feeling,  j  BLANC,  JEAX  LE,  chief  of  the  Outaouais,  or 
honorable  to  his  character.  —  P>'ff-  to  his  Serm.  Ottaway  Indians,  —  called  Lc  Blanc,  because  his 


Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  ix.  189. 


mother  was   as  white  as  a  French  woman,  —  was 


BLAKE,  GEOUGE,  died  at  Boston  Oct.  6, 1841,  a  chief  of  talents,  and  difficult  to  be  won  by  the 
aged  73.  A  graduate  of  1789,  he  was  a  lawyer  !  governor.  He  rescued  the  Father  Constantin, 
of  eminence,  and  United  States  attorney  for  Mas-  -who  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  Indians, 
sachusetts.  He  published  an  oration  at  Boston  |  In  1707  he  appeared  before  the  governor  at  Mont- 
July  4,  1795 ;  masonic  eulogy  on  Washington,  real  and  excused  his  tribe  for  some  disorders. 
1800.  j  This  chief,  whom  Charlevoix  denominates  a  bad 

BLAKE,  FRAXCIS,  brother  of  the  preceding,  I  Christian  and  a  great  drunkard,  was  asked  by 
a  graduate  of  1789,  died  at  Worcester  in  1817.  j  Frontenac,  of  what  he  supposed  the  water  of 
He  published  orations,  1796  and  1812,  and  exam-  j  life,  or  rum,  for  which  he  was  so  greedy,  was 


ination  of  embargo  laws,  1808. 


composed;    he   replied,  —  "It   is   an   extract  of 


BLAKE,  JOHN,  general,  died  in  Bangor  Jan.  tongues  and  hearts  ;  for  Avhen  I  have  been  drink- 
21,  1842,  aged  89;  —  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution.  •  ing  it,  I  fear  nothing  and  talk  marvellously." 

BLAKE,  CALEB,  minister  of  Westford  forty-  !  Hc  might  have  added,  —  "  It  is  the  essence  of  folly 
five  years,  died  May  11,  1847,  aged  85.  He  was  !  and  madness;  for  when  I  have  swallowed  it,  I 
a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1784.  He  published  j  play  the  part  of  a  fool  and  a  madman."  Yet  the 


a  sermon  before  a  charitable  socictv,  1815. 


governor,  De  Callieres,  was  very  careful  never  to 


BLAKE,  ELEAZAR,  deacon,  died  in  Ilindgc  in  j  send  away  a  chief  until  after   "  regaling  "  him. 
Oct.,  1852,  aged  95.     He  was  in  the  battle  of  j  Thus,  from  policy  and  covetousness,  have  drunk- 


BLAND. 


BLEECKER. 


97 


ards  had  the  poison  dealt  out  to  them  from  age 
to  age.  —  Charlei-oix,  II.  274,  311;  m.  30G. 

BLAND,  RICHARD,  a  political  writer,  died  in 
1778.  He  was  for  some  years  a  principal  mem 
ber  of  the  house  of  burgesses  in  Virginia.  In 
17G8  he  was  one  of  the  committee  to  remonstrate 
with  parliament  on  the  subject  of  taxation;  in 
177.3  one  of  the  committee  of  correspondence; 
in  1774  a  delegate  to  Congress.  He  was  again 
chosen  a  deputy  to  Congress  Aug.  12,  1775 ;  in 
returning  thanks  for  this  appointment  he  spoke 
of  himself  as  "  an  old  man,  almost  deprived  of 
sight,  whose  great  ambition  had  ever  been  to 
receive  the  plaudit  of  his  country,  whenever  he 
should  retire  from  the  public  stage  of  life."  The 
honor,  which  cometh  from  God,  would  have  been 
a  higher  aim.  Though  he  declined  the  appoint 
ment  from  old  age,  he  declared  he  should  ever 
be  animated  "  to  support  the  glorious  cause,  in 
which  America  was  engaged."  Francis  L.  Lee 
was  appointed  in  his  place.  Mr.  Wirt  speaks 
of  him  as  "  one  of  the  most  enlightened  men  in 
the  colony ;  a  man  of  finished  education  and  of 
the  most  unbending  habits  of  application.  His 
perfect  mastery  of  every  fact  connected  with  the 
settlement  and  progress  of  the  colony  had  given 
him  the  name  of  the  Virginia  antiquary.  He  was 
a  politician  of  the  first  class,  a  profound  logician, 
and  was  also  considered  as  the  first  writer  in  the 
colony."  He  published  in  1766  an  inquiry  into 
the  rights  of  the  British  colonies,  in  answer  to  a 
pamphlet  published  in  London  in  the  preceding 
year,  entitled,  regulations  lately  made  concerning 
the  colonies,  and  taxes  imposed  on  them,  consid 
ered.  This  was  one  of  the  three  productions  of 
Virginia  during  the  controversy  with  Great  Britain ; 
the  other  writers  were  Arthur  Lee  and  Jefferson. 
Rewrote  also  in  1758  on  the  controversy  between 
the  clergy  and  the  assembly  concerning  the  to 
bacco  tax  for  the  support  of  the  clergy.  —  Jeffer 
son's  Notes,  qu.  23  ;  Wirt's  Life  of  Henry,  46. 

BLAND,  THEODORIC,  a  worthy  patriot  and 
statesman,  died  at  New  York  while  attending  con 
gress,  June  1,  1790,  aged  48.  He  was  a  native 
of  Virginia,  and  descended  from  an  ancient  and 
respectable  family.  He  was  bred  to  the  science 
of  physic;  but  upon  the  commencement  of  the 
American  war  he  quitted  the  practice,  and  took 
an  active  part  in  the  cause  of  his  country.  He 
soon  rose  to  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  had  the 
command  of  a  regiment  of  dragoons.  While  in 
the  army  he  frequently  signalized  himself  by  bril 
liant  actions.  In  the  year  1780  he  was  elected 
to  a  seat  in  congress.  He  continued  in  that  body 
three  years,  .the  time  allowed  by  the  confedera 
tion.  After  the  expiration  of  this  term  he  again 
returned  to  Virginia,  and  was  chosen  a  member 
of  the  State  legislature.  He  opposed  the  adop 
tion  of  the  constitution,  believing  it  to  be  repugnant 
to  the  interests  of  his  country,  and  was  in  the 

13 


minority  that  voted  against  its  ratification.  But, 
when  it  was  at  length  adopted,  he  submitted  to 
the  voice  of  the  majority.  He  was  chosen  to  rep 
resent  the  district  in  which  he  lived,  in  the  first 
congress  under  the  constitution.  When  the  sub 
ject  of  the  assumption  of  the  State  debts  was 
debated  in  March,  1790,  he  made  a  speech  in 
favor  of  the  assumption,  differing  in  respect  to 
this  measure  from  all  his  colleagues.  In  this 
speech  he  expressed  his  attachment  to  the  con 
stitution  as  amended,  though  he  wished  for  more 
amendments,  and  declared  his  dread  of  silent 
majorities  on  questions  of  great  and  general  con 
cern.  He  was  honest,  open,  candid;  and  his 
conduct  was  such  in  his  intercourse  with  mankind, 
as  to  secure  universal  respect.  Though  a  legis 
lator,  he  was  not  destitute  of  a  genius  for  poetry. 
—  Gazette  of  the  U.  S.,  April  17  and  June  5, 
1790. 

BLAND,  THEODORIC,  died  at  Annapolis  Nov. 
16,  1846,  aged  69.  For  twenty-two  years  he  was 
chancellor  of  Maryland. 

BLATCHFORD,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  minister  of 
Lansingburg,  N.  Y.,  died  March  17,  1828,  aged 
60.  He  was  a  native  of  Plymouth,  England, 
wrhere  he  was  educated  and  became  a  dissenting 
minister.  In  1795  he  emigrated  to  the  United 
States :  after  a  residence  of  one  year  at  Bedford, 
Westchester  county,  he  succeeded  Dr.  Dwight 
at  Greenfield ;  subsequently  he  was  the  minister 
at  Bridgeport,  whence  he  was  invited  to  Lansing- 
burg  in  1804.  —  His  son,  Henry  Blatchford,  who 
had  been  pastor  of  the  Branch  church,  Salem, 
Mass.,  and  thence  removed  to  Lansingburg,  died 
in  Maryland  Sept.,  1822,  aged  34.  — Dr.  Blatch 
ford  was  a  sound  scholar  and  theologian,  and  as 
a  pastor  kind,  persuasive,  and  often  eloquent  in 
his  manner.  He  was  endeared  to  his  acquaint 
ance  by  his  estimable  virtues  and  his  Christian 
graces. 

BLATCHFORD,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  the  son  of  the 
preceding,  died  at  the  house  of  his  son-in-law,  M. 
Collins,  in  St.  Louis,  April  8,  1855,  aged  56.  He 
was  for  some  years  the  minister  of  the  Presbyte 
rian  church  in  Chicago.  His  last  residence  was 
at  Quincy,  Illinois. 

BLAUVELT,  ISAAC,  a  minister,  died  in  New 
Rochelle  April,  1841,  aged  90,  in  the  peace  and 
hope  of  the  gospel. 

BLEDSOE,  JESSE,  died  in  Kentucky  June  30, 
1837.  He  may  be  held  up  as  a  beacon  and  a 
warning  to  others.  A  lawyer,  a  senator  of  the 
United  States  in  1813,  professor  of  law  in  the 
university,  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Kentucky ;  of  talents,  eloquence,  and  unequalled 
influence  for  a  time,  he  yet  in  consequence  of 
intemperance  became  a  miserable  outcast  and 
wanderer. 

BLEECKER,  ANN  ELIZA,  a  lady  of  some  liter 
ary  celebrity  in  New  York,  died  Nov.  23,  1783, 


98 


BLEECKER. 


BLISS. 


aged  31.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Brandt 
Schuylcr,  and  was  born  in  October,  1 752.  From 
early  life  she  was  passionately  fond  of  books.  In 
1769  she  was  married  to  John  I.  Bleecker,  Esq., 
of  New  Ilochelle,  and  removed  to  Poughkeepsie, 
and  shortly  afterwards  to  Tomhanic,  a  beautiful, 
solitary  village,  eighteen  miles  above  Albany, 
where  she  lived  a  number  of  years  in  great  tran 
quillity  and  happiness.  But  the  approach  of  Bur- 
goync's  army  in  1777  drove  her  from  her  retreat 
in  circumstances  of  terror.  She  fled  on  foot  with 
her  two  little  daughters,  and  obtained  shelter  for 
the  night  at  Stone  Arabia.  In  a  few  days  she 
lost  the  youngest  of  her  children.  This  affliction 
cast  a  gloom  over  her  mind ;  and  possessing  an 
excessive  sensibility,  though  not  unacquainted 
with  religious  consolations,  she  was  unable  to  sup 
port  the  Aveight  of  her  troubles.  After  the  peace 
she  revisited  New  York  to  awaken  afresh  the 
scenes  of  her  childhood ;  but  the  dispersion  of 
her  friends,  and  the  desolation,  which  everywhere 
presented  itself  to  her  sight,  overwhelmed  her. 
She  returned  to  her  cottage,  where  she  died.  She 
was  the  friend  of  the  aged  and  infirm,  and  her 
kindness  and  benevolence  to  the  poor  of  the  vil 
lage,  where  she  lived,  caused  her  death  to  be  deeply 
lamented.  After  her  death,  some  of  her  writings 
were  collected  and  published,  in  1793,  under 
the  title  of  the  posthumous  works  of  Ann  Eliza 
Bleecker,  in  prose  and  verse.  To  this  work  are 
prefixed  memoirs  of  her  life,  written  by  her 
daughter,  Margaretta  V.  Faugeres.  There  is 
also  added  to  the  volume  a  collection  of  Mrs. 
Faugeres'  essays.  —  Hardies  Biog.  Diet. ;  Spec. 
Amer.  Poetry,  I.  211-220. 

BLEECKER,  ANTHONY,  a  poet,  was  born  about 
the  year  1778  and  educated  at  Columbia  college 
in  the  city  of  New  York.  The  circumstances  of 
his  family  constrained  him  to  study  law,  though 
he  never  succeeded  as  an  advocate  in  consequence 
of  an  unconquerable  diffidence,  a  somewhat  rare 
failing  in  a  lawyer.  Yet  was  he  respected  in  his 
profession  for  his  learning  and  integrity.  After 
a  short  illness  he  died  in  the  spring  of  1827, 
aged  49  years.  For  tlu'rty  years  the  periodical 
literature  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia  was 
constantly  indebted  to  his  fancy  and  good  taste. 
—  Spec.  Amer.  Poetry,  n.  381-386. 

BLEECKER,  HARMANUS,  died  in  Albany  in 
July,  1849,  aged  70.  lie  was  the  son  of  Jacob 
B.,  a  respected  merchant,  and  a  descendant  of 
John  Jansen  B.  As  a  lawyer  he  was  associated 
with  Theodore  Sedgwick.  As  a  member  of  con 
gress  he  opposed  the  war  of  1812.  Mr.  Van 
Buren  appointed  him  minister  to  Holland.  With 
the  Dutch  language  he  was  perfectly  acquainted ; 
in  Holland  he  married  a  Dutch  lady  of  beauty 
and  accomplishments.  He  was  himself  of  pleas 
ing  manners  and  great  dignity :  and  he  had  a 
deep  sense  of  justice  and  an  unfailing  regard  to  it. 


BLENNERHASSETT,  HARMAN,  died  in  the 
island  of  Guernsey,  in  1831,  aged  63.  His  widow, 
Margaret,  died  in  New  York  in  utter  poverty  in 
1842.  He  was  an  Englishman  of  wealth  and 
well  educated,  who  came  to  Marietta  in  1797. 
He  bought  a  plantation  of  one  hundred  and  seventy 
acres  on  a  beautiful  island  in.  the  Ohio,  fourteen 
miles  below  the  Muskingum,  in  Virginia,  now 
known  by  his  name.  His  mansion  and  improve 
ments  cost  40,000  dollars.  He  was  a  man  of 
science  and  taste,  and  his  wife  was  most  beautiful 
and  accomplished,  skilled  in  French  and  Italian. 
His  home  was  a  scene  of  enchantment.  But  now, 
in  1806,  came  the  destroyer,  Aaron  Burr,  and 
persuaded  him  to  engage  in  his  projects.  In  con 
sequence  he  fled  from  the  island;  was  tried  for 
treason;  and  had  heavy  debts  to  pay,  contracted 
for  Burr.  He  next  lived  ten  years  in  Mississippi, 
and  thence  removed  to  Montreal  and  England. 
Dr.  Hildreth  has  published  the  Deserted  Isle, 
being  verses  written  by  his  wife.  He  thinks  the 
unhappy  man  was  an  Infidel,  and  "  lacked  one  thing, 
without  which  no  man  can  be  happy  :  a  firm  be 
lief  in  the  overruling  providence  of  God."  — 
Hildreth's  Biog.  Memoirs. 

BLINMAN,  RICHARD,  first  minister  of  New 
London,  Connecticut,  was  a  native  of  Great  Britain, 
and  was  minister  at  Chepstow  in  Monmouthshire. 
On  his  arrival  in  this  country  in  1642  it  was  his 
intention  to  settle  with  his  friends,  who  accom 
panied  him,  at  Green's  harbor,  or  Marshfield,  near 
Plymouth.  But  some  difficulty  arising  in  that 
place,  he  removed  to  Cape  Ann,  which  the  general 
court  in  the  year  above  mentioned  established  a 
plantation  and  called  Gloucester.  He  removed 
to  New  London  in  1648.  Here  he  continued  in 
the  ministry  about  ten  years,  and  was  then  suc 
ceeded  by  GershomBulklcy.  In  1658  he  removed 
to  New  Haven,  and  after  a  short  stay  in  that 
town  returned  to  England.  On  his  way  he  stop 
ped  in  1659  at  Newfoundland,  where  he  declined 
to  settle.  Johnson  wrote  his  name  Blindman; 
Trumbull,  Blynman.  —  Having  lived  to  a  good 
old  age,  he  happily  concluded  at  the  city  of  Bris 
tol  a  life  spent  in  doing  good.  A  short  time  be 
fore  his  death  he  published  in  answer  to  Mr. 
Danvers  a  book  entitled,  an  essay  tending  to  issue 
the  controversy  about  infant  baptism,  18mo.,  1674. 
—  Nonconform.  Memor.  in.  177;  Coll.  Hist.  Soc. 
ix.  39 ;  Savage's  Wintlirop,  II.  64 ;  TrumbulVs 
Conn.  I.  293/310,  314,  522. 

BLISS,  JAMES  C.,  M.  D.,  died  in  New  York 
July  31,  1855,  aged  64.  Born  in  Bennington,  he 
graduated  at  the  college  of  physicians  in  New 
York  in  1815,  and  then  commenced  his  practice 
of  forty  years.  As  a  physician  and  Christian  he 
was  eminent ;  in  the  families  of  ministers  and  of 
the  poor  his  services  were  gratuitous.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  south  Dutch  church,  then  an  elder 
in  the  Bleecker  street  church.  He  joined  the 


BLISS. 

young  men's  missionary  society ;  was  correspond 
ing  secretary  of  the  New  York  religious  tract 
society,  for  which  he  prepared  in  one  year  seventy- 
five  religious  tracts  ;  and  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  American  tract  society,  and  one  of  the 
executive  committee,  most  diligent  for  thirty  years. 
His  last  tear  fell  in  hearing  his  daughter  repeat 
the  text,  "  Eye  hath  not  seen,  nor  ear  heard," 
&C.  —  N.  T.  Observer,  Aug.  16,  1855. 

BLISS,  JOHX,  colonel,  an  officer  of  the  Revo 
lution,  died  in  Springfield  in  1804,  descended  from 
Thomas  Bliss  of  Hartford,  who  died  in  1640,  and 
from  Nathaniel  of  Springfield. — He  was  a  sen 
ator  and  a  judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas. 
His  daughter  was  the  mother  of  Judge  Oliver  B. 
Morris  of  Springfield. 

BLISS,  GEORGE,  LL.  D.,  died  at  Springfield 
March  8,  1830,  aged  65.  He  was  a  son  of  Moses 
B.  of  S.  and  Abigail  Mctcalf,  a  daughter  of  Wil 
liam  M.  of  Lebanon.  His  father  died  July  4, 
1814,  aged  78.  G.  Bliss's  three  wives  were  Han 
nah,  daughter  of  Dr.  John  Clark  of  Lebanon; 
Mary  Lathrop  of  New  Haven,  and  Abigail,  daugh 
ter  of  Rev.  David  S.  Rowland.  He  had  four 
children  by  his  first  wife  and  four  by  his  third. 
His  brother  Moses  died  in  S.  in  1849,  aged  75. 
He  had  ten  children. 

BLISS,  JOHN,  colonel,  died  at  St.  Augustine  Nov. 
22,  1854,  aged  G6.  A  graduate  of  Cambridge  in 
1808,  he  was  an  officer,  wounded  at  Niagara  falls 
in  1814  ;  he  was  an  instructor  and  commander  of 
cadets  at  West  Point  from  1813  to  1819.  His 
military  office  he  resigned  in  1837 ;  he  lived  at 
Buffalo. 

BLODGET,  SAMUEL,  remarkable  for  enter 
prise,  died  in  Aug.,  1807,  aged  84.  He  was  born 
at  Woburn,  Mass.,  and  resided  many  years  at 
Haverhill.  Before  the  Revolution  he  was  a  judge 
of  the  court  of  common  pleas  for  the  county  of 
Hillsborough,  N.  II.  He  was  engaged  in  the  ex 
pedition  against  Louisbourg  in  1745.  Having 
raised  in  1783,  by  a  machine  of  his  invention,  a 
valuable  cargo  from  a  ship  sunk  near  Plymouth, 
he  was  induced  to  go  to  Europe  for  the  purpose 
of  recovering  from  the  deep  the  treasures  buried 
therein.  In  Spain  he  met  with  discouragement. 
His  project  for  raising  the  Royal  George  was  no 
better  received  in  England.  After  his  return  he 
set  up  a  duck  manufactory  in  1791 ;  and  in  1793 
he  removed  to  N.  II.  and  commenced  the  canal, 
which  bears  his  name,  around  Amoskcag  falls. 
He  expended  much  money  without  completing  the 
work,  became  embarrassed,  and  for  a  time  suf 
fered  imprisonment  for  debt.  Judge  B.  was  rig 
idly  temperate.  At  all  seasons  he  slept  in  a 
large  room,  with  open  windows.  He  intended  to 
live,  in  consequence  of  the  course  he  pursued, 
until  he  was  ajt  least  100  years  old ;  but  he  died 
of  a  consumption,  occasioned  by  his  exposure  in 
travelling  from  Boston  to  Haverhill  in  a  cold 


BOARDMAN. 


99 


night.  His  projects  for  public  improvements  un 
happily  involved  him  in  great  pecuniary  losses. 
He  wanted  more  skill.  — Mass.  Hist.  Coll.,  n.  s. 
IV.  158. 

BLOOMFIELI),  JOSEPH,  governor  of  New 
Jersey,  was  probably  a  descendant  of  Thomas 
Bloomfield,  who  lived  at  Ncwbury,  Mass.,  in 
1638  and  afterwards  removed  to  New  Jersey. 
He  was  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution.  He  suc 
ceeded  Richard  Howell  as  governor  in  1801,  and 
was  succeeded  in  that  office  by  Aaron  Ogdcn  in 
1812.  In  the  war,  which  commenced  in  this  year, 
he  was  a  brigadier-general.  He  died  at  Burling 
ton  Oct.  3,  1823.  Gen.  Bloomfield  was  a  firm 
republican  in  politics ;  in  congress  a  sound  legis 
lator  ;  a  brave  soldier  in  the  field ;  and  in  private 
life  an  excellent  man.  —  Farmer's  Collect.,  n. 
App.  91. 

BLOUNT,  WILLIAM,  governor  of  the  territory 
south  of  the  Ohio,  was  appointed  to  that  office 
in  1790.  The  first  governor  of  Tennessee  under 
the  constitution  in  1796  was  John  Sevier.  While 
a  member  of  the  senate  of  the  U.  S.  from  Ten 
nessee,  Mr.  Blount  was  expelled  from  that  body 
in  July,  1797,  for  being  concerned  in  a  project  of 
the  British  to  conquer  the  Spanish  territories,  and 
instigating  the  Creeks  and  Cherokees  to  lend  their 
aid.  He  died  at  Knoxvillc  March  26,  1800, 
aged  56. 

BLOUNT,  WILLIE,  governor  of  Tenn.  from 
1809  to  1815,  died  at  Nashville  Sept.  10,  1835, 
aged  68. 

BLOWERS,  THOMAS,  minister  in  Beverly, 
Massachusetts,  died  June  17,  1729,  aged  51.  He 
was  bom  at  Cambridge  Aug.  1,  1677.  His 
mother  was  the  sister  of  Andrew  Belcher.  He 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1695,  and 
was  ordained  pastor  of  the  first  church  in  Beverly 
Oct.  29,  1701.  He  was  a  good  scholar,  and  an 
excellent  minister ;  of  sincere  and  ardent  piety ; 
of  great  meekness  and  sweetness  of  temper ;  of 
uncommon  stability  in  his  principles  and  steadi 
ness  in  his  conduct.  He  was  a  vigilant,  prudent 
pastor,  and  a  close,  pathetic  preacher.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Rev.  Joseph  Green 
of  Salem  village,  1715.  —  A7.  E.  Weekly  Journal, 
June  23,  1729  ;  Foxcrqft's  Funeral  Sermon. 

BLOWERS,  SAMPSON  SALTER,  died  at  Hali 
fax,  N.  S.,  Oct.  25,  1842,  aged  100  years  and  6 
months.  A  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1763,  he 
survived  all  who  graduated  before  him.  Born  in 
Boston,  he  studied  law  under  Gov.  Hutchinson. 
In  1770  he  was  counsel  with  Adams  and  Quincy 
in  the  trial  of  the  British  soldiers.  As  a  tory  he 
was  sent  to  Halifax.  He  was  raised  to  the  su 
preme  bench  in  1795,  and  was  presiding  judge 
from  1801  to  1833.  His  name  was  in  the  pro 
scribing  act  of  Mass,  in  1778. 

BOARDMAX,  GEORGE  D.,  an  eminent  Bap 
tist  missionary  to  Burmah,  died  Feb.  11,  1831. 


100 


BOGARDUS. 


BOLLMAX. 


BOGARDUS,  EYERARDUS,  the  first  minister 
of  the  Reformed  Dutch  church  in  New  York, 
came  early  to  this  country,  though  the  exact  time 
of  his  arrival  is  not  known.  The  records  of  this 
church  begin  with  the  year  1639.  He  was  or 
dained  and  sent  forth,  it  is  believed,  by  the  classis 
of  Amsterdam,  which  had  for  a  number  of  years 
the  superintendence  of  the  Dutch  churches  in 
New  Netherlands,  or  the  province  of  New  York. 
The  tradition  is,  that  Mr.  Bogardus  became  blind 
and  returned  to  Holland  some  time  before  the  sur 
render  of  the  colony  to  the  British  in  1664.  lie 
was  succeeded  by  John  and  Samuel  Megapolen- 
sis.  —  Christian's  Mag.  N.  Y.  I.  368. 

BOGARDUS,  ROBERT,  general,  nearly  fifty 
years  at  the  bar  of  New  York,  died  Sept.  12, 
1841,  aged  70.  He  was  a  State  senator. 

BOGART,  ABRAHAM,  died  in  the  poor-house 
in  Maury  county,  Tenn.,  June  14,  1833,  aged  118 
years,  —  a  native  of  Delaware.  He  never  drank 
spirits  and  he  never  was  sick. 

BOLLAN,  WILLIAM,  agent  of  Massachusetts 
in  Great  Britain,  died  in  England  in  1776.  He 
was  born  in  England,  and  came  to  this  country 
about  the  year  1740.  In  1743  he  married  a  most 
amiable  and  accomplished  lady,  the  daughter  of 
Gov.  Shirley,  who  died  at  the  age  of  25.  Mr. 
Bollan  was  a  lawyer  of  eminence,  in  profitable 
business,  was  advocate  general,  and  had  just  re 
ceived  the  appointment  of  collector  of  customs 
for  Salem  and  Marblehead,  Avhen  he  was  sent  to 
England  in  1745  as  agent  to  solicit  a  reimburse 
ment  of  the  expenses  in  the  expedition  against 
Cape  Breton.  It  was  a  difficult,  toilsome  agency 
of  three  years  ;  but  he  conducted  it  with  great 
skill  and  fidelity,  and  obtained  at  last  a  full  repay 
ment  of  the  expenditure,  being  183,649  pounds 
sterling.  He  arrived  at  Boston  Sept.  19,  1748, 
with  653,000  ounces  of  silver  and  ten  tons  of  cop 
per,  reckoned  at  175,000  pounds  sterling,  or 
nearly  800,000  dollars.  He  was  again  sent  to 
England  as  the  agent :  but  it  appears  from  a  let 
ter,  which  he  wrote  in  1752  to  the  secretary  of 
Massachusetts,  that  for  his  three  years'  services 
the  colony,  after  seven  years  from  his  appoint 
ment,  voted  him  the  sum  of  only  1500  pounds 
sterling.  He  had  supported  his  family,  and  ad 
vanced  of  his  money  in  the  agency  business  as 
much  as  fifteen  hundred  pounds ;  he  had  aban 
doned  a  profitable  business,  which  would  have 
yielded  him  double  the  amount  voted  him ;  and 
besides  this  he  had  passed  his  years  in  the  degra 
dation  of  "  a  continual  state  of  attendance  and 
dependence  on  the  motions  and  pleasures  of  the 
great,"  standing  alone  too  without  any  support  or 
assistance.  After  Gov.  Shirley  was  superseded, 
attempts  were  made  to  displace  Mr.  Bollan,  not 
withstanding  his  address  and  talents,  and  his 
long,  faithful,  and  important  services.  His  con 


nection  with  Shirley  and  his  attachment  to  the 
Episcopal  form  of  worship  awakened  prejudices. 
Dissatisfaction  had  also  been  occasioned  by  his 
making  some  deductions  from  the  money,  granted 
in  1759,  as  a  reimbursement  to  the  province,  and 
his  neglecting  to  correspond  with  the  general 
court.  He  was  dismissed  in  1762,  and  Jasper 
Mauduit,  whose  learning;  and  talents  were  not  ad 
equate  to  the  office,  was  appointed  in  his  place. 
i  In  1768  or  1769  he  obtained  from  Alderman 
Bcckford  copies  of  thirty-three  letters  of  Gov. 
Bernard,  which  he  sent  to  Massachusetts,  being 
employed  as  agent  by  the  council,  though  not  by 
the  general  court.  For  this  act  Lord  North  ex 
claimed  against  him  in  parliament ;  but  it  restored 
his  lost  popularity.  Mr.  Hancock  declared  in 
the  house  of  representatives,  that  there  Avas  no 
man,  to  whom  the  colonies  were  more  indebted. 
In  1775  he  exerted  himself  in  recommending  to 
the  mother  country  conciliatory  measures.  Sev 
eral  of  his  letters  and  writings  are  in  the  Mass. 
Historical  Collections,  vols.  I.  and  Yl.  In  one  of 
them  he  maintains,  that  the  boundary  of  Nova 
Scotia  to  the  north  is  the  river  of  Canada.  He 
published  a  number  of  political  tracts,  among 
which  are  the  following :  importance  of  Cape  Bre 
ton  truly  illustrated,  Lond.,  1746;  colonioc  Angli- 
canaB  illustratae,  1762  ;  the  ancient  right  of  the 
English  nation  to  the  American  fishery  examined 
and  stated,  1764 ;  the  :  .utual  interests  of  Great 
Britain  and  the  American  colonies  considered, 
1765 ;  freedom  of  speech  and  writing  upon  public 
affairs  considered,  1766 ;  the  importance  of  the 
colonies  in  North  America  and  the  interests  of 
Great  Britain  with  regard  to  them  considered, 
1766 ;  epistle  from  Timoleon,  1768 ;  continued 
corruption  of  standing  armies,  1768 ;  the  free 
Briton's  memorial,  in  defence  of  the  right  of  elec 
tion,  1769  ;  a  supplemental  memorial,  on  the  ori 
gin  of  parliaments,  &c.,  1770  ;  a  petition  to  the 
king  in  council  Jan.  26,  1774,  with  illustrations 
intended  to  promote  the  harmony  of  Great  Brit- 
ian  and  her  colonies.  This  petition  he  offered  as 
agent  for  the  council  of  the  province  of  Massa 
chusetts.  —  Ilutchinson's  Mass.  II.  436 ;  Minofs 
Contin.  II.  109,  110;  Eliot. 

BOLLES,  Lucius,  D.  D.,  died  in  Boston  Jan. 
5,  1844,  aged  64.  He  had  been  pastor  of  the 
first  Baptist  church,  Salem,  and  was  many  years 
secretary  of  the  Baptist  board  of  foreign  missions. 
He  published  a  sermon  before  the  association, 
1822. 

BOLLMAN,  ERICH,  M.  D.,  was  born  at  Hoya, 
in  Hanover,  in  Europe,  and  was  well  educated, 
receiving  his  medical  degree  at  Gottingen.  He 
settled  as  a  physician  at  Paris.  In  1794  he  engaged 
in  the  project  of  releasing  La  Fayette  from  the  prison 
of  Olmutz.  His  coadjutor  was  Francis  Iluger, 
an  American,  son  of  Col.  Hugcr  of  South  Caro- 


BOMFORD. 


BONYTIIOX. 


'I'O'l 


lina.  He  found  means  through  the  surgeon  to 
communicate  with  the  prisoner.  As  La  Fayctte 
was  riding  out  for  his  health,  Nov.  8,  the  guard 
was  attacked  and  overcome  :  the  prisoner  and  his 
deliverers  galloped  off,  but  missing  the  way,  were 
soon  captured.  Dr.  Bollman  was  confined  twelve 
months  and  then  banished.  After  ho  came  to  the 
United  States,  he  was  implicated  in  the  conspir 
acy  of  Burr.  On  his  return  from  South  America 
he  died  at  Jamaica  of  the  yellow  fever  Dec.  9, 
1821.  He  published  paragraphs  on  banks,  1810 ; 
improved  system  of  the  money  concerns  of  the 
union,  1816 ;  strictures  on  the  theories  of  Mr. 
Kicardo.  —  Jennison. 

BOMFORD,  GEORGE,  colonel,  died  in  Boston, 
March  25,  1828.  He  was  distinguished  in  the 
war  with  Great  Britain.  He  perfected  the  ord 
nance  department. 

BOMMASEEN,  an  Indian  chief,  signed  the 
treaty  of  Pcmaquid  in  Maine  Aug.  11,  1693,  with 
Madockawondo  and  other  sagamores.  It  was  one 
part  of  the  agreement  that,  as  the  French  had 
instigated  wars,  the  Indians  should  abandon  the 
French  interest.  The  treaty  is  given  at  length 
by  Mather.  The  next  year,  after  various  barbari 
ties  at  Kittery  and  elsewhere,  in  which  he  was 
suspected  to  have  been  concerned,  Bommaseen 
presented  himself  with  two  other  Indians  at 
Pcmaquid,  "  as  loving  as  bears  and  as  harmless 
as  tigers,"  pretending  to  have  just  come  from 
Canada  ;  when  Capt.  March  made  him  prisoner 
Nov.  19,  and  sent  him  to  Boston,  where  he  was 
kept  a  year  or  two  in  gaol.  In  1696  one  of  the 
ministers  of  Boston  visited  Bommaseen  at  his  re 
quest  in  prison,  when  the  savage  inquired,  whether 
it  was  true,  as  the  French  had  taught  him,  that 
the  Virgin  Mary  was  a  French  lady,  and  that  it 
was  the  English  who  murdered  Jesus  Christ,  and 
whether  he  required  his  disciples  "  to  revenge 
Ins  quarrel  upon  the  English  ? "  The  minister 
gave  him  suitable  religious  instruction,  and  taught 
him  how  to  obtain  the  pardon  of  sins  from  God, 
Avithout  paying  beaver  skins  for  it  to  a  priest ; 
which  instruction  was  received  with  strong  ex 
pressions  of  gratitude.  This  is  the  serious  nar 
rative  of  Cotton  Mather.  Unless  the  Indian 
invented  the  story,  what  a  proof  is  here  furnished 
of  the  depravity  of  the  French  teachers  of  the 
savages !  After  his  liberation  Bommaseen  mani 
fested  his  humanity  by  saving  the  life  of  Rebecca 
Taylor,  a  captive,  whom  her  master  was  endeav 
oring  to  hang  with  his  belt  near  Montreal  in 
1696.  —  Ilulchinson,  II.  149 ;  Magnal.  VII.  22. 

BOND,  THOMAS,  M.  D.,  a  distinguished  physi 
cian  and  surgeon,  died  March  26,  1784,  aged  72. 
He  was  born  in  Maryland  in  1712.  After  study 
ing  with  Dr.  Hamilton,  he  spent  a  considerable 
time  in  Paris.  On  his  return  he  commenced  the 
practice  of  medicine  at  Philadelphia  about  the 


year  1734.  With  his  brother,  Dr.  Phineas  Bond, 
he  attended  the  Pennsylvania  hospital,  in  which 
the  first  clinical  lectures  were  delivered  by  him. 
He  assisted  in  founding  the  college  and  academy. 
Of  a  literary  society,  composed  of  Franklin,  Bar- 
tram,  Godfrey,  and  others,  he  was  a  member  in 
1743,  and  an  officer  of  the  philosophical  society 
from  its  establishment.  The  annual  address  be 
fore  the  society  was  delivered  by  him  in  1782,  on 
the  rank  of  man  in  the  scale  of  being.  For  half 
a  century  he  had  the  first  practice  in  Philadel 
phia.  Though  disposed  to  pulmonary  consumption, 
by  attention  to  diet,  and  guarding  against  the 
changes  of  the  weather,  and  the  obstruction  of 
blood  when  his  lungs  were  affected,  he  lived  to  a 
good  old  age.  His  daughter,  married  to  Thomas 
Lawrence,  died  in  177 1.  His  brother,  Dr.  Phineas 
Bond,  who  studied  at  Leyden,  Paris,  Edinburgh, 
and  London,  and  was  an  eminent  practitioner  in 
Philadelphia,  died  in  June,  1773,  aged  56.  lie 
published  in  the  London  Medical  Inquiries  and 
Observations,  vol.  I.,  an  account  of  a  worm  in  the 
liver,  1754;  on  the  use  of  Peruvian  bark  in 
scrofula,  vol.  II.  —  Thacher's  Med.  Biog. ;  Ham- 
say's  Rev.  Med.  37  ;  Miller  I.  312. 

BOND,  THOMAS  F,,  I).  D.,  editor  of  the  New 
York  Christian  Advocate  and  Journal,  died  March 
19,  1856,  aged  74.  A  native  of  Maryland,  he 
joined  the  Methodist  church  in  Baltimore  in  1805 ; 
and  there  he  lived  many  years  in  various  offices 
of  trust.  He  was  respected  and  beloved. 

BONNYCASTLE,  CHARLES,  died  in  Oct.,  1840, 
aged  48,  the  son  of  John  B.  of  England,  He  was 
the  author  of  algebra  ;  professor  of  mathematics 
in  the  university  of  Virginia ;  and  published  a 
work  on  inductive  geometry. 

BONYTHON,  RICHARD,  captain,  died  before 
1653.  He  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Saco, 
had  a  grant  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  acres  in 
Saco,  1629.  He  was  one  of  the  commissioners 
under  Gorges  for  the  government  of  the  province 
of  Maine,  then  called  New  Somersetshire,  in  1636. 
The  first  meeting  was  held  at  Saco  March  25, 
which  was  the  first  day  of  the  year.  When 
Gorges  had  obtained  from  the  king  a  new  charter 
of  the  province,  Bonython  was  named  one  of  the 
council,  with  Vines,  Jocelyn,  and  others,  in  1640. 
The  last  court  under  under  this  authority  was 
held  at  Wells  in  1646.  He  lived  in  a  house  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Saco,  just  below  the  falls. 
His  name  is  written  Benython  by  Sullivan  and 
Bonighton  by  Farmer  and  Willis.  He  was  an 
upright  and  worthy  magistrate  ;  even  against  his 
own  son  he  once  entered  a  complaint.  This  son 
was  John  Bonython,  who  was  outlawed  for  con 
temning  the  summons  of  court  and  was  guilty  of 
various  outrages ;  he  died  in  1684.  —  His  ungov 
ernable  temper  procured  him  the  title  of  the 
sagamore  of  Saco  in  the  couplet  proposed  for  his 


102 


BOOGE. 


gravestone,  which  represents  him  as  having  gone 
to  the  evil  spirit  of  the  Indians : 

"  Here  lies  Bonython,  the  sagamore  of  Saco  ; 
He  lived  a  rogue  and  died  a  knave  and  went  to  Ilobomocko." 

Although  he  left  many  children,  yet  his  name  is 
extinct  in  Maine  and  probably  in  New  England. 
—  Folsom's  Hist.  Saco,  113,  115;  Sullivan,  368. 

BOOGE,  PUBLICS  V.,  died  in  Oneida  co.,  Xew 
York,  Sept.  28,  1836,  aged  72  ;  the  oldest  minister 
in  the  presbytery  of  O.  A  graduate  of  Yale  in 
1787,  he  preached  much  in  New  England. 

BOONE,  DAXIEL,  colonel,  one  of  the  first  set 
tlers  of  Kentucky,  died  in  Missouri  Sept.  26, 1820, 
aged  nearly  90.  While  he  was  young,  his  parents, 
who  came  from  Bridgeworth,  Eng.,  removed  from 
Pennsylvania  or  Virginia  to  the  Yadkin  river  in 
North  Carolina.  He  was  early  addicted  to  hunt 
ing  in  the  woods ;  in  the  militia  he  attained  to 
the  rank  of  colonel.  In  1769,  in  consequence  of 
the  representation  of  John  Finley,  who  had  pen 
etrated  into  the  wilderness  of  Kentucky,  he  was 
induced  to  accompany  him  in  a  journey  to  that 
country.  He  had  four  other  companions,  John 
Stuart,  Joseph  Holden,  James  Money,  and  William 
Cool,  with  whom  he  set  out  May  1.  On  the  7th 
of  June  they  arrived  at  the  Red  river,  a  branch 
of  the  Kentucky ;  and  here  from  the  top  of  a 
hill  they  had  a  view  of  the  fertile  plains,  of  which 
they  were  in  pursuit.  They  encamped  and  re 
mained  in  this  place  till  Dec.  22,  when  Boone 
and  Stuart  were  captured  by  the  Indians  near 
Kentucky  river.  In  about  a  week  they  made 
their  escape ;  but  on  returning  to  their  camp,  they 
found  it  plundered,  and  deserted  by  their  com 
panions,  who  had  gone  back  to  Carolina.  Stuart 
was  soon  killed  by  the  Indians ;  but  Boone  was 
joined  by  his  brother,  and  they  remained  and 
prosecuted  the  business  of  hunting  during  the 
winter,  without  further  molestation.  His  brother 
going  home  for  supplies  in  May  1770,  he  re 
mained  alone  in  the  deep  solitude  of  the  western 
wilderness  until  his  return  with  ammunition  and 
horses  July  27th.  During  this  period  this  wild 
man  of  the  woods,  though  greeted  every  night 
with  the  howlings  of  wolves,  was  delighted  in 
his  excursions  with  the  survey  of  the  beauties  of 
the  country,  and  found  greater  pleasure  in  the 
solitude  of  wild  nature,  than  he  could  have  found 
amid  the  hum  of  the  most  elegant  city.  With 
his  brother  he  traversed  the  country  to  Cumber 
land  river.  It  was  not  until  March,  1771,  that 
he  returned  to  his  family,  resolved  to  conduct 
them  to  the  paradise  which  he  had  explored. 

Having  sold  his  farm,  he  set  out  with  his  own 
and  five  other  families  Sept.  25,  1773,  and  was 
joined  in  Powell's  valley  by  forty  men.  After 
passing  over  two  mountains,  called  Powell's  and 
Walden's,  through  which,  as  they  ranged  from 
the  northeast  to  the  southwest,  passes  were  found, 


BOONE. 

and  approaching  the  Cumberland,  the  rear  of  the 
company  was  attacked  by  the  Indians  on  the  10th 
of  October,  when  six  men  Avere  killed,  among 
whom  was  the  eldest  son  of  Col.  Boone.  One 
man  was  also  wounded,  and  the  cattle  were  scat 
tered.  This  disaster  induced  them  to  retreat 
about  forty  miles  to  the  settlement  on  Clinch 
river,  where  he  remained  with  his  family,  until 
June  6,  1774,  when,  at  the  request  of  governor 
Dunmore,  he  conducted  a  number  of  surveyors  to 
the  falls  of  Ohio.  On  this  tour  of  eight  hundred 
miles  he  was  absent  two  months.  After  this  he 
was  intrusted  by  the  governor,  during  the  cam 
paign  against  the  Shawanese,  with  the  command 
of  three  forts.  Early  in  1775,  at  the  request  of 
a  company  in  North  Carolina,  he  attended  a  treaty 
with  the  Cherokee  Indians  at  Wataga,  in  order 
to  make  of  them  the  purchase  of  lands  on  the 
south  side  of  the  Tennessee  river.  After  perform 
ing  this  service,  he  was  employed  to  mark  out  a 
road  from  the  settlements  on  the  Holston  to  the 
Kentucky  river.  While  thus  employed,  at  the 
distance  of  about  fifteen  miles  from  what  is  now 
Boonesborough,  the  party  was  attacked  by  the 
Indians,  who  killed  four  and  wounded  five.  In 
April,  at  a  salt-lick,  on  the  southern  bank  of  the 
Kentucky,  in  what  is  now  Boonesborough,  a  few 
miles  from  Lexington,  he  began  to  erect  a  fort,  con 
sisting  of  a  block  house  and  several  cabins,  enclosed 
with  palisades.  On  the  14th  of  June  he  returned 
to  his  family  in  order  to  remove  them  to  the  fort. 
His  wife  and  daughters  were  the  first  white  wo 
men  who  stood  on  the  banks  of  the  Kentucky 
river.  July  14,  1776,  when  all  the  settlements 
were  attacked,  two  of  Col.  Calway's  daughters 
and  one  of  his  own  were  taken  prisoners  ;  Boone 
pursued  with  eighteen  men,  and  in  two  days 
overtook  the  Indians,  killed  two  of  them,  and  re 
covered  the  captives.  The  Indians  made  repeated 
attacks  upon  Boonesborough ;  Nov.  15,  1777, 
with  one  hundred  men,  and  July  4,  with  two 
hundred  men.  On  both  sides  several  were  killed 
and  wounded ;  but  the  enemy  were  repulsed ;  as 
they  were  also  July  19,  from  Logan's  Fort  of 
fifteen  men,  which  was  besieged  by  two  hundred. 
The  arrival  of  twenty-five  men  from  Carolina  and 
in  August  of  one  hundred  from  Virginia  gave  a 
new  aspect  to  affairs,  and  taught  the  savages  the 
superiority  of  "  the  long  knives,"  as  they  called 
the  Virginians.  Jan.  1,  1778,  he  went  with  thirty 
men  to  the  blue  licks  on  the  Licking  river  to 
make  salt  for  the  garrison.  Feb.  7,  being  alone, 
he  was  captured  by  a  party  of  one  hundred  and 
two  Indians  and  two  Frenchmen ;  he  capitulated 
for  his  men,  and  they  were  all  carried  to  Chilli- 
cothe  on  the  Little  Miami,  whence  he  and  ten  men 
were  conducted  to  Detroit,  where  he  arrived  March 
30.  The  governor,  Hamilton,  treated  him  with 
much  humanity,  and  offered  100  pounds  for  his 
redemption.  But  the  savages  refused  the  offer 


BOONE. 


BOONE. 


103 


from  affection  to  their  captive.  Being  carried 
back  to  Chillicothe  in  April,  he  was  adopted  as  a 
son  in  an  Indian  family.  He  assumed  the  appear 
ance  of  cheerfulness  ;  but  his  thoughts  were  on 
his  wife  and  children.  Aware  of  the  envy  of  the 
Indians,  he  was  careful  not  to  exhibit  his  skill  in 
shooting.  In  June  he  went  to  the  salt  springs  on 
the  Scioto.  On  his  return  to  Chillicothe  he  ascer 
tained  that  four  hundred  and  fifty  warriors  were 
preparing  to  proceed  against  Boonesborough.  lie 
escaped  June  16,  and  arrived  at  the  fort  June  20th, 
having  travelled  one  hundred  and  sixty  miles  in 
four  days,  with  but  one  meal.  His  wife  had  re 
turned  to  her  father's.  Great  efforts  were  made 
to  repair  the  fort  in  order  to  meet  the  expected 
attack.  August  1,  he  went  out  with  nineteen  men 
to  surprise  Point  Creek  town  on  the  Scioto ; 
meeting  with  thirty  Indians,  he  put  them  to  flight, 
and  captured  their  baggage.  At  last,  Aug.  8, 
the  Indian  army  of  four  hundred  and  forty-four 
men,  led  by  Captain  Dugnesne  and  eleven  other 
Frenchmen,  and  their  own  chiefs,  with  British 
colors  flying,  summoned  the  fort  to  surrender. 
The  next  day  Boone,  having  a  garrison  of  only 
fifty  men,  announced  his  resolution  to  defend  the 
fort,  while  a  man  was  alive.  They  then  proposed 
that  nine  men  should  be  sent  out  sixty  yards  from 
the  fort  to  enter  into  a  treaty ;  and  when  the 
articles  were  agreed  upon  and  signed,  they  said 
it  was  customary  on  such  occasions,  as  a  token 
of  sincere  friendship,  for  two  Indians  to  shake 
every  white  man  by  the  hand.  Accordingly  two 
Indians  approached  each  of  the  nine  white  men, 
and  grappled  with  the  intent  of  making  him  a 
prisoner  ;  but  the  object  being  perceived,  the  men 
broke  away  and  re-entered  the  fort.  An  attempt 
was  now  made  to  undermine  it ;  but  a  counter 
trench  defeated  that  purpose.  At  last,  on  the 
20th,  the  enemy  raised  the  siege,  having  lost 
thirty-seven  men.  Of  Boone's  men  two  were 
killed  and  four  wounded.  "  We  picked  up,"  said 
he,  "  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  pounds  of  bul 
lets,  besides  what  stuck  in  the  logs  of  our  fort, 
which  certainly  is  a  great  proof  of  their  industry." 
In  1779,  when  Boone  was  absent,  revisiting  his 
family  in  Carolina,  Col.  Bowman  with  one  hundred 
and  sixty  men  fought  the  Shawanese  Indians  at 
old  Chillicothe.  In  his  retreat  the  Indians  pur 
sued  him  for  thirty  miles,  when  in  another 
engagement  Col.  Ilarrod  suggested  the  successful 
project  of  mounting  a  number  of  horses  and 
breaking  the  Indian  line.  Of  the  Kentuckians 
nine  were  killed.  June  22,  1780,  about  six  hun 
dred  Indians  and  Canadians  under  Col.  Bird 
attacked  Kiddie's  and  Martin's  stations  and  the 
forks  of  Licking  river  with  six  pieces  of  artillery, 
and  carried  away  all  as  captives.  Gen.  Clarke, 
commanding  at  the  falls  of  Ohio,  marched  with 
his  regiment  and  troops  against  Keccaway,  the 


principal  Shawanese  town,  on  a  branch  of  the 
Miami,  and  burned  the  town,  with  the  loss  of 
seventeen  on  each  side.  About  this  time  Boone 
returned  to  Kentucky  with  his  family.  In  Oct., 
1780,  soon  after  he  was  settled  again  at  Boones 
borough,  he  went  with  his  brother  to  the  Blue 
Licks,  and  as  they  were  returning  the  latter  was 
slain  by  a  party  of  Indians,  and  he  was  pursued 
by  them  by  the  aid  of  a  dog.  By  shooting  him 
Boone  escaped.  The  severity  of  the  ensuing 
winter  was  attended  with  great  distress,  the  enemy 
having  destroyed  most  of  the  corn.  The  people 
subsisted  chiefly  on  buffalo's  flesh.  In  May,  1782, 
the  Indians  having  killed  a  man  at  Ashton's  sta 
tion,  Captain  A.  pursued  with  twenty-five  men, 
but  in  an  attack  upon  the  enemy  he  was  killed 
with  twelve  of  his  men.  August  10  two  boys 
were  carried  off  from  Maj.  Hay's  station.  Capt. 
llolden  pursued  with  seventeen  men  ;  but  he  also 
was  defeated,  with  the  loss  of  four  men.  In  a 
field  near  Lexington  an  Indian  shot  a  man,  and 
running  to  scalp  him,  was  himself  shot  from  the 
fort  and  fell  dead  upon  his  victim.  On  the  15th 
August  five  hundred  Indians  attacked  Briant's 
station,  five  miles  from  Lexington,  and  destroyed 
all  the  cattle;  but  they  were  repulsed  on  the 
third  day,  having  about  thirty  killed,  Avhile  of  the 
garrison  four  were  killed  and  three  wounded. 
Boone,  with  Cols.  Todd  and  Trigg  and  Maj.  liar- 
land,  collected  one  hundred  and  seventy-six  men 
and  pursued  on  the  18th.  They  overtook  the 
enemy  the  next  day  a  mile  beyond  the  Blue  Licks, 
about  forty  miles  from  Lexington,  at  a  remarka 
ble  bend  of  a  branch  of  Licking  river.  A  battle 
ensued,  the  enemy  having  a  line  formed  across 
from  one  bend  to  the  other,  but  the  Kentuckians 
were  defeated  with  the  great  loss  of  sixty  killed, 
among  whom  were  Cols.  Todd  and  Trigg,  and 
Maj.  Ilarland,  and  Boone's  second  son.  Many- 
were  the  widows  made  in  Lexington  on  that  fatal 
day.  The  Indians  having  four  more  killed,  four 
of  the  prisoners  were  given  up  to  the  young  war 
riors  to  be  put  to  death  in  the  most  barbarous 
manner.  Gen.  Clarke,  accompanied  by  Boone, 
immediately  marched  into  the  Indian  country  and 
desolated  it,  burning  old  Chillicothe,  Peccaway, 
new  Chillicothe,  Willis  Town,  and  Chillicothe. 
With  the  loss  of  four  men  he  took  seven  prison 
ers  and  five  scalps,  or  killed  five  Indians.  In  Oc 
tober  the  Indians  attacked  Crab  Orchard.  One 
of  the  Indians  having  entered  a  house,  in  which 
were  a  woman  and  a  negro,  and  being  thrown  to 
the  ground  by  the  negro,  the  woman  cut  off  his 
head.  From  this  period  to  the  peace  with  Great 
Britain  the  Indians  did  no  harm.  "  Two  darling 
sons  and  a  brother,"  said  Boone,  "  have  I  lost  by 
savage  hands,  which  have  also  taken  from  me  forty 
valuable  horses  and  abundance  of  cattle.  Many 
dark  and  sleepless  nights  have  I  spent,  separated 


104 


BOOXE. 


BORK. 


from  the  cheerful  society  of  men,  scorched  by  the 
summer's  sun  and  pinched  by  the  Avinter's  cold, 
an  instrument  ordained  to  settle  the  wilderness." 
From  this  period  he  resided  in  Kentucky  and 
Virginia  till  1798,  when  in  consequence  of  an  im 
perfect  legal  title  to  the  lands,  which  he  had  settled, 
he  found  himself  dispossessed  of  his  property. 
In  his  indignation  he  fled  from  the  delightful  re 
gion,  which  he  had  explored,  when  a  wilderness, 
and  which  now  had  a  population  of  half  a  million. 
With  his  rifle  he  crossed  the  Ohio  and  plunged 
into  the  immense  country  of  the  Missouri.  In 
1799  he  settled  on  the  Fcmme  Osage  river  with 
numerous  followers.  In  1800  he  discovered  the 
Boone's  Lick  country,  now  a  fine  settlement :  in 
the  same  year  he  visited  the  head  waters  of  the 
Grand  Osage  river  and  spent  the  winter  upon  the 
head  waters  of  the  Arkansas.  At  the  age  of  80, 
in  company  with  a  white  man  and  a  black  man, 
laid  under  strict  injunctions  to  carry  him  back  to 
his  family,  dead  or  alive,  he  made  a  hunting  trip 
to  the  head  waters  of  the  Great  Osage,  and  was 
successful  in  trapping  beaver  and  other  game.  In 
Jan.,  1812,  he  addressed  a  memorial  to  the  legis 
lature  of  Kentucky,  stating  that  he  owned  not  an 
acre  of  land  in  the  region,  which  he  first  settled ; 
that  in  1794  he  passed  over  into  the  Spanish 
province  of  Louisiana,  under  an  assurance  from 
the  governor,  who  resided  at  St.  Louis,  that  land 
should  be  given  him  ;  that  accordingly  ten  thou 
sand  acres  were  given  him  on  the  Missouri  and  he 
became  Sjudic  or  chief  of  the  district  of  St. 
Charles ;  but  that  on  the  acquisition  of  Louisiana 
by  the  United  States  his  claims  were  rejected  by 
the  commissioners  of  land,  because  he  did  not  ac 
tually  reside ;  and  that  thus  at  the  age  of  80  he  was 
a  wanderer,  having  no  spot  of  his  own  whereon  to 
lay  his  bones.  The  legislature  instructed  their  del 
egates  to  congress  to  solicit  a  confirmation  of  this 
grant.  He  retained,  it  is  believed,  2,000  acres. 
In  his  old  age  he  pursued  his  accustomed  course 
of  life,  trapping  bears  and  hunting  with  his  rifle. 
He  died  at  the  house  of  his  son,  Maj.  A.  Boone, 
at  Charette.  He  left  sons  and  daughters  in  Mis 
souri.  In  consequence  of  his  death  the  legisla 
ture  of  Missouri  voted  to  wear  a  badge  of  mourn 
ing  for  twenty  days.  A  brother  died  in  Missis 
sippi,  Oct.,  1808,  aged  81.  Col.  Boone  was  of 
common  stature,  of  amiable  disposition,  and  hon 
orable  integrity.  In  lu's  last  years  he  might  have 
been  seen  by  the  traveller  at  the  door  of  his  house, 
with  his  rifle  on  his  knee  and  his  faithful  dog  at 
his  side,  lamenting  the  departed  \igor  of  his 
limbs,  and  meditating  on  the  scenes  of  his  past 
life.  Whether  he  also  meditated  on  the  approach 
ing  scenes  of  eternity,  and  his  dim  eyes  ever  kindled 
up  with  the  glorious  hopes  of  the  Christian  is  not 
mentioned  in  the  accounts  of  him,  which  have 
been  examined.  But  of  all  objects  an  irreligious 
old  man,  dead  as  to  worldly  joy  and  dead  as  to 


celestial  hope,  is  the  most  pitiable.  An  account 
of  his  adventures,  drawn  up  by  himself,  was  pub 
lished  in  Filson's  supplement  to  Imlay's  descrip 
tion  of  the  western  territory,  1793.  —  Riles' 
Weekly  Register,  March  13,  1813. 

BOOTH,  CHAUNCEY,  minister  of  Coventry, 
Conn.,  died  May  24,  1851,  aged  68.  He  was  set 
tled  in  1815  and  dismissed  in  1844:  he  toiled  in 
six  revivals. 

BOOTT,  KIRK,  died  at  Lowell,  April  11, 1837, 
aged  46.  Born  in  Boston,  educated  in  England, 
he  served  as  an  officer  in  Spain  under  the  Duke 
of  Wellington.  During  tAvo  years  at  Woolwich, 
he  acquired  skill  as  a  draftsman  and  engineer. 
He  superintended  the  erection  of  the  Lowell 
manufacturing  establishments,  and  was  a  man  of 
energy,  and  generous  and  liberal. 

BORDLEY,  JOHN  BEALE,  a  writer  on  agri 
culture,  died  at  Philadelphia  Jan.  25,  1804,  aged 
76.  In  the  former  part  of  his  life  he  was  an  in 
habitant  of  Md.  He  was  of  the  profession  of  the 
law,  and  before  the  Itevolution  was  a  judge  of 
the  superior  court  and  court  of  appeals  of  Mary 
land.  He  had  also  a  seat  at  the  executive  council 
of  the  province.  But  he  was  not  allured  by  this 
office  from  his  duty  to  his  country.  He  found 
our  Revolution  necessary  to  our  freedom,  and  he 
rejoiced  in  its  accomplishment.  His  habitual  and 
most  pleasing  employment  was  husbandry  ;  which 
he  practised  extensively  upon  his  own  estate  on 
Wye  Island  in  the  bay  of  Chesapeake.  As  he 
readily  tried  every  suggested  improvement,  and 
adopted  such  as  were  confirmed  by  lu's  experi 
ments,  and  as  he  added  to  his  example  frequent 
essays  upon  agricultural  subjects,  he  was  greatly 
instrumental  in  diffusing  the  best  knowledge  of 
the  best  of  all  arts.  He  was  cheerful  in  his  tem 
per,  and  was  respected  and  beloved.  In  religion 
he  was  of  the  most  liberal  or  free  system  within 
the  pale  of  revelation.  In  his  political  principles 
he  was  attached  to  that  republican  form  of  gov 
ernment,  in  which  the  public  authority  is  founded 
on  the  people,  but  guarded  against  the  sudden 
fluctuations  of  their  will.  He  published  Forsyth's 
treatise  on  fruit  trees  with  notes  ;  sketches  on  ro 
tations  of  crops,  1792;  essays  and  notes  on  hus 
bandry  and  rural  affairs,  with  plates,  1799  and 
1801 ;  a  view  of  the  courses  of  crops  in  England 
and  Maryland,  1804.  —  U.  S.  Gazette,  Feb.  1. 

BORK,  CHRISTIAN,  minister  of  the  Dutch  Re 
formed  church  in  Franklin  street,  N.  Y.,  died 
about  1825  or  1830,  at  an  advanced  age,  and  was 
succeeded  by  George  Dubois.  In  the  Revolution 
ary  war  he  was  a  soldier  in  the  British  army,  lie 
studied  with  Dr.  Livingston,  and  was  first  settled 
near  Albany.  Once  in  ministering,  by  way  of 
exchange  at  Stcphcntown  to  an  English  congrega 
tion,  he  made  a  part  of  the  prayer  in  Dutch  and 
German,  lie  preached  without  notes  and  was 
fervent  and  eminently  useful.  If  it  be  true,  as 


BOSTWICK. 

reported,  that,  having  a  yoke-fellow  not  of  the 
sweetest  temper,  she  once  locked  him  in  his 
study  at  the  moment  for  going  to  the  church ;  it 
is  altogether  probable,  from  his  own  energy  of 
character,  that  this  little  obstacle  was  instantly  re 
moved. 

BOSTWICK,  DAVID,  an  eminent  minister  in 
New  York,  was  of  Scotch  extraction,  and  was 
born  about  the  year  1720.  He  was  first  settled 
at  Jamaica  on  Long  Island,  where  he  continued 
till  1756,  when  the  synod  translated  him  to  the 
Presbyterian  society  of  New  York.  In  this 
charge  he  continued  till  Nov.  12,  1703,  when  he 
died,  aged  43.  He  was  of  a  mild,  catholic  dispo 
sition,  of  great  piety  and  zeal ;  and  he  confined 
himself  entirely  to  the  proper  business  of  his  of 
fice.  He  abhorred  the  frequent  mixture  of  divin 
ity  and  politics,  and  much  more  the  turpitude  of 
making  the  former  subservient  to  the  latter.  His 
thoughts  were  occupied  by  things,  which  are  above, 
and  he  wished  to  withdraw  the  minds  of  his  peo 
ple  more  from  the  concerns  of  this  world.  He 
was  deeply  grieved,  when  some  of  his  flock  be 
came,  not  fervent  Christians,  but  furious  politi 
cians.  He  preached  the  gospel,  and  as  liis  life 
corresponded  with  his  preaching,  he  Avas  respected 
by  good  men  of  all  denominations.  His  doctrines 
he  derived  from  the  scriptures,  and  he  understood 
them  in  accordance  with  the  public  confessions  of 
the  reformed  churches.  His  discourses  were  me 
thodical,  sound,  and  pathetic,  rich  in  sentiment, 
and  ornamented  in  diction.  With  a  strong,  com 
manding  voice,  his  pronunciation  was  clear,  dis 
tinct,  and  deliberate.  He  preached  without  notes, 
with  great  ease  and  fluency  ;  but  he  always  studied 
his  sermons  with  great  care.  With  a  lively  imag 
ination  and  a  heart  deeply  affected  by  the  truths 
of  religion,  he  was  enabled  to  address  his  hearers 
with  solemnity  and  energy.  Few  men  described 
the  hideous  deformity  of  sin,  the  misery  of  man's 
apostasy  from  God,  the  wonders  of  redeeming 
love,  and  the  glory  and  riches  of  divine  grace  in 
so  distinct  and  affecting  a  manner.  He  knew  the  ! 
worth  of  the  soul  and  the  deceitfulness  of  the  hu-  j 
man  heart ;  and  he  preached  with  plainness,  more 
intent  to  impress  sinners  with  their  guilt  and  to 
teach  them  the  truths  of  God,  than  to  attract 
their  attention  to  himself.  Though  he  was  re 
markable  for  his  gentleness  and  prudence,  yet  in 
preaching  the  gospel  he  feared  no  man.  He 
knew  whose  servant  he  was,  and  with  all  boldness 
and  impartiality  he  deliveied  his  message,  pro 
claiming  the  terrors  of  the  divine  law  to  every 
transgressor,  however  elevated,  and  displaying  the 
mild  glories  of  the  gospel  for  the  comfort  and  re 
freshment  of  every  penitent  believer.  A  few 
months  before  his  death  his  mind  was  greatly  dis 
tressed  by  apprehensions  respecting  the  interests 
of  his  family,  when  he  should  be  taken  from  them. 
But  God  was  pleased  to  give  him  such  views  of 

14 


BOUCHER. 


105 


his  power  and  goodness,  and  such  cheerful  reli 
ance  upon  the  wisdom  and  rectitude  of  his  gov 
ernment,  as  restored  to  him  peace  and  calmness. 
He  was  willing  to  cast  himself  and  all  that  was 
dear  to  him,  upon  the  providence  of  his  heavenly 
Father.  In  this  temper  he  continued  to  his  last 
moment,  when  he  placidly  resigned  his  soul  into 
the  hands  of  his  Saviour.  Such  is  the  serenity, 
frequently  imparted  to  Christians  in  the  solemn 
hour  of  dissolution. 

He  published  a  sermon,  preached  May  25, 
1758,  entitled,  self  disclaimed  and  Christ  exalted. 
It  received  the  warm  recommendation  of  Gilbert 
Tennent.  He  published  also  an  account  of  the 
life,  character,  and  death  of  Pres.  Davies,  pre 
fixed  to  Davies'  sermon  on  the  death  of  George 
II.,  1761.  After  his  decease  there  was  published 
from  his  manuscripts  a  vindication  of  the  right  of 
infants  to  the  ordinance  of  baptism,  being  the 
substance  of  several  discourses  from  Acts  II.  39. 
—  Middleton's  Biog.  Evan.  iv.  414-418;  New 
and  Gen.  Biog.  Diet. ;  Smith's  New  York,  193  ; 
Pref.  to  Bostwick's  Vindication. 

BOUCHER,  PIERRE,  governor  of  Trois  Riv- 
ieres  in  Canada,  died  at  the  age  of  nearly  100 
years,  having  lived  to  see  numerous  descendants, 
some  of  the  fifth  generation.  He  was  sent  to 
France  to  represent  the  temporal  and  spiritual 
wants  of  the  colony ;  and  published  in  1664  an 
account  of  Canada,  entitled,  Histoire  veritable  et 
naturelle  des  moeurs  et  productions,  &c. 

BOUCHER,  JONATHAN,  a  learned  archaeolo 
gist,  was  a  native  of  Cumberland,  —  the  northern 
county  of  England,  the  country  of  lakes,  the  abode 
of  the  poets  Wordsworth  and  Southey,  and  the 
resort  of  "  the  lakers,"  —  but  came  to  America 
at  the  age  of  16.  After  receiving  Episcopal  or 
dination,  he  was  appointed  rector  of  Hanover  and 
then  of  St.  Mary,  Va.  Gov.  Eden  gave  him  also 
the  rectory  of  St.  Anne,  Annapolis,  and  of 
Queen  Anne,  in  Prince  George's  county.  These 
are  indeed  saintly  and  princely  names  for  a  Pro 
testant,  republican  country.  However,  Mr.  Bou 
cher  was  a  loyalist,  unshaken  by  the  mighty  dem 
ocratic  movements  around  him.  In  his  farewell 
sermon,  at  the  beginning  of  the  Revolution  in 
1775,  he  declared  that,  as  long  as  he  lived,  he 
would  say  with  Zadock,  the  priest,  and  Nathan, 
the  prophet,  "  God  save  the  king !  "  Returning  to 
England,  he  Avas  appointed  vicar  of  Epsom  ;  and 
there  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He 
died  April  27,  1804,  aged  67.  He  was  esteemed 
one  of  the  best  preachers  of  his  time.  During 
the  last  fourteen  years  of  his  life  he  was  em 
ployed  in  preparing  a  glossary  of  provincial  and 
archaeological  words,  intended  as  a  supplement 
to  Dr.  Johnson's  Dictionary.  The  manuscripts 
of  Mr.  Boucher  were  purchased  of  his  family  in 
1831  by  the  proprietors  of  the  English  edition  of 
Dr.  Webster's  Dictionary,  who  proposed  to  pub- 


106 


BOUCHER. 


BOUDINOT. 


lish  them  as  a  supplement  to  Webster.  He  pub 
lished  in  1799  a  view  of  the  causes  and  conse 
quences  of  the  American  Revolution  in  fifteen 
discourses,  preached  in  N.  America  between  1703 
and  1775,  dedicated  to  Washington,  containing 
many  anecdotes  illustrative  of  political  events ; 
—  also,  two  sermons  before  the  grand  juries  of 
Surrey  and  Cumberland,  1799. 

BOUCHER,  CHARLES,  died  at  Berthier,  Can 
ada  East,  May,  1852,  aged  106. 

BOUCIIETTE,  JOSEPH,  colonel,  surveyor-gen 
eral  of  Lower  Canada,  died  April  8,  1841,  aged 
67,  with  only  a  few  minutes'  illness.  He  pub 
lished  a  description  of  Lower  Canada,  4to.,  1815. 

BOUDIXOT,  ELIAS,  L.L.  D.,  first  president 
of  the  American  Bible  society,  died  in  Burling 
ton,  N.  J.,  Oct.  24,  1821,  aged  81.  He  was  born 
in  Philadelphia  May  2,  1740.  His  great-grand 
father,  Elias,  was  a  Protestant  in  France,  who 
fled  from  his  country  on  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Nantes ;  his  father,  Elias,  died  in  1770 ; 
his  mother,  Catherine  Williams,  was  of  a  Welsh 
family.  After  a  classical  education  he  studied 
law  under  Richard  Stockton,  whose  eldest  sister 
he  married.  Soon  after  commencing  the  prac 
tice  of  law  in  New  Jersey,  he  rose  to  distinction. 
He  early  espoused  the  cause  of  his  country.  In 
1777  congress  appointed  him  commissary-general 
of  prisoners  ;  and  in  the  same  year  he  was  elected 
a  delegate  to  congress,  of  which  body  he  was 
elected  the  president  in  Nov.,  1782.  In  that  ca 
pacity  he  put  his  signature  to  the  treaty  of  peace. 
He  returned  to  the  profession  of  the  law ;  but 
was  again  elected  to  congress  under  the  new  con 
stitution,  in  1789,  and  was  continued  a  member 
of  the  house  six  years.  In  1796  Washington  ap 
pointed  him  the  director  of  the  mint  of  the 
United  States,  as  the  successor  of  Rittenhouse  : 
in  this  office  he  continued  till  1805,  when  he  re 
signed  it,  and  retiring  from  Philadelphia  passed 
the  remainder  of  his  life  at  Burlington,  N.  J. 
He  lost  his  wife  about  the  year  1808.  His 
daughter  married  Wm.  Bradford.  His  brother, 
Elisha  Boudinot,  died  at  Newark  Oct.  17,  1819, 
aged  71.  After  the  establishment  in  1816  of  the 
Bible  society  which  he  assisted  in  creating,  he 
was  elected  its  first  president;  and  he  made 
to  it  the  munificent  donation  of  10,000  dollars. 
He  afterwards  contributed  liberally  towards  the 
erection  of  its  depository.  In  1812  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  American  board  of  com 
missioners  for  foreign  missions,  to  which  he  pre 
sented  the  next  year  a  donation  of  100  pounds  ster 
ling.  When  three  Cherokee  youth  were  brought 
to  the  foreign  mission  school  in  1818,  one  of 
them  by  his  permission  took  his  name,  for  he  was 
deeply  interested  in  every  attempt  to  meliorate 
the  condition  of  the  American  Indians.  His 
house  was  the  seat  of  hospitality  and  his  days 
were  spent  in  the  pursuits  of  biblical  literature, 


in  the  exercise  of  the  loveliest  charities  of  life, 
and  the  performance  of  the  highest  Christian  du 
ties.  He  was  a  trustee  of  Princeton  college,  in 
which  he  founded  in  1805  the  cabinet  of  natural 
history,  which  cost  3,000  dollars.  He  was  a 
member  of  a  Presbyterian  church.  By  the  relig 
ion  which  he  professed  he  was  supported  and 
cheered  as  he  went  down  to  the  grave.  His  pa 
tience  was  unexhausted  ;  his  faith  was  strong  and 
triumphant.  Exhorting  those  around  him  to  rest 
in  Jesus  Christ  as  the  only  ground  of  trust,  and 
commending  his  daughter  and  only  child  to  the 
care  of  his  friends,  he  expressed  his  desire  to  de 
part  in  peace  to  the  bosom  of  his  Father  in 
heaven,  and  his  last  prayer  was,  "  Lord  Jesus,  re 
ceive  my  spirit." 

By  his  last  will  Dr.  Boudinot  bequeathed  his 
large  estate  principally  to  charitable  uses  ;  200 
dollars  for  ten  poor  widows ;  200  to  the  New 
Jersey  Bible  society  to  purchase  spectacles  for  the 
aged  poor,  to  enable  them  to  read  the  Bible ; 
2,000  dollars  to  the  Moravians  at  Bethlehem  for 
the  instruction  of  the  Indians ;  4,000  acres  of 
land  to  the  society  for  the  benefit  of  the  Jews ; 
to  the  Magdalen  societies  of  New  York  and  Phil 
adelphia  500  dollars  each ;  three  houses  in  Phil 
adelphia  to  the  trustees  of  the  general  assembly 
for  the  purchase  of  books  for  ministers ;  also, 
5,000  dollars  to  the  general  assembly  for  the  sup 
port  of  a  missionary  in  Philadelphia  and  New 
York;  4,080  acres  of  land  for  theological  stu 
dents  at  Princeton  ;  4,000  acres  to  the  college  of 
New  Jersey  for  the  establishment  of  fellowships ; 
4,542  acres  to  the  American  board  of  commis 
sioners  for  foreign  missions,  with  special  reference 
to  the  benefit  of  the  Indians  ;  3,270  acres  to  the 
hospital  at  Philadelphia,  for  the  benefit  of  for 
eigners  ;  4,589  acres  to  the  American  Bible  soci 
ety  ;  13,000  acres  to  the  mayor  and  corporation 
of  Philadelphia,  to  supply  the  poor  with  wood  on 
low  terms  ;  also,  after  the  decease  of  his  daughter, 
5,000  dollars  to  the  college  and  5,000  to  the  the 
ological  seminary  of  Princeton,  and  5,000  to  the 
A.  B.  of  commissioners  for  foreign  missions,  and 
the  remainder  of  his  estate  to  the  general  assem 
bly  of  the  Presbyterian  church.  How  benevo 
lent,  honorable,  and  useful  is  such  a  charitable 
disposition  of  the  property,  which  God  intrusts 
to  a  Christian,  compared  with  the  selfish  and  nar 
row  appropriation  of  it  to  the  enrichment  of 
family  relatives,  without  any  reference  to  the  dif 
fusion  of  truth  and  holiness  in  the  earth  ?  For 
such  deeds  of  charity  the  names  of  Boudinot,  and 
Burr,  and  Abbot,  and  Norris,  and  Phillips  will  be 
held  in  lasting,  most  honorable  remembrance. 
Dr.  Boudinot  published  the  age  of  revelation,  or 
the  age  of  reason  an  age  of  infidelity,  1790,  also 
1801  ;  an  oration  before  the  society  of  the  Cin 
cinnati,  1793 ;  second  advent  of  the  Messiah, 
1815;  star  in  the  west,  or  an  attempt  to  discover 


BOUDINOT. 


BOURNE. 


107 


the  long  lost  tribes  of  Israel,  preparatory  to  their 
return  to  their  beloved  city,  Jerusalem,  8vo.  1816. 
Like  Mr.  Adair,  he  regards  the  Indians  as  the 
lost  tribes.  —  Panoplist  17:  399;  18:  25;  Green's 
Disc.  UTS. 

BOUDINOT,  ELIAS,  a  Cherokee  Indian,  died 
June  10,  1839,  being  murdered  by  Indians  west 
of  the  Mississippi.  lie  was  a  man  of  education, 
talent^,  and  inlluence. 

BOUDINOT,  ADRIANA,  died  at  Hanover,  N.  H., 
in  Sept.,  1855,  aged  78,  the  widow  of  Tobias  B. 
of  New  Jersey,  the  nephew  of  Elias  B.  Born  in 
the  West  Indies,  she  was  of  Huguenot  descent 
from  Mr.  Lasalle  of  St.  Thomas,  whose  daughter 
married  Mr.  Malleville :  their  son  Thomas,  gov 
ernor  of  the  Danish  Islands,  was  the  father  of 
Maria  Malleville.  She  first  married  Gov.  Suhm, 
who  was  the  father  of  Maria  Wheelock,  and  next 
Mr.  Von  Beverhoudt,  who  removed  to  N.  J.,  to 
Beverwyck,  in  Parsippany,  and  was  the  father  of 
Mrs.  Boudinot.  She  died  in  Christian  peace. 
Her  father's  house  was  honored  with  the  visits 
of  Washington  and  his  wife  while  the  army  was 
at  Morris. 

BOUGHTON,  BENJAMIN,  died  in  Fredericks- 
burgh,  Va.,  in  1842,  bequeathing  2,000  dollars 
to  the  Bible  society,  the  same  to  the  tract  society, 
with  a  legacy  to  Sunday  schools. 

BOULDIN,  THOMAS  T.,  judge,  died  in  Wash 
ington  Feb.  11,  1834,  a  member  of  congress  from 
Va.  Having  been  blamed  for  not  speaking  of 
the  death  of  his  predecessor,  Randolph,  he  rose 
to  reply,  sank  down  into  a  chair,  and  died. 

BOUND,  EPHRAIM,  first  minister  of  the  sec 
ond  Baptist  church  in  Boston,  was  ordained  in 
1743  and  died  in  1765 :  he  was  useful  and  re 
spected. 

BOUQUET,  HENRY,  a  brave  officer,  was  ap 
pointed  lieutenant  colonel  in  the  British  army  in 
1756.  In  the  year  1763  he  was  sent  by  General 
Amherst  from  Canada  with  military  stores  and 
provisions  for  the  relief  of  Fort  Pitt.  While  on 
his  way  he  was  attacked  by  a  powerful  body  of 
Indians  on  the  5th  and  6th  of  August,  but  by  a 
skilful  manipuvre,  supported  by  the  determined 
bravery  of  his  troops,  he  defeated  them,  and 
reached  the  fort  in  four  days  from  the  action.  In 
the  following  year  he  was  sent  from  Canada  on  an 
expedition  against  the  Ohio  Indians,  and  in  Octo 
ber  he  reduced  a  body  of  the  Shawanese,  Dcla- 
wares,  and  other  Indians  to  the  necessity  of  making 
terms  of  peace  at  Tuscarawas.  I  Ic  died  at  Pen- 
sacola  in  February,  1766,  being  then  a  brigadier 
general.  Thomas  Ilutchins  published  at  Phila 
delphia  in  1765  an  historical  account  of  the 
expedition  against  the  Ohio  Indians  in  1764,  with 
a  maj>  and  plates. — Annual  Iteyister  for  1763, 
p.  27-31 ;  for  1764,  p.  181;  for  1766,  p. 62. 

BOURNE,  RICHARD,  a  missionary  among  the 
Indi-.ns  at  Marshree,  died  at  Sandwich  about  the 


year  1685.  He  was  one  of  the  first  emigrants 
from  England,  who  settled  at  Sandwich.  Being  a 
religious  man,  he  officiated  publicly  on  the  Lord's 
day,  until  a  minister,  Mr.  Smith,  was  settled ;  he 
then  turned  his  attention  to  the  Indians  at  the 
southward  and  eastward,  and  resolved  to  bring 
them  to  an  acquaintance  with  the  gospel.  He 
went  to  Marshpee,  not  many  miles  to  the  south. 
The  first  account  of  him  is  in  1658,  when  he  was 
in  that  town,  assisting  in  the  settlement  of  a  boun 
dary  between  the  Indians  and  the  proprietors  of 
Barn  stable.  Having  obtained  a  competent  knowl 
edge  of  the  Indian  language  he  entered  on  the 
missionary  service  with  activity  and  ardor.  On 
the  17th  of  August,  1670,  he  was  ordained  pastor 
of  an  Indian  church  at  Marshpee,  constituted  by 
his  own  disciples  and  converts ;  which  solemnity 
was  performed  by  the  famous  Eliot  and  Cotton. 
He  left  no  successor  in  the  ministry  but  an  Indian, 
named  Simon  Popmonet.  Mr.  Bourne  is  deserv 
ing  of  honorable  remembrance  not  only  for  his 
zealous  exertions  to  make  known  to  the  Indians 
the  glad  tidings  of  salvation,  but  for  his  regard  to 
their  temporal  interests.  He  wisely  considered 
that  it  would  be  hi  vain  to  attempt  to  propagate 
Christian  knowledge  among  them,  unless  they  had 
a  territory,  where  they  might  remain  in  peace,  and 
have  a  fixed  habitation.  He  therefore,  at  his  own 
expense,  not  long  after  the  year  1660,  obtained  a 
deed  of  Marshpee  from  Quachatisset  and  others 
to  the  South  Sea  Indians,  as  his  people  were 
called.  This  territory,  in  the  opinion  of  Mr. 
Hawley,  was  perfectly  adapted  for  an  Indian  town, 
being  situated  on  the  Sound,  in  sight  of  Martha's 
Vineyard,  cut  into  necks  of  land,  and  well  watered. 
After  the  death  of  Mr.  Bourne,  his  son,  Shcarja- 
shub  Bourne,  Esq.,  succeeded  him  in  the  Marshpee 
inheritance,  where  he  lived  till  his  death  in  1719. 
He  procured  from  the  court  at  Plymouth  a  ratifica 
tion  of  the  Indian  deeds,  so  that  no  parcel  of  the 
lands  could  be  bought  by  any  white  person  or  per 
sons  without  the  consent  of  all  the  said  Indians, 
not  even  with  the  consent  of  the  general  court. 
Thus  did  the  son  promote  the  designs  of  the 
father,  watching  over  the  interests  of  the  aborig 
ines.  A  letter  of  Mr.  Bourne,  giving  an  account 
of  the  Indians  in  Plymouth*  county  and  upon  the 

j  Cape,  is  preserved  in   Gookin.—  Mather's  Mag. 

I  ill.  199;  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  I.   172,   196-199,  218: 

|  in.  188-190  ;  VIII.  170. 

BOURNE,  EZRA,  chief  justice  of  the  court  of 
common  pleas  for  Barnstable  county,  died  at 
Marshpee  in  Sept.,  1764,  aged  87.  lie  was  the 
youngest  son  of  Shearjashub  Bourne,  who  died  at 
Sandwich,  March  7,  1719,  aged  75.  lie  succeeded 
his  father  in  the  superintendence  of  the  Indians, 
over  whom  he  had  great  influence.  He  married 
a  sister  of  Rev.  Thomas  Prince.  His  son,  Shear- 

ijashub,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  college  in    1743, 
died  at  Bristol,  R.  I.,  Feb.  9, 1781.     His  grandson, 


108 


BOURNE. 


BOWDOIN. 


Shearjashub,  a  graduate  of  1764,  a  representative 
in  congress  and  chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas 
for  Suffolk,  died  in  1806.  His  grandson,  Benja 
min,  L.L.  1).,  a  graduate  of  1775,  a  member  of 
congress,  and  appointed  a  judge  of  the  circuit 
court  of  Rhode  Island  in  1801,  died  Sept.  17, 
1808.—  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  III.  190. 

BOURNE,  JOSEPH,  missionary  to  the  Indians, 
was  the  son  of  the  preceding  and  graduated  in 
1722  at  Harvard  college,  in  the  catalogue  of  which 
his  name  is  erroneously  given  Bourn.  He  was 
ordained  at  Marshpee  as  successor  to  Simon  Pop- 
monet  Nov.  26,  1729.  He  resigned  his  mission  in 
1742,  complaining  much  of  the  ill  treatment 
which  the  Indians  received,  and  of  the  neglect  of 
the  commissioners  with  regard  to  his  support. 
He  was  succeeded  by  an  Indian,  named  Solomon 
Briant ;  but  he  still  took  an  interest  in  the  cause, 
in  which  he  was  once  particularly  engaged,  and 
much  encouraged  and  assisted  the  missionary, 
Mr.  Hawley.  Mr.  Bourne  died  in  1767. —  Coll. 
Hist.  Soc.  in.  190-191. 

BOURS,  PETER,  Episcopal  minister  in  Marble- 
head,  died  in  1762,  aged  36.  He  was  a  native  of 
Newport,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1747.  After  his  settlement  at  Marblehead,  he 
discharged  with  faithfulness  the  duties  of  his 
office  nine  years,  enforcing  the  doctrines  of  the 
gospel  with  fervency,  and  illustrating  the  truth  of 
what  he  taught  by  his  life.  His  predecessors 
were  Mousam,  Pigot,  Malcolm ;  his  successors, 
Weeks,  Harris,  Bowers.  His  dying  words  were 
"  O  Lamb  of  God,  receive  my  spirit." —  Whit- 
welVs  Ser.  on  Death  of  Barnard ;  Coll.  Hist.  Soc. 
vin.  77. 

BOUTELLE,  TIMOTHY,  L.L.  I).,  diedinWater- 
ville,  Me.,  Nov.  12,  1855,  aged  77.  Born  in 
Leominster,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1800. 
He  devoted  his  life  to  the  legal  profession  in 
Watervillc,  but  sometimes  occupied  public  sta 
tions.  The  cause  of  internal  improvement  and  of 
education  was  dear  to  him. — Boston  Advertiser, 
July  16,  1856. 

BOWDEN,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  professor  of  belles- 
lettres  and  moral  philosophy  in  Columbia  college, 
N.  Y.,  was  an  Episcopal  clergyman  more  than  forty 
years.  In  1787  he  was  rector  of  Norwalk.  He 
was  elected  bishop  of  Connecticut,  but,  as  he  de 
clined,  Mr.  Jarvis  was  appointed.  He  died  at 
Ballston  July  31,  1817,  aged  65.  He  published  a 
letter  to  E.  Stiles,  occasioned  by  his  ordination 
sermon  at  New  London,  1787  ;  the  apostolic  ori 
gin  of  episcopacy,  in  a  series  of  letters  to  Dr. 
Miller,  2  vols.  8vo.  1808. — Jennison. 

BOWD1TCH,  NATHANIEL,  L.L.  D.,  F.  R.  S., 
president  of  the  American  academy,  died  at  Bos 
ton  March  16,  1838,  aged  nearly  65,  being  born 
at  Salem  March  26,  1773.  The  son  of  a  ship 
master,  he  had  little  education.  From  1795  he 
spent  nine  years  in  a  seafaring  life.  He  was 


president  of  a  marine  insurance  company  from 
1804  to  1823,  Avhen  he  became  actuary  for  the 
rest  of  his  life  of  the  Massachusetts  Hospital 
Life  Insurance  Co.  By  his  extraordinary  genius 
and  industry  he  became  acquainted  with  Latin, 
Greek,  French,  Italian,  Spanish,  Portuguese,  and 
German,  and  was  one  of  the  most  eminent  of 
mathematicians  and  astronomers.  About  to  die, 
with  his  children  arranged  in  the  order  of  age  at 
his  bedside,  he  said,  "  Lord,  now  lettest  thou  thy 
servant  depart  in  peace,  according  to  thy  word." 
He  published  Practical  Navigator  in  1802,  and 
various  communications  in  the  Memoirs  of  the 
American  Academy ;  and  at  his  own  expense,  a 
translation  of  the  Mecanique  Celeste  of  La  Place, 
with  a  commentary  in  four  large  quarto  vols. 

BOWDOIN,  JAMES,  L.L.  I).,  Governor  of 
Massachusetts,  and  a  philosopher  and  statesman, 
died  Nov.  6,  1790,  aged  63.  He  was  born  in 
Boston  August  8,  1727,  and  was  the  son  of 
James  Bowdoin,  an  eminent  merchant.  His 
grandfather,  Peter  Bowdoin,  or  Pierre  Baudouin, 
was  a  physician  of  Rochelle,  in  France.  On  the 
revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes  in  1685,  he  fled 
with  a  multitude  of  Protestants,  and  went  first  to 
Ireland,  and  came  to  Falmouth,  noAv  Portland,  in 
Casco  Bay,  Maine,  as  early  as  April,  1687.  He 
owned  several  tracts  of  land,  one  tract  of  twenty- 
three  acres  extending  across  the  Neck,where  South 
street  now  is.  In  about  three  years  he  removed 
to  Boston.  The  day  after  his  departure  the  In 
dians  attacked,  May  15,  1690,  and  in  a  few  days 
destroyed  Casco.  The  time  of  his  death  is  not 
ascertained;  his  will  is  dated  in  1704, but  was  not 
proved  till  1719.  He  had  two  sons  and  two 
daughters.  His  eldest  son,  James,  the  father  of 
Gov.  B.,  by  his  industry,  enterprise  and  economy 
having  acquired  a  great  estate  and  laid  the  foun 
dation  of  the  eminence  of  his  family,  died  Sept. 
4,  1747,  aged  71;  he  also  left  two  sons,  James 
and  William,  the  latter  by  his  second  wife. 

Mr.  Bowdoin  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1745.  During  his  residence  at  the  university 
he  was  distinguished  by  his  genius  and  umvearied 
application  to  his  studies,  while  his  modesty,  po 
liteness,  and  benevolence  gave  his  friends  assurance 
that  liis  talents  would  not  be  prostituted,  nor  his 
future  eminence  employed  for  the  promotion  of 
unworthy  ends.  When  he  arrived  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one  years,  he  came  in  possession  of  an 
ample  fortune,  left  him  by  his  father,  who  died 
Sept.  4,  1747.  He  was  now  in  a  situation  the 
most  threatening  to  his  literary  and  moral  im 
provement,  for  one  great  motive,  which  impels 
men  to  exertion,  could  have  no  influence  upon 
him,  and  his  great  wealth  put  it  completely  in  his 
power  to  gratify  the  giddy  desires  of  youth.  But 
his  h'fe  had  hitherto  been  regular,  and  he  now 
with  the  maturity  of  wisdom  adopted  a  system 
which  was  most  rational,  pleasing,  and  useful.  He 


BOWDOIX. 


BOWDOIN. 


109 


determined  to  combine  with  the  enjoyments  of 
domestic  and  social  life  a  course  of  study  which 
should  enlarge  and  perfect  the  powers  of  his 
mind.  At  the  age  of  twenty-two  years  he  mar 
ried  a  daughter  of  John  Erving,  and  commenced 
a  system  of  literary  and  scientific  research,  to 
which  he  adhered  through  life. 

In  the  year  1753  the  citizens  of  Boston  elected 
him  one  of  their  representatives  in  the  general 
court,  where  his  learning  and  eloquence  soon  ren 
dered  him  conspicuous.  He  continued  in  this 
station  until  1736,  when  he  was  chosen  into  the 
council,  in  which  body  he  was  long  known  and 
respected.  With  uniform  ability  and  patriotism 
he  advocated  the  cause  of  his  country.  In  the 
disputes  which  laid  the  foundation  of  the  Ameri 
can  revolution,  his  writings  and  exertions  were 
eminently  useful.  Governors  Bernard  and  Hutch- 
inson  were  constrained  to  confess,  in  their  confi 
dential  letters  to  the  British  ministry,  the  weight 
of  his  opposition  to  their  measures.  In  1769 
Bernard  negatived  him,  when  he  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  council,  in  consequence  of  which 
the  inhabitants  of  Boston  again  elected  him  their 
representative  in  1770.  Hutchinson,  who  in  this 
year  succeeded  to  the  governor's  chair,  permitted 
him  to  take  a  seat  at  the  council  board,  because, 
said  he,  "  his  opposition  to  our  measures  will  be 
less  injurious  in  the  council,  than  in  the  house  of 
representatives."  He  wras  chosen  a  delegate  to 
the  first  congress,  but  the  illness  of  Mrs.  Bowdoin 
prevented  him  from  attending  with  the  other  del 
egates.  In  the  year  1775,  a  year  most  critical 
and  important  to  America,  he  was  chosen  pres 
ident  of  the  council  of  Massachusetts,  and  he 
continued  in  that  office  the  greater  part  of  the 
time  till  the  adoption  of  the  State  constitution  in 
1780.  lie  was  president  of  the  convention  which 
formed  it ;  and  some  of  its  important  articles  are 
the  result  of  his  knowledge  of  government. 

In  the  year  1785,  after  the  resignation  of  Han 
cock,  he  was  chosen  governor  of  Massachusetts, 
and  was  re-elected  the  following  year.  In  this 
office  his  wisdom,  firmness,  and  inflexible  integrity 
were  conspicuous.  He  was  placed  at  the  head 
of  the  government  at  the  most  unfortunate  period 
after  the  revolution.  The  sudden  influx  of  foreign 
luxuries  had  exhausted  the  country  of  its  specie, 
while  the  heavy  taxes  of  the  war  yet  burthened 
the  people.  This  state  of  suffering  awakened 
discontent,  and  the  spirit  of  disorder  was  cher 
ished  by  unlicensed  conventions,  wliich  were  arrayed 
against  the  legislature.  One  great  subject  of 
complaint  was  the  administration  of  justice. 
Against  lawyers  and  courts  the  strongest  resent 
ments  were  manifested.  In  many  instances  the 
judges  were  restrained  by  mobs  from  proceeding 
in  the  execution  of  their  duty.  As  the  insurgents 
became  more  audacious  from  the  lenient  measures 
of  the  government  and  were  organizing  them 


selves  for  the  subversion  of  the  constitution,  it  be 
came  necessary  to  suppress  by  force  the  spirit  of 
insurrection.  Gov.  Bowdoin  accordingly  ordered 
into  service  upwards  of  four  thousand  of  the 
militia,  who  were  placed  under  the  command  of 
the  veteran  Lincoln.  As  the  public  treasury  did 
not  afford  the  means  of  putting  the  troops  in 
motion,  some  of  the  citizens  of  Boston  with  the 
governor  at  the  head  of  the  list  subscribed  in  a 
few  hours  a  sufficient  sum  to  carry  on  the  proposed 
expedition.  This  decisive  step  rescued  the  gov 
ernment  from  the  contempt  into  which  it  was 
sinking,  and  was  the  means  of  saving  the  com 
monwealth.  The  dangerous  insurrection  of  Shays 
was  thus  completely  quelled. 

In  the  year  1787  Gov.  Bowdoin  was  succeeded 
by  Hancock,  in  consequence  of  the  exertions  of 
the  discontented,  who  might  hope  for  greater 
clemency  from  another  chief  magistrate.  He 
died  in  Boston,  after  a  distressing  sickness  of 
three  months.  His  wife,  Elizabeth  Erving,  died 
in  May,  1803,  aged  72.  He  left  two  children, 
James,  and  a  daughter  who  married  Sir  John 
Temple,  consul-general  of  Great  Britain  in  the 
United  States,  and  died  Oct.  26,  1809. 

Gov.  Bowdoin  was  a  learned  man,  and  a  con 
stant  and  generous  friend  of  literature.  He 
subscribed  liberally  for  the  restoration  of  the 
library  of  Harvard  college  in  the  year  1764,  when 
it  was  consumed  by  fire,  lie  was  chosen  a  fellow 
of  the  corporation  in  the  year  1779;  but  the 
pressure  of  more  important  duties  induced  him 
to  resign  this  office  in  1784.  lie  ever  felt,  how 
ever,  an  affectionate  regard  for  the  interests  of 
the  college,  and  bequeathed  to  it  four  hundred 
pounds,  the  interest  of  which  was  to  be  applied 
to  the  distribution  of  premiums  among  the  stu 
dents  for  the  encouragement  of  useful  and  polite 
literature.  The  American  academy  of  arts  and 
sciences,  incorporated  at  Boston  May  4,  1780,  at 
a  time  when  our  country  was  in  the  deepest  dis 
tress,  was  formed  under  his  influence,  and  was  an 
object  of  his  constant  attention.  He  was  chosen 
its  first  president,  and  he  continued  in  that  office 
till  his  death.  He  was  regarded  by  its  members 
as  the  pride  and  ornament  of  their  institution. 
To  this  body  he  bequeathed  one  hundred  pounds 
and  his  valuable  library,  consisting  of  upwards  of 
twelve  hundred  volumes  upon  every  branch  of 
science.  He  was  also  one  of  the  founders  and 
the  president  of  the  Massachusetts  bank,  and  of 
the  humane  society  of  Massachusetts.  The  lit 
erary  character  of  Gov.  Bowdoin  gained  him 
those  honors,  which  are  usually  conferred  on  men 
distinguished  for  their  literary  attainments.  He 
was  constituted  doctor  of  IBAVS  by  the  university 
of  Edinburgh,  and  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
royal  societies  of  London  and  Dublin. 

He  was  deeply  convinced  of  the  truth  and  ex 
cellence  of  Christianity,  and  it  had  a  constant 


110 


BOWDOIN. 


effect  upon  his  life.  He  was  for  more  than  thirty 
years  an  exemplary  member  of  the  church  in 
Brattle  street,  to  the  poor  of  which  congregation 
he  bequeathed  a  hundred  pounds.  His  charities 
•were  abundant.  He  respected  the  injunctions  of 
the  gospel  of  Jesus  Christ,  which  he  professed. 
He  knew  the  pleasures  and  advantages  of  family 
devotion,  and  he  conscientiously  observed  the 
Christian  sabbath,  presenting  himself  habitually 
in  the  holy  temple,  that  he  might  be  instructed 
in  religious  duty,  and  might  unite  with  the  wor 
shippers  of  God.  In  his  dying  addresses  to  his 
family  and  servants  he  recommended  the  Chris 
tian  religion  to  them  as  of  transcendent  importance, 
and  assured  them,  that  it  was  the  only  founda 
tion  of  peace  and  happiness  in  life  and  death. 
As  the  hour  of  his  departure  approached,  he 
expressed  his  satisfaction  in  the  thought  of 
going  to  the  full  enjoyment  of  God  and  his  Re 
deemer. 

Gov.  Bowdoin  was  the  author  of  a  poetic  "Par 
aphrase  of  the  Economy  of  Human  Life,"  dated 
March  28,  1759.  He  also  published  a  philo 
sophical  discourse,  publicly  addressed  to  the 
American  academy  of  arts  and  sciences  in  Boston 
Nov.  8,  1780,  when  he  was  inducted  into  the  office 
of  president.  This  is  prefixed  to  the  first  volume 
of  the  society's  memoirs.  In  this  work  he  pub 
lished  several  other  productions,  which  manifest 
no  common  taste  and  talents  in  astronomical  in 
quiries.  The  following  are  the  titles  of  them  : 
Observations  upon  an  hypothesis  for  solving  the 
phenomena  of  light,  with  incidental  observations 
tending  to  show  the  hcterogeneousness  of  light, 
and  of  the  electric  fluid,  by  their  union  with  each 
other ;  Observations  on  light  and  the  waste  of 
matter  in  the  sun  and  fixed  stars  occasioned  by 
the  constant  efflux  of  light  from  them;  Obser 
vations  tending  to  prove  by  phenomena  and 
scripture  the  existence  of  an  orb,  which  surrounds 
the  whole  material  system,  and  which  may  be 
necessary  to  preserve  it  from  the  ruin,  to  which, 
without  such  a  counterbalance,  it  seems  liable  by 
that  universal  principle  in  matter,  gravitation. 
He  supposes,  that  the  blue  expanse  of  the  sky  is 
a  real  concave  body  encompassing  all  visible  na 
ture  ;  that  the  milky  way  and  the  lucid  spots  in 
the  heavens  are  gaps  in  this  orb,  through  which 
the  light  of  exterior  orbs  reaches  us;  and  that 
thus  an  intimation  may  be  given  of  orbs  on  orbs 
and  systems  on  systems  innumerable  and  incon 
ceivably  grand.  —  Thacher's  Fun.  Ser.  ;  Lowell's 
Eulogy ;  Mass.  Mag.  III.  5-8,  304,  305,  372  ; 
Univer.  Asyl.  I.  73-70  ;  Miller,  II. ;  Minofs  Hist. 
Insur.  ;  Rldrsltall,  v.  121;  Amer.  Quar.  Rev.,  II. 
505  ;  Maine  Hist.  Coll.  184 ;  Eliot. 

BOWDOIX,  JAMES,  the  son  of  the  preceding, 
died  Oct.  11,  1811,  aged  58.  He  was  born 
Sept.  22,  1752.  After  he  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1771,  he  proceeded  to  England,  where 


BOWDOIN. 

he  prosecuted  the  study  of  the  law  nearly  a 
year  at  the  university  of  Oxford.  After  revis 
iting  his  native  country  he  sailed  again  for  Eu 
rope,  and  travelled  in  Italy,  Holland,  and  Eng 
land.  On  hearing  ot  the  battle  of  Lexington  he 
returned  home.  The  anxieties  of  his  father  pre 
vented  him  from  engaging  in  military  service,  to 
which  he  was  inclined.  Before  the  close  of  the 
war  he  married  the  daughter  of  Mr.  William 
Bowdoin,  the  half  brother  of  his  father.  Devoting 
much  of  his  time  to  literary  pursuits  at  his  resi 
dence  in  Dorchester,  he  yet  sustained  succes 
sively  the  public  offices  of  representative,  senator, 
and  councillor. 

Soon  after  the  incorporation  of  the  college, 
which  bears  the  name  of  Bowdoin,  he  made  to  it 
a  donation  of  one  thousand  acres  of  land  and 
more  than  eleven  hundred  pounds.  About  this 
time  he  was  chosen  a  fellow,  or  elected  into  the 
corporation  of  Harvard  college,  and  retained  the 
office  seven  years.  Having  received  a  commission 
from  Mr.  Jefferson,  the  President  of  the  United 
States,  as  minister  plenipotentiary  to  the  court  of 
Madrid,  he  sailed  May  10,  1805,  and  was  abroad 
until  April  18,  1808.  The  objects  of  his  mission, 
which  related  to  the  settlement  of  the  limits  of 
Louisiana,  the  purchase  of  Florida,  and  the  pro 
curing  of  compensation  for  repeated  spoliations  of 
American  commerce,  were  not  accomplished. 
During  his  absence  he  spent  two  years  in  Paris, 
where  he  purchased  many  books,  a  collection  of 
well  arranged  minerals,  and  fine  models  of  crys 
tallography,  which  he  afterwards  presented  to 
Bowdoin  college.  After  his  return  much  of  his 
time  was  spent  upon  his  family  estate,  the  valuable 
island  of  Naushaun,  near  Martha's  Vineyard. 
At  this  time  his  translation  of  Danbenton's  "Ad 
vice  to  Shepherds  "  was  published  for  the  benefit 
of  the  owners  of  sheep.  lie  had  previously  pub 
lished,  anonymously,  "  Opinions  respecting  the 
commercial  intercourse  between  the  United  States 
and  Great  Britain."  In  July,  1811,  he  executed 
a  deed  to  Bowdoin  college  of  six  thousand  acres 
in  the  town  of  Lisbon.  By  his  last  will  he  be 
queathed  to  the  college  several  articles  of  philo 
sophical  apparatus,  a  costly  collection  of  seventy 
fine  paintings,  and  the  reversion  of  Naushaun 
island  on  the  failure  of  issue  male  of  the  dcvis:ecs. 
The  college  claims  are  now  settled. 

After  a  long  period  of  infirmity  and  of  painful 
attacks  of  disease  he  died  without  children.  His 
widow  married  Gen.  Henry  Dearborn.  At  her 
decease  she  left  a  sum  of  money  and  a  number  of 
valuable  family  portraits  to  the  college.  The 
name  of  James  Bowdoin  was  borne  by  one  of  the 
heirs  of  his  estate,  —  the  son  of  his  niece  who 
married  Thomas  L.  Winthrop,  the  lieutenant  gov 
ernor  of  Massachusetts.  —  Jcnk.J  Eulogy. 

BOWDOIN,  JAMES,  of  Boston,  died  in  Havana 
March  6,  1833,  aged  38;  a  graduate  of  Bowdoin 


BOWEN. 


BOWIE. 


college  in  1814.  He  was  the  son  of  Lieut.  Gov. 
Winthrop.  He  took  the  name  of  his  grandfather 
Bowdoin  and  received  a  competent  fortune.  Re 
linquishing  the  practice  of  the  law,  he  devoted 
himself  to  literature,  especially  to  history.  The 
chronological  index  of  the  ten  vols.  of  second 
series  of  the  Historical  Society  was  made  out  by 
him,  and  he  performed  other  useful  labors  for  the 
society.  A  brief  memoir  is  in  Hist.  Cull.  3d  series, 
vol.  IX. 

BOWEX,  JAEEZ,  L'.L.  D.,  lieut.  governor  of 
Rhode  Island,  was  born  in  Providence,  graduated 
at  Yale  college  in  17.57,  and  died  May  7,  1815, 
aged  75  years.  For  thirty  years  he  was  the  chan 
cellor  of  the  college  at  Providence  as  the  successor 
of  Gov.  Hopkins.  During  the  Pie  volution  ary  war 
he  was  devoted  to  the  cause  of  his  country,  and 
was  a  member  of  the  board  of  war,  judge  of  the 
supreme  court,  and  lieut.  governor.  Of  the  na 
tional  convention  at  Annapolis  and  of  the  State 
convention  to  consider  the  constitution  he  was  a 
member.  During  the  administration  of  Wash 
ington  he  was  commissioner  of  loans  for  Rhode 
Island.  Of  the  Bible  society  of  It.  I.  he  was  the 
president.  In  the  maturity  of  his  years  he  be 
came  a  member  of  the  first  Congregational  church. 
His  great  capacity  for  public  business,  joined  to  his 
unquestioned  integrity,  gave  him  an  elevated  char 
acter  and  great  influence  in  society.  A  gentleman 
of  the  same  name  was  a  judge  of  the  superior 
court  in  Georgia ;  having  in  an  elegant  charge, 
delivered  at  Savannah,  made  some  imprudent 
remarks  concerning  the  colored  population,  the 
grand  jury  presented  his  charge,  in  consequence 
of  which  he  sent  them  all  to  prison,  lie  was 
removed  from  office,  and,  it  is  said,  died  insane  at 
Philadelphia. 

BOWEX,  PARDON,  M.  I).,  a  distinguished  phy 
sician,  died  Oct.  25,  1826,  aged  G9.  He  was  born 
in  Providence  March  22,  1757.  Richard  Bowcn 
is  said  to  have  been  his  ancestor ;  perhaps  it  was 
Griffeth  Bowcn,  who  lived  in  Boston  in  1639.  His 
father  was  Dr.  Ephraim  Bowen,  an  eminent  phy 
sician  of  Providence,  who  died  Oct.  21,  1812, 
aged  96  years.  After  graduating  at  the  college 
of  Rhode  Island  in  1775,  he  studied  Avith  his 
brother,  Dr.  William  Bowcn,  and  embarked  as 
surgeon  in  a  privateer  in  1779.  Though  captured 
and  imprisoned  seven  months  at  Halifax,  he  was 
not  deterred  from  engaging  repeatedly  in  similar 
enterprises,  resulting  in  new  imprisonments.  In 
1782  he  reached  home  and  Avas  content  to  remain 
on  shore.  In  1783  he  repaired  to  Philadelphia 
for  his  improvement  in  his  profession  at  the  med 
ical  school.  After  his  return  it  was  but  gradually 
that  he  obtained  practice.  At  length  his  success 
was  ample ;  his  eminence  in  medicine  and  surgery 
were  undisputed.  During  the  prevalence  of  the 
yellow  fever  he  shrank  not  from  the  peril ;  more 
than  once  was  he  attacked  by  that  disease.  For 


much  of  his  success  he  was  indebted  to  his  study 
of  idiosyncrasy,  or  of  the  peculiarities,  moral,  in 
tellectual  and  physical,  of  his  patients.  In  1820 
he  experienced  an  attack  of  the  palsy,  which  ter 
minated  his  professional  labors,  in  consequence  of 
which  he  retired  to  the  residence  of  his  son-in-law, 
Franklin  Greene,  at  Potowomut  (Warwick),  where 
he  passed  years  of  suffering,  sometimes  amount 
ing  to  agony.  In  the  life-giving  energy  of  the 
doctrines,  precepts,  and  promises  of  the  Bible  he 
found  the  only  adequate  support  and  solace. 
His  wife,  who  survived  him,  was  the  daughter  of 
Henry  Ward,  secretary  of  Rhode  Island.  Dr. 
Bowen  sustained  an  excellent  character ;  he  was 
modest,  upright,  afTable ;  free  from  covetousness 
and  ambition  ;  beneficent ;  and  in  his  last  days  an 
example  of  Christian  holiness.  He  published  an 
elaborate  account  of  the  yellow  fever  of  Provi 
dence  in  1805  in  Hosack's  medical  register,  vol. 
IV. —  Tit uclicr's  Med.  Ling. 

BOWEX,  WILLIAM  C.,  M.  D.,  professor  of 
chemistry  in  Brown  university,  received  this  ap 
pointment  in  1812,  and  died  April  23,  1815,  aged 
29.  He  was  the  only  son  of  Dr.  AYilliam  Bowen, 
who  was  an  eminent  practitioner  at  the  age  of 
80  years,  and  was  born  June  2,  1785.  After 
graduating  at  Union  college  in  1703,  he  studied 
medicine  with  Dr.  Pardon  Bowen  ;  also  at  Edin 
burgh  and  Paris,  and  at  London  as  the  private 
pupil  of  Sir  Astley  Cooper.  lie  did  not  return 
till  Aug.  1811.  Experiments  to  discover  the 
composition  of  the  bleaching  liquor,  just  brought 
into  use  in  England,  laid  the  foundation  of  the 
disease  which  terminated  his  life.  He  married  a 
daughter  of  Col.  Olney.  Though  his  labors  on 
chlorine  impaired  his  property  and  destroyed  his 
life,  they  led  to  the  creation  of  the  valuable 
bleaching  establishments  of  Rhode  Island.  — 
ThacJter's  Med.  Biog. 

BOWEX,  NATHANIEL,  D.  D.,  bishop  of  South 
Carolina,  died  Aug.  25.,  1839,  aged  59. 

BOWEX,  CHARLES,  died  Dec.  19,  1845,  aged 
38,  drowned  with  his  wife  and  oldest  child  by  the 
sinking  of  the  steamer  Belle  Zane  in  the  M'issis- 
sippi,  by  striking  a  snag,  five  hundred  miles  above 
Xew  Orleans.  He  lived  in  Zanesville,  Ohio,  but 
was  a  native  of  Charlestown,  and  in  Boston  pub 
lished  for  several  years  the  Xorth  American  Re 
view,  Amer.  Almanac,  Token,  and  other  works. 

BOWIE,  ROBEKT,  general,  governor  of  Mary 
land,  succeeded  John  F.  Mercer  as  governor  in 
1803,  and  was  succeeded  by  Robert  Wright  in 
1805.  He  was  again  governor  in  1811,  but  the 
next  year  was  succeeded  by  Levin  Winder.  He 
died  at  Xottingham  in  Jan.,  1818,  aged  64.  He 
was  an  officer  of  the  Revolution,  and  presents  one 
of  the  multitude  of  instances  in  America  of  the 
success  of  patriotism,  integrity,  and  benevolence, 
unassisted  by  the  advantages  of  wealth  or  of  a 
learned  education. 


112 


BOWLES. 


BOYD. 


BOWLES,  WILLIAM  A.,  an  Indian  agent,  died 
Dec.  23,  1805.  He  was  born  in  Frederic  county, 
the  son  of  a  schoolmaster  in  Maryland,  who  Avas 
an  Englishman  and  brother  of  Carington  B., 
keeper  of  the  famous  print-shop,  Ludgate  hill, 
London.  At  the  age  of  thirteen  Bowles  privately 
left  his  parents  and  joined  the  British  army  at 
Philadelphia.  Afterwards  he  entered  the  service 
of  the  Creek  Indians  and  married  an  Indian  wo 
man.  Ferocious  like  the  savages,  he  instigated 
them  to  many  of  their  excesses.  The  British  re 
warded  him  for  his  exertions.  After  the  peace  he 
went  to  England.  On  his  return  his  influence 
with  the  Indians  was  so  disastrous,  that  the  Span 
iards  offered  six  thousand  dollars  for  his  appre 
hension.  He  was  entrapped  in  Feb.,  1792,  and 
sent  a  prisoner  to  Madrid  and  thence  to  Manilla 
in  179,3.  Having  leave  to  go  to  Europe,  he  re 
paired  to  the  Creeks  and  commenced  his  depre 
dations  anew  ;  but  being  again  betrayed  in  1804 
into  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards,  he  was  confined 
in  the  Moro  castle,  Havana,  where  he  died.  Such 
is  the  miserable  end  of  most  of  the  unprincipled 
adventurers,  of  whom  there  is  any  account.  A 
memoir  of  him  was  published  in  London,  1791,  in 
which  he  is  called  ambassador  from  the  united 
nations  of  Creeks  and  Cherokees. — Jennison. 

BOYD,  THOMAS,  a  soldier,  who  perished  by  the 
hands  of  the  Indians,  was  a  private  soldier  be 
longing  to  Capt.  Matthew  Smith's  Pennsylvania 
rifle  company,  in  Arnold's  expedition  through  the 
wilderness  of  Maine  to  Quebec  in  1775.  lie  was 
the  largest  and  strongest  man  in  the  company. 
He  was  taken  prisoner  in  the  assault,  Dec.  31. 
After  being  exchanged  he  was  a  lieutenant  in  the 
first  Pennsylvania  regiment,  and  accompanied  Gen. 
Sullivan  in  his  expedition  against  the  Indians  in 
the  Seneca  country,  New  York,  in  Aug.  and 
Sept.,  1779.  When  the  army  had  marched  be 
yond  Canandaigua,  and  was  near  the  Gcnesee 
town  on  the  Genesee  river,  Boyd  was  sent  out  in 
the  evening  of  Sept.  12  to  reconnoitre  the  town 
six  miles  distant.  He  took  twenty-six  men,  with 
an  Oneida  chief,  named  Han-Jost.  The  guides 
mistook  the  road,  and  led  him  to  a  castle  six 
miles  higher  up  the  river  than  Genesee.  Here  a 
few  Indians  were  discovered,  of  whom  two  were 
killed  and  scalped.  On  his  return  Boyd  was  in 
tercepted  by  several  hundred  Indians  and  rangers 
under  Butler.  His  flanking  parties  escaped;  but 
he  and  fourteen  men  with  the  Oneida  chief  were 
encircled.  Itesorting  to  a  small  grove  of  trees, 
surrounded  with  a  cleared  space,  he  fought  des 
perately  till  all  his  men  but  one  were  killed  and 
he  himself  was  shot  through  the  body.  The  next 
day  his  body  and  that  of  his  companion,  Michael 
Parker,  were  found  at  Genesee,  barbarously  muti 
lated.  The  Indians  had  cruelly  whipped  him; 
stabbed  him  with  spears ;  pulled  out  his  nails ; 
plucked  out  an  eye,  and  cut  out  his  tongue.  His 


head  was  cut  off.  Simpson,  afterwards  general, 
his  companion  at  Quebec,  decently  buried  him. 
His  scalp,  hooped  and  painted,  found  in  one  of 
the  wigwams,  was  recognized  by  Simpson  by  its 
long,  brown,  silky  hair.  —  Maine  Hist.  Coll.  I. 
416 ;  American  Remembrancer,  1780,  1G2. 

BOYD,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Lamington  in 
New  Jersey,  died  May  15,  1808.  He  was  de 
scended  from  Scottish  ancestors,  who  emigrated 
to  Pennsylvania.  He  was  born  in  Franklin  county, 
1758.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  he  lost  his  father,  but 
about  the  same  time  it  pleased  the  Father  of 
mercies  to  turn  him  from  darkness  to  light.  His 
collegial  education  was  completed  at  Princeton  in 
1778,  under  the  presidency  of  Dr.  Witherspoon. 
After  pursuing  the  study  of  theology  with  Dr. 
Allison,  of  Baltimore,  he  commenced  preaching 
the  gospel.  His  popularity  and  talents  would 
have  procured  him  a  conspicuous  situation ;  but 
he  was  destitute  of  ambition.  He  preferred  a 
retired  situation,  and  accepted  the  call  of  Laming 
ton.  Here  he  continued  till  his  death.  A  lively 
faith  in  the  Iledccmer  gave  him  hope  and  triumph. 
He  was  a  man  of  unfeigned  humility,  amiable  in 
the  various  relations  of  life,  and  remarkable  for 
prudence  and  moderation  in  all  his  deportment. 
He  was  a  preacher  of  peculiar  excellence.  Deeply 
penetrated  himself  with  a  sense  of  the  total  de 
pravity  of  the  human  heart,  and  of  the  inability 
of  man  to  perform  anything  acceptable  to  God 
without  the  influence  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  he  en 
deavored  to  impress  these  truths  on  others.  He 
dwelt  upon  the  necessity  of  a  Divine  atonement, 
and  of  faith  in  the  Piedeemer,  in  order  to  justifica 
tion  ;  upon  the  riches  of  Divine  grace  and  the 
encouragements  of  the  gospel  to  the  humble  and 
contrite ;  upon  the  dangers  of  self-deception  and 
the  false  refuges  of  the  wicked.  He  was  remark 
able  for  a  natural  facility  and  perspicuity  of 
expression.  For  a  few  years  he  wrote  his  ser 
mons  and  committed  them  to  memory;  but  for 
the  remainder  of  his  life  he  depended,  after  hav 
ing  digested  his  subject,  upon  the  vigor  of  his 
powers.  A  penetrating  eye,  natural  gestures,  a 
sweet  and  commanding  voice,  and  an  irreproacha 
ble  character,  gave  weight  and  authority  to  his 
words.  But  his  labors,  like  those  of  many  other 
good  men,  were  attended  with  only  a  gradual  in 
crease  of  the  church  committed  to  his  care. 

He  was  formed  no  less  for  society  than  for  the 
pulpit,  having  a  friendly  disposition,  being  ani 
mated  in  conversation,  accommodating  himself  to 
the  tempers  of  others,  and  mingling  condescen 
sion  with  dignity.  —  Evany.  Intellig.  May,  1808. 

BOYD,  JOHN  P.,  brigadier-general  in  the  army 
of  the  United  States,  died  at  Boston  Oct.  4,  1830, 
aged  02.  He  commanded  the  detachment  of 
fifteen  hundred  men  of  Wilh'amson's  army,  which 
fought  the  battle  of  Williamsburg,  Upper  Canada, 
with  eighteen  hundred  of  the  enemy,  the  garri- 


BOYD. 


BOYLSTON. 


113 


sons  of  Kingston  and  Prescott,  Nov.  11,  1813.  j  the  year  1692,  it  had  proved  destructive  to  the 
In  this  severe  action  brigadier-general  Covington  I  lives  of  many,  though  it  was  much  less  mortal 
was  killed ;  the  American  loss  was  three  hundred  than  when  it  appeared  in  the  year  1678.  On  its 
thirty-nine ;  the  British  one  hundred  eighty-one,  re-appearance,  Dr.  Cotton  Mather,  who  had  read 
This  British  force  being  in  the  rear,  and  the  co-  I  in  a  volume  of  the  philosophical  transactions,  put 


operation  of  Hampton  having  failed,  the  proposed 
descent  to  Montreal  was  abandoned,  and  the 
American  army  recrossed  the  St.  Lawrence  and 
went  into  winter  quarters  at  French  Mills.  Gen. 
Boyd  was  a  good  officer ;  his  early  military  career 
was  in  India.  But  this  service  was  of  a  peculiar 


into  his  hands  by  Dr.  Douglass,  two  communica 
tions  from  the  east,  the  one  from  Timoni  at 
Constantinople,  and  the  other  from  Pylarini,  the 
Venetian  consul  at  Smyrna,  giving  an  account  of 
the  practice  of  inoculation  for  the  small  pox,  con 
ceived  the  idea  of  introducing  this  practice  in 


kind.     He   organized  three   battalions,   each   of  I  Boston.     He   accordingly,   June  6,  addressed  a 


about  five  hundred  men,  and  had  also  a  small  ir 
regular  force.  He  had  six  cannon,  three  or  four 
elephants,  and  as  many  English  officers,  lie 
hired  his  men  and  his  officers  at  a  certain  number 
of  rupees  a  month.  This  corps,  as  regarded  arms 
and  equipments,  was  his  sole  property ;  and  in 
the  command  of  it  he  entered  the  service  of  any 
of  the  Indian  princes  who  would  give  him  the 
best  pay.  Once  he  was  in  the  pay  of  Holkar ; 
afterwards  in  the  Peshwas  service ;  then,  quitting 
the  Mahratta  territory,  he  was  hired  for  the  ser 
vice  of  Nizam  Ally  Khan.  Then  he  marched  to 
Poona,  and,  having  no  eligible  offer  of  employ 
ment,  he  sold  out  his  elephants,  guns,  arms,  and 
equipments,  to  Col.  Felose,  a  Neapolitan  partisan, 
who  acquired  the  implements,  elephantine  and 
human,  for  carrying  on  the  same  trade  of  hired 
ruffianship.  In  1808  he  was  in  Paris.  After  the 
war  he  received  the  appointment  of  naval  officer 
for  the  port  of  Boston,  lie  published  documents 
and  facts  relative  to  military  events  during  the  late 
war,  1816.  — Boston  Weekly  Messenger,  vm.  774. 

BOYD,  WILLIAM,  died  in  1800,  a  graduate  of 
Harvard  in  1796.  He  wrote  a  poem  on  Woman, 
and  other  pieces. 

BOYLE,  JOHN,  chief  justice  of  Kentucky,  died 
Jan.  28,  1834.  He  had  been  a  judge  of  the  cir- 


letter  to  the  physicians  of  Boston,  inclosing  an 
abridgment  of  those  communications,  and  re 
questing  them  to  meet  and  take  the  subject  into 
consideration.  As  this  request  was  treated  with 
neglect,  he  wrote  to  Dr.  Boylston  separately,  June 
24,  and  sent  him  all  the  information  which  he 
had  collected,  in  the  hope  that  he  would  be  per 
suaded  to  embrace  a  new  and  favorable  means  for 
the  preservation  of  human  life.  Dr.  Boylston 
happily  was  a  man  of  benevolence  and  courage. 
When  there  was  before  him  a  promising  opportu 
nity  for  diminishing  the  evils  of  human  life,  he 
was  not  afraid  to  struggle  with  prejudice,  nor 
unwilling  to  encounter  abuse.  The  practice  would 
be  entirely  new  in  America,  and  it  was  not  known 
that  it  had  been  introduced  into  Europe.  Yet 
he  determined  to  venture  upon  it.  He  first  in 
oculated,  June  26th,  his  son  Thomas,  of  the  age 
of  six  years,  and  two  of  his  servants.  Encour 
aged  by  the  success  of  this  experiment,  he  began 
to  enlarge  his  practice.  The  other  physicians 
gave  their  unanimous  opinion  against  inoculation, 
as  it  would  infuse  a  malignity  into  the  blood  ; 
and  the  selectmen  of  Boston  forbade  it  in  July. 
But  these  discouragements  did  not  quench  the 
zeal  and  benevolence,  which  were  now  excited; 
though  prejudice  might  have  triumphed  over  an 


cuit  court  of  the  United  States,  and  Avas  able  and  |  enlightened  practice,  if  the  clergy  had  not  step- 
distinguished,  i  ped  in  to  aid  the  project.     Six  venerable  ministers 


BOYLSTON,  ZABDIEL,  F.  R.  S.,  an  eminent 
physician,  who  first  introduced  the  inoculation  of 
the  small  pox  in  America,  died  at  Boston  March 
1,  1766,  aged  86.  He  was  born  of  respectable 
parents  at  Brookline,  Mass.,  in  1680.  His  father 
was  Peter  B.,  the  son  of  Doctor  Thomas  B.,  who 
received  his  medical  degree  at  Oxford,  and  came 
to  tin's  country  and  settled  in  Brookline  in  1635. 
After  a  good  private  education,  he  studied  physic 
under  the  care  of  Dr.  John  Cutler,  an  eminent 
physician  and  surgeon  of  Boston,  and  in  a  few 
years  arrived  at  great  distinction  in  his  profession, 
and  accumulated  a  handsome  fortune.  He  was 
remarkable  for  his  skill,  his  humanity,  and  his 
close  attention  to  his  patients.  In  the  year  1721 
the  small  pox  prevailed  in  Boston,  and  being 
fatal,  like  the  plague,  it  carried  with  it  the  utmost 
terror.  This  calamity  had  not  visited  the  town 
since  the  year  1702,  in  winch  year,  as  well  as  in 


of  Boston  gave  their  whole  influence  in  its  favor; 
and  the  weight  of  their  character,  the  confidence 
which  was  reposed  in  their  wisdom,  and  the  deep 
reverence  inspired  by  their  piety,  were  hardly 
sufficient  to  preserve  the  growing  light  from  ex 
tinction.  They  were  abused,  but  they  triumphed. 
July  17,  Dr.  Boylston  inoculated  his  son  John, 
who  was  older  than  Thomas,  and  Aug.  23,  his 
son  Zabdiel,  aged  14.  During  the  year*  1721 
and  the  beginning  of  1722  he  inoculated  two 
hundred  and  forty-seven  persons  in  Boston  and 
the  neighboring  towns.  Thirty-nine  were  inocu 
lated  by  other  physicians,  making  in  the  whole 
two  hundred  and  eighty-six,  of  whom  only  six 
died.  During  the  same  period,  of  five  thousand 
seven  hundred  and  fifty-nine  persons,  who  had 
the  small  pox  in  the  natural  way,  eight  hundred 
and  forty-four  died.  The  utility  of  the  practice 
was  now  established  beyond  dispute,  and  its  sue- 


114 


LOYLSTOX. 


BOYLSTON. 


cess  encouraged  its  more  general  introduction  in 
England,  in  which  country  it  had  been  tried  upon 
a  few  persons,  most  or  all  of  whom  were  convicts. 
In  the  prosecution  of  his  good  work  Dr.  Boylston 
was  obliged  to  meet  not  only  the  most  virulent, 
but  the  most  dangerous  opposition.  Dr.  Law 
rence  Dalhonde,  a  French  physician  in  Boston, 
gave  his  deposition  concerning  the  pernicious 
effects  of  inoculation,  which  he  had  witnessed  in 
Europe.  The  deposition,  dated  July  22,  was  pub 
lished  by  the  selectmen,  the  rulers  of  the  town, 
in  their  zeal  against  the  practice.  Dr.  Douglass, 
a  Scotchman,  violent  in  his  prejudices,  and  bitter 
and  outrageous  in  his  conduct,  bent  his  whole 
force  to  annihilate  the  practice,  which  had  been 
introduced.  One  argument,  which  he  brought 
against  it,  was  that  it  was  a  crime,  which  came 
under  the  description  of  poisoning  and  spreading 
infection,  which  were  made  penal  by  the  laws  of 
England.  In  the  pamphlets,  which  were  pub 
lished  in  1721  and  1722,  various  kinds  of  reason 
ing  are  found.  The  following  extracts  will  give 
some  idea  of  the  spirit  of  them.  "  To  spread 
abroad  a  moral  contagion,  what  is  it  but  to  cast 
abroad  arrows  and  death  ?  If  a  man  should  wil 
fully  throw  a  bomb  into  a  town,  burn  a  house,  or 
kill  a  man,  ought  he  not  to  die  ?  I  do  not  see 
how  we  can  be  excused  from  great  impiety 
herein,  when  ministers  and  people,  with  loud  and 
strong  cries,  made  supplications  to  almighty  God 
to  avert  the  judgment  of  the  small  pox,  and  at 
the  same  time  some  have  been  carrying  about 
instruments  of  inoculation  and  bottles  of  the 
poisonous  humor,  to  infect  all  who  were  willing 
to  submit  to  it,  whereby  we  might  as  naturally 
expect  the  infection  to  spread,  as  a  man  to  break 
his  bones  by  casting  himself  headlong  from  the 
highest  pinnacle.  Can  any  man  infect  a  family 
in  the  town  in  the  morning,  and  pray  to  God  in 
the  evening,  that  the  distemper  may  not  spread?" 
It  was  contended,  that,  as  the  small  pox  was  a 
judgment  from  God  for  the  sins  of  the  people, 
to  endeavor  to  avert  the  stroke  would  but  provoke 
him  the  more ;  that  inoculation  was  an  encroach 
ment  upon  the  prerogatives  of  Jehovah,  whose 
right  it  was  to  wound  and  to  smite ;  and  that,  as 
there  was  an  appointed  time  to  man  upon  earth, 
it  would  be  useless  to  attempt  to  stay  the  ap 
proach  of  death. 

The  people  became  so  exasperated,  that  it  was 
unsafe  for  Dr.  Boylston  to  travel  in  the  evening. 
They  even  paraded  the  streets  with  halters  and 
threatened  to  hang  liim.  But  his  cool  and  deter 
mined  spirit,  supported  by  his  trust  in  God, 
enabled  him  to  persevere.  As  he  believed  him 
self  to  be  in  the  way  of  his  duty,  he  did  not  trem 
ble  at  the  apprehension  of  the  evils  which  might 
come  upon  him.  "NVhen  his  family  were  alarmed 
for  his  safety,  he  expressed  to  them  his  resigna 
tion  to  the  will  of  heaven.  To  such  a  height  was 


the  popular  fury  raised,  that  a  lighted  gran  ado 
was  thrown  in  the  night  into  the  chamber  of  Mr. 
Walter,  minister  of  lloxbury,  who  had  been  pri 
vately  inoculated  in  the  house  of  his  uncle,  Dr. 
Mather  of  Boston.  The  shell,  however,  was  not 
filled  with  powder,  but  with  a  mixture  of  brim 
stone  and  bituminous  matter. 

Had  Dr.  Boylston  gone  at  this  time  to  Eng 
land,  he  might  have  accumulated  a  fortune  by 
his  skill  in  treating  the  small  pox.  lie  did  not 
however  visit  that  country  till  1725,  when  inocu 
lation  was  common.  He  was  then  received  with 
the  most  flattering  attention.  He  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  royal  society,  though  he  was  not, 
as  Dr.  Thacher  supposes,  the  first  American  thus 
honored,  for  Dr.  Cotton  Mather  was  elected  in 
1713.  He  enjoyed  the  friendship  of  some  of  the 
most  distinguished  characters  of  the  nation.  Of 
these  he  used  to  mention  with  great  respect  and 
affection  Dr.  Watts,  with  whom  he  corresponded. 
After  his  return  to  his  native  country  he  continued 
at  the  head  of  his  profession,  and  engaged  in  a 
number  of  literary  pursuits.  His  communications 
to  the  royal  society  were  ingenious  and  useful. 
After  a  long  period  of  eminence  and  skill  in  his 
profession,  his  age  and  infirmities  induced  him  to 
retire  to  his  patrimonial  estate  in  Brookline,  where 
he  passed  the  remainder  of  his  days.  He  had 
the  pleasure  of  seeing  inoculation  universally 
practised,  and  of  knowing,  that  he  was  himself 
considered  as  one  of  the  benefactors  of  mankind. 
Occupied  in  his  last  days  in  agricultural  pursuits, 
he  bestowed  much  care  on  the  improvement  of 
the  breed  of  horses.  Those  of  his  own  farm 
were  celebrated.  It  seems  that  he  had  a  vigor 
ous  old  age,  notwithstanding  the  asthma,  which 
afflicted  him  forty  years,  for  he  was  seen  at  the 
age  of  84,  in  the  streets  of  Boston,  riding  a  colt, 
which,  as  an  excellent  horseman,  he  was  breaking 
to  the  bit.  He  died  saying  to  his  friends,  "  my 
work  in  this  world  is  done,  and  my  hopes  of  futu 
rity  are  brightening."  His  wife,  who  died  before 
him,  was  Jerusha  Minot  of  Boston.  His  second 
son,  John,  a  merchant,  died  at  Bath,  England, 
Jan.  17,  1795,  aged  80,  bequeathing  much  to  his 
•native  town.  The  inscription  upon  his  tomb  rep 
resents,  that  through  a  life  of  extensive  benefi 
cence  he  was  always  faithful  to  his  word,  just  in 
his  dealings,  afl'able  in  his  manners,  and  that  after 
a  long  sickness,  in  which  he  was  exemplary  for 
his  patience  and  resignation  to  his  Maker,  he 
quitted  this  mortal  life  in  a  just  expectation  of 
a  blessed  immortality. 

Dr.  Boylston  published  some  account  of  what 
is  said  of  inoculating  or  transplanting  the  small 
pox  by  the  learned  Dr.  Emanucl  Timonius  and 
Jacobus  Pylarinus,  1721;  an  historical  account  of 
the  small  pox  inoculated  in  New  England,  with 
some  account  of  the  nature  of  the  infection,  and 
some  short  directions  to  the  inexperienced,  dedi- 


BOYLSTON. 


BRACKET!. 


115 


catcd  to  the  princess  of  Wales,  London,  1726, 
and  Boston,  1730;  and  several  communications 
in  the  philosophical  transactions. — Muss.  Mag., 
Dec.,  1789,  177G-1779;  Pierce's  Cen.  Discourse  ; 
Holmes,  II.  148 ;  Boylston's  Hist.  Account ; 
HiiMtin.wu,  II.  273-270  ;  Thacher's  Med.  Bioy. 

BOYLSTOX,  NICHOLAS,  a  benefactor  of  Har 
vard  college,  died  in  Boston  Aug.  18,  1771,  aged 
5,3.  His  portrait,  which  is  an  admirable  paint 
ing,  is  in  the  philosophy  chamber  of  the  college. 
He  had  been  an  eminent  merchant,  and  was 
about  to  retire  from  business  to  enjoy  the  fruit 
of  his  industry,  when  he  was  removed  from  the 
earth.  He  was  honest  in  his  dealings,  and  re 
markable  for  his  sincerity,  having  a  peculiar 
abhorrence  of  all  dissimulation.  He  bequeathed 
to  the  university  at  Cambridge  1500  pounds  for 
laying  the  foundation  of  a  professorship  of  rhet- 
eric  and  oratory.  This  sum  was  paid  into  the 
college  treasury  by  his  executors  Feb.  11,  1772; 
and  the  fund  became  accumulated  to  23,200  dol 
lars  before  any  appropriation  was  made.  John 
Quincy  Adams,  then  a  senator  of  the  United 
States,  was  installed  the  first  professor,  June  12, 
1806,  with  the  title  of  "The  Boylston  professor 
of  rhetoric  and  oratory  in  Harvard  college."  — 
Holmes,  II.  179. 

BOYLSTOX,  WARD  NICHOLAS,  a  patron  of 
medical  science,  was  the  son  of  the  preceding, 
and  died  at  his  seat  in  Roxbury,  Mass.,  Jan. 
7,  1828,  aged  78  years.  In  the  year  1800  he  gave 
to  the  medical  school  of  Harvard  college  a  valu 
able  collection  of  medical  and  anatomical  books 
and  engravings,  making  also  an  arrangement  for 
its  perpetual  enlargement.  —  Bartleifs  Prog. 
Med.  Science. 

BORMAX,  JOHN  L.,  died  near  Oxford,  Mary 
land,  April  20,  1823,  aged  64,  a  profound  lawyer. 
He  published  a  sketch  of  the  history  of  Maryland 
during  the  three  first  years,  1811. 

Bit  ACE,  JONATHAN,  judge,  died  at  Hartford 
Aug.  26,  1837,  aged  83.  He  was  a  member  of 
Congress  in  1798,  judge  of  county  court  and  of 
probate,  and  a  highly  respected  citizen. 

BRACE,  LUCY  COLLINS,  wife  of  Rev.  Dr.  J. 
Brace,  died  at  Xewington,  Conn.,  Nov.  16,  1854, 
aged  72.  It  had  been  proposed  to  celebrate  in  a 
few  weeks,  the  fiftieth  year  of  her  husband's  set 
tlement  and  of  their  marriage.  For  many  years 
she  met  every  Sunday  a  Bible  class  of  her  own 
age  and  a  missionary  society ;  she  was  an  example 
of  the  various  excellences  exhibited  in  the  lives 
of  a  multitude  of  pastor's  wives  in  our  countrv. 

BRACKEN,  JOHN,  bishop  in  Virginia,  died  at 
Williamsburg  July  15,  1818.  He  had  been  for 
many  years  not  only  a  bishop,  but  president  of 
William  and  Mary  college. 

BRACKEXRIDGE,  HUGH  HENRY,  a  judge 
of  the  supreme  court  of  Pennsylvania,  died  at 
Carlisle  June  25,  1816,  aged  67.  He  was  born 


about  1749,  and  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1771, 
in  the  class  with  James  Madison.  He  was  the 
master  of  an  academy  in  Maryland  before  the 
Revolution.  In  1781  he  settled  at  Piltsburg, 
which  he  deemed  favorably  situated  for  becoming 
a  large  town ;  and  in  its  improvement  he  en 
gaged  with  zeal.  He  wrote  for  the  newspapers 
many  essays  in  prose  and  poetry.  His  pieces 
were  generally  satirical;  one  of  them  ridiculed 
the  society  of  the  Cincinnati.  In  1789  he  was 
appointed  judge.  In  1798  political  partisans  re 
proached  him  for  his  partiality  to  Mr.  Gallatin. 
A  few  years  before  his  death  he  removed  to  Car 
lisle.  His  wife,  whom  he  married  in  1790,  was 
Sabina  Wolf,  a  young  lady  of  German  origin, 
whose  parents  lived  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio 
river.  He  published  a  poem  on  the  rising 
glory  of  America,  1774;  eulogium  of  the  brave 
men  who  fell  in  the  contest  with  Great  Britain, 
1779 ;  modern  chivalry,  the  adventures  of  Capt. 
Farrago,  etc.,  1792 ;  2d  edit.  2  vols.,  1808 ;  ora 
tion  July  4,  1793 ;  incidents  of  the  insurrection 
in  1794  in  Pennsylvania,  1795;  gazette  publica 
tions,  collected,  1806 ;  law  of  miscellanies,  con 
taining  instructions  for  the  study  of  the  law,  1814. 
BRACKETT,  ANTHONY,  captain,  an  early  set 
tler  at  Casco,  or  Falmouth,  as  Portland,  Maine, 
was  at  first  called,  was  lulled  by  the  Indians  Sept. 
21,  1689.  He  was  the  son  of  Anthony  B.,  of 
Greenland,  N.  II.,  then  a.  part  of  Portsmouth. 
He  lived  at  Casco  as  early  as  1662,  and  was  one 
of  the  settlers  around  the  back  cove.  His  farm 
consisted  of  four  hundred  acres.  The  Indians, 
led  by  Simon,  whp  escaped  from  prison  at  Dover, 
and  was  familiar  at  Brackett's,  took  him,  his  wife, 
and  five  children,  and  a  negro  servant  prisoners 
Aug.  11,  1676.  Michael  Mitton,  the  brother  of 
his  wife,  was  killed.  At  Presumpscot  also  the 
party  killed  and  captured  several  persons.  Thomas 
Brackett,  his  brother,  who  lived  at  Clark's  point, 
on  the  neck,  was  shot  down  and  his  wife  and  three 
children  taken  ;  Megunnaway,  an  Indian,  "  a  no 
torious  rogue,"  being  concerned  in  his  murder. 
In  all  thirty-four  persons  were  killed  and  carried 
into  captivity.  The  prisoners  were  conveyed  to 
Arrousic  Island,  of  which  the  Indians  had  recently 
gained  possession,  killing  Capt,  Lake  and  wound 
ing  Davis.  Being  left  there  in  Xovember  while 
the  Indians  proceeded  on  an  expedition,  Brackett 
escaped  in  an  old  leaky  birch  canoe,  which  his 
wife  had  repaired  with  a  needle  and  thread,  found 
in  a  deserted  house;  and  crossed  over  to  Black 
point  with  his  family,  and  got  on  board  a  vessel 
bound  to  Piscataqua.  After  the  peace  of  Casco, 
April  12,  1678,  he  returned,  and  in  1682  was  in 
trusted  with  the  command  of  fort  Loyall  at  Port 
land.  In  1688  he  was  put  in  command  of  the 
three  forts,  erected  by  Andros.  In  1679  lie  mar 
ried  for  his  second  wife  Susannah  Drake  of  Hamp 
ton,  covenanting  with  her  father,  that  one  half 


11G 


BRACKET!. 


BRADDOCK. 


of  his  estate  should  be  her  jointure  and  descend 
to  her  male  children.  A  dispute  between  the 
children  of  the  two  marriages  respecting  this 
property  was  adjusted  by  an  amicable  division. 
His  sons  were  Anthony  and  Scth  :  the  latter  was 
killed  at  the  capture  of  Saco,  May  20,  1G90,  and 
the  former  taken  prisoner.  His  posterity  still 
remain  at  Casco.  Thomas  Brackett's  wife,  the 
sister  of  M.  Mitton,  died  in  captivity;  his  son 
Joshua  afterwards  lived  in  Greenland,  where  he 
died,  being  the  father  of  Anthony  and  Joshua  of 
Portland.  —  Willis'  Hist,  of  Portland,  in  Maine 
Hist.  Coll.,  I.  94,  200,  207,^143-156. 

BRACKET!,  JOSHUA,  M.  1).,  a  distinguished 
physician,  died  July  17,  1802,  aged  09.  He  was 
born  in  Greenland,  New  Hampshire,  in  May,  1733, 
and  after  graduating  at  Harvard  college  in  1752, 
studied  theology  at  the  request  of  his  parents, 
and  became  a  preacher ;  but  the  science  of  medi 
cine  had  for  him  greater  attractions.  He  studied 
with  Dr.  Clement  Jackson,  then  the  principal 
physician  in  Portsmouth,  and  established  himself 
in  that  town,  in  which  he  continued  during  the 
remainder  of  his  life.  His  wife,  Hannah  Whip- 
pie  of  Kittery,  died  in  May,  1805,  aged  70,  be 
queathing  to  the  Xew  Hampshire  medical  society, 
of  which  her  husband  had  been  president,  500 
dollars.  She  was  skilful  in  botany,  having  a 
garden  of  rare  plants. 

Dr.  Brackett  was  a  skilful,  faithful,  benevolent 
physician,  particularly  successful  in  obstetrical 
practice ;  mild,  amiable,  unassuming,  affable ; 
warm  in  friendship,  an  enemy  to  flattery,  a  despiser 
of  popular  applause.  It  is  stated  that  he  never 
made  a  charge  for  his  professional  services  to  the 
poor,  with  whom  he  thought  the  payment  would 
occasion  any  embarrassment.  In  his  religious 
sentiments  he  was  a  Universalist.  He  took  a  deep 
interest  in  the  promotion  of  natural  history  at 
Cambridge,  and  requested  his  wife  to  appropriate 
1500  dollars  towards  the  professorship  of  that 
science  in  Harvard  college.  She  complied  with 
his  request  and  added  to  the  amount.  Dr.  Brack 
ett  was  a  zealous  whig  in  the  Revolution ;  during 
which  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the  maritime 
court  of  Xewr  Hampshire,  and  honorably  sustained 
the  office,  till  its  duties  were  transferred  to  the 
district  court.  He  was  a  benefactor  of  the  New 
Hampshire  medical  society,  of  which  he  was  presi 
dent  from  1793  to  1799,  presenting  to  it,  at  its 
establishment,  one  hundred  and  forty-three  vols. 
of  valuable  medical  books.  — Adams'  Ann.  Ports 
mouth,  321 ;  Thacher's  Med.  Bioy. ;  Med.  Repos. 
s.  h.,  I.  211. 

BRACKETT,  JAMES,  died  at  Rock  Island,  111., 
May  19,  1852,  aged  70.  A  graduate  of  Dart 
mouth  in  1805,  he  was  a  lawyer  of  Otsego.  He 
was  a  literary  man  and  published  several  ad 
dresses. 

BRADBURY,  TiiEomiLUS,  a  judge  of  the 


superior  court  of  Massachusetts,  died  Sept.  6, 
1803,  aged  03.  He  was  a  graduate  at  Harvard 
college  in  1757.  His  early  days  were  devoted 
with  diligence  and  success  to  the  profession  of 
the  law.  He  resigned  the  emoluments  arising 
from  his  practice  for  the  appointment  of  a  judge, 
in  which  station  he  was  intelligent  and  faithful  in 
executing  the  laws.  A  sudden  attack  of  disease 
at  length  rendered  him  incapable  of  discharging 
the  duties  of  his  office.  —  Columb.  Centinel,Sc\)t. 
11,  1803. 

BRADDOCK,  EDWARD,  major-general,  and 
commander  in  chief  of  the  British  forces  in 
America,  died  July  13,  1775.  He  arrived  in  Vir 
ginia  with  two  regiments  from  Ireland  in  Feb 
ruary,  1755.  The  plan  of  military  operations 
having  been  settled  in  April,  by  a  convention  of 
the  several  governors  at  Alexandria,  he  undertook 
to  conduct  in  person  the  expedition  against 
Fort  I)u  Qucsne,  now  Pittsburg.  Meeting  with 
much  delay  from  the  necessity  of  opening  roads, 
the  general  determined  to  advance  with  rapidity 
at  the  head  of  twelve  hundred  men,  leaving  the 
heavy  baggage  to  the  care  of  Colonel  Dunbar, 
who  was  to  follow  by  slow  and  easy  marches. 
He  reached  the  Monongahela  July  8th.  The 
succeeding  day  he  expected  to  invest  the  fort. 
He  accordingly  made  his  dispositions  in  the  morn 
ing.  He  was  advised  to  advance  the  provincial 
companies  in  the  front  for  the  purpose  of  scouring 
the  woods,  and  discovering  any  ambuscade,  which 
might  be  formed  for  him.  But  he  held  both  his 
enemy  and  the  provincials  in  too  much  contempt 
to  follow  this  salutary  counsel.  Three  hundred 
British  regulars  composed  his  van,  which  was  sud 
denly  attacked,  at  the  distance  of  about  seven 
miles  from  the  fort,  by  an  invisible  enemy,  con 
cealed  by  the  high  grass.  The  whole  army  was 
soon  thrown  into  confusion.  The  brave  general 
exerted  his  utmost  powers  to  form  his  broken 
troops  under  a  galling  fire  upon  the  very  ground 
where  they  were  first  attacked;  but  his  efforts 
were  fruitless.  With  such  an  enemy,  in  such  a 
situation,  it  was  necessary  either  to  advance  or 
retreat.  All  his  officers  on  horseback,  excepting 
his  aid,  the  late  General  Washington,  were  killed 
or  wounded;  and  after  losing  three  horses  he 
received  a  mortal  wound  through  his  right  arm 
into  his  lungs.  The  defeated  army  fled  precipi 
tately  to  the  camp  of  Dunbar,  near  forty  miles 
distant,  where  Braddock,  who  was  brought  off  the 
ground  in  a  tumbril,  expired  of  his  wounds. 
Sixty-four  out  of  eighty-five  officers,  and  about 
half  his  privates  were  killed  and  wounded,  making 
in  the  whole  a  loss  of  about  seven  hundred  men. 
Of  the  killed  were  William  Shirley  of  the  staff, 
and  Col.  Sir  Peter  Halket ;  and  among  the 
wounded,  Robert  Orme,  Roger  Morris,  Sir  John 
St.  Clair  and  others  of  the  staff;  and  Lieut.-Cols. 
Gage  and  Burton.  Though  Mante  defends  the 


BRADFORD. 


BRADFORD. 


117 


conduct  of  Bradclock,  yet  this  disaster  obviously 
resulted  from  the  contempt  of  good  advice. — 
Marshall,  I.  384,  390-393  ;  II.  14-19 ;  Holmes, 
II.  GO ;  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vil.  89-94 ;  s.  s.  Till. 
153;  Wynne,  II.  37-42;  Mante,  17,  21,26. 

BRADFORD,  WILLIAM,  governor  of  Ply 
mouth,  died  May  9,  1657,  aged  G7.  The  names 
of  Bradford  and  Brewster,  who  were  driven  from 
England  into  exile  by  ecclesiastical  bigotry  and 
intolerance,  are  names  among  the  most  honorable 
and  memorable  in  the  history  of  the  world.  lie 
was  governor  in  1621,  and  in  all  thirty-one  years. 
lie  was  a  first  settler,  one  of  the  hundred  Pilgrims 
in  the  Mayflower  in  1620.  He  was  born  in  March, 
1590,  in  Austerfield,  a  little  village  in  the  southern 
border  of  Yorkshire,  in  England.  His  grand 
father,  William  B.,  and  John  Hanson  lived  in  Aus 
terfield  in  1575,  and  were  the  only  persons  of  prop 
erty  in  the  townlet.  Alice,  the  daughter  of  Mr. 
Hanson  and  Mary  Gresham,  was  his  mother. 
His  father,  William,  died  in  1591 ;  his  grandfather, 
William,  in  1596.  He  had  a  good  patrimony. 
He  was  left  to  the  care  of  his  uncle  Robert. 
Scrooby,  in  Nottinghamshire,  the  residence  of 
Brewster,  was  only  four  or  five  miles  distant  from 
Austerfield,  to  the  south.  At  Brewster's  house, 
the  manor,  was  formed  a  new  church  in  1606  or 
1607,  most  of  the  members  of  which  had  proba 
bly  belonged  to  the  church  of  Mr.  Clifton  at  Bab- 
worth,  only  a  mile  or  two  south  of  Scrooby : 
Clifton  was  the  minister,  Brewster  the  elder.  Mr. 
Bradford  was  one  of  the  founders  of  this  church. 
At  the  age  of  12  or  13  years  his  mind  was  seri 
ously  impressed  by  divine  truth  in  reading  the 
Scriptures,  and  an  illness  of  long  continuance 
conspired  to  preserve  him  from  the  follies  of 
youth.  His  good  impressions  were  confirmed  by 
attending  upon  the  ministry  of  Mr.  Richard  Clif 
ton,  and  by  his  union  with  the  Puritan  company, 
which  met  at  Mr.  Brewster's  in  Scrooby.  As  he 
advanced  in  years  he  was  stigmatized  as  a  Separ 
atist  ;  but  such  was  his  firmness,  that  he  cheerfully 
bore  the  frowns  of  his  relatives  and  the  scoff's  of 
his  neighbors,  and  connected  himself  with  the 
church  over  which  Mr.  Clifton  and  Mr.  Robinson 
presided,  fearless  of  the  persecution,  which  he 
foresaw  this  act  would  draw  upon  him.  Believing 
that  many  practices  of  the  established  church  of 
England  were  repugnant  to  the  directions  of  the 
word  of  God,  he  was  fully  resolved  to  prefer  the 
purity  of  Christian  worship  to  any  temporal  ad 
vantages,  which  might  arise  from  bending  his 
conscience  to  the  opinions  of  others. 

In  the  autumn  of  1607,  when  he  was  seventeen 
years  of  age,  he  was  one  of  the  company  of  Dis 
senters  who  made  an  attempt  to  go  over  to 
Holland,  where  a  commercial  spirit  had  estab 
lished  a  free  toleration  of  religious  opinions ;  but 
the  master  of  the  vessel  betrayed  them,  and  they 
were  thrown  into  prison  at  Boston  in  Lincoln 


shire.  In  the  spring  of  the  next  year  he  made 
another  unsuccessful  attempt.  At  length  he 
effected  his  favorite  object  and  joined  his  brethren 
at  Amsterdam.  Here  he  put  himself  an  appren 
tice  to  a  French  Protestant,  who  taught  him  the 
art  of  silk-dying.  When  he  reached  the  age  of 
twenty-one  years,  and  came  in  possession  of  his 
estate  in  England,  he  converted  it  into  money, 
and  engaged  in  commerce,  in  which  he  was  not 
successful. 

Mr.  Bradford,  after  a  residence  of  about  ten 
years  in  Holland,  engaged  with  zeal  in  the  plan 
of  removal  to  America,  which  was  formed  by  the 
English  church  at  Leyden  under  the  care  of  Mr. 
Robinson.  He  accordingly  embarked  for  England, 
July  22,  1620,  and  on  the  sixth  of  September  set 
sail  from  Plymouth  with  the  first  company. 
While  the  ship  in  November  lay  in  the  harbor  of 
Cape  Cod,  he  was  one  of  the  foremost  in  the  sev 
eral  hazardous  attempts  to  find  a  proper  place  for 
the  seat  of  the  colony.  Before  a  suitable  spot  was 
agreed  upon,  his  wife  fell  into  the  sea  and  was 
drowned.  Soon  after  the  death  of  Governor 
Carver  at  Plymouth,  April  5,  1621,  Mr.  Bradford 
was  elected  governor  in  his  place.  He  was  at 
this  time  in  the  thirty-third  year  of  his  age,  and 
was  most  conspicuous  for  wisdom,  fortitude,  piety, 
and  benevolence.  The  people  appointed  Isaac 
Allerton  his  assistant,  not  'because  they  could  re 
pose  less  confidence  in  him  than  in  Carver,  who 
had  been  alone  in  the  command,  but  chiefly  on 
account  of  his  precarious  health.  One  of  the  first 
acts  of  his  administration  was  to  send  an  embassy 
to  Massasoit,  for  the  purpose  of  confirming  the 
league  with  the  Indian  sachem,  of  procuring  seed 
corn  for  the  next  season,  and  of  exploring  the 
country.  It  was  well  for  the  colony  that  the 
friendship  of  Massasoit  was  thus  secured,  for  his 
influence  was  extensive.  In  consequence  of  his 
regard  for  the  new  settlers,  nine  sachems  in  Sep 
tember  went  to  Plymouth,  and  acknowledged 
themselves  loyal  subjects  of  King  James.  In  the 
same  month  a  party  was  sent  out  to  explore  the 
Bay  of  Massachusetts.  They  landed  under  a  cliff, 
supposed  to  be  Copp's  Hill,  in  Boston,  where  they 
were  received  with  kindness  by  Obbatinewa,  who 
gave  them  a  promise  of  his  assistance  against  the 
squaw  sachem.  On  their  return  they  carried  with 
them  so  good  a  report  of  the  country,  that  the 
people  lamented  that  they  had  established  them 
selves  at  Plymouth ;  but  it  was  not  now  in  their 
power  to  remove. 

In  the  beginning  of  1622  the  colony  began  to 
experience  a  distressing  famine,  occasioned  by  the 
arrival  of  new  settlers,  who  came  unfurnished  with 
provisions.  In  the  height  of  their  distress  a 
threatening  message  was  received  from  Canonicus, 
sachem  of  Narragansett,  expressed  by  the  present 
of  a  bundle  of  arrows,  bound  with  the  skin  of  a 
serpent.  The  governor  sent  back  the  skin  filled 


118 


BRADFORD. 


BRADFORD. 


with  powder  and  ball.  This  prompt  and  ingenious 
reply  terminated  the  correspondence.  The  Xarra- 
gansetts  were  so  terrified,  that  they  even  returned 
the  serpent's  skin  without  inspecting  its  contents. 
It  was  however  judged  necessary  to  fortify  the 
town ;  and  this  work  was  performed  by  the  people 
•while  they  were  suffering  the  extremity  of  famine. 
For  some  time  they  subsisted  entirely  upon  fish. 
In  this  exigency  Governor  Bradford  found  the 
advantage  of  his  friendly  intercourse  with  the  In 
dians.  He  made  several  excursions  among  them, 
and  procured  corn  and  beans,  making  a  fair  pur 
chase  by  means  of  goods  which  were  brought  by 
two  ships  in  August,  and  received  by  the  planters 
in  exchange  for  beaver.  The  whole  quantity  of 
corn  and  beans  thus  purchased  amounted  to 
twenty-eight  hogsheads.  But  still  more  important 
benefits  soon  resulted  from  the  disposition  of 
Governor  Bradford  to  preserve  the  friendship  of 
the  natives.  During  the  illness  of  Massasoit  in 
the  spring  of  1623,  Mr.  "Winslow  was  sent  to  him 
•with  cordials,  which  contributed  to  his  recovery. 
In  return  for  this  benevolent  attention  the  grateful 
sachem  disclosed  a  dangerous  conspiracy,  then  in 
agitation  among  the  Indians,  for  the  purpose  of 
totally  extirpating  the  English.  This  plot  did  not 
originate  in  savage  malignity,  but  was  occasioned 
by  the  injustice  and  indiscretion  of  some  settlers 
in  the  Bay  of  Massachusetts.  As  the  most  effect 
ual  means  of  suppressing  the  conspiracy,  Massasoit 
advised  that  the  chief  conspirators,  whom  he 
named,  should  be  seized  and  put  to  death.  This 
melancholy  work  was  accordingly  performed  by 
Captain  Standish,  and  the  colony  was  relieved 
from  apprehension.  When  the  report  of  this 
transaction  was  carried  to  Holland,  Mr.  Robinson, 
in  his  next  letter  to  the  governor,  expressed  his 
deep  concern  at  the  event.  "O  that  you  had 
converted  some,"  said  he,  "  before  you  had  killed 
any!" 

The  scarcity,  which  had  been  experienced  by 
the  planters,  was  in  part  owing  to  the  impolicy  of 
laboring  in  common  and  putting  the  fruit  of  their 
labor  into  the  public  store.  To  stimulate  industry 
by  the  prospect  of  individual  acquisition,  and  thus 
to  promote  the  general  good  by  removing  the  re 
straints  upon  selfishness,  it  was  agreed,  in  the 
spring  of  1G23,  that  every  family  should  plant  for 
themselves,  on  such  ground  as  should  be  assigned 
them  by  lot.  After  this  agreement  the  governor 
was  not  again  obliged  to  traffic  with  the  Indians 
in  order  to  procure  the  means  of  subsistence  for 
the  colony.  Thus  have  failed  the  common-stock 
projects  of  various  enthusiasts. 

The  original  government  of  Plymouth  was 
founded  entirely  upon  mutual  compact,  entered 
into  by  the  planters  before  they  landed,  and  was 
intended  to  continue  no  longer  than  till  they 
could  obtain  legal  authority  from  their  sovereign. 
The  first  patent  was  obtained  for  the  colony  in  the 


name  of  John  Pierce ;  but  another  patent  of 
larger  extent  was  obtained  of  the  council  for  New 
England,  January  13,  1630,  in  the  name  of  Wil 
liam  Bradford,  his  heirs,  associates,  and  assigns, 
which  confirmed  the  title  of  the  colonists  to  a 
large  tract  of  land,  and  gave  them  power  to  make 
all  laws,  not  repugnant  to  the  laws  of  England. 
In  the  year  1640,  when  the  number  of  people  was 
increased,  and  new  townships  were  erected,  the 
general  court  requested  Governor  Bradford  to 
surrender  the  patent  into  their  hands.  With  this 
request  he  cheerfully  complied,  reserving  for  him 
self  no  more  than  his  proportion,  as  settled  by  a 
previous  agreement.  After  this  surrender  the 
patent  was  immediately  delivered  again  into  his 
custody.  For  several  of  the  first  years  after  the 
first  settlement  of  Plymouth,  the  legislative,  ex 
ecutive,  and  judicial  business  was  performed  by 
the  whole  body  of  freemen  in  assembly.  In  1634 
the  governor's  assistants,  the  number  of  whom,  at 
the  request  of  Mr.  Bradford,  had  been  increased 
to  five  in  1624,  and  to  seven  in  1633,  were  con 
stituted  a  judicial  court,  and  afterwards  the 
supreme  judicature.  Petty  offences  were  tried  by 
the  selectmen  of  each  town,  with  liberty  of  appeal 
to  the  next  court  of  assistants.  The  first  assembly 
of  representatives  was  held  in  1639,  when  two 
deputies  were  sent  from  each  town,  excepting 
Plymouth,  which  sent  four.  In  1649  this  ine 
quality  Avas  done  away. 

Such  was  the  reputation  of  Mr.  Bradford, 
acquired  by  his  piety,  wisdom,  and  integrity,  that 
he  was  annually  chosen  governor,  as  long  as  he 
lived,  excepting  in  the  years  1633,  1636,  and  1644, 
when  Mr.  Winslow  was  appointed,  and  the  years 
1634  and  1638,  when  Mr.  Prince  was  elected  chief 
magistrate.  At  these  times  it  was  by  his  own 
request  that  the  people  did  not  re-elect  him. 
Governor  Winthrop  mentions  the  election  of  Mr. 
Winslow  in  1633,  and  adds,  "  Mr.  Bradford  hav 
ing  been  governor  about  ten  years,  and  now  by 
importunity  got  off."  What  a  lesson  for  the  am 
bitious,  who  bend  their  whole  influence  to  gain  and 
secure  the  high  offices  of  State !  Mr.  Bradford 
strongly  recommended  a  rotation  in  the  election 
of  governor.  "  If  this  appointment,"  he  pleaded, 
"  was  any  honor  or  benefit,  others  beside  himself 
should  partake  of  it ;  if  it  was  a  burden,  others 
beside  himself  should  help  to  bear  it."  But  the 
people  were  so  much  attached  to  him,  that  for 
thirty  years  they  placed  him  at  the  head  of  the 
government,  and  in  the  five  years  when  others 
were  chosen,  he  was  first  in  the  list  of  assistants, 
which  gave  him  the  rank  of  deputy  governor. 
After  an  infirm  and  declining  state  of  health  for  a 
number  of  months,  he  was  suddenly  seized  by  an 
acute  disease  in  May,  16(37.  In  the  night,  his  mind 
was  so  enraptured  by  contemplations  upon  relig 
ious  truth  and  the  hopes  of  futurity,  that  he  said 
to  his  friends  in  the  morning,  "  the  good  Spirit  of 


BRADFORD. 


BRADFORD. 


119 


God  has  given  me  a  pledge  of  my  happiness  in 
another  world,  and  the  first  fruits  of  eternal 
glory."  The  next  day,  May  9,  1657,  he  was  re 
moved  from  the  present  state  of  existence,  greatly 
lamented  by  the  people  not  only  in  Plymouth,  but 
in  the  neighboring  colonies.  Ilubbard  makes  the 
day  of  his  death  June  o ;  but  the  lines  given  by 
Morton  are  doubtless  good,  at  least  for  the  date : 

"  The  ninth  of  May,  about  nine  of  the  clock, 
A  precious  one  God  out  of  Plymouth  took : 
Governor  Bradford  then  expired  his  breath." 

His  sister,  Alice,  married  to  George  Morton, 
who  died  in  1624,  survived  her  brother. 

The  seal  which  Gov.  B.  used  was  a  double  eagle. 
His  wife,  Dorothy  May,  was  drowned  at  Cape  Cod, 
Dec.  7, 1620,  so  that  she  never  reached  Plymouth. 
llis  second  wife  was  Alice  Southworth,  the  widow 
of  Edward  Southworth,  whom  he  married  in  1623. 
His  son,  John,  was  born  of  his  first  wife ;  William, 
Mercy,  and  Joseph  were  his  cliildren  by  Alice 
Southworth.  John  died  without  children.  Wil 
liam  had  fifteen  children,  and  Joseph  had  seven ; 
from  these  have  descended  the  Bradfords  of  New 
England  and  many  beyond  its  bounds. 

In  the  X.  E.  Register  of  Jan.  and  July,  1850,  is 
published  a  genealogy,  containing  the  names  of 
four  hundred  and  fourteen  of  his  descendants,  be 
sides  many  of  their  cliildren,  living  chiefly  in  Mas 
sachusetts.  Besides  the  bearers  of  the  name  of 
Bradford,  there  are  families  bearing  other  names, 
whose  children  are  his  descendants,  some  of  which 
names  are  the  following :  Adams,  Allen,  Allyn, 
Baker,  Barnes,  Brewster,  Chandler,  Child,  Chip- 
man,  Church,  Collins,  Cook,  Delano,  Drew,  I)  wight, 
Elliot,  Ensign,  Fessenden,  Finney,  Fitch,  Fowler, 
Frazer,  Freeman,  Gay,  Gilbert,  Gridley,  Ham 
mond,  llobart,  Holmes,  Hopkins,  Hunt,  Lane, 
Lawrence,  Le  Baron,  Lee,  Loring,  Metcalf,  Mitch 
ell,  Paddock,  Partridge,  Prince,  Riplcy,  Robbins, 
Rockwell,  Sampson,  Skinner,  Smith,  Soule,  Spoon- 
er,  Stanford,  Steel,  Stirling,  Sylvester,  Wadsworth, 
Waring,  Weston,  Whiting,  Wiswall.  The  sup 
posed  honor  of  descent  from  such  a  man  as  Brad 
ford  will  be  only  disgrace,  unless  there  be  caught 
from  the  record  of  his  life  something  of  his  inde 
pendence  of  thought,  something  of  his  unswerving 
adherence  to  the  right,  something  of  his  self-sac 
rificing  spirit,  something  of  his  zealous  toils,  his 
benevolence,  and  his  piety. 

Governor  Bradford,  though  not  favored  with  a 
learned  education,  possessed  a  strong  mind,  a 
sound  judgment,  and  a  good  memory.  In  the 
office  of  chief  magistrate  he  was  prudent,  tem 
perate,  and  firm.  He  would  sufier  no  person  to 
trample  on  the  laws  or  to  disturb  the  peace  of 
the  colony.  Some  young  men,  who  were  unwil 
ling  to  comply  with  the  order  for  laboring  on  the 
public  account,  excused  themselves  on  a  Christmas 
day,  under  pretence  that  it  was  against  their  con 


science  to  work.  But  not  long  afterwards,  finding 
them  at  play  in  the  street,  he  commanded  the 
instruments  of  their  game  to  be  taken  from  them, 
and  told  them  that  it  was  against  his  conscience 
to  suffer  them  to  play,  while  others  were  at  work, 
and  that,  if  they  had  any  religious  regard  to  the 
day,  they  should  show  it  in  the  exercise  of  devo 
tion  at  home.  This  gentle  reproof  had  the  desired 
effect.  On  other  occasions  his  conduct  was  equally 
moderate  and  determined.  Suspecting  John  Ly- 
ford,  who  had  imposed  himself  upon  the  colony 
as  a  minister,  of  factious  designs,  and  observing 
that  he  had  put  a  great  number  of  letters  on  board 
a  ship  for  England,  the  governor  in  a  boat  fol 
lowed  the  ship  to  sea,  and  examined  the  letters. 
As  satisfactory  evidence  against  Lyford  was  thus 
obtained,  a  convenient  time  was  afterwards  taken 
for  bringing  him  to  trial,  and  he  was  banished. 

Though  he  never  enjoyed  great  literary  advan 
tages,  Governor  Bradford  was  much  inclined  to 
literary  pursuits.  He  was  familiar  with  the 
French  and  Dutch  languages,  and  attained  con 
siderable  knowledge  of  the  Latin  and  Greek; 
but  he  more  assiduously  studied  the  Hebrew,  be 
cause,  as  he  said,  "  he  would  see  with  his  own 
eyes  the  ancient  oracles  of  God  in  their  native 
beauty."  He  had  read  much  of  history  and  phi 
losophy  ;  but  theology  was  his  favorite  study. 
Dr.  Mather  represents  him  as  an  irrefragable  dis 
putant,  especially  against  the  Anabaptists.  Yet 
he  was  by  no  means  severe  or  intolerant.  He 
wished  rather  to  convince  the  erroneous,  than  to 
suppress  their  opinions  by  violence.  His  dispo 
sition  was  gentle  and  condescending.  Though  he 
was  attached  to  the  discipline  of  the  Congrega 
tional  churches,  yet  he  was  not  a  rigid  Separatist. 
He  perceived  that  the  reformed  churches  differed 
among  themselves  in  the  modes  of  discipline,  and 
he  did  not  look  for  a  perfect  uniformity.  His  life 
was  exemplary  and  useful.  He  was  watchful 
against  sin,  a  man  of  prayer,  and  conspicuous  for 
holiness.  His  son,  William  Bradford,  was  deputy 
governor  of  the  colony  after  his  father's  death, 
and  died  at  Plymouth  at  the  age  of  seventy-nine. 
Several  of  his  descendants  were  members  of  the 
council  of  Massachusetts,  and  one  of  them  was  a 
deputy  governor  of  Rhode  Island  and  a  senator 
in  the  congress  of  the  United  States. 

Governor  Bradford  wrote  a  history  of  Plymouth 
people  and  colony,  beginning  with  the  first  for 
mation  of  the  church  in  1602  and  ending  with 
1647.  It  was  contained  in  a  folio  volume  of  two 
hundred  seventy  pages.  Morton's  memorial  is  an 
abridgment  of  it.  Prince  and  Hutchinson  had 
the  use  of  it,  and  the  manuscript  was  deposited 
with  Mr.  Prince's  valuable  collection  of  papers  in 
the  library  of  the  old  south  church  in  Boston.  In 
the  year  I77o  it  shared  the  fate  of  many  other 
manuscripts  in  that  place.  It  was  carried  away 
by  the  barbarians  of  the  British  army,  who  con- 


120 


BRADFORD. 


BRADFORD. 


verted  the  old  south  church  into  a  riding  school. 
This  invaluable  work,  after  having  been  lost  eighty 
years,  has  just  been  recovered  and  printed  entire. 
For  this  recovery  the  American  public  is  indebted 
to  Rev.  John  S.  Barry,  who,  in  writing  his  History 
of  Massachusetts,  had  occasion,  in  1855,  to  con 
sult  an  English  book,  in  which  he  noticed  a  refer 
ence  to  a  manuscript  history  of  Plymouth  in  the 
Fulham  library,  with  quotations,  which  satisfied 
him  that  it  was  Bradford's  lost  MS.  This  was 
found  to  be  the  case  by  Mr.  Charles  Deane, 
through  the  agency  of  Rev.  Joseph  Hunter  of 
London.  An  exact  copy  was  obtained,  retaining 
the  ancient  spelling,  and  was  printed  by  the  Mass. 
Historical  Society  in  1856,  with  a  preface  and 
notes  by  Mr.  Deane,  chairman  of  the  publishing 
committee  of  the  society. 

This  manuscript  was  used  in  their  historical 
writings  by  Morton,  Prince,  and  Hutchinson.  A 
portion  of  the  work,  taken  from  the  church  records 
of  Plymouth,  but  not  recorded  as  Bradford's  writ 
ing,  was  published  by  Dr.  Young  in  his  chronicles 
of  the  pilgrims  in  1841,  most  of  which  had  been 
previously  printed  by  Hazard  as  a  Avork  of  Mor 
ton.  Of  the  way,  by  which  the  manuscript  reached 
the  Fulham  library,  no  information  has  been  ob 
tained.  In  this  primitive  book  Mr.  Deane  has 
inserted  a  page  of  a  fac  simile  of  the  handwriting 
of  Bradford  ;  and  he  has  annexed  Gov.  B.'slist  of 
the  passengers  in  the  Mayflower,  from  which  he 
concludes  that  the  number  of  passengers  was  one 
hundred  and  two,  instead  of  one  hundred,  the  usu 
ally-reckoned  number.  But  in  this  perhaps  he  falls 
into  an  error,  for  two,  whom  he  counts,  were  hired 
seamen  for  one  year,  when  they  returned,  and 
could  not  be  considered  among  "  the  first  begin 
ners,"  who  laid  the  foundation  of  all  the  colonies, 
any  more  than  any  other  seamen.  Mr.  D.  also 
mistakes  in  making  Gov.  B.  sixty-eight  years  old. 

Gov.  B.  had  a  large  book  of  copies  of  letters 
relative  to  the  affairs  of  the  colony,  which  is  lost. 
A  fragment  of  it,  however,  found  in  a  grocer's 
shop  at  Halifax,  was  published  by  the  Massachu 
setts  Historical  Society,  to  which  is  subjoined  a 
descriptive  and  historical  account  of  New  England 
in  verse.  If  this  production  is  somewhat  deficient 
in  the  beauties  of  poetry,  it  has  the  more  sub 
stantial  graces  of  piety  and  truth.  He  published 
some  pieces  for  the  confutation  of  the  errors  of 
the  times,  particularly  of  the  Anabaptists. — Bel- 
knap's  Amer.  Biog.  II.  217-251;  Mather's  Ma g- 
nalia,  n.  2-5  ;  Davis1  Morton,  269 ;  NeaVs  New 
England,  I.  99,  316 ;  Prince's  Annals,  Pref.  VI, 

IX.  196  ;  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  III.  27,  77  ;  VI.  s.  s.  555  ; 

X.  67  ;  Bradford's  Hist.  ;  Thacher's  Plymouth  ; 
N.  E.  Memorial,  I.  81 ;  N.  E.  Register,  1850. 

BRADFORD,  ALICE,  the  wife  of  Gov.  B.,  died 
at  Plymouth  March  27,  1670,  aged  80,  having 
survived  her  husband  nearly  thirteen  years.  Born 
in  England,  she  first  married  Edward  Southworth, 


living  with  him  seven  years  in  Nottinghamshire, 
near  the  residence  of  Mr.  Bradford,  who  well 
knew  her,  and,  as  report  says,  had  early  sought 
her  hand.  Her  name  was  Alice  Carpenter. 
Being  left  a  widow,  Gov.  Bradford  renewed  his 
offer  to  her  two  years  after  the  death  of  his  first 
wife,  Dorothy  May.  She  was  now  of  the  age  of 
thirty-three.  Waiving  her  riyht  to  demand  a 
personal  visit,  which  would  call  away  the  governor 
from  his  important  duties  to  the  colony  in  the 
wilderness,  she  generously  listened  to  his  request, 
and  came  over  in  the  ship  Ann,  which  arrived 
Aug.  1,  1623.  She  was  accompanied  by  the  gov 
ernor's  brother-in-law,  George  Morton,  by  her 
sister,  Bridget  Fuller,  and  by  two  daughters  of 
Elder  Brewster.  Her  two  sons,  Thomas  and  Con 
stant  Southworth,  were  brought  over  in  1629  or 
1630.  She  was  married  Aug.  14,  and  lived  with 
her  husband  nearly  thirty  years.  She  brought 
with  her  considerable  property.  She  was  well 
educated,  and  of  extraordinary  capacity  and  great 
worth.  She  incessantly  toiled  for  the  literary 
improvement  and  the  refinement  of  the  youth  at 
Plymouth.  If  she  ever  felt  honored  in  being 
married  to  Mr.  Southworth,  who  was  descended 
in  the  tenth  generation  from  Sir  Gilbert  S., 
knight  of  Lancaster,  yet  she  must  have  felt  more 
happy  in  being  the  companion  of  him  who  laid 
the  foundation  of  civil  and  religious  freedom  in  a 
new  world,  and  whose  name  would  be  held  illus 
trious  by  the  generations  to  come  of  their  de 
scendants  and  others,  down  to  the  end  of  time. 
Her  sister,  Mary  Carpenter,  an  old  maid,  a  mem 
ber  of  the  church  of  Duxbury,  died  at  Plymouth 
March  20,  1667,  aged  ninety.  Other  sisters  were 
Bridget,  who  married  Samuel  Fuller,  and  gave  to 
the  church  the  lot  of  ground  on  which  the  par 
sonage  stood ;  Priscilla,  the  wife  of  William 
Wright ;  and  the  wives  of  John  Cooper  and  Rev. 
Mr.  Reyner.  At  the  end  of  Bradford's  History 
are  published  two  pages  of  memorial  lines  by  N. 
Morton,  "  Upon  the  life  and  death  of  that  godly 
matron,  Mistris  Alice  Bradford,"  from  which  it 
appears  that  she  and  her  father  belonged  to  the 
Puritan  Separatists  of  the  north  of  England,  who 
fled  to  Holland  when  she  was  seventeen  years 
old.  He  is  called  a  confessor ;  and  it  is  added : 

"  And  shee  with  him  and  other  in  her  youth 
Left  tlieire  own  native  country  for  the  truth, 
And  in  successe  of  time  she  marryed  was 
To  one  whose  grace  and  vertue  did  surpusse, 
I  mean  good  Edward  Southworth,  vrhoe  not  long 
Continued  in  this  world  the  saints  ainouge." 

After  mentioning  the  death  of  her  last  husband, 
the  writer  says : 

"  E'r  since  that  time  in  widdowhood  shee  hath 
Lived  a  life  in  holynes  and  faith 
In  reading  of  Gods  word  and  contemplation, 
Which  healped  her  to  assurance  of  salvation 
Through  Gods  good  sperit  workeing  with  the  same, 
Forever  praised  be  his  holy  name." 


BRADFORD. 


BRADFORD. 


121 


"  Tis  sad  to  see  our  houses  disposessd 
Of  holy  saints  whose  memory  is  blessd; 
When  they  decease  and  closed  are  in  tombe, 
Thercs  few  or  none  that  rises  in  their  rome, 
Thats  like  to  them  in  holines  and  grace." 

The  same  writer  says  of  her  husband : 

"  It  is  enough  to  name 
The  name  of  Bradford  fresh  in  memory, 
Which  smcles  with  odoriforus  fragrancye." 

—  TJiacher's  Pli/m.116',  Bradford's  Hist.  460. 

BRADFORD,  JOHN,  the  eldest  son  of  the 
preceding  by  his  first  wife,  was  born  in  England, 
and  came  over  with  Alice  Southworth  in  1623. 
He  lived  in  Duxbury  in  1615,  and  in  1652  was 
deputy  to  the  general  court.  He  married  Martha 
Bourne,  of  Marshfield.  In  1653  he  removed  to 
Norwich,  Conn.,  where  he  died  without  offspring 
in  1678,  aged  about  61.  His  widow  married 
Thomas  Tracy. 

BRADFORD,  WILLIAM,  major,  son  of  the 
preceding,  deputy  governor  of  Plymouth  colony, 
was  born  June  17,  1624,  and  died  Feb.  20,  1704, 
aged  79.  He  was  buried  at  his  request  by  the 
side  of  his  father.  These  homely  lines  are  on  Ins 
monument : 

"  He  lived  long  but  still  was  doing  good, 
And  in  his  country's  service  lost  much  blood. 
After  a  life  well  spent  he's  now  at  rest ; 
His  very  name  and  memory  is  blest." 

In  King  Philip's  war  he  commanded  the  Ply 
mouth  troops,  and  in  the  Xarragansett  fort  fight, 
Dec.  19,  1675,  at  East  Kingston,  when  the  fort 
was  taken,  he  received  a  ball  in  his  body,  which 
he  bore  during  the  remainder  of  his  life.  In  his 
last  will  he  provided  for  fifteen  children,  nine  sons 
and  six  daughters  ;  and  then-  very  numerous  de 
scendants  in  New  England  can  of  course  all  trace 
their  ancestry  to  Gov.  Bradford.  His  descendants 
are  of  the  oldest  line  of  the  Bradfords,  for  his 
elder  brother  John  had  no  children.  His  resi 
dence  was  on  the  north  side  of  Jones'  river,  in 
what  is  now  Kingston.  His  first  Avife  Avas  Alice, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Richards,  of  Weymouth  ; 
his  second  Avas  AvidoAV  WisAvall ;  his  third  Avas 
Mary,  the  widoAV  of  ReAr.  J.  Holmes,  of  Dux- 
bury. 

BRADFORD,  JOSEPH,  the  third  son  of  Gov 
ernor  Bradford,  Avas  born  in  1630,  and  died  in 
1715,  aged  84.  His  Avife  was  Jacl,  the  daughter 
of  Rev.  Peter  Hobart,  of  Hingham.  His  sons 
were  John,  Samuel,  and  William ;  his  daughters 
Alice  or  Olive,  Abigail,  Mercy,  and  Priscilla, 
Avhose  husbands  were  as  folloAvs  :  Alice  or  Olive 
married  Edward  Mitchell  and  Joshua  Hersey ; 
Abigail  married  Gideon  Sampson ;  Mercy  mar 
ried  Jonathan  Freeman  and  Isaac  Cushman ; 
and  Priscilla  married  Seth  Chipman.  Farmer 
says  he  left  a  son  Elisha. 

BRADFORD,  GAMALIEL,  colonel,  died  at  Dux- 
bury,  Jan.  9,  1807,  aged  75.  He  Avas  an  officer 

16 


in  the  French  Avars  and  in  the  army  of  the  RCATO- 
lution,  and  a  judge.  His  father,  Gamaliel,  died 
in  1778,  aged  73,  the  son  of  Samuel,  the  son  of 
Major  William.  His  daughter,  Sophia,  died  Feb. 
2,  1855,  aged  93.  Alden  B.  Avas  his  son ;  and 
Dr.  Gamaliel  B.,  of  Boston,  his  grandson. 

BRADFORD,  WILLIAM,  a  senator  of  the  Unit 
ed  States,  the  son  of  Samuel  B.,  and  a  descendant 
in  the  fourth  generation  from  Gov.  Bradford,  died 
July  6,  1808,  aged  78.  He  Avas  born  at  Plymp- 
ton,  Mass.,  in  Nov.,  1729.  Having  studied  physic 
Avith  Dr.  E.  Ilerscy,  he  commenced  the  practice 
in  Warren,  R.  I.,  and  Avas  skilful  and  successful. 
In  a  few  years  he  removed  to  Bristol,  and  built  a 
house  on  that  romantic  and  A'enerable  spot,  Mount 
Hope,  Avhich  is  associated  Avith  the  name  of  King 
Philip.  Here  he  studied  laAv  and  became  eminent 
in  civil  life  in  Rhode  Island.  In  the  Revolution 
ary  contest  he  took  a  decided  part  in  favor  of  the 
rights  of  the  colonies.  In  the  cannonade  of 
Bristol,  in  the  evening  of  Oct.  7,  1775,  by  the 
British  vessels  of  Avar,  the  Rose,  Glasgow,  and 
Siren,  he  Avent  on  board  the  Rose,  and  negotiated 
for  the  inhabitants.  About  this  time  his  OAvn 
house  Avas  destroyed  by  the  enemy.  In  1792  he 
Avas  elected  a  senator  in  congress,  but  soon  re 
signed  his  place  for  the  shades  of  his  delightful 
retreat.  He  Avas  many  years  speaker  of  the  as 
sembly  of  Rhode  Island,  and  deputy  governor. 
He  had  lived  a  AvidoAver  thirty-three  years  ;  his 
Avife,  Mary  Le  Baron,  of  Plymouth,  Avhom  he 
married  in  1751,  died  Oct.  2,  1775.  His  eldest 
son,  Major  William  Biadford,  was  aid  to  Gen. 
Charles  Lee,  of  the  Revolutionary  army.  By  in 
dustry  and  rigid  economy,  Mr.  Bradford  acquired 
an  independent  fortune,  in  the  use  of  Avhich  he 
Avas  hospitable  and  liberal.  For  many  years  he 
Avas  accustomed  to  deposit  AA'ith  his  minister  a 
generous  sum,  to  be  expended  in  charity  to  the 
poor.  In  his  habits  he  Avas  temperate,  seeking 
his  bed  at  an  early  hour  of  the  evening,  and  rising 
early  and  Avalking  over  his  extensive  farm.  Thus 
he  attained  nearly  to  the  age  of  fourscore.  — 
TJtachcr's  Med.  Biog. ;  Grisioold's  Fun.  Serm. 

BRADFORD,  WILLIAM,  the  first  printer  in 
Pennsyh-ania,  died  May  23,- 1752,  aged  93.  He 
Avas  born  in  Leicester,  England,  and,  being  a  Qua 
ker,  emigrated  to  this  country  in  1682  or  1683, 
and  landed  Avhere  Philadelphia  Avas  aftenvards 
laid  out,  before  a  house  Avas  built.  In  1687  he 
printed  an  almanac.  The  Avritings  of  George 
Keith,  Avhich  he  printed,  having  caused  a  quarrel 
among  the  Quakers,  for  one  of  them,  represented 
as  seditious,  he  Avas  arrested  Avith  Keith  and  im 
prisoned  in  1692.  It  is  remarkable,  that  in  his 
trial,  Avhen  the  justice  charged  the  jury  to  find 
only  the  fact  as  to  printing,  Bradford  maintained 
that  the  jury  Avere  also  to  find  Avhethcr  the  paper 
Avas  really  seditious,  and  maintained  that  "  the 
jury  are  judges  in  laAv,  as  well  as  the  matter  of 


122 


BRADFORD. 


BRADFORD. 


fact."  This  is  the  very  point  which  awakened ! 
such  interest  in  England  in  the  time  of  Wilkes. 
Bradford  was  not  convicted ;  but,  having  incurred 
the  displeasure  of  the  dominant  party  in  Phila 
delphia,  he  removed  to  New  York  in  1693.  In 
that  year  he  printed  the  laws  of  the  colony.  Oct. 
16,  1725,  he  began  the  first  newspaper  in  New 
York,  called  the  N.  Y.  Gazette.  In  1728  he 
established  a  paper-mill  at  Elizabethtown,  N.  Y., 
which,  perhaps,  was  the  first  in  this  country. 
Being  temperate  and  active,  he  reached  a  great 
age,  a  stranger  to  sickness.  In  the  morning  of 
the  day  of  his  death  he  walked  about  the  city. 
By  his  first  wife,  a  daughter  of  Andrew  Sowles,  a 
printer  in  London,  he  had  two  sons,  Andrew  and 
William.  For  more  than  fifty  years  he  was 
printer  to  the  New  York  government,  and  for 
thirty  years  the  only  printer  in  the  province.  He 
was  kind  and  affable,  and  a  friend  to  the  poor.  — 
Thomas,  II.  91;  Pcnn.  Gaz.,  May  28,  1752. 

BRADFORD,  ANDREW,  a  printer,  the  son  of 
the  preceding,  died  Nov.  23, 1742,  aged  about  56. 
He  was  the  only  printer  in  Pennsylvania  from 
1712  to  1723.  lie  published  the  first  newspaper 
in  Philadelphia  Dec,  22,  1719,  called  the  Ameri 
can  Weekly  Mercury.  In  1732  he  was  post 
master  ;  in  1735  he  kept  a  bookshop,  at  the  sign 
of  the  Bible,  in  Second  street.  In  1738  he  re 
moved,  having  purchased  a  house,  No.  8  South 
Front  street,  which  in  1810  was  occupied  as  a 
printing  house  by  his  descendant,  Thomas  Brad 
ford,  the  publisher  of  the  True  American,  a  daily 
paper.  His  second  wife,  with  whom  he  failed  to 
find  happiness,  was  Cornelia  Smith,  of  New  York; 
she  continued  the  Mercury  till  the  end  of  1746, 
and  died  in  1755.  —  Thomas,  II.  30,  325. 

BRADFORD,  WILLIAM,  colonel,  a  printer,  and 
a  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  died  Sept.  25,  1791, 
aged  72.  He  was  the  grandson  of  the  first 
printer  in  Philadelphia.  His  father,  William,  was 
a  seaman.  Adopted  by  his  uncle,  Andrew  Brad 
ford,  he  became  his  partner  in  business ;  but  his 
foster  mother,  Mrs.  Cornelia  B.,  wishing  him  to 
fall  in  love  with  her  adopted  niece,  and  he  choos 
ing  to  fall  in  love  with  some  other  lady,  caused 
the  partnership  to  be- dissolved.  In  1741  he  went 
to  England,  and  returned  in  1742  with  printing 
materials  and  books.  At  this  period  he  married 
a  daughter  of  Thomas  Budd,  who  was  imprisoned 
with  his  ancestor  in  1692.  He  published  Dec.  2, 
1742,  the  Pennsylvania  Journal,  which  was  con 
tinued  till  the  present  century,  when  it  was  super 
seded  by  the  True  American.  In  1754  he  opened, 
at  the  corner  of  Market  and  Front  streets,  the 
London  coffee-house;  in  1762  he  opened  a  marine 
insurance  office  with  Mr.  Kydd.  He  opposed  the 
stamp  act  in  1765,  and  in  the  early  stage  of  the 
war  he  took  up  arms  for  his  country.  As  a  major 
and  colonel  in  the  militia  he  fought  in  the  battle 
of  Trenton,  in  the  action  at  Princeton,  and  in  sev 


eral  other  engagements.  He  was  at  Fort  Mifflin 
when  it  was  attacked.  After  the  British  army 
left  Philadelphia,  he  returned  with  a  broken  con 
stitution  and  a  shattered  fortune.  Business  had 
found  new  channels.  Soon  he  experienced  the 
loss  of  his  beloved  Avife  ;  age  advanced  upon  him  ; 
a  paralytic  shock  warned  him  of  approaching 
death.  To  his  children  he  said,  "  Though  I  be 
queath  you  no  estate,  I  leave  you  in  the  enjoyment 
of  liberty."  Such  patriots  deserve  to  be  held  in 
perpetual  remembrance.  He  left  three  sons : 
Thomas,  his  partner  in  business,  William,  attorney- 
general,  and  Schuyler,  who  died  in  the  East 
Indies;  also  three  daughters. —  Thomas,  II.  48, 
330;  U.  8.  Gaz. 

BRADFORD,  WILLIAM,  attorney-general  of 
the  United  States,  died  Aug.  23t  1795.  He  was 
the  son  of  the  preceding,  born  in  Philadelphia 
Sept.  14,  1755,  and  was  early  placed  under  the 
care  of  a  respectable  clergyman  a  few  miles  from 
the  city.  His  father  had  formed  the  plan  of 
bringing  him  up  in  the  insurance  office,  which  he 
then  conducted ;  but  so  strong  was  the  love  of 
learning  implanted  in  the  mind  of  his  son,  that 
neither  persuasions,  nor  offers  of  pecuniary  ad 
vantage,  could  prevail  with  him  to  abandon  the 
hopes  of  a  liberal  education.  He  was  graduated 
at  Princeton  college  in  1772.  During  his  resi 
dence  at  this  seminary  he  was  greatly  beloved  by 
his  fellow  students,  while  he  confirmed  the  ex 
pectations  of  his  friends  and  the  faculty  of  the 
college  by  giving  repeated  evidence  of  genius  and 
taste.  At  the  public  commencement  he  had  one 
of  the  highest  honors  of  the  class  conferred  upon 
him.  He  continued  at  Princeton  till  the  year  fol 
lowing,  during  which  time  he  had  an  opportunity 
of  attending  the  lectures  on  theology  of  Dr. 
Witherspoon. 

He  now  commenced  the  study  of  the  law  under 
Edward  Shippen,  and  he  prosecuted  his  studies 
with  unwearied  application.  In  the  spring  of 
1776  he  was  called  upon  by  the  peculiar  circum 
stances  of  the  times  to  exert  himself  in  defence 
of  the  dearest  rights  of  human  nature,  and  to 
join  the  standard  of  his  country  in  opposition  to 
the  oppressive  exactions  of  Great  Britain.  When 
the  militia  were  called  out  to  form  the  flying  camp, 
he  was  chosen  major  of  brigade  to  Gen.  llober- 
deau,  and  on  the  expiration  of  his  term  accepted 
a  company  in  Col.  Hampton's  regiment  of  regu 
lar  troops.  He  was  soon  promoted  to  the  station 
of  deputy  muster-master-general,  with  the  rank 
of  licut.-colonel,  in  which  office  he  continued  about 
two  years,  till  his  want  of  health  obliged  him  to 
resign  his  commission  and  return  home.  He  now 
recommenced  the  study  of  the  law,  and  in  Sept., 
1779,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  the  supreme 
court.  In  Aug.,  1780,  he  was  appointed  attorney- 
general  of  Pennsylvania. 

In    1784   he   married  the   daughter   of  Elias 


BRADFORD. 


BRADFORD. 


123 


Boudinot,  of  New  Jersey,  with  whom  he  lived  till 
his  death  in  the  exercise  of  every  domestic  virtue 
that  adorns  human  nature.  On  the  reformation 
of  the  courts  of  justice  under  the  new  constitution 
of  Pennsylvania,  he  was  solicited  to  accept  the 
office  of  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court,  and  was 
commissioned  byGov.  Mifflin,  Aug.  22,  1791.  In 
this  station  his  indefatigable  industry,  unshaken 
integrity  and  correct  judgment  enabled  liim  to 
give  general  satisfaction.  Here  he  had  deter 
mined  to  spend  a  considerable  part  of  his  life  ; 
but  on  the  promotion  of  Edmund  Randolph  to 
the  office  of  secretary  of  State,  as  successor  of 
Mr.  Jefferson,  he  was  urged  to  accept  the  office 
of  attorney-general  of  the  United  States,  now  left 
vacant.  He  accordingly  received  the  appointment 
Jan.  28,  1794.  But  he  continued  only  a  short 
time  in  this  station,  to  which  he  was  elevated  by 
Washington.  He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Lee,  of 
Virginia.  According  to  his  express  desire,  he  was 
buried  by  the  side  of  his  parents  in  the  burial 
ground  of  the  second  Presbyterian  church  in 
Philadelphia. 

Mr.  Bradford  possessed  a  mild  and  amiable 
temper,  and  his  genteel  and  unassuming  manners 
were  united  with  genius,  eloquence,  and  taste. 
As  a  public  speaker  he  was  persuasive  and  con 
vincing.  He  understood  mankind  well,  and  knew 
how  to  place  his  arguments  in  the  most  striking 
point  of  light.  His  language  was  pure  and  sen 
tentious  ;  and  he  so  managed  most  of  his  forensic 
disputes,  as  scarcely  ever  to  displease  his  oppo 
nents,  while  he  gave  the  utmost  satisfaction  to  his 
clients.  He  possessed  great  firmness  of  opinion, 
yet  was  remarkable  for  his  modesty  and  caution 
in  delivering  his  sentiments.  Combining  a  quick 
and  retentive  memory  and  an  excellent  judgment 
with  great  equanimity  and  steadiness  in  his  con 
duct,  and  a  pleasing  deportment,  he  conciliated 
respect  and  affection.  Towards  his  country  he 
felt  the  sincerest  attachment,  and  her  interests 
he  preferred  to  every  selfish  consideration.  His 
charities  were  secret,  but  extensive  ;  and  none  in 
distress  were  ever  known  to  leave  him  with  dis 
content.  It  is  mentioned  as  a  proof  of  his  benev 
olence,  that  he  adopted  and  educated  as  his  own 
son  an  orphan  child  of  Joseph  Reed.  His  friend 
ships  were  few,  but  very  affectionate,  and  those 
who  aided  him  in  his  first  setting  out  in  life  were 
never  ungratefully  forgotten.  Though  engaged 
constantly  in  public  business,  yet  the  concerns  of 
this  world  did  not  make  him  regardless  of  the 
more  important  concerns  of  religion.  He  firmly 
believed  the  Christian  system,  for  he  had  given  it 
a  thorough  examination.  By  its  incomparable 
rules  he  regulated  his  whole  conduct,  and  on  its 
promises  he  founded  all  his  hopes  of  future  hap 
piness. 

In  the  earlier  periods  of  his  life  he  was  not  un 
acquainted  with  the  walks  of  poetry,  and  some  of 


his  poetical  productions,  in  imitation  of  the  pasto 
rals  of  Shenstone,  were  published  in  the  Phila 
delphia  magazines.  They  were  at  the  time  held 
in  high  estimation.  He  published  in  1793  an 
inquiry  how  far  the  punishment  of  death  is  nec 
essary  in  Pennsylvania,  with  notes  and  illustra 
tions,  to  which  is  added  an  account  of  the  gaol 
and  penitentiary  house  of  Philadelphia,  by  Caleb 
Lownes.  This  Avork  was  written  at  the  request 
of  Gov.  Mifflin,  and  was  intended  for  the  use  of 
the  legislature,  in  the  nature  of  a  report,  they 
having  the  subject  at  large  under  their  considera 
tion.  Furnishing  a  proof  of  the  good  sense  and 
philanthropy  of  the  author,  it  gained  him  great 
credit.  It  had  much  influence  in  meliorating  the 
criminal  laws,  and  hastening  the  almost  entire  ab 
olition  of  capital  punishments,  not  only  in  Penn 
sylvania,  but  in  many  other  States,  where  the 
interests  of  humanity  have  at  last  prevailed  over 
ancient  and  inveterate  prejudices. — Rees1  Cycl. ; 
Hardie's  Biog.  Did. ;  Marshall,  V.  489,  639 ; 
Gaz.  U.  S.,  Aug.  24,  1795. 

BRADFORD,  SUSAN,  wife  of  the  preceding, 
died  in  Burlington,  X.  J.,  Nov.  30,  1854,  nearly 
90.  Susan  Vergereau  was  the  eldest  daughter  of 
Elias  Boudinot,  born  Dec.  21,  1764:  her  mother 
was  Hannah  Stockton,  of  Princeton,  a  daughter  of 
John,  a  signer  of  the  declaration  of  independence. 
Her  father's  great-grandfather  was  a  Huguenot, 
who  fled  to  England.  She  was  married  in  1784 
to  Wm.  Bradford,  who  died  in  1795.  A  widow 
for  the  rest  of  her  life,  she  lived  in  Burlington 
from  1805  till  her  death.  Bishop  Doane  visited 
her  daily  the  last  twenty  years.  She  was  opulent 
and  benevolent,  and  eminently  pious. 

BRADFORD,  THOMAS,  died  at  Philadelphia  in 
May,  1838,  aged  94.  He  was  an  eminent  printer, 
editor,  and  publisher,  succeeding  Franklin  in 
1763  as  printer  to  the  continental  congress. 

BRADFORD,  ROBERT,  major,  died  in  Belpre, 
Ohio,  in  1823,  aged  73.  He  was  born  in  1750, 
the  son  of  Robert,  of  Kingston ;  and  was  a  de 
scendant  of  the  sixth  generation  from  Gov.  B. 
In  the  war  of  the  Revolution  he  was  a  brave  offi 
cer.  The  sword  given  him  by  Lafayette  is  in 
the  hands  of  his  only  surviving  son,  O.  L.  Brad 
ford,  of  Wood  county,  Va.  As  an  associate  of 
the  Ohio  company,  he  removed  to  Marietta  in 
1788.  The  next  year  he  and  other  officers  set 
tled  Belpre,  where  he  encountered  the  perils  of 
the  Indian  scalping-knife.  He  was  a  worthy, 
cheerful,  warm-hearted  pioneer  of  the  west. — 
Hildreth's  Bior/.  Mem.  relating  to  Ohio. 

BRADFORD,  AXDKKW,  died  at  Duxbury  in 
Jan.,  1837,  aged  91  ;  a  descendant  of  Gov.  B.  He 
was  a  quartermaster  in  the  Revolutionary  army, 
a  twin  brother  of  Peter  B.,  who  died  two  years 
before. 

BRADFORD,  JOHN,  died  Jan.  27,  1825,  aged 
68.  He  was  born  in  Boston  Aug.,  1750,  gradu- 


124 


BRADFORD. 


BRADLEY. 


ated  at  Harvard  in  1774,  and  \vas  ordained  at 
Roxbury  in  May,  11  So.  T.  Gray  wrote  an  obitu 
ary  notice,  with  a  sketch  of  the  Roxbury  churches, 
1825. 

BRADFORD,  ALDEN,  died  in  Boston  Oct.  26, 
1843,  aged  78.  He  was  born  in  Duxbury,  the 
son  of  Gamaliel,  was  graduated  in  1756,  and  a 
minister  in  Pownalborough,  now  Wiscasset,  eight 
years.  From  1812  to  1824  he  was  secretary  of 
State  of  Massachusetts.  He  published  a  history 
of  Mass,  from  1764  to  1789,  2vols.  ;  from  1790  to 
1820;  also  two  sermons  on  the  doctrines  of  Christ, 
1794,  at  Hallowell ;  eulogy  on  Washington ;  ordi 
nation  of  N.  Tilton,  1801 ;  sermon  at  Plymouth  ; 
oration,  1804;  on  death  of  Knox,  1806;  biogra 
phy  of  C.  Strong,  1820;  on  State  rights,  1824; 
discourse,  1830 ;  and  account  of  Wiscasset  and 
Duxbury  in  historical  collections. 

BRADFORD,  EBENKZER,  minister  of  Rowley, 
a  brother  of  Moses,  died  Jan.  3,  1801,  aged  55. 
A  graduate  of  Princeton  in  1773,  he  was  settled 
at  R.  in  1782,  after  living  a  few  y ears  in  D  anbury. 
His  son,  John  Melancthon  B.,  D.  D.,  was  a  grad 
uate  at  Providence  in  1800.  His  wife  was  a  sister 
of  Dr.  Green,  of  Philadelphia.  He  published  a 
sermon  at  the  ordination  of  N.Howe,  1791; 
strictures  on  Dr.  Langdon's  remarks  on  Hopkins' 
system,  1794 ;  at  a  thanksgiving,  also  at  a  fast, 
1795  ;  at  the  installation  of  J.  11.  Stevens,  1795. 

BRADFORD,  MOSES,  died  in  Montague  June 
13,  1838,  aged  73.  A  descendant  of  Gov.  Brad 
ford  by  his  son  AVilliam,  he  was  born  in  Canter 
bury,  Conn.,  the  brother  of  Rev.  E.  B.,  of 
Rowley.  He  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1785, 
and  was  from  1790  the  minister  of  Francestown 
thirty-seven  years,  eminently  useful,  the  church 
growing  from  fifty  members  to  three  or  four  hun 
dred.  He  had  three  sons,  who  were  preachers. 

BRADFORD,  EPHRAIM  P.,  minister  of  New 
Boston,  N.  II.  nearly  forty  years,  died  Dec.  14, 
1845  :  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1803,  and  a  dili 
gent  laborer. 

BRADFORD,  GAMALIEL,  M.  D.,  superintend 
ent  of  the  Mass,  general  hospital,  died  in  Boston 
Oct.  22,  1839,  aged  nearly  44;  a  descendant  of 
"William  B.,  and  a  graduate  of  1814.  He  was  an 
adversary  of  phrenology,  and  of  slavery.  He 
wrote  eighty  miscellaneous  pieces ;  among  them 
an  address  on  temperance ;  a  letter  on  slavery, 
and  various  reviews.  A  Memoir  by  Dr.  Francis 
is  in  Hist.  Coll.  3d  series,  vol  ix. 

BRADLEY,  SAMUEL,  killed  in  the  "  Bradley 
massacre,"  was  an  early  settler  at  Concord,  N.  H., 
then  Rumford.  On  the  llth  Aug.,  1746,  as  he 
was  proceeding  with  six  others  to  Hopkinton,  the 
party  was  attacked  by  a  hundred  Indians  a  mile 
and  a  half  from  Concord  village.  Samuel  Brad 
ley  was  killed  and  scaljx-d  near  the  brook.  To 
his  brother,  Jonathan  Bradley,  a  lieutenant  in 
Capt.  Ladd's  company,  quarter  was  offered;  but 


he  refused  it,  and  fought  till  he  was  hewed  down 
with  the  tomahawk.  Three  others  were  killed : 
Alexander  Roberts  and  William  Stickney  were 
made  prisoners.  Mr.  Bradley  was  a  young  man ; 
his  widow,  who  married  Richard  Calfe,  of  Ches- 
'ter,  died  Aug.  10,  1817,  aged  98.  His  son,  John, 
who  was  two  years  old  at  the  time  of  the  mas 
sacre,  was  a  very  respectable  citizen  of  Concord, 
and  served  in  both  branches  of  the  legislature. 
He  died  July  5,  1815,  aged  71,  leaving  sons, 
among  whom  was  Samuel  A.  Bradley,  of  Frye- 
burg.  Seven  persons  of  the  name  of  Bradley 
were  killed  by  the  Indians  in  Haverhill,  Mass.,  in 
March,  1697  ;  in  1704  a  Mrs.  Bradley,  after  kill 
ing  an  Indian  by  pouring  boiling  soap  on  him, 
was  taken  prisoner.  —  Boutoris  Cent.  Disc.; 
Moore's  Ann.  of  Concord ;  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  s.  s. 
IV.  129. 

BRADLEY,  STEPHEN  R.,  a  senator  of  the 
United  States,  was  born  Oct.  20,  1754,  in  Wral- 
lingford,  now  Cheshire,  Conn.,  and  graduated 
at  Yale  college  in  1775.  He  was  the  aid  of 
Gen.  Wooster,  when  that  officer  fell  in  a  skirmish 
with  the  enemy.  Removing  to  Vermont,  he  con 
tributed  much  to  the  establishment  of  that  State. 
He  was  one  of  its  first  senators  to  congress,  in 
which  body  he  continued,  with  one  intermission, 
until  he  retired  from  public  life  in  1812.  He 
died  at  Walpole,  N.  H.,  Dec.  16,  1830,  aged  76. 
He  published  Vermont's  appeal,  1779,  which  has 
been  sometimes  ascribed  to  Ira  Allen. 

BRADLEY,  WILLIAM  II.,  a  poet,  was  born  in 
Providence,  R.  I.  After  being  educated  as  a  phy 
sician,  he  went  to  Cuba,  where  he  died  in  1825. 
He  published  Giuseppino,  an  occidental  story, 
1822 ;  besides  many  fugitive  pieces. — Spec.  Amer. 
Poet.  II.  394,  398. 

BRADLEY,  ABRAHAM,  assistant  postmaster 
general,  died  at  Washington  May  7,  1838. 

BRADLEY,  PHL\EHAS,  Dr.,  died  at  Washing 
ton  Feb.  28,  1845,  aged  75.  Born  at  Litchfield, 
he  practised  physic  at  Painted  Post,  N.  Y. ;  but 
about  1800  accepted  an  appointment  in  the  post 
office  at  Washington ;  he  was  second  assistant 
postmaster-general. 

BRADLEY,  JOSHUA,  a  Baptist  minister,  died 
at  St.  Paul,  Minnesota,  Nov.  22,  1855,  aged  85. 
From  his  20th  year  he  was  engaged  in  education 
and  the  ministry,  rendering  great  services  to  the 
cause  of  religion. 

BRADLEY,  EMILIE,  wife  of  Dr.  D.  B.  Brad 
ley,  missionary  to  Siam,  died  at  Bangkok  Aug.  2, 
1845,  aged  34.  Her  name  was  Emilie  Royce,  of 
Clinton,  N.  Y.  She  embarked  July  2>,  1834,  and 
had  been  ten  years  a  missionary.  Her  end  was 
remarkably  peaceful,  like  that  of  many  other 
missionaries.  She  was  glad  the  Siamese  could 
see  how  a  Christian  could  die ;  she  wished  them 
to  judge  which  religion  makes  the  soul  most 
happy  in  the  hour  of  death. 


BRADSTREET. 


BRADSTREET. 


125 


BRADSTREET,  SIMON,  governor  of  Mass., 
the  son  of  a  nonconformist  minister  in  England, 
died  at  Salem,  March  27,  1697,  aged  94.  He 
was  born  at  Ilorbling  in  Lincolnshire  in  March, 
1603.  His  father  died  when  he  was  at  the  age  of 
fourteen.  But  he  was  soon  afterwards  taken  into 
the  religious  family  of  the  Earl  of  Lincoln,  in 
which  he  continued  about  eight  years  under  the 
direction  of  Thomas  Dudley,  and  among  other 
offices  sustained  that  of  steward.  He  lived  a 
year  at  Emanucl  college,  Cambridge,  pursuing 
his  studies  amidst  many  interruptions.  He  then 
returned  to  the  earl's;  but  soon  accepted  the 
place  of  steward  in  the  family  of  the  Countess  of 
Warwick.  Here  he  continued  till  he  married  a 
daughter  of  Mr.  Dudley,  and  was  persuaded  to 
engage  in  the  project  of  making  a  settlement  in 
Massachusetts.  He  was  in  March,  1630,  chosen 
assistant  of  the  colony,  which  was  about  to  be  es 
tablished,  and  arrived  at  Salem  in  the  summer  of 
the  same  year.  lie  was  at  the  first  court,  which 
was  held  at  Charlestown  Aug.  23.  He  was  after- 
wards  secretary  and  agent  of  Massachusetts,  and 
commissioner  of  the  united  colonies.  He  was 
sent  with  Mr.  Norton  in  1662  to  congratulate 
King  Charles  on  liis  restoration,  and  as  agent  of 
the  colony  to  promote  its  interests.  From  1673 
to  1679  he  was  deputy  governor.  In  this  last 
year  he  succeeded  Mr.  Leverett  as  governor, 
and  remained  in  this  office  till,  May,  1686,  when 
the  charter  was  dissolved,  and  Joseph  Dudley 
commenced  his  administration  as  president  of 
New  England.  In  May,  1689,  after  the  imprison 
ment  of  Andros,  he  was  replaced  in  the  oilice  of 
governor,  which  station  he  held  till  the  arrival  of 
Sir  William  Phipps  in  May,  1692,  with  a  charter 
which  deprived  the  people  of  the  right  of  elect 
ing  their  chief  magistrate,  lie  had  been  fifty 
years  an  assistant  of  the  colony.  He  had  lived  at 
Cambridge,  Ipswich,  Andover,  Boston,  and  Salem. 

Gov.  Bradstreet,  though  he  possessed  no  splendid 
talents,  yet  by  his  integrity,  prudence,  moderation, 
and  piety  acquired  the  confidence  of  all  classes  of 
people.  When  King  Charles  demanded  a  sur 
render  of  the  charter,  he  was  in  favor  of  comply 
ing  ;  and  the  event  proved  the  correctness  of  his 
opinion.  He  thought  it  would  be  more  prudent 
for  the  colonists  to  submit  to  a  power  which  they 
could  not  resist,  than  to  have  judgment  given 
against  the  charter,  and  thus  their  privileges  be 
entirely  cut  off.  If  his  moderation  in  regard  to 
religious  affairs,  particularly  towards  the  Anabap 
tists  and  the  Quakers,  was  not  so  conspicuous,  it 
was  not  a  fault  peculiar  to  him.  Yet  he  had  the 
good  sense  to  oppose  the  witchcraft  delusion.  lie 
had  eight  children  by  his  first  wife,  the  daughter 
of  governor  Thomas  Dudley,  who  wrote  a  volume 
of  poems.  His  second  wife,  a  sister  of  Sir  George 
Downing,  was  the  widow  of  Joseph  Gardner,  of 
Salem.  His  son,  Simon,  the  minister  of  New 


London,  graduated  1660,  was  ordained  Oct.  5, 
1670,  and  died  168o.  Another  son,  Major  Dud 
ley  B.,  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Indians  with 
his  wife  at  Andover  in  1698.  — Mather's  Magna- 
lia,  II.  19,  20;  Hutckinson,  I.  18,219,  323;  II. 
13,  105;  Holmes,  I.  466. 

BRADSTREET,  ANNE,  a  poetess,  was  the 
daughter  of  Governor  Dudley,  and  was  born  in 
1612  at  Northampton,  England.  At  the  age  of 
sixteen  she  married  Mr.  Bradstreet,  afterwards 
governor  of  Massachusetts,  and  accompanied  him 
to  America  in  1630.  After  being  the  mother  of 
eight  children,  she  died  Sept.  16,  1672,  aged  60. 

Her  volume  of  poems  was  dedicated  to  her 
father,  in  a  copy  of  verses  dated  March  20,  1642, 
and  is  probably  the  earliest  poetic  volume  written 
in  America.  The  title  is  :  "  Several  Poems,  com 
piled  with  great  variety  of  wit  and  learning,  full 
of  delight ;  wherein  especially  is  contained  a  com 
plete  discourse  and  description  of  the  four  ele 
ments,  constitutions,  ages  of  man,  seasons  of  the 
year,  together  with  an  exact  epitome  of  the  three 
first  monarchies,  viz :  the  Assyrian,  Persian,  Gre 
cian,  and  Roman  commonwealth,  from  the  begin 
ning  to  the  end  of  their  last  king,  with  divers 
other  pleasant  and  serious  poems.  By  a  gentle 
woman  of  New  England."  A  third  edition  was 
published  in  I7o8.  —  Spec.  Amer.  Poet.  Intr.  XX.; 
American  Quar.  Rev.  n.  494-496. 

BRADSTREET,  SIMOX,  minister  of  Charles- 
town,  Mass.,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1693,  and  was  ordained  as  successor  of  Mr. 
Morton,  Oct.  26,  1698.  He  received  J.  Stephens 
as  colleague  in  1721,  and  Mr.  Abbot  as  his  col 
league  in  1724.  After  a  ministry  of  more  than 
forty  years,  he  died  Dec.  31,  1741,  aged  72.  His 
successors  were  Abbot,  Prentice,  Paine,  and 
Dr.  Morse.  He  was  a  very  learned  man,  of  a 
strong  mind,  tenacious  memory,  and  lively  imagi 
nation.  Lieut-Governor  Taller  introduced  him  to 
Governor  Burnet,  who  was  himself  a  fine  scholar, 
by  saying,  here  is  a  man  who  can  whistle  Greek ; 
and  the  governor  afterwards  spoke  of  him  as  one 
of  the  first  literary  characters  and  best  preachers 
whom  he  had  met  with  in  America.  Mr.  Brad- 
street  was  subject  to  hypochondriacal  complaints, 
which  made  him  afraid  to  preach  in  the  pulpit 
some  years  before  he  died.  He  delivered  his  ser 
mons  in  the  deacon's  seat,  without  notes,  and  they 
were  in  general  melancholy  effusions  upon  the 
wretched  state  of  mankind  and  the  vanity  of  the 
world.  He  possessed  such  a  catholic  spirit,  that 
some  of  the  more  zealous  brethren  accused  him 
of  Arminianism ;  but  the  only  evidence  of  this 
was  his  fondness  for  Tillotson's  sermons,  and  his 
being  rather  a  practical  than  a  doctrinal  preacher. 
He  seldom  appeared  with  a  coat,  but  always  wore 
a  plaid  gown,  and  was  generally  seen  with  a  pipe 
in  his  mouth.  His  Latin  epitaph  upon  his  prede 
cessor,  Mr.  Morton,  has  been  preserved  by  the 


126 


BRADSTREET. 


BRAIXARD. 


Mass.  Hist.  Society. —  Hist.  Coll.  VIII.  75 ;  Bud- 
ington. 

BRADSTREET,  SIMON,  minister  of  Marble- 
head,  was  the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1728.  He  was 
ordained  successor  of  Mr.  Ilolyoke  Jan.  4,  1738, 
and  died  Oct.  5,  1771;  Isaac  Story,  who  married 
his  daughter,  having  been  his  colleague  four  or 
five  months.  lie  was  an  excellent  scholar,  a  most 
worthy  and  pious  Christian,  and  faithful  pastor ; 
laboring  to  bring  his  hearers  to  the  love  of  God, 
the  reception  of  the  Saviour,  and  the  practice  of 
holiness.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death 
of  his  brother  Samuel,  of  Chaiiestown,  1755. 

BRADSTREET,  JOHN,  a  major-general  in 
America,  appointed  by  the  king  of  Great  Britain, 
was  in  1740  lieutenant-governor  of  St.  John's, 
Newfoundland.  lie  was  afterwards  distinguished 
for  his  military  services.  It  was  thought  of  the 
highest  importance  in  the  year  1756  to  keep  open 
the  communication  with  Fort  Oswego  on  Lake 
Ontario.  Gen.  Shirley  accordingly  enlisted  forty 
companies  of  boatmen,  each  consisting  of  fifty 
men,  for  transporting  stores  to  the  fort  from 
Schenectady,  and  placed  them  under  the  command 
of  Bradstrect,  who  was  an  active  and  vigilant 
officer,  and  inured  to  the  hardships  to  which  that 
service  exposed  him.  In  the  beginning  of  the 
spring  of  this  year  a  small  stockaded  post  with 
twenty-five  men,  at  the  carrying  place,  was  cut  off. 
It  became  necessary  to  pass  through  the  country 
with  large  squadrons  of  boats,  as  the  enemy 
infested  the  passage  through  the  Onondaga  river. 
On  his  return  from  Oswego,  July  3,  1756,  Col. 
Bradstreet,  who  was  apprehensive  of  being  am 
bushed,  ordered  the  several  divisions  to  proceed  as 
near  each  other  as  possible.  He  was  at  the  head 
of  about  three  hundred  boatmen  in  the  first 
division,  when  at  the  distance  of  nine  miles  from 
the  fort  the  enemy  rose  from  their  ambuscade  and 
attacked  him.  He  instantly  landed  upon  a  small 
island  and  with  but  six  men  maintained  his 
position,  till  he  was  reinforced.  A  general  en 
gagement  ensued,  in  which  Bradstrect  with 
gallantry  rushed  upon  a  more  numerous  enemy, 
and  entirely  routed  them,  killing  and  wounding 
about  two  hundred  men.  His  own  loss  was 
about  thirty.  In  the  year  1758  he  was  intrusted 
with  the  command  of  three  thousand  men  on  an 
expedition  against  Fort  Frontenac,  which  was 
planned  by  himself.  He  embarked  at  Oswego  on 
Lake  Ontario,  and  on  the  evening  of  Aug.  25th 
landed  within  a  mile  of  the  fort.  On  the  27th  it 
was  surrendered  to  him.  Forty  pieces  of  cannon 
and  a  vast  quantity  of  provisions  and  merchandize, 
with  one  hundred  and  ten  prisoners,  fell  into  his 
hands.  The  fort  and  nine  armed  vessels  and  such 
stores  as  could  not  be  removed,  were  destroyed. 
In  August,  17G4,  he  advanced  with  a  considerable 
force  toward  the  Indian  country,  and  at  Presquc 


Isle  compelled  the  Delawares,  Shawanese,  and 
other  Indians  to  terms  of  peace.  He  was  ap 
pointed  major-general  in  May,  1772.  After 
rendering  important  services  to  his  country,  he 
died  at  New  York  Oct.  21,  1774.  —  Wynne,  n. 
,59-61,  86-88;  Ann.  Beg.  for  1764,  181 ;  Holmes, 
II.  198;  Marshall,!.  137,438;  Coll.  Hist.  Soc., 
VII.  150,  155;  Mante. 

BRADSTREET,  STEPHEN  I.,  died  in  Cleveland 
June  9,  1837,  aged  42 ;  pastor  of  the  first  church, 
then  editor  of  the  Ohio  Observer  and  of  the  Cleve 
land  Messenger;  a  graduate  of  Dartmouth,  1819. 

BRADY,  HUGH,  major-general,  died  in  Detroit 
April  15,  1851,  aged  83.  Born  in  Pennsylvania, 
he  entered  the  army  in  1792,  and  served  under 
Wayne  against  the  Indians.  At  the  battle  of 
Chippewa  he  headed  his  regiment.  From  1825 
he  was  stationed  at  Detroit.  A  life  of  rigid 
temperance  and  regular  activity  gave  him  an 
elastic  step  in  old  age.  lie  had  a  pure  and 
upright  character. 

BRAIN ARD,  JOHN  GARDINER  CALKINS,  a  poet, 
was  the  son  of  Judge  Jeremiah  G.  Brainard  of 
Xew  London,  Conn.,  died  Sept.  26,  1828,  aged 
32.  He  was  born  about  the  year  1797.  He  was 
graduated  in  1815  at  Yale  college.  Though  his 
name  differs  in  one  letter  from  that  of  the 
celebrated  missionary,  yet  probably  they  had  a 
common  ancestor.  Indeed  his  name,  in  a  catalogue 
of  the  college,  is  given  Urainerd,  while  that  of 
John,  a  brother  of  David,  is  printed  Brainard. 
These  are  probably  both  mistakes.  Autograph 
letters  of  David  and  John  in  my  possession 
present  the  form  of  Braincrd  ;  the  other  form  of 
the  name  being  adopted  by  the  poet  and  his 
father,  I  do  not  feel  authorized  to  change  it  for  the 
sake  of  uniformity.  Brainard  studied  law  and 
commenced  the  practice  at  Midclletown  ;  but  not 
finding  the  success  which  he  desired,  in  1822  he 
undertook  the  editorial  charge  of  the  Connecticut 
Mirror  at  Hartford.  Thus  he  was  occupied  about 
seven  years,  until,  being  marked  as  a  victim  for  the 
consumption,  he  returned  about  a  year  before  his 
death  to  his  father's  house. 

He  was  an  excellent  editor  of  the  paper,  which 
he  conducted,  enriching  it  with  his  poetical  pro 
ductions,  which  have  originality,  force,  and  paLhos, 
and  with  many  beautiful  prose  compositions,  and 
refraining  from  that  personal  abuse,  which  many 
editors  seem  to  think  essential  to  their  vocation. 
In  this  respect  his  gentlemanly  example  is  worthy 
of  being  followed  by  the  editorial  corps.  He, 
who  addresses  himself  every  week  or  every  day  to 
thousands  of  readers,  sustains  a  high  responsibility. 
If,  destitute  of  good  breeding  and  good  principles, 
he  is  determined  to  attract  notice  by  the  person 
alities,  for  which  there  is  a  greedy  appetite  in  the 
community ;  if  he  yields  himself  a  slave  to  the 
party  which  he  espouses,  and  toils  for  it  by  con 
tumelies  upon  his  opponents ;  if,  catching  the 


BRAINERD. 


BRAIXERD. 


127 


spirit  of  an  infuriated  zealot,  and  regardless  of 
truth  and  honor,  he  scatters  abroad  his  malignant 
slanders  and  inflammatory  traducements ;  then, 
instead  of  a  wise  and  benevolent  teacher  and 
guide,  he  presents  himself  as  a  sower  of  discord 
and  a  minister  of  evil. 

When  he  was  a  member  of  Yale  college  in' 
1815,  during  a  revival  of  religion,  he  was  deeply 
impressed  with  his  sin  and  danger;  but  his 
religious  sensibility  soon  diminished,  and  the  world 
occupied  again  his  thoughts,  though  spcculatively 
he  assented  to  the  truths  of  the  gospel.  Thus  he 
lived  twelve  or  thirteen  years,  till  a  few  months 
before  his  death.  Then,  at  his  father's  house, 
during  his  decay  by  the  consumption,  he  spent  his 
days  and  evenings  in  reading  religious  books  and 
in  pious  meditations.  To  his  minister,  Mr. 
McEwen,  he  said,  "  This  plan  of  salvation  in  the 
gospel  is  all  that  I  want ;  it  lills  me  with  wonder 
and  gratitude,  and  makes  the  prospect  of  death 
not  only  peaceful,  but  joyous."  Pale  and  feeble, 
he  went  to  the  house  of  God,  and  made  a  pro 
fession  of  religion  and  was  baptized.  The  next 
Sabbath,  as  he  could  not  attend  meeting,  the 
Lord's  supper  was  administered  at  his  room.  His 
last  remark  to  his  minister  was,  "  I  am  willing  to 
die ;  I  have  no  righteousness,  but  Christ  and  his 
atonement  are  enough.  God  is  a  God  of  truth, 
and  I  think  I  am  reconciled  to  him."  The  change 
experienced  by  the  renovated,  pardoned  sinner,  is 
described  by  him  in  the  following  lines : 

"  All  sights  are  fair  to  the  recovered  blind ; 
All  sounds  are  music  to  tho  deaf  restored ; 
The  lame,  made  whole,  leaps  like  the  sportive  hind  ; 
And  the  sad,  bow'd  down  sinner,  with  his  loud 
Of  shame  and  sorrow,  when  he  cuts  the  cord, 
And  leaves  his  pack  behind,  is  free  again 
In  the  light  yoke  and  burden  of  his  Lord." 

He  published  Occasional  pieces  of  poetry,  12mo., 
1825. —  Specimens  Amer.  Poetry,  ill.  198-212; 
Ilawes1  Sermon. 

BllAIXERD,  DAVID,  an  eminent  preacher  and 
missionary  to  the  Indians,  died  at  Northampton 
Oct.  9,  1747,  aged  29;  his  gravestone  by  mistake 
says  Oct.  10.  lie  was  born  at  Iladdam,  Conn., 
April  20,  1718.  His  grandfather  was  Deac'on 
Daniel  B.,  who  was  born  in  Braintree,  Essex, 
England,  and  who  settled  in  Iladdam  about  1GGO, 
and  died  in  1715.  He  came  to  this  country  at 
the  age  of  eight,  in  the  Wyllys  family,  about 
1649 ;  bis  wife  was  Hannah,  daughter  of  Jared 
Spencer.  His  father,  Ilezekiah  Brainerd,  was  au 
assistant  of  the  colony,  or  a  member  of  the 
council,  who  died  when  his  son  was  about  nine 
years  of  age ;  his  mother,  Dorothy,  the  daughter 
of  Ilev.  Jeremiah  llobart,  and  widow  of  D. 
Mason,  died  when  he  was  fourteen  years  of  age. 
His  elder  brother,  Ilezekiah,  was  a  representative 
of  Iladdam ;  and  his  brother  Xehcmiah,  who 
died  in  1742,  was  a  minister  in  Glastenbury.  His 
sister,  Martha,  married  Gen.  Joseph  Spencer,  of 


East  Iladdam.  As  his  mind  was  early  impressed 
by  the  truths  of  religion,  he  took  delight  in  read 
ing  those  books  which  communicate  religious 
instruction ;  he  called  upon  the  name  of  God  in 
secret  prayer ;  he  studied  the  Scriptures  with 
great  diligence ;  and  he  associated  with  several 
young  persons  for  mutual  encouragement  and 
assistance  in  the  paths  of  wisdom.  But  in  all  this 
he  aftenvards  considered  himself  as  self-righteous, 
as  completely  destitute  of  true  piety,  as  governed 
by  the  fear  of  future  punishment  and  not  by  the 
love  of  God,  as  depending  for  salvation  upon  his 
good  feelings  and  his  strict  life,  without  a  per 
ception  of  the  necessity  and  the  value  of  the 
mediation  of  Christ.  At  this  time  he  indeed 
acknowledged,  that  he  deserved  nothing  for  his 
best  works,  for  the  theory  of  salvation  was 
familiar  to  him  ;  but  while  he  made  the  acknowl 
edgment,  he  did  not  feel  what  it  implied.  lie 
still  secretly  relied  upon  the  warmth  of  his  affec 
tions,  upon  his  sincerity,  upon  some  quality  in 
himself,  as  the  ground  of  acceptance  with  God ; 
instead  of  relying  upon  the  Lord  Jesus,  through 
whom  alone  there  is  access  to  the  Father.  At 
length  lie  was  brought  under  a  deep  sense  of  his 
sinfulncss,  and  he  perceived,  that  there  was 
nothing  <:ood  in  himself.  This  conviction  was  not 
a  sudden  perturbation  of  mind ;  it  was  a  perma 
nent  impression,  made  by  the  view  of  his  own 
character,  when  compared  with  that  holy  law  of 
God,  which  he  was  bound  to  obey.  But  the 
discovery  was  unwelcome  and  irritating.  He 
could  not  readily  abandon  the  hope,  which  rested 
upon  his  religious  exercises.  He  was  reluctant  to 
admit,  that  the  principle,  whence  all  his  actions 
proceeded,  was  entirely  corrupt.  He  was  opposed 
to  the  strictness  of  the  Divine  law,  which  extended 
to  the  heart  as  well  as  to  the  life.  He  murmured 
against  the  doctrines,  that  faith  was  indispensably 
necessary  to  salvation,  and  that  faith  was  com 
pletely  the  gift  of  God.  He  was  irritated  in  not 
finding  any  way  pointed  out,  which  would  lead 
him  to  the  Saviour;  in  not  finding  any  means 
prescribed,  by  which  an  unrenewcd  man  could  of 
his  own  strength  obtain  that,  which  the  highest 
angel  could  not  give.  He  was  unwilling  to 
j  believe,  that  he  was  dead  in  trespasses  and  in 
sins.  But  these  unpleasant  truths  were  fastened 
I  upon  his  mind,  and  they  could  not  be  shaken  oft'. 
It  pleased  God  to  disclose  to  him  his  true  character 
and  condition,  and  to  quell  the  tumult  of  his  soul, 
lie  saw  that  lus  schemes  to  save  himself  were 
entirely  vain,  and  must  forever  be  ineffectual ;  he 
perceived  that  it  was  self-interest  which  had 
before  led  him  to  pray,  and  that  he  had  never 
once  .prayed  from  any  respect  to  the  glory  of 
God;  he  felt  that  he  was  lost.  In  this  state  of 
mind,  while  he  was  walking  in  a  solitary,  place  in 
the  evening  of  July  12,  1739,  meditating  upon 
religious  subjects,  his  mind  was  illuminated  with 


128 


BRAINEim 


BRAINERD. 


completely  new  views  of  the  Divine  perfections  ; 
he  perceived  a  glory  in  the  character  of  God  and 
in  the  way  of  salvation  by  the  crucified  Son  of  the 
Most  High,  which  he  never  before  discerned ; 
and  he  was  led  to  depend  upon  Jesus  Christ  for 
righteousness,  and  to  seek  the  glory  of  God  as 
his  principal  object. 

In  September,  1739,  he  was  admitted  a  mem 
ber  of  Yale  college,  but  he  was  expelled  in  Feb 
ruary,  1742.  The  circumstances  which  led  to  this 
expulsion  were  these :  There  had  been  great 
attention  to  religion  in  the  college,  and  Mr. 
Braincrd,  whose  feelings  were  naturally  warm, 
and  whose  soul  was  interested  in  the  progress  of 
the  gospel,  was  misled  by  an  intemperate  zeal, 
and  was  guilty  of  indiscretions,  which  at  that 
time  were  not  unfrequcnt.  In  a  conversation 
with  some  of  his  associates  he  expressed  his  be 
lief,  that  one  of  the  tutors  was  destitute  of 
religion.  Being  in  part  overheard,  his  associates 
were  compelled  by  the  rector  to  declare,  respect 
ing  whom  he  was  speaking ;  and  he  was  required 
to  make  a  public  confession  in  the  hall.  Braincrd 
thought,  that  it  was  unjust  to  extort  from  his 
friends  what  he  had  uttered  in  conversation,  and 
that  the  punishment  was  too  severe.  As  he  re 
fused  to  make  the  confession,  and  as  he  had  been 
guilty  of  going  to  a  separate  meeting  after  pro 
hibition  by  the  authority  of  college,  he  was 
expelled.  In  the  circumstances,  which  led  to  this 
result,  there  appears  a  strong  disposition  to  hunt 
up  offences  against  the  "  New  Lights,"  as  those 
who  were  attached  to  the  preaching  of  Mr.  Whit- 
field  and  Tcnnent,  were  then  called.  It  was  not  so 
strange  that  a  young  man  should  have  been  in 
discreet,  as  that  he  should  confess  himself  to  have 
been  so.  Mr.  Brainerd  afterwards  perceived  that 
he  had  been  uncharitable  and  had  done  wrong, 
and  with  sincerity  and  humility  he  acknowledged 
his  error  and  exhibited  a  truly  Christian  spirit ; 
but  he  never  obtained  his  degree.  Though  he 
felt  no  resentment,  and  ever  lamented  his  own 
conduct ;  yet  he  always  considered  himself  as 
abused  in  the  management  of  this  affair. 

In  the  spring  of  1742  he  went  to  llipton,  to 
pursue  the  study  of  divinity  under  the  care  of 
Mr.  Mills ;  and  at  the  end  of  July  was  licensed  to 
preach,  by  the  association  of  ministers  which  met 
at  Danbury,  after  they  had  made  inquiries  re 
specting  his  learning,  and  his  acquaintance  with 
experimental  religion.  Soon  after  he  began  his 
theological  studies,  he  was  desirous  of  preaching 
the  gospel  to  the  heathen,  and  frequently  prayed 
for  them.  In  November,  after  he  was  licensed, 
he  was  invited  to  go  to  New  York,  and  was  ex 
amined  by  the  correspondents  of  the  society  for 
propagating  Christian  knowledge,  and  was  ap 
pointed  by  them  a  missionary  to  the  Indians. 

He  arrived  on  the  first  of  April,  1743,  at  Kau- 
nameek,  an  Indian  village  in  the  woods  between 


Stockbridge,  in  the  State  of  Massachusetts,  and 
Albany,  at  the  distance  of  about  twenty  miles 
from  the  former  place  and  fifteen  miles  from 
Kinderhook.  lie  now  began  his  labors  at  the 
age  of  twenty-five,  and  continued  in  this  place 
about  a  year.  At  first  he  lived  in  a  wigwam 
among  the  Indians ;  but  he  afterwards  built  him 
self  a  cabin,  that  he  might  be  alone,  when  not 
employed  in  preaching  and  instructing  the  savages. 
lie  lodged  upon  a  bundle  of  straw,  and  his  food 
was  principally  boiled  corn,  hasty  pudding,  and 
samp.  With  a  feeble  body,  and  frequent  illness, 
and  great  depression  of  mind,  he  was  obliged  to 
encounter  many  discouragements,  and  to  submit 
to  hardships,  which  would  be  almost  insupporta 
ble  by  a  much  stronger  constitution.  But  he 
persisted  in  his  benevolent  labors,  animated  by 
the  hope  that  he  should  prove  the  means  of 
illuminating  some  darkened  mind  with  the  truth 
as  it  is  in  Jesus.  Besides  his  exertions,  which 
had  immediate  reference  to  the  instruction  of  the 
savages,  he  studied  much,  and  employed  much 
time  in  the  delightful  employment  of  communing 
in  the  wilderness  with  that  merciful  Being,  who 
is  present  in  all  places,  and  who  is  the  support 
and  joy  of  all  Christians.  When  the  Indians  at 
Kaunamcek  had  agreed  to  remove  to  Stockbridge 
and  place  themselves  under  the  instruction  of 
Mr.  Sergeant,  Mr.  Brainerd  left  them  and  bent 
his  attention  towards  the  Delaware  Indians. 

He  was  ordained  at  Newark  in  New  Jersey  by 
a  Presbytery,  June  12,  1744,  on  which  occasion 
Mr.  Pemberton  of  New  York  preached  a  sermon. 
He  soon  afterwards  went  to  the  new  field  of  his 
labors,  near  the  forks  of  the  Delaware  in  Penn 
sylvania,  and  continued  there  a  year,  making  two 
visits  to  the  Indians  on  Susquehannah  river.  He 
again  built  him  a  cabin  for  retirement ;  but  here 
he  had  the  happiness  to  find  some  white  people, 
with  whom  he  maintained  family  prayer.  After 
the  hardships  of  his  abode  in  this  place,  with  but 
little  encouragement  from  the  effect  of  his  exer 
tions,  he  visited  the  Indians  at  Crosweeksung, 
near  Freehold  in  New  Jersey.  In  this  village  he 
was  favored  with  remarkable  success.  The  Spirit 
of  God  seemed  to  bring  home  effectually  to  the 
hearts  of  the  ignorant  heathens  the  truths,  which 
he  delivered  to  them  with  affection  and  zeal. 
His  Indian  interpreter,  who  had  been  converted 
by  his  preaching,  cooperated  cheerfully  in  the 
good  work.  It  was  not  uncommon  for  the  whole 
congregation  to  be  in  tears,  or  to  be  crying  out 
under  a  sense  of  sin.  In  less  than  a  year  Mr. 
Brainerd  baptized  seventy-seven  persons,  of  whom 
thirty-eight  were  adults,  that  gave  satisfactory 
evidence  of  having  been  renovated  by.  the  power 
of  God  ;  and  he  beheld  with  unspeakable  pleasure 
between  twenty  and  thirty  of  his  converts  seated 
around  the  table  of  the  Lord.  The  Indians  were 
at  the  time  entirely  reformed  in  their  lives.  They 


BRAINERD. 


BRAINERD. 


129 


were  very  humble  and  devout,  and  united  in  Chris 
tian  affection.  In  a  letter,  dated  Dec.  30,  1745,  he 
says :  "  The  good  work  which  you  will  find  largely 
treated  of  in  my  journal,  still  continues  among 
the  Indians  ;  though  the  astonishing  Divine  influ 
ence,  that  has  been  among  them,  is  in  a  consider 
able  measure  abated.  Yet  there  are  several  in 
stances  of  persons  newly  awakened.  When  I 
consider  the  doings  of  the  Lord  among  these 
Indians,  and  then  take  a  view  of  my  journal,  I 
must  say,  't  is  a  faint  representation  I  have  given 
of  them."  Nor  is  there  any  evidence,  that  he 
misjudged.  The  lives  of  these  Indian  converts 
in  subsequent  years,  under  John  Brainerd  and 
William  Tennent,  were,  in  general,  holy  and  ex 
emplary,  furnishing  evidence  of  the  sincerity  of 
their  faith  in  the  gospel. 

In  the  summer  of  1746  Mr.  Brainerd  visited 
the  Indians  on  the  Susquehannah,  and  on  his 
return  in  September  found  himself  worn  out  by 
the  hardships  of  his  journey.  His  health  was 
so  much  impaired,  that  he  was  able  to  preach 
but  Kttle  more.  Being  advised  in  the  spring  of 
1747  to  travel  in  New  England,  he  went  as  far 
as  Boston,  and  returned  in  July  to  Northampton, 
where,  in  the  family  of  Jonathan  Edwards,  he 
passed  the  remainder  of  his  days.  He  gradually 
declined  till  Tuesday,  Oct.  9,  1747,  when,  after 
suffering  inexpressible  agony,  he  entered  upon 
that  rest  which  remaineth  for  the  faithful  ser 
vants  of  God. 

Mr.  Brainerd  was  a  man  of  vigorous  powers 
of  mind.  While  he  was  favored  with  a  quick 
discernment  and  ready  invention,  with  a  strong 
memory  and  natural  eloquence,  he  also  possessed 
in  an  uncommon  degree  the  penetration,  the 
closeness  and  force  of  thought,  and  the  sound 
ness  of  judgment  which  distinguish  the  man  of 
talents  from  him  who  subsists  entirely  upon  the 
learning  of  others.  His  knowledge  was  exten 
sive,  and  he  added  to  his  other  attainments  an 
intimate  acquaintance  with  human  nature,  gained 
not  only  by  observing  others,  but  by  carefully 
noticing  the  operations  of  his  own  mind.  As  he 
was  of  a  sociable  disposition,  and  could  adapt 
himself  with  great  ease  to  the  different  capacities, 
tempers,  and  circumstances  of  men,  he  was  re 
markably  fitted  to  communicate  instruction.  He 
was  very  free,  and  entertaining,  and  useful  in  his 
ordinary  discourse;  and  he  was  also  an  able 
disputant.  As  a  preacher  he  was  perspicuous 
and  instructive,  forcible,  close,  and  pathetic.  He 
abhorred  an  affected  boistcrousness  in  the  pulpit, 
and  yet  he  could  not  tolerate  a  cold  delivery, 
when  the  subject  of  discourse  was  such  as  should 
warm  the  heart,  and  produce  an  earnestness  of 
manner. 

His  knowledge  of  theology  was  uncommonly 
extensive  and  accurate.  President  Edwards, 
whose  opinion  of  Mr.  Brainerd  was  founded  upon 

17 


an  intimate  acquaintance  with  him,  says,  that 
"  He  never  knew  his  equal,  of  his  age  and  stand 
ing,  for  clear,  accurate  notions  of  the  nature  and 
essence  of  true  religion,  and  its  distinctions  from 
its  various  false  appearances."  Mr.  Brainerd  had 
no  charity  for  the  religion  of  those,  who,  indulging 
the  hope  that  they  were  interested  in  the  Divine 
mercy,  settled  down  in  a  state  of  security  and 
negligence.  He  believed  that  the  good  man 
would  be  continually  making  progress  towards 
perfection,  and  that  conversion  was  not  merely  a 
great  change  in  the  views  of  the  mind  and  the 
affections  of  the  heart,  produced  by  the  Spirit  of 
God ;  but  that  it  was  the  beginning  of  a  course 
of  holiness,  which  through  the  Divine  agency 
would  be  pursued  through  life.  From  the  ardor 
with  which  he  engaged  in  missionary  labors,  some 
may  be  led  to  conclude,  that  his  mind  was  open 
to  the  influence  of  fanaticism.  During  his  resi 
dence  at  college,  his  spirit  was  indeed  somewhat 
tinged  with  the  zeal  of  bitterness  ;  but  it  was  not 
long  before  he  was  restored  to  true  benevolence 
and  the  pure  love  of  the  truth.  From  this  time 
he  detested  enthusiasm  in  all  its  forms.  He  rep 
robated  all  dependence  upon  impulses,  or  im 
pressions  on  the  imagination,  or  the  sudden  sug 
gestion  of  texts  of  Scripture.  He  withstood  every 
doctrine  which  seemed  to  verge  towards  antino- 
mianism,  particularly  the  sentiments  of  those  who 
thought  that  faith  consists  in  believing,  that  Christ 
died  for  them  in  particular,  and  who  founded  their 
love  of  God,  not  upon  the  excellence  of  his  char 
acter,  but  upon  the  previous  impression  that  they 
were  the  objects  of  his  favor,  and  should  assuredly 
be  saved.  He  rebuffed  the  pride  and  presumption 
of  laymen,  who  thrust  themselves  forth  as  public 
teachers  and  decried  human  learning  and  a  learned 
ministry ;  he  detested  the  spirit,  Avhich  generally 
influenced  the  Separatists  through  the  country; 
and  he  was  entirely  opposed  to  that  religion, 
which  was  fond  of  noise  and  show,  and  delighted 
to  publish  its  experiences  and  privileges.  Very 
different  from  the  above  was  the  religion  which 
Mr.  Brainerd  approved,  and  which  he  displayed 
in  his  own  life.  In  his  character  were  combined 
the  most  ardent  and  pure  love  to  God  and  the 
most  unaffected  benevolence  to  man,  an  alienation 
from  the  vain  and  perishable  pursuits  of  the  world, 
the  most  humbling  and  constant  sense  of  lu's  own 
iniquity,  which  was  a  greater  burden  to  him  than 
all  his  afflictions,  great  brokenness  of  heart  before 
God  for  the  coldness  of  his  love  and  the  imper 
fection  of  his  Christian  virtues,  the  most  earnest 
breathings  of  soul  after  holiness,  real  delight  in 
the  gospel  of  Jesus  Christ,  sweet  complacence  in 
all  his  disciples,  incessant  desires  and  importunate 
prayers  that  men  might  be  brought  to  the  knowl 
edge  and  the  obedience  of  the  truth,  and  that 
thus  God  might  be  glorified  and  the  kingdom  of 
Christ  advanced,  great  resignation  to  the  will  of 


130 


BRAIXERD. 


BRAIXERD. 


his  heavenly  Father,  an  entire  distrust  of  his  own 
heart  and  a  universal  dependence  upon  God,  the 
absolute  renunciation  of  everything  for  his  Re 
deemer,  the  most  clear  and  abiding  views  of  the 
things  of  the  eternal  world,  a  continual  warfare 
against  sin,  and  the  most  unwearied  exertion  of 
all  his  powers  in  the  service  and  in  obedience  to 
the  commands  of  the  Most  High.  He  believed  that 
the  essence  of  true  religion  consists  in  the  confor 
mity  of  the  soul  to  God,  in  acting  above  all  selfish 
\iews,  for  his  glory,  desiring  to  please  and  honor 
him  in  all  things,  and  that  from  a  view  of  his  excel 
lency,  and  worthiness  in  himself  to  be  loved,  adored, 
and  obeyed  by  all  intelligent  creatures.  When 
this  divine  temper  is  wrought  in  the  soul  by  the 
special  influences  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  discovering 
the  glory  of  God  in  the  face  of  Jesus  Christ,  he 
believed  that  the  Author  of  all  good  could  not 
but  delight  in  his  own  image,  and  would  most 
certainly  complete  his  own  work,  which  he  had 
begun  in  the  human  heart.  His  religion  did  not 
consist  in  speculation ;  but  he  carried  his  own 
principles  into  practice.  Resisting  the  solicita 
tions  of  selfishness,  he  consecrated  his  powers  to 
the  high  and  benevolent  objects,  enjoined  in  the 
Sci-iptures.  It  was  his  whole  aim  to  promote  in 
the  most  effectual  manner  the  glory  of  his  Re 
deemer.  After  the  termination  of  a  year's  fruit 
less  mission  at  Kaunamcek,  where  he  had  suffered 
the  greatest  hardships,  he  was  invited  to  become 
the  minister  of  East  Hampton,  one  of  the  best 
parishes  on  Long  Island  ;  but  though  he  was  not 
insensible  to  the  pleasures  of  a  quiet  and  fixed 
abode,  among  Christian  friends,  in  the  midst  of 
abundance ;  yet,  without  the  desire  of  fame,  he 
preferred  the  dangers  and  sufferings  of  a  new 
mission  among  savages.  He  loved  his  Saviour, 
and  wished  to  make  known  his  precious  name 
among  the  heathen. 

In  his  last  illness  and  during  the  approaches  of 
death  he  was  remarkably  resigned  and  composed. 
He  spoke  of  that  willingness  to  die,  which  origi 
nates  in  the  desire  of  escaping  pain,  and  in  the 
hope  of  obtaining  pleasure  or  distinction  in 
heaven,  as  very  ignoble.  The  heaven,  which  he 
seemed  to  anticipate,  consisted  in  the  love  and 
sendee  of  God.  "  It  is  impossible,"  said  he,  "  for 
any  rational  creature  to  be  happy  without  acting 
all  for  God.  I  long  to  be  in  heaven,  praising  and 
glorifying  him  with  the  angels.  There  is  nothing 
in  the  world  worth  living  for,  but  doing  good  and 
finishing  God's  work;  doing  the  work,  which 
Christ  did.  I  see  nothing  else  in  the  world,  that 
can  yield  any  satisfaction,  besides  living  to  God, 
pleasing  him,  and  doing  his  whole  will.  My 
greatest  comfort  and  joy  has  been  to  do  some 
thing  for  promoting  the  interests  of  religion,  and 
for  the  salvation  of  the  souls  of  particular  per 
sons."  When  he  was  about  to  be  separated  for 
ever  from  the  earth,  his  desires  seemed  to  be  as 


eager  as  ever  for  the  progress  of  the  gospel.  He 
spoke  much  of  the  prosperity  of  Zion,  of  the  in 
finite  importance  of  the  work  which  was  committed 
to  the  ministers  of  Jesus  Christ,  and  of  the  ne 
cessity,  which  was  imposed  upon  them,  to  be 
constant  and  earnest  in  prayer  to  God  for  the 
success  of  their  exertions.  A  little  while  before 
his  death  he  said  to  Mr.  Edwards :  "  My  thoughts 
have  been  much  employed  on  the  old,  dear  theme, 
the  prosperity  of  God's  church  on  earth.  As  I 
waked  out  of  sleep,  I  was  led  to  cry  for  the  pour 
ing  out  of  God's  Spirit  and  the  advancement  of 
Christ's  kingdom,  which  the  dear  Redeemer  did 
and  suffered  so  much  for ;  it  is  tin's  especially 
which  makes  me  long  for  it."  He  felt  at  this  time 
a  peculiar  concern  for  his  own  congregation  of 
Christian  Indians.  Eternity  was  before  him  with 
all  its  interests.  "  T  is  sweet  to  me,"  said  he,  "to 
think  of  eternity.  But  O,  what  shall  I  say  to 
the  eternity  of  the  wicked !  I  cannot  mention  it, 
nor  think  of  it.  The  thought  is  too  dreadful ! " 
In  answer  to  the  inquiry,  how  he  did,  he  said :  "  I 
am  almost  in  eternity ;  I  long  to  be  there.  My 
work  is  done.  I  have  done  with  all  my  friends. 
All  the  world  is  now  nothing  to  me.  O,  to  be 
in  heaven,  to  praise  and  glorify  God  with  his  holy 
angels ! "  At  length,  after  the  trial  of  his  pa 
tience  by  the  most  excruciating  sufferings,  his 
spirit  was  released  from  its  tabernacle  of  clay,  and 
entered  those  mansions  which  the  Lord  Jesus 
hath  prepared  for  all  his  faithful  disciples. 

The  exertions  of  Mr.  Brainerd  in  the  Chris 
tian  cause  were  of  short  continuance,  but  they 
were  intense,  and  incessant,  and  effectual.  One 
must  be  either  a  very  good  or  a  very  bad  man, 
who  can  read  his  life  without  blushing  for  himself. 
If  ardent  piety  and  enlarged  benevolence,  if  the 
supreme  love  of  God  and  the  inextinguishable 
desire  of  promoting  his  glory  in  the  salvation  of 
immortal  souls,  if  persevering  resolution  in  the 
midst  of  the  most  pressing  discouragements,  if 
cheerful  self-denial  and  unremitted  labor,  if  hu 
mility  and  zeal  for  godliness,  united  with  conspic 
uous  talents,  render  a  man  worthy  of  remem 
brance;  the  name  of  Brainerd  will  not  soon  be 
forgotten. 

He  published  a  narrative  of  his  labors  at  Kaun- 
ameek,  annexed  to  Mr.  Pembcrton's  sermon  at 
his  ordination;  and  his  journal,  or  an  account  of 
the  rise  and  progress  of  a  remarkable  work  of 
grace  amongst  a  number  of  Indians  in  New  Jer 
sey  and  Pennsylvania,  with  some  general  remarks, 
1746.  This  work,  which  is  very  interesting,  and 
which  displays  the  piety  and  talents  of  the  author, 
was  published  by  the  commissioners  of  the  soci 
ety  in  Scotland,  with  a  preface  by  them,  and  an 
attestation  by  W.  Tennent  and  Mr.  McKnight. 
His  life,  written  by  President  Edwards,  is  com 
piled  chiefly  from  his  own  diary.  Annexed  to  it 
are  some  of  his  letters  and  other  writings.  It  is  a 


BRATNERD. 


BRAXT. 


131 


book  which  is  well  calculated  to  enkindle  a  flame 
of  benevolence  and  piety  in  the  breast.  A  new 
edition  of  his  memoirs  was  published  in  1822  by 
Sereno  Edwards  Dwight,  including  his  journal. 
Mr.  Edwards  had  omitted  the  already  printed 
journals,  which  had  been  published  in  two  parts: 
the  first,  from  June  19  to  Nov.  4,  1745,  entitled 
Mirabilia  Dei  inter  Indices ;  the  second,  from  Nov. 
24,  1745,  to  June  19,  1746,  with  the  title,  Divine 
grace  displayed,  &c.  These  journals  Mr.  Dwight 
has  incorporated  in  a  regular  chronological  series 
with  the  rest  of  the  diary,  as  alone  given  by  Ed 
wards. —  Brainerd's  Life;  his  Journal;  Ed 
wards'1  Fun.  Sermon  ;  Middleton's  Bio(j.  Evang. 
IV.  262-264 ;  Assembly  Miss.  Mag.  n.  449-452 ; 
Boston  Recorder,  1824,  p.  196. 

BRAINERD,  JOHN,  a  missionary,  brother  of 
the  preceding,  died  about  1780.  He  was  graduated 
at  Yale  college  in  1746,  and  was  a  trustee  of 
Princeton  college  from  1754  to  1780.  The  Indian 
congregation  of  his  brother  being  removed  from 
Crosweeksung  or  Crosweeks  to  Cranberry,  not 
far  distant,  he  succeeded  his  brother  in  the  mis 
sion  about  the  year  1748.  His  efforts  were  inces 
sant  for  their  good ;  but  he  had  to  encounter 
great  difficulties.  A  drunken  Indian  sold  their 
lands ;  the  greedy  government  of  New  Jersey 
was  hostile  to  the  tribe ;  and  Mr.  Brainerd,  unable 
to  support  a  schoolmaster,  endeavored  himself, 
amidst  numerous  avocations,  to  teach  them  the 
elements  of  learning  as  well  as  the  truths  of  re 
ligion.  The  place  of  his  residence  in  1754  was 
Bethel,  whence  he  wrote  to  Dr.  Wheelock  :  "  It 
belongs  to  thousands  to  endeavor  to  Christianize 
the  Indians,  as  well  as  to  us.  It  is  as  really  their 
duty,  and  would  be  every  way  as  much  to  their 
advantage,  as  ours.  If  the  country  in  general 
were  but  sensible  of  their  obligation,  how  would 
they  exert  themselves,  how  freely  would  they  dis 
burse  of  their  substance,  and  what  pains  would 
they  take  to  accomplish  this  great  and  good 
work?"  About  1755  Wm.  Tennent  succeeded 
him.  In  1763  he  lived  at  Great  Egg  Harbor. 
In  1772  he  lived  at  Brotherton,  N.  J. 

BRAXT,  JOSEPH,  a  famous  Indian  chief,  was  at 
the  head  of  the  sk  nations,  so  called,  in  the  State 
of  XTew  York.  Each  of  these  was  divided  into 
three  or  more  tribes,  called  the  turtle  tribe,  the 
wolf  tribe,  the  bear  tribe.  He  was  a  Mohawk  of 
pure  Indian  blood.  His  father,  Brant,  a  chief, 
was  denominated  an  Onondaga  Indian,  and  about 
the  year  1756  had  three  sons  in  Sir  Wm.  John 
son's  army.  Young  Brant  was  sent  by  Sir  Wil 
liam  to  Dr.  Wheelock's  Indian  charity  school  at 
Lebanon  Crank,  now  the  town  of  Columbia,  Con 
necticut  ;  and  after  he  had  been  there  educated, 
employed  him  in  public  business.  His  Indian 
name  was  Thayendancga.  About  the  year  1762 
Rev.  Charles  J.  Smith,  a  missionary  to  the  Mo 
hawks,  took  Brant  as  his  interpreter ;  but  the  Avar 


obliging  him  to  return,  Brant  remained  and  went 
out  with  a  company  against  the  Indians,  behaving 
"so  much  like  the  Christian  and  the  soldier,  that 
he  gained  great  esteem."  In  1765  his  house  was 
an  asylum  for  the  missionaries  in  the  wilderness, 
and  he  exerted  himself  for  the  religious  instruc 
tion  of  his  poor  Indian  brethren.  In  1775  he 
visited  England ;  and  it  was  there  perceived,  of 
course,  after  the  education  he  had  received,  that 
he  spoke  and  wrote  the  English  language  with 
tolerable  accuracy.  In  the  war,  which  commenced 
in  that  year,  he  attached  himself  to  the  British 
cause.  The  barbarities  attending  the  memorable 
destruction  of  the  beautiful  settlement  of  Wyo 
ming,  in  July,  1778,  have  been  ascribed  to  him  by 
the  writers  of  American  history  and  by  Camp 
bell  in  his  poem,  Gertrude  of  Wyoming ;  but 
Brant  was  not  present  in  that  massacre ;  the  In 
dians  were  commanded  by  Col.  John  Butler,  a 
tory  and  refugee,  whose  heart  was  more  ferocious 
than  that  of  any  savage.  Col.  Brant,  however, 
was  the  undisputed  leader  of  the  band,  which  in 
July,  1779,  destroyed  the  settlement  of  Minisink 
in  Orange  county,  New  York,  a  few  miles  from 
West  Point.  In  June  he  left  Niagara  with  about 
three  hundred  warriors  of  the  six  nations  and  a 
number  of  tories,  for  the  purpose  of  destroying 
the  settlements  upon  the  Delaware  river.  On  the 
20th  of  July  he  appeared  on  the  west  of  Mini- 
sink  and  sent  down  a  party,  which,  after  destroy 
ing  the  settlement,  returned  with  their  booty  to 
the  main  body  at  Grassy-swamp  brook.  The  next 
day  one  hundred  and  twenty  men  assembled  under 
the  command  of  a  physician,  Col.  Tusten,  and 
marched  seventeen  miles  toward  the  enemy.  In 
the  morning  of  July  22d,  Col.  Hathorn  arrived 
and  took  the  command,  and  in  a  short  time  the 
battle  commenced  and  lasted  the  whole  day. 
The  fire  was  irregular,  from  behind  trees  and 
rocks,  both  by  the  Indians  and  Americans,  every 
man  fighting  in  his  own  way.  Brant  and  his  whole 
force  were  engaged.  About  sunset  our  troops,  hav 
ing  expended  their  ammunition,  retreated  and  were 
pursued  by  the  savages.  Dr.  Tusten,  in  a  nook 
of  rocks,  had  dressed  the  wounds  of  seventeen 
men,  whose  cries  for  protection  and  mercy,  when 
they  heard  the  retreat  ordered,  were  piercing  to 
the  soul ;  but  they  all  perished,  with  Dr.  Tusten, 
under  the  Indian  tomahawk.  On  this  day  forty- 
four  Americans  fell,  some  of  whom  were  the  pride 
and  flower  of  the  village  of  Goshen.  Among 
them  were  Jones,  Little,  Duncan,  Wisner,  Vail, 
Townsend,  and  Knapp.  Major  Poppino,  who 
escaped,  lived  to  nearly  one  hundred  years,  and 
was  present  with  an  assemblage  of  ten  or  twelve 
thousand  people,  when  their  bones  were  buried 
July  22,  1822.  After  the  peace  of  1783  Brant 
visited  England,  and  passed  the  remainder  of  his 
life  in  Upper  Canada.  In  1785  he  in  self-de 
fence  killed  one  of  his  sons,  who  in  a  fit  of 


132 


BRATTLE. 


drunkenness  had  attempted  his  life;  in  conse 
quence  of  this  act  he  resigned  his  commission  of 
captain  in  the  British  service,  and  surrendered 
himself  to  justice  ;  but  Lord  Dorchester,  the  gov 
ernor,  would  not  accept  his  resignation.  He  sent 
his  two  sons,  Joseph  and  Jacob,  in  1801,  to  the 
care  of  President  Wheelock,  of  Dartmouth  col 
lege,  to  be  educated  in  Moor's  school.  He  died 
at  his  seat  in  Upper  Canada,  at  the  head  of  Lake 
Ontario,  Nov.  24,  1807,  aged  65.  His  daughter 
married  Win.  J.  Kerr,  Esq.,  of  Niagara,  in  1824. 

His  son,  John,  an  Indian  chief,  was  in  England 
in  1822,  and  placed  before  the  poet,  Campbell, 
documents  to  prove  that  his  father  was  not  pres 
ent  at  the  massacre  at  Wyoming,  and  that  he  was 
in  fact  a  man  of  humanity.  After  reading  them 
Campbell  published  a  letter,  in  which  he  recanted 
the  charges  of  ferocity,  advanced  in  his  Gertrude ; 
but  he  assigns  rather  an  inadequate  reason  for 
this  change  in  the  estimate  of  his  character, 
namely,  that  Brant  enjoyed  the  friendship  of 
some  high-minded  British  officers,  which  would 
not  have  been  the  case,  had  he  been  ferocious, 
and  destitute  of  amiable  qualities.  In  the  war  of 
the  Revolution  he  was  doubtless  the  leader  of 
savages,  who  took  delight  in  scalps ;  he  was  un 
deniably  in  command,  when  the  wounded  of  Min- 
isink  were  butchered ;  yet  the  slaughter  may  have 
occurred  entirely  without  his  orders.  Probably 
his  subsequent  intercourse  with  civilized  men  and 
reading  the  New  Testament  may  have  softened 
his  character.  I  am  able  to  state,  on  the  author 
ity  of  his  son  Joseph,  that  as  he  lay  in  his  bed 
and  looked  at  the  sword  hanging  up  in  his  bed 
room,  with  which  he  had  killed  his  son,  he  was 
accustomed  to  cry  in  the  sorrow  of  his  heart.  He 
once  proposed  to  write  a  history  of  the  six  na 
tions.  He  published  the  book  of  common  prayer 
and  the  gospel  of  Mark,  in  the  Mohawk  and 
English  languages,  8vo.  London,  1787.  The 
gospel  according  to  St.  John,  in  Mohawk,  entitled 
Nene  Karighwiysoston  tsinihorighhote-n  ne  Saint 
John,  which  is  ascribed  to  him  in  the  Cambridge 
catalogue,  was  the  w~ork  of  the  chief,  John  Norton ; 
it  is  without  date,  but  was  printed  at  London  in 
1807  or  1808  by  the  British  and  foreign  Bible  so 
ciety,  in  an  edition  of  two  thousand  copies.  — 
Holmes,  II.  292,  302;  Mass.  Hist.  Coll.  X.  154; 
Phil.  Trans.  LXXVI.  231;  Panoplist,  m.  323, 
324 ;  Weld's  Trav.  II.  297 ;  Wheelock's  Narra 
tive  ;  Eastern  Argus,  May  7,  1822. 

BRATTLE,  THOMAS,  a  respectable  merchant 
of  Boston,  was  born  Sept.  5,  1657,  and  was  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  college  in  1676,  and  was  after 
wards  treasurer  of  that  institution.  He  was  a 
principal  founder  of  the  church  in  Brattle  street, 
of  which  Dr.  Colman  was  the  first  minister.  His 
death  occurred  May  18,  1713,  in  the  fifty-sixth 
year  of  his  age.  He  was  brother-in-law  of  Mr. 
Pemberton.  Seyeral  of  his  communications  on 


BRATTLE. 

astronomical  subjects  were  published  in  the  philo 
sophical  transactions.  He  wrote  an  excellent  let 
ter,  giving  an  account  of  the  witchcraft  delusion 
in  1692,  which  is  preserved  in  the  Hist.  Collec- 
lections. —  Holmes,  I.  511;  Colman's  Life,  42; 
Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  v.  61-79. 

BRATTLE,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  brother  of  the  preceding,  died  Feb.  15, 
1717,  aged  54.  He  was  born  in  Boston  about  the 
year  1662,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1680.  lie  was  afterwards  for  several  years  a 
tutor  and  fellow  of  that  seminary.  He  exerted 
himself  to  form  his  pupils  to  virtue  and  the  fear 
of  God,  punishing  vice  with  the  authority  of  a 
master,  and  cherishing  every  virtuous  disposition 
with  parental  goodness.  When  the  small  pox 
prevailed  in  the  college,  he  was  not  driven  away 
in  terror  ;  but  with  benevolent  courage  remained 
at  his  post,  and  visited  the  sick,  both  that  he  might 
administer  to  them  relief,  and  might  impress 
upon  them  those  truths  which  were  necessary  to 
their  salvation.  As  he  had  never  experienced 
the  disease,  he  now  took  it  in  the  natural  way ; 
for  the  practice  of  inoculation  had  not  been  intro 
duced  into  America.  But  the  course  of  the  dis 
order  was  mild,  and  he  was  soon  restored  to  his 
usual  health.  He  was  ordained  pastor  of  the 
church  in  Cambridge,  as  successor  of  Mr.  Gookin, 
Nov.  25,  1696,  and  after  a  useful  ministry  of 
twenty  years  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Appleton. 
His  funeral  was  attended  Feb.  20,  a  day  memora 
ble  for  the  great  snow  which  then  commenced, 
and  which  detained  for  several  days  at  Cambridge 
the  magistrates  and  ministers,  who  were  assem 
bled  on  the  occasion.  The  snow  was  six  feet 
deep  in  some  parts  of  the  streets  of  Boston. 

Mr.  Brattle  was  a  very  religious,  good  man,  an 
able  divine,  and  an  excellent  scholar.  Such  was 
his  reputation  for  science,  that  he  was  elected  a 
fellow  of  the  royal  society.  He  was  polite  and 
affable,  compassionate  and  charitable.  Having  a 
large  estate,  he  distributed  of  his  abundance  with 
a  liberal  hand  ;  but  his  charities  were  secret  and 
silent.  His  pacific  spirit  and  his  moderation  were 
so  conspicuous,  as  to  secure  to  him  the  respect  of 
all  denominations.  So  remarkable  was  his  pa 
tience  under  injuries,  and  such  a  use  did  he  make 
of  the  troubles  of  life,  that  he  was  heard  to  ob 
serve,  that  he  knew  not  how  he  could  have  spared 
any  of  his  trials.  Uniting  courage  with  his  hu 
mility,  he  was  neither  bribed  by  the  favor,  nor 
overawed  by  the  displeasure  of  any  man.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  learning  and  abilities,  and  at 
once  a  philosopher  and  a  divine.  But  he  placed 
neither  learning  nor  religion  in  unprofitable  spec 
ulations,  but  in  such  solid  and  substantial  truth, 
as  improves  the  mind  and  is  beneficial  to  the 
world.  The  promotion  of  religion,  learning,  vir 
tue,  and  peace  was  the  great  object,  in  which  he 
was  constantly  employed.  As  he  possessed  pen- 


BRATTLE. 

etration  and  a  sound  judgment,  his  counsel  was 
often  sought  and  highly  respected.  Such  was  his 
regard  to  the  interests  of  literature,  that  he  be 
queathed  to  Harvard  college  250  pounds,  besides 
a  much  greater  sum  in  other  charitable  and  pious 
legacies.  With  regard  to  his  manner  of  preach 
ing,  Dr.  Colman,  comparing  him  and  Mr.  Pember- 
ton,  who  died  about  the  same  time,  observes  : 
"  They  performed  the  public  exercises  in  the 
house  of  God  with  a  great  deal  of  solemnity, 
though  in  a  manner  somewhat  different ;  for  Mr. 
Brattle  was  all  calm,  and  soft,  and  melting;  but 
Mr.  Pemberton  was  all  flame,  zeal,  and  earnest 
ness."  The  death  of  this  good  man,  after  a  lan 
guishing  disease,  was  peaceful  and  serene. 

He  published  a  system  of  logic,  entitled,  "  com 
pendium  logicte  secundum  principia  D.  Renati 
Cartesii  plerumque  efformatum  et  catechistice  pro- 
positum."  It  was  held  in  high  estimation,  and 
long  recited  at  Harvard  college.  An  edition  of 
it  was  published  in  the  year  1758. — Holmes  Hist. 
Cambridge;  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  VII.  32,  5.3-59 ;  X. 
168;  Holmes,  II.  94;  Boston  News-Letter,  No. 
671. 

BRATTLE,  WILLIAM,  a  man  of  extraordinary 
talents  and  character,  the  son  of  the  preceding, 
died  in  Oct.,  1776,  aged  about  75.  He  was  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  college  in  1722.  He  was  a 
representative  of  Cambridge  in  the  general  court, 
and  was  long  a  member  of  the  council.  He 
studied  theology  and  preached  with  acceptance. 
His  eminence  as  a  lawyer  drew  around  him  an 
abundance  of  clients.  As  a  physician  his  practice 
was  extensive  and  celebrated.  He  was  also  a 
military  man,  and  obtained  the  appointment  of 
major-general  of  the  militia.  While  he  secured 
the  favor  of  the  governor  of  the  State,  he  also  in 
gratiated  himself  with  the  people.  In  his  conduct 
there  were  many  eccentricities.  He  was  attached 
to  the  pleasures  of  the  table.  At  the  commence 
ment  of  the  American  Revolution  an  unhappy 
sympathy  in  the  plans  of  General  Gage  induced 
him  to  retire  to  Boston,  from  which  place  he  ac 
companied  the  troops  to  Halifax,  where  he  died. 
His  first  wife  was  the  daughter  of  Gov.  Salton- 
stall ;  his  second  was  the  widow  of  James  Allen, 
and  daughter  of  Col.  Fitch.  His  son,  Thomas 
Brattle,  of  Cambridge,  died  Feb.  7,  1801.— 
Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  VII.  58;  vm.  82. 

BRAXTON,  CARTER,  a  member  of  congress  in 
1776,  died  October  10,  1797,  aged  61.  He 
was  the  son  of  George  Braxton,  a  rich  plan 
ter  of  Newington,  King  and  Queen's  county, 
Virginia,  born  Sept.  10,  1736.  His  mother  was 
the  daughter  of  Robert  Carter  of  the  council. 
After  being  educated  at  William  and  Mary  col 
lege,  he  married  and  settled  down  as  an  inde 
pendent  planter.  On  the  death  of  his  wife  he 
visited  England,  and  returned  in  1760.  By  lu's 
second  wile,  the  daughter  of  Richard  Corbin  of 


BREARLEY. 


133 


Lanneville,  he  had  sixteen  children  :  she  died  in 
1814,  and  all  the  children  but  one  were  dead  before 
1829.  In  1765  he  became  a  member  of  the  house 
of  burgesses,  and  was  distinguished  for  his  pat 
riotic  zeal.  In  November,  1775,  he  was  elected 
the  successor  of  Peyton  Randolph  in  congress, 
but  continued  a  member  of  that  body  only  till 
the  signing  of  the  declaration  of  independence. 
During  the  remainder  of  his  life  he  was  often 
a  member  of  the  legislature  and  council  of  Vir 
ginia.  His  talents  were  respectable  ;  his  oratory 
easy ;  lu's  manners  peculiarly  agreeable.  His  last 
days  were  embittered  by  unfortunate  commercial 
speculations,  and  vexatious  lawsuits :  some  of  his 
friends,  his  sureties,  suffered  with  him.  Though 
in  early  life  a  gentleman  of  large  fortune,  he 
found  himself,  in  his  old  age,  by  his  own  impru 
dence,  involved  in  inextricable  embarrassments. 
Happy  arc  they,  who  are  wisely  content  with 
their  lot,  and  who  use  liberally  their  wealth,  not 
for  display,  but  for  the  purposes  of  a  noble  char 
ity.  —  GoodriclCs  Lives. 

BRAY,  THOMAS,  D.  D.,  ecclesiastical  commis 
sary  for  Maryland  and  Virginia,  died  Feb.  15, 
1730,  aged  73.  He  was  sent  out  by  the  bishop  of 
London,  in  1699,  and  was  indefatigable  in  his 
efforts  to  promote  religion  in  the  colonies,  and 
among  the  Indians  and  Negroes.  Libraries  were 
instituted  by  him,  both  for  missionaries  and 
parishes.  He  crossed  the  Atlantic  several  times,  _ 
and  spent  the  greater  part  of  his  life  in  these 
labors.  Soliciting  the  charities  of  others,  he 
in  his  disinterested  zeal  contributed  the  whole 
of  his  small  fortune  to  the  support  of  his 
plans.  Through  lu's  exertions  parish  libraries 
were  established  in  England,  and  various  benevo 
lent  societies  in  London  were  instituted,  particu 
larly  the  society  for  the  propagation  of  the  gospel 
in  foreign  parts.  He  published  a  memorial  on 
the  state  of  religion  in  North  America  with  pro 
posals  for  the  propagation  of  religion  in  the  sev 
eral  provinces  ;  circular  letters  to  the  clergy  of 
Maryland;  cursus catecheticus  Americanus,  1700; 
apostolic  charity ;  bibliotheca  parochialis ;  dis 
course  on  the  baptismal  covenant. 

BRAZER,  JOHN,  D.  I).,  died  at  Charleston,  S. 
C.,  Feb.  26,  1846,  aged  56.  Born  in  Worcester, 
he  graduated  in  Cambridge,  in  1813 ;  he  was 
afterwards  a  professor.  He  was  ordained  over 
the  north  society  in  Salem,  Nov.  14,  1820,  suc 
cessor  of  J.  E.  Abbott.  Many  of  his  writings  ap 
peared  in  the  north  American  Review.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  J.  Cole ;  on 
the  death  of  Dr.  Holyoke  ;  at  the  installation  of 
A.  Bigelow ;  Memoir  of  Dr.  Holyoke ;  before 
society  for  education;  several  in  the  Christian 
preacher ;  use  of  affliction ;  on  prayer ;  power  of 
unitarianism  over  the  affections. 

BREARLEY,  DAVID,  chief  justice  of  New 
Jersey,  died  Aug.  23,  1790,  aged,  it  is  said,  only 


134 


BREARLEY. 


BRECK. 


26.  He  was  born  in  that  State  in  1763,  and 
received  the  degree  of  A.  M.  at  Princeton,  in 
1781.  He  attained  to  great  eminence  at  the  bar. 
Soon  after  he  received  the  appointment  of  judge, 
he  died  at  his  seat  near  Trenton.  He  Avas  ap 
pointed  by  Washington  in  1789,  district  judge  for 
New  Jersey,  and  was  succeeded  by  Robert  Morris. 

BREARLEY,  JOSEPH,  general,  died  at  Mor- 
ristown,  in  1805,  aged  93. 

BREBEUF,  JEAN  DE,  a  Jesuit  missionary 
among  the  Indians  in  Canada,  arrived  at  Quebec 
in  1625.  According  to  Charlevoix,  he  twice,  when 
among  the  Hurons,  in  a  time  of  drought,  obtained 
rain  in  answer  to  his  prayers.  However,  taken 
prisoner  by  the  Iroquois  in  1649,  he  was  cruelly 
put  to  death  by  them,  with  his  associate,  father 
Lallemant.  Amidst  their  barbarities,  the  savages 
said  to  him,  "  You  have  assured  us,  that  the 
more  one  suffers  on  earth  the  greater  will  be  his 
happiness  in  heaven ;  out  of  kindness  to  you,  we 
therefore  torture  you."  At  least  Charlevoix  re 
ports  that  they  said  so.  Brebeuf  was  55  years  of 
age.  He  was  the  uncle  of  the  poet  of  Normandy, 
George  de  B.  He  translated  into  Huron  an 
abridgment  of  the  Christian  doctrine  by  Ledes- 
ma.  This  is  annexed  to  Champlaiu's  relation  du 
voyage,  1632.  —  Charlevoix,  I.  294. 

BRECK,  ROBERT,  a  minister  of  Marlborough, 
died  Jan.  6,  1731,  aged  48.  He  was  born  in 
Dorchester  in  1682,  the  son  of  Captain  John 
Breck,  a  very  ingenious  and  worthy  man,  and 
grandson  of  Edward  Breck,  a  settler  of  Dorches 
ter  in  1636.  After  his  father's  death  he  was  sent 
to  Harvard  college,  where  he  graduated  in  1700. 
He  was  ordained  Oct.  25,  1704,  as  successor  of 
Mr.  Brimsmead.  His  successors  were  Kent, 
Smith,  and  Packard.  He  left  a  wife  and  four 
children.  His  wife  was  Elizabeth  Waimvright 
of  Haverhill.  A  daughter  married  Rev.  Mr, 
Parkman,  of  Westborough.  He  was  a  man  of 
vigorous  talents,  of  quick  perception,  and  tena 
cious  memory,  of  solid  judgment,  and  exten 
sive  learning.  So  great  was  his  skill  in  the  He 
brew,  that  he  read  the  Bible  out  of  it  to  his 
family.  He  was  also  well  versed  in  philosophy, 
mathematics,  antiquities,  and  history ;  and  his 
extensive  knowledge  he  was  always  ready  to  com 
municate  for  the  instruction  of  others.  As  a  pas 
tor  he  was  prudent  and  faithful ;  he  Avas  an  ortho 
dox,  close,  methodical  preacher.  He  Avas  a  strong 
disputant ;  a  strenuous  asserter  of  the  privileges  of 
the  churches ;  and  an  opponent  of  Episcopal  claims. 
United  Avith  his  piety,  he  possessed  a  singular  cour 
age  and  resolution.  Before  his  settlement  he 
preached  some  time  on  Long  Island,  during  the 
administration  of  Gov.  Cornbury,  \vhen,  though  a 
young  man,  he  boldly  asserted  the  principles  of  the 
nonconformists,  notwithstanding  the  threatening 
and  other  ill-treatment,  Avhich  he  experienced. 
In  temper,  he  was  grave  and  meditative,  yet  at 


times  cheerful,  and  in  comrersation  entertaining. 
A  perfect  stranger  to  coA'etousness,  he  was  ever 
hospitable  and  charitable.  In  severe  pain  he  Avas 
resigned ;  and  his  end  was  peace.  So  great  AA'as 
the  esteem,  in  Avhich  he  was  held,  that  in  his 
sickness  a  day  of  fasting  was  kept  for  him  Oct. 
15,  1730,  Avhen  scA-eral  ministers  were  present; 
and  on  his  death,  sermons  Avere  preached  by  SAvift 
of  Framingham,  Prentice  of  Lancaster,  and  Lor- 
ing  of  Sudbury.  He  published  an  election  ser 
mon,  1728  ;  the  danger  of  falling  aAvay  after  a 
profession;  a  sacramental  sermon,  1728.  —  Bos 
ton  Weekly  News-Letter,  Jan.  21;  Weekly  Jour 
nal,  Jan.  18,  1731 ;  Loring's  Sermon. 

BRECK,  ROBERT,  minister  of  Springfield,  died 
April  23,  1784,  aged  70.  He  was  the  son  of  the 
preceding,  and  Avas  graduated  at  Hansard  college, 
in  1730.  He  was  ordained  Jan.  27,  1736.  His 
settlement  occasioned  an  unhappy  controversy. 
It  Avas  alleged  against  him,  that  he  did  not  deem 
a  knoAvledge  of  Jesus  Christ  necessary  to  the  sal 
vation  of  the  heathen,  and  that  he  treated  lightly 
of  the  atonement.  A  narrative  relating  to  his  or 
dination  Avas  published ;  folloAved  by  "  an  ansAver 
to  the  Hampshire  narrative ;  "  and  this  by  "  a 
letter  "  to  the  author  of  the  narrative,  1737.  His 
superior  intellectual  poAvers  Avcre  enlarged  by  an 
extensive  acquaintance  with  men  and  books.  He 
accustomed  himself  to  a  close  manner  of  thinking 
and  reasoning.  By  diligent  application,  he  ac 
quired  a  rich  fund  of  the  most  usel'ul  knowledge. 
His  disposition  was  remarkably  cheerful  and 
pleasant,  and  his  conversation  Avas  entertaining 
and  instructive,  sometimes  enlivened  by  humor, 
but  ahvays  consistent  with  the  sobriety  of  the 
Christian  and  the  dignity  of  the  minister.  He 
Avas  easy  of  access,  hospitable,  compassionate,  and 
beneA-olent.  His  sense  of  human  weakness  and 
depravity  led  him  to  admire  the  gracious  provis 
ion  of  the  gospel,  and  he  delighted  to  dAvell  upon 
it  in  his  public  discourses.  His  religious  senti 
ments  he  formed  on  a  careful  examination  of  the 
Scriptures.  Steady  to  his  oAvn  principles,  he  was 
yet  candid  towards  those  who  diii'cred  from  him. 
In  his  last  illness,  he  spoke  in  the  humblest  terms 
of  himself,  but  professed  an  entire  reliance  on 
divine  mercy  through  the  Mediator,  ar.d  he 
resigned  himself  to  death  with  the  dignity  of  a 
Christian. 

His  first  Avife  was  Eunice,  daughter  of  his  prede 
cessor,  Rev.  D.  BreAver ;  his  second  wile  was 
Helena,  the  widow  of  RCA-.  E.  Dorr.  His  suc 
cessor  Avas  Mr.  HoAvard.  His  son,  Robert,  who 
died  at  Northampton,  in  1799,  aged  63,  Avas 
clerk  of  the  court  of  common  pleas.  The  son  of 
the  latter,  Colonel  John,  died  in  N.,in  1827,  aged 
55 ;  leaving  sons,  Dr.  EdAvard,  Robert,  and  Theo 
dore,  now  citizens  of  Brecksvillc,  Ohio. 

He  published  a  sermon,  1748;  on  the  death 
of  Rev.  D.  Parsons,  1781 ;  of  Rev.  S.  Williams, 


BRECK. 


BREWER. 


135 


1782;  at  the  ordination  of  D.  Parsons,  1783; 
also  a  century  sermon  Oct.  16,  1775,  on  the  burn 
ing  of  the  town  by  the  Indians. —  Lathrop's  Fu 
neral  Sermon;  Holland's  History  of  Western 
Massachusetts,  i.  201. 

BRECK,  SAMUEL,  a  merchant,  removed  from 
Boston  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  died  May  7, 
1809.  His  daughter  married  James  Lloyd. 

BRECK,  DANIEL,  died  in  Hartland,  Vt.,  Dec., 
1845,  aged  97.  Born  in  Boston,  he  was  reli 
giously  educated  at  Princeton,  where  he  gradu 
ated  in  1774.  As  a  chaplain  he  accompanied 
Porter's  regiment  to  Canada,  and  was  in  the 
attack  upon  Quebec.  He  preached  the  first  ser 
mon  at  Marietta,  on  the  text,  "  Of  his  kingdom 
there  shall  be  no  end ; "  having  \isions  of  the 
progress  of  the  gospel  in  the  vast  western  coun 
try,  lie  was  a  man  of  high  character  and  excel 
lence,  the  father  of  Judge  Breck  of  Kentucky. 

BRECKENRIDGE,  JOHN,  attorney-general  of 
the  United  States,  died  at  Lexington,  Kentucky, 
Dec.  14,  1806.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
senate  in  the  place  of  Humphrey  Marshall,  and 
took  his  seat  in  1801.  In  Jan.,  1802,  he  submit 
ted  in  the  senate  a  resolution  to  repeal  an  act  of 
the  preceding  session  respecting  the  judiciary 
establishment  of  the  United  States,  by  which  six 
teen  new  circuit  judges  had  been  created.  It 
was  this  resolution,  which  called  forth  the  most 
astonishing  powers  of  argument  and  eloquence. 
In  1803  Mr.  Breckenridge  distinguished  himself 
by  supporting  resolutions  in  relation  to  Spanish 
affairs  of  a  milder  complexion,  than  those  advo 
cated  by  Mr.  Ross.  After  the  resignation  of  Mr. 
Lincoln  of  Mass.,  he  was  appointed  attorney- 
general  in  his  place. 

BRECKENRIDGE,  JOHN,  D.D.,  died  near 
Lexington,  Ky.,  Aug.  4,  1841,  aged  44.  His 
parents  were  John  B.  and  Mary  Hopkins  Cabell, 
of  a  Virginia  family.  He  was  one  of  nine  chil 
dren,  born  at  Cabell's  Dale,  near  Lexington, 
where  he  died.  He  was  a  devoted  preacher,  and 
wore  himself  out  by  his  labors. 

BRECKENRIDGE,  ROBERT,  general,  died  in 
Lexington,  Ky.,  in  Sept.,  1833,  aged  78. 

BREED,  ALLEN,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of 
Lynn,  died  March  17,  1692,  aged  91.  lie  was 
born  in  England  in  1601  and  arrived  in  this  coun 
try  in  1630,  probably  in  the  Arabella  at  Salem, 
June  12.  He  was  a  farmer  and  lived  in  the 
western  part  of  Summer  street,  Lynn,  possess 
ing  two  hundred  acres  of  land.  The  village, 
in  which  he  resided,  derived  from  him  the 
name  of  "  Breed's  End."  He  is  one  of  the  gran 
tees,  named  in  1640  in  the  Indian  deed  of  South 
Hampton,  Long  Island,  which  was  settled  from 
Lynn,  by  Rev.  Mr.  Fitch,  and  others.  The  name 
of  his  wife  was  Elizabeth ;  and  his  children  were 
Allen,  Timothy,  Joseph,  and  John.  Of  these, 


Allen  was  living  in  1692,  when  it  was  voted  by 
the  town,  that  Allen  Breed,  senior,  "  should  sit  in 
the  pulpit."  The  descendants  in  Lynn  and  other 
towns  in  Massachusetts,  are  numerous  ;  from  one 
of  them  was  derived  the  name  of  Breed's  Hill,  in 
Charlestown,  celebrated  for  the  battle  of  1775, 
called  by  mistake  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill,  for 
the  battle  was  fought  on  Breed's  not  Bunker's 
Hill.  One  of  his  descendants  at  Lynn  was  Col. 
Fred.  B.,  an  officer  of  the  Revolution,  who  died 
July,  1820,  aged  68.  Among  the  descendants  in 
Connecticut  were  Gershom  Breed,  an  eminent 
merchant  of  Norwich,  and  his  sons,  John  M. 
Breed,  mayor  of  the  city,  a  graduate  of  Yale, 
1768;  Shubael  Breed,  a  graduate  of  1778;  and 
Simeon  Breed,  a  graduate  of  1781.  The  widow 
of  the  last  is  still  living,  aged  89,  the  sister  of  E. 
Perkins,  who  died,  aged  above  100  years. — 
Lewis'  History  of  Lynn,  25  ;  farmer's  Register  ; 
I) wi (jlit's  Travels,  III.  313. 

BREESE,  SAMUEL  SIDNEY,  died  in  Sconondoa, 
Oneida  county,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  15,  1848,  aged  80. 
Born  in  Philadelphia,  a  descendant  of  the  Hu 
guenots,  he  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  of 
Cazcnovia ;  then  was  the  law  partner  of  Judge 
Platt  of  Whitestown.  In  1813,  he  became  a  far 
mer  for  the  rest  of  his  life.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  convention  to  form  a  new  constitution.  He 
was  an  excellent  citizen,  and  a  sincere  Christian. 
His  end  was  peace,  through  hope  in  the  atoning 
blood. 

BRENTON,  WILLIAM,  Governor  of  Rhode 
Island,  was  a  representative  of  Boston  for  several 
years  from  1635.  Of  Rhode  Island  he  was  presi 
dent  between  1660  and  1661,  and  governor  under 
the  charter  from  1666  to  1669;  in  both  which 
offices  he  succceeded  Arnold,  and  was  succeeded 
by  him.  He  died  in  Newport,  1674.  Several  of 
his  descendants  held  important  offices  in  the  col 
ony  :  they  adhered  to  the  royal  government  at  the 
Revolution.  An  admiral  in  the  British  navy  was 
a  native  of  Newport.  — Farmer's  Keg. 
.  BRESSANI,  FRANCISCO  GIUSEPPE,  a  Jesuit 
missionary,  was  a  Roman  by  birth.  He  toiled 
with  much  zeal  in  his  mission  among  the  Hurons 
in  Canada,  until  it  was  broken  up.  Having  been 
taken  captive  and  tortured,  he  bore  in  his  mutilated 
hands  for  the  rest  of  his  life,  the  proofs  of  his  suf 
ferings.  He  died  in  Italy.  In  1643  there  was 
published  an  account  of  his  mission  in  Italian,  en 
titled,  Breve  relatione  d'  ulcune  missioni,  &c.  — 
Charlevoix. 

BREWER,  DANIEL,  died  at  Springfield,  Nov. 
5,  1733,  aged  65,  in  the  4()th  year  of  his  ministry. 
He  succeeded  Mr.  Glover,  and  was  followed  by 
Mr.  Breck.  Born  in  Roxbury,  he  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1697,  and  was  ordained  in  1694.  His 
wife  was  Catharine,  daughter  of  Rev.  N.  Chaun- 
cey  of  Hatfield ;  her  sister,  Sarah,  married  Rev. 


136 


BREWER. 


BREWSTER. 


S.  Whittelsey  of  Wallingford.  lie  left  six  chil 
dren,  lie  published :  God's  help  to  be  sought  in 
time  of  war,  1724. 

BREWER,  CHAUXCEY,  doctor,  died  at  Spring 
field,  in  1830,  aged  87,  a  graduate  of  Yale,  1762. 

BREWSTER,  WILLIAM,  one  of  the  Pilgrims 
at  Plymouth,  the  Elder  and  only  teacher  for  some 
years,  died  about  April  16,  1644,  aged  83.  This 
is  the  date  given  by  Bradford ;  but  Morton  says, 
about  April  18.  He  was  born,  probably,  at 
Scrooby,  in  1560.  As  there  was  a  William  B.  in 
that  town  in  1571,  he  was  probably  the  father 
of  Elder  Brewster  of  Plymouth,  who  himseh0 
passed  the  last  years  of  his  residence  in  England 
at  Scrooby,  as  a  public  officer.  This  place,  which 
is  of  great  interest  in  American  history,  is  a  small 
town  in  Nottinghamshire,  only  two  miles  south  of 
Bawtry,  in  Yorkshire,  and  ten  miles  west  of  Gains 
borough,  in  Lincolnshire.  It  was  a  post  town,  and 
had  a  small  well-built  church,  and  an  Episcopal 
manor,  which  was  an  occasional  residence  of  the 
Archbishop  of  York.  The  manor  was  built  in 
two  courts,  of  timber,  except  the  front,  which  was 
of  brick,  with  a  moat  around  it.  This,  it  will  be 
found,  became  the  residence  of  Brewster.  Noth 
ing  now  remains  of  it,  but  the  stone  gateway. 
On  the  wood-work  of  the  church  is  seen  a  vine 
bearing  clusters  of  grapes.  His  family  was  one  of 
some  eminence.  The  coat-armor  of  one  of  the 
name,  bore  "  a  chevron  ermine  between  three 
silver  etoiles  on  a  sable  field."  Our  Brewster 
derives,  in  our  view,  no  honor  from  his  family ; 
but  the  device  of  stars  breaking  through  the  dark 
ness  of  night  is  a  very  suitable  device  for  the 
American  Brewster.  He  was  the  chief  light  of 
the  Plymouth  colony,  in  a  dark  wilderness. 

Mr.  Brewster  was  educated  at  the  university  of 
Cambridge,  where  his  mind  was  impressed  with 
religious  truth,  and  he  was  renewed  by  the  Spirit 
of  God.  After  completing  his  education  he  en 
tered  into  the  service  of  William  Davison,  am 
bassador  of  Queen  Elizabeth  in  Holland.  This 
gentleman,  who  was  friendly  to  religion,  possessed 
the  highest  regard  for  Mr.  Brewster,  and  reposed 
in  him  the  utmost  confidence.  He  esteemed  him 
as  a  son.  Mr.  Brewster  in  return  proved  himself 
not  unworthy  of  the  friendship,  which  he  had  ex 
perienced  ;  for  when  Davison,  who  had  been 
appointed  secretary  of  state,  incurred  the  affected 
displeasure  of  the  queen  for  drawing,  in  com 
pliance  with  her  orders,  the  warrant  for  the  exe 
cution  of  Mary,  he  did  not  forsake  his  patron.  He 
remained  with  him,  and  gave  him  what  assistance 
it  was  in  his  power  to  afford,  under  the  troubles, 
with  which  it  was  the  policy  of  Elizabeth  to  over 
whelm  the  innocent  secretary  in  the  year  1587. 
When  he  could  no  longer  serve  him,  he  retired  to 
the  north  of  England  among  his  old  friends. 

It  was  now,  that  he  resided  at  Scrooby,  where 
he  was  post,  or  postmaster,  from  1594  to  Sept. 


30,  1607.  The  recorded  payments  to  him 
amounted  in  that  period  to  456  pounds.  He  was 
also  inn-keeper  to  the  travellers  by  post.  As 
there  were  no  cross-posts  he  had  to  provide  for 
distant  deliveries.  If  he  had  a  good  income,  it 
enabled  him  to  exercise  a  generous  hospitality ; 
and  his  abode  in  the  Archbishop's  manor  fur 
nished  a  convenient  place  of  meeting  for  the  new 
Puritan  Separatist  church. 

His  attention  was  now  chiefly  occupied  by  the 
interests  of  religion.  His  life  was  exemplary,  and 
it  seemed  to  be  his  great  object  to  promote  the 
highest  good  of  those  around  him.  He  endeavored 
to  excite  their  zeal  for  holiness,  and  to  encourage 
them  in  the  practice  of  the  Christian  virtues.  As 
he  possessed  considerable  property,  he  readily 
and  abundantly  contributed  towards  the  support 
of  the  gospel.  He  exerted  himself  to  procure 
faithful  preachers  for  the  parishes  in  the  neigh 
borhood.  By  degrees  he  became  disgusted  with 
the  impositions  of  the  prelatical  party,  and  their 
severity  towards  men  of  a  moderate  and  peace 
able  disposition.  As  he  discovered  much  corrup 
tion  in  the  constitution,  forms,  ceremonies,  and 
discipline  of  the  established  church,  he  thought 
it  his  duty  to  withdraw  from  its  communion,  and 
to  establish  with  others  a  separate  society.  This 
new  church,  under  the  pastoral  care  of  the  aged 
Mr.  Clifton  and  Mr.  Robinson,  met  on  the  Lord's 
days  at  Mr.  Brewster's  house,  where  they  were 
entertained  at  his  expense,  as  long  as  they  could 
assemble  without  interruption.  When  at  length 
the  resentment  of  the  hierarchy  obliged  them  to 
seek  refuge  in  a  foreign  country,  he  was  the  most 
forward  to  assist  in  the  removal.  He  was  seized 
with  Mr.  Bradford,  in  the  attempt  to  go  over  to 
Holland  in  1607,  and  was  imprisoned  at  Boston, 
in  Lincolnshire.  He  was  the  greatest  sufferer  of 
the  company,  because  he  had  the  most  property. 
Having,  with  much  difficulty  and  expense,  obtained 
his  liberty,  he  first  assisted  the  poor  of  the  society 
in  their  embarkation,  and  then  followed  them  to 
Holland. 

He  had  a  large  family  and  numerous  depend 
ents;  and  his  estate  was  exhausted.  As  his  edu 
cation  had  not  fitted  him  for  mechanical  or  mer 
cantile  employments,  he  was  now  pressed  with 
hardships.  In  this  exigency  he  found  a  resource 
in  his  learning  and  abilities.  He  opened  a  school 
at  Leyden,  for  instructing  the  youth  of  the  city 
and  of  the  university  in  the  English  tongue ;  and 
being  familiar  with  the  Latin,  with  which  they 
were  also  acquainted,  he  found  no  impediment 
from  the  want  of  a  language  common  to  both. 
By  means  of  a  grammar,  which  he  formed  him 
self,  he  soon  assisted  them  to  a  correct  knowledge 
of  the  English.  By  the  help  of  some  friends 
he  also  set  up  a  printing-press,  and  published 
several  books  against  the  hierarchy,  which  could 
not  obtain  a  license  for  pubh'cation  in  England. 


BREWSTER. 

Such  was  his  reputation  in  the  church  at  Ley- 
den,  that  he  was  chosen  a  ruling  elder,  and  he 
accompanied  the  members  of  it,  who  came  to  New 
England  in  1620.  He  suffered  with  them  all  the 
hardships  attending  their  settlement  in  the  wil 
derness.  He  partook  with  them  of  labor,  hunger, 
and  watching  ;  and  his  Bible  and  his  sword  were 
equally  familiar  to  him.  As  the  church  at  Ply 
mouth  was  for  several  years  destitute  of  a  minister, 
Mr.  BreAvster,  who  was  venerable  for  his  character 
and  years,  officiated  as  a  preacher,  though  he 
could  never  be  persuaded  to  administer  the  sacra 
ments.  According  to  the  principles  of  the  church, 
the  ruling  elder,  in  the  absence  of  the  teaching 
elder  or  pastor,  was  permitted  to  dispense  the 
word.  No  regular  minister  was  procured  before 
the  year  1629,  when  Ralph  Smith  was  settled. 
Previously  to  this  period  the  principal  care  of  the 
church  rested  upon  Mr.  Brewster,  who  preached 
twice  every  Lord's  day ;  and  afterwards  he  occa 
sionally  exercised  for  the  good  of  the  church  his 
talents  in  teaching.  He  died  in  the  peace  and 
hope  of  the  Christian.  His  children  were  Pa 
tience,  Fear,  Love  (a  son),  Wrestling,  Jonathan, 
Lucretia,  William,  Mary.  Jonathan  removed  to 
New  London,  thence  to  Norwich,  Conn.,  and  died 
1659.  His  estate  and  residence,  to  which  he 
early  removed,  were  in  Duxbury ;  his  son,  Love, 
succeeded  him  in  his  house.  His  three  hundred 
books  were  valued  at  43  pounds ;  his  whole  estate 
at  150  pounds. 

Through  his  whole  life  he  was  remarkably  tem 
perate.  He  drank  nothing  but  water,  until 
within  the  last  five  or  six  years.  During  the 
famine,  which  was  experienced  in  the  colony,  he 
was  resigned  and  cheerful.  When  nothing  but 
oysters  and  clams  were  set  on  lu's  table,  he  would 
give  thanks  that  his  family  were  permitted  "  to 
suck  of  the  abundance  of  the  seas,  and  of  the 
treasures  hid  in  the  sand."  He  was  social  and 
pleasant  in  conversation,  of  a  humble  and  modest 
spirit ;  yet,  when  occasion  required,  courageous  in 
administering  reproof,  though  with  such  tender 
ness  as  usually  to  give  no  oft'ence.  lie  was  con 
spicuous  for  his  compassion  towards  the  distressed; 
and  if  they  were  suffering  for  conscience  sake,  he 
judged  them,  of  all  others,  most  deserving  of 
pity  and  relief.  He  had  a  peculiar  abhorrence  of 
pride.  In  the  government  of  the  church  he  was 
careful  to  preserve  order  and  the  purity  of  doc 
trine  and  communion,  and  to  suppress  contention. 
He  was  eminent  for  piety.  In  his  public  prayers 
he  was  full  and  comprehensive,  making  confession 
of  sin  with  deep  humility,  and  supplicating  with 
fervor  the  Divine  mercy  through  the  merits  of 
Jesus  Christ.  Yet  he  avoided  a  tedious  prolixity, 
lest  he  should  damp  the  spirit  of  devotion.  In 
his  discourses  he  was  clear  and  distinguishing,  as 
well  as  pathetic  ;  and  it  pleased  God  to  give  him 
18 


BREWSTER. 


137 


uncommon  success,  so  that  many  were  converted 
by  his  ministry.  At  his  death  he  left  what  was 
called  an  excellent  library.  It  was  valued  at  43 
pounds  in  silver,  and  a  catalogue  of  the  books  is 
preserved  in  the  colony  records. 

The  church  at  Plymouth,  of  which  Mr.  Brew 
ster  was  ruling  elder,  was  peculiar  for  the  lib 
erty  of  "prophesying"  or  preaching,  which  was 
allowed  even  to  such  private  members  as  were 
"gifted."  When  Governor Winthrop  visited  Ply 
mouth  in  1632,  in  the  afternoon's  exercise  of  the 
Lord's  day,  a  question,  according  to  custom,  was 
propounded,  upon  which  a  number  of  the  congre 
gation  expressed  their  opinions,  and  the  Governor 
of  Massachusetts,  being  requested,  "  spoke  to  it" 
with  the  rest.  "  The  preachments  of  the  gifted 
brethren,"  says  Dr.  Mather,  "produced  those 
discouragements  to  the  ministers,  that  almost  all 
left  the  colony,  apprehending  themselves  driven 
away  by  the  neglect  and  contempt  with  which  the 
people  on  this  occasion  treated  them."  This 
church  admitted  none  to  its  communion  without 
either  a  written  or  oral  declaration  of  their  faith 
and  religious  experience.  The  Scriptures  were 
not  read  in  public,  nor  was  the  psalm  before  sing 
ing,  till  in  compassion  to  a  brother,  Avho  could  not 
read,  one  of  the  elders  or  deacons  was  permitted 
to  read  it  line  by  line,  after  it  had  been  previously 
expounded  by  the  minister.  No  children  were 
baptized  unless  one  of  the  parents  was  in  full 
communion,  and  baptized  children  were  considered 
as  subjects  of  ecclesiastical  discipline.  While  in 
Holland  the  Lord's  supper  was  administered  every 
Sabbath ;  but  it  was  omitted  in  America  till  a 
minister  was  obtained,  and  then  it  was  adminis 
tered  only  once  in  a  month.  —  Bell-nap's  Amer. 
Biog.u.  252-256  ;  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  IV.  108,  113- 
117;  Morton,  153;  Need's  N.  E.  I.  231;  Sav 
age's  Winthrop,!.  91;  Magnalia,!.  14 ;  Prince, 
89. 

BREWSTER,  JONATHAN,  son  of  the  preceding, 
lived  in  Duxbury  in  1632,  and  was  deputy  and 
attorney.  He  removed  to  New  London  in  1638. 
He  expressed  in  a  letter  dated  at  "  Mohcken," 
Sept.,  1656  —  probably  New  London —  an  inten 
tion  of  going  to  England.  He  died  1659.  His 
son  Benjamin  removed  to  Norwich  soon  after 
1648.  By  his  wife,  Anna  Dart,  of  New  London, 
he  had  sons  Jonathan,  Daniel,  William,  and  Ben 
jamin  ;  and  his  descendants  are  to  be  found  now 
in  the  vicinity.  Scabury  Brewster,  of  Norwich, 
the  father  of  the  dentist,  Christopher  Brewster, 
who  was  knighted  4>y  the  Emperor  of  Russia,  was 
descended  from  Wrestling,  the  brother  of  Jona 
than,  and  was  born  in  Plymouth  in  1755.  In 
1779  there  were  eleven  Brewster  families  in  the 
east  society  of  Norwich. 

BREWSTER,  RUTH,  daughter  of  the  preced 
ing,  married  first  John  Picket,  and  next,  in  1668, 


138 


BREWSTER. 


BRIGIIAM. 


Charles  Hill,  of  New  London,  -who,  after  her 
death,  married  a  daughter  of  Major  John  Mason. 

BREWSTER,  NATHANIEL,  minister  of  Brook- 
haven,  Long  Island,  was  a  graduate  of  the  first 
class  of  Harvard  college  in  1642.  At  first  he 
was  settled  in  the  ministry  at  Norfolk,  England ; 
on  his  return  to  America  he  was  settled  at  Brook- 
haven  in  1665,  and  died  in  1690,  leaving  sons, 
John,  Timothy,  and  Daniel,  whose  descendants  of 
respectable  standing  remain  on  Long  Island.  — 
Farmer's  Register. 

BREWSTER,  EBEXEZER,  general,  a  descend 
ant  of  Elder  Brewster,  died  at  Hanover,  N.  H., 
Jan.  4,  1814,  aged  74.  He  emigrated  from  Nor 
wich,  Conn.  The  following  was  his  son. 

BREWSTER,  AMOS  AVERT,  colonel,  died  at 
Hanover,  N.  H.,  April  24,  1845,  aged  68.  He 
was  many  years  sheriff  of  the  county.  His  wife 
was  a  daughter  of  Adriana  Boudinot.  He  suf 
fered  the  unhappiness  of  burying  six  young  chil 
dren  within  a  period  of  five  years. 

BREWSTER,  LYMAN  D.,  died  in  Hennepin, 
Oct.  22,  1835,  aged  51;  from  Connecticut  he  re 
moved  to  the  west,  to  Tennessee  and  Illinois. 
He  bequeathed  20,000  dollars  to  the  African  colo 
nization  society,  and  2,500  dollars  to  schools. 

BRICKETT,  JOHN,  published  a  work,  entitled 
Natural  history  of  North  Carolina,  with  cuts,  Dub 
lin,  1737. 

BRIDGE,  THOMAS,  minister  of  the  first  church 
in  Boston,  was  born  at  Hackney,  England,  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1675.  After 
visiting  Europe  as  a  merchant,  he  became  a  min 
ister.  He  first  preached  at  Jamaica ;  then  at 
New  Providence  and  Bermuda,  and  at  West  Jer 
sey.  He  was  ordained  at  Boston  as  colleague 
with  Mr.  Wadsworth,  May  10,  1705.  He  died 
suddenly  of  an  apoplexy,  Sept.  26,  1715,  aged  58. 
He  was  eminent  for  his  Christian  virtues.  While 
he  was  upright  in  his  dealings,  he  was  also  meek 
and  mild ;  his  heart  was  kind ;  and  he  was  hum 
ble  and  devout.  He  was  habitually  serious. 
Thongh  his  talents  were  not  conspicuous,  yet  his 
thoughts  were  always  expressed  in  suitable  and 
manly  language.  In  prayer  he  was  eminent. 
His  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  Scriptures  and 
the  devotional  frame  of  his  mind  rendered  his 
supplications  to  the  throne  of  grace  very  interest 
ing.  While  he  was  himself  exceedingly  desirous 
of  doing  good,  free  from  every  particle  of  envy, 
he  sincerely  rejoiced  in  the  usefulness  and  re 
spectability  of  others.  He  was  not  desirous  of 
honor,  and  so  humble  was  the  opinion  which  he 
had  formed  of  himself,  that  the  expression  of  his 
humility  sometimes  put  to  the  blush  those  who 
were  younger  and  more  desirous  of  distinction. 
He  was  diligent  in  study,  but  his  Bible  was  his 
library.  To  this  book  he  devoted  his  attention, 
and  became  well  acquainted  with  its  important 
truths.  Such  was  his  moderation,  so  greatly  was 


he  desirous  of  peace,  that  it  Avas  thought  he  was 
sometimes  silent  when  he  ought  to  have  spoken, 
and  that  he  yielded  too  much  to  others.  He  pub 
lished  the  following  sermons  :  at  the  artillery 
election,  1705 ;  on  the  choice  of  the  town  officers, 
1710;  on  faith,  1713.  —  Caiman's  Fun.  Serm. ; 
Hist.  Coll.  ill.  257. 

BRIDGE,  JCSIAH,  second  minister  of  East 
Sudbury,  Mass.,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col 
lege  in  1758,  and  ordained  Nov.  4,  1761,  the  suc 
cessor  of  Wm.  Cook,  who  died  Nov.  12,  1760, 
aged  63,  in  the  thirty-seventh  year  of  his  minis 
try.  Mr.  Bridge  died  June  20,  1801,  aged  61,  in 
the  fortieth  year  of  his  ministry,  and  was  suc 
ceeded  by  Joel  Foster,  who  died  in  1812.  Before 
the  division  of  the  church  the  ministers  of  Sud 
bury  were  E.  Brown,  Sherman,  and  I.  Loring. 
He  was  a  popular  preacher,  with  a  clear,  loud 
voice.  His  convention  sermon  in  1792  and  Dud- 
leian  lecture  in  1797  were  not  printed.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  J.  Damon ; 
the  election  sermon,  1789.  —  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  s.s. 
IV.  61 ;  Palladium,  June  26th,  1801. 

BRIDGE,  EBENEZER,  died  Oct.  1,  1792,  aged 
77.  Born  in  Boston,  he  was  graduated  in  1736, 
and  ordained  at  Chclmsford  in  1741,  and  was  in 
office  fifty  years.  He  published  the  artillery  elec 
tion  sermon,  1752;  the  election  sermon,  1767. 

BRIDGE,  MATTHEW,  minister  of  Framingham, 
died  in  1775,  a  graduate  of  1741.  He  published 
a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  E.  Stone,  Reading, 
1761. 

BRIDGE,  EDMUND,  died  at  Dresden,  Maine, 
Sept.,  1825,  aged  86.  He  was  born  in  Lexington, 
and  was  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution.  From  1781 
to  1815  he  was  sheriff  of  Lincoln.  He  was  an 
advocate  of  the  Christian  ministry  and  of  public 
schools,  held  in  esteem  for  his  integrity  and  be 
nevolence.  He  was  the  father  of  Judge  Bridge, 
of  Augusta. 

BRIDGHAM,  SAMUEL  W-,  general,  chancellor 
of  Brown  university,  died  in  Dec.,  1840,  at  Provi 
dence,  aged  67.  He  was  mayor,  and  attorney- 
general. 

BRIDGMAN,  JAMES  G.,  a  missionary,  went  to 
China  in  1844,  and  was  ordained  at  Canton.  He 
died  Dec.  6,  1850,  in  a  fit  of  insanity  inflicting  a 
fatal  wound. 

BRIGGS,  JAMES,  the  first  minister  of  Cum- 
mington,  died  in  1825,  aged  about  70.  A  gradu 
ate  of  Yale  in  1775,  he  was  settled  in  1779,  the 
town  giving  him  two  hundred  acres  of  land  and 
sixty  pounds  for  a  settlement,  lie  was  a  very 
respectable  and  useful  minister. 

BRIGGS,  ELIAKIM,  died  at  Dighton,  Sept.  27, 
1852,  aged  86,  the  last  of  seven  children,  whose 
ages  amounted  to  588  years.  Five  brothers 
reached  the  ages  of  72,  86,  87,  88,  96.  The  ages 
of  two  sisters  amounted  to  15!)  years. 

BRIGIIAM,   PAUL,    lieut.-gov.    of   Vermont, 


BRIGHAM. 


BROCK. 


139 


died  at  Norwich,  June  16,  1824,  aged  79.  For 
four  years  he  was  a  captain  in  the  war  of  inde 
pendence  ;  five  years  high  sheriff  of  Windsor 
county;  five  years  chief  judge  of  the  county 
court ;  and  twenty-two  years  lieut.-governor.  His 
various  duties  he  discharged  to  the  acceptance  of 
his  fellow  citizens,  till  the  infirmities  of  age  ad 
monished  him  to  retire  from  the  public  service. — 
Farmer's  Coll.  in.  Appendix,  64. 

BllIGHAM,  ELIJAH,  judge,  a  member  of  con 
gress,  died  of  the  croup  at  Washington,  April  22, 
1816.  A  native  of  Northborough  and  graduate 
of  Dartmouth  in  1778,  he  settled  as  a  merchant 
in  Westborough,  and  sustained  various  public 
offices. 

BllIGHAM,  AMARIAH,  Dr.,  died  in  Utica,  Sept. 
8,  1849,  aged  51,  formerly  principal  of  the  Re 
treat  at  Hartford,  and  from  1842  superintendent 
of  the  State  asylum  for  the  insane  at  Utica.  He 
was  a  brother  of  Dr.  B.,  secretary  of  the  Ameri 
can  Bible  society. 

BRIGHT,  FRANCIS,  first  minister  in  Charles- 
town,  Mass.,  was  a  pupil  of  the  famous  Mr.  Dav 
enport.  He  arrived  at  Naumkeag,  or  Salem,  in 
June,  1629,  in  company  with  Mr.  Skelton  and 
Mr.  Higginson.  Disagreeing  in  judgment  with 
his  two  brethren,  he  removed  to  Charlestown. 
After  tarrying  here  a  little  more  than  a  year,  and 
finding  that  the  people  were  disposed  to  carry  the 
reformation  to  a  greater  length  than  he  thought 
was  necessary,  he  returned  to  England  in  1630. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Wilson.  —  Morse  and 
Parish's  N.  E.,  74;  Morton,  82;  Prince,  184, 
188. 

BRIMMER,  GEORGE  W.,  died  at  Florence  in 
Sept.,  1838.  A  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1803,  he 
was  skilled  in  painting  and  architecture. 

BRIMMER,  MARTIN,  mayor  of  Boston,  died 
April  25,  1847.  A  graduate  of  1814,  he  was  dis 
tinguished  for  his  liberality  and  zeal  in  promoting 
the  interests  of  public  education. 

BRIMSMEAD,  WILLIAM,  first  minister  of  Marl- 
borough,  died  July  3,  1701.  He  was  a  native  of 
Dorchester,  and  probably  the  son  of  John  Brims- 
mead,who  lived  in  Dorchester  in  1638,  and  who  had 
a  son,  John,  born  1640.  The  name  is  the  same  as 
Brinsmcad,  as  it  was  written  in  17.32  in  the  last  will 
of  John  Brinsmead,  of  Milford,  one  of  whose 
daughters  married  Dr.  Whcelock  ;  and  the  same 
as  Brinsmade,  as  it  was  written  by  Daniel  Nathan 
iel  B.,  of  Woodbury,  in  1777,  and  as  it  is  written  at 
the  present  day.  He  was  educated  at  Harvard  col 
lege,  but  never  received  a  degree.  lie,  with 
others  of  his  class,  being  displeased  with  a  vote 
of  the  corporation,  requiring  the  students  to  reside 
four  years  at  Cambridge  instead  of  three,  left  the 
institution  in  1647.  He  was  employed  as  a 
preacher  at  Plymouth  in  166,5.  At  Marlborough 
he  preached  as  early  as  Sept.,  1660,  though  he 
was  not  ordained  till  Oct.  3,  1666.  As  he  was 


preaching,  Sunday,  March  20,  1676,  the  assembly 
was  dispersed  by  an  outcry  of  "  Indians  at  the 
door."  All  reached  the  fort  safely,  except  one 
man,  who  wras  wounded.  The  meeting-house  and 
many  dwelling-houses  were  burnt.  lie  was  suc 
ceeded  by  Mr.  Breck.  He  was  never  married. 
He  is  represented  as  a  well  accomplished  servant 
of  Christ.  He  published  the  election  sermon, 
1681.  Among  the  papers  made  use  of  by  Prince 
in  compiling  his  annals,  was  a  journal  in  Latin 
kept  by  Mr.  B.  from  1665  to  1695  inclusively.  — 
Coll  Hist.  Soc.v.  47,  122;  ix.  179;  x.  89. 

BRESTSMADE,  DANIEL,  minister  of  Washing 
ton,  Conn.,  died  April  23,  1793,  aged  74.  He 
was  a  graduate  of  1745.  Dr.  Porter  succeeded 
him.  His  son,  Judge  Daniel,  a  graduate  of  1772, 
died  in  1826,  aged  75.  The  son  of  the  latter  is 
Gen.  Daniel  B.  Brinsmade,  of  Washington. 

BRISTED,  JOHN,  died  at  Providence,  Feb.  23, 
1855,  aged  76.  He  was  a  native  of  England, 
who  arrived  at  New  York  in  1806,  and  in  1820 
married  a  daughter  of  J.  J.  Astor,  by  whom  he 
had  a  son,  Charles  Astor  Bristcd.  He  was  many 
years  a  useful  Episcopal  minister ;  his  liberality 
was  experienced  by  students  in  theology. 

BRISTOL,  WILLIAM,  U.  S.  judge  for  the  dis 
trict  of  Conn.,  died  at  New  Haven,  March  7, 
1836,  aged  57.  Born  in  Hamden,  he  graduated 
in  1798.  He  was  a  judge  of  the  State  court  in 
1819 ;  an  upright  judge  and  an  able  lawyer. 

BRIT,  TUOMAS,  died  on  Sampit,  near  George 
town,  Aug.,  1825,  aged  115,  a  soldier  in  the 
Cherokee,  French,  and  Revolutionary  wars.  He 
rode  on  horseback  in  one  day  thirty-eight  miles, 
three  weeks  before  his  death. 

BROCK,  JOHN,  minister  of  Reading,  died  June 
18,  1688,  aged  67.  He  was  born  in  England  in 
1620,  and  was  distinguished  for  early  piety.  He 
came  to  this  country  about  the  year  1637.  He 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1646,  and, 
after  residing  there  two  years  longer,  engaged  in 
preaching  the  Gospel,  first  at  Rowley  and  then  at 
the  Isle  of  Shoals.  He  continued  at  this  last 
place  till  1662,  when  he  removed  to  Reading,  as 
successor  of  Samuel  Hough,  being  ordained  Nov. 
13,  1662.  Here  he  ministered  in  holy  things  till 
his  death.  He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Pierpont. 
His  wife  was  the  widow  of  Mr.  Hough. 

Mr.  Brock  was  an  eminent  Christian,  and  a 
laborious,  faithful  minister,  preaching  not  only  on 
the  Sabbath,  but  frequently  on  other  days.  He 
established  lectures  for  young  persons,  and  for  the 
members  of  the  church.  He  often  made  pastoral 
visits,  and  they  Avere  rendered  very  useful  by  his 
happy  talents  in  conversation.  lie  was  so  re 
markable  for  holiness  and  devotion,  that  it  was 
said  of  him  by  the  celebrated  Mitchell :  "  He 
dwells  as  near  heaven  as  any  man  upon  earth." 
He  was  full  of  faith  and  of  the  Holy  Ghost. 
Several  remarkable  stories  are  related  of  the  effi- 


140 


BROCK. 


cacy  of  his  prayers,  in  which  he  frequently  had  a 
particular  faith,  or  an  assurance  of  being  heard. 
When  he  lived  at  the  Isle  of  Shoals,  he  per 
suaded  the  people  to  enter  into  an  agreement  to 
spend  one  day  in  every  month,  besides  the  Sab 
baths,  in  religious  worship.  On  one  of  these 
days  the  fishermen,  who  composed  his  society, 
desired  him  to  put  off  the  meeting,  as  the  rough 
ness  of  the  weather  had  for  a  number  of  days 
prevented  them  from  attending  to  their  usual  em 
ployment.  He  endeavored  in  vain  to  convince 
them  of  the  impropriety  of  their  request.  As 
most  of  them  were  determined  to  seize  the  oppor 
tunity  for  making  up  their  lost  time,  and  were 
more  interested  in  their  worldly  than  in  their 
spiritual  concerns,  he  addressed  them  thus  :  "  If 
you  are  resolved  to  neglect  your  duty  to  God,  and 
will  go  away,  I  say  unto  you,  catch  fish  if  you 
can  ;  but  as  for  you,  who  will  tarry  and  worship 
the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  I  will  pray  unto  him  for 
you,  that  you  may  catch  fish  until  you  are  weary." 
Of  thirty-five  men,  only  five  remained  with  the  min 
ister.  The  thirty,  who  went  from  the  meeting,  with 
all  their  skill  caught  through  the  whole  day  but  four 
fishes ;  while  the  five,  who  attended  divine  service, 
afterwards  went  out  and  caught  five  hundred. 
From  this  time  the  fishermen  readily  attended  all 
the  meetings  which  Mr.  Brock  appointed.  A  poor 
man,  who  had  been  very  useful  with  his  boat  in 
carrying  persons,  who  attended  public  worship, 
over  a  river,  lost  his  boat  in  a  storm,  and  lamented 
his  loss  to  his  minister.  Mr.  Brock  said  to  him  : 
"  Go  home,  honest  man  ;  I  will  mention  the  mat 
ter  to  the  Lord ;  you  will  have  your  boat  again 
to-morrow."  The  next  day,  in  answer  to  earnest 
prayer,  the  poor  man  recovered  his  boat,  which 
was  brought  up  from  the  bottom  by  the  anchor  of 
a  vessel,  cast  upon  it  without  design.  A  number 
of  such  remarkable  correspondences  between  the 
events  of  Providence  and  the  prayers  of  Mr. 
Brock,  caused  Mr.  John  Allen,  of  Dedham,  to  say 
of  him  :  "  I  scarce  ever  knew  any  man  so  famil 
iar  with  the  great  God,  as  his  dear  servant  Brock." 
—  Mather's  Magnalia,  IV.  141-143;  Coll.  Hist. 
Soc.vn.  251-254;  Stone's  Fun.  Serm.  onPren- 
tiss ;  Fitch's  Sermon  at  the  ordination  of  TucJce. 

BROCK,  ISAAC,  major-general  in  the  British 
army,  captured  Gen.  Hull  and  his  whole  army  at 
Detroit,  Aug.  16,  1812.  He  afterwards  proceeded 
to  the  Niagara  frontier,  and  was  killed  in  the  bat 
tle  of  Queenstown,  Oct.  13th.  He  was  rallying 
his  troops,  which  had  been  put  to  flight  by  a  des 
perate  charge  of  Col.  Chrystie,  when  he  was 
pierced  by  three  balls.  He  was  a  brave  and  gen 
erous  officer.  During  his  funeral  the  guns  of  the 
American  fort  were  fired  as  a  token  of  respect. — 
Brackenridcjds  Hist.  War,  73. 

BROECK,  ABRAHAM  TEN,  a  patriot  of  the 
Revolution,  was  the  president  of  the  convention 
of  the  State  of  New  York  in  1776,  and  signed 


BRODHEAD. 

their  eloquent  address,  dated  at  Fishkill,  Dec.  21, 
which  was  written  by  John  Jay.  In  Oct.,  1781, 
he  was  the  mayor  of  the  city  of  Albany,  and  com 
municated  to  Gen.  Heath  a  vote  of  thanks  for  the 
protection  he  had  afforded  the  city.  He  died  at 
Albany,  Jan.,  1810,  aged  76. 

BROECK,  JOHN  TEN,  died  at  Albany  in  Dec., 
1822.  He  was  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution,  and 
held  various  public  offices,  while  he  adorned  in 
private  life  his  Christian  profession.  —  Amer.  Ee- 
memb.  1777,  p.  53 ;  Heath,  320. 

BROCKWAY,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Columbia, 
died  in  1808,  aged  about  GO.  He  graduated  in 
1768  at  Yale,  in  the  first  class,  whose  names  are 
alphabetically  arranged.  They  had  been  previ 
ously  put  down  according  to  supposed  family 
rank  or  dignity.  A  native  of  Lyme,  he  succcded 
Dr.  Wheelock  at  Lebanon  crank,  now  Columbia. 

BROCKWAY,  DEODATE,  died  in  Ellington, 
Conn.,  Feb.,  1849,  aged  73,  the  son  of  the  pre 
ceding,  a  graduate  of  1797.  Soon  after  his  set 
tlement  he  fell  from  the  steeple  of  his  new  meet 
ing-house,  sixty-five  feet,  and  was  well  nigh  crip 
pled  for  life.  He  was  a  man  of  sense  and  of  high 
moral  and  Christian  worth  ;  in  private  life  urbane 
and  a  model  of  hospitality.  His  son,  John  H., 
a  graduate  of  1820,  was  a  member  of  congress 
1839-1843.  Among  a  few  sermons,  which  he 
published,  was  an  election  sermon. 

BRODHEAD,  JOHN,  died  at  New  Market,  N. 
H.,  April  7,  1838,  aged  67,  a  respected  Methodist 
minister  and  member  of  congress. 

BRODHEAD,  JACOB,  D.  D.,  died  in  Spring 
field,  Mass.,  June  6,  1855,  aged  73.  The  synod 
of  the  reformed  Dutch  church  in  session  in  New 
Brunswick,  being  on  that  day  apprised  by  tele 
graph  of  his  death,  appointed  a  committee  to 
attend  in  New  Y7ork  the  funeral  of  this  father  in 
their  church.  Of  this  committee  was  Dr.  Bethune, 
who  had  succeeded  Dr.  Brodhead  in  three  of  his 
pastoral  charges  —  at  Rhuiebeck,  Philadelphia, 
and  Brooklyn  —  and  who  delivered  a  discourse  on 
his  decease,  which  was  published. 

It  appears,  by  the  address  of  Dr.  De  Witt,  that 
Dr.  B.  was  born  May  14,  1782,  at  Marblctown, 
Ulster  county,  and  was  the  son  of  Charles,  a  pat 
riot  and  soldier,  who  commanded  a  company  — 
chiefly  raised  at  his  own  expense — at  the  surren 
der  of  Burgoyne.  An  early  ancestor,  Capt.  Dan 
iel,  came  from  Yorkshire,  and  settled  with  the 
Hollanders  and  Huguenots  of  Ulster.  Dr.  B. 
was  a  graduate  of  Union  college  in  1801.  In 
1804  he  succeeded  his  cousin,  John  Brodhead 
Romeyn,  as  pastor  of  the  Dutch  church  at  Rhine- 
beck  flats.  In  1809  he  was  installed  as  a  colleague 
with  Drs.  Livingston,  Kuypers,  and  Abeel  over  the 
collegiate  Dutch  church  in  New  York ;  —  this 
sense  of  collegiate  —  as  indicating  a  common 
church,  composed  of  several  churches  having  col 
league  pastors  — not  being  given  in  our  diction  a- 


BRODNAX. 


BROMFIELD. 


141 


ries.  In  1813  he  took  the  charge  of  the  first 
Dutch  church  in  Crown  street,  Philadelphia. 
After  twelve  years  he  returned  to  New  York,  and 
was  the  pastor  of  Broome-street  Dutch  church; 
afterwards  of  Flatbush  church,  and  from  1841  to 
18-16  of  the  central  church  of  Brooklyn.  He  was 
an  eminently  pious  and  most  useful  man,  a  faithful 
servant  of  God  in  all  his  fields  of  labor,  and  he  died 
in  great  peace  in  the  family  of  his  only  daughter. 
In  his  sickness  the  Supper  was  administered  to 
him  by  Dr.  Osgood,  assisted  by  his  brethren 
in  Springfield,  Buckingham,  Parsons,  and  Seeley. 

His  first  wife  was  Anna,  daughter  of  John  N. 
Bleecker,  Albany.  His  son,  John  Romeyn  B., 
naval  officer  of  New  York,  is  known  as  a  histo 
rian  ;  his  daughter  is  the  wife  of  George  M.  At- 
water,of  Springfield.  A  memorial  was  published, 
with  a  fine  portrait,  containing  Dr.  Bcthune's  ser 
mon  and  other  pieces.  lie  published  the  follow 
ing  discourses :  at  Philadelphia,  1813;  a  plea  for 
the  poor,  1814;  new  year's  memorial,  1826;  at 
thanksgiving,  1826  ;  on  education,  1831 ;  on  death 
of  Dr.  Kuypers,  1833;  preached  in  central  church, 
1851. 

BllODNAX,  WILLIAM  H.,  general,  died  in 
Virginia,  of  the  cholera,  in  Oct.,  1834,  aged  48. 
He  was  a  lawyer,  a  member  of  the  house  of  dele 
gates,  and  deserves  honorable  remembrance  as  an 
advocate  of  the  gradual  abolition  of  slavery. 

BROMFIELD,  EDWARD,  an  eminent  merchant 
in  Boston,  died  April  10,  1756,  aged  60.  He  was 
born  in  Nov.,  1695.  His  father,  Edward,  was  a 
member  of  the  council ;  his  mother  was  the  eldest 
daughter  of  Rev.  Mr.  Danforth,  of  Roxbury.  By 
means  of  her  instructions  and  the  instructions  of 
his  grandmother,  a  daughter  of  Mr.  Wilson,  of 
Boston,  his  mind  in  early  h'fe  was  deeply  im 
pressed  by  religious  truth.  His  whole  life  was 
conscientious,  upright,  and  holy.  He  sustained 
several  important  trusts,  and  with  incorruptible 
integrity  sought  the  public  good.  He  was  a  rep 
resentative  of  his  native  town  in  the  general  court, 
from  the  year  1739  to  1743  ;  and  he  would  have 
been  continued,  as  colleague  with  his  brother-in- 
law,  Thomas  Gushing,  but  he  preferred  the  hum 
bler  station  of  overseer  of  the  poor,  in  which 
office  he  remained  twenty-one  years  successively-. 
His  daughter,  Sarah,  married  Jeremiah  Powell,  a 
member  of  the  council.  His  son,  Col.  Henry 
Bromfield,  a  merchant  in  Boston,  passed  his  last 
days  at  Harvard,  where  he  died,  Feb.  9,  1820, 
aged  92.  His  daughter  married  Daniel  D.  Rog 
ers,  of  Boston.  Mr.  Bromfield  was  eminent  for 
his  Christian  virtues.  In  his  intercourse  with 
others  he  was  open,  friendly,  pleasant,  and  re 
markable  for  candor.  Attached  to  the  ancient 
principles  of  New  England,  he  loved  the  most 
zealous  and  awakening  ministers  ;  he  worshipped 
the  Most  High  in  his  family ;  he  partook  of  the 
supper  of  his  Lord  and  Master  with  the  humblest 


reverence  and  the  most  ardent  gratitude  and 
love.  In  his  last  sickness,  so  deep  was  the  sense 
of  his  unworthiness  and  guilt,  that  he  enjoyed 
little  composure  till  just  before  his  death,  when 
his  apprehensions  were  in  a  great  measure  re 
moved.  In  his  most  desponding  moments  he 
ever  justified  the  ways  of  God.  —  Prince's  Fun. 
Serm.;  Boston  Gaz.,  April  19,  1756. 

BROMFIELD,  EDWARD,  a  young  man  of  un 
common  genius,  the  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  in  Boston  in  1723.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1742.  He  lived  but  a  short 
time  to  display  his  virtues  and  his  talents,  for 
he  died  August  18,  1746,  aged  23  years. 
From  his  childhood  he  was  very  amiable  and 
modest.  As  he  grew  up,  the  poAvers  of  his  mind 
were  unfolded,  and  he  discovered  remarkable 
ingenuity  and  penetration,  which  were  strength 
ened  and  increased  as  he  became  acquainted  with 
mathematical  science.  His  genius  first  appeared 
in  the  use  of  the  pen,  by  which  with  admirable 
exactness  he  sketched  the  objects  of  nature.  He 
made  himself  so  familiar  with  Weston's  short 
hand,  that  he  was  able  to  take  down  every  word 
of  the  professor's  lectures  at  the  college,  and  the 
sermons  which  were  delivered  from  the  pulpit. 
He  was  skilful  in  projecting  maps.  As  he  was 
well  skilled  in  music,  he  made  with  his  own 
hands  an  excellent  organ,  with  two  rows  of  keys 
and  several  hundred  pipes.  The  workmanship 
exceeded  anything  of  the  kind  which  had  been 
imported  from  England.  He  took  peculiar  pleas 
ure  in  pursuits  which  related  to  natural  philosophy, 
for  he  wished  to  behold  the  wisdom  of  God  in 
his  works.  He  made  great  improvement  in  the 
microscopes,  which  were  then  used,  most  ac 
curately  grinding  the  finest  glasses,  and  multiply 
ing  the  powers  of  optical  instruments.  He  met 
with  no  mechanism  which  he  did  not  readily  im 
prove.  But  these  were  only  the  amusements  of 
Mr.  Bromfield.  He  was  engaged  in  the  pursuits 
of  higher  and  more  interesting  objects  than  those 
which  had  reference  only  to  the  earth  and  could 
occupy  the  mind  but  a  few  days.  Though  from 
childhood  he  possessed  the  virtues,  which  endeared 
him  to  his  acquaintance,  yet  it  was  not  before  he 
reached  the  age  of  seventeen  that  he  was  converted 
by  the  influence  of  the  Divine  Spirit  from  his 
natural  state  of  selfishness  and  iniquity  to  the 
supreme  love  of  his  Maker.  From  this  period 
the  truths  of  revelation  claimed  his  intense  study, 
and  it  was  his  constant  aim  to  conform  his  life  to 
the  requisitions  of  the  gospel.  Nothing  interested 
him  so  much  as  the  character  of  Jesus  Christ  and 
the  wonders  of  redemption,  which  he  hoped 
would  excite  his  admiration  in  the  future  world, 
and  constitute  his  everlasting  blessedness.  He 
left  behind  him  a  number  of  manuscripts,  which 
contained  his  pious  meditations,  and  marked  his 
progress  towards  perfection.  Though  his  body 


142 


BROOKE. 


BROOKS. 


was  feeble,  his  whole  soul  was  indefatigable.  In 
his  eyes  there  was  an  expression  of  intellect, 
which  could  not  be  mistaken.  Had  his  life  been 
spared,  his  name  might  have  been  an  honor  to 
his  country,  and  philosophy  might  have  been 
dignified  by  a  connection  with  genuine  religion.  — 
Prince's  Account  of  Bromfield ;  Panoplist,  II. 
193-197. 

BROOKE,  FRANCIS  J.,  judge  of  the  court  of 
appeals  in  Virginia,  died  March  3,  1851,  aged  87. 
He  was  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  a  Mend  of 
Washington.  His  first  campaign,  with  his  twin 
brother  John,  was  under  Lafayette  in  1781.  He 
was  often  in  the  legislature.  In  1811  he  was 
judge  of  appeals,  and  was  re-elected  in  1831  till 
the  time  of  his  death. 

BROOKE,  GEORGE  M.,  major-general,  died  in 
San  Antonio  March  9,  1851.  He  entered  the 
army  in  1808;  and  he  received  various  brevets  for 
his  defence  of  Fort  Erie,  for  his  sortie,  and  for 
his  conduct  in  the  war  with  Mexico.  Fort  Brooke 
at  Tampa  Bay,  where  he  was  stationed,  received 
his  name. 

BROOKS,  ELEAZER,  a  brigadier-general,  died 
at  Lincoln  Nov.  9,  1806,  aged  80  years.  He  was 
born  in  Concord,  Mass.,  in  1726,  and  was  a 
descendant  of  Capt.  Thomas  Brooks,  a  settler  of 
Concord  in  1636,  who  died  May  22,  1667.  With 
out  the  advantages  of  education  he  acquired  a 
valuable  fund  of  knowledge.  It  was  his  practice 
in  early  life  to  read  the  most  approved  books,  and 
then  to  converse  with  the  most  intelligent  men 
respecting  them.  In  1774  he  was  chosen  a  repre 
sentative  to  the  general  court,  and  continued 
thirty-seven  years  in  public  life,  being  successively 
a  representative,  a  member  of  the  senate,  and  of 
the  council.  lie  took  a  decided  part  in  the 
American  Revolution.  At  the  head  of  a  regiment 
he  was  engaged  in  the  battle  at  White  Plains  in 
1776,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his  cool, 
determined  bravery.  From  the  year  1801  he 
secluded  himself  in  the  tranquil  scenes  of  domestic 
life.  Gen.  Brooks  possessed  an  uncommonly 
strong  and  penetrating  mind,  and  his  judgment' 
as  a  statesman  was  treated  with  respect.  He  was 
diligent  and  industrious,  slow  in  concerting,  but 
expeditious  in  performing  his  plans.  He  was  a 
firm  believer  in  the  doctrines  of  Christianity,  and 
in  his  advanced  years  accepted  the  office  of 
deacon  in  the  church  at  Lincoln.  This  office  he 
ranked  above  all  others  which  he  bad  -sustained  in 
life. —  Steams'  Fun.  Serm.;  Columb.  Centinel, 
Nov.  22,  1806. 

BROOKS,  Jonx,  LL.  D.,  governor  of  Mass., 
died  March  1,  18125,  aged  72.  His  residence  was 
at  Medford,  where  he  was  born  in  1752.  His 
father  was  Capt.  Caleb  B.,  a  farmer;  and  his  early 
years  were  spent  in  the  toils  of  a  farm,  with  no 
advantages  of  education  but  those  of  a  town 
school.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  by  a  written  in 


denture  as  an  apprentice  for  seven  years  he  was 
placed  under  the  tuition  of  Dr.  Simon  Tufts.  At 
this  period  he  formed  a  friendship  with  his  fellow 
student,  Count  Rumford.  While  studying  medi 
cine  he  also  exhibited  a  fondness  for  military 
exercises,  forming  the  village  boys  into  companies 
and  training  them.  Commencing  the  practice  of 
physic  at  Reading,  he  took  the  command  of  a 
company  of  minute-men,  for  the  drilling  of  whom 
he  acquired  some  skill  by  observing  the  trainings 
of  the  British  soldiers  in  Boston.  On  the  news 
of  the  expedition  to  Lexington,  April  19, 1775,  he 
instantly  marched ;  and,  meeting  the  British  force 
returning  from  Concord,  he  ordered  his  men  to 
place  themselves  behind  the  barns  and  fences, 
and  to  fire  continually  upon  the  enemy.  He  soon 
received  the  commission  of  major  in  the  army. 
He  entered  the  service  of  his  country  with  an 
excellent  character  and  a  high  sense  of  moral 
rectitude.  On  the  evening  of  June  16th  he 
assisted  in  throwing  up  the  fortifications  at  Breed's 
hill;  but  next  morning  being  dispatched  by  Col. 
Prescott  with  a  message  to  Gen.  Ward  at  Cam 
bridge,  and  being  obliged  for  the  MTant  of  a  horse 
to  go  on  foot,  he  did  not  participate  in  the 
memorable  battle  of  the  17th  June.  In  1777  he 
was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel.  He  accompa 
nied  Arnold  in  August,  1777,  against  Col.  St. 
Leger  on  the  Mohawk,  and  suggested  to  Arnold 
the  successful  project  of  dispersing  the  Indians  by 
sending  out  one  Cuyler  to  spread  an  exaggerated 
account  of  our  forces.  In  the  battle  of  Saratoga, 
Oct.  7,  at  the  head  of  his  regiment  he  stormed 
and  carried  the  intrenchments  of  the  German 
troops.  In  the  battle  of  Monmouth  he  was 
acting  adjutant-general.  When  the  conspiracy  at 
Xewburg  in  March,  1783,  had  well  nigh  disgraced 
the  army,  Washington  rode  up  to  Brooks  and 
requested  him  to  keep  his  officers  within  quarters 
to  prevent  their  attending  the  insurgent  meeting ; 
the  reply  was,  "  Sir,  I  have  anticipated  your 
wishes,  and  my  orders  are  given."  With  tears  in 
his  eyes,  Washington  took  him  by  the  hand  and 
said,  "  Col.  Brooks,  this  is  just  what  I  expected 
from  you." 

From  the  army  Brooks  returned  to  private  life, 
free  from  the  vices  incident  to  soldiership,  rich  in 
honor,  esteem,  and  affection,  but  without  property 
and  without  the  means  of  providing  for  his  family, 
except,  by  resuming  his  profession.  His  aged 
and  infirm  teacher,  Dr.  Tufts,  resigned  his  business 
into  the  hands  of  his  pupil.  For  many  year?  he 
was  major-gcnercl  of  the  militia  of  his  county, 
and  he  established  excellent  discipline,  for  which 
during  the  whole  war  he  had  been  distinguished. 
As  a  member  of  the  convention  he  advocated  the 
adoption  of  the  constitution  of  the  United  States. 
By  Washington  he  was  appointed  marshal  of  the 
district  and  inspector  of  the  revenue ;  in  the  war 
of  1812  he  was  appointed  adjutant-general  of 


BROOKS. 

Massachusetts  by  Gov.  Strong,  whom  he  succeeded 
as  chief  magistrate  in  18 16.  For  seven  years 
successively  he  was  re-elected ;  and  with  great 
dignity  and  faithfulness  he  presided  over  the 
affairs  of  the  commonwealth.  In  1823  he  retired 
to  private  life,  being  succeeded  by  "William  Eustis. 
His  wife  died  many  years  before.  His  only 
daughter,  Lucy,  the  wife  of  Rev.  George  O. 
Stuart  of  Kingston,  Upper  Canada,  died  Dec., 
1814;  and  his  son,  John,  a  lieutenant  in  the  navy, 
of  youthful  beauty  and  generous  enterprise,  fell  in 
the  battle  of  Lake  Erie  Sept.  10,  1813,  on  board 
Perry's  flag-ship  Lawrence.  One  son  survived 
him. 

Gov.  Brooks  held  a  high  rank  as  a  physician. 
He  was  scientific  and  skilful.  His  manners  were 
dignified,  courteous,  and  benign;  and  his  kind 
offices  were  doubled  in  value  by  the  manner 
in  which  he  performed  them.  In  the  office  of 
chief  magistrate,  he  labored  incessantly  for  the 
public  good.  His  addresses  to  the  legislature 
manifested  large  and  liberal  views.  No  one  could 
doubt  his  integrity  and  devoted  patriotism.  He 
was  the  governor  of  the  people ;  not  of  a  party. 
In  his  native  town,  of  which  he  was  the  pride,  the 
citizens  were  accustomed  to  refer  their  disputes  to 
his  arbitrament,  so  that  lawyers  could  not  thrive  in 
Medford.  In  private  life  he  was  most  amiable 
and  highly  esteemed,  the  protector  and  friend  of 
his  numerous  relatives,  and  the  delight  of  all  his 
acquaintance.  The  sweetness  of  his  temper  was 
evinced  by  the  composure  and  complacency  of  his 
countenance.  Towards  the  close  of  his  life,  he 
connected  himself  with  the  church  in  Medford, 
under  the  pastoral  care  of  Dr.  Osgood.  A  short 
time  before  he  died,  he  said :  "  I  see  nothing  ter 
rible  in  death.  In  looking  to  the  future  I  have 
no  fears.  I  know  in  whom  I  have  believed ;  and 
I  feel  a  persuasion,  that  all  the  trials  appointed 
me,  past  or  present,  will  result  in  my  future  and 
eternal  happiness.  I  look  back  upon  my  past  life 
with  humility.  I  am  sensible  of  many  imperfec 
tions  that  cleave  to  me.  I  know,  that  the  pres 
ent  is  neither  the  season  nor  the  place  in  which 
to  begin  the  preparation  for  death.  Our  whole 
life  is  given  us  for  this  great  object,  and  the  work 
of  preparation  should  be  early  commenced,  and 
be  never  relaxed  till  the  end  of  our  days.  To 
God  I  can  appeal,  that  it  has  been  my  humble 
endeavor  to  serve  him  in  sincerity,  and  wherein 
I  have  failed,  I  trust  in  his  grace  to  forgive.  I 
now  rest  my  soul  on  the  mercy  of  my  adorable 
Creator,  through  the  only  mediation  of  his  Son, 
our  Lord.  O,  what  a  ground  of  hope  is  there  in 
that  saying  of  an  apostle,  that  God  is  in  Christ 
reconciling  a  guilty  world  to  himself,  not  imput 
ing  their  trespasses  unto  them  ?  In  God  I  have 
placed  my  eternal  all ;  and  into  his  hands  I  com 
mit  my  Spirit !  "  To  the  medical  society  he  be 
queathed  his  library.  Besides  liis  valuable  official 


BROOKS. 


143 


communications  as  chief  magistrate,  he  published 
an  oration  to  Cincinnati  society,  1787  ;  discourse 
before  the  humane  society,  1795  ;  eulogy  on  Wash 
ington,  1800;  discourse  on  pneumonia,  before  the 
medical  society,  1808. —  Thaclter's  Med.  Biog., 
192-207 ;  DixwelVs  Memoir ;  Columb.  Centinel, 
May  18,  1825. 

BROOKS,  PETER  CHARDOX,  died  in  Boston, 
Jan.  1,  1849,  aged  82.  A  native  of  Medford,  he 
opened  an  Insurance  office  in  Boston,  in  1789 ; 
he  was  very  successful,  and  retired  from  business 
in  1803,  in  early  life,  a  man  of  great  wealth;  yet 
he  was  afterwards,  for  a  few  years,  the  president 
of  the  New  England  Insurance  Company,  the 
first  company  of  the  kind  in  the  State.  For  the 
remainder  of  his  long  life,  he  lived  in  summer  in 
Medford,  and  in  winter  in  Boston.  The  principal 
merchants  with  whom  he  was  associated  in  busi 
ness,  were  Thomas  Russell,  John  Hancock,  the 
Amorys,  Joseph  Burrell,  S.  Breck,  S.  Brown,  C. 
Bulfinch,  John  Codman,  S.  Elliot,  Gardner 
Green,  Stephen  Higginson,  Tuthill  Hubbart,  John 
C.  Jones,  Theodore  Lyman,  Jonathan  Mason, 
Samuel  Parkman,  the  Perkins',  the  Phillips',  W. 
Powell,  David  Sears,  and  Joseph  Russell,  of 
whom  only  the  last  was  living  in  1854.  As  a 
member  of  the  senate  and  chairman  of  a  com 
mittee,  he  did  great  service  to  the  cause  of  public 
virtue,  by  his  report  on  the  Plymouth  Beach 
Lottery.  It  put  an  end  to  all  grants  of  lotteries 
in  Massachusetts.  It  appears  that  the  lottery, 
granted  in  1812,  had  been  conducted  by  the  man 
agers  in  eleven  classes ;  the  result  was,  that  from 
118,000  tickets,  amounting  to  883,000  dollars,  the 
managers  paid  the  town  of  Plymouth  less  than 
10,000  dollars.  The  following  were  his  principles 
in  business :  To  abstain  from  all  speculative  in 
vestments  ;  to  take  no  more  than  the  legal  inter 
est;  and  never  to  borrow  money.  As  a  man  he 
was  highly  respected  and  esteemed.  His  three 
daughters  were  married  to  Edward  Everett, 
Charles  F.  Adams,  and  Dr.  N.  L.  Frothingham. 
His  life,  by  E.  Everett,  is  in  "  Lives  of  American 
Merchants." 

BROOKS,  ALEXANDER  S.,  lieut.-colonel,  was 
killed  in  Florida,  Dec.  19,  1836,  by  the  bursting 
of  the  boiler  of  a  steam  packet.  A  son  of  Gov. 
B.,  a  graduate  of  1802,  he  was  in  the  army  of  his 
country  nearly  thirty  years. 

BROOKS,  MARIA,  MRS.,  died  at  Matanzas, 
Nov.  11,  1845,  aged  about  50  years.  She  was 
born  in  Medford;  lived  some  years  in  Boston, 
and  at  last  in  Mantanzas.  About  1828  she  visited 
Europe,  and  shared  the  friendship  of  Wordsworth 
and  Southey,  who  superintended  the  publication 
of  her  poem,  Zophiel,  and  pronounced  her  "  the 
most  impassioned  and  imaginative  of  all  poet 
esses."  The  refinement  of  her  taste  has  been 
questioned ;  but  the  reputation  of  her  poems  was 
high. 


144 


BROOKS. 


BROWN. 


BROOKS,  JAMES  G.,  poet  and  editor,  died  at 
Albany,  Feb.  20,  1841,  aged  39.  Born  at  Claver- 
ack,  he  graduated  at  Union  college  in  1819.  He 
edited  various  papers  in  New  York,  Winchester, 
Rochester,  and  Albany.  He  published  The 
Rivals  of  Este,  and  other  poems,  by  J.  G.  and 
Mary  E.  Brooks,  1829. 

BROOME,  JOHN,  lieutenant-governor  of  New 
York  and  president  of  the  Senate,  was  an  emi 
nent  merchant,  and  for  many  years  at  the  head  of 
various  commercial,  charitable,  and  religious  insti 
tutions.  In  1777  he  was  a  member  of  the  con 
vention,  which  framed  the  constitution  of  New 
York.  In  1804  he  was  elected  lieutenant-gov 
ernor;  and  he  died  Aug  8,  1810,  aged  82. 

BROUWERE,  JOHN  II.  J.,  a  sculptor  and 
painter,  died  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  Sept.  5,  1834. 

BROWN,  CHADD,  minister  of  Providence,  11.  L, 
fled  thither  from  persecution  in  Massachusetts, 
in  1636,  and  became  in  1639  one  of  the  members 
of  the  Baptist  church,  then  formed  by  Roger 
Williams,  when  Wm.  Wickenden  was  appointed 
first  elder.  With  him  Mr.  Brown  was  associated 
in  the  pastoral  care  of  the  church,  in  1642.  lie 
died  about  1665,  and  his  colleague  in  1669.  In 
1792  the  town  of  Providence  voted  to  erect  a 
monument  to  his  memory.  His  descendants  for 
nearly  two  centuries  have  been  among  the  most 
distinguished  citizens  of  Rhode  Island.  His 
grandson,  James  Brown,  was  a  minister  of  the 
same  church ;  and  four  of  the  grandsons  of  James 
have  been  patrons  of  Brown  university ;  —  Nicho 
las  ;  Joseph,  L.L.  D.,  who  died  Dec.,  1785  ;  John, 
an  eminent  merchant,  who  died  Sept.  20,  1803, 
aged  67  ;  and  Moses.  —  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  s.  s.  ix. 
197. 

BROWN,  EDMUJTD,  the  first  minister  of  Sud- 
bury,  Mass.,  came  from  England  in  1637,  was  or 
dained  Aug.,  1640,  over  the  18th  church  in  Mass., 
and  died  June  22,  1677.  He  sustained  a  good  char 
acter,  and  was  a  man  of  distinction  in  his  day. 
His  successors  were  James  Sherman,  who  was 
dismissed  in  1705 ;  Israel  Loring,  who  died 
March  9,  1772,  aged  89;  and  Jacob  Bigelow,  and 
Timothy  Ililliard. 

BROWN,  JOHN,  minister  of  Haverhill,  Mass., 
was  born  in  Brighton,  and  was  graduated  in  1714, 
and  ordained  the  successor  of  Joseph  Gardner, 
May  13,  1719.  He  died  Dec.  2,  1742,  aged  46, 
being  greatly  esteemed  for  his  learning,  piety, 
and  prudence,  and  was  succeeded  by  Edward 
Barnard.  By  his  wife,  Joanna,  daughter  of  Rev. 
Roland  Cotton,  he  had  four  sons,  educated  at 
Cambridge,  three  of  whom  were  ministers ; 
viz.,  John  of  Cohasset,  who  graduated  in  1741, 
and  died  Sept.  21,  1791 ;  Cotton  of  Brookline, 
who  graduated  in  1743,  and  died  April  13,  1751  ; 
and  Thomas  of  Stroudwater,  who  graduated  in 
1752,  and  died  in  1797.  Of  his  three  daughters, 
one  married  John  Chipman  of  Marblehead,  and 


another  Rev.  Edward  Brooks  of  North  Yarmouth 
and  Medford,  father  of  Peter  C.  Brooks.  He 
published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Thomas 
Symmes,  1726.  —  Mass.  Hist.  Coll.  s.s.  iv.  142. 

BROWN,  Jonx,  colonel,  a  distinguished  officer 
in  the  Revolutionary  war,  was  born  in  Sandisfield, 
Berkshire  county,  Mass.,  Oct.  19,  1744.  His 
parents  removed  from  Woodstock,  Conn.,  first  to 
Brimfield,  then  to  Granville,  and  to  Sandisfield, 
and  last  to  Rutland,  Vt.  After  graduating  at 
Yale  college  in  1771,  he  studied  law  with  Oliver 
Arnold  in  Providence,  and  commenced  the  prac 
tice  at  Caghnawaga,  now  Johnstown,  New  Y'ork, 
and  was  appointed  king's  attorney.  However,  in 
a  short  time,  about  the  year  1773,  he  removed  to 
Pittsfield,  where  there  was  then  but  one  lawyer, 
Woodbridge  Little.  But  these  two  men  of  the 
law  had  very  different  notions  of  patriotism.  Mr. 
Brown  was  resolved  to  hazard  every  thing  in 
resistance  of  oppression.  Bold  and  prudent  and 
having  a  fine  personal  appearance,  he  was  selected 
by  the  state  committee  of  correspondence  in 
1774  for  the  hazardous  enterprise  of  going  to 
Canada  to  excite  the  people  to  revolt.  He  went 
in  the  spring  of  1774,  and  returned  in  the  autumn, 
and  went  again  in  1775.  His  pretence  was  the 
purchase  of  horses  ;  but  the  Canadians  remarked 
that  he  was  a  singular  jockey,  for  the  horses  never 
suited  him.  Once,  indeed,  the  house  in  which 
he  lodged  was  assailed  ;  but  he  made  his  escape. 
He  was  a  delegate  to  the  provincial  congress, 
Feb.  15,  1775.  Immediately  after  the  battle  of 
Lexington,  some  gentlemen  in  Connecticut  formed 
the  project  of  taking  Ticondcroga  by  surprise. 
Captains  Edward  Mott  and  Noah  Phelps  of 
Hartford  marched  April  29th,  privately,  with 
sixteen  unarmed  men.  Arriving  at  Pittsfield, 
they  communicated  the  project  to  Mr.  Brown  and 
Col.  James  Easton;  also  to  Arnold,  who  was 
(hen  at  Pittsfield.  These  gentlemen  instantly 
engaged  in  the  affair,  and  led  by  Arnold,  they 
captured  the  fort  of  Ticonderoga,  May  10th. 
Mr.  Brown  was  intrusted  with  the  business 
of  conveying  away  the  prisoners,  amounting  to 
100,  and  was  also  sent  as  express  to  the  general 
congress  at  Philadelphia,  where  he  arrived  May 
17th.  In  July,  he  and  Allen  were  dispatched 
through  the  woods  into  Canada,  to  assure  the 
Canadians  that  their  religion  and  liberties  should 
not  be  impaired  by  the  approaching  army.  On 
the  24th  of  Sept.,  he  took  fort  Chamblee.  The 
next  day,  Allen,  who  expected  the  co-operation  of 
Brown,  marched  upon  Montreal,  but  was  attacked 
by  a  superior  force,  and  was  taken  prisoner.  As 
this  was  an  expedition  unauthorized  by  any  higher 
authority,  Allen  was  treated  with  great  severity. 

While  Arnold  was  before  Quebec,  Maj.  Brown 
arrived  from  Sorel  and  joined  him  ;  Montgom 
ery  had  arrived  two  days  before.  In  the  attack 
on  Quebec,  Dec.  31st,  Maj.  Brown,  with  a  part  of 


BROWN. 

a  regiment  of  Boston  troops,  was  directed  to  co 
operate,  by  making  a  false  attack  upon  the  walls 
to  the  south  of  St.  John's  gate,  and  to  set  fire  to 
the  gate  with  combustibles,  prepared  for  the  pur 
pose.  He  executed  his  part  in  the  enterprise ; 
Col.  Livingston,  owing  to  the  depth  of  the  snow, 
failed  in  liis.  In  this  assault,  Montgomery  fell. 
The  congress,  Aug.  1,  1776,  voted  him  a  commis 
sion  of  lieutenant-colonel,  with  rank  and  pay  in 
the  continental  army  from  Nov.,  1775.  In  Dec., 
1776,  he  conducted  a  regiment  of  militia  to  fort 
Independence.  After  the  defeat  of  Col.  Baum  at 
Bennington,  in  1777,  he  was  dispatched  by  Gen. 
Lincoln,  from  Pawlet  to  the  north  end  of  Lake 
George  with  500  men,  to  relieve  our  prisoners.  By 
marching  all  night,  he  attacked  the  enemy  at 
break  of  day,  Sept.  17th,  at  the  landing,  three 
miles  from  Ticouderoga ;  set  at  liberty  100  of  our 
men  ;  made  prisoners  of  293  ;  took  the  landing, 
Mount  Defiance,  Mount  Hope,  the  French  lines, 
and  the  block  house;  400  batteaux,  an  armed 
sloop,  several  gun-boats,  a  few  cannon,  and  a  vast 
quantity  of  plunder.  His  letter  to  Gates,  Sept. 
18,  described  his  success,  which  tended  to  raise 
the  spirit  of  the  troops,  and  to  excite  the  militia 
to  join  their  brethren.  After  this  exploit,  he 
joined  the  main  army.  In  the  next  month  Bur- 
goyne  was  captured. 

Soon  after  this  event,  Col.  Brown  retired  from 
the  service,  on  account  of  his  detestation  of 
Arnold.  In  the  campaign  in  Canada,  in  1776, 
he  had  become  acquainted  with  his  character ; 
and  it  is  remarkable,  that  at  this  period,  three 
years  before  the  treason  of  Arnold,  Col.  Brown 
published  a  handbill  of  thirteen  or  fourteen  arti 
cles  against  him,  in  the  height  of  his  fame,  charg 
ing  lu'm  with  levying  contributions  on  the  Cana 
dians  for  hk-  own  private  use  and  benefit.  He 
said  that  Arnold  would  prove  a  traitor,  for  he 
had  sold  many  a  life  for  money.  The  people  of 
La  Prairie  had  submitted  on  the  promise  of  good 
quarters ;  but  their  village  was  plundered  and 
burnt,  and  lives  were  destroyed.  After  this,  Col. 
Brown  was  employed  occasionally  in  the  Massa 
chusetts  service.  He  was  chosen  a  member  of 
the  general  court,  in  1778. 

In  the  fall  of  1780,  he  marched  up  the  Mohawk, 
for  the  relief  of  Gen.  Schuyler,  but  was  led  by  a 
traitor  into  an  ambuscade  of  Canadians,  torics, 
and  Indians  at  Stone  Arabia,  in  Palatine,  and  was 
slain  on  his  birth-day,  Oct.  19,  1780,  aged  36 
years.  Forty-five  of  his  men,  many  of  whom 
marched  from  Berkshire  the  week  before,  were 
also  killed.  The  same  day,  at  Fox's  Mills,  Gen. 
Van  Rensselaer  defeated  the  same  party  under 
Sir  John  Johnson.  This  force  had  destroyed 
Schoharie.  Col.  Brown's  daughters  married 
Wm.  Butler,  printer,  Northampton ;  and  Dr. 
Hooker  of  Rutland,  Vt.  ;  the  former  is  still  living 
at  Northampton,  at  an  advanced  age.  His  son, 
19 


BROWN. 


145 


Henry  C.  Brown,  was  for  several  years  the  sheriff 
of  Berkshire.  When  he  was  in  Albany,  on  his  way 
to  Stone  Arabia,  Col.  Brown  had  the  curiosity  to 
call  upon  Ann  Lee,  then  in  prison,  the  mother  of 
the  Shakers ;  and  he  assured  her,  by  way  of 
pleasantry,  that  on  his  return  he  should  join  her 
society.  About  a  fortnight  after  his  death,  two 
grave-looking  Shakers  proceeded  from  Albany  to 
Pittsfield,  and  presented  themselves  before  the 
widow  of  Col.  Brown,  saying,  that  they  came  from 
mother  Ann  with  this  message  to  her,  that  her 
husband  in  spirit,  since  his  death,  had  come  and 
joined  mother  Ann's  company,  and  had  given 
express  orders  that  his  widow  should  also  join 
the  society.  But  mother  Ann,  with  all  her  art, 
did  not  in  this  case  find  a  dupe.  Mrs.  BroAvn, 
who  became  the  wife  of  Capt.  Jared  Inger- 
soll,  and  who  gave  me  this  narrative,  bid  the 
stupid  messengers  go  about  their  business.  Yet 
this  mother  Ann  is  now  by  multitudes  regarded 
as  a  divinely  commissioned  teacher  of  true  reli 
gion  and  the  way  to  heaven.  When  will  rational 
men  cease  to  yield  up  their  understandings  to 
gross  and  palpable  imposture,  like  that  of  Ann 
Lee  and  Emanuel  Swedenborg  ?  It  will  never  be, 
until  they  are  willing  to  receive  the  truth  of  God 
from  his  Word,  and  to  obey  his  commands. — 
Hist.  Berkshire,  119,  122,  378;  Amer.  Remcmb. 
1776.  p.  458 ;  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  II.  56,  117, 197  ;  s.  s. 
II.  240,  243 ;  III.  236. 

BIIOWN,  JOSEPH,  professor  of  experimental 
philosophy,  in  the  college  of  II.  I.,  died  Dec.  3, 
1785,  aged  52.  He  was  distinguished  for  skill  in 
mechanical  science ;  being  the  first  in  this  coun 
try  to  construct  and  apply  the  British  invention  of 
the  steam  engine. 

BROWN,  NICHOLAS,  an  eminent  merchant  of 
Rhode  Island,  died  at  Providence,  May  29,  1791, 
aged  61.  He  was  the  grandson  of  James  Brown, 
minister  of  the  Baptist  church,  in  Providence ; 
and  James  was  the  grandson  of  Chadd  Brown,  a 
minister  of  the  same  church,  after  Roger  Wil 
liams,  in  1642.  From  early  youth  his  attention 
had  been  directed  to  mercantile  pursuits,  and  by 
the  divine  blessing  upon  liis  diligence  and  upright 
ness  he  acquired  a  very  ample  fortune.  But 
although  he  was  rich,  he  did  not  make  an  idol  of 
his  wealth.  His  heart  was  liberal,  and  he  listened 
to  every  call  of  humanity  or  science.  The  inter 
ests  of  government,  of  learning,  of  religion  were 
dear  to  lu'm.  He  loved  his  country,  and  rejoiced 
in  her  freedom.  The  public  buildings  in  Provi 
dence,  sacred  to  religion  and  science,  are  monu 
ments  of  his  liberality.  He  was  an  early  and 
constant  patron  of  the  college.  In  lu's  religious 
principles  he  was  a  Baptist,  and  he  was  a  lover  of 
good  men  of  all  denominations.  He  was  not 
ashamed  of  the  gospel,  nor  of  the  poorest  of  the 
true  disciples  of  the  Redeemer.  His  general 
knowledge,  and  the  fruitfulness  of  his  invention, 


146 


BROWN. 


BROWN. 


furnished  him  with  an  inexhaustible  fund  of  enter 
taining  conversation.  —  Stillman's  Funeral  Ser 
mon  ;  Providence  Gaz. 

BROWN,  ANDREW,  editor  of  the  Philadelphia 
Gazette,  was  born  in  Ireland,  about  the  year  1744. 
He  came  to  America  in  1773,  as  a  soldier  in  the 
British  regiment ;  but  he  quitted  the  service,  and 
settled  in  Massachusetts.  He  engaged  in  the 
American  cause  at  the  commencement  of  the  war, 
and  displayed  great  courage^in  the  battles  of  Lex 
ington  and  Bunker's  Hill.  He  was  also  a  useful 
officer  in  the  northern  army  under  General  Gates. 
At  the  close  of  the  war  he  established  an  academy 
for  young  ladies  in  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  on  a 
very  liberal  and  extensive  plan.  He  afterwards 
removed  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  pursued  the 
same  object;  but  as  his  employment  did  not  well 
accord  with  a  very  irritable  temper,  he  relin 
quished  it.  He  now  established  the  Federal 
Gazette,  the  first  number  of  which  was  published 
Oct.  1,  1788.  The  present  government  of  the 
United  States  had  not  then  commenced,  and  his 
paper  was  the  channel  through  which  some  of 
the  most  intelligent  friends  of  the  constitution  ad 
dressed  the  public.  He  pursued  his  task  with  in 
defatigable  industry ;  but  difficulties  pressed  upon 
him,  and  he  seemed  to  have  little  prospect  of 
deriving  much  pecuniary  advantage  from  his 
paper,  before  the  city  was  visited  with  yellow  fe 
ver  in  1793.  As  he  remained  in  Philadelphia 
during  the  ravages  of  the  pestilence,  and  contin 
ued  his  Gazette,  when  the  other  daily  papers 
were  suspended,  he  derived  from  the  circumstance 
an  increase  of  patronage,  which  at  length  re 
warded  his  labors.  His  exertions  were  not  relaxed 
through  his  success ;  but  changing  the  name  of 
his  paper  to  that  of  the  Philadelphia  Gazette,  and 
resolving,  that  it  should  not  be  devoted  exclu 
sively  to  any  political  sect,  but  should  be  open  to 
discussions  from  every  side,  he  made  it  a  correct 
vehicle  of  important  intelligence.  The  profits  of 
his  establishment  were  noAv  great,  and  he  was  in 
the  midst  of  prosperity,  when  it  pleased  God  to 
overwhelm  him  with  ruin.  His  house  took  fire 
by  means  of  his  office,  which  was  one  part  of  it, 
Jan.  27,  1797,  and  in  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to 
rescue  his  family  from  the  flames,  he  was  so  much 
burned,  that  he  survived  but  a  few  days.  His 
wife  and  three  children  were  next  day  committed 
to  a  common  grave,  and  the  next  Saturday,  Feb. 
4,  1797,  his  spirit  followed  them  into  another 
world.  The  only  survivor  of  the  family  was  a  son, 
born  in  Ireland  of  a  former  wife,  who  became  one 
of  the  proprietors  of  the  Gazette,  after  the  death 
of  his  father. — Hardies  Biog.  Diet.;  Monthly 
Mag.,  1191,  p.  71,  72. 

BROWN,  JOHN,  died  Sept.  21,  1701,  aged  G6, 
the  minister  of  Cohasset  for  forty-four  years.  He 
was  the  son  of  Rev.  J.  B.,  of  Haverhill,  and  a 
graduate  of  1711.  AVhen,  settled,  he  called  to 


see  an  opposer,  who  said  he  liked  his  person,  l;ut 
disapproved  his  preaching.  "  I  agree  with  you," 
said  Mr.  B.,  "  my  preaching  I  do  not  like  very 
well  myself;  but  how  great  a  folly,  that  you  and 
I  should  set  up  our  opinion  against  that  of  the 
whole  parish ! "  This  stroke  of  humor  reconciled 
the  opponent.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the 
death  of  Dr.  Mayhew,  1706;  also  on  the  deceit- 
fulness  of  the  heart,  and  a  thanksgiving  discourse. 

BROWN,  MOSES,  a  brave  officer  in  the  navy  of 
the  United  States,  died  of  an  apoplectic  fit,  Jan. 
1,  1804,  aged  62  years.  During  the  last  48  years 
of  his  life  he  followed  the  profession  of  a  mariner. 
In  the  Revolutionary  war  his  reputation  gained 
him  the  command  of  several  of  the  largest  private 
armed  ships  from  New  England.  In  these  sta 
tions  he  was  zealous,  brave,  and  successful.  He 
was  engaged  in  several  severe  battles  with  the 
enemy.  When  the  small  American  navy  was 
establishing,  a  number  of  years  after  the  war,  the 
merchants  of  Ncwburyport  built  a  ship  by  sub 
scription  for  the  government,  and  obtained  the 
command  of  her  for  Capt.  Brown.  His  advanced 
age  had  not  impaired  his  skill,  nor  deprived  him 
of  his  zeal  and  activity.  While  he  commanded 
the  Merrimac,  he  was  as  enterprising  and  success 
ful  as  formerly.  When  the  reduction  of  the  navy 
took  place,  he  was  dismissed  from  office ;  but  his 
finances  did  not  allow  him  to  retire  from  business, 
and  he  followed  till  his  death  his  accustomed  avo 
cation.  —  N.  E.  Repertory,  Jan.  14,  1804. 

BROWN,  WILLIAM  HILL,  a  poet,  died  at  Mur- 
frcesborough,  North  Carolina,  where  he  was 
studying  law,  Sept.  2,  1793,  aged  27.  He  wrote 
a  tragedy,  founded  on  the  death  of  Andre,  and  a 
comedy.  His  Ira  and  Isabella  was  published  in 
1807. 

BROWN,  SAMUEL,  M.  B.,  a  physician  in  Bos 
ton,  was  the  son  of  an  innkeeper  of  the  same 
name,  and  was  born  at  Worcester  in  1768.  lie 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1793  ;  obtained 
the  degree  of  M.  B.  in  1797 ;  and  died  at  Bolton 
in  Jan.,  1805,  aged  36.  His  wife  was  a  daughter 
of  Dr.  Jeffries.  He  lost  a  brother  by  the  yellow 
fever  of  1798.  Dr.  Brown  was  very  much  re 
spected,  and  promised  to  be  distinguished  in  his 
profession.  He  published  a  dissertation  on  bilious 
malignant  fever,  1797,  and  a  valuable  dissertation 
on  yellow  fever,  which  received  the  premium  of 
the  humane  society,  8vo.,  1800;  on  mercury,  in 
Medical  Repository,  vol.  vi. 

BROWN,  CHARLES  BROCKDEX,  a  distinguished 
writer,  died  Feb.  22,  1810,  aged  39.  He  was 
born  in  Philadelphia  Jan.  17,  1771.  After  a 
classical  education  under  Robert  Proud,  author  of 
the  history  of  Pennsylvania,  he  was  at  the  age  of 
eighteen  apprenticed  to  a  lawyer,  Alexander 
Wilcox ;  but  his  time  Avas  chiefly  employed,  not 
in  the  study  of  the  law,  but  in  various  literary 
pursuits.  Timidity  and  an  invincible  dislike  to 


BROWN. 

the  legal  profession  prevented  him  from  becoming 
a  member  of  the  bar.  He  published  in  1798  his 
first  novel,  Wicland,  which  gained  for  him  reputa 
tion  ;  and  in  1799  Ormond,  or  the  secret  witness, 
which  was  less  successful.  Next  followed  Arthur 
Mervyn,  in  which  the  ravages  of  the  yellow  fever, 
witnessed  by  the  author  in  Philadelphia  and  New 
York,  are  faithfully  described.  He  wrote  also 
Edgar  Huntley ;  and  in  1801  Clara  Howard,  in  an 
epistolary  form,  and  then  Jane  Talbot  in  1804, — 
the  two  last  being  much  inferior  to  his  preceding 
productions.  He  conducted  two  periodical  works ; 
in  1799  and  1800  the  Monthly  Magazine  and 
American  Review,  and  in  1805  the  Literary 
Magazine  and  American  Register.  He  also  wrote 
three  political  pamphlets.  In  1806  he  commenced 
the  semi-annual  American  Register,  five  volumes 
of  which  he  lived  to  publish. 

Of  a  delicate  constitution,  his  lungs  in  1809 
gave  clear  indications  that  he  was  in  a  consumption. 
lie  travelled  in  New  Jersey  and  New  York,  but 
without  benefit.  His  wife,  whom  he  married  in 
1804,  was  the  sister  of  John  B.  Linn.  His  son, 
Eugene  L.,  a  youth  of  great  promise,  died  of  the 
consumption  in  1824. 

His  novels,  which  were  admired  while  he  lived, 
fell  into  oblivion  after  his  death ;  but  after  a  few 
years  they  began  to  be  read  in  England,  and  they 
were  republished  in  Boston.  They  present,  in 
rich  language,  varied  incidents  and  powerful 
emotions,  and  the  author  has  a  wonderful  invention; 
but  his  scenes  are  terrific,  and  the  horrors  of 
crime  are  oppressive  to  the  heart.  As  his  novels 
were  produced  with  great  rapidity,  they  are  all 
deficient  in  unity,  and  apparently  unfinished. 
There  is  no  moral  in  them ;  no  useful  end  was 
proposed.  Mr.  Brown  wrote  for  amusement,  and 
for  the  indulgence  of  his  diseased  imagination; 
and  his  writings,  like  much  of  modern  literature, 
are  not  tinged  with  the  spirit  of  that  holy  religion, 
which  will  at  a  future  day  pervade  the  productions 
of  all  the  learned  of  the  earth.  He  was  an 
admirer  of  Godwin;  and  by  Godwin,  who  ac 
knowledged  that  he  was  indebted  to  him,  he  was 
regarded  as  a  writer  of  distinguished  genius. 
His  style  is  free  from  affectation,  simple  and 
nervous.  "  For  a  large  part  of  his  short  life  he 
appears  as  a  sad  enthusiast,  a  sceptical  inquirer,  a 
dissatisfied  observer,  a  whimsical  projector  of 
better  things  for  society  than  he  could  ever  bring 
to  pass,  or  in  a  calm  moment  wish  to  realize ; 
turning  his  mind  to  various  pursuits  with  rash 
eagerness ;  planning  epics,  studying  architecture, 
forming  literary  associations,  discussing  legal 
questions  with  his  fellow  students,  and  abandoning 
the  profession  of  his  choice  before  he  had  felt 
either  its  vexations  or  excitements,  or  even  framed 
a  tolerable  excuse  for  his  conscience,  or  an  answer 
to  the  persuasions  of  his  friends.  Such  was  his 
hurried,  mingled,  undirected  life."  The  latter 


BROWN. 


part  of  his  literary  career  was  more  beneficial  to 
himself  and  useful  to  the  world.  With  a  fixed 
and  important  object  before  him,  and  a  course  of 
study,  directed  in  its  subjects  and  manner  of 
prosecution  by  a  sober  judgment,  his  days  might 
have  been  prolonged,  and  have  been  passed  in 
comparative  happiness. 

In  1815  William  Dunlap  published  a  short 
account  of  his  life,  with  selections  from  his  letters, 
manuscripts,  and  printed  works.  Besides  the 
magazines  already  mentioned,  and  the  novels, 
which  were  reprinted  at  Boston,  6  vols.,  1827, 
Mr.  Brown  translated  Volney's  travels  in  the  U. 
S.,  1804;  and  wrote  a  memoir  of  J.  B.  Linn, 
prefixed  to  Valerian,  1805;  address  to  the  gov 
ernment  of  the  U.  S.  on  the  cession  of  Louisiana 
to  the  French,  etc.,  1803;  the  British  treaty, 
1808;  address  to  congress  on  the  restrictions  of 
foreign  commerce,  etc.,  1809. — North  American 
Review,  June,  1819;  Encyclopedia  Americana. 

BROWN,  SAMUEL  II.,  author  of  several  books, 
in  the  war  of  1812  was  a  volunteer  in  the  corps 
of  mounted  riflemen,  commanded  by  Col.  It.  M. 
Johnson.  He  afterwards  edited  a  newspaper  at 
Cayuga,  N.  Y.,  called  the  Patriot,  which  on  account 
of  pecuniary  embarrassment  he  relinquished  in 
1815.  He  died  at  Cherry  Valley,  Sept.  15,  1817, 
aged  42.  He  published  view  of  the  campaigns  of 
the  northwestern  army,  1814;  history  of  the  war 
of  1812,  in  two  vols.;  western  gazetteer,  or 
emigrant's  directory,  1817. 

BROWN,  CHARLES.  M.  D.,  died  at  Harper's 
Ferry  Sept.,  1824,  leaving  a  large  estate  to  the 
Philadelphia  medical  hospital. 

BROWN,  RICHARD,  colonel,  a  Cherokee  Indian, 
died  in  Tennessee  Jan.  26,  1818,  aged  45,  when 
Gen.  Jackson  was  proceeding  against  the  Seminole 
Indians.  lie  was  one  of  the  Cherokee  delegation, 
appointed  to  proceed  to  Washington  in  order  to 
carry  into  effect  the  objects  of  a  treaty,  which  the 
nation  had  made  with  the  United  States.  The 
American  government  had  not  in  1818  renounced 
and  cast  away  the  obligations  of  sacred  treaties 
with  the  Cherokces,  pledging  the  faith  of  the 
country  for  their  protection  within  defined  bounda 
ries.  Col.  Brown  was  regarded  by  his  countrymen 
as  a  leader  in  war  and  a  wise  counsellor  in  peace. 
In  every  battle  during  the  Creek  war  he  was  at 
the  head  of  the  Cherokees  under  Gen.  Jackson, 
whose  personal  friendship  he  enjoyed.  He  was 
severely  wounded  in  the  action  at  the  Horse 
Shoe.  His  blood  and  that  of  his  countrymen  was 
shed  for  ungrateful  and  faithless  whites,  determined 
for  the  sake  of  their  lands  to  drive  them  from 
their  beautiful  hills  and  valleys  into  the  wide 
plains  of  the  wilderness  beyond  the  Mississippi. 
Possibly  a  returning  sense  of  right  will  yet  spare 
the  remains  of  the  red  men,  the  original  occupants 
of  our  country,  and  allow  them  to  lie  down  in  the 
dust  by  the  graves  of  their  fathers.  An  old 


148 


BROWN. 


BROWN. 


English  charter  will  be  found  a  poor  justification 
of  injustice  and  inhumanity  towards  a  weak  and 
defenceless  people.  —  Boston  Patriot,  Feb.  18, 
1818. 

BROWN,  CLARK,  died  in  William  and  Mary 
parish,  Maryland,  where  he  was  an  Episcopal 
minister,  Jan.  12,  1817.  He  had  been  a  Congre 
gational  minister  in  Machias  in  1795,  and  at 
Brimfield  in  1798.  He  published  a  sermon  on 
Noah's  prophecy  as  to  Japheth,  1805;  a  Masonic 
sermon,  1814;  a  volume  of  select  sermons  was 
published  after  his  death. 

BROWN,  FRANCIS,  D.  D.,  president  of  Dart 
mouth  college,  died  July  27,  1820,  aged  36.  He 
was  born  at  Chester,  N.  II.,  Jan.  11,  1784,  and 
graduated  in  1805  at  Dartmouth,  where  he  was  a 
tutor  from  1806  to  1809.  In  January,  1810,  he 
was  ordained  the  minister  of  North  Yarmouth, 
Maine,  as  the  successor  of  Tristram  Oilman, 
whose  daughter  he  married.  Of  Bowdoin  college 
he  was  an  overseer  and  trustee.  In  1815  he  was 
appointed  president  of  Dartmouth  college.  He 
died  of  the  consumption.  His  predecessor  was 
Dr.  Wheelock;  his  successor  Dr.  Dana.  "His 
talents  and  learning,  amiablencss  and  piety 
eminently  qualified  him  for  the  several  stations 
which  he  filled,  and  rendered  him  highly  useful 
and  popular."  He  published  several  sermons, 
among  which  are  the  following :  at  the  ordination 
of  Allen  Greely,  1810 ;  at  a  fast  on  account  of  the 
war,  1812;  on  the  evils  of  war,  1814;  before  the 
Maine  missionary  society,  1814. — Lord's  Lempr. 

BROWN,  BENJAMIN,  captain,  a  pioneer  of  the 
West,  died  in  Athens,  O.,  in  Oct.,  1821,  aged  76. 
He  was  a  professor  of  religion,  much  respected. 
He  was  born  in  Leicester,  Mass.,  the  son  of  Cap 
tain  John,  and  grandson  of  William,  a  first  settler 
of  Hatfield.  He  was  a  soldier  in  the  war,  after 
living  in  various  places.  He  died  at  his  son's, 
Gen.  John  Brown's.  His  descendants  are  numer 
ous.  —  ITildreih. 

BROWN,  CATHARINE,  a  Cherokee,  died  July 
18,  1823,  aged  23.  She  was  born  about  the  year 
1800,  at  a  place  now  called  Wills-valley,  in  a  beau 
tiful  plain  of  tall  forest  trees,  within  the  chartered 
limits  of  Alabama,  a  few  miles  west  of  the  Geor 
gia  line  and  twenty-five  miles  southeast  of  the 
Tennessee  river.  On  each  side  of  the  valley  rose 
the  Raccoon  and  Lookout  mountains.  Her  pa 
rents  were  half-breeds ;  their  mothers  only  being 
full-blooded  Cherokees.  Her  father's  name  was 
Yaunugungyahski,  which  means,  "  the  drowned 
by  a  bear ;"  he  had  also  the  name  of  John  Brown, 
from  his  father.  Her  mother's  name  was  Tsaluh ; 
she  was  called  by  the  whites,  Sarah  ;  and  before 
she  married  Brown,  she  was  the  wife  of  Webber, 
by  whom  she  had  a  son,  a  man  of  property,  now 
called  Col.  Webber.  Catharine's  parents  were 
ignorant  of  the  English  language,  and  the  amount 
of  their  religion  was,  that  there  was  a  Creator  of 


the  world,  and  also  a  future  state  of  rewards  and 
punishments. 

In  1801  the  Moravians  commenced  a  mission  at 
Spring-place  in  the  Cherokee  country,  about  forty 
or  fifty  miles  east  of  Wills-valley  ;  soon  afterwards 
Rev.  Gideon  Blackburn  made  efforts  for  several 
years  to  establish  a  school  among  the  Cherokees. 
In  1816  Rev.  Cyrus  Kingsbury,  employed  by  the 
American  board  for  foreign  missions,  appeared  at 
a  Cherokee  council  and  obtained  permission  to 
establish  schools.  He  selected,  as  the  place  for 
the  first  school,  Chickamaugah,  now  called  Brain- 
erd,  twenty  or  thirty  miles  north  of  Spring- 
place,  within  the  limits  of  Tennessee.  Catharine 
heard  of  this  school,  and  though  living  at  a  dis 
tance  of  one  hundred  miles,  she  became  a  member 
of  it  in  July,  1817,  being  then  seventeen  years  of 
age.  She  had  learned  to  speak  English  by  re 
siding  at  the  house  of  a  Cherokee  friend,  and 
could  read  in  words  of  one  syllable.  Although 
an  Indian  girl  of  comely  features  and  blooming, 
and  although  she  had  been  placed  amidst  many 
temptations,  yet  her  moral  deportment  had  been 
always  correct.  She  was  modest  and  gentle,  but 
withal  somewhat  fond  of  displaying  the  ornaments 
of  her  dress.  In  three  months  she  learned  to 
read  and  write.  In  Dec.,  1817,  she  cherished  the 
hope  that  she  had  experienced  the  power  of  the 
gospel  in  her  heart.  She  was  baptized  Jan.  25, 
1818,  and  admitted  as  a  member  of  the  church 
March  29th.  In  June,  1820,  she  undertook  to 
teach  a  school  at  Creek-path,  near  her  father's. 
For  sweetness  of  temper,  meekness,  and  gentle 
ness  she  was  unsurpassed.  To  her  parents  she 
Avas  very  dutiful  and  affectionate.  A  weekly 
prayer  meeting  was  instituted  by  her,  and  she 
was  zealous  to  instruct  her  ignorant  neighbors  in 
the  great  truths  of  the  Gospel.  She  formed  the 
purpose  of  perfecting  her  education,  that  her  use 
fulness  might  be  increased.  But  in  the  spring  of 
1823  her  health  declined,  she  had  a  settled  con 
sumption,  and  it  became  evident  that  her  death 
was  near.  She  said  :  "  I  feel  perfectly  resigned 
to  the  will  of  God.  I  know  he  will  do  right  with 
his  children.  I  thank  God  that  I  am  entirely  in 
his  hands.  I  feel  willing  to  live,  or  die,  as  he 
thinks  best.  My  only  wish  is,  that  He  may  be 
glorified."  Having  been  conveyed  about  fifty 
miles,  to  the  house  of  her  friend,  Dr.  Campbell, 
she  there  died.  She  was  buried  at  Creek-path, 
by  the  side  of  her  brother,  John,  who  had  died 
the  preceding  year  in  the  triumphs  of  the  same 
faith.  Dr.  Campbell  remarks  :  "  The  Saviour 
seemed  to  be  continually  the  anchor  of  her  hope, 
the  source  of  her  constant  and  greatest  happi 
ness,  and  the  object  of  her  most  ardent  love."  A 
pure  flame  of  benevolence  burned  within  her. 
"  My  heart,"  she  says,  "  bleeds  for  my  poor  peo 
ple  ;  I  am  determined  to  pray  for  them  while  God 
lends  me  breath."  If  it  be  asked : 


BROWN. 


BROWN. 


149 


"  F:iir  spirit,  mirsed  in  forest  wild, 
Where  caught  thy  breast  those  sacred  flames? " 

Tho  answer  must  be  :  from  the  beams  of  that  Sun 
of  Righteousness,  which  is  the  light  of  the  world  ; 
from  that  glorious  Gospel,  which  it  is  the  duty  of 
Christians  to  communicate  to  all  the  heathen 
tribes  of  the  earth.  Her  conversion  was  the 
means  of  the  establishment  of  a  mission  at  Creek- 
path,  and  of  the  conversion  to  the  faith  and  hopes 
of  Christianity  of  her  father  and  of  most  of  her 
family.  Let  any  scoffer  at  missions  contemplate 
this  lovely  child  of  the  wilderness,  won  from  the 
gloom  of  paganism  to  the  joyous,  lofty  hopes  of 
Christianity,  and  triumphing  over  the  king  of  ter 
rors,  and  then  say,  if  he  can,  that  the  missionary 
enterprise  is  idle,  and  useless,  and  a  waste  of 
money.  An  interesting  memoir  of  Catharine 
Brown  was  compiled  by  Ilufus  Anderson,  assist 
ant  secretary  of  the  American  board  for  foreign 
missions,  and  published  in  1825.  —  Anderson's 
Memoir. 

BROWX,  DAVID,  a  Cherokee,  a  brother  of  the 
preceding,  died  at  Creek-path,  Sept.  14,  1829. 
He  followed  his  sister  to  the  school  at  Brainerd. 
In  Nov.,  1819,  he  assisted  John  Arch  in  preparing 
a  Cherokee  spelling-book,  which  was  printed.  At 
the  school  he  became  convinced  of  his  sinfulness, 
and  embraced  the  salvation  offered  in  the  Gospel. 
In  1820,  on  going  home  to  visit  his  sick  father, 
he  immediately  took  his  Bible  and  began  to  read 
and  interpret  it  to  his  parents,  exhorting  them 
and  others  to  repent  of  their  many  sins  and  to 
become  the  followers  of  Jesus  Christ.  With  his 
father's  consent  he  maintained  the  worship  of  God 
in  the  family.  This  visit  induced  Mr.  Brown  and 
other  chiefs  co  solicit  the  establishment  of  a  mis 
sion  at  Creek-path  town  ;  the  school  was  opened 
by  Rev.  Mr.  Butrick,  in  March,  1820.  May  1 1th, 
David  Brown,  soon  after  he  was  admitted  to  the 
church,  set  out  for  New  England,  to  attend  the 
foreign  mission  school  at  Cornwall,  Conn.,  that 
he  might  be  prepared  to  preach  the  gospel.  His 
visits  to  Boston  and  other  towns  had  a  favorable 
effect  in  exciting  a  missionary  zeal.  After  passing 
two  years  at  the  school,  with  Elias  Boudinot  and 
six  other  Cherokees,  he  remained  a  year  at  Ando- 
ver,  enjoying  many  advantages  for  improvement. 
In  the  mean  time  his  brother,  John,  had  become  a 
convert  and  made  a  profession  and  died  in  peace  ; 
his  parents  also  and  other  members  of  his  family 
had  become  pious.  He  returned  to  them  in  1824, 
having  first  delivered  in  many  of  the  principal 
cities  and  towns  an  address  on  the  wrongs,  claims, 
and  prospects  of  the  American  Indians.  His 
father  had  removed  to  the  Arkansas,  west  of  the 
Mississippi ;  and  there,  on  his  arrival  at  Dwight, 
July  12,  he  immediately  engaged  in  efforts  to  en 
lighten  and  convert  his  countrymen.  "  On  the 
Sabbath,"  said  he,  "  I  interpret  English  sermons, 
and  sometimes  preach  myself  in  the  sweet  lan 


guage  of  Tsallakce,"  (the  Cherokee.)  He  attended 
Indian  councils  and  was  appointed  the  secretary 
of  the  Indian  government.  But  he  soon  revisited 
his  people  on  the  east  of  the  Mississippi.  His 
father  died  in  Arkansas  in  the  autumn  of  1826, 
aged  65,  having  been  a  worthy  member  of  the 
church  about  five  years,  and  having  the  satisfac 
tion  of  seeing  two  sons  and  four  daughters  also 
members  of  the  church.  In  the  spring  of  1829, 
David  Brown  was  taken  ill  and  bled  at  the  lungs. 
lie  wrote,  June  1st :  "  On  the  bed  of  sickness  I 
have  enjoyed  sweet  communion  with  my  Saviour." 
He  died  at  the  house  of  Rev.  Mr.  Potter,  giv 
ing  evidence  that  he  died  in  the  faith  of  the 
gospel. 

In  Sept.,  1825,  he  wrote  a  letter,  giving  some 
account  of  the  Cherokees,  from  which  it  appears 
that  there  were  then  about  14,000  on  the  east  of 
the  Mississippi,  among  whom  were  1,277  African 
slaves.  The  northern  part  of  the  Cherokee  coun 
try  was  mountainous ;  at  the  south  were  extensive, 
fertile  plains,  watered  with  beautiful  streams. 
"  These  plains,"  said  he,  "  furnish  immense  pas 
turage,  and  numberless  herds  of  cattle  are  dis 
persed  over  them.  Horses  are  plenty.  Numerous 
flocks  of  sheep,  goats,  and  swine  cover  the  valleys 
and  hills.  On  Tennessee,  Ustanala,  and  Ganasagi 
rivers  Cherokee  commerce  floats.  The  climate  is 
delicious  and  healthy ;  the  summers  are  mild. 
The  spring  clothes  the  ground  with  its  richest 
scenery.  Cherokee  flowers  of  exquisite  beauty 
and  variegated  hues  meet  and  fascinate  the  eye  in 
every  direction.  In  the  plains  and  valleys  the 
soil  is  generally  rich,  producing  Indian  corn,  cot 
ton,  tobacco,  wheat,  oats,  indigo,  sweet  and  Irish 
potatoes.  Apple  and  peach  orchards  are  quite 
common.  Butter  and  cheese  are  seen  on  Chero 
kee  tables.  Cotton  and  woollen  cloths  are  manu 
factured  here.  Schools  are  increasing  every  year; 
learning  is  encouraged  and  rewarded.  Our  native 
language,  in  its  philosophy,  genius,  and  symphony, 
is  inferior  to  few,  if  any,  in  the  world.  Our  sys 
tem  of  government,  founded  on  republican  prin 
ciples,  by  which  justice  is  equally  distributed, 
secures  the  respect  of  the  people.  The  legisla 
tive  power  is  vested  in  what  is  denominated  Tsal- 
agi  Tinilawigi,  consisting  of  a  national  committee 
and  council.  Members  of  both  branches  are  chosen 
by  and  from  the  people  for  a  limited  period.  The 
Christian  religion  is  the  religion  of  the  nation." 
The  meaning  of  the  last  assertion  is,  that  Chris 
tianity  was  approved,  and  the  propagation  of  it 
encouraged  by  the  national  council,  although 
thousands  yet  remained  in  the  darkness  of  pagan 
ism.  Such  and  still  greater  was  the  progress  of 
the  Cherokees  toward  civilization,  under  the  sanc 
tion  of  sacred  treaties  with  the  United  States, 
when  the  Georgians,  greedy  for  the  Cherokee 
lands  and  the  Cherokee  gold  mines,  determined 
to  annoy  them  and  compel  them  to  sell  their  little 


150 


BROWN. 


BROWN. 


remaining  nook  of  territory,  and,  abandoning  the 
graves  of  their  fathers,  to  seek  a  new  abode,  of 
fered  them  by  the  United  States  government  in 
the  wilderness,  west  of  the  Mississippi.  We,  as  a 
nation,  are  chargeable  with  enormous  injustice 
towards  our  Indian  brethren.  One  thing  is  cer 
tain,  that  public  oppression  always  cries  to  Hea 
ven  for  vengeance  upon  the  guilty  nation.  Nor 
does  the  bolt  ever  fail  to  strike  the  guilty.  — 
Anderson's  Memoir  of  C.  Brown;  Missionary 
Herald. 

BHOWN,  JACOB,  major-general,  died  in  Wash 
ington,  Feb.  24,  1828,  aged  52.  He  was  born  in 
1775,  in  Bucks  county,  Pennsylvania,  where  he 
resided  until  twenty  years  of  age.  Afterwards 
he  lived  two  years  in  Ohio,  engaged  in  surveying 
public  lands.  Settling  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
he  superintended  a  large  school  and  commenced 
the  study  of  the  law;  but  he  soon  relin 
quished  these  pursuits,  and  emigrated  to  unculti 
vated  lands,  which  he  had  purchased  on  the 
borders  of  Lake  Ontario.  He  built  in  the  Avilder- 
ness  the  first  house  at  Brownville,  which  is  now, 
in  consequence  of  his  adventurous  spirit,  a  flour 
ishing,  beautiful  village.  In  1812  he  was  called 
into  service  as  a  militia  general.  His  arrange 
ments  were  judicious,  and  he  repulsed  an  attempt 
of  the  enemy  against  Ogdensburg.  In  the  spring 
of  1813  he  was  invited  by  Col.  Backus,  then  in 
command  at  Sackett's  harbor,  when  it  was  in 
vested  and  menaced  by  the  enemy,  to  assume  the 
defence.  Gen.  Brown  was  successful,  and  soon 
afterwards  received  an  appointment  of  brigadier- 
general  in  the  regular  army ;  early  in  1814  he 
was  appointed,  with  the  rank  of  major-general,  to 
the  command  of  the  army  of  Niagara.  The  four 
principal  incidents  in  the  Niagara  campaign  were 
the  battles  of  Chippewa  and  Niagara,  and  the 
defence  and  sortie  of  fort  Eric.  In  the  two  first 
and  the  last  he  commanded  in  person.  The  army 
crossed  into  Canada  the  morning  of  July  3d,  the 
two  brigades  of  regulars  being  commanded  by 
Generals  Scott  and  Ripley,  and  the  volunteers  by 
Gen.  Porter.  Fort  Erie  was  surprised  and  taken. 
The  battle  of  Chippewa  was  fought  July  5th,  by 
Scott's  brigade,  and  the  enemy  were  driven  to 
their  intrenchments ;  the  American  loss  being 
338 ;  the  British  500.  On  the  10th,  Gen.  Brown 
marched  to  Quccnstown.  Here,  at  a  conference 
of  officers,  it  was  debated,  whether  the  army 
should  proceed  to  invest  fort  George  or  to  attack 
Gen.  Riall  at  Twelve-mile  creek,  ten  or  twelve 
miles  from  Quecnstown.  Gen.  Scott  was  in  favor 
of  investing  the  fort.  Gen.  Ripley  proposed  to 
march  in  the  night  with  his  brigade  and  the  artil 
lery  of  Towson,  and  attack  Riall  in  the  morning, 
so  as  to  break  him  up  before  he  should  be  rein 
forced,  lie  deemed  it  idle  to  invest  the  fort  with 
inadequate  artillery.  Gen.  Porter  and  Cols.  Mc- 


Ree  and  Wood  concurred  with  him  in  opinion. 
But  the  contrary  opinion  of  Gens.  Brown  and 
Scott  and  Col.  Gardner  prevailed.  From  the 
16th  to  the  23d  of  July  the  army  lay  before  fort 
George,  and  retrograded  to  Chippewa  on  the 
24th.  The  battle  of  Bridgewater  or  Niagara  was 
fought  with  the  reinforced  enemy  July  25th.  It 
was  commenced  by  Scott's  brigade.  Gen.  Ripley 
advanced  to  his  support,  and  arriving  on  the 
ground  instantly  ordered  Col.  Miller  with  the 
21st  regiment  to  carry  the  enemy's  artillery  by  an 
attack  in  front,  while  he  should  lead  the  other 
regiment  upon  the  flank  of  the  enemy.  The  bat 
tery  was  taken,  and  was  held  by  Ripley  against 
repeated  attempts  to  recover  it.  In  the  mean  time 
Generals  Brown  and  Scott  were  wounded;  and 
late  at  night,  after  a  murderous  contest  with  a 
much  superior  force,  Gen.  Brown  ordered  a  re 
treat,  and  gave  up  the  command  to  Ripley, 
who  returned  to  fort  Erie  and  fortified  it. 
The  British  loss  was  upwards  of  1,000 ;  the 
American  from  600  to  700.  He  recovered  suf 
ficiently  to  be  in  command  at  the  sortie  from  fort 
Erie  Sept.  17th,  when  Gen.  Ripley  was  danger 
ously  wounded.  Fort  Erie  was  evacuated  Nov. 
5th,  and  our  army  returned  to  the  American  side 
of  the  river,  whence  it  had  proceeded  three 
months  before,  having  gained  nothing  but  the 
honor  of  unavailing  victories. 

In  his  official  account  of  the  battle  of  Niagara, 
Gen.  Brown  forgot  to  give  any  praise  to  Gen. 
Ripley,  and  also  censured  him  for  not  attacking 
the  enemy  the  next  day,  to  have  done  which  with 
a  greatly  inferior  force  after  the  retreat,  ordered 
by  Gen.  Brown  the  preceding  night,  would  have 
hazarded  the  safety  of  the  army.  Gen.  Ripley  in 
consequence  demanded  a  court  of  inquiry,  which 
was  sitting  at  Troy  March  15,  1815,  when  it  was 
dissolved  by  an  order  from  the  department  of 
war,  which  stated  as  reasons  :  "  The  congress  of 
the  United  States  having  approved  his  conduct  by 
a  highly  complimentary  resolve,  and  the  President 
being  pleased  to  express  his  favorable  opinion  of 
the  military  character  of  Gen.  Ripley."  A  gold 
medal  was  voted  by  Congress  to  Gen.  Brown,  and 
also  to  Generals  Ripley,  Miller,  Porter,  Scott, 
Gaincs,  Macomb,  Jackson,  Harrison,  and  Shelby. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  he  and  Gen.  Jackson 
were  retained  in  the  service  as  the  major-generals 
of  the  army ;  and  in  1821  he  was  left  in  the  sole 
command.  From  that  time  he  resided  in  the  city 
of  Washington,  where  he  died,  leaving  a  large 
family. — Urackenridge's  Hist.  War;  Holmes,  II. 
464;  ">.  Y.  Statesman,  Feb.  28, 1828;  Bait.  Pat 
riot,  June  17,  1815;  Facts  relative  to  the  Cam 
paign  of  the  Niagara. 

BROWN,  DAVID  L.,  a  teacher  in  painting  and 
drawing,  died  in  Boston  Dec.  18,  1836,  aged  85, 
formerly  of  London. 


BROWN. 

BROWN,  SYTHAX,  a  slave,  died  March  5, 1846, 
aged  1 15  years  and  4  months.  lie  was  long  the 
personal  servant  of  John  Randolph,  of  Mattoax, 
the  father  of  J.  R.  of  Roanoke. 

BROWN,  OLIVER,  died  at  Iladdam  Feb.  8, 
1853,  aged  74,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1804. 
He  was  chaplain  to  the  State  prison  of  Massachu 
setts  ;  then  missionary  to  Rhode  Island,  sent  by 
the  society  for  the  diffusion  of  knowledge.  He 
organized  a  church  in  South  Kingston,  and  was 
the  minister  of  it  fifteen  years,  and  was  at  last  the 
minister  of  Grassy-hill,  in  Lymc. 

BROWN,  JOHN,  1).  1).,'  minister  of  Hadley, 
died  March  22,  1840,  aged  53.  Bom  in  Brook 
lyn,  Conn.,  he  graduated  in  1809  at  Dartmouth, 
and  was  seventeen  years  a  minister  in  Cazenovia, 
N.  Y.,  and  two  years  in  Pine  street,  Boston,  and 
eight  years  in  Hadley.  —  Boston  Recorder,  July 
10  ;  Observer,  July  18,  1840.. 

BROAVN,  BARTHOLOMEW,  died  in  Boston  April 
14,  1854,  aged  81.  He  was  born  in  Sterling  Sept. 
8,  1772,  and  graduated  in  1799.  He  was  a  law 
yer  in  Sterling  and  East  Bridgewater,  and  had 
lived  in  Boston  ten  years.  Having  great  skill  in 
music,  he  edited,  about  twenty  years,  with  Judge 
Mitchell,  the  Bridgewater  collection  of  church 
music,  which  was  highly  esteemed,  in  which  were 
many  pieces  of  his  composition.  For  fifty-nine 
years  he  wrote  the  calendars  in  Thomas'  Farmer's 
almanac. 

BROWN,  MOSES,  died  at  Providence  Sept,  6, 
1836,  aged  nearly  98.  He  was  born  Sept.  23, 
1738,  and  was  the  youngest  of  four  brothers: 
Nicholas,  Joseph,  and  John  were  also  enterprising, 
remarkable  men.  They  founded  Brown  univer 
sity.  His  early  years  were  spent  in  the  family  of 
his  uncle  Obadiah,  a  wealthy  merchant,  whose 
daughter  he  married  in  1764.  In  1763  he  en 
gaged  in  commercial  pursuits  with  his  brothers, 
but  retired  from  business  in  ten  years.  Losing 
his  three  children,  he  was  taught  to  seek  his  hap 
piness  more  entirely  in  God.  He  was  a  Baptist 
till  1773,  when  he  became  a  Friend.  In  that  year 
he  liberated  his  slaves,  and  was  one  of  the  found 
ers  of  the  abolition  society  of  Rhode  Island ;  he 
was  also  a  supporter  of  the  Bible  and  peace  socie 
ties.  His  will,  made  at  the  age  of  96,  evinced  his 
desire  to  promote  the  cause  of  education,  philan 
thropy,  and  religion. 

BROWN,  NICHOLAS,  was  born  in  Providence, 
April  4,  1769,  was  educated  at  the  college,  and 
died  Sept.  27,  1841,  aged  72.  His  ancestor, 
Chad.  B.,  was  the  assistant  of  R.  Williams  in 
founding  the  colony  of  Rhode  Island.  His  father, 
Nicholas,  and  his  father's  three  brothers  were  the 
benefactors  of  the  college,  as  was  also  N.  B.,  and 
also  his  only  son,  John  Carter  Brown.  Hence 
may  be  seen  the  propriety  of  the  name  of  Brown 
University.  He  founded  a  professorship  of  ora 
tory  and  erected  Hope  college,  so  called  from  his 


BROWNE. 


151 


sister  Hope,  and  is  to  be  honored  for  other  acts 
of  munificence.  His  life,  by  C.  King,  is  in  the 
Lives  of  American  merchants. 

BROWN,  James,  died  in  Philadelphia  April  7, 
1835,  aged  73.  Born  in  Virginia,  he  settled  as  a 
lawyer  in  Tennessee,  then  in  Natchez  and  New 
Orleans.  He  was  U.  S.  attorney,  a  member  of 
the  senate  in  1812,  minister  to  France  in  1823. 
He  had  lived  a  few  years  in  Philadelphia. 

BROWN,  MATTHEW,  D.D.,  died  July  29, 1853, 
at  the  house  of  his  son-in-law,  Dr.  Riddle,  of 
Pittsburgh,  aged  77.  He  was  long  president  of 
Jefferson  college,  Pennsylvania,  extensively  known 
and  esteemed. 

BROWN,  OBADIAH  B.,  died  in  Washington 
May  2,  1852,  aged  72,  pastor  of  the  first  Baptist 
church  from  1807  till  1850. 

BROWN,  JAMES,  died  in  Watcrtown,  Mass., 
March  10,  1855,  aged  55 ;  a  distinguished  book 
seller  of  the  house  of  Little,  Brown  8:  Co.  in 
Boston.  He  was  skilled  in  bibliography,  and  was 
a  student  in  various  sciences.  He  was  at  the  head 
of  American  publishers.  A  part  of  his  library 
he  bequeathed  to  the  Boston  natural  history  so 
ciety.  Of  large  property,  he  was  a  man  of 
becoming  hospitality. 

BROWN,  T.  S.,  major,  died  in  Naples,  Italy, 
June  30,  1855.  A  nephew  of  Gen.  J.  Brown,  he 
graduated  at  West  Point.  The  New  York  and 
Erie  Railroad  was  constructed  mainly  under  his 
direction  as  engineer-in-chief.  In  Dec.,  1849,  he 
went  to  Russia  as  consulting  engineer  of  the  St. 
Petersburg  and  Moscow  railroad. 

BROWNE,  AHTHUR,  an  Episcopal  clergyman 
at  Portsmouth,  died  at  Cambridge  June  10,  1773, 
aged  73.  He  was  a  native  of  Drogheda  in  Ire 
land,  and  was  the  son  of  Rev.  John  Browne, 
lie  was  educated  at  Trinity  college  in  Dublin,  and 
received  the  degree  of  master  of  arts  in  1729. 
Being  ordained  by  the  Bishop  of  London  for  a 
society  in  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  he  went  to 
that  place,  and  remained  there  till  the  year  1736, 
when  he  removed  to  Portsmouth.  He  was  the 
first  incumbent  of  the  church,  consecrated  in 
1734.  He  received  a  salary  of  75  pounds  as  a 
missionary  from  the  society  for  propagating  the 
gospel  in  foreign  parts,  and  continued  in  this 
station  till  his  death.  His  wife,  Mary,  was  the 
daughter  of  Thomas  Cox,  D.  D.,  of  Drogheda. 
Of  his  children,  Marmaduke,  a  clergyman,  died 
at  Newport  about  1771;  Jane  married  Samuel 
Livermore ;  Ann  married  Mr.  Saint  Loc,  a  Brit 
ish  officer.  His  church  ascribed  to  him  "  good 
conduct,  a  most  noble  and  benevolent  disposition, 
excellent  preaching,  sound  doctrines,  and  good 
oratory."  He  published  a  sermon  on  the  excel 
lency  of  the  Christian  religion,  1738;  at  the 
execution  of  Penelope  Kenny,  1739;  on  the  re 
bellion  in  Scotland,  1746 ;  to  the  free  masons, 
1748;  on  the  fast;  on  the  doctrine  of  election, 


152 


BROWNE. 


BRUEN. 


1757 ;  remarks  on  Mayhew's  reflections  on  the 
church  of  England,  1763.  —  Alden's  account  of 
Portsmouth  ;  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  x.  57,  58,  70. 

BROWNE,  ARTHUR,  LL.  D.,  king's  professor 
of  Greek  in  Trinity  college,  Dublin,  died  in 
1805.  He  was  the  son  of  Marmaduke  Browne, 
rector  of  Trinity  Church,  Newport,  Rhode 
Island.  He  enjoyed  in  early  life  the  advan 
tages  of  a  school,  established  in  Newport  by 
Dean  Berkeley,  and  was  distinguished  by  his 
talents,  industry,  and  strong  desire  of  improving 
his  education  in  some  European  university.  To 
gratify  this  desire,  his  father  went  to  Ireland  to 
make  provision  for  entering  his  son  at  Trinity 
college;  but,  after  having  effected  his  object,  he 
died  soon  after  his  return,  in  consequence  of  his 
sufferings  during  a  tedious  voyage  of  three 
months.  His  son,  who  went  to  Ireland  in  1771 
or  1772,  continued  during  the  remainder  of  his 
life  connected  with  Trinity  college,  and  was  the 
idol  of  the  students.  He  was  professor  of  civil 
law  in  the  university,  and  its  representative  in  the 
Irish  house  of  commons.  His  great  powers  of 
mind  he  improved  by  incessant  study  and  by 
intercourse  with  the  most  distinguished  scholars 
and  the  most  able  and  virtuous  statesmen  of  his 
day.  He  was  always  a  champion  of  the  people. 
He  published  a  compendious  view  of  civil  law, 
being  the  substance  of  a  course  of  lectures  read 
in  the  university  of  Dublin,  together  with  a  sketch 
of  the  practice  of  the  ecclesiastical  courts,  and 
some  useful  directions  for  the  clergy;  Hussen 
O'Dil*  or  beauty  and  the  heart,  an  allegorical 
poem,  translated  from  the  Persian  language ;  and 
miscellaneous  sketches,  in  2  vols.,  8vo.  This 
last  work  is  written  after  the  manner  of  Mon 
taigne. — Monthly  Anthology,  II.  559-562. 

BROWNE,  JOHN,  died  at  Frankfort,  Ky.,  Aug. 
28,  1837,  aged  80, — a  senator  1792-1805. 

BRUCE,  DAVID,  a  Moravian  missionary,  died  in 
Litchfield  county,  Ct.,  in  1749.  The  Indians  of  the 
Mohegan  stock,  with  whom  he  was  sent  to  reside 
in  the  same  year,  had  received  some  instruction 
from  Buttner,  Rauch,  and  other  missionaries  at 
the  neighboring  station  of  Shacomaco  in  the  State 
of  New  York.  He  lived  in  the  house  belonging 
to  the  brethren,  called  Gnadensee,  in  the  village 
of  Wachquatnach,  on  the  River  Iloussatonnoc  in 
Cornwall  or  Sharon.  Mr.  Sergeant,  ten  years 
before,  had  been  visited  for  instruction  in  religion 
by  a  company  of  Indians  from  the  same  place, 
which  he  writes  Wukhquautenauk,  distant  from 
Stockbridge  about  twenty-eight  miles.  Bruce 
also  lived  occasionally  amongst  the  Indians  at 
Pachgatgach,  which  perhaps  was  Pauquaunuch  at 
Stratfield,  or  with  greater  probability  a  settlement 
on  the  Iloussatonnoc  in  the  interior  of  Connec 
ticut,  either  at  Derby,  or  New  Milford,  or  Kent. 
Mr.  Brainerd  in  1743  visited  some  Indians,  living 
at  Scaticoke,  five  or  six  miles  from  New  Milford, 


and  preached  to  them.  There  was  still  another 
village,  which  the  Moravians  visited,  called  Potatik, 
probably  the  same  as  Poodatook,  on  the  river  at 
Newtown.  As  Bruce  was  dying,  he  called  the 
Indian  brethren,  and,  pressing  their  hands  to  his 
breast,  entreated  them  to  remain  faithful  to  the 
end.  He  was  succeeded  by  Buninger. — LoslcieVs 
History,  II.  115;  Brainerd's  Life,  65;  Hopkins' 
Houssatonnic  Indians,  75. 

BRUCE,  ARCHIBALD,  M.  D.,  a  physician  of 
New  York,  died  Feb.  22,  1818,  aged  40.  He  was 
born  in  that  city  in  Feb.,  1777.  His  mother,  the 
daughter  of  Nicholas  Bayard,  was  the  widow  of 
Jeremiah  Van  Rensselaer.  His  father,  William 
Bruce,  the  head  of  the  medical  department  in  the 
British  army  at  New  York,  was  very  solicitous 
that  he  should  not  become  a  physician.  After 
the  death  of  his  father  he  was  educated  at 
Columbia  college,  where  he  was  graduated  in 
1795.  The  medical  lectures  of  Dr.  Nicholas 
Romayne  gave  him  a  taste  for  the  study  of 
physic.  He  afterwards  became  the  pupil  of  Dr. 
Hosack.  In  1798  he  repaired  to  Europe,  and  in 
1800  obtained  a  medical  degree  at  Edinburgh. 
During  a  tour  of  two  years  in  France,  Switzerland, 
and  Italy,  he  collected  a  valuable  mineralogical 
cabinet, — his  taste  for  the  science  of  mineralogy 
having  been  acquired  Avhile  he  was  a  pupil  of  Dr. 
Hosack,  who  brought  to  this  country  the  first 
cabinet  of  minerals,  and  in  arranging  it  called  for 
the  assistance  of  his  pupil,  Bruce.  He  married 
in  London,  and  came  out  to  New  York  in  1803. 
About  the  year  1807  he  was  appointed  professor 
of  materia  mcdica  and  mineralogy  in  the  college 
of  physicians  and  surgeons  of  New  York.  Upon 
the  re-organization  of  the  college  in  1811  he  was 
superseded  by  the  appointment  of  others.  Intes 
tine  feuds  were  alleged  as  the  cause  of  the 
changes  made.  Dr.  Bruce,  in  connection  with  his 
friend  Romayne  and  other  gentlemen,  established 
{'or  a  while  a  rival  medical  faculty.  In  1810  he 
commenced  the  journal  of  American  mineralogy; 
but  he  published  only  one  volume.  His  work 
was  followed  by  Silliman's  journal.  After  repeated 
attacks  of  severe  indisposition  he  died  of  the 
apoplexy. —  Thacher's  Med.  Hiog. ;  Sillimarfs 
Journal,  I.  II. 

BRUEN,  MATTHIAS,  a  minister  in  New  York, 
died  Sept.  6,  1829,  aged  36  years.  He  was  a 
descendant  of  an  early  settler  of  New  England, 
and  was  born  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  April  11,  1793. 
He  dated  his  renovation  of  mind  by  the  Divine 
Spirit  at  the  age  of  eighteen.  After  graduating 
at  Columbia  college  in  1812,  he  studied  theology 
with  Dr.  Mason.  In  1816  he  travelled  in  Europe 
with  his  distinguished  preceptor.  About  the 
beginning  of  1819,  being  invited  to  preach  in  the 
American  chapel  of  the  oratory  at  Paris,  he  was 
ordained  in  London,  and  then  passed  six  months 
at  Paris.  In  1822  he  was  employed  as  a  mission- 


BRY. 


BRYANT. 


153 


ary  in  the  city  of  New  York,  but  refused  to 
receive  any  compensation.  During  his  labors  he 
collected  the  Bleecker  street  congregation.  Of 
this  people  he  became  the  stated  pastor,  and  con 
tinued  such  till  his  death  by  inflammation  of  the 
bowels. 

Mr.  Bruen  engaged  earnestly  in  various  benevo 
lent  institutions.  He  was  agent  and  correspond 
ing  secretary  of  the  domestic  missionary  society ; 
and  when  it  was  changed  into  the  American 
home  missionary  society,  he  still  assisted  by  his 
counsels.  Bible,  Sunday  school,  tract,  and  foreign 
mission  societies  engaged  his  efforts ;  and  in  the 
Greek  cause  he  cheerfully  co-operated.  He  was 
accomplished  in  manners,  in  literature,  and  in  the 
knowledge  of  mankind.  Though  he  had  high 
and  honorable  feelings,  abhorring  everything  mean, 
yet  he  had  humble  views  of  his  own  acquisitions, 
intellectual  and  moral.  All  his  distinctions  he 
laid  at  his  Master's  feet.  In  the  last  week  of  his 
life  he  suffered  extreme  pain.  It  was  a  sudden 
summons  to  depart ;  yet  he  was  calm  and  resigned. 
"  I  die,"  said  he,  "  in  peace  and  love  with  all  men." 
Thus,  after  embracing  his  wife  and  two  babes,  and 
most  impressively  addressing  liis  relatives,  he  fell 
asleep  in  Jesus. 

"  lie  lay,  and  a  smile  was  on  his  face; 
Affection  over  him  bent,  to  trace 
The  token  Mercy  had  left,  to  tell 
That  with  the  spirit  all  was  well. 
It  was  the  smile  that  marks  the  blest ; 
It  told,  that  in  hope  he  had  sunk  to  rest 
Of  a  joyful  rising,  after  his  sleep. 
No  more  to  suffer,  no  more  to  weep." 

He  published  a  sermon  at  Paris  on  the  death  of  a 
lady  of  New  York ;  and  sketches  of  Italy.  — 
Cox's  and  Skinner's  Sermon;  Home  Missionary 
Mugazine;  Boston  Recorder,  Nov.  11,  1829. 

BRY,  THEODORE  DE,  published  collectiones 
perigrinantium  in  Indiam  orientalem  ct  occiden- 
talem.  America,  partes  13,  years  1590-1599. 

BRYAN,  GEORGE,  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Pennsylvania,  died  Jan.  28,  1791,  aged 
GO.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  an  ancient  and 
respectable  family  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  in  his  ode 
on  which  country,  Southey  exclaims  with  some 
reason : 

"  0  land,  profuse  of  genius  and  of  worth." 

He  came  to  this  country  in  early  life,  and  lived 
forty  years  in  Philadelphia.  At  first  he  engaged 
extensively  in  commercial  business  ;  but  it  pleased 
the  wise  Disposer  of  events  to  defeat  his  plans, 
and  reduce  him  to  a  state  of  comparative  poverty. 
He  afterwards  lived  more  in  accordance  with 
ancient  simplicity.  He  was  an  active  and  intelli 
gent  man.  Previously  to  the  Revolution  he  was 
introduced  into  public  employments.  He  was  a 
delegate  to  the  congress  which  met  in  1765  for 
the  purpose  of  remonstrating  against  the  arbitrary 
measures  of  Great  Britain.  In  the  war,  which  ! 
followed,  he  took  an  open  and  active  part.  ' 
20 


After  the  Declaration  of  Independence  he  was 
vice-president  of  the  supreme  executive  council 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  on  the  death  of  President 
Wharton  in  May,  1778,  he  was  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  government.  When  his  office,  by 
the  limitation  of  the  constitution,  expired  in  the 
autumn  of  1779,  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
legislature.  Here,  amidst  the  tumult  of  war  and 
invasion,  when  every  one  was  trembling  for  him 
self,  his  mind  was  occupied  by  the  claims  of  hu 
manity  and  charity.  lie  at  this  time  planned  and 
completed  an  act  for  the  gradual  abolition  of 
slavery,  which  is  an  imperishable  monument  to  his 
memory.  He  thus  furnished  evidence,  that  in 
opposing  the  exactions  of  a  foreign  power  he  was 
opposing  tyranny,  and  was  really  attached  to  the 
cause  of  liberty.  In  1780  he  was  appointed  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court,  in  which  station  he 
continued  during  the  remainder  of  his  life.  In 
1784  he  was  elected  one  of  the  council  of  censors, 
and  was  one  of  its  principal  members  till  his 
death.  When  the  subject  of  the  constitution  of 
the  United  States  was  discussed,  he  was  conspic 
uous  in  the  ranks  of  the  opposition.  He  died  at 
Philadelphia  in  the  year  1791. 

Besides  the  offices  already  mentioned,  Judge 
Bryan  engaged  in  various  of  public,  literary,  and 
charitable  employments.  Formed  for  a  close  ap 
plication  to  study,  animated  with  an  ardent  thirst 
for  knowledge,  and  blessed  with  a  memory  of 
wonderful  tenacity,  and  a  clear,  penetrating,  and 
decisive  judgment,  he  availed  himself  of  the  la 
bors  and  acquisitions  of  others,  and  brought  honor 
to  the  stations  which  he  occupied.  To  his  other 
attainments  he  added  the  virtues  of  the  Christian. 
He  was  distinguished  by  his  benevolence  and  sym 
pathy  with  the  distressed ;  by  an  unaffected  hu 
mility  and  modesty  ;  by  his  readiness  to  forgive 
injuries  ;  and  by  the  inflexible  integrity  of  his 
conduct.  He  was  superior  to  the  frowns  and 
blandishments  of  the  world.  Thus  eminently 
qualified  for  the  various  public  offices,  in  which 
he  was  placed ;  he  was  faithful  and  humble  in 
discharging  their  duties,  and  he  filled  them  with 
dignity  and  reputation  in  the  worst  of  times,  and 
in  the  midst  of  a  torrent  of  unmerited  obloquy 
and  opposition.  Such  was  his  disinterestedness 
and  his  zeal  for  the  good  of  others,  that  his  own 
interest  seemed  to  be  overlooked.  In  the  admin 
istration  of  justice  he  was  impartial  and  incor 
ruptible.  He  was  an  ornament  to  the  profession 
of  Christianity,  which  he  made,  the  delight  of  his 
connections,  and  a  public  blessing  to  the  State. 
By  his  death  religion  lost  an  amiable  example, 
and  science  a  steady  friend.  —  Ewing's  Funeral 
Sermon;  American  Museum,  ix.  81-83;  Dun- 
lap 's  Amer.  Advertiser. 

BRYANT,  LEMUEL,  minister  of  Braintree,  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1739.  He  died 
at  Hingham  in  1754,  and  was  buried  at  Scituate, 


154 


BRYANT. 


BUCKMLNSTER. 


probably  because  he  was  a  native  of  that  place. 
John  Adams  speaks  of  a  controversy  between 
Mr.  B.  and  Miles,  Porter,  Bass,  &c.,  "which 
broke  out  like  the  eruption  of  a  volcano  and 
blazed  with  portentous  aspect  for  many  years." 
He  published  a  sermon  on  moral  virtue,  1747 ; 
remarks  on  Mr.  Porter's  sermon,  1750. 

BRYANT,  SOLOMON,  an  Indian  minister,  died 
May  8,  1775,  aged  80.  He  was  ordained  at 
Marshpee,  Mass.,  soon  after  the  resignation  of  Mr. 
Bourne  in  1742,  and  he  preached  to  his  red 
brethren  in  the  Indian  dialect.  He  was  a  sensi 
ble  man  and  a  good  minister,  but  not  sufficiently 
prudent  in  the  admission  of  members  and  rather 
deficient  in  economy.  After  his  dismission,  occa 
sioned  by  some  dissatisfaction  on  the  part  of  the 
Indians,  he  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Hawley  in 
1758.  It  seems,  however,  that  his  labors  were 
not  entirely  interrupted,  for  Mr.  Hawley  wrote 
concerning  him  in  1760:  "He  grows  better  as 
he  grows  older.  He  is  near  66  years  of  age, 
has  been  a  preacher  more  than  forty,  and  con 
tinues  in  his  usefulness  to  tin's  day."  Joseph 
Bryant,  also  an  Indian  minister  at  Marshpee,  or  in 
that  neighborhood,  died  April  25,  1759.  In  1698 
John  Bryant  had  been  Indian  teacher  at  Acush- 
net  five  or  six  years.  —  Mass.  Hist.  Coll.,  ill. 
191 ;  X.  180 ;  s.  s.  III.  16. 

BRYANT,  PETER,  M.  D.,  a  respected  physi 
cian  of  Cummington,  died  in  1820,  aged  52.  His 
•widow,  Sarah,  the  sister  of  Rev.  Dr.  Snell  of 
Brookfield,  died  in  1847.  In  the  poems  of  his 
son,  William  C.  Bryant,  there  is  an  allusion  to 
him  —  in  the  hymn  to  death. 

BRYANT,  JAMES  C.,  missionary  to  South 
Africa,  died  at  Inanda  Dec.  23,  1850.  From 
1840  to  1846  he  was  the  minister  of  Littleton, 
Mass.  He  sailed  for  Africa  in  April,  1846.  He 
died  in  great  peace.  Mrs.  B.  survived  him.  He 
had  made  various  translations  into  the  Zulu  lan 
guage.  His  character  is  described  in  the  Miss. 
Herald  of  1851. 

BRYSON,  JOHN,  died  in  1855,  aged  98,  in 
Northumberland  co.,  Penn.  He  studied  theology 
with  the  blind  Dr.  Waddcll.  lie  was  the  pastor 
of  Warrior's  run  and  Chillisquaqua,  from  1790  to 
1841. 

BUCHANAN,  THOMAS,  governor  of  Liberia, 
died  at  Bassa  Sept.  3,  1841,  in  the  prime  of 
life.  He  was  a  man  of  high  character  and  use 
fulness. 

BUCHANAN,  JOHN,  died  near  Williamsport, 
Md.,  Nov.  4,  1844,  aged  70,  chief  judge  of  the 
court  of  appeals. 

BUCHANAN,  JAMES,  died  near  Montreal  Oct. 
1851,  aged  80.  He  was  British  consul  at  New 
York.  He  published  sketches  of  North  Ameri 
can  Indians,  2  vols.,  1824. 

BUCKINGHAM,  THOMAS,  minister  of  the 
second  church  in  Hartford,  died  Nov.  19,  1731, 


aged  62.  He  was  probably  the  son  of  Thomas 
Buckingham,  the  minister  of  Saybrook  in  1C69, 
and  a  descendant  of  Thomas  B.,  who  lived  in 
New  Haven  in  1639.  Stephen  B.,  minister  of 
Norwalk  from  1697  to  1727,  was  probably  his 
brother.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1690.  The  time  of  his  settlement  has  not 
been  ascertained.  He  was  succeeded  by  Elnathan 
Whitman.  He  was  one,  of  the  most  eminent 
ministers  in  Connecticut,  and  was  regarded  as 
one  of  the  pillars  of  the  church.  His  superior 
abilities  were  under  the  direction  of  good  princi 
ples.  His  conversation  was  such,  as  was  becom 
ing  a  minister  of  Christ.  In  his  life  he  imitated 
his  blessed  Master,  and,  being  exemplary  in  piety, 
having  a  pleasant  temper,  obliging  and  engaging 
manners,  and  many  amiable  virtues,  he  conciliated 
respect  and  esteem. 

He  published  a  sermon  preached  at  the  elec 
tion,  in  1728,  entitled  Moses  and  Aaron.  The 
following  passages  from  it  will  give  some  view  of 
his  sentiments,  and  of  the  times.  "  By  the  Spirit 
the  elect  are  brought  to  possess  the  good  which 
Jesus  Christ  hath  purchased  for  them.  By  him 
they  are  convinced,  awakened,  humbled,  con 
verted,  sanctified,  led,  and  comforted."  "  If  we 
look  back  upon  the  last  year,  how  many  appear 
ances  and  indications  of  his  anger  were  there  to 
be  observed  therein ;  the  unusual  illuminations  of 
the  heavens  by  repeated  and  almost  discontinued 
ilashes  of  lightning,  with  dreadful  peals  of  thun 
der  attending,  the  scorching  heat  and  drought  of 
the  summer,  the  pinching  cold  and  length  of  the 
winter,  stormy  winds  and  tempests,  the  death  of 
useful  men,  and  the  groaning  and  trembling  of 
the  earth  under  our  feet."  "  Have  you  not  heard 
some,  who  have  risen  from  among  you,  speaking 
perverse  tilings,  blaspheming  the  constitution  and 
order  of  your  churches,  denying  the  validity  of 
your  ordinations,  and  condemning  your  ministerial 
acts  as  so  many  usurpations,  who  unchurch  the 
best  and  greatest  part  of  Christians,  and  leave 
you  with  the  best  of  your  flocks  to  uncovenanted 
mercies,  that  is,  in  a  state  of  heathenism,  without 
God  and  Christ  and  hope  in  the  world  ;  and  this 
merely  for  the  sake  of  a  non-agreement  wii.li 
them  in  a  few  unscriptural  rites  and  notions  ?  "  — 
Echvards'  Elect.  Serm.  in  1732 ;  Trumlntll,  I. 
498,  519. 

BUCKMLNSTER,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Rut 
land,  Mass.,  died  Nov.  27,  1792,  aged  72.  lie 
was  the  son  of  Col.  Joseph  Buckminster  of  Fra- 
mingham,  who  died  in  1780,  aged  83,  and  whose 
father,  Joseph,  one  of  the  earliest  settlers  of 
Framingham,  died  in  1740,  also  aged  83.  The 
last  named  was  a  grandson  of  Thomas  Buck- 
minster,  written  in  the  colony  records  Buckmas- 
ter,  who  came  from  Wales  and  lived  as  early 
as  1645  in  Boston,  where  he  died  Sept.  28,  1658, 
leaving  several  sons. 


BUCKMINSTER. 


BUCKMIXSTER. 


155 


Mr.  Buckminster  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1739,  ordained  in  1742,  and  was  in  the 
ministry  53  years.  lie  was  highly  respected  and 
useful.  In  his  theological  sentiments  he  was  a 
sublapsarian  Calvinist.  Mr.  Foster  of  Strafford 
having  published  a  sermon,  in  which  he  asserted 
a  two-fold  justification,  and  "a  remedial  law,  or 
law  of  grace,  whose  precepts  are  brought  down 
to  a  level  with  the  fallen  sinner's  abilities,"  Mr. 
Buckminster  published  a  reply,  being  a  para 
phrase  on  Rom.  x.  4,  for  which  he  received  the 
thanks  of  an  association  of  ministers.  Other 
pamphlets  followed  by  the  same  writers  in  this 
controversy.  In  his  dissertations  on  gospel  salva 
tion  Mr.  Buckminster  asserts,  on  the  one  hand, 
the  doctrine  of  election  against  the  Armimans, 
and  on  the  other  hand,  against  the  supralapsa- 
rians,  he  says,  "  the  decrees  have  no  direct,  posi 
tive  influence  upon  us.  We  are  determined  by 
motives,  but  act  freely  and  voluntarily.  They  lie 
in  the  foundation  of  the  Divine  proceedings,  and 
compose  his  plans  of  operation.  They  infer  the 
certain  futurition  of  things,  but  have  no  influence 
ab  extra  to  bring  them  to  pass."  These  seem 
not  very  incorrect  views  on  the  subjects  of  the 
divine  decrees  and  of  free  agency.  Indeed,  it  is 
not  easy  to  imagine  how  it  is  possible  to  recon 
cile  the  doctrine  of  Divine  efficiency,  or  positive 
influence  in  the  production  of  sinful  volitions,  with 
the  respomibleness  of  man  or  with  the  truth  and 
holiness  of  God.  The  views  of  Mr.  B.  seem  to 
accord  well  with  those  of  Robert  Southey,  who 
says  :  "  Impossible  as  it  may  be  for  us  to  reconcile 
the  free  will  of  man  with  the  foreknowledge  of 
God,  I  nevertheless  believe  in  both  with  the  most 
full  conviction.  When  the  human  mind  plunges 
into  time  and  space  in  its  speculations,  it  adven 
tures  beyond  its  sphere ;  no  wonder,  therefore, 
that  its  powers  fail,  and  it  is  lost.  But  that  my 
will  is  free,  I  know  feelingly  :  it  is  proved  to  me 
by  my  conscience.  And  that  God  provideth  all 
things,  I  know  by  his  own  word,  and  by  that  in 
stinct  which  he  hath  implanted  in  me  to  assure 
me  of  his  being." 

Mr.  B.  published  two  discourses  on  family  re 
ligion,  1759 ;  ordination  of  E.  Sparhawk ;  para 
phrase  on  Rom.  X.  4. ;  dissertations  on  Eph.  II. 
9-1 1 ;  a  sermon  on  the  covenant  with  Abraham. 
Farmer's  Register  ;  Eliot. 

BUCKMIXSTER,  JOSEPH,  D.  D.  minister  of 
Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  the  son  of  the  preceding, 
died  June  10,  1812,  aged  60.  He  was  born  Oct. 
14,  1751.  Being  the  delight  and  hope  of  his 
parents,  they  were  desirous  that  he  should  become 
a  minister  of  the  gospel.  He  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1770,  and  from  1774  to  1778  was  a 
tutor  in  that  seminary,  associated  in  that  employ 
ment  with  Abraham  Baldwin.  At  this  period  he 
became  temporarily  attached  to  a  lady,  then  of 
reputation  and  celebrity,  whose  character  is  the 


bains  of  one  of  the  productions  of  Mrs.  Foster. 
lie  was  ordained  over  the  north  church  in  Ports 
mouth,  Jan.  27,  1779,  as  successor  of  Dr.  Lang- 
don,  after  whose  death  Dr.  Stiles  had  supplied 
the  pulpit  one  or  two  years.  After  a  ministry  of 
thirty-three  years,  his  health  became  greatly  im 
paired  ;  a  depression  of  spirits,  to  which  he  had 
been  subject,  came  upon  him  with  new  violence ; 
spasmodic  affections  caused  at  times  a  suspension 
of  reason ;  under  these  distressing  complaints  a 
long  journey  was  thought  necessary  to  his  relief. 
He  left  home  June  2,  1812,  accompanied  by  his 
wife  and  two  friends  ;  but  on  the  Green  moun 
tains  of  Vermont  he  was  arrested  by  the  messen 
ger  of  death.  He  died  at  a  solitary  tavern  in 
Reedsborough,  and  his  remains  were  interred  at 
Bennington,  and  a  sermon  preached  on  the  oc 
casion  by  Mr.  Marsh.  It  is  remarkable,  that  on 
the  preceding  day  his  eldest  son,  a  minister  in 
Boston,  died  after  a  week's  illness.  Although 
Dr.  B.  had  not  heard  of  his  sickness,  yet  he  said 
to  his  wife  repeatedly  a  few  hours  before  his  own 
death,  Joseph  is  dead!  His  first  wife,  the  only 
daughter  of  Rev.  Dr.  Stevens  of  Kittery,  died 
July  19,  1790,  aged  36,  leaving  one  son  and  two 
daughters ;  his  second  wife,  the  daughter  of  Rev. 
Isaac  Lyman  of  York,  died  June  8,  1805,  aged 
39 ;  his  third  wife,  who  survived  him,  was  the 
widow  of  Col.  Eliphalet  Ladd.  One  of  his  daugh 
ters,  who  married  Prof.  Farrar  of  Cambridge, 
died  in  Sept.,  1824.  He  was  succeeded  in  the 
ministry  by  Mr.  Putnam. 

Dr.  Buckminster  was  an  eminently  pious  man. 
He  left  an  unsullied  reputation,  and  was  greatly 
beloved  and  deeply  lamented.  His  mind  had  been 
well  cultivated.  A  brilliant  imagination,  his  most 
distinguishing  faculty,  gave  a  richness  to  his  style. 
He  had  a  heart  of  sensibility.  His  voice,  strong 
and  musical,  expressed  the  various  emotions  of 
his  soul.  His  attitude  and  gestures  were  un- 
afi'ected  and  impressive,  while  lu's  countenance 
itself  was  eloquent.  But  lu's  popularity  as  a 
preacher  is  to  be  ascribed  also  to  the  boldness 
and  the  energy  with  which  he  proclaimed  the 
great  and  all-important  truths  of  the  gospel. 
Even  the  hostility  of  the  erroneous  and  the 
wicked,  which  he  aroused,  proved  that  he  had 
found  a  way  to  their  conscience,  for  in  his  great 
meekness,  humility,  and  benevolence  they  could 
not  think  that  he  was  their  enemy.  They  could 
hardly  hate  the  man,  except  on  account  of  his 
doctrine  and  the  faithfulness  of  his  warnings. 
Though  his  sermons  were  not  systematic,  they 
were  luminous  and  instructive.  Breaking  from 
the  confinement  of  a  few  favorite  topics,  he  expa 
tiated  in  the  wide  field  of  religious  truth.  Thc- 
varying  events  of  Providence  were  always  no 
ticed  by  him,  and  employed  to  some  pious  pur 
pose.  The  tenderness  of  his  heart,  made  him 
peculiarly  welcome  in  the  house  of  affliction. 


156 


BUCKMINSTER. 


BUCKMINSTER. 


In  the  gift  of  prayer,  on  all  the  occasions  of 
prayer,  he  particularly  excelled.  As  a  pastor 
he  was  a  bright  example  to  his  brethren;  in 
cessant  in  labor  and  delighting  in  his  work ; 
cherishing  always  most  sedulously  the  seriousness 
witnessed  amongst  his  people,  and  devising  new 
plans  for  gaining  access  to  their  hearts ;  and  in 
meetings  for  social  prayer  seeking  the  Divine 
blessing  upon  the  means  of  instruction.  In  his 
preaching  he  dwelt  much  on  the  iniquity  of  the 
human  heart,  on  the  character  and  value  of  the 
atonement  by  the  crucified  Son  of  God,  and  on 
the  necessity  of  regeneration  by  the  Holy  Spirit, 
of  faith  and  repentance,  and  the  holiness  without 
which  there  is  no  admission  into  heaven.  In  his 
own  opinion,  he  began  to  preach  before  he  was 
truly  a  servant  of  God ;  and  afterwards  he  ceased 
to  preach  for  a  time,  in  the  persuasion  that  his 
motives  were  selfish  and  unworthy.  But  after  a 
long  period  of  distress  light  broke  in  upon  his 
mind.  A  few  years  after  his  settlement,  on  the 
anniversary  of  his  ordination,  he  wrote  as  follows  : 
"  Blush,  O  my  soul,  and  be  ashamed,  that  thou 
hast  felt  no  more  of  thy  own  worth  and  the  worth 
of  thy  fellow  immortals,  the  infinite  love  and  com 
passion  of  God,  of  thy  dear  Redeemer,  and  the 
excellency  of  the  gospel.  Shall  God  call  me,  who 
have  been  so  great  and  aggravated  an  offender, 
to  the  high  and  honorable  office  of  publishing  the 
glad  tidings  of  salvation,  and  of  an  ambassador 
for  him,  to  woo  and  beseech  men  to  be  reconciled 
to  him ;  and  shall  I  be  lukewarm  and  indiffer 
ent?"  But  notwithstanding  the  talents,  the 
piety,  the  faithfulness,  and  the  fervent  zeal  of 
Dr.  Buckminster,  no  very  remarkable  effects  at 
tended  his  preaching  ;  showing  that,  after  all  the 
skilful  and  diligent  toil  of  the  planter,  it  is  God 
only,  who,  according  to  his  sovereign  pleasure, 
giveth  the  increase.  On  account  of  his  catholic 
disposition,  Dr.  Buckminster  possessed  the  regard 
of  other  denominations  of  Christians  besides  his 
own.  In  the  private  relations  of  life  he  was 
faithful,  affectionate,  and  interesting.  He  pub 
lished  the  following  sermons :  at  the  New  Hamp 
shire  election,  1787 ;  on  the  death  of  Washing 
ton,  1800 ;  on  the  death  of  Mrs.  Rowland,  and 
Mrs.  Porter ;  on  choosing  rulers,  two  sermons, 
1796;  on  the  fire,  1803;  on  baptism,  1803; 
at  the  ordination  of  his  son,  1805 ;  on  the 
death  of  Rev.  S.  Haven  and  his  wife,  1806; 
at  the  installation  of  J.  Miltimore,  1808;  of  J. 
Thurston,  1809  ;  three  discourses,  Boston,  on  the 
death  of  Dr.  Hemminway,  1811 ;  and  a  short 
sketch  of  Dr.  McClintock.  — Panoplist,  vm.  105- 
111 ;  Adams'  Ann.  of  Portsmouth,  353-345 ; 
Parker's  Funeral  Sermon ;  Farmer's  Coll.  in. 
121. 

BUCKMINSTER,  JOSEPH  STEVENS,  a  minis 
ter  in  Boston,  died  June  9,  1810,  aged  28.  He 
was  the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  was  born  May 


26,  1784.  Under  the  cultivation  of  his  devoted 
parents  his  talents  were  early  developed.  At  the 
age  of  four  years  he  began  to  study  Latin  gram 
mar  ;  at  the  age  of  twelve  he  was  ready  for  ad 
mission  into  college.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
with  distinguished  honor  in  1800.  The  next  four 
years  were  spent  partly  in  the  family  of  his  rela 
tive,  Theodore  Lyman  of  Waltham,  partly  as  an 
assistant  in  the  academy  at  Exeter,  and  in  the 
prosecution  of  theological  studies.  In  Oct.,  1804, 
he  began  to  preach  at  Brattle  street,  Boston, 
where  he  was  ordained  as  the  successor  of  Dr. 
Thacher,  Jan.  30,  1805.  A  severe  illness  imme 
diately  followed,  which  interrupted  liis  labors  un 
til  March.  In  the  course  of  this  year,  the  return 
of  the  epilepsy,  which  he  had  previously  expe 
rienced,  excited  his  apprehensions  that  his  men 
tal  faculties  would  be  destroyed.  He  wrote  in 
Oct. :  "  The  repetition  of  these  fits  must  at  length 
reduce  me  to  idiocy.  Can  I  resign  myself  to  the 
loss  of  memory,  and  of  that  knowledge,  I  may 
have  vainly  prided  myself  upon  ?  O  God  !  enable 
me  to  bear  this  thought."  A  voyage  to  Europe 
being  recommended,  he  sailed  in  May,  1806,  and 
visited  England,  Holland,  Switzerland  and  France. 
In  Paris  he  spent  five  months  ;  and  there  and  in 
London  he  collected  a  valuable  library  of  nearly 
3,000  vols.  After  his  return  in  Sept.,  1807,  he 
was  occupied  in  the  ministry  about  five  years  with 
occasional  attacks  of  epilepsy,  till  his  death. 
His  last  illness  continued  a  week.  His  father 
died  the  next  day. 

Mr.  Buckminster  was  a  very  interesting  and 
eloquent  preacher.  Though  of  scarcely  the  mid 
dle  size,  yet  a  fine  countenance,  combining  sweet 
ness  and  intelligence,  appropriate,  and  occasionally 
animated  gestures,  a  brilliant  imagination,  and  a 
style  of  winning  elegance  caused  his  hearers  to 
hang  with  delight  upon  his  lips.  His  power, 
however,  would  have  been  increased  by  more  of 
fervor  and  passion.  Deeply  interested  in  biblical 
criticism,  he  superintended  the  publication  of 
Griesbach's  New  Testament.  In  his  religious  sen 
timents,  as  appears  from  the  volume  of  his  sermons, 
published  since  his  death,  he  differed  in  some  im 
portant  respects  from  his  father.  He  did  not 
believe  the  doctrine  of  the  trinity.  He  did  not 
regard  the  human  race  as  originally  corrupt,  and 
utterly  lost  in  their  depravity ;  he  did  not  admit 
that  the  death  of  Christ  had  any  relation  to  the 
justice  of  God  in  the  pardon  of  sin,  nor  did  he 
suppose  that  there  was  any  special  influence  of 
the  Holy  Spirit  in  the  renewal  of  the  heart.  He 
quoted  with  approbation  Paley's  sermon,  written 
when  a  young  man,  on  caution  in  the  use  of 
Scripture  language,  in  which  he  denies  any  agency 
of  the  Spirit  of  God  on  the  human  heart ;  yet  in 
his  latter  sermons  Paley  expressly  declares  his 
belief,  that  the  Scripture  does  teach  such  an 
agency.  He  imagined  that  men  were  not  able  to 


BUCKMLNSTER. 

obey  the  Divine  law,  and  that  Christ  came  to  re 
deem  and  has  actually  redeemed  all  men  from  its 
curse,  or  has  disclosed  a  new  dispensation,  in 
which  repentance  is  accepted  instead  of  obedience. 
Justifying  faith  he  considered  as  only  a  principle 
of  holiness,  and  not  as  a  trust  in  Jesus  Christ  for 
salvation.  Yet  his  views  seem  utterly  opposed  to 
the  doctrine  of  the  Socinians,  for  he  speaks  of 
"  the  incarnation  "  of  the  Son  of  God,  "  the  vice 
gerent  of  Jehovah,"  and  he  saw  in  his  life  a 
"  wonderful  contrast  of  powers  —  Divine  greatness 
and  mortal  debility,  ignominy,  and  glory,  suffering 
and  triumph,  the  servant  of  all  and  the  Lord  of 
all." 

In  1808  Mr.  Buckminster  published  a  collection 
of  hymns,  in  which  those  of  Watts  and  others 
were  mutilated  without  notice.  In  a  review  of 
tliis  collection  in  the  Panoplist,  this  mutilation  was 
justly  reprehended,  as  apparently  designed  to  lend 
the  authority  of  Watts  to  the  suppression  of  im 
portant  doctrines.  Mr.  B.  suffered  under  the 
charge,  for  he  was  unwilling  to  confess  what  he 
recorded  in  his  private  journal,  that  he  took  the 
altered  hymns  from  Ivippis'  collection  without 
being  aware  of  the  alterations.  He  published  a 
number  of  reviews  in  the  monthly  anthology  and 
other  periodicals ;  the  right  hand  of  fellowship  at 
the  ordination  of  C.  Lowell,  1806  ;  a  sermon  on 
the  death  of  Gov.  Sullivan,  1809  ;  on  the  death 
of  W.  Emerson,  1811;  an  address  to  the  Phi 
Beta  Kappa  society,  1809.  After  his  death  a  vol 
ume  of  twenty-four  sermons  was  published,  with 
a  memoir  of  his  life  and  character  by  S.  C. 
Thacher.  —  Memoir ;  Mass.  Hist.  Coll.  s.  s.  n. 
271 ;  Christian  Spectator,  v.  145. 

BUCKNAM,  NATHAN,  died  Feb.  6,  1795,  aged 
91 ;  minister  of  Medway  seventy  years.  He  was 
born  in  Maiden,  graduated  in  1721,  ordained  Dec. 
29,  1724.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordina 
tion  of  E.  Morse,  1743 ;  at  ordination  of  E. 
Harding,  1749. 

BUEL,  MARY,  wife  of  Dr.  John  B.,  of  Litch- 
field,  died  Nov.  4,  1768,  aged  90.  She  had  thir 
teen  children,  one  hundred  and  one  grandchildren, 
two  hundred  and  seventy-four  great-grandchil 
dren,  and  twenty-two  of  the  next  generation; 
total,  four  hundred  and  ten  ;  of  winch  three  hun 
dred  and  thirty-six  survived  her. 

BUEL,  JESSE,  editor,  removed  in  1813  from  the 
county  of  Ulster  to  Albany  and  established  the 
Albany  Argus,  which  he  edited  till  1821.  He  died 
at  Danbury,  Conn.,  Oct.  6, 1839,  aged  62 ;  he  was 
on  a  journey  to  New  Haven  in  order  to  deliver  a 
lecture  on  agriculture,  to  wlu'ch  subject  he  had 
devoted  the  last  years  of  his  life.  About  1833 
he  established  the  Cultivator,  a  monthly  paper, 
which  obtained  a  vast  circulation.  He  Avas  re 
spected  for  his  talents  and  worth. 

BUEL,  WILLIAM,  M.  D.,  died  at  Litchficld 
Oct.  15,  1851,  aged  83. 


BUELL. 


157 


BUELL,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  minister 
on  Long  Island,  died  at  East  Hampton,  July  19, 
1798,  aged  81.  lie  was  born  at  Coventry  in 
Connecticut,  Sept.  1,  17 1G.  In  the  seventeenth 
year  of  his  age  it  pleased  his  merciful  Father  in 
heaven  to  renew  his  heart  and  teach  him  those 
truths,  which  are  necessary  to  salvation.  He  was 
impressed  with  a  sense  of  his  entire  destitution  of 
love  to  God,  of  the  incompctency  of  any  works, 
which  he  could  perform,  to  justify  him,  of  the 
necessity  of  a  Saviour,  and  of  his  dependence 
on  Divine  mercy  and  influence.  From  the  depres 
sion  of  mind,  occasioned  by  a  full  conviction  of 
sin  and  a  clear  perception  of  his  danger,  he  was 
relieved  by  a  view  of  the  wonderful  plan  of  re 
demption  by  Jesus  Christ,  and  the  gladness  of 
his  heart  now  was  proportionate  to  the  thickness 
of  the  gloom  which  before  hung  over  his  mind. 
This  change  in  his  character  produced  a  change 
in  his  plans  of  life.  His  father  was  a  rich  farmer, 
and  he  had  been  destined  to  agricultural  pursuits ; 
but  the  belief,  that  it  was  his  duty  to  engage  in 
labors  which  would  most  advance  the  interest  of 
religion,  and  to  extend  his  usefulness  as  much  as 
possible,  induced  him  to  relinquish  the  employ 
ments  of  husbandry,  and  to  attend  to  the  cultiva 
tion  of  his  mind.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1741.  While  in  this  seminary  his 
application  to  his  studies  was  intense,  and  his 
proficiency  was  such  as  rewarded  his  toils.  It 
was  here  that  he  first  became  acquainted  with 
David  Brainerd  with  whom  he  was  very  intimate, 
till  death  separated  them.  Their  friendship  was 
the  union  of  hearts  attached  to  the  same  Ite- 
decmer,  having  the  same  exalted  views  and 
animated  by  the  same  spirit. 

It  was  his  intention  to  spend  a  number  of  years 
with  Mr.  Edwards,  of  Northampton,  in  theologi 
cal  studies ;  but  the  extensive  revival  of  religion 
at  this  period  rendering  the  zealous  preaching  of 
the  truth  peculiarly  important,  he  immediately 
commenced  those  benevolent  labors,  which  occu 
pied  and  delighted  him  through  the  remainder  of 
his  life.  After  being  licensed,  he  preached  about 
two  years  in  different  parts  of  New  England ;  and 
such  was  the  pathos  and  energy  of  his  manner 
that  almost  every  assembly  was  melted  into  tears. 
In  November,  1743,  he  was  ordained  as  an  itiner 
ant  preacher,  in  which  capacity  he  was  indefatiga 
ble  and  very  successful.  He  was  the  instrument 
of  doing  much  good,  of  impressing  the  thought 
less,  of  reforming  the  vicious,  and  of  imparting  to 
the  selfish  and  worldly  the  genuine  principles  of 
benevolence  and  godliness.  Carrying  with  him 
testimonials  from  respectable  ministers,  he  was 
admitted  into  many  pulpits,  from  which  other 
itinerants  were  excluded.  While  he  disapproved 
of  the  imprudence  of  some  in  those  days,  when 
religious  truth  was  brought  home  remarkably  to 
the  heart,  he  no  less  reprehended  the  unreason- 


158 


BUELL. 


BUELL. 


able  opposition  of  others  to  the  work  of  God. 
During  this  period  his  health  was  much  impaired, 
and  a  severe  fit  of  sickness  brought  him  to  the  very 
entrance  of  the  grave ;  but  it  pleased  God,  \vho 
holds  the  lives  of  all  in  His  hand,  to  restore  his 
health,  and  prolong  his  usefulness  for  many  }~ears. 

He  was  led  to  East  Hampton,  by  a  direction  of 
Providence  in  some  respects  extraordinary,  and 
was  installed  pastor  of  the  church  in  that  place, 
Sept.  19,  1746.  His  predecessors  were  Thomas 
James,  the  first  minister ;  then  Nathaniel  Hunt 
ing,  ordained  Sept.  13,  1699,  and  dismissed  in 
his  old  age  at  the  settlement  of  Mr.  Buell.  In 
this  retirement  he  devoted  himself  with  great 
ardor  to  his  studies.  Though  he  always  felt  the 
necessity  of  the  special  aid  of  the  Spirit  of  God  in 
preaching,  yet  he  duly  estimated  the  importance 
of  diligent  application  of  mind  to  the  duties  of  the 
ministry.  For  a  number  of  years  he  wrote  all  his 
sermons  and  preached  them  without  notes.  He 
was  long  engaged  in  writing  a  work  on  the  prophe 
cies,  but  the  publication  of  Newton's  dissertations 
induced  him  to  relinquish  it.  He  sought  the 
acquisition  of  knowledge,  not  that  he  might  have 
the  honor  of  being  reputed  a  learned  man,  but 
that  he  might  increase  his  power  of  usefulness ; 
and  keeping  his  great  object,  that  of  doing  good, 
constantly  in  view,  he  never  suffered  the  pleasures 
of  literary  and  theological  research  to  detain  him 
from  the  field  of  more  active  exertion.  He  could 
not  shut  himself  up  in  his  study,  while  immortal 
souls  in  his  own  congregation  or  in  the  neighbor 
hood  were  destitute  of  instruction  and  were  ready 
to  hear  the  words  of  eternal  life.  He  frequently 
preached  two  or  three  times  in  the  course  of  the 
•week,  in  addition  to  his  stated  labors  on  the  Sab 
bath.  For  a  number  of  the  first  years  of  his 
ministry  he  seemed  to  labor  without  effect.  His 
people  paid  but  little  attention  to  the  concerns  of 
religion.  But  in  1764  he  witnessed  an  astonishing 
change.  Almost  every  individual  in  the  town  was 
deeply  impressed,  and  the  interests  of  eternity 
received  that  attention  which  their  transcendent 
importance  demands.  He  had  the  happiness  at 
one  time  of  admitting  into  his  church  ninety-nine 
persons,  who,  he  believed,  had  been  renewed, 
and  enlightened  with  correct  views  of  the  gospel, 
and  inspired  with  benevolent  principles  of  conduct. 
In  the  years  17 80  and  1791  also,  he  was  favored, 
through  the  influence  of  the  Holy  Spirit  on  the 
hearts  of  his  hearers,  with  great  success. 

Dr.  Buell  presents  a  remarkable  instance  of 
disinterested  exertion  for  the  good  of  others. 
When  Long  Island  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
British  in  1776,  he  remained  with  his  people,  and 
did  much  towards  relieving  their  distresses.  As 
there  was  at  this  period  but  one  minister  within 
forty  miles  able  to  preach,  the  care  of  all  the 
churches  fell  upon  him.  His  natural  disposition 
inclined  him  to  do  with  his  might  whatever  his 


hand  found  to  do.  He  was  an  example  of  all  the 
Christian  virtues.  He  was  attached  to  literature 
and  science,  and  was  the  father  and  patron  of 
Clinton  academy  in  East  .Hampton.  His  house 
was  the  mansion  of  hospitality.  Possessing  a 
large  fund  of  instructive  and  entertaining  anec 
dote,  his  company  was  pleasing  to  persons  of 
every  age.  In  no  respect  was  he  more  distin-* 
guished,  than  for  a  spirit  of  devotion.  He  was 
fully  convinced  of  the  necessity  and  efficacy  of 
prayer,  and  amid  the  prosperous  and  afflictive 
scenes,  through  which  he  passed,  it  was  his  delight 
to  hold  intercourse  with  his  Father  in  heaven. 
He  followed  two  wives  and  eight  children  to  the 
grave.  On  these  solemn  and  affecting  occasions, 
such  was  the  resignation  and  support  imparted  to 
him,  that  he  usually  preached  himself.  To  his 
uncommon  and  long  continued  health,  the  strict 
rules  of  temperance,  which  he  observed,  without 
doubt  much  contributed.  On  the  day,  in  which 
he  was  80  years  old,  he  rode  fourteen  miles  to 
preach  the  gospel,  and  returned  in  the  evening. 
In  his  last  hours  his  mind  was  in  perfect  peace. 
He  had  no  desire  to  remain  any  longer  absent 
from  his  Saviour.  He  observed,  as  the  hour  of 
his  departure  approached,  that  he  felt  all  his 
earthly  connections  to  be  dissolved.  The  world, 
into  which  he  was  just  entering,  absorbed  all  his 
thoughts ;  so  that  he  was  unwilling  to  suffer  any 
interruption  of  his  most  cheering  contemplations 
from  the  last  attention  of  his  friends.  While 
they  were  endeavoring  to  prolong  the  dying  flame, 
he  would  put  them  aside  with  one  hand,  while 
the  other  was  raised  towards  heaven,  where  his 
eyes  and  soul  were  fixed.  In  this  happy  state  of 
mind  he  welcomed  the  moment  of  his  departure 
from  life.  His  daughter  Jerusha  was  the  mother 
of  J.  L.  Gardner  of  Gardner's  Island ;  another 
daughter  married  Rev.  A.  Wentworth. 

He  published  a  narrative  of  the  revival  of 
religion  among  his  people  in  1764,  and  fourteen 
occasional  discourses,  which  evince  the  vigor  of 
his  mind  and  the  ardor  of  his  piety;  among 
which  are  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Samson 
Occum,  Aug.  29,  1759,  to  which  is  added  a  letter 
giving  an  account  of  Occum,  1761 ;  on  the  death 
of  C.  J.  Smith,  1770  ;  at  the  ordination  of  Aaron 
Woolworth,  Bridgehampton,  1788.;  funeral  ser 
mons  on  his  daughter,  Mrs.  Conkling,  1782,  and 
on  an  only  son,  Samuel,  who  died  of  the  small 
pox  in  1787. — Conn.  Evan.  Mag.  II.  147-151, 179- 
182;  Daggetfs  Funeral  Sermon. 

BUELL,  ABEL,  of  Killingworth,  Conn.,  began, 
unaided,  a  type  foundry  in  1769,  and  completed 
several  fonts  of  long  primer.  He  was  a  skilful 
goldsmith  and  jeweller.  John  Baine,  a  Scotch 
man,  who  died  at  Philadelphia  in  1790,  was  the 
first  successful  type  founder;  and  he  came  to  this 
country  after  the  war. —  Thomas,  I.  214 ;  II.  547 ; 
Holmes,  II.  165. 


BUELL. 

BUELL,  WILLIAM,  a  missionary  in  Siam,  died 
in  Newcastle,  Tenn.,  in  1856,  aged  about  40.  An 
afflictive  event  recalled  him  from  Siam. 

BUFF,  MICHAEL,  died  in  Georgia  in  1839, 
aged  101,  a  soldier  in  1758. 

BUIST,  GEORGE,  D.  D.,  minister  in  Charleston, 
S.  C.,  was  born  in  1770  in  Fif'eshire,  Scotland.  In 
the  college  of  Edinburgh,  which  he  entered  in 
1787,  he  became  very  distinguished.  In  classical 
learning  he  excelled,  having  a  predilection  for 
Grecian  literature.  With  the  Hebrew  also  he  was 
familiar.  In  French  and  Italian  he  was  skilled. 
The  elders  of  the  Presbyterian  church  in  Charles 
ton,  established  in  1731,  sent  for  Mr.  Buist,  on 
the  recommendation  of  Dr.  llobertson  and  Dr- 
Blair.  He  arrived  in  June,  1793.  Being  ap 
pointed  in  1805  principal  of  the  college  of  Charles 
ton,  the  seminary  soon  became  more  respectable 
than  ever.  He  died  Aug.  31,  1808,  after  an  illness 
of  a  few  days,  aged  38  years.  His  predecessors  in 
the  Presbyterian  church  were  Stuart,  Grant,  Lori- 
mer,  Morison,  Hewatt,  Graham,  and  Wilson.  As 
a  preacher  he  was  impressive,  oratorical,  and  pop 
ular,  while  he  was  also  instructive  and  faithful.  In 
the  censure  of  vice  he  was  bold  and  animated. 
A  friend  of  benevolent  institutions,  his  warm  and 
eloquent  appeals  aroused  the  public  feeling.  lie 
wrote  various  articles  for  the  British  encyclopedia. 
He  published  an  abridgment  of  Hume  for  schools, 
1792;  a  version  of  the  psalms,  1790;  a  sermon 
on  the  death  of  Rev.  Mr.  Malcomson,  1805.  His 
sermons  in  two  vols.  8vo,  were  published  in  1809. 
—  Sketch  prefixed  to  Sermons. 

BULFINCH,  THOMAS,  M.  D.,  a  physician  in 
Boston,  died  in  Feb.,  1802.  He  was  the  only  son 
of  Dr.  Thomas  B.,  an  eminent  and  pious  physi 
cian,  who  died  Dec.,  1757,  aged  62,  and  whose 
father,  Adino  B.,  came  from  England  in  1680. 
He  was  born  in  1728,  and  after  attending  the  Latin 
school  of  John  Lovell,  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1746.  He  spent  four  years  in  England 
and  Scotland  in  the  prosecution  of  his  medical 
studies,  and,  obtaining  his  medical  degree  in  1757, 
returned  immediately  to  Boston.  During  the 
prevalence  of  the  small-pox  in  1763,  his  antiphlo 
gistic  treatment  was  eminently  successful.  With 
Drs.  Warren,  Gardiner,  and  Perkins  he  attempted 
the  establishment  of  a  small-pox  hospital  at  Point 
Shirley  ;  but  prejudice  defeated  lu's  efforts.  Dur 
ing  the  occupation  of  Boston  by  the  British  troops 
he  remained  in  the  town  and  suil'ered  many  priva 
tions  and  losses.  He  continued  in  practice  till 
two  years  before  his  death,  which  occurred  in 
Feb.,  1802.  His  mother  was  the  daughter  of  John 
Colman,  brother  of  Rev.  Benjamin  C.  His  wife 
was  the  daughter  of  Charles  Apthorp.  He  left  a 
son,  the  architect  and  superintendent  of  the  pub 
lic  buildings  at  Washington,  who  married  the 
daughter  of  John  Apthorp ;  and  two  daughters, 
married  to  George  Storer  and  Joseph  Coolidge. 


BULKLEY. 


159 


Dr.  Bulfinch  was  distinguished  for  his  personal 
appearance  and  elegance  of  manners.  Like  his 
father,  he  was  mild  and  unobtrusive,  cheerful,  be 
nevolent,  and  pious.  He  published  a  treatise  on 
the  treatment  of  the  scarlet  fever ;  another  on  the 
yellow  fever.  —  Thaclier'x  Med.  Biog. 

BULFIXCH,  CHARLES,  died  in  Boston  April 
15,  1844,  aged  81.  He  graduated  at  Harvard, 
1781,  and  pursued  his  architectural  studies  in 
Europe,  and  on  his  return  devoted  himself  to 
arclu'tecture.  He  drew  the  plan  for  the  State- 
house  in  Boston,  and  for  the  capitol  at  Wasliing- 
ton. 

BULKLEY,  PETER,  first  minister  of  Concord, 
Mass.,  died  March  9,  1659,  aged  76.  He  was 
born  at  Woodhill  in  Bedfordshire,  Eng.,  Jan.  31, 
1583.  He  was  educated  at  St.  John's  in  Camb. 
and  was  fellow  of  the  college.  lie  had  a  gentle 
man's  estate  left  him  by  his  father,  Dr.  Edward 
Bulkley  of  Woodhill,  whom  he  succeeded  in  the 
ministry-  For  twenty-one  years  he  continued  his 
faitliful  labors  without  interruption;  but  at  length, 
being  silenced  for  nonconformity  to  some  of  the 
ceremonies  of  the  English  church,  he  came  to 
New  England  in  1635,  that  he  might  enjoy  lib 
erty  of  conscience.  After  residing  some  time  at 
Cambridge,  he  began  the  settlement  of  Concord 
in  1636  with  a  number  of  planters,  who  had 
accompanied  him  from  England.  He  formed, 
July  5,  1636,  the  twelfth  church  which  had  been 
established  in  the  colony,  and  in  1637  was  consti 
tuted  its  teacher  and  John  Jones  its  pastor.  He 
died  in  Concord.  His  first  wife  was  a  daughter 
of  Thomas  Allen  of  Coldington ;  his  second,  a 
daughter  of  Sir  Richard  Chitwood.  By  these  he 
had  fourteen  children,  three  of  whom  were  edu 
cated  for  the  ministry.  Edward,  who  succeeded 
him  about  1659,  had  been  the  first  minister 
of  Marshficld,  died  at  Chelmsford  Jan.  2,  1696, 
and  was  buried  at  Concord ;  his  son,  Peter,  a 
graduate  of  1660,  was  agent  in  England  in  1676, 
was  speaker  of  the  house  and  assistant  from  1677 
to- 1684,  and  died  May  24,  1688. 

Mr.  Bulkley  was  remarkable  for  his  benevo 
lence.  He  expended  a  large  estate  by  giving 
farms  to  his  servants,  whom  he  employed  in  hus 
bandry.  It  was  his  custom,  when  a  servant  had 
lived  with  him  a  certain  number  of  years,  to  dis 
miss  him,  giving  him  a  piece  of  land  for  a  farm, 
and  to  take  another  in  his  place.  He  was  famil 
iar  and  pleasant  in  his  manners,  though  while 
subject  to  bodily  pains  he  was  somewhat  irritable, 
and  in  preaching  was  at  times  considered  as 
severe.  So  strict  was  his  own  virtue,  that  he 
could  not  spare  some  follies,  which  were  thought 
too  inconsiderable  to  be  noticed.  In  consequence 
of  his  pressing  importunately  some  charitable 
work,  contrary  to  the  wishes  of  the  ruling  elder, 
an  unhappy  division  was  produced  in  the  church ; 
but  it  was  healed  by  the  advice  of  a  council  and  the 


160 


BULKLEY. 


abdication  of  the  elder.  By  means  of  this  troub 
lesome  affair,  Mr.  Bulkley  said  he  knew  more  of 
God,  more  of  himself,  and  more  of  men.  He  was 
an  excellent  scholar,  and  was  distinguished  for  the 
holiness  of  his  life  and  his  diligent  attention  to 
the  duties  of  the  ministry.  He  gave  a  considera 
ble  part  of  his  library  to  Harvard  college.  He 
was  very  conscientious  in  his  observance  of  the 
Sabbath.  He  was  averse  to  novelty  of  apparel, 
and  his  hair  was  always  cut  close.  Such  was  his 
zeal  to  do  good,  that  he  seldom  left  any  company, 
without  making  some  serious  remark,  calculated 
to  impress  the  mind.  When,  through  infirmity, 
he  was  unable  to  teach  from  house  to  house,  he 
added  to  his  usual  labor  on  the  Lord's  day  that 
of  catechizing  and  exhorting  the  youth,  in  the 
presence  of  the  whole  assembly.  Such  was  his 
reputation  among  the  ministers  of  New  England, 
that  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  moderators  of 
the  synod  of  1737.  Mr.  Hooker  was  the  other. 

He  published  a  work  entitled,  the  gospel  cove 
nant,  or  the  covenant  of  grace  opened,  etc.,  Lon 
don,  1646,  4to.  pp.  383.  This  book  was  so  much 
esteemed,  that  it  passed  through  several  editions. 
It  is  composed  of  sermons  preached  at  Concord 
upon  Zechariah  IX.  11,  "the  blood  of  the  cove 
nant."  Speaking  of  this  work,  Mr.  Shepard  of 
Cambridge  says,  "  The  church  of  God  is  bound  to 
bless  God  for  the  holy,  judicious,  and  learned 
labors  of  this  aged,  and  experienced,  and  precious 
servant  of  Jesus  Christ."  Mr.  Bulkley  also  wrote 
Latin  poetry,  some  specimens  of  which  are 
preserved  by  Dr.  Mather  in  his  history  of  New 
England.  —  Mather's  Magnolia,  in.  96,  98; 
Neal,  I.  321;  Nonconformists'  Memorial,  last 
edition,  n.  200;  Holmes,  I.  314;  Coll.  Hist. 
Soc.,  x.  168  ;  Bipley's  Dedication  Sermon. 

BULKLEY,  JOHX,  one  of  the  first  graduates 
of  Harvard  college,  died  in  1689,  aged  69.  He 
was  the  son  of  the  preceding.  He  took  his 
degree  of  A.  M.  in  1642.  He  afterwards  went  to 
England,  and  settled  at  Fordham,  where  he 
continued  for  several  years  with  good  acceptance 
and  usefulness.  After  his  ejectment  in  1662  he 
went  to  Wapping,  in  the  suburbs  of  London, 
where  he  practised  physic  several  years  with 
success.  He  was  eminent  in  learning  and  equally 
so  in  piety.  Though  he  was  not  often  in  his 
pulpit  after  his  ejectment,  he  might  truly  be  said 
to  preach  every  day  in  the  week.  His  whole  life 
was  a  continued  sermon.  He  seldom  visited  his 
patients  without  reading  a  lecture  of  divinity  to 
them,  and  praying  with  them.  He  was  remarkable 
for  the  sweetness  of  his  temper,  and  his  integrity 
and  charitableness  ;  but  what  gave  a  lustre  to  all 
his  other  virtues  was  his  deep  humility.  He  died 
near  the  tower  in  London.  —  Nonconformists' 
Memorial,  last  edition,  II.  200 ;  James'  Funeral 
Sermon. 

BULKLEY,  GERSHOM,  an  eminent  minister, 


BULKLEY. 

the  brother  of  the  preceding,  died  Dec.  2,  1713, 
aged  77.  He  was  born  in  Dec.,  1636,  and  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  college  in  1655.  About  the  year 
1658  he  succeeded  Mr.  Blinman  as  minister  of 
New  London.  Here  he  continued  till  about  the 
year  1666,  when  he  became  pastor  of  the  church 
in  Wethersfield,  in  the  place  of  Mr.  Russell,  who 
had  removed  to  Hadley.  He  was  succeeded  at 
New  London  by  Mr.  Bradstreet.  Many  years 
before  his  death  he  resigned  the  ministry  at 
Wethersfield  on  account  of  his  infirmities,  and 
Mr.  Rowlandson  of  Lancaster  was  received  aa 
minister.  His  wife  was  Sarah,  the  daughter  of 
President  Chauncy.  He  was  a  man  of  distinction 
in  his  day,  and  was  particularly  eminent  for  hia 
skill  in  chemistry.  From  an  inscription  upon  his 
gravestone,  it  appears  that  he  was  regarded  as  a 
man  of  rare  abilities  and  extraordinary  industry, 
excellent  in  learning,  master  of  many  languages, 
exquisite  in  his  skill  in  divinity,  physic,  and  law, 
and  of  a  most  exemplary  and  Christian  life. — 
Trumbull,  I.  319,  324, 483, 519;  Mass.  Hist.  Coll., 
X.  155. 

BULKLEY,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  Colchester, 
Avas  the  son  of  Gershom  Bulkley.  He  was  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  college  in  1699,  was  ordained 
Dec.  20,  1703,  and  died  in  June,  1731.  His  son, 
John  Bulkley,  a  graduate  at  Yale  college  in  1756, 
eminent  for  learning,  possessed  a  high  reputation 
as  a  physician  and  lawyer,  and  when  very  young 
was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  superior  court  of 
Connecticut. 

Mr.  Bulkley  was  very  distinguished  as  a  scholar. 
While  a  member  of  college,  he  and  Mr.  Dummer, 
who  was  a  member  of  the  same  class,  were  con 
sidered  as  pre-eminent  in  genius  and  talents. 
The  palm  was  given  to  the  latter  for  quickness, 
brilliancy,  and  wit ;  but  Mr.  Bulkley  was  regarded 
as  his  superior  in  solidity  of  judgment  and 
strength  of  argument.  He  carried  his  researches 
into  the  various  departments  of  the  law,  of  medi 
cine,  and  theology.  He  was  classed  by  Dr. 
Chauncy  in  1788  among  the  three  most  eminent 
for  strength  of  genius  and  powers  of  mind, 
which  New  England  had  produced.  The  other 
two  were  Jeremiah  Dummer  and  Thomas  Walter. 
He  wrote  a  preface  to  R.  Wolcott's  meditations, 
and  published  an  election  sermon  in  1713,  entitled, 
the  necessity  of  religion  in  societies.  In  1724  he 
published  an  inquiry  into  the  right  of  the  aborig 
inal  natives  to  the  lands  in  America.  This  curi 
ous  treatise  has  within  a  few  years  been  reprinted 
in  the  collections  of  the  lu'storical  society  of  Mas 
sachusetts.  The  author  contends,  that  the  Indians 
had  no  just  claims  to  any  lands  but  such  as  they 
had  subdued  and  improved  by  their  own  labor, 
and  that  the  English  had  a  perfect  right  to  occupy 
all  other  lands  without  compensation  to  the  na 
tives.  He  published  a  sermon  at  ordination  of  J. 
Lewis,  1730 ;  and  one  other  tract,  entitled,  an  im- 


BULL. 

partial  account  of  a  late  debate  at  Lyme,  upon  the 
following  points :  whether  it  be  the  will  of  God, 
that  the  infants  of  visible  believers  should  be  bap 
tized  ;  whether  sprinkling  be  lawful  and  sufficient ; 
and  whether  the  present  way  of  maintaining 
ministers  by  a  public  rate  or  tax  be  lawful,  1729. 
In  this  he  gives  some  account  of  the  rise  of 
the  anti-pedo-baptists.  —  Trumbull,  I.  520 ;  Mass. 
Hist.  Coll.  IV.  159 ;  Gen.  Hist,  of  Conn.  173. 

BULL,  HENRY,  governor  of  Rhode  Island,  died 
in  1693,  aged  84.  Born  in  Wales,  he  was  one  of 
the  early  purchasers  of  the  Island  of  Aquidneck, 
now  Rhode  Island.  He  settled  with  seventeen 
others  at  Newport  in  1638,  and  was  governor  in 
1685,  and  again  in  1689,  when  Andros  was  im 
prisoned. 

BULL,  WILLIAM,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  eminent 
for  literature  and  medical  science,  died  July  4, 
1791,  aged  81.  He  was  the  son  of  Win.  Bull, 
lieut.-gov.  of  South  Carolina,  who  died  March 
1755,  aged  72.  He  was  the  first  native  of  South 
Carolina,  and  probably  the  first  American,  who 
obtained  a  degree  in  medicine.  S.  L.  Knapp,  in 
his  stereotype  lecture  on  American  literature, 
mistakes  in  representing  Dr.  Bull  as  a  graduate 
of  Harvard  college,  and  also  in  giving  his  name 
Ball.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Boerhaave,  and  in  1735 
defended  a  thesis  de  colica  pictonum  before  the 
university  of  Leyden.  He  is  quoted  by  Van 
Swieten,  as  his  fellow  student,  with  the  title  of 
the  learned  Dr.  Bull.  After  his  return  to  this 
country,  lu's  services  in  civil  life  were  reqmred  by 
his  fellow-citizens.  In  1751  he  was  a  member  of 
the  council;  in  1763  he  was  speaker  of  the  house 
of  representatives,  and  in  1764  he  was  lieut.-gov. 
of  South  Carolina.  He  was  many  years  in  this 
office,  and  commander-in-chief.  When  the  Brit 
ish  troops  left  South  Carolina  in  1782  he  accom 
panied  them  to  England,  where  he  resided  the 
remainder  of  his  life.  He  died  in  London.  — 
Ramsay's  Rev.  of  Med.  42,43;  Miller,  I.  317,  II. 
363 ;  (rentleman's  Mag.  xxv.  236 ;  Ramsay's 
Hist.  S.  C.  II.  113. 

BULL,  JOHN,  general,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  died  at  Northumberland,  Penn.,  in  Aug. 
1824,  aged  94.  In  the  French  wars  his  services 
were  important,  especially  in  making  treaties  with 
the  Indians  for  the  safety  of  the  frontiers.  In  the 
war  for  independence  he  engaged  with  zeal.  In 
1776  he  was  a  member  of  the  assembly  from  the 
county  of  Philadelphia.  At  the  age  of  75  he  was 
also  a  useful  member  of  the  legislature.  lie  died 
with  composure,  trusting  in  the  atonement  of  the 
Saviour,  with  assured  hope  of  a  glorious  resurrec 
tion. 

BULL,  NORMS,  D.  I).-,  died  in  Lewiston, 
N.  Y.,  in  1848,  aged  about  58.  Bom  in  Har- 
winton,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1813,  and  com 
menced  bis  labors  as  a  teacher  at  Lansingburg. 
He  was  then  a  minister  at  Warsaw,  and  eleven 
21 


BULLOCK. 


161 


years  at  Geneseo.  He  was  afterwards  both  pas 
tor  and  teacher  at  Wyoming  and  at  Clarkson. 
In  1846  he  removed  to  Lewiston.  He  published 
an  address  to  the  Wilson  Collegiate  Institute.  — 
N.  Y.  Observer,  Feb.  26,  1848. 

BULLARI),  ARTEMAS,  Dr.,  died  at  Sutton  May 
6,  1842,  aged  73.  His  ten  children  were  pro 
fessors  of  religion. 

BULLARI),  ARTEMAS,  D.  D.,  son  of  the  pre 
ceding,  minister  of  the  1st  Presbyterian  church  in 
St.  Louis,  was  killed  on  the  railroad  at  Gasconade 
river,  Nov.  1,  1855,  aged  53.  He  had  two  broth 
ers,  who  were  ministers,  and  two  sisters,  who 
married  ministers  —  Henry  W.  Beecher,  and  Lot 
Jones.  He  graduated  at  Amherst  in  1826.  He 
married  Ann  Jones,  a  teacher  in  Boston.  For 
ten  years  he  was  the  general  agent  of  the  Ameri- 
ican  board  of  missions,  residing  at  Cincinnati,  and 
for  eighteen  years  he  had  been  a  minister  in  St. 
Louis,  exerting  a  very  important  influence.  '  His 
new  and  costly  church  had  just  been  finished. 
He  was  on  the  first  railroad  excursion  to  Jeffer 
son  city,  when  he  and  nearly  thirty  others  were 
killed. 

Dr.  Bullard,  when  the  Presbyterian  church  was 
split  into  two  parts,  attached  himself  to  the  New 
School  division.  He  was  a  man  of  action  and 
energy.  His  great  and  very  important  labors  in 
Missouri  in  the  formation  of  new  churches,  the 
providing  of  ministers,  and  the  promotion  of 
learning,  and  his  excellent  character,  are  described 
in  the  N.  Y.  Evangelist  for  Jan.  3,  1856.  By  his 
efforts  chiefly  was  Webster  College  founded. 

BULLARD,  HENRY  A.,  judge,  died  in  New 
Orleans,  April  17, 1851,  aged  62.  The  son  of  the 
minister  of  Pepperell,  he  was  graduated  at  Cam 
bridge  in  1807  ;  having  studied  law,  he  accompa 
nied  Gen.  Toledo  in  an  expedition  against  Texas, 
but  in  the  defeat  escaped,  although  with  difficulty, 
and  opened  an  office  in  Natchitoches.  He  was 
district  judge,  and  a  member  of  congress,  and 
judge  of  the  supreme  court ;  afterwards  he  prac 
tised  law  in  New  Orleans,  and  gave  lectures  in 
the  law  school.  The  fatigue  of  his  return  from 
Washington  occasioned  his  death. 

BULLARD,  AMOS,  minister  of  Barre,  died 
Aug.  21,  1850,  aged  43.  Born  in  Medway,  he 
graduated  at  Amherst  college  in  1833,  was  for 
some  years  assistant  teacher  in  Leicester  academy, 
and  ordained  Oct.  26,  1843.  He  was  a  good 
scholar  and  writer,  and  greatly  excelled  in  meta 
physics.  His  early  death  was  greatly  lamented. 
His  widow  became  an  assistant  in  the  academy  of 
Leicester. 

BULLOCK,  WILLIAM,  published  a  work  en 
titled,  Virginia  impartially  examined,  1649. 

BULLOCK,  LYDIA,  died  at  Rehoboth,  April 
26,  1853,  aged  81,  relict  of  E.  Bullock,  daughter 
of  Roger  Rogcrson,  minister  of  Rehoboth  from 
1759  to  1799.  She  had  a  cultivated  mind,  was 


162 


BUNKER. 


BURGOYNE. 


intelligent,  refined,  dignified,  affable,  of  rich  con 
versation,  and  much-valued  correspondence.  Her 
writings  gratified  her  friends,  but  were  not  made 
public.  She  was  a  specimen  of  the  domestic  in 
telligence  and  refinement,  which,  unknown  to  the 
world,  hath  blessed  many  a  habitation  of  New 
England.  For  fifty  years  she  was  a  devoted  dis 
ciple  of  Christ.  She  was  a  member  of  a  female 
charitable  society,  raising  for  many  years  an  an 
nual  sum  for  the  cause  of  missions. 

BUNKER,  BENJAMIN,  minister  of  Maiden,  died 
Feb.  3,  1670,  aged  about  30.  He  was  the  son  of 
George  Bunker,  who  lived  in  Charlestown  in 
1634,  and  in  1637  was  disarmed,  with  many 
others,  by  order  of  the  general  court,  for  being  a 
follower  of  Wheelwright  and  Mrs.  Hutchinson, 
lest  in  some  revelation  they  should  make  an 
assault  upon  the  government ;  from  whom,  or 
from  some  descendant,  the  name  of  Bunker's  Hill 
is  doubtless  derived.  The  celebrated  battle  was 
fought  on  Breed's  Hill,  distant  120  rods  S.  E. 
from  Bunker's,  which  is  a  loftier  hill.  Mr. 
Bunker  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1658.  —  Savage's  Wintlirop,  \.  248. 

BURBANK,  CALEB,  general,  died  at  Millbury, 
Dec.  9,  1849,  aged  83;  extensively  known  as  a 
paper  manufacturer. 

BURBECK,  HENRY,  general,  died  at  New 
London,  Oct.  2,  1848,  aged  94,  being  born  in 
Boston,  June  8,  1754.  His  father  was  an  officer 
at  Castle  William  before  the  Revolution.  He 
joined  his  father's  company  in  the  American  army 
in  1775,  and  shared  in  the  battles  and  sufferings 
of  the  war,  at  the  close  of  which  he  held  the  office 
of  major.  He  afterwards  was  engaged  in  the 
Indian  wars  along  the  western  frontier  ;  for  years 
he  commanded  at  Mackinaw.  In  the  war  of 
1812  he  served  as  a  brigadier-general;  but  in 
1815  retired  to  private  life,  and  lived  at  New 
London  till  his  death. 

BURCH,  STEPHEN  B.,  D.  D.,  died  at  George 
town,  in  Sept.,  1833,  aged  87. 

BURD,  BENJAMIN,  general,  died  Oct.  5,  1822, 
aged  69.  He  was  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution.  At 
the  age  of  twenty-one  he  joined  Col.  Thompson's 
regiment  of  Pennsylvania  riflemen,  and  marched 
as  a  volunteer  to  Boston,  where  he  arrived  Aug., 
1775.  He  was  afterwards  in  the  battle  of  Long 
Island.  In  1777,  as  captain  in  the  4th  Pennsyl 
vania  regiment,  he  was  in  the  battles  of  Trenton 
arid  Princeton,  and  afterwards  at  the  battle  of 
Brandywine.  In  the  capacity  of  major  he  was 
engaged  in  the  battles  of  Germantown  and  Mon- 
mouth.  In  1779  he  accompanied  Sullivan  in  his 
expedition  against  the  Indians.  In  all  his  ser 
vices  he  was  brave  and  active.  After  the  war  he 
settled  down  on  his  paternal  farm  at  fort  Little 
ton,  where  he  was  long  known  for  his  hospitable 
and  gentlemanly  deportment.  For  the  ten  last 
years  of  his  life  he  resided  at  Bedford,  Penn. ; 


where  he  died  of  the  dropsy  in  the  chest.  His 
wife  died  on  the  preceding  day.  —  Farmer's 
Coll.  n.  App.  99. 

.  BURGESS,  TRISTAM,  judge,  died  at  Watchem- 
oket  farm,  Providence,  Oct.  13,  1853,  aged  83. 
He  was  born  in  Rochester,  Mass.,  Feb.  26,  1770, 
the  son  of  a  soldier,  Lieut.  John  B.,  who  died  in 
1791.  The  father  and  three  sons  were  farmers 
and  coopers.  He  had  attended  school  but  a  few 
weeks  before  he  was  twenty-one ;  he  afterwards 
graduated  at  Brown  university  in  1796.  While 
teaching  school  and  studying  law,  he  was  per 
suaded  to  buy  a  ticket  on  credit,  costing  5  dollars, 
which  drew  a  prize  of  2000,  and  gave  him  relief  in 
his  poverty.  He  married  the  daughter  of  Wel 
come  Arnold,  a  merchant  of  Providence.  He  had 
great  business  as  a  lawyer,  associated  with  such 
men  as  Howell,  Burrill,  Robbins,  Hunter,  Bridg- 
ham,  and  Hazard.  After  being  chief  justice  a  short 
time,  he  was  appointed  professor  of  oratory  in 
Brown  university.  He  entered  congress  in  1825. 
From  him  Mr.  Randolph  received  such  a  retort  as 
from  no  one  else,  —  a  rebuke  that  silenced  him  : 
"  Moral  monsters  cannot  propagate  ;  —  we  rejoice 
that  the  father  of  lies  can  never  become  the  father 
of  liars."  In  1835  he  retired  to  private  life.  He 
was  a  diligent  student  of  the  Bible.  His  memoirs 
were  by  II.  L.  Bowen.  He  published  five  ora 
tions  at  different  times,  and  several  speeches  in 
congress. 

BURGESS,  BENJAMIN,  died  in  Wayne,  Me., 
June  13, 1853,  aged  102,  leaving  170  descendants. 

BURGESS,  Mrs.  N.  M.  HALL,  missionary  to 
the  Indians  on  the  Alleghany  reservation,  died 
Dec.  30,  1851.  For  sixteen  years  she  had  labored 
with  her  brother,  Rev.  W.  Hall,  devoted  to  her 
work.  Her  end  was  peaceful,  saying,  "Dear  Sav 
iour,  come  quickly ! "  She  had  been  married  but  a 
few  weeks. 

BURGESS,  Mrs.,  missionary  at  Satara  in 
India,  died  April  26,  1853,  the  wife  of  E.  Burgess. 
She  was  at  Ahmednuggur  in  1849.  From  the 
time  of  her  arrival  at  S.,  in  1851,  she  was  devoted 
to  her  work,  in  the  schools,  with  the  native  wo 
men,  and  in  the  church. 

BURGOYNE,  JOHN,  a  British  lieutenant-gen 
eral  in  America,  died  Aug.  4,  1792.  He  was  the 
natural  son  of  Lord  Bingley.  He  entered  early 
into  the  army,  arid  in  1762  had  the  command  of  a 
body  of  troops,  sent  to  Portugal  for  the  defence 
of  that  kingdom  against  the  Spaniards.  After 
his  return  to  England  he  became  a  privy  council 
lor,  and  was  chosen  a  member  of  parliament.  In 
the  American  war  he  was  with  the  British  army 
in  Boston,  at  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill  in  1775, 
and  in  the  same  year  was  sent  to  Canada.  In 
the  year  1777  he  was  intrusted  with  the  command 
of  the  northern  army,  which  should  rather  have 
been  given  to  Sir  Guy  Carlton,  who  was  much 
better  acquainted  with  the  situation  of  the  couu- 


BURGOYXE. 


BURGOYXE. 


1G3 


try.  It  was  the  object  of  the  campaign  of  1777 
to  open  a  communication  between  New  York  and 
Canada,  and  thus  to  sever  New  England  from 
the  other  States.  Burgoyne  first  proposed  to  pos 
sess  himself  of  the  fortress  of  Ticonderoga.  With 
an  army  of  about  4,000  chosen  British  troops  and 
Germans,  he  left  St.  John's  June  6,  and,  proceed 
ing  up  lake  Champlain,  landed  near  Crown  Point, 
where  he  met  the  Indians  and  gave  them  a  war 
feast.  lie  made  a  speech  to  them,  calculated  to 
secure  their  friendly  co-operation,  but  designed 
also  to  mitigate  their  native  ferocity.  He  en 
deavored  to  impress  on  them  the  distinction 
between  enemies  in  the  field  and  helpless,  un 
armed  inhabitants,  and  promised  rewards  for 
prisoners,  but  none  for  scalps.  The  attempt  to 
lay  some  restraint  upon  the  mode  of  warfare, 
adopted  by  the  savages,  is  honorable  to  the 
humanity  of  Burgoyne  ;  but  it  may  not  be  easy  to 
justify  the  connection  with  an  ally,  upon  whom  it 
was  well  known  no  effectual  restraints  could  be 
laid.  He  also  published  on  June  29th,  a  mani 
festo,  intended  to  alarm  the  people  of  the  coun 
try,  through  which  he  was  to  march,  and  con 
cluded  it  with  saying :  "  I  trust  I  shall  stand 
acquitted  in  the  eyes  of  God  and  man  in  denounc 
ing  and  executing  the  vengeance  of  the  State 
against  the  wilful  outcasts.  The  messengers  of 
justice  and  of  wrath  await  them  in  the  field,  and 
devastation,  famine,  and  every  concomitant  hor 
ror,  that  a  reluctant  but  indispensable  prosecution 
of  military  duty  must  occasion,  will  bar  the  way 
to  their  return." 

On  the  first  of  July  he  proceeded  to  Ticonder 
oga,  where  Gen.  St.  Clair  was  stationed  with 
about  o,000  effective  rank  and  file,  many  of  whom 
were  without  bayonets.  The  works  were  exten 
sive  and  incomplete,  and  required  10,000  men  for 
their  defence.  The  British  army  was  larger  than 
had  been  expected.  When  the  investment  was 
almost  complete,  Gen.  St.  Clair  called  a  council 
of  war,  and  the  immediate  evacuation  of  the  fort 
was  unanimously  advised.  Preparations  for  the 
retreat  were  accordingly  made  in  the  night  of  July 
5th.  Burgoyne  the  next  morning  engaged  in  the 
pursuit,  and  with  the  grand  division  of  the  army  in 
gun-boats  and  two  frigates  proceeded  to  the  falls  of 
Skeensborough ;  but,  meeting  with  opposition  in 
this  place  from  the  works  wlu'ch  had  been  con 
structed,  he  returned  to  South  Bay,  where  he 
landed.  He  followed  the  Americans,  however, 
from  Skeensborough  to  fort  Edward  on  the  Hud 
son  river,  where,  after  conducting  his  army  with 
incredible  labor  and  fatigue  through  the  wilder 
ness,  he  arrived  July  30.  Had  he  returned  to 
Ticonderoga,  and  embarked  on  lake  George,  he 
might  easily  have  proceeded  to  fort  George, 
whence  there  was  a  wagon  road  to  fort  Edward. 
But  he  disliked  the  appearance  of  a  retrograde 
motion,  though  it  would  have  brought  him  to  the 


place  of  his  destination  much  roor.cr  r.nd  wilh 
much  less  difficulty.  On  his  approach  Gen. 
Schuylcr,  who  had  been  joined  by  St.  Clair,  passed 
over  to  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson,  and 
retreated  to  Saratoga.  Col.  St.  Leger  had  been 
destined  to  reach  Albany  from  Canada  by  a  differ 
ent  route.  He  was  to  ascend  the  St.  Lawrence 
to  Lake  Ontario;  and  thence  to  proceed  down 
the  Mohawk.  He  had  accordingly  reached  the 
head  of  this  river,  and  was  investing  fort  Schuyler, 
formerly  called  fort  Stanwix,  when  intelligence  of 
his  operations  was  brought  to  Burgoyne,  who  per 
ceived  the  importance  of  a  rapid  movement  down 
the  Hudson  in  order  to  aid  him  in  his  project,  and 
to  effect  the  junction  of  the  troops.  But  this  inten 
tion  could  not  be  executed  without  the  aid  of  ox 
teams,  carriages,  and  provisions.  In  order  to  pro 
cure  them  he  detached  Lieut.  Col.  Baum  with  about 
six  hundred  men  to  Bennington,  a  place  about 
twenty-four  miles  to  the  eastAvard  of  Hudson's  river, 
where  large  supplies  were  deposited  for  the  north- 
em  American  army.  But  Baum  was  defeated  at 
Walloon  creek,  about  seven  miles  from  Benning 
ton,  Aug.  IGth,  and  Col.  Breyman,  who  had  ad 
vanced  to  his  assistance  with  about  five  hundred 
men,  was  obliged  to  retreat.  This  was  the  first 
check  which  the  northern  army  received.  This 
disaster  was  followed  in  a  few  days  by  another ; 
for  St.  Legcr,  being  deserted  by  his  Indian  allies, 
who  were  alarmed  by  the  approach  of  Gen.  Arnold 
and  by  a  report  of  the  defeat  of  Burgoyne,  was 
obliged  to  raise  the  siege  of  fort  Schuyler  in  such 
haste,  that  the  artillery,  with  a  great  part  of  the 
baggage,  ammunition,  and  provisions  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  Americans.  As  he  returned  imme 
diately  to  Canada,  Burgoyne  was  cut  off  from  the 
hope  of  being  strengthened  by  a  junction,  and 
the  American  forces  were  enabled  to  concentrate 
themselves  in  order  to  oppose  him.  Gen.  Gates 
arrived,  to  supersede  Schuyler  and  to  take  the 
command  of  the  northern  American  army,  Aug. 
19th ;  and  his  presence,  with  the  recent  events, 
procured  a  vast  accession  of  militia,  and  inspired 
them  with  the  hope  of  capturing  the  whole  Brit 
ish  army.  Burgoyne  was  prevented  from  com 
mencing  his  march  by  the  necessity  of  transport 
ing  provisions  from  fort  George,  and  every 
moment's  delay  increased  the  difficulty  of  pro 
ceeding.  Having  thrown  a  bridge  of  boats  over 
the  Hudson,  he  crossed  that  river  Sept.  13th  and 
14th,  and  encamped  on  the  heights  and  plains  of 
Saratoga.  Gates  immediately  advanced  towards 
him,  and  encamped  three  miles  above  Stillwater. 
Burgoyne  was  not  averse  to  battle.  He  accord 
ingly  approached,  and  on  the  19th  the  action 
commenced  at  about  three  o'clock  and  lasted  till 
night,  when  the  Americans  under  the  command 
of  Arnold  retired  to  their  camp.  The  loss  on  the 
part  of  the  Americans  in  killed  and  wounded  was 
between  three  and  four  hundred.  The  loss  of 


BURGOYNE. 


BURGOYNE. 


the  British  was  about  six  hundred.  Burgoyne 
now  found  that  the  enemy,  which  he  had  to  meet, 
was  able  to  sustain  an  attack  in  open  plains  with 
the  intrepidity  and  the  spirit  of  veterans.  As  he 
had  given  up  all  communication  with  the  lakes, 
he  now  felt  the  necessity  of  a  diversion  in  his  favor 
by  the  British  army.  lie  accordingly  wrote  upon 
this  subject  in  the  most  pressing  manner  to  Sir 
William  Howe  and  Gen.  Clinton ;  but  no  effectual 
aid  was  afforded.  lie  was  also  at  this  time  de 
serted  by  his  Indian  allies,  who  had  been  disap 
pointed  in  their  hopes  of  plunder,  and  whose 
enthusiasm  Avas  chilled.  These  hordes  of  the 
wilderness,  of  whom  in  his  proclamation  he 
boasted,  that  "  he  had  but  to  lift  his  arm  and 
beckon  by  a  stretch  thereof,"  and  they  would 
execute  his  vengeance,  were  now  "  deaf  to  every 
consideration  of  honor,  and  unmoved  by  any  rep 
resentation  made  to  them  of  the  distress,  in  which 
their  secession  would  involve  him."  Difficulties 
thickened  around  him.  His  army  was  reduced  to 
about  five  thousand  men,  and  they  were  limited 
to  half  the  usual  allowance  of  provision.  As  the 
stock  of  forage  was  entirely  exhausted,  his  horses 
were  perishing  in  great  numbers.  The  American 
army  was  so  much  augmented,  as  to  render  him 
diffident  of  making  good  his  retreat. 

In  this  exigency  he  resolved  to  examine  the 
possibility  of  advancing,  or  of  dislodging  the 
Americans,  and  of  removing  them  to  a  greater 
distance,  so  as  to  favor  his  retreat,  if  he  should  be 
under  the  necessity  of  resorting  to  that  melan 
choly  expedient.  For  this  purpose  he  detached 
a  body  of  1500  men,  which  he  led,  attended  by 
Generals  Philips,  Ileidesel,  and  Frazer.  This  de 
tachment,  on  the  seventh  of  October,  had  scarcely 
formed  within  less  than  half  a  mile  of  the  Amer 
ican  intrenchments,  when  a  furious  attack  was 
made  on  its  left,  by  the  direction  of  Gates,  who 
had  perceived  the  movements  of  the  British. 
Arnold  soon  pressed  hard  on  the  right  under 
Burgoyne,  which  with  the  loss  of  the  field  pieces 
and  great  part  of  the  artillery  corps  retreated  to 
the  camp.  The  Americans  followed,  and  assaulted 
the  works  throughout  their  whole  extent  from 
right  to  left.  The  works  were  actually  forced 
towards  the  close  of  the  day,  and  Col.  John 
Brooks,  who  had  dislodged  the  German  reserve, 
occupied  the  ground,  which  he  had  gained.  In 
this  action  Burgoyne  lost  a  number  of  his  best 
officers,  among  whom  were  Gen.  Frazer  and  Col. 
Breyman,  many  privates  killed,  and  two  hundred 
taken  prisoners,  with  nine  pieces  of  brass  artillery 
and  the  encampment  and  equipage  of  the  German 
brigade.  After  the  disasters  of  the  day  he  took 
advantage  of  the  night  to  change  his  position, 
and  to  secure  himself  in  the  strong  camp  on  the 
heights.  But  apprehensive  of  being  inclosed  on 
all  sides,  he  the  next  evening  commenced  his 
retreat  to  Saratoga,  where  he  arrived  on  the  morn 


ing  of  the  tenth.  In  his  march  all  the  dwelling- 
houses  on  his  route  were  reduced  to  ashes.  This 
movement  had  been  foreseen,  and  a  force  was 
already  stationed  in  his  rear  to  be  ready  to  cut 
off  his  retreat.  No  means  of  extricating  himself 
from  difficulty  was  now  left  him,  but  to  abandon 
his  baggage  and  artillery,  and  by  fording  the 
Hudson  to  escape  to  fort  George  through  roads 
impassable  by  wagons.  "Of  this  last  resource  he 
was  deprived  by  the  precaution  of  Gates,  who 
had  posted  strong  parties  at  the  fords,  so  that 
they  could  not  be  passed  without  artillery.  In 
this  dilemma,  when  his  army  was  reduced  to  about 
3,500  fighting  men,  and  there  was  no  means  of 
procuring  a  supply  of  provisions,  which  were 
almost  exhausted,  he  called  a  council  of  war,  and 
it  was  unanimously  agreed  to  enter  into  a  conven 
tion  with  Gen.  Gates.  The  troops  of  Burgoyne 
were  at  first  required  to  ground  their  arms  in  their 
encampments  and  yield  themselves  prisoners  of 
war;  but  this  demand  was  immediately  rejected, 
and  the  American  general  did  not  think  it  neces 
sary  to  insist  upon  the  rigorous  terms  proposed. 
The  convention  was  signed  Oct.  17th,  and  the 
British  army  on  the  same  day  marched  out  of 
their  encampment  with  all  the  honors  of  war.  It 
was  stipulated,  that  they  should  be  permitted  to 
embark  for  England,  and  should  not  serve  against 
the  United  States  during  the  war.  The  whole 
number  of  prisoners  was  5,752.  Burgoyne's  army 
in  July  had  consisted  of  upwards  of  9,000  men. 
The  army  of  Gates,  including  2500  sick,  amounted 
to  13,200. 

The  army  of  Burgoyne  was  escorted  to  Cam 
bridge,  where  it  was  kept  till  Nov.  of  the  follow 
ing  year,  when  congress  directed  its  removal  to 
Charlotteville  in  Virginia.  This  detention  of  the 
troops  was  through  fear,  that  the  convention 
would  be  broken,  and  until  a  ratification  of  it  by 
the  court  of  Great  Britain.  Burgoyne  himself 
had  obtained  permission  to  repair  to  England  on 
parole,  where  he  arrived  in  May,  1778.  He  met 
a  very  cool  reception,  and  was  denied  admission 
to  the  presence  of  his  sovereign.  He  was  even 
ordered  immediately  to  repair  to  America  as  a 
prisoner ;  but  the  ill  state  of  lu's  health  prevented 
his  compliance.  At  length  he  was  permitted  to 
vindicate  his  character;  soon  after  which  he 
resigned  his  emoluments  from  government  to  the 
amount  of  upwards  of  15,000  dollars  a  year.  In 
1777  there  was  published  at  London  "  a  reply  to 
his  letter  to  his  constituents,"  doubtless  written  by 
Lord  Sackville,  the  secretary  of  the  American 
department,  on  whom  Burgoyne  had  thrown  the 
blame  of  the  failure  of  the  .expedition.  This  pam 
phlet  exhibits  some  of  the  peculiarities  of  the 
style  of  Junius,  and  furnishes  one  of  the  reasons 
for  the  belief,  that  Lord  Sackville  was  the  author 
of  the  letters  of  Junius. 

Towards  the  close  of  the  year  1781,  when  a 


BURGOYNE. 


BURNET. 


1G5 


majority  of  parliament  seemed  resolved  to  persist 
in  the  war,  he  joined  the  opposition,  and  advocated 
a  motion  for  the  discontinuance  of  the  fruitless 
contest.  He  knew,  that  it  was  impossible  to 
conquer  America.  "Passion,  prejudice,  and  inter 
est,"  said  he,  "  may  operate  suddenly  and  par 
tially  ;  but  when  we  see  one  principle  pervading 
the  whole  continent,  the  Americans  resolutely 
encountering  difficulty  and  death  for  a  course  of 
years,  it  must  be  a  strong  vanity  and  presumption 
in  our  own  minds,  which  can  only  lead  us  to  im 
agine  that  they  are  not  in  the  right."  From  the 
peace  till  his  death  he  lived  as  a  private  gentle 
man,  devoted  to  pleasure  and  the  muses.  His 
death  was  occasioned  by  a  fit  of  the  gout.  He 
published  a  letter  to  his  constituents,  5th  ed., 
1779 ;  state  of  the  expedition  from  Canada,  1780; 
the  maid  of  the  oaks,  an  entertainment;  bon  ton, 
and  the  heiress,  a  comedy,  which  were  once  very 
popular,  and  are  considered  as  respectable  dra 
matic  compositions.  —  Stedman,  I.  318-357;  Mar 
shall,  III.  231-291,  393;  Warren,  II.  1-58; 
Holmes,  n.  269-275 ;  Ramsay,  II.  27-56 ;  Gor 
don,  II.  476-490,  238-578;  Annual  Reg.  for 

1777,  141-176;  for  1778-195-200;  Coll.  Hist. 
Soc.  II.  104-124 ;  Junius  Unmasked. 

BURHANS,  DANIEL,  D.  1).,  died  at  Pough- 
keepsie  Dec.  30,  1853,  aged  90.  He  was  at  an 
early  period  of  his  life  an  Episcopal  minister  in 
Lanesborough. 

BURKE,  AEDA>TLTS,  a  judge  of  the  court  of 
chancery  in  South  Carolina,  died  March  30,  1802, 
aged  59.  He  was  a  native  of  Galway  in  Ireland. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  Revolution  he  came  as 
a  volunteer  to  fight  for  American  liberty.  In 

1778,  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court.     In  1789  he  was  a  delegate  to  congress. 
The  establish  .11  ent  of  the  society  of  the  Cincinnati 
was  opposed  by  him  with  great  zeal.     He  died  at 
Charleston.      He   was    an    earnest    republican ; 
honest,  yet  eccentric;  in  the  administration  of 
justice  inflexibly  upright.     He  published  an  ad 
dress  to  the  freemen  of  the  State  of  South  Caro 
lina  by  Cassius,  1783,  in  which  he  recommended  a 
general  amnesty ;  considerations  upon  the  order 
of    the    Cincinnati,    1783.  —  Gordon,    IV.    396; 
Warren,  ill.  288;  Ramsay's  S.  C.  l.  477. 

BURKE,  JOIIN  DOLY,  author  of  a  history  of 
Virginia,  was  a  native  of  Ireland  and  educated  at 
Trinity  college.  Coming  to  America  in  1797,  he 
conducted  for  a  short  time  a  paper  at  Boston  and 
afterwards  at  New  York,  where  he  was  arrested 
under  the  sedition  law.  At  the  Boston  theatre 
he  was  made  the  master  of  ceremonies.  He  was 
killed  in  a  duel  with  Felix  Coquebert,  a  French 
man,  in  consequence  of  a  political  dispute,  April 
12,  1808.  He  published  a  history  of  Virginia 
from  its  first  settlement  to  1804,  in  3  vols.  An 
additional  volume,  the  joint  production  of  Mr. 
Jones  and  Mr.  Girardin,  was  published  in  1816. 


He  published  also  Bunker  Hill,  a  tragedy ; 
Bethlem  Gabor,  an  historical  drama,  1803;  an 
oration,  delivered  March  4,  180«S. 

BURXABY,  ANDREW,  a  clergyman,  published 
Travels  through  the  middle  settlements  of  North 
America  in  1759  and  1760,  4to.  1776. 

BURNAP,  JACOB,  D.  D.,  first  minister  of  Mer- 
rimac,  N.  II.,  died  Dec.  26,  1821,  aged  73.  He 
was  born  in  Reading,  Mass.,  Nov.  2,  1748,  and 
was  a  descendant  of  Isaac,  who  died  1667.  After 
graduating  at  Harvard  college  in  1770,  he  studied 
theology  with  Thomas  Haven,  of  Reading,  a  man 
of  profound  erudition,  of  great  mildness  and  gen 
tleness,  and  of  remarkable  patience  under  severe 
trials,  whose  example  taught  his  pupils  much  of 
the  spirit  of  religion.  The  church  of  Merrimac 
was  constituted  Sept.  5,  1772,  and  Mr.  Burnap, 
was  ordained  Oct.  14th.  After  a  ministry  of 
nearly  fifty  years  he  died.  By  his  second  wife, 
Elizabeth,  sister  of  Gov.  John  Brooks,  who  died 
in  1810,  he  had  thirteen  cliildren.  Two  of  his 
sons  graduated  at  Harvard  college.  "With  a  sound 
judgment  and  vigorous  powers,  he  diligently  stud 
ied  the  Scriptures  in  the  original  languages.  In 
his  sentiments  he  escaped  the  extremes  of  ortho 
doxy  and  liberality.  In  his  disposition  he  was 
kind  and  catholic.  He  published  an  oration  on 
independence,  1808,  and  the  following  sermons: 
at  a  fast,  1799;  at  the  election,  1801;  on  the 
death  of  S.  Chandler,  1806;  of  II.  M.  Davidson, 
1808 ;  of  R.  Parker,  1809 ;  of  Sarah,  Samuel,  and 
Joanna  Spaulding,  1815;  of  J.  Kidder,  1818;  at 
the  thanksgiving,  1811;  at  Merrimac,  1819,  and 
Dec.  20,  1820,  two  centuries  from  the  settlement 
of  N.  E.—  Farmer's  Collect.  II.  76-79. 

BURNET,  WILLIAM,  governor  of  several  of 
the  American  colonies,  died  Sept.  7,  1729.  He 
was  the  eldest  son  of  the  celebrated  Bishop 
Burnet,  and  was  born  at  the  Hague  in  March, 
1688.  He  was  named  William  after  the  Prince 
of  Orange,  who  stood  his  godfather.  Previously 
to  his  coming  to  this  country,  he  possessed  a  con 
siderable  fortune ;  but  it  had  been  wrecked  in  the 
South  Sea  scheme,  which  reduced  many  opulent 
families  to  indigence.  In  the  year  1720  he  was 
appointed  governor  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey 
in  the  place  of  Robert  Hunter,  who  succeeded 
Mr.  Burnet  as  comptroller-general  of  the  accounts 
of  the  customs,  a  place  worth  1200  hundred 
pounds  per  annum.  He  arrived  at  New  York 
and  took  upon  him  the  government  of  that 
province  Sept.  17,  1720.  lie  continued  in  this 
station  till  his  removal  in  1728.  None  of  his  pre 
decessors  had  such  extensive  and  just  views  of  the 
Indian  affairs,  and  of  the  dangerous  neighborhood 
of  the  French,  whose  advances  he  was  fully  de 
termined  to  check.  He  penetrated  into  their 
policy,  being  convinced  from  their  possessing  the 
main  passes,  from  their  care  to  conciliate  the 
natives,  and  from  the  increase  of  their  settlements 


166 


BURNET. 


BURNET. 


in  Lousiana,  that  the  British  colonies  had  much 
to  fear  from  their  arts  and  power.  In  his  first 
speech  to  the  assembly  he  expressed  his  appre 
hensions  and  endeavored  to  awaken  the  suspicion 
of  the  members.  Agreeably  to  his  desire,  an  act 
was  passed  at  the  first  session,  prohibiting  the  sale 
of  such  goods  to  the  French,  as  were  suitable  for 
the  Indian  trade.  This  was  a  wise  and  necessary 
measure ;  for,  by  means  of  goods,  procured  from 
Albany  and  transported  to  Canada  by  the  Mo 
hawk  and  lake  Ontario,  the  French  were  enabled 
to  divert  the  fur  trade  from  the  Hudson  to  the  St. 
Lawrence,  and  to  corrupt  the  fidelity  of  the  Indian 
allies.  But,  wise  and  necessary  as  this  measure 
was,  a  clamor  was  raised  against  it  by  those,  whose 
interests  were  affected.  The  governor,  however, 
was  not  prevented  from  pursuing  his  plans  for  the 
public  welfare.  He  perceived  the  importance  of 
obtaining  the  command  of  lake  Ontario,  in  order 
to  frustrate  the  project  of  the  French  for  establish 
ing  a  chain  of  forts  from  Canada  to  Louisiana,  so 
as  to  confine  the  English  colonies  to  narrow  limits 
along  the  seacoast.  For  this  purpose  he  began 
the  erection  of  a  trading-house  at  Oswego,  in  the 
country  of  the  Seneca  Indians,  in  1722.  In  this 
year  there  was  a  congress  at  Albany  of  the  sev 
eral  governors  and  commissioners  on  the  renewal 
of  the  ancient  friendship  with  the  Indians;  and 
Governor  Burnet  persuaded  them  to  send  a  mes 
sage  to  the  eastern  Indians,  threatening  them  with 
war,  unless  they  concluded  a  peace  with  the  Eng 
lish,  who  had  been  much  harassed  by  their  fre 
quent  irruptions. 

Another  circumstance,  in  addition  to  the  act 
above  mentioned,  increased  the  disaffection  of  the 
people  to  the  governor.  As  he  sustained  the  office 
of  chancellor,  he  paid  great  attention  to  its  duties. 
Though  he  was  not  a  lawyer,  he  in  general  trans 
acted  the  business,  which  was  brought  before 
him,  with  correctness  and  ability.  He  had,  how 
ever,  one  failing,  which  disqualified  him  for  a 
station,  that  sometimes  required  a  patient  appli 
cation  of  mind.  His  decisions  were  precipitate. 
He  used  to  say  of  himself,  "  I  act  first,  and  think 
afterwards."  As  some  cases  were  brought  before 
him,  in  which  the  path  of  justice  was  not  so  plain 
as  to  be  instantly  seen,  and  as  the  establishment 
of  the  court  itself  without  the  consent  of  the 
assembly  was  considered  as  a  grievance,  Mr. 
Burnet  saw  a  strong  party  rise  against  him.  His 
services  were  overlooked  and  his  removal  became 
necessary.  Such  was  his  disinterested  zeal  in 
prosecuting  his  plan  of  opposition  to  the  French, 
that  after  they  had  built  a  large  storehouse  and 
repaired  the  fort  at  Niagara  in  1726,  he  in  the 
following  year,  at  his  own  expense,  built  a  fort  at 
Oswego  for  the  protection  of  the  post  and  trade. 
This  was  a  measure  of  the  highest  importance  to 
the  colonies.  In  the  government  of  New  Jersey, 
wliich  he  enjoyed  at  the  same  time  with  that  of 


New  York,  no  event  of  interest  took  place.  In 
the  session  of  the  assembly,  in  the  year  1721,  a 
bill  was  introduced,  which  was  supposed  to  have 
originated  with  the  governor,  entitled,  "  an  act 
against  denying  the  divinity  of  our  Saviour  Jesus 
Christ,  the  doctrine  of  the  blessed  Trinity,  the 
truth  of  the  holy  Scripture,  and  spreading  atheis 
tical  books;"  but  it  was  rejected. 

Mr.  Burnet  was  succeeded  in  his  governments 
by  John  Montgomerie,  to  whom  he  delivered  the 
great  seal  of  the  province  of  New  York,  April  15, 
1728.  He  left  New  York  with  reluctance,  for  by 
his  marriage  with  the  daughter  of  Vanhorne  he 
had  become  connected  with  a  numerous  family, 
and  he  had  formed  a  strict  intimacy  and  friendship 
with  several  gentlemen  of  learning  and  worth. 
Being  appointed  governor  of  Massachusetts  and 
New  Hampshire,  he  reached  Boston  July  13,  1728, 
and  was  received  with  unusual  pomp.  In  his  speech 
to  the  assembly,  July  24,  he  made  known  his  in 
structions  to  insist  upon  a  fixed  salary,  and  ex 
pressed  his  intention  firmly  to  adhere  to  them. 
Thus  the  controversy,  which  had  been  agitated 
during  the  administration  of  his  predecessor, 
Shute,  was  revived.  On  the  one  hand  it  was 
contended,  that  if  the  support  of  the  governor 
depended  upon  an  annual  grant,  he  would  be  laid 
under  constraint,  and  would  not  act  with  the 
necessary  independence  and  regard  to  the  rights 
of  the  king.  On  the  other  hand  it  was  asserted, 
that  the  charter  gave  the  assembly  a  full  right  to 
raise  and  appropriate  all  moneys  for  the  support 
of  government,  and  that  an  honorable  support 
would  always  be  afforded  to  a  worthy  chief  magis 
trate,  without  rendering  him  completely  inde 
pendent  of  the  people,  whose  interests  he  is 
bound  to  promote.  The  governor  pursued  the 
controversy  with  zeal,  but  without  success ;  and 
opposition  had  an  evident  effect  upon  his  spirits. 
A  violent  cold,  occasioned  by  the  oversetting  of  his 
carriage  upon  the  causeway  at  Cambridge,  when 
the  tide  was  high,  was  followed  by  a  fever,  which 
terminated  his  life.  He  left  two  sons  and  a 
daughter.  He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Belcher. 

Gov.  Burnet  was  a  man  of  superior  talents,  and 
in  many  respects  of  an  amiable  character.  His 
acquaintance  with  books  and  his  free  and  easy 
manner  of  communicating  his  sentiments  made 
him  the  delight  of  men  of  letters.  His  library 
was  one  of  the  richest  private  collections  in 
America.  His  right  of  precedence  in  all  com 
panies  rendered  him  the  more  excusable  in  indulg 
ing  his  natural  disposition  by  occupying  a  large 
share  in  the  conversation.  To  the  ladies  he  made 
himself  peculiarly  agreeable.  In  his  conduct  as  a 
governor  he  discovered  nothing  of  an  avaricious 
spirit,  though  in  order  to  procure  supplies  for  his 
family  he  exceeded  the  bounds  of  the  law  in  de 
manding  fees  of  masters  of  vessels.  His  contro 
versy  with  the  assembly  respected  not  the  amount 


BURNET. 

of  his  salary,  but  only  the  manner  in  which  it 
should  be  secured  to  him.  In  his  disposal  of  pub 
lic  offices  he  was  sometimes  generous,  though  he 
usually  preferred  those  who  would  favor  his 
cause,  and  displaced  some  who  opposed  him.  He 
removed  from  his  posts  Mr.  Lynde,  a  member  of 
the  house,  whose  integrity  and  talents  were  un 
questioned,  merely  because  he  would  not  vote  for 
a  compliance  with  the  instructions  given  to  the 
governor.  By  this  measure  he  lost  many  of  his 
friends.  It  is,  however,  highly  to  the  honor  of 
Mr.  Burnet,  that  an  immoral  or  unfair  character 
was  in  his  view  a  complete  exclusion  from  office  ; 
and  upon  this  principle  only  he  once  gave  his 
negative  to  the  election  of  a  member  of  the 
council. 

With  regard  to  his  religion,  he  firmly  believed 
the  truth  of  Christianity,  but  he  seems  not  to  have 
possessed  all  the  seriousness,  which  would  have 
been  honorable  to  his  character,  nor  that  constant 
sense  of  obligation  to  the  Giver  of  all  good,  which 
the  Christian  should  feel.  Being  invited  to  dine 
with  an  aged  gentleman,  who  had  been  a  senator 
under  the  old  charter,  and  who  retained  the  cus 
tom  of  saying  grace  sitting,  he  was  asked,  Avhcther 
it  would  be  more  agreeable  to  his  excellency,  that 
grace  should  be  said  sitting  or  standing.  The 
governor  replied,  "  Standing  or  sitting,  any  way 
or  no  way,  just  as  you  please."  Another  anec 
dote  is  the  following.  One  of  the  committee,  who 
went  from  Boston  to  meet  him  on  the  bordei's  of 
Rhode  Island,  was  the  facetious  Col.  Tailer.  Bur- 
net  complained  of  the  long  graces  which  were 
said  by  clergymen  on  the  road,  and  asked  when 
they  would  shorten.  Tailer  answered,  "  The 
graces  will  increase  in  length  till  you  come  to 
Boston;  after  that  they  will  shorten  till  you  come 
to  your  government  of  New  Hampsliire,  where 
your  excellency  will  find  no  grace  at  all."  The 
governor,  though  the  son  of  a  bishop,  was  not 
remarkable  for  his  exact  attendance  upon  public 
worship.  Mr.  Ilutchinson,  one  of  his  successors, 
who  had  a  keener  sense  of  what  was  discreet,  if 
not  of  what  was  right,  thinks,  that  he  should  have 
conformed  more  to  the  customs  and  prejudices  of 
New  England.  But  he  had  no  talent  at  dissimu 
lation,  and  his  character  presented  itself  fully  to 
view.  He  did  not  appear  better  than  he  really 
was.  He  sometimes  wore  a  cloth  coat  lined  with 
velvet ;  it  was  said  to  be  expressive  of  lus  char 
acter.  By  a  clause  in  his  last  will  he  ordered  his 
body  to  be  buried  in  the  nearest  churchyard  or 
burying-ground,  as  he  had  no  attachment  to  par 
ticular  modes  and  forms. 

He  published  some  astronomical  observations 
in  the  transactions  of  the  royal  society,  and  an 
essay  on  Scripture  prophecy,  wherein  he  endeav 
ored  to  explain  the  three  periods  contained  in 
the  twelfth  chapter  of  Daniel,  with  arguments 
to  prove,  that  the  first  period  expired  in  1715. 


BURR. 


1G7 


This  was  published  1724,  4to.,  pp.  1G7.  —  Smith 
Hist,  N.  Y.  151-173,  ed.  in  4to. ;  Ilutcldnson,  n. 
332-366 ;  Belknap,  II.  93-95 ;  Marshall,  I.  290- 
299,  306;  Caiman's  Life,  196;  Johnson's  Life, 
41,  42;  Minot,  I.  6lj  2F.  E.  Weekly  Journal, 
Sept.  15,  1729. 

BURNET,  MATTHIAS,  D.  D.,  Episcopal  minis 
ter  at  Norwalk,  Conn.,  graduated  at  Princeton  in 
1764  and  died  in  1806,  aged  about  55.  He  pub 
lished  reflections  upon  the  season  of  harvest,  and 
evidences  of  a  general  judgment,  two  sermons  in 
American  preacher,  II,  III. 

BURNET,  JACOB,  Judge,  died  at  Cincinnati, 
May  10,  1853,  aged  84.  A  native  of  Newark, 
N.  J.,  he  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1791,  visited 
Ohio  in  1795,  and  settled  at  Cincinnati  in  1796. 
He  was  a  senator  of  the  U.  S.,  and  a  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  Ohio.  One  of  the  founders  of 
Ohio,  he  lived  to  see  the  few  early  settlers  of  Cin 
cinnati  increased  to  one  hundred  and  tliirty 
thousand.  At  the  age  of  80  he  walked  the 
streets  erect,  and  he  was  yet  interesting  by  his 
colloquial  powers.  Washington  was  a  guest  in 
his  father's  house.  He  retired  from  the  practice 
of  law  in  1816,  but  was  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Ohio,  1821-1828;  then  a  senator  of  the 
U.  S.  By  the  early  purchase  of  lands  he  acquired 
a  fortune  of  a  half  a  million  or  more.  He  pub 
lished,  in  1847,  Notes  on  the  Northwestern  Ter 
ritory,  instructive  and  very  interesting. 

BURNETT,  WALDO  J.,  M.  D.,  died  in  Boston 
July  1,  1854,  aged  25,  a  physician  and  naturalist, 
author  of  several  tracts  on  medical  subjects. 

BURNHAM,  JOHN,  major,  died  in  Derry,  N.  H. 
in  1843,  aged  96  :  he  fought  at  Bunker  Hill. 

BURNHAM,  LYDIA,  Mrs.,  died  in  Groton,  Vt., 
Feb.  12,  1852,  aged  104  years  and  9  months.  Her 
third  husband  died  in  1804. 

BURNHAM,  ABRAHAM,  D.  I).,  died  at  Pem 
broke,  N.  H.,  Sept.  20,  1852,  aged  77.  He  was 
a  graduate  of  Dartmouth  in  1804.  His  character 
is  described  in  the  Recorder,  Oct.  7.  He  published 
a  .sermon  at  ordination  of  A.  W.  Burnham,  1821. 

BURNSIDE,  SAMUEL  M.,  died  at  Worcester 
July  29,  1850,  aged  67.  A  native  of  Northum 
berland,  and  a  graduate  of  Dartmouth  of  1805,  he 
studied  law,  and  was  a  literacy  man  and  a  friend 
of  learning^  and  a  useful  citizen.  He  married  a 
daughter  of  Dwight  Foster.  He  published  an 
oration  1813,  and  a  memoir  of  J.  Thomas  in 
Archncol.  Am.,  n. 

BURR,  JONATHAN,  minister  of  Dorchester, 
died  Aug.  9,  1641,  aged  37.  He  was  born  at 
Redgrave  in  Suffolk,  England,  about  the  year 
1604.  He  gave  early  indications  of  an  inquisi 
tive,  studious,  and  pious  mind.  While  he  was 
much  attached  to  books,  the  Bible  was  peculiarly 
his  delight,  and  by  means  of  its  instructions, 
which  were  familiar  to  him  from  childhood,  he 
was  made  wise  to  salvation.  Hence  he  was  con- 


1G8 


BURR. 


BURR. 


scientious  in  secret  prayer;  his  whole  deportment 
was  guarded  and  serious;  and  his  Sabbaths  were 
entirely  occupied  in  the  exercises  becoming  a  day 
of  holy  rest.  His  pious  parents  observed  with 
satisfaction  the  promising  disposition  of  their  son; 
and  being  desirous  to  consecrate  him  to  the  ser 
vice  of  God  and  his  church,  determined  to  bestow 
upon  him  a  learned  education.  He  was  accord 
ingly  sent  to  the  university,  where  he  continued 
three  or  four  years,  when  the  course  of  his  aca 
demical  studies  was  interrupted  by  the  death  of 
his  father.  Being  compelled  by  this  melancholy 
event  to  retire  into  the  country,  he  undertook  the 
instruction  of  a  school ;  but  he  still  pursued  with 
unabating  ardor  his  design  of  accomplishing  him 
self  in  the  various  branches  of  knowledge.  The 
awful  providence  of  God,  he  would  remark,  by 
which  he  was  precluded  from  those  employments 
and  honors  in  the  university,  of  which  he  was 
very  fond,  produced  an  effect,  for  which  he  had 
reason  to  admire  the  Divine  wisdom.  It  promoted 
in  him  a  humility  and  seriousness,  which  rendered 
him  more  fit  for  the  great  work  of  turning  many 
to  righteousness. 

After  having  preached  for  some  time  at  Horn 
ing,  near  Bury  in  Suffolk,  he  was  called  to  take 
the  charge  of  a  congregation  at  Rcckingshal  in 
the  same  county.  Here  he  approved  himself  a 
faithful  minister  of  the  gospel.  By  an  explicit 
and  solemn  covenant  he  obligated  himself  to  the 
most  conscientious  discharge  of  the  high  duties, 
devolved  upon  him.  He  often  and  earnestly 
prayed,  that  whatever  he  preached  to  others,  he 
might  preach  from  his  own  experience.  Yet  he 
not  unfrequently  lamented  to  his  friends,  "  alas !  I 
preach  not  what  I  am,  but  what  I  ought  to  be." 
Being  silenced  in  England,  with  many  others,  for 
resisting  the  impositions  of  the  prclatical  party, 
and  apprehending  that  calamities  were  in  store 
for  the  nation,  he  came  to  New  England  in  1639, 
with  his  wife  and  three  children,  willing  to  forego 
all  worldly  advantages,  that  he  might  enjoy  the 
ordinances  of  the  gospel  in  their  purity.  He  was 
admitted  a  member  of  the  church  in  Dorchester 
under  the  pastoral  care  of  Richard  Mather,  Dec. 
21.  He  was  in  a  short  time  invited  to  settle  as  a 
colleague  with  Mr.  Mather  in  the  ministry ;  but 
before  accepting  the  invitation  a  misunderstand 
ing  arose,  which  made  it  necessary  to  ask  the 
advice  of  the  neighboring  churches.  A  council 
was  accordingly  called  Feb.  2,  1G40,  consisting  of 
Governor  Winthrop  and  another  magistrate  and 
ten  ministers.  Four  days  were  spent  in  examin 
ing  and  discussing  the  affair.  It  appeared,  that 
Mr.  Burr  had  been  suspected  of  some  errors,  and, 
being  directed  to  give  his  opinion  in  writing  to 
Mr.  Mather,  the  latter  had  reported  the  excep 
tionable  expressions  and  the  erroneous  sentiments 
to  the  church,  without  alluding  to  the  qualifica 
tions  which  they  might  receive  from  other  parts 


of  the  writing.  These  errors  Mr.  Burr  disclaimed. 
The  council  declared,  that  both  these  good  men 
had  cause  to  be  humbled  for  their  failings,  and 
advised  them  to  set  apart  a  day  for  reconciliation. 
This  was  accordingly  done.  The  spirit  of  meek 
ness  and  love  triumphed,  the  mutual  affection  of 
the  ministers  was  restored,  and  the  peace  of  the 
church  was  happily  re-established.  Mr.  Burr, 
whose  faith  had  been  somewhat  shaken,  by  means 
of  the  discussion  was  confirmed  in  the  truth,  and 
he  humbled  himself  with  many  tears.  He  and 
his  family  were  in  this  year  taken  sick  with  the 
small  pox,  which,  as  inoculation  was  not  practised, 
was  a  very  dangerous  disorder;  but  he  happily 
recovered.  On  this  occasion  he  renewed  the  ded 
ication  of  himself  to  God,  resolving  to  act  only  for 
liis  glory  and  the  good  of  his  brethren,  and  not 
to  be  governed  by  selfishness ;  to  live  in  humility 
and  with  a  sense  of  his  complete  dependence  upon 
Divine  grace ;  to  be  watchful  over  his  own  heart 
lest  his  reliance  should  be  transferred  from  the 
Creator  to  the  creature ;  to  be  mindful,  that  God 
heareth  prayer ;  and  to  bend  his  exertions  with 
more  diligence  for  the  promotion  of  pious  affec 
tions  in  himself  and  in  his  family.  He  lived  after 
wards  answerably  to  these  holy  resolutions.  The 
most  experienced  Christians  in  the  country  found 
his  ministry  and  his  whole  deportment  breathing 
much  of  the  spirit  of  a  better  world.  The  emi 
nent  Mr.  Hooker,  once  hearing  him  preach,  re 
marked,  "  Surely  this  man  will  not  be  long  out  of 
heaven,  for  he  preaches  as  if  he  were  there 
already." 

Mr.  Burr  was  esteemed  both  in  England  and  in 
this  country  for  his  piety  and  learning.  His  mod 
esty  and  self-diffidence  were  uncommonly  great. 
He  could  with  difficulty  imagine,  that  perform 
ances  such  as  his  could  be  productive  of  any 
good.  Yet  he  was  sometimes  most  happily  dis 
appointed.  Having  been  by  much  importunity 
prevailed  on  to  preach  at  a  distance  from  home, 
he  returned,  making  the  most  humiliating  reflec 
tions  on  his  sermon.  "  It  must  surely  be  of 
God,"  said  he,  "  if  any  good  is  done  by  so  un 
worthy  an  instrument."  Yet  this  sermon  was 
instrumental  in  the  conversion  of  a  person  of 
eminence,  who  heard  it,  and  whose  future  life 
manifested  that  he  was  a  Christian  indeed.  It 
was  his  custom  on  the  Sabbath,  after  his  public 
labors,  to  retire  to  his  closet,  where  he  suppli 
cated  forgiveness  of  the  sins  which  had  attended 
his  performances,  and  implored  the  Divine  blessing 
upon  them.  He  then  spent  some  hours  in  praying 
with  his  family  and  instructing  them  in  the  great 
truths  of  religion.  When  he  was  desired  to  relax 
his  excessive  exertions  to  do  good,  lest  he  should 
be  exhausted,  he  replied :  "  It  is  better  to  be  worn 
out  with  the  work,  than  to  be  eaten  out  with 
rust."  lie  began  each  day  with  secret  prayer. 
He  then  careildly  meditated  on  a  chapter  of  the 


BURR. 


BURR. 


169 


Bible,  which  he  afterwards,  at  the  time  of  domes 
tic  worship,  expounded  to  his  family  and  such 
neighbors  as  wished  to  be  present.  A  similar 
course  he  pursued  at  evening.  lie  generally 
spent  some  time  after  dinner  in  praying  with  his 
wife.  Immediately  before  retiring  to  rest,  he 
employed  half  an  hour  in  recollecting  and  con 
fessing  the  sins  of  the  day,  in  grateful  acknowl 
edgments  of  Divine  mercies,  and  in  supplications 
to  be  prepared  for  sudden  death.  Previously  to 
each  celebration  of  the  Lord's  supper  he  kept 
with  his  wife  a  day  of  fasting  and  prayer,  not 
merely  as  a  preparative  for  that  sacred  ordinance, 
but  as  a  season  for  imploring  the  blessing  of  God 
on  his  family  and  neighborhood.  Absence  from 
home  was  irksome  to  him,  particularly  as  it  de 
prived  him  of  those  opportunities  of  holding 
intercourse  with  Heaven  on  which  he  placed  so 
great  a  value.  But  when  he  journeyed  with  his 
friends,  he  did  not  fail  to  edify  them  by  profitable 
conversation ;  especially  by  instructive  remarks  on 
such  objects  and  occurrences  as  presented  them 
selves  to  his  attention.  In  the  recollection  of 
these  scenes  he  was  accustomed  to  inquire,  what 
good  had  been  done  or  gained,  what  useful  exam 
ples  seen,  and  what  valuable  instructions  heard. 

While  he  was  indefatigable  in  his  ministerial 
work,  he  was  not  anxious  for  any  other  reward 
than  what  he  found  in  the  service  itself.  If  any, 
who  hoped  that  they  had  received  spiritual  benefit 
through  his  exertions,  sent  him  expressions  of 
their  gratitude,  he  would  pray  that  he  might 
not  have  his  portion  in  these  things.  Nor  was 
he  backward  to  remind  his  grateful  friends,  that 
whatever  good  they  had  received  through  him, 
the  glory  should  be  ascribed  to  God  alone.  It 
was  in  preaching  the  gospel  that  he  found  his 
highest  enjoyment  in  life.  In  proportion  to  the 
ardor  of  his  piety  was  the  extent  of  his  charity. 
He  sincerely  loved  his  fellow  men,  and  while  their 
eternal  interests  pressed  with  weight  on  his  heart, 
he  entered  with  lively  sympathy  into  their  tempo 
ral  afflictions.  Rarely  did  he  visit  the  poor  with 
out  communicating  what  was  comfortable  to  the 
body,  as  well  as  what  was  instructive  and  salutary 
to  the  soul.  When  he  was  reminded  of  the  im 
portance  of  having  a  greater  regard  to  his  own 
interest,  he  replied  :  "  I  often  think  of  those  words  : 
'  lie  that  soweth  sparingly  shall  reap  sparingly.' " 
For  the  general  interests  of  religion  in  the  world 
he  felt  so  lively  a  concern,  that  his  personal  joys 
and  sorrows  seemed  inconsiderable  in  comparison. 
He  was  bold  and  zealous  in  withstanding  every 
thing  which  brought  dishonor  on  the  name  of 
God ;  but  under  personal  injuries  he  was  exem- 
plarily  meek  and  patient.  When  informed  that 
any  thought  meanly  of  him,  his  reply  was :  "  I 
think  meanly  of  myself,  and  therefore  may  well  be 
content  that  others  think  meanly  of  me."  When 
charged  with  what  was  faulty,  he  remarked  :  "  If 
22 


men  see  so  much  evil  in  me,  what  does  God 
see?" 

In  his  last  sickness  he  exhibited  uncommon 
patience  and  submission.  He  was  perfectly  re 
signed  to  the  will  of  God.  Just  before  his  death, 
as  his  faith  was  greatly  tried,  and  he  endured  a 
sharp  conflict,  a  person  who  was  standing  by  re 
marked  :  "  This  is  one  of  Satan's  last  assaults ; 
he  is  a  subtle  enemy,  and  would,  if  it  were  possi 
ble,  deceive  the  very  elect."  Mr.  Burr  repeated 
the  expression,  "  If  it  were  possible  ; "  and  added, 
"  but,  blessed  be  God,  there  is  no  possibility." 
He  then  requested  to  be  left  alone  for  prayer. 
But  seeing  the  company  reluctant  to  depart,  he 
prayed  in  Latin  as  long  as  he  had  strength.  He 
then  called  for  his  wife,  and  steadfastly  fixing  his 
eyes  upon  her,  said,  "  Cast  thy  care  upon  God, 
•  for  he  careth  for  thce."  He  soon  afterwards  ex- 
!  pired.  He  left  four  children.  His  sons  were 
Jonathan,  John,  and  Simon ;  the  former  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  college  in  1651,  was  a  physician 
in  Hingham,  and  died  in  Canada  in  1690.  His 
widow,  Frances,  married  Richard  Dummer,  with 
whom  she  lived  happily  nearly  forty  years.  —  Ma 
ther's  Magn.,  m.  78-81;  Panoplist,  Sept.  1808; 
Savage's  Winthrop,  II.  22;  Harris'  Hist,  of  Dor 
chester  in  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  IX.  173-175. 

BURR,  PETER,  chief  justice  of  Connecticut,  died 
in  1724,  aged  about  54.  He  was  the  grandson  of 
Jonathan,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1690. 
He  was  appointed  judge  in  1711,  and  chief  jus 
tice  in  1723.  His  son,  Rev.  Isaac  B.,  was  a  grad 
uate  of  Yale  in  1717,  and  died  in  1751. 

BURR,  AAROX,  president  of  New  Jersey  col 
lege,  died  Sept.  24,  1757,  aged  41.  He  was  a 
native  of  Fairfield,  in  Connecticut,  and  was  born 
Jan.  4,  1716.  His  ancestors  for  a  number  of 
generations  had  lived  in  that  colony,  and  were 
persons  of  great  respectability.  His  father  was 
Daniel,  of  Fairfield,  a  descendant  of  John,  of 
Springfield  and  Fairfield.  He  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1735.  In  1742  he  was  invited  to 
take  the  pastoral  charge  of  the  Presbyterian 
church  at  Newark  in  New  Jersey.  Here  he  be 
came  so  eminent  as  an  able  and  learned  divine 
and  an  accomplished  scholar,  that  in  1748  he  was 
unanimously  elected  president  of  the  college, 
which  he  was  instrumental  in  founding,  as  suc 
cessor  to  Mr.  Dickinson.  The  college  was  re 
moved  about  this  time  from  Elizabethtown  to 
Newark,  and  in  1757,  a  short  time  before  the 
death  of  Mr.  Burr,  to  Princeton.  In  1754  he 
accompanied  Mr.  Whitefield  to  Boston,  having  a 
high  esteem  for  the  character  of  that  eloquent 
itinerant  preacher,  and  greatly  rejoicing  in  the 
success  of  his  labors.  After  a  life  of  usefulness 
and  honor,  devoted  to  his  Master  in  heaven,  he 
was  called  into  the  eternal  world  at  a  compara 
tively  early  age. 

President   Burr   had   a   slender   and   delicate 


170 


BURR. 


BURR. 


frame ;  yet  to  encounter  fatigue  he  had  a  heart 
of  steel.  To  amazing  talents  for  the  dispatch  of 
business,  he  joined  a  constancy  of  mind  that  com 
monly  secured  to  him  success.  As  long  as  an 
enterprise  appeared  possible,  he  yielded  to  no 
discouragement.  The  flourishing  state  of  the 
college  of  New  Jersey  was  much  owing  to  his 
great  and  assiduous  exertion.  It  was  in  a  great 
degree  owing  to  his  influence  with  the  legislature, 
and  to  his  intimacy  and  friendship  with  Governor 
Belcher,  that  the  charter  was  enlarged  in  1746. 
The  first  class  was  graduated  in  1748,  the  first 
year  of  his  presidency.  When  his  services  were 
requested  by  the  trustees  of  the  college  in  soli 
citing  donations  for  the  purchase  of  a  library  and 
philosophical  apparatus,  and  for  erecting  a  build 
ing  for  the  accommodation  of  the  students,  he 
engaged  with  his  usual  zeal  in  the  undertaking, 
and  everywhere  met  with  the  encouragement 
which  the  design  so  fully  deserved.  A  place 
being  fixed  upon  at  Princeton  for  the  site  of  the 
new  building,  the  superintendence  of  the  work 
was  solely  committed  to  him.  Until  the  spring 
of  1757,  when  the  college  was  removed  to  New 
ark,  he  discharged  the  duties  both  of  president 
and  pastor  of  a  church.  Few  were  more  perfect 
in  the  art  of  rendering  themselves  agreeable  in 
company.  He  knew  the  avenues  to  the  human 
heart,  and  he  possessed  the  rare  power  of  pleas 
ing  without  betraying  a  design  to  please.  As  he 
was  free  from  ostentation  and  parade,  no  one 
would  have  suspected  his  learning,  unless  his  sub 
ject  required  him  to  display  it,  and  then  every 
one  was  surprised  that  a  person  so  well  acquaint 
ed  with  books  should  yet  possess  such  ease  in 
conversation  and  such  freedom  of  behavior.  He 
inspired  all  around  him  with  cheerfulness.  His 
arms  were  open  to  good  men  of  every  denomina 
tion.  A  sweetness  of  temper,  obliging  courtesy, 
and  mildness  of  manners,  joined  to  an  engaging 
candor  of  sentiment,  spread  a  glory  over  his  rep 
utation,  and  endeared  his  person  to  all  his  ac 
quaintance.  Though  steady  to  his  own  principles, 
he  was  free  from  all  bigotry.  In  the  pulpit  he 
shone  with  superior  lustre.  He  was  fluent,  co 
pious,  sublime,  and  persuasive.  Having  a  clear 
and  harmonious  voice,  which  was  capable  of  ex 
pressing  the  various  passions  ;  and  taking  a  deep 
interest  in  his  subject,  he  could  not  fail  to  reach 
the  heart.  His  invention  was  exhaustless,  and 
his  elocution  was  equal  to  his  ideas.  He  was  not 
one  of  those  preachers  who  soothe  their  hearers 
with  a  delusive  hope  of  safety,  who  substitute 
morality  in  the  place  of  holiness,  and  yield  the 
important  doctrines  of  the  gospel  through  fear  of 
displeasing  the  more  reputable  sinners.  He  in 
sisted  upon  the  great  and  universal  duty  of  repent 
ance,  as  all  were  guilty  and  condemned  by  the 
Divine  law.  He  never  wished  to  administer  con 
volution  (III  the  heart  was  renewed  and  consecrated 


unto  God.  When  he  saw  the  soul  humbled,  he 
then  dwelt  upon  the  riches  of  redeeming  mercy, 
and  expatiated  upon  the  glories  of  him  who  was 
God  manifest  in  the  flesh.  It  was  his  endeavor  to 
alarm  the  thoughtless,  to  fix  upon  the  conscience 
a  sense  of  sin,  to  revive  the  disconsolate,  to.  ani 
mate  the  penitent,  to  reclaim  the  relapsing,  to 
confirm  the  irresolute,  and  to  establish  the  faith 
ful.  He  wished  to  restore  to  man  the  beautiful 
image  of  God,  disfigured  by  the  apostasy.  His 
life  and  example  were  a  comment  on  his  sermons ; 
and  by  his  engaging  deportment  he  rendered  the 
amiable  character  of  a  Christian  still  more  attrac 
tive  and  lovely.  He  was  distinguished  for  his 
public  spirit.  Amidst  his  other  cares  he  studied, 
and  planned,  and  toiled  for  the  good  of  his  coun 
try.  He  had  a  high  sense  of  English  liberty,  and 
detested  despotic  power  as  the  bane  of  human 
happiness.  He  considered  the  heresy  of  Arius 
as  not  more  fatal  to  the  purity  of  the  gospel,  than 
the  positions  of  Filmer  were  to  the  dignity  of 
man  and  the  repose  of  States.  But  though  he 
had  much  of  that  patriotic  spirit  which  is  orna 
mental  even  to  a  Christian  minister,  he  cautiously 
intermeddled  with  any  matters  of  a  political  na 
ture,  being  aware  of  the  invidious  constructions 
which  are  commonly  put  upon  the  most  unexcep 
tionable  attempts  made  by  men  of  his  profession  to 
promote  the  public  welfare.  He  was  a  corre 
spondent  of  the  Scotch  society  for  propagating  the 
gospel ;  and  he  thought  no  labor  too  great  in  the 
prosecution  of  an  enterprise  which  promised  to 
illuminate  the  gloomy  wilderness  with  the  beams 
of  evangelical  truth.  Over  the  college  he  presided 
with  dignity  and  reputation.  He  had  the  most 
engaging  method  of  instruction  and  a  singular 
talent  in  communicating  his  sentiments.  While 
he  stripped  learning  of  its  mysteries,  and  pre 
sented  the  most  intricate  subjects  in  the  clearest 
light,  and  thus  enriched  his  pupils  with  the  treas 
ures  of  learning,  he  wished  also  to  implant  in 
their  minds  the  seeds  of  virtue  and  religion.  He 
took  indefatigable  pains  in  regard  to  their  reli 
gious  instruction ;  and  with  zeal,  solicitude,  and 
parental  affection  pressed  upon  them  the  care  of 
their  souls,  and  with  melting  tenderness  urged 
the  importance  of  their  becoming  the  true  disci 
ples  of  the  holy  Jesus.  In  some  instances  his 
pious  exertions  were  attended  with  success.  In 
the  government  of  the  college  he  exhibited  the 
greatest  impartiality  and  wisdom.  Though  in 
judgment  and  temper  inclined  to  mild  measures, 
when  these  failed,  he  would  resort  to  a  necessary 
severity,  and  no  connections  could  prevent  the 
equal  distribution  of  justice.  In  no  college  were 
the  students  more  narrowly  inspected  and  pru 
dently  guarded,  or  vice  of  every  kind  more 
effectually  searched  out  and  discountenanced  and 
suppressed.  He  secured  with  the  same  ease  lh-3 
obedience  and  love  of  his  pupils. 


BURR. 

The  year  after  he  took  his  first  degree  he  re 
sided  at  New  Haven,  and  this  is  the  period  when 
his  mind  was  first  enlightened  with  the  knowledge 
of  the  way  of  salvation.  In  his  private  papers  he 
•wrote  as  follows :  "  This  year  God  saw  fit  to  open 
my  eyes,  and  show  me  what  a  miserahle  creature 
I  was.  Till  then  I  had  spent  my  life  in  a  dream ; 
and  as  to  the  great  design  of  my  being  had  lived 
in  vain.  Though,  before,  I  had  been  under  frequent 
convictions,  and  was  driven  to  a  form  of  religion, 
yet  I  knew  nothing  as  I  ought  to  know.  But, 
then,  I  was  brought  to  the  footstool  of  sovereign 
grace  ;  saw  myself  polluted  by  nature  and  prac 
tice  ;  had  affecting  views  of  the  Divine  wrath  I 
deserved ;  was  made  to  despair  of  help  in  myself, 
and  almost  concluded  that  my  day  of  grace  was 
past.  It  pleased  God,  at  length,  to  reveal  his  Son 
to  me  in  the  gospel,  an  all-sufficient  and  willing 
Saviour,  and  I  hope  inclined  me  to  receive  him  on 
the  terms  of  the  gospel.  I  received  some  conso 
lation,  and  found  a  great  change  in  myself.  Before 
this  I  was  strongly  attached  to  the  Arminian 
scheme,  but  then  I  was  made  to  see  those  things 
in  a  different  light,  and  seemingly  felt  the  truth 
of  the  Calvinian  doctrines."  He  was  unfluctu 
ating  in  principle  and  ardent  in  devotion,  raising 
his  heart  continually  to  the  Father  of  mercies  in 
adoration  and  praise.  He  kept  his  eye  fixed  upon 
the  high  destiny  of  man,  and  lived  a  spiritual  life. 
The  efficacy  of  his  religious  principles  was  evinced 
by  his  benevolence  and  charity.  From  the  grace 
of  God  he  received  a  liberal  and  generous  dispo 
sition,  and  from  his  bounty  the  power  of  gratifying 
the  desire  of  doing  good.  At  the  approach  of 
death  that  gospel,  which  he  had  preached  to 
others,  and  which  discloses  a  crucified  Redeemer, 
gave  him  support.  He  was  patient  and  resigned, 
cheered  with  the  liveliest  hope.  The  king  of  ter 
rors  was  disarmed  of  his  sting. 

Mr.  Burr  married  in  1752  a  daughter  of  Jona 
than  Edwards,  his  successor  in  the  presidency  of 
the  college.  She  died  in  1758,  the  year  after  the 
death  of  her  husband,  in  the  twenty-seventh  year 
of  her  age,  leaving  two  children,  one  of  whom 
was  Aaron  Burr,  afterwards  vice-president  of  the 
United  States,  and  the  other  a  daughter,  de 
ceased,  who  was  married  to  Judge  Reeve.  Mrs. 
Burr  was  in  every  respect  an  ornament  to  her 
sex,  being  equally  distinguished  for  the  suavity  of 
her  temper,  the  gracefulness  of  her  manners,  her 
literary  accomplishments,  and  her  unfeigned  re 
gard  to  religion.  She  combined  a  lively  imagina 
tion,  a  penetrating  mind,  and  correct  judgment. 
AVhcn  only  seven  or  eight  years  of  age  she  was 
brought  to  the  knowledge  of  the  truth  as  it  is  in 
Jesus,  and  her  conduct  through  life  was  becoming 
the  gospel.  Her  religion  did  not  cast  a  gloom 
over  her  mind,  but  made  her  cheerful  and  happy, 
and  rendered  the  thought  of  death  transporting. 
She  left  a  number  of  manuscripts  upon  interesting 


BURR. 


171 


subjects,  and  it  was  hoped  they  would  Lave  been 
made  public ;  but  they  are  now  lost. 

Mr.  Burr  published  a  treatise,  entitled,  the  su 
preme  deity  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  maintained 
in  a  letter  to  the  dedicator  of  Mr.  Emlyn's 
inquiry;  reprinted  at  Boston  in  1791.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  at  ordination  of  1).  Bostwick, 
1745  ;  a  fast  sermon  on  account  of  the  encroach 
ments  of  the  French,  Jan.  1,  1755 ;  the  watch 
man's  answer  to  the  question,  what  of  the  night  ? 
a  sermon,  1756;  a  funeral  sermon  on  Governor 
Belcher,  1757.  This  was  preached  but  a  few  days 
before  his  own  death,  and  his  exertions  in  a  very 
feeble  state  of  health  to  honor  the  memory  of  a 
highly  respected  friend,  it  is  thought,  accelerated 
his  end.  —  Livingston's  Fun.  Eulogy;  Smith's 
Serm.  and  Pref.  to  Burr's  Serm.  on  Belcher; 
Miller,  II.  345 ;  Edward's  Life,  app. ;  Green's 
Disc.  300-313;  Savage's  Winthrop,  11,  22. 

BURR,  HENRY,  of  N.  J.,  died  about  the  year 
1772,  making  provision  for  the  emancipation  of 
all  lu's  slaves,  the  eldest  at  his  death,  and  the 
younger  as  they  reached  a  suitable  age.  Peter 
AVhite  of  Haddonfield,  who  married  a  daughter  of 
Burr,  and  died  about  1744,  also  emancipated  his 
slaves.  These  were  the  two  earliest  instances  of 
emancipation.  —  Mass.  Hist.  Coll.  s.  s.  VIII.  187. 

BURR,  AARON,  vice-president  of  the  United 
States,  died  at  Staten  Island  Sept.  14,  1836,  aged 
80.  He  was  born  at  Newark  Feb.  6,  1756,  the 
son  of  President  Burr,  and  grandson  of  President 
Edwards.  His  father  died  in  1757,  and  his  mother 
in  1758.  His  sister,  Sarah,  married  Judge  Reeve 
of  Litchfield.  He  was  graduated  at  Princeton 
in  1773.  In  1775,  at  the  age  of  nineteen,  he 
joined  the  army  at  Cambridge,  and  accompanied 
Arnold  in  his  expedition  against  Quebec.  In 
1776  he  was  invited  to  join  the  family  of  AVashing- 
ton,  but  soon  lost  his  confidence.  In  1779,  bear 
ing  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  he  retired  from 
military  life.  He  commenced  the  practice  of  law 
at  Albany  in  1782,  but  soon  removed  to  New  York. 
From  1791  to  1797  he  was  a  member  of  the  sen 
ate  of  the  United  States,  attached  to  the  demo 
cratic  party.  He  and  Mr.  Jefferson  had  each 
seventy-three  votes  for  president  in  1 800 ;  con 
gress  on  the  thirty-sixth  ballot  elected  Jefferson 
president,  and  Burr  vice-president.  July  12, 
1804,  he  mortally  wounded  Hamilton  in  a  duel. 
Arrested  for  treason,  he  was  tried  at  Richmond  in 
Aug.,  1807,  and  acquitted.  For  the  rest  of  his 
life  he  resided  chieffy  in  New  York,  living  in  ob 
scurity  and  neglect.  Left  in  infancy  without  a 
father  or  mother,  he  never  imitated  their  virtues, 
but  was  a  most  unprincipled,  licentious,  profligate 
man.  His  biographer,  Mr.  Davis,  has  stamped 
his  character  with  infamy. 

BURR,  JOSEPH,  a  philanthropist,  died  at  Man 
chester,  Vt.,  without  a  family,  April  14,  1S28, 
aged  56,  bequeathing  more  than  90,000  dollars  tp 


172 


BURR. 


BURROUGHS. 


various  objects  of  charity.  He  bequeathed  for 
foreign  missions  17,000  dollars,  15,000  to  the 
Bible  society,  12,000  to  Middlebury  college,  10,- 
000  to  the  American  home  missionary  society, 
5,000  to  the  tract,  colonization,  and  Vermont  mis 
sionary  societies  each,  5,000  to  the  parish  in 
Manchester,  3,000  to  an  education  society,  1,000 
to  Dartmouth  and  "Williams  colleges  each,  10,000 
for  a  public  seminary  of  learning  in  Manchester. 
He  bequeathed  these  thousands  of  dollars,  be 
sides  bestowing  a  large  amount  of  property  upon 
his  relatives.  With  a  small  patrimony  he  had 
acquired  his  estate  by  his  unfailing  judgment  and 
prudence.  He  was  the  banker  of  his  region.  He 
was  honorable  and  conscientious.  With  correct 
religious  views  and  a  moral  deportment,  he  yet 
avowed  no  hope  of  a  spiritual  renovation,  until  a 
short  time  before  his  death.  On  his  last  morning 
he  said,  "  I  think  I  am  waiting  for  the  coming  of 
my  Lord." — Missionary  Herald,  xxiv.  226. 

BURR,  JONATHAN,  minister  of  Sandwich,  died 
Aug.  2,  1842,  aged  85.  A  graduate  of  Harvard 
in  1784,  he  succeeded  A.  Williams  in  1787,  and 
was  dismissed  Dec.  25,  1818.  He  was  a  faithful 
minister,  receiving  three  hundred  and  thirty-five 
members  into  his  church ;  in  one  year  one  hundred 
and  fourteen.  He  was  also  a  useful  teacher  of 
youth ;  respected  and  beloved.  He  may  be  re 
garded  as  the  founder  of  Sandwich  academy. 

BURR,  MARY,  the  last  of  the  Punkapaug  In 
dians,  died  at  Canton,  Mass.,  Nov.  1,  1852,  aged 
101  years.  There  are  many  half  and  quarter 
bloods  left  of  the  tribe ;  not  one  full  blood. 
She  married  a  colored  man,  Semore  Burr,  and 
had  many  children.  She  had  a  pension  for  her 
husband's  services  in  the  Revolutionary  Avar. 
Eliza  Williams,  her  sister,  died  in  1848  at  Stough- 
ton,  also  aged  101  years.  Another  sister,  Han 
nah  Nuff,  died  at  Canton,  aged  99. 

BURRILL,  JOHN,  speaker  of  the  house  of  rep 
resentatives  of  Mass.,  sustained  this  office  for 
many  years  during  the  administration  of  Gov. 
Shute,  and  acquitted  himself  in  it  with  great  rep 
utation.  He  was  distinguished  for  lu's  great  in 
tegrity,  his  acquaintance  with  the  forms  of  par 
liamentary  proceedings,  the  dignity  and  authority 
with  which  he  filled  the  chair,  and  for  the  order 
and  decorum,  which  he  maintained  in  the  debates 
of  the  house.  In  the  year  1720  he  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  council.  He  died  of  the  small 
pox  at  Lynn,  Dec.  10,  1721,  aged  63.  Besides 
sustaining  the  offices  above  mentioned,  he  was 
also  one  of  the  judges  of  the  county  of  Essex. 
To  his  other  accomplishments  there  was  added 
an  exemplary  piety.  The  morning  and  evening 
incense  of  prayer  to  God  ascended  from  his  family 
altar.  —  Henchman's  Funeral  Sermon ;  Ilutcli- 
insori's  Hist,  of  Mass.  II.  234. 

BURRILL,  JACOB,  major,  died  at  Newbury  in 
1821,  aged  83,  a  soldier  in  the  French  and  Revo 


lutionary  wars.  In  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill  he 
cautioned  his  fellows  to  take  good  aim. 

BURRILL,  JAMES,  a  senator,  was  the  son  of 
James  B.,  of  Providence,  R.  I.,  died  Dec.  25, 
1820,  aged  49.  He  was  born  about  1771.  lie 
was  the  descendant  of  George  Burrill,  an  early 
settler  and  wealthy  farmer  of  Lynn,  Mass.,  who 
died  in  1653.  The  genealogy  is  traced  by  Mr. 
Farmer  in  his  register.  He  was  graduated  at 
Brown  university,  1788.  Having  studied  law,  he 
was  for  many  years  attorney-general  of  the  State, 
a  member  and  speaker  of  the  assembly,  and  chief 
justice.  He  succeeded  Mr.  Howell  in  the  senate 
of  the  United  States  in  1816,  and  died  at  Wash 
ington.  He  entered  earnestly  into  the  debate 
concerning  the  admission  of  Missouri  into  the 
Union,  vindicating  the  cause  of  freedom,  only  a 
few  days  before  his  death.  His  wife,  Sarah,  sister 
of  J.  L.  Arnold,  died  in  1814.  Two  daughters 
were  married  in  1821  to  Geo.  Curtis  and  Win.  R. 
Greene.  —  Farmer's  Genealogical  Register. 

BURROUGHS,  GEORGE,  one  of  the  victims  of 
the  witchcraft  delusion  in  1692,  was  executed 
Aug.  19.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1670,  and  in  1676  was  a  preacher  at  Falmouth, 
now  Portland,  Maine.  When  the  place  was  at 
tacked  by  the  Indians  Aug.  11,  he  escaped  to 
Bang's  Island.  He  succeeded  Mr.  Bayley  as  a 
preacher  at  Salem  village,  in  Nov.,  1680.  In 
1683,  in  consequence  of  some  dispute,  he  returned 
to  Portland,  where  he  held  two  hundred  acres  of 
land,  which  the  people  had  some  years  before 
given  to  him  as  their  minister ;  of  this  he  relin 
quished  at  their  request  one  hundred  and  seventy 
acres,  and  in  a  very  disinterested  spirit  offered  to 
give  them  twenty  acres  more,  if  they  wished, 
without  receiving,  what  they  had  offered,  one 
hundred  acres  "  further  off."  His  character  stood 
unimpeached.  After  the  town  was  destroyed  by 
the  Indians  in  1690,  he  returned  to  Salem  village, 
or  Danvers.  In  1692  he  was  accused  of  witch 
craft,  and  was  brought  to  trial  Aug.  5th.  In  his 
indictment  it  was  stated,  that  by  his  wicked  arts, 
one  Mary  Wolcott  "  was  tortured,  afflicted,  pined, 
consumed,  wasted,  and  tormented."  The  evidence 
against  him  was  derived  principally  from  the  tes 
timony  of  the  afflicted  persons,  as  those  were 
called  who  were  supposed  to  be  bewitched,  and 
from  that  of  the  confessing  witches.  The  spectre 
of  a  little,  black-haired  man,  it  was  testified,  had 
inflicted  cruel  pains,  and  appeared  as  a  head  con 
juror.  Two  of  his  wives  had  appeared  to  the 
witnesses,  saying  that  he  was  the  cause  of  their 
death,  and  threatening,  if  he  denied  it,  that  they 
would  appear  in  court.  Accordingly,  during  his 
trial  the  afflicted  persons  were  thrown  into  a  par 
oxysm  of  horror  by  the  spectres  of  his  wives,  who 
were  mindful  of  their  engagement.  The  confess 
ing  witches  affirmed,  that  he  had  attended  witch 
meetings  with  them,  and  compelled  them  to  the 


BURROUGHS. 


BURTON. 


-J73 


snares  of  witchcraft.  lie  was  also  accused  of| 
performing  such  feats  of  extraordinary  strength, ' 
as  could  not  be  performed  without  diabolical  as 
sistance,  such  as  carrying  a  barrel  of  molasses 
through  a  difficult  place,  from  a  canoe  to  the 
shore,  and  putting  his  fore-finger  into  the  muzzle 
of  a  large  gun,  and  holding  it  out  straight.  He 
pleaded  his  innocence ;  but  it  was  in  vain.  lie 
had  excited  prejudices  against  him,  while  he  lived 
in  Salem,  and  he  was  now  doomed  to  suffer  with 
many  others  through  the  infatuation  which  pre 
vailed.  At  his  execution  he  made  a  speech,  as 
serting  his  innocence,  and  concluded  his  dying 
prayer  with  the  Lord's  prayer,  probably  to  vindi 
cate  his  character,  as  it  was  a  received  opinion, 
that  a  witch  could  not  repeat  the  Lord's  prayer, 
without  mistake.  This  last  address  to  heaven 
•was  uttered  with  such  composure  and  fervency  of 
spirit,  as  drew  tears  from  the  spectators.  —  Need's 
N.  E.  n.  130-134,  144  ;  Hutchinson,  II.  37,  56  ; 
Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  VI.  265,  268;  Sullivan's  Hist. 
Maine,  209-212;  CaleJ's  more  Wonders  of  Inv is. 
World,  Pref.,  and  103,  104 ;  Maine  Hist.  Coll. 
I.  141,  174. 

BURROUGHS,  EDEN,  died  of  the  spotted 
fever  at  Hartford,  Vt.,  May  22,  1813,  aged  75. 
Born  at  Stratford,  Conn.,  he  graduated  in  1757 
at  Yale,  was  settled  over  the  third  church  in 
Killingsly  in  1760.  and  at  E.  Hanover,  N.  II., 
in  1775,  where  his  labors  were  greatly  blessed. 
For  forty  years  he  was  a  trustee  of  Dartmouth. 

BURROUGHS,  STEPHEN,  son  of  the  preceding, 
died  at  Three  Rivers  in  Canada,  Jan.  28,  1840. 
His  strange  course  of  villainy  made  him  notorious 
through  the  country.  He  pubh'shcd  lu's  own 
memoirs. 

BURROWS,  WILLIAM,  a  naval  officer,  died 
Sept.  5,  1813.  He  was  born  at  Kenderton,  near 
Philadelphia,  Oct.  6,  1785.  To  the  grief  of  his 
father,  Col.  Burrows  of  the  marine  corps,  he 
early  indicated  a  passion  for  the  naval  service. 
A  midshipman's  warrant  was  obtained  in  1799. 
In  subsequent  years  he  served  on  board  of  dif 
ferent  ships ;  in  1803  he  was  under  Preble  in 
the  Tripolitan  war;  in  1807  he  enforced  the 
embargo  in  the  Delaware.  In  1812  he  made 
"  a  voyage  to  India  on  his  private  affairs.  Ap 
pointed  to  the  command  of  the  sloop-of-war,  En 
terprise,  he  sailed  from  Portsmouth,  and  on  Sun 
day  Sept.  5,  1813,  fell  in  with  lu's  Britannic 
majesty's  brig,  the  Boxer,  off  Portland,  between 
Seguin  and  cape  Elizabeth.  After  an  action  of 
forty-five  minutes  the  Boxer  was  captured,  her 
commander,  Blyth,  being  killed  by  a  cannon-ball. 
At  the  first  fire,  Lieut.  Burrows  was  wounded  by 
a  musket-ball,  but  refused  to  be  carried  below. 
When  the  sword  ®f  his  enemy  was  presented  to 
him,  he  exclaimed,  clasping  his  hands,  "  I  am 
satisfied  —  I  die  contented."  He  died  at  twelve 
o'clock  at  night.  For  his  gallantry,  congress 


voted  a  gold  medal  to  his  nearest  male  relative. 
The  two  commanders  were  honorably  buried  in 
Portland  on  the  9th.  Lieut.  Burrows  was  cold 
and  reserved  in  his  manners ;  yet  he  had  an  irre 
sistible  vein  of  wit  and  humor.  His  master  pas 
sion  was  the  love  of  glory ;  and  a  momentary 
flush  of  triumph  soothed  the  anguish  of  his  last 
hours.  He  lived  hot  to  hear  the  applauses  of  his 
countrymen.  Happy  are  they,  who  seek  and  ob 
tain  the  unwithering  glory,  the  everlasting  honor 
of  heaven.  —  Amer.  Xav.  Biog.  231-242. 

BUItT,  JOHN,  minister  of  Bristol,  R.  I.,  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college,  in  1736,  and  was 
ordained  May  13,  1741.  He  died  Oct.  7,  1775, 
aged  58  years.  His  death  was  very  singular. 
Capt.  Wallace,  a  British  commander,  had  com 
menced  a  heavy  cannonade  upon  the  town  at  a 
time  when  an  epidemical  sickness  Avas  prevailing. 
Those,  who  were  able  fled  from  the  town.  Mr. 
Burt,  though  weak  and  sick,  endeavored  to  escape 
the  impending  destruction.  He  was  afterwards 
found  dead  in  an  adjacent  field,  supposed  to  have 
been  overcome  by  fatigue.  No  other  person  was 
injured  in  the  attack.  His  wife  was  the  daughter 
of  Lieut.  Gov.  Wm.  Ellery.  His  father  was 
Benjamin  Burt,  and  his  mother  the  daughter  of 
Rev.  Mr.  Cheever  of  Chelsea.  He  was  a  sound 
divine  and  a  venerable  servant  of  Jesus  Christ, 
preaching  the  true  doctrines  of  grace.  —  Account 
of  Bristol;  Warren,  I.  244. 

BURT,  FEDERAL,  minister  of  Durham,  N.  H., 
died  Feb.  2,  1828,  aged  38.  He  was  probably  a 
descendant  of  David  Burt,  an  early  settler  of 
Northampton,  Mass.,  who  had  fifteen  children, 
lie  was  born  at  Southampton  March  4,  1789. 
As  the  new  government  under  the  federal  con 
stitution  commenced  at  that  time,  his  Christian 
name  is  to  be  ascribed  to  that  circumstance. 
There  are  names  in  our  country  originating  in 
greater  caprice, — as  Mr.  Perserved  Fish,  a  sound 
merchant  of  New  York,  and  Mr.  Adam  Eve,  who 
died  lately  in  Penn.,  at  a  great  age,  and  Mr. 
Pickled  Ham  of  Maine,  who  has  not  yet  turned 
to  corruption.  Mr.  B.  was  graduated  at  Williams 
college  in  1812,  was  ordained  June  18,  1817. 
Settled  over  a  small  church,  his  faithful  labors 
caused  it  to  be  greatly  increased.  He  was  an 
active  and  intelligent  minister,  and  his  usefulness 
extended  to  the  neighboring  towns.  He  endured 
with  the  utmost  patience  a  most  painful  disease, 
obliging  him  to  submit  to  the  amputation,  first  of 
a  finger,  and  then  of  an  arm.  In  this  condition 
he  undertook  to  conduct  the  N.  II.  Observer, 
a  religious  paper.  Many  of  the  editorial  articles 
he  wrote  when  in  extreme  pain :  he  was  exerting 
an  extensive,  beneficial  influence  in  the  commu 
nity,  when  he  was  called  away  from  his  labors.  — 
Chris.  Mirror,  Feb.  15,  1828. 

BURTON,  ASA,  I).  D.,  was  born  in  Preston, 
now  Grisworld,  Conn.,  in  1752,  was  graduated  at 


174 


BUSHE. 


Dartmouth  in  1777,  ordained  at  Thetford  in  1779, 
and  died  April  23,  1836,  aged  83.  In  1825  Rev. 
Charles  White,  I).  D.,  became  his  colleague,  and 
continued  till  1831.  The  next  year  Rev.  Elisha 
G.  Babcock  became  his  colleague :  he  died  in 
1848,  and  was  succeeded  by  Itev.  Timothy  F. 
Clary  in  1849.  When  Dr.  B.  was  settled,  there 
were  only  sixteen  church  members.  In  half  a 
century  he  had  admitted  four  hundred  and  ninety 
members.  The  village  is  called  Thetford  Hill, 
two  miles  west  of  a  railway  station  on  the  Con 
necticut  Itiver.  The  academy  has  three  hundred 
youth  of  both  sexes.  In  1824  Dr.  B.'s  essays 
were  published,  on  the  Taste  Scheme,  in  opposi 
tion  to  Emmons'  Exercise  Scheme.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  T.  Clark, 
1800;  of  C.  J.  Tenney,  1804;  of  B.  White,  1811; 
before  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Soc.,  1800. 

BUSHE,  BENJAMIN,  died  in  Greensborough, 
Vt.,  March  21,  1845,  aged  115.  He  was  a  native 
of  Swanzea,  Mass. 

BUSHXELL,  DAVID,  inventor  of  submarine 
navigation,  died  in  1824,  aged  about  70.  He  was 
a  native  of  Saybrook,  Conn.,  and  probably  a 
descendant  of  Henry  B.  of  Guilford,  in  1650. 
He  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1775.  In 
the  Revolutionary  war  he  invented  a  machine  for 
submarine  navigation,  by  which  a  magazine  was 
to  be  carried  to  the  bottom  of  ships,  for  blowing 
them  up,  when  the  conductor  was  at  a  safe  dis 
tance.  He  attempted  to  put  it  in  operation  in 
the  harbor  of  New  York,  but  with  little  success. 
Great  alarm  however  was  excited  among  the 
British ;  which  occasioned  the  humorous  poetical 
narrative  of  "  the  battle  of  the  kegs,"  by  Francis 
Hopkinson.  Dr.  Dwight,  in  his  "  Greenfield  Hill," 
speaks  of  Bushnell's  genius,  and  alludes  to 

"His  mystic  vessel,  plung'd  beneath  the  wares, 
Gliding  through  dark  retreats  and  coral  caves." 

An  account  of  this  machine  is  contained  in  Sil- 
liman's  journal,  1820.  It  was  under  the  manage 
ment  of  Capt.  Ezra  Lee,  a  good  officer,  of  daring 
enterprise,  who  died  at  Lyme  in  1821,  aged  72. 
At  the  close  of  the  war  Bushnell  himself  was  a 
captain  in  the  army.  Gen.  Heath  relates  that, 
Oct.  9,  1776,  the  enemy  captured  a  sloop  in  the 
Hudson  with  the  machine  on  board,  and  sunk  it 
to  the  bottom,  and  he  remarks,  "  its  fate  was 
truly  a  contrast  to  its  design." — Heath,  69. 

BUSHNELL,  MRS.,  wife  of  A.  Bushnell,  mis 
sionary  in  West  Africa,  died  Feb.  25,  1850,  aged 
39.  She  was  a  native  of  Salem,  West  Chester 
Co.,  N.  Y.  As  a  teacher  of  the  Methodist  Board, 
she  sailed  for  Africa  in  1837,  and  in  1839  married 
W.  Stocker,  of  the  Methodist  Mission  in  Liberia. 
After  his  death  she  joined  the  Mission  of  the 
American  Board  at  Gaboon,  and  in  1845  married 
Mr.  Bushnell.  She  had  gladly  toiled  thirteen 


BUTLER. 

years  for  Africa,  and  met  death  in  perfect  peace, 
saying,  "  Jesus  is  precious,  O  how  precious ! " 

BUSHNELL,  BENJAMIN,  died  in  Saybrook, 
April  28,  1855,  aged  89.  His  brothers  died, 
Daniel,  aged  90;  Ethan,  86;  Eber,  82:  his 
grandfather  died  aged  100. 

BUSHNELL,  CAMPBELL,  a  lawyer  of  Hudson, 
and  New  York,  died  in  Dec.,  1839.  aged  47.  He 
was  a  native  of  Salisbury,  the  son  of  Gideon  B. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Mercer-street  church. 
His  death  was  peaceful.  To  his  son  he  said,  "  I 
bequeath  you  my  Bible  ;  take  it,  study  it,  love  it." 
Being  asked,  if  he  feared  death,  he  replied  — 
"Death!  I  shall  not  die:  I  shall  live  the  life 
everlasting!" — Observer,  Jan  4,  1840. 

BUSHNELL,  JEDEDIAII,  died  in  Cornwall, 
Vt.,  about  1846.  He  was  an  early  and  very  useful 
missionary  in  our  new  settlements. 

BUSHYHEAD,  JESSE,  chief  justice  of  the 
Cherokees,  received  some  English  education,  and 
became  a  good  speaker  in  English,  an  orator  in 
Cherokee.  He  was  a  correct  interpreter  and 
translator. 

BUSS,  JOHN,  a  physician,  officiated  for  many 
years  as  a  preacher  of  the  gospel.  In  Sept.,  1672, 
a  contract  was  made  with  him  by  the  people  of 
Wells,  Me.  He  preached  there  at  least  ten  years. 
The  preachers  before  him  were  Joseph  Emerson, 
Jeremiah  Hubbard,  and  Robert  Payne.  His  suc 
cessors  were  Percival  Green,  Richard  Marten,  Sam 
uel  Emery  Samuel  Jefferds,  Gideon  Richardson, 
Benjamin  White,  and  Jonathan  Grecnleaf.  Until 
1701,  no  church  was  formed.  Probably  Mr.  Buss 
was  not  ordained.  About  1682  he  removed  to 
Oyster  River,  now  Durham,  N.  II.,  where  he 
preached  thirty-three  years,  and  was  also  a  prac 
titioner  of  physic.  His  house  and  valuable  library 
were  burnt  by  the  Indians  in  1694.  He  ceased 
preaching  about  1715,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Hugh  Adams,  the  first  minister:  a  late  minister 
of  Durham  was  Federal  Burt.  Mr.  Buss  died 
in  1736,  aged  95.  Mr.  Belknap  and  others  erro 
neously  make  his  age  108,  for  in  a  petition  to  the 
governor  and  legislature  in  1718  he  stated  his 
age  as  then  78.  —  Farmer's  Reg. ;  Hist.  Coll.,  II. 
291;  Maine  Hist.  Coll  I,  264;  tielknap's  N.H. 
in.  250. 

BUSSEY,  BENJAMIN,  died  in  Roxbury  Jan.  13, 
1842,  aged  84,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution. 
With  a  capital  of  ten  dollars  he  commenced  busi 
ness  as  a  silversmith  in  Dcdham :  he  became  a 
rich  merchant  in  Boston,  worth  about  350,000 
dollars,  which  he  bequeathed  after  the  death  of 
three  persons  to  Harvard  college  for  agricultural, 
law,  and  divinity  schools. 

BUTLER,  RICHARD,  major-general,  an  officer 
of  the  Revolutionary  army,  in  the  latter  part  of 
the  war  had  the  rank  of  colonel  and  was  distin 
guished  on  several  occasions.  About  1787  he 
was  agent  for  Indian  affairs  in  Ohio.  In  the 


BUTLER. 


BUTLER. 


175 


expedition  against  the  Indians  in  1791  he  accom 
panied  St.  Clair  and  commanded  the  right  wing. 
Our  troops,  encamped  a  few  miles  from  the  Miami 
villages,  were  attacked  in  the  morning  of  Nov. 
4th.  The  militia,  who  were  in  advance,  were 
thrown  into  confusion,  and  rushed  through  the 
first  line,  commanded  by  Gen.  Butler.  The  action 
was  now  severe;  the  Indians  lying  on  the  ground, 
and  pouring  a  deadly  fire  upon  the  whites. 
Gen.  Butler,  in  an  heroic  charge  with  the  bay 
onet,  drove  them  back  three  or  four  hundred 
yards.  But  resistance  was  ineffectual.  In  a 
short  time  six  hundred,  of  the  army  of  twelve 
hundred,  were  killed  and  wounded,  and  the 
rest  at  nine  o'clock  fled  with  precipitation.  Gen. 
Butler  was  wounded  and  carried  to  a  convenient 
place  to  have  his  wounds  dressed ;  but  an  Indian 
broke  in  upon  him  and  tomahawked  and  scalped 
him,  ere  he  himself  was  killed  by  our  troops. 
Major  Ferguson  was  another  victim.  In  one  of 
the  charges  Maj.  Butler  was  dangerously  wounded. 
A  son  of  Gen.  B.  distinguished  himself  at  fort 
Meigs,  under  Harrison,  in  April  1813.  — Holmes, 
II.  388 ;  Marshall,  v.  329-334. 

BUTLER,  THOMAS,  colonel,  a  brave  officer 
during  the  Revolutionary  war,  died  Sept.  7,  1805, 
aged  51.  He  was  a  brother  of  the  preceding. 
Three  other  brothers  fought  in  the  service  of  their 
country.  In  the  year  1776  he  was  a  student  at 
law  with  judge  Wilson  of  Philadelphia  ;  but  early 
in  that  year  he  quitted  his  studies,  and  joined  the 
army  as  a  subaltern.  He  soon  obtained  the  com 
mand  of  a  company,  in  which  he  continued  till 
the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  contest.  He  was 
in  almost  every  action,  that  was  fought  in  the 
middle  states  during  the  war.  At  the  battle  of 
Brandywine,  Sept.  11,  1777,  he  received  the 
thanks  of  Washington  on  the  field  of  battle, 
through  liis  aid  de  camp,  Gen.  Hamilton,  for  his 
intrepid  conduct  in  rallying  a  detachment  of 
retreating  troops,  and  giving  the  enemy  a  severe 
fire.  At  the  battle  of  Monmouth,  June  28,  1778, 
he  received  the  thanks  of  Wayne  for  defending  a 
defile  in  the  face  of  a  heavy  fire  from  the  enemy, 
while  Col.  Richard  Butler's  regiment  made  good 
their  retreat.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  retired 
into  private  life  as  a  farmer,  and  continued  in  the 
enjoyment  of  rural  and  domestic  happiness  till 
the  year  1791,  when  he  again  took  the  field 
against  the  savages,  who  menaced  our  western 
frontier.  He  commanded  a  battalion  in  the  dis 
astrous  battle  of  Nov.  4,  in  which  his  brother  fell. 
Orders  were  given  by  Gen.  St.  Clair  to  charge 
with  the  bayonet,  and  Maj.  Butler,  though  liis 
leg  had  been  broken  by  a  ball,  yet  on  horseback 
led  his  battalion  to  the  charge.  It  was  with  diffi 
culty,  that  his  surviving  brother,  Capt.  Edward 
Butler,  removed  him  from  the  field.  In  1792  he 
•was  continued  on  the  establishment  as  major,  and 
in  1794  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  licut. 


colonel  commandant  of  the  fourth  sub-legion. 
He  commanded  in  this  year  fort  Fayette  at  Pitts- 
burg,  and  prevented  the  deluded  insurgents  from 
taking  it,  more  by  his  name  than  by  his  forces,  for 
he  had  but  few  troops.  In  1797  he  was  named 
by  Washington  as  the  officer  best  calculated  to 
command  in  the  State  of  Tennessee,  when  it  was 
necessary  to  dispossess  some  citizens,  who  had 
imprudently  settled  on  the  Indian  lands.  Accor 
dingly,  in  May  he  marched  with  his  regiment  from 
the  Miami  on  the  Ohio,  and  by  that  prudence  and 
good  sense,  which  marked  his  character  through 
life,  he  in  a  short  time  removed  all  difficulties. 
While  in  Tennessee  he  made  several  treaties  with 
the  Indians.  In  1802,  at  the  reduction  of  the 
army,  he  was  continued  as  colonel  of  a  regiment 
on  the  peace  establishment.  The  close  of  his  life 
was  embittered.  In  1803  he  was  arrested  by  the 
commanding  general  at  fort  Adams  on  the  Mis 
sissippi,  and  sent  to  Maryland,  where  he  was  tried 
by  a  court  martial,  and  acquitted  of  all  the 
charges,  except  that  of  wearing  his  hair.  He  was 
then  ordered  to  New  Orleans,  where  he  arrived  to 
take  the  command  of  the  troops  Oct.  20.  He 
was  again  arrested  the  next  month. — Louisiana 
Oaz. ;  Polyantlios,  I.  13—17 ;  Marshall,  V.  332. 

BUTLER,  JOHN,  colonel,  a  tory  infamous  for 
the  massacre  at  Wyoming,  for  which  the  name  of 
Brant  has  been  unjustly  branded  with  infamy, 
removed  from  Connecticut  and  settled  at  Wyo 
ming  under  a  grant  from  that  colony,  though 
within  the  bounds  of  Pennsylvania.  Early  after 
the  beginning  of  the  war  he  espoused  the  cause  of 
the  enemy.  In  Aug.,  1777,  he  and  Daniel  Claus 
signed  an  address  to  the  inhabitants  of  Tryou 
county,  exhorting  the  people  to  lay  down  their 
arms,  and  sent  it  by  Walter  Butler  and  a  party 
of  white  and  red  men  to  the  German  Flats.  The 
messenger  was  imprisoned  for  his  pains.  Gen. 
Arnold  issued  a  counter  proclamation  at  German 
Flats,  Aug.  20th. 

In  1778  there  were  eight  townships  on  the 
Susquehannah  in  the  vale  of  Wyoming,  each  five 
miles  square,  namely :  Lackawana,  Exeter,  Kings 
ton,  Wilkesbarre,  Plymouth,  Nanticoak,  Hunt- 
ington,  and  Salem.  There  were  one  thousand 
families,  from  which  one  thousand  soldiers  had 
been  furnished  to  the  army,  besides  the  garrisons 
of  four  forts  at  Lackewana,  Exeter,  Kingston,  and 
Wilkesbarre.  July  1,  1778,  Col.  Butler,  with 
about  sixteen  hundred  men,  three  hundred  of 
whom  were  Indians  and  the  rest  tories  painted 
like  Indians,  approached  the  upper  fort;  and  a 
skirmish  ensued,  in  which  ten  of  the  inhabitants 
were  killed.  July  2,  Exeter  fort,  garrisoned  by  to- 
rics,  was  given  up  to  them,  and  Lackawna  fort  was 
taken.  Mr.  Jenkins  and  his  family  were  barbar 
ously  killed ;  and  most  of  the  women  and  children 
were  captured.  July  3  he  defeated  Col.  Zebulon 
Butler  and  destroyed  most  of  liis  men,  amounting 


176 


BUTLER. 


BUTLER. 


to  four  hundred  by  one  account  and  three  hun 
dred  by  another.  July  4,  he  in  vested  fort  Kings 
ton,  commanded  by  Col.  Nathan  Dennison,  who 
went  to  fort  Exeter  with  a  flag,  to  learn  the  terms 


which  would  be  granted, 
plied,  —  "  the    hatchet ! " 


Col.  John  Butler  re- 
The   next   morning, 


Sunday,  July  5th,  Col.  Dennison,  his  men  being 
nearly  all  killed  or  wounded,  surrendered  at  dis 
cretion.  He  was  seen  surrounded  by  the  enemy, 
and  was  doubtless  murdered.  Some  of  the  pris 
oners  were  taken  away  ;  the  rest  were  shut  up  in  j 
the  houses,  and  consumed  with  them.  The  enemy 
immediately  crossed  the  river  to  fort  Wilksbarrc, 
which  surrendered.  About  seventy  of  the  sol 
diers  were  inhumanly  butchered ;  and  the  rest, 
with  the  women  and  children,  were  shut  up  in 
the  houses,  which  were  set  on  fire  and  all  per 
ished.  Every  building,  except  what  belonged  to 
lories,  in  all  thc^e  settlements  was  destroyed. 
Capt.  James  Bedlock,  his  body  stuck  full  of  splin 
ters  of  pine  knots,  was  burned,  and  Capts.  Robert 
Durgce  and  Samuel  Ranson  were  held  down  in 
the  fire  with  pitchforks.  There  were  other  hor 
rors,  which  cannot  be  described.  The  fugitives 
who  escaped  were  many  of  them  two  or  three 
days  without  provisions. 

In  Sept.  about  one  hundred  houses  were  dcs- 
troved  by  the  enemy  at  German  Flats.     Dec.  11, 


office  was  worth  500  pounds  sterling  a  year ;  he 
had  also  a  pension  of  200  or  300  ;  and  had  re 
ceived  five  thousand  acres  of  land  for  himself  and 
the  same  for  his  children.  Thus  was  he  rewarded 
for  his  barbarities.  Marshall,  III.  557  ; 
Trav.  III.  204 ;  Mass.  Hist.  Coll.  n.  220  ;  Grif 
fin's  Remains  ;  Almon's  Amer.  Remembrancer, 
1777,  p.  395;  TTiaclier's  Mil.  Journ.  141,  294. 

BUTLER,  ZEBVLON,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  was  one  of  the  early  settlers  at  Wyoming, 
said  to  be  the  cousin  of  Col.  John  Butler,  but  this 
has  been  recently  denied  by  his  grandson.  He 
fought  bravely  in  the  old  Erench  war.  In  the 
war  of  the  Revolution  he  was  the  second  in  com 
mand  at  Wyoming,  when  that  beautiful  vale  was 
desolated  by  the  ferocious  John  Butler  ;  he 
marched  July  3,  1778,  from  Wilkesbarre,  where  a 
small  guard  was  left,  to  the  neighboring  fort  of 
Kingston  with  four  hundred  men.  On  being 
summoned  to  surrender  in  two  hours  he  de 
manded  a  parley,  and  a  place  in  Kingston  was 
appointed  for  the  meeting  ;  he  proceeded  thither 
with  his  troops,  and  on  approaching  a  flag,  seen 
at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  he  was  drawn  thus 
treacherously  into  an  ambush,  and  the  enemy  rose 
upon  him  in  great  numbers.  He  fought  bravely 
three  quarters  of  an  hour,  when  one  of  his  men 
cried  out,  that  he  had  ordered  a  retreat.  This  in- 


1778,  Cherry  Valley  was  destroyed  and  women  I  terrupted  their  fire,  and  a  total  route  ensued. 
ar,d  children  massacred.  Dr.  Dwight  rcpre- 1  Many  were  lost  in  the  river,  when  endeavoring  to 
sents,  that  the  party  of  five  hundred  Indians  and  cross  it,  the  enemy  pursuing  them  with  fury, 
whites  was  commanded  by  a  son  of  Butler,  and  by  |  Only  seventy  escaped  to  Wilkesbarre.  On  this 
Brant ;  but  the  anecdote,  he  gives,  of  the  death  of  I  day  two  hundred  women  were  made  widoAvs. 
Butler  needs  correction,  for  he  was  not  killed  till  July  4,  the  enemy,  with  a  summons  to  surrender, 
a  subsequent  year.  At  this  time  Col.  Ichabod  sent  one  hundred  and  ninety-six  scalps  into  fort 
Alden,  who  had  two  hundred  and  fifty  men  in  the  |  Kingston,  where  Col.  Dennison  commanded.  In 
fort,  was  surprised,  when  imprudently  out  of  it,  I  the  evening  Col.  Butler  left  the  fort  with  his  fam- 
and  killed.  Of  the  inhabitants,  one  hundred  and  |  ily  and  proceeded  down  the  river  in  safety.  Such 
eighty  were  left  without  a  house.  Dr.  Dwight  j  is  the  account,  written  or  published  at  rough- 
relates,  that  Butler  on  entering  a  house  ordered  keepsie  July  20th,  and  published  in  Almon's  Re- 


a  woman  in  bed  with  her  infant  child  to  be  killed  ; 
but  Brant  said,  "  What,  kill  a  woman  and  child  ? 


membrancer,  and  which  was  followed  by  Gordon, 


Marshall,  and  others,  excepting,  that  Marshall 
No,  that  child  is  not  an  enemy  to  the  king,  nor  a  '  reduces  the  number  escaping  July  3d  to  twenty, 
friend  to  the  congress.  Long  before  he  will  be  instead  of  seventy.  But  this  account  of  the  affair 
big  enough  to  do  any  mischief,  the  dispute  will  be  I  has  been  recently  contradicted  by  E.  D.  Griffin, 
settled."  Thus  Brant,  the  red  man,  was  the  man  j  whose  mother  was  the  daughter  of  Col.  Butler, 
of  humanity ;  and  the  white  man  was  the  savage,  j  According  to  his  statement,  his  grandfather  was 
About  the  middle  of  Oct.,  1781,  Capt.  Walter  j  compelled  to  fight  prematurely  by  the  rash  vehe- 
Butler,  a  son  of  Col.  Butler,  Avas  killed  in  an  ac-  j  mence  of  his  men,  who  could  not  brook  the  delay 
tion  on  the  Mohawk,  when  Maj.  Ross  and  his  j  requisite  for  obtaining  information  concerning  the 
party  of  six  hundred,  of  Avhom  one  hundred  and  enemy ;  but,  ambushed,  he  rode  amongst  his 
thirty  were  Indians,  Avere  routed  by  Col.  Willett  i  ranks,  exposing  himself  with  the  utmost  coolness 
and  driven  into  the  Avildcrness.  Willett  had  in  I  to  the  whole  fire  of  the  enemy,  in  the  vain  hope 
liis  army  sixty  Oneida  Indians.  On  being  shot !  of  sustaining  the  courage  of  his  men  ;  and  of 
by  one  of  them,  Butler  asked  for  quarter ;  the  |  three  hundred  only  four  escaped,  of  which  num- 
Indian  cried  out  with  a  terrible  voice,  Sherry  \  ber  he  was  one.  Such  an  incautious,  rash  attack 
Valley !  and  tomahaAvked  lu'm.  Thus  the  Avhite  |  of  the  enemy  under  Brant,  by  the  troops  of 
savage  had  his  retribution.  Col.  Butler  about  i  Goshen,  issued  the  next  year  in  a  similar  defeat  at 
the  year  1796  was  English  agent  Avith  reference  to  i  Minisink  ;  Col.  Tusten  being  compelled  to  march 
the  six  nations,  and  lived  in  Upper  Canada.  This  !  by  the  brave  flourish  of  a  subordinate  officer. 


BUTLER. 

Col.  Butler  received  marks  of  confidence  from 
Washington.  Mr.  Griffin,  about  the  year  1816, 
visited  the  grave  of  his  grandfather,  the  patriarch 
of  Wyoming,  and  found  some  uncouth  rhymes 
chiselled  on  his  monument.  Had  Thomas  Camp 
bell  resided  one  winter  at  Wyoming,  ere  he  wrote 
his  Gertrude,  a  beautiful  poem,  he  never  would 
have  associated  the  objects  of  tropical  scenery 
with  the  vale  of  the  Susquehannah ;  he  never 
would  have  made  the  crocodile  to  swim  in  that 
river ;  nor  caused  the  red  flamingo  and  the  huge 
condor  of  the  rock  to  spread  their  wings  there  ; 
nor  planted  on  its  banks  the  aloes,  the  high 
magnolia,  and  the  palm  tree.  —  Almon's  Amer. 
Rememb.  1779,  p.  51-55.  Gordon,  m.  188; 
Thacher's  Mil.  Jour.  141;  Marshall,  ill.  557; 
Griffin's  Remains. 

BUTLER,  WILLIAM,  colonel,  an  officer  of  the 
Revolution,  after  the  destruction  of  AVyoming  by 
John  Butler  and  the  Indians  July  5,  1778  was 
immediately  detached  in  command,  as  lieut.-col. 
of  the  fourth  Pennsylvania  regiment,  for  the  as 
sistance  of  the  frontiers.  He  marched  from 
Schoharie  and  penetrated  into  the  Indian  country 
in  October  with  great  difficulty,  crossing  high 
mountains  and  deep  waters,  and  destroyed  the 
towns  Unadilla  and  Anaguaga,  the  latter  being 
the  head  quarters  of  Brant,  lying  on  both  sides 
the  Susquehannah,  where  it  is  two  hundred  and 
fifty  yards  wide.  Many  farm  houses  and  about 
four  thousand  bushels  of  grain  were  destroyed. 
His  account  of  the  expedition  was  published.  It 
is  believed  that  he  is  the  Col.  Butler  who  was  dis 
tinguished  in  the  expedition  of  Sullivan  against 
the  Indians  in  1779.  —  Marshall,  ill.  562;  Al 
mon's  Remem.,  1779,  253. 

BUTLER,  WILLIAM,  major-general,  an  officer 
of  the  Revolution,  was  the  son  of  James  Butler, 
who  in  the  command  of  a  party  of  whigs  was 
surprised  and  taken  prisoner  near  Cloud's  creek, 
South  Carolina,  by  a  party  of  Cunningham's 
horse,  and  after  his  surrender  perished  Avith  the 
other  prisoners,  who  were  marched  out  one  by 
one  and  cut  to  pieces.  This  treacherous  murder, 
by  the  hand  of  the  royalist  leader,  gave  a  keen 
edge  to  the  spirit  of  the  son.  At  the  head  of  a 
body  of  cavalry  he,  with  Capt.  Michael  Watson  of 
the  mounted  rangers,  attacked  with  great  gal 
lantry  and  dispersed  double  the  number  of  the 
enemy  in  Dean's  swamp,  though  Watson  fell  in 
the  action.  In  1800  he  was  a  representative  in 
congress.  In  the  war  of  1812  he  commanded 
the  forces  of  South  Carolina,  employed  in  the 
defence  of  the  State.  He  died  in  Edgcfield  dis 
trict  Nov.  15,  1821,  aged  67.  His  wife,  who 
survived  him  many  years,  was  a  remarkable  wo 
man.  Her  name  was  Behethland  Moore.  In 
the  necessary  absence  of  her  husband  from  home 
the  care  of  the  family  and  of  the  plantation  fell 
upon  her,  with  the  chief  moral  training  of  her 
23 


BUTLER. 


177 


children;  of  whom  Col.  James  died  in  1821  ; 
Maj.  George  at  the  age  of  33 ;  William  was  a 
surgeon  in  the  navy;  Judge  A.  P.  Butler  was  a 
senator  of  the  United  States ;  Col.  P.  M.  Butler 
was  the  governor  of  the  State,  and  fell  at  the 
head  of  the  South  Carolina  troops  in  Mexico,  one 
of  the  many  \ictims  to  a  needless  and  therefore 
wicked  Avar.  The  only  daughter,  Emmala,  mar 
ried  Waddy  Thompson. 

BUTLER,  PERCIVAL,  general,  a  soldier  of  the 
Revolution,  was  Avith  the  army  at  the  siege  and 
capture  of  York,  Oct.  19,  1781.  He  died  at  Port 
William,  Kentucky,  Sept.  11,  1821,  aged  61. 

BUTLER,  PEIRCE,  a  senator,  was  of  the  family 
of  the  Dukes  of  Ormond  in  Ireland.  Before  the 
Revolution  he  was  a  major  in  a  British  regiment 
in  Boston.  He  afterwards  attached  himself  to 
the  republican  institutions  of  America.  In  1787 
he  Avas  a  delegate  from  South  Carolina  to  con 
gress  ;  in  1788  a  member  of  the  convention, 
Avhich  framed  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States.  Under  the  constitution  he  was  one  of 
the  first  senators  from  South  Carolina,  and  re 
mained  in  congress  till  1796.  On  the  death  of 
Mr.  Calhoun  in  1802,  he  was  again  appointed ; 
but  resigned  in  1804.  In  his  political  vieAvs  he 
Avas  opposed  to  some  of  the  measures  of  Wash 
ington's  administration.  Jay's  treaty  he  disap 
proved,  while  he  approved  of  the  war  of  1812. 
He  died  at  Philadelphia  Feb.  15,  1822,  aged  77. 
His  AAife,  a  daughter  of  Col.  Middleton  of  Charles 
ton,  Avhom  he  married  in  1768,  died  in  1790. 

BUTLER,  WILLIAM,  died  in  Philadelphia  in 
June,  1838,  aged  108. 

BUTLER,  EZRA,  governor  of  Vermont,  died 
at  Waterbury  July  19,  1838,  aged  77. 

BUTLER,  JAMES  D.,  died  in  Rutland,  Vt.,  in 
1842,  aged  76,  an  early  settler.  He  served  in 
various  offices,  Avas  an  efficient  officer  of  temper 
ance  and  other  charitable  societies,  and  an  emi 
nent  Christian. 

'  BUTLER,  DAVID,  D.  D.,  died  at  Troy  July 
10,  1842,  aged  80,  the  oldest  Episcopal  clergy 
man  in  the  State  of  NBAV  York. 

BUTLER,  WILLL\M,  died  at  Northampton 
March  9,  1831,  aged  68.  He  established  one  of 
the  earliest  papers  in  western  Massachusetts, — 
the  Hampshire  Gazette,  at  Northampton  Sept. 
6,  1786,  and  conducted  it  nearly  thirty  years.  It 
is  now  the  oldest  paper  in  the  AA'estern  part  of 
the  State.  There  Avas  a  paper  four  years  sooner 
in  Springfield ;  but  it  Avas  soon  discontinued. 
There  being  no  post-office  in  Northampton,  he 
Avas  obliged  to  send  to  Springfield  every  week  for 
his  neAvs.  He  married  Huldah,  a  daughter  of 
Col.  John  BroAvn,  distinguished  in  the  war  of  the 
Revolution ;  and  she  yet  sunives  in  venerated 
old  age.  —  Holland's  West.  Mass.  I.  453. 

BUTLER  SIMEOX,  an  enterprising  bookseller 
and  publisher,  died  in  Northampton  Nov.  7,  1847, 


178 


BUTLER. 


BYFIELD. 


aged  77.  A  native  of  Hartford,  he  had  lived  in 
Northampton  more  than  fifty  years.  He  pub 
lished  the  first  volume  of  the  Massachusetts 
Reports  and  two  or  three  hundred  thousand  other 
volumes  of  valuable  books.  With  his  brother 
Asa  he  established  in  Suffield  a  manufactory  of 
paper,  and  made,  it  is  believed,  the  first  American 
letter  paper  used  in  the  senate  of  the  United 
States. 

BUTLER,  JOSIAH,  judge,  died  at  Deerfield, 
N.  H.,  Oct.  29,  1854,  aged  74.  A  graduate  of 
Harvard  in  1803,  he  was  in  congress  in  1817-1823, 
and  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  New  Hamp 
shire  in  1725. 

BUTLER,  CALEB,  died  at  Lowell  Oct.  7,  1854, 
aged  78.  A  native  of  Pelham,  N.  H.,  he  gradu 
ated  at  Dartmouth  in  1800,  and  was  eleven  years 
preceptor  of  Groton  academy,  and  twenty  years 
post-master.  He  published  a  history  of  Groton, 
8vo. ;  also  a  masonic  oration,  1816 ;  facts,  etc., 
as  to  affairs  in  Groton,  1827;  review  reviewed, 
1850.  —  Nightingale's  Sermon, 

BUTLER,  CYRUS,  died  at  Providence  Aug.  22, 
1849,  aged  82  years.  He  was  worth  from  three 
to  four  millions  of  dollars.  He  gave  some  years 
before  his  death  40,000  dollars  to  the  Butler  hos 
pital  for  the  insane  in  Providence.  His  father, 
Samuel,  a  shoemaker  from  Edgartown,  became 
a  large  ship  owner  at  Providence,  and  left  his 
son  a  large  fortune,  which  he  increased  by  fru 
gality  and  wide  commercial  operations. 

BUTLER,  MANN,  the  historian  of  Kentucky, 
was  killed  in  Nov.,  1855,  by  the  railroad  disaster 
in  Missouri,  with  Dr.  Bullard  and  others. 

BUTRICK,  DANIEL,  died  June  8,  1851.  He 
was  thirty  years  a  missionary  to  the  Cherokees. 

BUTTERWORTH,  CATHAKINE,  Mrs.,  died  at 
Dubuque  Aug.  30,  1748,  aged  114,  a  native  of 
Ireland. 

BUTTNER,  GOTTLIEB,  a  Moravian  missionary 
to  the  Mohegan  Indians  in  New  York,  died  Feb. 
23,  1745,  aged  28.  He  arrived  in  this  country 
Oct.,  1741.  In  the  preceding  year  C.  H.  Rauch 
had  commenced  the  mission  at  Shekomeko,  or 
Shacomaco,  a  village  of  a  few  Mohegan .  Indians, 
thirty  miles  from  Poughkeepsie,  about  twenty-five 
miles  east  of  the  Hudson  river,  near  the  borders 
of  Connecticut,  and  close  by  the  Stissik  mountain. 
In  Feb.,  1742,  Count  Zinzendorf,  at  Oly  in  Penn 
sylvania,  ordained  Butler  a  deacon.  The  count, 
with  his  daughter  Benigny,  visited  Shacomaco  in 
August,  and  constituted  the  first  Moravian  con 
gregation  of  Indians,  consisting  of  ten  persons, 
among  whom  were  Shabash,  Seim,  Kiop,  Tschoop, 
and  Kermelok.  Buttner,  with  his  wife,  arrived 
at  Shacomaco  in  October  and  entered  upon  his 
labors,  preaching  in  Dutch  or  English,  and  hav 
ing  an  interpreter  for  the  Indians.  In  1742  the 
number  of  the  baptized  was  thirty-one.  The 
Lord's  supper  was  first  administered  March  13, 


1743,  and  again  July  27.  A  monthly  prayer 
meeting  was  established,  at  which  accounts  were 
read  concerning  the  progress  of  the  gospel  in 
the  world.  During  the  year  1743  Buttner  expe 
rienced  much  persecution,  being  summoned 
several  times  to  Poughkeepsie  to  answer  to 
charges  brought  against  him.  He  was  accused 
of  teaching  without  authority,  and  of  refusing  to 
take  the  oath  of  allegiance,  deeming  an  oath 
unlawful.  The  other  missionaries  were  soon 
withdrawn  from  Shacomaco  on  account  of  the 
persecution,  and  in  1746  ten  families  of  the  In 
dians,  in  all  forty-four  persons,  emigrated  to 
Pennsylvania.  For  them  two  hundred  acres  of 
land  were  purchased  at  the  junction  of  the  rivers 
Mahony  and  Lecha,  beyond  the  blue  mountains, 
and  the  new  town  was  called  Gnadenhutten  or 
tents  of  grace.  Other  Mohegan  emigrants  from 
Shacomaco  and  Connecticut  soon  followed.  The 
mission  of  Sergeant  at  Stockbridge  was  earlier 
than  this.  —  LoskieVs  Hist.  Morav.  Miss.,  II. 
58,  63. 

BUTTRICK,  ELIZABETH,  missionary  among 
the  Cherokees,  died  at  Dwight  Aug.  3,  1847,  aged 
67.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Jonathan  Proctor 
of  Ipswich,  Mass.  Having  been  a  teacher  in 
New  England,  she  went  among  the  Cherokees  in 
Georgia,  as  a  teacher,  in  1823 ;  in  1827  she  mar 
ried  Daniel  S.  Buttrick,  who  had  been  a  mis 
sionary  nine  years.  Their  labors  were  among 
the  Indians  on  the  east  side  of  the  Mississippi 
till  1838,  and  afterwards  on  the  west,  at  Fail-field 
and  Mount  Zion.  In  her  last  hours  "  all  was 
peaceful  and  joyful."  She  had  toiled  faithfully 
twenty-four  years  among  a  dark-minded  people. 

BYFIELD,  NATHANIEL,  judge  of  the  vice  ad 
miralty,  and  member  of  the  council  of  Massachu 
setts,  died  June  6,  1733,  aged  79.  He  was  the 
son  of  Richard  Byfield,  pastor  of  Long  Ditton  in 
Sussex,  England,  wrho  was  one  of  the  divines  in 
the  Westminster  assembly.  His  mother  was  the 
sister  of  Bishop  Juxon.  He  was  bom  in  the 
year  1653,  and  was  the  youngest  of  twenty-one 
children,  sixteen  of  whom  sometimes  accompa 
nied  at  the  same  time  their  pious  father  to  the 
house  of  worship.  He  arrived  at  Boston  in  the 
year  1674.  Being  an  eminent  merchant,  whose 
property  was  very  considerable,  soon  after  Philip's 
war  he  was  one  of  the  four  proprietors  and  the 
principal  settler  of  the  town  of  Bristol  in  Rhode 
Island.  He  lived  in  this  place  till  the  year  1724, 
when  on  account  of  his  advanced  age  he  returned 
to  Boston,  where  he  died.  He  possessed  very 
considerable  abilities,  which  fitted  him  for  the 
stations  which  he  occupied.  He  held  a  variety 
of  offices  both  civil  and  military.  He  was  speaker 
of  the  house  6*f  representatives ;  was  for  thirty- 
eight  years  chief  justice  of  the  court  of  common 
pleas  for  Bristol  county,  and  two  years  for  Suf 
folk  ;  was  many  years  a  member  of  the  council ; 


BYLES. 

and  was  judge  of  the  vice-admiralty  from  the 
year  1703.  His  spirit  was  active  and  vigorous, 
his  courage  unshaken  by  any  danger,  and  his 
constancy  such  as  was  not  easily  discouraged  by 
difficulties.  He  was  well  formed  for  the  exercise 
of  authority,  his  very  looks  inspiring  respect. 
He  possessed  a  happy  elocution.  He  loved  order, 
and  in  his  family  the  nicest  economy  was  visible. 
He  was  conspicuous  for  piety,  having  a  liberal, 
catholic  spirit,  and  loving  all  good  men,  however 
they  differed  from  him  in  matters  of  small  impor 
tance.  For  forty  years  he  constantly  devoted  a 
certain  proportion  of  his  estate  to  charitable  pur 
poses.  In  one  year  he  was  known  to  give  away 
several  hundreds  of  pounds.  He  had  a  steady 
and  unshaken  faith  in  the  truths  of  the  gospel ; 
and  he  died  in  the  lively  hope  of  the  mercy  of 
God  through  the  glorious  Redeemer.  He  pub 
lished  a  tract,  entitled  an  account  of  the  late 
revolution  in  New  England,  with  the  declaration 
of  the  gentlemen,  merchants,  and  inhabitants  of 
Boston,  £c.,  1689.  —  Chauncy's  Fun.  Sermon  ; 
Weekly  News  Letter,  No.  1533 ;  Hutchinson,  n. 
211. 

BYLES,  JAMES,  died  at  Oysterbay  Jan.,  1839, 
aged  about  118 ;  a  native  of  France  and  a  soldier 
under  AYolfe. 

BYLES,  MATHER,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Boston, 
died  July  5,  1788,  aged  82.  He  was  descended 
from  a  respectable  family,  and  was  born  in  that 
town  March  26,  1706.  His  father  was  a  native 
of  England,  and  died  within  a  year  after  the  birth 
of  his  son.  By  his  mother's  side  he  descended 
from  llichard  Mather,  of  Dorchester,  and  John 
Cotton,  of  Boston.  In  early  life  he  discovered  a 
taste  for  literature,  and  he  was  graduated  at  Har 
vard  college  in  1725.  After  pursuing  his  literary 
and  theological  studies  for  some  time,  he  com 
menced  preaching.  He  was  ordained  the  first 
pastor  of  the  church  in  Hollis  street,  Boston, 
Dec.  20,  1733.  It  was  not  long  before  he  attained 
considerable  eminence  in  his  profession,  and  he 
became  known  by  his  publication  of  several  pieces 
in  prose  and  verse.  His  poetical  talents  he  con 
sidered  only  as  instruments  of  innocent  amuse 
ment,  and  never  permitted  them  to  withdraw  his 
attention  from  more  serious  and  profitable  objects. 
He  never  attempted  any  great  production  in 
verse,  but  sounded  his  lyre  only  in  compliance 
with  occasional  inclination.  He  continued  to  live 
happily  with  his  parish  in  the  useful  discharge  of 
ministerial  duties  until  the  late  revolution  began 
to  create  distrust  and  animosity  between  the  dif 
ferent  parties  that  existed  in  the  country  prior  to 
the  war.  Falling  under  the  imputation  of  being 
a  tory,  he  was  in  17  70  separated  from  his  people 
by  the  jealousy  and  violence  of  the  times,  and  he 
was  never  afterwards  re-united  to  them.  He  was 
accused  of  attachment  to  Great  Britain.  The 
substance  of  the  charges  against  him  was,  that 


BYLES. 


179 


he  continued  in  Boston  with  his  family  during  the 
siege  ;  that  he  prayed  for  the  king  and  the  safety 
of  the  town ;  and  that  he  received  the  visits  of 
the  British  officers.  In  May  1777  he  was  de 
nounced  in  town  meeting  as  a  person  inimical  to 
America ;  after  which  he  was  obliged  to  enter 
into  bonds  for  his  appearance  at  a  public  trial 
before  a  special  court  on  the  second  of  June  fol 
lowing.  He  was  pronounced  guilty,  and  sentenced 
to  confinement  on  board  a  guard-ship,  and  in  forty 
days  to  be  sent  with  his  family  to  England.  When 
brought  before  the  board  of  war,  by  whom  he 
was  treated  respectfully,  his  sentence  seems  to 
have  been  altered,  and  it  was  directed  that  he 
should  be  confined  to  his  own  house,  and  a  guard 
placed  over  him  there.  This  was  accordingly 
done  for  a  few  weeks,  and  then  the  guard  was 
removed.  A  short  time  afterwards  a  guard  was 
again  placed  over  him,  and  again  dismissed. 
Upon  this  occasion  he  observed  in  his  own  man 
ner,  that  he  was  guarded,  regarded,  and  disre 
garded.  He  was  not  again  connected  with  any 
parish.  In  the  year  1783  he  was  seized  with  a 
paralytic  disorder,  and  he  died  at  the  great  age  of 
eighty-two  years.  He  was  twice  married.  His 
first  wife  was  the  niece  of  Gov.  Belcher,  and  his 
second  the  daughter  of  Lieut.-Gov.  Tailer.  His 
son,  Mather  Byles,  D.  D.,  was  a  minister  of  New 
London,  in  Connecticut,  but  was  dismissed  in 
1768,  and  was  then  an  Episcopal  minister  several 
years  in  Boston  till  the  Revolution,  and  afterwards 
at  St.  John's,  New  Brunswick,  where  he  died 
March  12,  1814.  His  grandson,  Mather  Brown, 
historical  and  portrait  painter,  artist  to  George 
IV.,  died  at  London  May  25,  1831. 

Dr.  Byles  was  in  person  tall  and  well  propor 
tioned.  He  possessed  a  commanding  presence, 
and  was  a  graceful  speaker.  His  voice  was  strong, 
clear,  harmonious,  and  susceptible  of  various 
modulations,  adapted  to  the  subject  of  his  dis 
course.  He  was  remarkable  for  the  abundance 
-of  his  wit  in  common  conversation,  and  for  the 
smartness  of  his  repartees.  He  possessed  an 
uncommon  talent  in  making  puns,  some  of  wliich 
are  at  the  present  day  frequently  repeated  in 
social  circles.  His  imagination  was  fertile,  and 
his  satire  keen.  His  wit  was  a  dangerous  instru 
ment,  in  the  use  of  which  he  was  not  always 
prudent,  and  it  is  thought  that  he  was  not  suffi 
ciently  regardful  of  the  consequences  of  the  severe 
remarks  in  which  he  sometimes  indulged  himself. 

His  literary  merit  introduced  him  to  the  ac 
quaintance  of  many  men  of  genius  in  England ; 
and  the  names  of  Pope,  Lansdowne,  and  Watts 
',  are  found  among  his  correspondents.  From  the 
former  he  received  a  copy  of  an  elegant  edition 
of  the  Odyssey  in  quarto.  Dr.  Watts  sent  him 
copies  of  his  works,  as  he  published  them.  His 
poetry  evinces  a  rich  fancy,  and  the  versification 
is  polished.  The  following  extract  from  "  the 


180 


BYLES. 


Conflagration "  relates  to  the  effect  on  the  earth 
of  the  flames  of  the  last  day : 

"  Yet  shall  ye,  Flames,  the  wasting  globe  refine, 
And  bid  the  skies  with  purer  splendor  shine, 
The  earth,  which  the  prolific  fires  consume, 
To  beauty  burns,  and  withers  into  bloom; 
Improving  in  the  fertile  flame  it  lies, 
Fades  into  form  and  into  vigor  dies ; 
Fresh-dawning  glories  blush  amidst  the  blaze, 
And  nature  all  renews  her  flowery  face." 

In  his  preaching  he  -was  generally  solemn  and 
interesting,  though  sometimes  his  sermons  gave 
indications  of  the  peculiar  turn  of  his  mind.  On 
being  asked  why  he  did  not  preach  politics,  he 
replied :  "  I  have  thrown  up  four  breastworks, 
behind  which  I  have  intrenched  myself,  neither 
of  which  can  be  forced.  In  the  first  place  I  do 
not  understand  politics ;  in  the  second  place  you 
all  do,  every  man  and  mother's  son  of  you ;  in 
the  third  place,  you  have  politics  all  the  week, 
pray  let  one  day  out  of  seven  be  devoted  to  re 
ligion  ;  in  the  fourth  place,  I  am  engaged  in  a 
work  of  infinitely  greater  importance.  Give  me 
any  subject  to  preach  on  of  more  consequence 
than  the  truths  I  bring  to  you,  and  I  will  preach 
on  it  the  next  Sabbath." 

The  following  extracts  from  one  of  his  sermons 
will  show  what  were  the  religious  sentiments 
which  he  embraced  and  enforced  upon  his  hearers. 
"  We  perceive,"  said  he,  "  that  conversion  is  out 
of  our  own  power.  It  is  impossible  for  us  to 
convert  ourselves,  or  for  all  the  angels  in  heaven 
to  do  it  for  us.  To  convince  you  of  this,  let  the 
natural  man  make  the  experiment.  Try  this 
moment.  Try  and  see  whether  you  can  bring 
your  hearts  to  this,  to  renounce  all  happiness  in 
everything  but  the  favor  of  God ;  to  let  God  order 
for  you ;  to  have  no  will  of  your  own ;  to  be  swal 
lowed  up  and  ravished  with  his  will,  whatever  it 
is.  Can  you  renounce  every  mortal  idol  ?  Can 
you  leave  this  world  and  all  the  low  delights  of 
it,  and  go  to  a  world  where  you  will  have  none 
of  them  ;  but  the  love  of  God  will  swallow  you 
up?  These  things  are  so  far  distant  from  an 
unrenewed  heart,  that  they  look  like  wild  para 
doxes  to  it."  "The  enmity  between  God  and 
us  is  irreconcilable,  but  by  Christ.  Out  of  him 
God  is  a  consuming  fire.  False  notions  of  the 
Divine  justice  and  mercy  could  never  bring  us 
truly  to  him ;  and  true  ones  would  only  drive  us 
farther  from  him.  So  that  set  Christ  aside,  and 
there  can  be  no  conversion.  We  learn  also  the 
honors  of  the  Holy  Ghost.  He  is  the  agent  who 
performs  this  work.  One  reason,  that  men  fall 
short  of  this  saving  change,  is  the  not  acknowl 
edging  him  as  they  ought.  Did  men  regard  the 
operation  of  the  Holy  Spirit  more,  there  would 
be  more  frequent  converts.  Men  are  apt  to  trust 
to  their  own  strength  when  they  set  about  the 
work  of  conversion.  They  rob  the  Spirit  of  God 


CABELL. 

of  his  glory,  and  so  it  all  comes  to  nothing.  He 
it  is  who  makes  this  great  change  in  men.  He 
must  be  the  Almighty  God  then ;  and  we  should 
honor  him  as  so." 

He  published  a  number  of  essays  in  the  New 
England  weekly  journal,  which  are  marked  by 
one  of  the  letters  composing  the  word  CELOIZA  ; 
a  poem  on  the  death  of  George  L,  and  the  acces 
sion  of  George  II.,  1727 ;  a  poetical  epistle  to 
Gov.  Belcher,  on  the  death  of  his  lady,  173(3.  A 
number  of  his  miscellaneous  poems  were  collected 
and  printed  in  a  volume,  in  1744.  Among  the 
sermons,  which  he  published,  are  the  following : 
the  character  of  the  upright  man,  1729 ;  on  the 
nature  and  necessity  of  conversion,  1732 ;  flourish 
of  the  annual  spring,  1739 ;  at  the  artillery  elec 
tion,  1740 ;  on  setting  our  affections  on  things 
above,  1740  ;  before  an  execution,  1751 ;  on  Mrs. 
Dummer,  1752;  on  William  Dummer,  1761;  on 
J.  Gould,  1772;  at  the  lecture,  1751;  on  the 
earthquake,  1755 ;  at  the  thanksgiving  for  the 
success  of  the  British  arms,  1760  ;  on  the  present 
vileness  of  the  body  and  its  future  glorious 
change,  second  edition,  1771.  —  Polyantlws,  IV. 
1-10  ;  Spec.  Amer.  Poetry,  I.  124-133. 

BYRI),  WILLIAM,  colonel,  a  distinguished  citi 
zen  of  Virginia,  died  about  1743,  at  an  advanced 
age.  He  was  a  member  of  the  council  about 
1682.  When  in  1699  about  three  hundred  of  the 
persecuted  French  protestants  arrived  in  the  col 
ony,  he  received  them  with  the  affection  of  a 
father  and  gave  them  the  most  liberal  assistance. 
His  generous  charity  to  the  poor  foreigners  is 
particularly  described  by  Beverly.  He  had  re 
ceived  a  liberal  education  in  England,  and  was 
distinguished  for  his  h'terary  taste  and  his  patron 
age  of  science.  He  had  one  of  the  largest  libra 
ries  on  the  continent.  In  1723  he  was  one  of  the 
commissioners  for  establishing  the  line  between 
North  Carolina  and  Virginia.  He  was  a  fellow 
of  the  royal  society,  as  were  also  Mather,  Boyl- 
ston,  Dudley,  Silas  Taylor  of  Virginia,  and  others. 
Having  a  large  property,  his  munificence  and  his 
style  of  living  were  unrivalled  in  the  colony.  He 
Avrote,  it  is  believed,  the  anonymous  wrork,  the 
history  of  the  dividing  line  between  Virgima  and 
North  Carolina,  1728  ;  also,  for  the  philosophical 
transactions,  an  account  of  a  negro  boy,  dappled 
with  white  spots.  A  colonel  Wm.  Byrd,  prob 
ably  his  son,  was  a  commissioner  to  treat  with  the 
Indians  in  1756,  and  accompanied  Forbes  in  the 
expedition  against  fort  du  Quesne  in  17-58.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  council  at  the  beginning  of 
the  Revolution ;  but  he  was  deceased  before  Jan. 
5,  1781,  when  Arnold  debarked  at  Westover,  the 
residence  of  his  widow. — Beverly,  IV.  13;  Mil 
ler,  II.  61;  Burk. 

CABELL,  SAMUEL  J.,  colonel,  a  Revolutionary 
soldier,  died  at  his  seat  in  Nelson  county,  Va., 
Sept.  4,  1818,  aged  61.  Being  in  college  at  the 


CABELL. 

beginning  of  the  war,  he  joined  the  first  armed 
corps,  raised  in  Virginia,  and  soon  attained  the 
rank  of  lieut-colonel  in  the  continental  army, 
serving  with  reputation  in  all  the  northern  cam 
paigns,  till  the  fall  of  Charleston,  May  12,  1780, 
when  he  became  a  prisoner.  The  close  of  the 
war  restored  liim  to  liberty.  For  many  years  he 
was  a  member  of  the  assembly,  also  a  member 
of  congress. 

CABELL,  WILLIAM  H.,  governor  of  Virginia, 
died  at  Richmond  Jan.  17,  1853.  He  was  presi 
dent  of  the  court  of  appeals. 

CABOT,  JOHN,  a  Venetian,  who  first  discov 
ered  the  continent  of  America,  was  perfectly 
skilled  in  all  the  sciences  requisite  to  form  an  ac 
complished  mariner.  He  had  three  sons,  Lewis, 
Sebastian,  and  Sanctius,  all  of  whom  he  educated 
in  a  manner  best  calculated  to  make  them  able 
seamen.  Encouraged  by  the  success  of  Colum 
bus,  who  returned  in  1493  from  his  first  voyage, 
he  was  determined  to  attempt  the  discovery  of 
unknown  lands,  particularly  of  a  northwest  pas 
sage  to  the  East  Indies.  Having  obtained  a 
commission  from  King  Henry  VII.,  empowering 
him  and  his  three  sons  to  discover  unknown  lands, 
and  to  conquer  and  settle  them,  and  giving  him 
jurisdiction  over  the  countries  which  he  should 
subdue,  on  condition  of  paying  the  king  one  fifth 
part  of  all  the  gains,  he  sailed  from  Bristol  with 
two  vessels,  freighted  by  the  merchants  of  Lon 
don  and  Bristol  Avith  articles  of  traffic,  and  with 
about  three  hundred  men,  in  May,  1497.  He 
sailed  towards  the  northwest  till  he  reached  the 
latitude  of  58  degrees,  when  the  floating  ice  and 
the  seventy  of  the  weather  induced  him  to  alter 
his  course  to  the  southwest.  He  discovered  land 
June  24,  which,  as  it  was  the  first  that  he  had 
seen,  he  called  Prim  a  Vista.  This  is  generally 
supposed  to  be  a  part  of  the  island  of  New 
foundland,  though  in  the  opinion  of  some  it  is  a 
place  on  the  peninsula  of  Nova  Scotia,  in  the 
latitude  of  45  degrees.  A  few  days  after 
ward  a  smaller  island  was  discovered,  to  whish 
he  gave  the  name  of  St.  John,  on  account  of 
its  being  discovered  on  the  day  of  John  the 
the  Baptist.  Continuing  his  course  westerly,  he 
soon  reached  the  continent,  and  then  sailed  along 
the  coast  northwardly  to  the  latitude  of  67  1-2 
degrees.  As  the  coast  stretched  toward  the 
east,  he  turned  back  and  sailed  toward  the  equa 
tor,  till  he  came  to  Florida.  His  provisions  now 
failing,  and  a  mutiny  breaking  out  among  the 
mariners,  he  returned  to  England  Avithout  at 
tempting  a  settlement  or  conquest  in  any  part  of 
the  new  world.  In  this  voyage  Cabot  was  accom 
panied  by  his  son  Sebastian,  and  to  them  is 
attributed  the  honor  of  first  beholding  the  conti 
nent  of  North  America ;  for  it  was  not  till  the 
following  year,  1498,  that  the  continent  was  seen 
by  Columbus.  But  this  circumstance  is  of  lit- 
16 


CABOT. 


181 


tic  importance ;  for,  as  Irving  remarks,  "  when 
Columbus  first  touched  the  shore  of  the  western 
hemisphere,  he  had  achieved  his  enterprise,  he 
had  accomplished  all  that  was  necessary  to  his 
fame ;  the  great  problem  was  solved ;  the  New 
World  was  discovered.  —  Relknap's  Amer.  Biog. 
I.  149-154 ;  Holmes ;  2}urcJtas,  I.  737,  738 ;  Rob 
ertson,  Book  ix.  16,  17;  Prince  Introd.  80;  Ir- 
ving's  Columbus. 

CABOT,  SEBASTIAN,  an  eminent  navigator,  the 
son  of  the  preceding,  died  about  1557,  aged  80. 
lie  was  born  at  Bristol.  When  about  twenty 
years  of  age  he  accompanied  his  father  in  the 
voyage  of  1497,  in  which  the  continent  of  the 
new  world  was  discovered.  About  the  year  1517 
he  sailed  on  another  voyage  of  discovery,  and 
went  to  the  Brazils,  and  thence  to  Ilispaniola  and 
Porto  Itico.  Failing  in  his  object  of  finding  a 
way  to  the  East  Indies,  he  returned  to  England. 
Having  been  invited  to  Spain,  where  he  was  re 
ceived  in  the  most  respectful  manner  by  King 
Ferdinand  and  Queen  Isabella,  he  sailed  in  their 
service  on  a  voyage  of  discovery  in  April,  1525. 
He  visited  the  coast  of  Brazil,  and  entered  a 
great  river,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Rio  de 
la  Plata.  He  sailed  up  this  river  one  hundred 
and  twenty  leagues.  After  being  absent  on  this 
expedition  a  number  of  years,  he  returned  to 
Spain  in  the  spring  of  1531.  But  he  was  not 
well  received.  He  made  other  voyages,  of  which 
no  particular  memorials  remain.  His  residence 
was  at  the  city  of  Seville.  His  employment  in 
the  office  of  chief  pilot  was  the  drawing  of 
charts,  on  which  he  delineated  all  the  new  dis 
coveries  made  by  himself  and  others  ;  and,  by 
his  office,  he  was  entrusted  with  the  reviewing  of 
all  projects  for  discovery.  His  character  is  said 
to  have  been  gentle,  friendly,  and  social,  though 
in  his  voyages  some  instances  of  injustice  towards 
the  natives  and  of  severity  towards  his  mariners 
are  recorded.  In  his  advanced  age  he  returned 
to  England  and  resided  at  Bristol.  He  received 
a  pension  from  Edward  VI.,  and  was  appointed 
governor  of  a  company  of  merchants,  associated 
for  the  purpose  of  making  discoveries.  He  had 
a  strong  persuasion  that  a  passage  might  be  found 
to  China  by  the  northeast.  By  his  means  a  trade 
was  commenced  with  Russia,  which  gave  rise  to 
the  Russian  company.  The  last  account  of  him 
is,  that  in  1556,  when  the  company  were  sending 
out  a  vessel  for  discovery,  he  made  a  visit  on 
board.  "The  good  old  gentleman,  master  Ca- 
bota,"  says  the  journal  of  the  voyage  in  Hakluyt, 
"  gave  to  the  poor  most  liberal  alms,  wishing 
them  to  pray  for  the  good  fortune  and  prosperous 
success  of  our  pinnace.  And  then  at  the  sign  of 
St.  Christopher,  he  and  his  friends  banqueted,  and 
for  very  joy,  that  he  had  to  see  the  towardness 
of  our  intended  discover)',  he  entered  into  the 
dance  himself  among  the  rest  of  the  young  and 


182 


CABOT. 


CALDWELL. 


lusty  company ;  which  being  ended,  he  and  his 
friends  departed,  most  gently  commending  us  to 
the  governance  of  Almighty  God."  He  was  one 
of  the  most  extraordinary  men  of  the  age  in 
which  he  lived.  There  is  preserved  in  Hakluyt 
a  complete  set  of  instructions,  drawn  and  signed 
by  Cabot,  for  the  direction  of  the  voyage  to 
Cathay  in  China,  which  affords  the  clearest  proof 
of  his  sagacity.  It  is  supposed  that  he  was  the 
first  who  noticed  the  variation  of  the  magnetic 
needle,  and  he  published  "  Navigationc  nelle  parte 
settentrionale,"  Venice,  1583,  folio.  lie  published 
also  a  large  map,  which  was  engraved  by  Clement 
Adams,  and  hung  up  in  the  gallery  at  Whitehall ; 
and  on  this  map  was  inscribed  a  Latin  account  of 
the  discovery  of  Newfoundland. — Bclknap'sAmer. 
Biocj.  1. 149-158 ;  Mass.  Mag.  II.  467-471 ;  Hak 
luyt,  I.  226,  268,  274 ;  Campbell's  Admirals,  I. 
419;  Bees'  Cyclopedia. 

CABOT,  GEORGE,  a  senator,  was  born  in  Salem, 
Mass.,  in  1752;  the  name  was  perhaps  originally 
Cobbett.  His  early  employment  was  that  of  a 
shipmaster;  but  his  visits  to  foreign  countries 
were  made  subservient  to  the  enlargement  of  his 
knowledge.  At  the  age  of  twenty-five  he  was  a 
member  of  the  provincial  congress  at  Concord,  in 
which  body  he  opposed  the  project  of  establishing 
by  laAV  a  maximum  of  prices,  and  contended  for 
entire  freedom  of  commerce.  He  was  also  a 
member  of  the  State  convention  for  considering 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States.  Being  ap 
pointed,  a  few  years  afterwards,  a  senator  of  the 
United  States,  he  co-operated  in  the  financial 
views  of  Hamilton  and  assisted  him  by  his  ex 
tensive  commercial  knowledge.  May  3,  1798,  he 
was  appointed  the  first  secretary  of  the  navy,  but 
declining  it,  B.  Stoddart  received  the  appoint 
ment.  Of  the  eastern  convention,  assembled  at 
Hartford  in  1814,  during  the  war,  Mr.  Cabot  was 
the  president.  He  died  at  Boston  April  18,  1823, 
aged  71.  Destitute  of  the  advantages  of  a  pub- 
He  education,  Mr.  Cabot  was  yet  distinguished 
for  his  intelligence  and  almost  unequalled  for  the 
eloquence  of  his  conversation,  especially  on  the 
topic  of  the  French  Itevolution.  He  was  master 
of  the  science  of  political  economy.  In  the  party 
divisions  of  his  day  he  was  a  decided  federalist, 
the  friend  of  Ames  and  Hamilton.  He  had  en 
joyed  also  the  confidence  of  Washington.  His 
fellow  citizens  entrusted  him  with  various  offices, 
evincing  their  reliance  on  his  wisdom  and  integ 
rity.  In  private  life  he  was  most  amiable,  cour 
teous,  and  benevolent.  He  was  a  professor  of 
religion  in  the  church,  of  which  the  minister  was 
Dr.  Kirkland,  who,  after  his  death,  married  his 
daughter. — Lord's  Lempr. ;  Encycl.  Americana. 

CADWALLADER,  THOMAS,  M.  D.,  a  physician 
of  Philadelphia,  died  Nov.  14,  1779,  aged  72.  He 
was  the  son  of  John  C..  and  completed  his  medi 
cal  education  in  Europe.  From  1702  till  his 


1  death  he  was  one  of  the  physicians  of  the  Penn 
sylvania  Hospital.  His  dissections  for  Dr.  Ship- 
pen  were  among  the  earliest  made  in  this  country. 
Dr.  John  Jones  was  his  pupil.  In  his  disposition 
he  was  equable  and  benevolent ;  in  his  manners 
courteous.  His  life  was  once  saved  by  his  cour- 
teousness.  A  provincial  officer,  weary  of  his  life, 
had  determined  to  shoot  the  first  person,  whom 
he  should  meet,  in  order  that  justice  might  bring 
him  to  the  gallows.  An  easier  method  of  reach 
ing  his  end  would  have  been  to  shoot  himself. 
However,  with  his  resolution  and  his  gun  he 
sallied  forth.  He  met  first  a  pretty  girl;  but 
her  beauty  vanquished  his  intent.  He  next  met 
Dr.  C.,  whose  courteous  "  Good  morning,  sir ; 
what  sport  ? "  also  conquered  him.  He  then 
went  to  a  tavern,  and  shot  a  Mr.  Scull,  for  which 
he  was  hung.  He  published  an  essay  on  the 
Iliac  passion,  entitled,  an  Essay  on  the  West 
India  Dry  Gripes,  1745,  in  which  he  recom 
mended  the  use  of  opiates  and  mild  cathartics,  in 
stead  of  quicksilver,  then  employed.  This  was 
one  of  the  earliest  American  medical  treatises. 
Boylston  had  written  before  on  the  small  pox, 
and  Harwood  a  treatise  on  pharmacy,  and,  at  a 
far  earlier  period,  Thacher  on  the  small  pox  and 
measles.  —  Ramsay's  Rev.  36 ;  Thacher's  Med. 
Biog. 

CADWALLADER,  JOHN,  general,  a  soldier 
of  the  Itevolution,  died  Feb.  10,  1786,  aged  43. 
He  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  and  was  a  member 
of  the  Pennsylvania  convention  in  1775.  He  was 
appointed  by  congress  a  brigadier-general,  Feb. 
1777.  In  the  battles  of  Princeton,  Brandywine, 
Germantown,  and  Monmouth  he  participated; 
and  in  the  attack  on  the  enemy  at  Trenton 
Washington  intrusted  him  with  one  of  the  divis 
ions  of  the  army;  but  he  could  not  cross  the 
river,  on  account  of  the  ice,  until  the  day  after  the 
battle.  He  fought  a  duel  with  Gen.  Conway,  in 
consequence  of  the  intrigue  of  the  latter  against 
Washington.  After  the  war  he  was  a  member 
of  the  assembly  of  Maryland.  He  was  a  relative 
of  John  Dickenson,  and  a  gentleman  of  great  for 
tune.  He  published  a  reply  to  Gen.  J.  Reed's 
remarks,  etc.,  1783.  —  Marshall,  HI.  139. 

CADWALLADER,  THOMAS,  major-general, 
died  in  Philadelphia  Oct.  26,  1841,  aged  61 ;  a 
lawyer,  and  an  officer  in  the  war  of  1812. 

CAINES,  GEORGE,  reporter  of  the  supreme 
court  of  New  York,  died  at  Catskill  July  10,  1825, 
aged  54.  He  published  Lex  mercatoria,  Ameri 
cana,  1802 ;  cases  in  the  court  for  trial  of  impeach 
ment  and  correction  of  errors,  2  vols.  1805-7; 
forms  of  the  supreme  court  of  New  York,  1808. 

CALDWELL,  JAMES,  minister  in  Elizabeth- 
town,  N.  J.,  descended  of  a  Huguenot  family, 
and  born  in  Virginia,  was  graduated  at  Prince 
ton  in  1759.  He  was  killed  at  Elizabethtown 
Point  by  an  American  soldier,  named  Morgan, 


CALDWELL. 


CALEF. 


183 


Nov.  24,  1781,  aged  about  40.  The  man  was 
tried  and  executed  for  murder.  It  was  thought, 
he  was  bribed  to  the  deed  by  British  gold.  Mr. 
C.  had  gone  to  the  Point  to  conduct  to  his  house 
a  Miss  Murray,  who  came  from  New  York  under 
a  flag-of-truce.  Her  bundle  of  clothing  the  Ameri 
can  sentinel  challenged  as  "  contraband ;  "  and  at 
the  same  moment  Morgan,  who  was  not  then  act 
ing  as  sentinel,  shot  him.  It  is  a  memorable  event, 
that  Mrs.  Caldwell,  daughter  of  John  Ogden  of 
New  York,  married  to  Mr.  C.,  in  1763,  had  been 
previously  deliberately  shot,  June  7,  1780,  by  a 
renegade  British  soldier.  The  parsonage  and 
church  had  been  burnt  Jan.  25,  1780;  for  Mr.  C. 
was  an  earnest  and  zealous  patriot  of  the  day. 
He  acted  as  chaplain  in  New  Jersey ;  his  power 
ful  eloquence  was  employed  in  the  cause  of  free 
dom.  He  was  popular,  and  high  in  the  confi 
dence  of  Washington.  A  price  being  set  on  his 
head,  he  sometimes  preached  with  his  pistols  by 
his  side.  A  monument  was  raised  to  the  mem 
ory  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  C.,  in  1846,  with  addresses 
by  J)r.  Miller  and  Wm.  L.  Dayton. 

God  raised  up  friends  to  the  nine  bereaved 
children,  the  principal  of  whom  was  Mrs.  Noel 
of  Elizabethtown.  Lafayette  took  the  son,  John 
E.  C.,  with  him  to  France,  where  he  was  educated, 
and  who  edited  in  New  York  one  of  the  first  re 
ligious  periodicals  of  our  country.  Elias  Boudi- 
not  C.,  was  another  son.  A  daughter,  Esther,  a 
most  pious  woman,  married  llev.  Itobert  Finley, 
and  died  at  Lebanon,  111.,  in  1844,  aged  71. 

CALDWELL,  RACHEL,  wife  of  llev.  D.  C., 
died  in  1825,  was  the  daughter,  of  llev.  Alexander 
Craighcad,  of  the  Sugar  Creek  congregation  in 
North  Carolina.  She  married  Dr.  C.  in  1766. 
In  the  war  the  British  offered  200  pounds  for  the 
apprehension  of  her  husband.  Once  the  enemy 
turned  her  out  of  her  house,  and  burnt  her  hus 
band's  books  and  valuable  manuscripts.  When 
her  husband  was  taken  prisoner,  and  the  enemy 
were  about  to  lead  him  away  with  a  pile  of  plun 
der,  a  woman's  wit  saved  him :  Mrs.  Dunlap 
stepped  behind  him,  and  whispered  in  his  ear  — 
just  loud  enough  for  a  soldier  to  hear  her  —  "  Is 
it  not  time  for  Gillespie  and  his  men  to  be  here  ?  " 
As  the  name  of  Gillespie  was  the  terror  of  the 
loyalists,  this  caused  the  torics  to  flee  in  confu 
sion,  leaving  their  prisoner  behind  them.  Once, 
as  the  enemy  was  plundering  her  house,  she 
wished  to  save  a  valuable  article,  and  made  the 
eloquent  appeal :  "  Have  none  of  you  a  wife  or 
daughter,  for  whose  sake  you  will  do  me  this 
favor  ?  "  A  small  man  immediately  stepped  up  and 
said,  "  he  had  a  wife,  and  a  fine  little  wife  she  was 
too !  and  for  her  sake  he  would  protect  her.  — 
Caruthei*'s  Life  of  Dr.  C. 

CALDWEL,  DAVID,  D.  D.,  a  minister,  died  at 
Guilford  court-house,  North  Carolina,  Aug.  19, 
1824,  aged  99  years  and  5  months.  He  was  born 


in  March  1725,  in  Lancaster  county,  Penn.  He 
was  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution  ;  also  an  eminent 
teacher.  His  widow,  an  admirable  woman,  llachel, 
daughter  of  llev.  A.  Craighead,  died  in  1825, 
aged  86. 

CALDWELL,  ELIAS  BOUDIXOT,  clerk  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  United  States,  son  of  llev. 
James  C.,  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1796,  and 
died  at  Washington,  in  May  1825,  gladdened  by 
the  promises  of  the  religion  which  he  professed. 
He  zealously  assisted  in  forming  and  conducting 
the  American  colonization  society,  of  which  he 
was  the  corresponding  secretary.  In  honor  of 
him  the  managers  of  the  society  gave  the  name 
of  Caldwell  to  a  town  in  their  African  colony. 
Mr.  C.,  in  order  to  bring  religious  instruction  to 
the  untaught  in  the  country  near  Washington,  ob 
tained  a  license  to  preach  from  the  presbytery, 
and  was  accustomed  to  preach  on  the  Sabbath.  — 
African  Repos.  I.  126;  Mis.  Her.  22  :  81. 

CALDWELL,  JOSEPH,  D.  D.,  president  of  the 
university  of  North  Carolina,  died  at  Chapel 
Hill  Jan.  27,  1835. 

CALDWELL,  CHARLES,  M.  D.,  died  in  Louis 
ville,  Ky.,  July  9,  1853,  aged  90,  celebrated  as  a 
medical  teacher  and  writer.  In  1818  he  was  in 
vited  to  the  Transylvania  school  of  medicine,  and 
more  recently  was  a  professor  at  Louisville.  He 
was  very  temperate.  He  wrote  on  physical  edu 
cation,  phrenology,  the  unity  of  the  human  race, 
and  on  the  theory  of  animal  heat ;  also  on  ma 
laria,  quarantines,  the  yellow  fever,  and  cholera ; 
and  the  life  of  Ames,  in  llecs'  Encyclopedia. 

CALDWELL,  MERBJTT,  professor  of  meta 
physics  and  political  economy  in  Dickinson  col 
lege,  Carlisle,  died  at  Portland  June  6,  1848,  aged 
41 ;  he  was  a  graduate  of  Bowdoin  in  1828. 

CALEF,  ROBERT,  a  merchant  of  Boston,  died 
at  Roxbury,  April  13,  1719.  He  was  distin 
guished  about  the  time  of  the  witchcraft  delusion 
by  his  resistance  to  the  infatuation.  After  Cot 
ton  Mather  had  published  Wonders  of  the  Invisi 
ble  World,  from  which  it  appears  that  he  was  by  no 
means  incredulous  with  regard  to  the  stories  then 
in  circulation,  Mr.  Calef  published  a  book  on  the 
opposite  side,  entitled,  More  wonders  of  the  In 
visible  World,  London,  1700.  This  was  reprinted 
at  Salem  in  1796,  Dr.  Increase  Mather,  presi 
dent  of  Harvard  college,  in  1700,  ordered  the 
book  to  be  burned  in  the  college  yard.  The 
members  of  the  old  north  church  published  a  de 
fence  of  their  pastors,  the  Mathers,  in  a  pamphlet 
entitled,  "  Remarks  upon  a  scandalous  book,  etc.," 
with  the  motto,  "  Truth  will  come  off'  conqueror." 
And  so  it  was,  for  the  witchcraft  sorcery  was  soon 
vanquished.  The  judges  and  jury  confessed  their 
error,  and  the  deluded  people  opened  their  eyes. 
As  he  censured  the  proceedings  of  the  courts 
respecting  the  witches  at  a  time,  when  the  peo 
ple  of  the  country  in  general  did  not  see  their 


184 


CALEF. 


CALHOUN. 


error,  he  gave  great  offence.  But  he  is  thought 
to  be  faithful  in  his  narration  of  facts.  —  Ilutch- 
inson,  n.  54 ;  Mas.  Hist.  Coll.;  ill.  300 ;  Eliot. 

CALEF,  JONATHAN,  minister  of  Lyman,  Me., 
died  April  24,  1845,  aged  83. 

CALHOUN,  PATKICK,  a  patriot  of  the  Revo 
lution,  died  in  1796.  He  was  born  in  Ireland  in 
the  year  1727.  His  father  emigrated  in  1733  to 
Pennsylvania,  where  he  resided  many  years,  and 
afterwards  to  the  western  part  of  Virginia.  The 
settlement,  after  the  defeat  of  Braddock,  was  bro 
ken  up  by  the  Indians,  and  Mr.  C.,  with  his  three 
older  brothers  and  a  sister,  emigrated  in  1756  to 
Long  Cane,  Abbeville,  in  the  interior  of  South 
Carolina,  then  an  uninhabited  wilderness,  and 
settled  on  the  immediate  confines  of  the  Chero 
kee  Indians.  The  settlement  was  shortly  after, 
in  the  war,  which  commenced  in  1759,  attacked 
and  destroyed  by  the  Cherokces,  and  half  of  the 
males  were  lulled  in  the  desperate  engagement. 
The  remnant  retired  to  the  older  settlements  be 
low,  where  they  remained  till  the  peace  of  1763, 
when  they  returned  and  re-occupied  their  former 
settlement.  After  the  destruction  of  the  settle 
ment,  Mr.  Calhoun  was  appointed  by  the  provin 
cial  government  to  take  command  of  a  body  of 
rangers,  raised  for  the  defence  of  the  frontiers,  in 
which  service  he  encountered  great  danger,  and 
displayed  much  enterprise  and  intrepidity.  Short 
ly  after  the  peace,  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  provincial  legislature,  being  the  first  individual 
ever  elected  from  the  upper  county  of  the  State. 
He  continued  a  member  of  that,  and  afterwards  of 
the  State  legislature,  till  his  death,  with  the  inter 
mission  of  a  single  term.  In  the  war  of  the  Rev 
olution  he  took  an  early,  decided,  and  active  part 
in  favor  of  his  country.  He  was  self-taught,  hav 
ing  never  been  at  school  more  than  six  months  ; 
yet,  though  being  continually  on  the  frontiers  he 
was  without  opportunity  to  acquire  knowledge, 
such  was  his  thirst  for  information,  that  he  made 
himself  a  good  English  scholar,  and  an  accurate 
land-surveyor.  He  acquired  also  a  competent 
knowledge  of  the  lower  branches  of  mathematics, 
and  an  extensive  knowledge  of  history.  His 
moral  character  well  harmonized  with  his  love  of 
knowledge  and  strength  of  intellect.  He  passed 
a  long  and  active  life  without  a  blemish;  a  sin 
cere  Christian,  a  good  citizen,  an  upright  magis 
trate,  a  kind  neighbor,  and  an  affectionate  hus 
band  and  father.  His  son  was  vice  president,  J. 
C.  Calhoun. 

CALIIOUN,  JOHN  Ewrxo,  a  senator,  the 
nephew  of  Patrick,  died  Nov.  26,  1802,  aged 
52.  He  was  born  in  1749.  His  father  died 
while  he  was  young;  and  his  mother  marry 
ing  again  shortly  after,  his  uncle,  then  a  wid 
ower,  took  John  under  his  care.  Such  was  the 
anxiety  of  his  uncle  to  give  him  every  advantage 
to  acquire  an  education,  which  the  country 


afforded,  that,  shortly  after  the  restoration  of 
the  settlement  in  the  year  1763,  he  sent  him  to  a 
grammar  school  in  North  Carolina,  more  than 
one  hundred  miles  from  home,  and  afterwards  to 
Piinceton  college,  where  he  graduated  in  1774. 
He  afterwards  studied  law,  in  which  profession  he 
became  distinguished.  After  being  for  many 
years  in  the  State  legislature  of  South  Carolina,  he 
was  elected  in  1801  as  successor  of  Mr.  Read, 
a  senator  in  congress,  in  which  body  he  took  his 
seat  the  year,  which  brought  Mr.  Jefferson  into 
power.  Though  a  decided  republican  and  sup 
porter  of  Mr.  Jefferson,  he  proved  his  independ 
ence  in  resisting  strenuously  the  passage  of  the 
bill,  introduced  by  Mr.  Breckenridge,  to  abolish  the 
office  of  the  judges  who  had  been  appointed,  when 
Mr.  Adams  went  out  of  power.  He  stood  alone 
among  the  republicans  on  the  occasion,  delivering 
a  speech,  which  did  credit  not  only  to  his  talents, 
but  more  especially  to  his  independence  of 
thought  and  resolution.  In  the  political  divisions 
of  our  country,  when  many  seem  willingly  to 
surrender  their  own  intelligence  and  conscience 
to  the  leaders  of  their  party,  or  to  be  merely  the 
dupes  and  slaves  of  those,  who  reap  the  profit 
of  the  delusion  and  the  conflict,  it  is  refreshing 
to  fix  the  eye  upon  a  man  of  clear  views,  and 
strong  powers  of  elocution,  and  great  firmness 
and  integrity  of  character,  who  dared  to  secede 
alone  from  his  party,  and  to  oppose  singly  a  pop 
ular  measure,  because  it  appeared  to  him  to  be 
unconstitutional  and  perilous  in  its  consequences. 
He  was  on  the  select  committee,  to  whom  the 
bill  was  referred,  with  instructions  to  report  a 
modification  of  the  judiciary  system  of  the  United 
States.  But  the  committee  were,  on  motion  of 
Mr.  Breckenridge,  Feb.  3,  1802,  discharged  from 
that  service.  On  the  same  day  the  final  question 
was  taken,  sixteen  to  fifteen.  Mr.  Calhoun  voted 
with  Hillhouse,  Morris,  Tracy,  and  other  political 
opponents.  Before  the  next  session  of  congress, 
he  died  in  Pendleton  district. 

CALHOUN,  JOHN  CALDAVELL,  LL.  D.,  died  in 
Washington  March,  31,  1850,  aged  68.  His 
father,  Patrick,  came  from  Ireland :  his  mother 
was  a  Miss  Caldwcll  of  Charlotte  county,  Va. 
Born  in  Abbeville  district,  S.  C.,  March  18, 
1782,  at  the  age  of  13  he  was  put  under  the 
care  of  his  brother-in-law,  Dr.  "Waddell  in  Co 
lumbia  county,  Geo.  He  entered  Yale  college  in 
1802,  and  graduated  in  1804;  then  prosecuted 
his  law  studies  at  Litchfield  law  school.  He  was 
in  congress  from  1811  to  1817,  when  he  became 
Secretary  of  war  and  continued  in  office  seven 
years.  In  1825  and  1829  he  was  chosen  vice- 
president,  while  Jackson  was  president ;  and  then 
a  senator.  In  1843  he  was  secretary  of  State. 
From  1845  he  was  a  senator  until  his  death. 
His  eloquence,  as  described  by  Webster,  "  was 
plain,  strong,  terse,  condensed,  concise;  some- 


CALHOUN. 

times  impassioned,  still  always  severe."  His 
power  consisted  "in  the  closeness  of  his  logic 
and  in  the  earnestness  and  energy  of  his  man 
ner."  "  His  colloquial  talents  were  singular  and 
eminent."  Although  educated  at  the  North,  he 
seems  never  to  have  breathed  the  air  of  freedom, 
and  not  to  have  caught  a  particle  of  the  abhor 
rence  of  slavery,  wlu'ch  was  felt  and  expressed  by 
such  illustrious  southern  men  as  Washington, 
Jefferson,  Henry,  and  Randolph.  Perhaps  no 
man  ever  did  more  to  extend  and  strengthen  the 
inhuman  slavery  of  his  fellow  men.  His  politi 
cal  doctrines  he  unfolds  in  his  book,  published 
since  his  death,  called  a  discourse  on  the  consti 
tution  and  government  of  the  United  States,  as 
he  had  previously  briefly  stated  them  in  his 
speeches.  His  teaching  is  briefly  this.  Our  gen 
eral  government  is  not  National  but  Federal ;  fed 
eral  because  constituted  by  a  league  or  compact 
between  sovereign  States,  written  out  in  the  con 
stitution  of  the  United  States.  Each  State  is  the 
judge  whether  the  compact  is  at  any  time  broken 
by  any  act  of  the  general  government,  and  may  nul 
lify  such  act.  The  same  general  doctrines  were  set 
forth  by  him  in  his  Resolutions  in  the  Senate  Jan. 
22, 1833,  and  in  his  speech  Feb.  16th.  His  theory 
and  scheme  were  opposed  by  Mr.  Webster  Feb.  16th 
ina  speech  of  unanswerable  argument  and  invincible 
power,  denying  that  our  political  system  is  a  com 
pact,  of  which  the  States  as  sovereign  communi 
ties  are  parties,  and  that  they  have  any  right  to 
judge  of  the  violation  of  the  constitution  and 
to  change  the  mode  and  measure  of  redress ;  he 
set  himself  with  all  the  energies  of  his  mighty 
mind  against  the  doctrines  of  Nullification  and 
Secession.  "What  is  a  constitution ?"  asked  he. 
"  Certainly  not  a  league,  compact,  or  confederacy, 
but  a  fundamental  law"  ordained  and  established 
by  the  people,  —  "  the  Government  of  the  United 
States."  In  his  discussion  no  thought  seems  to 
have  entered  the  mind  of  Mr.  Calhoun  that 
slavery  is  an  evil,  much  less  an  immorality  and 
sin.  He  complains  of  the  ordinance  of  1787,  by 
which  the  Northwestern  Territory,  now  consti 
tuting  the  States  of  Ohio  &c.,  was  devoted  to 
freedom,  as  an  encroachment  on  the  rights  of 
southern  slaveholders.  He  speaks  of  the  diffi 
culties  and  dangers  which  have  sprung  up  from 
the  Missouri  compromise,  excluding  slavery  from 
north  of  thirty-six  degrees  and  thirty  minutes  of 
north  latitude;  and  doubtless  it  has  been  through 
the  influence  of  his  teaching,  that  the  slaveholders 
have  repealed  that  compromise,  and  that  the 
border  ruffians  of  Missouri  have  attempted  to 
drive  off  by  fire  and  sword  the  free  settlers  from 
New  England,  who  had  planted  themselves  in  the 
territory  of  Kansas.  Mr.  C.  represents  the 
South  as  the  weaker  section  of  the  country; 
whereas  in  fact  it  has  had  almost  the  entire  con 
trol  of  the  government  by  union  among  them- 
24 


CALLENDER. 


185 


selves  and  by  the  aid  of  office  seekers  and  parti- 
zans  of  the  North:  as  in  the  case  of  the  Missouri 
compromise  itself,  allowing  Missouri  to  be  a  slave 
State,  and  granting  all  the  territories  south  of 
thirty-six  degrees  and  thirty  minutes  to  slavery, 
by  the  votes  of  three  Eastern  members  of  con 
gress.  Mr.  C.  proposes  as  a  remedy  for  the  evils 
the  grant  of  a  negative  to  the  weaker  section,  the 
south,  and  the  abolition  of  a  single  presidency, 
and  the  creation  of  two  presidents,  one  for  the 
North,  and  one  for  the  South,  in  office  at  the 
same  time.  His  disciples  in  this  year,  1856,  are 
proceeding  a  little  further,  and  propose  or  threaten 
a  division  of  the  Union,  taking  for  the  South  all 
the  tiers  of  new  States  west  of  Missouri  to  the 
Pacific,  and  in  good  time  including  Mexico  and 
Cuba,  in  which  case  the  slave  property  of  the 
South  will  be  doubled  in  value.  This  plan  is 
indignantly  exposed  by  Francis  P.  Blair,  himself 
a  slaveholder,  in  his  ample  and  patriotic  letter  of 
Sept.  17,  1856.  A  new  claim  is  now  set  up  by 
the  South,  that  every  slaveholder  may  carry  his 
slave  with  him  into  any  territory,  the  slave  being 
a  part  of  "  the  institutions  "  of  the  South.  In 
the  present  state  of  things,  the  great  question 
comes  to  the  intellect  and  conscience  of  every 
Northern  freeman,  whether  as  all  compromises 
are  now  broken  up  —  compromises  wlu'ch  ought 
never  to  have  been  made  —  he  is  not  bound  to 
adopt  the  fixed  and  right  principle,  that  there 
shall  never  be  another  Slave  State  in  the  American 
Union  ?  As  to  existing  slavery,  its  removal  must 
be  by  the  respective  States,  in  which  it  exists.  As 
Mr.  Blair  says,  "  Nature's  code,  written  in  the 
heart,  will,  with  the  progress  of  Christianity  and 
civilization,  work  out  a  happy  result."  His 
speeches,  including  his  discourse  already  referred 
to,  were  published  in  four  vols.  in  1853  and  1854. 

CALL,  DANIEL  D.,  died  at  Richmond  May  20, 
1840,  aged  about  75,  a  brother-in-law  of  judge 
Marshall.  He  published  six  vols.  of  law  reports. 

CALLENDER,  ELISHA,  minister  of  the  first 
Baptist  church  in  Boston,  died  March  31,  1738. 
He  was  the  son  of  Ellis  Callender,  who  was  a 
member  as  early  as  1669,  and  minister  of  the 
same  church  from  1708  till  1726.  In  early  life 
the  blessings  of  Divine  grace  were  imparted  to 
him.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
the  year  1710.  At  his  ordination,  May  21, 1718, 
Increase  and  Cotton  Mather  and  Mr.  Webb, 
though  of  a  different  denomination,  gave  their 
assistance.  He  was  very  faithful  and  successful  in 
the  pastoral  office.  He  was  succeeded  by  Mr. 
Condy.  A  few  days  before  his  death  he  said; 
"  When  I  look  on  one  hand,  I  see  nothing  but  sin, 
guilt,  and  discouragement ;  but  when  I  look  on 
the  other,  I  see  my  glorious  Saviour,  and  the  mer 
its  of  his  precious  blood,  which  cleanseth  from  all 
sin.  I  cannot  say,  that  I  have  such  transports  of 
joy  as  some  have  had;  but  through  grace  I  can 


186 


CALLENDER. 


say,  I  have  gotten  the  victory  over  death  and  the 
grave."  The  last  words,  which  fell  from  his  lips, 
were,  "  I  shall  sleep  in  Jesus."  His  life  was  un 
spotted;  his  conversation  was  always  affable, 
religious,  and  dignified ;  and  his  end  was  peace 
ful  and  serene. — Baclcus1  Hist,  of  N.  E.  m. 
124;  Boston  Evening  Post  April  3,  1738. 

CALLENDER,,  JOHN,  an  eminent  Baptist 
minister  and  writer  in  Rhode  Island,  died  Jan. 
26,  1748,  aged  41.  He  was  a  nephew  of  Elisha 
Callender,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1723.  He  was  ordained  colleague  with  elder 
Peckum  as  pastor  of  the  church  at  Newport  Oct. 
13,  1731.  This  was  the  second  Baptist  church  in 
America.  It  was  founded  in  the  year  1644.  He 
was  a  man  of  very  considerable  powers  of  mind, 
and  was  distinguished  for  his  candor  and  piety. 
He  collected  many  papers  relating  to  the  history 
of  the  Baptists  in  this  country,  which  were  used 
by  Mr.  Backus.  A  century  after  the  deed  of 
Rhode  Island  was  obtained  of  the  Narragansett 
Indians,  he  delivered  at  Newport,  March  24, 1738, 
a  sermon  on  the  history  of  the  colony,  which  was 
published  in  1739,  with  additions.  This  historical 
discourse  brings  down  the  history  of  Rhode 
Island  and  Providence  plantations  from  1637  to 
the  end  of  the  first  century.  This  is  but  a  small 
work ;  yet  it  is  the  only  history  of  Rhode  Island, 
which  has  been  written,  and  it  is  honorable  to  its 
author.  He  published  also  a  sermon  at  the  ordi 
nation  of  Jeremiah  Condy,  1739,  and  a  sermon 
on  the  death  of  Mr.  Clap  of  Newport,  1745.  — 
Backus'  Hist,  of  N.  E.  m.  229. 

CALLENDER,  JAMES  THOMPSON,  editor  of 
the  Recorder,  died  at  Richmond,  Va.,  in  July 
1803,  being  drowned  in  James  River,  in  which  he 
was  accustomed  to  bathe.  He  was  the  author  of 
the  Prospect  before  us,  and  of  other  assaults  on 
the  administration  of  Washington  and  Adams. 
Mr.  Jefferson  paid  him  repeatedly  50  and  100 
dollars :  the  circumstances  are  explained  in 
Jefferson's  letters.  Afterwards  Callender  pro 
claimed  to  the  world,  in  hostility  to  Mr.  Jeffer 
son,  the  patronage  or  charity,  which  he  had 
enjoyed.  He  was  a  man  of  talents,  with  an 
energetic  style,  and  in  severity  of  invective  une 
qualled.  He  published  political  progress  of 
Britain,  3d.  ed.  1795 ;  political  register,  1795 ; 
sketches  of  the  history  of  America,  1798. —  Coll. 
Cent.  July  30,  1803. 

CALLIERES,  CHEVTALIER.  DE,  governor  cf 
Canada,  died  May  26,  1703.  He  was  appointed 
governor  of  Montreal  in  1684.  He  enclosed  the 
town  with  palisades.  In  1689  he  went  to  France 
to  suggest  the  project  of  the  conquest  of  New 
York.  In  the  enterprise  he  was  to  have  been 
commander  in  chief;  but  it  failed.  After  the 
death  of  count  de  Frontenac  in  1698,  he  acted  as 
goA'ernor  till  his  appointment  in  1699.  Without 
the  birth  and  rank  of  his  predecessor,  he  was  free 


CALVERT. 

also  from  his  haughtiness,  prejudice,  and  violence. 
His  known  abilities  and  valor  made  him  accepta 
ble  to  the  colony.  He  had  various  negotiations 
with  the  Indians.  In  signing  a  treaty  Sept.  8, 
1700,  the  Onnontaguese  and  Tsonnonthouana 
delineated  a  spider ;  the  Goyagouins  a  calumet ; 
the  Onneyouths  a  piece  of  cleft  wood  with  a  stone 
in  it;  the  Agniers  a  bear^  the  Hurons  a  beaver ; 
the  Abenaquis  a  kid ;  and  the  Outaouais  a  hare. 
In  endeavoring  to  unite  all  the  Indian  tribes  in  a 
permanent  peace,  and  to  attach  them  to  the 
French  interest,  he  had  enlarged  views  and 
adopted  wise  measures;  but  in  the  midst  of  his 
toils  he  died,  and  was  succeeded  by  Vaudreuil. — 
Charlevoix ;  Univ.  Hist.  XL.  127-144. 

CALVERT,  GEOBGE,  Baron  of  Baltimore, 
founder  of  the  province  of  Maryland,  died  at 
London  April  15,  1632,  aged  50.  He  was  de 
scended  from  a  noble  family  in  Flanders,  and  was 
born  at  Kipling,  in  Yorkshire,  England,  in  1582. 
After  taking  his  bachelor's  degree  at  Trinity  col 
lege,  Oxford,  in  1597,  he  travelled  over  the  con 
tinent  of  Europe.  At  his  return  to  England  in 
the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  James  I.,  he  was 
taken  into  the  office  of  Sir  Robert  Cecil,  secre 
tary  of  State,  by  whose  favor  he  was  made  clerk 
of  the  privy  council,  and  received  the  honor  of 
knighthood.  In  1619  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  principal  secretaries  of  State,  in  the  place  of 
Sir  Thomas  Lake.  His  great  knowledge  of  pub 
lic  business,  and  his  diligence  and  fidelity,  concili 
ated  the  regard  of  the  king,  who  gave  him  a 
pension  of  a  thousand  pounds  out  of  the  customs. 
In  1624  he  became  a  Roman  Catholic,  and  hav 
ing  disclosed  his  new  principles  to  the  king,  re 
signed  his  office.  He  was  continued,  however,  a 
member  of  the  privy  council,  and  was  created 
Baron  of  Baltimore  in  the  kingdom  of  Ireland,  in 
1625,  at  which  time  he  represented  the  university 
of  Oxford  in  Parliament. 

While  he  was  secretary  of  the  State  he  was 
constituted,  by  patent,  proprietor  of  the  southeast 
ern  peninsula  of  Newfoundland,  which  he  named 
the  province  of  Avalon.  He  spent  25,000  pounds 
in  advancing  his  plantation,  and  visited  it  twice 
in  person ;  but  it  was  so  annoyed  by  the  French, 
that,  though  he  once  repulsed  and  pursued  their 
ships  and  took  sixty  prisoners,  lie  was  obliged  to 
abandon  it.  Being  still  inclined  to  form  a  settle 
ment  in  America,  whither  he  might  retire  with 
his  family  and  friends  of  the  same  religious  prin 
ciples,  he  made  a  visit  to  Virginia,  the  fertility  and 
advantages  of  which  province  had  been  highly 
celebrated,  and  in  which  he  had  been  interested 
as  one  of  the  adventurers.  But  meeting  with  an 
unwelcome  reception  on  account  of  his  religion, 
and  observing  that  the  Virginians  had  not  ex 
tended  their  plantations  beyond  the  Patowmac, 
he  fixed  his  attention  upon  the  territory  north 
ward  of  this  river,  and,  as  soon  as  he  returned  to 


CALVERT. 


CALVERT. 


187 


England,  obtained  a  grant  of  it  from  Charles  I. 
But  owing  to  the  tedious  forms  of  public  business, 
before  a  patent  was  completed  he  died.  After 
his  death  the  patent  was  again  drawn  in  the 
name  of  his  eldest  son,  Cecil,  who  succeeded  to 
his  honors,  and  it  passed  the  seals  June  20,  1G32. 
The  country  was  called  Maryland,  in  honor  of 
Henrietta  Maria,  the  queen  consort  of  Charles  I. 
From  the  great  precision  of  this  charter,  the 
powers  which  it  confers  upon  the  proprietor,  and 
the  privileges  and  exemptions  which  it  grants  to 
the  people,  it  is  evident  that  it  was  written  by 
Sir  George  himself.  The  liberal  code  of  relig 
ious  toleration,  which  is  established,  is  very  hon 
orable  to  him,  and  was  respected  by  his  son,  who 
carried  his  design  into  execution.  Sir  George 
was  conspicuous  for  his  good  sense  and  modera 
tion.  All  parties  were  pleased  with  him.  Not 
being  obstinate  in  his  opinions,  he  took  as  much 
pleasure  in  hearing  the  sentiments  of  others,  as  in 
delivering  his  own.  In  his  views  of  establishing 
foreign  plantations,  he  thought  that  the  original 
inhabitants,  instead  of  being  exterminated,  should 
be  civilized  and  converted ;  that  the  governors 
should  not  be  interested  merchants,  but  gentle 
men  not  concerned  in  trade ;  and  that  every  one 
should  be  left  to  provide  for  himself  by  his  own 
industry,  without  dependence  on  a  common  inter 
est.  He  published  carmen  funebre  in  D.  Hen. 
Untonum,  1596 ;  parliamentary  speeches ;  va 
rious  letters  of  state ;  the  answer  of  Tom  Tell 
Troth,  the  practice  of  princes  and  the  lamentation 
of  the  kirk,  1642. — Belknap's  Amer.  Biog.  II. 
363-368;  Biog.  Brit.;  Bees;  Wood's  Atlience 
Oxon.  I.  566  ;  Keith,  142. 

CALVERT,  LEONARD,  first  governor  of  Mary 
land,  died  in  1676.  He  was  the  brother  of  Ce- 
ciiius  Calvcrt,  the  proprietor,  who  sent  him  to 
America  as  the  head  of  the  colony  in  1633.  After 
a  circuitous  voyage  he  arrived,  accompanied  by 
his  brother,  George  Calvert,  and  about  two  hun 
dred  persons  of  good  families  and  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  persuasion,  at  Point  Comfort,  in  Virginia, 
Feb.  24,  1634.  On  the  third  of  March  he  pro 
ceeded  in  the  bay  of  Chesapeak  to  the  northward, 
and  entered  the  Patowmac,  up  which  he  sailed 
twelve  leagues,  and  came  to  an  anchor  under  an 
island,  which  he  named  St.  Clement's.  Here  he 
fired  his  cannon,  erected  a  cross,  and  took  pos 
session  "in  the  name  of  the  Saviour  of  the 
world  and  of  the  King  of  England."  Thence  he 
went  fifteen  leagues  higher  to  the  Indian  town  of 
Patowmac,  on  the  Virginia  side  of  the  river,  now 
called  New  Marlborough,  where  he  was  received 
in  a  friendly  manner  by  the  guardian  regent,  the 
prince  of  the  country  being  a  minor.  Thence  he 
sailed  twelve  leagues  higher  to  the  town  of  Pis- 
cataway,  on  the  Maryland  side,  where  he  found 
Henry  Fleet,  an  Englishman,  who  had  resided 
several  years  among  the  natives,  and  was  held  by 


them  in  great  esteem.  This  man  was  very  ser 
viceable  as  an  interpreter.  An  interview  having 
been  procured  with  the  Wcrowance,  or  prince, 
Calvert  asked  him  whether  he  was  willing  that  a 
settlement  should  be  made  in  his  own  country. 
He  replied  :  "  I  will  not  bid  you  go,  neither  will 
I  bid  you  stay ;  but  you  may  use  your  own  dis 
cretion."  Having  convinced  the  natives  that  his 
designs  were  honorable  and  pacific,  the  governor 
now  sought  a  more  suitable  station  for  com 
mencing  his  colony.  He  visited  a  creek  on  the 
northern  side  of  the  Patowmac,  about  four 
leagues  from  its  mouth,  where  was  an  Indian  vil 
lage.  Here  he  acquainted  the  prince  of  the 
place,  with  his  intentions,  and  by  presents  to  him 
and  his  principal  men,  conciliated  his  friendship 
so  much,  as  to  obtain  permission  to  reside  in  one 
part  of  the  town  until  the  next  harvest,  when,  it 
was  stipulated,  the  natives  should  entirely  quit 
the  place.  Both  parties  entered  into  a  contract 
to  live  in  a  friendly  manner.  After  Calvert  had 
given  a  satisfactory  consideration,  the  Indians 
readily  yielded  a  number  of  their  houses,  and  re 
tired  to  the  others.  As  the  season  for  planting 
corn  had  now  arrived,  both  parties  went  to  work. 
Thus,  March  27,  1634,  the  governor  took  peace 
able  possession  of  the  country  of  Maryland,  and 
gave  to  the  town  the  name  of  St.  Mary's,  and  to 
the  creek  on  which  it  was  situated  the  name  of 
St.  George's.  The  desire  of  rendering  justice  to 
the  natives  by  giving  them  a  reasonable  compen 
sation  for  their  lands,  is  a  trait  in  the  character 
of  the  first  planters,  which  will  always  do  honor 
to  their  memory.  The  colony  had  brought  with 
them  meal  from  England ;  but  they  found  Indian 
corn  in  great  plenty,  both  at  Barbadoes  and  Vir 
ginia,  and  by  the  next  spring  they  were  able  to 
export  one  thousand  bushels  to  New  England 
and  Newfoundland,  for  which  they  received  in  re 
turn  dried  fish  and  other  provisions.  The  Indians 
also  killed  many  deer  and  turkies,  which  they 
sold  to  the  English  for  knives,  beads,  and  other 
small  articles  of  traffic.  Cattle,  swine,  and  poul 
try  were  procured  from  Virginia.  The  province 
was  established  on  the  broad  foundation  of  secur 
ity  to  property,  and  of  freedom  in  religion.  Fifty 
acres  of  land  were  granted  in  absolute  fee  to 
every  emigrant,  and  Christianity  was  established 
without  allowing  pre-eminence  to  any  particular 
sect.  This  liberal  policy  rendered  a  Roman  Cath 
olic  colony  an  asylum  for  those  who  were  driven 
from  New  England  by  the  persecutions  which 
were  there  experienced  from  Protestants.  The 
same  toleration,  or  rather  perfect  freedom,  was 
also  established  by  R.  Williams  in  Rhode  Island. 
The  governor  built  him  a  house  at  St.  Mary's,  for 
himself  and  his  successors,  and  superintended 
the  affairs  of  the  country  till  the  civil  war  in  Eng 
land,  when  the  name  of  a  papist  became  so 
obnoxious,  that  the  parliament  assumed  the 


188 


CALVERT. 


CAMPBELL. 


government  of  the  province,  and  appointed  a 
new  governor.  Cecilius  Calvert,  the  proprietor, 
recovered  his  right  to  the  province  upon  the  res 
toration  of  King  Charles  H,  in  1660,  and  in  the 
same  year  appointed  his  son,  Philip,  the  governor, 
and  his  son,  Charles,  in  1662.  He  died  far  in 
years  and  high  in  reputation,  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  son,  Charles,  by  whom  an  assembly  was 
called,  which  passed  a  law  prohibiting  the  impor 
tation  of  convicts.  In  1676  there  were  in  the 
colony  only  three  clergymen  of  the  church  of 
England. —  Belknap's  Amer.  Biog  II.  372-380 ; 
Holmes,  II.  386 ;  Univ.  Hist.  XL.  468 ;  Brit.  Emp. 
in  America,  I.  324-330. 

CALVERT,  BENEDICT,  governor  of  Maryland, 
died  June  1,  1732.  He  was  succeeded  in  1727 
by  Charles  C.,  who  had  been  governor  from  1720. 
lie  was  induced  to  resign  from  ill  health  in  1732, 
and  died  on  his  passage  to  England.  His  brother, 
Edward  Henry  Calvert,  president  of  the  council, 
died  at  Annapolis  April  24,  1730,  aged  28.  His 
wife  was  the  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Litchfield, 
and  sister  of  the  wife  of  Edward  Younjr.  — 

O 

Lord's  Lempr. ;  Savage's  Winth.  I.  139. 

CALVERT,  FREDERIC,  Baron  of  Baltimore, 
and  proprietor  of  Maryland,  succeeded  Charles, 
Lord  Baltimore,  in  1751,  and  died  at  Naples  Sept. 
30,  1771,  leaving  lu's  property  in  Maryland  to  his 
son,  Henry  Harford.  He  published  a  tour  in  the 
east,  1764;  and  Gaudia  Poetica,  Latina,  Anglica, 
et  Gallica,  &c. 

CAMERON,  JAMES,  M.  D.,  died  at  New  York, 
Dec.  12,  1851,  aged  60,  a  physician  of  eminence, 
a  native  of  Scotland,  for  thirty  years  in  practice 
in  New  York.  He  was  a  worthy  member  of  a 
Presbyterian  church. 

CAMMERHOF,  FREDERIC,  a  Moravian  bishop, 
came  to  this  country  in  1746  to  assist  Bishop 
Spangenberg.  In  1748  he  visited  the  establish 
ment  at  Shomokin,  on  the  Susquehannah  j  in 
1750  he  repaired  to  Onondago  to  promote  the 
introduction  of  the  gospel  amongst  the  Iroquois. 
He  died  at  Bethlehem,  his  usual  place  of  resi 
dence,  April  28,  1751,  greatly  deplored.  During 
four  years  he  had  baptized  eighty-nine  Indians. 
There  was  so  much  sweetness  and  benevolence  in 
his  character,  as  to  impress  even  the  savages  with 
respect  for  him.  His  mild  and  friendly  beha 
viour  once  turned  the  heart  of  an  Indian,  enraged 
by  his  reproofs,  who  had  resolved  to  kill  him. — 
Loskiel. 

CAMMOCK,  THOMAS,  proprietor  of  Black 
Point,  obtained  a  patent  Nov.  1,  1631,  from  the 
Plymouth  company  of  fifteen  thousand  acres  in 
Scarborough,  in  Maine,  extending  from  Black 
Point  river  to  the  Spurwink  and  back  one  mile 
from  the  sea.  He  was  a  nephew  of  the  earl  of 
Warwick,  and  as  early  as  1631  resided  atPiscata- 
qua.  In  1633  he  was  at  Black  Point.  March 
21,  1636,  he  was  one  of  Georges'  commissioners, 


or  a  member  of  the  court  of  New  Somersetshire, 
at  Saco,  with  Jocelyn  and  others  ;  but  not  being 
in  commission  Sept.  2,  1639,  he  may  have  died 
before  that  time.  He  died  in  the  West  Indies.  — 
Sullivan,  128 ;  Maine  Hist.  Coll.  I.  18,  41 ;  Sav 
age,  I.  90. 

CAMPBELL,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  Oxford, 
Mass.,  was  born  in  Scotland  and  educated  at 
Edinburgh.  He  came  to  this  country  in  1717. 
He  was  ordained  pastor  of  Oxford,  a  town  settled 
by  French  protestants,  March  11,  1721.  He 
faithfully  discharged  the  duties  of  his  office,  until 
his  death,  March  25,  1761,  aged  70,  and  was  suc 
ceeded  by  Joseph  Bowman,  who  had  been  a  mis 
sionary  among  the  Mohawk  Indians.  —  Whitney's 
Hist,  of  Worcester,  84. 

CAMPBELL,  lieutenant-colonel,  in  the  battle 
of  Eutaw,  Sept.  8,  1781,  was  ordered  to  charge 
the  enemy  at  the  head  of  the  Virginia  troops, 
with  Col.  Williams,  commanding  the  Maryland 
continentals.  In  this  successful  exploit,  which 
broke  the  British  line,  he  received  a  ball  in  lu's 
breast  and  dropped  speechless  on  the  pommel  of 
his  saddle.  Being  borne  in  the  rear,  he  expired 
the  moment  he  was  taken  from  his  horse.  Dr. 
Holmes  relates,  that  on  being  told,  that  the  Bri 
tish  were  flying,  he  said,  "  I  die  contented ;  "  but 
Lee,  who  was  present,  says,  he  uttered  not  a 
word. — Lee,  II.  292;  Holmes,  n.  327. 

CAMPBELL,  ALEXANDER,  attorney  of  the 
United  States  for  the  district  of  Virginia,  received 
his  appointment  from  Washington,  and  was  a 
man  of  eloquence.  He  died  in  July,  1796.  His 
father  resided  in  Virginia ;  and  his  uncle,  Archi 
bald  Campbell,  —  a  Scotch  gentleman,  the  father 
of  Thomas  Campbell,  the  poet,  —  also  resided 
there  in  his  youth. 

CAMPBELL,  JOHN  P.,  a  minister  at  Chilli- 
cothe,  Ohio,  died  about  Dec.,  1814,  aged  46.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  manuscript  history  of  the 
western  country.  He  published  the  doctrine  of 
justification  considered;  strictures  on  Stone's 
letters,  1805  ;  Vindex,  in  answer  to  Stone's  reply, 
1806. 

CAMPBELL,  SAMUEL,  colonel,  an  officer  of 
the  Revolution,  died  Sept.  12,  1824,  aged  86. 
He  was  born  in  Londonderry,  N.  II.,  in  1738, 
and  in  1745  removed  with  his  father  to  Cherry 
Valley,  then  a  wilderness.  In  the  French  war  his 
services  were  useful ;  he  was  a  brave  officer  of  the 
militia  in  the  Avar  of  the  Revolution,  and  fought  in 
most  of  the  actions  on  the  frontier.  He  was  par 
ticularly  distinguished  at  the  battle  of  Oriskany, 
under  Gen.  Herkimer.  He  was  engaged  also  in 
Nov.,  1778,  in  the  conflict  at  Cherry  Valley,  when 
the  village  was  destroyed  and  many  of  the  people 
massacred  by  the  enemy  under  Butler  and  Brant, 
At  this  time  his  buildings  were  burnt,  his  personal 
property  carried  off,  and  his  wife  and  all  his  chil 
dren,  but  his  eldest  son,  led  into  captivity.  The 


CAMPBELL. 


CANONICUS. 


189 


captives  were  marched  down  the  Susquehnnnah 
river  to  its  junction  with  the  Tioga ;  thence  up 
that  river,  and  to  Geneva  and  Niagara;  and 
thence  to  the  neighborhood  of  Montreal.  At 
length,  owing  to  the  exertions  of  Gov.  Clinton, 
Mrs.  Campbell  was  exchanged  for  the  wife  of 
Col.  Butler,  and  the  children  were  with  difficulty, 
at  the  same  time  rescued  from  captivity.  In  1783, 
when  Gen.  Washington  and  Gov.  Clinton  were 
on  their  exploring  tour,  they  honored  liim  with 
a  visit  for  one  night,  and  commended  warmly  his 
patriotic  zeal.  After  the  war  he  was  a  member 
of  the  legislature  and  an  earnest  republican.  So 
firm  had  been  his  health,  that  he  was  engaged  in 
personal  labor  the  day  before  he  died.  His 
widow,  Jane  Cannon,  died  in  1836,  aged  93,  a 
happy  Christian.  Of  her  sons,  William  was  sur 
veyor-general  of  New  York,  James  S.  was  a 
judge,  and  Robert  a  lawyer  of  Cooperstown. 
Among  his  numerous  descendants  were  some  of 
the  chief  citizens  of  Cherry  Valley.  His  charac 
ter  through  life  was  irreproachable  ;  and  for  many 
years  he  had  been  a  consistent  professor  of  reli 
gion.  —  Cherry  Valley  Gaz.  Sept.  14,  1824. 

CAMPBELL,  JENNY,  Miss,  died  in  Orange 
county,  Va.,  Dec.  6,  1855,  aged  115. 

CAMPBELL,  GEORGE  W.,  died  at  Nashville, 
Feb.  17,  1848,  aged  80.  He  was  minister  of 
United  States  to  Itussia.  He  had  been  represen 
tative  in  1803-9,  senator  1811-14,  1815-18,  and 
secretary  of  the  treasury. 

CAMPBELL,  ALEXANDER,  D.  D.,diecl  at  New 
Orleans  May  6,  1855,  aged  G3.  He  was  a  re 
former  among  the  Baptists,  abjuring  religious 
creeds,  and  forming  a  new  sect,  which  prevailed 
in  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee.  In  a  de 
bate  with  Dr.  Rice,  he  boasted  of  having  two 
hundred  thousand  followers,  not  all  in  this  coun 
try.  He  published  the  Millennial  Harbinger,  a 
monthly  work.  —  N.  Y.  Observer,  March  16, 
1850. 

CAMPBELL,  WILLIAM,  surveyor-general  of 
New  York,  died  at  Cherry  Valley  Oct.  27,  1844, 
aged  77.  He  was  the  son  of  Colonel  C.,  and  the 
only  member  of  a  family,  who  escaped  captivity  or 
death  in  the  massacre  of  Nov.,  1778. 

CAMPBELL,  JOHN  M.,  missionary  to  western 
Africa,  sailed  from  Boston  Jan.  1,  1844,  and  died 
at  Cape  Palmas  of  the  acclimating  fever,  April 
19,  1844,  saying :  "  Though  one  instrument 
should  be  taken  away,  the  cause  of  Christ  would 
go  forward." 

CAMPBELL,  MARIA,  a  daughter  of  Gen. 
Hull,  the  wife  of  Edward  F.  C.,  died  in  Augusta, 
Geo.,  in  1845.  She  had  talents,  cultivated  by 
study,  and  a  heart  benevolent  and  pious.  Many 
feeble  hours  she  devoted  to  teaching  her  slaves 
the  principles  of  the  gospel.  She  finished  before 
her  death  a  work  on  the  Revolutionary  services 
of  her  father. 


CAMPBELL,  DANIEL,  minister  of  Orford,  N. 
II.,  died  Oct.  1,  1849,  aged  70,  bequeathing  20,- 
000  dollars  to  the  American  board  of  missions, 
and  to  the  home  missionary,  bible,  and  tract  so 
cieties.  Born  in  Lebanon,  he  graduated  at  Dart 
mouth  in  1801,  and  was  settled  in  Kennebunk, 
then  in  Orford.  He  died  suddenly  in  bed,  hav 
ing  retired  in  usual  health. 

CAMPBELL,  ILvRVEY  M.,  a  missionary,  died 
in  Arracan,  where  he  had  been  only  two  years, 
Feb.  22,  1852.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Hamilton 
college. 

CANER,  HENRY,  D.  D.,  minister  of  king's 
chapel  in  Boston,  died  in  1792,  aged  92.  He 
was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1724.  In  the 
following  year  he  began  to  read  prayers  in  an 
Episcopal  church  at  Fairfield.  In  1727,  he  went 
to  England  for  ordination,  and  was  appointed 
missionary  for  that  town.  His  occasional  ser 
vices  at  Norwalk  promoted  the  interest  of  the 
church ;  and  it  was  not  long  before  he  had  a  re 
spectable  congregation  there,  as  well  as  at  Fair- 
field.  He  was  a  man  of  talents  and  agreeable 
manners,  highly  esteemed  by  his  people.  Having 
been  chosen  rector  of  the  first  Episcopal  church 
in  Boston,  he  was  inducted  into  this  office  April 
11,  1747.  Here  he  continued,  till  the  commence 
ment  of  the  American  Revolution  obliged  him  to 
retire  from  Boston.  He  left  the  church  March 
17,  1775.  From  this  period  he  resided  in  Eng 
land  till  his  death  in  Long  Ashton.  A  daughter 
married  Mr.  Gore  of  Boston.  He  published  a 
sermon  on  Matthew  vil,  28,  29,  entitled  :  "  The 
true  nature  and  method  of  Christian  preaching." 
Jonathan  Dickinson,  in  his  vindication  of  God's 
sovereign,  free  grace,  replies  to  some  sentiments 
in  the  sermon.  Mr.  Caner  published  also  funeral 
sermons  on  the  death  of  Charles  Apthorp,  1758 ; 
of  Frederic,  Prince  of  Wales,  1751;  of  Rev.  Dr. 
Cutler,  1765;  of  George  II.,  1761;  of  Timothy 
Cutler,  1765 ;  a  thanksgiving  sermon  for  the 
peace,  1763 ;  perhaps  also  a  vindication  of  the 
society  for  propagating  the  gospel,  1764.  —  Chan 
dler's  Life  of  Johnson,  62 ;  Coll.  Hist  Soc.  in. 
260;  Columb.  Centinel,  Feb.  13,  1793. 

CANNON,  JAMES  SPENCER,  D.  D.,  died  in  New 
Brunswick  July  25,  1852,  aged  76,  of  the  Dutch 
reformed  church.  For  26  years  he  was  pro 
fessor  of  metaphysics  in  Rutgers  college,  and  of 
theology  and  ecclesiastical  history  in  the  theologi 
cal  seminary.  For  strong  powers  of  mind,  ur 
banity,  and  fervent  piety  he  was  distinguished. 

CANONICUS,  an  Indian  chief  of  Narragansett, 
died  June  4,  1647,  aged  about  85.  He  was  the 
eldest  of  three  brothers  and  his  father's  heir. 
Miantunnomu,  son  of  his  youngest  brother,  was 
"  his  marshal  and  executioner,"  but  did  nothing 
without  his  uncle's  consent.  Ninncgrad  was 
the  other  uncle  of  Miantunnomu.  In  1622,  the 
second  year  after  the  landing  of  the  pilgrims  at 


190 


CANONICUS. 


CAPEX. 


Plymouth,  Canonicus,  having  about  five  thousand 
fighting  men,  sent  as  a  challenge  a  bundle  of  ar 
rows  tied  with  a  snake-skin;  this  skin  was  re 
turned  filled  with  poAvder  and  ball.  Peace  was 
preserved  by  this  defiance  and  by  a  discreet  ne 
gotiation. 

When  Roger  Williams,  driven  from  Massachu 
setts,  sought  a  retreat  at  Narragansett,  the  king, 
Canonicus,  generously  made  him  and  his  compan 
ions  a  present  of  all  the  neck  of  land  between 
Pawtucket  and  Moshasuck  rivers,  that  they  might 
own  it  forever.  On  this  neck  they  settled.  Here 
was  an  act  of  kindness,  which  even  at  the  present 
day  demands  a  requital  from  the  whites  toward 
the  remains  of  the  Indian  tribes.  About  fifty 
years  afterwards,  Williams  gave  a  deposition,  in 
which  he  says  :  "  I  declare  to  posterity,  that  were 
it  not  for  the  favor  that  God  gave  me  with  Can 
onicus,  none  of  these  parts,  no,  not  Rhode  Island, 
had  been  purchased  or  obtained,  for  I  never  got 
anything  of  Canonicus  but  by  gift."  "  And  I  desire 
pos'terity  to  see  the  gracious  hand  of  the  Most 
High,  that  when  the  hearts  of  my  countrymen 
and  friends  and  brethren  failed  me,  his  infinite 
wisdom  and  merits  stirred  up  the  barbarous  heart 
of  Canonicus,  to  love  me  as  his  own  son,  to  his 
last  gasp."  Once,  in  a  solemn  oration,  the  sa 
chem  said  to  Williams  "  I  have  never  suffered  any 
wrong  to  be  offered  to  the  English  since  they 
landed,  nor  never  will.  Wunnaumwagean  Eng 
lishman  (that  is,  If  the.  English  speak  true,  if  he 
mean  truly),  then  shall  I  go  to  my  grave  in 
peace."  When  Williams  replied  that  he  had  no 
cause  to  distrust  the  Englishman's  Wunnaum- 
wauonck,  faithfulness,  the  old  Indian  took  a  stick 
and  broke  it  into  ten  pieces,  and  related  ten  in 
stances,  laying  down  a  stick  to  every  instance, 
which  awakened  his  fears.  He  proved  himself  at 
all  times  the  friend  of  the  English.  The  Indian 
deed  of  Rhode  Island  bears  date  March  24,  1638. 
The  deed  of  Providence  is  dated  the  same  day. 
In  1632  there  was  a  war  between  the  Narragan- 
setts  and  Pequots  concerning  the  territory  be 
tween  Paucatuck  river  and  Wecapaug  brook  on 
the  east,  ten  miles  wide,  and  fifteen  or  twenty  in 
length,  which  was  claimed  by  Canonicus,  as  hav 
ing  conquered  it  many  years  before.  After  three 
years'  war  the  land  was  obtained,  and  given  to 
Sossoa  or  Sochso,  a  renegade  Pequot,  who  had 
fought  valorously  for  Canonicus.  However,  the 
Pequots  very  soon  recovered  it.  On  losing  his 
son,  Canonicus,  after  burying  him,  burned  his  own 
palace  and  all  his  goods  in  it. 

When  an  embassy  was  sent  to  him  in  1637 
from  Massachusetts,  he  received  the  ambassadors 
in  his  best  style.  In  the  royal  entertainment 
which  he  provided,  he  gave  them  boiled  chest 
nuts  for  white  bread ;  also  boiled  puddings,  made 
of  pounded  Indian  corn,  well  filled  with  a  "  great 
store  of  black  berries,  somewhat  like  currants." 


His  audience  chamber  was  a  house  fifty  feet  wide, 
made  of  long  poles  stuck  in  the  ground,  covered 
with  mats,  save  a  hole  in  the  roof  to  let  out  the 
smoke.  Seated  on  a  mat,  his  nobility  were 
around  him,  with  their  legs  doubled  under  them, 
their  knees  touching  their  clu'ns.  He  agreed  to 
favor  the  English  rather  than  the  Pequots,  and 
to  the  latter  he  gave  his  faithful  advice,  designed 
to  hush  the  tempest  of  war,  which  was  ready  to 
break  out.  But  in  a  short  time  the  Pequots  for 
got  his  wise  counsels,  and  plunged  into  a  fatal 
war  with  the  English,  and  were  destroyed  by 
Mason.  In  the  war  with  Uncas,  in  1643,  Mian- 
tunnomu  was  taken  prisoner  and  killed.  April 
19,  1644,  Pessacus  and  Canonicus  by  deed  sub 
mitted  to  the  English  king  for  protection.  In 
1645,  the  sons  of  Canonicus  having  excited  a  war 
with  some  neighboring  Indians,  troops  were  sent 
from  Massachusetts  under  Gibbons,  who  quelled 
the  disturbance.  After  Miantunnomu,  a  sachem, 
called  Mecumeh,  was  associated  with  Canonicuc. 
Pessacus,  also,  was  a  powerful  sachem.  Roger 
Williams  calls  him  "  A  wise  and  peaceable  prince." 
Wise  he  must  have  been,  compared  with  most 
princes,  since  he  was  peaceable.  In  about  thirty 
years  Philip  and  his  race  fell  victims  to  war,  which 
he  enkindled. —  Prince,  392  ;  Mass.  Hist.  Coll. 
III.  215,  238;  V.  237;  s.  s.  IV.  42;  VII.  75;  IX. 
169;  Holmes,  I.  177,  286;  Savage's  Winthrop, 
II.  308. 

CAOXABO,  a  Carib  chief,  called  by  the  Span 
iards  the  lord  of  the  golden  house,  in  1493  cap 
tured  the  fortress  of  La  Xavidad  in  Hispaniola, 
and  massacred  the  Spaniards.  The  next  year  he 
unsuccessfully  besieged  Ojeda,  though  he  had 
with  him  ten  thousand  warriors.  Soon  afterwards 
Ojeda  made  him  prisoner  by  strategem,  pretend 
ing  to  honor  him  by  putting  on  him  a  pair  of 
manacles  of  burnished  steel,  resembling  silver, 
and  mounting  him  in  state  on  his  own  horse. 
Thus  he  galloped  off  with  his  prize,  the  victim  of 
vanity.  In  1496  he  was  put  on  board  a  vessel  to 
be  conveyed  to  Spain ;  but  he  died  in  the  pas 
sage.  His  death  is  ascribed  to  the  deep  melan 
choly  of  his  proud  spirit.  At  first  a  simple  Carib 
warrior,  he  became  the  most  powerful  cacique  in 
the  populous  island  of  Hayti.  But  being  made  a 
prisoner,  he  died  in  obscurity.  Thus  sinks  away 
all  the  glory  of  human  greatness.  —  Irving's  Co 
lumbus,  II. 

CAPEX,  JOSEPH,  a  poet  and  minister  of  Tops- 
field,  Mass.,  was  the  son  of  John  C.,  who  lived  in 
Dorchester  in  1634,  and  died  in  1692,  aged  79. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1677, 
ordained  June  4,  1684,  and  died  June  30,  1725, 
aged  66.  He  published,  about  1682,  an  elegy  on 
the  ingenious  mathematician  and  printer,  John 
Foster,  which  concludes  with  the  following  lines, 
doubtless  suggested  by  Woodbridge's  elegy  on 
John  Cotton : 


CAPERS. 

"  Thy  body,  which  no  activencss  did  lack, 
Now's  laid  aside,  like  an  old  almanac; 
But  for  the  present  only  's  out  of  date : 
'Twill  have,  at  length,  a  far  more  active  state. 
Yea,  though  with  dust  thy  body  soiled  be, 
Yet,  at  the  resurrection,  we  shall  see 
A  fair  edition,  and  of  matchless  worth. 
Free  from  erratas.  new  in  heaven  set  forth; 
'Tis  but  a  word  from  God,  the  great  Creator, 
It  shall  be  done,  when  he  saith  '  Imprimatur.'  " 

CAPERS,  WILLIAM,  I).  D.,  Methodist  bishop, 
died  in  South  Carolina  Jan.  29,  1855,  aged  65. 

CARDELL,  AVILLIAM  S.,  a  useful  writer,  died 
at  Lancaster,  Pa.,  Aug.  10,  1828;  his  usual  resi 
dence  had  been  in  the  city  of  New  York.  He 
was  a  man  of  talents  and  active  benevolence. 
He  projected  an  American  academy  of  belles 
lettrcs,  which  had  a  momentary  existence,  b'ut 
soon  expired.  He  published  a  new  system  of 
grammar,  and  other  useful  books  for  youth. 

CAREY,  JOHN  L.,  died  at  New  Orleans  Dec. 
14,  1838.  He  was  editor  of  the  Daily  Crescent 
four  years,  and  previously  of  the  Baltimore  Amer 
ican,  and  the  author  of  popular  works  on  political 
economy. 

CAREY,  MATTHEW,  died  at  Philadelphia  Sept. 
17,  1839,  aged  79.  He  was  born  in  Ireland  Jan. 
28,  1760,  and  was  early  apprenticed  to  a  printer 
and  bookseller.  In  1783  he  set  up  "  The  Free 
man's  Journal."  After  being  prosecuted  for  a 
libel,  he  came  to  Philadelphia  in  1784  with  scarce 
a  dozen  guineas  in  his  pocket.  He  established 
the  Pennsylvania  Herald  in  1785,  and  afterwards, 
the  Columbian  Magazine  and  the  American  Mu 
seum.  By  printing  and  bookselling  he  amassed 
an  ample  fortune.  He  wrote  and  published  the 
Olive  Branch,  1814,  of  which  he  sold  ten  thou 
sand  copies ;  Vindicia?  Hibcrnicac,  1829 ;  and  fifty- 
nine  pieces  in  favor  of  the  Protective  System  of 
American  Industry.  His  last  publication  was  the 
Philosophy  of  Common  Sense.  He  promoted 
the  interests  of  education  and  the  charities  of  the 
day.  To  the  young  and  deserving  he  took  pleas 
ure  in  lending  a  helping  hand.  His  life  was 
written  by  G.  A.  Ward,  in  Lives  of  American 
merchants. 

CARHEIL,  ETIENXE  DE,  a  Jesuit  missionary, 
visited  the  Iroquois  in  1668.  For  more  than 
sixty  years  he  toiled  amongst  the  Indians  in  Can 
ada,  with  little  success ;  in  1721  Charlevoix  left 
him  in  Canada,  still  full  of  vigor  and  vivacity. 
Though  he  spoke  the  Huron  and  Iroquois  lan 
guages  better  than  his  own,  and  was  regarded  by 
the  savages  as  a  saint  and  a  genius  of  the  first 
order,  yet  he  made  but  few  converts,  and  for  his 
little  success  he  humbled  himself  before  God. 
Charlevoix  remarks,  that  the  history  of  Carhcil 
may  well  teach  missionaries  that  it  is  the  prerog 
ative  of  God  to  renew  the  heart,  and  that  their 
toils  are  never  in  vain,  if  they  themselves  become 
saints. 

CARLETON,  GUY,  Lord  Dorchester,  a  distin- 


CAHLETON. 


191 


guished  British  officer  in  America,  died  in  1808, 
in  England,  aged  83.     He  was  appointed  a  brig 
adier-general  in  this  country  in  1776.     He  was 
made  major-general  in  1772.     At   the   close   of 
the  year  1774  a  commission   passed  the   seals, 
constituting  him  captain-general  and  governor  of 
Quebec.     When   Canada  was  invaded  by  Mont 
gomery  in  1775,  Carleton  was  in  the  most  immi 
nent  danger  of  being  taken  prisoner  upon  the  St. 
Lawrence  after  the  capture  of  Montreal ;  but  he 
escaped  in  a  boat  with  muffled  paddles,  and  ar 
rived  safely  at  Quebec,  which  he  found  threatened 
by  an   unexpected  enemy.     Arnold,  though   he 
had   been    repulsed  by  Col.  Maclean,  was  yet  in 
the  neighborhood  of  the  city,  waiting  for  the  ar 
rival  of  Montgomery  previously  to  another  attack. 
General  Carleton,  with  the  skill  of  an  experienced 
officer,  took  the  necessary  measures  for  the  se 
curity  of  the  city.     His  first  act  was  to  oblige  all 
to  leave  Quebec,  who  would  not  take  up  arms  in 
its  defence.     When  Montgomery  approached,  his 
summons  was  treated  with  contempt  by  the  gov 
ernor,  'whose  intrepidity  was  not  to  be  shaken. 
By  his  industry  and  bravery  Carleton  saved  the 
city.     After  the  unsuccessful  assault  of  the  last 
of  December,  in  which  Montgomery  was  killed, 
he  had  nothing  more  immediately  to  apprehend. 
In  May,  1776,  he  obliged  the  Americans  to  raise 
the  siege,  and  it  was  not  long  before  he  compelled 
them  to  withdraw  entirely  from  Canada.     In  Oc 
tober   he   recaptured  Crown  Point;  but,  as   the 
winter  was  advancing,  he  did  not  attempt  the 
reduction   of  Ticonderoga,  but   returned   to    St. 
John's.     In  the  beginning  of  the  next  year  he 
was  superseded  in  his  command  by   Burgoyne, 
who   was   intrusted   with   the   northern   British 
army.     Carleton's   experience,  and   abilities,  and 
services  were  such  as  rendered  him  worthy  of  the 
command,  which  was  given  to  another.     Though 
he  immediately  asked  leave  to  resign  his  govern 
ment,  he  yet  contributed  all  in  his  power  to  secure 
the  success  of  the  campaign.     In  the  year   1782 
he  was   appointed,    as   successor   of  Sir   Henry 
Clinton,  commander-in-chief  of  all  his  majesty's 
forces  in  America.     He  arrived  at  New  York  with 
his  commission  in  the  beginning  of  May.    After 
the  treaty  was  signed,  he  delayed  for  some  time 
the    evacuation   of  the   city  from  regard  to  the 
safety   of  the   loyalists ;  but  Nov.   25,  1783,  he 
embarked,  and  withdrew  the  British  ships  from 
the  shores  of  America.     He   was  a  brave   and 
able  officer,  and  he  rendered  important  services 
to  his  country.     Though  he  was  not  conciliating 
in  his  manners,  and  possessed  the  severity  of  the 
oldier,  yet  his  humanity  to  the  American  prison- 
TS,  whom  he  took  in  Canada,  has  been   much 
praised.     In  excuse  for  the  little  attention  which 
ic  paid  to  the  honorable  burial  of  Montgomery, 
it  can  only  be  said  that  he  regarded  him  as  a 
rebel.  —  Stedman,  I. ;  Annual  Reg.   xvil.    1S9, 


192 


CARLTON. 


CARE. 


XIX.  2-16 ;  XX.  2 ;  Warren's  Hist.  Rev.  II.  2,  3  ; 
m.  217,  252,  311. 

CARLTON,  OSGOOD,  a  teacher  of  mathemat 
ics  and  navigation,  resided  chiefly  in  Mass.,  but 
died  in  Litchfield,  N.  II.,  in  June  1816.  He  pub 
lished  valuable  maps  of  Mass.,  and  of  the  district 
of  Maine ;  also  the  American  navigator,  1801 ;  the 
South  American  pilot,  1804 ;  a  map  of  the  U.  S., 
1806 ;  practice  of  arithmetic,  1810. 

CARMAN,  captain,  a  brave  seaman,  sailed 
from  New  Haven  Dec.,  1642,  in  a  vessel  of  180 
tons  with  clapboards  for  the  Canaries,  being  ear 
nestly  commended  by  the  church  at  New  Haven 
to  the  Lord's  protection.  Near  the  Island  of 
Palma  he  was  attacked  by  a  Turkish  pirate  of 
three  hundred  tons,  with  two  hundred  men  and 
twenty-six  cannon,  he  having  only  twenty  men 
and  seven  serviceable  cannon.  The  battle  lasted 
three  hours,  the  Turk  lying  across  his  hawse,  so 
that  he  had  to  fire  through  his  own  "  hoodings." 
At  last  he  was  boarded  by  100  men ;  but  a  shot 
killing  the  Turkish  captain,  and  the  tiller  of  his 
ship  being  broken,  the  Turk  took  in  his  ensign 
and  fell  off,  leaving  behind  fifty  men.  These 
Carman  and  his  crew  assaulted  hand  to  hand  and 
compelled  all,  who  were  not  killed,  to  leap  over 
board.  He  had  many  wounds  on  his  head  and 
body,  and  several  of  his  men  were  wounded ;  but 
only  one  was  killed.  At  the  island  he  was  cour 
teously  entertained.  He  arrived  at  Boston  July 
2,  1643.  In  Nov.  1645  he  sailed  from  Boston  for 
Malaga,  in  company  with  a  new  ship  of  four 
hundred  tons ;  but  both  vessels  ran  aground  in 
the  night  on  the  coast  of  Spain,  and  Carman,  Dr. 
Pratt,  and  seventeen  others  were  drowned. 
There  were  on  board  the  large  vessel  several 
ship  masters  as  passengers :  but,  says  Hubbard, 
"  according  to  the  old  proverb,  the  more  cooks 
the  worse  broth,  and  the  more  masters  the  worse 
mariners."  The  lights  in  the  castle  of  Cadiz  had 
been  seen ;  but  were  mistaken  for  lights  in  ene 
mies' vessels. —  2.  Hist.  Coll.  VI.  525 ;  Savage's 
Winth.  II.  124,  239. 

CARMICHAEL,  WILLIAM,  charge  d'  affaires 
at  the  court  of  Spain,  died  early  in  1795.  He 
was  a  native  of  Maryland.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  Revolution  he  was  in  London,  and  thence  he 
proceeded  to  Paris  on  his  way  to  America  with 
despatches  from  A.  Lee.  At  Paris  he  was  de 
tained  by  sickness.  On  the  arrival  of  Mr.  Dcane 
in  June  1776,  he  aided  him  in  his  correspondence 
and  the  transaction  of  business.  In  Oct.,  at  the 
suggestion  of  the  Prussian  minister  he  went  to 
Berlin,  by  way  of  Amsterdam,  to  communicate  to 
the  king  intelligence  concerning  American  com 
merce.  Returning  to  Paris,  he  was  employed 
more  than  a  year  by  the  American  commissioners. 
He  arrived  at  Boston  in  May,  1778;  in  Nov.,  he 
took  his  seat  in  congress  as  a  delegate  from  Mary 
land,  though  he  had  been  appointed  secretary  to 


the  commissioners  in  France.  The  next  year  he 
was  appointed  secretary  of  legation  to  Mr.  Jay 
in  his  mission  to  Spain,  and  accompanied  him  and 
remained  with  him  during  his  residence  in  Mad 
rid.  When  Mr.  Jay  went  to  Paris  in  June  1782, 
Mr.  Carmichacl  was  left  as  charge  d'  affaires,  and 
after  the  peace  was  commissioned  in  that  charac 
ter  by  congress,  and  continued  as  such  at  the 
court  of  Spain  about  fifteen  years.  In  March  1792 
William  Short  M'as  joined  with  him  in  a  commis 
sion  to  negotiate  a  treaty  with  Spain.  The 
attempt  was  unsuccessful.  Soon  afterwards  Mr. 
Carmichael  returned  to  the  United  States.  His 
correspondence  makes  a  part  of  the  9th  vol.  of 
diplomatic  correspondence,  edited  by  J.  Sparks. 
—  Dipl.  Cor.  IX.  3,  4. 

CARNES,  THOMAS  P.,  a  judge  of  Georgia, 
was  born  and  educated  at  Maryland ;  removing 
to  Georgia,  he  there  attained  to  a  high  rank  as  a 
lawyer.  He  was  successively  solicitor-general, 
attorney-general,  and  judge  of  the  supreme 
court;  and  he  was  also  a  member  of  congress. 
He  died  at  Milledgeville  May  8,  1822,  aged  60. 

CARNEY,  DANIEL  L.,  died  in  Campbell  coun 
ty,  Ky.,  Aug.  1,  1856,  aged  76;  one  of  the  early 
settlers  of  Cincinnati,  and  editor  of  the  Western 

Spy- 

CARPENTER,  REBECCA,  widow,  died  at  Re- 
hoboth  June  23,  1837,  aged  67,  bequeathing  1000 
dollars  to  be  divided  among  five  of  the  leading 
charitable  societies. 

CARR,  ROBERT,  Sir,  died  June  1,  1667.  He 
was  appointed  by  Charles  II.,  in  1664,  a  commis 
sioner,  with  Col.  Nicolls,  Cartwright,  and  Maver 
ick,  with  extensive  powers  in  New  England.  It 
was  designed  to  repress  the  spirit  of  liberty. 
Clarendon  said,  "  they  are  already  hardened  into 
republics."  In  the  summer  he  and  Maverick 
arrived  at  Piscataqua.  Aug.  27,  1664,  Nicolls 
and  Carr,  with  four  frigates,  and  three  hundred 
men,  captured  from  the  Dutch  New  Amsterdam, 
and  called  it  New  York  in  honor  of  the  Duke  of 
York  and  Albany,  the  brother  of  the  king.  Sept. 
24th  the  garrison  at  fort  Orange  capitulated,  and 
the  place  was  called  Albany.  Carr  forced  the 
Dutch  and  Swedes  on  Delaware  bay  to  capitu 
late  Oct.  1.  Thus  New  Netherlands,  including 
New  Jersey,  was  subjected.  The  commissioners, 
excepting  Nicolls,  repaired  to  Boston  in  Feb., 
1665.  Their  proceedings  arc  narrated  by  Ilutch- 
inson.  When  they  arrived  in  Maine  in  June, 
1665,  they  assumed  all  the  powers  of  government, 
so  that  the  authority  of  Massachusetts  there  was 
suspended.  By  special  commission  from  them  a 
court  was  held  at  Casco  by  Jocelyn  and  others  in 
July  1666.  The  government,  thus  created  by  the 
commissioners,  expired  in  1668,  the  people  look 
ing  to  Massachusetts  for  a  firmer  administration 
of  affairs.  In  the  mean  time  Carr  had  returned 
to  England,  where  he  died  at  Bristol,  the  day 


CARR. 

after  he  landed. — Holmes,  I.  333;  Ilutcliins,  I. 
211-229. 

CARR,  DABNEY,  a  distinguished  member  of 
the  assembly  of  Virginia,  moved  and  eloquently 
supported  the  resolution  for  appointing  a  com 
mittee  of  correspondence  in  consequence  of  the 
British  encroachments,  which  was  adopted  March 
12,  1773.  But  he  died  in  about  two  months,  at 
Charlottesvillc,  May  16th,  aged  30.  He  married 
Martha,  the  sister  of  Mr.  Jefferson,  who  in  his 
works  has  delineated  his  character,  as  marked  by 
a  sound  judgment  and  inflexible  firmness,  com 
bined  with  fancy  and  eloquence,  softness  and 
kindness.  His  eldest  son,  Peter  Carr,  died  about 
1808.  —  Jefferson's  Works. 

CARR,  DABNEY,  died  Jan.  8, 1837,  at  Culpeppcr, 
Va.,  aged  63.  He  was  a  man  of  distinction;  a 
judge  of  the  court  of  appeals ;  a  man  of  talents, 
industry,  learning,  and  of  colloquial  powers. 

CARR,DABXEY  S.,  died  in  Charlottesville,  Va., 
March  24,  1854,  aged  51;  naval  officer  at  Balti 
more,  and  minister  of  U.  S.  at  Constantinople  six 
years. 

CARRIER,  THOMAS,  remarkable  for  longevity, 
died  at  Colchester,  Conn.,  May  16,  1735,  aged 
109  years.  He  was  born  in  the  west  of  England 
and  removed  thence  to  Andover,  Mass.  He  mar 
ried  in  16G4  Martha  Allen,  who  fell  a  victim  to 
the  witchcraft  infatuation  at  Salem  village,  with 
Mr.  Burroughs,  Aug.  19,  1692,  —  one  of  her  own 
daughters,  aged  7,  being  allowed  to  testify  against 
her,  as  making  her  a  witch,  and  appearing  like  a 
black  cat,  the  cat  saying,  she  was  her  mother. 
Ilutchinson  has  preserved  her  testimony.  He 
lived  at  Colchester  about  twenty  years,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  church  in  that  town.  His  head 
in  his  last  yoars  was  not  bald,  nor  his  hair  gray. 
Not  many  days  before  his  death  he  travelled  on 
foot  six  miles,  to  see  a  sick  man  and  the  very  day 
before  he  died  he  was  visiting  his  neighbors.  — 
New  Eng.  Week.  Jour.  June  9,  1735;  HutcJiin- 
soii,  II.  47;  Farmer's  Coll.  n.  69. 

CARRIGAIX,  PHILIP,  a  distinguished  physi 
cian,  died  in  Aug.  1806.  He  was  born  in  New 
York  in  1746,  and  was  the  son  of  a  Scotch  phy 
sician,  who  died  in  that  city.  After  studying  with 
Dr.  Bricket  of  Haverhill,  Mass.,  he  settled  in  1768 
at  Concord,  N.  II.,  where  he  rose  to  eminence  as 
a  physician  and  surgeon.  His  practice  was  for 
years  more  extensive  than  that  of  any  other  phy 
sician  in  the  State.  His  son  of  the  same  name,  a 
lawyer,  and  secretary  of  State,  published  in  1816 
a  large  and  beautiful  map  of  New  Hampshire. 
—  Moore's  Annals  of  Concord,  62;  Bouton's 
Cent.  Disc.  94. 

CARRIXGTON,  PAUL,  a  patriot  of  the  Revo 
lution,  died  at  his  seat  in  Charlotte  county,  Va., 
June  22,  1818,*  aged  85.  He  was  probably  older 
than  any  surviving  Virginian  patriot  who  took  an 
25 


CARROLL. 


193 


active  part  in  the  councils  of  the  country  in  the 
first  struggles  for  liberty  and  independence. 

CARRINGTON,  EDWARD,  an  officer  of  the 
Revolution,  died  Oct.  28,  1810,  aged  61.  He  was 
an  active  quartcr-master-general  under  Greene, 
in  the  campaign  at  the  south ;  and  served  also  in 
the  north.  lie  was  a  representative  in  congress 
from  Virginia  after  the  peace.  When  Aaron 
Burr  was  tried  for  high  treason,  he  was  foreman 
of  the  jury.  —  Lord's  Lempr.;  Lee,  I.  296. 

CARllixGTON,  PAUL,  judge  of  the  general 
court  of  Virginia,  died  at  his  scat  in  Charlotte 
county,  Virginia,  Jan.  8,  1816,  aged  52.  In  his 
youth  he  was  distinguished  as  a  soldier  in  the  ac 
tions  at  Guilford  court-house  and  Green  Spring. 
On  the  return  of  peace  he  completed  his  studies 
at  William  and  Mary  college.  At  the  age  of 
twenty-two  he  was  a  member  of  the  house  of  dele 
gates,  afterwards  of  the  senate ;  from  which  body 
he  was  transferred  to  the  bench  of  the  superior 
court.  He  died,  expressing  the  hope  of  a  happy 
immortality  through  the  merits  of  the  Saviour. — 
Christian  Visitant. 

CARROLL,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  L  L.  D.,  first  Catho 
lic  bishop  in  the  United  States,  died  Dec.  3,  1815, 
aged  80.  He  was  born  at  Upper  Marlborough 
in  Maryland,  in  1734,  and  sent  for  education  at 
the  age  of  thirteen  to  Flanders.  From  St. 
Omcr's,  where  he  remained  six  years,  he  was 
transferred  to  the  colleges  of  Liege  and  Bruges. 
Having  been  ordained  a  priest  and  become  a 
Jesuit,  in  1770  he  accompanied  the  son  of  an 
English  Catholic  nobleman  on  a  tour  through  Eu 
rope.  In  1773  he  was  appointed  a  professor  in 
the  college  of  Bruges.  On  the  suppression  of 
the  Jesuits  by  the  pope,  he  retired  to  England, 
and  acted  as  secretary  of  the  fathers ;  in  1775  he 
returned  to  America,  and  engaged  in  the  duties 
of  a  parish  priest.  By  request  of  congress  he 
accompanied  Franklin,  C.  Carroll,  and  S.  Chase 
in  their  mission  to  Canada,  in  order  to  recommend 
neutrality  to  the  Canadians.  Appointed  Catholic 
vicar-general  in  1786,  he  settled  at  Baltimore. 
In  1790  he  was  consecrated  in  England  Catholic 
bishop  of  the  United  States,  and  he  returned  with 
the  title  of  the  bishop  of  Baltimore.  A  few  years 
before  his  death  he  was  created  archbishop.  He 
was  the  brother  of  Charles  Carroll,  the  last  sur 
viving  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
Bishop  C.  was  venerable,  dignified,  and  learned. 
In  Latin,  Italian,  and  French  he  conversed  with 
ease.  He  was  mild,  and  courteous,  and  free  from 
intolerance,  living  in  friendly  intercourse  with 
persons  of  other  sects.  His  end  was  peaceful. 
In  his  last  illness  he  said  to  a  Protestant  minister, 
who  alluded  to  his  approaching  death :  "  My 
hopes  have  always  been  on  the  cross  of  Christ." 
Encycl.  Americana;  American  Quar.  Rev.  I. 
19-24. 


194 


CARROLL. 


CARTER. 


CARROLL,  CHARLES,  last  surviving  signer  of 
the  Declaration  of  Independence,  died  at  Bald- 
more  Nov.  14,  1832,  aged  95.  He  was  born  at 
Annapolis,  of  an  Irish  family,  Sept.  20,  1737,  and 
inherited  a  very  large  estate.  Of  the  Catholic  re 
ligion,  he  was  educated,  at  St.  Omer's ;  and  studied 
the  civil  and  common  law  in  France  and  in  London. 
In  1766  he  was  a  delegate  to  congress  from  Mary 
land  ;  in  1789  he  was  a  senator.  He  signed  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  though  not  present 
when  the  vote  was  taken,  on  account  of  his  mis 
sion  to  Canada.  In  1810  he  retired  to  private 
life.  He  was  learned  and  refined,  of  great  viva 
city  and  courtesy,  made  happy  in  domestic  and 
social  intercourse.  His  grand-daughter,  Miss 
Caton, married  Mr.  Patterson;  afterwards,  in  1825, 
Richard,  the  marquis  of  Wellesley. 

CARROLL,  DANIEL  L.,  D.  D.,  died  in  Phila 
delphia  Nov.  23,  1851,  aged  53.  He  graduated 
at  Jefferson  college,  and  succeeded  Dr.  Beecher 
for  two  years  as  the  minister  of  Litchfield ;  and 
then  was  pastor  seven  years  in  Brooklyn.  For 
three  years  he  was  president  of  Hampden  Sidney 
college.  Then  was  five  years  pastor  in  Philadel 
phia  ;  afterwards  secretary  of  the  New  York  col 
onization  society.  He  was  buried  at  Greenwood, 
near  New  York.  In  his  last  hours  he  referred  to 
man's  sinfulness  and  the  power  of  Christ  to  save. 
N.  Y.  Observer,  Dec.  4. 

CARTER,  THOMAS,  first  minister  of  Woburn, 
Mass.,  died  in  1684,  aged  73.  He  came  to  this 
country  in  1635,  and  lived  several  years  at  Ded- 
ham  and  Watertown.  He  was  ordained  at  Wo 
burn  Nov.  12,  1642  ;  the  church  had  been  gath 
ered  Aug.  14th.  This  was  a  lay  ordination.  The 
church  having  no  elder,  or  minister,  to  impose 
hands,  and  apprehending  a  precedent,  leading  to 
the  "  dependence  of  churches  and  a  presbytery," 
two  of  its  members  performed  that  solemnity,  al 
though  several  ministers  were  present.  When 
they  had  imposed  hands  for  the  church,  and  said, 
we  ordain  thee  pastor  of  this  church,  a  prayer 
was  made  by  an  elder  of  a  neighboring  church. 
There  are  a  few  undoubted  instances  of  such 
ordinations,  recorded  in  the  early  history  of  this 
country.  —  Savage's  Winllirop,  II.  91,  253;  2 
Hist.  Coll.  VII.  42  ;  Chickeritig's  Hist.  Woburn. 

CARTER,  ROBERT,  president  of  the  council  of 
Virginia  in  1726,  was  succeeded  next  year  as  the 
head  of  the  State  by  Gov.  Wm.  Gouch.  He  died 
Aug.  4,  1732,  aged  69.  Of  great  wealth,  he  was 
the  proprietor  of  three  hundred  thousand  acres 
of  land  and  one  thousand  and  one  hundred  slaves. 

CARTER,  ROBERT,  of  Nominy,  Virginia,  a 
member  of  the  executive  council,  probably  a  de 
scendant  of  the  preceding,  died  before  1813. 
He  was  rich,  having  seven  or  eight  hundred  slaves. 
Believing  that  the  toleration  of  slavery  indicates 
very  great  depravity,  he  gradually  emancipated 
the  whole.  Another  account  mentions,  that  he 


emancipated  four  hundred  and  forty-two  slaves, 
at  a  sacrifice  of  100,000  dollars.  He  was  fourteen 
years  a  regular  Baptist ;  then  became  an  Armin- 
ian  ;  and  afterwards  a  follower  of  the  bewildered 
enthusiast,  Swedenborg.  He  removed  to  Balti 
more  to  find  a  society  of  the  same  faith.  —  Bene 
dict,  II.  278 ;  Nippon's  lieg. 

CARTER,  EZRA,  a  respectable  and  benevolent 
physician,  was  born  in  South  Hampton,  N.  H., 
and  settled  about  1740  in  Concord,  where  he  died 
Sept.  17,  1767,  aged  48.  He  several  times  nar 
rowly  escaped  being  killed  by  the  Indians.  In» 
one  of  his  visits  to  a  sick  and  poor  family  in  Bow, 
something  was  said  concerning  the  payment  of  his 
bill.  The  man  and  his  wife  plead  their  deep  pov 
erty  ;  but  the  doctor  replied  :  "You  have  property 
enough  to  satisfy  me,  and  I  will  have  my  pay  be 
fore  I  leave  your  house."  Then,  seizing  a  kitten 
from  the  floor,  he  said  :  "  I  told  you  I  should  have 
my  pay ;  I  have  got  it.  Good-by,  and  God  bless 
you."  Just  before  his  death  he  signed  receipts  to 
the  bills  against  all  poor  persons,  with  directions 
to  his  executors  to  deliver  them.  —  Moore's  Ann. 
of  Concord,  35. 

CARTER,  NATHANIEL  HAZELTINE,  a  scholar 
and  traveller,  died  Jan  2,  1830,  aged  42.  He 
was  the  son  of  Joseph  Carter,  and  was  born  in 
Concord,  N.  II.,  about  the  year  1788.  In  1811 
he  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  college,  and 
afterwards  studied  law.  When  the  charter  of 
the  college  was  amended  by  the  legislature  in 
1817,  he  was  appointed  professor  of  languages  in 
Dartmouth  university,  and  officiated  in  that  capac 
ity  two  or  three  years.  In  1820  he  became  the 
proprietor  and  editor  of  the  Albany  Register,  the 
name  of  which  he  changed,  May  16,  to  that  of  the 
New  York  Statesman.  He  removed  to  the  city 
of  New  York  Jan.  1822,  and  united  his  paper 
with  another,  entering  into  partnership  with  Mr. 
G.  W.  Prentiss.  He  zealously  espoused  the  inter 
ests  of  Dewitt  Clinton.  From  1825  to  1827  he 
was  abroad,  travelling  upon  the  continent  of  Eu 
rope  as  the  companion  and  guide  of  a  young  gen 
tleman  of  New  York,  whose  father  confided  in 
his  good  judgment.  During  this  absence  he  en 
riched  his  paper  with  letters  from  Europe,  which 
on  his  return  he  collected  and  published  in  two 
large  8vo.  volumes,  entitled,  Letters  from  Eu 
rope,  comprising  the  journal  of  a  tour  through 
Ireland,  England,  Scotland,  France,  Italy,  and 
Switzerland,  1827.  These  writings,  the  produc 
tion  of  a  classical  scholar  and  a  zealous  friend  of 
the  republican  institutions  of  America,  as  well  as 
of  a  believer  in  the  simple  and  pure  religion  of 
the  gospel,  are  well  calculated  to  promote  in  the 
reader  the  love  of  country.  The  exposure  of  the 
civil  and  religious  tyranny,  under  which  the 
greater  part  of  Europe  groans,  is  doing  good  ser 
vice  to  the  cause  of  liberty.  Mr.  Carter's  health 
becoming  impaired,  he  spent  the  winters  of  1827 


CARTER. 

and  1828  in  Cuba.  When  he  visited  Concord  in 
Nov.,  1828,  he  addressed  a  few  lines  to  his  "Na 
tive  Stream,"  in  Avhich  he  alludes  to  his  wander 
ings  by  other  streams : 

"  Along  the  Shannon,  Doon,  and  Tay, 
I  've  sauntered  many  a  happy  day, 
And  sought  beside  the  Cam  and  Thames 
Memorials  of  immortal  names ; 
Or  mingled  in  the  polished  train 
Of  fashion  on  the  banks  of  Seine. 
And  I  have  seen  the  azure  Rhone 
Hush  headlong  from  his  Alpine  throne ; 
Green  Mincius  and  the  silver  Po 
Through  vine-clad  vales  mcand'ring  flow; 
•Sweet  Arno,  wreath'd  in  summer  flowers, 
Linger  amidst  Etrurian  bowers; 
And  the  old  Tiber's  yellow  tide 
Koll  to  the  sea  in  sullen  pride. 
In  climes  beneath  the  burning  zone, 
'Mid  tangled  forests,  deep  and  lone, 
Where  fervid  skies  forever  glow, 
And  the  soft  trade-winds  whispering  blow, 
My  roving  footsteps  too  have  prest 
The  loveliest  island  of  the  west. 
There  Yumuri  winds  deep  and  calm, 
Through  groves  of  citron  and  of  palm; 
There  on  the  sluggish  wave  of  Juan 
My  little  boat  hath  borne  me  on ; 
Or  up  Canimar's  silent  floods, 
Strewn  with  the  blossoms  of  its  woods." 

His  partner,  Mr.  Prentiss,  died  in  March,  1829. 
In  the  same  year  he  relinquished  his  interest  in 
the  Statesman,  and  for  the  benefit  of  his  very 
enfeebled  health  proceeded  again  to  France. 
But  a  fatal  consumption  terminated  his  life  a  few 
days  after  his  arrival  at  Marseilles.  His  funeral 
was  attended  by  many  Americans  and  British. 
Mr.  Carter  was  a  very  upright  and  amiable  man, 
and  an  accomplished  scholar.  He  was  a  poet,  as 
well  as  a  writer  of  prose ;  his  longest  poetical 
piece  is  entitled  the  Pains  of  Imagination,  deliv 
ered  at  Dartmouth  college.  His  hymn  for  Christ 
mas  is  preserved  in  Specimens  of  American 
Poetry.  —  Bouton's  Cent.  Disc.  95  ;  Spec.  ill.  113. 

CARTER,  SAMUEL,  M.  D.,  died  in  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  Nov.  22,  1853,  aged  74,  for  many  years  a 
physician  in  old  Saybrook,  Conn.  He  was  an 
eminent  Christian,  and  died  in  the  triumphs  of 
faith. 

CARTER,  JAMES  G.,  died  at  Chicago  in  July, 
1849,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1820.  He  live'd 
in  Lancaster,  and  had  the  confidence  of  his  fel 
low  citizens  in  public  life.  He  did  much  in  the 
cause  of  education.  While  on  a  tour  at  the 
west  he  was  seized  with  a  fatal  bih'ous  fever. 

CARTERET,  GEORGE,  Sir,  one  of  the  propri 
etors  of  New  Jersey,  died  in  Nov.,  1682.  He 
obtained  with  Lord  Berkeley  from  the  Duke  of 
York  a  grant  of  New  Jersey,  June  23,  1G64,  the 
duke  having  received  from  the  king  a  larger  pat 
ent,  March  12.  The  name  of  New  Jersey  was 
given,  because  Carteret's  family  were  from  the 
Isle  of  Jersey.  Elizabethtown  is  said  to  have 
been  named  from  his  wife.  Philip  Carteret  was 
governor  of  New  Jersey,  with  some  interruption, 


CARTIER. 


195 


from  1665  till  his  death.  After  1676,  when  the 
division  of  the  country  was  made  by  Berkeley 
and  Carteret,  he  governed  East  Jersey.  —  Holmes, 
II.  333. 

CARTIER,  JACQUES,  a  French  navigator,  who 
made  important  discoveries  in  Canada,  was  a  na 
tive  of  St.  Malo.  After  the  voyage  of  the  Cabots 
the  French  learned  the  value  of  their  discoveries, 
and  in  a  few  years  began  the  cod-fishery  upon 
the  banks  of  Newfoundland.  The  Baron  de  Levi 
is  said  to  have  discovered  a  part  of  Canada  about 
1518.  In  1524  John  Verazzana,  a  Florentine,  in 
the  service  of  France,  ranged  the  coast  of  the 
new  continent  from  Florida  to  Newfoundland. 
From  a  subsequent  voyage  in  1525  he  never  re 
turned,  and  it  is  supposed  that  he  was  cut  to 
pieces  and  devoured  by  the  savages.  His  fate 
discouraged  other  attempts  to  discover  the  new 
world,  till  the  importance  of  having  a  colony  in 
the  neighborhood  of  the  fishing  banks  induced 
Francis  I.  to  send  out  Cartier  in  1534.  The  king 
said:  "The  kings  of  Spain  and  Portugal  are 
taking  possession  of  the  new  world,  without  giv 
ing  me  a  part ;  I  should  be  glad  to  see  the  article 
in  Adam's  last  will,  which  gives  them  America." 
Cartier  sailed  from  St.  Malo  April  20,  with  two 
ships  of  sixty  tons  and  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
two  men.  On  the  tenth  of  May  he  came  in  sight 
of  Bonavista,  on  the  Island  of  Newfoundland ; 
but  the  ice  obliged  him  to  go  to  the  south,  and 
he  entered  a  harbor  at  the  distance  of  five 
leagues,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  St.  Cath 
erine.  As  soon  as  the  season  would  permit,  he 
sailed  northward  and  entered  the  straits  of  Bell- 
isle.  In  this  voyage  he  \isited  the  greater  part 
of  the  coast  which  surrounds  the  gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  and  took  possession  of  the  country  in 
the  name  of  the  king ;  he  discovered  a  bay,  which 
he  called  Baye  des  Chaleurs,  on  account  of  the 
sultry  weather  which  he  experienced  in  it;  he 
sailed  so  far  into  the  great  river,  afterwards  called 
the  St.  Lawrence,  as  to  discover  land  on  the  op 
posite  side.  August  15,  he  set  sail  on  his  return, 
and  arrived  at  St.  Malo  on  the  fifth  of  September. 
When  his  discoveries  were  known  in  France,  it 
was  determined  to  make  a  settlement  in  that  part 
of  America  which  he  had  visited.  Accordingly, 
in  the  following  year  he  received  a  more  ample 
commission  and  was  equipped  with  three  vessels. 
When  he  was  ready  to  depart,  he  went  to  the 
cathedral  church  with  his  whole  company,  and 
the  bishop  gave  them  his  benediction.  He  sailed 
May  19,  1535.  He  experienced  a  severe  storm 
on  his  passage,  but  in  July  he  reached  the  des 
tined  port.  He  entered  the  gulf,  as  in  the  pre 
ceding  year,  being  accompanied  by  a  number  of 
young  men  of  distinction.  He  sailed  up  the  St. 
Lawrence  and  discovered  an  island,  which  he 
named  Bacchus,  but  which  is  now  called  Orleans, 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Quebec.  This  island  was 


196 


CARTIER. 


CARVER. 


full  of  inhabitants,  who  subsisted  by  fishing.  lie 
went  on  shore  and  the  natives  brought  him  Indian 
com  for  his  refreshment.  With  his  pinnace  and 
two  boats  he  proceeded  up  the  river  as  far  as  Iloch- 
elaga,  a  settlement  upon  an  island,  which  he 
called  Mont-royal,  but  which  is  now  called  Mon 
treal.  In  this  Indian  town  were  about  fifty  long 
huts,  built  with  stakes,  and  covered  with  bark. 
The  people  lived  mostly  by  fishing  and  tillage. 
They  had  corn,  beans,  squashes,  and  pumpkins. 
In  two  or  three  days  he  set  out  on  his  return,  and 
arrived  Oct.  4  at  St.  Croix,  not  far  from  Quebec, 
now  called  Jacques  Cartier's  river.  Here  he 
passed  the  winter.  In  Dec.,  the  scurvy  began  to 
make  its  appearance  among  the  natives,  and  in  a 
short  time  Cartier's  company  were  seized  by  the 
disorder.  By  the  middle  of  Feb.,  of  one  hun 
dred  and  ten  persons,  fifty  were  sick  at  once,  and 
eight  or  ten  had  died.  In  this  extremity  he  ap 
pointed  a  day  of  humiliation.  A  crucifix  was 
placed  on  a  tree,  a  procession  of  those  who  were 
able  to  walk  was  formed,  and  at  the  close  of  the 
devotional  exercises  Cartier  made  a  vow,  that 
"if  it  should  please  God  to  permit  him  to  return 
to  France,  he  would  go  in  pilgrimage  to  our  lady 
of  Roquemado."  The  sick  were  all  healed  by 
using  a  medicine  which  was  employed  with  suc 
cess  by  the  natives.  This  was  a  decoction  of  the 
leaves  and  bark  of  a  tree.  The  liquor  was  drank 
ever  other  day,  and  an  external  application  was 
made  to  the  legs.  Charlevoix  says  the  tree  was 
that  which  yielded  turpentine,  and  Dr.  Belknap 
thinks  it  was  the  spruce  pine.  In  I»Iay  he  set 
sail  on  his  return  to  France,  carrying  off  with 
him  Donnaconna,  the  Indian  king  of  the  country, 
and  nine  other  natives,  all  of  whom,  but  a  little 
girl,  died  in  France.  He  arrived  at  St.  Malo 
July  6,  1536. 

At  the  end  of  four  years  a  third  expedition  was 
projected.  Frangois  de  la  Roque,  Lord  of  Ro 
berval,  was  commissioned  by  the  king  as  his 
lieutenant  governor  in  Canada ;  and  Cartier  was 
appointed  his  pilot,  with  the  command  of  five 
ships,  his  commission,  which  may  be  seen  in  Haz 
ard's  collections,  being  dated  Oct.  17,  1540.  He 
sailed,  however,  May  23,  1540,  to  Newfoundland 
and  Canada.  Aug.  23,  he  arrived  at  the  haven 
of  St.  Croix,  in  the  river  St.  Lawrence ;  about 
four  leagues  above  that  place,  on  a  cliff,  at  the 
east  side  of  the  mouth  of  a  small  river,  he  built 
a  fort,  which  he  called  Charlesbourg.  This  was 
near  Quebec.  In  the  spring  of  1542  he  deter 
mined  to  return  to  France,  and  accordingly  in  June 
arrived  at  Saint  John's,  in  Newfoundland,  on  his 
way  home.  Here  he  met  Roberval,  who  did  not 
accompany  him  in  his  voyage,  and  who  had  been 
detained  till  this  time.  He  was  ordered  to  return 
to  Canada,  but  he  chose  to  pursue  his  voyage  to 
France,  and  sailed  out  of  the  harbor  privately  in 
the  night.  'Roberval  attempted  to  establish  a 


colony,  but  it  was  soon  broken  up,  and  the 
French  did  not  establish  themselves  permanently 
in  Canada  till  after  the  expiration  of  half  a 
century. 

Cartier  published  memoirs  of  Canada  after  his 
second  voyage.  The  names  which  he  gave  to 
islands,  rivers,  &c.,  are  now  entirely  changed.  In 
this  work  he  shows  that  he  possessed  a  good 
share  of  the  credulity  or  the  exaggeration  of 
travellers.  Being  one  day  in  the  chase,  he  says 
that  he  pursued  a  beast  which  had  but  two  legs, 
and  which  ran  with  astonishing  rapidity.  This 
strange  animal  was  probably  an  Indian,  clothed 
with  the  skin  of  some  wild  beast.  He  speaks 
also  of  human  monsters  of  different  kinds,  of 
which  accounts  had  been  given  him.  Some  of 
them  lived  without  eating. — IJelknap's  Amer. 
Biog.  I.  159-184;  Charlevoix,  Introd.  xx.  ;  I. 
8-22.  edition  4to ;  Ilakluyt,  m.  186,201-240; 
Holmes,  I. ;  Prince,  Introd.  89,  90,  93 ;  Purchas. 
I.  931,  932;  V.  1605;  Forster's  Vogacje,  337, 
440 ;  Universal  History,  xxxix.  407. 

CARTWRIGHT,  GEORGE,  colonel,  was  one  of 
King  Charles'  commissioners  to  New  England, 
with  Nicolls,  Carr,  and  Maverick,  in  1664.  When 
the  commissioners,  on  their  arrival  at  Boston, 
informed  the  general  court  that  they  should  next 
day  sit  and  hear  a  cause  against  the  governor  and 
company,  the  court  published  "by  sound  of 
trumpet"  its  disapprobation  of  this  proceeding, 
and  prohibited  all  persons  from  abetting  it.  Thus 
early  and  boldly  was  the  note  of  liberty  sounded. 
The  commissioners,  finding  that  they  had  to  do 
with  stiff-necked  men,  soon  went  away  in  dis 
pleasure.  In  Cartwright's  voyage  to  England  in 
1665,  he  was  taken  by  the  Dutch,  and  lost  his 
papers,  and  hardly  escaped  with  his  life.  Hub- 
bard  says  they  put  into  his  mouth  a  gag,  which 
he  had  "  threatened  to  some  in  New  England, 
that  pleased  him  not."  The  loss  of  his  papers 
was  deemed  a  benefit  to  the  colonies,  as  his  prej 
udices  were  strong  against  them,  and  as  the 
papers  would  have  been  employed  for  purposes 
of  mischief.  —  Holmes,  I.  338 ;  Hist.  Coll.  vi.  579. 

CARVER,  JOHN,  first  governor  of  Plymouth 
colony,  died  in  April,  1621,  only  about  four  months 
after  the  landing  of  the  pilgrims.  He  was  a  na 
tive  of  England,  and  was  among  the  emigrants  to 
Leyden,  who  composed  Mr.  Robinson's  church  in 
that  place.  When  a  removal  to  America  was 
contemplated,  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  agents 
to  negotiate  with  the  Virginia  company  in  Eng 
land  for  a  suitable  territory.  He  obtained  a  pat 
ent  in  1619,  and  in  the  following  year  came  to 
New  England  with  the  first  company.  Two  ves 
sels  had  been  procured,  the  one  called  the  Speed 
well  and  the  other  the  Mayflower,  which  sailed 
from  Southampton,  carrying  one  hundred  and 
twenty  passengers,  Aug.  5,  1620.  As  one  of  the 
vessels  proved  leaky,  they  both  put  into  Dart- 


CARVER. 


CARVER. 


197 


mouth  for  repairs.  They  put  to  sea  again  Aug. 
21 ;  but  the  same  cause,  after  they  had  sailed 
about  one  hundred  leagues,  obliged  them  to  put 
back  to  Plymouth.  The  Speedwell  was  there 
pronounced  unfit  for  the  voyage.  About  twenty 
of  the  passengers  went  on  shore.  The  others 
were  received  on  board  the  Mayflower,  which 
sailed  with  one  hundred  passengers,  besides  the 
ship's  officers  and  crew,  Sept.  G.  During  the 
voyage  the  weather  was  unfavorable,  and  the  ship 
being  leaky,  the  people  were  almost  continually 
wet.  One  young  man  died  at  sea,  and  a  child 
was  born,  the  son  of  Stephen  Hopkins,  which  was 
called  Oceanus.  Nov.  9,  they  discovered  the 
white,  sandy  shores  of  Cape  Cod.  As  this  land 
was  northward  of  Hudson's  river,  to  which  they 
were  destined,  the  ship  was  immediately  put 
about  to  the  southward;  but  the  appearance  of 
breakers  and  the  danger  from  shoals,  together 
with  the  eagerness  of  the  women  and  children  to 
be  set  on  shore,  induced  them  to  shift  their  course 
again  to  the  north.  The  next  day  the  northern 
extremity  of  the  cape  wras  doubled ;  and,  on  the 
second  clay  after  the  discovery  of  land  the  ship 
was  safely  anchored  in  the  harbor  of  Cape  Cod. 
As  they  were  without  the  territory  of  the  south 
Virginia  company,  from  whom  they  had  received 
the  charter,  which  was  thus  rendered  useless,  and 
as  they  perceived  the  absolute  necessity  of  gov 
ernment,  it  was  thought  proper,  before  they 
landed,  that  a  political  association  should  be 
formed,  intrusting  all  powers  in  the  hands  of  the 
majority.  Accordingly,  after  solemn  prayers  and 
thanksgiving,  a  written  instrument  was  subscribed, 
Nov.  1 1, 1620,  by  forty-one  persons  out  of  the  whole 
number  of  passengers  of  all  descriptions  on  board. 
Mr.  Carver's  name  stood  first,  and  he  was  unani 
mously  elected  governor  for  one  year.  Among  the 
other  names  were  those  of  Bradford,  AArinslow, 
Brewster,  Allerton,  Standish,  Alden,  Fuller,  War 
ren,  Hopkins,  White,  Rogers,  and  Cook.  Govern 
ment  being  thus  regularly  established  on  a  truly  re 
publican  principle,  sixteen  armed  men  were  sent  on 
shore  the  same  day  to  procure  wood  and  make 
discoveries.  They  returned  at  night,  having  seen 
no  house  nor  a  human  being.  The  next  dav, 
Sunday,  was  observed  as  a  day  of  rest.  While 
they  lay  in  this  harbor,  during  the  space  of  five 
weeks,  several  excursions  were  made  by  the 
direction  of  the  governor.  In  one  of  them  Mr. 
Bradford's  foot  was  caught  in  a  deer-trap,  which 
was  made  by  bending  a  young  tree  to  the  earth, 
with  a  noose  under  ground,  covered  with  acorns. 
But  lu's  companions  disengaged  him  from  his 
unpleasant  situation.  An  Indian  burying-ground 
•was  discovered,  and  in  one  of  the  graves  were 
found  a  mortar,  an  earthen  pot,  a  bow  and 
arrows,  and  other  implements,  all  of  which  were 
carefully  replaced.  A  more  important  discovery 
was  a  cellar,  filled  with  seed-corn  in  ears,  of  which 


they  took  as  much  as  they  could  carry  away, 
after  reasoning  for  some  time  upon  the  morality 
of  the  action,  and  resolving  to  satisfy  the  owners 
when  they  should  find  them.  In  other  expedi 
tions  a  number  of  bushels  of  corn  were  obtained, 
the  acquisition  of  which,  at  a  time  when  it  was 
much  needed,  they  regarded  as  a  peculiar  favor 
of  Divine  providence.  In  six  months  the  owners 
were  remunerated  to  their  entire  satisfaction. 

On  Wednesday,  Dec.  G,  governor  Carver  him 
self,  with  nine  of  the  principal  men,  well  armed, 
and  the  same  number  of  seamen,  set  sail  in  the 
shallop  to  make  further  discoveries.  The  weather 
was  so  cold,  that  the  spray  of  the  sea  froze  on 
their  coats,  till  they  were  cased  with  ice,  like 
coats  of  iron.  They  coasted  along  the  cape,  and 
occasionally  a  party  was  set  on  shore.  At  the 
dawn  of  day  on  Friday,  Dec.  8,  those  who  were 
on  the  land  were  surprised  by  the  sudden  war- 
cry  of  the  natives,  and  a  flight  of  arrows.  They 
immediately  seized  their  arms,  and  on  the  first 
discharge  of  musketry  the  Indians  fled.  Eighteen 
arrows  were  taken  up,  headed  either  with  brass, 
deer's  horns,  or  bird's  claws,  which  they  sent  as  a 
present  to  their  friends  in  England.  As  they 
sailed  along  the  shore,  they  were  overtaken  by  a 
storm,  and  the  rudder  being  broken,  and  the  shal 
lop  driven  into  a  cove  full  of  breakers,  they  all 
expected  to  perish.  By  much  exertion,  however, 
they  came  to  anchor  in  a  fair  sound  under  a  point 
of  land.  While  they  were  divided  in  opinion 
with  respect  to  landing  at  this  place,  the  severity 
of  the  weather  compelled  them  to  go  on  shore. 
In  the  morning  of  Saturday  they  found  them 
selves  on  a  small  uninhabited  island,  which  has 
ever  since  borne  the  name  of  Clarke's  island, 
from  the  mate  of  the  ship,  the  first  man  who 
stepped  upon  it.  As  the  next  day  was  the  Chris 
tian  Sabbath,  they  appropriated  it  to  those  relig 
ious  purposes  for  which  it  was  set  apart.  On 
Monday,  Dec.  11,  they  surveyed  the  bay,  and 
went  ashore  upon  the  main  land,  at  the  place 
which  they  call  Plymouth ;  and  a  part  of  the  very 
rock,  on  which  they  first  set  their  feet,  is  now  in 
the  public  square  of  the  town,  and  is  distinguished 
by  the  name  of  the  "  Forefathers'  rock."  The  day 
of  their  landing,  Dec.  llth,  in  the  old  style,  was 
many  years  ago  by  mistake  adjudged  to  be  Dec. 
22d,  in  our  new  style,  by  the  addition  of  eleven 
days  instead  of  ten :  and  Dec.  22d  has  been  cel 
ebrated  as  an  annual  festival.  But  probably  here 
after  the  true  day,  Dec.  21st,  will  be  celebrated. 
As  they  marched  into  the  country  they  found 
cornfields,  and  brooks,  and  an  excellent  situation 
for  building.  With  the  news  of  their  success 
they  returned  to  their  company,  and,  Dec.  16,  the 
ship  came  to  anchor  in  the  harbor.  The  high 
ground  on  the  southwest  side  of  the  bay  was 
pitched  upon  as  the  site  of  the  contemplated 
town,  and  a  street  and  house  lots  were  immedi- 


198 


CARVER. 


CARVER. 


ately  laid  out.  It  was  also  resolved  to  plant  their 
ordinance  upon  a  commanding  eminence,  that 
overlooked  the  plain.  Before  the  end  of  Dec., 
they  had  erected  a  storehouse  with  a  thatched 
roof,  in  which  their  goods  were  deposited  under 
a  guard.  Two  rows  of  houses  were  begun,  and 
as  fast  as  they  could  be  covered,  the  people,  who 
were  classed  into  nineteen  families,  came  ashore, 
and  lodged  in  them.  On  the  last  of  Dec.,  the 
public  services  of  religion  were  attended  for  the 
first  time  on  the  shore,  and  the  place  was  named 
Plymouth,  both  because  it  was  so  called  in  Capt. 
Smith's  map,  published  a  few  years  before,  and  in 
remembrance  of  the  kind  treatment  which  they 
had  received  from  the  inhabitants  of  Plymouth, 
the  last  port  of  their  native  country  from  which 
they  sailed.  The  severe  hardships  to  which  this 
company  were  exposed  in  so  rigorous  a  climate, 
and  the  scorbutic  habits,  contracted  by  living  so 
long  on  board  the  ship,  caused  a  great  mortality 
among  them,  so  that  before  the  month  of  April 
near  one  half  of  them  died.  Gov.  Carver  was 
himself  dangerously  ill  in  January.  On  the  14th 
of  that  month,  as  he  lay  sick  at  the  storehouse, 
the  building  took  fire  by  means  of  the  thatched 
roof,  and  it  was  with  difficulty  that  the  stock  of 
ammunition  was  preserved.  By  the  beginning 
of  March  he  was  so  far  recovered  of  his  first 
illness,  that  he  was  able  to  walk  three  miles  to 
visit  a  large  pond,  which  had  been  discovered 
from  the  top  of  a  tree  by  Francis  Billington, 
whose  name  it  has  since  borne.  None  of  the 
natives  were  seen  before  the  sickness  among  the 
planters  had  abated.  The  pestilence,  which 
raged  in  the  country  four  years  before,  had 
almost  depopulated  it.  March  16th,  a  savage 
came  boldly  into  the  town  alone,  and  to  the 
astonishment  of  the  emigrants  addressed  them  in 
these  words,  "Welcome,  Englishmen!  Welcome, 
Englishmen  !  "  His  name  was  Samoset,  and  he 
was  lord,  or  sagamore  of  Moratiggon,  distant  five 
days' journey  to  the  eastward.  He  had  learned 
broken  English  of  the  fishermen  in  his  country. 
By  him  the  governor  was  informed,  that  the 
place  where  they  now  were  was  called  Patuxet, 
and,  though  it  was  formerly  populous,  that  every 
human  being  had  died  of  the  late  pestilence. 
This  account  was  confirmed  by  the  extent  of  the 
deserted  fields,  the  number  of  graves,  and  the 
remnants  of  skeletons  lying  on  the  ground. 
Being  dismissed  with  a  present,  he  returned  the 
next  day  with  five  of  the  Indians,  who  lived  in 
the  neighborhood,  and  who  brought  a  few  skins 
for  trade.  He  was  sent  out  again  in  a  few  days, 
and,  March  22d,  returned  with  Squanto,  the  only 
native  of  Patuxet  then  living.  Having  been  car 
ried  off  in  1614  by  a  Captain  Hunt  of  Smith's 
fleet,  who  in  his  voyage  from  Virginia  to  Malaga 
visited  Plymouth  and  treacherously  seized  him 
and  twenty-six  others  of  the  natives,  he  escaped 


the  pestilence,  which  desolated  the  country. 
They  were  sold  at  Malaga  at  20  pounds  a  man. 
As  several  of  these  Indians  were  rescued  from 
slavery  by  some  benevolent  monks  at  Malaga, 
Squanto  was  probably  thus  set  at  liberty.  He 
had  learned  the  English  language  at  London,  and 
came  back  to  his  native  country  with  the  fisher 
men.  They  informed  the  planters,  that  Massas- 
soit,  the  sachem  of  the  neighboring  Indians,  was 
near  with  his  brother  and  a  number  of  his  peo 
ple;  and  within  an  hour  he  appeared  on  the  top 
of  a  hill  over  against  the  English  town  wnh  a 
train  of  sixty  men.  Mutual  distrust  prevented 
for  some  time  any  advances  upon  either  side;  but 
Mr.  Winslow  being  sent  to  the  Indian  king  with 
a  copper  chain  and  two  knives,  with  a  friendly 
message  from  the  governor,  the  sachem  was 
pleased  to  descend  from  the  hill,  accompanied 
by  twenty  men  unarmed.  Capt.  Standish  met 
him  at  the  brook  at  the  head  of  six  men  with 
muskets,  and  escorted  him  to  one  of  the  best 
houses,  where  three  or  four  cushions  were  placed 
on  a  green  rug,  spread  over  the  floor.  The  gov 
ernor  came  in,  preceded  by  a  drum  and  trumpet, 
the  sound  of  which  greatly  delighted  the  Indians. 
After  mutual  salutations,  the  governor  kissing  his 
majesty's  hand,  refreshments  were  ordered.  A 
league  of  friendship  was  then  agreed  on,  which 
was  inviolably  observed  for  above  fifty  years. 
The  articles  of  the  treaty  were  the  following, 
"  that  neither  he  nor  his  should  injure  .any  of 
ours ;  that,  if  they  did,  he  should  send  the  of 
fender,  that  Ave  might  punish  him  ;  that  if  our 
tools  were  taken  away,  he  should  restore  them  ; 
and  if  ours  did  any  harm  to  any  of  his,  we  would 
do  the  like  to  them ;  that  if  any  unjustly  warred 
against  him,  M~e  would  aid  him,  and  if  any  warred 
against  us  he  should  aid  us ;  that  he  should  cer 
tify  his  neighbor  confederates  of  this,  that  they 
might  not  wrong  us,  but  be  comprised  in  the  con 
ditions  of  peace ;  that,  when  their  men  came  to 
us,  they  should  leave  their  bows  and  arrows 
behind  them,  as  we  should  leave  our  pieces,  when 
we  came  to  them ;  that  in  doing  thus  king  James 
would  esteem  him  as  his  friend  and  ally."  After 
the  treaty,  the  governor  conducted  Massassoit  to 
the  brook,  where  they  embraced  each  other  and 
parted. 

The  next  day,  March  23,  a  few  laws  were  en 
acted,  and  Mr.  Carver  was  confirmed  as  governor 
for  the  following  year.  In  the  beginning  of  April, 
twenty  acres  of  land  were  prepared  for  the  re 
ception  of  Indian  corn,  and  Samoset  and  Squanto 
taught  the  emigrants  how  to  plant,  and  dress 
it  with  herrings,  of  which  an  immense  quan 
tity  came  into  the  brooks.  Six  acres  were  sowed 
with  barley  and  peas.  While  they  were  engaged 
in  this  labor  in  April,  the  governor  came  out  of  the 
field  at  noon,  complaining  of  a  pain  in  his  head, 
caused  by  the  heat  of  the  sun.  In  a  few  hours  it 


CARVER. 

deprived  him  of  his  senses,  and  in  a  few  days 
put  an  end  to  his  life,  to  the  great  grief  of  the  in 
fant  plantation.  lie  was  buried  with  all  the  hon 
ors  which  could  be  paid  to  his  memory.  The 
men  were  under  arms,  and  fired  several  volleys 
over  his  grave.  His  feeble  wife,  Catherine,  over 
come  by  her  loss,  survived  him  but  six  weeks.  In 
one  of  his  letters  to  Gov.  C.,  Robinson  says,  con 
cerning  her,  "  Your  good  wife,  my  loving  sister." 
Whether  he  meant  only  a  Christian  sister  is  not 
known.  When  he  arrived,  there  were  eight  per 
sons  in  his  family ;  but  he  left  no  son  nor  daughter  ; 
and  consequently  there  are  no  descendants.  The 
Mr.  C.,  who  died  in  Mansfield,  aged  102,  might 
have  been  the  grandson  of  a  brother. 

Governor  Carver  was  distinguished  for  his  pru 
dence,  integrity,  and  firmness.  He  had  a  good 
estate  in  England,  which  he  spent  in  the  emigra 
tion  to  Holland  and  America.  He  exerted  liim- 
sclf  to  promote  the  interests  of  the  colony  ;  he 
bore  a  large  share  of  its  sufferings ;  and  the  people 
confided  in  him  as  their  friend  and  father.  Piety, 
humility,  and  benevolence  were  eminent  traits  in 
his  character.  In  the  time  of  the  general  sick 
ness  which  befell  the  colony,  after  he  had  him 
self  recovered,  he  was  assiduous  in  attending  the 
sick  and  performing  the  most  humiliating  services 
for  them,  without  any  distinction  of  persons  or 
characters.  He  was  succeeded  in  the  office  of  gov 
ernor  by  Mr.  Bradford.  The  broadsword  of  Gov. 
Carver  is  deposited  in  the  cabinet  of  the  Massa 
chusetts  historical  society  in  Boston.  A  town  in 
the  county  of  Plymouth  is  named  Carver.  Other 
pilgrim  fathers  have  been  thus  honored,  as  Brad 
ford  and  Brewster.  —  Belknap's  American  Biog. 
II.  179-216;  Prince,  GG-HM;  Holmes,  I.  1G1, 
1G8;  Purclias,  V.  1843-18,30;  Univers.  Hist., 
xxxix.  272;  iVeaZ'siV.  E.I.  99;  Davis'  Morton, 
38-68. 

CARVER,  JONATHAN,  an  enterprising  traveller, 
died  in  1780,  aged  48.  He  was  a  native  of  Con 
necticut  and  was  born  in  1732.  He  lost  his  father, 
who  was  a  justice  of  the  peace,  when  he  was  only 
five  years  of  age.  He  was  intended  for  the  pro 
fession  of  medicine,  which  he  quitted  for  a  military 
life.  In  the  French  war  he  commanded  an  inde 
pendent  company  of  provincials  in  the  expedition, 
carried  on  across  the  lakes  against  Canada.  He 
served  with  reputation  till  the  peace  of  17G3. 
After  this  he  formed  the  resolution  of  exploring 
the  most  interior  parts  of  North  America  and  of 
even  penetrating  to  the  Pacific  ocean,  over  that 
broad  part  of  the  continent  which  lies  between 
the  forty-third  and  the  forty-sixth  degrees  of  north 
latitude.  As  the  English  had  come  in  possession 
of  a  vast  territory  by  the  conquest  of  Canada,  he 
wished  to  render  this  acquisition  profitable  to  his 
country,  while  he  gratified  his  taste  for  adven 
tures.  He  believed,  that  the  French  had  inten 
tionally  kept  other  nations  ignorant  of  the  interior 


CARVER. 


199 


parts  of  North  America.  lie  hoped  to  facilitate 
the  discovery  of  a  northwest  passage,  or  of  a 
communication  between  Hudson's  bay  and  the 
Pacific  ocean.  If  he  could  effect  the  establishment 
of  a  post  on  the  straits  of  Annian,  he  supposed  he 
should  thus  open  a  channel  for  conveying  intelli 
gence  to  China  and  the  English  settlements  in 
the  East  Indies  with  greater  expedition  than  by 
a  tedious  voyage  by  the  cape  of  Good  Hope,  or 
the  straits  of  Magellan. 

With  these  views  he  set  out  from  Boston  in 
1766,  and  in  September  of  that  year  arrived  at 
Michillimackinac,  the  most  interior  English  post. 
He  applied  to  the  governor,  Mr.  Rogers,  to  fur 
nish  him  with  a  proper  assortment  of  goods,  as  a 
present  for  the  Indians  living  on  the  track  which 
he  intended  to  pursue.  Receiving  a  supply  in 
part,  it  was  promised,  that  the  remainder  should 
be  sent  to  him,  when  he  reached  the  falls  of  St. 
Anthony  in  the  river  Mississippi.  In  consequence 
of  the  failure  of  the  goods  he  found  it  necessary  to 
return  to  la  Prairie  du  Chien  in  the  spring  of  1767, 
having  spent  the  preceding  winter  among  the 
Naudoussee  of  the  plains,  on  the  river  St.  Pierre, 
fourteen  hundred  miles  west  of  Michillimackinac. 
Being  thus  retarded  in  his  progress  westward,  he 
determined  to  direct  his  course  northward,  that, 
by  finding  a  communication  between  the  Missis 
sippi  and  lake  Superior,  he  might  meet  the  tra 
ders  at  the  grand  portage  on  the  north-west  side 
of  the  lake.  Of  them  he  intended  to  purchase 
the  goods  which  he  needed,  and  then  to  pursue 
his  journey  by  the  way  of  the  lakes  la  Pluye,  Du- 
bois,  and  Ouinipique  to  the  heads  of  the  river  of 
the  west.  He  reached  lake  Superior,  before  the 
traders  had  returned  to  Michillimackinac,  but  they 
could  not  furnish  him  with  goods.  Thus  disap 
pointed  a  second  time,  he  continued  some  months 
on  the  north  and  east  borders  of  lake  Superior, 
exploring  the  bays  and  rivers,  which  empty  them 
selves  into  that  large  body  of  water,  and  carefully 
observing  the  natural  productions  of  the  country, 
and  the  customs  and  manners  of  the  inhabitants. 
He  arrived  at  Boston  in  Oct.,  1768,  having  been 
absent  on  this  expedition  two  years  and  five 
months,  and  during  that  time  travelled  near 
seven  thousand  miles. 

As  soon  as  he  had  properly  digested  his  jour 
nal  and  charts,  he  went  to  England  to  publish 
them.  On  his  arrival  he  presented  a  petition  to 
his  majesty  in  council,  fora  reimbursement  of  the 
sums  which  he  had  expended  in  the  service  of 
government.  This  was  referred  to  the  lords 
commissioners  of  trade  and  plantations,  by  Avhom 
he  was  examined  in  regard  to  his  discoveries. 
Having  obtained  permission  to  publish  his  papers, 
he  disposed  of  them  to  a  bookseller.  When 
they  were  almost  ready  for  the  press,  an  order 
was  issued  from  the  council  board,  requiring  him 
to  deliver  into  the  plantation  office  all  his  charts 


200 


CARY. 


and  journals,  with  every  paper  relating  to  the 
discoveries  which  he  had  made.  In  order  to  obey 
this  command  he  was  obliged  to  repurchase  them 
from  the  bookseller.  It  was  not  until  ten  years 
after,  that  he  published  an  account  of  his  travels. 
Being  disappointed  in  his  hopes  of  preferment, 
he  became  clerk  of  the  lottery.  As  he  sold  his 
name  to  a  historical  compilation,  which  was  pub 
lished  in  1779,  in  folio,  entitled  the  New  Universal 
Traveller,  containing  an  account  of  all  the  em 
pires,  kingdoms,  and  States  in  the  known  world, 
he  was  abandoned  by  those  whose  duty  it  was  to 
support  him,  and  he  died  in  want  of  the  common 
necessaries  of  life.  His  wife  lived  at  Montague 
in  1767.  He  published  a  tract  on  the  culture  of 
tobacco,  and  travels  through  the  interior  parts  of 
North  America  in  the  years  1766,  1767,  and  1768, 
London,  8vo.  1778.  An  edition  of  this  work  was 
published  at  Boston  in  1797.  —  Introduction  to 
his  Travels;  Neio  and  General  Biographical 
Dictionary ;  Watkins. 

CARY,  THOMAS,  minister  in  Newburyport, 
Mass.,  died  Nov.  24,  1808,  aged  63.  He  was  the 
son  of  Samuel  Gary,  of  Charlestown,  and  was 
born  Oct.  18,  1645,  and  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1761.  While  preparing  for  the  sacred 
office,  he  resided  in  Ilaverhill,  where  he  enjoyed 
the  instructions  of  Mr.  Barnard,  whom  he  re 
spected  and  loved.  He  was  ordained  as  successor 
of  Mr.  Lowell,  pastor  of  the  first  church  in  New 
buryport,  May  11,  1768.  One  third  of  the 
church  and  congregation,  being  dissatisfied  with 
the  choice  of  Mr.  Gary,  were  formed  into  a  sep 
arate  society.  For  nearly  twenty  years  he  was 
enabled  to  perform  all  the  duties  of  the  minis 
terial  office ;  but  in  the  forty-third  year  of  his  age 
it  pleased  God,  by  a  paralytic  stroke,  to  remove 
him  from  liis  public  labors.  After  this  event 
Mr.  Andrews  was  ordained  as  his  colleague,  Dec. 
10,  1788.  From  this  period  until  about  two  years 
before  his  death,  Mr.  Gary  was  so  far  restored  to 
health,  as  to  be  able  occasionally  to  perform  the 
public  offices  of  religion.  He  possessed  a  strong 
and  comprehensive  mind,  which  was  highly  culti 
vated  by  reading,  observation,  reflection,  and 
prayer.  His  sermons  were  plain,  forcible,  senten 
tious,  and  altogether  practical.  He  was  not 
ashamed  to  be  called  a  rational  Christian.  Though 
he  read  writers  on  all  sides  of  theological  ques 
tions,  yet  those  were  his  favorite  authors,  who 
treated  the  doctrines  and  duties  of  Christianity  in 
a  rational  manner.  Candid  toward  those  who 
differed  from  him  in  opinion,  he  sincerely  re 
spected  the  free  and  honest  inquirer  after  truth. 
His  feelings  were  keen  and  his  passions  strong ; 
but  it  was  the  great  business  of  his  life,  and  the 
subject  of  his  earnest  prayers,  to  reduce  them  to 
the  government  of  reason  and  the  gospel.  In 
the  various  relations  of  life  he  conciliated  respect 
and  esteem.  To  his  brethren  in  the  ministry  he 


CARY. 

was  a  generous  friend,  a  wise  counsellor,  and  a 
most  pleasant  and  improving  associate.  He  ex 
celled  in  the  charms  of  conversation.  He  was 
held  in  very  high  esteem  for  his  public  labors,  for 
sound  and  fervent  devotion,  for  judicious,  im 
pressive,  pathetic,  and  edifying  discourses.  Be 
tween  him  and  his  people  there  subsisted  an 
uncommon  harmony  and  affection.  During  his 
long  debility  the  religion  which  he  preached  was 
his  support  and  solace.  In  the  leisure  which  was 
now  afforded  him,  he  took  a  peculiar  interest  in 
attending  to  the  ecclesiastical  history  of  his  coun 
try  ;  and  the  fruits  of  his  studies  were  conspicuous 
in  his  conversation.  As  his  disorder  increased 
upon  him,  he  sunk  into  a  state  of  insensibility, 
and  without  a  struggle  his  spirit  returned  to  God, 
who  gave  it.  He  published  two  sermons  on  the 
importance  of  salvation ;  a  sermon  from  Matthew 
XII.  20  ;  at  the  funeral  of  S.  Webster,  1796 ;  the 
right  hand  of  fellowship  at  the  ordination  of  J. 
Beattie ;  the  charge  at  the  ordination  of  A. 
Moore ;  a  sermon  on  the  last  day  of  assembling 
in  the  old  meeting-house,  Sept.  27,  1801.  —  An 
drews1  Funeral  Sermon  ;  Panoplist,  Dec.  1808. 

CARY,  SAMUEL,  minister  in  Boston,  the  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col 
lege  in  1804,  and  was  settled  as  the  colleague  of 
Dr.  Freeman  at  the  stone  chapel,  Jan.  1,  1809. 
He  died  in  England  Oct.  22,  1815,  aged  30.  He 
published  a  review  of  English's  "  Grounds  of 
Christianity  examined,"  1813 ;  also  the  following 
sermons  :  before  Merrimac  humane  society,  1806; 
at  his  ordination,  1809;  on  the  fast,  1813;  at 
Thursday  lecture,  1814 ;  on  death  of  S.  Bulfinch, 
1815. 

CARY,  LOTT,  an  African  minister,  died  Nov. 
10,  1828.  He  was  born  a  slave  about  thirty 
miles  below  Richmond,  Va.,  on  the  estate  of  Wm. 
A.  Christian.  In  1804  he  was  hired  out  in  Rich 
mond  as  a  common  laborer.  He  was  profane 
and  much  addicted  to  intoxication.  But  about 
the  year  1807  it  pleased  God  to  bring  him  to  re 
pentance,  and  he  became  a  member  of  the  Bap 
tist  church,  of  which  his  father  was  a  pious 
member.  As  yet  he  was  not  able  to  read.  But 
having  a  strong  desire  to  read  the  third  chapter 
of  John,  on  which  he  had  heard  a  sermon,  rfe 
procured  a  New  Testament,  and  commenced 
learning  his  letters  in  that  chapter.  He  learned 
to  read  and  write.  Being  employed  in  a  tobacco 
warehouse,  and  for  his  singularly  faithful  and  use 
ful  services  receiving  a  liberal  reward,  and  being 
also  assisted  by  a  subscription,  he  was  able,  soon 
after  the  death  of  his  first  wife  in  1813,  to  ransom 
himself  and  two  children  for  850  dollars.  He 
soon  became  a  preacher,  and  was  employed  every 
Sabbath  among  the  colored  people  on  plantations 
near  Richmond.  His  desire  to  promote  the 
cause  of  religion  in  Africa  induced  him  to  accom 
pany  the  first  band  of  emigrants  to  Africa,  sent 


CAIIY. 

out  by  the  colonization  society  in  1821.  lie 
made  sacrifices  for  this  object,  for  in  1820  he  re 
ceived  a  salary  for  his  services  in  Itichmond  of 
800  dollars ;  and  this  would  have  been  continued 
to  him.  It  was  probably  his  resolution,  that  at  an 
early  period  prevented  the  abandonment  of  the 
colony  of  Montserado.  In  the  battles  of  Nov. 
and  Dec.,  1822,  he  bravely  participated.  He 
said :  "  There  never  has  been  a  minute,  no,  not 
when  the  balls  were  flying  around  my  head,  when 
I  could  wish  myself  again  in  America."  He  was 
health  officer  and  general  inspector.  During  the 
prevalence  of  the  disease  of  the  climate  he  acted 
as  a  physician,  the  only  one  at  the  time,  having 
obtained  some  medical  information  from  Dr. 
Ayres,  and  made  liberal  sacrifices  of  his  property 
for  the  poor,  the  sick,  and  afflicted.  In  March, 
1824,  he  had  one  hundred  patients.  About  1815 
he  had  assisted  in  forming  in  llichmond  an  Afri 
can  missionary  society.  In  Africa  he  did  not 
forget  its  objects,  but  most  solicitously  sought 
access  to  the  native  tribes,  that  he  might  instruct 
them  in  the  Christian  religion.  Through  his 
agency  a  school  was  established  about  seventy 
miles  from  Monrovia.  Before  he  sailed  for  Africa 
a  church  was  formed  at  Itichmond  of  eight  or 
nine  persons,  of  which  he  became  the  pastor.  In 
Sept.,  1826,  he  was  elected  vice-agent  of  the  col 
ony.  Mr.  Ashmun,  who  had  perfect  confidence 
in  his  integrity,  good  sense,  public  spirit,  decision, 
and  courage,  cheerfully  committed  the  affairs  of 
the  colony  to  his  hands,  when  ill  health  compelled 
him  to  withdraw.  For  six  months  he  was  the 
able  and  faithful  chief  of  Liberia. 

The  following  were  the  melancholy  circum 
stances  of  liis  death :  The  natives  robbed  a 
neighboring  factory  of  the  colony,  and,  refusing 
redress,  Mr.  Gary  called  out  the  militia  to  enforce 
his  claim  or  to  prevent  such  encroachments.  In 
the  evening  of  Nov.  8,  1828,  as  he  and  others 
were  engaged  in  making  cartridges  in  the  old 
agency  house,  a  candle  was  upset,  which  set  the 
powder  on  lire.  This  explosion  caused  the  death 
of  Mr.  Gary  and  seven  others,  though  he  survived 
till  the  10th.  Perhaps  Mr.  G.  did  wrong,  when 
he  was  so  ready  to  light  up  the  torch  of  war.  In 
resolute  self-defence  against  unprovoked  attack, 
the  heroism  of  1822  is  to  be  commended;  but 
the  resolution  to  march  an  army  against  the  na 
tives,  because  they  had  plundered  a  small  factory, 
was  a  purpose  of  questionable  wisdom  and  pro 
priety.  The  accomplishment  of  the  purpose 
might  have  issued  in  the  destruction  of  the  colony. 
It  needed  the  calm  of  peace,  that  its  roots  might 
strike  deep  and  its  branches  spread  out  wide  on 
the  African  coasts.  Besides,  the  spirit  of  war  is 
in  every  respect  hostile  to  the  religion  of  Christ, 
which,  it  is  hoped,  the  Libcrian  colony  will  rec 
ommend  to  all  the  natives,  with  whom  they  have 
intercourse.  If  this  last  act  was  an  error  of 
26 


CASAS. 


201 


judgment  on  the  part  of  Mr.  Gary,  yet  will  he 
deserve  a  perpetual  remembrance  in  the  colony, 
whose  foundation  he  assisted  in  laying. 

"  Thy  meed  shall  be  a  nation's  love' 

Thy  praise  the  freeman's  song ! 
And  in  thy  star-wreathed  home  above 

Thou  mayst  the  theme  prolong; 
For  hymns  of  praise  from  Afric's  plains 
Shall  mingle  with  seraphic  strains." 

Some  of  the  letters  of  Mr.  Gary  are  published  in 
the  African  llepository  for  Sept.,  1828.  — African 
Repos.  I.  233  ;  IV.  162,  209 ;  V.  10,  64. 

CAHY,  J.  ADDISOX,  died  in  Columbus  in  1852, 
aged  39,  principal  of  the  deaf  and  dumb  asylum. 

GARY,  JOHN,  a  colored  man,  died  at  Washing 
ton  June  2,  1843,  aged  113  years.  He  was  born 
in  Virginia  in  Aug.,  1729,  and  was  Washington's 
servant  at  Braddock's  defeat,  and  also  during  the 
war  of  the  Revolution.  He  lived  for  the  last 
twenty-eight  years  in  Washington,  where  he  was 
a  member  of  the  first  Baptist  church. 

CASAS,  BARTHOLOMEW  LAS,  bishop  of  Chiapa, 
died  in  15GG  at  the  age  of  92.  He  was  born  at 
Seville  in  1474,  and  was  of  French  extraction. 
His  father,  Antonio,  who  went  to  Hispaniola  with 
Columbus  in  1493,  and  returned  rich  to  Seville  in 
1498,  made  him  a  present  of  an  Indian  slave, 
while  he  was  pursuing  his  studies  at  Salamanca. 
All  the  slaves  being  sent  back  to  their  country  by 
the  command  of  Isabella,  Las  Casas  became 
deeply  interested  in  their  favor.  In  1502  he  ac 
companied  Ovando  to  Hispaniola,  and,  witnessing 
the  cruel  treatment  experienced  by  the  natives, 
he  devoted  his  whole  subsequent  life,  a  period  of 
more  than  sixty  years,  to  the  vindication  of  their 
cause  and  the  melioration  of  their  sufferings.  As 
a  missionary  he  traversed  the  wilderness  of  the 
new  world.  As  the  champion  of  the  natives 
he  made  voyages  to  the  court  of  Spain,  and 
vindicated  their  cause  with  his  lips  and  his  pen. 
He  was  made  bishop  of  Chiapa  in  1544,  and 
-returned  to  Spain  in  1551.  After  a  life  of 
apostolic  intrepidity  and  zeal  he  died,  and  was 
buried  at  Madrid  at  the  church  of  the  Dominican 
convent  of  Atocha,  of  which  fraternity  he  was  a 
member.  He  has  been  justly  reproached  for 
lending  his  encouragement  to  the  slavery  of  the 
Africans  in  1517.  The  traffic  existed  before  that 
period;  in  1511  Ferdinand  had  ordered  many 
Africans  to  be  transported  from  Guinea  to  His 
paniola,  since  one  negro  could  perform  the  work 
of  four  Indians.  It  was  to  spare  the  Indians, 
undoubtedly,  that  Las  Casas  recommended  to 
Cardinal  Ximenes  the  introduction  of  negro 
slaves,  the  number  being  limited  to  four  thousand. 
In  this  he  trespassed  on  the  grand  rule,  never  to 
do  evil  for  the  sake  of  supposed  good.  He  pub 
lished  "  a  brief  relation  of  the  destruction  of  the 
Indians,"  about  1542.  There  was  published  at 
London,  in  1656,  Tears  of  the  Indians,  being  a 


202 


CASE. 


CASWELL. 


translation  from  Las  Casas.  A  French  version 
of  his  Voyages  of  the  Spaniards  appeared  in 
1697.  J.  A.  Llorente  has  published  a  memoir 
of  Las  Casas,  prefixed  to  the  collection  of  his 
works.  The  most  important  work  of  Las  Casas 
is  a  general  history  of  the  Indies,  from  their  dis 
covery  in  1520,  in  3  vols.,  in  manuscript.  It  was 
commenced  in  1527  at  fifty-three  years  of  age,  and 
finished  in  1559,  at  eighty-five.  This  work,  which 
was  consulted  by  Ilerrera  and  Mr.  Irving,  exists 
only  in  manuscript,  the  publication  of  it  never 
having  been  permitted  in  Spain,  on  account  of  its 
too  faithful  delineation  of  Spanish  cruelty.  — 
Irviny's  Columbus,  iv. 

CASE,  MARY,  died  at  Chatham,  N.  Y.,  in 
1852.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Cornelius  C.,  a 
Quaker.  She  had  extraordinary  talents  and  a 
poetic  mind.  She  wrote  for  several  periodicals. 
Mr.  Woodbridge,  in  his  autobiography,  has  delin 
eated  her  character  and  published  several  of  her 
letters. 

CASS,  JONATHAN,  major,  a  soldier  of  the  Rev 
olution,  died  in  August,  1830,  aged  77.  He  was 
born  in  Salisbury,  Mass.,  and  was  a  descendant 
of  Joseph  Cass,  who  lived  in  Exeter  in  1680. 
He  removed  to  New  Hampshire  in  early  life. 
He  was  living  at  Exeter  at  the  period  of  the 
battle  of  Lexington,  and  entered  the  army  the 
day  after  as  a  private  soldier.  He  served  during 
the  whole  Revolution,  and  attained  the  rank  of 
captain.  He  was  in  the  battles  of  Bunker  Hill, 
of  Saratoga,  of  Trenton,  of  Brandywine,  of  Mon- 
mouth,  of  Ge'rmantown,  and  was  engaged  in  the 
most  active  and  trying  scenes  of  the  Revolution 
ary  struggle.  In  the  memorable  winter  when 
the  British  occupied  Philadelphia,  he  held  a  com 
mand  upon  the  lines,  under  Col.  Allen  McLane, 
of  Delaware,  and  fully  participated  in  all  the 
dangers  and  sufferings  of  that  critical  period. 
He  was  also  with  Sullivan  in  his  Indian  expe 
dition.  At  the  termination  of  the  war,  he  estab 
lished  himself  at  Exeter,  where  he  married  and 
resided,  till  his  appointment  in  1790  as  captain  in 
the  army  then  organizing  for  the  defence  of  the 
western  frontier.  lie  joined  the  army,  and  con 
tinued  to  serve  with  it  till  1800,  when  he  resigned, 
having  the  rank  of  major,  and  settled  upon  the 
bank  of  the  Muskingum,  in  Ohio,  about  fifteen 
miles  from  Zanesville.  Here  he  resided  till  his 
death.  He  was  a  man  of  strong  natural  powers, 
and  of  great  purity  of  purpose ;  one  of  that  band 
of  patriots  who  were  born  for  the  times  in  which 
they  lived.  He  met  death  in  his  chamber,  as  he 
had  faced  it  in  the  field,  and  observed  upon  its 
approach,  "  this,  then,  is  death."  He  died  with 
the  faith  of  a  Christian,  and  with  those  hopes  and 
assurances  which  Christianity  only  can  impart. 
Lewis  Cass  is  his  son. 

CASTILLO,  BERNAL  DIAZ  DEL,  published 
Historia  verdadera  do  la  conquista  de  la  Nueva 


Espana,  1692.  His  True  history  of  Mexico  was 
republishcd  in  Salem,  2  vols.  1803. 

CASTLE,  ANGELINA,  wife  of  S.  N.  Castle, 
missionary  at  Honolulu,  died  in  Feb.,  1841,  aged 
30.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Levi  Tenney,  of 
Plainficld,  N.  Y.,  and  entered  upon  her  mission 
ary  labors  in  1836.  She  said  on  her  sick  bed, 
"  Tell  my  parents  I  do  not  regret  having  devoted 
myself  to  the  missionary  work." 

CASTIX,  SAIXT,  a  French  baron,  was  a  cap 
tain  in  the  regiment  of  Carignan,  which  was  sent 
from  Hungary  to  Canada  in  1665.  He  lived  at 
Penobscot,  at  what  is  now  the  town  of  Castine,  in 
1687.  The  next  year  his  trading-house  was  pil 
laged  by  the  English  in  his  absence.  He  married 
one  of  the  Abenaquis  Indians.  In  1696  he  led 
two  hundred  savages,  which  Charlevoix  calls  Cani- 
bas  and  Malecites,  against  Pemaquid,  associated 
with  Iberville,  the  French  commander,  and  was 
successful  in  the  capture  of  the  fort.  Capt. 
Chubb,  who  had  fifteen  cannon  and  ninety  men, 
did  not  make  a  brave  defence.  In  1706  Castin 
assisted  in  the  defence  of  Port  Royal,  and  again 
1707,  when  he  was  wounded.  His  son,  the  baron 
de  St.  Castin,  who  succeeded  him  in  the  command 
of  the  Penobscot  Indians,  was  taken  by  surprise 
in  Dec.  1721,  and  carried  a  prisoner  to  Boston, 
but  soon  released.  His  last  days  were  spent  in 
France,  where  he  had  an  estate.  —  Charlevoix ; 
Hutcldnson;  Hist.  Coll. 

CASTNER,  JACOB  R.,  minister  of  Mansfield, 
N.  J.,  died  March  19,  1848,  aged  62  years.  A 
graduate  of  Princeton,  he  was  ordained  at  Ger 
man  Valley  in  1813,  but  soon  removed  to  M. 
He  was  a  man  of  influence  and  usefulness.  In 
one  year,  1836,  eighty  persons  were  added  to  his 
church.  He  was  meek  and  humble,  yet  bold  and 
resolute  for  the  truth  and  the  right. 

CASWELL,  RICHARD,  governor  of  North 
Carolina,  died  at  Fayetteville  Nov.  20,  1789.  He 
received  an  education  suitable  for  the  bar,  and 
was  distinguished  as  a  friend  to  the  rights  of 
mankind.  Whenever  oppressed  indigence  called 
for  his  professional  assistance,  he  afforded  it 
without  the  hope  of  any  other  reward  than  the 
consciousness  of  having  exerted  himself  to  pro 
mote  the  happiness  of  a  fellow  man.  Warmly 
attached  to  the  liberties  of  his  country,  he  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  first  congress  in  1774, 
and  he  early  took  arms  in  resistance  to  the  arbi 
trary  claims  of  Great  Britain.  He  was  at  the 
head  of  a  regiment  in  1776,  when  it  became  ne 
cessary  to  oppose  a  body  of  loyalists,  composed  of 
a  number  of  the  ignorant  and  disorderly  inhabi 
tants  of  the  frontiers  styling  themselves  regulators, 
and  of  emigrants  from  the  highlands  of  Scotland. 
This  party  of  about  fifteen  hundred  men  was  col 
lected  in  the  middle  of  Feb.,  under  Gen.  M'Don- 
ald.  He  was  pursued  by  Gen.  Moore,  and  on 
the  27th  he  found  himself  under  the  necessity  of 


CATESBY. 


CATESBY. 


203 


engaging  Col.  Caswcll,  who  Avas  intrenched 
about  one  thousand  minute-men  and  militia  di 
rectly  in  his  front,  at  a  place  called  Moore's  creek 
bridge.  This  was  about  sixteen  miles  distant 
from  Wilmington,  where  M'Donald  hoped  to 
join  Gen.  Clinton.  But  he  was  defeated  and 
taken  prisoner  by  Caswcll,  with  the  loss  of  sev 
enty  men  in  killed  and  wounded,  and  fifteen  hun 
dred  excellent  rifles.  This  victory  was  of  eminent 
service  to  the  American  cause  in  North  Carolina. 
Col.  Caswell  was  president  of  the  convention 
which  formed  the  constitution  of  North  Carolina 
in  Dec.,  1776,  under  which  constitution  he  Avas 
governor  from  1777  to  the  year  1780,  and  from 
1785  to  1787.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was 
president  of  the  senate,  and  for  a  number  of 
years  he  had  held  the  commission  of  major-gen 
eral.  In  his  character  the  public  and  domestic 
virtues  were  united.  Ever  honored  with  some  I 
marks  of  the  approbation  of  his  fellow  citizens,  I 
he  watched  with  unremitted  attention  over  the  ' 
welfare  of  the  community,  and  anxiously  en 
deavored  also  to  promote  the  felicity  of  its  mem 
bers  in  their  separate  interests.  While  the 
complacency  of  his  disposition  and  his  equal 
temper  peculiarly  endeared  him  to  his  friends, 
they  commanded  respect  even  from  his  enemies. 
Of  the  society  of  freemasons  he  had  been  grand 
master. — Martin's  Funeral  Oration;  Gaz.  of 
the  U.  S.  I.  307,  340 ;  Marshall,  I.  380 ;  Gordon, 
II.  209 ;  Ramsay,  I.  254. 

CATESBY,  MARK,  F.  R.  S.,  an  eminent  nat 
uralist,  died  in  London,  Dec.  24,  1749,  aged  70. 
He  was  born  in  England  in  1679.  Having  an 
early  and  a  strong  propensity  to  the  study  of 
nature,  he  determined  to  gratify  his  taste  by  ex 
ploring  a  part  of  the  new  world.  As  some  of  his 
relations  lived  in  Virginia,  he  was  induced  first  to 
visit  that  province,  where  he  arrived  April  23, 
1712.  Here  he  remained  seven  years,  observing 
and  admiring  the  various  productions  of  the  coun 
try,  and  occasionally  sending  dried  specimens  of 
plants  to  his  correspondents  in  Great  Britain,  and 
particularly  to  Dr.  Sherard.  His  collections, 
however,  as  yet  had  no  reference  to  the  work, 
which  he  afterwards  published.  On  his  return  to 
England  in  1719,  he  was  encouraged  by  the  assis 
tance  of  several  of  the  nobility,  and  of  some  dis 
tinguished  naturalists,  to  revisit  America  with  the 
professed  design  of  describing,  delineating,  and 
painting  the  most  curious  objects  of  nature.  He 
arrived  at  South  Carolina,  which  was  selected  as 
the  place  of  his  residence,  May  23,  1722  ;  and, 
having  first  examined  the  lower  parts  of  the  coun 
try  in  occasional  excursions  from  Charleston,  he 
afterwards  went  into  the  interior  and  resided  for 
some  time  at  fort  Moore  upon  Savannah  river, 
three  hundred  miles  from  the  sea.  From  this 
place  he  made  several  visits  to  the  Indians,  who 
lived  still  higher  up  the  river  in  the  more  moun 


tainous  regions ;  and  he  also  extended  his  re 
searches  through  Georgia  and  Florida.  In  his 
travels  he  generally  engaged  one  of  the  savages 
to  be  his  companion,  who  carried  for  him  his  box, 
containing  conveniences  for  painting,  and  the 
specimens  of  plants  which  he  collected.  Having 
spent  near  three  years  upon  the  continent,  he 
visited  the  Bahama  Islands  at  the  invitation  of 
the  governor,  and,  residing  in  the  isle  of  Provi 
dence,  prosecuted  his  plan,  and  made  various  col 
lections  of  fishes  and  submarine  productions. 

Returning  to  England  in  1726,  he  was  well  re 
ceived  by  his  patrons ;  but  the  great  expense  of 
procuring  engravings  induced  him  to  learn  from 
Joseph  Goupy  the  art  of  etching.  He  then  re 
tired  to  Hoxton,  where  he  devoted  his  time  to 
the  completion  of  his  great  work,  which  he  pub 
lished  in  numbers  of  twenty  plants  each.  The 
figures  were  etched  by  himself  from  his  own 
paintings,  and  the  colored  copies  were  done  under 
his  own  inspection.  Although  his  attention  was 
principally  devoted  to  plants,  yet  most  of  his 
plates  exhibit  some  subject  of  the  animal  king 
dom.  The  first  number  appeared  in  1730,  and 
the  first  volume,  consisting  of  one  hundred  plates, 
was  finished  in  1732  ;  the  second  in  1743  ;  and 
the  appendix  of  twenty  plates  in  1748.  Of  each 
number  a  regular  account,  written  by  Dr.  Crom 
well  Mortimer,  secretary  of  the  royal  society,  was 
laid  before  the  society,  as  it  appeared,  and  printed 
in  the  philosophical  transactions.  The  whole  work 
is  entitled,  the  natural  history  of  Carolina,  Florida, 
and  the  Bahama  Islands,  in  French  and  English, 
containing  the  figures  of  birds,  beasts,  fishes,  etc., 
colored  after  the  life,  and  a  map  of  the  countries. 
It  contains  descriptions  of  many  curious  and  im 
portant  articles  of  food,  medicine,  domestic  econ 
omy,  and  ornamental  culture ;  and  was  one  of 
the  most  splendid  works  of  the  kind,  which  had 
ever  been  published.  The  principal  defect  of  the 
work  is  the  want  of  a  separate  delineation  of  all 
the  parts  of  the  flower.  For  the  Latin  names, 
Mr.  Catesby  was  indebted  to  Dr.  Sherard.  He 
did  not  live  to  see  a  second  impression.  He  died 
leaving  a  widow  and  two  children,  whose  depend 
ence  for  support  was  entirely  upon  the  profits  of 
his  work.  He  was  esteemed  by  the  most  respect 
able  members  of  the  royal  society,  of  which  he 
Avas  a  fellow,  for  his  modesty,  ingenuity,  and  up 
right  behavior.  His  name  has  been  perpetuated 
by  Dr.  Gronovius,  in  the  plant,  called  Catesbaea. 

The  second  edition  of  Catesby's  natural  history 
was  published  in  1754,  and  the  third,  1771,  to 
which  a  Linna>an  index  was  annexed.  The  color 
ings,  however,  of  this  edition  are  wretchedly  exe 
cuted  ;  those  which  passed  under  the  inspection 
of  Catesby  himself  have  most  of  life  and  beauty, 
though  even  these  cannot  vie  with  the  splendid 
figures,  which  are  now  presented  to  the  lovers  of 
natural  history.  He  was  the  author  of  a  paper, 


204 


CATHCART. 


CHAMBERLAIN. 


printed  in  the  forty-fourth  volume  of  the  philo 
sophical  transactions,  on  birds  of  passage;  in 
which  he  proves,  that  they  emigrate  in  search  of 
proper  food,  from  a  variety  of  observations  which 
he  had  an  opportunity  of  making  during  his 
voyages  across  the  Atlantic.  In  1767  there 
was  published  under  his  name,  hortus  Amcri- 
canus,  a  collection  of  eighty-five  curious  trees  and 
shrubs  from  North  America,  adapted  to  the  soil 
of  Great  Britain,  colored,  folio.  —  Preface  to  his 
Nat.  Hist.  ;  Bees'  Cyd. ;  Miller,  II.  365 ;  Pulte- 
ney's  Sketches  of  the  Prog,  of  Botany  in  Eng 
land,  II.  ch.  44. 

CATHCART,  JAMES  LEAXDER,  died  at  Wash 
ington  Oct.  6,  1843,  aged  76. 

CATHRALL,  ISAAC,  M.  D.,  a  physician  in 
Philadelphia,  studied  in  that  city  and  in  London, 
Edinburgh,  and  Paris,  and  returned  home  in 
1793.  During  the  prevalence  of  the  yellow  fever 
in  that  year,  and  in  1797,  1798,  and  1799,  he  re 
mained  at  his  post,  and  even  dissected  those  who 
died  of  the  disease.  In  1816  he  was  seized  with 
a  paralytic  affection.  He  died  of  the  apoplexy 
Feb.  22,  1819,  aged  55.  He  was  a  judicious 
physician ;  a  skillful  anatomist  and  surgeon  ;  a 
man  of  rigid  morality  and  inflexible  integrity ; 
and  truly  estimable  in  the  relations  of  a  son,  hus 
band,  and  father.  In  his  religious  views  he  was  a 
Quaker.  He  published  remarks  on  the  yellow 
fever,  1794;  Buchan's  domestic  medicine,  with 
notes,  1797  ;  memoir  on  the  analysis  of  the  black 
vomit,  showing  that  it  might  be  safely  tasted, 
1800,  in  fifth  volume  of  the  transactions  of  the 
American  philosophical  society  ;  and  a  pamphlet 
on  the  yellow  fever,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Cur- 
rie,  in  1802.  —  Thacher's  Med.  Biog. 

CATLLN,  JACOB,  D.  D.,  minister  of  New  Marl- 
borough,  Mass.,  a  native  of  Harwinton,  Conn., 
was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1784,  and  or 
dained  July  3d  or  4th,  1787.  His  predecessors 
were  Thomas  Strong,  who  was  ordained  in  1744, 
and  died  in  1777,  and  Caleb  Alexander.  After 
a  ministry  of  nearly  forty  years,  he  died  April  12, 
1826,  aged  68.  Industry,  patience,  frankness, 
and  meekness  were  his  characteristics.  He  was 
a  plain,  faithful  preacher.  During  his  ministry 
about  two  hundred  and  fifty  persons  were  added 
to  the  church.  He  published  a  compendium  of 
the  system  of  the  divine  truth,  12mo.  2d  ed.  1825. 
—  Hist,  of  Berkshire,  298. 

CATON,  RICHARD,  died  in  Baltimore  May  19, 
1845,  aged  83.  A  native  of  Lancashire,  England, 
he  married  a  daughter  of  Charles  Carroll,  and 
was  the  father  of  the  Marchioness  of  "Wellesley, 
the  Duchess  of  Leeds,  and  Lady  Stafford.  He 
was  a  man  of  wealth,  having  large  landed  estates ; 
and  was  a  zealous  Catholic. 

CAZNEAU,  MARGARET,  Mrs.,  died  in  "Wren- 
tham,  in  April,  1769,  aged  97,  a  Huguenot,  born 
in  Itochellc.  Her  daughter,  Elizabeth,  who  mar 


ried  Col.  John  Boyle  of  Boston,  died  Oct.  22, 
1846,  aged  90. 

CHABERT,  M.  DE,  published  Voyage  dans 
1'Amerique  Septent.,  1750  et  1751,  4to.  1753. 

CHALKLEY,  THOMAS,  died  in  1741.  He  was 
a  preacher  among  the  Quakers  of  Pennsylvania ; 
removed  from  England  to  that  colony  about  the 
year  1701,  and  lived  there  upwards  of  forty  years, 
excepting  when  the  necessary  affairs  of  trade,  or 
his  duties  as  a  preacher,  called  him  away.  In 
1705  he  visited  the  Indians  at  Conestoga,  near  the 
river  Susquehannah,  in  company  with  some  of  his 
brethren,  to  secure  their  friendship  and  impart  to 
them  religious  instruction.  He  died  at  the  Island 
of  Tortola,  while  on  a  visit  there  for  the  purpose 
of  promoting  what  he  believed  to  be  the  truth. 
He  was  a  man  of  many  virtues,  and  was  endeared 
to  his  acquaintance  by  the  gentleness  of  his  man 
ners.  The  library  of  the  Quakers  in  Philadel 
phia  was  commenced  by  him.  His  journal  and  a 
collection  of  his  writings  was  published  at  Phila 
delphia,  1749,  and  New  York,  1808.  —  Proud,  I. 
463. 

CHALMERS,  LIONEL,  M.  D.,  a  physician  of 
South  Carolina,  died  in  1777,  aged  62.  He  was 
born  about  the  year  1715  at  Cambleton  in  the 
west  of  Scotland,  and  came  when  very  young  to 
Carolina,  where  he  practised  physic  more  than 
forty  years.  He  first  practised  in  Christ  church, 
but  soon  removed  to  Charleston.  Affecting  no 
mystery  in  his  practice,  he  employed  the  knowl 
edge,  which  he  had  acquired,  for  the  good  of 
mankind.  He  left  behind  him  the  character  of  a 
skilful,  humane  physician,  and  of  a  worthy,  hon 
est  man.  He  wrote  in  1754  useful  remarks  on 
opisthotonos  and  tetanus,  which  were  published  in 
the  first  volume  of  the  medical  society  of  Lon 
don.  His  work  on  fevers  was  published  at 
Charleston,  1767,  in  which  he  gave  the  outlines 
of  the  spasmodic  theory,  which  had  been  taught 
by  Hoffman,  and  which  was  afterwards  more 
fully  illustrated  by  Cullen.  Besides  several 
smaller  productions  he  also  published  a  valuable 
work  on  the  weather  and  diseases  of  South  Car 
olina,  2  vols.  London,  1776. — Miller,  I.  319;  n. 
364;  Ramsay's  Rev.  of  Med.  42,  44;  Hist,  of 
South  Carolina,  II.  112,  451. 

CHALMERS,  GEORGE,  died  in  London  in 
June,  1825,  aged  82.  In  early  life  he  practised 
law  in  Maryland.  He  published,  with  other 
works,  political  annals  of  the  United  Colonies, 
4to.  1780;  estimate  of  strength  of  Britain,  1782; 
opinions  on  subjects  of  law  and  policy,  arising 
from  American  independence,  1784;  opinions  of 
lawyers  on  English  jurisprudence,  2  vols.  1814; 
life  of  Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  1822. 

CHAMBERLAIN,  LEVI,  for  twenty  years  the 
secular  superintendent  of  the  mission  at  the 
Sandwich  Islands,  died  at  Honolulu  July  29,  1849, 
aged  nearly  57.  Born  in  Dover,  Vt.,  he  was 


CHAMBERS. 

trained  as  a  merchant  in  Boston  and  acquired  a 
good  property;  but  his  prosperous  business  he 
relinquished,  in  his  zeal  to  aid  the  mission,  with 
which  he  became  connected  in  1823.  His  various 
toils  were  incessant  and  most  important,  as  he  had 
judgment,  caution,  prudence,  economy,  and  self- 
denial.  Once  in  ill  health  he  revisited  Boston, 
making  a  voyage  around  the  world.  His  end, 
peaceful  and  triumphant,  is  described  in  the  Mis 
sionary  Herald,  Dec.,  1849.  His  wife  was  Maria 
Patten  of  Pequea,  Pa. 

CHAMBERS,  Jonx,  chief  justice  of  New 
York,  was  a  member  of  the  executive  council  in 
1754,  when  he  attended,  as  one  of  the  commis 
sioners,  the  congress  at  Albany  June  14th.  He 
was  soon  afterwards  appointed  judge,  and  died  at 
New  York  April  10,  1765. 

CHAMBERS,  WILLIAM,  a  physician  of  New 
York,  died  in  that  city  July  23,  1827.  A  short 
time  before  his  death  he  acquired  considerable 
celebrity  by  the  invention  of  a  medicine  for  the 
cure  of  intemperance.  The  effect  was  produced 
by  the  strong  association  of  what  is  nauseous  and 
insufferable  with  the  taste  of  ardent  spirits. 

CHAMBERS,  DAVID,  colonel,  died  in  Cran 
berry,  N.  J.,  Sept.,  1842,  aged  94,  a  soldier  of  the 
Revolution,  highly  respected  through  life. 

CHAMBERS,  JOHN,  died  at  Newburgh  Sept. 
26,  18<54,  aged  77.  He  was  an  estimable  citizen, 
president  of  the  bank,  and  treasurer  of  the  city. 
He  loved  the  Bible,  and  the  house  of  God,  and 
lived  in  daily  prayer ;  but  he  never  ventured  to 
come  to  the  Lord's  table.  —  N.  Y.  Observer,  Oct. 
12. 

CHAMBERS,  Joiix,  governor  of  Iowa  about 
1841,  died  near  Paris,  Kentucky,  Sept.  21,  1852, 
aged  73.  Born  in  New  Jersey,  he  emigrated  to 
Kentucky.  He  was  a  lawyer  and  soldier,  and  a 
friend  of  Harrison.  As  superintendent  of  Indian 
affairs  and  governor  of  Iowa,  he  manifested  great 
prudence  and  ability.  At  several  times  he  was 
a  member  of  congress. 

CHAMBLY,  DE,  captain,  gave  his  name  to  the 
fort  in  Canada,  which  he  built  of  wood,  in  1665, 
but  which  was  afterwards  constructed  of  stone, 
with  four  bastions.  The  fort  of  Sorel  was  built 
at  the  same  time  by  Capt.  De  Sorel.  Both 
Chambly  and  Sorel  were  officers  in  the  regiment 
of  Carignan-Salieres,  which,  after  fighting  in 
Hungary  against  the  Turks,  was  sent  to  Canada 
in  1665  to  fight  against  the  Iroquois.  Chambly 
owned  the  land  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  fort. 
About  the  year  1673  he  was  appointed  as  succes 
sor  of  Orandfontaine,  to  the  command  of  the  fort 
at  Penobscot;  but,  Aug.  10,  1674,  he  was  taken 
prisoner  by  an  Englishman ;  and  at  the  same 
period  the  fort  at  St.  John's  was  also  surprised. 
In  1680  he  was  nominated  governor  of  Acadia; 
but  in  a  short  time  was  promoted  to  the  govern 
ment  of  Grenada.  —  Charlevoix,  I.  381,  462. 


CHAMPE. 


205 


CHAMPE,  JOHN,  sergeant-major  of  Lee's 
legion  cavalry  in  the  Revolutionary  war,  was  born 
in  Loudon  county,  Virginia.  In  1776  he  entered 
the  army,  at  the  age  of  20.  Immediately  after  the 
treason  of  Arnold,  he  was  sent  by  Lee,  at  the 
request  of  Washington,  as  a  spy  to  New  York, 
for  two  purposes  :  to  ascertain  whether  another 
American  general  was  also  a  traitor,  as  has  been 
suggested  in  some  papers  in  the  hands  of  Wash 
ington  ;  and,  if  possible,  to  bring  off  Arnold  to  the 
American  head-quarters,  that  he  might  be  tried 
and  punished,  and  thus  Andre  be  saved.  It  was 
with  a  daring  spirit  of  patriotism,  that  Champe 
undertook  this  enterprise.  He  feared  not  the 
danger ;  but  the  ignominy  of  desertion  and  of 
enlisting  in  the  army  of  the  enemy,  he  appre 
hended,  would  destroy  his  hope  of  promotion, 
should  he  live  to  return.  He  was  assured,  that 
his  character  should  be  protected  at  a  proper 
time.  At  eleven  o'clock  the  same  night  Champe 
took  his  cloak,  valise,  and  orderly  book,  drew  his 
horse  from  the  picket,  and  fled,  as  a  deserter, 
from  the  American  camp  near  Tappan.  In  half 
an  hour  the  desertion  was  reported  to  Lee,  who 
made  all  the  delay  in  his  power,  and  then 
ordered  a  pursuit  about  twelve.  At  about  day 
break,  a  few  miles  north  of  the  village  of  Bergen, 
the  pursuing  party  beheld  from  the  summit  of  a 
hill  the  deserter  half  a  mile  in  front.  Champe 
now  put  spurs  to  his  horse,  and  the  pursuit  was 
hot;  he  passed  through  Bergen,  to  reach  the 
British  galleys  a  few  miles  west,  at  Elizabeth- 
town  point.  Getting  abreast  of  the  galleys,  hav 
ing  lashed  his  valise  on  his  shoulders,  with  his 
drawn  sword  in  his  hand,  he  dismounted,  and 
running  through  the  marsh  plunged  into  the  river 
and  called  to  the  galleys  for  help.  This  was 
afforded,  for  a  boat  was  sent  to  take  him  up. 
The  horse  was  carried  back  to  the  camp.  To 
Washington  the  success  of  Champe  was  very 
acceptable  intelligence.  Champe  was  taken  to 
New  York  and  examined  by  Sir  Henry  Clinton, 
and  by  him  sent  to  Arnold,  who  offered  him  the 
place  of  sergeant-major  in  a  legion  he  was  rais 
ing.  On  the  last  day  of  Sept.,  he  was  appointed 
one  of  Arnold's  recruiting  sergeants.  He  en 
listed,  because  that  step  was  necessary,  in  order 
that  he  might  gain  access  to  the  traitor.  Two 
days  afterwards  Andre  was  tried,  and,  the  intelli 
gence  from  Champe  not  promising  any  immediate 
success  in  carrying  off  Arnold,  the  sentence  was 
executed  Oct.  3d.  In  a  few  days  Champe  sent 
ample  evidence  of  the  innocence  of  the  accused 
general,  who  probably  was  Gates,  so  that  Gen. 
Washington  dismissed  all  his  suspicions.  Oct. 
20,  the  general  expressed  his  approbation  of 
Champe's  plan  for  taking  Arnold,  of  whom  he 
wished  to  "  make  a  public  example,"  and  pledged 
himself  to  bestow  the  promised  rewards  on 
Champe  and  his  associate.  The  plan  was  this : 


206 


CHAMPION. 


CHAMPLAIN. 


to  seize  Arnold,  when  in  his  garden,  whither  he 
went  at  a  late  hour  every  night;  to  gag  him  ;  and 
to  drag  him  between  two  men,  as  a  drunken 
soldier,  to  a  boat  on  the  Hudson,  and  to  deliver 
him  to  a  party  of  horse  on  the  Jersey  shore. 
The  night  was  fixed,  and  the  intelligence  com 
municated  to  Lee,  who  repaired  to  lloboken  with 
a  party  of  dragoons  and  three  led  horses  for 
Champe, his  associate,  and  the  prisoner;  but  after 
waiting  in  vain  for  hours  near  the  river  shore,  he 
retired,  as  the  day  broke,  and  returned  to  the 
army  with  deep  chagrin.  It  appeared,  that  on 
the  eventful  day  Arnold  removed  his  quarters,  in 
order  to  superintend  the  embarkation  of  troops  ; 
and  the  American  legion,  to  which  Champe  be 
longed,  was  transferred  to  the  fleet  of  transports, 
and  landed  in  Virginia.  After  the  junction  of 
Cornwallis  with  Arnold  at  Petersburg,  Champe 
escaped  and  rejoined  the  American  army  in 
North  Carolina.  When  his  story  was  known,  he 
secured  the  respect  and  love  of  every  officer  and 
soldier.  Greene  furnished  him  with  a  horse  and 
money,  and  sent  him  to  Washington,  who  granted 
him  a  discharge,  lest,  falling  into  the  enemy's 
hands,  he  should  die  on  a  gibbet.  When  Wash 
ington  was  called  by  President  Adams,  in  July 
1798,  to  the  command  of  the  army  then  raised, 
he  sent  to  Lieut.-Col.  Lee  to  inquire  for  Champe, 
determined  to  place  him  at  the  head  of  a  com 
pany  of  infantry ;  but  he  had  removed  to  Ken 
tucky,  where  he  soon  afterwards  died.  —  Lee's 
Memoir's,  II.  159-187. 

CHAMPION,  GEORGE,  missionary  to  Africa, 
died  at  Santa  Cruz  Dec.  17,  1841.  Born  in  Col 
chester,  Conn.,  June  3,  1810,  he  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1831,  at  Andovcr  1834.  He  embarked 
for  Cape  Town  in  Dec.,  1834,  and  commenced  a 
mission  among  the  Zulus.  He  returned  in  1839 
in  consequence  of  the  illness  of  his  wife,  Susan 
Larned  of  Webster,  but  was  hoping  to  go  again 
to  Africa.  He  devoted  his  strength  and  his 
property,  with  which  providence  had  liberally 
supplied  him,  to  the  African  mission. 

CHAMPLAIN,  SAMUEL  DE,  the  founder  and 
Governor  of  Quebec,  died  in  Dec.,  1635.  He 
was  of  a  noble  family  of  Brouage,  in  the  prov 
ince  of  Saintonge,  in  France.  He  commanded  a 
vessel,  in  which  he  made  a  voyage  to  the  East 
Indies  about  the  year  1600,  and  acquired  a  high 
reputation  as  an  able  and  experienced  officer. 
After  an  absence  of  two  years  and  a  half  he  re 
turned  to  France,  at  a  time  when  it  was  resolved 
to  prosecute  the  discoveries  which  had  been  com 
menced  in  Canada  by  Cartier.  The  Marquis  de 
la  Itoche,  and  Chauvin,  governors  of  Canada,  had 
endeavored  to  establish  a  colony,  and  the  latter 
was  succeeded  by  I)e  Chatte,  who  engaged  Cham- 
plain  in  his  service  in  1603.  Champlain  sailed 
March  16,  accompanied  by  Pontgravc,  who  had 
made  many  voyages  to  Tadoussac,  at  the  entrance 


of  the  Saguenay  into  the  St.  Lawrence.  After 
their  arrival  at  this  place,  May  25th,  he  left  his 
vessel,  and  in  a  light  batteau  ascended  the  St. 
Lawrence  to  the  falls  of  St.  Louis,  which  bounded 
the  discoveries  of  Cartier  in  1535.  This  was  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Hochclaga ;  but  that  Indian 
settlement  was  not  now  in  existence.  After 
making  many  inquiries  of  the  natives,  and  ex 
ploring  much  of  the  country  along  the  St.  Law 
rence,  he  sailed  for  France  in  August.  On  his 
arrival  in  Sept.,  he  found  that  De  Chatte  was 
dead,  and  his  commission  as  lieutenant-general 
of  Canada  given  to  the  Sieur  DC  Monts.  This 
gentleman  engaged  him  as  his  pilot  in  another 
voyage  to  the  new  world. 

Champlain  sailed  on  his  second  voyage  March 
7,  1604,  and  arrived  at  Acadie  May  6.  After 
being  employed  about  a  month  in  the  long  boat, 
visiting  the  coast  in  order  to  find  a  proper  situa 
tion  for  a  settlement,  he  pitched  upon  a  small 
island  about  twenty  leagues  to  the  westward  of 
St  John's  river,  and  about  half  a  league  in  cir 
cumference.  To  this  island  De  Monts,  after  his 
arrival  at  the  place,  gave  the  name  of  St.  Croix. 
It  lies  in  the  river  of  the  same  name,  which 
divides  the  United  States  from  the  British  prov 
ince  of  New  Brunswick.  During  the  winter, 
Champlain  Avas  occupied  in  exploring  the  country, 
and  he  went  as  far  as  Cape  Cod,  where  he  gave 
the  name  of  Malebarre  to  a  point  of  land,  on 
account  of  the  imminent  danger  of  running 
aground  near  it  with  his  bark.  In  the  next  year 
he  pursued  his  discoveries,  though  he  did  not 
pass  more  than  ten  or  twelve  leagues  beyond 
Malebarre. 

In  1607  he  was  sent  out  on  another  voyage  to 
Tadoussac,  accompanied  by  Pontgrave.  In  July, 
1608,  he  laid  the  foundation  of  Quebec.  He 
was  a  man  who  did  not  embarrass  himself  with 
commerce,  and  who  felt  no  interest  in  the  traffic 
with  the  Indians,  which  proved  so  profitable  to 
many  that  were  engaged  in  it.  Being  intrusted 
with  the  charge  of  establishing  a  permanent  col 
ony,  he  examined  the  most  eligible  places  for 
settlement,  and  selected  a  spot  upon  the  St.  Law 
rence,  at  the  confluence  of  this  river  and  the 
small  river  of  St.  Charles,  about  three  hundred 
and  twenty  miles  from  the  sea.  The  river  in  this 
place  was  very  much  contracted,  and  it  was  on 
this  account  that  the  natives  called  it  Quebec. 
Here  he  arrived  July  3.  He  erected  barracks, 
cleared  the  ground,  sowed  wheat  and  rye,  and 
laid  the  foundation  of  the  capital  of  Canada. 
The  toil  of  subduing  the  wilderness  was  not  very 
acceptable  to  all  his  company,  for  some  of  them 
conspired  to  put  their  leader  to  death,  and  to 
embark  at  Tadoussac  for  France.  The  attempt 
to  destroy  him  was  to  be  made  by  poison  and  by 
a  train  of  gunpowder;  but,  the  apothecary  having 
discovered  the  scheme,  one  of  the  conspirators 


CHAMPLAIN. 


CIIAMPLAIN. 


207 


was  hanged,  and  others  condemned  to  the  gal 
leys.  During  the  winter  his  people  were  afflicted 
with  the  scurvy.  Champlain  sought  after  the 
medicine  which  had  been  so  successfully  used  by 
Cartier  ;  but  the  tree,  which  was  called  Annedda, 
was  not  now  to  be  found.  From  this  circum 
stance  it  was  concluded  that  the  tribe  of  Indians 
with  which  Cartier  was  acquainted,  had  been  ex 
terminated  by  their  enemies. 

In  the  summer  of  the  year  1G09,  when  the 
Hurons,  Algonquins,  and  others  were  about  to 
march  against  their  common  enemy,  the  Iroquois, 
Champlain  very  readily  joined  them,  for  he  had 
a  keen  taste  for  adventures,  and  he  hoped  by  a 
conquest  to  impress  all  the  Indian  tribes  with  the 
power  of  the  French,  and  to  secure  an  alliance  with 
them.  He  did  not  foresee,  that  he  should  force 
the  Iroquois  who  lived  in  what  is  now  the  State 
of  New  York,  to  seek  the  protection  of  the  Eng 
lish  and  Dutch.  He  embarked  on  the  river  Sorel, 
which  was  then  called  the  Iroquois,  because  these 
savages  usually  descended  by  this  stream  into 
Canada.  At  the  falls  of  Chambly  he  was  stopped, 
and  was  obliged  to  send  back  his  boat.  Only  two 
Frenchmen  remained  with  him.  He  ascended 
with  his  allies  in  the  Indian  canoes  to  the  lake, 
to  which  he  gave  his  own  name,  which  it  retains 
at  the  present  day.  The  savages,  whom  he  ac 
companied,  hoped  to  surprise  the  Iroquois  in 
their  villages,  but  they  met  them  unexpectedly 
upon  the  lake.  After  gaining  the  land,  it  was 
agreed  to  defer  the  battle  till  the  next  day,  as 
the  night  was  now  approaching.  In  the  morning 
of  July  30  Champlain  placed  a  party  with  his 
two  Frenchmen  in  a  neighboring  wood,  so  as  to 
come  upon  the  enemy  in  flank.  The  Iroquois, 
who  were  about  two  hundred  in  number,  seeing 
but  a  handful  of  men,  were  sure  of  victory.  But 
as  soon  as  the  battle  began,  Champlain  killed  two 
of  their  chiefs,  who  were  conspicuous  by  their 
plumes,  by  the  first  discharge  of  his  firelock, 
loaded  with  four  balls.  The  report  and  execution 
of  fire-arms  filled  the  Iroquois  with  inexpressible 
consternation.  They  were  quickly  put  to  flight, 
and  the  victorious  allies  returned  to  Quebec  with 
fifty  scalps. 

In  Sept.,  1609,  Champlain  embarked  with  Pont- 
grave  for  France,  leaving  the  colony  under  the 
care  of  a  brave  man,  named  Peter  Chavin.  But 
he  was  soon  sent  out  again  to  the  new  world. 
He  sailed  from  Honfleur  April  8,  1610,  and  ar 
rived  at  Tadoussac  on  the  26th.  He  encouraged 
the  Montagnez  Indians,  who  lived  at  this  place, 
to  engage  in  a  second  expedition  against  the  Iro 
quois.  Accordingly,  soon  after  his  arrival  at 
Quebec,  they  sent  to  him  about  sixty  warriors. 
At  the  head  of  these  and  others  of  the  allies  he 
proceeded  up  the  river  Sorel.  The  enemy  were 
soon  met,  and  after  a  severe  engagement,  in 
which  Champlain  was  wounded  by  an  arrow,  were 


entirely  defeated.  He  arrived  at  Quebec  from 
Montreal  June  19,  and  landed  at  Ilochclle  Aug. 
11.  After  the  death  of  Henry  IV.  the  interest 
of  De  Monts,  in  whose  service  Champlain  had 
been  engaged,  was  entirely  ruined,  and  the  latter 
was  obliged  to  leave  a  settlement  which  he  was 
commencing  at  Mont  Iloyal,  or  Montreal,  and 
to  go  again  to  France  in  1611.  Charles  de  Bour 
bon,  being  commissioned  by  the  queen  regent 
governor  of  New  France,  appointed  Champlain 
his  lieutenant,  with  very  extensive  powers.  He 
returned  to  Canada  in  1612,  was  engaged  again 
in  war  with  the  Iroquois,  and  made  new  discov 
eries.  His  voyages  across  the  Atlantic  were  fre 
quent.  He  was  continued  lieutenant  under  the 
prince  of  Conde  and  Montmorenci.  In  1615  his 
zeal  for  the  spiritual  interests  of  the  Indians  in 
duced  him  to  bring  with  him  a  number  of  Jesuit 
fathers,  some  of  whom  assisted  him  in  his  war 
fare.  He  penetrated  to  Lake  Ontario,  and,  being 
wounded  while  assisting  the  Hurons  against  their 
enemies,  was  obliged  to  pass  a  whole  winter 
among  them.  "When  he  returned  to  Quebec  in 
July,  1616,  he  was  received  as  one  risen  from  the 
dead.  In  July,  1629,  he  was  obliged  to  capitulate 
to  an  English  armament  under  Sir  David  Kertk, 
or  Kirk.  He  was  carried  to  France  in  an  English 
ship  ;  and  there  he  found  the  public  sentiment 
much  divided  with  regard  to  Canada  ;  some  think 
ing  it  not  worth  regaining,  as  it  had  cost  the 
government  vast  sums  without  bringing  any  re 
turns,  others  deeming  the  fishery  and  fur  trade 
great  national  objects,  especially  as  a  nursery  for 
seamen.  Champlain  exerted  himself  to  effect  the 
recovery  of  this  country,  and  Canada  was  restored 
by  the  treaty  of  St.  Germain's  in  1632,  with  Aca- 
die  and  Cape  Breton. 

In  1633  the  company  of  New  France  resumed 
all  their  rights,  and  appointed  Champlain  the 
governor.  In  a  short  time  he  was  at  the  head  of 
a  new  armament,  furnished  with  a  fresh  recruit 
of  Jesuits,  inhabitants,  and  all  kinds  of  necessaries 
for  the  welfare  of  the  revived  colony.  His  atten 
tion  was  now  engrossed  by  the  spiritual  interests 
of  the  savages,  whom  it  was  his  principal  object 
to  bring  to  the  knowledge  of  the  Christian  relig 
ion.  The  number  of  ecclesiastical  missionaries, 
exclusive  of  lay  brothers,  was  now  fifteen,  the 
chief  of  whom  were  Le  Jeune,  De  Noue,  and 
Masse,  and  Brebeuf.  A  mission  was  established 
among  the  Hurons ;  the  colony  was  gaining  an 
accession  of  numbers  and  strength;  and  an  at 
tempt  was  just  commencing  to  establish  a  college 
in  Quebec,  when  the  governor  died,  and  was  suc 
ceeded  the  next  year  by  De  Montmagny. 

Champlain  merited  the  title  of  the  father  of 
New  France.  Though  he  was  credulous,  he  pos 
sessed  an  uncommon  share  of  penetration.  His 
views  were  upright,  and  in  circumstances  of  diffi 
culty  no  man  could  make  a  better  choice  of 


208 


CHAMPLIN. 


CHANDLER. 


measures.  He  prosecuted  his  enterprises  with 
constancy,  and  no  clangers  could  shake  lu's  firm 
ness.  His  zeal  for  the  interests  of  his  country 
was  ardent  and  disinterested ;  his  heart  was  ten 
der  and  compassionate  towards  the  unhappy; 
and  he  was  more  attentive  to  the  concerns  of  his 
friends,  than  to  his  own.  He  was  a  faithful  his 
torian,  a  voyager  who  observed  everything  with 
attention,  skilful  in  geometry,  and  an  experienced 
seaman.  He  appears  to  have  been  fond  of  good 
cheer,  for  in  the  early  period  of  his  residence  in 
Canada  he  established  with  his  associates  an  order 
"  de  bon  temps,"  which  contributed  not  a  little  to 
the  gratification  of  the  palate.  By  this  order 
every  one  of  the  same  table  was  in  his  turn  to  be 
both  steward  and  caterer  for  a  day.  He  was  care 
ful  by  hunting  to  make  a  suitable  provision,  and 
at  supper,  when  the  cook  had  made  everything 
ready,  he  marched  at  the  head  of  the  company 
with  a  napkin  over  his  shoulder,  having  also  the 
staff  of  office,  and  wearing  the  collar  of  his  order, 
and  was  followed  by  his  associates,  each  of  whom 
bore  a  dish.  At  the  close  of  the  banquet  he 
pledged  his  successor  in  a  bumper  of  wine  and 
resigned  to  him  the  collar  and  staff.  It  may  not 
be  easy  to  justify  Champlain  in  taking  an  active 
part  in  the  Avar  against  the  Iroquois.  It  is  even 
supposed  by  some,  that  his  love  of  adventures  led 
him  to  arouse  the  spirit  of  the  Hurons  and  to 
excite  them  to  war.  His  zeal  for  the  propagation 
of  religion  among  the  savages  was  so  great,  that 
he  used  to  say,  "  that  the  salvation  of  one  soul 
was  of  more  value  than  the  conquest  of  an  em 
pire  ;  and  that  kings  ought  not  to  think  of  ex 
tending  their  authority  over  idolatrous  nations, 
except  for  the  purpose  of  subjecting  them  to  Jesus 
Christ," 

He  published  an  account  of  his  first  voyages  in 
1613,  in  4to.,  and  a  continuation  in  1620,  in  8vo. 
He  published  an  edition  of  these  in  1632,  in  one 
volume,  entitled,  Les  voyages  de  la  Nouvelle 
France  occidentalc,  dicte  Canada,  4to.  This  work 
comprises  a  history  of  New  France  from  the  first 
discoveries  of  Verazzani  to  the  year  1631.  There 
is  added  to  it  a  treatise  on  navigation  and  the 
duty  of  a  good  mariner,  and  an  abridgment  of 
the  Christian  doctrine  in  Huron  and  French.  — 
Champlain's  Voyages  ;  Charlcvoix,  Fastes  Chro- 
nol.,  xxvm-xxx;  I.  Ill,  141-198;  Bdknap's 
American  Biography,  I.  322-345 ;  Universal 
History,  xxxix.  410-426;  Purchas,  I.  933;  v. 
1605-1645  ;  Harris' Voyages; I.  811-815 ;  Holmes, 
I.;  Chalmers,  I.  586 ;  Churchill,  ill.  798-815. 

CHAMPLIN,  CHRISTOPHER,  a  senator  of  the 
United  States,  died  at  Newport,  11.  I.,  March  18, 
1840,  aged  74;  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1786. 
He  was  in  congress  1797-1801,  and  senator 
1809-11. 

CHANDLER,  THOMAS  BRADBURY,  D.  D.,  an 
eminent  Episcopalian  minister  and  writer,  died 


June  17,  1790,  aged  64.  He  was  a  native  of 
Woodstock,  Conn.,  and  was  graduated  at  Yale 
college,  in  1745.  There  was  with  many,  in  the 
year  1748,  an  expectation  of  an  Episcopal  estab 
lishment  in  this  country,  when  men  of  talents 
could  indulge  the  hope  of  becoming  dignitaries  in 
the  church.  The  bait  of  preferment  was  at  this 
time  offered  to  Dr.  Stiles.  Whether  the  circum 
stances  of  the  times  had  an  insensible  influence 
over  the  mind  of  Mr.  Chandler  or  not,  it  was  in 
the  year  1748,  that  he  was  proselyted  to  Episco 
pacy.  He  went  to  England  in  1751,  and  took 
orders  in  the  established  church.  On  his  return 
to  this  country  he  became  rector  of  St.  John's 
church  at  Elkabethtown,  N.  J.,  where  he  long 
maintained  a  high  character  both  for  erudition 
and  talents.  During  the  last  ten  years  of  his  life 
he  was  afflicted  with  a  disorder,  which  made  trial 
of  all  his  patience.  But  he  was  resigned  to  the 
will  of  God.  His  hope  of  final  deliverance  from 
sin,  and  from  the  evils  connected  with  it,  rested 
upon  the  incarnation  and  sufferings  of  the  eternal 
Son  of  the  Father,  lie  was  even  cheerful  under 
the  heavy  troubles  which  were  laid  upon  him. 
He  was  a  zealous  friend  of  the  Episcopal  church, 
and  he  wrote  much  in  favor  of  it.  He  was  en 
gaged  in  a  controversy  on  the  subject  with  Dr. 
Chauncey  of  Boston.  He  published  an  appeal 
to  the  public  in  behalf  of  the  church  of  England 
in  America,  1767  ;  a  defence  of  his  appeal,  1769  ; 
a  further  defence  of  his  appeal,  1771  ;  a  sermon, 
preached  before  the  corporation  for  the  relief  of 
the  widows  and  children  of  Episcopal  clergymen, 
1771 ;  an  examination  of  the  critical  commentary 
on  Seeker's  letter  to  Walpole,  concerning  bishops 
in  America,  1774.  He  also  prepared  for  the 
press  a  life  of  Dr.  Johnson  ;  but  the  Revolution 
j  arrested  its  publication.  It  was  printed  at  New 
York  in  the  year  1805.  —  Miller,  II.  356  ;  Beach's 
Funeral  Sermon ;  Gen.  Hist,  of  Conn.,  158 ; 
Memoirs  of  T.  Hollis,  I.  435,  436. 

CHANDLER,  PETER,  died  in  Mexico,  N.  Y., 
in  1848.  He  bequeathed  5,000  dollars  to  each 
of  five  societies,  namely:  the  education,  foreign 
mission,  home  mission,  bible,  and  tract. 

CHANDLER,  JOHN,  general,  died  while  on  a 
visit  in  New  York,  Sept.,  1846,  aged  75.  His 
residence  was  Augusta,  Me.  He  took  part  in  the 
war  of  1812,  a  friend  of  Dearborn.  For  some 
years  he  was  the  collector  of  Portland. 

CHANDLER,  ABIEL,  died  in  Walpole,  N.  H., 
March  22,  1851,  aged  73.  A  native  of  Concord, 
N.  H.,  he  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1806,  and 
became  a  merchant  in  Boston.  He  bequeathed 
50,000  dollars  to  Dartmouth  college  for  a  scien 
tific  school,  and  provided  for  the  gratuitous  in 
struction  of  worthy  students.  To  the  asylum  for 
the  insane  in  New  Hampshire  he  bequeathed 
1,600  dollars  and  the  surplus  of  his  estate.  He 
was  a  widower  without  children. 


CIIAXLER. 


CHANNLNG. 


209 


CHANLER,  ISAAC,  a  Baptist  minister,  was 
born  in  Bristol,  England,  in  1701,  and  came  to 
South  Carolina  in  1733.  He  settled  as  pastor  of 
a  Baptist  church  on  Ashley  river  in  1730,  where 
he  continued  till  his  death,  Nov.  30,  1749,  aged 
48.  He  was  succeeded  by  Oliver  Hart,  who  re 
mained  till  1780,  when  he  removed  to  New  Jer 
sey.  Mr.  Chanlcr  published  a  sermon  on  estab 
lishment  in  grace,  preached  at  Charleston  in 
1740,  by  the  desire  of  Mr.  Whitefield,  at  the  com 
mencement  of  a  course  of  lectures  by  ministers  of 
different  denominations  ;  also,  the  doctrines  of  glo 
rious  grace  unfolded,  and  practically  improved  ; 
a  treatise  on  original  sin;  and  a  sermon  on  the 
death  of  Rev.  Win.  Tilly,  1744.  —  Miller,  n.  364; 
Backus'  Abridgment,  248 ;  Benedict,  II.  12G. 

CHANNING,  HENRY,  died  of  apoplexy  in 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  27,  1840,  aged  81,  formerly  a  minis 
ter  in  New  London,  the  uncle  of  Dr.  W.  E.  Chan- 
ning. 

CHANNING,  WILLIAM  ELLERY,  D.  D.,  minis 
ter  in  Boston,  died  in  Bennington,  Vt.,  Oct.  2, 
1842,  aged  G2.  He  was  born  at  Newport,  R.  L, 
April  7,  1780,  and  was  the  son  of  William  Chan- 
ning,  an  eminent  lawyer.  His  mother  was  the 
daughter  of  William  Ellery,  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  Declaration  of  Independence.  After  graduat 
ing  at  Harvard  in  1798,  he  resided  a  year  as  a 
teacher  in  the  family  of  David  M.  Randolph,  of 
Richmond,  Va.  He  was  ordained  the  pastor  of 
the  church  in  Federal  street,  Boston,  June  1, 
1803,  as  the  successor  of  Mr.  Popkin.  In  1822 
he  visited  Europe.  The  winter  of  1830  he  spent 
in  St.  Croix.  His  colleague,  Mr.  Gannett,  was 
settled  in  1824.  In  1840  he  was  released  from 
his  pastoral  services.  In  1842  he  passed  some 
weeks  in  Berkshire  county,  chiefly  at  Lenox. 
While  on  his  journey,  in  his  proposed  return  to 
Boston,  he  died  at  Bennington.  One,  who  lived 
half  a  century  ago  in  the  neighborhood  of  Boston, 
must  remember  the  amazing  interest  created  by 
the  two  young,  eloquent,  and  unequalled  preach 
ers,  Buckminster  and  Channing ;  of  whom  the 
latter,  not  less  scholarly,  had  less  of  polished  ora 
tory  and  display,  and  more  of  unction  and  heart- 
touching  address,  than  the  former.  Both  always 
attracted  hearers,  and  were  heard  with  deep  in 
terest.  No  ministers  did  more  in  promoting  the 
Unitarian  doctrines  in  this  country.  Mr.  Buck- 
minster  soon  died,  and  Mr.  Channing  was  left  as 
the  acknowledged  head  of  Unitarianism  ;  and,  as 
such,  it  is  an  inquiry  of  much  interest,  what 
were  his  prominent  religious  doctrines  ?  In  his 
last  address,  which  was  made  at  Lenox,  were 
these  words  :  "  The  doctrine  of  the  Word  made 
flesh  shows  us  God  uniting  himself  intimately 
with  our  nature,  manifesting  himself  in  a  human 
form,  for  the  very  end  of  making  us  partakers  of 
his  own  perfection."  He  says  also,  elsewhere : 
"  In  Jesus  Christ  our  nature  has  been  intimately 
27 


united  with  the  Divine."  Was  he,  then,  a  Swe- 
denborgian,  who  believed  that  God  assumed  a 
human  form  in  Christ  ?  Probably  not,  for  in  hia 
other  writings,  he  asserts  explicitly  that  "  Christ 
is  one  mind,  one  being, —  distinct  from  the  one 
God ;  "  and  that  he  was  sent  of  God,  and  received 
all  his  powers  from  God.  He  also  says :  "  We 
believe  that  God  dwelt  in  him,  manifested  him 
self  through  him,  taught  men  by  him,  and  com 
municated  to  him  his  spirit  without  measure ; " 
"  so  that  when  Christ  came,  God  visited  the  world 
and  dwelt  with  men  more  conspicuously,  than  at 
any  former  period."  If  he  was  not  a  Swedenbor- 
gian,  was  he  a  Socinian  ?  In  answer  to  this  in 
quiry,  let  the  following  words  be  considered: 
"  We  say  that  he,  who  was  sent  into  the  world  to 
save  it,  cannot  be  the  living  God,  who  sent  him." 
"  He  is  first  of  the  Sons  of  God."  "  First  of  all 
the  ministers  of  God's  mercy  and  beneficence." 
"  Who  came  into  the  world,  not  to  claim  supreme 
homage  for  himself,"  &c.  "  God  sent  his  Son." 
Some  may  construe  these  words  as  meaning  only, 
that  Christ  was  miraculously  born  of  the  Virgin 
Mary  ;  and  it  is  remarkable  that  Dr.  Channing. 
in  his  writings,  nowhere  speaks  of  the  pre-exist- 
ence  of  Christ,  or  of  God's  creating  the  world  by 
him,  or  uses  any  expression  which  proves  that  he 
was  not  a  Socinian.  Therefore,  some  may  be 
disposed  to  ask,  if  he  believed  in  a  doctrine  of 
such  vast  importance  as  the  pre-existence  and 
glorious  attributes  of  the  Son  of  God,  possessed 
by  him  before  the  creation,  why  did  he  not  teach 
it  clearly  and  unequivocally  ?  Was  he  not  then 
a  Socinian,  or  one  unsettled  on  the  subject  of 
Socinianism  ?  As  to  his  views  on  the  great  doc 
trine  of  an  atoning  sacrifice  for  sin,  they  seem  ob 
scure  or  adverse  to  any  such  doctrine.  He  is 
clear  enough  in  denying  the  notion  of  an  infinite 
atonement :  "  I  see  in  it  no  impression  of  majesty, 
or  wisdom,  or  love,  nothing  worthy  of  God  ;  and, 
when  I  compare  it  with  that  nobler  faith,  which 
-directs  our  eyes  and  hearts  to  God's  essential 
mercy  as  our  only  hope,  I  am  amazed,  that  any 
should  ascribe  to  it  superior  efficacy  as  a  religion 
for  sinners,  as  a  means  of  filling  the  soul  with 
pious  trust  and  love."  He  nowhere  in  his  writ 
ings  dwells  upon  Christ's  propitiatory  offering  up 
of  himself  for  the  sins  of  the  world  ;  nowhere  ex 
plains  the  relation  of  the  Jewish  sacrifices  to 
Christ's  sacrifice ;  nowhere  alludes  to  Isaiah's 
prediction  of  his  atoning  death ;  nor  to  Paul's 
teaching  of  j  ustification  through  faith  in  his  blood, 
nor  to  the  song  of  the  heavenly  host —  "  Worthy 
is  the  Lamb  that  was  slain,  and  hath  redeemed 
us  to  God  by  his  blood."  Instead  of  teaching, 
that  God  sent  his  Son  from  heaven  to  die  on  the 
cross  to  atone  for  sin,  that  "he  might  be  just  and 
the  justificr  of  him  who  believcth,"  he  seems  to 
regard  the  death  of  Christ  as  having  no  relation 
to  God's  justice,  or  holy  government,  or  God's 


210 


CHANGING. 


CHARLEVOIX. 


universe  of  moral  beings,  but  only  as  in 
some  way  influencing  the  character  of  the  sinner ; 
for  in  his  last  address  he  says,  "Come,  Friend 
and  Saviour  of  the  race,  who  didst  shed  thy  blood 
upon  the  cross  to  reconcile  man  to  man,  and 
earth  to  heaven."  His  vehement  assaults  on 
Trinitarianism  and  Calvinism  are  chiefly  contained 
in  his  sermons  at  the  ordination  of  J.  Sparks, 
1819,  and  at  the  dedication  of  a  Unitarian  church 
in  New  York,  in  1826.  His  monument  at  Mount 
Auburn  was  designed  by  his  brother-in-law,  Mr. 
Allston.  He  published  a  volume  of  his  discourses, 
reviews,  etc.,  in  1830.  His  works  have  been  pub 
lished  in  six  volumes,  and  in  several  editions. 

CHANNIXG,  EDWARD  T.,  L.L.  D.,  the  brother 
of  the  preceding,  died  in  Boston,  Feb.  7,  1856, 
aged  65.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  rhetoric 
at  Harvard  college  in  1819. 

CHAPES",  SETH,  deacon,  an  officer  in  the  Rev 
olutionary  war,  died  at  Mendon,  Nov.  15,  1833, 
aged  79.  His  grandfather,  Joshua,  came  from 
Lancashire  with  a  brother  Gershom,  who  settled 
at  Springfield.  From  these  have  sprung  many 
ministers. 

CHAPES",  WALTER,  minister  of  Woodstock, 
Vermont,  died  July  22,  1827,  aged  48.  He  was 
an  efficient  friend  of  various  benevolent  societies. 
For  several  years  he  was  the  editor  of  a  small 
religious  paper,  which  was  discontinued  in  1824. 
He  published  a  valuable  compilation,  the  Mission 
ary  Gazetteer. 

CHAPIN,  JOEL,  died  in  Bainbridge,  N.  Y.,  in 
1845,  aged  84.  A  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  then 
a  graduate  of  Dartmouth  in  1791,  he  settled  as  a 
minister  in  the  wilderness  on  the  Susquehannah, 
and  was  faithful  as  a  preacher  of  the  gospel. 

CHAPLN,  STEPHEN,  D.  D.,  died  at  Washing 
ton,  Oct.  1,  1845,  aged  67.  He  published  two  ser 
mons  at  Mount  Vernon,  N.  II.,  1809;  at  an  ordi 
nation,  1825. 

CHAPIN,  CALVIN,  D.  I).,  born  in  Springfield, 
died  at  Rocky  Hill  in  Wethersfield,  March  17, 
1851,  aged  87.  lie  died  in  his  chair.  He  often 
said  of  Christ :  "  I  desire  to  see  him  as  he  is." 
He  lived  contented  on  a  salary  of  333  dollars, 
was  a  most  faithful  and  excellent  minister,  a  good 
scholar,  a  wise  man  of  incessant  industry,  a  good 
farmer,  a  good  mechanic,  a  skilful  bookbinder, 
of  never-failing  cheerfulness  and  good  humor,  en 
joying  great  happiness  even  in  his  old  age,  never 
leaving  his  beloved  home  except  at  the  call  of 
public  duty.  Interesting  recollections  of  him  are 
in  the  Recorder  of  July  17,  1856,  probably  by  Dr. 
Brace.  His  wife,  whom  he  loved,  Jcrusha,  daugh 
ter  of  Dr.  Edwards,  died  Dec.  4,  1847,  aged  71. 
Of  his  college  class  of  1788  only  two  are  alive; 
one  is  Daniel  Waldo,  aged  94,  now  chaplain  of 
congress.  He  was  a  founder  and  promoter  of  mis 
sionary  and  other  important  societies ;  for  thirty- 
two  years  secretary  of  the  American  board.  I  [e 


published  an  extraordinary  essay,  recommend 
ing,  —  in  his  zeal  for  temperance,  —  the  substitu 
tion  of  water  for  wine  in  the  Lord's  Supper. 
Probably  his  mistaken  advice  was  never  followed. 
He  published  sermons  at  the  ordination  of  S. 
Whittlesey,  1807  ;  of  II.  Beckley,  1808 ;  on  the 
death  of  President  Dwight,  181?";  of  Dr.  Marsh, 
1821;  on  Christian  morals. — N.  Y.  Observer, 
March  27,  1851. 

CHAPLIN,  EBENEZER,  minister  of  Millbury, 
Mass.,  was  ordained  Nov.  14,  1764,  and  after 
about  thirty  years  dismissed,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Mr.  Goffe!  He  died  at  Hardwick,  Dec.  13, 
1822,  aged  89.  lie  published  a  sermon  on  the 
death  of  Mr.  Webb,  Uxbridge,  1772 ;  discourse 
on  political  affairs,  1773 ;  result  of  a  council, 
1793 ;  a  treatise  on  the  sacraments,  12mo.  1802. 

CHAPLLN,  DANIEL,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Groton, 
Mass.,  was  a  descendant  of  Hugh  Chaplin  of  Row 
ley,  who  came  to  this  country  as  early  as  1638. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1772, 
and  died  in  May,  1831,  aged  87.  His  son,  Dr. 
James  P.  Chaplin,  a  very  respectable  and  useful 
physician  of  Cambridgcport,  died  Oct.  12,  1S28, 
aged  46.  He  published  the  character  of  Rev. 
Mr.  Wright,  1802;  convention  sermon,  1808; 
before  a  charitable  society,  1814  ;  before  another, 
1815. 

CHAPLIN,  JEREMIAH,  D.  D.,  president  of 
Waterville  college,  Maine,  died  in  May,  1841. 
Born  in  Rowley,  Jan.  2,  1776,  a  descendant  of 
Hugh  C.,  one  of  the  first  settlers,  he  graduated  at 
Brown  in  1799;  preached  as  a  Baptist  minister  in 
Danvers  till  1818;  was  then  President  of  Water 
ville  college  till  1833,  when  he  resigned,  preaching 
afterwards  in  Rowley,  and  in  Hamilton,  N.  Y. 

CHAPMAN,  ASA,  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
of  Conn.,  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1792, 
and  in  a  few  years  commenced  the  practice  of  the 
law  at  Newtown,  rising  to  the  first  rank  in  his 
profession.  In  1818  he  was  appointed  to  the 
bench  of  the  supreme  court,  in  which  station  he 
was  upright  and  impartial,  while  he  was  profound 
and  learned  as  a  jurist.  He  died  at  New  Haven 
Sept.  24,  1825,  aged  54. 

CHARDON,  PETER,  a  Jesuit  missionary,  was 
employed  for  many  years  among  the  Indians  upon 
lake  Michigan.  He  began  his  labors  as  early  as 
1697,  and  continued  them  for  twenty-five  or 
thirty  years.  He  presided  over  the  mission  at 
the  village  of  Poutcautamis,  upon  the  river  St. 
Joseph,  and  he  labored  also  among  the  Sakis  at 
the  southern  extremity  of  Green  Bay,  or  baye  des 
Puans,  as  it  was  called  by  the  French.  He  was 
acquainted  with  almost  all  the  languages  of  the 
Indians,  who  lived  on  the  lakes.  —  Charlevoix, 
in,  392,  295;  Lettres  tdif.  et  Curieuses,xi.  372- 
378. 

CHARLEVOIX,  PETER  FRANCIS  XAVIER  DE, 
a  historical  writer,  who  lived  a  number  of  years 


('II  ASK 


CHASE. 


in  Canada,  died  in  1761,  aged  78.  He  was  born 
at  St.  Quintin  in  France  in  1684,  and,  entering 
into  the  society  of  Jesuits,  taught  the  languages 
and  philosophy  with  great  reputation.  Before 
the  year  1720  he  had  resided  some  time  in  Que 
bec,  and  was  connected,  it  is  believed,  with  the 
college  in  that  place.  By  order  of  the  king  he 
made  a  voyage  to  Canada  hi  1720,  where  he  ar 
rived  in  September.  From  Quebec  he  passed  up 
the  St.  Lawrence,  and  through  the  lakes  to  Mich- 
illimackinac;  thence  down  lake  Michigan,  and 
the  Illinois  and  Mississippi  rivers  to  New  Orleans, 
from  which  place  he  returned,  touching  at  St. 
Domingo,  to  France  in  1722.  During  this  period 
he  collected  facts  for  his  history  of  Canada,  and 
kept  a  journal,  which  he  afterwards  published, 
annexed  to  his  history.  After  his  arrival  in  his 
native  country,  he  had  a  principal  concern  for 
twenty-four  years  in  the  journal  des  Trevoux. 
He  published  in  French  the  history  of  Christian 
ity  in  Japan,  8  vols.  1715,  8vo. ;  the  life  of  Mary, 
1624,  12mo. ;  the  history  of  St.  Domingo,  2  vols. 
1731, 4to. ;  the  history  and  general  description  of 
Japan,  2  vols.  1736,  4tc.,  and  9  vols.  12mo.,  com 
prising  all  that  is  valuable  in  Koempfer's  history 
of  that  country  ;  a  general  history  of  New  France, 
3  vols.  1744, 4to.,  and  6  vols.  12mo. ;  and  a  history 
of  Paraguay,  3  vols.  1756,  4to.  His  works  were 
well  received ;  but  the  history  of  New  France,  or 
Canada,  is  deemed  peculiarly  valuable,  as  he  him 
self  visited  the  country  which  he  described,  and 
paid  particular  attention  to  the  manners  and  cus 
toms  of  the  Indians.  He  has  added  something 
upon  botany  and  other  parts  of  natural  history  ; 
but  on  these  subjects  a  perfect  confidence  is  not 
placed  in  his  accuracy.  His  style  is  deficient  in 
precision.  —  Nouv.  Diet,  Ilistorique,  edit.  1804; 
Aikirfs  and  Nicholson's  General  Biography. 

CHASE,  SAMUEL,  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  United  States,  died  June  19,  1811, 
aged  70.  He  was  the  son  of  Thomas  Chase,  an 
Episcopal  minister,  who  came  from  England,  and 
was  born  in  Somerset  county,  Maryland.  Under 
his  father,  who  removed  to  Baltimore  in  1743,  he 
received  his  early  education.  He  studied  law  at 
Annapolis  and  there  settled  in  the  practice,  and 
"  his  talents,  industry,  intrepidity,  imposing  stat 
ure,  sonorous  voice,  fluent  and  energetic  elocution 
raised  him  to  distinction."  In  the  colonial  legis 
lature  he  vehemently  resisted  the  stamp  act.  He 
was  a  delegate  to  the  general  congress  at  Phila 
delphia  in  Sept.,  1774,  and  served  in  that  body 
several  years.  It  was  he  who  denounced  Mr. 
Zubly,  the  delegate  from  Georgia,  as  a  traitor, 
and  compelled  him  to  flee.  By  the  congress  he 
was  early  in  1776  sent  with  Franklin  and  Carroll 
on  a  mission  to  Canada,  with  the  design  of  con 
ciliating  the  good  will  of  the  inhabitants.  When 
the  proposition  for  independence  was  before  con 
gress,  as  he  had  been  prohibited  from  voting  for 


it  by  the  convention  of  Maryland,  he  immediately 
traversed  the  province  and  summoned  county 
meetings,  which  should  address  the  convention. 
In  this  way  that  body  was  induced  to  vote  for  in 
dependence  ;  and  with  this  authority  Mr.  Chase 
returned  again  to  congress  in  season  to  vote  for 
the  declaration.  In  1783,  being  invited,  at  Balti 
more,  to  attend  a  debating  club  of  young  men, 
the  indication  of  talents  by  Wm.  Pinckncy,  then 
clerk  to  an  apothecary,  induced  him  to  patronize 
the  young  man,  who  afterwards  rose  to  great  em 
inence.  In  the  same  year  he  went  to  England  as 
the  agent  of  the  State  of  Maryland,  to  reclaim  a 
large  amount  of  property,  which  had  been  in 
trusted  to  the  bank  of  England.  At  a  subsequent 
period  the  State  recovered  650,000  dollars.  In 
England  he  became  acquainted  with  Pitt,  Fox, 
and  Burke.  In  1786  he  removed  to  Baltimore  at 
the  request  of  Col.  Howard,  who  presented  him 
with  a  square  of  ten  lots  of  land,  on  which  he 
built  a  house.  In  Annapolis  he  had  been  the  re 
corder  of  the  city,  and  performed  his  duties  highly 
to  the  acceptance  of  his  fellow-citizens.  In  1788 
he  was  appointed  the  presiding  judge  of  a  court 
for  the  county  of  Baltimore.  In  1790  he  was  a 
member  of  the  convention  in  Maryland  for  con 
sidering  the  constitution  of  the  United  States, 
which  he  did  not  deem  sufficiently  democratical. 
In  1791  he  was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the 
general  court  of  Maryland.  His  characteristic 
firmness  was  manifested  in  1794,  when,  on  occa 
sion  of  a  riot  and  the  tarring  and  feathering  of 
some  obnoxious  persons,  he  caused  two  popular 
men  to  be  arrested  as  ring-leaders.  Refusing  to 
give  bail,  he  directed  the  sheriff  to  take  them  to 
prison ;  but  the  sheriff  was  apprehensive  of  re 
sistance.  "  Call  out  the  posse  comitatus,  then," 
exclaimed  the  judge.  "  Sir,"  said  the  sheriff, 
"  no  one  will  serve."  "  Summon  me,  then,"  cried 
the  judge  ;  "  I  will  be  the  posse  comitatus,  and  I 
will  take  them  to  jail."  This  occurred  on  Satur- 
-day.  He  demanded  assistance  from  the  governor 
and  council.  On  Monday  the  security  was  given  ; 
but  on  that  day  the  grand  jury,  instead  of  finding 
a  bill  against  the  offender,  presented  the  judge 
himself  for  holding  what  they  deemed  two  incomr 
patiblc  offices,  those  of  judge  in  the  criminal  and 
general  courts.  But  the  judge  calmly  informed 
them  that  they  touched  upon  topics  beyond  their 
province. 

In  1796  he  was  appointed  an  associate  judge 
of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States,  in 
which  station  he  continued  fifteen  years.  Yet  in 

1804,  at  the   instigation   of  John  Randolph,  he 
was  impeached  by  the  house  of  representatives, 
accused  of  various  misdemeanors  in  some  politi 
cal   trials,  as  of  Fries,  Callender,  &c.     His   trial 
before  the  senate  ended  in  his  acquittal  March  5, 

1805.  On  five  of  the  eight  charges  a  majority 
acquitted  him;  on  the   others   a  majority  was 


212 


CHASE. 


CHAUMONOT. 


against  him,  but  not  the  required  numher  of  two- 
thirds.  His  health  failed  in  1811,  and  he  clearly 
saw  that  he  was  approaching  the  grave.  A  short 
time  before  his  death  he  partook  of  the  sacra 
ment,  and  declared  himself  to  be  in  peace  with 
all  mankind.  In  his  will  he  prohibited  any 
mourning  dress  on  his  account,  and  requested  a 
plain  inscription  on  his  tomb  of  only  lu's  name 
and  the  date  of  his  birth  and  death.  His  widow, 
Hannah  Kitty,  died  in  Baltimore  in  1848,  aged 
93.  Judge  Chase  was  a  man  of  eminent  talents 
and  of  great  courage  and  firmness.  But,  unhap 
pily,  he  was  irascible  and  vehement.  More  of 
humility  and  more  of  mildness  would  have  pre 
served  liim  from  much  trouble.  Yet  was  he  a 
zealous  patriot  and  a  sincere  and  affectionate 
friend,  and  notwithstanding  some  of  the  imper 
fections  of  man,  his  name  deserves  to  be  held  in 
honor.  A  report  of  his  trial  was  published.  — 
Goodrick's  Lives  ;  Encyc.  Americana. 

CHASE,  HANNAH,  widow  of  Stephen  Chase,  a 
Quaker,  died  in  Unity,  Me.,  June  21, 1845,  aged 
106  years.  She  was  born  in  Swanzey.  She  left 
ten  children,  sixty-six  grandchildren,  one  hun 
dred  and  sixty  great-grandchildren,  and  twelve 
of  the  fifth  generation.  At  her  funeral  one  hun 
dred  and  fifty  descendants  were  present;  one 
hundred  and  thirty  walked  in  the  funeral  train. 

CHASE,  DUDLEY,  died  in  Randolph,  Vt.,  in 
1846,  a  graduate  of  Dartmouth  in  1799.  He  was 
many  years  a  senator  of  the  United  States.  In 
1817  he  was  chief  justice  of  Vermont. 

CHASE,  PHILANDER,  D.  D.,  bishop  of  Illinois, 
died  at  Peoria  Sept.  20,  1852,  aged  76.  Born  in 
Cornish,  N.  II.,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in 
1796,  and  was  ordained  in  1799,  being  rector  at 
Poughkeepsie,  New  Orleans,  and  Hartford,  lie 
was  bishop  of  Ohio  twelve  years,  of  Illinois  sev 
enteen  years  ;  and  he  also  was  president  of  Jubi 
lee  college.  He  previously,  in  1S27,  laid  the 
corner  stone  of  Kenyon  college  and  seminary  in 
Ohio,  of  which  he  Avas  president.  He  published 
Plea  for  the  West,  1826 ;  Star  of  Kenyon  col 
lege,  1828  ;  Defence  of  Kenyon  college,  1831. 

CHASE,  HENRY,  pastor  of  the  Mariner's 
church,  New  York,  died  July  8,  1853,  and  was 
buried  at  Middletown.  On  the  preceding  Sab 
bath  he  preached  from  the  text,  "  I  would  not 
live  alway." 

CHASE,  STEPHEN,  professor,  died  at  Hano 
ver  Jan.  7,  1851,  aged  37.  A  graduate  in  1832, 
he  was  chosen  professor  of  mathematics  in  1838. 

CHASSE,  PIERRE  DE  LA,  a  Jesuit  missionary, 
in  1710  conducted  to  Quebec  a  party  of  A'oena- 
quis  Indians  from  Maine.  Their  presence  was 
acceptable  to  Vaudrcuil,  the  governor.  For  many 
years  before  this  he  had  been  a  missionary. 
About  1720  he  was  superior-general  of  missions. 
In  July,  1721,  he  wrote  a  letter  to  the  governor 
of  Massachusetts  concerning  the  detention  of 


some  Indians  as  prisoners  in  Boston,  threatening 
reprisals.  After  the  death  of  liale,  La  Chasse 
requested  of  the  superior  of  the  seminary,  that 
prayers  might  be  made  for  the  repose  of  his  soul ; 
the  old  man  replied,  in  the  words  of  Augustin, 
that  a  martyr  did  not  need  prayers.  With  the 
characteristic  policy  of  the  Jesuits,  he  represented 
to  the  governor  that  some  measures  were  requisite 
to  attach  the  Indians  in  Maine  to  the  French  — 
that  grace  often  needed  the  co-operation  of  men, 
and  that  temporal  interest  often  served  as  the 
vehicle  of  faith.  —  Charlevoix,  II. 

CHASTELLUX,  F.  J.  MARQUIS  DE,  was  a 
member  of  the  French  academy,  and  field  mar 
shal  of  France.  He  served  in  America  in  the 
Revolutionary  war.  His  travels  in  North  Amer 
ica  in  1780-1782  were  published  at  Paris  in  1786, 
and  translated,  in  two  vols,  1787.  He  published 
also  a  work  on  public  happiness,  and  a  translation 
of  a  poem  by  Humphreys. 

CHAUMONOT,  JOSEPH,  a  Jesuit  missionary 
among  the  Indians  of  North  America,  was  an 
Italian.  He  labored  with  indefatigable  zeal  for 
more  than  half  a  century  among  the  natives  of 
Canada.  He  was  among  the  Ilurons,  who  lived 
north  of  Lake  Erie,  as  early  as  1642,  and  in  the 
following  year  spent  some  time  with  a  tribe  to  the 
southeast,  which  was  called  the  neutral  nation, 
because  they  did  not  then  engage  in  the  war  be 
tween  the  Iroquois  and  the  Ilurons.  From  the 
latter  they  derived  their  origin.  In  the  year 
1655,  when  he  was  the  oldest  missionary  in  New 
France,  he  visited  the  Onondagas  at  their  request, 
and  made  a  number  of  converts,  some  of  whom 
were  the  principal  men  of  the  tribe.  This  mis 
sion,  however,  was  soon  abandoned,  though  it  was 
afterwards  resumed.  About  the  year  1670  he 
established  the  mission  of  Loretto,  three  leagues 
northeast  from  Quebec,  where  he  collected  a 
number  of  Indians  of  the  Huron  tribe.  The 
Ilurons  resided  originally  northward  of  lake 
Erie,  and  it  was  in  consequence  of  the  wars,  in 
which  they  were  engaged  with  other  tribes,  that 
they  were  induced  to  go  down  the  St.  Lawrence. 
The  name  of  Ilurons  was  given  them  on  account 
of  the  manner  in  which  they  dressed  their  hair. 
As  they  cut  it  for  the  most  part  very  short,  and 
turned  it  up  in  a  fantastical  way,  so  as  to  give 
themselves  a  frightful  appearance,  the  French 
cried  out,  when  they  first  saw  them,  "  quclles 
hures  !  "  What  wild  boars'  heads  !  They  were 
afterwards  called  Ilurons.  Champlain  calls  them 
Ochasteguins ;  but  their  true  name  is  Ycndats, 
with  the  French  pronunciation.  Their  descend 
ants,  the  Wyandots,  on  the  southwestern  side  of 
Lake  Erie,  were  in  1809  under  the  care  of  Joseph 
Badger,  a  missionary  from  New  England,  who 
had  been  with  them  two  or  three  years  with  the 
most  flattering  prospects  of  rescuing  them  from 
barbarism.  Chaumonot  composed  a  grammar  of 


CHAUXCEY. 


CHAUXCY. 


213 


the  Huron  language. —  Charlevoix,  I. ;  Univer 
sal  History ;  xxxix.  457 ;  Lettres  edif.  Et  cur. 
xxni.  213-216. 

CIIAUXCEY,  ISAAC,  commodore,  died  at 
Washington  June  27,  1840.  He  was  one  of  the 
senior  officers  of  the  navy  ;  president  of  the  board 
of  navy  commissioners. 

CHAUXCEY,  CHARLES,  LL.  D.,  died  at  Burling 
ton,  X.  J.,  Aug.  30,  1849,  aged  73.  A  graduate 
of  Yale  in  1792,  he  was  an  eminent  lawyer  in 
Philadelphia.  In  his  age  he  retired  to  B. 

CIIAUXCY,  CHARLES,  the  second  president  of 
Harvard  college,  died  Feb.  19,  1672,  aged  81. 
He  was  born  in  Hertfordshire,  England,  in  1589, 
and  was  the  son  of  Gco.  Chauncy.  He  was  at 
Westminster  school,  which  adjoined  to  the  par 
liament  house,  at  the  time  of  the  gunpowder  plot, 
and  must  have  perished,  if  the  scheme  had  been 
executed.  After  leaving  Westminster,  he  was 
admitted  a  student  of  Trinity  college,  Cambridge, 
and  attained  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  divinity. 
He  was  soon  chosen  professor  of  Hebrew ;  but 
the  vice  chancellor,  Dr.  Williams,  wishing  to 
bestow  this  office  upon  a  kinsman,  Mr.  Chauncy 
•was  chosen  professor  of  Greek.  He  went  from 
the  university  an  eminent  preacher  of  the  gospel. 
He  was  first  settled  in  the  ministry  at  Marstow, 
but  afterwards  became  vicar  of  Ware  in  the 
beginning  of  1627,  in  which  place  his  success  in 
the  conversion  and  edification  of  souls  was 
remarkably  great.  He  had  at  this  time  serious 
objections  to  the  discipline,  and  to  some  of  the 
articles  of  the  established  church,  and  in  about 
two  years  he  began  to  suffer  for  his  nonconform 
ity  to  the  inventions  of  man  in  the  worship  of 
God.  In  1629  he  was  charged  with  asserting  in 
a  sermon,  that  idolatry  was  admitted  into  the 
church ;  that  the  preaching  of  the  gospel  would 
be  suppressed;  and  that  much  atheism,  popery, 
arminianism,  and  heresy  had  crept  into  the 
church ;  and,  after  being  questioned  in  the  high 
commission  court,  his  cause  was  referred  to  Dr. 
AVilliam  Laud,  the  bishop  of  London,  his  ordi 
nary,  who  required  him  to  make  a  submission  in 
Latin.  He  was  again  brought  before  the  same 
court  in  1635,  when  Laud  was  archbishop  of  Can 
terbury.  The  crime,  of  which  he  was  now  ac 
cused,  was  opposing  the  making  of  a  rail  around 
the  communion-table  of  his  church,  as  an  innova 
tion  and  a  snare  to  men's  consciences.  lie  was 
pronounced  guilty  of  contempt  of  ecclesiastical 
government  and  of  raising  a  schism,  and  was  sus 
pended  from  his  ministry  till  he  should  make  in 
open  court  a  recantation,  acknowledging  his 
great  offence,  and  protesting  that  he  was  per 
suaded  in  his  conscience,  that  kneeling  at  the 
sacrament  was  lawful  and  commendable,  and  that 
the  rail  set  up  in  the  chancel,  with  the  bench  for 
kneeling,  was  a  decent  and  convenient  ornament, 
and  promising  never  to  oppose  either  that  or  any- 


other  laudable  rite  or  ceremony  prescribed  in  the 
church  of  England.  He  was  sentenced  to  pay 
the  costs  of  suit,  which  were  great,  and  to  im 
prisonment  till  he  complied  with  the  order  of 
court.  His  fortitude  failed  him  in  the  midst  of 
his  sufferings,  and  contrary  to  his  conscience  he 
made  the  recantation  Feb.  11.  For  lu's  weakness 
and  folly  he  ever  reproached  himself.  He  soon 
repented  of  his  submission,  and  before  he  came  to 
Xew  England  made  a  solemn  retractation,  which 
was  afterwards  printed  in  London.  In  the  pre 
face  of  his  last  will  he  particularly  laments,  as 
"  still  fresh  before  him,  his  many  sinful  compli 
ances  with  and  conformity  unto  vile  human  inven 
tions,  will-worship,  superstition,  and  patcheries 
stitched  into  the  service  of  the  Lord,  which  the 
English  mass  book,  the  book  of  common  prayer, 
and  the  ordination  of  priests,  etc.,  are  fully 
fraught  withal."  He  proceeds  to  charge  his  pos 
terity  with  the  greatest  warmth  of  zeal  and 
solemnity  of  language,  as  they  would  answer  for 
their  conduct  at  the  tribunal  of  Christ,  "  not  to 
conform,  as  he  had  done,  to  rites  and  ceremonies 
in  religious  worship  of  man's  devising  and  not  of 
God's  appointment."  Being  silenced  for  refusing 
to  read  the  book  of  sports,  he  determined  to 
seek  the  peaceable  enjoyment  of  the  rights  of 
conscience  in  Xew  England.  He  accordingly 
came  to  this  country,  and  arrived  at  Plymouth  a 
few  days  before  the  great  earthquake  of  June  1, 
1638.  He  continued  in  that  town  about  three 
years,  assisting  Mr.  lleyner  in  his  public  labors ; 
but,  being  invited  to  take  the  pastoral  charge  of 
the  church  at  Scituate,  he  was  again  ordained,  and 
continued  in  that  place  about  twelve  years,  faith 
fully  performing  the  duties  of  the  sacred  office. 
The  ecclesiastical  state  of  England  had  now 
assumed  a  new  appearance,  and,  as  his  mainten- 
nance  at  Scituate  was  so  disproportionate  to  the 
necessities  of  his  family  that  he  was  sometimes 
unable  to  procure  bread,  he  resolved  to  accept  the 
invitation,  which  he  received  from  his  people  in 
Ware,  to  return  to  them.  One  cause  of  his  diffi 
culties  was  the  opposing  influence  of  Mr.  Vassall, 
which  issued  in  the  establishment  of  the  second 
church.  At  this  period  Mr.  Chauncy's  worldly 
wealth  consisted  of  a  house  and  about  sixty 
acres  of  land.  His  predecessor  at  Scituate  was 
John  Lathrop.  He  went  to  Boston  to  embark 
for  Great  Britain,  but  the  presidentship  of  Har 
vard  college  being  at  that  time  vacant  by  the 
resignation  of  Mr.  Dunster,  he  was  requested, 
Xov.  2,  1654,  to  accept  that  office.  As  he  was  of 
opinion  that  the  baptism  of  infants  and  adults 
should  be  by  immersion,  and  that  the  Lord's 
supper  should  be  celebrated  in  the  evening,  the 
overseers  of  the  college  desired  him  to  forbear 
disseminating  his  peculiar  sentiments.  He  had 
no  difficulty  in  yielding  to  their  wishes.  He  was 
inducted  into  the  office  of  president  Nov.  27, 1654, 


214 


CHAUNCY. 


CHAUNCY. 


and  continued  in  this  station  till  his  death.  He 
left  behind  him  six  sons,  all  of  whom  were  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  college,  and  were  preachers. 
They  were,  Isaac,  a  graduate  of  1651,  who  was 
pastor  of  Berry  Street  church,  London,  and  had 
for  his  assistant  Dr.  Watts  in  1698,  and  by  him 
was  succeeded  in  1701 ;  Ichabod,  a  graduate  of 
1651,  who  was  chaplain  of  a  regiment  at  Dun 
kirk  ;  Barnabas,  a  graduate  of  1657  ;  Nathaniel, 
a  graduate  of  1661,  minister  of  Windsor,  who 
removed  to  Hatfield  1672  and  died  Nov.  4,  1685; 
Elnathan,  a  graduate  of  1661,  a  physician  in 
Boston ;  and  Israel.  His  daughter,  Sarah,  mar 
ried  G.  Bulklcy.  All,  who  bear  the  name  of 
Chauncy  in  America,  are  probably  his  descend 
ants. 

President  Chauncy  was  a  distinguished 
scholar,  being  intimately  acquainted  with  the 
Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin  languages.  lie  en 
joyed  an  opportunity  of  perfecting  his  knowledge 
of  the  former  by  living  one  year  in  the  same 
house  with  a  Jew.  He  was  well  versed  also  in 
the  sciences,  especially  in  theology,  which  was  his 
favorite  study.  To  his  other  acquisitions  he 
added  some  skill  in  physic,  and  thus  he  was 
enabled  to  prescribe  for  bodily  diseases,  as  well 
as  to  cure  those  of  the  mind.  He  presided  over 
the  college  with  dignity  and  reputation,  and  some 
of  the  most  eminent  men  in  the  country,  as  In 
crease  Mather,  Willard,  Stoddard,  and  Judge 
Sewall,  were  educated  under  his  care.  To  those 
students,  who  were  destined  for  the  ministry,  he 
addressed  these  words :  "  When  you  are  your 
selves  interested  in  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  and  his 
righteousness,  you  will  be  fit  to  teach  others." 
When  he  attended  prayers  in  the  college  hall  in 
the  morning,  he  usually  expounded  a  chapter  of 
the  old  testament,  which  was  first  read  from  the 
Hebrew  by  one  of  his  pupils,  and  in  the  evening 
a  chapter  of  the  new  testament,  read  from  the 
Greek.  On  the  nioruings  of  the  Lord's  day, 
instead  of  an  exposition,  he  preached  a  sermon 
of  about  three  quarters  of  an  hour  in  length. 
Once  a  fortnight  in  the  forenoon  his  labors  were 
enjoyed  by  the  congregation  of  Cambridge.  As 
a  preacher  he  was  animated  and  learned,  yet 
remarkably  plain,  being  mindful  of  the  impor 
tance  of  accommodating  himself  to  the  under 
standings  of  all  his  hearers.  In  a  letter  to  a 
brother  in  the  ministry  he  advised  him  not  to  use 
any  dark,  Latin  words,  or  any  derived  from  Latin, 
lest  he  should  not  be  understood;  and  enjoined 
it  upon  him  to  be  much  in  prayer  to  God,  as  the 
surest  way  to  success  in  his  labors.  The  subjects, 
which  he  thought  important  to  be  preached,  are 
the  misery  of  the  natural  state  of  man,  the  neces 
sity  of  union  with  Christ,  and  the  fruits  of  j  usti- 
fying  faith  in  love  and  good  works.  He  believed 
that  Jesus  Christ,  by  suffering  the  full  punishment 
due  to  the  sins  of  the  elect,  made  satisfaction  to 


divine  justice,  and  that  faith  justifies  by  receiving 
the  righteousness  of  the  Saviour,  which  is  imputed 
to  believers.  He  was  exceedingly  solicitous  to 
exclude  works  from  any  share  in  the  antecedent 
condition  of  justification  ;  yet  few  insisted  more 
upon  their  necessity  in  all  the  justified. 

He  was  an  indefatigable  student,  making  it  his 
constant  practice  to  rise  at  four  o'clock  in  the 
morning  ;  but  his  studies  did  not  interrupt  his  in 
tercourse  with  heaven,  for  he  usually  devoted  sev 
eral  hours  in  the  course  of  the  day  to  secret 
prayer.  Immediately  after  he  rose  from  bed,  at 
eleven  o'clock,  at  four  in  the  afternoon,  and  at 
nine,  he  retired  from  the  world  to  commune  with 
the  Father  of  mercies.  He  kept  a  diary,  in  which, 
under  the  heads  of  sins  and  mercies,  he  recorded 
his  imperfections,  and  the  blessings  which  were 
imparted  to  him.  His  temper  was  passionate, 
but  he  endeavored  to  subdue  it;  and,  such  was  his 
conscientiousness  and  self-inspection,  that,  when 
his  better  resolutions  were  overcome  by  the 
warmth  of  his  feelings,  he  would  immediately  re 
tire  to  humble  himself  before  God  and  to  seek  his 
mercy.  He  kept  many  days  of  fasting  and 
prayer,  sometimes  alone,  and  sometimes  with  his 
family  and  a  few  of  his  pious  neighbors.  Such  was 
his  attention  to  tliosa  whose  religious  instruction 
was  more  peculiarly  his  duty,  that,  every  morning 
and  evening,  after  he  had  expounded  a  chapter  of 
the  Bible  in  his  family,  he  would  endeavor  by 
suitable  questions  to  impress  the  truths  presented, 
upon  the  minds  of  his  cliildren  and  servants. 

This  venerable  man,  when  he  had  travelled  be 
yond  the  boundaries  of  fourscore,  was  yet  able  to 
preach  and  to  superintend  the  concerns  of  the  col 
lege.  His  friends  at  this  period  observed  to  him, 
as  he  was  going  to  preach  on  a  winter's  day,  that 
he  would  certainly  die  in  the  pulpit ;  but  he 
pressed  more  vigorously  through  the  snow-drift, 
replying,  "  How  glad  should  I  be  if  this  should 
prove  true  !  "  He  was  induced,  on  account  of  the 
infirmities  of  age,  to  address  to  his  friends  a  fare 
well  oration  on  the  day  of  commencement  in 
1671,  after  which  he  sent  for  his  children  and 
blessed  them.  He  now  waited  for  his  departure. 
When  he  was  stretched  on  the  bed  of  death,  and 
the  flame  of  life  was  almost  extinct,  he  was  de 
sired  by  Mr.  Oakes  to  give  a  sign  of  his  hope 
and  assurance  of  future  glory.  The  speechless 
old  man  accordingly  lifted  up  his  hands  towards 
heaven,  and  his  spirit  soon  rushed  forth,  and  en 
tered  eternity. 

He  published  a  sermon  on  Amos  II.  11, 
preached  in  the  college  hall  in  1655,  entitled, 
God's  mercy  showed  his  people  in  giving  them  a 
faithful  ministry,  and  schools  of  learning  for  the 
continuance  thereof.  In  this  sermon  he  speaks 
of  the  wearing  of  long  hair,  particularly  by  stu 
dents  and  ministers,  with  the  utmost  detestation, 
and  represents  it  as  a  heathenish  practice,  and  as 


CHAUNCY. 


CHAUNCY. 


215 


one  of  the  crying  sins  of  the  land.  In  this  senti 
ment  he  was  supported  by  some  of  the  most  dis 
tinguished  men  of  that  day.  He  takes  occasion 
at  the  same  time  to  reprehend  the  criminal  neglect 
of  the  people  with  regard  to  the  suitable  mainten 
ance  of  ministers.  lie  published  also  the  election 
sermon,  1656;  and  a  volume  of  twenty-six  ser 
mons  on  justification,  1659,  4to.  He  published  in 
1662  the  Antisynodalia  Americana,  in  opposition 
to  the  result  of  the  Synod  of  1662,  which  made  a 
perilous  innovation  by  admitting  to  baptism  the 
children  of  those  who  did  not  partake  of  the 
Lord's  supper.  In  his  resistance  he  had  the  aid 
of  Mr.  Davenport  and  Increase  Mather.  On  the 
other  side  were  Mr.  Allen  of  Dedham,  who 
answered  the  Antisynodalia,  Itichard  Mather,  and 
Mr.  Mitchell.  President  Chauncy's  manuscripts 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  widow  of  his  son,  Na 
thaniel  Chauncy  of  Hatfield  ;  and,  as  she  married  a 
Northampton  deacon,  who  subsisted  principally 
by  making  and  selling  pies,  these  learned  and 
pious  writings  were  not  suffered  to  decay.  Being 
put  to  the  bottom  of  the  pies,  they  rendered  good 
service  by  shielding  them  from  the  scorching  of 
the  oven  !  By  reason  of  this  sad  fate  of  his  an 
cestor's  manuscripts  Dr.  Chauncy  resolved  to  burn 
his  own ;  but  he  failed  to  do  it.  —  Mather's  May- 
nalia,Ill.  133-141;  IV.  128;  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  IV. 
111.;  X.  31,  171-180;  s.  s.  IV.  246.  Eushioortk's 
Hist.  Coll.  II.  34,  316;  Neal's  N.  E.,  I.  387-390; 
HwtcUnson,  I.  259;  Holmes,  I.  363,  364. 

CHAUNCY,  NATHANIEL,  minister  of  Hatfield, 
died  Nov.  4,  1686.  He  was  the  son  of  President 
Chauncy,  a  graduate  of  1661.  After  being  for 
some  time  the  minister  of  Windsor,  he  removed 
to  II.  in  1672.  His  widow  married  Mr.  Pomeroy 
of  Northampton. 

CHAUNCY,  CHARLES,  died  June  13,  1695.  A 
grandson  of  President  C.,  he  graduated  in  1686, 
and  was  settled  in  1695  at  Poquannock,  made  up 
partly  of  Stratford  and  Fail-field,  the  society  being 
called  Stratficld. 

CHAUNCY,  Israel,  minister  of  Stratford,  Conn., 
the  son  of  President  Chauncy,  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1661,  and  ordained  at  Strat 
ford  in  1665.  At  his  ordination,  Elder  Brinsmead, 
one  of  the  lay  brethren,  assisted  in  imposing 
hands,  and  wore  his  mittens ;  on  which  account 
the  Episcopalians  called  the  induction  "  the 
leather-mitten  ordination."  It  is  probable,  that 
elders  or  ministers  also  imposed  their  hands  on 
him,  and  that  this  was  not,  as  in  the  case  of  Mr. 
Carter,  a  purely  lay  ordination.  He  died  March 
14,  1703,  aged  58,  leaving  two  sons,  Charles  and 
Isaac,  whose  posterity  are  in  England. 

CHAUNCY,  ISAAC,  minister  of  Hadley,  Mass., 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1693,  ordained  Sept.  9,  1696,  and  died 
May  2,  1745,  aged  74.  His  second  wife  was  the 
widow  of  Itev.  Joseph  Metcalf  of  Falmouth, 


Mass.  His  daughter  married  Rev.  Mr.  Graham 
of  Southbury,  of  whom  Itev.  Dr.  Chauncy  Lee 
was  a  grandson.  Two  other  daughters  married 
ministers,  Estabrook  and  G.  Itawson.  His  suc 
cessor  was  C.  Williams.  He  published  a  sermon 
on  the  death  of  John  Williams  of  Dcerfield,  June 
12,  1729,  which  displays  very  considerable  learn 
ing  and  taste,  uncommon  for  the  time. 

CHAUNCY,  NATHANIEL,  minister  of  Durham, 
Conn.,  died  Feb.  10,  1787,  aged  82,  in  the  60th 
year  of  his  ministry.  He  was  the  son  of  Nathaniel 
Chauncy,  minister  of  Windsor  and  Ilatfield.  He 
was  in  the  first  class  at  Yale  college,  all  of  whom 
were  ministers,  and  graduated  in  1702.  He  was 
ordained  Feb.  7,  1711,  and  died  Feb.  1,  1756. 
His  successor  was  Eliznr  Goodrich.  From  1746 
to  1752  he  was  a  trustee  of  the  college.  He  pub 
lished  the  election  sermon  in  1719,  also  in  1734. 
—  Tmmlidl,  I.  520. 

CHAUNCY,  CHARLES,  D.  D.,  minister  in  Bos 
ton,  was  born  in  that  town  Jan.  1,  1705,  and  was 
a  descendant  of  President  Chauncy.  He  was  the 
son  of  Mr.  Charles  C.,  a  merchant  of  Boston,  who 
died  about  1712.  His  father  was  the  eldest  son 
of  Itev.  Isaac  Chauncy  of  London.  Entering 
Harvard  college  at  twelve  years  of  age,  he  received 
his  first  degree  in  1721.  He  was  ordained  pastor 
of  the  first  church  in  Boston,  as  colleague  with 
Mr.  Foxcroft,  Oct.  25,  1727,  and  enjoyed  for  a 
few  years  the  assistance  of  Dr.  Clarke.  He  was 
eminent  for  his  learning,  and  for  the  spirit  of  in 
dependence,  which  marked  his  inquiries.  Being 
placed  by  Divine  Providence  in  a  situation  which 
afforded  him  much  leisure,  he  was  diligent  in  his 
search  after  truth.  He  formed  the  resolution  to 
see  for  himself,  to  understand,  if  possible,  all  the 
articles  of  his  creed,  and  not  to  teach  for  the  doc 
trines  of  Christ  the  commandments  of  men.  The 
result  of  his  inquiries  in  some  instances  did  not 
correspond  with  the  opinions  embraced  generally 
by  Ins  brethren  in  the  ministry ;  but  he  adopted 
them  after  patient  investigation,  and  he  believed 
them  himself  to  be  founded  on  the  Scriptures, 
His  favorite  authors  were  Tillotson  and  Baxter. 
Soon  after  Mr.  Whitefield  came  to  this  country, 
when  his  preaching  was  attended  with  very  re 
markable  effects,  and  many  disorders  accompanied 
the  reformation  produced,  Dr.  Chauncy  stood 
forth  in  opposition  to  him.  He  could  not  easily 
admit,  that  any  good  could  be  done  by  an  itiner 
ant  preacher,  "  who  played  the  bishop  in  another 
man's  parish,"  as  he  rendered  I.  Peter,  iv.  12, 
"and  who  went  out  of  his  proper  line  of  things." 
Believing  that  the  welfare  of  the  churches  was 
endangered,  he  travelled  several  hundred  miles  to 
collect  facts,  and  published  in  1743  his  seasonable 
thoughts  on  the  state  of  religion  in  New  England, 
in  which  he  gives  a  faithful  picture  of  the  un- 
charitablencss,  enthusiasm,  and  confusion,  which 
prevailed  in  different  parts  of  the  country.  He 


216 


CHAUNCTE. 


CHAUNCY. 


attacked  what  was  worthy  of  reprehension  ;  but, 
like  most  men  of  strong  passions,  by  dwelling  con 
stantly  upon  the  picture  which  he  was  drawing, 
he  almost  forgot  that  different  and  more  pleasant 
objects  might  be  presented  to  the  eye.  Such  men 
as  Colman,  Sewall,  Prince,  Cooper,  Foxcroft,  and 
Eliot,  agreed  with  him  in  reprehending  and  op 
posing  the  extravagances  which  he  had  wit 
nessed  ;  but  they  had  different  views  of  the  gen 
eral  religious  state  of  the  country,  and  thought  it 
their  duty  to  express  "their  full  persuasion,  that 
there  had  been  a  happy  and  remarkable  revival 
of  religion  in  many  parts  of  the  land  through  an 
uncommon  Divine  influence."  Dr.  Chauncyin  his 
work  endeavors  to  distinguish  the  nature  of  true 
religion.  lie  represents  the  new  creation  as 
wrought  in  the  minds  of  sinners  by  the  Spirit,  of 
God  in  different  ways  ;  sometimes  as  accompanied 
by  terror,  and  sometimes  as  exciting  little  agita 
tion  ;  but  as  always  evincing  itself  by  the  fruits 
of  holiness.  As  a  remedy  for  the  evils  which  he 
recorded,  he  enforces  it  upon  his  brethren  as  their 
most  sacred  duty,  to  discourage  and  oppose  all  itin- 
erent  preaching  in  places  where  ministers  were 
settled.  lie  recommends  also  a  more  strict  ex 
amination  of  candidates  for  the  ministry,  and  the 
revival  of  discipline  in  the  churches.  In  regard  to 
Mr.  "Whitcficld,  than  whom  there  was  never  a  more 
disinterested  man,  it  was  suggested,  that  vanity 
might  have  been  the  cause  of  his  incessant  travels 
in  Great  Britain  and  America,  and  that  in  solicit 
ing  subscriptions  he  might  have  had  "  a  fellow 
feeling  with  the  orphans  in  Georgia." 

Dr.  Chauncy  was  ardently  attached  to  the 
civil  and  religious  liberties  of  his  country.  After 
the  death  of  Dr.  Mayhew  he  followed  in  his  steps 
in  withstanding  the  schemes  of  Episcopalians. 
He  published  in  1767  remarks  upon  a  sermon  of 
the  bishop  of  Landaff;  in  which  pamphlet  he 
expressed  his  fears,  that  the  appointment  of 
bishops  of  America,  as  was  projected,  would  be 
followed  by  attempts  to  promote  Episcopacy  by 
force.  He  then  adds,  "  It  may  be  relied  on,  our 
people  would  not  be  easy  if  restrained  in  the 
exercise  of  that  liberty  wherewith  Christ  hath 
made  them  free ;  yea,  they  would  hazard  every 
thing  dear  to  them,  — their  estates,  their  very  lives, 
—  rather  than  suffer  their  necks  to  be  put  under 
that  yoke  of  bondage,  which  was  so  sadly  galling  to 
their  fathers,  and  occasioned  their  retreat  into 
this  distant  land,  that  they  might  enjoy  the  free 
dom  of  men  and  Christians."  A  controversy  on 
the  subject  with  Dr.  Chandler  succeeded,  and  in 
his  reply  to  him  he  observes,  "  it  is  with  me  past 
all  doubt,  that  the  religion  of  Jesus  will  never  be 
restored  to  its  primitive  purity,  simplicity,  and 
glory,  until  religious  establishments  are  so  brought 
down,  as  to  be  no  more."  In  1771  he  published 
his  complete  view  of  Episcopacy  from  the  fathers, 
a  work,  which  does  him  great  honor,  and  which 


in  the  opinion  of  many  has  settled  the  contro 
versy. 

He  was  an  honest  patriot,  and  at  the  commence 
ment  of  the  Revolution  he  entered  warmly  into 
those  measures  which  were  considered  necessary 
to  vindicate  our  rights,  and  which  were  founded 
in  justice  and  dictated  by  wisdom.  During  the 
war  he  was  a  most  incurable  whig.  So  firmly 
was  he  convinced  of  the  justice  of  our  cause,  that 
he  used  to  say,  he  had  no  doubt,  if  human  exer 
tions  were  ineffectual,  that  a  host  of  angels  would 
be  sent  to  assist  us.  When  a  smile  was  excited, 
and  some  doubts  were  expressed  respecting  the 
possibility  of  such  an  ally,  he  persisted  in  his 
assertion,  adding,  that  he  knew  it.  His  mind 
was  indeed  of  a  peculiar  stamp.  In  conversation 
he  was  apt  to  be  vehement  and  extravagant ;  a 
little  opposition  would  easily  kindle  a  flame ;  but 
in  his  writings  he  appears  more  calm  and  col 
lected.  He  was  respected  for  the  excellence  of 
his  character,  being  honest  and  sincere  in  his 
intercourse  with  his  fellow  men,  kind,  and  char 
itable,  and  pious.  I  )iw:imulation,  which  was  of 
all  things  most  foreign  to  his  nature,  was  the 
object  of  his  severest  invective.  His  language 
was  remarkably  plain  and  pointed,  when  he  spoke 
against  fraud,  either  in  public  bodies  or  individ 
uals.  Paper  money,  tender  acts,  and  every  spe 
cies  of  knavery  met  his  severest  reprehension, 
both  in  his  public  discourses  and  in  private  con 
versation.  No  company  could  restrain  him  from 
the  honest  expression  of  his  sentiments.  In  the 
latter  part  of  his  life  he  appeared  to  those,  who 
were  near  him,  to  be  almost  wholly  engaged  in 
devotional  exercises. 

Dr.  Chauncy's  publications  are  numerous. 
The  following  is  a  list  of  them:  Funeral  sermons 
from  1731  to  1769,  on  Sarah  Byfield,  Elizabeth 
Price,  Nathaniel  Byfield,  Jonathan  Williams,  Lucy 
Waldo,  Cornelius  Thaycr,  Anna  Foxcroft,  Edward 
Gray,  Dr.  Mayhew,  Mr.  Foxcroft,  and  Dr.  Sewall; 
sermons  at  the  ordination  of  Thomas  Frink, 
Joseph  Bowman,  Penuel  Bowen,  and  Simeon 
Howard  :  a  sermon  before  the  artillery  company, 
1734;  on  religious  compulsion,  1739;  on  the  new 
creature ;  on  an  unbridled  tongue ;  on  the  gifts 
of  the  Spirit  to  ministers,  1742  ;  on  the  outpour 
ing  of  the  Holy  Ghost ;  against  enthusiasm ; 
account  of  the  French  prophets  in  a  letter  to  a 
friend,  1742;  seasonable  thoughts  on  the  state  of 
religion  in  New  England,  8vo.,  1743;  a  conven 
tion  sermon,  1744  ;  a  thanksgiving  sermon  on  the 
reduction  of  Cape  Breton,  1745;  a  letter  to 
George  Whitcfield ;  a  second  letter  to  the  same ; 
a  sermon  on  the  rebellion  in  favor  of  the  pre 
tender,  1746;  election  sermon,  1747;  a  sermon 
for  encouraging  industry,  1752;  on  murder,  1754; 
on  the  earthquake,  1755;  an  account  of  the  Ohio 
defeat,  1755;  a  particular  narrative  of  the  defeat 
of  the  French  army  at  lake  George,  1755 ;  ser- 


CHAUNCY. 

mon  on  the  earthquakes  in  Spain,  etc.,  1756 ;  the 
opinion  of  one,  who  has  perused  Clark's  summer 
morning's  conversation,  1758;  a  Dudleian  lecture 
on  the  validity  of  Presbyterian  ordination,  17G2; 
twelve  sermons  on  seasonable  and  important  sub 
jects,  particularly  referring  to  the  Sandcmanian 
doctrines,  8vo.,  1765;  a  thanksgiving  sermon  on 
the  repeal  of  the  stamp  act,  17G6;  on  trust  in 
God  the  duty  of  a  people,  etc. ;  on  all  things  in 
common  1773;  on  the  accursed  thing,  1778;  re 
marks  on  the  bishop  of  Landaff's  sermon,  1767; 
answer  to  Dr.  Chandler's  appeal,  1768;  reply 
to  Dr.  Chandler's  appeal  defended,  1770;  a 
complete  view  of  Episcopacy  from  the  fathers, 
8vo.,  1771;  five  sermons  on  the  Lord's  supper, 
1772;  a  just  representation  of  the  sufferings 
and  hardships  of  the  town  of  Boston,  1774  ;  the 
mystery  hid  from  ages,  or  the  salvation  of  all 
men,  8vo.,  1784  ;  this  has  been  answered  by  Dr. 
Edwards ;  the  benevolence  of  the  Deity  consid 
ered,  8vo.,  1785 ;  five  dissertations  on  the  fall  and 
its  consequences,  8vo.,  1785;  a  sermon  on  the 
return  of  his  society  to  their  house  of  worship, 
after  it  had  undergone  repairs.  —  Clarke's  Fun. 
Serm. ;  Miller,  n.  368. 

CHAUNCY,  CHARLES,  LL.  D.,  a  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  Connecticut,  died  at  New  Haven 
April  18,  1823,  aged  75.  He  was  a  descend 
ant  of  President  Chauncy,  and  was  born  in  Dur 
ham,  Conn.,  June  11,  1747.  Without  the  advan 
tages  of  a  public  education  he  studied  law  with 
J.  A.  Hillhouse,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1768.  In  1789  he  was  appointed  judge;  but  in 
1793  he  resigned  his  seat  on  the  t>ench,  and 
retired  from  the  business  of  the  courts,  though  he 
afterwards  gave  lectures  to  a  class  of  students  at 
law.  He  was  also  delightfully  employed  in  edu 
cating  his  children.  His  thirst  for  knowledge 
was  unquenchable.  In  legal  science  his  investiga 
tions  were  profound,  and  he  was  well  skilled  in 
various  departments  of  literature,  history,  civil 
policy,  and  theology.  Having  thoroughly  studied 
the  evidences  of  Christianity,  he  obtained  a  set 
tled  conviction,  that  the  Bible  is  the  word  of  God. 
In  searching  the  Scriptures  he  was  led  to  embrace 
the  tenets,  in  which  most  of  the  Protestant 
churches  are  agreed.  He  early  made  a  profes 
sion  of  religion.  As  he  advanced  in  years,  he 
had  serene  anticipations  of  the  future,  commingled 
with  grateful  recollections  of  the  past.  His  was  not 
a  querulous  old  age.  With  deep  emotion,  as  he 
approached  the  grave,  he  reviewed  and  acknowl 
edged  the  divine  goodness  to  himself  and  his 
family,  and  then  sunk  to  rest  with  the  hope  of 
awakening  to  the  ineffable  glories  of  heaven.  — 
ChriNf.  Spectator,  V.  335,  336. 

CHECKLEY,   JOHN,   Episcopal    minister    at 
Providence,  died  in  1753,  aged  73.     lie  was  bora 
in  Boston  in  1680.     His  parents  came  from  Eng 
land.     At  the  supreme  court,  held  in  Boston  Nov. 
28 


CHECKLEY. 


217 


27,  1724,  he  was  fined  50  pounds  for  publishing  a 
libel;  this  was  a  reprint  in  1723  of  Leslie's 
"  Short  and  easy  method  with  the  deists,"  with 
the  addition  written  by  himself,  of  a  "  Discourse 
concerning  Episcopacy,  in  defence  of  Christianity 
and  the  church  of  England  against  the  deists  and 
dissenters,  London,  1723."  In  this  he  rudely 
attacked  the  clergy  and  people  of  New  England, 
with  some  unloyal  allusions  to  the  family  on  the 
throne.  In  1727  he  went  to  England  for  orders, 
intending  to  settle  at  Marblehead ;  but  the  Bishop 
of  London  refused  to  ordain  liim,  in  consequence 
of  letters  from  Mr.  Barnard  and  Mr.  Holyoke, 
describing  him  as  without  a  liberal  education,  a 
non-juror,  and  a  bitter  enemy  to  Christians  of 
other  persuasions.  Bishop  Gibson  said,  he  would 
never  ordain  an  uncathoiic,  unloyal  man,  so  ob 
noxious  to  the  people  of  New  England.  After 
wards  the  Bishop  of  Exeter  ordained  him  and 
sent  him  to  Narragausett.  He  went  to  Provi 
dence  in  1739,  and  preached  also  once  a  month  at 
Warwick  and  Attleborough.  He  was  a  wit,  a 
classical  scholar,  skilful  also  in  Hebrew  and  Nar- 
ragansett  Indian ;  but  he  was  more  remarkable 
for  the  eccentricities  of  his  temper  and  conduct, 
than  for  piety  and  learning.  He  published 
choice  dialogues  about  predestination,  1715;  this 
was  answered  by  Tho.  Walter,  who  defended  the 
Calvinistic  doctrine;  it  was  republished,  "with 
an  answer  by  a  stripling,"  1720.  The  modest 
proof  of  the  order  of  the  churches,  1727,  which 
introduced  the  Episcopal  controversy  in  Massa 
chusetts,  and  which  was  answered  by  Wiggles- 
worth  and  Martin  Mar  Prelate,  is  supposed  to 
have  been  written  by  him.  He  published  his 
speech  upon  his  trial,  etc.,  2d.  edit.  1728,  and  the 
same  in  London,  1738,  probably  to  promote  his 
views  as  to  ordination. — Hist.  Coll.  Mil.  77  j 
Eliot. 

CHECKLEY,  SAMUEL,  minister  in  Boston, 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1715.  He 
was  ordained  the  first  minister  of  the  new  south 
church  in  Summer  street,  Nov.  22,  1719,  and  died 
Dec.  1,  1769,  in  the  fifty-first  year  of  his  min 
istry,  aged  73.  His  colleague,  Mr.  Bowen,  who 
was  settled  in  1766,  survived  him,  but  was  dis 
missed  in  1772.  In  the  following  year  Mr.  Howe 
was  ordained  his  successor.  Mr.  Checkley's  son, 
Samuel,  was  minister  of  the  old  north  church 
from  1747  to  1768.  In  his  preacliing  he  was 
plain  and  evangelical.  The  great  subject  of  his 
discourses  was  Jesus  Christ,  as  a  Divine  person, 
and  as  the  end  of  the  law  for  righteousness  to 
all  that  believe.  He  frequently  dwelt  upon  the 
fall  of  man,  the  necessity  of  the  influences  of  the 
Spirit  of  God,  the  frceness  and  richness  of  Divine 
grace,  the  necessity  of  regeneration,  justification 
by  faith,  and  faith  as  the  gift  of  God.  He  was 
careful  also  to  insist  upon  the  importance  of  the 
Christian  virtues.  These  he  exhibited  in  his  own 


218 


CHEESBOROUGH. 


life.  Discountenancing  all  parade  in  religion,  it 
gave  him  pleasure  to  encourage  the  humble  and 
diffident.  As  he  did  not  consider  it  of  little  im 
portance  what  principles  were  embraced,  he  was 
tenacious  of  his  sentiments.  During  his  last 
sickness  he  enjoyed  the  supports  of  religion,  and 
anticipated  the  blessedness  of  dwelling  with,  his 
Saviour,  and  with  his  pious  friends,  who  had  been 
called  before  him  into  eternity.  Renouncing  his 
own  righteousness,  he  trusted  only  in  the  merits 
of  Christ.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death 
of  King  George  I.,  1727 ;  of  Wm.  Waldron, 
1727;  of  Lydia  Hutchinson,  1748;  at  the  elec 
tion,  1755.  —  Bowen's  Funeral  Sermon;  Coll. 
Hist.  Soc.  in.  361. 

CHEESBOROUGH,  WILLIAM,  died  at  Flem 
ing,  near  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  in  1840,  aged  95,  a  na 
tive  of  Stonington,  Conn.,  a  venerable  Christian. 
CHEESHAHTEAUMUCK,  CALEB,  the  only 
Indian  who  ever  graduated  at  Harvard  college, 
received  his  degree  in  1665,  and  died  at  Charles- 
town  in  1666,  aged  20. 

CHEETHAM,  JAMES,  editor  of  the  American 
Citizen  at  New  York,  died  Sept.  19,  1810,  aged 
37.  He  published  a  reply  to  Aristides,  1804 ; 
the  life  of  Thomas  Paine,  1809. 

CHEEVER,  EZEKIEL,  an  eminent  instructor, 
died  Aug.  21,  1708,  aged  93.  He  was  born  in 
London  Jan.  25,  1615,  and  came  to  this  country 
in  June,  1637,  for  the  sake  of  the  peaceable  en 
joyment  of  Christian  worship  in  its  purity.  He 
was  first  employed  as  a  schoolmaster  at  New 
Haven  for  twelve  years ;  then  at  Ipswich,  Mass., 
eleven  years  ;  and  afterwards  at  Charlestown  nine 
years.  He  removed  to  Boston  Jan.  6,  1671, 
where  he  continued  his  labors  during  the  re 
mainder  of  his  life.  Most  of  the  principal  gen 
tlemen  in  Boston  had  been  his  pupils,  and  took 
pleasure  in  acknowledging  their  obligations  and 
honoring  their  old  master.  He  was  not  only  an 
excellent  teacher,  but  a  pious  Christian.  He  con 
stantly  prayed  with  his  pupils  every  day,  and 
catechized  them  every  week.  He  also  took  fre 
quent  occasions  to  address  them  upon  religiou 
subjects.  Being  well  acquainted  with  divinity, 
he  was  an  able  defender  of  the  faith  and  order  oi 
the  gospel.  In  his  old  age  his  intellectual  pow 
ers  were  very  little  impaired.  The  following  ex 
tracts  from  an  elegy  upon  him  by  Cotton  Mather, 
one  of  his  pupils,  will  show  the  esteem  in  which 
he  was  held,  and  may  serve  also  as  a  specimen  o: 
the  poetry  of  the  age. 


•  A  mighty  tribe  of  well-instructed  youth 
Tell  what  they  owe  to  him,  and  tell  with  truth. 
All  the  eight  parts  of  speech,  he  taught  to  them, 
They  now  employ  to  trumpet  his  esteem. 
Magister  pleased  them  well  because  'twas  he; 
They  say  that  bonus  did  with  it  agree. 
While  they  said  amo,  they  the  hiut  improve 
Him  for  to  make  the  object  of  their  love. 


CHESTER. 

No  concord  so  inviolate  they  knew, 
As  to  pay  honors  to  their  master  due. 
With  interjections  they  break  off  at  last, 
But,  ah  is  all  they  use,  wo,  and  alas !  " 

He  published  an  essay  on  the  millennium,  and 
a  Latin  accidence,  which  passed  through  twenty 
ditions.  — Mather's  Funeral  Sermon  and  Elegy ; 
Huicltinson,  II.  175  ;  Hist.  Coll.  Till.  66. 

CIIEEVER,  SAMUEL,  the  first  minister  of  Mar- 
blehead,  died  in  1724,  aged  85.  He  was  the  son 
of  the  preceding,  and  Avas  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1659.  In  Nov.,  1668,  he  first  visited 
the  town,  in  which  he  was  afterwards  settled, 
when  the  people  were  few.  He  continued  preach 
ing  with  them  sixteen  years  before  his  ordination. 
Higginson,  Hubbard,  and  Hale  assisted  in  or 
daining  him,  Aug.  13,  1684.  He  received  Mr. 
Barnard  as  his  colleague  in  1716.  He  possessed 
good  abilities,  and  was  a  constant  and  zealous 
preacher,  a  man  of  peace  and  of  a  catholic  mind. 
Never  was  he  sick.  For  fifty  years  he  was  not  taken 
off  from  his  labors  one  Sabbath.  When  he  died,  the 
lamp  of  life  fairly  burned  out.  He  felt  no  pain  in  his 
expiring  moments.  He  published  the  election  ser 
mon,  1712.  —  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vill.  65,  66  ;  x.  168. 

CIIEEVER,  ABIJAH,  M.  D.,  died  at  Saugus, 
April  21,  1843,  aged  84 ;  a  graduate  of  1779.  He 
studied  with  Dr.  Warren,  served  several  years  in 
the  army  and  navy,  then  had  extensive  practice 
and  high  reputation  in  Boston.  He  was  a  man 
of  integrity  and  honor,  frank,  and  social. 

CIIEEVER,  CHARLOTTE,  Mrs.,  died  at  her 
son's,  Rev.  Henry  T.  C.,  at  Greenport,  L.  I.,  Jan. 
17,  1854,  aged  76,  formerly  of  Hallowell,  mother 
of  Rev.  George  B.  C.  of  New  York.  She  was  an 
eminent  Christian.  —  Observer,  April  13. 

CHENEY,  SETII,  a  skilful  artist,  died  at  Man 
chester,  Conn.,  Sept.  10,  1856,  aged  about  55. 
He  had  retired  to  M.,  where,  with  his  brother 
John,  the  eminent  engineer,  he  had  built  a 
studio,  and  proposed  to  devote  himself  to  painting. 
His  crayon  drawings  are  chiefly  portraits  of  the 
size  of  life,  and  of  rare  excellence.  There  are 
great  dignity  and  beauty  and  purity  in  his  ideal 
pieces.  It  is  remarkable  that  he  never  would  take 
the  likeness  of  one,  whom  he  did  not  respect.  Were 
all  artists  of  this  character,  they  would  find  very 
little  employment  among  a  host  of  the  great  men 
of  the  earth. 

CHENEY,  MOSES,  a  Baptist  minister,  died  in 
Sheffield,  Vt,  Aug.  9,  1856,  aged  79.  He  was 
long  known  as  an  earnest  and  faithful  preacher 
in  Vermont  and  New  Hampshire.  He  suffered 
long  in  sickness,  but  held  an  unshaken  faith  in 
the  gospel. 

CHERRY,  CHARLOTTE,  missionary,  died  at 
Chavagacherry,  Ceylon,  Nov.  4,  1837,  aged  26. 
Her  husband  was  Henry  Cherry;  her  name, 
Charlotte  II.  Lathrop  of  Norwich. 

CHESTER,  LEONARD,  the  head  of  the  Ches- 


CHESTER. 

tcr  family  in  New  England,  died  Dec.  11,  1648, 
aged  39.  lie  was  the  son  of  John,  of  Leicester 
county,  England,  and  of  Dorothy  Hooker,  the 
sister  of  the  famous  Thomas  Hooker.  He  was 
one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Wethersficld ;  but  his 
eldest  son,  John,  was  born  in  Watertown  in  1635. 

CHESTER,  JOHN,  colonel,  died  at  Wethers- 
field  Sept.  11,  1771,  aged  68,  a  soldier  of  the 
Revolution.  His  father  and  grandfather  each 
bore  the  name  of  John  ;  the  preceding  ancestor 
was  Leonard.  He  had  four  sons  and  two  daugh- 
ers.  His  son  Leonard  married  Sarah,  daughter 
of  Col.  William  Williams  of  Pittsfield,  also  Miss 
Welles,  and  had  sons  and  daughters. 

CHESTER,  JOHN,  colonel,  an  officer  in  the 
army  of  the  Revolution,  died  Nov.  4,  1809,  aged 
60.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1766. 
He  was  among  the  brave  men  who  fought  in  the 
battle  of  Bunker  Hill  in  1775.  In  August,  1801, 
after  the  accession  of  Mr.  Jefferson  to  the  presi 
dency,  he  was  removed  from  the  office  of  super 
visor  of  Connecticut.  He  lived  at  Wethersfield, 
the  residence  of  Ins  ancestors.  His  sons  were 
Rev.  John  C.  of  Albany,  Henry,  a  lawyer  of  Phil 
adelphia,  and  William,  a  minister,  —  and  his 
daughters  married  as  follows :  Elizabeth  to  Elea- 
zer  F.  Backus  of  Albany,  Mary  to  Ebenezer 
Welles  of  Brattleborough,  Hannah  to  Charles 
Chauncey  of  Philadelphia,  and  Julia  to  Matthew 
C.  Ralston  of  Philadelphia. 

CHESTER,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  died  at  Philadelphia 
Jan.  12,  1829,  aged  about  43.  Son  of  the  preced 
ing,  he  graduated  in  1804,  and  became  the  minis 
ter  of  the  2d  Presbyterian  church  in  Albany,  in 
Nov.,  1815.  His  wife  was  the  daughter  of  Robert 
Ralston  of  Philadelphia.  He  was  an  earnest 
preacher ;  and  published  several  single  sermons. 

CHEVERUS,  LEFEBURE  DE,  cardinal,  died  at 
Bourdeaux  July  19,  1836,  aged  68.  He  was  born 
at  Mayenne  Jan.  28,  1768,  came  to  this  country 
in  1796,  and  was  the  first  Catholic  bishop  in  Bos 
ton  in  1810.  Returning  to  France,  he  was  bishop 
of  Montauban  in  1832,  archbishop  of  Bordeaux  in 
1826,  and  cardinal  in  1835.  He  spoke  Latin, 
and  was  well  versed  in  Greek  and  Hebrew.  In 
Boston  he  was  held  in  great  affection  and  respect. 
Few  preachers  were  equal  to  him  in  pulpit  elo 
quence. 

CHEW,  SAMUEL,  chief  justice  of  Newcastle, 
etc.,  in  Pennsylvania,  was  a  Quaker  and  a  physi 
cian,  and  died  June  16,  1744.  Of  great  influence 
over  the  Quakers,  his  death  was  deemed  a  great 
loss  to  the  province.  His  speech  to  the  grand 
jury  of  Newcastle,  on  the  lawfulness  of  defence 
against  an  armed  enemy,  was  published  in  1741, 
and  republished  in  1775.  For  this  he  was  re 
proached  in  a  Philadelphia  paper  as  an  apostate 
and  a  time-server,  and  as  having  been  "  hired  by 
Balak  to  curse  Israel."  He  replied  with  becom 
ing  dignity  and  spirit. 


CHILD. 


219 


CHEW,  BENJAMIN,  chief  justice  of  Pennsylva 
nia,  died  Jan.  20,  1810,  aged  87.  He  was  the 
son  of  the  preceding,  and  born  in  Maryland  Nov. 
29,  1722.  He  studied  law  with  Andrew  Hamil 
ton  ;  also  in  London.  On  his  return  he  settled 
on  the  Delaware,  and  in  1754  removed  to  Phila 
delphia.  Of  this  city  he  was  recorder  from  1755 
to  1772 ;  also  register  of  wills.  The  office  of 
attorney-general  he  resigned  in  1766.  In  1774 
he  succeeded  William  Allen  as  chief  justice ; 
but,  being  opposed  to  the  Revolution,  he  retired 
from  public  life  in  1776.  Appointed  in  1790 
president  of  the  high  court  of  errors  and  appeals, 
he  continued  in  that  station  till  the  abolition  of 
the  court  in  1806.  His  first  wife  was  Mary, 
daughter  of  Samuel  Galloway  of  Maryland ;  his 
second  was  a  daughter  of  Mr.  Oswald  ;  she  died 
about  1809,  aged  85.  One  of  his  daughters  mar 
ried  in  1768  Alexander  Wilcox.  — Jennison. 

CIIICKERLNG,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Woburn, 
died  Jan.  27,  1844,  aged  63.  He  was  the  son  of 
Rev.  Jabez  C.  of  Dedham,  who  died  in  1812. 
A  graduate  of  1799,  he  was  ordained  in  1804, 
having  studied  theology  with  Prof.  Tappan  at 
Cambridge.  He  was  a  zealous,  faithful  minis 
ter,  the  earnest  supporter  of  various  charitable 
societies,  making  to  them  bequests.  He  was  the 
father  of  Rev.  Dr.  C.  of  Portland.  He  published 
a  dedication  sermon,  1809;  before  education 
society,  1817.  —  Christian  Mirror,  Feb.  29. 

CIIICKERING,  JONAS,  died  at  Boston  Dec.  8, 
1853,  aged  56.  He  was  so  much  respected  as  a 
citizen,  that  his  funeral  was  the  largest  ever  known 
in  Boston.  He  descended  from  Dr.  John  C.  of 
Charlestown,  who  was  the  son  of  Henry  of  Ded 
ham  as  early  as  1635.  One  act  of  his  beneficence 
is  gratefully  recorded  by  Richard  Storrs  Willis, 
who,  after  his  graduation  at  college,  meeting  with 
Mr.  C.  and  explaining,  at  his  request,  his  projects 
in  life  and  his  wish  to  study  music,  Mr.  C.  instantly 
offered  him  500  dollars  a  year  for  four  years  to 
support  him  in  his  studies  abroad.  Mr.  W.  was 
in  1854  editor  of  "  The  N.  Y.  Musical  World." 
Mr.  C.'s  life,  by  J.  L.  Blake,  is  in  Lives  of  Ameri 
can  Merchants. 

CHICKERING,  JESSE,  a  physician,  was  born 
in  Dover,  graduated  in  1818,  and  practiced  ten 
years  in  Boston.  He  died  at  Jamaica  Plain  May 
29,  1855,  aged  57.  He  published  in  1846  a  work 
on  the  population  of  Mass.,  from  1765  to  1840  ; 
a  work  on  immigration,  1846 ;  reports  on  the 
census  of  Boston,  1851;  and  a  letter  on  slavery, 
1855. 

CHILD,  ROBERT,  a  physician,  was  educated  at 
Padua,  and  came  to  Massachusetts  as  early  as 
.1644.  His  object  was  to  explore  the  mines  of 
this  country.  In  1646  he  and  others  caused  dis 
turbance  in  the  colony  by  a  petition,  supposed  to 
have  originated  with  William  Vassall,  in  which 
he  complained,  that  the  fundamental  laws  of  Eng- 


220 


CHILDS. 


CIIIPMAN. 


land  -were  disregarded,  and  that  free-born  Eng- 
Hshmen,  if  not  members  of  one  of  the  churches, 
were  denied  civil  privileges,  and  debarred  from 
Christian  ordinances.  He  prayed  for  redress,  and 
threatened  to  apply  to  parliament.  He  was  sum 
moned  before  the  court,  accused  of  "  false  and 
scandalous  passages,"  etc.,  and  fined  50  pounds. 
His  trial  is  related  by  Winthrop.  When  he  was 
about  to  proceed  to  England  with  his  complaints, 
he  was  apprehended,  and  suffered  a  long  impris 
onment.  His  brother,  Maj.  John  Child  of  Eng 
land,  in  his  indignation,  published  a  pamphlet, 
entitled,  New  England's  Jonas  cast  up  at  London, 
containing  Child's  petition  to  the  court,  etc.,  1647. 

This,  which  is  reprinted  in  2  Hist.  Coll.  iv., 
was  answered  by  Winslow,  in  the  "  Salamander," 
alluding  to  Vassall,  "  a  man  never  at  rest,  but 
when  he  was  in  the  fire  of  contention."  The  rea 
son  of  the  title  of  "  Jonas  "  was  this,  as  we  learn 
from  the  paper :  when  the  ship,  in  which  Vassall 
proceeded  to  England  in  1G46,  was  about  to  sail, 
Cotton  in  his  Thursday  lecture  said,  that  writings, 
carried  to  England  against  this  country,  would  be 
as  Jonas  in  the  ship,  and  advised  the  ship-master, 
in  case  of  a  storm,  to  search  the  chests  and 
throw  over  any  such  Jonas.  There  was  a  storm  : 
a  good  woman  at  midnight  entreated  Thomas 
Fowle,  if  he  had  a  petition,  to  give  it  to  her.  He 
accordingly  gave  her,  not  the  petition  to  parlia 
ment,  but  a  copy  of  the  petition  to  the  general 
court.  This  was  thrown  overboard ;  yet  a  copy 
of  the  same  and  a  petition  to  parliament  were 
safely  cast  up  at  London.  —  Winthrop ;  2  Hist. 
Coll.  iv.  107-120. 

CHILDS,  TIMOTHY,  M.  D.,  a  physician  of  Pitts- 
field,  Mass.,  and  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution,  died 
Feb.  25,  1821,  aged  73.  He  was  born  at  Deer- 
field  in  Feb.,  1748,  and  passed  several  years  at 
Harvard  college.  Having  studied  physic  under 
Dr.  Williams,  he  commenced  the  practice  at 
Pittsfield  in  1771.  In  the  political  controversy 
with  Great  Britain  he  engaged  with  zeal.  In 
1774  he  was  chairman  of  a  committee  of  the 
town  to  petition  the  justice  of  the  court  of 
common  pleas,  to  stay  all  proceedings  till  cer 
tain  oppressive  acts  of  parliament  should  be 
repealed.  When  the  news  of  the  battle  of  Lex 
ington  was  received,  he  marched  to  Boston  with 
a  company  of  minute-men,  in  which  he  was  en 
rolled  in  the  preceding  year.  Being  soon  ap 
pointed  surgeon  of  Col.  Patterson's  regiment,  he 
accompanied  the  army  to  New  York  and  thence 
to  Montreal.  In  1777  he  returned  to  his  practice 
in  Pittsfield,  in  which  he  continued  till  his  death. 
For  several  years  he  was  a  representative  in  the 
general  court,  and  also  a  senator.  In  his  politics 
he  warmly  supported  the  republican  party,  which 
came  into  power  with  the  accession  of  Mr.  Jeffer 
son  to  the  presidency  in  1801.  Till  within  a  few 


days  of  his  death  he  attended  to  the  active  duties 
of  his  profession,  in  which  he  was  eminent.  Great 
and  general  confidence  was  reposed  in  his  skill. 
He  had  always  been  the  supporter  of  religious  in 
stitutions,  though  not  a  professor  of  religion ;  in 
his  last  sickness  he  earnestly  besought  the  Divine 
mercy,  and  spoke  of  the  blood  and  righteousness 
of  Christ  as  the  only  hope  of  a  sinner.  His  son, 
Henry  H.  Childs,  succeeded  him  as  a  physician. 
—  Thacher's  Med.  Bioy. ;  Hist.  Berkshire,  380. 

CHILDS,  THOMAS,  brigadier-general,  died  of 
the  yellow  fever  at  Tampa  Bay,  Oct.  8,  1853. 
He  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Timothy  Childs,  one  of  the 
first  settlers  of  Pittsfield,  Mass.  His  mother,  a 
daughter  of  Col.  Easton  of  P.,  died  in  1852,  aged 
92.  In  the  Mexican  Avar  he  commanded  under 
Taylor  the  artillery  battalion  in  several  battles. 
Afterwards  he  was  with  the  army  of  Scott,  who 
spoke  of  his  "  often-distinguished"  Col.  Childs. 
He  commanded  at  Puebla,  where  he  was  en 
deared  to  his  soldiers  by  his  humane  conduct  in 
all  circumstances. 

CHIPMAN,  JOHN,  colonel,  a  soldier  of  the 
Revolution,  was  an  officer  in  the  regiment  of  Col. 
Seth  Warner ;  was  engaged  in  the  battles  of  Ben- 
nington  and  Ilubbardton,  and  subsequently  com 
manded  fort  George,  which  he  wj>°  compelled  to 
surrender  to  a  superior  force  of  Tories,  Indians, 
and  British.  He  felled  the  first  tree  in  Middlcbury, 
Vt.,  in  1767  ;  and  there  he  died  in  Sept.,  1829, 
aged  87. 

CHH'MAN,  NATHANIEL,  LL.  D.,  died  at  Tin- 
mouth,  Vt.,  Feb.  15,  1843,  aged  90.  He  was  born 
in  Salisbury,  Conn.,  in  1752  ;  was  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1777  ;  in  1786  was  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Vermont,,  and  chief  justice  in  1789.  In 
1791  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the  district  court 
of  the  United  States.  He  was  senator  from  1797 
to  1803.  ;  and  again  chief  justice  in  1813  and 
1814 ;  in  1815  professor  of  law  in  Middlebury 
college.  He  revised  the  laws  of  Vermont  in  1 826. 
lie  enjoyed  a  high  reputation  for  literature  and 
science ;  and  was  a  man  of  faithfulness  and  in 
tegrity.  He  published  reports  of  judicial  decis 
ions  and  dissertations  in  1  vol.;  principles  of  gov 
ernment,  and  2d  edit,  in  1833. 

CHIPMAN,  WARD,  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
of  New  Brunswick,  and  president  of  the  province, 
was  a  native  of  Mass.,  and  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1770.  He  died  at  Frederickton  Feb. 
9,  1824.  Mrs.  Gray  of  Boston  was  his  sister. 

CHIPMAN,  DAMEL,  died  in  Itipton,  Vt.,  April 
23,  1850,  aged  85.  He  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
in  1788,  and  studied  law  with  his  brother,  Na 
thaniel.  He  was  a  member  of  congress ;  the  first 
reporter  of  the  decisions  of  the  supreme  court  ; 
the  author  of  a  work  on  the  law  of  contracts, 
which  is  highly  commended. 

CHIPMAN,  WAHD,  chief  justice  of  New  Brims- 


CHEPMAN. 


CHITTENDEN. 


221 


wick  from  1834  to  1851,  died  at  St.  John  Nov. 
26,  1851,  aged  65.  A  native  of  X.  B.,  he  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  1805,  and  was  the  son  of  Ward 
C.,  a  graduate  of  1770. 

CIIISIIOLM,  JAMES,  died  of  the  yellow  fever 
in  Portsmouth,  Va.,  Sept.  15,  1855,  aged  39,  a 
graduate  at  Harvard  in  1836.  He  was  a  useful 
Episcopal  minister.  A  memoir  by  Rev.  Mr. 
Conrad  has  been  published.  —  Boston  Advertiser, 
July  16,  1856. 

CHITTENDEN,  THOMAS,  first  governor  of 
Vermont,  died  Aug.  24,  1797,  aged  67.  He  was 
born  at  East  Guilford,  Conn.,  in  1730.  His 
mother  was  sister  of  llev.  Dr.  Johnson.  He  re 
ceived  a  common  school  education,  which  at  that 
period  contributed  but  little  to  the  improvement 
of  the  mind.  Agreeably  to  the  custom  of  New 
England,  he  married  early  in  life,  \vhen  in  his 
twentieth  year,  and  soon  removed  to  Salisbury. 
Here  he  commanded  a  regiment.  He  many 
years  represented  the  town  in  the  general  assem 
bly,  and  thus  acquired  that  knowledge  of  public 
business,  which  afterward  rendered  him  eminently 
useful  in  Vermont.  The  office  of  a  justice  of 
peace  for  the  county  of  Litchfield  made  him  ac 
quainted  with  the  laws  of  the  State,  and  the 
manner  of  carrying  them  into  effect.  Though 
destitute  of  learning,  his  good  sense,  affability, 
kindness,  and  integrity  gained  him  the  confidence 
of  his  fellow-citizens ;  and  the  highest  honors, 
which  a  retired  town  could  bestow,  were  given 
him.  His  attention  was  principally  directed  to 
agriculture,  and  he  labored  personally,  in  the  field. 
With  a  numerous  and  growing  family,  a  mind 
formed  for  adventures,  and  a  firmness  which  noth 
ing  could  subdue,  he  determined  to  lay  a  founda 
tion  for  the  future  prosperity  of  his  children  by 
emigrating  to  the  New  Hampshire  grants,  as 
Vermont  was  then  called.  lie  accordingly  in 
1774  removed  to  Williston,  on  Onion  river.  An 
almost  trackless  wilderness  now  separated  him 
from  his  former  residence.  Here  he  settled  on 
fine  lands,  which  opened  a  wide  field  for  industry, 
and  encouraged  many  new  settlers.  In  the  year 
1776,  the  troubles  occasioned  by  the  war  render 
ing  it  necessary  for  him  to  remove,  he  purchased 
an  estate  in  Arlington,  and  continued  in  that  town 
until  1787,  when  he  returned  to  Williston.  In 
the  controversy  with  New  York  he  was  a  faithful 
adviser  and  a  strong  supporter  of  the  feeble  set 
tlers.  During  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  while 
AVarner,  Allen,  and  many  others  were  in  the  field, 
he  was  assiduously  engaged  in  the  council  at 
home,  where  he  rendered  essential  service  to  his 
country.  He  was  a  member  of  the  convention 
which,  January  16,  1777,  declared  Vermont  an 
independent  State,  and  was  appointed  one  of  the 
committee  to  communicate  to  Congress  the  pro 
ceedings  of  the  inhabitants,  and  to  solicit  for  their 


district  an  admission  into  the  union  of  the  Amer 
ican  States.  When  the  powers  of  government 
were  assumed  by  this  State,  and  a  constitution 
was  established  in  1778,  the  eyes  of  the  freemen 
were  immediately  fixed  on  him  as  their  governor, 
and  in  that  arduous  and  difficult  office  he  con 
tinued,  one  year  only  excepted,  until  his  death. 

From  the  year  1780  till  the  conclusion  of  the 
war,  during  a  period  in  which  the  situation  of 
Vermont  was  peculiarly  perplexing,  he  displayed 
a  consummate  policy.  The  State  was  not  ac 
knowledged  by  the  congress,  and  they  were  con 
tending  on  the  one  hand  for  independence,  and 
on  the  other  hand  they  were  threatened  by  the 
British  forces  from  Canada.  A  little  manage 
ment  was  necessary  to  promote  the  interests  of 
this  district.  A  correspordence  was  opened  with 
the  enemy,  who  were  flattered  for  several  years 
with  the  belief  that  the  people  of  Vermont  were 
about  to  subject  themselves  to  the-  king  of  Eng 
land  ;  and  thus  a  meditated  invasion  of  the  terri 
tory  was  averted,  and  the  prisoners  were  restored. 
At  the  same  time,  the  possibility  that  Vermont 
would  desert  the  cause  of  America  was  held  up 
to  congress,  and  by  this  means  probably  the  set 
tlers  were  not  required  to  submit  to  the  claims  of 
New  York.  Such  was  the  politic  course  which  he 
thought  it  necessary  to  pursue.  He  enjoyed  very 
good  health  until  about  a  year  before  his  death. 
In  Oct.,  1796,  he  took  an  affecting  leave  of  his 
compatriots  in  the  general  assembly,  imploring 
the  benediction  of  Heaven  on  them  and  their 
constituents. 

Governor  Chittenden,  though  an  illiterate  man, 
possessed  great  talents.  His  discernment  was 
keen,  and  no  person  knew  better  how  to  effect 
great  designs  than  himself.  Though  his  open 
frankness  was  sometimes  abused,  yet  when  secrecy 
was  required  in  order  to  accomplish  his  purposes, 
no  misplaced  confidence  made  them  liable  to  be 
defeated.  His  negotiations  during  the  war  were 
•master-strokes  of  policy.  He  possessed  a  pecu 
liar  talent  in  reconciling  the  jarring  interests 
among  the  people.  The  important  services  which 
he  rendered  to  his  country,  and  especially  to 
Vermont,  make  his  name  worthy  of  honorable 
remembrance.  He  lived  to  see  astonishing 
changes  in  the  district,  which  was  almost  a  wilder 
ness  when  he  first  removed  to  it.  Instead  of  a 
little  band  of  associates,  he  could  enumerate  one 
hundred  thousand  persons  whose  interests  were 
intrusted  to  his  care.  He  saw  them  rising  supe 
rior  to  oppression,  braving  the  horrors  of  a  for 
eign  war,  and  finally  obtaining  a  recognition  of 
their  independence,  and  an  admission  into  the 
United  States  of  America.  He  was  conspicuous 
for  his  private  virtues.  In  times  of  scarcity  and 
distress,  which  are  not  unfrequent  in  new  settle 
ments,  he  displayed  a  noble  liberality  of  spirit. 


222 


CHITTENDEN. 


CHURCH. 


His  granary  was  open  to  all  the  needy.  He  was 
a  professor  of  religion,  believing  in  the  Son,  to 
the  glory  of  God  the  Father.  Several  of  his  let 
ters  to  congress  and  to  General  Washington  were 
published.  —  Monthly  Anthology,  I.  490-492; 
Williams''  Vermont,  233-277  ;  Graham's  Sketch 
of  Vermont,  135-137. 

CHITTEXDEX,  MARTTX,  governor  of  Ver 
mont,  died  Sept.  5,  1840.  A  graduate  of  Dart 
mouth  in  1789,  he  was  in  congress  1803-13  and 
governor  1813-14. 

CHOULES,  JOHN  O.,  D.  1).,  Baptist  minister 
in  Newport,  died  at  New  York  Jan.  5,  1806, 
aged  55.  He  edited  Xeal's  Puritans. 

CHOUTEAU,  PIERRE,  died  at  St.  Louis  July 
2,  1849,  aged  90.  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  city. 

CIIOVET,  ABRAHAM,  M.  D.,  died  at  Philadel 
phia  March  24,  1790,  aged  86.  He  came  from  Ja 
maica  in  1770.  He  was  an  eminent  physician  and 
anatomist,  and  was  a  professor  in  the  college  of 
Philadelphia,  for  the  aid  of  which  he  procured  sev 
eral  thousand  pounds  in  Jamaica.  Good  imitations 
in  wax  of  all  parts  of  the  body  were  made  by  him. 

CHRISTMAS,  JOSEPH  S.,  minister  at  Mont 
real,  died  March  14,  1830,  aged  27.  When  he 
was  in  college,  he  had  a  passion  for  painting,  to 
which  art  he  intended  to  devote  his  life ;  but,  be 
coming  religious,  he  resolved  to  -be  occupied  in 
more  important  and  useful  toils.  His  father  was 
very  solicitous  that  he  should  be  a  physician,  and 
made  all  the  arrangements  for  his  entering  upon 
the  study  of  physic.  The  son  was  constrained 
by  a  sense  of  religious  duty  to  disappoint  the  pa 
ternal  hopes.  lie  studied  theology  at  Princeton. 
In  1824  he  went  to  Canada  and  was  ordained  as 
the  first  minister  of  the  American  Presbyterian 
society  in  Montreal.  Here  he  labored  amidst 
many  difficulties  with  considerable  success  for 
upwards  of  three  years,  when  his  ill  health  com 
pelled  him  in  1828  to  ask  a  dismission.  In  that 
year  he  addressed  to  his  people  a  farewell  letter, 
affectionate,  faithful,  and  able,  dated  at  Danbury, 
Conn.  In  1829  he  was  called  to  drink  deep  in 
the  cup  of  affliction;  for  first  he  lost  both  his 
children,  and  then,  Aug.  9th,  his  wife,  Louisa 
Jones,  also  died,  leaving  him  singularly  desolate 
in  respect  to  the  world,  yet  joyful  in  God,  his  Sav 
iour.  He  had  the  consolation  of  knowing,  that 
his  wife,  though  through  much  tribulation,  as  is 
usually  the  lot  of  the  righteous,  departed  in 
Christian  peace.  "  O,  beware  of  the  world  !  " 
was  her  counsel.  "  How  deeply  am  I  convinced 
that  the  worldly  intercourse  of  professing  Chris 
tians  is  utterly  wrong!  It  cuts  out  the  very 
heart  of  piety.  Seek  not  the  things  which  are 
your  own,  but  things  which  are  Jesus  Christ's." 
This  bereavement  was  perhaps  the  means  of  pre 
paring  him  for  heavenly  bliss.  October  14,  1829, 


he  was  installed  the  pastor  of  Bowery  church  in 
the  city  of  New  York.  But  here  he  was  allowed 
to  toil  in  the  cause  of  his  Master  only  a  few 
months ;  for  after  an  illness  of  only  three  or  four 
days  he  died.  He  was  a  faithful  and  able  preacher 
of  the  gospel.  Two  revivals  of  religion  occurred 
during  his  ministry  at  Montreal.  His  vigorous 
intellect  and  cultivated  taste  were  controlled  and 
directed  by  ardent  piety.  While  rising  high  in 
the  public  esteem,  he  was  snatched  away  from  his 
toils.  Of  his  wife  an  interesting  sketch  appeared 
in  the  New  York  Observer.  His  own  life  was 
written  by  Eleazer  Lord.  lie  published  Valedic 
tory  admonitions,  or  a  farewell  letter  to  his  so 
ciety  in  Montreal,  1828. —  Boston  Recorder,  Sept. 
16,  1829. 

CHURCH,  BEXJAMIX,  distinguished  by  his  ex 
ploits  in  the  Indian  wars  of  New  England,  died 
Jan.  17,  1718,  aged  77,  at  Little  Compton.  He 
was  born  at  Duxbury,  Mass.,  in  1639,  and  was 
the  son  of  Richard,  who  came  over  in  1630  and 
married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Richard  Warren, 
who  was  a  carpenter,  and  with  J.  Tomson  built 
the  first  church  in  Plymouth,  dying  at  Dedhamin 
1668.  Benjamin  Church  commenced  the  settle 
ment  at  Saconct  or  Sckonit,  since  called  Little 
Compton.  His  life,  which  was  frequently  exposed 
to  the  greatest  dangers,  was  by  Divine  Providence 
remarkably  preserved.  In  the  year  1676,  when 
in  pursuit  of  King  Philip,  he  was  engaged  with 
the  Indians  in  a  swamp.  With  two  men  by  his 
side,  who  were  his  guard,  he  met  three  of  the 
enemy.  Each  of  his  men  took  a  prisoner,  but 
the  other  Indian,  who  was  a  stout  fellow,  with  his 
two  locks  tied  up  with  red  and  a  great  rattle 
snake's  skin  hanging  from  his  hair  behind,  ran 
into  the  swamp.  Church  pursued,  and  as  he  ap 
proached  him  presented  his  gun,  but  it  missed 
fire.  The  Indian,  being  equally  unsuccessful  in 
his  attempt  to  discharge  his  gun,  turned  himself 
to  continue  his  flight,  but  his  loot  was  caught  in  a 
small  grape  vine,  and  he  fell  on  his  face.  Church 
instantly  struck  him  with  the  muzzle  of  his  gun, 
and  dispatched  him.  Looking  about  he  saw  an 
other  Indian  rushing  towards  him  with  inexpress 
ible  fury;  but  the  fire  of  his  guards  preserved 
him  from  the  danger.  After  the  skirmish  his 
party  found  they  had  killed  and  taken  one  hun 
dred  and  seventy-three  men.  At  night  they 
drove  their  prisoners  into  Bridgewater  pound, 
where,  having  a  plenty  of  provisions,  they  passed 
a  merry  night.  Col.  Church  commanded  the 
party  which  killed  Philip  in  August,  1676.  When 
it  was  known  that  the  savage  monarch  was  shot, 
the  whole  company  gave  three  loud  huzzas. 
Church  ordered  him  to  be  beheaded  and  quar 
tered,  and  gave  one  of  his  hands  to  the  friendly  In 
dian,  who  shot  him.  The  government  of  Plymouth 
paid  thirty  shillings  a  head  for  the  enemies  killed 


CHURCH. 

or  taken,  and  Philip's  head  went  at  the  same 
price. 

In  Sept.,  1689,  he  was  commissioned  by  Hink- 
ley,  president  of  the  Plymouth  colony,  as  com- 
mander-in-chief  of  an  expedition  against  the 
Eastern  Indians ;  and  commissioned  also  by  Dan- 
forth,  president  of  the  province  of  Maine,  and  by 
Bradstreet,  governor  of  Massachusetts.  He  soon 
embarked  and  proceeded  to  Casco  with  two  hun 
dred  and  fifty  men,  partly  Saconet  and  Cape 
Indians.  He  arrived  at  a  critical  moment,  for 
several  hundred  French  and  Indians  were  then  on 
an  island,  having  come  in  eighty  canoes.  The 
next  day  he  repulsed  their  attack  on  the  town, 
with  the  loss  of  ten  or  twelve  men.  He  after 
wards  visited  all  the  garrisons  at  Black  Point, 
Spurwink,  and  Blue  Point,  and  went  up  the  Ken- 
nebec.  On  the  approach  of  winter  he  returned 
to  Boston.  In  May  following  Casco  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  enemy,  one  hundred  persons  being 
captured.  The  whole  country  was  desolated. 

He  proceeded  on  a  second  expedition  in  Sept., 
1690,  and,  landing  at  Maquoit,  went  to  Pegypscot 
fort,  in  Brunswick,  and  thence  up  the  river  forty 
or  fifty  miles  to  Amerascogen  fort,  near  the  great 
falls,  where  he  took  a  few  prisoners,  and  destroyed 
much  corn.  He  put  to  death  several  of  the  pris 
oners,  women  and  children,  strange  as  it  may 
seem  in  the  present  age,  "  for  an  example ! " 
The  wives  of  Ilakins  of  Pennacook  and  of  Wor- 
umbo  were  spared.  He  returned  to  Winter  Har 
bor,  and  thence  went  again  to  Pegypscot  plain 
to  obtain  a  quantity  of  beaver,  hid  there.  At 
Perpodack  he  had  an  engagement  with  the  Indi 
ans.  In  his  third  expedition  in  1692  he  accom 
panied  Phipps  to  Pemaquid.  He  also  went  up 
the  Kennebec  and  destroyed  the  Indian  fort  and 
the  corn  at  Taconoc.  In  his  fourth,  in  1696,  he 
went  to  the  Penobscot  and  to  Passamaquoddy. 
The  French  houses  at  Chignecto  were  burnt;  for 
which  he  was  blamed.  He  was  soon  superseded 
by  Col.  Hawthorne  of  Salem.  His  fifth  and  last 
expedition  was  early  in  1704.  The  burning  of 
Deerfield  in  Feb.,  awakened  the  spirit  of  this 
veteran  warrior ;  and  he  took  his  horse  and  rode 
seventy  miles  to  offer  his  services  to  Gov.  Dudley 
in  behalf  of  his  country.  He  did  much  damage, 
in  this  expedition,  to  the  French  and  Indians  at 
Penobscot  and  Passamaquoddy.  After  Philip's 
war  he  lived  first  at  Bristol ;  and  then  at  Fall 
Kiver,  now  Troy ;  and  lastly  at  Saconet.  In  his 
old  age  he  was  corpulent.  A  fall  from  his  horse 
was  the  cause  of  his  death.  lie  was  buried  with 
military  honors.  He  was  a  man  of  integrity  and 
piety.  At  the  gathering  of  the  church  in  Bristol 
by  Mr.  Lee  he  was  a  member,  and  his  life  was 
exemplary.  His  wife,  Alice,  daughter  of  Con 
stant  Southworth  and  Elizabeth  Collier,  died  in 
1719,  aged  71.  He  had  sons  Thomas,  Constant, 
Benjamin,  and  Edward  ;  and  of  his  descendants, 


CHURCH. 


223 


some  lived  in  Little  Compton  and  Boston.  His 
son  Thomas  compiled  from  his  minutes  and  under 
his  direction  a  history  of  Philip's  war,  which  waa 
published  in  1716;  a  2d  edition,  1772;  a  4th, 
with  notes,  by  S.  G.  Drake,  1827.  —  Church's 
Narrative ;  Account  of  Chw'ch  annexed  to  it ; 
Holmes. 

CHURCH,  BENJAMIN,  a  physician  in  Boston, 
regarded  as  a  traitor  to  his  country,  was  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  college  in  1754,  and  having 
studied  with  Dr.  Pynchon,  rose  to  considerable 
eminence  as  a  physician  and  particularly  as  a  sur 
geon.  He  had  talents,  genius,  and  a  poetic  fancy. 
About  the  year  1768  he  built  him  an  elegant 
house  at  Raynham,  on  the  side  of  Nippahonsit 
pond,  allured  perhaps  by  the  pleasures  of  fishing. 
Perhaps  it  was  thus  that  he  created  a  pecuniary 
embarrassment,  which  led  to  his  defection  from 
the  cause  of  his  country.  In  the  earnest  discus 
sions,  which  preceded  the  war  of  the  Revolution, 
he  was  a  zealous  whig  and  the  associate  of  the 
principal  whigs  in  Boston.  In  1774  he  was  a 
member  of  the  provincial  congress,  and  was  sus 
pected  of  communicating  intelligence  to  Gov. 
Gage  and  of  receiving  a  reward  of  his  treachery. 
One  of  his  students,  who  kept  his  books,  and 
knew  his  embarrassment,  could  not  otherwise 
account  for  his  sudden  acquisition  of  some  hun 
dreds  of  "  new  British  guineas."  In  Boston  he 
was  in  frequent  intercourse  with  Capt.  Price,  a 
half-pay  British  officer,  and  with  Robinson,  one 
of  the  commissioners.  A  few  days  after  the 
battle  of  Lexington  in  April,  1775,  when  he  was 
at  Cambridge  with  the  committee  of  safety,  he 
•suddenly  declared  his  resolution  to  go  into  Bos 
ton  the  next  day:  he  went  to  the  house  of  Gen. 
Gage.  At  length  his  treachery  was  detected.  A 
letter,  written  in  cipher,  to  his  brother  in  Boston, 
was  intrusted  by  him  to  a  young  woman,  with 
whom  he  was  living  in  crime.  The  mysterious 
letter  was  found  upon  her;  but, the  doctor  having 
opportunity  to  speak  to  her,  it  was  only  by  the 
force  of  threats  that  the  name  of  the  writer  was 
extorted  from  her.  When  Gen.  Washington 
charged  him  with  his  baseness,  he  never  at 
tempted  to  vindicate  himself.  He  was  convicted 
by  court  martial  Oct.  3,  of  which  Washington 
was  president,  "  of  holding  a  criminal  corres 
pondence  with  the  enemy."  He  was  imprisoned 
at  Cambridge.  Oct.  27,  he  was  called  to  the  bar 
of  the  house  of  representatives  and  examined. 
His  defence  was  very  ingenious  and  able :  that 
the  letter  was  designed  for  his  brother,  but  that, 
not  being  sent,  he  had  communicated  no  intelli 
gence  ;  that  there  was  nothing  in  the  letter  but 
notorious  facts ;  that  his  exaggerations  of  the 
American  force  could  only  be  designed  to  favor 
the  cause  of  his  country;  and  that  his  object  was 
purely  patriotic.  He  added :  "  The  warmest 
bosom  here  does  not  flame  with  a  brighter  zeal 


224 


CHURCH. 


CLAIR. 


for  the  security,  happiness,  and  liberties  of  Amer 
ica,  than  mine."  His  eloquent  professions  did 
not  avail  him.  He  was  expelled  from  the  house ; 
and  congress  afterwards  resolved,  that  he  should 
be  confined  in  jail  in  Connecticut  and  "  debarred 
the  use  of  pen,  ink,  and  paper."  In  1776  he 
was  released  and  allowed  to  sail  for  the  West 
Indies  ;  but  the  vessel  was  never  again  heard  of. 
His  own  well-written  account  of  his  examination 
and  defence  is  in  the  first  vol.  of  Historical  Col 
lections.  It  is  very  possible,  that  his  sole  motive 
was  the  supply  of  his  pecuniary  wants,  occa 
sioned  by  his  extravagance,  and  that  he  communi 
cated  nothing  very  injurious  to  his  country ;  but, 
that  he  held  correspondence  with  the  enemy, 
there  can  hardly  be  a  doubt,  Nor  is  the  patriot 
ism  of  any  man  to  be  trusted,  who  lives  in  the 
flagrant  violation  of  the  rules  of  morality. 

He  was  the  best  of  the  poetic  contributors  to 
the  "  Pietas  et  Gratulatio  Cantabrigiensis  apud 
Novanglos,"  on  the  accession  of  George  III.,  4to., 
106  pages.  Among  the  other  writers  were  Sam. 
Cooper,  Judge  Lowell,  and  Stephen  Sewall.  He 
published  also  an  elegy  on  the  times,  1765 ;  elegy 
on  Dr.  Mayhew,  1766;  elegy  on  the  death  of 
Whitefield,  1770;  oration  on  the  5th  March,  1773. 
—  Gordon,  II.  134;  Hist.  Coll.  I.  84;  V.  106; 
Eliot ;  Thacher's  Med.  Biog. 

CHURCH,  JOHN  II.,  D.  D.,  died  at  Pelham, 
N.  H.,  June  13,  1840,  aged  68.  Born  in  Rut 
land,  he  was  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1797, 
and  was  for  forty  years  a  useful  minister  and  an 
able  counsellor  in  the  churches.  Out  of  a  salary 
of  100  pounds  he  gave  annually  50  dollars  to 
charitable  objects.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the 
settlement  of  N.  E.,  1810;  one  before  the  pasto 
ral  association,  1829. — Boston  Recorder,  July 
10,  Aug.  28. 

CHURCH,  EDWARD,  died  in  Lexington,  Ivy., 
April  22, 1845,  of  inflammation  of  the  lungs,  aged 
66 ;  a  native  of  Boston  and  descendant  of  Capt. 
Church  of  the  war  with  King  Philip.  He  left  Bos 
ton  when  a  child,  was  educated  in  England,  and 
was  the  first  to  establish  steamboats  in  France, 
Germany,  and  Italy.  He  lived  during  some  of 
his  last  years  in  Northampton. 

CHURCH,  SAMUEL,  chief  justice  of  Conn.,  was 
born  in  Salisbury  in  Feb.,  1785,  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1803,  and  died  at  Newtown  Sept.  12, 
1854,  aged  69.  A  lawyer  in  his  native  town,  he 
was  a  representative,  senator,  and  judge  of  pro 
bate ;  in  1833  a  judge  of  the  superior  court;  in 
1847  chief  justice.  He  had  removed  to  Litch- 
field  in  1845.  He  was  distinguished  as  a  jurist, 
and  honored  as  a  Christian.  H.  Waite  was  his 
successor.  He  died  at  the  house  of  his  son-in- 
law,  Rev.  Mr.  Stone.  He  published  an  address 
at  Salisbury  centennial  jubilee,  1841. 

CHURCHILL,  SILAS,  minister  of  New  Leb 
anon,  N.  Y.,  died  March  1,  1854,  aged  84.  He 


was  an  excellent  pastor  from  1776  for  forty-two 
years. 

CHURCHMAN,  JOHN,  a  Quaker  and  a  native 
of  Maryland,  published  a  magnetic  atlas  and  ex 
planation,  Philadelphia,  1790 ;  also,  at  London, 
magnetic  atlas,  or  variation  charts  of  the  globe. 
He  died  at  sea  July  24,  1805.  —  Lord's  Lemp. 

CILLEY,  JOSEPH,  general,  an  officer  of  the 
Revolution,  died  in  Aug.,  1799,  aged  64.  He 
was  born  at  Nottingham,  N.  II.,  in  1745,  of  which 
place  his  father,  Capt.  Joseph  C.,  was  one  of  the 
first  settlers  in  1727.  With  but  little  education 
he  became  a  self-taught  lawyer,  in  consequence 
of  living  amongst  a  litigious  people.  Early  in 
1775,  before  the  war,  he  with  other  patriots  dis 
mantled  the  fort  at  Portsmouth  and  removed  the 
cannon.  Immediately  after  the  battle  of  Lexing 
ton  he  marched  at  the  head  of  one  hundred  vol 
unteers.  Congress  nominated  him  a  major  in  the 
army  in  May,  1775,  and  afterwards  colonel.  At 
Ticonderoga  he  commanded  a  regiment  in  July, 
1777.  He  fought  at  the  storming  of  Stony  Point 
under  Wayne,  and  at  Monmouth.  After  the  war 
he  was  appointed  first  major-general  of  the  mili 
tia,  June  22,  1786;  and  he  served  the  State  in 
various  departments  of  the  government.  From 
this  time  he  advised  the  people  to  compromise 
their  law-suits.  He  was  a  man  of  temperance, 
economy,  and  great  industry.  His  judgment  was 
sound.  With  strong  passions  he  was  yet  frank 
and  humane.  In  politics  he  was  a  decided  repub 
lican,  a  supporter  of  the  administration  of  Mr. 
Jefferson.  —  Belknap,  I.  370. 

CLAGETT,  HENRY,  l)r.,  died  in  Leesburg,  Va., 
May  20,  1842,  aged  70,  a  distinguished  physician. 

CLAIBORNE,  WILLIAM  C.  C.,  governor  of 
Mississippi  and  Louisiana,  died  at  New  Orleans 
Nov.  23,  1817.  He  was  born  in  Virginia  in  1773, 
and  was  probably  a  descendant  of  Wm.  C.,  an 
early  settler  in  Virginia  and  distinguished  in  the 
history  of  that  colony  from  about  1630  to  1651. 
Being  bred  a  lawyer,  he  settled  in  Tennessee, 
He  assisted  in  forming  the  constitution  of  the 
State  in  1796,  and  was  afterwards  a  member  of 
congress.  His  appointment  of  governor  of  the 
Mississippi  Territory  he  received  from  Mr.  Jeffer 
son  in  1802,  in  the  place  of  Sargeant.  After  the 
purchase  of  Louisiana  he  was  appointed  in  1804 
its  governor ;  and  to  that  office,  under  the  consti 
tution,  he  was  also  chosen  by  the  people  from 
1812  to  1816.  James  Villere  succeeded  him. 
Elected  a  senator  of  the  U.  S.,  he  did  not  live  to 
take  his  seat.  As  chief  magistrate  he  was  up 
right  and  popular,  and  esteemed  in  private  life. — 
Salem  Reg.  ;  Lord's  Lempr. 

CLAIR,  ARTHUR  ST.,  general,  died  at  Laurel 
Hill,  Pennsylvania,  Aug.  31,  1818,  aged  84.  He 
was  born  at  Edinburgh,  and  came  to  this  country 
with  Admiral  Boscawen  in  1755.  He  served  as  a 
lieutenant  under  Wolfe.  After  the  peace  he  was 


CLAIR. 


CLAP. 


225 


intrusted  with  the  command  of  fort  Ligonier  in 
Pennsylvania.  Here  he  settled  as  a  citizen.  In 
t!\c  Revolutionary  war  he  espoused  the  American 
cause.  In  177G  he  accompanied  the  troops  to 
Canada,  and  afterwards  was  in  the  battle  of  Tren 
ton.  He  was  appointed  by  congress  brigadier- 
general  in  Aug.,  1776,  and  major-general  Feb. 
19,  1777.  Commanding  at  Ticonderoga,  when 
Burgoyne  approached,  he  evacuated  that  post 
July  6,  1777.  A  court  of  inquiry  honorably  ac 
quitted  him  of  charges  of  cowardice  and  treachery. 
He  had  not  troops  enough  to  man  the  lines.  Had 
he  listened  to  the  counsels  of  rash  heroes,  his 
army  would  have  been  sacrificed.  He  afterwards 
joined  the  army  of  Greene  at  the  south.  On  the 
occurrence  of  peace  he  returned  to  Pennsylvania, 
from  which  State  he  was  sent  a  delegate  to  con 
gress  in  1784.  In  1787  he  was  chosen  president 
of  congress.  Of  the  territory  northwest  of  the 
Ohio  he  was  appointed  governor  in  Oct.,  1789, 
and  held  the  place  till  1802.  In  1791  he  was 
appointed  commander-in-chief  of  the  forces,  to 
be  employed  against  the  Indians.  lie  proceeded 
to  the  neighborhood  of  the  Miami  villages  and  en 
camped,  Nov.  3,  with  fourteen  hundred  men.  The 
next  morning,  soon  after  the  men  were  dismissed 
from  the  parade,  the  Indians  commenced  the  attack 
and  instantly  put  to  flight  the  militia,  who  were 
encamped  a  little  in  advance.  The  regular  troops 
fought  bravely  several  hours,  repeatedly  charging 
with  the  bayonet ;  but  the  Indians  still  poured  in 
a  deadly  fire.  Several  officers  had  fallen,  among 
whom  was  Gen.  Butler  and  Maj.  Ferguson;  half 
the  army  had  been  killed  or  wounded ;  and  the 
terror  became  so  great,  that  St.  Clair  found  it 
necessary  to  retreat.  They  were  pursued  only 
four  miles,  -when  the  Indians  returned  to  plunder 
the  camp ;  but  the  troops  fled  precipitately  thirty 
miles,  and  then  continued  the  retreat  to  fort 
Washington.  The  loss  was  thirty-eight  officers 
killed  and  five  hundred  and  ninety-three  men, 
twenty-one  officers  wounded  and  two  hundred  and 
forty-two  men.  The  Indian  force  was  supposed 
to  be  from  one  thousand  to  fifteen  hundred.  The 
Indians  said  they  had  four  thousand  men  and  lost 
fifty-six.  There  was  no  ground  of  censure  on  St. 
Clair  for  this  defeat.  He  was  ready  for  the  at 
tack.  Eight  balls  passed  through  his  clothes. 
The  next  year  he  resigned  his  military  commis 
sion,  and  Gen.  Wayne  succeeded  him. 

Ohio  was  erected  into  an  independent  State  in 
1802.  As  the  election  of  governor  approached, 
in  an  address  to  the  people,  Dec.  8,  1802,  St. 
Clair  declined  being  a  candidate  for  governor. 
He  said  that  for  fourteen  years,  since  the  first  in 
stitution  of  the  territorial  government,  in  which 
lived  only  thirty  men,  he  had  endeavored  to  ex 
tend  the  liberty  and  promote  the  happiness  of 
the  people,  neglecting  his  own  private  affairs.  He 
reprobated  the  act  of  congress,  imposing  certain 
29 


conditions,  as  allowing  but  one  member  of  con 
gress,  and  called  upon  the  people  to  make  a  con 
stitution  in  their  own  way,  and  to  imitate  the 
spirit  of  Vermont.  This  address  was  probably 
offensive  to  Mr.  Jefferson,  who  removed  him  from 
his  office  of  territorial  governor. 

By  a  statement  made  in  1820,  it  appears  that 
St.  Clair  advanced  in  Oct.,  1776,  to  Maj.  Wm. 
Butler,  of  the  Pennsylvania  troops,  1800  dollars, 
to  aid  in  the  re-enlistment  of  soldiers.  This 
claim  was  barred  by  the  statute  ;  but  it  was  ad 
justed  in  1817  by  the  payment  only  of  2000  dol 
lars,  on  condition  of  releasing  congress  from  all 
claims.  The  penniless  general  submitted.  There 
was  granted  him  also  the  half-pay  of  a  major- 
general,  or  60  dollars  per  month,  which  he  en 
joyed  but  a  short  time,  being  then  eighty-three 
years  old.  The  annuity  of  2500  dollars  for  life  to 
Baron  Steubcn,  and  the  payments  to  the  daughters 
of  Count  de  Grasse  and  to  Lady  Stirling,  were 
honorable  to  congress.  An  obelisk  monument 
was  erected  to  his  memory  by  the  masonic  society, 
in  1832,  at  Greensburg,  Penn.,  over  his  remains. — 
New  York  Spectator,  Jan.  26,  1803;  Lord's 
Lcmpr. 

CLAP,  ROGER,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Dor 
chester,  Mass.,  died  in  Boston  Feb.  2,  1691,  aged 
81.  He  was  born  in  England  April  G,  1609,  and 
came  to  this  country  with  Warham  and  Maverick 
in  1630.  At  this  time  there  were  only  a  few  set 
tlers  at  Plymouth,  Salem,  andCharlestown.  Mr. 
Clap,  with  others  of  the  company,  began  a  plan 
tation  at  Dorchester.  The  hardships  endured  at 
first  were  very  considerable,  as  there  was  a  great 
want  of  the  necessaries  of  life;  the  Indians,  how 
ever,  who  brought  baskets  of  corn  for  traffic, 
afforded  great  assistance.  The  people  were  glad 
to  procure  clams,  and  muscles,  and  fish ;  and  often 
they  had  nothing  but  samp,  or  hominy.  Mr. 
Clap  sustained  several  civil  and  military  offices. 
He  was  a  representative  of  the  town,  and  in  August, 
1665,  he  was  appointed  by  the  general  court  the 
captain  of  castle  William.  This  trust  he  dis 
charged  with  great  fidelity,  and  continued  in 
command  till  1686,  when  he  resigned.  During 
his  residence  at  the  castle  he  officiated  as  chap 
lain,  always  calling  in  the  soldiers  to  family 
prayer.  He  constantly  attended  the  lectures  in 
Boston.  While  he  was  remarkably  pious,  very 
meek  and  humble,  and  of  a  quiet  and  peaceable 
spirit,  there  was  a  dignity  in  liis  deportment 
which  commanded  respect.  He  possessed  also  a 
pleasant  and  cheerful  disposition.  In  1686  he 
removed  from  the  castle  into  Boston.  Among 
his  sons  are  the  names  of  Preserved,  Hopestill, 
and  Desire,  and  one  of  his  daughters  was  named 
Wait.  Mr.  Preserved  Clap  was  one  of  the  c-arlv 
settlers  of  Northampton,  and  died  Sept.  20, 1720, 
aged  about  77  years.  Capt.  Clap  wrote  memoirs 
of  himself,  in  which  he  gives  a  sketch  of  the  early 


226 


CLAP. 


CLAP. 


history  of  New  England,  and  leaves  some  excel 
lent  advice  to  his  descendants.  These  memoirs 
were  published  in  a  small  pamphlet  by  Mr. 
Prince  in  1731,  and  they  were  republished  in 
1807,  Avith  an  appendix  by  James  Blake. — Clap's 
Memoirs;  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  IX.  149,  150. 

CLAP,  NATHANIEL,  minister  of  Newport,  JL  I., 
died  Oct.  30,  17-45,  aged  77.  He  was  the  son 
of  Nathaniel  Clap  and  grandson  of  Deacon  Nich 
olas  C.,  a  settler  of  Dorchester  in  1G36.  He  was 
born  Jan.,  1GG8,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1690.  In  1695  he  began  to  preach  at 
Newport ;  and  he  continued  his  labors  under 
many  discouragements  till  a  church  was  formed, 
of  which  he  was  ordained  pastor  Nov.  3,  1720. 
In  a  few  years,  however,  a  popular  young  man, 
whom  he  disapproved,  drew  away  a  majority  of 
his  people ;  in  consequence  of  which  a  new  church 
was  formed,  of  which  Mr.  Clap  was  the  pastor 
for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  preached  in 
Newport  nearly  fifty  years.  In  1740,  when  Mr. 
Whitefield  arrived  at  Newport  from  Charleston, 
he  called  upon  Mr.  Clap,  and  he  speaks  of  him 
as  the  most  venerable  man  he  ever  saw.  "  He 
looked  like  a  good  old  Puritan,  and  gave  me  an 
idea  of  what  stamp  those  men  were  who  first  set 
tled  New  England.  His  countenance  was  very 
heavenly,  and  he  prayed  most  affectionately  for 
a  blessing  on  my  coming  to  Rhode  Island.  I 
could  not  but  think  that  I  was  sitting  with  one  of 
the  patriarchs.  He  is  full  of  days,  a  bachelor, 
and  has  been  a  minister  of  a  congregation  in 
Ilhode  Island  upwards  of  forty  years."  Dean 
Berkley,  who  esteemed  him  highly  for  his  good 
deeds,  said  :  "Before  I  saw  father  Clap, I  thought 
the  bishop  of  Home  had  the  gravest  aspect  of 
any  man  I  ever  saw ;  but  really  the  minister  of 
Newport  has  the  most  venerable  appearance." 
His  colleague,  Jonathan  Helyer,  who  was  or 
dained  June  20,  1744,  died  a  few  months  before 
him,  May  27,  1745. 

Mr.  Clap  was  eminent  for  sanctity,  piety,  and 
an  ardent  desire  to  promote  true  godliness  in 
others.  The  powers  of  his  mind  and  his  learning 
were  above  the  common  level,  but  he  made  no 
attempt  to  display  himself  and  attract  attention. 
Though  he  had  some  singularities,  yet  his  zeal  to 
promote  the  knowledge  of  Jesus  Christ  and  the 
interests  of  his  gospel  spread  a  lustre  over  all  his 
character.  He  was  zealously  attached  to  what  he 
considered  the  true  doctrines  of  grace,  and  to 
the  forms  of  worship  which  he  believed  to  be  of 
Divine  institution  ;  but  his  charity  embraced  good 
men  of  all  denominations.  lie  had  little  value 
for  merely  speculative,  local,  nominal  Christianity, 
and  a  form  of  godliness  without  its  power.  He 
insisted  chiefly  upon  that  faith  by  which  we  are 
justified  and  have  peace  with  God  through  our 
Lord  Jesus,  and  that  repentance  toward  God  and 
new  obedience,  which  are  the  necessary  effect  and 


evidence  of  regeneration,  and  the  proper  exercise 
of  Christianity.  In  his  preaching  he  dwelt  much 
upon  the  evil  of  sin  and  the  worth  of  the  soul, 
the  influence  of  the  Divine  Spirit  in  restoring  us 
to  the  image  of  God,  and  the  necessity  of  constant 
piety  and  devotion.  He  addressed  his  brethren 
with  the  affectionate  earnestness  which  a  regard 
to  their  welfare  and  a  full  conviction  of  the  great 
truths  of  the  gospel  could  not  but  inspire.  He 
abounded  in  acts  of  charity,  being  the  father  and 
guardian  of  the  poor  and  necessitous,  and  giving 
away  all  his  h'ving.  He  scattered  many  little 
books  of  piety  and  virtue,  and  put  himself  to 
very  considerable  expense,  that  he  might  in  this 
way  awaken  the  careless,  instruct  the  ignorant, 
encourage  the  servants  of  Christ,  and  save  the 
sinner  from  death.  He  was  remarkable  for  his 
care  with  regard  to  the  education  of  children,  and 
his  concern  for  the  instruction  of  servants.  He 
knew  by  experience  the  advantages  of  a  pious 
education,  and,  fully  aware  of  the  consequences 
of  suffering  the  youthful  mind  to  be  undirected  to 
what  is  good,  he  gave  much  of  his  attention  to 
the  lambs  of  his  flock.  His  benevolent  labors 
also  extended  to  the  humble  and  numerous  class 
of  slaves,  to  whom  he  endeavored  with  unwearied 
care  to  impart  the  knowledge  of  the  gospel. 
Thus  evincing  the  reality  of  his  religion  by  the 
purity  and  benevolence  of  his  life,  he  was  an 
honor  to  the  cause  of  the  Redeemer,  in  which 
he  was  engaged.  He  departed  this  life  in  peace, 
without  those  raptures  which  some  express,  but 
with  perfect  resignation  to  the  will  of  God  and 
with  confidence  in  Jesus  Christ,  who  was  the  sum 
of  his  doctrine  and  the  end  of  his  conversation. 
He  published  advice  to  children,  1691  ;  a  sermon 
on  the  Lord's  voice  crying  to  the  people  in  some 
extraordinary  dispensations,  1715.  —  Cullender's 
Funeral  Sermon;  Hist.  Coll.  IX.  182, 183 ;  Baclc- 
us'  Abridym.  157,  168;  Whitefield's  Journal  of 
1749;  39-45;  Eliot. 

CLAP,  THOMAS,  president  of  Yale  college,  died 
at  New  Haven  Jan.  7,  1767,  aged  63.  He  was 
born  at  Scituate,  Mass.,  June  26,  1703,  the  son  of 
Stephen,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1722.  He  was  the  descendant  of  Thomas 
Clap,  the  brother  of  Nicholas  Clap  of  Dorchester, 
who  died  at  Scituate  in  1684 ;  the  early  impres 
sions,  made  upon  his  mind  by  Divine  grace,  in 
clined  him  to  the  study  of  divinity.  He  was  set 
tled  in  the  ministry  at  Windham,  Conn.,  Aug.  3, 
1726,  the  successor  of  Samuel  Whiting,  whose 
daughter  he  married.  His  second  wife  was 
Mary,  daughter  of  John  Haynes,  and  widow  of 
Itosewell  Saltonstall ;  he  married  her  in  1741. 
From  this  place  he  was  removed  in  1739  to  the 
presidentship  of  Yale  college,  as  successor  of  E. 
Williams.  This  office  he  resigned  Sept.  10, 1766. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Daggctt,  In  his  last 
years  a  clamor  was  raised  against  him  :  it  was 


CLAP. 

represented  that  he  was  attached  to  antiquated 
notions  and  averse  to  improvements  in  education. 
Men  less  evangelical  than  he  in  their  religious 
views  were  his  enemies.  He  possessed  strong 
powers  of  mind,  a  clear  perception,  and  solid 
judgment.  Though  not  very  eminent  for  classi 
cal  learning,  he  had  a  competent  knowledge  of 
Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew.  In  the  higher 
branches  of  mathematics,  in  astronomy,  and  in 
the  various  departments  of  natural  philosophy  he 
had  probably  no  equal  in  America,  excepting 
Prof.  Winthrop  of  Cambridge.  He  appears  to 
have  been  extensively  and  profoundly  acquainted 
with  history,  theology,  moral  pliilosophy,  the  can 
on  and  civil  law,  and  with  most  of  the  objects  of 
study  in  his  time.  The  labors  of  his  office  left  a 
most  contemplative  mind  only  a  few  hours  for 
reading;  but  he  employed  what  time  he  could 
devote  to  study,  in  a  most  advantageous  method. 
He  always  pursued  his  researches  systematically, 
with  an  arrangement  which  had  respect  to  some 
whole.  A  large  library  before  him  he  treated  as 
a  collection  of  reports,  books  delivering  the 
knowledge  and  reasonings  of  the  learned  world 
on  all  subjects  of  literature.  He  seldom  read  a 
volume  through  in  course.  Having  previously 
settled  in  his  mind  the  particular  subjects  to  be 
examined,  he  had  recourse  directly  to  the  book, 
or  the  parts  of  a  book,  which  would  give  him  the 
desired  information,  generally  passing  by  what  did 
not  relate  to  the  object  of  his  inquiry,  however  at 
tracting  and  interesting.  He  thus  amassed  and 
digested  a  valuable  treasure  of  erudition,  having 
investigated  almost  all  the  principal  subjects  in  the 
whole  circle  of  literature.  He  was  indefatigable 
in  labors  both  secular  and  scientific  for  the  insti 
tution  over  which  he  presided.  He  was  the 
means  of  building  a  college  edifice  and  chapel ; 
and  he  gave  frequent  public  dissertations  in  the 
various  departments  of  learning. 

As  a  preacher  he  was  solid,  grave,  and  powerful ; 
not  so  much  delighting  by  a  ilorid  manner,  as  im 
pressing  by  the  weight  of  his  matter.  His  reli 
gious  sentiments  accorded  with  the  Calvinism  of 
the  Westminister  Assembly.  He  had  thoroughly 
studied  the  Scriptures,  and  had  read  the  most 
eminent  divines  of  the  two  preceding  centuries. 
Though  in  his  person  he  was  not  tall,  he  yet  ap 
peared  rather  bulky.  His  aspect  was  light,  placid, 
and  contemplative;  andhewas  acalm  andjudicious 
man,  who  had  the  entire  command  of  his  passions. 
Intent  on  being  useful,  he  was  economical  and 
lived  by  rule,  and  was  a  rare  pattern  of  industry. 
He  had  no  fondness  for  parade.  As  he  was  ex 
emplary  for  piety  in  life,  so  he  was  resigned  and 
peaceful  at  the  hour  of  death.  When  some  one 
in  his  last  illness  observed  to  him,  that  he  was 
dangerously  sick,  he  replied  that  a  person  was 
not  in  a  dangerous  situation  who  was  approaching 
the  end  of  his  toils.  By  some  means  he  acquired 


CLARK. 


227 


a  prejudice  against  Mr.  Whitefield.  He  was  ap 
prehensive,  that  it  was  the  design  of  that  eloquent 
preacher  to  break  down  our  churches,  and  to  in 
troduce  ministers  from  Scotland  and  Ireland.  He 
therefore  opposed  him,  though  it  is  believed  that 
they  did  not  differ  much  in  their  religious  senti 
ments.  He  had  a  controversy  with  Mr.  Edwards 
of  Northampton  respecting  a  conversation  which 
passed  between  them  in  reference  to  Mr.Whiteneld. 
lie  seems  to  have  misapprehended  Mr.  Edwards. 
Mr.  Clap  constructed  the  first  orrery,  or  planet 
arium,  made  in  America.  His  manuscripts  were 
plundered  in  the  expedition  against  New  Haven 
under  Gen.  Tyron.  He  had  made  collections  of 
materials  for  a  history  of  Connecticut.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Ephraim 
Little,  Colchester,  Sept.  20,  1732;  letter  to  Mr. 
Edwards,  respecting  Mr.  Whitefield's  design,  1745 ; 
the  religious  constitution  of  colleges,  1754;  a  brief 
history  and  vindication  of  the  doctrines,  received 
and  established  in  the  churches  of  New  England, 
with  a  specimen  of  the  new  scheme  of  religion, 
beginning  to  prevail,  1755;  this  scheme  he  col 
lects  from  the  writings  of  Chubb,  Taylor,  Foster, 
Hutcheson,  Campbell,  and  Ramsay  ;  and  in  op 
posing  it  he  vindicates  the  use  of  creeds,  and  con 
tends  for  the  doctrines  of  the  Divinity  and  satis 
faction  of  Christ,  original  sin,  the  necessity  of 
special  grace  in  regeneration,  and  justification  by 
faith.  He  published  also  an  essay  on  the  nature 
and  foundation  of  moral  virtue  and  obligation, 
1765  ;  a  history  of  Yale  college,  1766  ;  and  con 
jectures  upon  the  nature  and  motion  of  meteors 
which  are  above  the  atmosphere,  1781.  —  Holmes' 
Life  of  Stiles,  263,  393-396;  Annals,  II.  151; 
Miller,  n.  360 ;  Daygett's  Funeral  Sermon ; 
Hist.  Tale  Coll 

CLAPP,  ASA,  died  in  Portland  May  17,  1848, 
aged  86 ;  a  successful  merchant,  regarded  as  the 
richest  man  in  Maine.  Judge  Woodbury  married 
his  daughter.  His  life,  by  J.  A.  Lowell,  is  in 
Lives  of  American  merchants. 

CLAPP,  PIIEBE,  widow  of  Benjamin,  died  in 
Easthampton  May  30,  1847,  aged  97.  There  fol 
lowed  her  to  the  grave,  fifteen  children,  of  whom 
thirteen  were  heads  of  families,  one  a  daughter 
79  years  old.  She  had  seventy  grand-children 
and  seventy  grcat-grand-children.  She  was  one 
of  the  seventy-three  original  members  of  the 
church  sixty-three  years  before. 

CLARK,  Joiix,  a  physician,  died  in  Boston  in 
1664,  aged  66.  He  was  born  in  England,  came 
to  Newbury  in  1638,  and  lived  there  till  1651, 
when  he  removed  to  Boston.  His  picture,  with 
appropriate  symbols  of  his  profession,  is  in  the 
Massachusetts  historical  society  library ;  a  print 
in  Coffin's  history  of  Newbury. 

CLARK,  Joiix,  a  physician  in  Boston,  was  the 
eldest  son  of  John  C.,  a  physician,  who  died  in 
1690,  and  the  grandson  of  John  C.,  also  a  physi- 


228 


CLARK. 


CLAHK. 


clan,  who  arrived  in  this  country  about  1650.  He 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1687.  For 
several  years  he  was  the  speaker  of  the  house  of 
representatives,  and  a  member  of  the  council.  In 
the  controversy  with  Shute  he  was  a  strong  oppo 
nent.  He  died  Dec.  6, 1728,  aged  59.  His  third 
wife,  Sarah  Leverett,  survived  him  and  married 
Dr.  Colman.  His  son  John,  a  physician  in  Bos 
ton,  died  April  6,  1768,  aged  69,  being  the  father 
of  Elizabeth,  the  wife  of  Dr.  Mayhew,  and  the 
father  of  John  Clark,  also  a  physician,  who  died 
in  1788.  This  last  was  the  father  of  John,  a  phy 
sician,  who  died  at  Weston,  April,  1805,  aged  27, 
leaving  no  male  issue. —  Thacher's  Med.  Biog. 

CLARK,  DANIEL,  the  head  of  the  families  of 
Clarks,  died  at  Windsor,  Ct.,  of  which  he  was  an 
early  settler,  Aug.  12,  17 10,  aged  87.  His  wife,  by 
whom  he  had  ten  children,  was  Mary  Newberry, 
daughter  of  Thomas  of  Dorchester.  He  was  an 
attorney  and  a  magistrate.  As  the  town  of 
Windsor  had  a  "  great  pew,"  which  was  wain- 
scotted,  for  the  sitting  of  the  magistrates,  the  town 
appointed  him  to  sit  in  that  pew.  Goodwin 
gives  the  names  of  two  hundred  and  twenty- 
three  of  his  descendants. 

CLARK,  PETER,  minister  of  Danvers,  Mass., 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1712,  and  was 
ordained  pastor  of  the  first  church  in  Salem  village, 
now  Danvers,  June  5,  1717.  Here  he  continued 
more  than  half  a  century.  He  died  June  10, 
1768,  aged  75.  He  was  highly  respected  as  a 
minister  of  the  gospel,  and  there  were  few  who 
were  more  universally  venerated.  He  was  very 
plain  and  faithful  in  his  admonitions,  and  he  ap 
plied  himself  diligently  to  sacred  studies.  Pos 
sessing  an  inquisitive  genius,  he  read  all  the 
modern  books  of  any  note  which  came  in  his 
way.  By  conversing  much  with  some  of  the  best 
and  most  celebrated,  he  had  formed  a  style  some 
what  superior  to  that  of  most  of  his  contempo 
raries.  He  was  warmly  attached  to  the  senti 
ments  generally  embraced  in  the  New  England 
churches.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordina 
tion  of  W.  Jennison,  Salem,  1728;  two  letters  on 
baptism,  1732;  the  necessity  and  efficacy  of  the 
grace  of  God  in  the  conversion  of  the  sinner, 
1734;  at  the  artillery  election,  1736;  at  the 
election,  1739;  at  a  fast,  occasioned  by  the  war, 
Feb.  26,  1741  ;  before  the  annual  convention  of 
ministers,  1745  ;  a  defence  of  the  divine  right 
of  infant  baptism,  8vo.  1752;  spiritual  fortitude 
recommended  to  young  men,  1757  ;  the  Scripture 
doctrine  of  original  sin  stated  and  defended  in 
a  summer  morning's  conversation,  1758;  this  was 
in  answer  to  the  "winter  evening's  conversa 
tion  ;  "  a  defence  of  the  principles  of  the  sum 
mer  morning's  conversation,  1760;  a  Dudleian 
lecture,  1763. — Barnard's  Fun.  Serm. 

CLARK,  ABRAHAM,  a  patriot  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  was  born  Feb.  5,  1726,  at  Elizabethtown, 


New  Jersey,  and  was  bred  a  farmer,  but  gave  his 
chief  attention  to  surveying,  conveyancing,  and 
the  imparting  of  gratuitous  legal  advice  to  his 
neighbors.  Being  appointed  a  member  of  con 
gress,  he  voted  for  the  Declaiation  of  Independ 
ence  and  affixed  his  name  to  that  instrument.  After 
the  adoption  of  the  constitution  he  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  second  congress.  He  died  in  con 
sequence  of  a  stroke  of  the  sun,  in  Sept.,  1794, 
aged  67,  and  was  buried  at  Rahway.  During  the 
war  several  of  his  sons,  officers  in  the  army,  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  enemy  and  were  shut  up  in 
the  memorable  prison-ship  Jersey.  The  suffer 
ings  of  one  of  them  were  such,  that  congress 
ordered  a  retaliation. —  Goodrich's  Lives ;  Biog. 
Signers  of  Dec.  Independence. 

CLARK,  JONAS,  minister  of  Lexington,  Mass., 
was  born  at  Newton,  Dec.  25,  1730,  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1752,  and  ordained  as  suc 
cessor  of  Mr.  Hancock  Nov.  5,  1755.  Having 
through  the  course  of  half  a  century  approved 
himself  an  able  and  faithful  minister  of  the  gos 
pel,  he  died  in  much  peace  Nov.  15,  1805,  aged 
74.  His  daughter,  Lydia,  wife  of  Benjamin 
Greene  of  Berwick,  died  in  1830.  He  was  wholly 
devoted  to  the  duties  of  his  sacred  calling.  His 
public  discourses  consisted  not  of  learned  discus 
sions  on  speculative  or  metaphysical  subjects,  nor 
yet  of  dry  lectures  on  heathen  morality ;  but  of 
the  most  interesting  truths  of  the  gospel,  deliv 
ered  with  uncommon  energy  and  zeal.  In  the 
times  preceding  the  American  Revolution  he  was 
not  behind  any  of  his  brethren  in  giving  his  influ 
ence  on  the  side  of  his  country,  in  opposition  to 
its  oppressors.  It  was  but  a  few  rods  from  his 
own  door,  that  the  first  blood  was  shed  in  the 
war.  On  the  morning  of  April  19,  1775,  he  saw 
his  parishioners  most  wantonly  murdered.  Dur 
ing  the  struggle,  which  then  commenced,  the 
anniversary  of  this  outrage  was  religiously  ob 
served  by  him  and  his  people.  He  published  a 
sermon  and  narrative  on  Lexington  battle,  1776. 
This  was  the  first  anniversary.  Successive  preach 
ers  on  the  occasion,  whose  sermons  were  pub 
lished,  were  S.  Cooke,  J.  Gushing,  S.  Woodward, 
J.  Morrill,  II.  Cumings,  P.  Payson,  and  Z.  Adams. 
He  published  also  a  sermon  at  the  artillery  elec 
tion,  1768;  at  the  election,  1781.  —  Panopl.  I. 
324;  Columbian  Cent.  Dec.  31,  1805. 

CLARK,  JAMES,  colonel,  a  descendant  of  Dan 
iel,  died  in  Lebanon  in  1826,  aged  96.  An  officer 
in  the  army,  he  fought  at  Bunker  Hill. 

CLARK,  DANIEL,  died  in  Brooklyn,  Conn., 
April  14,  1854,  aged  101.  He  was  born  at  Chat 
ham.  His  father  lived  to  the  age  of  94;  his 
grandfather  to  that  of  99.  The  three  were  dea 
cons. 

CLARK,  JOHN,  Dr.,  died  at  Utica  in  1822, 
aged  nearly  94,  a  graduate  of  Yale  in  1749.  His 
widow,  who  died  in  1823,  aged  92,  was  Jcrusha, 


CLARK. 


CLARKE. 


229 


daughter  of  Jabcz  Huntington,  of  Windham,  and 
of  Elizabeth  Edwards,  who  was  the  daughter 
of  Rev.  Timothy  E.  They  had  twelve  children. 

CLARK,  JABEZ,  judge,  died  at  Windham  in 
1836,  aged  S3.  He  served  in  the  Revolutionary 
war  in  the  quartermaster's  department,  and  was 
judge  of  the  county  court.  He  had  ten  children. 

CLARK,  WILLIAM,  governor,  died  at  the  resi 
dence  of  lu's  son,  Meriwether  L.  Clark,  in  St. 
Louis,  Sept.  1,  1838,  aged  G8.  He  arrived  at  St. 
Louis  in  1803,  and  with  Meriwether  Lewis  per 
formed  the  first  journey  across  the  continent  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia.  After  being  governor 
of  Missouri  he  was  superintendent  of  Indian 
affairs  for  the'  west  till  his  death.  Well  under 
standing  the  Indian  character,  he  had  their  entire 
confidence.  Lewis  and  Clark's  expedition  was 
published  in  2  vols.,  1814. 

CLARK,  DANIEL  A.,  died  of  apoplexy  in  New 
York  March  3,  1840,  aged  CO ;  he  was  buried  in 
New  Haven.  A  native  of  Rahway,  N.  J.,  and  a 
graduate  of  Princeton  in  1808,  he  was  first  set 
tled  as  a  minister  near  Boston  ;  afterwards  at 
Bennington,  Southbury,  and  Amherst ;  and  was 
known  as  an  able  preacher  and  writer.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  July  4,  1814;  at  Amherst,  1820  ; 
a  tract,  the  rich  believer  bountiful ;  a  sermon,  the 
church  safe  ;  and  3  vols.  of  sermons.  — Holland's 
Hist.  n.  1G8. 

CLARK,  WILLIS  GAYLORD,  died  at  Philadel 
phia  in  June,  1841,  aged  32,  editor  of  the  Phila 
delphia  Gazette.  He  was  a  poet,  and  a  man  of 
talents,  of  an  amiable  and  exemplary  character. 
He  was  born  in  Otisco,  N.  Y.,  to  which  place  his 
father,  Capt.  Eliakim  Clark,  a  native  of  North 
ampton,  Mass.,  and  brother  of  Bohan  C.,  emi 
grated.  His  sister  is  the  wife  of  Gen.  Pomeroy, 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  free  settlers  of  Kansas 
in  their  struggle  against  the  Missouri  ruffians  in 
Nov.,  1855. 

CLARK,  JOHN  A.,  1).  I).,  died  Nov.  27,  1843, 
editor  of  the  Episcopal  Recorder.  A  successful 
preacher,  he  toiled  in  New  York,  Providence, 
and  Philadelphia. 

CLARK,  JOSIAII,  minister  of  Rutland,  Mass., 
died  in  184,3,  aged  GO.  A  native  of  Northampton, 
he  graduated  at  Williams  college  in  1809,  and 
was  for  a  few  years  principal  of  Leicester  acad 
emy,  in  which  station  he  was  highly  respected, 
for  he  was  a  scholar,  and  had  ready  sympathies 
and  kind  feelings,  which  gained  the  attachment 
of  his  pupils.  His  son  was  afterwards  preceptor 
in  the  English  and  Latin  departments.  He  was 
a  popular  preacher,  and  in  his  parish  a  willing 
counsellor  and  faithful  friend.  —  Waskburn's 
Sketch  of  Leicester  Academy. 

CLARK,  JOHN,  major,  died  in  Powhatan  Co., 
Va.,  May  17,  1844,  aged  78,  a  Revolutionary  sol 
dier,  and  a  distinguished  mechanic,  who  built  the 
Virginia  armory. 


CLARK,  EBENEZER,  died  at  Rye,  N.  Y.,  Sept. 
11,  1847,  aged  78.  In  his  town  he  built  two 
churches  at  his  own  expense,  and  liberally  con 
tributed  for  the  continued  preaching  of  the  gos 
pel  in  both.  At  his  death  he  manifested  a  deep 
humility  united  with  a  strong  faith  and  hope. 

CLARK,  MARSTON  G.,  general,  died  in  Indi 
ana  July  25,  184G,  aged  74,  and  was  one  of 
twenty-nine  brothers  and  two  sisters  by  the  same 
father  and  mother.  He  was  born  in  Luncnburgh 
county  in  Va.  He  held  various  civil  and  military 
offices,  lie  was  aid  to  Harrison  in  the  battle  of 
Tippecanoe,  also  Indian  agent. 

CLARK,  JAMES,  governor  of  Iowa,  died  near 
Burlington  July  28,  1850,  aged  38.  He  pub 
lished  in  1837  the  Territorial  now  State  Gazette. 
He  was  territorial  governor  in  1845  and  1846. 

CLARK,  ENOCH  W.,  died  at  Philadelphia  in 
Aug.,  1856,  leaving  15,000  dollars  to  several 
charities.  He  was  formerly  of  Northampton, 
and  since  1841  had  acquired  in  money  and  ex 
change  brokerage  a  million  of  dollars. 

CLARKE,  JOHN,  one  of  the  first  founders  of 
Rhode  Island,  died  at  Newport  April  20,  1G7G, 
aged  about  5G.  He  was  a  physician  in  London, 
before  he  came  to  this  country.  Soon  after  the 
first  settlement  of  Massachusetts  he  was  driven 
from  that  colony  with  a  number  of  others,  and, 
March  7,  1638,  they  formed  themselves  into  a 
body  politic  and  purchased  Aquetncck  of  the  In 
dian  sachems,  calling  it  the  Isle  of  Rhodes,  or 
Rhode  Island.  The  settlement  commenced  at 
Pocasset,  or  Portsmouth.  The  Indian  deed  is 
dated  March  24,  1638.  Mr.  Clarke  was  soon 
employed  as  a  preacher,  and  in  1644  he  formed  a 
church  at  Newport  and  became  its  pastor.  This 
was  the  second  Baptist  church  which  was  estab 
lished  in  America.  In  1649  he  was  an  assistant 
and  treasurer  of  Rhode  Island  colony.  In  1651 
he  went  to  visit  one  of  his  brethren  at  Lynn,  near 
Boston,  and  he  preached  on  Sunday,  July  20 ; 
but,  before  he  had  completed  the  services  of  the 
forenoon,  he  was  seized,  with  his  friends,  by  an 
officer  of  the  government.  In  the  afternoon  he 
was  compelled  to  attend  the  parish  meeting,  at 
the  close  of  which  he  spoke  a  few  words.  July 
31,  he  was  tried  before  the  court  of  assistants  and 
fined  twenty  pounds,  in  case  of  failure  in  the  pay 
ment  of  which  sum  he  was  to  be  whipped.  In 
passing  the  sentence  Judge  Endicot  observed : 
"  You  secretly  insinuate  things  into  those  who  are 
weak,  which  you  cannot  maintain  before  our  min 
isters  ;  you  may  try  and  dispute  with  them." 
Mr.  Clarke  accordingly  wrote  from  prison,  pro 
posing  a  dispute  upon  the  principles  which  he 
professed.  He  represented  his  principles  to  be 
that  Jesus  Christ  had  the  sole  right  of  prescribing 
any  laws  respecting  the  worship  of  God,  which  it 
was  necessary  to  obey ;  that  baptism,  or  dipping 
in  water,  was  an  ordinance  to  be  administered 


230 


CLARKE. 


CLARKE. 


only  to  those  who  gave  some  evidence  of  repent 
ance  towards  God  and  faith  in  Jesus  Christ ;  that 
such  visible  believers  only  constituted  the  church  ; 
that  each  of  them  had  a  right  to  speak  in  the 
congregation,  according^  as  the  Lord  had  given 
him  talents,  cither  to  make  inquiries  for  his  own 
instruction,  or  to  prophesy  for  the  edification  of 
others,  and  that  at  all  times  and  in  all  places  they 
ought  to  reprove  folly  and  open  their  lips  to  jus 
tify  wisdom ;  and  that  no  servant  of  Jesus  Christ 
had  any  authority  to  restrain  any  fellow  servant 
in  his  worship,  where  injury  was  not  offered  to 
others.  No  dispute,  however,  occurred,  and  Mr. 
Clarke,  after  paying  his  fine,  was  soon  released 
from  prison  and  directed  to  leave  the  colony. 
His  companion,  Obadiah  Holmes,  shared  a  se 
verer  fate ;  for,  on  declining  to  pay  his  fine  of 
thirty  pounds,  which  his  friends  offered  to  do  for 
him,  he  was  publicly  whipped  in  Boston. 

In  1651  Mr.  Clarke  was  sent  to  England  with 
Mr.  Williams  to  promote  the  interests  of  Rhode 
Island,  and  particularly  to  procure  a  revocation 
of  Mr.  Coddington's  commission  as  governor. 
Soon  after  his  arrival  he  published  a  book, 
giving  an  account  of  the  persecutions  in  New 
England.  In  Oct.,  1652,  the  commission  of  Mr. 
Coddington  was  annulled.  After  the  return  of 
Mr.  Williams,  Mr.  Clarke  was  left  behind,  and 
continued  in  England  as  agent  for  the  colony,  till 
he  obtained  the  second  charter,  July  8,  1663,  to 
procure  which  he  mortgaged  Iris  estate  in  New 
port.  He  returned  in  1664,  and  continued  the 
pastor  of  his  church  till  his  death.  Some  years 
passed  before  he  obtained  from  the  assembly  a 
repayment  of  his  expenses  during  his  absence, 
though  a  considerable  reward  was  voted  him. 
The  Quakers  about  this  time  occasioned  much 
trouble  in  New  England,  and  Mr.  Clark  and  his 
church  were  obliged  in  Oct.,  1673,  to  exclude  five 
persons  from  their  communion  for  asserting, 
"  that  the  man  Christ  Jesus  was  not  now  in 
heaven,  nor  on  earth,  nor  anywhere  else;  but 
that  his  body  was  entirely  lost."  Mr.  Clarke  died, 
resigning  his  soul  to  his  merciful  Redeemer, 
through  faith  in  whose  name  he  enjoyed  the  hope 
of  a  resurrection  to  eternal  life. 

His  life  was  so  pure,  that  he  was  never  accused 
of  any  vice  which  has  left  a  blot  on  his  memory. 
His  sentiments  respecting  religious  toleration  did 
not  indeed  accord  with  the  sentiments  of  the  age 
in  which  he  lived,  and  exposed  him  to  some 
trouble  ;  but  at  the  present  time  they  are  almost 
universally  embraced.  His  exertions  to  promote 
the  civil  prosperity  of  Rhode  Island  must  endear 
his  name  to  those  who  are  now  enjoying  the 
fruits  of  his  labors.  He  possessed  the  singular 
honor  of  contributing  much  towards  establishing 
the  first  government  upon  the  earth  which  gave 
equal  liberty,  civil  and  religious,  to  all  men  living 
under  it.  In  Maryland,  too,  during  the  adminis 


tration  of  Charles  Calvert,  appointed  governor  in 
1662,  an  act  was  passed  allowing  all  Christians  to 
settle  in  the  province. 

He  left  behind  him  a  writing,  which  expressed 
his  religious  opinions.  He  believed,  that  all 
things,  with  their  causes,  effects,  circumstances, 
and  manner  of  being,  are  decreed  by  God ;  that 
tin's  decree  is  the  determination  from  eternity  of 
what  shall  come  to  pass  in  time ;  that  it  is  most 
wise,  just,  necessary,  and  unchangable,  the  cause 
of  all  good,  but  not  of  any  sin ;  that  election  is 
the  decree  of  God,  choosing,  of  his  free  love, 
grace,  and  mercy,  some  men  to  faith,  holiness, 
and  eternal  life;  that  sin  is  the  effect  of  man's 
free  will,  and  condemnation  an  effect  of  justice, 
inflicted  upon  man  for  sin  and  disobedience.  It 
was  not  in  these  opinions,  but  in  his  sentiments 
respecting  baptism,  that  he  differed  from  the  min 
isters  of  Massachusetts. 

In  his  last  will  he  left  his  farm  in  Newport  to 
charitable  purposes ;  the  income  of  it  to  be  given 
to  the  poor  and  to  be  employed  for  the  support 
of  learning  and  religion.  It  has  produced  about 
200  dollars  a  year,  and  has  thus  been  promoting 
the  public  interests  ever  since  his  death. 

The  title  of  the  book,  which  he  published  in 
London  in  1652,  is:  111  news  from  New  England, 
or  a  narrative  of  New  England's  persecution  ; 
wherein  it  is  declared,  that  while  Old  England  is 
becoming  New,  New  England  is  becoming  Old ; 
also  four  proposals  to  parliament  and  four  con 
clusions,  touching  the  faith  and  order  of  the  gos 
pel  of  Christ,  out  of  his  last  will  and  testament, 
4to.,  pp.  76.  This  work  was  answered  by  Thomas 
Cobbett  of  Lynn.  —  Backus'  Church  Hist,  of  N. 
E.  in.  227,  228 ;  Backus'  Abridg.  84,  86,  109- 
116. 

CLARKE,  RICHARD,  an  elegant  classical 
scholar,  came  to  this  country  from  England 
before  the  middle  of  the  last  century.  He  was 
for  some  time  rector  of  St.  Philip's  church  in 
Charleston.  He  returned  to  England  in  the  year 
1759,  and  in  1768  was  curate  of  Cheshunt  in 
Hertfordshire.  He  published  several  pieces  on 
the  prophecies,  and  on  universal  redemption. 
The  following  are  the  titles  of  them :  An  essay 
on  the  number  seven,  wherein  the  duration  of 
the  church  of  Rome  and  of  the  Mahometan  im 
posture,  the  time  of  the  conversion  of  the  Jews, 
and  the  year  of  the  world  for  the  millennium  and 
for  the  first  resurrection  are  attempted  to  be  set 
tled,  1769;  a  warning  to  the  world,  or  the  pro 
phetical  numbers  of  Daniel  and  John  calculated; 
a  second  warning  to  the  world,  1762  ;  glad  tidings 
to  the  Jews  and  Gentiles,  1763 ;  the  gospel  of  the 
daily  service  of  the  law  preached  to  the  Jew  and 
Gentile,  1768.  He  seems  to  have  been  tinctured 
with  the  mystical  doctrines  of  William  Law  and 
Jacob  Behmen.  —  Miller's  Retrospect,  II.  365  ; 
Ramsay's  Hist.  S.  C.  II.  452-454. 


CLARKE. 

CLARKE,  GEORGE  ROGERS,  general,  a  Revo 
lutionary  officer,  died  Feb.  13,  1808,  aged  66. 
lie  resided  on  the  western  border  of  Virginia, 
and  had  all  the  hardihood  and  energy  necessary 
for  a  soldier.  After  the  massacre  at  Wyoming  in 
1778  he  took  the  command  of  a  body  of  troops, 
designed  to  operate  against  the  Indians,  for  the 
protection  of  the  frontiers.  He  descended  the 
Monongahela  with  between  two  and  three 
hundred  men  for  the  purpose  of  capturing  the 
British  post  at  Kaskaskias,  on  the  Mississippi, 
whither  the  Indians  were  accustomed  to  resort 
for  the  reward  of  their  barbarities.  So  secret 
was  the  approach  of  Clarke,  that  the  fort  and 
town  were  taken  without  the  escape  of  a  man  to 
spread  the  alarm.  In  this  expedition  his  scanty 
provisions  were  consumed,  and  his  men  for  one  or 
two  days  subsisted  on  roots  found  in  the  woods. 
He  now  mounted  a  detachment  on  horses,  and 
reduced  three  other  towns  higher  up  the  river, 
and  sent  the  principal  agent  of  the  enemy 
a  prisoner  to  Virginia.  At  this  period  the 
county  of  Illinois  was  organized ;  and  new  troops 
ordered  to  be  raised  for  the  protection  of  the 
west.  In  the  mean  time  Col.  Clarke  was  in 
formed  that  Hamilton,  the  governor  of  Detroit, 
was  about  to  attack  him  in  the  spring  of  1779 
and  to  lay  waste  the  settlements  of  Kentucky. 
He  resolved  therefore  to  anticipate  this  move 
ment,  and  to  surprise  the  British  commander. 
Having  garrisoned  Kaskaskias,  he  proceeded 
across  the  country  with  one  hundred  and  fifty 
brave  companions.  When  within  a  few  miles 
of  the  enemy,  he  was  five  days  wading,  frequently 
breast-high  in  water,  through  the  drowned  lands 
of  the  Wabash.  Feb.  23d  he  came  in  sight  of 
Vincenncs.  The  attack  was  commenced  in  the 
evening,  and  the  next  day  Clarke  was  in  possession 
of  the  fort,  with  Hamilton  and  the  garrison  pris 
oners.  He  also  intercepted  a  convoy  of  goods 
and  provisions,  coming  from  Detroit,  valued  at 
10,000  pounds,  and  took  forty  prisoners  at  the 
same  time.  Hamilton  and  his  officers  were  sent 
to  Wiiliamsburg.  In  this  year  he  built  fort  Jef 
ferson  on  the  western  bank  of  the  Mississippi, 
below  the  Ohio.  An  expedition  against  Detroit 
was  projected,  but  not  executed.  When  Arnold 
invaded  Virginia  in  1780,  Col.  Clarke,  then  at 
Richmond,  joined  Baron  Stcuben  in  an  expedi 
tion  against  the  traitor.  Being  detached  with 
two  hundred  and  forty  men,  he  drew  a  party  of 
the  enemy  into  an  ambuscade,  killing  and  wound 
ing  thirty  men.  In  1781  he  was  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  brigadier-general.  Being  com 
mander  of  the  post  at  Kaskaskias,  he  was  re 
strained  to  defensive  measures,  and  was  obliged 
to  abandon  the  long  meditated  project  of  captur 
ing  Detroit.  In  Aug.,  1782,  he  was  in  command 
at  the  falls  of  Ohio.  After  the  war  he  settled 
in  Kentucky  with  a  small  band  of  associates,  and 


CLARKE. 


231 


was  regarded  by  his  fellow-citizens  as  the  protec 
tor  and  father  of  the  western  country.  John 
Randolph  called  him  the  American  Hannibal, 
who,  by  the  reduction  of  Vincenncs,  obtained  the 
lakes  for  the  northern  boundary  at  the  peace  of 
Paris.  He  died  at  Locust  Grove,  near  Louisville. 
It  is  related  in  the  Notes  of  an  old  officer,  that 
at  the  treaty  of  fort  Washington,  where  the 
troops  were  only  seventy  men,  all  the  Indians  in 
council  appeared  peaceable,  excepting  three 
hundred  iShawahanees,  whose  chief  made  a 
boisterous  speech,  and  then  placed  on  the  table 
his  belt  of  black  and  white  wampum,  to  intimate 
that  he  was  prepared  for  either  peace  or  war, 
while  his  three  hundred  savages  applauded  him 
by  a  whoop.  At  the  table  sat  Commissary-gen 
eral  Clarke  and  Gen.  Richard  Butler.  Clarke 
with  his  cane  coolly  pushed  the  wampum  from 
the  table ;  then  rising,  as  the  savages  muttered 
their  indignation,  he  trampled  on  the  belt,  and 
with  a  voice  of  authority  bid  them  instantly  quit 
the  hall.  The  next  day  they  sued  for  peace. — 
Marshall,  m.  565 ;  Jennison,  Enc.  Amer. 

CLARKE,  JOHN,  I).  I).,  minister  in  Boston, 
died  April  2,  1798,  aged  42.  He  was  born  at 
Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  April  13,  1755. 
While  a  member  of  Harvard  college,  at  which  he 
was  graduated  in  1774,  he  was  distinguished  by 
his  improvements  in  literature  and  science,  by  a 
strict  obedience  to  the  laws,  and  by  irreproacha 
ble  morals.  He  afterwards  engaged  in  the 
instruction  of  youth ;  but  in  his  leisure  hours  he 
pursued  with  assiduity  his  theological  studies.  In 
the  office  of  preceptor  he  was  gentle  and  persua 
sive,  beloved  by  his  pupils,  and  esteemed  by  their 
friends.  He  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  first 
c'hurch  in  Boston,  as  colleague  with  Dr.  Chauncy, 
July  8,  1778.  With  him  he  lived  in  the  most 
intimate  and  respectful  friendship  about  nine 
years,  and  afterwards  labored  alone  in  the  service 
of  the  church,  until  April  1,  1798,  when,  as  he 
was  addressing  his  hearers,  he  was  seized  by 
apoplexy  and  fell  down  in  his  pulpit.  He  expired 
the  next  morning.  He  was  of  a  mild  and  cheer 
ful  temper,  easy  and  polite  in  his  manners,  and 
endeared  to  all  his  acquaintance.  Though  fond 
of  literary  and  philosophical  researches,  he  yet 
considered  theology  as  the  proper  science  of  a 
minister  of  the  gospel.  To  this  object  he  princi 
pally  devoted  his  time  and  studies,  and  was  ear 
nestly  desirous  of  investigating  every  branch  of 
it,  not  merely  to  gratify  curiosity,  but  that  he 
might  be  able  to  impart  instruction.  He  was 
habitually  a  close  student.  His  public  discourses 
bore  the  marks  of  penetration,  judgment,  perspi 
cuity,  and  elegance.  In  the  private  offices  of  pas 
toral  friendship  he  was  truly  exemplary  and 
engaging.  In  the  various  relations  of  life  his 
deportment  was  marked  with  carefulness,  fidelity, 
and  affection.  His  successor  was  W.  Emerson. 


232 


CLARKE. 


He  published  the  following  sermons :  on  the 
death  of  S.  Cooper,  1784 ;  of  C.  Chauncy,  1787 ; 
of  X.  W.  Appleton,  1796;  before  the  humane 
society,  1793 ;  also,  an  answer  to  the  question, 
why  are  you  a  Christian  ?  8vo.  170.3,  and  several 
other  editions;  letters  to  a  student  at  college, 
12mo.  1796.  After  his  death  a  vol.  of  sermons 
•was  published,  1799;  and  discourses  to  young 
persons,  1804.  —  Thaclier's  Fun.  Ser. ;  Hist.  Coll. 
VI.  I-IX. 

CLARKE,  JABEZ,  judge,  died  at  Windham, 
Conn.,  Nov.  11,  1836,  aged  83;  chief  justice  of 
the  county  court.  In  the  Revolutionary  war  he 
was  quartermaster-general.  He  was  an  excel 
lent  citizen  and  an  exemplary  Christian. 

CLARKE,  JAMES  D.,  died  in  Newcastle,  Penn., 
Dec.  2,  1854,  aged  40,  worthy  of  honorable  re 
membrance  for  his  labors  for  years  as  a  tract  dis 
tributor.  He  was  qualified  for  his  work,  being 
fluent,  entertaining,  affectionate,  earnest,  fervent 
in  his  addresses,  —  going  into  ignorant  families 
and  melting  the  occupants  into  tears. 

CLARKE,  JAMES,  died  at  Burlington,  Iowa, 
July  28,  1850,  editor  of  the  Iowa  Gazette.  He 
had  been  governor  of  the  State. 

CLARKE,  MATTHEW  ST.  CLAIR,  died  at  Wash 
ington  May  6,  1852,  aged  59  ;  many  years  clerk 
of  the  house  of  representatives,  and  auditor  of  the 
treasury ;  highly  respected. 

CLARKE,  Dr.  TIIADDEUS,  died  at  New  Brigh 
ton,  Pa.,  Feb.  15,  1854,  aged  83.  He  was  a  de 
scendant  of  President  Edwards,  and  imbibed  his 
faith,  and  was  a  man  of  piety  and  benevolence. 
He  lived  in  Lebanon  till  1821;  then  removed  to 
Pompcy,  N.  Y.;  and  thence  in  1843  to  New 
Brighton  for  the  sake  of  a  more  favorable  climate-: 

o 

in  all  these  places  he  was  an  eminent  physician. 
In  his  last  hours  the  songs  of  Zion  as  sung  by  his 
daughter-in-law  refreshed  him  :  "  Jerusalem,  my 
happy  home,"  etc.  For  more  than  fifty  years  he 
was  a  Christian  professor.  He  had  eleven  chil 
dren.  His  daughter,  Sarah  Jane,  born  in  1823, 
in  Pompey,  N.  Y.,  known  as  a  writer  with  the 
signature  of  "  Grace  Greenwood,"  married  Mr. 
Lippincott,  of  Philadelphia. 

CLARKSON,  GERARDUS,  M.  D.,  an  eminent 
physician  of  Philadelphia,  was  the  son  of  Matthew 
C.,  a  merchant  of  New  York,  who  died  in  1770, 
and  a  descendant  of  David  C.,  an  English  non- 
conforming  minister  of  distinction,  who  died  in 
1686.  Dr.  Clarkson  was  a  practitioner  as  early 
as  1774,  and  he  died  Sept.  19,  1790,  aged  53. 
Rev.  Dr.  Finley  married  his  sister  in  1761. 
John  Swanwick  wrote  a  poem  on  his  death. 

CLARKSON,  MATTHEW,  general,  a  soldier  of 
the  Revolution,  was  distinguished  in  the  war  of 
Independence  for  his  courage,  talents,  and  integ 
rity.  He  acted  as  aid-de-camp  to  Gen.  Gates  in 
the  battle  of  Stillwater,  in  which,  as  he  was  car- 


CLAY. 

rying  an  order  to  the  officer  of  the  left  wing,  by 
passing  in  front  of  the  American  line  when  en 
gaged,  he  received  a  severe  wound  in  his  neck. 
In  his  last  years  he  was  vice-president  of  the 
American  bible  society,  and  much  of  his  time 
was  devoted  to  the  meetings  of  the  managers. 
He  died  at  New  York,  after  an  illness  of  five  days, 
April  22,  1825,  aged  66  years.  Amiable,  frank, 
affectionate,  pure,  and  beneficent,  his  character 
was  crowned  by  an  exalted  piety. 

CLAVIGERO,  ABBE,  was  the  author  of  a  his 
tory  of  Mexico,  which  was  published  in  2  vols. 
4to.  London,  1787. 

CLAY,  JOSEPH,  a  judge  and  a  minister,  was 
born  at  Savannah  in  1764,  and  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1784.  His  father,  Joseph  Clay,  a 
Revolutionary  patriot  and  soldier,  judge  of  the 
county  court,  and  an  exemplary  Christian,  died 
at  Savannah,  Dec.,  1804,  aged  63.  He  was  ap 
pointed  the  judge  of  the  district  court  of  Georgia 
in  1796,  and  resigned  the  office  in  1801.  Becom 
ing  in  1803  a  member  of  the  Baptist  church  in 
Savannah,  he  was  ordained  the  next  year  as  col 
league  with  Mr.  Ilolcombe,  the  pastor.  Having 
visited  New  England,  he  was  invited  to  settle  as 
colleague  with  Dr.  Stillman,  a  Baptist  minister  in 
Boston,  and  was  installed  Aug.  19,  1807.  In 
Nov.,  1808,  he  visited  Savannah,  and,  finding  his 
health  declining,  he  asked  a  dismission  from  his 
people.  But,  anxious  to  be  in  the  bosom  of  his 
family,  he  returned  in  1810  to  Boston,  where  he 
died  Jan.  11,  1811.  His  daughter  married  Wil 
liam  R.  Gray  of  Boston.  Mr.  Clay  was  highly  re 
spected  for  his  learning,  talents,  piety,  and  benevo 
lence.  In  college  he  was  the  most  distinguished  of 
his  class.  With  an  ample  fortune  he  yet  determined 
to  live  a  life  of  toil  in  the  best  of  causes.  The 
circumstance  of  his  relinquishing  the  office  of  a 
judge  for  that  of  a  minister  probably  drew  after 
him  some  hearers  of  the  legal  profession.  After 
hearing  him  at  Providence,  Mr.  Burrill,  a  lawyer, 
exclaimed  to  a  friend,  "  See  what  a  lawyer  can  do." 
The  reply  was,  "  See  what  the  grace  of  God  can 
do  with  a  lawyer."  He  published  his  installation 
sermon,  1807. — Benedict,  I.  403. 

CLAY,  ELIZABETH,  mother  of  Henry,  was  the 
daughter  of  George  Hudson  of  Hanover,  Va., 
born  in  1750.  In  her  fifteenth  year  she  married 
John  Clay,  a  Baptist  preacher,  and  became  the 
mother  of  eight  children.  Her  second  husband 
was  Henry  Watkins,  by  whom  also  she  had  eight 
children.  She  was  a  faithful  mother,  with  her 
hands  full.  In  1792,  Mr.  W.  removed  to  Wood- 
ford  county,  Ky.  She  died  in  1827,  a  Baptist 
professor.  In  1848  only  two  children  by  each 
husband  survived.  Her  son,  Rev.  Porter  Clay  of 
Camden,  Ark.,  died  1850,  aged  70. 

CLAY,  HENRY,  died  at  Washington,  June  29, 
1852,  aged  75.  He  was  born  April  12,  1777,  in 
Hancock  county,  Va.,  the  seventh  son  of  Rev. 


CLAYl'OLE. 


CLAYTON. 


233 


John  Clay,  a  Baptist  minister.  Admitted  to  the 
bar  at  twenty,  he  removed  to  Lexington  and  soon 
had  extensive  practice.  In  1808  he  was  guilty 
of  the  folly  and  wickedness  of  engaging  in  a  duel 
with  Humphrey  Marshall.  He  was  in  the  senate 
of  the  United  States  in  1806,  and  again  in  1809. 
In  1811  he  was  in  the  house  and  was  chosen 
speaker.  In  1814  he  was  a  commissioner  at 
Ghent.  In  1825  lie  was  secretary  of  State  under 
Mr.  Adams.  Again  he  was  chargeable  with  the 
madness  of  fighting  a  duel;  it  was  with  John 
Randolph.  He  was  re-elected  to  the  senate  in 
1831,  also  in  1836;  but  he  resigned  his  seat  in 
1842.  He  was  re-chosen  in  1849.  Although  a 
slaveholder  himself,  he  said  in  debate  in  the 
senate :  "I  never  can,  and  never  will  vote,  and  no 
earthly  power  will  ever  make  me  vote,  to  spread 
slavery  over  territory,  where  it  does  not  exist." 
The  passage  of  the  Missouri  compromise  was 
much  owing  to  his  efforts ;  but  he  did  not  live  to 
see  its  repeal,  for  the  purpose  of  opening  to 
slavery  the  immense  territory  west  of  Missouri, 
and  this  sacrifice  of  freedom  to  the  slave-power 
introduced  and  supported  in  the  senate  by  a 
northern  aspirant  to  the  presidency,  yet  a  slave 
holder,  as  a  means  of  securing  to  himself  the  votes 
of  the  south.  For  the  office  of  president,  he  was 
a  candidate  in  1832,  and  again  in  1844;  doubt 
less  to  such  a  man  it  was  a  deep-felt  grief  to  be 
defeated.  But  the  race  is  not  to  the  swift.  In  ill 
health  he  \isited  Havana  in  1850-51,  but  with 
no  relief;  he  returned  to  Washington,  but  only  to 
die.  The  death  of  three  such  aspirants  to  the 
presidency  as  Calhoun,  Webster,  and  Clay  may 
well  teach  the  men  of  like  claims  what  vanities 
they  pursue.  He  was  an  earnest  supporter  of 
the  colonization  society.  His  wife,  and  three  sons 
of  his  twelve  children,  survived  him.  In  person 
he  was  tall  and  slender,  and  he  stooped  some 
what.  His  countemmce  expressed  great  placidity 
and  suavity  ;  his  manners  were  somewhat  elabo 
rate  ;  his  eloquence  was  most  varied,  energetic, 
and  persuasive.  His  life  and  times,  in  2  vols.  8vo., 
second  edition,  was  published  by  Calvin  Colton  in 
1816. 

CLAYFOOLE,  David  C.,  an  editor,  died  at 
Philadelphia  in  1849,  aged  92,  one  of  the  proprie 
tors  of  the  Pennsylvania  Packet  and  Daily  Adver- 
vertiser,  the  first  daily  newspaper,  set  up  in  1775. 
The  firm  was  Dunlap  and  C.  The  paper  after 
wards  passed  into  the  hands  of  Poulson.  The 
records  of  the  debates  of  congress  from  1783  to 
17!/J  are  found  in  his  paper. 

CLAYTON,  JOHN,  an  eminent  botanist  and 
physician  of  Virginia,  died  Dec.  15,  1773,  aged 
87.  He  was  born  at  Fulham,  in  Great  Bri 
tain,  and  came  to  Virginia  with  his  father  in  1705, 
aged  about  twenty  years.  His  father  was  an  emi 
nent  lawyer,  and  was  appointed  attorney-general 
of  Virginia.  Young  Clayton  was  put  into  the 

30 


office  of  Peter  Beverly,  who  was  clerk  or  protho- 
notary  for  Gloucester  county,  and,  succeeding  him 
in  this  office,  filled  it  fifty-one  years.  During  the 
year  preceding  his  decease,  such  was  the  vigor  of 
his  constitution,  even  at  his  advanced  period,  and 
such  his  zeal  in  botanical  researches,  that  he 
made  a  botanical  tour  through  Orange  county ; 
and  it  is  believed  that  he  had  visited  most  of  the 
settled  parts  of  Virginia.  His  residence  was  about 
twenty  miles  from  the  city  of  Williamsburg.  His 
character  stands  high  as  a  man  of  integrity,  and 
as  a  citizen.  He  was  a  strict,  though  not  osten 
tatious,  observer  of  the  worship  of  the  church  of 
England,  and  he  seemed  constantly  piously  dis 
posed.  He  was  heard  to  say,  while  examining  a 
flower,  that  he  could  not  look  into  one,  without 
seeing  the  display  of  infinite  power  and  contriv 
ance,  and  that  he  thought  it  impossible  for  a 
botanist  to  be  an  atheist.  He  was  a  member  of 
some  of  the  most  learned  literary  societies  of  Eu 
rope,  and  corresponded  with  Gronovius,  Linnaeus, 
and  other  able  botanists.  As  a  practical  bota 
nist  he  was  perhaps  inferior  to  no  botanist  of  his 
time. 

He  left  behind  him  two  volumes  of  manuscripts, 
nearly  prepared  for  the  press,  and  a  hortus  siccus 
of  folio  size,  with  marginal  notes  and  directions 
for  the  engraver  in  preparing  the  plates  for  his 
proposed  work.  This  work,  which  was  in  the 
possession  of  his  son,  when  the  Revolutionary 
war  commenced,  was  sent  to  William  Clayton, 
clerk  of  New  Kent,  as  to  a  place  of  security  from 
the  invading  enemy.  It  was  lodged  in  the  office 
with  the  records  of  the  county.  An  incendiary 
put  a  torch  to  the  building;  and  thus  perished 
not  only  the  records  of  the  county  but  the  labors 
of  Clayton. 

Several  of  his  communications,  treating  of  the 
culture  and  different  species  of  tobacco,  were 
published  in  numbers  201,  204,  205,  and  206,  of 
the  philosophical  transactions;  and  in  number 
454  is  an  ample  account  of  medicinal  plants, 
which  he  had  discovered  growing  in  Virginia. 
He  is  chiefly  known  to  the  learned,  especially  in 
Europe,  by  his  Flora  Virginica,  a  work  pub 
lished  by  Gronovius  at  Leyden,  in  Svo.,  1739  — 
1743,  and  again  in  4to.,  in  1762.  This  is  fre 
quently  referred  to  by  Linnaeus,  and  by  all  the 
succeeding  botanists,  who  have  had  occasion  to 
treat  of  the  plants  of  North  America.  It  is  to  be 
regretted,  however,  that  they  so  frequently  refer 
to  the  flora  as  the  work  of  Gronovious,  though 
its  greatest  value  is  derived  from  the  masterly 
descriptions,  communicated  to  the  Leyden  pro 
fessor  by  Mr.  Clayton.  —  Barton's  Med.  and 
Phys.  Journal,  II.  139-145 ;  Ilces1  CycL  Ameri 
can  edit.;  Miller,!.  142;  II.  368. 

CLAYTON,  JOSHUA,  a  physician,  was  the  presi 
dent  of  Delaware  from  1729  to  1793,  and  gov- 
j  ernor  under  the  present  constitution  from  1793  to 


234 


CLAYTON. 


CLEAYELAND. 


1796,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  G.  Bedford.  In 
1793  he  was  elected  to  the  senate  of  the  United 
States.  He  died  in  1799.  During  the  war.  when 
the  Peruvian  bark  was  scarce,  he  substituted  for 
it  successfully  in  his  practice  the  poplar,  lirioden- 
dron  tulipifera,  combined  with  nearly  an  equal 
quantity  of  the  bark  of  the  root  of  the  dogwood, 
cornus  florida,  and  half  the  quantity  of  the  inside 
bark  of  the  white  oak  tree.  —  ThacJier's  Jfed. 
Biog. 

CLAYTON,  THOMAS,  judge,  died  at  Newcastle, 
Aug.  21,  1854,  aged  76.     He  was  a  senator  of. 
the  United  States  from  1823  to  1826,  and  from 
1837  to  1847  ;  and  chief  justice  of  the  Delaware 
superior  court. 

CLEAYELAND,  MOSES,  the  founder  of  a  large 
family,  came  from  Ispwich.  England,  a  carpenter's 
apprentice ;  became  a  freeholder  in  Woburn, 
Mass.,  in  1643 :  married  Ann  Winn,  1648,  and 
died  in  1702.  They  had  seven  sons  and  three 
daughters.  These  all  married  and  all  had  chil 
dren.  From  them  are  doubtless  descended  all 
in  this  country,  who  bear  the  name  of  Cleaveland 
and  Cleveland,  as  the  name  is  variously  written. 

CLEAYELAND,  AARON,  a  minister,  died  in 
Philadelphia  in  1757,  aged  42.  Born  at  Cam 
bridge,  Mass.,  he  was  a  grandson  of  Aaron,  the 
third  child  of  Moses  of  Woburn.  He  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1735.  He  was  a  prodigy  of  physi 
cal  strength  and  agility.  In  1739  he  was  ordained 
over  the  Congregational  church  in  Haddam. 
Conn.,  where  he  stayed  seven  years.  From  1747 
to  1750  he  was  pastor  in  Maiden,  Mass.  His  : 
next  move  was  to  Halifax,  N.  S.,  where  he  be 
came  an  Episcopalian.  In  1755  he  went  to  Eng 
land,  and  returned  as  an  Episcopal  missionary  to 
certain  parts  of  Delaware.  Two  years  aft erwaid. 
while  on  a  journey  to  visit  his  family  in  New 
England,  he  was  taken  sick  in  Philadelphia,  and 
died  in  the  house  of  his  friend,  Dr.  Franklin.  In  ; 
early  life,  he  was  an  admirer  of  Whitefield,  and  a 
zealous  as  well  as  able  preacher.  There  is  no 
reason  to  think  that  his  denominational  change 
impaired  his  ardor  or  efficiency.  It  is  much,  that , 
the  great  Franklin  honored  and  praised  him.  It  I 
is  more  and  better,  that  the  people  of  his 
charge  loved  him  and  mourned  for  him.  He  ! 
married  Susanna,  daughter  of  Rev.  Aaron  Foster 
of  Medford,  and  left  a  large  family.  Of  these,  his 
daughter,  Susanna  Cleaveland,  married  Stephen 
Higginson,  a  distinguished  Boston  merchant. 
Rev.  Thomas  W.  Higginson  of  Worcester,  and 
Rev.  Dr.  Stephen  H.  Tyng  of  New  York,  are  her 
grandsons. 

CLEAYELAND,   JOHN,  minister  of  Ispwich, 
Mass.,  died  April  22,   1799,  aged  77.    He  was  ' 
born  in  Canterbury,  Conn.,  April  22,  1722.     He  ' 
was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1745,  and  while  ' 
a  member  of  that  institution  he  exhibited  that 
independence  and  courage  in  the  cause  of  truth, ' 


for  which  he  was  ever  distinguished.  While  at 
home  during  a  vacation  in  1744.  he  attended  a  sep 
arate  meeting,  for  which,  on  his  return  to  college, 
he  was  required  to  make  a  confession.  He  justi 
fied  himself  on  the  ground,  that  he  was  a  member 
of  the  church,  and  attended  the  meeting  with  his 
father  and  a  majority  of  the  church.  The  same 
defence  was  made  by  Ebenezer  Cleaveland,  also 
of  Canterbury,  who  was  involved  in  the  same  dif 
ficulty.  They  were  both  expelled  from  college. 
This  act  of  persecution,  especially  as  Episcopalians 
were  tolerated  in  their  own  worship,  awakened 
the  public  indignation.  Distinguished  men, 
among  whom  was  Dr.  E.  Wheelock,  advised  him 
to  petition  the  Connecticut  assembly  for  redress, 
and  assured  him  of  their  aid.  About  twenty 
years  afterwards  Rector  Clap  sent  him  his  degree, 
and  the  catalogue  dates  it  in  1745,  with  his  class, 
—  with  whom  he  spent  three  years  in  successful 
study.  He  was  a  descendant  of  Moses ;  his 
grandfather,  Josiah,  was  a  pioneer  settler  of  Can 
terbury;  his  parents  were  Josiah  and  Abigail. 
Having  obtained  a  license  to  preach,  he  minis 
tered  to  a  Separatist  society  in  Boston,  in  that 
Huguenot  church  in  School  street,  where  Daille 
and  Le  Mercier  had  before  preached  to  the  ex 
patriated  Bowdoins  and  Amorys.  Declining  an 
invitation  to  settle  there,  he  accepted  a  call  from 
the  parish  of  Chebacco  in  Ipswich,  now  the 
town  of  Essex.  Here  his  earnest  ministry  of 
fifty-two  years  ended  only  with  his  life,  after  a 
short  and  painful  illness.  In  1758  he  went  as 
the  chaplain  of  Col.  Bagley's  regiment,  in  Aber- 
crombie's  ill-starred  expedition.  His  journal, 
kept  daily  on  the  spot,  and  letters  to  his  "  dear 
and  loving  wife,"  present  a  lively  image  of  the 
scenes  through  which  he  passed.  His  brother 
chaplains  of  the  provincial  forces  were  all  respect 
able  clergymen,  good  and  faithful  ministers,  as 
well  as  true  patriots.  During  their  long  encamp 
ment  at  fort  George,  it  was  their  custom  to  meet 
twice  a  week,  under  some  tent  or  booth,  to 
strengthen  each  other  by  mutual  converse,  prayer, 
and  exhortation.  To  these  scenes  of  Christian 
labor,  as  depicted  by  Mr.  C.,Mr.  Bancroft  alludes 
in  the  narration  of  the  time.  In  the  following 
year,  he  went  in  the  same  capacity  and  the  same 
regiment  to  Loui&burg,  already  in  British  hands. 
The  year  1763  was  made  joyful  to  him  by  a  great 
revival  of  piety  among  his  people.  In  the  contro 
versies,  which  about  this  time  sprung  up  with  his 
mother  country,  he  took  a  warm  interest.  Es 
pousing  heartily  the  American  side,  he  devoted  to 
it  a  ready  tongue  and  a  ready  pen.  With  the 
first  sound  of  war  he  was  again  in  the  field.  He 
served  as  chaplain  at  Cambridge  —  while  in  the 
same  camp  were  two  of  his  brothers,  and  all  four 
of  his  sons.  In  1776  he  was  with  the  army,  for  a 
time,  in  Connecticut  and  New  York.  These  occa 
sional  absences  from  his  flock  seem  but  to  have 


CLEAVELAXD. 

endeared  him  to  them  the  more.  An  enlarged 
acquaintance  with  men  and  things  undoubtedly 
widened  and  liberalized  his  views,  without  abating 
the  fervor  of  his  piety.  It  appears  that  after  a 
few  unhappy  years  of  religious  dissension,  the  two 
congregations  in  Chebaeco  re-united  under  him 
and  went  on  in  harmony.  He  was  a  man  of 
strong  constitution  and  ardent  temperament.  An 
earnest  spirit,  an  unpolished  energy,  and  a  sin 
cerity,  which  none  could  question,  characterized 
him  in  the  pulpit.  His  familiarity  with  the  Scrip 
tures  was  proverbial.  His  general  learning  was 
respectable.  His  writings,  though  often  forcible 
and  fervid,  could  lay  no  claim  to  elegance.  He 
was  not  afraid  of  controversy,  and  more  than 
once  ventured  into  the  camps  of  polemic,  as  well 
as  those  of  natural  war.  In  his  dispute  with  Dr. 
Mayhew,  several  ponderous  pamphlets  appeared 
on  both  sides.  Mr.  C.  had  blue  eyes,  and  a  florid 
complexion,  was  nearly  six  feet  high,  erect  and 
muscular  ;  his  voice  was  heavy  and  of  great  com 
pass,  and  his  gestures  were  appropriate.  In  his 
preaching  he  was  not  confined  to  written  sermons. 
Dr.  Emmons  said  of  him,  that  he  was  "  a  pattern 
of  piety  and  an  ornament  to  the  Christian  and 
clerical  profession."  His  faithful  labors  were 
crowned  with  great  success ;  at  one  period,  in 
about  six  months,  one  hundred  persons  were  ad 
ded  to  his  church.  He  died  in  peace  and  hope  on 
his  seventy-seventh  birth-day.  His  first  wife  was 
Mary,  daughter  of  Parker  Dodge,  and  great-grand 
daughter  of  John  Choate  of  Ipswich.  They  reared 
four  sons  and  three  daughters.  She  died  in  1768. 
He  next  married  Mary  Xeale  Foster,  widow  of 
Capt.  John  F.  She  survived  him  eleven  years. 
In  both  connections  he  was  eminently  happy.  It 
was  his  custom  to  devote  particular  days  to  pri 
vate  fasting  and  prayer. 

He  published  a  narrative  of  the  work  of  God 
at  Chebaeco  in  1763  and  1764;  an  essay  to  defend 
some  of  the  most  important  principles  in  the 
protestant  reformed  system  of  Christianity,  more 
especially  Christ's  sacrifice  and  atonement,  against 
the  injurious  aspersions  cast  on  the  same  by  Dr. 
Mayhew  in  a  thanksgiving  sermon,  1763 ;  a  reply 
to  Dr.  Mayhew's  letter  of  reproof,  1765 ;  a  trea 
tise  on  infant  baptism,  1784. — Parish's  Fun. 
Ser.;  Mass.  Miss.  Mag.  n.  129-133;  Backus, 
III.  241;  Pan.  XII.  49. 

CLE  AVELAXD,  EBENEZER.  brother  of  the  pre 
ceding,  the  minister  of  Gloucester,  now  Rockport, 
Mass.,  died  July  4,  1805,  aged  79.  His  parents 
were  Josiah  and  Abigail.  Expelled  from  Yale 
college  with  his  brother  John  in  1744  and  for  the 
same  reasons,  he  yet  after  some  years  obtained 
his  degree,  and  is  mentioned  in  the  catalogue  as  a 
graduate  of  174S,  which  was  the  time  of  the 
graduation  of  his  class.  He  went  to  Rockport. 
then  called  Sandy  Bay.  in  1751,  and  was  settled 
in  1755  in  a  new  church,  remaining  the  minister 


CLEAVELAXD. 


235 


for  twenty  years.  He  was  chaplain  in  the  French 
war  of  1758,  and  hi  the  triumphant  Canada  ex 
pedition  in  1759.  In  the  Revolutionary  war,  he 
I  also  served  as  a  chaplain.  After  being  some 
years  in  Landaf£  Randolph,  and  Amesbury,  he 
returned  to  Rockport,  His  lot  was  cast  in  hard 

•  places  and  in  hard  times ;  and  he  had   a  large 
family  and  domestic  causes  of  uneasiness,  so  that 

I  his  fife  was  that  of  a  worthy  man  struggling  with 
adversity.  His  son  Ebenezer  was  a  captain  in 
the  continental  service.  His  daughter  Mary 
married  professor  John  Smith  of  Dartmouth  col- 

'  lege.  She  was  the  mother  of  two  daughters, 
still  living  in  1856 ;  Abby  Smith,  widow  of  Dr. 
Cyrus  Perkins,  of  Xew  York,  formerly  professor 
in  the  Medical  School  at  Dartmouth,  and  Mary 

]  Cleaveland  Smith,  married  to  John  Bryant,  a 
prosperous  merchant  of  Boston,  one  of  the  eight 
or  ten  wealthiest  men  of  that  tity. 

CLEAVELAXD,  PARKER,  a  physician  and 
patriot  of  the  Revolution,  the  son  of  John,  died 
in  Feb.,  1826,  aged  74.  He  was  born  in  Ips- 

1  wich  in  1751,  and  settled  as  a  physician  at  By- 
field,  a  parish  of  Rowley,  at  the  age  of  19. 
During  the  first  year  of  the  war  he  was  the  sur 
geon  of  a  regiment.  He  was  frequently  a  repre 
sentative  of  Rowley  in  the  legislature.  As  a 
phvsician  he  was  intelligent  and  skilfiil.  But  the 

,  glory  of  his  character  was  his  religion.     He  read 

j  much  in  theology.     After  much  investigation  he 

;  embraced  and  earnestly  supported  the  orthodox 
doctrines  :  and  he  exhibited  also  "  the  best  affec 
tions  and  graces  of  the  Christian  character.  He 

',  was  benevolent,  humble,  and  devout.     Emphati- 

I  cally  might  he  be  called  a  man  of  prayer.''  At 
different  periods  of  revivals  of  religion  he  exerted 
a  pious  and  useful  influence.  In  affliction  and 

]  adverse  circumstances  he  was  resigned  and  cheer- 

•  ful ;  and  from  every  earthly  care  he  found  a  relief 
:  in  the  love  of  his  Redeemer.     His  sons,  who  have 
i  long  been  men  of  distinction,  are  Professor  Par- 
;  ker  C.,  of  Bowdoin  college,  and  Rev.  Dr.  John 

P.  C..  of  LowelL  —  Boston  Recorder,  March  3, 
;  1S26. 

CLEAVELAXD,  BENJAMIN-,  colonel,  removed 
j  before  the  Revolution  from  Culpepper  co.,  Va., 
j  to  Wilkes  co.,  X.  C.  During  the  war  he  was 
:  commander  of  a  Tniliria  regiment  in  \Vilkes,  and 

•  he  was  one  of  the   five  partisan  colonels    who 
achieved  the  victory  of  King's  Mountain.     His 

:  sons,  Absalom  and  John,  were  officers  in  the  same 
service.  The  latter  as  capt.  of  dragoons  was  in 
the  battle  of  Camden.  CoL  Cleaveland  removed 
afterwards  to  South  Carolina,  His  descendants 

;  are  numerous  and  respectable. 

CLEAVELAXD.  STEPHEN,  captain,  son  of  Rev. 
Aaron  C.,  died  in  Salem  in  1801,  aged  61.  Born 
in  East  Haddam,  he  was  left  destitute  by  his 
father's  death,  and  went  to  sea  at  the  age  of  four- 

j  teen.     In  the  French  war  of  1756  he  was  seized 


236 


CLEAVELAND. 


CLEAVELAND. 


by  a  British  press-gang  in  Boston  and  detained 
in  sen-ice  until  the  peace  of  1763.  Soon  after 
the  Declaration  of  Independence  he  received  a 
commission  as  captain  from  congress,  bearing  the 
names  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  Benjamin  Harrison, 
and  Robert  Morris,  which  is  still  preserved.  This 
is  believed  to  have  been  the  first  naval  commission 
issued  by  our  government,  after  we  became  an 
independent  people.  Capt.  C.  sailed  soon  after 
from  Salem  in  the  small  brig  Despatch,  laden 
with  sperm  oil,  fish,  potash,  &c.,  for  Bordeaux. 
After  a  long  delay  in  that  port,  during  which  he 
carried  on  a  correspondence  with  Silas  Deane, 
Arthur  Lee,  and  Dr.  Franklin,  he  obtained  the 
material  of  war,  for  which  he  had  been  sent,  and 
brought  the  welcome  freight  safely  into  Boston. 
Before  he  sailed  he  had  been  promised  the  com 
mand  of  one  of  the  three  frigates,  then  in  the 
process  of  construction.  But  in  consequence  of 
his  long  delay  in  France,  others  got  the  appoint 
ments,  and  his  ambitious  spirit  would  not  suffer 
him  to  accept  an  inferior  post.  His  wife  was 
Margaret,  daughter  of  James  Jeffrey.  Their 
eldest  child,  Richard  Jeffrey,  still  living  in  Salem, 
has  also  been  a  man  of  various  adventure.  His 
well  written  narrative  of  his  own  "  Voyages  and 
commercial  enterprises,"  published  in  two  volumes, 
has  been  read  by  thousands.  It  is  a  work  full  of 
interest,  and  one  which  leaves  on  the  mind  a  most 
agreeable  impression  of  its  author.  From  1829 
to  1834,  Capt.  R.  J.  Cleveland  was  U.  S.  vice 
consul  at  Havana. 

CLEAVELAND,  AARON,  minister  of  Royalton, 
Vt.,  and  missionary,  died  in  New  Haven  Sept.  21, 
1815,  aged  71.  He  was  the  son  of  Rev.  Aaron 
C.,  of  Haddam.  He  was  preparing  for  college, 
when  his  father  died.  This  event  compelled  him 
to  learn  a  trade.  He  became  a  hatter,  and  fol 
lowed  the  business  for  many  years  in  Norwich 
and  in  Guilford,  Conn.  During  this  period  he  was 
more  than  once  an  active  and  intelligent  member 
of  the  State  legislature.  At  this  time  he  held 
the  doctrine  of  the  Universalists,  and  was  a  leader 
among  them.  Other  views  at  length  took  pos 
session  of  his  mind.  He  became  a  decided  Cal- 
vinist,  and  soon  resolved  to  preach  the  faith 
which  he  had  so  long  derided.  He  was  settled 
for  a  year  or  two  in  Royalton,  Vt.,  and  labored 
as  a  missionary.  His  last  days  were  spent  in 
New  Haven,  Conn.  He  was  a  man  of  more  than 
ordinary  powers.  To  plain  good  sense,  he  added 
a  fine  poetic  taste  and  ready  wit.  He  was  twice 
married.  By  his  first  wife,  Abiah  Hyde  of  Nor 
wich,  he  had  ten  children.  By  the  second  wife, 
Mrs.  Elizabeth  Clement  Breed,  he  had  five  more 
children.  The  venerable  Rev.  Charles  Cleveland, 
as  he  writes  his  name,  for  many  years  past  a 
faithful  missionary  among  the  poor  of  Boston, 
traversing  its  streets  at  the  age  of  83  or  84, 
was  his  third  child.  Mrs.  Abiah  Hyde  Cox,  wife 


of  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel  H.  Cox,  was  the  thirteenth 
on  the  h'st.  In  the  third  generation  may  be  enu 
merated  the  late  Rev.  Richard  F.  Cleveland,  son 
of  William,  Rev.  A.  Cleveland  Coxe  of  Baltimore, 
and  Professor  Charles  Dexter  Cleveland,  son  of 
Charles,  of  Philadelphia.  A  host  of  Clevelands, 
Pratts,  Smiths,  Dodges,  and  Coxes,  who  trace 
their  descent  from  Aaron  Clcaveland,  have  no  rea 
son  to  be  ashamed  of  their  ancestor.  He  pub 
lished  some  political  poetic  satires,  also  a  poem 
in  blank  verse  on  slavery,  1775. 

CLEVELAND,  JOHX,  minister  of  Stoneham, 
Mass.,  died  at  North  "VVrentham  in  1818,  aged 
68.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Rev.  John  C.,  of 
Ipswich.  He  was  fitted  for  college,  but  was  pre 
vented  from  entering  by  ill  health.  When  the 
war  began  he  enlisted  in  the  Revolutionary  army. 
He  soon  obtained  a  lieutenant's  commission,  and 
remained  in  the  service  during  the  war.  His 
thoughts  had  long  been  turned  towards  the 
ministry.  In  1785,  he  settled  at  Stoneham,  near 
Boston,  where  he  remained  about  ten  years.  He 
was  subsequently  settled  at  North  Wrcntham. 
He  was  a  man  of  respectable  talents  and  of  rare 
piety.  At  Wrentham,  Dr.  Emmons  of  Franklin 
was  his  near  neighbor  and  intimate  friend.  To 
his  fidelity  as  a  pastor,  Dr.  E.,  in  the  funeral  dis 
course,  paid  a  just  and  affectionate  tribute.  lie 
was  twice  married.  His  first  wife  was  his  cousin, 
Abigail  Adams  of  Canterbury,  Conn.  The  second 
wife  was  Elizabeth  Evans  of  Stoneham,  who  sur 
vived  him,  and  became  the  wife  of  Rev.  Dr.  Har 
ris  of  Dunbarton,  N.  II.  He  had  no  children. 

CLEAVELAND,  MOSES,  general,  died  in  Can 
terbury,  Conn.,  in  1806,  aged  52.  He  was  the  son 
of  Col.  Aaron  C.,the  brother  of  John  and  Ebene- 
zer,  who  died  after  sixty  fits  of  the  palsy  and  apo 
plexy,  April  14,  1785,  aged  57,  descended  from 
either  Josiah  or  Samuel  C.,  who  were  settlers  of 
C.,  about  1690.  He  entered  Yale  college,  but 
soon  left  to  take  part  in  the  great  struggle  for 
liberty,  and  served,  for  a  time,  as  captain  of  a 
company  of  sappers  and  miners.  lie  subse 
quently  returned  to  New  Haven  and  took  his 
degree  in  1777.  He  became  a  lawyer,  and  soon 
made  himself  known  as  a  man  of  talent  and 
energy.  He  was  repeatedly  in  the  legislature, 
and  held  high  command  in  the  militia.  In  1796 
he  went  to  Ohio,  as  a  commissioner  to  treat  with 
the  Indians  and  make  purchases  in  the  western 
reserve.  The  site  of  Cleveland  now  a  fair  and 
fast  growing  city,  was  his  selection,  and  from  him 
the  place  received  its  name.  He  was  brave, 
ardent,  and  patriotic :  a  man  of  cheerful  temper, 
of  ready  humor,  and  the  most  free-hearted  hos 
pitality.  His  wife  was  Esther  Champion  of  Col 
chester.  Their  daughter,  Mary  Esther,  was  mar 
ried  to  Prof.  Andrew  Harris  of  the  New  Haven 
medical  school.  Another  daughter,  Frances  A., 
is  the  wife  of  Samuel  Morgan  of  Norwich.  His 


CLEAVELAND. 


CLEVENGER. 


237 


brother,  Judge  William  Pitt  Clcavcland,  died  in 
New  London  in  1845,  aged  about  70,  a  graduate 
of  Yale  in  1793.  There  was  a  graduate  of  the 
same  name  in  1816,  who  died  in  1841. 

CLEAVELAND,  NEHEMIAH,  M.  D.,  died  at 
Topsfield,  Mass.,  Feb.  26,  1837,  aged  76,  the 
youngest  son  of  Rev.  John  C.,  of  Ipswich.  At 
the  age  of  16  he  attended  his  father  during  the 
siege  of  Boston  in  1775 ;  in  1777  he  enlisted  in 
the  army  for  about  a  year.  Then  he  toiled  on 
his  father's  little  farm.  Having  studied  physic 
with  his  brother,  and  with  Dr.  Manning  of  Ips 
wich,  he  entered  on  the  practice  at  Topsfield  in 
1783.  Together  with  his  employment  as  a  phy 
sician,  his  services  were  often  required  in  various 
public  offices.  A  zealous  federalist  in  politics,  he 
was  for  years  a  useful  member  of  the  senate. 
From  1823  to  1828  he  was  chief  justice  of  the 
court  of  sessions.  His  form  was  well-propor 
tioned,  and  he  was  of  large  stature  and  com 
manding  aspect.  A  print  of  him  from  a  picture 
by  Cole  may  be  seen  in  the  address  at  Topsfield 
celebration  in  1850  by  his  son,  Nehemiah  Cleave- 
land.  His  constitution  was  vigorous  and  his 
health  unbroken  until  his  fiftieth  year :  from  that 
period  he  suffered  much  from  one  of  the  most 
painful  of  maladies.  In  other  respects  he  had  a 
happy  old  age,  employed  in  his  profession,  impart 
ing  sound  advice  to  his  neighbors,  seeking  the 
welfare  of  the  church  and  the  general  interests 
of  Zion.  Then  he  had  the  consolation  of  books 
and  the  pleasures  of  home.  "  His  setting  sun 
went  gently  down,  while  the  brightness  of  a  better 
day  seemed  to  glow  in  the  departing  orb,  and 
left  its  consoling  radiance  behind."  His  first  wife, 
who  died  childless  in  four  years,  in  1791,  was 
Lucy,  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Manning.  His  second 
wife,  the  mother  of  nine  children,  was  Experi 
ence,  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Elisha  Lord  of  Pom- 
fret,  Conn. ;  she  died  in  1845  at  the  house  of  her 
son-in-law,  Rev.  O.  A.  Taylor,  aged  81.  Five  of 
her  children  were  living  in  1856,  William,  at  Tops- 
field,  Nehemiah  C.,  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  a  distin 
guished  teacher  and  scholar,  a  graduate  of  Bowdoin 
college  in  1813,  John  C.,  a  lawyer  in  the  city  of 
New  York,  a  graduate  of  Bowdoin  in  1826,  and 
llev.  Dr.  Elisha  Lord  C.,  a  minister  in  New  Ha 
ven,  a  graduate  of  1829.  His  daughter,  Mary, 
married  llev.  O.  A.  Taylor.  The  following  are 
some  of  the  verses  of  the  hymn,  written  by  Ne 
hemiah  Clcavcland  and  sung  at  the  two  hundredth 
anniversary  of  the  incorporation  of  the  town. 

"Then  came  the  pious  task  to  rear 
Meet  shrines,  Benignant  Power,  for  Thee : 
Schools  free  as  air  were  founded  here, 
And  law,  and  sacred  liberty. 

"  0  Thou,  whose  arm.  all-powerful,  bore 
Those  pilgrims  o'er  the  storm-swept  sea, 
And  help'd  them  plant  along  this  shore 
These  homesteads  of  the  brave  and  free,  — 


"  Here,  where  our  fathers  hymn'd  thy  name, 
List  to  their  grateful  children's  praise, 
And  still  be  ours  the  heavenly  flame 
That  warm'd  their  hearts  in  olden  days." 

CLEAVELAND,  NEHEMIAII,  deacon,  a  Revo 
lutionary  pensioner,  died  at  Skaneateles,  New 
York,  Oct.  25,  1843,  aged  90.  A  native  of  Mans 
field,  Conn.,  he  lived  for  a  period  in  Williamsburg, 
Mass. 

CLEVELAND,  JOSIAH,  captain,  of  Owcgo, 
died  at  Charlestown,  Mass.,  June  30,  1843,  aged 
89,  and  was  buried  at  Mount  Auburn  in  Cam 
bridge.  Born  in  Canterbury,  Conn.,  he  was  an 
officer,  and  served  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution, 
and  fought  in  various  battles,  first  at  Bunker  Hill. 
It  was  to  attend  the  commemoration  on  finishing 
the  monument  at  Bunker  Hill,  that  he  came  five- 
hundred  miles,  which  he  witnessed,  and  died. 

CLEEVES,  GEORGE,  an  early  settler  and  dis 
tinguished  magistrate  of  Maine,  lived  at  Spur- 
wink,  Cape  Elizabeth,  in  1630,  associated  in 
business  with  Richard  Tucker.  In  1632  they 
commenced  the  settlement  at  Casco  and  erected 
the  first  house  on  the  Neck,  called  Machi- 
gonne  by  the  Indians,  then  Cleeves'  Neck  and 
Munjoy's  Neck,  now  Portland.  In  1643  he  was 
appointed  by  Rigby  his  deputy  in  the  govern 
ment  of  Ligonia,  and  was  a  large  land-owner 
under  grants  from  Gorges  and  Rigby.  He  died 
at  Portland  between  Nov.,  1666,  and  Jan.,  1671, 
at  an  advanced  age,  probably  more  than  90.  The 
Brackctts  are  his  descendants.  An  ample  ac 
count  of  him  is  given  in  Willis'  history  of  Port 
land.—  Ma  ine  Hist.  Coll.  I.  124. 

CLEVELAND,  HENRY  RUSSELL,  of  Boston, 
died  at  St.  Louis  June  12,  1843,  aged  34.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1827.  The  life  of  Hud 
son  in  Sparks'  Biography  was  written  by  him  : 
he  was  also  the  editor  of  an  edition  of  Sallust 
much  approved,  and  the  author  of  a  volume  on 
classical  studies. 

CLEVENGER,  SHOBAL  L.  VAI,  an  eminent 
sculptor,  died  at  sea  Sept.  28,  1843.  He  was 
born  in  Middletown,  Ohio,  in  1812  :  his  father 
was  a  weaver,  who  removed  to  Indian  Creek. 
At  the  age  of  15  he  went  to  Centreville  to  learn 
stone-cutting  with  his  brother,  who  was  employed 
on  the  canal.  He  was  soon  afflicted  with  the 
ague  and  fever  and  returned  home.  Next  he 
went  to  Cincinnati  and  was  employed  by  Mr. 
Guino,  a  stone-cutter.  Here  he  married  Eliza 
beth  Wright.  At  length  he  went  into  partner 
ship  with  Mr.  Bassett.  His  chiselling  of  a  cherub 
on  a  tomb-stone  attracted  the  notice  of  Mr. 
Thomas,  editor  of  the  Evening  Post.  He  soon, 
without  a  clay  model,  cut  from  the  stone  an  ex 
cellent  bust  of  Mr.  Thomas.  Going  to  Boston, 
he  made  a  bust  of  Mr.  Webster;  and  also  of  Mr. 
Biddle,  Mr.  Clay,  and  Mr.  Van  Buren.  He  then 


238 


CLIFFORD. 


CLINTON. 


•went  to  Italy,  where  he  spent  several  years.  His 
great  work  was  an  Indian,  bold  and  wild,  which 
was  much  admired  by  the  Italians.  Returning 
with  his  family, he  sailed  from  Leghorn,  but  in  ten 
days  he  died  of  the  consumption  on  his  passage. 

CLIFFORD,  JOIIN  D.,  a  man  of  science,  died 
at  Lexington,  Ky.,  May  8,  1820,  aged  42.  He 
formed  a  valuable  cabinet  of  natural  history,  and 
published  essays  on  the  antiquities  of  the  west 
ern  country,  in  the  Western  Review,  1819  and 
1820. 

CLIFTON,  WILLIAM,  a  poet,  the  son  of  a  rich 
mechanic  in  Philadelphia,  was  born  in  1772,  and 
was  educated  as  a  Quaker,  but  in  the  latter  part 
of  his  life  threw  off  the  Quaker  dress  and  man 
ners.  He  died  of  the  consumption  in  Dec.,  1799, 
aged  26.  He  published  an  epistle  to  Mr.  Gifford, 
in  an  edition  of  Gifford's  poems,  evincing  much 
poetical  power.  He  also  commenced,  but  did  not 
finish,  a  poem  called  the  Chimeriad,  in  which, 
under  the  character  of  the  witch,  Chimeria,  the 
genius  of  false  philosophy  is  portrayed.  His 
poems -were  printed  at  New  York,  12mo.,  1800. 
Much  of  his  poetry  is  of  a  satirical,  political  cast, 
containing  vituperations  of  the  French  revolu 
tionists  and  of  the  party  to  which  he  was  op 
posed. —  Encyclopedia  Amer. ;  Knapp's  Led. 
179;  Specimens  American  Poetry,  II.  86. 

CLINTON,  GKORGE,  governor  of  the  colony  of 
New  York  before  the  Revolution,  was  the  young 
est  son  of  Francis  Clinton,  the  earl  of  Lincoln. 
He  was  appointed  governor  in  1743.  His  admin 
istration  of  ten  years  was  turbulent.  He  was 
engaged  in  a  violent  controversy  with  the  general 
assembly,  instigated  by  chief  justice  James  Dc- 
lancy,  the  ruling  demagogue  of  that  period.  Mr. 
Horsemandcr  wrote  against  the  governor;  Mr. 
Golden  in  his  favor.  The  governor  was  the  friend 
of  Sir  William  Johnson.  Mr.  Clinton  was  suc 
ceeded  in  Oct.,  1753,  by  Sir  D.  O:;borne,  who  in 
two  days,  in  consequence  of  political  troubles, 
committed  suicide.  He  was  afterwards  governor 
of  Greenwich  hospital.  —  Hint.  Coll.,  VII.  79; 
Lempriere. 

CLINTON,  CHARLES,  the  ancestor  of  the  fam 
ily  of  Clintons  in  New  York,  died  in  Ulster,  after 
wards  Orange  county,  Nov.  19,  1773.  He  was  a 
descendant  of  Wm.  C.,  who,  after  being  an  adhe 
rent  of  Charles  I.,  took  refuge  in  the  north  of 
Ireland.  James,  the  son  of  Wm.,  married  Eliza 
beth  Smith,  the  daughter  of  a  captain  in  Crom 
well's  army,  and  was  the  father  of  Charles,  who 
was  born  in  the  county  of  Longford,  Ireland,  in 
1690.  Having  induced  a  number  of  his  friends 
to  join  him  in  the  project  of  emigrating  to  Amer 
ica,  he  chartered  a  ship  for  Philadelphia  in  1729 
and  sailed  May  20th.  On  the  passage  it  was 
ascertained,  that  the  captain  had  formed  the 
design  to  starve  the  passengers  in  order  to  seize 
their  property.  Among  those,  who  died,  were  a 


son  and  daughter  of  Mr.  Clinton.  It  was  now 
proposed  to  wrest  the  command  from  the  captain  ; 
but  there  was  not  energy  enough  in  the  passen 
gers  to  make  the  attempt.  At  length  they  were 
landed  at  Cape  Cod,  Oct.  4th.  It  was  not  till 
the  spring  of  1731,  that  they  removed  and  formed 
a  settlement  in  the  county  of  Ulster,  State  of  New 
York,  about  sixty  miles  from  the  city  and  eight 
miles  west  of  the  river.  Mr.  Clinton  was  a  far 
mer  and  land  surveyor.  His  house  was  sur 
rounded  by  a  palisade,  against  the  Indians.  He 
was  made  judge  of  the  county  court ;  and  in  1756 
was  appointed  lieut.-colonel  under  Col.  Oliver  De- 
lancy.  He  served  under  Bradstreet  at  the  cap 
ture  of  fort  Frontenac.  Of  his  four  sons  in 
America,  Alexander,  a  graduate  in  the  third  class 
at  Princeton,  in  1750,  was  a  physician  ;  Charles 
was  a  surgeon  in  the  army,  which  took  Havana 
in  1762,  and  died  in  April,  1791 ;  James  was  ma 
jor-general;  and  George  vice  president  of  the 
United  States.  With  an  uncommon  genius  and 
a  fund  of  useful  kno\vledge,  he  was  affable  and 
interesting  in  conversation.  He  was  tall,  graceful, 
and  dignified.  The  duties  of  the  various  relations 
of  private  life  were  regarded  by  him ;  and  he  was 
a  patriot  and  a  sincere  Christian.  —  Lord's  Lem 
priere  ;  Rogers'  Biog.  Dictionary ;  N.  Y.  States 
man,  Aug.  23,  1828. 

CLINTON,  JAMES,  brigadier-general,  the  fourth 
son  of  the  preceding,  died  Dec.  22,  1812,  aged 
75.  He  was  born  in  Ulster  county,  N.  Y.,  Aug. 
9,  1736.  He  received  a  good  education.  In 
1756  he  was  a  captain  under  Bradstreet  at  fort 
Frontenac,  and  captured  a  French  sloop  of  war 
on  Lake  Ontario.  In  1763  he  was  appointed 
captain  commandant  of  four  companies,  raised  for 
the  defence  of  Ulster  and  Orange,  whose  western 
frontiers  were  exposed  to  the  inroads  of  the  sava 
ges.  In  the  beginning  of  the  Revolutionary  war 
he  was  appointed  colonel  June  30,  1775,  and  ac 
companied  Montgomery  to  Canada.  He  was 
made  brigadier-general  Aug.  9,  1776.  In  Oct., 
1777,  he  commanded,  under  Gov.  Clinton,  at  fort 
Clinton,  which,  with  fort  Montgomery,  separated 
from  each  other  by  a  creek,  defended  the  Hudson 
against  the  ascent  of  the  enemy  below  West 
Point.  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  in  order  to  favor  the 
designs  of  Burgoyne,  attacked  these  forts  Oct. 
6th,  with  three  thousand  men,  and  carried  them 
by  storm,  as  they  were  defended  by  only  about 
five  hundred  militia.  A  brave  resistance  was 
made  from  four  o'clock  until  it  was  dark,  when 
the  garrison  were  overpowered.  Gen.  Clinton  was 
severely  wounded  by  a  bayonet,  but  escaped. 
After  riding  a  little  distance  he  dismounted,  that 
he  might  escape  the  pursuing  enemy,  and  taking 
the  bridle  from  his  horse  slid  down  a  precipice 
one  hundred  feet  to  the  creek,  which  separated 
the  forts.  Thus  he  reached  the  mountain  at  a 
secure  distance.  In  the  morning  he  found  a  horse, 


CLINTON. 


CLINTON. 


239 


•which  conveyed  him,  covered  with  blood,  about 
sixteen  miles  from  the  fort  to  his  house. 

In  1779  he  joined  with  sixteen  hundred  men 
General  Sullivan  in  his  expedition  against  the  In 
dians.  Proceeding  up  the  Mohawk  in  batteaux 
about  fifty-four  miles  above  Schcnectady,  he  con- 
veved  them  from  Canajoharie  to  the  head  of  the 
Otsego  lake,  one  of  the  sources  of  the  Susque- 
hannah,  down  which  he  was  to  join  Sullivan.  As 
the  water  in  the  outlet  of  the  lake  was  too  low  to 
float  his  batteaux,  he  constructed  a  dam  across  it, 
and  thus  accumulated  the  water  in  the  lake.  By 
letting  out  this  water  his  boats  and  troops  were 
rapidly  conveyed  to  Tioga,  where  he  joined  Sul 
livan,  who  had  ascended  the  Susquehannah. 
During  most  of  the  war  General  Clinton  was 
stationed  in  command  of  the  northern  depart 
ment  at  Albany.  But  he  was  afterwards  present 
at  the  capture  of  Cornwallis.  On  the  evacuation 
of  New  York,  bidding  the  commander-in-chief  an 
affectionate  farewell,  he  retired  to  his  estate. 
Yet  was  he  afterwards  called  by  his  fellow-citizens 
to  various  public  services,  being  a  commissioner  to 
adjust  the  boundary  line  with  Pennsylvania,  rep 
resentative,  delegate  to  the  convention  of  1801 
for  amending  the  constitution,  and  senator ;  and 
in  all  his  labors  manifesting  integrity  and  ability. 
lie  was  buried  at  Little  Britain,  in  Orange  county. 
His  temper  was  affectionate  and  mild,  but  capable 
of  being  roused  to  vehemence  by  injuries  and  in 
sults.  His  wife,  Mary  I)e  Witt,  was  of  a  family 
which  emigrated  from  Holland.  —  Rogers'  Biog. 
Diet. ;  Encyc.  Amer. ;  Lord's  Lempriere. 

CLINTON,  GEORGE,  governor  of  New  York 
and  vice  president  of  the  United  States,  died  at 
Washington  April  20,  1812,  aged  72.  He  was 
named  after  the  colonial  governor,  a  friend  of  his 
father.  lie  was  the  youngest  son  of  Col.  Charles 
Clinton,  and  was  born  in  Ulster  county,  now  Or 
ange,  July  26,  1739.  In  his  education  his  father 
was  assisted  by  Daniel  Thain,  a  minister  from 
Scotland.  In  early  life  he  evinced  the  enterprise 
which  distinguished  him  afterwards.  He  once 
left  his  father's  house  and  sailed  in  a  privateer. 
On  his  return  he  accompanied  as  a  lieutenant  his 
brother,  James,  in  the  expedition  against  fort 
Frontcnac,  now  Kingston.  He  afterwards  stud 
ied  law  under  William  Smith,  and  rose  to  some 
distinction  in  his  native  country.  As  a  member 
of  the  colonial  assembly  in  1775  and  afterwards, 
he  was  a  zealous  whig.  May  15,  1775,  he  took 
his  seat  as  a  member  of  congress.  He  voted  for 
the  declaration  of  independence,  July  4,  1776; 
but,  being  called  away  by  his  appointment  as 
brigadier-general  before  the  instrument  was  ready 
for  the  signature  of  the  members,  his  name  is  not 
attached  to  it.  March  25,  1777,  he  was  appointed 
brigadier-general  of  the  United  States.  At  the 
first  election  under  the  constitution  of  New  York, 
he  was  chosen,  April  20,  1777,  both  governor  and 


lieutenant-governor.  Accepting  the  former  office, 
the  latter  was  filled  by  Mr.  Van  Cortlandt.  lie 
was  thus  elected  chief  magistrate  six  successive 
periods,  or  for  eighteen  years,  till  1795,  when  he 
was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Jay.  Being  at  the  head 
of  a  powerful  State,  and  in  the  command  of  the 
militia,  his  patriotic  services  were  of  the  highest 
importance  to  his  country.  On  the  advance  of 
the  enemy  up  the  Hudson  in  Oct.,  1777,  he  pro 
rogued  the  assembly  and  proceeded  to  take  com 
mand  of  fort  Montgomery,  where  he  and  his 
brother  James  made  a  most  gallant  defence  Oct. 
6th.  He  escaped  under  cover  of  the  night.  The 
next  day  forts  Independence  and  Constitution 
were  evacuated.  He  presided  in  the  convention 
at  Poughkeepsie,  June  17,  1788,  for  deliberating 
on  the  federal  constitution,  which  he  deemed  not 
sufficiently  guarded  in  favor  of  the  sovereignty  of 
each  State.  After  being  five  years  in  private  life, 
he  was  elected  to  the  legislature.  Again  in  1801 
was  he  chosen  governor,  but  in  1804  was  suc 
ceeded  by  Mr.  Lewis.  In  that  year  he  was  ele 
vated  to  the  vice  presidency  of  the  United  States, 
in  which  station  he  continued  till  his  death.  It 
was  by  his  casting  vote  that  the  bill  for  renewing 
the  bank  charter  was  negatived.  In  private  life 
he  was  frank,  amiable,  and  warm  in  friendship. 
By  his  wife,  Cornelia  Tappan,  of  Kingston,  he 
had  one  son  and  five  daughters,  of  whom  but  one 
daughter  was  living  in  1832.  His  daughter,  Maria, 
wife  of  Dr.  S.  D.  Beekman,  died  in  April,  1829 ; 
his  second  daughter,  Cornelia,  wife  of  E.  C. 
Genet,  died  March,  1810,  aged  35 ;  his  third 
daughter,  Elizabeth,  widow  of  Matthias  Tal- 
maclge,  died  April,  1825,  aged  45.  Another 
daughter  married  Col.  Van  Cortlandt,  and  died 
in  1811.  An  oration  on  his  death  was  delivered 
by  Gouverneur  Morris. 

Of  his  energy  and  decision  the  following  are 
instances.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  war,  when  a 
British  officer  was  placed  on  a  cart  in  the  city  of 
New  York,  to  be  tarred  and  feathered,  he  rushed 
in  among  the  mob  with  a  drawn  sword  and  res 
cued  the  sufferer.  During  the  raging  of  what 
was  called  the  doctor's  mob,  when,  in  consequence 
of  the  disintcrment  of  some  bodies  for  dissection, 
the  houses  of  the  physicians  were  in  danger  of 
being  pulled  down,  he  called  out  the  militia  and 
quelled  the  turbulence.  The  following  is  an  in 
stance  of  the  skill  with  which  he  diverted  atten 
tion  from  his  growing  infirmities.  On  a  visit  to 
Pittsfield,  as  he  was  rising  from  a  dinner  table  in 
his  old  age,  he  fell,  but  was  caught  by  a  lady  sit 
ting  next  to  him.  "  Thus,"  said  he,  "  should  I 
ever  wish  to  fall — into  the  hands  of  the  ladies.'' 
For  many  years  he  suffered  much  by  the  rheu 
matism. —  Delaplaine's  Repository  ;  Encyclope 
dia  Americana ;  Lord's  Lempriere  ;  Rogers ; 
Marshall,  \.  396;  Almon's  Remembrancer,  1780, 
160. 


240 


CLINTON. 


CLINTON. 


CLINTON,  HENRY,  Sir,  an  English  general, 
son  of  the  colonial  governor  C.,  was  the  grandson 
of  the  earl  of  Lincoln.  After  distinguishing  him 
self  in  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill  in  1775,  he  was 
sent  unsuccessfully  against  New  York  and  Charles 
ton.  He  afterwards,  in  Sept.,  1776,  occupied 
the  city  of  New  York.  Oct.  6,  1777,  he  assaulted 
and  took  forts  Clinton  and  Montgomery.  In 
1778  he  succeeded  Howe  in  the  command  at 
Philadelphia,  whence  Washington  compelled  him 
to  retire.  In  May,  1780,  he  took  Charleston.  It 
was  he  who  negotiated  with  Arnold  in  his  treason. 
He  returned  to  England  in  1782,  and  died  Dec. 
22,  1795.  A  few  months  before  his  death  he  was 
made  governor  of  Gibraltar.  lie  published  a 
narrative  of  his  conduct  in  America,  1782 ;  obser 
vations  on  Cornwallis'  answer,  1783 ;  observations 
on  Stedman,  1784. 

CLINTON,  DE  Wrrr,LL.  D.,  governor  of  New 
York,  died  at  Albany  Feb.  11,  1828,  aged  59. 
He  was  the  son  of  Gen.  James  Clinton,  and  was 
born  at  Little  Britain,  in  Orange  county,  March 
2,  17G9.  He  was  graduated  at  Columbia  college, 
with  the  highest  honors  of  his  class,  in  1786.  Al 
though  he  studied  law  under  Samuel  Jones,  he 
was  never  much  engaged  in  the  practice.  After 
having  been  private  secretary  of  his  uncle  Gov. 
George  Clinton,  he  was  elected  to  the  senate 
of  New  York  in  1799.  He  was  two  years 
before  in  the  house.  It  was  a  time  of  violent 
party  excitement;  he  entered  into  the  struggle 
with  all  his  energy,  and  was  one  of  the  champions 
of  democracy.  At  this  period,  as  afterwards,  he 
was  the  friend  of  education,  the  sciences,  and  the 
arts,  and  advocated  liberal  grants  to  Union  col 
lege  and  the  common  schools.  He  exerted  him 
self  also  to  procure  the  abolition  of  slavery  in 
New  York.  As  a  member  of  the  council  of  ap 
pointment,  he  claimed  a  co-ordinate  right  of 
nomination,  in  which  claim  he  and  a  majority  of 
the  council  were  resisted  by  Gov.  Jay.  By  rea 
son  of  this  controversy  all  the  officers  of  the  State 
held  over  for  one  year.  In  1801  the  constitution 
was  amended,  allowing  the  co-ordinate  nomina 
tion.  In  July,  1802,  he  betrayed  a  want  of 
moral  and  religious  principle  by  fighting  a  duel 
with  John  Swartwout,  arising  from  political  con 
troversy  concerning  Mr.  Burr.  In  the  same  year 
he  was  appointed  a  senator  of  the  United  States, 
in  which  station  he  voted  for  the  treaty  with  the 
Creek  Indians,  guaranteeing  to  them  the  peaceful 
possession  of  their  own  territory  in  Georgia.  In 
the  difficulty  with  Spain  concerning  the  navigation 
of  the  Mississippi,  he  successfully,  in  a  powerful 
speech,  resisted  the  attempt  of  the  federal  party 
to  plunge  the  country  into  war.  His  last  vote  in 
the  senate  was  to  confirm  the  treaty  for  the  pur 
chase  of  Louisiana.  He  was  chosen  mayor  of 
New  York,  an  office  of  great  emolument  and  pat 
ronage,  in  1803,  and  annually,  —  excepting  in 


1807  and  1810,  —  until  1815,  exerting  himself  to 
promote  in  every  way  the  prosperity  of  the  city. 
Under  his  auspices  the  historical  society  and  the 
academy  of  arts  were  incorporated ;  the  city  hall 
was  founded  ;  the  orphan  asylum  established ; 
and  the  city  fortified.  While  he  was  mayor, 
he  was  also,  during  several  years,  a  senator 
and  the  lieutenant-governor,  engaging  with  zeal 
and  with  strong  ambition  in  the  political  move 
ments  of  the  day.  He  could  not  be  content 
without  being  a  prominent  leader.  In  respect 
to  the  war  of  1812,  he  was  opposed  to  its  decla 
ration,  as  inexpedient  and  injurious;  yet,  after 
it  was  commenced,  he  made  every  effort  to  call 
forth  the  energies  of  the  country  against  the  ene 
my.  In  1812,  he  consented  to  become  the  candi 
date  of  the  peace  party  for  the  presidency  of  the 
United  States,  and  received  eighty-nine  votes, 
Mr.  Madison  obtaining  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
eight  and  being  re-elected.  By  thus  arraying 
himself  against  Madison,  Clinton  alienated  from 
himself  many  of  his  former  friends. 

In  1815  he  became  a  private  citizen.  In  1816 
he  was  appointed  a  canal  commissioner  and  pres 
ident  of  the  board ;  he  had  been  a  member  of 
the  first  board,  with  Gov.  Morris,  Stephen  Van 
Ilensselaer,  and  others,  in  1810  ;  but  nothing  was 
effected  until  April,  1817,  when,  in  consequence  of 
the  exertions  of  Mr.  Clinton,  a  law  was  passed, 
authorizing  the  Erie  canal,  three  hundred  and 
sixty-three  miles  in  length,  at  an  estimated  ex 
pense  of  five  millions  of  dollars.  Being  in  the 
next  month  elected  governor,  in  his  able  message 
to  the  legislature  he  called  then-  attention,  among 
other  subjects,  to  the  great  interests  of  education 
and  of  internal  improvement,  particularly  to  the 
proposed  most  important  canal.  During  his  ad 
ministration  of  three  years,  a  strong  party  was  ar 
rayed  against  him.  He  was  however  re-elected 
in  1820  against  Mr.  Tompkins.  But  his  oppo 
nents  obtained  majorities  in  both  branches  of  the 
legislature,  so  that,  when  under  the  amended  con 
stitution,  limiting  the  term  of  office  to  two  years, 
a  new  election  came  on  in  1822,  Mr.  Clinton,  in 
order  to  avoid  certain  defeat,  withdrew  from  the 
contest.  Yet  the  various  measures  of  his  admin 
istration  had  all  been  wisely  directed  to  promote 
the  public  welfare.  In  regard  to  education  he  re 
marked  to  the  legislature :  "  It  cannot  be  too 
forcibly  inculcated,  nor  too  generally  understood, 
that  in  promoting  the  great  interests  of  moral  and 
intellectual  cultivation,  there  can  be  no  prodigality 
in  the  application  of  the  public  treasure." 

He  acted  as  a  president  of  the  board  of  canal 
commissioners  in  1823  and  1824;  but  in  this  last 
year  the  legislature,  without  accusation,  removed 
him  from  this  place.  This  flagrant  act  of  in- 
|  justice  towards  the  father  of  the  great  system  of 
internal  improvement  roused  the  indignation  of 
the  people.  He  was  immediately  nominated  for 


CLINTON. 

governor,  and  was  elected  by  a  majority  of  sixteen  j 
thousand  votes  over  his  antagonist.  During  his 
administration,  the  Eric  canal  was  in  1825  fin 
ished,  and  the  completion  of  the  work  was  cele 
brated  throughout  the  State.  He-elected  in  1826, 
he  in  that  year  declined  the  embassy  to  England, 
winch  Mr.  Adams  offered  him.  At  this  period, 
the  most  important  measure  which  he  recom 
mended  was  an  amendment  of  the  constitution, 
making  the  right  of  suffrage  universal.  The 
change  was  made  by  the  people  ;  but  there  were 
those  who  regarded  the  recommendation  as  arising 
from  the  desire  of  gaining  popularity.  He  died 
suddenly  from  a  disease  of  the  heart,  in  conse 
quence  of  a  catarrhal  affection  of  the  throat  and 
chest.  His  first  wife  was  Maria  Franklin,  the 
daughter  of  an  eminent  merchant  of  New  York,  j 
by  whom  he  had  seven  sons  and  three  daughters,  j 
of  whom  four  sons  and  two  daughters  survived 
him.  His  second  wife  was  Catherine  Jones,  the 
daughter  of  Dr.  Thomas  Jones. 

Mr.  Clinton  was  a  member,  and  the  president 
of  various  learned  societies,  before  which  he  was 
frequently  invited  to  deliver  discourses,  in  all 
which,  as  well  as  in  his  official  communications, 
he  displayed  the  energies  of  an  enlightened  and 
comprehensive  intellect.  His  title  as  the  head 
of  the  freemasons  was  sufficiently  ridiculous : 
"  Most  Excellent  General  Grand  High  Priest  of 
the  General  Grand  Royal  Arch  Chapter  of  the 
United  States! "  In  his  person  he  was  tall  and  of 
a  commanding  aspect.  His  manners  were  distant 
and  reserved  ;  yet  was  he  cheerful,  and  kind,  and 
sincere  in  friendship.  He  rose  early  and  toiled 
incessantly  for  the  enlargement  of  his  knowledge. 
There  is  no  doubt  that  he  was  ambitious,  and  that 
he  was  looking  higher  than  the  office  of  governor. 
But  his  political  measures  deserve  to  be  com 
mended,  as  subservient  to  the  prosperity  and  honor 
of  the  State.  His  failure  to  reach  the  height  to 
which  he  aimed  in  the  national  government,  and 
his  sudden  removal  from  the  world,  present  a  new 
and  striking  instance  of  the  vanity  of  earthly  pur 
suits.  They  who  fix  their  aim  upon  any  object 
beneath  the  sky  will  be  disappointed ;  even  the 
man  of  ambition,  who  gains  the  desired  and  giddy 
eminence,  will  not  there  be  happy.  In  Hosack's 
life  of  Clinton,  there  is  published  a  letter,  ad 
dressed  to  him  by  one  of  the  ministers  of  New 
York,  deploring  his  neglect  of  an  important  re 
ligious  duty,  and  pointing  out  a  path,  which  leads 
to  the  unwithering  honors  of  a  future  life.  He 
published  a  discourse  before  the  New  York  his 
torical  society,  1811 ;  discourse  before  the  liter 
ary  and  philosophical  society  of  New  York, 
1815  ;  and  in  the  transactions  of  that  society,  re 
marks  on  the  fishes  of  the  western  waters  of  New- 
York  ;  discourse  before  the  American  academy  of 
the  arts,  1816  ;  a  discourse  before  the  Phi  Beta 
Kappa  society,  1823;  address  before  the  Amen- 
31 


COBB. 


241 


can  Bible  society,  1823  and  1825  5  address  to  the 
freemasons  on  resigning  a  high  office,  1825. — 
Hosack's  Memoirs  ;  American  Ann.  Reg.  1827- 
29,  p.  151-166  ;  Proud/it's  Sermon  ;  Renwick's 
Life  of  C. 

CLINTON,  ISAAC,  minister  of  Southwick, 
Mass.,  died  at  Lowville,  N.  Y.,  March  18,  1840, 
aged  82.  A  graduate  of  Yale  in  1786,  he  was 
pastor  from  1788  to  1807.  He  published  a  trea 
tise  on  baptism.  —  Holland,  II.  1 14. 

CLYMER,  GEORGE,  a  patriot  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  died  at  Morrisville,  Penn.,  Jan.  23,  1813, 
aged  73.  He  was  born  in  Philadelphia  in  1739. 
He  received  a  good  education  and  acquired  a 
taste  for  books ;  but  engaged  in  mercantile  pur 
suits.  He  early  espoused  the  cause  of  his  coun 
try.  In  1773  he  resolutely  opposed  the  sale  of 
tea,  sent  out  by  the  British  government.  Not  a 
pound  was  sold  in  Philadelphia.  In  1775  he  was 
one  of  the  first  continental  treasurers.  As  a 
member  of  congress,  he  the  next  year  signed  the 
Declaration  of  Independence.  In  1774  the  furni 
ture  of  his  house  in  Chester  county,  twenty-five 
miles  from  Philadelphia,  was  destroyed  by  the  en 
emy.  In  this  year  he  was  commissioner  to  the  In 
dians  to  preserve  peace  and  enlist  warriors  from  the 
Shawanesc  and  Delaware  tribes.  In  this  capacity 
he  resided  for  a  while  at  Pittsburg.  In  1780  he 
co-operated  with  Robert  Morris  in  the  establish 
ment  of  a  bank  for  the  relief  of  the  country. 
Again  v>-as  he  a  member  of  congress  in  1780;  but 
in  1782  he  removed  to  Princeton  for  the  educa 
tion  of  his  children.  After  the  adoption  of  the 
constitution  he  was  again  a  member  of  congress. 
On  the  passage  of  the  bill  for  imposing  a  duty  on 
distilled  spirits  in  1791,  he  was  placed  at  the  head 
of  the  excise  department  in  Pennsylvania.  The 
insurrection  made  the  duties  sufficiently  disagree 
able;  and  he  resigned  the  office.  In  1796  he  was 
sent  to  Georgia,  to  negotiate,  together  with 
Hawkins  and  Pickens,  a  treaty  with  the  Cherokee 
and  Creek  Indians.  He  Avas  afterwards  president 
of  the  Philadelphia  bank  and  of  the  academy  of 
fine  arts.  His  wife  was  the  daughter  of  Mr. 
Meredith.  Joseph  Ilopkinson  pronounced  an 
eulogy  upon  his  character.  In  his  various  sta 
tions  he  was  remarkable  for  the  punctual  and 
conscientious  discharge  of  duty.  He  had  a  deli 
cacy  of  taste,  and  was  attached  to  the  refined  pur 
suits  of  a  cultivated  genius.  The  improvement  of 
his  country  awakened  his  constant  solicitude. — 
Goodrich 's  Lives. 

CLYMER,  GEORGE,  inventor  of  a  printing- 
press,  lived  in  Philadelphia ;  he  died  in  London 
Sept.  4,  1834,  aged  80. 

COBB,  EBENEZER,  remarkable  for  longevity, 
died  at  Kingston,  Mass.,  Dec.  8,  1801,  aged  107. 
He  was  born  in  Plymouth  March  22,  1694,  and 
was  ten  years  contemporary  with  Peregrine  White, 
of  Marshfiekl,  the  first  son  of  New  England,  who 


242 


COBB. 


COCHRAN. 


was  born  on  board  the  Mayflower  in  Cape  Cod 
harbor,  in  Nov.,  1620.  His  days  were  passed  in 
cultivating  the  earth.  His  mode  of  living  was 
simple.  Only  twice  in  his  life,  and  then  it  was  to 
gratify  his  brethren  on  a  jury,  did  he  substitute 
an  enervating  cup  of  tea  in  place  of  the  invigo 
rating  bowl  of  broth,  or  the  nutritive  porringer 
of  milk.  He  never  used  glasses,  but  for  several 
years  could  not  see  to  read.  He  was  of  a  mod 
erate  stature,  stooping  in  attitude,  having  an  ex 
panded  chest,  and  of  a  fair  and  florid  countenance. 
He  enjoyed  life  in  his  old  age,  and  in  his  last 
year  declared  that  he  had  the  same  attachment 
to  life  as  ever.  He  was  a  professed  Christian. 
As  he  approached  the  close  of  his  days,  he 
shrewdly  replied  to  some  one,  who  made  a  remark 
upon  his  expected  dissolution,  "  It  is  very  rare 
that  persons  of  my  age  die."  His  posterity  were 
not  numerous,  being  only  one  hundred  and 
eighty-five. —  Columbian  Centinel,  Dec.  16, 1801 ; 
N.  Y.  Spect.,  Dec.  23. 

COBB,  THOMAS,  captain,  died  in  Jersey  City 
Feb.  17,  1845,  aged  85.  A  native  of  Parsippany, 
he  was  engaged  in  thirteen  battles  of  the  war, 
and  not  wounded,  though  he  saw  eleven  men  fall 
at  his  side. 

COBB,  OLIVER,  D.  D.,  died  at  Sippican,  Roch 
ester,  Mass.,  June  23,  1849,  aged  79.  Born  in 
Kingston,  he  graduated  at  Brown  university,  and 
was  ordained  at  It.  Feb.  6,  1799,  and  was  for 
more  than  fifty  years  the  pastor  of  the  church. 
He  had  prepared,  but  did  not  preach  a  half-cen 
tury  sermon.  His  earnestness  and  success  were 
evinced  in  three  revivals,  in  which  more  than  two 
hundred  persons  were  added  to  his  church.  His 
son  was  at  last  his  colleague. 

COBB,  SYLVANUS  R.,  a  merchant,  died  in  Bos 
ton  May  22, 1834,  aged  35.  As  he  began  business 
he  wrote  a  solemn  covenant,  that  he  Avould  give  a 
quarter  of  his  profits  to  charitable  uses ;  and  one- 
half  if  he  should  be  worth  20,000  dollars  ;  three- 
quarters  if  worth  30,000;  the  whole  if  worth 
50,000.  He  was  faithful.  Being  a  Baptist,  he 
gave  the  surplus,  7,500  dollars,  to  found  Newton 
institution,  and  as  much  more  at  other  times. 

COBBETT,  THOMAS,  an  eminent  minister  and 
writer,  died  Nov.  5,  1685,  aged  77.  He  was  born 
at  Newbury,  in  England,  in  1608.  He  entered  the 
university  of  Oxford,  and  was  for  some  time  a 
student  there  ;  but  in  the  time  of  the  plague  he 
was  induced  to  remove,  and  to  become  a  pupil  of 
the  celebrated  Dr.  Twiss  of  Newbury.  In  conse 
quence  of  his  nonconformity  to  the  established 
church,  he  experienced  a  storm  of  persecution 
which  drove  him  to  this  country  in  1637.  He 
came  in  the  same  vessel  with  Mr.  Davenport.  He 
was  soon  chosen  as  a  colleague  to  his  old  friend 
Mr.  Whiting,  of  Lynn,  with  whom  he  labored  in 
his  benevolent  work  nearly  twenty  years.  In  the 


year  in  which  their  salary  was  reduced  to  30 
pounds  each,  the  town  suffered  a  loss  by  disease 
among  the  cattle  of  300  pounds,  which  may  be 
regarded,  in  the  opinion  of  Cotton  Mather,  as  a 
punishment  of  their  parsimony.  After  the  re 
moval  of  Mr.  Norton  of  Ipswich,  to  Boston,  and 
the  death  of  Mr.  Rogers,  he  became  the  pastor 
of  the  first  church  in  Ipswich.  During  his  min 
istry  there  was  a  powerful  and  extensive  revival 
of  religion  in  the  town.  Here  he  continued  in 
the  faithful  discharge  of  the  duties  of  the  sacred 
office  till  his  death.  From  the  records  of  the 
town  it  appears,  that  the  expenses  of  the  funeral 
were  about  £18,  including  32  galls,  of  wine  at  4s., 
62  Ibs.  of  sugar,  cider,  and  ginger,  and  some  dozen 
pairs  of  gloves.  His  predecessors  were  Ward, 
Norton,  and  Rogers ;  his  successors  Hubbard, 
Dennison,  J.  Rogers,  Fitch,  N.  Rogers,  Frisbie, 
and  Kimball. 

Mr.  Cobbett  was  remarkable  not  only  for  a 
constant  spirit  of  devotion  and  for  the  frequency 
of  his  addresses  to  heaven,  but  for  a  particular 
faith,  or  assurance  in  prayer.  During  the  wars 
with  the  Indians  one  of  his  sons  was  taken  pris 
oner  by  the  savages.  The  aged  parent  called  to 
gether  a  number  of  his  neighbors,  and  they 
mingled  their  prayers  for  the  deliverance  of  the 
captive.  He  was  impressed  with  the  belief  that 
the  Father  of  mercies  had  heard  the  supplications 
addressed  to  him,  and  his  heart  was  no  more  sad. 
In  a  few  days  his  son,  who  had  been  redeemed  of 
a  sachem  at  Penobscot  for  a  red  coat,  actually 
returned.  He  published  a  work  on  infant  bap 
tism,  1648,  which  is  much  commended  by  Cotton, 
and  described  by  Mather  as  "  a  large,  nervous, 
golden  discourse ; "  the  civil  magistrate's  power 
in  matters  of  religion  modestly  debated,  etc.,  with 
an  answer  to  a  pamphlet  called,  ill  news  from 
England,  by  John  Clarke,  of  R.  L,  1653  ;  a  prac 
tical  discourse  of  prayer,  8vo.,  1654 ;  on  the 
honor  due  from  children  to  their  parents,  1656. — 
Magnalia,  in.  165 — 167. 

COCHRAN,  JOHX,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  was 
born  in  1730  in  Chester  county,  Penn.  His 
father,  a  farmer,  came  from  the  north  of  Ireland. 
He  studied  physic  with  Dr.  Thompson,  of  Lan 
caster.  In  the  French  war,  which  began  in  1755, 
he  served  as  surgeon's  mate  in  the  hospital  de 
partment.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  settled  in 
Albany,  and  married  Gertrude  Schuyler,  the  only 
sister  of  Gen.  Schuyler.  But  he  soon  removed  to 
New  Brunswick.  April  10,  1777,  on  the  recom 
mendation  of  Washington,  he  was  appointed 
physician  and  surgeon-general  in  the  middle  de 
partment,  and  in  Oct.,  1781,  director-general  of 
the  hospitals  of  the  United  States.  After  the 
peace  he  removed  to  New  York,  where  Washing 
ton  nominated  him  the  commissioner  of  loans. 
He  died  at  Palatine,  Montgomery  county,  April 


COCIIRAX. 


CODMAN. 


243 


6,  1807,  aged  76.  The  impressions  in  early  life 
derived  from  a  religious  father  were  never  oblit 
erated.  —  Thacher's  Med.  Biog. 

COCIIItAX,  JAMES,  died  in  Batavia,  N.  Y., 
Dec.  31,  1846,  aged  83.  lie  was  a  brass-founder 
in  Philadelphia.  Although  the  inventor  of  the 
method  of  making  cut  nails,  he  died  poor. 

COCKE,  JOHN,  general,  died  in  Grainger  Co., 
Tenn.,  in  1854,  aged  72  ;  another  account  makes 
his  age  82.  The  eldest  son  of  Col.  Wm.  Cockc, 
of  Nottoway  county,  Va.,  he  early  emigrated  to 
Tennessee.  He  sustained  various  offices,  and 
was  many  years  speaker  of  the  house ;  from  1819 
to  1827  a  member  of  congress. 

CODDIXGTOX,  WILLIAM,  the  father  of  Rhode 
Island,  died  Xov.  1,  1678,  aged  77.  He  was 
a  native  of  Lincolnshire,  England.  He  came  to 
this  country  as  an  assistant,  or  one  of  the  magis 
trates,  of  Massachusetts,  and  arrived  at  Salem  in 
the  Arabella  June  12,  1630.  He  was  several 
times  rechosen  to  that  office  ;  but  in  1637,  when 
Governor  Vane,  to  whose  interests  he  was  at 
tached,  was  superseded  by  Mr.  Winthrop,  he 
also  was  left  out  of  the  magistracy.  The  freemen 
of  Boston,  however,  the  next  day  chose  him  and 
Mr.  Vane  their  deputies  to  the  court.  Mr.  Cod 
dington  expressed  his  dissatisfaction  in  losing  the 
office  wliich  he  had  sustained,  by  sitting  with  the 
deacons  at  public  worship,  instead  of  placing  him 
self  as  usual  in  the  magistrates'  seat,  and  by  going 
to  Mount  Wollaston  on  the  day  of  the  general 
fast,  to  hear  Mr.  Wheelwright.  AVhen  the  reli 
gious  contentions  ran  high  in  1637,  he  defended 
Mrs.  Hutchinson  at  her  trial,  in  opposition  to 
Governor  Winthrop  and  the  ministers ;  he  op 
posed  the  proceedings  of  the  court  against  Mr. 
Wheelwright  and  others ;  and,  when  he  found 
that  his  exertions  were  unavailing,  he  relinquished 
his  advantageous  situation  as  a  merchant  at  Bos 
ton,  and  his  large  property  and  improvements  in 
Braintree,  and  accompanied  the  emigrants,  who 
at  that  time  left  the  colony.  He  removed  to 
Ilhode  Island  April  26,  1638,  and  was  the  princi 
pal  instrument  in  effecting  the  original  settlement 
of  that  place.  His  name  stands  first  on  the  cove 
nant,  signed  by  eighteen  persons  at  Aquetneck,  or 
Ithode  Island,  March  7,  1638,  forming  themselves 
into  a  body  politic,  to  be  governed  by  the  laws  of 
the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  the  King  of  kings.  It 
was  soon  found  necessary  to  have  something  more 
definite.  Mr.  Coddington  was  appointed  judge, 
and  three  elders  were  joined  with  him.  These 
were  directed  by  a  vote  of  the  freemen,  Jan.  2, 
1639,  to  be  governed  by  the  general  rules  of  the 
word  of  God,  when  no  particular  rule  was  known. 
But  this  plan  was  changed  March  12,  1640,  when 
a  governor,  lieutenant-governor,  and  four  assist 
ants  were  appointed. 

Mr.  Coddington  was  chosen  governor  seven 
years,  until  the  charter  was  obtained,  and  the 


island  was  incorporated  with  Providence  planta 
tions.  In  1647  he  assisted  in  forming  the  body 
of  laws,  which  has  been  the  basis  of  the  govern 
ment  of  Ilhode  Island  ever  since.  The  next 
year,  May  16,  1648,  he  was  elected  governor ; 
but  he  declined  the  office  on  account  of  a  contro 
versy  in  which  he  was  engaged  respecting  some 
lands.  In  September  he  made  an  unsuccessful 
attempt  to  procure  the  reception  of  Rhode  Island 
into  the  confederacy  of  the  united  colonies.  In 
16,31  he  went  to  England,  and  was  commissioned 
governor  of  Aquetneck  island,  separate  from  the 
rest  of  the  colony ;  but,  as  the  people  were  jeal 
ous  lest  his  commission  should  affect  their  laws 
and  liberties,  he  resigned  it.  He  now  retired 
from  public  business ;  btlt  toward  the  close  of 
his  life  he  was  prevailed  on  to  accept  the  chief- 
magistracy.  He  was  governor  in  the  years  1674 
and  1675. 

He  appears  to  have  been  prudent  in  his  ad 
ministration,  and  active  in  promoting  the  welfare 
of  the  little  commonwealth  which  he  had  assisted 
in  founding.  While  he  lived  in  Rhode  Island,  he 
embraced  the  sentiments  of  the  Quakers.  He 
was  a  warm  advocate  for  liberty  of  conscience.  A 
letter,  which  he  wrote  in  1674  to  the  governor  of 
Xew  England,  is  preserved  in  Besse's  Sufferings 
of  the  Quakers,  II.  265-270.  —  Dedication  of 
Callender's  Hist.  Disc.;  Holmes;  Winthrop; 
Ilutchinson,  I.  18. 

CODMAX,  Jonx,  a  member  of  the  senate  of 
Mass.,  died  in  Boston  May  17,  1803,  aged  48. 
He  filled  the  public  stations,  in  which  he  was 
placed,  with  integrity  and  honor.  As  a  merchant, 
he  sustained  a  character  of  the  first  respectability. 
Endeared  to  his  friends  by  a  natural  disposition 
which  rendered  him  warm  in  his  attachments,  he 
also  possessed,  by  the  gift  of  Divine  grace,  a  prin 
ciple  of  benevolence,  which  drew  upon  him  the 
blessings  of  the  poor.  In  his  last  moments, 
more  anxious  for  the  safety  of  others  than  for  his 
own,  he  resigned  himself  to  death  with  the  forti 
tude,  calmness,  and  triumph,  becoming  the  reli 
gion  which  he  professed. — N.  Y.  Herald,  May 
25,  1803. 

CODMAX,  CATHERINE,  the  second  wife  and 
widow  of  the  preceding,  died  in  Boston  Dec., 
1831,  aged  62.  She  was  of  the  family  of  Amory 
of  Boston.  Her  minister  in  her  widowhood  was 
Dr.  Channing,  for  whom  she  had  the  highest 
regard.  Her  house  was  the  seat  of  hospitality. 
Her  life  was  a  life  of  active  benevolence  and  emi 
nent  usefulness  :  no  one  could  doubt  her  sincere 
and  ardent  piety.  She  went  down  to  the  grave 
in  Christian  peace,  rejoicing  in  the  hope  of  a 
blessed  immortality. 

CODMAX,  Jonx,  D.  D.,  a  minister  in  Dorches 
ter,  died  Dec.  23,  1847,  aged  65.  Born  in  Boston 
Aug.  3,  1782,  the  son  of  John  Codman  above  men 
tioned  and  Mary  Russell,  he  graduated  at  Harvard 


244 


CODMAN. 


COFFIN. 


in  the  large  class  of  1802,  and  studied  theology 
at  Cambridge  and  in  Edinburgh.  He  spent 
nearly  three  years  abroad,  from  1805  to  1808,  the 
last  of  which  he  was  employed  as  the  preacher  to 
the  Scotch  church  in  Swallow  street,  London. 
Among  the  eminent  ministers,  whom  he  knew  in 
England,  were  George  Burder,  David  Bayne, 
Ilobert  Hall,  Andrew  Fuller,  and  William  Jay, 
the  last  of  whom  with  two  others  gave  him  a 
license  to  preach  in  April,  1807.  Of  the  minis 
ters  of  Edinburgh,  Dr.  David  Dickson  was  espe 
cially  his  friend.  During  his  residence  abroad  he 
made  a  visit  of  six  weeks  to  Paris.  Returning  to 
America  in  May,  1808,  he  was  soon  invited  to 
become  the  minister  of  the  second  church  and  so 
ciety,  newly  established  in  Dorchester.  Before 
accepting  the  invitation,  he  sent  a  letter  to  the 
people,  declaring,  that  in  his  faith  he  was  opposed 
to  certain  doctrines,  which  he  named,  then  prev 
alent,  and  accorded  in  general  with  the  old  Mas 
sachusetts  confession  of  1680.  The  people  voted 
to  accept  his  letter,  and  said,  "  We  venerate  the 
principles  of  our  forefathers."  He  was  ordained 
Dec.  7,  1808,  so  that  he  was  thirty-nine  years  the 
minister  of  his  church.  His  ordination  sermon 
was  preached  by  his  friend  and  his  mother's 
pastor,  Mr.  Charming.  For  a  year  he  labored  in 
quietude;  but  the  three  following  years  were 
years  of  controversy,  arising  from  the  loose  reli 
gious  principles  and  customs  of  a  portion  of  his 
people,  and  because  he  would  not  exchange  with 
all  the  ministers  they  wished  to  hear.  So  great 
was  their  folly,  that  on  the  Sabbath  they  planted 
eight  men  on  the  pulpit-stairs,  who  prevented  the 
minister  from  entering  his  pulpit,  into  which  they 
placed  an  intruder,  and  compelled  Mr.  Codman  to 
preach  on  the  floor  below.  But  this  outrage  was 
so  frowned  upon,  even  by  the  men  of  accordant 
sentiments  in  Boston,  that  the  offenders  were 
compelled  to  sell  out  their  pews,  and  they  left  the 
society  in  peace.  Dr.  Codmari  was  a  very  faithful, 
acceptable,  and  successful  minister,  and  had  the 
pleasure  of  seeing  a  great  increase  of  his  church 
and  society.  Inheriting  wealth  from  his  father, 
he  was  able  to  do  much  for  the  religious  interests 
of  Dorchester,  and  for  the  general  objects  of 
Christian  benevolence.  To  Princeton  theological 
seminary  he  gave  a  considerable  sum  of  money ; 
to  Andover  theological  seminary  he  gave  his  ex 
cellent  library  of  several  thousand  volumes.  His 
wife,  Mary  Wheelwright  of  Newburyport,  whom 
he  married  Jan.  19,  1813,  survived  the  compan 
ion  of  her  youth,  the  father  of  her  children,  and 
still  lives.  His  father's  sister,  Parnell,  widow  of 
Ezekiel  Savage  of  Salem,  died  at  his  house  in 
1846,  aged  85  ;  her  sister,  Abigail,  died  in  1843. 
A  memoir  of  Dr.  Codman,  by  his  early  friend,  the 
author  of  this  Dictionary,  was  published,  together 
with  reminiscences  by  another  friend,  Dr.  Joshua 
Bates,  with  six  select  sermons,  8vo.,  1853,  with  a 


portrait:  one  of  the  most  beautifully  printed 
books  of  the  day.  He  published  sermons  on 
various  occasions,  1 834  ;  a  narrative  of  a  visit  to 
England,  1836  ;  and  many  separate  sermons. 

COFFEE,  JOHN,  general,  died  near  Florence, 
Alabama,  July  7,  1833,  aged  61.  He  fought  in 
various  Indian  battles,  serving  under  Jackson. 
At  Emuchfaw  he  was  shot  through  the  body ;  yet 
afterwards  he  rose  from  his  litter  and  mounted 
his  horse  to  repel  an  assault  on  our  retiring  army. 
His  death  was  caused  by  disease  of  the  lungs, 
contracted  at  Washington  in  the  preceding  win 
ter. —  A  Gen.  John  Coffee  died  in  1836,  a  member 
of  congress  from  Georgia. 

COFFEE,  JOHN,  a  slave,  born  in  Africa,  died 
in  Norfolk,  Va.,  Jan.  2,  1836,  aged  about  120. 

COFFIN,  PAUL,  D.  D.,  a  minister  in  Maine, 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1759,  and 
was  settled  the  first  minister  of  Buxton,  then 
called  "  Narragansctt,  No.  1,"  in  March,  1763. 
Having  preached  fifty-four  years,  he  received  Levi 
Loring  as  his  colleague  in  Nov.,  1817,  and  died 
June,  1821,  aged  85.  lie  published  Mass,  elec 
tion  sermon,  1799. 

COFFIN,  CHARLES,  Dr.,  died  at  Ncwburyport 
May,  1821,  aged  80. 

COFFIN,  NATHANIEL,  M.  D.,  a  physician  in 
Portland,  died  Oct.  18,  1826,  aged  82. "  He  was 
the  son  of  Dr.  Nathaniel  Coffin,  who  came  from 
Newburyport  to  Portland  in  1738,  and  died  of 
the  palsy  in  Jan.,  1766,  aged  50,  and  a  descendant 
of  Tristram  Coffin,  who  came  to  this  country  in 
1642.  and  after  living  at  Newbury,  died  at  Nan- 
tucket  in  1681.  He  was  born  May  3,  1744.  His 
medical  studies  were  completed  in  the  hospitals 
of  London.  His  long  life  of  professional  services 
was  spent  in  Portland.  By  his  wife,  the  daughter 
of  Isaac  Foster  of  Charlestown,  he  had  eleven 
children.  He  was  the  first  president  of  the  Maine 
medical  society.  As  a  surgeon  he  was  particu 
larly  skilful  and  eminent.  As  to  his  religion,  he 
united  forty  years  before  his  death  in  the  Unita 
rian  faith  of  Dr.  Freeman  of  Boston,  and  was 
afterwards  a  member  of  the  church  of  the  first 
parish  in  Portland. —  Thacher's  Medical  liiog. 

COFFIN,  ALEXANDER,  mayor  of  Hudson,  died 
Jan.  11,  1839,  aged  98.  Born  in  Nantucket  in 
1740,  he  was  the  last  of  the  original  settlers  of 
Hudson,  N.  Y.,  in  1784 :  a  man  of  talents  and 
usefulness. 

COFFIN,  JOHN  GORHAM,  M.  D.,  a  physician 
in  Boston,  died  at  Brookfield  in  Jan.,  1829,  aged 
59.  He  published  a  treatise  on  cold  and  warm 
bathing,  12mo.,  1818;  on  medical  education,  1822. 

COFFLN,  ISAAC,  judge,  died  at  Nantucket  Dec. 
24,  1841,  aged  77.  He  was  judge  of  probate ; 
and  a  man  of  benevolence  and  urbanity. 

COFFIN,  ROBERT  S.,  a  poet,  died  May  7, 1827, 
aged  about  30.  He  was  the  sin  of  Ebenezer 
Coffin,  minister  of  Brunswick,  Maine,  and  born 


COFFIN. 


COGSWELL. 


245 


about  the  year  1797.  As  his  father  soon  removed 
to  Newburyport,  he  was  there  apprenticed  to  a 
printer.  lie  began  to  indite  poetry  at  an  early 
age.  In  the  war  he  was  a  sailor,  and  found  him 
self  a  prisoner  on  board  a  British  frigate.  After 
the  war  he  pursued  his  business  as  a  printer  at 
Boston,  New  York,  and  Philadelphia,  sending 
forth  also  occasional  pieces  of  poetry  under  the 
name  of  "the  Boston  Bard."  In  March,  1826,  he 
was  in  New  York,  in  sickness  and  poverty,  and 
with  the  wretchedness  of  self-reproach  for  his 
misconduct.  He  had  been  in  habits  of  intem 
perance.  Some  benevolent  ladies  and  others 
assisted  him  to  return  to  his  destitute,  widowed 
mother  and  sister  in  Massachusetts.  In  Boston 
some  sympathy  was  awakened  by  his  distresses. 
After  many  months  of  extreme  suffering  he  died 
at  Rowley,  and  was  buried  at  Newbury  Old  Town, 
as  the  place  is  contradictiously  called  by  the 
inhabitants.  He  was  buried  by  the  side  of  his 
father,  whose  example  unhappily  was  of  no  ben 
efit  to  the  son.  His  poetical  pieces  were  collected 
and  published  in  a  volume  in  1826.  His  last  pro 
duction  breathed  the  wish,  that  he  might  die  the 
death  of  the  righteous.  —  Specimens  American 
Poetry,  II.  159. 

COFFIN,  CHARLES,  D.  D.,  died  at  Greenville, 
East  Tennessee,  in  June,  1853,  aged  nearly  78. 
Born  in  Newburyport,  he  graduated  at  Cambridge 
in  1793;  was  president  of  Greenville,  then  of 
Knoxville  college ;  and  had  lived  in  Tennessee 
fifty  years.  He  published  a  sermon  on  obedience 
to  God. 

COGGESHALL,  JOHN,  first  president  of  Rhode 
Island,  was  a  representative  of  Boston  in  the  first 
court  in  May,  1634,  and  in  various  courts  after 
wards.  Hie  name  was  written  Coxeall.  Being 
exiled  from  Mass,  in  March,  1638,  he  joined  his 
companions  in  persecution  at  Rhode  Island,  and 
was  chosen  governor  in  1647.  Jer.  Clarke  suc 
ceeded  him  the  next  year.  His  descendants 
remain  to  the  present  day.  —  Savage's  Winllirop, 
I.  130. 

COGSWELL,  JAMES,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Wind- 
ham,  Conn.,  died  Jan.  2,  1807,  aged  87.  He  was 
born  in  Saybrook,  Jan.  6,  1720.  In  his  childhood 
his  parents  removed  to  Lebanon,  where  they 
remained  till,  in  their  old  age,  he  with  filial  affec 
tion  took  them  to  his  own  house.  lie  was  grad 
uated  at  Yale  college  in  1742,  and,  while  a  mem 
ber  of  that  institution,  at  the  time  of  the  general 
revival  of  religion  through  America,  he  became 
experimentally  acquainted  with  the  truth  as  it  is 
in  Jesus.  Forming  the  resolution  to  devote  his 
life  to  the  service  of  the  Redeemer,  he  was 
ordained  in  1744  pastor  of  the  first  church  in 
Canterbury.  In  1771  he  was  removed  from  this 
charge.  But  early  in  the  following  year  he  was 
installed  minister  of  Scotland,  a  parish  in  the 
town  of  Windham,  where  he  continued  until  Dec., 


I  1804.  The  infirmities  of  age  now  rendering  him 
incapable  of  public  service,  he  found  a  retreat  for 
the  remainder  of  his  life  in  the  family  of  his  son, 
Dr.  Mason  Fitch  Cogswell  of  Hartford.  His 
own  filial  piety  was  now  repaid  him.  His  wife's 
name  was  Fitch.  His  father  was  Samuel;  his 
mother  was  Anne,  daughter  of  Capt.  Mason 
of  Lebanon  or  Norwich.  He  was  in  early  life  dis 
tinguished  for  his  learning,  and  he  retained  it  in 
his  old  age.  His  temper  was  cheerful  and  social, 
and  benevolence  shone  in  his  countenance. 
Under  heavy  afflictions  he  was  submissive,  ador 
ing  the  sovereignty  of  God.  His  preaching  was 
generally  plain  and  practical,  addressed  to  the 
understandings  and  consciences  of  his  hearers. 
On  the  great  doctrines  of  the  gospel,  which  he 
inculcated,  he  built  his  own  hope  of  a  blessed  im 
mortality.  He  published  a  sermon  preached  at 
the  funeral  of  Solomon  Williams,  1776,  2d  edi 
tion,  1806.  —  Panoplist,  II.  581-583;  Piscataqua 
Evangelical  Magazine,  III.  196. 

COGSWELL,  MASON  FITCH,  M.  D.,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1780, 
and,  after  studying  physic,  settled  at  Hartford. 
In  1812  he  was  chosen  president  of  the  Connec 
ticut  medical  society,  and  held  the  office  ten  years. 
He  died  Dec.,  1830,  aged  69.  As  a  physician  he 
was  distinguished,  and  as  a  surgeon  he  had  few 
equals.  Dr.  Cogswell  first  formed  the  design  of 
an  establishment  for  the  education  of  the  deaf 
and  dumb  in  this  country.  His  sympathy  for 
them  had  been  awakened  by  the  unfortunate  con 
dition  of  his  own  daughter.  The  asylum  for  the 
deaf  and  dumb,  at  Hartford,  commenced  by  Mr. 
Gallaudet,  is  to  be  ascribed  in  a  considerable  de 
gree  to  the  exertions  of  Dr.  Cogswell.  It  is 
remarkable,  that  his  own  deaf  and  dumb  daughter 
survived  her  father  only  a  few  weeks,  her  heart 
being  broken  by  the  event  of  his  removal.  Mrs. 
Sigourney,  in  a  piece  upon  her  death,  supposes 
Alice  Cogswell  to  say  to  some  of  her  relatives : 

"Sisters!  there 's  music  here ; 
From  countless  harps  it  flows 
Throughout  this  wide,  celestial  sphere, 
Nor  pause  nor  discord  knows. 
The  seal  is  melted  from  my  ear 
By  love  divine  ; 

And  what  through  life  I  pined  to  hear 
Is  mine!  is  mine! 

The  warbling  of  an  ever  tuneful  choir, 
And  the  full,  deep  response  of  David's  golden  lyre. 
Did  the  kind  earth  hide  from  me 
Her  broken  harmony, 

That  thus  the  melodies  of  Heaven  might  roll 
And  whelm  in  deeper  tides  of  bliss  my  wondering  soul?  " 

COGSWELL,  WILLIAM,  I).  D.,  died  in  Gil- 
manton,  N.  H.,  April  18,  1850,  aged  62.  He  was 
the  son  of  Dr.  William  C.,  of  Atkinson,  and 
graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1811.  He  was  de 
scended  from  John,  of  London,  who  came  to  Ips 
wich  about  1635.  His  grandfather  was  Nathan 
iel,  who,  by  his  wife  Judith  Badger,  had  eighteen 


246 


corr. 


COLBURN. 


or  nineteen  children,  and  died  at  Atkinson  March 
23,  1783,  aged  76.  His  father  died  Jan.  1,  1831, 
aged  70.  For  fourteen  years  he  was  pastor  of  the 
south  church  in  Dedham.  In  1832  he  was  secre 
tary  of  the  American  education  society ;  for 
three  years  he  was  professor  of  history  at  Dart 
mouth  ;  and  then  professor  of  theology  at  Gil- 
manton.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Ilev.  J. 
Strong  of  Randolph.  His  only  son,  Wm.  Strong 
Cogswell,  died  while  a  member  of  college.  He 
published  a  manual  of  theology  and  devotion; 
the  Christian  philanthropist ;  the  theological  class- 
book  ;  and  was  editor  of  the  American  quarterly 
register,  the  X.  H.  repository,  and  the  N.  E.  histor 
ical  register. 

COIT,  JOSEPH,  the  first  minister  of  Plainfield, 
Conn.,  died  July  1, 1750,  aged  76,  in  the  forty- 
fifth  year  of  his  ministry.  He  was  a  graduate  of 
Harvard  in  1697,  and  he  had  an  honorary  degree 
at  Yale  in  its  first  year,  1702. 

COIT,  JONATHAN,  died  in  New  London  in  Dec., 
1855,  leaving  property  to  the  amount  of  300,000 
dollars,  of  which  he  bequeathed  about  50,000  to 
charitable  uses.  He  gave  30,000  dollars  to  be 
divided  among  eight  Congregational,  Episcopal, 
Baptist,  and  Methodist  churches  in  New  London 
for  the  support  of  their  ministers ;  10,000  dollars 
for  the  poor  in  the  alms-house  ;  and  2500  to  the 
N.  L.  seamen's  friend  society. 

COKE,  THOMAS,  LL.  D.,  a  Methodist  bishop  in 
the  United  States,  was  born  in  Wales  in  1747, 
and  educated  at  Oxford.  At  the  university  he 
was  a  deist.  He  afterwards  was  a  curate  in  Som 
ersetshire.  By  reading  Witherspoon  on  regen 
eration,  he  was  convinced  that  he  needed  a  new 
heart.  His  first  interview  with  Mr.  Wesley  was 
in  1776 ;  he  became  his  assistant  in  1780.  In 
Sept.,  1784,  he  sailed  for  New  York,  and  com 
municated  in  America  the  new  plan  of  govern 
ment  and  discipline,  which  Mr.  W.  had  drawn, 
and  which  still  binds  the  great  body  of  Metho 
dists.  In  1786  he  established  missions  in  the 
West  Indies.  In  the  subsequent  year  he  repeat 
edly  visited  the  United  States ;  for  the  last  time 
in  1804.  He  sailed  for  Ceylon  with  six  preachers 
Dec.  31,  1813,  but  died  suddenly  on  his  passage, 
May  3,  1814,  aged  66  years,  being  in  the  morning 
found  dead  in  his  cabin.  On  his  passage  he 
wrote  several  sermons  in  Portuguese,  that  his 
usefulness  might  be  increased  in  Asia.  His  pious 
zeal  may  well  shame  the  slothfulness  of  Chris 
tians,  if  such  they  can  be  called,  who  do  nothing 
for  the  diffusion  of  the  gospel  in  the  world.  He 
published  a  history  of  the  West  Indies  ;  a  com 
mentary  on  the  Scriptures.  —  Christian  Visitant. 

COLBERT,  PITMAN,  major,  a  Chickasaw  In 
dian,  died  near  fort  Towson  Feb.  24,  1853,  aged 
96,  wealthy,  and  of  influence  in  his  tribe,  an  ad 
vocate  of  Christian  education. 

COLBURN,  LEWIS,  captain,  died  at  Dedham 


in  1843,  aged  91,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution;  he 
fought  at  the  first  battle,  April  19,  1775. 

COLBURN,  WARREN,  died  at  Lowell  Sept.  15, 
1833,  aged  40,  superintendent  of  the  Merrimack 
manufacturing  company.  He  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1820,  and  was  a  man  of  talents  and  ex 
cellent  character.  He  published  treatises  on 
arithmetic  and  algebra,  and  other  valuable  books 
of  education. 

COLBURN,  ZERAH,  died  at  Norwich,  Vt., 
March  2,  1839,  aged  34.  He  was  born  at  Cabot, 
Vt.,  Sept  1,  1804.  When  nearly  six  years  old,  in 
Aug.,  1810,  he  began  to  manifest  wonderful  pow 
ers  of  arithmetical  computation.  His  father, 
Abia,  exhibited  him  at  Boston  in  Nov.,  and  in 
1812  in  London.  Being  asked  the  number  of 
seconds  since  the  Christian  era,  in  1813  years,  7 
months,  27  days,  he  answered  correctly,  57,234,- 
384,000.  Being  asked  the  square  root  of  106,929, 
he  immediately  answered  327.  Asked  the  cube 
root  of  268,336,125,  he  readily  answered  645. 
After  proceeding  to  Ireland,  and  Scotland,  and 
Paris,  he  returned  to  London  in  1816.  For  three 
years  he  was  at  Westminster  school ;  afterwards 
he  was  a  teacher.  His  father  dying  in  London  in 
1824,  he  returned  to  this  country.  In  July,  1825, 
he  joined  the  Congregational  church  in  Burling 
ton,  but  soon  became  a  Methodist  minister,  and 
was  for  several  years  an  itinerant  preacher.  He 
lost  his  power  of  calculation  before  he  left  Eng 
land.  As  a  preacher  he  displayed  no  uncommon 
talent.  He  published  his  own  memoir  in  1833. 
Some  other  results  of  his  remarkable  faculty 
when  a  boy  of  eight  or  nine  years  and  afterwards 
are  the  following  :  Being  asked  the  factors  which 
produce  247,483,  he  answered  941  and  263; 
which  are  indeed  its  only  two  factors.  Being 
asked  for  the  factors  of  36,083,  he  immediately 
replied  that  it  had  none.  Now  the  dark  mystery 
is,  how  the  boy  could  reach  these  true  conclusions 
by  the  rapid  action  of  his  mind  ?  Being  asked 
the  factors  of  171,395,  he  mentioned  the  seven 
pairs  of  factors  wliich  will  produce  that  number, 
as  5  X  34,279,  etc.  The  French  mathematicians 
had  said,  that  4,294,967,297  (=  232  +  1)  was  a 
prime  number  having  no  factors.  But  Colburn 
announced  the  factors  641  x  6,700,417.  Being 
asked  to  give  the  square  of  999,999,  he  said  he 
could  not  directly,  but  he  accomplished  it  by 
multiplying  37,037  by  itself,  and  that  product 
twice  by  27;  the  answer  being  999,99S,COO,001. 
How  could  the  child  discover  all  this  ?  He  added 
that  he  could  multiply  this  twice  by  49  and  once 
by  25,  giving  the  final  product,  60,024,879,950,- 
060,025.  It  was  not  by  inspiration  that  he  did 
tin's,  but  by  wonderful  mental  processes  and  as 
tonishing  powers  of  memory  as  to  figures,  as  was 
judged  by  the  motion  of  his  lips  and  by  his  ner 
vous  indications.  So  rapid  was  his  process,  that, 
when  less  than  seven  years  old,  when  asked  how 


COLBY. 


COLDEN.     ^ 


247 


many  days  and  hours  in  1811  years,  he  answered 
in  twenty  seconds,  661,015  days,  15,864,360  hours. 
How  many  seconds  in  11  years?  He  answered 
in  four  seconds,  346,896,000.  In  some  of  his 
easier  labors  he  was  able,  after  two  or  three 
years,  to  explain  the  process.  For  instance,  in 
extracting  roots ;  if  the  square  consisted  of  five 
figures,  as  92,416,  he  first  sought  a  number 
squared,  which  would  produce  the  two  last  fig 
ures,  and  that  is  04.  Next  he  sought  a  number, 
which,  when  squared,  would  give  the  first  figure 
of  the  square,  or  come  nearest  under  it ;  and 
that  is  3.  Putting  them  together,  304  is  the 
number  sought.  But  how  did  the  boy  discover 
this  rule  ?  His  more  arduous  processes  he  could 
not  explain.  At  the  age  of  twelve  he  was  able  to 
explain  the  rapid  mental  process  by  which  he 
multiplied  two  numbers,  as  4791  and  238,  and 
obtained  the  result  1,140,258.  It  was  by  twelve 
distinct  multiplications  and  eleven  additions  and 
some  other  mental  acts,  his  memory  retaining 
the  sum  as  it  grew,  until  it  reached  the  result. 
He  first  multiplied  4000  by  200,  then  700  and  90 
and  1  by  the  same,  adding  the  results  as  he  pro 
ceeded  ;  then  he  multiplied  them  by  30  and 
by  8,  adding  the  results.  For  this,  what  a  won 
derful  faculty  of  memory  must  have  been  pos 
sessed  ! 

COLBY,  PHILIP,  died  in  North  Middleborough 
Feb.  27,  1851,  aged  72,  having  been  the  minister 
thirty-four  years,  highly  respected  and  useful. 

COLBY,"  MARIA  OTIS,  died  at  Middleborough 
May  20,  1821,  aged  33,  wife  of  the  preceding. 
She  was  the  daughter  of  Gen.  Joseph  Otis,  of 
Barnstable,  and  at  the  age  of  eighteen  became  a 
member  -of  the  church  under  Hev.  O.  Shaw.  She 
was  married  Jan.  1,  1818.  She  was  distinguished 
by  her  intellectual  character,  her  temper,  beauty, 
and  manners,  and  was  faithful  in  her  new  sphere. 
The  gospel,  which  she  zealously  endeavored  to 
send  out  to  the  dark-minded,  cheered  her,  as  she 
went  down  to  the  grave.  She  addressed  earnestly 
each  member  of  her  house,  and  left  messages  for 
her  aged  mother,  for  her  sister  and  four  brothers. 

COLBY,  11.  G.  O.,  judge,  died  at  New  Bedford 
Feb.  22,  1853,  aged  44.  He  was  judge  of  the 
court  of  common  pleas  from  1845  to  1847,  then 
district  attorney  ;  author  of  a  work  on  Practice. 

COLDEN,  CADWALLADEK,  a  physician,  bota 
nist,  and  astronomer,  died  at  New  York  Sept.  28, 
1776,  aged  88.  He  was  the  son  of  Ilev.  Alex. 
Colden  of  Dunse,  in  Scotland,  and  was  born 
Feb.  17,  1688.  After  having  received  a  liberal 
education  under  the  immediate  inspection  of  his 
father,  he  went  to  the  university  of  Edinburgh, 
where  he  graduated  in  1705.  He  then  applied 
himself  to  medicine  and  mathematics,  and  was 
eminently  distinguished  by  his  proficiency  in  both. 
Allured  by  the  fame  of  Wm.  Penn's  colony,  he 
came  over  to  this  country  about  the  year  1708; 


and,  having  practised  physic  for  some  years  with 
considerable  reputation,  he  returned  to  England, 
which  he  found  greatly  distracted  in  consequence 
I  of  the  troubles  of  1715.  While  in  London  he 
I  was  introduced  to  Dr.  Halley,  who  was  so  well 
pleased  with  a  paper  of  his  on  animal  secretions, 
that  he  read  it  before  the  royal  society,  the  notice 
of  which  it  greatly  attracted.  At  this  time  he 
formed  an  acquaintance  with  some  of  the  most 
distinguished  literary  characters  of  England,  with 
whom  he  afterwards  corresponded,  giving  them 
curious  and  useful  intelligence  respecting  a  part 
of  the  world  then  but  little  known. 

Governor  Hunter,  of  New  York,  conceived  so 
favorable  an  opinion  of  him,  after  a  short  ac 
quaintance,  that  he  became  his  warm  friend,  and 
offered  his  patronage,  if  he  would  remove  to  New 
York.  In  1718  he  therefore  settled  in  that  city. 
He  was  the  first  who  filled  the  office  of  surveyor- 
general  in  the  colony.  He  received  also  the  ap 
pointment  of  master  in  chancery.  In  1720,  on 
the  arrival  of  Gov.  Burnet,  he  was  honored  with 
a  seat  in  the  king's  council  of  the  province.  He 
afterwards  rose  to  the  head  of  this  board,  and  in 
that  station  succeded  to  the  administration  of  the 
government  in  1760.  He  had  previously  obtained 
a  patent  for  a  tract  of  land  about  nine  miles  from 
Newburgh,  on  Hudson's  river ;  and  to  this  place, 
which  in  his  patent  is  called  Coldingham,  or  Cold- 
enham,  he  retired  with  his  family  about  the  year 
1755.  There  he  undertook  to  clear  and  cultivate 
a  small  part  of  the  tract  as  a  farm,  and  his  atten 
tion  was  divided  between  agricultural  and  philo 
sophical  pursuits,  and  the  duties  of  his  office  of 
surveyor-general.  The  spot  which  he  had  se 
lected  for  his  retirement  was  entirely  inland,  and 
the  grounds  were  rough.  At  the  time  he  chose 
it  for  a  residence  it  was  solitary,  uncultivated,  and 
the  country  around  it  absolutely  a  wilderness, 
without  roads,  or  such  only  as  were  almost  im 
passable.  It  was,  besides,  a  frontier  to  the  In 
dians,  who  committed  frequent  barbarities.  Yet 
no  entreaties  of  lu's  friends,  when  they  thought 
him  in  danger  from  his  savage  neighbors,  could 
entice  him  from  his  favorite  home.  He  chose 
rather  to  guard  and  fortify  his  house  ;  and,  amidst 
dangers  which  would  have  disturbed  the  minds  of 
most  men,  he  appears  to  have  been  occupied 
without  any  interruption  in  the  pursuit  of  knowl 
edge. 

In  1761  he  was  appointed  lieutenant-governor 
of  New  York,  and  he  held  this  commission  during 
the  remainder  of  his  life,  being  repeatedly  at  the 
head  of  the  government  in  consequence  of  the 
death  or  absence  of  several  governors.  His  po 
litical  character  was  rendered  very  conspicuous 
by  the  firmness  of  his  conduct  in  the  violent 
commotions  which  preceded  the  late  Revolution. 
He  possessed  the  supreme  authority  when  the 
paper  to  be  distributed  in  New  York  under  the 


248 


GOLDEN. 


GOLDEN. 


British  stamp  act  arrived ;  and  it  was  put  under 
his  care  in  the  fortification  called  fort  George, 
which  was  then  standing  on  Battery  point.  The 
attempt  of  the  British  parliament  to  raise  a  reve 
nue,  by  taxing  the  colonies,  had  in  every  stage 
excited  a  spirit  of  indignation  and  resentment, 
which  had  long  before  this  risen  above  the  control 
of  government.  At  length  a  multitude,  consist 
ing  of  several  thousand  people,  assembled  under 
leaders  who  were  afterwards  conspicuous  revolu 
tionary  characters,  and  determined  to  make  the 
lieutenant-governor  deliver  up  the  stamp  paper  to 
be  destroyed.  Mr.  Golden  had  received  intimation 
of  their  design,  and  prepared  to  defend  with  fidel 
ity  the  trust  which  had  devolved  upon  him.  The 
fort  was  surrounded  on  the  evening  of  Feb.  15, 
17G6,  by  a  vast  concourse  of  people,  who  thrcat- 
enen  to  massacre  him  and  his  adherents,  if  the 
paper  was  not  delivered  to  them  ;  and,  though  the 
engineers  within  assured  him  that  the  place  was 
untenable,  and  a  terrified  family  implored  him  to 
regard  his  safety,  he  yet  preserved  a  firmness  of 
mind,  and  succeeded  finally  in  securing  the  pa 
pers  on  board  a  British  man-of-war,  then  in  the 
port.  The  populace,  in  the  mean  time,  unwilling 
to  proceed  to  extremities,  gratified  their  resent 
ment  by  burning  his  effigy  and  destroying  his 
carriages  under  his  view.  His  administration  is 
rendered  memorable,  amongst  other  things,  by 
several  charters  of  incorporation  for  useful  and 
benevolent  purposes.  The  corporation  for  the 
relief  of  distressed  seamen,  called  the  marine  so 
ciety  ;  that  of  the  chamber  of  commerce ;  and 
one  for  the  relief  of  widows  and  children  of  cler 
gymen,  will  transmit  his  name  with  honor  to  pos 
terity.  After  the  return  of  Mr.  Tryon,  the 
governor,  in  1775,  he  was  relieved  from  the  cares 
of  government.  lie  then  retired  to  a  seat  on 
Long  Island,  where  a  recollection  of  his  former 
studies  and  a  few  select  friends,  ever  welcomed  by 
a  sociable  and  hospitable  disposition,  cheered  him 
in  his  last  days.  lie  died  a  few  hours  before  New 
York  was  wrapped  in  flames,  which  laid  nearly  one- 
fourth  part  of  the  city  in  ashes.  He  complained 
neither  of  pain  of  body  nor  anguish  of  mind, 
except  on  account  of  the  political  troubles  which 
he  had  long  predicted,  and  which  he  then  saw 
overwhelming  the  country.  His  wife,  Alice  Chris 
tie,  daughter  of  the  minister  of  Kelso  in  Scot 
land,  died  in  1762.  His  son,  Alexander,  who 
succeeded  him  as  surveyor-general  and  was  also 
postmaster,  died  Dec.,  1774,  aged  58.  His  son 
David,  also  surveyor-general,  a  physician  and  man 
of  letters,  died  in  England  July,  1784,  aged  51. 
His  grandson,  Thomas  Golden,  died  at  Coldenham 
March,  182G,  aged  72. 

Mr.  Golden  early  began  to  notice  the  plants  in 
America,  classing  and  distinguishing  them  ac 
cording  to  the  method  of  botany,  then  in  use. 
He  was  attentive  to  the  climate,  and  left  a  long 


course  of  diurnal  observations  on  the  thermom 
eter,  barometer,  and  winds.  lie  cultivated  an 
acquaintance  with  the  natives  of  the  country,  and 
often  entertained  his  correspondents  with  obser 
vations  on  their  customs  and  manners.  He  wrote 
also  a  history  of  the  prevalent  diseases  of  the 
climate  ;  and,  if  he  was  not  the  first  to  recommend 
the  cooling  regimen  in  the  cure  of  fevers,  he  was 
one  of  its  earliest  and  warmest  advocates,  and  he 
opposed  with  great  earnestness  the  shutting  up  in 
warm  and  confined  rooms  of  patients  in  the 
small  pox.  Though  he  quitted  the  practice  of 
medicine  at  an  early  day,  yet  he  never  lost  sight 
of  his  favorite  study,  being  ever  ready  to  give  his 
assistance  to  his  neighborhood,  and  to  those  who, 
from  his  reputation  for  knowledge  and  experience, 
applied  to  him  from  more  distant  quarters.  His 
principal  attention,  after  the  year  1760,  was  di 
rected  from  philosophical  to  political  matters ; 
yet  he  maintained  with  great  punctuality  his  lit 
erary  correspondence,  particularly  with  Linnaeus, 
Gronovius  of  Leyden,  Dr.  Pottersfield  and  Dr. 
Whittle  of  Edinburgh,  and  Mr.  Peter  Collinson, 
who  was  a  most  usei'ul  and  affectionate  friend,  and 
to  whom  Mr.  Golden,  though  he  never  saw  him, 
owed  an  introduction  to  many  of  the  most  dis 
tinguished  literary  characters  of  Europe.  He 
was  the  correspondent  of  Dr.  Franklin,  and  they 
regularly  communicated  to  each  other  their  phi 
losophical  and  physical  discoveries,  particularly  on 
electricity,  which  at  that  time  began  to  excite  the 
attention  of  philosophers.  In  their  letters  are  to 
be  observed  the  first  dawnings  of  many  of  those 
discoveries  which  Dr.  Franklin  has  communicated 
to  the  world,  and  which  have  excited  so  much  as 
tonishment,  and  contributed  so  much  to  human 
happiness.  Of  the  American  philosophical  so 
ciety  he  first  suggested  the  plan.  It  was  estab 
lished  at  Philadelphia  on  account  of  the  central 
and  convenient  situation  of  that  city. 

About  the  year  1743  a  malignant  fever,  then 
called  the  yellow  fever,  had  raged  for  two  sum 
mers  in  the  city  of  New  York ;  and  it  appears  to 
have  been  in  all  respects  similar  to  that  disorder 
which  of  late  years  has  proved  so  very  fatal.  He 
communicated  his  thoughts  to  the  public  on  the 
most  probable  cure  of  the  calamity  in  a  little 
treatise,  in  which  he  enlarged  on  the  bad  effects 
of  stagnating  waters,  moist  air,  damp  cellars, 
filthy  stores,  and  dirty  streets  ;  showed  how  much 
these  nuisances  prevailed  in  many  parts  of  the 
city  ;  and  pointed  out  the  remedies.  The  corpo 
ration  of  the  city  gave  him  their  thanks,  and  estab 
lished  a  plan  for  draining  and  cleaning  the  city, 
which  was  attended  with  the  most  happy  effects. 
He  also  wrote  and  published  a  treatise  on  the  cure 
of  the  cancer.  Another  essay  of  his  on  the  virtues 
of  the  bortanice,  or  great  water  dock,  a  species  of 
rumex,  introduced  him  to  an  acquaintance  with 
Linnaeus.  In  1753  he  published  some  observations 


GOLDEN. 

on  exidcmical  sore  throat,  which  appeared  first  at 
Kingston,  Mass.,  in  1735,  and  had  spread  over  a 
great  part  of  North  America.  These  observations 
are  republished  in  the  American  Museum. 

When  he  became  acquainted  with  Linnaeus' 
system  of  botany,  he  applied  himself  with  new 
delight  to  that  study.  His  description  of  between 
three  and  four  hundred  American  plants  was  pub 
lished  in  the  acta  upsaliensia.  He  also  published 
the  history  of  the  five  Indian  nations,  and  dedi 
cated  it  to  Gov.  Burnet,  who  had  distinguished 
himself  by  his  wisdom  and  success  in  the  manage 
ment  of  the  Indians.  The  book  was  printed  at 
London,  1747,  with  the  original  dedication,  in 
tended  for  Gov.  Burnet,  directed  to  Gen.  Ogle- 
thorpe.  Mr.  Colderi  justly  complained  of  this  as 
an  unpardonable  absurdity  of  the  printer,  who 
took  the  further  liberty  of  adding  several  Indian 
treaties  without  his  knowledge  or  approbation. 
But  the  subject,  which  drew  Mr.  Golden  at  one 
time  of  his  life  from  every  other  pursuit,  was  what 
lie  first  published  under  the  title  of  the  cause  of 
gravitation ;  wliich,  being  much  enlarged,  ap 
peared  in  1751  under  the  title  of  the  principles 
of  action  in  matter,  to  which  is  added  a  treatise  on 
fluxions.  lie  died  in  the  firm  persuasion,  that, 
however  he  might  have  erred  in  the  deductions, 
the  grand  fundamental  principles  of  his  system 
were  true ;  and  that  they  would  at  length  be  re 
ceived  as  such  in  the  world.  Tlu's  book  cost  him 
many  years  of  close  and  severe  study.  He  pre 
pared  a  new  edition  of  it,  with  elucidations  of  such 
parts  as  had  been  subjected  to  objections,  and 
with  large  additions.  At  the  time  it  was  prepared 
for  the  press,  he  was  so  far  advanced  in  years 
that  he  despaired  of  living  to  see  it  published. 
He  therefore  transmitted  the  manuscripts  to  Dr. 
Whittle,  professor  of  medicine  in  the  university  of 
Edinburgh.  The  fate  of  the  work  since  that  time 
is  not  known.  Of  his  other  manuscripts,  many, 
through  the  variety  of  hands  into  which  they  have 
fallen,  have  become  mutilated,  and  a  great  part  of 
some  of  them  is  entirely  lost.  Among  these  are 
an  inquiry  into  the  operation  of  intellect  in  ani 
mals,  a  piece  of  great  orginality ;  another  on  the 
essential  properties  of  light,  interspersed  with  ob 
servations  on  electricity,  heat,  matter,  etc.;  an  in 
troduction  to  the  study  of  physic,  in  the  form  of 
instructions  to  one  of  his  grandsons,  and  dated  in 
the  eighty-first  year  of  his  age ;  an  inquiry  into 
the  causes,  producing  the  phenomenon  of  metal 
medley  swimming  in  water ;  an  essay  on  vital 
motion  ;  and,  lastly,  observations  on  Mr.  Smith's 
history  of  New  York,  comprehending  memoirs  of 
the  public  transactions,  in  which  he  was  conver 
sant.  He  complains  of  the  partiality  of  Mr. 
Smith,  and  supposes  that  he  is  incorrect  in  many 
particulars.  —  Bees ;  American  Museum,  Hi. 
53-59. 

GOLDEN,  CADWALLADER  D.,  died  in  Jersey 
32 


CO^EMAN. 


249 


city  Jan.  7,  1834,  aged  65.  He  was  long  an  emi 
nent  lawyer  in  New  York ;  mayor  of  the  city ; 
and  a  member  of  congress,  lie  published  a 
memoir  of  Robert  Fulton. 

COLE,  JAMES  L.,  a  poet,  died  at  Canandaigua, 
N.  Y.,  in  Feb.,  1823,  aged  24.  His  repugnance 
to  mercantile  business  induced  him  to  engage  in 
the  study  of  the  law,  in  the  practice  of  which  he 
established  himself  at  Detroit  in  1821.  A  pulmo 
nary  affection  induced  him  to  return  to  his  father's 
roof.  About  three  years  before  his  death  he  made 
a  public  profession  of  his  attachment  to  the  Sav 
iour  of  the  world.  For  several  of  his  last  years 
he  devoted  much  time  to  poetical  composition. 
His  productions  appeared  in  the  New  York 
Statesman,  and  in  the  Ontario  Repository,  with 
the  signature  of  "  Adrian."  He  had  fancy,  genius, 
and  taste,  and  was  virtuous  and  pious,  though  he 
had  occasion  to  lament  the  predominance  of  his 
imagination  and  his  propensity  to  satire. 

COLE,  COLETTA,  a  colored  woman,  died  at 
New  London  alms-house  in  1844,  aged  110. 

COLE,  THOMAS,  an  eminent  painter,  died  at 
Catskill  Feb.  11,  1847,  aged  46.  He  was  born  in 
England,  although  his  parents  had  previously 
lived  in  America ;  and  in  his  childhood  thev  re 
turned  hither,  residing  in  Philadelphia  and  Ohio. 
He  early  indicated  a  taste  for  painting,  but  had  no 
instruction,  until  at  length  a  travelling  painter, 
Stein,  gave  him  some  aid  and  guidance  in  his  art. 
In  his  rambling  life  he  reached  Philadelphia, 
where  he  painted  transparencies  on  occasion  of 
Lafayette's  visit.  Thence  he  went  to  New  York. 
In  the  course  of  time  his  friends  enabled  him  to 
visit  Italy.  On  his  return  he  fixed  his  residence 
amid  the  magnificent  scenery  of  the  Hudson.  He 
was  a  landscape  painter.  He  painted  the  "  Course 
of  Empire,"  the  "  Voyage  of  Life,"  and  "  Past 
and  Present."  His  view  of  the  falls  was  pur 
chased  by  Col.  Trumbull ;  Dunlap  and  Durand 
were  also  his  friends.  He  wrote  much  poetry. 
Some  of  his  prose  pieces  were  published  in  the 
Literary  World.  Bryant  wrote  a  sonnet  on  his 
going  to  Europe.  —  Noble's  Life  of  Cole;  Cyc 
lopedia  of  American  Lit.,  II.  318. 

COLE,  N.  W.,  M.  D.,  died  in  Burlington,  N.  J., 
July  18,  1848,  aged  73  years.  He  was  the  prin 
cipal  physician  for  half  a  century. 

COLE,  THOMAS,  a  teacher  in  Amherst,  N.  H., 
and  afterwards,  for  many  years,  of  a  celebrated 
female  school  in  Salem,  Mass.  He  died  in 
Salem  June  24,  1852,  aged  72.  He  was  a  grad 
uate  of  Harvard  in  1798. 

COLEMAN,  SETII,  a  physician  in  Amherst, 
Mass.,  died  Sept.  9,  1815,  aged  75.  Born  in 
Hatfield,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1765.  He  was 
long  a  useful  physician,  and  also  a  deacon  in  the 
church,  eminent  for  piety.  His  first  wife  was 
Sarah  Beecher  of  New  Haven,  by  whom  he  had 


250 


COLEMAN. 


COLMAN. 


eight  children ;  his  second  was  Mrs.  Eunice  War 
ner  of  Hadley.  His  memoirs  were  published  in 
1817. 

COLEMAX,  WILLIAM,  editor  of  the  New  York 
Evening  Post,  died  July  13, 1829,  aged  63.  He  was 
for  many  years  the  able  editor  of  a  paper,  first  in 
Hampshire  county,  Mass.,  and  then  in  New  York. 
In  his  politics  he  was  a  zealous  federalist  of  the 
school  of  Hamilton,  and  violent  in  his  warfare. 
His  only  son,  William  Henry,  died  at  New  York 
July,  1830,  aged  33. 

COLEMAX,  WILLIAM  A.,  died  in  Xew  York 
Jan  27,  1850,  aged  GO.  He  was  a  bookseller,  and 
for  thirty  years  connected  with  literature  and  art. 

COLEMAX,  OBED  M.,  inventor  of  the  a?olian 
attachment  to  the  piano-forte,  died  at  Saratoga 
April  5,  1845,  aged  28.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Presbyterian  church.  On  his  marble  monu 
ment  is  this  passage  :  "  As  well  the  singers  as  the 
players  on  instruments  shall  be  there."  He  died 
of  the  measles,  caught  in  Xew  York,  after  intense 
suffering  but  uncomplaining,  saying  he  was  per 
fectly  willing  to  leave  all  for  Christ.  He  was 
born  at  Barnstahle  Jan.  23,  1817,  of  German  and 
English  parents.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  lived 
at  Xew  Bedford.  By  selling  his  invention  of  the 
automaton  lady  minstrel  and  singing  bird  for  800 
dollars,  he  was  relieved  from  extreme  poverty. 
About  1842  he  removed  to  Saratoga,  and  invented 
his  attachment,  which  he  sold  for  more  than  100,- 
000  dollars  here,  and  for  10,000  in  England,  from 
which  country  he  returned  in  Jan.,  1845. 

COLLAMORE,  JOHN,  died  in  Kensington, 
N.  H.,  Dec.  29,  1825,  aged  110  years  and  four 
months.  He  was  a  native  of  Ireland.  His  hair, 
which  had  been  silvery  white,  became  before  his 
death  nearly  black. 

COLLETOX,  JAMES,  governor  of  South  Caro 
lina  from  1G86  to  1690,  came  from  Barbadoes, 
and  was  proprietary  and  landgrave.  He  built  a 
fine  house  on  Cooper  river.  His  government  was 
very  unpopular.  There  were  disputes  concerning 
tenures  of  land  and  quit-rents.  In  1687  he  called 
a  parliament  and  procured  alterations  in  the  funda 
mental  laws.  He  offended  the  high  church  party, 
who  were  inflamed  with  zeal  against  the  Puritans. 
In  the  end  he  was  driven  from  the  government 
and  the  province.  —  Univ.  Hist.  XL.  426. 

COLLIXS,  JOHN,  governor  of  Rhode  Island 
from  1786  to  1789,  succeeded  Wm.  Greene,  and 
was  succeeded  by  A.  Fenner.  He  was  a  patriot 
of  the  Revolution ;  a  delegate  to  congress  in 
1789.  He  died  at  Xewport  in  March,  1795,  aged 
78.  Dr.  John  Warren,  of  Boston,  married  his 
daughter. 

COLLIXS,  XATHANIEL,  minister  of  Middle- 
town,  Conn.,  died  in  1684,  aged  42  ;  a  graduate 
of  Harvard  in  1660.  He  was  the  son  of  Deacon 
Edward  C.  of  Cambridge.  He  married  Mary, 
daughter  of  William  Whiting,  the  first  settler  of 


Hartford ;  she  died  in  1709.  His  son  John 
married  Mary,  daughter  of  the  regicide,  Judge 
Dixwcll. 

COLLIXS,  XATHANIEL,  the  first  minister  of 
Enfield,  Conn.,  died  Feb.  6,  1758,  aged  79.  He 
was  the  son  of  the  preceding.  lie  graduated  at 
Cambridge  in  1697.  His  wife  was  Alice,  daugh 
ter  of  Rev.  William  Adams  of  Dcdham ;  she  died 
Feb.  19,  1735.  His  daughter,  Ann,  married 
Ephraim  Terry  of  Enfield,  and  was  the  grand 
mother  of  Seth  Terry  of  Hartford.  His  brother- 
in-law,  Rev.  Mr.  Whiting  of  Windham,  died  at 
his  house. 

COLLIXS,  TIMOTHY,  the  first  minister  of 
Litchficld,  died  in  1777,  aged  about  80.  Born  in 
Guilford,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1718,  and 
preached  at  L.  from  1721  to  1752,  when  he  was 
dismissed  at  his  own  request.  He  afterwards 
practised  physic. 

COLLIXS,  DANIEL,  the  first  minister  of  Lanes- 
borough,  Mass.,  died  Aug.  26,  1822,  aged  83. 
Born  in  Guilford,  Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1760,  and  was  ordained  April  17,  1764;  the  same 
council  ordained  the  next  day  Rev.  T.  Allen,  in 
the  adjoining  town  of  Pittsfield.  Rev.  J.  De 
Witt  was  a  colleague  in  1812. 

COLLIXS,  AARON  COOKE,  minister  of  Williston, 
Vt,,  and  of  Bloomfield,  X.  Y.,  died  1830,  aged 
about  65.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1786.  His 
wife  was  Love  Lee,  daughter  of  Rev.  Jonathan  Lee 
of  Salisbury  by  his  second  wife,  Love  Graham 
Brinkerhoff. 

COLMAX,  BENJAMIN,  D.  D.,  first  minister 
of  the  church  in  Brattle  street,  Boston,  died  Aug. 
29,  1747,  aged  73.  Born  in  Boston  in  1673,  he 
was  distinguished  by  early  piety  and  zeal  in  liter 
ary  pursuits,  and  in  1692  was  graduated  at  Har 
vard  college.  Beginning  to  preach  soon  after 
wards,  his  benevolent  labors  were  enjoyed  for  half 
a  year  by  the  town  of  Medford.  In  July,  1695,  he 
embarked  for  London.  During  the  voyage  the 
ship,  in  which  he  sailed,  was  attacked  by  a  French 
privateer,  and  Mr.  Colman,  though  he  had  none 
of  the  presumptuous  fearlessness  of  some  of  his 
companions,  yet  remained  upon  the  quarter-deck, 
and  fought  bravely  with  the  rest.  Being  taken 
prisoner,  he  was  dressed  in  rags,  and  put  into  the 
hold  among  the  sailors.  When  he  arrived  in 
France,  by  means  of  a  little  money,  which  he  had 
preserved,  he  was  enabled  to  make  some  improve 
ment  in  his  appearance.  In  a  few  weeks  he  was 
exchanged,  and  he  soon  reached  London.  Among 
the  eminent  ministers,  with  whom  he  here  became 
acquainted,  were  Howe,  Calamy,  and  Burkitt. 
Being  called  to  preach  in  different  places,  he  sup 
plied  a  small  congregation  at  Cambridge  for  a 
few  weeks,  and  was  succeeded  by  the  learned 
James  Pierce,  who  by  his  mathematical  knowl 
edge  attracted  the  notice  of  Mr.  Whiston,  and, 
becoming  his  friend,  imbibed  his  Arian  sentiments. 


COLMAN. 


COLMAN. 


251 


Tic  afterwards  preached  about  two  years  at  Bath, 
where  he  became  intimately  acquainted  with  Mrs. 
Howe,  then  Miss  Singer,  and  admired  her  sublime 
devotion  as  well  as  ingenuity  and  wit,  and  after 
wards  corresponded  with  her. 

A  new  society  having  been  formed  in  Brattle 
street,  Boston,  the  principal  gentlemen  who  com 
posed  it  sent  him  an  invitation  to  return  to  his 
native  country,  and  to  be  their  minister.  The 
peculiar  constitution  of  this  church,  differing  from 
that  of  the  other  churches  in  New  England,  ren 
dered  the  founders  desirous  that  he  should  be 
ordained  in  London.  They  approved  of  the  con 
fession  of  faith  composed  by  the  Westminster  As 
sembly  ;  but  they  were  averse  to  the  public  rela 
tion  of  experiences  then  practised  previously  to 
admission  into  the  churches,  and  they  wished  the 
Scriptures  to  be  read  on  the  Sabbath,  and  the 
Lord's  prayer  to  be  used.  These  innovations,  the 
founders  believed,  would  excite  alarm  ;  and,  to 
avoid  difficulty,  Mr.  Colman  was  ordained  by 
some  dissenting  ministers  in  London  Aug.  4, 
1699.  He  arrived  at  Boston  Nov.  1 ;  and  Dec. 
24th  the  new  house  of  worship  was  opened,  and 
Mr.  Colman  preached  in  it  for  the  first  time. 
From  the  year  1701  he  had  for  his  assistant  about 
two  years  and  a  half  Eliphalet  Adams,  afterwards 
minister  of  New  London.  William  Cooper  was 
ordained  his  colleague  May  23,  1716,  and  after 
his  death  in  1743,  his  son,  Dr.  Cooper,  was*  set 
tled  in  his  place.  His  three  wives  were  Jane 
Clark,  widow  Sarah  Clark,  and  widow  Mary 
Frost,  sister  of  Sir  Wm.  PepperelL  lie  left  no 
son.  One  daughter  married  Mr.  Turell,  another 
Mr.  Dennie. 

He  was  an  eminently  useful  and  good  man,  and 
was  universally  respected  for  his  learning  and 
talents.  lie  was  distinguished  as  a  preacher. 
Tall  and  erect  in  stature,  of  a  benign  aspect,  pre 
senting  in  his  whole  appearance  something 
amiable  and  venerable,  and  having  a  peculiar  ex 
pression  in  his  eye,  he  was  enabled  to  interest  his 
hearers.  His  voice  was  harmonious,  and  his  ac 
tion  inimitable.  He  was  ranked  among  the  first 
ministers  of  New  England.  Jesus  Christ  was  the 
great  subject  of  his  preaching.  He  dwelt  upon 
the  Redeemer  in  his  person,  natures,  offices,  and 
benefits,  and  upon  the  duties  of  natural  religion 
as  performed  only  by  strength  derived  from  the 
Saviour,  and  as  acceptable  only  for  his  sake.  He 
had  a  happy  way  of  introducing  large  paragraphs 
of  Scripture  to  enrich  his  discourses,  and  he  fre 
quently  embellished  them  by  allusions  to  the 
historical  parts  of  the  sacred  volume.  He  could 
delight  by  the  gracefulness  of  his  manner,  and 
never  by  boisterousness  and  violence  transgressed 
the  decorum  of  the  pulpit;  yet  he  knew  how  to 
preach  with  pungency,  and  could  array  the  ter 
rors  of  the  Lord  before  the  children  of  iniquity. 
It  may  excite  surprise  at  the  present  day,  that  the 


practice  of  reading  the  Scripture  and  repeating 
the  Lord's  prayer,  as  a  part  of  the  services  of  the 
Sabbath,  should  have  excited  opposition ;  but 
many  were  offended,  though  it  was  not  long  be 
fore  a  number  of  other  churches  followed  in  the 
steps  of  Brattle-street.  The  ground  of  opposition 
to  this  new  church  was  the  strong  features  of 
Episcopacy  which  it  was  imagined  were  to  be 
discerned  in  it. 

In  the  various  duties  of  the  pastoral  office  Dr. 
Colman  was  diligent  and  faithful.  He  catechized 
the  children  of  his  congregation,  addressed  them 
upon  the  concerns  of  their  souls,  and  as  they  ad 
vanced  in  years  was  urgent  in  his  persuasions  to 
induce  them  to  approach  the  table  of  the  Lord. 
His  church  had  intrusted  him  with  authority  to 
judge  of  the  qualifications  of  communicants,  and 
it  was  thought  by  many  that  he  was  too  free  in 
his  admissions  to  the  supper.  But  he  was  far 
from  thinking  that  a  competent  knowledge  of 
Christianity  and  a  moral  life  were  sufficient  quali 
fications.  He  thought  that  there  should  be  a 
profession  of  repentance  and  faith,  with  the  purpose 
and  promise  of  obedience  through  the  influence 
of  the  Divine  Spirit;  and  believed  that  the  purity 
of  the  churches  would  be  corrupted,  if  there  was 
an  indiscriminate  and  general  admission  to  the 
sacrament.  While  he  entertained  the  highest 
veneration  for  the  fathers  of  New  England,  and 
was  very  friendly  to  confessions  of  faith  and  to 
the  publication  of  them  on  particular  occasions, 
he  used  to  say  that  the  Bible  was  his  platform. 
In  his  sentiments  upon  church  government  he  in 
clined  towards  the  Presbyterians.  He  was  op 
posed  to  the  practice,  adopted  by  the  churches,  of 
sending  for  a  council  wherever  they  pleased,  be 
lieving  the  neighboring  churches  to  be  the  proper 
counsellors.  As  he  conceived  that  all  baptized 
persons  who  made  a  credible  profession  of  the 
religion  of  Christ  were  the  members  of  the 
church,  he  thought  that  they  should  not  be  pro 
hibited  in  voting  for  the  choice  of  a  minister.  At 
the  same  time,  he  considered  them  as  very  repre 
hensible,  if  they  neglected  to  approach  the  table 
of  the  Lord. 

Such  was  the  estimation  in  which  he  was  held, 
that,  after  the  death  of  Mr.  Leverett  in  1724,  he 
was  chosen  his  successor  as  president  of  Harvard 
college ;  but  he  declined  the  appointment.  He 
however  rendered  great  service  to  the  institution. 
lie  procured  benefactions  for  it,  and  took  inde 
fatigable  pains  in  forming  rules  and  orders  relat 
ing  to  the  settlement  of  the  Hollis  professor  of 
divinity  in  Cambridge.  His  care  also  extended 
to  Yale  college,  for  which  he  procured  many  val 
uable  books.  In  1732  he  addressed  a  letter  to 
Mr.  Adams,  of  New  London,  one  of  its  trustees, 
desiring  him  to  vindicate  that  college  from  the 
charge  of  Arminianism.  By  his  acquaintance  in 
England  his  usefulness  was  much  increased.  He 


252 


COLMAN. 


COLMAN. 


received  from  Samuel  Holden,  of  London,  thirty- 
nine  sets  of  the  practical  works  of  Mr.  Baxter,  in 
four  massive  volumes,  folio,  to  distribute  among 
our  churches.  He  procured  also  benefactions  for 
the  Indians  at  Iloussatonnoc,  and  engaged  with 
earnestness  in  promoting  the  objects  of  that  mis 
sion,  which  was  intrusted  to  the  care  of  Mr.  Ser 
geant.  But  his  labors  were  not  confined  to  what 
particularly  related  to  his  profession.  He  was 
employed,  in  his  younger  as  well  as  in  his  latter 
years,  on  weighty  affairs  by  the  general  court. 
No  minister  has  since  possessed  so  great  influ 
ence.  His  attention  to  civil  concerns  drew  upon 
him  censure,  and  at  times  insult ;  but  he  thought 
himself  justified  in  embracing  every  opportunity 
for  doing  good.  He  knew  the  interest  of  his 
country  and  was  able  to  promote  it ;  and  he  could 
not  admit  that  the  circumstance  of  his  being  a 
minister  ought  to  prevent  his  exertions.  Still 
there  were  few  men  more  zealous  and  unwearied 
in  the  labors  of  his  sacred  office.  His  character 
was  singularly  excellent.  Having  imbibed  the 
true  spirit  of  the  gospel,  he  was  catholic,  mod 
erate,  benevolent,  ever  anxious  to  promote  the 
gospel  of  salvation.  He  was  willing  to  sacrifice 
everything  but  truth,  to  peace.  After  a  life  con 
spicuous  for  sanctity  and  usefulness,  he  met  the 
king  of  terrors  without  fear.  In  the  early  part 
of  his  life  his  health  was  very  infirm  ;  sickness 
frequently  reminded  him  of  his  mortality,  and  he 
made  it  his  constant  care  to  live  in  readiness  for 
death.  With  a  feeble  constitution,  he  yet  was 
able  to  preach  on  the  very  Sabbath  before  he 
died.  His  life  was  written  by  Mr.  Turell,  who 
married  his  daughter;  and  was  published  in  1749. 
He  published  an  artillery  sermon  in  1702;  the 
government  and  improvement  of  mirth,  in  three 
sermons,  1707 ;  imprecation  against  the  enemies 
of  God  lawful ;  practical  discourses  on  the  para 
ble  of  the  ten  virgins,  8vo.,  1707;  a  poem  on  the 
death  of  Mr.  Willard ;  the  ruler's  piety  and  duty ; 
a  sermon  on  the  union  of  England  and  Scotland, 
1708;  on  seeking  God  early,  1713;  the  heinous 
nature  of  the  sin  of  murder ;  on  the  incompre- 
hensibleness  of  God,  in  four  sermons,  1715;  the 
precious  gifts  of  the  ascended  Saviour  ;  the  bless 
ing  and  honor  of  fruitful  mothers ;  divine  com 
passions  magnified ;  funeral  sermons  on  Abigail 
Foster,  1711 ;  Elizabeth  Waimvright,  1714  ;  Isaac 
Addington  and  Thomas  Bridge,  1714;  Elizabeth 
Hirst,  1716;  Messrs.  Brattle  and  Pcmberton,  and 
Grove  Hirst,  1717 ;  Governor  Dudley,  1720 ;  Wil 
liam  Harris,  1721 ;  Madam  Steel,  David  Stoddard, 
and  Increase  Mather,  1723  ;  President  Leverett, 
1724;  Cotton  Mather,  1728;  Solomon  Stoddard 
and  William  Welsted,  1729 ;  Simeon  Stoddard, 
1730;  Thomas  Hollis,  1731;  on  his  eldest  daugh 
ter,  1735;  Thomas  Steel,  1736;  Peter  Thacher, 
1739;  Samuel  Holden,  1740;  William  Cooper, 
1743 ;  Francis  Shirley,  1746 :  the  warnings  of 


God  unto  young  people,  1716;  a  sermon  for  the 
reformation  of  manners  ;  our  fathers'  sins  con 
fessed  with  our  own  ;  a  thanksgiving  sermon  for 
the  suppression  of  the  rebellion  in  Great  Britain ; 
at  the  ordination  of  William  Cooper,  1717;  the 
rending  of  the  vail  of  the  temple ;  five  sermons 
on  the  strong  man  armed ;  the  pleasure  of  reli 
gious  worship  in  our  public  assemblies;  an  elec 
tion  sermon,  1718;  the  blessing  of  Zebulon  and 
Issachar;  reasons  for  a  market  in  Boston,  1719; 
early  piety  inculcated,  1720;  early  piety  towards 
men,  1721;  some  observations  on  inoculation; 
Jacob's  vow,  1722 ;  Moses  a  witness  to  Christ,  a 
sermon  at  the  baptism  of  Mr.  Monis,  1722;  an 
election  sermon,  1723 ;  God  deals  with  us  as  ra 
tional  creatures  ;  the  duty  of  parents  to  pray  for 
their  children ;  the  doctrine  and  law  of  the  holy 
Sabbath,  1725 ;  a  sermon  to  pirates,  1726  ;  a  sac 
ramental  discourse,  1727  ;  at  the  ordination  of 
Mr.  Pemberton,  of  New  York ;  on  the  accession 
of  George  II. ;  five  sermons  on  the  great  earth 
quake  ;  twenty  sacramental  sermons  on  the  glo 
ries  of  Christ,  8vo.  1728 ;  the  duty  of  young 
people  to  give  their  hearts  to  God,  four  sermons ; 
death  and  the  grave  without  any  order;  a  treatise 
on  family  worship ;  on  Gov.  Belcher's  accession, 
1730;  the  grace  given  us  in  the  preached  gospel, 
1732;  God  is  a  great  king,  1733  ;  the  fast  which 
God  hath  chosen,  1734;  a  dissertation  on  the 
three  first  chapters  of  Genesis,  1735  ;  a  disserta 
tion  on  the  image  of  God,  wherein  man  was 
created,  1736;  merchandise  and  hire,  holiness  to 
the  Lord ;  righteousness  and  compassion  the 
ruler's  duty  and  character ;  the  Divine  compas 
sion  new  every  morning,  1737;  waiting  on  God 
in  our  straits  and  difficulties,  1737  ;  at  the  artillery 
election,  1738;  the  unspeakable  gift,  1739;  the 
withered  hand  restored ;  pleasant  to  see  souls 
flying  to  Christ,  1740;  on  Gov.  Shirley's  ac 
cession,  1741 ;  the  word  of  God  magnified  by 
him,  1742 ;  the  glory  of  God's  power  in  the  fir 
mament  ;  Satan's  fiery  darts  in  hellish  sugges 
tions,  in  several  sermons,  1744;  at  the  ordination 
of  Samuel  Cooper,  1746. —  TurelVs  Life  and 
Character  of  Colman ;  Thacher's  Centrnary 
Sermon;  Hopkins'  History  of  Iloussatonnoc 
Indians. 

COLMAN,  HENRY,  died  at  Islington,  London, 
Aug.  17,  1849.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Dart 
mouth  in  1805,  and  was  many  years  a  Unitarian 
minister  in  Salem.  He  afterwards  devoted  him 
self  to  agricultural  inquiries,  and  had  a  commis 
sion  for  that  object  under  the  authority  of  the 
State;  in  this  capacity  he  went  abroad  in  1842, 
and  was  received  with  distinction  in  various  parts 
of  England.  It  was  on  his  return  from  Ireland, 
visited  for  the  same  object,  that  by  his  exposure 
on  deck  he  took  a  violent  and  fatal  cold.  He 
had  engaged  his  passage  home  to  America.  His 
daughter,  Anna  S.,  wife  of  Pickering  Dodge,  died 


COLTOX. 


COLUMBUS. 


253 


in  North  Salem  Sept.  16,  1849.  He  published  a 
volume  of  sermons,  1820 ;  a  half-century  sermon, 
1826;  six  or  seven  other  sermons;  and  various 
agricultural  reports  and  works,  among  them,  ag 
riculture  and  rural  economy  of  France,  etc. ; 
European  agriculture,  etc.,  2  vols. ;  also,  European 
life  and  manners,  2  vols.,  1848. 

COLTOX,  GEORGE,  died  in  Springfield,  now 
Longmeadow,  in  1699,  the  ancestor  of  all  in  Xew 
England  who  bear  the  name  of  Colton.  He  came 
from  near  Birmingham,  was  at  Springfield  as 
early  as  1644,  and  was  representative  in  1669. 
His  wife  was  Deborah  Gardner.  He  left  five 
sons  and  four  daughters. 

COLTOX,  GEORGE,  died  at  Bolton,  Conn.,  in 
1812,  aged  56.  He  was  the  son  of  Rev.  Benja 
min  C.,  of  West  Hartford,  a  graduate  of  1756. 
With  eccentricities,  he  was  yet  a  devout,  godly 
man.  He  was  a  few  inches  less  than  seven  feet 
in  height,  and  lank,  and  wore  a  cocked  hat  and 
an  enormous  wig  ;  he  was  called  "  the  high  priest 
of  Bolton."  A  child  cried  at  meeting,  being 
afraid  of  "  that  big  man  with  a  sheep  on  his 
back."  He  once  preached  a  sermon  of  reproof 
to  his  people,  and  the  same  by  way  of  exchange 
at  Andover,  some  miles  distant,  uttering  these 
words  from  it,  much  to  the  astonishment  of  the 
people :  "  I  hear  the  sound  of  your  axes  at  my 
house  every  Saturday  night,  long  after  sundown." 
In  his  last  years  his  church  declined ;  but  his  suc 
cessor,  Philander  Parmelee,  who  died  in  1822,  by 
his  most  faithful  and  zealous  labors  in  various  re 
vivals,  greatly  promoted  the  interests  of  religion 
in  Bolton. 

COLTOX,  JOHN  O.,  a  minister  in  New  Haven, 
died  April  20,  1840,  aged  30.  He  was  a  grad 
uate  of  1802,  the  son  of  Rev.  George  C.,  of 
Westford,  X.  Y.,  and  great-grandson  of  Rev. 
Benj.  C.,  of  West  Hartford.  He  was  a  scholar 
of  promise  ;  he  edited  a  Greek  reader. 

COLTOX,  WALTER,  died  in  Philadelphia  Jan. 
22,  1851,  aged  53.  He  was  born  in  Rutland,  Vt, 
the  brother  of  Calvin  C.,  was  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1822,  and  early  became  a  preacher,  and 
taught  an  academy  at  Middletown.  In  1828  he 
edited  the  American  Spectator,  a  political  paper 
at  Washington.  He  was  the  friend  of  Jackson, 
who  in  1830  appointed  him  a  chaplain  in  the 
navy.  He  was  three  years  in  the  Constellation 
in  the  Mediterranean.  He  was  then  chaplain  of 
the  navy-yard  at  Philadelphia,  and  edited  the 
Xorth  American.  Going  with  the  squadron  to 
the  Pacific,  about  1846,  he  was  alcalde  of  Mon 
terey  in  California,  and  judge  of  admiralty,  and 
established  the  California!!,  the  first  paper,  and 
built  the  first  school-house,  and  first  announced  to 
our  country  the  discovery  of  gold.  He  returned 
in  1850.  A  cold,  terminating  in  dropsy,  occasioned 
his  death.  He  wrote  much  :  ship  and  shore,  1835 ; 
visit  to  Constantinople  and  Athens,  1836;  deck 


and  port ;  three  years  in  California ;  land  and 
lee ;  the  sea  and  the  sailor ;  notes  on  France  and 
Italy,  with  a  memoir  by  Henry  T.  Checver. 

COLTOX,  GEORGE  H.,  died  Dec.  1, 1847,  aged 
29.  The  son  of  Rev.  George  C.,  of  Westford, 
X.  Y.,  he  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1840.  He 
was  a  teacher  in  Hartford,  delivered  lectures  on 
the  Indians,  and  commenced  in  1845  the  editor 
ship  of  the  American  Whig  Review.  He  pub 
lished  Tecumseh,  a  poem  in  nine  cantos.  —  CycL 
of  American  Literature,  II.  658. 

COLUMBUS,  CHRISTOPHER,  the  first  discov 
erer  of  the  Xew  World,  died  May  20,  1506,  aged 
about  70.  He  was  born  at  Colognette,  near  Ge 
noa,  about  the  year  1436.  His  father,  Domenico 
Colombo,  was  a  manufacturer  of  woollen  stuffs  in 
Genoa,  and  rather  poor.  When  the  son  went  to 
reside  in  Spain  he  changed  the  name  of  Colombo 
to  Colon,  as  more  conformable  to  the  Spanish 
idiom,  writing  his  name  Cristoval  Colon.  He 
was  educated  in  the  sciences  of  geometry  and  as 
tronomy,  which  form  the  basis  of  navigation,  and 
was  well  versed  in  cosmography,  history,  and  phi 
losophy,  having  studied  some  time  at  Pavia.  To 
equip  himself  more  completely  for  making  dis 
coveries,  he  learned  to  draw.  He  entered  upon 
a  seafaring  life  at  the  age  of  fourteen.  During 
one  of  his  voyages  the  ship  in  which  he  sailed 
took  fire  in  an  engagement  with  a  Venetian  gal 
ley,  and,  by  the  help  of  an  oar,  he  swam  two 
leagues  to  the  coast  of  Portugal,  near  Lisbon. 

He  married  at  Lisbon  Dona  Felipa  Monis  de 
Palestrello,  the  daughter  of  an  old  Italian  seaman, 
from  whose  journals  and  charts  he  received  the 
highest  entertainment.  The  Portuguese  were  at 
this  time  endeavoring  to  find  a  way  to  India 
around  Africa ;  they  had  been  pursuing  this  ob 
ject  for  half  a  century  without  attaining  it,  and 
had  advanced  no  farther  along  the  coast  of  Africa 
than  just  to  cross  the  equator,  when  Columbus 
conceived  his  great  design  of  finding  India  in  the 
Vest.  He  knew  from  observing  lunar  eclipses 
that  the  earth  was  a  sphere,  and  concluded  that 
it  might  be  travelled  over  from  east  to  west,  or 
from  west  to  east.  He  also  hoped,  that  between 
Spain  and  India  some  islands  would  be  found, 
which  would  be  resting-places  in  his  voyage. 
Some  learned  writers  had  asserted  that  it  was 
possible  to  effect  what  he  was  now  resolved  to 
accomplish.  So  early  as  the  year  1474  he  had 
communicated  his  ideas  in  writing  to  Paul  Fosca- 
nelli,  a  learned  physician  of  Florence,  who  en 
couraged  his  design,  sending  him  a  chart,  in 
which  he  had  laid  down  the  supposed  capital  of 
China,  but  little  more  than  two  thousand  leagues 
westward  from  Lisbon.  The  stories  of  mariners, 
that  carved  wood,  a  covered  canoe,  and  human 
bodies  of  a  singular  complexion  had  been  found 
after  westerly  winds,  also  contributed  to  settle  his 
judgment.  Having  established  his  theory  and 


254 


COLUMBUS. 


COLUMBUS. 


formed  his  design,  he  now  began  to  think  of  the 
means  of  carrying  it  into  execution.  Deeming 
the  enterprise  too  great  to  be  undertaken  by  any 
but  a  sovereign  State,  he  applied  first,  according 
to  Herrera,  to  the  republic  of  Genoa,  by  whom 
his  project  was  treated  as  visionary.  Ferdinando 
Columbus,  in  his  life  of  his  father,  says  nothing 
of  this  application,  but  represents  that  the  plan 
was  first  proposed  to  John  II.,  king  of  Portugal, 
because  his  father  lived  under  him.  This  king 
had  encountered  such  vast  expense  in  fruitless  at 
tempts  to  find  a  way  to  India  around  the  African 
continent,  that  he  was  entirely  indisposed  to  give 
to  Columbus  the  encouragement  which  he  wished 
to  obtain.  By  the  advice,  however,  of  a  favorite 
courtier,  he  privately  gave  orders  to"  a  ship  bound 
to  the  island  of  Cape  de  Verd,  to  attempt  a  dis 
covery  in  the  west ;  but  the  navigators,  through 
ignorance  and  want  of  enterprise,  effected  noth 
ing,  and  on  reaching  their  destined  port  turned 
the  project  of  Columbus  into  ridicule.  When  he 
became  acquainted  with  this  dishonorable  conduct 
of  the  king,  he  quitted  Portugal  in  disgust,  and 
repaired  to  Ferdinand,  king  of  Spain.  He  had 
previously  sent  his  brother,  Bartholomew,  to  Eng 
land,  to  solicit  the  patronage  of  Henry  VII. ;  but 
on  his  passage  he  was  taken  by  pirates,  and  he 
was  detained  a  number  of  years  in  captivity. 
The  proposal  of  Columbus  was  referred  to  the 
consideration  of  the  most  learned  men  in  Spain, 
who  rejected  it  for  various  reasons,  one  of  which 
was,  that,  if  a  ship  should  sail  westward  on  a 
globe,  she  would  necessarily  go  down  on  the  op 
posite  side,  and  then  it  would  be  impossible  to 
return,  for  it  would  be  like  climbing  up  a  hill, 
which  no  ship  could  do  with  the  strongest  wind. 
But,  by  the  influence  of  Juan  Perez,  a  Spanish 
priest,  and  Lewis  Santangel,  an  officer  of  the 
king's  household,  Queen  Isabella  was  persuaded 
to  listen  to  his  request,  and,  after  he  had  been 
twice  repulsed,  recalled  him  to  court.  She  offered 
to  pawn  her  jewels  to  defray  the  expense  of  the 
equipment,  amounting  to  more  than  2,500  crowns  ; 
but  the  money  was  advanced  by  Santangel. 
Thus,  after  seven  years'  painful  solicitation,  he 
obtained  the  patronage  which  he  thought  of  the 
highest  importance  in  executing  his  plan. 

By  an  agreement  with  their  Catholic  majesties, 
of  April  17,  1492,  he  was  to  be  viceroy  and  admi 
ral  of  all  the  countries  which  he  should  discover, 
and  was  to  receive  one-tenth  part  of  the  profits 
accruing  from  their  productions  and  commerce. 
He  sailed  from  Palos  in  Spain,  Friday,  Aug.  3, 
1492,  with  three  vessels,  two  of  which  were  called 
caravels,  being  small  vessels,  without  decks,  ex 
cept  perhaps  at  the  ends,  having  on  board  in  the 
whole  ninety  men.  He  might  have  deemed 
small  vessels  better  fitted  for  the  purposes  of 
navigation  in  unknown  seas.  He  himself  com 
manded  the  largest  vessel,  called  Santa  Maria. 


He  left  the  Canaries  Sept.  6,  and,  when  he  was 
about  two  hundred  leagues  to  the  west,  the  mag 
netic  needle  was  observed,  Sept.  14th,  to  vary 
from  the  pole-star.  This  phenomenon  filled  the 
seamen  with  terror,  but  his  fertile  genius,  by  sug 
gesting  a  plausible  reason,  in  some  degree  quieted 
their  apprehensions.  After  being  twenty  days  at 
sea  without  the  sight  of  land,  some  of  them 
talked  of  throwing  their  commander  into  the 
ocean.  All  his  talents  were  required  to  stimulate 
their  hopes.  At  length,  when  he  was  almost  re 
duced  to  the  necessity  of  abandoning  the  enter 
prise,  at  ten  o'clock  in  the  night  of  Oct.  llth,  he 
saw  a  light,  which  was  supposed  to  be  on  shore, 
and  early  the  next  morning,  Friday,  Oct.  12th, 
land  was  distinctly  seen,  which  proved  to  be 
Guanahana,  one  of  the  Bahama  islands.  Thus 
he  effected  an  object  which  he  had  been  twenty 
years  in  projecting  and  executing.  At  sunrise 
the  boats  were  manned  and  the  adventurers 
rowed  towards  the  shore  with  music  and  with 
martial  pomp.  The  coast  was  covered  with  peo 
ple,  who  were  overwhelmed  with  astonishment. 
Columbus  went  first  on  shore,  and  was  followed 
by  his  men.  They  all,  kneeling  down,  kissed  the 
ground  with  tears  of  joy,  and  returned  thanks  for 
their  successful  voyage.  This  island,  which  is  in 
north  latitude  25°,  and  is  sometimes  called  Cat 
island,  was  named  by  Columbus  San  Salvador. 
Having  discovered  a  number  of  other  islands,  and 
among  them  Cuba,  Oct.  27th,  and  Hispaniola, 
Dec.  6th,  he  began  to  think  of  returning.  His 
large  ship  having  been  wrecked  on  the  shoals  of 
Hispaniola,  he  built  a  fort  with  her  timber,  and 
left  behind  him  a  colony  of  thirty-nine  men  at 
the  port,  which  he  called  Xavidad,  the  nativity, 
because  he  entered  it  on  Christmas  day.  From 
this  place  he  sailed  Jan.  4,  1493.  During  his 
passage,  when  threatened  with  destruction  by  a 
violent  storm,  he  wrote  an  account  of  his  discov 
eries  on  parchment,  which  he  wrapped  in  a  piece 
of  oiled  cloth  and  inclosed  in  a  cake  of  wax. 
This  he  put  into  a  tight  cask  and  threw  it  into 
the  sea,  with  the  hope  that  it  might  be  driven 
ashore,  and  that  his  discoveries  might  not  be  lost, 
if  the  vessel  should  sink.  But  he  was  providen 
tially  saved  from  destruction,  and  arrived  safe  at 
Lisbon  March  4th.  On  the  15th  he  reached 
Palos,  and  was  received  with  the  highest  tokens 
of  honor  by  the  king  and  queen,  who  now  made 
him  admiral  of  Spain. 

He  sailed  on  his  second  voyage  to  the  New 
World  Sept.  25,  1493,  having  a  fleet  of  three 
ships  of  war,  and  fourteen  caravels,  and  about 
one  thousand  and  five  hundred  people,  some  of 
whom  were  of  the  first  families  in  Spain.  The 
pope  had  granted,  by  bull,  dated  May  3,  1493,  in 
full  right  to  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  all  the  coun 
tries  from  pole  to  pole  beyond  a  line  drawn  one 
hundred  leagues  west  of  the  Azores ;  and  their 


COLUMBUS. 

Catholic  majesties  had  confirmed  to  Columbus  his 
privileges,  making  the  office  of  viceroy  and  gov 
ernor  of  the  Indies  hereditary  in  his  family.  On 
the  Lord's  day,  Nov.  3,  he  discovered  an  island, 
which  in  honor  of  the  day  he  called  Dominica. 
After  discovering  Marigalante,  so  called  in  honor 
of  his  ship,  Guadaloupe,  Montserrat,  Antigua,  and 
other  islands,  he  entered  the  port  of  Navidad,  on 
the  north  side  of  Ilispaniola,  where  he  had  left 
his  colony ;  but  not  a  Spaniard  was  to  be  seen,  and 
the  fort  was  entirely  demolished.  The  men,  whom 
he  had  left  in  this  place,  had  seized  the  provisions 
of  the  natives  and  their  women,  and  exhibited 
such  rapacity  as  to  excite  the  indignation  of  the 
Indians,  who  had  in  consequence  burned  the  fort 
and  cut  them  off.  Dec.  8th,  he  landed  at  another 
part  of  the  same  island,  near  a  rock  which  was  a 
convenient  situation  for  a  fort ;  and  here  he  built 
a  town,  which  he  called  Isabella,  and  which  was 
the  first  town  founded  by  Europeans  in  the  New 
World,  lie  discovered  Jamaica  May  5,  1494, 
Avhere  he  found  water  and  other  refreshments  for 
his  men,  of  which  they  were  in  the  greatest  want. 
On  his  return  to  Ilispaniola,  Sept.  29,  he  met  his 
brother,  Bartholomew,  from  whom  he  had  been 
separated  for  thirteen  years,  and  whom  he  sup 
posed  to  be  dead.  His  brother  had  brought  sup 
plies  from  Spain  in  three  ships,  which  he  com 
manded,  and  arrived  at  a  time  when  his  prudence, 
experience,  and  bravery  were  peculiarly  needed  ; 
for  Columbus  on  his  return  found  the  colony  in 
the  utmost  confusion.  Their  licentiousness  had 
provoked  the  natives,  who  had  united  against 
their  invaders,  and  had  actually  killed  a  number  of 
the  Spaniards.  He  collected  his  people,  and  pre 
vented  the  destruction  which  threatened  them. 
In  the  spring  of  1495,  he  carried  on  a  war 
against  the  natives,  and  with  two  hundred  men, 
twenty  horses,  and  as  many  dogs,  he  defeated  an 
army  of  Indians  wliich  has  been  estimated  at  one 
hundred  thousand.  In  about  a  year  he  reduced 
the  natives  to  submission.  But  while  Columbus 
was  faithfully  employing  his  talents  to  promote 
the  interests  of  his  sovereign,  his  enemies  were 
endeavoring  to  ruin  his  character.  He  was  a  for 
eigner,  and  the  proud  Spaniards  could  not  pa 
tiently  see  him  elevated  to  such  honors.  He  did 
not  require  so  enormous  a  tribute  of  the  Indians 
as  some  of  his  rapacious  adventurers  would  im 
pose,  and  complaints  against  him  were  entered 
with  the  king's  ministers.  The  discipline,  which 
he  maintained  was  represented  as  severity,  and 
the  punishments  which  he  inflicted,  as  cruelty ; 
and  it  was  suggested,  that  he  was  aiming  to 
make  himself  independent.  These  whispers  ex 
cited  suspicion  in  the  jealous  mind  of  Ferdi 
nand,  and  Columbus  was  reduced  to  the  neces 
sity  of  returning  to  the  Spanish  court,  that 
he  might  vindicate  himself  from  these  false 
charges.  After  placing  the  affairs  of  the  colony 


COLUMBUS. 


255 


in  the  best  possible  condition,  and  leaving  the  su 
preme  power  in  the  hands  of  his  brother  Barthol 
omew,  he  sailed  from  Isabella  March  10,  1496, 
having  with  him  thirty  Indians.  He  first  visited 
several  islands,  and,  leaving  the  West  Indies  April 
20,  he  arrived  at  Cadiz,  after  a  dangerous  and  tedi 
ous  voyage,  June  1 1th.  His  presence  at  court,  with 
the  influence  of  the  gold  and  other  valuable  arti 
cles  which  he  carried  with  him,  removed  in  some 
degree  the  suspicions  which  had  been  gathering 
in  the  mind  of  the  king.  But  his  enemies, 
though  silent,  were  not  idle.  They  threw  such 
obstructions  in  his  way,  that  it  was  nearly  two  years 
before  he  could  again  set  sail  to  continue  his  dis 
coveries.  Fonseca.  Bishop  of  Badajos,  who  in 
Sept.,  1497,  was  reinstated  in  the  direction  of  In 
dian  affairs,  was  his  principal  enemy.  It  was  he 
who  patronized  Amerigo. 

May  30,  1498,  he  sailed  from  Spain  on  his 
third  voyage  with  six  ships.  At  the  Canary  Is 
lands  he  dispatched  three  of  his  ships  with  pro 
visions  to  Ilispaniola,  and  with  the  other  three  he 
kept  a  course  more  to  the  south.  He  discovered 
Trinidad  July  31,  and  the  continent  of  Terra 
Firma  on  the  first  of  August.  Having  made 
many  other  discoveries  he  entered  the  port  of  St. 
Domingo,  in  Ilispaniola,  Aug.  30.  By  the  direc 
tion  of  Columbus,  his  brother  had  begun  a  settle 
ment  in  this  place,  and  it  was  now  made  the 
capital.  Its  name  was  given  to  it  in  honor  of 
Dominic,  the  father  of  Columbus.  lie  found  the 
colony  in  a  state  which  awakened  his  most  seri 
ous  apprehensions.  Francis  Iloldan,  whom  he 
had  left  chief  justice,  had  excited  a  considerable 
number  of  the  Spaniards  to  mutiny.  He  had 
attempted  to  seize  the  magazine  and  fort,  but,  fail 
ing  of  success,  retired  to  a  distant  part  of  the 
island.  Columbus  had  not  a  force  sufficient  to  sub 
due  him,  and  he  dreaded  the  effects  of  a  civil  war, 
which  might  put  it  in  the  power  of  the  Indians  to 
destroy  the  whole  colony.  He  had  recourse 
therefore  to  address.  By  promising  pardon  to 
such  as  should  submit,  by  offering  the  liberty  of 
return  to  Spain,  and  by  offering  to  re-establish 
Iloldan  in  his  office,  he  in  Xov.  dissolved  this 
dangerous  combination.  Some  of  the  refractory 
were  tried  and  put  to  death. 

As  soon  as  his  affairs  would  permit,  he  sent 
some  of  his  ships  to  Spain,  with  a  journal  of  his 
voyage,  a  chart  of  the  coast  which  he  had  dis 
covered,  specimens  of  the  gold  and  pearls,  and  an 
account  of  the  insurrection.  Iloldan  at  the  same 
time  sent  home  his  accusations  against  Columbus. 
The  suspicions  of  Ferdinand  were  revived,  and 
they  were  fomented  by  Fonseca  and  others.  It 
was  resolved  to  send  to  Ilispaniola  a  judge,  who 
should  examine  facts  upon  the  spot.  Francis  de 
Bovadilla  was  appointed  for  this  purpose,  with  full 
powers  to  supersede  Columbus,  if  he  found  him 
guilty.  When  he  arrived  at  St.  Domingo,  all  dis- 


256 


COLUMBUS. 


COLUMBUS. 


sensions  were  composed  in  the  island,  effectual 
provisions  were  made  for  working  the  mines,  and 
the  authority  of  Columbus  over  the  Spaniards  and 
Indians  was  well  established.  But  Bovadilla 
was  determined  to  treat  him  as  a  criminal.  He 
accordingly  took  possession  of  his  house  and 
seized  his  effects,  and,  assuming  the  government, 
ordered  Columbus  to  be  arrested  in  Oct.,  1500, 
and  loaded  with  irons.  He  was  thus  sent  home 
as  a  prisoner.  The  captain  of  the  vessel,  as  soon 
as  he  was  clear  of  the  island,  offered  to  release 
him  from  his  fetters.  "  No,"  said  Columbus,  "  I 
wear  these  irons  in  consequence  of  an  order  of 
my  sovereigns,  and  their  command  alone  shall  set 
me  at  liberty."  He  arrived  at  Cadiz  Nov.  5,  and 
Dec.  17  was  set  at  liberty  by  the  command  of 
Ferdinand  and  invited  to  court.  He  vindicated 
his  conduct  and  brought  the  most  satisfying 
proofs  of  the  malevolence  of  his  enemies.  But, 
though  his  sovereigns  promised  to  recall  Bova 
dilla,  they  did  not  restore  Columbus  to  his  gov 
ernment.  Their  jealousy  was  not  yet  entirely  re 
moved.  In  the  beginning  of  1502,  Ovando  was 
sent  out  governor  of  Ilispaniola,  and  thus  a  new 
proof  was  given  of  the  suspicion  and  injustice  of 
the  Spanish  king. 

Columbus,  still  intent  on  discovering  a  passage  to 
India,  sailed  on  his  fourth  voyage  from  Cadiz  May 
9,  1502,  with  four  small  vessels,  the  largest  of 
which  was  but  of  seventy  tons.  He  arrived  off 
St.  Domingo  June  29,  but  Ovando  refused  him 
admission  into  the  port.  A  fleet  of  eighteen  sail 
was  at  this  time  about  setting  sail  for  Spain. 
Columbus  advised  Ovando  to  stop  them  for  a  few 
days,  as  he  perceived  the  prognostics  of  an 
approaching  storm ;  but  his  salutary  warning 
was  disregarded.  The  fleet  sailed,  and  of  the 
eighteen  vessels,  but  two  or  three  escaped  the 
hurricane.  In  this  general  wreck  perished  Bova 
dilla,  Iloldan,  and  the  other  enemies  of  Columbus, 
together  with  the  immense  wealth  which  they 
had  unjustly  acquired.  Columbus  under  the  lee 
of  the  shore  rode  out  the  tempest  with  great  diffi 
culty.  He  soon  left  Hispaniola,  and  discovered 
the  bay  of  Honduras.  He  then  proceeded  to  Cape 
Gracias  a,  Dios  and  thence  along  the  coast  to  the 
Isthmus  of  Darien,  where  he  hoped  but  in  vain 
to  find  a  passage  to  the  great  sea  beyond  the  con 
tinent,  which  he  believed  would  conduct  him  to 
India.  Nov.  2,  he  found  a  harbor,  which  on 
account  of  its  beauty  he  called  Porto  Bello.  He 
afterwards  met  with  such  violent  storms  as  threat 
ened  his  leaky  vessels  with  destruction.  One  of 
them  he  lost  and  the  other  he  was  obliged  to 
abandon.  With  the  two  remaining  ships  he  with 
the  utmost  difficulty  reached  the  island  of  Ja 
maica  in  1503,  being  obliged  to  run  them  aground 
to  prevent  them  from  sinking.  His  ships  were 
ruined  beyond  the  possibility  of  being  repaired, 
and  to  convey  an  account  of  his  situation  to  Ilis 


paniola  seemed  impracticable.  But  his  fertile 
genius  discovered  the  only  expedient  which  was 
left  him.  He  obtained  from  the  natives  two  of 
their  canoes,  each  formed  out  of  a  single  tree. 
In  these,  two  of  his  most  faithful  friends  offered 
to  set  out  on  a  voyage  of  above  thirty  leagues. 
They  reached  Ilispaniola  in  ten  days,  but  they 
solicited  relief  for  their  companions  eight  months 
in  vain.  Ovando  was  governed  by  a  mean  jeal 
ousy  of  Columbus,  and  he  was  willing  that  he 
should  perish.  In  the  mean  time  Columbus  had 
to  struggle  with  the  greatest  difficulties.  His 
seamen  threatened  his  life  for  bringing  them  into 
such  trouble ;  they  mutinied,  seized  a  number  of 
boats,  and  went  to  a  distant  part  of  the  island ; 
the  natives  murmured  at  the  long  residence  of 
the  Spaniards  among  them,  and  began  to  bring 
in  their  provisions  with  reluctance.  But  the  inge 
nuity  and  foresight  of  Columbus  again  relieved 
him  from  his  difficulties.  He  knew  that  a  total 
eclipse  of  the  moon  was  near.  On  the  day  before 
it  occurred,  he  assembled  the  principal  Indians, 
and  told  them  that  the  Great  Spirit  in  heaven 
was  angry  with  them  for  withdrawing  their  assis 
tance  from  his  servants,  the  Spaniards ;  that  he 
was  about  to  punish  them ;  and  that  as  a  sign  of 
his  wrath  the  moon  would  be  obscured  that  very 
night.  As  the  eclipse  came  on,  they  ran  to  Co 
lumbus,  loaded  with  provisions,  and  entreated  his 
intercession  with  the  Great  Spirit  to  avert  the 
destruction  which  threatened  them.  From  this 
time  the  natives  were  very  ready  to  bring  their 
provisions,  and  they  treated  the  Spaniards  with 
the  greatest  respect. 

At  the  end  of  eight  months  Ovando  sent  a 
small  vessel  to  Jamaica  to  spy  out  the  condition 
of  Columbus.  Its  approach  inspired  the  greatest 
joy;  but  the  officer,  after  delivering  a  cask  of 
wine,  two  flitches  of  bacon,  and  a  letter  of  com 
pliment,  immediately  set  sail  on  his  return.  To 
quiet  the  murmurs,  which  were  rising,  Columbus 
told  his  companions,  that  he  himself  had  refused 
to  return  in  the  caravel,  because  it  was  too  small 
to  take  the  whole  of  them ;  but  that  another  ves 
sel  would  soon  arrive  to  take  them  off.  The  mu 
tineers  from  a  distant  part  of  the  island  were 
approaching  and  it  was  necessary  to  oppose  them 
with  force.  Columbus,  being  afflicted  with  the 
gout,  sent  his  brother,  Bartholomew,  against 
them,  who  on  their  refusing  to  submit  attacked 
them,  and  took  their  leader  prisoner.  At  length 
a  vessel,  which  was  purchased  by  one  of  his 
friends,  who  went  to  Ilispaniola  for  his  relief, 
came  to  Jamaica  and  released  him  from  his  un 
pleasant 'situation.  On  his  arrival  at  St.  Domingo 
Aug.  13,  1504,  Ovando  received  him  with  the 
most  studied  respect,  but,  as  he  soon  gave  new 
proofs  of  malevolence,  Columbus  prepared  for  his 
return  to  Spain.  In  Sept.,  he  set  sail,  accompa 
nied  by  his  brother  and  son,  and  after  a  long 


COLUMBUS. 

voyage,  in  which  he  encountered  violent  storms, 
and  after  sailing  seven  hundred  leagues  with  jury 
masts,  he  reached  the  port  of  St.  Lucar  in  Dec. 
lie  now  was  informed  of  the  death  of  his  patron 
ess,  Isabella.  He  soon  repaired  to  court,  and 
after  spending  about  a  year  in  fruitless  solicitation 
for  his  violated  rights,  and  after  calling  in  vain 
upon  a  sovereign  to  respect  his  engagements,  he 
died  at  Valladolid,  leaving  two  sons,  Don  Diego 
and  Ferdinand.  His  body  was  deposited  in  the 
convent  of  St.  Francisco;  and  in  1513  removed  to 
the  monastery  of  the  Carthusians  at  Seville,  and 
thence  in  Io36  to  the  city  of  St.  Domingo  in 
Hispaniola,  where  it  was  placed  in  the  chancel  of 
the  cathedral.  In  179,5,  when  the  Spanish  part 
of  Hispaniola  was  ceded  to  France,  the  bones  of 
Columbus  were  transported  to  the  Havana, 
where  they  now  lie,  in  the  wall  of  the  cathedral. 
At  this  city  a  eulogy  was  pronounced  on  the  occa 
sion  by  an  aged  priest,  Jan.  17, 179G,  in  the  pres 
ence  of  nearly  a  hundred  thousand  people.  A 
white  marble  tablet  was  inserted  in  the  wall  in 
1832,  having  on  it  a  medallion  profile,  and  an 
inscription,  wishing  his  remains  might  remain  a 
thousand  years  in  the  urn  and  in  the  remem 
brance  of  the  nation. 

In  the  character  of  Columbus  were  combined 
the  qualities  which  constitute  greatness.  He 
possessed  a  strong  and  penetrating  mind.  He 
knew  the  sciences,  as  they  were  taught  at  the 
period  in  which  he  lived.  He  was  fond  of  great 
enterprises,  and  capable  of  prosecuting  them  with 
the  most  unwearied  patience.  He  surmounted 
difficulties  wliich  would  have  entirely  discouraged 
persons  of  less  firmness  and  constancy  of  spirit. 
Ilis  invention  extricated  him  from  many  perplex 
ities,  and  his  prudence  enabled  him  to  conceal  or 
subdue  his  own  infirmities,  whilst  he  took  advan 
tage  of  the  passions  of  others,  adjusting  his  be 
havior  to  his  circumstances,  temporizing,  or  acting 
with  vigor,  as  the  occasion  required.  He  was  a 
man  of  undaunted  courage  and  high  thoughts. 

The  following  instance  of  the  ingenuity  of 
Columbus,  in  vindicating  his  claim  to  respect  for 
his  discoveries,  is  related  by  Peter  Martyr.  Not 
'  long  before  his  death,  at  a  public  dinner,  the 
nobility  insinuated  that  his  discoveries  were  rather 
the  result  of  accident  than  of  well-concerted  meas 
ures.  Columbus  heard  them  decry  his  services 
for  some  time,  but  at  length  called  for  an  egg, 
and  asked  them  to  set  it  upright  on  its  smaller 
end.  When  they  confessed  it  to  be  impossible, 
he  flatted  its  shell  by  striking  it  gently  upon  the 
table  till  it  stood  upright.  The  company  imme 
diately  exclaimed,  with  a  sneer,  "  Anybody  might 
have  done  it." — "  Yes,"  said  Columbus,  "  but  none 
of  you  thought  of  it.  So  I  discovered  the  Indies, 
and  now  every  pilot  can  steer  the  same  course. 
Remember  the  scoffs  which  were  thrown  at  me 
before  I  put  my  design  in  execution.  Then  it 
33 


COMSTOCK. 


257 


was  a  dream,  a  chimera,  a  delusion;   now  it  is 
what  anybody  might  have  done  as  well  as  I." 
The  signature  to  his  will  is  as  follows  : 
S. 

8.  A.  S. 

X.     M.     Y. 

EL  ALMIRANTE. 

Instead  of  the  last  line,  the  Admiral,  he  some 
times  put  the  words,  — 

XPO  FERENS, 

Or  Christo  Ferens.  The  other  letters  have  not 
been  explained.  They  are  supposed  to  be  the 
ciphers  of  a  pious  ejaculation  to  Christ  and  Mary 
and  Joscphus,  as  Sancta  Maria,  Salva  me,  etc. 
Mr.  Irving  has  not  accounted  for  the  disposition 
of  the  letters  in  the  form  of  a  pyramid.  It  was 
probably  with  reference  to  the  name  Colon,  Col- 
onna  in  Italian,  a  column. 

Columbus  was  tall  of  stature,  large  and  muscu 
lar,  long  visaged,  of  a  majestic  aspect,  his  nose 
hooked,  his  eyes  gray,  of  a  clear  complexion,  and 
somewhat  ruddy.  He  was  witty  and  elegant. 
His  conversation  was  discreet,  which  gained  him 
the  affections  of  those  with  whom  he  had  to  deal, 
and  his  presence  attracted  respect,  having  an  air 
of  authority  and  grandeur.  He  was  always  tem 
perate  in  eating  and  drinking,  and  modest  in  his 
dress.  He  understood  Latin  and  composed  ver 
ses.  In  religion  he  was  a  very  zealous  and  devout 
Catholic.  He  left  two  sons,  Diego  and  Ferdinand. 
The  latter  entered  the  church :  he  collected  the 
richest  library  in  Spain,  consisting  of  twelve  thou 
sand  volumes,  which  he  bequeathed  to  the  cathedral 
church  of  Seville,  where  he  resided.  Diego  was 
for  a  time  admiral  and  governor  of  Hispaniola. 

Columbus  was  ever  faithful  to  his  prince.  How 
far  the  artifices,  to  which  he  had  recourse  in  the 
dangerous  circumstances  in  which  he  was  placed, 
can  be  justified,  it  might  not  be  easy  to  decide. 
He  is  represented  as  a  person  who  always  enter 
tained  a  reverence  for  the  Deity,  and  confidence 
in  his  protection.  His  last  words  were,  "  Into 
thy  hands,  O  Lord,  I  commend  my  spirit."  His 
life  was  written  by  his  son  Ferdinand.  His  per 
sonal  narrative,  translated  by  Samuel  Kettell, 
was  published  at  Boston,  8vo.,  1827  ;  his  life  by 
Irving,  4  vols.,  12mo.,  Paris,  1829.  —  Robertson's 
Hist.  America,  book  II. ;  Belknap's  Biog.  I.  86- 
148 ;  Holmes ;  Ilerrera's  Hist.  America,  I. ;  Ir 
ving' s  Life  of  Columbus. 

COMFORT,  DAVID,  died  in  Kingston,  N.  J., 
Dec.  28,  1853,  aged  89.  He  was  fifty  years  pas 
tor  of  his  flock. 

COMLY,  JOHN,  a  Friend,  died  in  Byberry, 
Perm.,  Aug.  17,  18,30,  aged  7G,  author  of  a  pop 
ular  spelling-book  and  grammar. 

COMSTOCK,  DANIEL,  Dr.,  died  in  Danbury, 
Conn.,  Aug.  27,  1848,  aged  82.     For  forty  years 
he  had  been  a  member  of  the  church.     The  gos 
pel  sustained  him  in  affliction  and  infirmity. 
COMSTOCK,   CYRUS,  died  in  Lewis,  N.  Y., 


258 


COXAXT. 


Jan.  8,  1853,  aged  86.  He  planted  nearly  every 
Congregational  church  in  Essex  county,  where  he 
labored  nearly  forty  years,  employed  by  the  Berk 
shire  missionary  association. 

COXANT,  ROGER,  an  early  settler  in  Mass., 
born  in  1591,  came  to  Plymouth  in  1G23,  and 
removed  to  Xantasket  in  1G25,  and  thence  in  the 
autumn  to  Cape  Ann,  intrusted  with  the  care  of 
the  plantation  by  the  adventurers  in  England. 
He  discovered  Xaumkcak  or  Salem,  and  proposed 
that  as  a  better  place  of  settlement,  and  built  the 
first  house  there  in  1G2G.  He  was  representative 
at  the  first  court  in  1634,  and  died  at  Beverly 
Nov.  19,  1679,  aged  88.  His  son,  Roger,  was  the 
first  white  child  born  in  Salem,  and  from  that  cir 
cumstance  had  a  grant  of  twenty  acres  in  1640. — 
Farmer's  New  England  Register. 

COXAXT,  SYLVANUS,  minister  of  Middlebor- 
ough,  Mass.,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1740,  and  was  ordained  as  the  successor  of  Peter 
Thacher  March  28,  1745;  but  a  minority,  opposed 
to  him,  soon  settled  Thomas  "Weld  as  their  minis 
ter.  He  died  of  the  small-pox  Dec.  7,  1777,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Joseph  Barker.  He  published 
a  letter  on  the  death  of  his  wife,  with  a  poem  to 
her  memory  by  Judge  Peter  Oliver,  1756 ;  a  dis 
course  at  Plymouth,  1776. 

COXDEE,  MRS.,  wife  of  Daniel  T.  Conclee,  mis 
sionary  at  the  Sandwich  Islands,  died  in  March  or 
April,  1855,  at  "Wailuku,  aged  44.  Her  name 
was  Andelucia  Lee  of  Jericho,  Vt.  She  em 
barked  in  1836.  In  her  last  hours  she  had  the 
consolation  of  knowing,  that  her  two  daughters 
were  sharers  in  the  great  salvation  of  the  gospel. 
Though  about  to  leave  husband  and  children, 
she  hoped  to  meet  them  on  the  shores  of  immor 
tality. 

COXDIT,  AARON,  died  in  Morristown,  X.  J., 
in  April,  1852,  aged  87,  nearly  forty  years  pastor  at 
Hanover.  He  preached  ten  thousand  sermons, 
had  nine  or  ten  revivals,  received  six  hundred  and 
forty-four  persons  into  his  church,  eleven  of  whom 
became  preachers,  and  baptized  one  thousand  and 
fifty-five.  Four  of  his  sons  were  ministers,  one 
of  whom,  Rev.  Joseph  C.,  of  South  Hadley,  died 
Sept.  19,  1847,  aged  43.  —  Magic's  Fun.  Serm. 

COXE,  SPENCER  H.,  D.  D.,  a  Baptist  minister, 
died  in  Xew  York  Aug.  28,  1855,  aged  70.  At 
first  he  was  an  actor,  and  was  last  on  the  stage  in 
1811,  when  many  perished  in  the  burning  of  the 
Richmond  theatre.  He  afterwards  was  an  editor 
at  R.,  and  a  clerk  in  the  treasury.  In  1823  he 
became  a  pastor  in  Xew  York,  and  was  one  of 
the  most  distinguished  among  the  Baptist  min 
isters. 

COXGDOX,  BENJAMIN  T.,  died  in  Xew  Bed 
ford  April  6,  1851.  He  published  the  Xew  Bed 
ford  Courier,  an  anti-masonic  paper,  and  was 
register  of  deeds. 

COXKLIX,  BENJAMIN,  minister  of  Leicester, 


COOKE. 

died  Jan.  30,  1798,  aged  65.  A  native  of  South- 
hold,  and  a  graduate  of  Princeton,  he  was  settled 
as  the  successor  of  Mr.  Roberts  in  Xov.,  1763  : 
from  ill  health  he  was  dismissed  in  1794,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Mr.  Moore.  He  was  sagacious,  and 
energetic,  and  patriotic.  In  the  Shays  rebellion 
he  lent  effectual  aid  to  the  cause  of  good  order. 
As  a  trustee  of  the  academy  he  was  also  useful. 
—  Wasliburn's  Sketch  of  Leicester  Academy. 

COXWAY,  HENRY,  general,  a  hero  of  the 
Revolution,  died  in  East  Tennessee  in  Sept.,  1812, 
of  the  sting  of  bees. 

COXWAY,  THOMAS,  major-general,  a  native 
of  Ireland,  came  from  France  in  1777,  on  the 
recommendation  of  Silas  Dcane.  After  intrigu 
ing  against  Washington,  and  fighting  Gen.  Cad- 
wallader,  he  returned  to  France  in  1778.  It  was 
while  suffering  under  the  wound,  received  in  the 
duel,  that  he  repented  and  wrote  to  Washington, 
"  You  are  in  my  eyes  the  great  and  good  man." 

COXWAY,  ROBERT,  general,  a  hero  of  the 
Revolution,  died  at  Georgetown,  South  Carolina, 
in  Dec.,  1823,  aged  70.  He  had  previously  lived 
at  Charleston. 

COX  WELL,  HENRY,  D.  D.,  Roman  Catholic 
bishop,  died  at  Philadelphia  April  22,  1842,  aged 
91.  He  was  consecrated  in  London  in  1820. 

COOKE,  AARON,  captain,  died  at  Xorthamp- 
ton  Sept.  5,  1690,  aged  80,  the  head  of  the  fami 
lies  of  Cookc.  He  came  from  England  to  Dor 
chester  in  1630,  and  lived  in  Windsor  and 
Xorthampton.  He  had  four  wives  ;  among  them 
the  daughter  of  Thomas  Ford  of  Windsor.  His 
second  wife,  of  the  name  of  Dcnslow,  was  the 
mother  of  Aaron  Cooke. 

COOKE,  ELISIIA,  a  physician  of  Boston,  the 
son  of  Richard  C.,  died  Oct.  31,  1715,  aged  78. 
He  was  born  Sept.  16,  1637,  and  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  1657.  After  having  been  an 
assistant  under  the  old  government,  he  was  sent 
to  England  in  1689  as  an  agent  of  Mass,  to  pro 
cure  the  restoration  of  the  charter.  He  was  de 
cided  in  his  opinion,  that  if  the  old  charter  could 
not  be  obtained,  it  would  be  better  to  meet  the 
consequences,  than  to  submit  to  a  charter  which 
abridged  the  liberties  of  the  people.  When  the 
new  charter  was  procured  in  169 1,  he  refused  to 
accept  it,  and  did  what  he  could  to  prevent  its 
acceptance.  Increase  Mather,  who  was  agent  at 
the  same  time,  pursued  a  different  course,  think 
ing  it  wise  to  submit  to  a  necessary  evil.  Though 
he  was  not  placed  in  the  list  of  councillors,  nom 
inated  by  Dr.  Mather  in  1692,  from  apprehen 
sions  that  he  would  oppose  the  new  charter ;  yet 
in  the  following  year  he  was  elected  in  Massa 
chusetts.  He  was,  however,  rejected  by  Gov. 
Phips,  because  he  opposed  his  appointment  in 
England.  In  lG94,he  was  re-elected,  and  contin 
ued  in  the  council  till  1703,  when  Gov.  Dudley 
negatived  his  election,  as  he  did  for  a  number  of 


COOKE. 

years  successively.  Though  esteemed  as  a  physi 
cian,  he  was  most  remarkable  in  his  political  char 
acter,  having  been  more  than  forty  years  in  places 
of  public  trust,  and  being  always  firm  and  steady 
to  his  principles.  He  married  a  daughter  of 
Gov.  Levcrett.  —  Ilutchinson,  I.  393,  408;  II.  70, 
130,211. 

COOKE,  ELISIIA,  distinguished  in  the  history 
of  Mass.,  was  the  son  of  the  preceding  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1697.  He  was 
a  representative  of  Boston  in  the  general  court  in 
1713,  and  was  in  favor  of  a  private  bank,  rather 
than  of  the  public  bank,  the  plan  of  which  was 
adopted  to  remedy  the  evils  of  the  bills  of  credit. 
He  was  elected  into  the  council  in  1717,  and  im 
mediately  commenced  his  opposition  to  Gov. 
Shutc,  engaging  on  the  popular  side.  This  was 
the  commencement  of  the  dispute.  The  different 
parties  became  more  hostile  ;  new  subjects  of  con 
troversy  arose ;  and  Shute  was  at  length  obliged 
to  leave  the  colony.  Mr.  Cooke  was  elected  a 
councillor  in  1718;  but  the  governor  in  a  man 
ner  not  very  civil  informed  him,  that  his  attend 
ance  at  the  board  would  be  excused.  In  1720  he 
was  chosen  speaker  of  the  house  of  representa 
tives  ;  but  the  governor  negatived  the  choice,  and 
as  the  house  refused  to  make  a  new  election,  con 
testing  his  right  to  control  them,  he  dissolved  the 
assembly.  At  the  next  session  a  different  person 
was  elected,  not  because  the  pretension  of  Shute 
was  admitted,  but  that  there  might  be  no  obstruc 
tion  to  the  progress  of  the  regular  business  of  the 
court.  In  1723  he  was  appointed  agent  for 
Massachusetts,  and  sailed  for  London  in  January. 
Soon  after  his  return  he  was  chosen,  in  May,  172G, 
a  member  of  the  council.  On  the  accession  of 
Gov.  Belcher,  he  was  appointed  in  1730  a  jus 
tice  of  the  common  pleas  for  Suffolk.  He  had 
hitherto  retained  the  attachment  of  the  people  by 
endeavoring  to  support  their  liberties  ;  but  being 
desirous  of  securing  his  interest  both  with  the 
governor  and  the  town  of  Boston,  a  jealousy  was 
excited,  and  he  was  in  danger  of  losing  the  regard 
of  both  parties.  In  1733  or  1734  he  was  elected 
representative  by  a  majority  of  only  one  or  two 
-  votes  in  six  or  seven  hundred.  He  died  in  Aug., 
1737,  worn  out  with  his  labors,  having  been  many 
years  the  head  of  the  popular  party.  He  pub 
lished  political  tracts.  —  IIutcliinson,ll.  221,  233, 
302,  348,  391 ;  Collect.  Hist.  Soc.  in.  300. 

COOKE,  WILLIAM,  the  first  minister  of  East 
Sudbury,  died  Nov.  12,  17GO,  aged  63,  having 
been  a  useful  pastor  for  tlu'rty-six  years.  lie 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1716,  and  was  the  libra 
rian.  He  was  succeeded  at  S.  by  Mr.  Bridge. 
He  published  a  sermon  at  ordination  of  Elisha 
Marsh,  1742;  of  Samuel  Baldwin,  1757. 

COOKE,  SAMUEL,  first  minister  of  the  second 
parish  in  Cambridge,  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1735,  and  ordained  Sept.  12,  1739. 


COOPER. 


250 


He  died  June  4,  1783,  aged  74,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Mr.  Fiske.  He  was  a  man  of  science,  of  a 
social  disposition,  distinguished  by  his  good  sense 
and  prudence,  and  a  faithful  servant  of  the  Lord 
Jesus.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination 
of  C.  Brown,  1748 ;  of  W.  Symmes,  1759 ;  the 
election  sermon,  1770;  a  sermon  for  a  memorial 
of  the  battle  of  Lexington,  1777. — Hist.  Coll. 
VII.  33. 

COOKE,  GEORGE  FREDERIC,  a  theatrical  per 
former,  was  born  in  Westminster,  April  17,  1756. 
He  became  distinguished  as  a  player  in  London, 
in  1800.  He  came  to  America  in  Nov.,  1810, 
and  was  much  admired.  He  was  intemperate, 
and  died  at  New  York  as  a  drunkard,  Sept.  26, 
1812.  Mr.  Dunlap  published  his  memoirs,  2 
vols.,  1813. 

COOKE,  PHILIP  P.,  died  Jan.  20,  1850,  aged 
33.  The  son  of  John  It.  C.,  he  graduated  at 
Princeton,  and  studied  law  with  his  father  at 
Winchester  in  Va.,  and  settled  on  the  Shcnandoah, 
near  the  Blue  Ridge,  lie  wrote  tales  for  the 
periodicals.  He  published  the  Froissart  ballads, 
1847.  —  Cyc.  of  American  Lit.  II.  635. 

COOLIDGE,  JOSEPH,  died  in  Boston,  Nov. 
19,  1840,  aged  67.  He  was  educated  in  Boston, 
and  in  a  military  academy  in  the  south  of  France. 
He  had  an  ample  fortune.  He  contributed  and 
toiled  for  the  establishment  of  the  McLean  asylum. 
For  railroads  he  subscribed  largely, —  not  for 
gain,  but  for  the  public  good.  He  was  of  a  pub 
lic  spirit  and  energetic. 

COOPER,  JOHN,  was  of  Scituate  in  1634,  but 
removed  to  Barnstable.  As  he  calls  Alice  Brad 
ford  his  sister,  his  wife  was  probably  of  the  name 
of  Carpenter.  At  his  death  he  left  one  third  of 
his  large  estate  to  the  church. 

COOPER,  WILLIAM,  minister  in  Boston,  died 
Dec.  13,  1743,  aged  49.  He  was  a  native  of  that 
town,  and,  being  early  impressed  by  the  truths  of 
religion  and  delighting  in  the  study  of  the  Scrip 
tures,  passed  through  the  temptations  of  youth 
without  a  blemish  upon  his  character.  He  was 
grave,  but  not  gloomy  nor  austere ;  discreet,  but 
not  precise ;  and  cheerful,  with  innocence.  While 
a  member  of  Harvard  college,  where  he  was  grad 
uated  in  1712,  he  ardently  cultivated  those 
branches  of  science  which  were  most  useful  and 
important.  Every  literary  pursuit  was  sanctified 
by  prayer,  and  every  human  acquisition  rendered 
subservient  to  the  knowledge  of  God  and  religion. 
Soon  after  he  began  to  preach,  the  eminence  of 
his  qualifications  as  a  minister  attracted  the  at 
tention  of  the  church  in  Brattle  street,  Boston, 
and  he  was  invited  to  be  colleague  pastor  with 
Mr.  Colman.  At  his  own  request  his  ordination 
was  delayed  for  a  year,  until  May  23,  1716,  when 
he  was  inducted  into  the  sa.cred  office.  From 
this  period  to  that  of  his  death  his  ministerial 
gifts,  graces,  and  usefulness  seemed  constantly  to 


260 


COOPER. 


COOPER. 


increase,  and  the  more  he  was  known,  the  more 
lie  was  esteemed,  loved,  and  honored.  In  the 
year  1737  he  was  chosen  president  of  Harvard 
college,  but  he  declined  the  honorable  trust. 

lie  was  an  eminent  preacher,  being  an  able  and 
zealous  advocate  of  the  distinguishing  doctrines  of 
the  gospel.  Jesus  Christ  was  ever  the  prominent 
object  in  his  discourses.  lie  insisted  much  on  the 
doctrines  of  grace ;  considering  them  as  not  only 
constituting  the  sole  foundation  of  a  sinner's  hope, 
but  as  exhibiting  the  capital  aids  and  incentives 
to  holiness  of  heart  and  life.  Hence  his  preach 
ing  was  practical  as  well  as  evangelical.  He  in 
culcated  obedience  upon  Christian  principles  and 
by  Christian  arguments.  His  sermons  were  easy 
and  natural  in  method  ;  rich  in  important  truth ; 
plain  but  not  grovelling  in  style ;  solid  and  argu 
mentative,  yet  animated  with  the  spirit  of  devo 
tion;  calculated  at  once  to  enlighten  the  mind, 
to  impress  the  conscience,  and  to  warm  the  heart. 
In  explaining  the  profound  and  sublime  truths  of 
the  gospel,  he  had  the  singular  felicity  to  be  intel 
ligible  to  the  ignorant,  instructive  to  the  well- 
informed,  and  edifying  to  the  serious.  In  prayer 
he  remarkably  excelled.  He  had  a  voice  at  once 
strong  and  pleasant,  and  elocution  grave  and  dig 
nified;  while  a  deep  impression  of  God,  whose 
mercy  he  implored  and  whose  messages  he  de 
livered,  was  visible  in  his  countenance  and  de 
meanor,  and  added  an  indescribable  solemnity  to 
all  his  performances.  His  benevolent  labors  were 
not  in  vain.  He  was  an  eminent  instrument  and 
promoter  of  the  great  revival  of  religion,  which 
occurred  toward  the  close  of  his  life.  With  a 
heart  overflowing  with  joy  he  declared  that,  "  Since 
the  year  1740,  more  people  had  sometimes  come  to 
him  in  concern  about  their  souls  in  one  week, 
than  in  the  preceding  twenty-four  years  of  his 
ministry."  To  these  applicants  he  was  a  most 
judicious  and  affectionate  counsellor  and  guide. 
Though  the  general  attention  to  the  things  of 
another  world  was  pronounced  by  many  to  be  en 
thusiasm  and  fanaticism;  yet,  Mr.  Cooper,  while 
he  withstood  the  irregularities  which  prevailed, 
was  persuaded  that  there  was  a  remarkable  work 
of  Divine  grace.  The  numerous  instances  in  his 
own  parish,  of  persons  affected  either  with  pun 
gent  and  distressing  convictions  of  sin,  with  deep 
humiliation  and  self-abhorrence,  with  ardent  love 
to  God  and  man,  or  with  inexpressible  consola 
tion  in  religion,  perfectly  satisfied  him  that  the 
power  of  the  Divine  Reprover,  Sanctifier,  and 
Comforter  was  among  them.  In  the  private  walks 
of  life  he  displayed  the  combined  excellencies  of 
the  gentleman  and  Christian.  He  had  but  little 
warning  of  the  approach  of  death,  but  in  the  lucid 
intervals  of  his  disease,  he  was  enabled  to  declare 
that  he  rejoiced  in  God  his  Saviour. 

He  published  a  sermon  on  the  incomprehen- 
Biblcness  of  God,  1714;  how  and  why  young 


people  should  cleanse  their  way,  1716;  a  sermon 
to  young  people,  1723;  a  funeral  sermon  on  J. 
Corey,  1726;  on  the  earthquake,  1727;  a  dis 
course  on  early  piety,  1728 ;  a  discourse  on  the 
reality,  extremity,  and  absolute  certainty  of  hell 
torments,  1732;  on  the  death  of  Lieut.-Gov. 
Tailer,  1732 ;  at  the  ordination  of  R.  Breck, 
1736  ;  concio  hyemalis,  or  a  winter  sermon,  1737  ; 
on  the  death  of  P.  Thacher,  1739 ;  the  doctrine 
of  predestination  unto  life  explained  and  vindi 
cated  in  four  sermons,  1740,  which  were  repub- 
lishcd  in  1804;  election  sermon,  1740;  a  preface 
to  Edwards'  sermon  on  the  trial  of  the  spirits, 
1741 ;  two  sermons  preached  at  Portsmouth  in 
the  time  of  the  revival,  1741.  —  Caiman's  Fu 
neral  Sermon ;  Panoplist,  II.  537-540 ;  Coll.  Hist. 
Soc.  x.  157. 

COOPER,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  minister  in  Boston, 
son  of  the  preceding,  died  Dec.  29,  1783,  aged 
58.  He  was  born  March  28,  1725.  He  exhib 
ited  early  marks  of  a  masterly  genius.  As  his 
mind  was  deeply  impressed  by  religious  truth, 
soon  after  lie  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college, 
in  1743,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  divin 
ity,  preferring  the  office  of  a  minister  of  the 
gospel  to  the  temporal  advantages  which  his  tal 
ents  might  have  procured  him.  When  he  first 
appeared  in  the  pulpit,  his  performances  were  so 
acceptable,  and  raised  such  expectations,  that  at 
the  age  of  twenty  years  he  was  invited  by  the 
congregation  in  Brattle  street,  Boston,  to  succeed 
his  father  as  colleague  with  Dr.  Colman.  In  this 
office  he  was  ordained  May  21,  1746,  thirty  years 
after  the  ordination  of  his  father.  He  did  not 
disappoint  the  hopes  of  his  friends.  His  reputa 
tion  increased,  and  he  soon  became  one  of  the 
most  popular  preachers  in  the  country.  After  a 
ministry  of  thirty-seven  years  he  died  of  the 
apoplexy. 

Dr.  Cooper  was  very  distinguished  in  the  sacred 
office  which  he  sustained.  His  sermons  were 
evangelical  and  perspicuous,  and  unequalled  in 
America  for  elegance  and  taste.  Delivering 
them  with  energy  and  pathos,  his  eloquence  ar 
rested  attention  and  warmed  the  heart.  In  his 
prayers,  which  were  uttered  with  humility  and 
reverence,  there  was  a  grateful  variety ;  and,  as 
they  were  pertinent,  scriptural,  and  animated 
with  the  spirit  of  devotion,  they  were  admirably 
calculated  to  raise  the  souls  of  his  fellow  wor 
shippers  to  God.  His  presence  in  the  chambers 
of  the  sick  was  peculiarly  acceptable,  for  he  knew 
how  to  address  the  conscience  without  offence,  to 
impart  instruction,  to  soothe,  and  to  comfort. 
His  attention  was  not  confined  to  theology ;  but 
he  made  himself  acquainted  with  other  branches 
of  science,  and  was  one  of  the  most  finished  clas 
sical  scholars  of  his  day.  His  friendship  to  liter 
ature  induced  him,  after  the  destruction  of  the 
library  of  Harvard  college  by  fire,  to  exert  him- 


COOPER. 


COOPER. 


261 


self  to  procure  subscriptions  to  repair  the  loss. 
In  1767  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  corpora 
tion,  in  which  office  he  continued  until  his  death. 
lie  was  an  active  member  of  the  society  for  prop 
agating  the  gospel  among  the  aborigines  of 
America.  To  his  other  acquisitions  he  added  a 
just  knowledge  of  the  nature  and  design  of  gov 
ernment,  and  the  rights  of  mankind.  Most  sin 
cerely  attached  to  the  cause  of  civil  and  religious 
liberty,  he  was  among  the  first  of  those  patriots 
who  took  a  decided  part  in  opposition  to  the  arbi 
trary  exactions  of  Great  Britain.  In  his  inter 
course  with  his  fellow-citizens,  and  by  his  pen,  he 
endeavored  to  arouse  and  strengthen  the  spirit  of 
resistance.  Such  were  his  abilities  and  firmness, 
that  he  was  esteemed  and  consulted  by  some  of 
the  principal  men  who  were  the  means  of  effect 
ing  our  Revolution,  lie  did  much  toward  pro 
curing  foreign  alliances.  His  letters  were  read 
with  great  satisfaction  in  the  court  of  Versailles, 
while  men  of  the  most  distinguished  characters  in 
Europe  became  his  correspondents.  The  friend 
ship  which  he  maintained  with  Dr.  Franklin  and 
Mr.  Adams  was  the  means  of  introducing  to  his 
acquaintance  many  gentlemen  from  France,  to 
whom  he  rendered  himself  peculiarly  agreeable 
by  his  literary  attainments,  by  an  engaging  ad 
dress,  and  by  the  ease  and  politeness  of  his  man 
ners.  Receiving  from  Dr.  Franklin  the  letters 
of  Ilutchinson,  procured  by  Mr.  Williamson,  with 
a  strict  injunction  not  to  allow  them  to  be  pub 
lished,  he  put  them  into  the  hands  of  a  gentleman 
under  the  same  injunction;  but  his  confidence 
was  misplaced.  When  his  country  had  asserted 
her  right  to  independence,  believing  that  knowl 
edge  is  necessary  to  the  support  of  a  free  govern 
ment,  he  was  anxious  to  render  our  liberties 
perpetual  by  promoting  literary  establishments. 
He  was  therefore  one  of  the  foremost  in  laying 
the  foundation  of  the  American  academy  of  arts 
and  sciences,  and  was  chosen  its  first  vice  presi 
dent  in  the  year  1780.  In  his  last  illness  he  ex 
pressed  his  great  satisfaction  in  seeing  his  country 
in  peace,  and  in  possession  of  freedom  and  inde 
pendence,  and  his  hopes  that  the  virtue  and  the 
public  spirit  of  his  countrymen  would  prove  to 
the  world  that  they  were  not  unworthy  of  these 
inestimable  blessings.  In  the  intervals  of  reason, 
he  informed  his  friends  that  he  was  perfectly  re 
signed  to  the  will  of  Heaven  ;  that  his  hopes  and 
consolations  sprang  from  a  firm  belief  of  those 
truths  which  he  had  preached  to  others;  and 
that  he  wished  not  to  be  detained  any  longer 
from  that  state  of  perfection  and  felicity  which 
the  gospel  had  opened  to  his  view. 

Besides  his  political  writings,  which  appeared 
in  the  journals  of  the  day,  he  published  the  fol 
lowing  discourses:  on  the  artillery  election,  1751 ; 
before  the  society  for  encouraging  industry,  1753;  i 
at  the  general   election,  1756 ;  on  the  reduction 


of  Quebec,  1759 ;  at  the  ordination  of  J.  Jack 
son,  17GO;  on  the  death  of  George  II.,  1761;  at 
the  Dudleian  lecture,  1773;  on  the  commencement 
of  the  new  constitution  of  Massachusetts,  Oct.  25, 
1780.  This  last  discourse  and  others  of  his  pro 
ductions  have  been  published  in  several  languages, 
and,  being  written  in  a  polished  and  elegant  man 
ner,  were  well  calculated  for  the  lips  of  an  elo 
quent  speaker,  such  as  he  himself  was.  He  was 
also  one  of  the  poetic  contributors  to  the  "  Pietas 
et  Gratulatio,"  with  Dr.  Church  and  others,  1760. 
—  Clarke's  Funeral  Sermon ;  American  Herald, 
Jan.  19,  1784;  Continental  Journal,  Jan.  22; 
Holmes ;  TJiacher's  Cent.  Disc. 

COOPER,  MYLES,  D.  D.,  president  of  King's 
college,  New  York,  died  in  Edinburgh  May  1, 
1785,  aged  about  50.  He  was  educated  in  the 
university  of  Oxford,  where  he  took  the  degree 
of  master  of  arts  in  1760.  He  arrived  at  New 
York  in  the  autumn  of  1762,  being  recommended 
by  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  as  a  person  well 
qualified  to  assist  in  the  management  of  the  col 
lege,  and  to  succeed  the  president.  He  was  re 
ceived  by  Dr.  Johnson  with  the  affection  of  a 
father,  and  was  immediately  appointed  professor 
of  moral  philosophy.  After  the  resignation  of 
Dr.  Johnson  in  Feb.,  1763,  he  was  chosen  prert- 
dent,  previously  to  the  Commencement  in  May. 
It  was  not  long  before  Dr.  Clossey,  a  gentleman 
who  had  been  educated  in  Trinity  college,  Dublin, 
and  had  taken  the  degree  of  doctor  of  physic, 
was  appointed  professor  of  natural  philosophy. 
A  grammar  school  was  also  established  and  con 
nected  with  the  college,  under  the  care  of  Mr. 
Gushing,  from  Boston.  The  classes  were  now 
taught  by  Mr.  Cooper,  Mr.  Harper,  and  Dr. 
Clossey ;  and  under  such  able  instructors  they 
had  peculiar  advantages.  In  the  year  1775  Dr. 
Cooper,  as  his  politics  leaned  toward  the  British, 
was  reduced  to  the  necessity  of  withdrawing  from 
the  college  and  returning  to  England.  He  was 
afterward  one  of  the  ministers  of  the  Episcopal 
chapel  of  Edinburgh.  After  the  Revolution  Wil 
liam  Samuel  Johnson,  son  of  Dr.  Johnson,  was 
president  of  the  college. 

Dr.  Cooper,  though  he  had  long  expected 
death,  waiting  patiently  for  its  approach,  yet  died 
in  rather  a  sudden  manner.  The  following  epi 
taph  was  written  by  himself. 

"  Here  lies  a  priest  of  English  blood, 
AVho,  living,  liked  whate'er  was  good ; 
Good  company,  good  wine,  good  name, 
Yet  never  hunted  after  fame ; 
But,  as  the  first  he  still  preferred, 
So  here  he  chose  to  be  interred, 
And,  unobscured,  from  crowds  withdrew, 
To  rest  among  a  chosen  few, 
In  humble  hopes  that  sovereign  love 
Will  raise  him  to  be  blest  above-" 

He  published  a  volume  of  poems  in  1758,  and 
a  sermon  on  civil  government,  preached  before 


262 


COOPER. 


CORBITANT. 


the  university  of  Oxford  on  a  fast,  1777.  While 
in  this  country  he  maintained  a  literary  character 
of  considerable  eminence.  He  wrote  on  the  sub 
ject  of  an  American  episcopate,  and  sometimes 
used  his  pen  on  political  subjects.  It  is  said  he 
narrowly  escaped  the  fury  of  the  whigs.  —  New 
and  General  Biographical  Dictionary;  Miller, 
II.  369;  Pennsylvania  Packet,  July  29,  1785; 
Chandler's  Life  of  Jolmson,  106-109. 

COOPER,  'WILLIAM,  town  clerk  of  Boston 
forty-nine  years,  died  Nov.  28,  1809,  aged  89. 
He  was,  it  is  believed,  the  brother  of  Dr.  Samuel 
C.,  and  he  was,  for  his  excellent  and  faithful  ser 
vices,  held  in  high  estimation  in  Boston. 

COOPER,  JOSEPH,  a  distinguished  farmer  of 
Cooper's  Point,  N.  J.,  died  at  Philadelphia  in 
Nov.,  1818. 

COOPER,  THOMAS,  M.  D.,  president  of  South 
Carolina  college,  died  in  Columbia  May  11, 1839, 
aged  79.  He  was  born  in  England  about  1760, 
and  followed  to  this  country  Priestley,  who  came 
in  1794.  In  his  politics  he  was  a  zealous  dem 
ocrat  ;  as  a  lecturer  he  was  learned  and  interest 
ing.  He  was  unhappily  an  Infidel.  He  published 
works  on  law,  medical  jurisprudence,  and  polit 
ical  economy.  He  digested  the  statutes  of  South 
Carolina  in  4  vols.  He  translated  Justinian  and 
Broussais.  In  Pennsylvania  he  was  a  judge  of  com 
mon  law,  and  a  professor  of  chemistry  at  Carlisle. 

COOPER,  JAMES  B.,  commander  in  the  U.  S. 
navy,  died  Feb.  5,  1854,  at  Haddonfield,  N.  J., 
aged  93.  He  was  a  captain  in  Lee's  celebrated 
legion  in  the  Revolution  ;  assisted  in  the  capture 
of  Stony  Point  and  Paulus  Hook ;  and  was  en 
gaged  in  the  battles  of  Guilford  court-house  and 
of  Eutaw  Springs.  He  entered  the  navy  in 
July,  1812,  as  sailing-master ;  he  was  made  a 
commander  in  1841. 

COOPER,  JAMES  FENIMORE,  died  in  Coop- 
erstown,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  14, 1851,  aged  62.  He  was 
the  son  of  Judge  William  C.,of  Burlington,  N.  J., 
an  English  immigrant.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1805.  After  serving  in  the  navy  six  years,  in 
1811  he  married  Miss  De  Lancey,  sister  of  the 
bishop  of  western  New  York.  She  died  Jan.  20, 
1852.  In  1826  he  visited  Europe. 

He  published  various  works  of  fiction :  Precau 
tion,  the  Spy,  the  Pioneers,  the  Leather-stocking 
tales,  the  Prairie,  the  last  of  the  Mohicans,  the 
Path-finder,  the  Deer-slayer,  the  Pilot ;  the  Red 
rover,  the  Water-witch,  the  two  Admirals,  and 
Wing  and  wing  ;  the  Bravo,  the  Heidenmaur,  the 
Headsman,  the  Homeward  bound,  the  Home  as 
found.  lie  wrote  also  a  history  of  the  Navy,  and 
6  vols.  of  Gleanings  in  Europe  and  Sketches  of 
Switzerland. 

COPELAND,  LAWRENCE,  died  at  Braintree 
Jan.  14,  1700,  aged  110. 

COPLEY,  JOHN  SINGLETON,  an  eminent  painter, 
died  suddenly  in  England  Sept.  25,  1815,  aged 


about  76.  He  was  born  in  1738  in  Boston.  He 
had  a  natural  talent  for  painting,  and  was  the 
pupil  and  successor  of  Smibert.  Many  full- 
length  portraits  painted  by  him  remain  in  Mas 
sachusetts.  In  coloring  and  drapery  he  excelled  ; 
and  his  likenesses  were  faithful.  He  went  to 
England  before  the  war.  In  1770  he  was  admit 
ted  a  member  of  the  royal  academy  of  painting 
in  London.  He  was  patronized  by  Mr.  West. 
In  1774  he  went  to  Italy,  and  in  1776  returned  to 
England,  where  he  met  his  wife  and  children, 
whom  he  had  left  in  Boston.  He  now  devoted 
himself  to  portrait  painting.  His  first  historical 
picture  was  the  Youth  rescued  from  a  shark. 
His  picture  of  the  death  of  Lord  Chatham  estab 
lished  his  fame.  Afterwards  he  painted  the 
siege  of  Gibraltar  ;  Major  Pearson's  death  on  the 
island  of  Jersey ;  Charles  I.  in  the  house  of  com 
mons;  the  surrender  of  De  Winter  to  Duncan, 
besides  many  portraits.  His  mother  was  Sarah 
Winslow,  of  the  Plymouth  family.  Col.  Henry 
Bromfield  married  his  sister.  His  wife  was  the 
daughter  of  Richard  Clarke,  a  merchant  in  Bos 
ton,  one  of  the  consignees  of  the  India  company's 
tea ;  a  connection  which  may  account  for  his  at 
tachment  to  the  royal  interest.  His  daughter 
married  Gardiner  Greene,  who  in  1818  presented 
to  Harvard  college  a  collection  of  all  the  proof 
engravings  of  Copley's  historical  paintings. — 
Knapp's  Lectures,  191 ;  Encyc.  Amer. 

CORBITANT,  an  Indian  sachem,  living  at 
Mattapoiset,  a  neck  of  land  in  Swanzey,  was  an 
enemy  of  the  Plymouth  plantation  at  the  first 
settlement.  He  was  a  sachem  under  Massassoit. 
Indignant  at  the  peace  made  with  the  English,  he 
in  1621  seized  Squanto  at  Namasket,  or  Middle- 
borough,  and  put  his  knife  to  the  breast  of  Hob- 
bamoc,  another  Indian,  friendly  to  the  English, 
who,  being  stout,  broke  away  and  fled  to  Ply 
mouth.  Capt.  Standish  and  ten  men  were  im 
mediately  sent  to  Namasket  to  take  Corbitant 
prisoner ;  but  he  escaped.  Some  time  after,  Cor 
bitant,  through  the  mediation  of  Massassoit,  made 
peace,  and  ventured  to  show  himself  at  Plymouth. 
In  March,  1623,  he  was  visited  by  E.  Winslow 
and  John  Ilampden,  celebrated  in  English  history, 
with  Hobbamoc  for  their  guide.  The  Indian  "  was 
a  notable  politician,  yet  full  of  merry  jests  and 
squibs,  and  never  better  pleased  than  when  the 
like  were  returned  again  upon  him."  He  in 
quired  why  it  was,  that,  Avhen  he  visited  the 
English,  the  guns  were  pointed  towards  him ; 
and  on  being  told  it  was  out  of  respect  and  honor, 
he  said,  shaking  his  head,  he  "  liked  not  such  sal 
utations."  On  seeing  his  visitors  ask  a  blessing 
on  their  food,  he  inquired  the  meaning,  and  on 
being  told  the  reason,  said  it  was  well ;  he,  too, 
believed  in  an  Almighty  power,  called  Kichtan.  — 
Hist.  Coll.  vni.  263 ;  Mourfs  Relat.  in  2  Hist. 
Coll.  IX.  54 ;  Belknap's  Biography,  H.  229. 


CORLET. 

COIILET,  ELIJAH,  an  eminent  instructor,  com 
menced  his  labors  at  Cambridge  not  long  after 
the  first  settlement  of  the  town.  He  was  master 
of  the  grammar  school  between  forty  and  fifty 
years,  and  many  of  the  most  worthy  men  in  the 
country  enjoyed  the  benefit  of  his  instructions 
previously  to  their  entrance  into  college.  The 
society  for  propagating  the  gospel  compensated 
him  for  his  attention  to  the  Indian  scholars,  who 
were  designed  for  the  university.  He  died  in 
1687,  aged  76.  lie  was  a  man  of  learning,  piety, 
and  respectability.  N.  Walter  published  an  elegy 
on  his  death  in  blank  verse.  He  wrote  a  Latin 
epitaph  on  Mr.  Hooker,  which  is  inserted  in 
Mather's  Magnalia.  —  Hist.  Coll.  I.  243 ;  vii.  22 ; 
Life  of  Walter;  Mather's  Magnalia,  m.  68. 

CORNBURY,  EDWARD  HYDE,  lord,  governor 
of  New  York,  died  at  Chelsea  April  1, 1723.  He 
was  the  son  of  the  Earl  of  Clarendon,  and  being 
one  of  the  first  officers  who  deserted  the  army  of 
King  James,  King  William,  in  gratitude  for  his 
services,  appointed  him  to  an  American  govern 
ment.  Hunted  out  of  England  by  a  host  of 
hungry  creditors,  bent  upon  accumulating  as 
much  wealth  as  he  could  squeeze  from  the  purses 
of  an  impoverished  people,  and  animated  with 
unequalled  zeal  for  the  church,  he  commenced 
his  administration,  as  successor  of  Lord  Bella- 
mont,  May  3,  1702.  His  sense  of  justice  was  as 
weak  as  his  bigotry  was  uncontrollable.  The 
following  act  of  outrage  will  exhibit  his  character. 
A  great  sickness,  which  was  probably  the  yellow 
fever,  prevailing  in  New  York  in  1703,  Lord  Corn- 
bury  retired  to  Jamaica,  on  Long  Island ;  and,  as 
Mr.  llubbard,  the  Presbyterian  minister,  lived  in 
the  best  house  in  the  town,  his  lordship  requested 
the  use  of  it  during  his  short  residence  there. 
Mr.  llubbard  put  himself  to  great  inconvenience 
to  oblige  the  governor,  and  the  governor  in  re 
turn  delivered  the  parsonage  house  into  the 
hands  of  the  Episcopal  party,  and  seized  upon  the 
glebe.  In  the  year  1707  he  imprisoned  without 
law  two  Presbyterian  ministers  for  presuming  to 
preach  in  Xcw  York  without  his  license.  They 
were  sent  out  by  some  dissenters  in  London  as 
itinerant  preachers,  for  the  benefit  of  the  middle 
and  southern  colonies.  He  had  a  conference 
with  them,  and  made  himself  conspicuous  as 
a  savage  bigot  and  an  ungentlemanly  tyrant. 
The  cries  of  the  oppressed  reaching  the  ears  of 
the  queen  in  1708,  she  appointed  Lord  Lovelace 
governor  in  his  stead.  As  soon  as  Cornbury  was 
superseded,  his  creditors  threw  him  into  the  cus 
tody  of  the  sheriff  of  New  York ;  but  after  the 
death  of  his  father  he  was  permitted  to  return  to 
England,  and  succeeded  to  the  earldom  of  Clar 
endon.  Never  was  there  a  governor  of  New 
York  so  universally  detested,  or  so  deserving  of 
abhorrence.  His  behavior  was  trifling,  mean,  and 


CORNELIUS. 


263 


extravagant.  It  was  not  uncommon  for  him  to 
dress  himself  in  a  woman's  habit,  and  then  to 
patrol  the  fort,  in  which  he  resided.  By  such 
freaks  he  drew  upon  himself  universal  contempt ; 
while  his  despotism,  bigotry,  injustice,  and  insa 
tiable  avarice  aroused  the  indignation  of  the 
people.  —  Smith's  New  York,  101-116;  Jlu/t-Jt- 
inson,  II.  123  ;  Marshall,  I.  272. 

CORNELIUS,  ELIAS,  a  physician  and  a  patriot 
of  the  Revolution,  died  at  Somers,  N.  Y.,  June 
13,  1823,  aged  Go.  lie  was  a  n  live  of  Long 
Island.  At  the  age  of  nineteen,  in  opposition  to 
the  advice  of  his  relatives,  who  were  then  at 
tached  to  the  British  cause,  he  repaired  to  New 
York  early  in  1777,  and,  being  recommended  by 
his  instructor,  Dr.  Samuel  Latham,  was  appointed 
surgeon's  mate  in  the  second  Rhode  Island  regi 
ment,  commanded  by  Col.  Israel  Angcll.  On 
reconnoitring  near  the  lines  above  New  York,  he 
Avas  soon  taken  prisoner  and  carried  to  the  "  old 
Provost "  jail  in  the  city,  where  he  suffered  in 
credible  hardships,  till  with  great  courage  and 
presence  of  mind  he  made  his  escape  in  March, 
1778.  He  immediately  rejoined  the  army  and 
continued  in  it  till  the  close  of  1781.  He  left  a 
widow,  three  daughters,  and  a  son.  As  a  phy 
sician  he  had  extensive  and  successful  practice.  It 
was  while  he  was  in  the  army  that  he  received 
those  religious  impressions  which  issued  in  an 
established  Christian  hope.  A  warm  friend  to 
charitable  institutions,  he  left  100  dollars  to  each 
of  the  following  societies  :  the  American  bible, 
education,  foreign  mission,  and  the  united  for 
eign  mission.  —  Boston  Recorder,  July  5,  1823. 

CORNELIUS,  ELIAS,  1).  1).,  secretary  of  the 
American  education  society,  son  of  the  preceding, 
died  Feb.  12,  1832,  aged  37.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1813 ;  and,  after  studying  theol 
ogy,  engaged  in  1816  as  an  agent  of  the  Ameri 
can  board  of  commissioners  for  foreign  missions, 
in  which  capacity  he  was  for  one  or  two  years 
very  active  and  successful.  In  Sept.  and  Oct., 
1817,  he  visited  the  missions  in  the  Cherokee  na 
tion.  On  his  way  thence  to  the  Chickasaw  nation 
he  met  a  party  of  Indians  from  the  Arkansas, 
and  redeemed  from  them  a  little  Osagc  orphan 
captive,  five  years  of  age,  and  sent  the  girl  to  the 
mission  family.  The  subsequent  winter  he  spent 
!  at  New  Orleans,  in  the  employment  of  the  Mis 
sionary  society  cf  Connecticut.  He  arrived  in 
the  city  Dec.  30,  1817,  and  commenced  preaching 
and  gathering  a  congregation.  Jan.  22,  1818,  he 
was  joined  by  Sylvester  Larned,  and  they  labored 
together  till  the  congregation  was  organized  and 
Mr.  Larned  invited  to  become  the  minister;  after 
which  he  turned  his  attention  to  the  poor  and 
sick  and  others  of  the  destitute.  In  the  spring 
he  returned  to  Andover;  and,  July  21,  1819,  was 
installed  as  colleague  with  Dr.  Worcester  at  Sa- 


264 


CORNPLANTER. 


CORTLANDT. 


lem.  In  Sept.,  1826,  he  was  dismissed  by  the 
advice  of  a  mutual  council,  having  been  appointed 
secretary  of  the  American  education  society.  In 
the  service  of  this  institution  he  devised  the  plan 
of  permanent  scholarships,  and  met  with  unex 
ampled  success  in  soliciting  subscriptions.  lie 
established  also  the  quarterly  register  and  jour 
nal  of  the  American  education  society,  which  he 
conducted  for  some  years,  assisted  by  Mr.  B.  B. 
Edwards.  In  Oct.,  1831,  he  was  chosen  secretary 
of  the  American  board  of  commissioners  for  for 
eign  missions, in  the  place  of  Mr.  Evarts,  deceased. 
But  he  had  signified  his  acceptance  of  this  office 
only  a  few  weeks,  and  had  just  entered  the 
new  and  wide  field  of  toil  for  the  enlargement  of 
the  kingdom  of  Jesus  Christ,  when  he  was  re 
moved  from  the  world.  Exhausted  by  a  journey 
from  Boston,  he  was  taken  sick  at  Hartford,  Conn., 
Feb.  7,  and  died  in  that  city  of  a  fever  on  the 
brain.  His  wife,  the  daughter  of  Rev.  Asahel 
Hooker,  arrived  a  few  hours  after  his  decease. 
Dr.  Cornelius  was  enterprising,  bold,  and  elo 
quent;  though  resolute,  yet  considerate  and  pru 
dent.  Of  a  vigorous  frame  and  determined  spirit, 
he  was  capable  of  meeting  and  surmounting  great 
difficulties.  He  fell  in  the  fulness  of  his  strength ; 
and  the  American  churches  are  again  taught  not 
to  trust  in  man.  Besides  his  labors  in  the  quar 
terly  journal  and  the  annual  reports  of  the  edu 
cation  society,  he  published  a  discourse  on  the 
doctrine  of  the  trinity,  reprinted  as  No.  185  of 
the  tract  society.  His  memoirs,  by  B.  B.  Ed 
wards,  was  published  1833. 

CORNPLANTER,  or  GARYAX,  an  Indian 
chief,  died  at  Seneca  reservation,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  17, 
1836,  aged  about  100  years.  He  early  espoused 
the  American  side.  His  associate  was  lied  Jacket. 

CORNWALLIS,  CHARLES,  marquis,  com 
mander  of  the  British  army  in  America,  surren 
dered  at  Yorktown,  Oct.  19,  1781,  an  event 
which  brought  the  war  to  a  close.  In  1790  he 
was  governor-general  of  India,  and  by  his  victo 
ries  in  the  war  with  Tippoo  Saib  acquired  high 
reputation.  Again  was  he  appointed,  in  1805, 
governor  of  India,  where  he  died,  at  Ghazepore, 
Oct.  5.  He  married  in  1768  Miss  Jones,  a  lady 
of  large  fortune,  said  to  have  died  of  a  broken 
heart  in  consequence  of  his  engaging  in  the  Amer 
ican  war.  He  published  an  answer  to  the  narra 
tive  of  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  1783. 

CORREA  DE  SERRA,  JOSEPH  FRANCIS,  min 
ister  plenipotentiary  from  Portugal  to  this  coun 
try,  was  born  in  1750,  and  studied  at  Rome  and 
Naples.  Botany  early  engaged  his  attention. 
After  the  peace  of  Amiens  he  resided  eleven 
years  in  Paris.  He  came  to  this  country  in  1813, 
in  order  to  prosecute  his  researches  in  natural 
history ;  and,  while  here,  received  his  appoint 
ment  as  minister  from  Portugal.  He  died  at  Lis 
bon  in  Sept.,  1823,  aged  74.  He  was  an  eminent 


botanist.  He  published  dissertations  on  subjects 
of  natural  history  in  the  English  philosophical 
transactions ;  note  sur  la  valeur  du  perisperme ; 
vues  carpologiques ;  collcccao  de  livros  incditos 
de  historian  Portugal,  3  vol.,  1790;  soil  of  Ken 
tucky  in  American  phil.  trans.  I.  new  series. 

CORTEZ,  HERXANDO,  the  conqueror  of  Mex 
ico,  died  in  Spain  Dec.  2,  1547,  aged  62.  He 
was  born  in  Estremadura,  in  Spain,  in  1485.  At 
the  age  of  33  he  sailed  from  Cuba  Nov.  18,  1518, 
with  eleven  small  vessels,  six  hundred  and  seven 
teen  men,  soldiers  and  sailors,  ten  field-pieces, and 
only  thirteen  firelocks.  He  landed  at  Tabasco, 
and  captured  it.  At  Vera  Cruz  he  built  a  small 
fort ;  then,  burning  his  ships,  he  advanced  against 
Mexico,  with  five  hundred  men  and  fifteen  horses. 
The  emperor,  Montezuma,  received  him  into  the 
city  with  great  pomp  ;  but  he  was  seized  and 
confined  by  the  Spaniard.  In  a  tumult  of  the 
people,  Montezuma  was  brought  forward,  in  order 
to  quell  it ;  but  in  the  attack  the  emperor  was 
mortally  wounded  and  the  invaders  driven  from 
the  city.  But  Cortez,  after  obtaining  recruits, 
marched  again  to  Mexico  in  Dec.,  1520,  and  after 
a  siege  of  three  months  took  it,  and  seized  Gua- 
temozin.  The  sovereign  was  placed  on  burning 
coals,  in  order  to  extort  from  him  a  confession  of 
the  place  where  his  riches  were  concealed.  Thus 
the  empire  was  subdued  by  a  small  band  of  ad 
venturers,  and  hundreds  of  the  natives  for  refus 
ing  to  become  Christians  were  cruelly  put  to  death 
by  men  of  less  religion  than  they.  The  name 
of  Cortez  is  made  memorable  on  the  earth  for 
bravery,  avarice,  and  cruelty. 

CORTLANDT,  PIERRE  VAX,  lieutenant-gover 
nor  of  New  York,  died  at  his  seat  at  Croton  river 
May  1,  1819,  aged  94.  He  was  appointed  to 
that  office  at  the  commencement  of  the  new  gov 
ernment  in  1777,  and  was  continued  in  it  eighteen 
years  in  succession  till  1795,  his  friend  and  confi 
dant,  George  Clinton,  being  during  the  same 
period  governor.  He  early  took  an  active  part 
against  the  oppressive  acts  of  the  British  govern 
ment.  Of  the  first  provincial  congress  he  was  a 
member;  also  of  the  convention  which  framed 
the  constitution  of  New  York.  His  residence 
being  forty  or  fifty  miles  from  the  city,  during 
the  war  his  family  was  driven  from  their  dwelling 
in  the  manor  of  Cortlandt;  but  he  confided  in 
the  justice  of  the  American  cause,  and,  putting 
his  trust  in  God,  he  was  undismayed  by  danger. 
His  Avife  was  the  daughter  of  Gilbert  Livingston. 
Col.  Van  Cortlandt,  probably  his  son,  married  a 
daughter  of  Gov.  Clinton.  —  Augustus  Van  Cort- 
landt,  perhaps  his  brother,  died  in  Youkers, 
N.  Y.,in  1823,  aged  96.  —  He  was  a  man  of  exem 
plary  virtues,  upright,  benevolent,  the  friend  of 
the  poor,  and  died  a  sincere  Christian,  with  full 
assurance  of  salvation  by  the  redeeming  love  of 
Jesus  Christ,  upon  whom  in  his  last  moments  he 


COHY. 


COTTON. 


2G5 


called  to  receive  him  to  endless  life  and  glory.  — 
Wcstchcster  Gazette. 

COltY,  GILES,  accused  of  witchcraft,  was 
brought  into  court  at  Salem  in  Sept.,  1G92;  but, 
observing  the  fate  of  those,  who  had  been  tried, 
fifteen  at  that  court  having  been  convicted,  he 
refused  to  plead,  and  agreeably  to  law  he  had 
judgment  for  standing  mute  and  was  pressed  to 
death.  This  is  the  only  instance  of  the  kind  in 
the  history  of  this  country.  Eight  of  the  fifteen 
were  executed  Sept.  22,  among  whom  was  Mar 
tha  Cory.  —  Hutckinson,  II.  60. 

COSTER,  JOHN  G.,  died  in  New  York,  Aug. 
8,  1844,  aged  62.  Born  in  Holland,  he  was  an 
honorable  and  successful  merchant  in  New  York 
for  fifty  years. 

DOTTING,  URIAH,  died  at  Boston  May  9, 
1819,  aged  53 ;  a  mechanist  and  projector,  doing 
perhaps  more  than  any  other  man  for  the  im 
provement  of  the  city. 

COTTON,  JOHN,  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
of  the  early  ministers  of  New  England,  died  Dec. 
23,  1652,  aged  67.  He  was  born  in  Derby,  Eng., 
Dec.  4,  1585.  At  the  age  of  13  he  was  admitted 
a  member  of  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  and 
afterwards  removed  to  Emanuel  college,  where 
he  obtained  a  fellowship.  He  was  soon  chosen 
the  head  lecturer  in  the  college,  being  also  em 
ployed  as  tutor  to  many  scholars,  who  afterwards 
became  distinguished.  For  this  office  he  was 
peculiarly  well  qualified,  as  his  knowledge  was 
extensive,  his  manners  gentle  and  accommodat 
ing,  and  he  possessed  an  uncommon  ease  and 
facility  in  communicating  his  ideas.  His  occa 
sional  orations  and  discourses  were  so  accurate 
and  elegant,  and  displayed  such  invention  and 
taste,  that  he  acquired  a  high  reputation  in  the 
university.  Hitherto  he  had  been  seeking  the 
gratification  of  a  literary  taste,  or  yielding  to  the 
claims  of  ambition;  but  at  length  a  complete 
change  in  his  character,  which  he  attributed  to 
the  grace  of  God,  induced  him  to  engage  with 
earnestness  in  the  pursuit  of  new  and  more 
exalted  objects.  While  a  member  of  the  college 
his  conscience  had  been  impressed  by  the  faithful 
preaching  of  William  Perkins ;  but  he  resisted 
his  convictions ;  and  such  was  his  enmity  to  the 
truths,  which  had  disturbed  his  peace,  that  when 
he  heard  the  bell  toll  for  the  funeral  of  that  emi 
nent  servant  of  God,  it  was  a  joyful  sound  to  him. 
It  announced  his  release  from  a  ministry,  hostile 
to  his  self-righteous  and  unhumbled  spirit.  It 
was  not  long,  however,  before  he  was  again  awa 
kened  from  his  security  by  a  sermon  of  Dr.  Sibs 
on  the  misery  of  those  who  have  no  righteous 
ness  except  the  moral  virtues.  After  a  distress 
ing  anxiety  of  three  years,  it  pleased  God  to  give 
him  joy  in  believing.  lie  was  soon  called  upon 
to  preach  again  in  his  turn  before  the  university, 
and,  more  anxious  to  do  good  than  to  attract  ap- 
34 


plause,  he  did  not  array  his  discourse* in  the  orna 
ments  of  language,  but  preached  with  plainness 
and  pungency  upon  the  duty  of  repentance.  The 
vain  wits  of  the  university,  disappointed  in  their 
expectations  of  a  splendid  harangue,  and  reproved 
by  the  fidelity  of  liim  who  was  now  a  Christian 
minister,  did  not  hum  their  applauses  as  usual, 
and  one  of  them,  Mr.  Preston,  who  afterwards 
became  famous  in  the  religious  world,  received 
such  deep  impressions  upon  his  mind  as  were 
never  effaced.  Such  was  the  collegial  life  of  Mr. 
Cotton. 

About  the  year  1612,  when  in  the  twenty- 
eighth  year  of  his  age,  he  became  the  minister  of 
Boston  in  Lincolnshire.  Soon  after  his  establish 
ment  in  this  place,  the  zeal  of  a  physician  in  the 
town  in  promoting  Arminian  sentiments,  induced 
him  to  dwell  much  and  principally  for  some  time 
upon  what  he  believed  to  be  the  truths  of  Scrip 
ture  ;  upon  the  doctrine  of  God's  eternal  election 
before  all  foresight  of  good  or  evil,  and  the  re 
demption  only  of  the  elect ;  upon  the  effectual  in 
fluence  of  the  Holy  Spirit  in  the  conversion  of  the 
sinner,  without  any  regard  to  the  previous  exer 
tions  of  free  will ;  and  upon  the  certain  per 
severance  of  every  true  believer.  Such  was  his 
success,  that  he  soon  silenced  lu's  antagonist,  and 
afterwards  the  doctrine  of  predestination  was  not 
brought  into  controversy.  He  soon  entertained 
doubts  respecting  the  lawfulness  of  complying 
with  some  of  the  ceremonies  of  the  church,  and 
was  subjected  to  inconveniences  on  this  account; 
but  as  his  people  coincided  with  him  in  his  senti 
ments  he  kept  his  place  for  twenty  years,  and  was 
during  this  time  remarkably  useful,  not  only  by 
the  effect  of  his  faithful  preaching,  but  as  an  in 
structor  of  young  men  who  were  designed  for  the 
ministry,  some  of  whom  were  from  Germany  and 
Holland.  His  labors  were  immense,  for  in  addi 
tion  to  his  other  avocations  he  generally  preached 
four  lectures  in  the  course  of  a  week.  His  benev 
olent  exertions  were  not  in  vain.  It  pleased  God, 
that  a  general  reformation  should  take  place  in 
the  town.  The  voice  of  profaneness  was  no 
longer  heard,  and  the  infinitely  important  truths 
of  the  gospel  arrested  the  attention  of  almost  all 
the  inhabitants.  He  was  much  admired  and 
much  applauded,  but  he  ever  remained  humble. 
At  length,  after  the  government  of  the  English 
church  fell  into  the  hands  of  Bishop  Laud,  divi 
sions  arose  among  the  parishioners  of  M*r.  Cot 
ton  ;  a  dissolute  fellow,  who  had  been  punished 
for  his  immoralities,  informed  against  the  magis 
trates  and  the  ministers  for  not  kneeling  at  the 
sacrament ;  and  Mr.  Cotton,  being  cited  before 
the  high  commission  court,  was  obliged  to  fiee. 
After  being  concealed  for  some  time  in  London, 
he  embarked  for  this  country,  anxious  to  secure 
to  himself  the  peaceable  enjoyment  of  the  rights 
of  conscience,  though  in  a  wilderness.  He  Bailed 


266 


COTTON. 


COTTON. 


in  the  same  vessel  with  Mr.  Hooker  and  Mr. 
Stone,  and  the  circumstance  of  their  names  caused 
the  people  to  say,  on  their  arrival,  Sept.  4,  1633, 
that  their  three  great  necessities  would  now  be 
supplied,  for  they  had  Cotton  for  their  clothing, 
Hooker  for  their  fishing,  and  Stone  for  their 
building.  This  was  an  age  of  conceits.  During 
the  voyage  three  sermons  or  expositions  were  de 
livered  almost  every  day,  and  Mr.  Cotton  was 
blessed  in  the  birth  of  his  eldest  son,  whom  at  his 
baptism  in  Boston,  he  called  Seaborn.  In  Oct., 
1633,  he  was  established  the  teacher  of  the 
church  in  Boston,  as  colleague  with  Mr.  Wilson, 
who  was  pastor.  He  was  set  apart  to  this  office, 
on  a  day  of  fasting,  by  imposition  of  the  hands  of 
Mr.  Wilson  and  his  two  elders.  He  remained  in 
this  town,  connected  with  this  church,  more  than 
nineteen  years  ;  and  such  was  his  influence  in  es 
tablishing  the  order  of  our  churches,  and  so  ex 
tensive  was  his  usefulness,  that  he  has  been  called 
the  patriarch  of  New  England.  The  prevalence 
of  those  erroneous  doctrines,  which  occasioned 
the  synod  of  1637,  so  much  disturbed  his  peace, 
that  he  was  almost  induced  to  remove  to  New 
Haven.  Mrs.  Hutchinson  endeavored  to  promote 
her  wild  sentiments  by  shielding  them  under  the 
name  of  Mr.  Cotton ;  but,  though  he  was  im 
posed  upon  for  some  time  by  the  artifices  of  those 
of  her  party,  yet,  when  he  discovered  their  real 
opinions,  he  was  bold  and  decided  in  his  opposi 
tion  to  them.  Though  he  did  not  sign  the  result 
of  the  synod  of  1637,  on  account  of  his  differing 
from  it  in  one  or  two  points  ;  he  yet  approved  of 
it  in  general,  and  his  peaceable  intercourse  with 
his  brethren  in  the  ministry  was  not  afterwards 
interrupted  on  account  of  his  supposed  errors.  In 
1642  he  was  invited  to  England,  with  Mr.  Hooker 
and  Mr.  Davenport,  to  assist  in  the  assembly  of 
divines  at  Westminister,  and  he  was  in  favor  of 
accepting  the  invitation,  but  Mr.  Hooker  was  op 
posed  to  it,  as  he  was  at  that  time  forming  a  sys 
tem  of  church  government  for  New  England.  His 
death  was  occasioned  by  an  inflammation  of  the 
lungs,  brought  on  by  exposure  in  crossing  the 
ferry  to  Cambridge,  where  he  went  to  preach. 
So  universally  was  he  venerated,  that  many  ser 
mons  were  preached  on  his  decease  in  different 
parts  of  the  country. 

Mr.  Cotton  sustained  a  high  reputation  for 
learning.  He  was  a  critic  in  Greek,  and  with 
Hebrew  he  was  so  well  acquainted  that  he  could 
discourse  in  it.  He  also  wrote  Latin  with  ele 
gance,  as  a  specimen  of  which,  his  preface  to 
Norton's  answer  to  the  inquiries  of  Appollonius 
has  often  been  mentioned.  In  the  pulpit  he  im 
pressed  his  hearers  with  admiration.  Uniting  to 
conspicuous  talents  and  a  profound  judgment,  the 
candor  and  mildness  enjoined  in  the  gospel,  and 
the  warmth  of  pious  feeling,  his  instructions  did 
not  meet  the  resistance  which  is  often  expe 


rienced,  but  fell  with  the  gentleness  of  the  dew, 
and  insinuated  themselves  imperceptibly  into  the 
mind.  His  labors,  soon  after  he  came  to  Boston, 
were  more  effectual  than  those  of  any  of  the  min 
isters  in  the  country ;  he  was  the  means  of  excit 
ing  great  attention  to  religious  subjects ;  and 
some  of  the  most  profligate  were  brought  to  re 
nounce  their  iniquities,  and  to  engage  in  a  course 
of  conduct  more  honorable  and  more  satisfactory, 
and  which  would  terminate  in  everlasting  felicity. 
His  discourses  were  generally  written  with  the 
rcatest  attention,  though  he  sometimes  preached 
without  any  preparation.  His  intimate  and  accu 
rate  knowledge  of  the  Scriptures  and  the  extent 
of  his  learning  enabled  him  to  do  this  without 
difficulty.  His  written  sermons,  which  he  had 
composed  with  ca/e,  were  yet  remarkable  for 
their  simplicity  and  plainness,  for  he  was  desirous 
that  all  should  understand  him,  and  less  anxious 
to  acquire  fame  than  to  do  good.  His  voice  was 
not  loud,  but  it  was  so  clear  and  distinct,  that  it 
was  heard  with  ease  by  the  largest  auditory ;  and 
his  utterance  was  accompanied  by  a  natural  and 
becoming  motion  of  his  right  hand.  The  Lord 
was  in  the  still,  small  voice.  He  preached  with 
such  life,  dignity,  and  majesty,  that  Mr.  Wilson 
said,  one  almost  thinks  that  he  hears  the  very 
prophet  speak,  upon  whose  works  he  is  dwelling. 
His  library  was  large,  and  he  had  well  studied 
the  fathers  and  schoolmen,  but  he  preferred  Cal 
vin  to  them  all.  Being  asked,  in  the  latter  part 
of  his  life,  why  he  indulged  in  nocturnal  studies, 
he  answered,  that  he  loved  to  sweeten  his  mouth 
with  a  piece  of  Calvin  before  he  went  to  sleep. 
Twelve  hours  in  a  day  were  generally  occupied  by 
his  studies ;  and  such  was  his  zeal  in  theological 
pursuits,  that  he  frequently  lamented  the  useless 
visits  with  which  he  was  oppressed,  though  he 
was  incapable  of  incivility  to  persons,  who  thus 
obtruded  upon  him.  He  gave  himself  chiefly  to 
reading  and  preparation  for  the  duties  of  public 
instruction,  depending  much  on  the  ruling  elders 
for  intelligence  respecting  his  flock.  He  was  an 
excellent  casuist,  and,  besides  resolving  many  cases 
which  were  brought  him,  he  was  also  deeply 
though  not  violently  engaged  in  controversies 
respecting  church  government.  In  his  contro 
versy  with  Mr.  Williams  he  found  an  antagonist, 
whose  weapons  were  powerful  and  whose  cause 
was  good ;  while  he  himself  unhappily  advocated  a 
cause  which  he  had  once  opposed,  when  suffering 
persecution  in  England.  He  contended  for  the 
interference  of  the  civil  power  in  support  of  the 
truth,  and  to  the  objection  of  Mr.  Williams,  that 
this  was  infringing  the  rights  of  conscience,  the 
only  reply  that  could  be  made  was,  that  when  a 
person,  after  repeated  admonitions,  persisted  in 
rejecting  and  opposing  fundamental  points  of  doc 
trine  or  worship,  it  could  not  'be  from  conscience, 
but  against  conscience,  and  therefore  that  it  was 


COTTON. 


COTTON. 


2G7 


not  persecution  for  cause  of  conscience  for  the 
civil  power  to  drive  such  persons  away,  but  it  was 
a  wise  regard  to  the  good  of  the  church ;  it  was 
putting  away  evil  from  the  people. 

To  his  intellectual  powers  and  improvements 
he  added  the  virtues  which  render  the  Christian 
character  amiable  and  interesting.  Even  Mr. 
Williams,  his  great  antagonist,  with  very  extra 
ordinary  candor  speaks  of  him  with  esteem  and 
respect,  commending  him  for  his  goodness  and 
for  his  attachment  to  so  many  of  the  truths  of 
the  gospel,  lie  was  modest,  humble,  gentle, 
peaceable,  patient,  and  forbearing.  Sometimes 
he  almost  lamented  that  he  carried  his  meekness 
to  such  an  extent.  "  Angry  men,"  said  he,  "  have 
an  advantage  over  me ;  the  people  will  not  oppose 
them,  for  they  will  rage ;  but  some  are  encour 
aged  to  do  me  injury,  because  they  know  I  shall 
not  be  angry  with  them  again."  It  will  not  be 
questioned,  however,  that  his  temper  contributed 
more  to  his  peace,  and  enjoyment,  and  usefulness, 
than  a  different  temper  would  have  done.  When 
he  was  once  told  that  his  preaching  was  very  dark 
and  comfortless,  he  replied,  "  Let  me  have  your 
prayers,  brother,  that  it  may  be  otherwise." 
Having  observed  to  a  person,  who  boasted  of  his 
knowledge  of  the  book  of  Itevelation,  that  he 
wanted  light  in  those  mysteries,  the  man  went 
home  and  sent  him  a  pound  of  candles ;  which 
insolence  only  excited  a  smile.  "  Mr.  Cotton," 
says  Dr.  Mather,  "  would  not  set  the  beacon  of 
his  great  soul  on  fire  at  the  landing  of  such  a 
little  cock-boat."  A  drunken  fellow,  to  make 
merriment  for  his  companions,  approached  him 
in  the  street,  and  whispered  in  his  ear,  "  Thou  art 
an  old  tool."  Mr.  Cotton  replied,  "  I  confess  I 
am  so ;  the  Lord  make  both  me  and  thee  wiser 
than  we  arc,  even  wise  to  salvation."  Though  he 
asserted  the  right  of  the  civil  power  to  banish 
heretics,  he  yet  had  a  great  aversion  to  engaging 
in  any  civil  affairs,  and  with  reluctance  yielded  his 
attention  to  any  concern  not  immediately  con 
nected  with  his  holy  calling.  In  his  family  he 
was  very  careful  to  impart  instruction,  and  wisely 
and  calmly  to  exercise  his  authority  in  restraining 
vice.  He  read  a  chapter  in  the  Bible,  with  an  ex 
position,  before  and  after  which  he  made  a 
prayer,  remembering,  however,  to  avoid  a  te 
dious  prolixity.  He  observed  the  Sabbath  from 
evening  to  evening,  and  by  him  this  practice 
was  rendered  general  in  New  England.  On 
Saturday  evening,  after  expounding  the  Scrip 
tures,  he  catechized  his  children  and  servants, 
prayed  with  them,  and  sung  a  psalm.  On  the 
Sabbath  evening  the  sermons  of  the  day  were  re 
peated,  and,  after  .singing,  with  uplifted  hands  and 
eyes  he  uttered  the  doxology,  "  Blessed  be  God 
in  Christ  our  Saviour."  In  his  study  he  prayed 
much.  He  would  rarely  engage  in  any  theolog 
ical  research,  or  sit  down  to  prosecute  his  studies, 


without  first  imploring  the  Divine  blessing.  He 
kept  many  days  of  private  fasting  and  thanks 
giving.  While  he  was  thus  distinguished  for  his 
piety,  he  was  also  kind  and  benevolent.  He 
knew  that  the  efficacy  of  religious  principles  must 
be  evinced  by  good  works,  and  he  was  therefore 
hospitable  and  charitable.  The  stranger  and  the 
needy  were  ever  welcomed  to  his  table.  Such 
was  his  beneficence,  that,  when  Mr.  White  was 
driven  with  his  church  from  Bermuda  into  the 
American  wilderness,  he  collected  700  pounds  for 
their  relief,  towards  which  he  himself  contributed 
very  liberally.  Two  hundred  pounds  were  given 
by  the  church  in  Boston. 

After  a  life  of  eminent  sanctity  and  usefulness, 
he  was  not  left  destitute  of  support  in  his  dying 
moments.  In  his  sickness  President  Dunster 
went  to  see  him,  and  with  tears  begged  his  bless 
ing,  saying,  "  I  know  in  my  heart,  that  he  whom 
you  bless  shall  be  blessed."  lie  sent  for  the 
elders  of  the  church,  and  exhorted  them  to  guard 
against  declensions,  expressing  to  them  the  pleas 
ure  which  he  had  found  in  the  service  of  the  Lord 
Jesus  Christ.  After  he  had  addressed  his  chil 
dren,  he  desired  to  be  left  alone,  that  his  thoughts 
might  be  occupied  by  heavenly  things  without  in 
terruption  ;  and  thus  he  died  in  peace.  He  was 
of  a  clear,  fair  complexion,  and,  like  David,  of  a 
ruddy  countenance.  His  stature  was  rather  short 
than  tall.  In  early  life  his  hair  was  brown,  but 
in  his  latter  days  it  was  white  as  the  driven  snow. 
In  his  countenance  there  was  an  inexpressible 
majesty,  which  commanded  reverence  from  every 
one  not  hardened  against  good  impressions,  who 
approached  him.  In  an  epitaph  on  Mr.  Cotton 
by  Mr.  Woodbridge  are  the  following  lines,  \vhich 
probably  led  Dr.  Franklin  to  write  the  famous 
epitaph  on  himself. 

"  A  living,  breathing  Bible ;  tables,  where 
Both  covenants  at  large  engraven  were; 
Gospel  and  law  in  's  heart  had  each  its  column, 
His  head  an  index  to  the  sacred  volume  j 
His  very  name  a  title  page ;  and  next, 
His  life  a  commentary  on  the  text. 
0,  what  a  monument  of  glorious  worth, 
When  in  a  new  edition  he  comes  forth, 
Without  errata  may  we  think  he  '11  be, 
In  leaves  and  covers  of  eternity !  " 

lie  left  two  sons,  who  were  ministers  of  Hamp 
ton  and  of  Plymouth.  His  youngest  daughter 
married  Increase  Mather. 

Mr.  Cotton's  publications  were  numerous  ;  the 
most  celebrated  are  the  works  which  he  published 
in  the  controversy  with  Mr.  Williams,  and  his 
power  of  the  keys,  on  the  subject  of  church  gov 
ernment.  In  this  latter  work  he  contends,  that  the 
constituent  members  of  a  church  are  elders  and 
brethren ;  that  the  ciders  are  intrusted  with  gov 
ernment,  so  that  without  them  there  can  be  no 
elections,  admissions,  or  excommunications ;  that 
they  have  a  negative  upon  the  acts  of  the  frater- 


268 


COTTON. 


COTTON. 


nity,  yet  that  the  brethren  have  so  much  liberty, 
that  nothing  of  common  concernment  can  be  im 
posed  upon  them  without  their  consent.  He 
asserts  the  necessary  communion  of  churches  in 
sjiiods,  who  have  authority  to  enjoin  such  things 
as  may  rectify  disorders,  dissensions,  and  con 
fusion  of  congregations,  and,  upon  an  obstinate 
refusal  to  comply,  may  withdraw  communion. 
The  following  is  a  catalogue  of  his  writings : 
God's  promise  to  his  plantation,  an  election  ser 
mon,  1634  ;  a  letter  in  answer  to  objections  made 
against  the  New  England  churches,  with  the 
questions  proposed  to  such  as  are  admitted  to 
church  fellowship,  1611;  the  way  of  life,  4to; 
God's  mercy  mixed  with  his  justice  ;  an  abstract 
of  the  laws  of  New  England,  1641,  and  a  second 
edition  in  1655  ;  this  abstract  of  such  laws  of  the 
Jews  as  were  supposed  to  be  of  perpetual  obliga 
tion  was  drawn  up  in  1636,  when  Vane  was  gov 
ernor,  though  it  was  never  accepted ;  it  is  pre 
served  in  vol.  v.  of  the  historical  collections  ;  the 
church's  resurrection,  on  the  fifth  and  sixth  verses 
of  revelation,  xx.  1642 ;  a  modest  and  clear  an 
swer  to  Mr.  Ball's  discourse  on  set  forms  of 
prayer  ;  exposition  of  revelation,  XVI. ;  the  true 
constitution  of  a  particular,  visible  church,  1643  ; 
the  keys  of  the  kingdom  of  heaven,  and  power 
thereof,  1644 ;  the  doctrine  of  the  church,  to 
which  is  committed  the  keys  of  the  kingdom  of 
heaven ;  the  covenant  of  God's  free  grace  most 
sweetly  unfolded,  to  which  is  added  a  profession 
of  faith  by  Mr.  Davenport,  1645 ;  3d  edit.,  1671 ; 
the  way  of  the  churches  of  Christ  in  New  Eng 
land,  or  the  way  of  churches  walking  in  brotherly 
eqxiality,  etc. ;  this  was  published  from  an  imper 
fect  copy,  and  represents  Mr.  Cotton  as  less 
friendly  to  the  authority  of  the  elders  than  he 
really  was ;  the  pouring  out  of  the  seven  vials  ; 
the  controversy  concerning  liberty  of  conscience 
truly  stated,  1646;  a  treatise  showing  that  singing 
of  psalms  is  a  gospel  ordinance,  1647 ;  the 
grounds  and  ends  of  the  baptism  of  the  children 
of  the  faithful,  1647 ;  a  letter  to  Mr.  Williams, 
the  bloody  tenet  washed  and  made  white  in  the 
blood  of  the  Lamb,  being  discussed  and  discharged 
of  blood-guiltiness  by  just  defence,  in  answer  to 
Mr.  Williams,  to  which  is  added,  a  reply  to  Mr. 
Williams'  answer  to  Mr.  Cotton's  letter,  1647  ; 
questions  propounded  to  him  by  the  teaching 
elders,  with  his  answer  to  each  question ;  the  way 
of  congregational  churches  cleared,  in  two  trea 
tises,  against  Mr.  Baylie  and  Mr.  Rutherford, 
1648;  of  the  holiness  of  church  members,  prov 
ing  that  visible  saints  are  the  matter  of  the 
church,  1650;  Chrirst  the  fountain  of  life,  1651; 
a  brief  exposition  of  Ecclesiastes,  1654;  his  cen 
sure  upon  the  way  of  Mr.  Ilenden,  of  Kent,  1656  ; 
sermons  on  the  first  epistle  of  John,  folio ;  a 
discourse  on  things  indifferent,  proving  that  no 
church  governors  have  power  to  impose  indiffer 


ent  things  upon  the  consciences  of  men ;  expo 
sition  of  Canticles  ;  milk  for  babes,  a  catechism  ; 
meat  for  strong  men ;  a  discourse  about  civil  gov 
ernment  in  a  plantation,  whose  design  is  religion, 
1663.  —  Norton's  and  Mather's  Life  of  Cotton  ; 
Mather's  Magnalia,  III.  14-31;  Neal's  New  Eng 
land,!.  305-307';  Hist.  Coll.  \.  171;  IX.  41-44; 
Hutcliinson,  I.  34,  55-76,  115,  179;  Winthrop, 
52-153. 

COTTON,  SEABORX,  minister  of  Hampton, 
N.  H.,  was  the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  was 
born  at  sea  in  Aug.,  1633,  while  his  parents  were 
on  their  voyage  to  New  England.  His  name  is 
put  Marigena  in  the  catalogue  of  Harvard  college, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1651.  He  was  or 
dained  at  Hampton  in  1660,  as  successor  of  Mr. 
Wheelright,  and  died  April  19,  1686,  aged  52 
years.  His  first  wife  was  Dorothy,  daughter  of 
Gov.  Bradstreet.  His  son  John,  his  successor  in 
the  ministry  at  Hampton,  was  ordained  in  1696, 
and  died  March  27, 1710,  aged  52  years.  During 
Gov.  Cranfield's  administration  Mr.  Moody  was 
imprisoned  for  refusing  to  administer  the  sacra 
ment  to  him ;  the  next  week  the  governor  sent 
word  to  Mr.  Cotton,  that,  "  when  he  had  prepared 
his  soul,  he  would  come  and  demand  the  sacra 
ment  of  him,  as  he  had  done  at  Portsmouth." 
This  threat  induced  Mr.  Cotton  to  withdraw  for 
some  time  to  Boston.  He  was  esteemed  a  thor 
ough  scholar  and  an  able  preacher.  The  here 
sies  of  his  namesake,  Pelagius,  which  had  been 
revived  in  the  world,  he  regarded  with  abhor 
rence. —  Magnalia,  ill.  20,  31;  Farmer's  Bel- 
knap,  I. 

COTTON,  JOHN,  minister  of  Plymouth,  Mass., 
and  of  Charleston,  S.C.,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
died  Sept.,  1699,  aged  59.  He  was  the  son  of 
John  Cotton,  of  Boston,  and  was  born  March  13, 
1640.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1657.  From  1664  to  1667  he  preached  on  Mar 
tha's  Vineyard  to  a  congregation  of  white  people 
and  also  to  the  Indians,  having  acquired  a  good 
knowledge  of  their  language ;  and  thus  he  af 
forded  great  assistance  to  Thomas  Mayhew,  who 
was  laboring  to  make  the  heathen  acquainted 
with  the  glad  tidings  of  salvation.  In  Nov., 
1667,  he  removed  to  Plymouth  on  the  invitation 
of  the  people  in  that  town,  but  was  not.  ordained 
until  June  30,  1669.  He  continued  there  about 
thirty  years.  He  was  a  very  faithful  minister, 
and  his  exertions  were  extensively  useful.  He  was 
completely  occupied  in  doing  good  by  visiting  the 
families  in  his  parish  with  the  ruling  elders,  cate 
chizing  the  children,  and  attending  church  meet 
ings,  and  by  his  public  preaching  on  the  Sabbath. 
Before  his  admission  of  any  person  into  the 
church  he  required  a  relation,  either  public  or 
private,  of  the  experience  of  a  work  of  Divine 
grace.  He  usually  expounded  the  psalm,  which 
was  sung,  and  the  psalms  were  sung  in  course. 


COTTON. 

In  1681  the  practice  of  reading  the  psalm  line 
by  line  was  introduced  from  regard  to  a  brother, 
who  was  unable  to  read.  Some  difference  of 
opinion  between  him  and  his  church  respecting 
the  settlement  of  a  neighboring  minister  having 
arisen,  and  there  being  no  prospect  of  a  recon 
ciliation,  he  was  induced  to  ask  a  dismission, 
which  was  granted  Oct.  5,  1697.  Being  soon  in 
vited  to  South  Carolina,  he  set  sail  for  Charleston 
Nov.  16,  1698.  After  his  arrival  he  gathered  a 
church  and  labored  with  great  diligence  and 
much  success  till  his  death.  In  the  short  space 
of  time  that  he  lived  here,  twenty-five  were  added 
to  the  number  of  which  the  church  consisted 
when  it  was  first  organized,  and  many  baptized. 
His  church  erected  a  handsome  monument  over 
his  grave.  Among  his  sons  were  the  following 
ministers  :  John  of  Yarmouth,  Roland  of  Sand 
wich,  and  Theophilus  of  Hampton  Falls. 

Mr.  Cotton  was  eminent  for  his  acquaintance 
with  the  Indian  language.  When  he  began  to 
learn  it,  he  hired  an  Indian  for  his  instructor  at 
the  rate  of  twelve  pence  a  day  for  fifty  days  ;  but 
his  knavish  tutor,  having  received  his  whole  pay 
in  advance,  ran  away  before  twenty  days  had  ex 
pired.  Mr.  Cotton,  however,  found  means  to 
perfect  his  acquaintance  with  the  barbarous  dia 
lect.  While  at  Plymouth  he  frequently  preached 
to  the  Indians,  who  lived  in  several  congregations 
in  the  neighborhood.  The  whole  care  of  revising 
and  correcting  Eliot's  Indian  Bible,  which  was 
printed  at  Cambridge  in  168 3,  fell  on  him. — 
Hist.  Coll.  iv.  122-128,  137  ;  Magnolia,  in.  194, 
199,  200 ;  Mayhem's  Indian  Converts ;  Holmes. 

COTTON,  ROLAND,  first  minister  of  Sandwich, 
Mass.,  the  son  of  Rev.  JohnC.,  of  Plymouth,  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1685,  ordained 
Nov.  28,  1694,  and  died  March  29,  1722.  His 
successors  were  B.  Fessenden,  A.  Williams,  and 
J.  Burr.  His  wife  was  the  sister  of  Gov.  Salton- 
stall,  and  widow  of  Rev.  J.  Denison,  of  Ipswich. 
One  daughter  married  Rev.  J.  Brown,  of  Haverhill, 
and  another  married  Rev.  S.  Bourne,  of  Scituate. 
He  is  worthy  of  honorable  remembrance  for  his 
benevolent  regard  to  the  spiritual  interests  of  the 
Indians  at  Marshpee,  of  which  two  hundred  and 
fourteen  were  under  his  care  in  1693,  while  five 
hundred  of  other  tribes  were  under  the  care  of 
his  father.—  Hist.  Coll.  1.201;  x.  133. 

COTTON,  JOSIAII,  judge,  a  preacher  to  the  In 
dians,  the  son  of  Rev.  John  C.,  of  Plymouth,  was 
born  Jan.  8,  1680,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  col 
lege  in  1698.  Sustaining  the  office  of  clerk  of 
court,  register  of  deeds,  and  judge  of  the  com 
mon  pleas,  he  also  preached  to  the  Indians  at 
Manomct  and  Herring  ponds,  Plymouth,  and 
Mattakeeset  pond,  Pembroke,  with  a  salary  of 
20  pounds  from  the  commissioners  for  propagat 
ing  the  gospel.  His  engagement  closed  Nov. 
15,  1744,  having  preached  nearly  forty  years  both 


COUDRAY. 


2G9 


in  Indian  and  English.  He  died  Aug.  19,  1756, 
aged  75.  He  had  four  brothers  who  were  minis 
ters.  Of  his  fourteen  children,  his  son  John  was 
minister  of  Halifax.  His  daughter  Mary  was  the 
mother  of  Judge  Wm.  Gushing.  He  compiled  a 
copious  English  and  Indian  vocabulary,  published 
in  Mass.  Hist.  Coll.  3d  scries,  n.  147-257. 

COTTON,  JOHN,  minister  of  Newton,  Mass., 
son  of  Rev.  Roland  C.  of  Sandwich,  was  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  college  in  1710.  Having  been 
ordained  as  successor  of  Mr.  Hobart,  Nov.  3, 
1714,  he  continued  in  this  place  till  his  death, 
May  17,  1757,  in  the  sixty-fourth  year  of  his  age. 
He  was  faithful,  fervent,  and  successful  in  his  la 
bors,  and  was  particularly  happy  in  seeing  the 
attention  of  his  people  to  religious  truths  in  1729 
and  1740.  He  published  a  sermon  after  the  earth 
quakes,  1728;  on  the  death  of  Nathaniel  Cotton, 
of  Bristol,  1729 ;  at  the  ordination  of  his  brother, 
Ward  Cotton,  1734 ;  four  sermons  addressed 
to  youth,  1739  ;  at  the  election,  1753.  —  Homer's 
History  of  Newton ;  Hist.  Soc.  \.  273-276. 

COTTON,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  Halifax,  Mass., 
a  native  of  Plymouth,  son  of  Josiah  C.,  was  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  college  in  1730  and  ordained  in 
1735.  The  failure  of  his  voice  induced  him  to 
resign  in  1756,  and  he  was  succeeded  by  William 
Patten,  afterwards  a  minister  of  Hartford,  Conn. 
He  was  a  useful  citizen  at  Plymouth,  county 
treasurer,  and  register  of  deeds,  and  died  in  1789, 
aged  77.  He  published  two  sermons  on  a  day  of 
humiliation  for  the  drought  and  war,  1757  ;  prac 
tice  of  the  churches  as  to  baptism  vindicated  ; 
history  of  Plymouth  church.  —  2  Hist.  Coll. 
iv.  282. 

COTTON,  JOHN,  M.  D.,  died  at  Marietta,  Ohio, 
April  2,  1847,  aged  85.  He  was  a  descendant  of 
J.  C.,  of  Boston;  a  man  of  piety,  of  literature, 
and  science. 

COUCH,  PAUL,  an  unequalled  sufferer,  died  at 
Newburyport  March  19,  1842,  aged  64.  As  a 
preacher  he  was  in  1804  a  missionary  on  the 
Kenncbec  in  Maine.  By  exposure  to  the  cold 
air  after  the  fatigue  of  preaching,  he  became  ill, 
and  soon  was  helpless  by  rheumatism.  For 
thirty-eight  years  he  was  a  sufferer,  and  for  twenty- 
eight  never  left  his  small  chamber,  unable  to  rise 
from  his  bed  or  to  dress  himself  without  help. 
Every  day  was  a  day  of  pain,  which  required 
daily  anodynes.  For  twenty  years  he  was 
nearly  blind ;  he  was  also  dependent  on  charity. 
Yet  was  he  a  cheerful,  happy  Christian,  respected 
and  esteemed.  — Dimmick's  Address. 

COUDRAY,  Du,  general,  was  engaged  by  the 
American  commissioners  at  Paris  to  enter  our 
service  as  the  head  of  the  American  artillery. 
He  was  at  Boston  in  May,  1777.  But  Sopt.  16th 
he  was  drowned  in  the  Schuylkill.  He  rode  into 
a  ferry-boat,  and  was  unable  to  control  his  horse, 
which  plunged  into  the  river.  Had  he  lived,  prob- 


270 


COVINGTOX. 


CRAIG. 


ably  great  dissatisfaction  would  have  been  felt  in 
consequence  of  the  rank  assigned  him.  —  Ilealh, 
128. 

COVINGTOX,  LEONARD,  brigadier-general,  was 
the  son  of  Levin  C.,  of  Maryland.  lie  served 
with  reputation  under  Wayne  in  the  Indian  Avar. 
At  fort  Recovery  his  horse  was  shot  under  him. 
lie  participated  in  the  battle  on  the  Miami.  He- 
turning  to  his  family,  he  settled  as  a  planter.  For 
many  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  Maryland 
senate ;  he  was  also  elected  a  member  of  con 
gress.  In  1809  Mr.  Jefferson  appointed  him  licut.- 
colonel  in  the  regiment  of  dragoons.  Appointed 
Aug.  1,  1813,  brigadier-general,  he  repaired  to 
the  north.  At  the  battle  of  Williamsburg,  Nov. 
llth,  when  Boyd  commanded,  while  gallantly 
leading  his  brigade  to  the  charge,  he  was  mor 
tally  wounded,  and  died  on  the  13th,  aged  45, 
leaving  a  wife  and  six  children.  He  was  buried 
at  French  Mills,  now  called  Mount  Covington. 

COVIXGTOX,  ALEXANDER,  judge,  died  in 
Washington  city,  Mississippi,  Oct.  16,  1848,  aged 
71.  A  native  of  Virginia,  he  had  lived  in  Mis 
sissippi  forty  years.  He  Avas  a  Christian  professor, 
charitable  and  hospitable,  of  rare  colloquial  pow 
ers. 

COWLES,  GILES  II.,  D.  D.,  died  at  Austin- 
burgh,  Ohio,  July  5,  1835,  aged  68. 

COWLES,  SOLOMON,  general,  died  in  Far- 
mington,  Conn.,  Nov.  25,  1846,  aged  89,  an  officer 
in  the  Revolutionary  army. 

COWLES,  EZEKIEL,  died  at  Farmington,  Conn., 
in  Aug.,  1850,  aged  91.  He  fought  at  Bunker's 
Hill  and  served  in  the  war,  being  quartermaster 
and  paymaster. 

COX,  WILLIAM,  died  in  England  about  1851. 
He  came  to  this  country  early  in  life  as  a  printer, 
and  was  employed  in  the  Mirror  office,  XTew  York  ; 
and  he  wrote  much  for  the  Mirror.  He  pub 
lished  Crayon  sketches,  2  vols.,  1833.  —  Cycl. 
American  Literature,  II.  415. 

COXE,  DANIEL,  an  author,  claimed  the  terri 
tory  of  Georgia,  Florida,  and  Louisiana  under 
his  father,  who  purchased  of  Sir  Robert  Heath, 
to  whom  it  was  originally  granted  in  1630  ;  but 
the  claim  was  declared  void,  as  the  conditions  had 
not  been  fulfilled.  He  lived"  fourteen  years  in 
this  country ;  and  published  a  description  of  the 
English  province  of  Carolina,  by  the  Spaniards 
called  Florida,  etc.  8vo.,  London,  1722  ;  the  same, 
1741. 

COKE,  TENCH,  a  writer  on  public  economy, 
died  at  Philadelphia  July  16,  1824,  aged  68.  He 
published  an  address  on  American  manufactures ; 
an  inquiry  on  the  principles  of  a  commercial  sys 
tem  for  the  United  States,  1787;  examination  of 
Lord  Sheffield's  observations,  1792  ;  view  of  the 
United  States,  1794;  thoughts  on  naval  power 
and  the  encouragement  of  commerce  and  manu 
factures,  1806  ;  memoir  on  the  cultivation,  trade, 


and  manufacture  of  cotton,  1807  ;  memoir  on  a 
navigation  act,  1809  ;  statement  of  the  arts  and 
manufactures  of  the  United  States,  1814. 

CRADOCK,  MATTHEW,  first  governor  of  Mas 
sachusetts,  was  an  opulent  merchant  in  London. 
Of  the  London  company,  which  in  1628  pur 
chased  the  patent  of  the  territory  of  Massachu 
setts,  he  was  chosen  governor.  He  never  came 
to  this  country;  but  Endicott  was  sent  out  to 
make  a  plantation.  He  proposed  the  important 
measure  of  transferring  the  government  to  the 
actual  settlers ;  accordingly  Winthrop  was  chosen 
governor. —  Winthrop,!.  2;  2.  Hist.  Coll.v.  190. 

CRADOCK,  THOMAS,  rector  of  St.  Thomas, 
Baltimore  county,  Maryland,  died  in  1760.  He 
delivered  a  sermon  in  1753,  before  the  governor 
and  assembly,  on  the  irregularities  of  some  of  the 
clergy.  He  also  published  in  1756  a  version  of  the 
psalms  of  David  in  heroic  measure,  which,  though 
not  destitute  of  merit,  will  hardly  attract  many 
readers  at  the  present  day. 

CRAFTS,  EBENEZER,  colonel,  died  in  Crafts- 
bury,  Vt.,  in  1810,  aged  70.  Born  in  Pomfrct,  he 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1759,  and  became  a  mer 
chant  in  Sturbridgc.  In  the  Shays  rebellion  he 
served  under  Lincoln,  at  the  head  of  a  regiment. 
He  was  a  founder  of  Leicester  academy.  In  1790, 
he  removed  to  the  wilderness  of  Vermont,  to  a 
place,  which  took  his  name :  in  the  removal  of 
his  family,  there  being  no  road  for  twenty  miles, 
the  women  were  carried  on  hand  sleds  on  the 
snow.  He  was  generous,  firm,  energetic,  and  led 
a  pure,  Christian  life,  inflexible  in  principle. — 
WasKburn's  Sketch  of  Leicester  Academy. 

CRAFTS,  SAMUEL  CHANDLER,  son  of  the  pre 
ceding,  governor  of  Vermont,  was  born  in  Wood 
stock,  Conn.,  Oct.  6,  1768,  and  graduated  at 
Cambridge  in  1790.  He  soon  removed  with  his 
father  to  Craftsbury,  Vt. ;  and  there  he  died  Nov.  19, 
1853,  aged  85.  Various  offices  were  sustained  by 
him,  as  chief  judge  of  the  county  court,  a  mem 
ber  of  congress  eight  years  from  1816,  governor 
in  1828-1830,  and  senator  of  the  United  States  in 
1842.  He  was  a  man  of  simplicity  of  manners, 
of  sound  learning,  of  great  moral  worth. 

CRAFTS,  WILLIAM,  a  poet,  was  born  in 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  Jan.  24,  1787,  and,  having, 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1805,  soon  set 
tled  in  his  native  city  as  a  lawyer  of  ability.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  legislature,  and  for  some 
time  the  editor  of  the  Charleston  Courier.  lie 
died  at  New  Lebanon  springs,  New  York,  Sept. 
23,  1826,  aged  39.  A  collection  of  his  poems 
and  prose  essays,  with  a  memoir,  was  published 
in  1828.  —  Specimens  of  Amer.  Poetry,  II.  144. 

CRAIG,  THOMAS,  major,  died  at  Windsor,  Vt., 
in  Aug.,  1840,  aged  87,  a  Revolutionary  soldier. 
He  was  born  in  Charlestown,  Mass. 

CRAIG,  NATHAN,  died  in  Leicester,  1852,  aged 
98,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution. 


CRAIK. 


CRANE. 


271 


CRAIK,  JAMES,  M.  P.,  a  physician,  a  native  of 
Scotland,  accompanied  "Washington  in  the  expe 
dition  against  the  French  and  Indians  in  17.34, 
and  in  1755  attended  Braddock  and  assisted  in 
dressing  his  wounds.  During  the  Revolutionary 
Avar  he  served  in  the  medical  department.  As 
director- general  of  the  hospital  at  Yorktown,  he 
was  present  at  the  surrender  of  Cormvallis,  Oct. 
19,  1781.  After  the  war,  at  the  request  of  Wash 
ington,  he  settled  in  the  neighborhood  of  Mount 
Vernon.  He  died  in  Fairfax  county  Feb.  6,  1814, 
aged  83.  lie  was  estimable  in  the  various  rela 
tions  of  private  life.  As  a  physician  he  had  great 
skill  and  success.  Washington  designated  him 
in  these  terms :  "  My  compatriot  in  arms,  my  old 
and  intimate  friend." —  Thacher'a  Med.  Biog. 

CRAM,  JACOB,  died  Dec.  21,  1833,  at  Exeter, 
aged  71,  a  graduate  of  1782,  and  minister  of 
Hopkinton  from  1789  to  1792,  then  a  missionary 
in  New  York,  and  among  the  Indians.  lie  stud 
ied  with  Dr.  Emmons. 

CRANCII,  RICHARD,  judge  of  the  common 
pleas  for  Suffolk,  was  born  in  England  of  Puritan 
parents  in  Oct.,  172G.  He  resided  for  a  while  in 
Boston,  and  became  a  member  of  Dr.  Mayhew's 
church.  In  17*50  he  removed  to  Braintree,  now 
Quincy,  where  he  died  Oct.  16,  1811,  aged  85. 
His  wife,  Mary,  died  the  next  day,  aged  70. 
They  had  lived  together  nearly  fifty  years.  She 
was  the  daughter  of  Rev.  W.  Smith,  and  the  sis 
ter  of  Mrs.  Adams.  Judge  Craach  had  three 
children.  One  daughter  married  Rev.  Jacob 
Norton  of  Wcymouth,  and  died  Jan.  25,  1811; 
another  married  John  Greenlcaf.  The  son  was 
Wm.  Cranch,  late  chief  justice  of  the  district  court 
of  Columbia  and  reporter  of  the  supreme  court 
of  the  United  States.  His  grandson,  Richard,  of 
the  topographical  engineers,  was  drowned  in  lake 
Erie  in  182<3.  Judge  Cranch  was  very  much  re 
spected  for  his  intelligence  and  learning  and  for 
his  moral  and  religious  character.  Theological 
investigations  occupied  much  of  his  time.  He 
published  his  views  of  the  prophecies  concerning 
antichrist. —  Whitney's  Funeral  Sermon;  Nor 
ton's  Discourse. 

CRANCII,  WILLIAM,  judge,  LL.  P.,  died  at 
Washington  Sept.  1,  1855,  aged  8G.  A  graduate 
of  Harvard  in  1787,  he  removed  to  Washington 
in  1794,  and  was  appointed  in  1801  a  judge  of 
the  circuit  court;  he  was  afterwards  chief  justice 
till  his  death.  He  was  highly  respected  for  his 
talents,  learning,  and  principles.  His  father  was 
Richard  C.,  of  Weymouth,  and  his  mother,  Mary 
Smith,  was  the  sister  of  Abigail  Smith,  wife  of 
John  Adams.  He  published  nine  volumes  of 
reports  of  cases  in  the  supreme  court,  a  memoir 
of  J.  Adams,  and  an  address  on  temperance. — 
Boston  Advertiser,  July  1C,  1856. 

CRANE,  Jonx,  I).  I).,    died   at  Northbridge 


Sept.  1,  1830,  aged  80.  Born  at  Norton,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1780,  and  was  ordained 
June  25,  1783,  toiling  in  the  ministry  fifty  years, 
during  the  same  period  being  a  teacher  thirty 
years,  preparing  one  hundred  young  men  for  col 
lege,  and  writing  four  thousand  sermons.  In 
the  last  revival  about  seventy  were  added  to  the 
church,  but  only  two  hundred  and  twelve  in  his 
whole  ministry.  He  published  several  occasional 
discourses.  —  Ilolman's  Sermon. 

CRANE,  JAMES  C.,  secretary  of  the  united 
foreign  mission  society,  died  Jan.  12,  1826,  aged 
32.  He  was  born  in  Morrisfown,  N.  J.,  Jan.  11, 
1794.  His  parents  were  pious.  The  faithful 
instructions  of  his  mother  deeply  impressed  him 
at  the  age  of  six  years.  His  father  having  re 
moved  in  1805  to  New  York,  he  there  served  as 
an  apprentice.  Amidst  temptations  he  fell  into 
vicious  habits  ;  but  in  consequence  of  the  lessons 
of  his  deceased  mother  he  experienced  severe 
rebukes  of  conscience.  The  approach  of  night 
terrified  him,  and  compelled  him  to  pray ;  but  the 
return  of  morning  re-assured  liim  in  his  irrelig 
ious  life.  At  last,  in  1813,  his  anguish  constrained 
him  to  seek  mercy  as  a  miserable  sinner;  and  he 
found  it.  From  this  time  he  felt  the  strongest 
desires  for  the  conversion  of  the  heathen.  By 
conversing  with  his  fellow  apprentices,  in  a  short 
time  a  majority  of  them  became  pious.  Deter 
mined  to  become  a  missionary,  he,  while  yet  an 
apprentice,  attended  the  lectures  of  Dr.  Mason, 
and  was  directed  in  his  studies  by  Rev.  J.  M. 
Matthews.  He  was  ordained  in  April,  1817.  In 
a  few  days  he  repaired  as  a  missionary  to  the 
Indians  in  Tuscarora  village,  where  he  continued 
till  Sept.,  1823,  when  he  was  appointed  general 
agent  of  the  united  foreign  mission  society ; 
and  in  May,  1825,  secretary  for  domestic  corres 
pondence,  as  successor  to  Mr.  Lewis.  In  the 
same  year  he  visited  the  Indians  in  the  western 
part  of  New  York  and  in  Ohio,  and  returned  with 
impaired  health.  The  society  being  now  about  to 
be  merged  in  another,  he  was  chosen  assistant 
secretary  of  the  American  bible  society.  lie 
left  a  wife  and  three  children  without  property. 
His  anxiety  for  the  Indians  was  strong  in  his 
sickness.  He  said :  "  O,  how  mysterious  the 
providence !  The  fields  are  white,  the  laborers 
few.  I  have  done  little — just  beginning  —  and 
now  I  am  going.  The  Lord's  will  be  done."  — 
Ptnwplixt,  April,  1826. 

CRANE,  ELIAS  W.,  died  suddenly,  Nov.  10, 
1840,  aged  44.  A  native  of  Elizabclhtown,  a 
graduate  of  Princeton  in  1814,  he  was  a  teacher 
at  Morristown,  and  the  minister  of  Springfield, 
N.  J.,  six  years.  In  1825,  in  a  remarkable  re 
vival,  eighty  persons  were  added  to  the  church. 
From  1826  till  his  death  he  was  the  minister  of 
Jamaica,  L.  T. ;  and  here  were  two  revivals  in 


272 


CRANE. 


CROMWELL. 


1831  and  1839,  in  which  seventy-four  and  seventy- 
six  persons  became  church  members.  —  Observer, 
Nov.  28,  1840. 

CRANE,  JOANNA,  Mrs.,  died  in  Berkeley  in 
1846,  aged  100. 

CRANE,  WILLIAM  M.,  commodore,  died  at 
Washington  March  18,  1846,  aged  61,  by  self- 
murder  from  an  unknown  cause,  the  son  of  Gen. 
AA'illiam  C.,  who  served  before  Quebec.  Capt. 
Crane  was  the  sixth  in  the  line  of  captains,  after 
Barrow,  Stewart,  Jones,  Morris,  and  Warrington. 
He  was  distinguished  before  Tripoli.  He  was 
chief  of  the  bureau  of  ordnance. 

CRANE,  JOHN  R.,  D.  D.,  died  in  Middletown, 
Conn.,  Aug.  17,  1853,  aged  66,  having  been  pas 
tor  of  the  first  church  nearly  thirty-five  years. 
He  published  some  tracts. 

CRANE,  EDWIN,  missionary  to  the  Nestorians 
at  Gawar,  died  Aug.  27,  1854,  of  the  typhus 
fever,  in  great  calmness  and  peace.  In  a  few  days 
Mrs.  Crane  also  witnessed  the  death  of  her  little 
son.  Mr.  C.  was  a  native  of  Utica ;  his  father 
was  the  agent  of  the  home  missionary  society. 

CRANFIELD,  EDWARD,  president  of  New 
Hampshire,  succeeded  Waldron  in  1682,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Barefoote  in  1685.  He  was  after 
wards  collector  of  Barbadoes,  and  died  about 
1700.  The  tyrannical  acts  of  his  administration 
are  narrated  by  Belknap.  In  his  disp'easure 
toward  Rev.  Mr.  Moody,  he  endeavored  to 
enforce  the  uniformity  act.  He  ventured  to  tax 
the  people  without  their  consent.  He  came  to 
this  country  to  make  his  fortune :  his  injustice 
drove  him  away  in  dishonor. — Farmer's  Belknap, 
I.  113;  Hist.  Coll.  x.  44. 

CRAVEN,  CHARLES,  governor  of  South  Caro 
lina  from  1712  to  1716,  had  been  previously  sec 
retary  to  the  proprietors.  They  ordered  him  in 
1712  to  sound  Port  Royal  river,  and  probably  he 
built  Beaufort  soon  afterwards.  In  1715,  on  the 
occurrence  of  an  Indian  war,  he  displayed  great 
vigor  and  talents,  and  expelled  from  the  province 
the  invading  savages.  —  Holmes,  I.  513. 

CRAWFORD,  MARY,  died  at  Castine,  Me., 
Feb.  20, 1836,  aged  100  years  and  5  months.  She 
was  the  widow  of  Dr.  William  C.,  chaplain  and 
surgeon  at  fort  Point  in  the  Revolutionary  war. 

CRAWFORD,  WILLLUI  H.,  secretary  of  the 
treasury,  died  near  Elberton,  Geo.,  in  Sept.,  1834, 
aged  62.  He  was  born  in  Virginia  in  1772,  and 
followed  the  plough  till  twenty-one ;  then  became  a 
distinguished  lawyer  and  was  appointed  with  others 
in  1800  to  revise  the  laws  of  Georgia.  He  zeal 
ously  supported  the  election  of  Mr.  Jefferson.  In 
1802  he  was  challenged  by  Peter  L.  Van  Alen, 
a  lawyer,  and  murdered  him  in  a  duel ;  he  also 
fought  another  duel  with  Gov.  Clark,  and  was 
severely  wounded.  It  is  deplorable  and  dishonor 
able  to  our  country,  that  we  have  had  public  men 
of  eminence,  who,  in  violation  of  human  and 


Divine  laws,  have  engaged  in  private  combat,  and 
who  yet  have  afterwards  received  the  votes  of  the 
people. 

CRAWFORD,  JOHN,  died  at  West  Camp, 
N.  Y.,  March  7,  1851,  aged  90.  He  entered  the 
I  ministry  of  the  Methodist  church  in  1789. 

CRESSON,  ELLIOTT,  died  in  Philadelphia  Feb. 
20,  1854,  president  of  the  Pennsylvania  coloniza 
tion  society.  lie  bequeathed  122,000  dollars  to 
various  charitable  institutions,  and  to  his  pastor, 
Dr.  Stevens,  5,000  dollars.  To  Sunday  schools 
the  sum  given  was  50,000 ;  to  the  historical 
society,  to  buy  Penn's  mansion,  to  the  Episcopal 
mission  to  Liberia,  for  a  monument  to  Penn,  10,- 
000  each  ;  to  the  hospital  for  the  insane,  5,000  ; 
to  the  university,  to  the  agricultural  society,  to  an 
Episcopal  seminary  at  Alexandria,  5,000  each. 

CROCKETT,  DAVID,  colonel,  fell  at  Bexar  in 
Texas,  March  6,  1836.  He  had  been  a  member 
of  congress  from  Tennessee. 

CROES,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  bishop  of  New  Jersey, 
died  in  New  Brunswick  July  31,  1832,  aged  69.  " 

CROGHAN,  WILLIAM,  major,  died  in  Locust 
Grove,  Ky.,  in  1822,  aged  69.  An  emigrant  from 
Ireland,  he  entered  the  American  army  in  1776, 
as  a  captain,  and  soon  was  a  major  in  the  Vir 
ginia  line.  He  fought  at  Brandywinc,  German- 
town,  and  Monmouth.  He  was  captured  with 
Lincoln  at  Charleston.  In  1756  he  went  to 
Kentucky.  His  wife  was  a  sister  of  Gen.  George 
R.  Clark.  His  house  was  the  seat  of  plenty  and 
hospitality. 

CROGHAN,  GEORGE,  colonel,  son  of  the  pre 
ceding,  died  at  New  Orleans,  Jan  8,  1849,  aged 
58.  He  was  inspector-general  of  the  army.  At 
the  age  of  nineteen  he  made  the  brave  defence 
of  fort  Sandusky. 

CROIX,  JOHN  BAPTIST  DE  LA,  second  bishop 
of  Quebec,  was  of  a  noble  family  in  Grenoble,  and 
was  appointed  first  almoner  to  Louis  XIV.  He 
came  to  Canada  about  the  year  1685,  as  successor 
to  Laval,  the  first  bishop.  He  died  Dec.  28, 
1727,  aged  74,  having  been  forty-two  years  in 
Quebec.  Such  was  his  benevolence,  that  he 
founded  three  hospitals,  and  distributed  among 
the  poor  more  than  a  million  of  livres.  —  Wynne's 
Brit.  Emp.  in  America,  II.  138-141. 

CROMBIE,  JAMES,  M.  D.,  died  at  Derry,N.  II., 
in  March,  1853,  aged  83.  His  parents  were 
Scotch-Irish.  For  more  than  twenty  years  he 
was  a  physician  at  Temple,  for  thirty  years  in 
Francestown.  In  1831  he  became  a  member  of 
the  church.  He  was  an  excellent  physician  and 
was  respected  in  all  the  relations  of  life. 

CROMWELL,  THOMAS,  captain,  was  a  com 
mon  seaman  in  Massachusetts,  about  1636. 
While  serving  under  Capt.  Jackson  in  a  man-of- 
war  in  the  West  Indies,  he  was  intrusted  with  the 
command  of  a  vessel,  and  captured  four  or  five 
Spanish  vessels.  Dec.  4,  1646,  he  arrived  at 


CROPPER. 

Boston  with  three  ships  and  eight)  men,  having 
previously  put  into  Plymouth.  To  the  governor 
he  presented  a  curious  sedan,  designed  by  the 
viceroy  of  Mexico  as  a  present  for  his  sister.  He 
and  his  men  had  much  money,  plate,  and  jewels 
of  great  value.  In  Boston  he  lodged  with  a  poor 
man,  in  a  thatched  house,  because  "  in  his  mean 
estate  that  poor  man  had  entertained  him  when 
others  would  not."  He  died  in  Boston,  1649. 
His  widow  was  soon  married.  —  Wtnthrop,  II. 
-264. 

CROPPER,  JOHN,  general,  an  officer  of  the 
Revolution,  entered  the  army  in  1776,  as  captain 
in  a  Virginia  regiment,  at  the  age  of  nineteen  or 
twenty.  He  was  soon  promoted.  He  fought  in 
the  battle  of  Brandy  wine,  when  the  regiment,  in 
which  he  was  a  major,  was  nearly  cut  to  pieces. 
His  colonel  and  lieutenant-colonel  having  run  off, 
he  commanded  the  regiment  in  the  retreat.  He 
was  also  in  the  battles  of  Germantown  and  Mon- 
mouth  court-house.  He  died  at  Bowman's  Folly 
in  Accomac  county,  Virginia,  Jan.  15,  1821, 
aged  65. 

CROSBY,  JOHN,  general,  died  at  Hampden, 
Me.,  May  26,  1843,  aged  nearly  90,  a  man  of  en 
terprise  and  perseverance.  He  once  did  the 
largest  commercial  business  of  any  man  on  the 
Penobscot. 

CROSBY,  WILLIAM,  judge,  died  in  Belfast, 
Me.,  March  31, 1852,  aged  82.  Born  in  Billerica, 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1794.  In  1802  he 
went  to  Belfast.  He  was  representative,  senator, 
judge  of  the  common  pleas  for  ten  years;  after 
the  new  State  was  formed,  he  resumed  his  pro 
fession.  In  1831  he  withdrew  from  active  life. 

CROSWELL,  ANDREW,  minister  in  Boston, 
died  April  12,  1785,  aged  76.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1728.  After  having  been 
settled  in  Groton,  Conn.,  as  successor  of  Ebenezer 
Punderson  for  two  years,  he  was  installed  over  a 
society  in  Boston,  which  was  formed  by  persons 
from  other  churches,  Oct.  6,  1738.  The  house 
of  meeting  was  formerly  possessed  by  Mr.  Le 
Mercier's  society,  and,  after  Mr.  Croswell's  death, 
it  was  converted  into  a  Roman  Catholic  chapel. 
It  was  his  fate  to  be  engaged  much  in  controversy, 
lie  published  a  narrative  of  the  new  congrega 
tional  church :  what  is  Christ  to  me  if  he  is  not 
mine,  or  a  seasonable  Defence  of  the  old  protest- 
ant  doctrine  of  justifying  faith,  1746  ;  an  answer 
to  Giles  Firmin's  eight  arguments  in  relation  to 
this  subject ;  several  sermons  against  Arminians  ; 
controversial  writings  with  Turell,  Gumming,  and 
others  ;  part  of  an  exposition  of  Paul's  journey  to 
Damascus,  showing  that  giving  more  than  forty 
stripes  is  breaking  the  moral  law,  1768 ;  remarks 
on  Bishop  Warburton's  sermon  before  the  societv 
for  propagating  the  gospel,  1768;  remarks  on 
commencement  drollery,  1771. — Collect.  Hist. 
Soc.  III.  264. 

35 


CULPEPPER. 


273 


CROSWELL,  WILLIAM,  D.  D.,  died  in  Bos 
ton,  Nov.  9,  1851,  aged  47.  Born  in  Hudson,  he 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1822.  lie  was  rector  of 
ihrist's  church,  Boston,  in  1829;  then  he  labored 
pur  years  at  Auburn,  N.  Y.;  at  last  he  was  rector 
of  the  church  of  the  Advent  in  Boston.  His  poeti 
cal  writings  have  been  commended.  A  memoir 
of  him,  with  his  poems,  was  published  by  his 
iather,  Dr.  Croswell  of  New  Haven,  almost  eighty 
years  of  age. 

CROWELL,  ROBERT,  D.  D.,  died  in  Essex, 
Mass.,  Nov.  10,  1855,  aged  68.  He  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  in  1811,  studied  theology  at  Andover, 
and  had  been  in  Essex  forty-one  years.  His  dis 
ease  was  consumption  ;  in  his  illness  he  was  sus 
tained  by  that  faith  in  Christ,  which  he  had  so 
long  commended  to  others.  His  wife  was  a  sister 
of  Rufus  Choate,  and  his  residence  was  the  old 
Choate  mansion. 

CROWNINSHIELD,  BENJAMIN  W.,  secretary 
of  the  navy,  died  at  Boston  Feb.  3,  1851,  aged 
77.  He  was  secretary  under  Madison  and 
Monroe. 

CRUIKSHANK,  JOSEPH,  died  in  Philadelphia 
Aug.  9,  1836,  aged  89.  He  was  a  printer,  an 
extensive  publisher  and  bookseller. 

CRULL,  PHILIP,  died  on  his  farm  in  Fairfax 
county,  Va.,  Nov.  16,  1813,  aged  115.  A  native 
of  Germany,  he  came  to  this  country  in  1721. 
He  was  active  to  the  day  of  his  death.  His  wife 
died  aged  101. 

CUFFEE,  PAUL,  a  native  Indian  preacher  to 
the  Shinnecock  tribe  on  Long  Island,  died  at 
Montauk  March  7,  1812,  aged  55.  He  was  thir 
teen  years  employed  by  the  New  York  mission 
ary  society.  A  marble  slab  denotes  his  grave  at 
Canoe  place.  The  earliest  missionary  to  the  In 
dians  was  Rev.  Azariah  Hortonin  1741,  followed 
by  Samson  Occum,  Peter  John,  and  Paul  Cuffee. 
All  the  Indian  churches  are  extinct  except  one  at 
Poosepatuck,  in  the  southern  part  of  Brookhaven, 
and  one  at  Shinnecock,  two  miles  west  of  the  vil 
lage  at  Southampton  :  the  former  having  twenty, 
the  latter  seventy  members.  Deacon  Oby,  the 
brother  of  Cuifee,  was  living  in  1845,  aged  81; 
and  Deacon  Vincent,  the  son  of  Cuffee,  was  53. 

CULLEN,  JOHN,  M.  I).,  professor  of  the  the 
ory  and  practice  in  Hampden  Sidney  college, 
died  in  Richmond  Jan.  25,  1851,  aged  53. 

CULPEPER,  THOMAS,  lord,  governor  of  Vir 
ginia  from  1680  to  1683,  died  in  1719.  On  his 
arrival  the  assembly  passed  an  act  of  oblivion  in 
reference  to  persons  concerned  in  the  rebellion 
under  Gov.  Berkeley.  They  also,  in  order  to  en 
courage  immigration,  authorized  the  governor  to 
naturalize  any  person  by  instrument  under  seal. 
An  act  was  also  passed  to  prevent  the  frequent 
meetings  of  the  slaves.  Of  his  associates  in  the 
grant  of  the  territory  between  the  Potomac  and 
Rappahannock  in  1649,  he  purchased  their  rights 


274 


CUMLNG. 


CUMMINGS. 


in  1669.  His  estate  descended  to  his  daughter, 
married  to  Lord  Fairfax.  —  Holmes,  I.  397 ; 
Lord's  Lempriere. 

CUMING,  Joux,  a  physician,  was  the  son  of 
Robert  C.,  a  Scotchman,  who  emigrated  after  the 
rebellion,  and  died  in  Concord,  Mass.  In  the 
French  war  of  1755,  he  was  a  lieutenant  and  was 
taken  prisoner.  He  afterwards  became  an  emi 
nent  physician  in  Concord,  and  died  July  3,  1788, 
aged  60.  He  was  a  Christian,  who  early  devoted 
himself  to  the  service  of  his  Maker,  and  he  died 
in  peace.  He  was  a  friend  to  learning,  charitable 
to  the  poor,  and  constantly  exerting  himself  to 
promote  the  good  of  society.  His  generous  do 
nations  for  the  benefit  of  the  poor,  for  the  main 
tenance  of  schools,  for  a  library  in  Concord,  and 
to  the  college  in  Cambridge  toward  the  support 
of  a  medical  professor,  are  evidences  of  his  en 
lightened  benevolence.  —  Independent  Chronicle, 
July  24,  1788. 

CUMINGS,  HEXRY,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Billcr- 
ica,  Mass.,  was  born  in  Hollis,  N.  H.,  Sept.  28, 
1739,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  1760. 
He  was  ordained  Jan.  26,  1763.  After  toiling 
fifty-one  years,  he  received  Nathaniel  Whitman  as 
his  colleague,  Jan.  26,  1814.  He  died  Sept.  5, 
1823,  aged  nearly  84.  He  was  frequently  called 
to  preach  on  public  occasions.  His  occasional 
discourses  published  are  fourteen,  of  which  are 
the  following;  at  the  election,  1783;  Dudleian 
lecture,  1791;  at  a  thanksgiving,  1798;  before  a 
charitable  society,  1802  ;  half-century  discourse, 
1813.  —  Farmer's  Coll.  n.  app.  86. 

CUMMING,  ALEXANDER,  minister  in  Boston, 
died  Aug.  25,  1763,  aged  36.  He  was  the  son  of 
Robert  C.,  a  native  of  Montrose,  Scotland,  a  mer 
chant,  highly  respected,  who  died  at  Freehold  in 
1769.  In  1750  he  was  chosen  a  colleague  of  Mr. 
Pemberton  of  New  York,  but  was  dismissed  in  1753 
on  account  of  his  ill  health.  Feb.  25,  1761,  he 
was  installed  as  colleague  with  Dr.  Sewall  at  Bos 
ton.  Dr.  Macwhorter  married  his  sister.  His 
mind  readily  comprehended  points,  which  to 
others  were  intricate  and  abstruse,  and  his  public 
discourses  were  frequently  on  such  subjects.  He 
was  zealous  against  the  errors  of  the  day.  The 
sermon  which  he  preached  at  his  own  instalment 
was  published,  and  it  is  a  specimen  of  his  talents, 
and  of  his  regard  to  the  truths  of  the  gospel.  — 
SewaWs  Funeral  Sermon. 

CUMMING,  JOHN  NOBLE,  general,  a  hero  of 
the  Revolution,  was  a  relative  of  the  preceding, 
probably  his  son.  He  early  espoused  the  cause 
of  his  country,  and  participated  in  some  of  the 
battles  of  the  war.  He  died  at  Newark,  N.  J., 
July  6,  1821,  aged  70.  His  wife  was  the  daugh 
ter  of  Gen.  Forman.  His  son,  Hooper  Gumming, 
D.  D.,  minister  of  Newark  for  a  few  years,  died 
at  Charleston,  S.  C.,  in  Dec.,  1825.  Gen.  C. 
was  a  man  of  integrity  and  honor,  a  patron  of 


civil  order,  and  a  supporter  of  religious  institu 
tions.  Though  not  a  professor  of  religion,  yet  at 
the  period  of  a  revival  of  religion  in  1817  his 
mind  experienced  a  great  change,  and  from  that 
time  he  regularly  attended  family  prayer.  Ilia 
minister  regarded  him  as  a  true  believer  in  the 
gospel.  —  Griffin's  Sermon. 

CUMMING,  ROBERT,  general,  a  Revolutionary 
hero,  died  at  his  residence  in  Liberty-town,  in 
Maryland, 'Feb.  14,  1826,  aged  71  years.  He 
commanded  at  the  time  of  his  death  the  second 
division  of  the  militia. 

CUMMING,  SARAH,  widow  of  Gen.  John  N. 
C.,  died  in  Newark  Sept.  28,  1841,  aged  79,  — a 
Christian  ripe  in  years  and  piety. 

CUMMINGS,  ARCHIBALD,  Episcopal  commis 
sary  for  Pennsylvania,  and  rector  of  Christ  church, 
succeeded  Dr.  Welton  in  1726,  and  died  at  Phil 
adelphia,  April  19,  1741.  He  published  an  ex 
hortation  to  the  clergy,  1729 ;  a  sermon  on  the 
death  of  Gov.  Gordon,  1736  ;  two  sermons  on 
unity,  1737  ;  two  sermons  on  faith,  occasioned  by 
Mr.  Whitefield's  reflections,  1740. 

CUMMINGS,  ABRAHAM,  a  missionary,  gradu 
ated  at  Providence  college  in  1776,  and  died  at 
Phipsburgh,  Me.,  Aug.  31,  1827,  aged  72.  He 
had  never  any  pastoral  charge,  but  was  strictly 
an  itinerant  preacher  or  missionary.  He  \vas 
known  and  respected  in  almost  all  the  towns 
along  the  coast  from  Rhode  Island  to  Passama- 
quoddy,  especially  in  the  islands,  which  had  no 
settled  minister.  In  his  little  boat  he  often 
traversed  alone  the  waters  along  the  whole  coast 
of  Maine,  and  preached  the  gospel  of  Jesus 
Christ  in  the  islands.  For  these  toils  in  the 
cause  of  benevolence  the  world  will  not  honor  him, 
as  it  honors  the  blood-stained  hero  ;  but  such  toils 
will  not  be  unrewarded.  He  published  a  few 
treatises. 

CUMMINGS,  JACOB  A.,  author  of  several  ele 
mentary  Avorks,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col 
lege  in  1801,  and  after  being  a  useful  teacher  and 
bookseller  in  Boston,  died  Feb.  24,  1820,  aged 
47.  His  publications  for  schools  were  highly  es 
teemed,  and  his  industry,  useful  labors,  and 
amiable  qualities  procured  him  much  respect. 
He  published  New  Testament  questions,  1817  ; 
geography,  ancient  and  modern,  1825. 

CUMMINGS,  ASA,  I).  D.,  died  at  sea  two  days 
out  from  Aspinwall,  June  5  or  6,  1856,  aged  60, 
and  was  buried  in  the  deep.  He  had  been  at 
Panama,  spending  a  few  months  with  his  daugh 
ter,  the  wife  of  Mr.  Rowell,  seamen's  chaplain. 
After  a  partial  recovery  from  the  prevailing 
disease  of  the  climate,  he  set  out  on  his  return, 
by  the  advice  of  his  physician,  accompanied  by 
his  son-in-law  and  daughter.  He  was  on  board 
the  steamer  George  Law.  He  was  the  sixth  of 
sixteen  children,  born  in  Andover,  Mass.,  but  his 
father,  Asa,  died  in  Albany,  Me.,  in  1845,  aged 


CUMMINGS. 


CUSIIIXG. 


275 


85.  Such  was  the  pious  zeal  of  his  father,  that, 
although  a  plain  farmer,  he  read  sermons  on  the 
Sabbath  twenty-eight  years,  in  the  want  of  a  min 
ister.  His  great-grandfather  was  102  years  old. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1817,  was  ordained 
at  North  Yarmouth  in  Maine,  in  1821,  and  was 
dismissed  in  1829.  He  became  the  editor  of  the 
Christian  Mirror  at  Portland,  as  early  as  1826 ; 
after  some  years  he  purchased  the  establishment. 
A  year  or  two  before  his  death,  his  wife  received 
by  bequest  a  large  estate.  He  was  a  wise, 
learned,  excellent,  venerable  man  ;  hard-working 
for  thirty  years  as  an  editor.  He  published 
memoirs  of  Dr.  Payson.  —  Boston  Advertiser, 
July  16,  1856. 

CUMMINGS,  SENECA,  missionary  to  China, 
died  suddenly  at  New  Ipswich,  N.  H.,  Aug.  12, 
1856,  aged  39 ;  he  died  at  the  house  of  Mr. 
Stearns,  his  father-in-law.  He  and  his  wife 
sailed  in  Nov.,  1847 ;  he  returned  on  account  of 
her  health  in  1855.  His  field  of  preparation  for 
his  work  was  the  valley  of  Min  in  China,  —  con 
nected  with  the  Fuhchau  mission.  He  was  hop 
ing  to  return. 

CUMMINS,  FRANCIS,  D.  D.,  died  at  Greens- 
borough,  Geo.,  March,  1832,  aged  80.  For  fifty- 
three  years  he  was  the  pastor  of  different 
churches  ;  and  he  was  a  whig  of  the  Revolution. 

CURRIE,  WILLIAM,  died  in  Great  Valley, 
Chester  county,  Pa.,  Oct.  25,  1803,  aged  93.  lie 
was  formerly  a  missionary  to  the  churches  of 
Radnor  and  Perquiomen. 

CURRIER,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Corinth,  Vt, 
died  in  Aug.,  1829,  aged  86,  a  graduate  of  Har 
vard  in  1765,  and  a  classmate  of  President  Wil- 
lard. 

CURRIER,  MEHETABEL,  died  in  Danbury, 
N.  H.,  in  1852,  aged  103  years  and  9  months.  She 
survived  her  husband  forty-six  years,  and  all  her 
seven  children. 

CUSIIING,  THOMAS,  speaker  of  the  house  of 
representatives  of  Mass.,  was  the  son  of  Thomas 
C.,  a  member  of  the  council,  and  a  descendant  of 
Matthew  C.  of  Hingham.  He  was  born  in  Bos 
ton  Jan.  30,  1694,  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1711,  and  died  April  11,  1746,  aged  52.  His 
wife,  was  Mary,  the  daughter  of  Edward  Brom- 
field.  He  left  one  son  and  two  daughters.  He 
was  distinguished  by  his  wealth,  his  abilities,  his 
zeal  for  his  country's  service,  his  integrity,  and,  in 
a  peculiar  manner,  for  his  piety.  Mr.  Prince  says 
of  him,  "  I  found  that  in  a  small,  relaxed,  and 
feeble  body  there  dwelt  a  great,  a  lively,  a  strong, 
and  well-composed  soul."  About  the  age  of 
twenty  his  soul  was  renewed  by  the  Spirit  of 
God.  He  daily  read  the  Scriptures  and  prayed 
in  his  family  ;  and  he  died  in  joyful  hope.  The 
revival  of  religion  in  Boston,  a  few  years  before  his 
death,  gave  him  great  delight.  In  regard  to 
public  men  in  days  of  difficulty,  he  said :  "  Men 


may  be  a  long  while  great  patriots  from  moral  or 
political  principles  ;  or  party  or  worldly  interests ; 
or  the  applause  or  esteem  of  others.  But  there 
is  nothing  like  the  special  grace  of  God,  a  believ 
ing  view  of  his  present  eye  and  future  judgment, 
and  an  interest  and  conscience  wholly  subjected 
to  him,  to  keep  men  steady  to  the  public  interest 
in  times  of  trial."  —  Prince's  Funeral  Sermon. 

GUSHING,  CALEB,  minister  of  Salisbury,  son  of 
John  C.  of  Scituate,  was  born  Jan.  6,  1672,  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  1692,  and  ordained  1697.  He 
died  Jan.  25,  1752,  aged  80.  His  wife  was  a 
daughter  of  Rev.  John  Cotton.  His  sons  were 
Caleb,  James,  and  John.  His  daughter,  Mary, 
married  John  Appleton  of  Ipswich,  and  Elizabeth 
married  Rev.  Joshua  Moody,  of  the  Isle  of 
Shoals. 

CUSIIING,  CALEB,  judge  of  the  common  pleas 
of  Essex,  died  in  Jan.,  1798,  aged  93. 

GUSHING,  JOB,  minister  of  Shrewsbury,  the 
son  of  Matthew  C.  of  Hingham,  wras  born  in 
1694,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1714.  He  was 
ordained  the  first  minister  of  S.,  Dec.  4,  1723. 
He  died  suddenly  Aug.  6,  1760.  Of  his  sons, 
Jacob  was  the  minister  of  Waltham,  and  John  of 
Ashburnham.  His  widow,  Mary,  daughter  of 
Rev.  John  Prentice,  of  Lancaster,  died  in  1798, 
aged  90. 

CUSHING,  THOMAS,  LL.  D.,  lieutenant-gov 
ernor  of  Mass.,  the  son  of  the  preceding,  died 
Feb.  28,  1788,  aged  62.  He  was  born  in  the  year 
1725,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1744. 
In  early  life  he  was  called  to  respectable  public 
offices.  Having  been  chosen  representative  of 
Boston  in  the  general  court,  his  patriotism 
and  talents  soon  procured  him  the  appointment 
of  speaker.  While  in  the  chair,  it  was  resolved, 
in  the  controversy  with  England,  to  make  an  ap 
peal  to  arms,  and  he  bent  all  his  exertions  to 
promote  the  cause  of  his  country.  He  was  a 
judicious  and  active  member  of  the  first  and  sec 
ond  congress,  the  friend  and  counsellor  of  Han 
cock,  and  the  correspondent  of  Franklin.  On 
his  return  to  his  own  State  he  was  elected  into 
the  council,  which  then  constituted  the  supreme 
executive.  He  was  also  appointed  judge  of  the 
courts  of  common  pleas  and  of  probate  in  Suffolk, 
which  stations  he  held  till  the  adoption  of  the 
State  constitution.  Being  then  appointed  lieuten 
ant-governor,  he  remained  in  that  office  till  his 
death.  A  few  days  before  his  death,  he  had  the 
satisfaction  of  seeing  the  new  federal  constitution 
ratified  in  Massachusetts.  One  of  his  daughters 
married  John  Avery,  secretary  of  State,  who  died 
June,  1806.  He  was  from  youth  a  professor  of 
religion  ;  the  motives  of  the  gospel  governed  him 
through  life ;  and,  at  the  hour  of  his  departure 
from  the  world,  its  sublime  doctrines  and  its 
promises  gave  him  support.  He  was  a  man  of 
abilities;  a  distinguished  patriot;  a  friend  of 


276 


GUSHING. 


CUSHMAN. 


learning ;  charitable  to  the  poor  ;  and  amiable  in 
all  the  relations  of  life.  His  days  were  passed  in 
constant  exertion  for  the  public  good.  James  S. 
Loring  wrote  in  1856  a  sketch  of  his  life,  which 
was  published  in  the  Advertiser.  —  American 
Museum,  vil.  163,  164;  Centinel,  March  1,  1788; 
Princes  Funeral  Sermon;  Boston  Advertiser, 
Oct.  4,  1856. 

CUSHIXG,  JACOB,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Waltham, 
Mass.,  was  the  son  of  Rev.  Job  Gushing  of 
Shrewsbury,  and  was  born  Feb.  28,  1730.  He 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1748,  and 
ordained  Nov.  22,  1752.  After  continuing  fifty- 
six  years  in  the  ministry,  he  died  Jan.  18,  1809, 
aged  78.  He  was  mild  and  benevolent  in  his 
temper,  and  in  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  the 
pastoral  office  was  conspicuous  for  discretion  and 
prudence.  In  his  preaching,  however,  he  was  not 
so  fond  of  dwelling  upon  those  doctrines  of  the 
sacred  volume,  which  are  controverted,  as  upon 
the  practical  views  of  the  gospel.  He  published 
the  following  sermons  :  at  the  ordination  of  Sam 
uel  Williams,  1766;  of  Elijah  Brown,  1771;  of 
Jacob  Biglow,  1772;  of  N.  Underwood,  1793;  a 
sermon  at  Lexington,  April  20,  1778;  on  the 
death  of  Joseph  Jackson,  1796.  —  Columb.  Cen 
tinel,  Feb.  8,  1809. 

GUSHING,  JONATHAN,  minister  of  Dover,  N.  H., 
died  March  25,  1769,  aged  78,  in  the  fifty-second 
year  of  his  ministry.  Dr.  Belknap  was  his  col 
league.  He  was  a  sound  preacher,  a  judicious 
pastor,  a  wise  and  faithful  friend. 

GUSHING,  WILLIAM,  LL.  D.,  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  United  States,  died  at  Scit- 
uate,  Sept.  13,  1810,  aged  75.  He  was  the  de 
scendant  of  Matthew  C.,  who  arrived  at  Boston 
in  1638.  John  C.,  his  grandfather,  the  grandson 
of  Matthew,  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  in  1728,  and  died  at  Scituate  Jan.  19,  1737, 
aged  75.  His  father,  John,  also  a  judge  of  the 
supreme  court,  died  in  1772.  He  was  born  in 
Scituate  in  March,  1733,  and  graduated  at  Har 
vard  college  in  1751.  He  studied  law  with 
Gridley.  Appointed  judge  of  probate  for  the 
county  of  Lincoln,  he  lived  in  1769  at  Pownal- 
borough  or  Wiscasset.  In  1772,  as  successor  of  his 
father,  he  received  a  commission  asjustice  of  the  su 
perior  court,  and  in  Nov.,  1777,  that  of  chief  justice. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  Revolution,  among  the 
high  in  office,  he  alone  supported  the  rights  of  his 
country.  At  the  organization  of  the  federal  gov 
ernment  he  was  placed  by  Washington,  in  1789, 
on  the  bench  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United 
States,  in  which  office  he  continued  till  his  death, 
although  for  some  time,  by  reason  of  ill  health, 
unable  to  attend  to  its  duties.  He  united  patience 
of  inquiry  with  quickness  of  perception,  and  the 
learning  of  the  scholar  with  the  science  of  the 
lawyer.  Convinced  of  the  truth  of  Christianity, 
he  •vyas  careful  in  the  performance  of  its  duties, 


and  was  eminent  for  his  public  and  private  vir 
tues. 

CUSHLNG,  NATHANIEL,  colonel,  died  in  Ohio 
Aug.,  1814,  aged  61,  an  early  settler.  Born  in 
Pembroke,  Mass.,  he  was  an  officer  in  the  war,  in 
R.  Putnam's  regiment.  He  was  one  of  the  Bel- 
pre  colony  in  1789,  most  intelligent  and  useful. 
In  his  children  he  was  rewarded  for  his  care  in 
their  education.  Thomas  H.  C.  was  his  brother. 
—  Hildreth's  Biog.  Mem. 

GUSHING,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Ashburn- 
ham,  Mass.,  was  born  in  Shrewsbury ;  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1764 ;  was  ordained  Nov.  2,  1768 ; 
and  died  April  27,  1823,  aged  78.  He  was  re 
spected  for  his  attainments  and  virtues.  He  pub 
lished  several  occasional  discourses,  among  them 
one  on  the  completion  of  the  fiftieth  year  of  his 
ministry. 

GUSHING,  THOMAS  H.,  brigadier-general,  a 
native  of  Mass.,  entered  the  army  in  1776,  and 
served  during  the  war.  He  was  appointed  a 
captain  under  St.  Clair  in  1790  ;  adjutant-general 
in  1812;  and  brigadier-general  in  1813.  After 
the  war  he  was  appointed,  in  1815,  collector  of 
New  London,  in  the  place  of  Gen.  Huntington, 
and  died  Oct.  19,  1822,  aged  67.  He  had  not 
strength  of  moral  principle  to  restrain  him  from 
a  duel  with  Mr.  Lewis,  member  of  congress  from 
Virginia.  His  life  was  saved  by  his  watch,  which 
was  struck  by  his  adversary's  ball.  Some  one  re 
marked,  it  must  be  a  good  watch,  that  kept  time 
from  eternity.  An  account  of  his  trial  before  a 
court  martial  was  published  in  1812. 

GUSHING,  JONATHAN  P.,  died  April  25,  1835. 
A  native  of  Rochester,  N.  H.,  and  a  graduate  of 
Dartmouth  in  1817,  he  was  fourteen  years  the 
president  of  Hampden  Sidney  college  in  Virginia. 

GUSHING,  LUTHER  STEARNS,  died  in  Boston 
June  22,  1856,  aged  53  on  the  day  of  his  death. 
Born  in  Lunenburg,  he  graduated  at  the  Cam 
bridge  law  school  in  1826,  and  in  Boston  con 
ducted  a  law  periodical.  In  1832,  he  was  clerk 
of  the  house,  and  held  the  office  for  years,  and 
was  a  judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas  from 
1844  to  1848  ;  and  afterwards  reporter  to  the 
supreme  court.  Of  reports  he  published  8  or  10 
vols. ;  also,  rules  of  proceeding  and  debate  in  de 
liberative  assemblies,  1845  ;  also,  elements  of  the 
law  and  practice  of  legislative  assemblies. 

GUSHING,  THOMAS  P.,  a  merchant  in  Boston, 
died  Nov.  23,  1854,  aged  67.  He  had  been  re 
tired  from  business  for  some  years. 

CUSHMAN,  ROBERT,  distinguished  in  the  his 
tory  of  Plymouth  colony,  was  one  of  those  wor 
thies,  who  quitted  England  for  the  sake  of  liberty 
of  conscience,  and  settled  at  Leyden.  In  1617 
he  was  sent  to  England  with  Mr.  Carver,  to  pro 
cure  a  grant  of  lands  in  America,  and  in  1619  he 
was  sent  again  with  Mr.  Brewster,  and  obtained  a 
patent.  He  set  sail  with  the  first  company  in 


CUSIIMAN. 

1620,  but,  the  vessel  proving  leaky,  he  was  obliged 
to  relinquish  the  voyage.  He  did  not  arrive  at 
Plymouth  till  Nov.  10,  1621,  and  tarried  only  a 
month,  being  under  the  necessity  of  returning  to 
give  an  account  of  the  plantation  to  the  merchant 
adventurers,  by  whose  assistance  the  first  settlers 
were  transported.  While  preparing  to  rejoin  his 
friends  in  America,  he  was  removed  to  another 
and  better  country  in  1626.  He  was  a  man  of 
activity  and  enterprise ;  respectable  for  his  tal 
ents  and  virtues  ;  well  acquainted  with  the  Scrip 
tures  ;  and  a  professed  disciple  of  Jesus  Christ. 
After  his  death,  his  family  came  to  New  England, 
and  his  son,  Thomas  Cushman,  succeeded  Mr. 
Brewster,  as  ruling  elder  of  the  church  of  Ply 
mouth,  and  died  in  1691,  aged  83.  Mr.  Cush 
man,  during  his  short  residence  at  Plymouth, 
though  not  a  minister,  delivered  a  discourse  on  the 
sin  and  danger  of  self-love,  which  Avas  printed  at 
London  in  1622,  at  Boston  in  1724,  and  at  Ply 
mouth  in  1785,  with  an  appendix  by  John  Davis, 
containing  an  account  of  Mr.  Cushman.  The  de 
sign  of  the  discourse  was  to  repress  the  desire  of 
personal  property,  which  was  beginning  to  exhibit 
itself,  and  to  persuade  our  fathers  to  continue  that 
entire  community  of  interests,  which  they  at  first 
established.  Extracts  from  this  valuable  and 
curious  relic  of  antiquity  are  preserved  in  Bclknap. 
II.  AAr.  Cushman,  of  Bcrnardston,  has  prepared  a 
genealogy  of  all  the  Cushmans.  All  are  de 
scended  from  Elder  Thomas  C.,  and  his  wife, 
Mary,  the  daughter  of  Mary  Allerton.  —  Ap 
pendix  to  Cushman's  Discourse;  Bclknap^s  Amer 
ican  Biography,  n.  267-280. 

CUSHMAN,  THOMAS,  died  at  Plymouth,  Dec. 
11,  1691,  aged'83.  He  was  the  son  of  Ilobert  C.; 
a  ruling  elder  after  Brewster,  from  April  6,  1649, 
nearly  forty-three  years.  He  was  capable  as  a 
teacher,  and  possessed  all  the  virtues  required  for 
his  office. 

CUSIIMAN,  GIDEON,  died  in  Hebron,  Me., 
May,  1845,  aged  95,  a  first  settler;  leaving  ten 
children,  eighty  grandchildren,  one  hundred 
great-grandchildren. 

CUSTIS,  JOHN  PARKE,  only  son  of  Mrs.  Custis, 
who  married  AVashington  ;  his  father  was  Daniel 
Parke  Custis.  His  daughter,  Eleanor,  married 
Lawrence  Lewis  of  AVindham,  Va.  He  was  the 
son  of  Gen.  Washington's  only  sister.  Mrs. 
Lewis  died  in  1852,  aged  73,  —  leaving  a  brother, 
George  AVashington  Parke  Custis,  of  Arlington 
house.  Martha  AArashington  was  of  the  old  Cal- 
vert  family,  a  descendant  of  Lord  Baltimore. 

CUTBUSII,  JAMES,  professor  of  chemistry  in 
the  military  academy  at  West  Point,  died  there 
Dec.  15,  1823.  He  was  profoundly  skilled  in 
chemistry,  and  was  also  a  man  of  great  independ 
ence  of  opinion,  the  promoter  of  objects  which  he 
deemed  conducive  to  the  happiness  and  honor  of 
his  country.  He  published  the  useful  cabinet, 


CUTLER. 


277 


monthly,  1  vol.  1808 ;  philosophy  of  experi 
mental  chemistry,  2  vols.  1813.  After  his  death 
a  treatise,  which  lie  prepared  on  pyrotcchny,  was 
published  by  his  widow. 

CUTLER,  EPHRAIM,  judge,  died  at  AArarren, 
Ohio,  in  July,  1853,  aged  86.  The  son  of  Rev. 
Manasseh  Cutler,  he  removed  to  Ohio  as  early  as 
1795.  In  1802,  as  a  member  of  the  State  con 
vention,  he  drafted  the  article  against  slavery. 
In  1819,  he  framed  the  bill  for  the  present  school 
system.  His  piety  was  manifested  in  his  family 
and  in  all  the  relations  of  life.  He  and  Judge 
Burnet  went  to  Ohio  in  the  same  year,  and  after 
a  residence  of  nearly  sixty  years  each  died  in 
1853.  Prof.  Andrews  published  a  discourse  on 
his  death. 

CUTLER,  JOHN,  long  'an  eminent  physician 
and  surgeon  in  Boston,  died  Sept.  23,  1761,  aged 
85.  Dr.  Boylston  was  his  pupil. 

CUTLER,  TIMOTHY,  D.  D.,  president  of  Yale 
college,  died  in  Boston  Aug.  17,  1765,  aged  82. 
He  was  the  son  of  Maj.  John  Cutler  of  Charles- 
town,  Mass.,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col 
lege  in  1701.  He  was  ordained  Jan.  11,  1709, 
minister  of  Stratford,  Conn.,  where  he  continued 
ten  years  in  high  esteem,  being  the  most  cele 
brated  preacher  in  the  colony.  In  1719  he  was 
chosen  president  of  Yale  college,  and  entered 
upon  the  duties  of  the  office  in  the  same  year. 
His  predecessor  was  Mr.  Pierson,  in  the  interval 
between  whose  death  and  his  accession  the  college 
had  been  removed  to  New  Haven.  The  removal 
was  in  1716;  the  first  commencement  at  New 
Haven  was  in  1717.  The  appointment  of  Mr. 
Cutler  was  considered  as  an  auspicious  event  to 
the  institution,  for  he  was  a  man  of  profound  and 
general  learning,  particularly  distinguished  for 
his  acquaintance  with  oriental  literature,  and  he 
presided  over  the  college  with  dignity  and  reputa 
tion.  In  1722  he  was  induced,  in  consequence  of 
reading  the  works  of  a  number  of  late  writers  in 
England,  to  renounce  the  communion  of  the  Con 
gregational  churches,  and  the  trustees  therefore 
passed  a  vote  "  excusing  him  from  all  further  ser 
vice,  as  rector  of  Yale  college,"  and  requiring  of 
future  rectors  satisfactory  evidence  of  "  the  sound 
ness  of  their  faith  in  opposition  to  Arminian  and 
prelatical  corruptions."  He  was  succeeded  by  Mr. 
Williams.  He  Avent  to  Boston  in  Oct.,  Avhere  a 
neAV  church  Avas  offered  to  him,  and  embarked 
Avith  Mr.  Johnson  for  England  No\'.  5th.  Ir 
the  latter  end  of  March,  1723,  he  Avas  ordained, 
first  a  deacon  and  then  a  priest.  From  Oxford 
he  received  his  degree  of  doctor  in  divinity.  He 
set  sail  on  his  return  to  America  July  26th,  and 
soon  after  became  rector  of  Christ  church  in  Bos 
ton,  where  he  continued  till  his  death. 

He  Avas  a  man  of  strong  poAvers  of  mind.  Dr. 
Eliot  describes  him  as  haughty  and  overbearing 
in  his  manners,  and  incapable  of  winning  the 


278 


CUTTER. 


DAGGETT. 


hearts  of  the  young.  Mr.  Whiteficld  gives  an 
account  of  a  debate  with  him  on  Presbyterian 
ordination  and  instantaneous  conversion.  He 
spoke  Latin  Avith  great  fluency  and  dignity,  and 
he  was  one  of  the  best  oriental  scholars  ever 
educated  in  this  country.  President  Stiles  repre 
sents  him  as  having  more  knowledge  of  the  Ara 
bic  than  any  man  in  New  England  before  him, 
except  President  Chauncy,  and  his  disciple,  Mr. 
Thacher.  He  was  also  well  skilled  in  logic,  met 
aphysics,  moral  philosophy,  theology,  and  ecclesi 
astical  history.  He  published  a  sermon  delivered 
before  the  general  court  at  New  Haven,  1717; 
and  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Thomas  Greaves, 
1757.  —  Caner's  Fun.  Serm. ;  Miller,  II.  359 ; 
Clap's  Hist,  of  Yale  College,  31  ;  Whitefield's 
Jour,  in  N.  E.  1740,48;  Chandler's  Life  of 
Johnson,  17,  27-39;  Holmes'  Life  of  Stiles,  387; 
and  Annals,  n.  143. 

CUTLER,  MANNASSEH,  LL.  D.,  a  botanist, 
minister  of  Hamilton,  Mass.,  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1765,  and  died  July  28,  1823,  aged  81, 
in  the  fifty-second  year  of  his  ministry.  He  was 
a  member  of  various  learned  societies,  and  was 
one  of  the  earliest  cultivators  in  New  England  of 
the  science  of  botany.  Besides  being  a  minister, 
he  was  also  elected  a  member  of  congress  in  1800 
and  1802.  He  published  a  century  discourse, 
1815  ;  and  an  account  of  American  plants  in 
memoirs  of  American  academy,  vol.  I.  396-493. 

CUTLER,  JERVIS,  major,  died  in  Evansville, 
Ind.,  June  25,  1844,  aged  76.  He  Avas  born  in 
Edgartown,  the  son  of  RCA^.  Manasseh  Cutler, 
Avho  as  a  member  of  congress  was  a  negotiator 
for  the  purchase  of  a  million  and  a  half  of  acres 
by  the  Ohio  company.  He  Avent  Avith  Rums 
Putnam  to  settle  Marietta,  cutting  doAvn  the  first 
tree  for  a  clearing  in  Ohio  in  1788.  He  was 
esteemed  for  his  integrity  and  kind-heartedness. 
He  had  a  taste  for  the  fine  arts.  His  adventures 
are  related  by  Hildreth.  —  Ilildreth's  Biog.  Mem. 

CUTT,  JOHN,  president  of  the  province  of 
NCAV  Hampshire,  came  from  Wales  before  1646, 
and  Avas  a  distinguished  merchant,  of  great  prob 
ity,  in  Portsmouth.  He  Avas  appointed  president 
in  1679,  and  commenced  the  duties  of  his  office 
in  1680.  He  died  March  27,  1681,  and  Avas  suc 
ceeded  by  Richard  Waldron.  lie  left  sons,  John 
and  Samuel.  His  AvidoAV,  a  second  AA'ife,  Avas 
killed  by  the  Indians.  His  brother,  John,  carried 
on  the  fishery  at  the  Isle  of  Shoals,  and  Robert 
the  business  of  ship-building  at  Kittery.  The 
descendants  Avrite  the  name  Cutts.  Of  these, 
EdAvard  died  at  Kittery  in  Jan.  or  Feb.,  1818, 
aged  89 ;  and  Col.  Thomas  at  Saco,  Jan.,  1821, 
aged  87.  —  Annals  of  Portsmouth  70 ;  Farmer. 

CUTTER,  AMMI  It.,  M.  1).,  a  physician,  died 
Dec.  8,  1820,  aged  85.  He  Avas  born  in  North 
Yarmouth,  Maine,  in  1735,  the  son  of  Ammi  R. 
C.,  the  first  minister  of  that  toAvn.  He  Avas  grad 


uated  at  HarA'ard  college  in  1752.  In  1755  he 
served  as  a  surgeon  in  the  company  of  rangers 
under  Robert  Rogers  in  a  very  hazardous  expe 
dition,  and  in  1758  in  the  expedition  against 
Louisbourg.  He  settled  at  Portsmouth.  Early 
in  1777  he  AA'as  appointed  physician-general  of 
the  eastern  department,  and  stationed  at  Fishkill, 
N.  J.  During  his  absence  his  eldest  son,  at  col 
lege,  died.  He  returned  to  his  large  family  in 
the  beginning  of  1778.  After  being  in  practice 
about  fifty  years  he  received  his  son,  William,  into 
partnership,  and  soon  relinquished  business.  — 
Thatcher's  Mcd.  Biog ;  Ann.  of  Portsmouth. 

CUTTER,  LEVI,  an  eminently  useful  and 
pious  man,  died  at  Portland  March  2,  1856, 
aged  about  83.  He  had  been  a  merchant,  and 
as  mayor  of  the  city  he  had  done  much  for  its 
improvement  and  ornament,  especially  in  its  pub 
lic  Avalks  at  the  east  and  west  parts  of  the  toAvn. 
His  son,  Rev.  EdAvard  Cutter,  succeeded  Mr. 
Cummings  in  1856  as  the  editor  of  the  Christian 
Mirror. 

CUTTS,  CHARLES,  secretary  of  the  senate  of 
the  United  States,  died  at  Washington  Jan.  25, 
1846,  aged  about  78.  He  was  a  graduate  of 
Harvard  in  1789. 

CUTTS,  RICHARD,  died  at  Washington  April 
7,  1845,  aged  73.  He  was  the  son  of  Thomas 
Cutts  of  Saco,  and  Avas  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1790.  He  AA'as  in  congress  from  1801  to  1813; 
and  then  comptroller  of  the  treasury.  His  Avife, 
Anna  Paine,  a  sister  of  Mrs.  Madison,  died  in 
1832.  He  left  six  children. 

CUYLER,  CORNELIUS  C.,  D.D.,  died  in  Phil 
adelphia  Aug.  31,  1850,  aged  66.  He  Avas  many 
years  pastor  of  the  Dutch  church  in  Poughkcep- 
sie,  and  seventeen  years  pastor  of  the  second 
Presbyterian  church  in  Philadelphia.  He  was 
also  president  of  Jefferson  medical  college. 

DABALL,  NATHAN,  died  at  Groton,  N.  Y., 
March  9,  1818,  aged  68.  He  was  an  able  teacher 
of  mathematics  ;  and  one  thousand  and  five  hun 
dred  persons  Avere  instructed  by  him  in  naviga 
tion.  He  published  a  valuable  system  of  arith 
metic,  and  a  system  of  navigation. 

DAGGETT,  NAPIITALI,  D.  D.,  president  of 
Yale  college,  died  Nov.  25,  1780,  aged  about  52. 
He  Avas  a  native  of  Attleborough,  Mass.,  and  in  1748 
graduated  at  the  institution  Avhich  Avas  aftenvards 
intrusted  to  his  care.  In  the  year  1751  he  Avas 
settled  in  the  ministry  at  Smith  ToAvn  on  Long 
Island,  from  Avhence  he  removed  in  1756  to  NCAV 
Haven,  and  accepted  the  appointment  of  profes 
sor  of  divinity  in  the  college.  This  office  he  filled 
during  the  remainder  of  his  life.  After  the  death 
of  Mr.  Clap  in  1766,  he  officiated  as  president 
till  April  1,  1777,  Avhen  he  resigned  the  chair. 
Dr.  Stiles  Avas  appointed  his  successor.  In  July, 
1779,  he  distinguished  himself  by  his  bravery, 
Avhen  the  British  attacked  NCAV  Haven.  He  Avas 


DAGGKIT. 


DALLAS. 


279 


succeeded  in  his  professorship  by  Samuel  Wales. 
He  was  a  good  classical  scholar,  and  a  learned 
divine.  lie  published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of 
President  Clap,  1767  ;  at  the  ordination  of  Eben- 
ezer  Baldwin,  1770 ;  of  J.  Howe,  1773.  — Holmes' 
Life  of  Stiles,  392,  396;  Gen.  Hist,  of  Conn., 
412. 

DAGGETT,  HENUY,  an  officer  of  the  Revolu 
tionary  army,  died  at  Xew  Haven  June  20,  1843, 
aged  85,  the  oldest  of  the  graduates.  He  was 
the  son  of  President  D'aggett. 

DAGGETT,  DAVID,  LL.  D.,  judge,  died  at 
New  Haven  April  10,  1851,  aged  86.  He  was 
born  at  Attleborough  Dec.  31,  1764,  descended 
from  John  D.  of  Watertown  in  1630,  from 
Thomas  D.  of  Edgartown,  who  married  Hannah 
Mayhew,  and  from  John  and  Ebenezer  of  Attle 
borough.  A  graduate  of  1783  at  Yale,  in  a  dis 
tinguished  class,  he  practised  law  and  sustained 
various  offices.  From  1813  IK;  was  a  senator  of 
the  United  States  for  six  years;  in  1824  he  was 
an  instructor  in  the  law  school;  in  1826,  Kent 
professor  in  Yale  college ;  from  1832  to  1834, 
chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  Conn.,  retir 
ing  by  limitation  at  the  age  of  70.  His  widow, 
Mary  L.,  died  in  Dec.,  1854,  aged  65.  His  son, 
Dr.  O.  E.  Daggett,  is  minister  of  Canandaigua. 
He  published  an  oration  July  4,  1787 ;  another, 
entitled  sunbeams  from  cucumbers,  1799;  an  ar 
gument  before  general  assembly  of  Conn.,  1804; 
eulogium  on  R.  Griswold,  1812. 

DAILLE,  PETER,  minister  of  the  French  Pro 
testant  church  in  Boston,  came  to  Xew  England 
in  1686,  and  died  May  21,  1715,  aged  65,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Le  Mercier.  He  was  buried  in  the 
centre  of  the  Granary  burying-yard :  around  him 
are  French  names.  He  was  of  great  piety,  char 
itable,  courteous,  exemplary.  He  required  by  his 
will  that  there  should  be  no  wine  at  his  funeral; 
though  a  scarf  and  gloves  were  given  to  each 
minister.  His  library  he  gave  to  the  church,  and 
to  the  minister  of  the  same  church  one  hundred 
pounds.  —  Hist.  Coll.  3d  series,  vol.  II.  p.  52. 

DALE,  THOMAS,  Sir,  governor  of  Va.,  died  in 
the  East  Indies  in  1616.  He  was  high  marshal 
in  1609  and  1611;  again  governor  after  Gates 
in  1614. 

DALE,  RICHARD,  commodore  in  the  navy, 
was  born  in  Virginia  about  1757.  In  the  war  of 
the  Revolution  he  served  in  the  brig.  Lexington 
as  midshipman.  Captured  in  1776,  by  a  British 
frigate,  he  and  his  crew  retook  the  brig  in  the  fol 
lowing  night,  lie  was  again  captured  Sept.  19, 
1777,  and  thrown  into  Mill  prison,  from  winch  he 
made  his  escape  in  Feb.,  1779,  and  joined  Paul 
Jones  in  the  Bon  Ilomme  Richard  at  L'Orient. 
In  the  action  witli  the  Scrapis,  Sept.  23,  he  was 
badly  wounded  in  the  leg.  On  board  the  Trum- 
bull  of  twenty-eight  guns,  Capt.  J.  Nicholson,  he 
was  again  captured  in  1781,  but  in  Nov.  was  ex 


changed.  In  May,  1798,  he  commanded  the 
sloop-of-war  Ganges.  April  28,  1801,  he  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  American 
squadron  in  the  Mediterranean;  but  resigned 
his  commission  Dec.  17,  1802.  His  residence  was 
at  Philadelphia,  where,  in  the  midst  of  an  amiable 
family  and  respected  as  a  citizen  and  a  Christian, 
he  died  Feb.  24,  1826,  aged  69.  —  Life  of  Jones, 
126,  361. 

DALE,  SAMUEL,  general,  died  in  Mississippi 
May  23,  1841,  a  pioneer  in  the  settlement  of  the 
southwest.  In  the  last  war,  his  canoe  fight  with 
Indians  in  the  middle  of  the  Alabama  is  well 
attested,  although  almost  incredible.  He  fought 
seven  warriors  with  clubbed  rifles,  and  rowed 
ashore  with  the  corpse  of  the  last  under  his  feet. 

DALLAS,  ALEXANDER  JAMES,  secretary  of  the 
treasury  of  the  United  States,  died  Jan.  16, 1817, 
aged  57.  He  was  of  Scotch  descent  and  was 
born  in  the  island  of  Jamaica  in  1759.  His 
father,  Robert  I).,  was  an  eminent  physician. 
After  receiving  an  early  educational  Edinburgh  and 
Westminster,  he  came  to  this  country,  after  the 
death  of  his  father,  in  1783,  and  studied  law  at 
Philadelphia.  He  also  engaged  in  various  literary 
enterprises,  writing  much  for  the  periodicals  and 
being  at  one  time  the  editor  of  the  Columbian 
Magazine.  In  Jan.,  1791,  he  was  appointed  sec 
retary  of  State,  and  again  in  1793  and  1796.  In 
1801  he  was  appointed  by  Jefferson  attorney  of 
the  United  States  for  the  eastern  district  of  Penn 
sylvania.  About  this  time  he  recovered  against 
Fenno  2500  dollars  for  a  libel.  In  Oct.,  1814,  he 
was  appointed  by  Mr.  Madison  secretary  of  the 
treasury  of  the  United  States  as  the  successor  of 
G.  W.  Campbell ;  and  in  March,  1815,  he  under 
took  the  additional  trust  of  secretary  at  war,  and 
performed  the  task,  on  the  return  of  peace,  of 
reducing  the  army.  He  resigned  his  honorable 
office  and  returned  to  the  practice  of  the  law  at 
Philadelphia  in  Nov.,  1816;  but  in  a  few  weeks 
his  earthly  career  was  closed.  While  at  Trenton, 
he  was  attacked  with  the  gout  in  the  stomach,  of 
which  he  died  soon  after  he  reached  home.  His 
wife,  whom  he  married  in  1780,  was  of  Devon 
shire,  England.  Mr.  Dallas  had  great  decision 
and  energy,  and  was  eminent  as  a  lawyer.  He 
excelled  in  conversation,  and  his  manners  were 
highly  polished.  While  in  office  he  promoted 
the  establishment  of  a  tariff  and  of  the  national 
bank.  He  published :  features  of  Jay's  treaty, 
1795 ;  speeches  on  the  trial  of  Blount  and  the 
impeachment  of  the  judges  ;  the  laws  of  Penn 
sylvania,  with  notes ;  address  to  the  society  of 
constitutional  republicans,  1805;  reports  of  cases 
in  the  courts  of  the  United  States  and  Pennsylvania, 
4  vols.,  1806-7 ;  treasury  reports ;  exposition  of 
the  causes  and  character  of  the  late  war,  1815. 
George  M.  Dallas  proposed,  in  1817,  to  publish 
his  works  in  3  vols.  lie  left  unfinished  sketches 


280 


DALLAS. 


DANA. 


>f  a  history  of  Pennsylvania.  —  National  Intel- 
igencer,  March  15th,  1817. 

DALLAS,  ALEXANDER  J.,  commodore,  died  in 
Callao  Bay  June  3,  1844,  aged  55.  He  bore  the 
name  of  his  father,  and  was  in  the  naval  service 
thirty-nine  years. 

DALTON,  TIMOTHY,  first  minister  of  Hamp 
ton,  N.  H.,  died  Dec.  28,  1661.  He  was  the 
brother  of  Philemon,  of  Dedham,  1836,  and  died 
without  issue.  By  a  liberal  donation  he  consti 
tuted  the  ministerial  fund  in  Hampton  and  North 
Hampton. 

DALTON,  TRISTRAM,  died  at  Boston  May  30, 
1817,  aged  79.  Born  at  Newburyport,  he  was 
graduated  in  1755.  He  studied  law,  married  the 
daughter  of  Robert  Hooper,  and  engaged  with 
him  in  commercial  pursuits,  and  was  appointed 
with  Mr.  Strong  a  senator  in  the  first  congress  in 
1789.  He  was  induced  to  remove  to  Washington 
and  to  invest  in  real  estate  his  fortune,  nearly  all 
of  which  he  lost  after  living  in  affluence  sixty 
years.  As  a  man  of  philosophy  and  religion,  he 
was  sustained.  In  1815  he  was  surveyor  of  the 
port  of  Boston.  He  had  lived  in  intimacy  with 
the  first  four  presidents. 

DAMON,  JUDE,  minister  of  Truro,  died  in 
1828,  aged  about  70.  He  was  a  graduate  of 
Harvard  in  1776.  His  predecessors  were  John 
Avery  and  Caleb  Upham. 

DAMON,  DAVID,  D.  D.,  died  in  1843,  aged 
about  62.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1811, 
and  settled  at  Lunenburg  as  successor  of  T. 
.Flint  in  1815.  He  published  a  sermon  before  a 
bible  society,  1826 ;  a  farewell  sermon,  1827 ; 
address  at  Amesbury  on  temperance,  1829. 

DANA,  RICHARD,  of  Cambridge,  who  died  in 
1695,  had  four  sons,  who  were  the  ancestors  of 
the  numerous  families  of  Danas  in  this  country ; 
Jacob,  born  in  1655,  who  settled  in  Pomfret, 
Conn.,  Joseph,  Benjamin,  and  Daniel  born  in 
1663  who  lived  in  Cambridge. 

DANA,  WILLIAM,  captain,  died  in  1809,  aged 
64.  He  was  born  in  Little  Cambridge,  now 
Brighton.  He  was  an  officer  in  the  Revolution  ; 
in  1789  he  joined  the  Belpre  associates  in  Ohio. 
He  left  many  descendants.  —  ITddrctli's  Biog. 
Memoirs. 

DANA,  FRANCIS,  LL.  D.,  chief  justice  of  Mas 
sachusetts,  died  at  Cambridge  April  25,  1811, 
aged  68.  lie  was  a  descendant  of  Richard  Dana, 
who  died  at  Cambridge  about  1695.  His  father 
was  Richard  Dana,  an  eminent  magistrate.  He 
was  born  at  Charlestown  in  Aug.,  1742,  and,  after 
graduating  at  Harvard  college  in  1762,  studied  law 
with  Judge  Trowbridge.  He  passed  the  year 
1775  in  England,  where  he  had  a  brother,  Ed 
mund,  a  minister  at  Wroxeter,  who  died  in  1823. 
In  1776  he  was  appointed  a  delegate  to  congress, 
and,  taking  his  seat  in  Nov.,  1777,  continued  in 
that  body  until,  in  Nov.,  1779,  he  accompanied 


Mr.  Adams  to  Paris  as  secretary  of  legation. 
He  was  elected  Dec.  19,  1780,  as  minister  to 
Russia,  where  he  remained,  though  not  publicly 
received,  from  Aug.,  1781,  till  the  close  of  the 
war,  returning  in  Dec.,  1783.  He  was  chosen  a 
delegate  to  congress  in  1784.  A  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  convention,  he  advocated  the  con 
stitution.  The  office  of  envoy  extraordinary  to 
France  in  1797  he  declined,  and  Mr.  Gerry  was 
deputed  in  his  stead,  with  Marshall  and  Pinckney. 
Appointed  chief  justice  of  Massachusetts  in  1792, 
he  discharged  very  impartially  and  ably  the  duties 
of  that  office  until  his  resignation  in  1806.  Judge 
Dana  was  a  learned  lawyer  and  presided  in  court 
with  great  dignity.  His  opinions  on  the  bench 
were  remarkable  for  their  clearness  and  perspi 
cuity.  In  his  politics,  during  the  days  of  violent 
excitement,  he  was  strongly  attached  to  the  fed 
eralists.  His  correspondence  while  in  Europe  is 
contained  in  Sparks'  diplomatic  correspondence, 
vol.  YIII. 

DANA,  SAMUEL,  judge,  died  in  Amherst,  N.  H., 
April  2,  1798,  aged  58.  Born  in  Cambridge,  now 
Brighton,  he  graduated  in  1755  in  the  class  of 
John  Adams,  and  was  settled  as  the  minister  of 
Groton  June  3,  1761,  the  successor  of  Caleb 
Trowbridge.  Not  having  the  whig  zeal  of  his 
parishioners,  he  relinquished,  voluntarily,  his 
charge  in  1775,  and  lived  on  a  small  farm,  which 
he  cultivated.  In  1780  he  preached  to  a  small, 
separate  society.  Being  the  executor  of  the  will 
of  John  Bulkley,  he  removed  Mr.  B.'s  law  library 
to  his  own  house,  and  was  led  to  read  it  and 
to  become  a  lawyer ;  he  commenced  the  practice 
in  Amherst  in  1781.  He  was  judge  of  probate. 
His  son  Samuel  was  a  lawyer  in  Groton  ;  James 
G.  a  lawyer  and  editor  in  Frankfort,  Ky.  ;  his 
daughter  Mehetabel  married  Gov.  Samuel  Bell ; 
his  son  Luther  was  the  father  of  Professor  J.  F. 
Dana.  His  earliest  ancestor  was  Richard,  of 
Cambridge,  from  1648  to  1695,  who  left  four  sons, 
from  whom  descended  the  numerous  families  of 
Dana  in  New  England. 

DANA,  SAMUEL,  judge,  son  of  the  preceding, 
died  in  Charlestown,  Mass.,  in  Nov.,  1835,  aged 
60.  His  residence  during  the  active  period  of 
his  life  was  at  Groton.  He  and  Mr.  Bigelow 
were  eminent  rival  laAvyers,  and  opposed  also  in 
politics,  Judge  D.  being  of  the  democratic  or  Jef- 
fersonian  party.  %  In  Ids  speeches  at  the  bar  he 
was  as  smooth,  gentle,  and  insinuating  as  Mr. 
Bigelow  was  bold,  rapid,  vehement.  He  pub 
lished  an  oration,  July  4,  1807. 

DANA,  JAMES,  D.  I).,  a  minister  of  New 
Haven,  died  Aug.  18,  1812,  aged  77.  He  was  a 
native  of  Massachusetts,  and  graduated  at  Har 
vard  college  in  1753.  Some  years  afterwards  he 
was  a  resident  at  Cambridge.  He  was  ordained 
as  the  successor  of  Samuel  Whittelsey,  at  Wal- 
lingf'ord,  Conn.,  Oct.  12,  1758.  The  history  of 


DANA. 


DANA. 


281 


the  difficulties,  occasioned  by  his  settlement,  oc 
cupies  forty  or  fifty  pages  in  Trumbull's  history 
of  Connecticut;  he  was  accused  of  heterodoxy, 
and  an  interesting  question  also  arose  concerning 
the  construction  of  the  Saybrook  platform.  The 
writers  called  forth  on  the  occasion  were  Eells, 
Todd,  Hurt,  and  Ilobart.  It  is  plain  that  the  or 
dination  was  a  departure  from  the  Saybrook  plat 
form,  because  the  ordaining  council  was  not 
limited  to  the  consociation ;  it  amounted  to  an 
assertion  of  the  independence  of  the  church,  in 
disregard  of  the  platform.  The  members  of  the 
council  were  considered  as  inclining  to  Armin- 
ianism.  After  remaining  at  Wallingford  thirty 
years,  Dr.  Dana  was  installed  the  pastor  of  the 
first  church  at  New  Haven,  April  29,  1789,  as 
the  successor  of  Chauncy  Whittlcsey.  In  the 
autumn  of  1805  he  was  dismissed ;  after  which 
he  occasionally  preached  in  the  pulpits  of  his 
brethren  in  the  vicinity.  Samuel  W.  Dana,  sen 
ator  of  the  United  States,  was  his  only  surviving 
child.  Dr.  Dana  published  anonymously  an 
examination  of  Edwards'  inquiry  on  the  freedom 
of  the  will,  8vo.  Boston,  1770 ;  and,  with  his 
name,  the  examination  continued,  New  Haven, 
1773;  in  all  more  than  three  hundred  pages. 
Some  of  his  views  are  the  following,  which  are 
similar  to  those  of  Samuel  West,  of  New  Bed 
ford,  published  at  a  later  period:  For  the  actions 
of  men  there  must  be  an  efficient  cause.  Mo 
tives  are  not  that  cause ;  abstract  notions,  and 
such  are  all  reasons  and  motives,  are  not  agents ; 
and  if  they  were,  they  must  themselves,  according 
to  Edwards,  be  determined  by  motives.  As  mo 
tives  are  not  the  efficient  cause  of  the  actions  of 
men,  so  neither  is  God  that  cause ;  for  the  scheme 
of  Stephen  West,  of  Stockbridge,  making  God 
the  sole  efficient  in  the  universe,  is  fraught  with 
the  impiety  of  making  God  the  author  of  sin, 
and  annihilates  the  responsibleness  of  man,  ren 
dering  him  a  mere  machine,  or  binding  upon  him 
the  chains  of  a  dreadful  fatalism.  Men  them 
selves,  then,  arc  the  only  efficient  causes  of  their 
own  volitions ;  nor  do  they  always  determine  ac 
cording  to  the  greatest  apparent  good ;  the  affec 
tions  do  not  follow  the  judgment;  men  sin 
against  light,  with  the  wiser  choice,  the  greater 
good,  full  in  their  view.  Through  the  impetu 
osity  of  their  passions  they  determine  against 
the  greatest  apparent  good.  This  is  the  case 
with  every  sinner  who  resolves  to  delay  repent 
ance  to  a  future  time.  Self-determination  is  the 
characteristic  of  every  moral  agent.  Such  was 
the  opinion  of  Dr.  Watts,  who  maintained  that 
every  intelligent  spirit  is  the  cause  of  its  own 
volitions.  Even  according  to  Edwards,  it  is  evi 
dently  improper  to  speak  of  the  mind  as  being 
determined  by  motives ;  for  he  expressly  allows, 
that  "  an  appearing  most  agreeable  or  pleasing  to 
the  mind,  and  the  mind's  preferring  and  choosing, 
36 


seem  hardly  to  be  properly  and  perfectly  distinct." 
But,  if  not  distinct,  then  the  choice  is  not  caused 
by  the  appearance  of  the  greatest  good.  Motive 
is  not  the  determiner  of  volition  and  at  the  same 
time  the  act  of  volition.  And  if  the  highest  mo 
tive  is  the  same  as  volition,  then,  to  say  that  a 
man  chooses  as  he  pleases,  is  to  say  that  he 
chooses  as  he  chooses.  The  absence  of  liberty 
he  deemed  inconsistent  with  moral  agency ;  and 
by  liberty  he  meant,  not  merely  liberty  in  regard 
to  the  external  action,  but  liberty  of  volition  ;  an 
exemption  from  all  circumstances  and  causes  hav 
ing  a  controlling  influence  over  the  will ;  a  self- 
determining  power  of  man,  as  a  real  agent,  in 
respect  to  his  own  volitions.  On  the  whole,  he 
regarded  the  scheme  of  Edwards  as  acquitting  the 
creature  of  blame,  and  impeaching  the  truth  and 
justice  of  the  Creator.  He  published  also  three 
sermons  in  American  preacher,  vols.  I.  and  in. ; 
on  death  of  John  Hall,  1763 ;  of  Chauncy  Whittle- 
sey,  1764 ;  two  sermons  on  faith  and  inscrutable 
providence,  1767 ;  a  century  discourse,  April  9, 
1770;  on  prayer,  1774;  election  sermon,  1779; 
on  death  of  W.  Beadle,  etc.,  1782;  on  capital 
punishments,  1790;  on  African  slave  trade,  1791  ; 
at  the  installation  of  himself,  1789  ;  of  A.  Holmes, 
1792;  practical  atheism,  1794;  ordination  of  E. 
Gay,  1793  ;  A.  Waterman,  1794 ;  of  Dan  Hun- 
tington,  1799  ;  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Styles,  1795  ; 
two  sermons  on  new  year  and  completion  of 
eighteenth  century,  1801 ;  on  death  of  E.  G. 
Marsh,  1803  ;  character  of  scoffers,  1805  ;  sermons 
to  young  people,  1806. 

DANA,  JOSEPH,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Ipswich, 
Mass.,  died  Nov.  16,  1827,  aged  85.  He  was 
born  at  Pomfret,  Conn.,  Nov.  13,  1742,  and  grad 
uated  at  Yale  college  in  1760.  He  was  a  de 
scendant  of  Jacob  Dana,  of  Pomfret,  the  son  of 
Richard  D.,  of  Cambridge.  Having  early  de 
voted  himself  to  God,  he  studied  theology,  and 
was  ordained  as  the  minister  of  the  south  society 
in  Ipswich  Nov.  7,  1765.  On  the  sixtieth  anni 
versary  of  his  ordination,  at  the  age  of  83,  he 
preached  in  1825  a  discourse,  in  which  he  stated, 
that  all  who  were  heads  of  families  at  the  time 
of  his  settlement  were  deceased,  excepting  five  ; 
that  he  had  followed  about  nine  hundred  of  his 
parishioners  to  the  grave,  and  had  received  into 
the  church  the  small  number  of  one  hundred  and 
twenty-one,  being  the  average  of  two  in  a  year. 
Of  these,  fifty  were  received  in  a  revival  from 
1798  to  1801.  He  left  two  sons,  Daniel  and 
Samuel,  ministers  of  Newburyport  and  Marble- 
head.  Dr.  Dana  was  a  firm  believer  in  the  great 
doctrines  of  Calvinism,  a  faithful  preacher,  emi 
nently  a  man  of  prayer,  and  deeply  interested  in 
all  the  events  which  relate  to  the  kingdom  of 
Jesus  Christ.  He  was  a  diligent  student  and  la 
borious  pastor.  A  fortnight  before  his  death  he 
preached  a  discourse,  recently  written.  An  iinaf- 


282 


DANA. 


DANFORTII. 


fected  humility  marked  his  character,  and  his  end 
was  peace.  He  published  two  discourses  on 
Proverbs,  xvi :  8,  1782  ;  at  the  ordination  of  I). 
Dana,  1795 ;  of  D.  Smith,  1795  ;  of  his  son  Samuel, 
1801 ;  of  Joshua  Dodge,  1809 ;  at  a  fast,  1799 ;  a  dis 
course  on  the  death  of  Washington,  1800  ;  at  the 
convention,  1801 ;  observations  on  baptism,  1806 ; 
on  integrity;  on  the  worth  of  the  soul,  1807; 
two  discourses,  1810;  at  Boston,  1812;  on  the 
death  of  J.  M'Kean,  1818. —  CrowelVs  Funeral 
Sermon. 

DANA,  JAMES  FREEMAN,  M.  D.,  the  grandson 
of  Judge  Samuel  Dana  and  the  son  of  Luther 
Dana,  was  born  in  Amherst,  N.  H.,  Sept.  23, 
1793.  His  mother,  Lucy  Giddings,  was  a  de 
scendant  in  the  seventh  generation  from  John 
Robinson.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1813,  and  in  a  few  years  was  appointed  assistant 
to  Dr.  Gorham,  professor  of  chemistry.  In  1820 
he  was  appointed  professor  of  chemistry  and 
mineralogy  at  Dartmouth  college ;  but  resigned 
this  office  in  1826,  on  being  chosen  professor  of 
chemistry  in  the  college  of  physicians  and  sur 
geons  at  New  York.  In  November  he  removed 
to  that  city.  He  soon  lost  his  only  child,  and  in 
April,  1827,  after  an  illness  of  five  days,  he  died 
of  the  erysipelas,  at  the  age  of  33.  His  wife  was 
the  daughter  of  President  Webber.  He  was  a 
distinguished  chemist,  and  highly  esteemed  by  his 
acquaintance.  He  published,  with  his  brother, 
outlines  of  the  geology  and  mineralogy  of  Bos 
ton,  with  a  map,  1818 ;  an  epitome  of  chemical 
philosophy  as  a  text-book,  8vo.,  1825.  He  wrote 
also  for  various  journals  many  communications,  a 
list  of  which  is  given  by  Dr.  Thacher.  —  TJiacli- 
er's  Med.  Biog.;  Coll.  N.  H.  Hist.  Soc.  II.  290. 

DANA,  SAMUEL  W.,  a  senator  of  the  United 
States  from  Connecticut,  died  in  1830,  aged  about 
73.  He  was  the  son  of  Dr.  James  D.,  and  grad 
uated  at  Yale  in  1775. 

DANA,  JUDAH,  died  at  Fryeburg,  Me.,  Dec. 
27,  1845,  aged  73,  a  senator  of  the  United  States. 
He  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1795 ;  his  wife 
was  a  daughter  of  Prof.  Ripley,  and  granddaugh 
ter  of  the  first  President  Wheelock.  He  sustained 
various  offices,  as  county  attorney,  judge  of  pro 
bate  twenty  years,  and  of  the  common  pleas,  and 
a  member  of  the  convention  that  formed  the 
constitution  of  Maine.  He  was  a  man  of  ability 
and  conscientiously  faithful  to  the  public. 

DANA,  SYLVESTER,  a  descendant  of  Richard 
D.,  of  Cambridge,  now  Brighton,  in  1640,  died  at 
Concord,  N.  H.,  June  9,  1849,  aged  nearly  80. 
He  was  born  at  Ashford,  Conn.,  July  4,  1769. 
His  father,  Anderson  D.,  a  lawyer,  who  removed 
to  Wilkesbarre,  was  killed  by  the  Indians  in  Wy 
oming  Valley.  The  family,  the  widow  and  seven 
children,  fled  on  foot  to  Connecticut.  S.  D.  was 
graduated  in  1797.  At  Orford,  N.  H.,  he  was  or 
dained  in  May,  1801,  and  continued  there  thirty- 


|  three  years.     His  last  words  were,  "  There  is  rest 

j  in  heaven."      His  house  was  burnt  at  Concord  in 

I  1844,  and  he  lost  his  library,  and  a  manuscript 

I  system   of  theology,  and   history   of  Wyoming, 

;  which  he  had  prepared.     His  mother  was  Susanna 

Huntington,  of  Lebanon.     His  brother  Anderson 

held  the  old  property  in  Wilkesbarre,  which  made 

him  rich.     Dana's  academy  is  a  witness  to  his 

liberality.     He  is  now  in  years,  if  yet  alive.     His 

brother,  Judge  Daniel,  lived  in  the  State  of  New 

York,  and  died  in  Ohio  in  1841,  aged  80. 

DANA,  NATHANIEL,  died  at  Brookline  Jan.  18, 
1856,  aged  68.  Born  in  South  Natick,  he  passed 
most  of  his  life  in  business  in  Portland.  He 
was  a  worthy  member  of  Dr.  Payson's  church. 
In  1830  he  removed  to  Boston.  He  was  a 
man  of  good  sense,  of  counsel,  judgment,  and  de 
cision  ;  an  eminent  Christian,  fervent  in  prayer. 

DANE,  FRANCIS,  the  second  minister  of  Ando- 
ver,  died  Feb.  17,  1697,  aged  81.  He  came  from 
England  in  1636,  and  was  ordained  about  1648. 
His  brother  John,  of  Ipswich,  born  in  1618,  was 
the  ancestor  of  Nathan  Dane. 

DANE,  NATHAN,  LL.  I).,  died  at  Beverly  in 
Feb.,  1835,  aged  82,  an  eminent  jurist  and  states 
man.  Born  at  Ipswich,  he  was  of  the  sixth  gen 
eration  from  John,  of  Ipswich  and  Roxbury,  who 
died  in  1658.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1778.  In  congress  he  framed  the  celebrated  or 
dinance  of  1787,  for  the  government  of  the 
Northwestern  territory,  by  Avhich  slavery  was 
shut  out.  He  founded  at  Cambridge  the  Dane 
professorship  of  law,  and  the  law  hall.  lie  pub 
lished  a  general  abridgment  and  digest  of  Ameri 
can  law  in  9  vols.  8vo. 

DANFORTH,  THOMAS,  president  of  the  dis 
trict  of  Maine,  died  Nov.  5,  1699,  aged  77.  He 
was  born  in  England  in  1622,  and  was  the  son  of 
Nicholas  Danforth,  who  died  at  Cambridge  in  1637. 
He  had  great  influence  in  the  management  of  pub 
lic  affairs  in  difficult  times.  He  was  an  assistant 
from  1659  to  1678.  In  1679  he  was  elected  dep 
uty-governor.  In  the  same  year  the  inhabitants  of 
the  district  of  Maine,  being  no  longer  attached  to 
Massachusetts  as  a  county,  elected  him  president  of 
j  the  province.  He  accordingly  opened  his  court  at 
York,  and  granted  several  parcels  of  land.  He 
continued  in  this  office,  and  in  that  of  deputy-gov 
ernor,  till  the  arrival  of  Andros  at  the  end  of  the 
year  1686,  and  during  this  tine  resided  chiefly  in 
Cambridge.  He  was  also  a  judge  of  the  superior 
court.  In  1681  he  united  with  Gookin,  Cooke, 
and  others,  in  opposing  the  acts  of  trade  and  vin 
dicating  the  chartered  rights  of  his  country.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  integrity  and  wisdom.  In  the 
time  of  the  witchcraft  delusion,  in  1692,  he  evinced 
his  correctness  of  judgment  and  his  firmness  by 
condemning  the  proceedings  of  the  courts. — 
HutcUnson,  I.  189,  323,  329,  331,  380,  404; 
Sullivan,  385,  386 ;  Hist.  Coll.  v.  75. 


DANFORTH. 


DANFOIITII. 


283 


DAXFORTH,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Roxbury, 
Mass.,  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  Eng 
land  in  Sept.,  1626,  and  came  to  this  country 
with  his  father  in  1634.  After  he  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1643,  he  was  a  tutor  and 
fellow.  When  Mr.  Wclde  returned  to  England, 
he  was  invited  to  become  the  colleague  of  Mr. 
Eliot  of  Roxbury,  and  he  was  accordingly  or 
dained  Sept.  24,  i650.  He  died  Nov.  19,  1674, 
aged  48  years.  He  had  twelve  children.  Two 
of  his  sons  were  ministers.  His  sermons  were 
elaborate,  judicious,  and  methodical ;  he  wrote 
them  twice  over  in  a  fair,  large  hand,  and  in  each 
discourse  usually  quoted  forty  or  fifty  passages  of 
Scripture.  Notwithstanding  this  care  and  labor, 
he  was  so  affectionate  and  pathetic,  that  he  rarely 
finished  the  delivery  of  a  sermon  without  weep 
ing.  In  the  forenoon  he  usually  expounded  the 
Old  Testament,  and  in  the  afternoon  discoursed 
on  the  body  of  divinity.  His  wife,  whom  he  mar 
ried  in  1651,  was  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Wilson, 
and,  when  he  was  contracted  to  her,  before  his 
marriage,  a  sermon  was  preached  by  Mr.  Cotton, 
according  to  the  old  usage  of  New  England. 
Such  was  his  peace  in  his  last  moments,  that  Mr. 
Eliot  used  to  say,  "  My  brother  Danforth  made 
the  most  glorious  end  that  I  ever  saw."  Mr. 
Welde  wrote  a  poem  on  his  death.  He  published 
a  number  of  almanacs,  and  an  astronomical  de 
scription  of  the  comet,  which  appeared  in  1664, 
with  a  brief  theological  application.  He  contends 
that  a  comet  is  a  heavenly  body,  moving  accord 
ing  to  Divine  laws,  and  that  its  appearance  is 
portentous.  He  published,  also,  the  cry  of  Sodom 
inquired  into,  or  a  testimony  against  the  sin  of 
unclcanness ;  and  the  election  sermon,  1670,  en 
titled,  a  recognition  of  New  England's  errand 
into  the  wilderness.  —  Mather's  Magnolia,  IV. 
153-157. 

DANFORTH,  JOHN,  7th  minister  of  Dorchester, 
Mass.,  was  the  son  of  the  preceding,  born  Nov. 
5,  1660,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1677.  He  was  ordained  as  successor  of  Mr. 
Flint,  June  28,  1682.  From  this  period  he  con 
tinued  in  the  ministry  till  his  death,  May  26, 1730, 
aged  70  years.  Dr.  Samuel  Danforth,  of  Boston, 
was  his  grandson.  Jonathan  Bowman,  who  sur 
vived  him,  was  ordained  his  colleague  Nov.  5, 
1729.  Mr.  Danforth  was  a  man  of  great  learn 
ing.  While  he  possessed  an  uncommon  acquain 
tance  with  mathematics,  he  had  also  a  taste  for 
poetry.  He  wrote  many  epitaphs  upon  the  good 
Christians  of  his  flock.  He  was  an  eminent  ser 
vant  of  Jesus  Christ,  being  sound  in  his  princi 
ples,  zealous  to  promote  the  salvation  of  his 
brethren,  upright,  holy,  and  devout.  The  follow 
ing  lines,  which  are  a  version  of  Mr.  Eliot's  hints 
on  the  proper  method  of  .teaching  the  Indians  the 
Christian  religion,  may  serve  as  a  specimen  of 
lu's  poetry. 


"  Till  agriculture  and  cohabitation 
Come  under  full  restraint  and  regulation, 
Much  you  would  do  you  '11  find  impracticable, 
And  much  you  do  will  prove  unprofitable. 
The  common  lands,  that  lie  unfenc'd,  you  know, 
The  husbandman  in  vain  doth  plough  and  sow; 
We  hope  iu  vain  the  plant  of  grace  will  thrive 
In  forests,  where  civility  can't  live." 

He  published  a  sermon  at  the  departure  of  Mr. 
Lord  and  his  church  for  Carolina,  1697  ;  kneel 
ing  at  parting,  a  sermon,  and  a  poem  on  J.  Eliot, 
1697 ;  the  blackness  of  sinning  against  the  light, 
1710  ;  funeral  sermon  on  E.  Bromfield;  judgment 
begun  at  the  house  of  God,  1716;  two  sermons 
on  the  earthquake,  to  which  is  added,  a  poem  on 
the  death  of  P.  Thacher  of  Milton,  and  S.  Dan 
forth  of  Taunton,  1727;  a  fast  sermon;  a  poem 
on  the  death  of  Ami  Eliot,  and  verses  to  the 
memory  of  her  husband,  John  Eliot.  —  Coll. 
Hist.  Soc.  ix.  176,  177;  New  England  Weekly 
Journal,  June  1,  1730. 

DANFORTH,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Taunton, 
Mass.,  was  the  son  of  Mr.  Danforth  of  Roxbury, 
and  was  born  Dec.  18,  1666.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1683,  and  married  the 
daughter  of  Rev.  J.  Allen  of  Boston.  He  died 
Nov.  14,  1727.  He  was  one  of  the  most  learned 
and  eminent  ministers  of  his  day.  In  the  begin 
ning  of  the  year  1705,  by  means  of  his  benevolent 
labors,  a  deep  impression  was  made  upon  the  minds 
of  the  people,  and  a  most  pleasing  reformation 
occurred.  The  youth,  who  formerly  assembled 
for  amusement  and  folly,  now  met  for  the  exalted 
purpose  of  improving  in  Christian  knowledge  and 
virtue,  and  of  becoming  fitted  for  the  joys  of  the 
heavenly  and  eternal  world,  in  the  presence  of 
Jesus,  the  Saviour.  Several  letters  of  Mr.  Dan 
forth,  giving  an  account  of  this  reformation,  are 
preserved  in  Mr.  Prince's  Christian  history.  He 
published  an  eulogy  on  Thomas  Leonard,  1713, 
and  the  election  sermon,  1714.  He  left  behind  him 
a  manuscript  Indian  dictionary,  a  part  of  which  is 
now  in  the  library  of  the  Massachusetts  histori 
cal  society.  It  seems  to  have  been  formed  from 
Eliot's  Indian  bible,  as  there  is  a  reference  under 
every  word  to  a  passage  of  Scripture. — Hist. 
Coll.  III.  173;  IX.  176  ;  Christian  Hist.  I.  108. 

DANFORTH,  JONATHAN,  captain,  died  in 
Billerica  in  1712.  He  was  an  eminent  surveyor, 
frequently  employed  in  locating  new  towns,  and 
a  man  of  piety. 

DANFORTII,  SAMUEL,  a  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  medical  society,  died  in  1817,  aged 
about  45.  He  published  an  oration  at  Boston 
July  4,  1804 ;  discourse  before  the  humane  soci 
ety,  1808. 

DANFORTH,  SAMUEL,  M.  D.,  a  physician  in 
Boston,  died  Nov.  16,  1827,  aged  87.  He  was 
born  in  1740,  and  was  the  son  of  Samuel  I)., 
judge  of  probate  for  Middlesex,  and  the  descend 
ant  of  men  distinguished  in  New  England.  He 


284 


DANFORTH. 


D'AULNAY. 


was  graduated  in  1758,  and  studied  with  Dr. 
Rand.  At  this  period  he  became  acquainted 
with  a  German  physician,  probably  Dr.  Kast,  who 
exerted  an  unhappy  influence  on  his  religious 
opinions.  He  practised  first  at  Newport;  then 
settled  at  Boston.  Being  a  loyalist,  he  remained 
in  the  town,  while  it  was  occupied  by  the  British ; 
for  which  he  was  afterwards  treated  harshly. 
From  1795  to  1798  he  was  president  of  the  medi 
cal  society.  Neglecting  surgery,  he  devoted  him 
self  to  medicine,  and  had  full  practice  till  he  was 
nearly  eighty  years  old.  For  about  four  years  he 
was  confined  to  his  family.  He  died  of  a  para 
lytic  affection.  He  was  tall,  thin,  erect,  with  an 
aquiline  nose  and  a  prominent  chin,  and  a  coun 
tenance  expressive  of  great  sagacity.  He  em 
ployed  only  a  few  and  powerful  remedies,  relying 
chiefly  on  calomel,  opium,  ipecacuanha,  and  bark. 
He  rarely  caused  a  patient  to  be  bled.  —  Tliacli- 
er's  Med.  Biog. 

DANFORTH,  JOSHUA,  colonel,  died  at  Pitts- 
field,  Mass.,  Jan.  30,  1837,  aged  about  78;  an 
officer  in  the  Revolution,  and  the  oldest  post 
master  in  the  country.  His  son,  Rev.  Joshua  N., 
of  the  neighborhood  of  Washington,  has  long 
been  an  acceptable  correspondent  of  religious 
papers. 

DANIEL,  WILLIAM,  judge,  died  at  Lynchburg, 
Va.,  Nov.  20,  1839,  aged  68.  He  wa's  for  the 
last  twenty-three  years  a  judge  of  the  general 
and  circuit  courts  of  Virginia,  and  much  respected 
foivhis  talents  and  legal  knowledge. 

DANIELSON,  DANIEL,  general,  died  in  Brim- 
field  Sept.  19,  1791,  aged  58.  His  widow  mar 
ried  Gen.  Eaton.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Yale  in 
1756,  and  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution ;  a  member 
of  the  provincial  congress  in  1774,  a  delegate  to 
Connecticut  in  1775  on  the  subject  of  raising  an 
army,  and  appointed  to  command  a  regiment ; 
afterwards  chief  justice  of  Hampshire  county. 
Large  in  person,  finely  formed,  bold  and  able,  he 
always  had  a  commanding  influence. 

DAPONTE,  LORENZO,  died  at  New  York  in 
1838,  aged  92.  He  was  an  Italian  ;  and  he  pub 
lished  several  operas. 

DARBY,  WILLIAM,  engineer  and  geographer, 
died  in  Frederic  county,  Maryland,  in  Aug.,  1827. 
He  was  an  officer  under  Gen.  Jackson  in  Louis 
iana,  and  was  one  of  the  surveyors  of  the  bound 
ary  between  the  United  States  and  Canada.  He 
published  a  geographical  description  of  Louisiana, 
8vo.,  1816  ;  a  map  of  the  same;  plan  of  Pittsburg 
and  adjacent  country,  1817;  emigrant's  guide  to 
the  western  country,  8vo.,  1818;  tour  from  New 
York  to  Detroit,  1819  ;  memoir  on  the  geography 
and  history  of  Florida,  with  a  map,  1821;  3d 
edition  of  Brooke's  universal  gazetteer,  1823. 

DARBY,  WILLLUI,  died  at  Washington  Oct. 
9,  1854,  aged  79;  a  geographer  and  statistician, 
a  native  of  Pennsylvania. 


DARKE,  WILLIAM,  a  brave  officer  during  the 
American  war,  died  in  Jefferson  county,  Va.,  Nov. 
26,  1801,  aged  65.  He  was  born  in  Philadelphia 
county  in  1736,  and  when  a  boy  accompanied  his 
parents  to  Virginia.  In  the  nineteenth  year  of 
his  age  he  joined  the  army  under  Gen.  Braddock, 
and  shared  in  the  dangers  of  his  defeat  in  1755. 
In  the  beginning  of  the  war  with  Great  Britain  he 
accepted  a  captain's  commission,  and  served  with 
great  reputation  till  the  close  of  the  war,  at 
which  time  he  held  the  rank  of  major.  In  1791 
he  received  from  congress  the  command  of  a  regi 
ment  in  the  army  under  St.  Clair,  and  bore  a 
distinguished  part  in  the  unfortunate  battle  with 
the  Indians,  Nov.  4th.  In  this  battle  he  lost  a 
favorite  son,  and  narrowly  escaped  with  his  own 
life.  In  his  retirement  during  his  remaining 
years,  he  enjoyed  the  confidence  of  the  State 
which  had  adopted  him,  and  was  honored  with 
the  rank  of  major-general  of  the  militia.  — New 
York  Spectator,  Dec.  18,  1801. 

DARLLNG,  JOSHUA,  judge,  died  at  Ilenniker, 
N.  H.,  in  1812.  A  graduate  of  Dartmouth  in 
1794,  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  common 
pleas  in  1817.  Eleven  years  before  his  death  he 
became  a  Christian.  — BoiitoiiS  Funeral  Sermon. 

DARLING,  No  YES,  judge,  died  at  New  Haven 
Sept.  17,  1846,  aged  64.  Born  at  Woodbridge, 
he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1801,  and  Avas  mayor  of 
the  city.  He  was  a  man  of  science,  and  wrote 
papers  on  insects  and  agriculture. 

DARLING,  JOSEPH,  Dr.,  died  at  New  Haven 
Nov.  15,  1850,  aged  91.  He  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1777. 

DAROY,  ETIENNE,  died  at  Thibadeauxville, 
La.,  in  Nov.,  1833,  aged  110. 

D'ARUSMONT,  FANNY  WRIGHT,  Mrs.,  died  at 
Cincinnati  Dec.  14,  1852,  aged  57.  She  was  born 
in  Dundee,  Scotland,  and  acquired  by  her  writings 
an  unenvied  notoriety. 

D'AULNAY,  DE  CIIARNISE,  or  D'Aunai,  D'Au- 
nay,  D'Aulney,  as  his  name  is  variously  written, 
governor  of  Acadia,  had  a  fort  at  Penobscot  as 
early  as  Nov.,  1636,  and  claimed  as  far  as  Pema- 
quid.  About  the  year  1632  Acadia  was  divided 
into  three  provinces,  and  the  propriety  and  gov 
ernment  assigned  to  De  Razilly,  La  Tour,  and 
Denys.  The  first  had  the  territory  from  Port 
Royal,  in  the  west  of  Nova  Scotia,  to  New  Eng 
land;  the  second  had  Acadia  proper,  or  Nova 
Scotia ;  yet  La  Tour  had  a  fort  at  the  river  St. 
John,  in  the  province  of  the  first.  The  rights  of 
Razilly  were,  after  his  death,  purchased  by 
D'Aulnay,  who  built  a  fort  at  Port  Royal.  His 
claims  conflicting  with  those  of  La  Tour,  a  war 
fare  was  carried  on  between  them.  Of  these 
difficulties  a  long  account  is  given  by  Hubbard. 
In  1643  and  1644  D'Aulnay  still  had  a  fort  at 
Penobscot.  He  made  a  treaty  with  Gov.  Ende- 
cott  Oct.  8,  1644.  Some  advantages  were  de- 


DAVENPORT. 

rived  from  the  trade  with  him.  His  secretary 
afterwards  visited  Boston  to  confer  with  the  gov 
ernor  on  certain  grievances,  and  the  governor 
sent  D'Aulnay,  as  a  conciliatory  present,  the  "  fair 
new  sedan,"  which  Capt.  Cromwell  had  given 
him.  Early  in  1645  he  captured  La  Tour's  fort 
at  St.  John  river,  after  it  had  been  resolutely  de 
fended  by  his  wife  ;  he  lost  twelve  men  in  the 
assault,  and  in  violation  of  his  faith  lie  put  to 
deatli  all  the  men  in  the  fort,  except  one,  whom 
he  made  the  hangman  of  the  others.  The  jew 
els,  plate,  etc.,  were  estimated  at  10,000  pounds. 
La  Tour's  wife  died  with  grief  in  three  weeks. 
After  D'Aulnay's  death  La  Tour  married  his 
widow.  Such  was  the  termination  of  the  quarrel. 
—  2  Hist.  Coll.  vi.  478-499;  Charlevoix,  I.  411. 
DAVENPORT,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  New 
Haven,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the  colony  of 
that  name,  died  March  15,  1670,  aged  72.  He 
•was  born  in  the  city  of  Coventry  in  England.  In 
1613  he  was  sent  to  Merton  college,  Oxford, 
where  he  continued  about  two  years.  He  was 
then  removed  to  Magdalen  hall,  which  he  left 
without  a  degree.  Retiring  to  London,  he  be 
came  an  eminent  preacher  among  the  Puritans, 
and  at  length  minister  of  St.  Stephen's  church  in 
Coleman  street.  In  1625  he  went  to  Magdalen 
hall,  and,  performing  the  exercise  required,  took 
the  degree  of  bachelor  of  divinity.  By  his  great 
industry  he  became  a  universal  scholar,  and  as  a 
preacher  he  held  the  first  rank.  There  was  in 
his  delivery  a  gravity,  an  energy,  and  an  engaging 
eloquence,  which  were  seldom  witnessed.  About 
the  year  1630  he  united  with  Dr.  Gouge,  Dr. 
Sibs,  and  others,  in  a  design  of  purchasing  im- 
propriations,  and  with  the  profits  of  them  to  pro 
vide  ministers  for  poor  and  destitute  congregations. 
Such  progress  was  made  in  the  execution  of  the 
plan,  that  all  the  church  lands  in  the  possession 
of  laymen  would  soon  have  been  obtained ;  but 
Bishop  Laud,  who  was  apprehensive  that  the 
project  would  promote  the  interests  of  noncon 
formity,  caused  the  company  to  be  dissolved,  and 
the  money  to  be  confiscated  to  the  use  of  his 
majesty.  As  Mr.  Davenport  soon  became  a  con 
scientious  nonconformist,  the  persecutions  to 
which  he  was  exposed  obliged  him  to  resign  his 
pastoral  charge  in  Coleman  street,  and  to  retire 
into  Holland  at  the  close  of  the  year  1633.  He 
was  invited  to  become  the  colleague  of  the  aged 
Mr.  Paget,  pastor  of  the  English  church  in  Am 
sterdam  ;  but,  as  he  soon  withstood  the  promis 
cuous  baptism  of  children,  which  was  practised  in 
Holland,  he  became  engaged  in  a  controversy, 
which,  in  about  two  years,  obliged  him  to  desist 
from  his  public  ministry.  He  now  contented 
himself  with  giving  private  instruction ;  but,  his 
situation  becoming  uncomfortable,  he  returned  to 
London.  A  letter  from  Mr.  Cotton,  giving  a 
favorable  account  of  the  colony  of  Massachusetts, 


DAVFNPORT. 


285 


induced  Mr.  Davenport  to  come  to  Boston,  where 
he  arrived  June  26,  1637,  in  company  with  Mr. 
Eaton  and  Mr.  Hopkins.  He  was  received  with 
great  respect,  and  in  August  was  a  prudent  and 
useful  member  of  the  synod,  which  was  occa 
sioned  by  the  errors  of  the  day.  He  sailed  with 
his  company  March  30,  1638,  for  Quinnipiack,  or 
New  Haven,  to  found  a  new  colony.  He  preached 
under  an  oak  April  18th,  the  first  Sabbath  after 
their  arrival,  and  he  was  minister  there  near 
thirty  years.  His  successors  were  Street,  Pier- 
pont,  Noyes,  Whittlesey,  Dana,  Stuart,  Taylor, 
and  Bacon.  He  endeavored  to  establish  a  civil 
and  religious  order  more  strictly  in  conformity  to 
the  word  of  God  than  he  had  seen  exhibited  in 
any  part  of  the  world.  In  the  government  which 
was  established,  it  was  ordained  that  none  but 
members  of  the  church  should  enjoy  the  privi 
leges  of  freemen.  He  was  anxious  to  promote 
the  purity  of  the  church,  and  he  therefore  wrote 
against  the  result  of  the  synod  of  1662,  which 
met  in  Massachusetts,  and  recommended  a  more 
general  baptism  of  children  than  had  before  that 
time  been  practised.  He  was  scrupulously  careful 
in  admitting  persons  to  church  communion,  it 
being  a  fixed  principle  with  him,  that  no  person 
should  be  received  into  the  church,  who  did  not 
exhibit  satisfactory  evidence  that  he  was  truly 
penitent  and  believing.  He  did  not  think  it  pos 
sible  to  render  the  church  perfectly  pure,  as  men 
could  not  search  into  the  heart ;  but  he  was  per 
suaded  that  there  should  be  a  discrimination. 

After  the  death  of  Mr.  Wilson,  pastor  of  the 
first  church  in  Boston,  in  1667,  Mr.  Davenport  was 
invited  to  succeed  him ;  and  at  the  close  of  the 
year  he  accordingly  removed  to  that  town.  He 
was  now  almost  seventy  years  of  age,  and  his 
church  and  people  were  unwilling  to  be  separated 
from  him;  but  his  colony  of  New  Haven  had 
been  blended  with  Connecticut,  and  he  hoped  to 
be  more  useful  in  Boston,  where  the  strictness  of 
former  times  in  relation  to  ecclesiastical  discipline 
had  been  somewhat  relaxed.  lie  was  ordained 
pastor  Dec.  9,  1668,  and  James  Allen  at  the 
same  time  teacher.  But  his  labors  in  this  place 
were  of  short  continuance,  for  he  soon  died  of  an 
apoplexy.  He  was  a  distinguished  scholar,  an 
admirable  preacher,  and  a  man  of  exemplary 
piety  and  virtue.  Yet  his  philosophy  was  so  im 
perfect,  that,  in  his  letter  to  Gov.  Winthrop,  ac 
knowledging  an  almanac,  which  predicts  four 
eclipses  in  these  words,  "  Twice  shall  this  planet, 
whereon  we  live,  and  its  concomitant,  the  moon, 
widow  each  other  of  their  sun-derived  lustre,"  he 
remarks,  "The  place  whereon  we  live  is  the 
earth,  —  the  place,  I  say,  not  the  planet."  Such 
was  his  reputation,  that  he  was  invited  with  Mr. 
Cotton  and  Mr.  Hooker  to  take  a  seat  among 
the  Westminster  divines.  Knowing-  the  efficacy 
of  prayer,  he  recommended  with  earnestness  cjac 


286 


DAVENPORT. 


DAVENPORT. 


ulatory  addresses  to  Heaven.  His  intrepidity 
saved  Whalley  and  Goffe,  the  judges  of  King 
Charles,  who  fled  to  New  Haven  in  1661.  He 
concealed  them  in  his  own  house,  and,  when  the 
pursuers  were  coming  to  New  Haven,  preached 
publicly  from  Isaiah  xvi.  3,  4,  believing  it  to  be  a 
duty  to  afford  them  protection.  His  portrait  is 
in  the  museum  of  Yale  college.  He  owned  a 
servant  boy,  worth  10  pounds  ;  his  books  were 
appraised  at  233  pounds.  His  letters  to  Wmthrop 
are  annexed  to  Bacon's  historical  discourses.  lie 
published  a  sermon  on  2  Samuel,  I.  18,  1629;  a 
letter  to  the  Dutch  classis,  wherein  is  declared  the 
miserable  slavery  and  bondage  that  the  English 
church  at  Amsterdam  is  now  in  by  reason  of  the 
tyrannical  government  and  corrupt  doctrines  of 
Mr.  John  Paget,  1634;  instructions  to  the  elders 
of  the  English  church,  to  be  propounded  to  the 
pastors  of  the  Dutch  church ;  a  report  of  some 
proceedings  about  his  calling  to  the  English 
church,  against  John  Paget;  allegations  of  Scrip 
ture  against  the  baptizing  of  some  kind  of  in 
fants;  protestation  about  the  publication  of  his 
writings,  all  in  1634  ;  an  apologetical  reply  to  the 
answer  of  W.  Best,  1636 ;  a  discourse  about  civil 
government  in  a  new  plantation,  whose  design  is 
religion ;  a  profession  of  his  faith  made  at  his 
admission  into  one  of  the  churches  of  New  Eng 
land,  1642 ;  the  knowledge  of  Christ,  wherein 
the  types,  prophecies,  etc.,  relating  to  him,  are 
opened ;  the  Messiah  is  already  come,  a  sermon, 
1653  ;  saint's  anchor  holds  in  all  storms  and  tem 
pests,  1661  ;  essay  for  investigation  of  the  truth, 
1663 ;  election  sermon,  1669 ;  God's  call  to  his 
people  to  turn  unto  him,  in  two  fast  sermons, 
1670  ;  the  power  of  congregational  churches  as 
serted  and  vindicated,  in  answer  to  a  treatise  of 
Mr.  Paget,  1672.  He  also  wrote  in  Latin  a  let 
ter  to  John  Dury,  which  was  subscribed  by  the 
rest  of  the  ministers  of  New  Haven  colony,  and 
he  gave  his  aid  to  Mr.  Norton,  in  his  life  of  Cot 
ton.  He  left  behind  him  an  exposition  on  the 
Canticles,  in  a  hundred  sheets  of  small  hand 
writing,  but  it  was  never  published.  —  Wood's 
Ath.  Oxon,  n.  460-462,  650  ;  Mather's  Magnolia, 
III.  51-57;  Trumbull's  Connecticut,  I.  89,  490- 
492 ;  HutcJtinson,  I.  84, 226 ;  Winthrop ;  Holmes ; 
Stiles'  History  of  three  of  the  Judges,  32,  69 ; 
Bacon's  Historical  Discourses,  390. 

DAVENPORT,  JOHN,  minister  of  Stamford, 
Conn.,  grandson  of  the  preceding,  was  the  son  of 
John  D.,of  New  Haven;  his  mother  was  Abigail, 
daughter  of  Rev.  A.  Pierson.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1687,  ordained  in  1694,  and 
died  Feb.  5,  1731,  aged  61.  His  daughter,  Sarah, 
married  first  Mr.  Maltby  of  New  Haven,  and  then 
Rev.  E.  Wheelock ;  another  daughter  was  the 
first  wife  of  Rev.  Wm.  Gaylord.  Courageous  in 
the  reprehension  of  prevalent  vices,  particularly 
drunkenness,  and  pungent  in  his  addresses  to 


the  conscience,  he  was  eminently  faithful  as  a 
minister,  and,  being  devout  and  exemplary  in  his 
life,  he  was  revered  by  all  good  men.  The  origi 
nal  languages  in  which  the  Scriptures  are  written 
were  almost  as  familiar  to  him  as  his  mother 
tongue.  When  he  read  the  Bible  in  his  family, 
he  did  not  make  use  of  the  English  translation, 
but  of  the  Greek  and  Hebrew  original.  —  Cook's 
Funeral  Sermon. 

DAVENPORT,  ADDIXGTOX,  judge  of  the  su 
preme  court  of  Massachusetts,  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1689,  and  was  afterwards 
clerk  of  the  courts.  In  1715  he  was  appointed 
a  judge.  He  died  April  2,  1736,  aged  66. 

DAVENPORT,  ADDINGTON,  Episcopal  minis 
ter  in  Boston,  died  in  1746,  aged  about  45.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1719;  was  a  minister  at 
Scituate  from  1730  to  1737;  then  at  King's  chapel, 
Boston,  from  1737  to  1740 ;  and  then  was  the 
first  rector  of  Trinity  church.  His  wife  was  a 
daughter  of  Grove  Hirst,  a  merchant  of  Boston  ; 
her  sister,  Maria,  married  Sir  William  Pepperell. 

DAVENPORT,  JAMES,  minister  of  Southhokl, 
Long  Island,  son  of  Rev.  John  D.,  died  in  1757, 
aged  about  45.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  college 
in  1732.  lie  had  been  esteemed  for  some  years 
a  sound,  pious,  and  faithful  minister  at  Southhokl, 
when,  in  the  religious  excitement  of  1740  and 
1741,  he  was  borne  away  by  a  strange  enthusi 
asm.  He  preached  in  New  Haven  and  other 
towns,  and  encouraged  the  outcries  and  agita 
tions  by  which  religion  was  disgraced.  His  voice 
he  raised  to  the  highest  pitch,  and  gave  it  a  tune, 
which  was  characteristic  of  the  separate  preachers. 
In  his  zeal  he  examined  ministers  as  to  the 
reality  of  their  religion,  and  warned  the  people 
against  unconverted  ministers.  In  1742  the 
assembly  of  Connecticut,  deeming  him  under  the 
influence  of  enthusiastic  impulses,  directed  the 
governor  and  council  to  transport  him  out  of  the 
colony  to  the  place  whence  he  came.  Without 
doubt  he  was  enthusiastic ;  but  the  assembly  was 
equally  bewildered,  being  arbitrary  and  tyranni 
cal.  At  last,  through  the  influence  of  Mr.  Whee- 
lock  and  Mr.  Williams,  he  was  convinced  of  his 
error,  and  published  an  ample  confession  and 
retractation  in  1744.  His  brother,  Abraham, 
colonel  and  judge,  of  Stamford,  died  in  1789. 
His  son,  John,  born  at  Ercchold,  Aug.  11,  1752, 
was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1769,  and  after 
studying  with  Drs.  Bellamy  and  Buell  was  min 
ister  of  Bedford,  N.  Y.,  and  Deerfield,  N.  J.  In 
1809,  he  returned  to  the  State  of  New  York  and 
died  at  Lysander,  July  13,  1821.  —  Trumbull,ll. 
167,  189. 

DAVENPORT,  JAMES,  judge,  died  at  Stam 
ford  Aug.  3,  1797,  aged  37.  He  was  the  son  of 
the  preceding,  a  graduate  of  1777 ;  and  was  a 
judge  of  the  common  pleas  and  a  member  of 
congress.  His  four  daughters  married  as  follows : 


DAVENPORT. 


DAVIDSON. 


287 


Elizabeth  married  Charles  Apthorp  of  Boston, 
and  their  daughter  married  Ilev.  Dr.  Bushncll  of 
Hartford  ;  Abigail  married  Rev.  Mr.  Whelpley  of 
New  York ;  Mary  Ann  married  Rev.  Mr.  Bruen 
of  New  York ;  and  Frances  married  Rev.  Dr.  T. 
II.  Skinner  of  New  York. 

DAVENPORT,  ABRAHAM,  colonel,  died  sud 
denly  at  Danbury,  where  he  was  attending  a  court 
as  judge  of  the  common  pleas,  in  Nov.,  1789,  aged 
about  75.  He  was  the  son  of  Rev.  John  D.  of 
Stamford:  his  mother  was  a  daughter  of  Jabcz 
Huntington  of  "VVindham.  He  was  graduated  in 
1732,  and  lived  at  Stamford.  A  patriot  of  the 
Revolution,  he  was  of  stern  integrity,  and  yet 
generous  beneficence.  In  a  time  of  scarcity  and 
high  prices  he  sold  the  produce  of  his  farms  to 
the  poor  at  the  old  prices.  He  was  an  exemplary 
Christian.  Being  a  member  of  the  council  at 
Hartford  on  the  dark  day,  May  19,  1780,  when  it 
was  proposed  to  adjourn,  as  some  thought  the 
day  of  judgment  was  at  hand,  he  objected,  say 
ing,  "That  day  is  either  at  hand,  or  it  is  not :  if  it  is 
not,  there  is  no  cause  of  adjournment ;  if  it  is,  I 
choose  to  be  found  doing  my  duty.  I  wish,  there 
fore,  candles  may  be  brought." 

DAVENPORT,  MARY,  died  in  Brooklyn  June 
25,  1847,  aged  92,  an  eminent  Christian.  She 
was  the  widow  of  John  D.,  of  Stamford,  a  mem 
ber  of  congress,  who  died  in  1830,  aged  78.  Her 
father  was  Rev.  Noah  Welles  of  Stamford. 

DAVEZAC,  AUGUSTE,  charge  to  Holland,  died 
Feb.  15,  1851,  aged  about  74.  Born  in  St.  Do 
mingo,  he  emigrated  to  North  Carolina,  and  set 
tled  as  a  lawyer  in  New  Orleans.  In  the  war 
of  1812  he  was  aid  to  Gen.  Jackson,  by  whom  he 
was  appointed  secretary  of  legation  to  the  Neth 
erlands.  He  was  also  appointed  to  Holland. 

DAVIDSON,  WILLIAM,  brigadier-general,  a 
soldier  of  the  Revolution,  was  born  in  1740,  the 
son  of  George  D.,  who  removed  in  1750  from 
Pennsylvania  to  Rowan  county,  North  Carolina. 
He  was  a  major  in  one  of  the  first  regiments  of 
North  Carolina,  and  served  in  New  Jersey.  In 
Nov.,  1779,  he  was  detached  to  reinforce  Lin 
coln  at  the  South.  On  his  march  he  visited  his 
family,  from  which  he  had  been  absent  nearly 
three  years  ;  such  were  the  sacrifices  of  the  heroes 
who  fought  for  American  liberty.  In  an  action 
with  a  party  of  the  loyalists  near  Gallon's  mill,  at 
the  West,  a  ball  passed  through  his  body  near  the 
kidneys;  but  from  this  wound  he  recovered  in 
two  months,  and  instantly  rejoined  the  army, 
being  appointed  brigadier  in  the  place  of  Ruther 
ford,  taken  prisoner  at  Camden.  Jan.  31,  1781, 
he  was  ordered  by  Greene  to  guard  the  ford  of 
the  Catawba,  which  Cornwallis  might  attempt  to 
pass.  In  the  action  with  the  superior  force  of 
the  enemy,  Feb.  1,  Gen.  Davidson  was  shot 
through  the  breast  and  instantly  fell  dead.  The 
British  lieut.-colonel  Hall  was  also  killed;  and 


Cornwallis  had  a  horse  shot  under  him.  Con 
gress  ordered  a  monument  to  his  memory,  not 
exceeding  500  dollars  in  value.  He  was  a  man 
of  pleasing  address,  active  and  indefatigable,  and 
devoted  to  the  cause  of  his  country.  —  Lee's 
Memoirs,  I.  271,  397. 

DAVIDSON,  JAMES,  professor  of  languages  in 
the  university  of  Pennsylvania,  died  June  28, 
1809,  aged  77.  He  published  an  introduction  to 
the  Latin,  1798. 

DAVIDSON,  LUCRETIA  MARIA,  a  youthful 
poetess,  died  Aug.  27,  1825,  aged  nearly  17. 
She  was  born  at  Plattsburg,  on  lake  Champlain, 
Sept.  27,  1808,  being  the  second  daughter  of  Dr. 
Oliver  Davidson  and  Margaret  his  wife.  Her 
parents  being  in  straitened  circumstances,  much 
of  her  time  was  devoted  to  the  cares  of  home ; 
yet  she  read  much,  and  wrote  poetry  at  a  very 
early  age.  When  her  productions  were  discov 
ered  by  her  mother  in  a  dark  closet,  she  in  her 
sensitiveness  and  modesty  burned  them.  After 
wards  she  wrote  an  epitaph  upon  a  robin  in  her 
9th  year,  which  is  the  earliest  remaining  specimen 
of  her  verse.  Before  she  was  12  years  old,  she 
had  read  much  history,  the  dramatic  works  of 
Shakspearc,  Kotzebue,  and  Goldsmith,  together 
with  popular  novels  and  romances.  She  was  fre 
quently  seen  watching  the  storm,  the  clouds,  the 
rainbow,  the  setting  sun,  for  hours.  At  the1  age 
of  12,  a  gentleman,  who  was  pleased  with  her 
verses,  sent  her  a  bank-bill  for  20  dollars.  She 
wished  to  buy  books ;  but,  her  mother  being  at 
this  time  sick,  she  instantly  carried  the  money  to 
her  father,  saying,  "  Take  it,  father  ;  it  will  buy 
many  comforts  for  mother ;  I  can  do  without  the 
books."  Knowing  that  some  people  had  coun 
selled  her  parents  to  deprive  her  of  pen,  ink,  and 
paper,  and  confine  her  to  domestic  toils,  she  re 
linquished  her  books  and  her  pen  entirely  for  sev 
eral  months,  though  with  tears ;  till  her  mother 
advised  her  to  alternate  her  studies  and  the  busi 
ness  of  the  world.  She  composed  with  great 
rapidity ;  yet  her  thoughts  so  outstripped  her  pen, 
that  she  often  wished  that  she  had  two  pair  of 
hands,  that  she  might  employ  them  in  writing. 
She  was  often,  when  walking,  in  danger  from  car 
riages,  in  consequence  of  her  absence  of  mind. 
Often  did  she  forget  her  meals.  She  had  a  burn 
ing  thirst  for  knowledge.  In  Oct.,  1824,  a  gen 
tleman,  on  a  visit  to  Plattsburg,  saw  some  of  her 
verses,  and  was  made  acquainted  with  her  char 
acter  and  circumstances.  He  determined  to  give 
her  the  best  education.  On  knowing  his  purpose, 
her  joy  was  almost  greater  than  she  could  bear. 
She  was  placed  in  Mrs.  Willard's  school  at  Troy; 
but  her  incessant  application  was  perilous  to  her 
health.  After  returning  home  and  recovering 
from  illness,  she  was  sent  to  Miss  Gilbert's  school 
at  Albany.  But  soon  she  was  again  very  ill.  On 
her  return,  the  hectic  flush  of  her  check  indicated 


288 


DAVIE. 


her  approaching  fate.  She  awaited  the  event 
with  a  reliance  on  the  divine  promises,  hoping  for 
salvation  through  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  The 
last  name  she  pronounced  was  that  of  her  pa 
tron.  In  her  15th  year  she  wrote  the  following 
verses. 

"TO   A   STAR. 

"  How  calmly,  brightly,  dost  tliou  shine, 
Like  the  pure  lamp  in  Virtue's  shrine? 
Sure,  the  fair  world,  which  thou  may'st  boast, 
AVas  never  ransomed,  never  lost. 
There,  beings  pure  as  Heaven's  own  air, 
Their  hopes,  their  joys  together  share ; 
While  hovering  angels  touch  the  string, 
And  seraphs  spread  the  sheltering  wing. 
There,  cloudless  days  and  brilliant  nights, 
Illumed  by  Heaven's  refulgent  lights, 
There,  seasons,  years  unnoticed  roll, 
And  unregretted  by  the  soul. 
Thou  little,  sparkling  Star  of  Even  — 
Thou  gem  upon  an  azure  Heaven! 
How  swiftly  will  I  soar  to  thee, 
When  this  imprisoned  soul  is  free!  " 

Her  person  was  singularly  beautiful.  She  had 
"  a  high,  open  forehead,  a  soft  black  eye,  perfect 
symmetry  of  features,  a  fair  complexion,  and  lux 
uriant  dark  hair.  The  prevailing  expression  of 
her  face  was  melancholy." 

Her  poetical  writings,  besides  many  which  were 
burnt,  amount  to  two  hundred  and  seventy-eight 
pieces,  among  which  were  five  poems  of  several 
cantos  each.  She  also  wrote  some  romances,  and 
a  tragedy.  A  biographical  sketch,  with  a  collec 
tion  of  her  poems,  was  published  by  Mr.  Samuel 
F.  B.  Morse,  in  1829,  with  the  title  ot  "  Amir 
Khan,  and  other  Poems :  the  remains  of  L.  M. 
Davidson."  Of  this  work  a  very  interesting  re 
view,  which  may  be  imagined,  by  those  conver 
sant  with  his  writings,  to  have  come  from  the  pen 
of  Ilobert  Southey,  is  contained  in  the  London 
quarterly  review  for  1829.  The  writer  says,  "  Ir 
our  own  language,  except  in  the  cases  of  Chatter- 
ton  and  Kirke  White,  we  can  call  to  mind  no 
instance  of  so  early,  so  ardent,  and  so  fatal  t 
pursuit  of  intellectual  advancement."  By  the 
early  death  of  a  person  of  such  growing  powei 
and  unequalled  promise  we  may  well  be  taught  the 
vanity  of  earthly  hopes,  and  be  led  to  estimate 
more  highly  and  to  seek  more  earnestly  a  lasting 
dwelling-place  in  the  world  of  unclouded  light 
and  perfect  holiness,  and  purest  joy.  Her  life  bj 
Miss  Sedgwick  has  been  published. 

DAVIE,  MARY,  died  at  Newton,  Mass.,  ii 
1752,  aged  116  years.  Her  portrait,  drawn  bj 
Smibcrt,  is  in  the  museum  of  the  historical  so 
ciety.  —  Holmes. 

DAVIE,  WILLIAM  RICHARDSON,  brigadier-gen 
eral,  governor  of  North  Carolina,  died  Nov.  8 
1820,  aged  04.  He  was  born  at  the  village  o:' 
E°Temont,  near  AVhite  Haven,  England,  came  ti 
this  country  in  1763,  and  was  graduated  a 
Princeton  college  in  1776.  He  soon  afterward 
entered  the  army  as  an  officer  in  the  cavalry  of 


DAVIES. 

?ount  Pulaski's  legion.  By  his  talents  and  zeal 
soon  rose  to  the  rank  of  colonel.  He  fought 
at  Stono,  where  he  was  severely  wounded;  at 
langing  Ilock  and  Rocky  Mount.  Having  great 
trength  and  activity,  it  was  his  delight  to  lead  a 
;harge  and  to  engage  in  personal  conflict.  At 
he  period  of  Gates'  defeat  he  expended  the  last 
hilling  of  an  estate,  bequeathed  him  by  his 
incle,  Ilev.  Wm.  Richardson,  in  equipping  the 
ionary  corps,  which  he  commanded.  Greene 
appointed  him  a  commissary.  During  the  whole 
struggle  he  displayed  great  zeal  and  energy. 
After  the  war  he  devoted  himself  to  the  profes- 
ion  of  the  law  at  Halifax,  on  the  P.oanoke,  and 
rose  to  eminence.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
onvention  which  framed  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States,  though  his  absence  prevented  his 
name  from  being  affixed  to  it ;  and  in  the  con 
vention  of  North  Carolina  he  was  an  able  advo- 
ate  for  its  acceptance.  Through  his  efforts  the 
university  of  North  Carolina  was  established.  In 
1799  he  was  elected  governor ;  but  he  was  soon 
appointed  by  President  Adams  envoy  to  France, 
with  Ellsworth  and  Murray.  His  residence  after 
his  return  was  at  Tivoli,  a  beautiful  estate  on  the 
Catawba  river,  in  South  Carolina.  He  died  at 
Camden.  His  wife,  Sarah,  was  the  daughter  of 
Gen.  Allen  Jones.  Of  a  commanding  figure,  he 
was  dignified  in  his  manners,  and  distinguished 
for  his  patriotic  spirit  and  soldierly  qualities,  for 
manly  eloquence,  and  for  the  virtues  of  private 
life.  —  Lee,  I.  381. 

DAVIES,  SAMUEL,  president  of  Princeton  col 
lege  in  New  Jersey,  died  Feb.  4,  1761,  aged  36. 
He  was  of  Welsh  descent,  and  born  Nov.  3, 1724. 
His  father  was  a  planter  in  the  county  of  New 
castle  on  the  Delaware,  of  great  simplicity  of  man 
ners  and  reputed  piety.  He  was  an  only  son  ;  a 
daughter  was  born  five  years  before.  His  mother, 
an  eminent  Christian,  had  earnestly  besought  him 
of  Heaven,  and,  believing  him  to  be  given  in  answer 
to  prayer,  she  named  him  Samuel.  This  excellent 
woman  took  upon  herself  the  task  of  teaching 
her  son  to  read,  as  there  was  no  school  in  the 
neighborhood  ;  and  her  efforts  were  rewarded  by 
the  uncommon  proficiency  of  her  pupil.  At  the 
age  of  ten  he  was  sent  to  a  school  at  some  dis 
tance  from  home,  and  continued  in  it  two  years. 
His  mind  was  at  this  period  very  little  impressed 
by  religious  truth,  though  he  was  not  inattentive 
to  secret  prayer,  especially  in  the  evening ;  but  it 
was  not  long  before  that  God,  to  whom  he  had 
been  dedicated,  and  who  designed  him  for  emi 
nent  service  in  the  gospel  of  his  Son,  was  pleased 
to  enlighten  and  renew  him.  Perceiving  himself 
to  be  a  sinner,  exposed  to  the  awful  displeasure 
of  God,  he  was  filled  with  anxiety  and  terror.  In 
this  distress  he  was  enabled  to  discern  the  value 
of  the  salvation  revealed  in  the  gospel.  This 
divine  system  of  mercy  now  appeared  in  a  new 


DAVIES. 


DAVIES. 


289 


light.  It  satisfied  his  anxious  inquiries,  and  made 
provision  for  all  his  wants.  In  the  blood  and 
righteousness  of  the  Redeemer  he  found  an  un 
failing  source  of  consolation.  His  comforts,  how 
ever,  were  long  intermingled  with  doubts  ;  but, 
after  repeated  and  impartial  self-examination,  he 
attained  a  confidence  respecting  his  state,  which 
continued  to  the  close  of  life.  From  this  period 
his  mind  seemed  almost  entirely  absorbed  by 
heavenly  things,  and  it  was  his  great  concern  that 
every  thought,  word,  and  action  should  correspond 
with  the  divine  law.  Having  tasted  the  joys  and 
made  a  profession  of  religion  at  the  age  of  fifteen, 
he  became  eagerly  desirous  of  imparting  to  his 
fellow  sinners  the  knowledge  of  the  truth.  With 
this  object  before  him,  he  engaged  with  new  ardor 
in  literary  and  theological  pursuits,  under  Samuel 
Blair.  Every  obstacle  was  surmounted ;  and, 
after  the  previous  trials,  which  he  passed  with 
distinguished  approbation,  he  was  licensed  to 
preach  the  gospel  at  the  age  of  twenty-two.  He 
was  also  ordained  Feb.  19,  1747,  that  he  might 
be  qualified  to  perform  pastoral  duties. 

He  now  applied  himself  to  unfold  and  enforce 
those  precious  truths,  whose  power  he  had  expe 
rienced  on  his  own  heart.  His  fervent  zeal  and 
undissembled  piety,  his  popular  talents  and  en 
gaging  methods  of  address,  soon  excited  general 
admiration.  At  this  time  an  uncommon  regard 
to  religion  existed  in  Hanover  county,  Virginia, 
produced  by  the  benevolent  exertions  of  Mr. 
Morris,  a  layman.  The  event  was  so  remakable, 
and  the  Virginians  in  general  were  so  ignorant  of 
the  true  doctrines  of  the  gospel,  that  the  presby 
tery  of  Newcastle  thought  it  incumbent  upon 
them  to  send  thither  a  faithful  preacher.  Mr. 
Davies  was  accordingly  chosen.  He  went  to 
Hanover  in  April,  1747,  and  soon  obtained  of  the 
general  court  a  license  to  officiate  in  four  meeting 
houses.  After  preaching  assiduously  for  some 
time,  and  not  without  effect,  he  returned  from 
Virginia,  though  earnestly  invited  to  continue  his 
labors.  A  call  for  him  to  settle  at  Hanover  was 
immediately  sent  to  the  presbytery  ;  but  he  was 
about  this  time  seized  by  complaints  which  ap 
peared  consumptive,  and  which  brought  him  to 
the  borders  of  the  grave.  In  this  enfeebled  state 
he  determined  to  spend  the  remainder  of  his  life 
in  unremitting  endeavors  to  advance  the  interests 
of  religion.  Being  among  a  people  who  were 
destitute  of  a  minister,  his  indisposition  did  not 
repress  his  exertions.  lie  still  preached  in  the 
day,  while  by  night  his  hectic  was  so  severe  as 
sometimes  to  render  him  delirious.  In  the  spring 
of  1748  a  messenger  from  Hanover  visited  him, 
and  he  thought  it  his  duty  to  accept  the  invita 
tion  of  the  people  in  that  place.  He  hoped  that 
he  might  live  to  organize  the  congregation.  His 
health,  however,  gradually  improved.  In  Oct., 
1748,  three  more  meeting-houses  were  licensed, 
37 


and  among  his  seven  assemblies,  which  were  in 
different  counties,  Hanover,  Hcnrico,  Caroline, 
Louisa,  and  Goochland,  some  of  them  forty  miles 
distant  from  each  other,  he  divided  his  labors. 
His  home  was  in  Hanover,  about  twelve  miles 
from  Richmond.  His  preaching  encountered  all 
the  obstacles  which  could  arise  from  blindness, 
prejudice,  and  bigotry,  from  profaneness  and  im 
morality.  He,  and  those  who  attended  upon  his 
preaching,  were  denominated  new  lights  by  the 
more  zealous  Episcopalians.  But  by  his  patience 
and  perseverance,  his  magnanimity  and  piety,  in 
conjunction  with  his  evangelical  and  powerful 
ministry,  he  triumphed  over  opposition.  Con 
tempt  and  aversion  were  gradually  turned  into 
reverence.  Many  were  attracted  by  curiosity  to 
hear  a  man  of  such  distinguished  talents,  and  he 
proclaimed  to  them  the  most  solemn  and  impres 
sive  truths  with  an  energy  which  they  could  not 
resist.  It  pleased  God  to  accompany  these  exer 
tions  with  the  efficacy  of  his  Spirit.  In  about 
three  years  Mr.  Davies  beheld  three  hundred 
communicants  in  his  congregation,  whom  he  con 
sidered  as  real  Christians.  He  had  also  in  this 
period  baptized  about  forty  adult  negroes,  who 
made  such  a  profession  of  saving  faith  as  he 
judged  credible.  He  had  a  long  controversy 
with  the  Episcopalians,  who  denied,  while  he 
maintained,  that  the  "  act  of  toleration"  extended 
to  Virginia.  On  this  point  he  contended  with  the 
attorney-general,  Peyton  Randolph,  and  once  ad 
dressed  the  court  with  great  learning  and  elo 
quence.  When  he  afterwards  went  to  England, 
he  obtained  from  Sir  Dudley  Rider,  attorney- 
general,  a  declaration,  that  the  act  did  extend  to 
Virginia.  In  1753  the  synod  of  New  York,  by 
request  of  the  trustees  of  New  Jersey  college, 
chose  him  to  accompany  Gilbert  Tennent  to  Great 
Britain  to  solicit  benefactions  for  the  college. 
This  service  he  cheerfully  undertook,  and  he  ex 
ecuted  it  with  singular  spirit  and  success.  He 
arrived  in  London  Dec.  25.  He  preached  before 
the  king  by  his  command.  As  his  majesty  spoke 
aloud  to  some  around  him,  remarking  on  the 
sermon,  Dr.  D.  looked  at  him  and  repeated  Amos 
III.,  8,  which  silenced  him ;  he  afterward  said  of 
him,  "  An  honest  man,  an  honest  man ! "  The 
liberal  benefactions,  obtained  from  the  patrons  of 
religion  and  learning,  placed  the  college  in  a  re 
spectable  condition.  After  his  return  to  America 
he  entered  anew,  in  1754  or  early  in  1755,  on  his 
beloved  task  of  preaching  the  gospel  in  Hanover. 
Here  he  continued  till  1759,  when  he  was  chosen 
president  of  the  college,  as  successor  of  Mr.  Ed 
wards.  He  hesitated  in  his  acceptance  of  the 
appointment,  for  his  people  were  endeared  to 
him,  and  he  loved  to  be  occupied  in  the  various 
duties  of  the  ministerial  office.  But  repeated  ap 
plications  and  the  unanimous  opinion  of  the  synod 
of  New  York  and  Philadelphia  at  length  deter- 


290 


DAVIES. 


DAVIES. 


mined  him.  He  was  dismissed  May  13,  and 
entered  upon  his  new  office  July  6,  1759.  Here 
the  vigor  and  versatility  of  his  genius  were  strik 
ingly  displayed.  The  ample  opportunities  and 
demands  which  he  found  for  the  exercise  of  his 
talents  gave  a  new  spring  to  his  diligence  ;  and, 
while  his  active  labors  were  multiplied  and  ar 
duous,  his  studies  were  intense.  He  left  the 
college  at  his  death  in  as  high  a  state  of  literary 
excellence  as  it  had  ever  known  since  its  institu 
tion.  In  the  short  space  of  eighteen  months  he 
made  some  considerable  improvements  in  the 
seminary,  and  was  particularly  happy  in  inspiring 
his  pupils  with  a  taste  for  writing  and  oratory,  in 
which  he  himself  so  much  excelled. 

His  habit  of  body  being  plethoric,  the  exercise 
of  riding,  to  which  he  Avas  much  habituated  in 
Virginia,  was  probably  the  means  of  preserving  his 
health.  At  Princeton  his  life  was  sedentary,  and 
his  application  to  study  incessant  from  morning 
till  midnight.  At  the  close  of  Jan.,  1761,  he  was 
bled  for  a  bad  cold,  and  the  next  day  transcribed 
for  the  press  his  sermon  on  the  death  of  George 
II.  The  day  following  he  preached  twice  in  the 
chapel.  His  arm  became  inflamed,  and  a  violent 
fever  succeeded,  to  which  he  fell  a  victim  in  ten 
days.  His  new  year's  sermon,  in  the  preceding 
month,  was  from  the  text,  "  This  year  thou  shall 
die,"  as  was  also  President's  Burr's  on  the  first 
day  of  the  year  in  which  he  died.  Dr.  Wither- 
spoon  avoided  preaching  on  that  occasion  from 
that  text.  President  Davies  was  succeeded  by 
Dr.  Finley.  His  venerable  mother,  Martha 
Davies,  survived  him.  When  he  was  laid  in  the 
coffin,  she  gazed  at  him  a  few  minutes,  and  said, 
"  There  is  the  son  of  my  prayers  and  my  hopes  — 
my  only  son  — my  only  earthly  support.  But 
there  is  the  will  of  God,  and  I  am  satisfied."  She 
afterwards  lived  in  the  family  of  her  son's  friend, 
llev.  Dr.  Rodgers  of  New  York,  till  her  death. 
His  widow,  Jean  Davies,  returned  to  her  friends 
in  Virginia.  His  son,  Col.  William  Davies,  now 
deceased,  studied  law  and  settled  at  Norfolk ;  was 
an  officer  of  merit  in  the  Revolution ;  and  en 
joyed  in  a  high  degree  the  esteem  of  Washington. 
His  son,  John  Rodgers  Davies,  also  studied  law, 
and  settled  in  Sussex,  Va.  Samuel  Davies,  the 
third  son,  died  at  Petersburgh.  An  only  daugh 
ter,  unmarried,  was  living  in  1822. 

The  Father  of  Spirits  had  endued  Mr.  Davies 
with  the  richest  intellectual  gifts ;  with  a  vigorous 
understanding,  a  glowing  imagination,  a  fertile 
invention,  united  with  a  correct  judgment,  and  a 
retentive  memory.  He  was  bold  and  enterpris 
ing,  and  destined  to  excel  in  whatever  he  under 
took.  Yet  was  he  divested  of  the  pride  of  talents 
and  of  science,  and,  being  moulded  into  the  tem 
per  of  the  gospel,  he  consecrated  all  his  powers 
to  the  promotion  of  religion.  "  O,  my  dear 
brother,"  says  he  in  a  letter  to  his  friend,  Dr. 


Gibbons,  "  could  we  spend  our  lives  in  painful, 
disinterested,  indefatigable  service  for  God  and 
the  world,  how  serene  and  bright  would  it  render 
the  swift  approaching  eve  of  life !  I  am  laboring 
to  do  a  little  to  save  my  country,  and,  which  is  of 
much  more  consequence,  to  save  souls  from  death ; 
from  that  tremendous  kind  of  death  which  a  soul 
can  die.  I  have  but  little  success,  of  late ;  but, 
blessed  be  God,  it  surpasses  my  expectation,  and 
much  more  my  desert."  His  religion  was  purely 
evangelical.  It  brought  him  to  the  foot  of  the 
cross  to  receive  salvation  as  a  free  gift.  It  ren 
dered  him  humble  and  dissatisfied  with  himself 
amidst  his  highest  attainments.  While  he  con 
tended  earnestly  for  the  great  and  distinguishing 
doctrines  of  the  gospel,  he  did  not  attach  any  un 
due  importance  to  points  respecting  which  Chris 
tians  may  differ.  It  was  the  power  of  religion, 
and  not  any  particular  form,  that  he  was  desirous 
of  promoting,  and  real  worth  ever  engaged  his  es 
teem  and  affection.  Having  sought  the  truth 
with  diligence,  he  avowed  his  sentiments  with  the 
greatest  simplicity  and  courage.  Though  decided 
in  his  conduct,  he  was  yet  remarkable  for  the 
gentleness  and  suavity  of  his  disposition.  A 
friend,  who  was  very  intimate  with  him  for  a 
number  of  years,  never  observed  him  once  angry 
during  that  period.  His  ardent  benevolence  ren 
dered  him  the  delight  of  his  friends  and  the  ad 
miration  of  all  who  knew  him.  In  his  generous 
eagerness  to  supply  the  wants  of  the  poor  he  often 
exceeded  his  ability.  As  a  parent  he  felt  all  the 
solicitude  which  nature  and  grace  could  inspire. 
"  There  is  nothing,"  he  writes,  "  that  can  wound 
a  parent's  heart  so  deeply,  as  the  thought,  that  he 
should  bring  up  children  to  dishonor  his  God 
here,  and  be  miserable  hereafter.  I  beg  your 
prayers  for  mine,  and  you  may  expect  a  return  in 
the  same  kind.  We  have  now  three  sons  and 
two  daughters.  My  dear  little  creatures  sob  and 
drop  a  tear  now  and  then,  under  my  instructions  ; 
but  I  am  not  so  happy  as  to  see  them  under  deep 
and  lasting  impressions  of  religion ;  and  this  is 
the  greatest  grief  they  afford  me."  As  president 
of  the  college  he  possessed  an  admirable  mode  of 
government  and  instruction.  He  watched  over 
his  pupils  with  the  tender  solicitude  of  a  father, 
and  secured  equally  their  reverence  and  love.  He 
seized  every  opportunity  to  inculcate  on  them 
the  worth  of  their  souls,  and  the  pressing  neces 
sity  of  securing  immediately  the  blessings  of 
salvation. 

Dr.  Davies  was  a  model  of  the  most  striking 
oratoiy.  It  is  probable,  that  the  eloquent  spirit 
of  Patrick  Henry,  who  lived  in  his  neighborhood 
from  his  eleventh  to  his  twenty-second  year,  was 
kindled  by  listening  to  his  impassioned  addresses ; 
such  as  his  .patriotic  sermons  of  July  20,  1755, 
after  the  defeat  of  Braddock ;  and  of  August,  on 
religion  and  patriotism  the  constituents  of  a  good 


DAVIES. 


DAVIS. 


291 


soldier ;  in  a  note  to  which,  he  says :  "  I  may 
point  out  to  the  public  that  heroic  youth,  Col. 
Washington,  whom  I  cannot  but  hope  Provi 
dence  has  hitherto  preserved,  in  so  signal  a  man 
ner, /br  some  important  service  to  his  country." 
A  similar  sermon  was  preached  to  the  militia 
May  8,  1759,  a  few  days  before  he  left  his  peo 
ple,  in  order  to  raise  a  company  for  Capt.  Mere 
dith.  It  was  raised  on  the  spot.  When  he  went 
to  the  tavern  to  order  his  horse,  the  whole  regi 
ment  followed,  and  from  the  porch  he  again  ad 
dressed  them,  till  he  was  exhausted.  As  his  per 
sonal  appearance  was  august  and  venerable,  yet 
benevolent  and  mild,  he  could  address  his  auditory 
either  with  the  most  commanding  authority,  or 
with  the  most  melting  tenderness.  When  he 
spoke,  he  seemed  to  have  the  glories  and  terrors 
of  the  unseen  world  in  his  eye.  He  seldom 
preached  without  producing  some  visible  emotions 
in  great  numbers  present,  and  without  making  an 
impression  on  one  or  more,  which  was  never 
effaced.  His  favorite  themes  were  the  utter  de 
pravity  and  impotence  of  man ;  the  sovereignty 
and  free  grace  of  Jehovah ;  the  divinity  of  Christ ; 
the  atonement  in  his  blood;  justification  through 
his  righteousness  ;  and  regeneration  and  sanctifi- 
cation  by  the  Holy  Spirit.  He  viewed  these 
doctrines  as  constituting  the  essence  of  the  Chris 
tian  scheme,  and  he  considered  those,  who  at 
tempted  to  subvert  and  explain  them  away,  as 
equally  hostile  to  the  truth  of  God  and  the  best 
interests  of  men.  His  printed  sermons,  which 
exhibit  his  sentiments,  abound  with  striking 
thoughts,  with  the  beauties  and  elegancies  of 
expression,  and  with  the  richest  imagery.  His 
highly  ornamented  style  is  the  more  pardonable, 
as  he  was  by  nature  a  poet,  and  forms  of  express 
ion  were  familiar  to  him,  which  to  others  may 
seem  unnatural  and  alFected. 

He  published  a  sermon  on  man's  primitive 
state,  1748;  the  state  of  religion  among  the  pro- 
testant  dissenters  of  Virginia,  in  a  letter  to  Joseph 
Bellamy,  17<51;  religion  and  patriotism  the  con 
stituents  of  a  good  soldier,  a  sermon  before  a  com 
pany  of  volunteers,  1755;  Virginia's  danger  and 
remedy,  two  discourses  occasioned  by  the  severe 
drought,  and  the  defeat  of  Gen.  Braddock,  1756 ; 
curse  of  cowardice,  a  sermon  before  the  militia  of 
Virginia,  17.37  ;  letters  from  1751  to  1757,  show 
ing  the  state  of  religion  in  Virginia,  particularly 
among  the  negroes;  the  vessels  of  mercy  and  the 
vessels  of  wrath ;  little  children  invited  to  Jesus 
Christ,  1758;  sixth  edit,  has  an  account  of  a  re 
vival  at  Princeton  college  ;  valedictory  address  to 
the  senior  class,  1760  ;  a  sermon  on  the  death  of 
George  II.,  1761 ;  sermons  on  the  most  useful  and 
important  subjects,  3  vols.  8vo.,  1765  ;  which  have 
passed  through  a  number  of  editions  ;  the  third 
in  5  vols.  1772-4;  and  sermons,  2  vols.  8vo. — 
Preface  to  his  Sermons ;  Finley's  and  Gibbon's 


Funeral  Sermon ;  Gibbon's  Eleg.  Poem ;  Pano- 
plist,  II.  155-160,  249-256,  302-307  ;  Middle- 
ton's  Biog.  Evany.,  IV.  341-350;  Assembly's 
Miss.  Mag.,  I.  371,  425,  536,  578;  II.  341-350; 
State  of  Relig.  in  Virginia  ;  Bosticick's  Ace. 
Prefixed  to  Davies'  Sermon  on  George  II.  ; 
Green's  Discourses,  333-356  ;  liice's  Memoirs 
of  Davies ;  Quar.  Register,  May,  1837. 

DAVIESS,  JOSEPH  HAMILTON,  colonel,  attor 
ney  of  the  United  States  for  Kentucky,  volun 
teered  in  the  expedition  against  the  savages  in 
1811,  and  fell  Nov.  7th,  as  did  also  Col.  Owen,  in 
the  battle  of  Tippccanoe,  in  which  Gen.  Harrison 
defeated  the  Indians.  When  they  suddenly  at 
tacked  the  American  encampment  at  four  o'clock 
in  the  morning,  Col.  Daviess  asked  permission  to 
charge  the  enemy,  and,  making  the  charge  with 
only  sixteen  dragoons,  he  was  killed.  Though  it 
was  yet  dark,  his  white  blanket  coat  enabled  the 
savages  to  distinguish  him.  He  was  a  man  of 
talents,  honored  in  his  profession,  and  beloved  in 
social  life.  His  wife  was  Nancy,  the  sister  of  chief 
justice  Marshall.  He  published  in  1807  a  view 
of  the  president's  conduct  concerning  the  conspi 
racy  of  1806. —  Schoolcraft's  Trav.,  1821,  p.  135. 

DAVIS,  SYLVAXUS,  captain,  an  early  settler  of 
Falmouth,  or  Portland,  Me.,  died  in  Boston  in 
1703.  He  purchased  land  of  the  Indians  at 
Damariscotta,  June,  1659,  also  other  tracts.  For 
some  time  he  resided  at  Sheepscott.  In  Aug., 
1676,  when  the  Indians  captured  the  fort  on 
Arousic  island,  he  fled  and  crosced  to  the  west 
side  of  the  Kennebec  in  a  boat  with  Capt.  Lake. 
Lake  was  shot  and  killed  as  he  landed,  while  Davis 
escaped  with  a  severe  wound.  Early  in  1677  he 
accompanied  the  expedition  under  Maj.  Wal- 
dron,  and  was  left  by  him  with  forty  men  in  com 
mand  of  a  fort  on  Arousic  island ;  but  the  garri 
son  was  soon  recalled.  He  became  an  inhabitant 
of  Falmouth,  where  he  owned  land  in  1680.  In 
1686  the  ferry  was  granted  to  him  at  Xonsuch 
point,  near  Vaughan's  bridge.  Early  in  1690,  he 
took  the  command  of  fort  Loyal  in  Falmouth,  in 
which  he  was  besieged,  May  16th,  by  four  or  five 
hundred  French  and  Indians.  He  fought  the 
enemy  five  days,  and  then  was  obliged  to  surren 
der,  May  20,  after  requiring  Portneuf,  the  French 
leader,  to  lift  up  his  hand  and  swear  by  the  great 
God  to  protect  all  in  the  fort  and  allow  them  to 
march  to  the  next  English  town  ;  but  the  treach 
erous  commander  forgot  his  oath,  and  conducted 
the  prisoners  to  Canada,  being  twenty-four  days 
on  the  road.  After  remaining  four  months  in  Que 
bec  he  was  exchanged.  He  was  named  a  coun 
cillor  in  1691,  in  the  charter  of  William  and  Mary ; 
and  Gov.  Phipps  appointed  him  to  the  same  office 
in  1692.  —  Maine  Hist.  Coll.  I.  168,  203,  209. 

DAVIS,  It.,  published  hymns  on  various  sub 
jects,  Boston,  6th  edit.,  1741. 

DAVIS,  JOHN  A.  G.f  professor  of  law  in  the 


292 


DAVIS. 


DAWES. 


university  of  Va.,  was  shot  by  a  student  and  died 
Nov.  14,  1840,  aged  39.  He  had  been  ten  years 
in  office ;  and  was  amiable,  industrious,  of  high 
intelligence,  a  member  of  the  Episcopal  church. 
He  published  a  treatise  on  criminal  law,  and  a 
guide  to  justices  of  the  peace,  1838. 

DAVIS,  DANIEL,  died  at  Barnstable  April  28, 
1799,  aged  85.  Born  in  B.,  he  was  judge  of  pro 
bate,  and  of  the  common  pleas.  Of  excellent 
temper  and  character,  a  pillar  of  the  church,  he 
left  the  world  blessing  those  around  him,  and  ex 
pressing  the  assured  hope  of  everlasting  glory. 
Mr.  Mellen's  sermon  on  his  death  was  published. 

DAVIS,  RICHARD  B.,  died  at  his  father's  in  New 
Brunswick  in  1799,  aged  28,  of  the  yellow  fever, 
taken  in  New  York.  In  1796  he  edited  "  The 
Diary."  His  poems  with  a  sketch  of  his  life  were 
published  in  1807. 

DAVIS,  AUGUSTINE,  postmaster  at  Richmond, 
Va.,  died  in  that  city  in  1825.  He  was  the 
oldest  editor  and  printer  of  Virginia.  For  many 
years  he  conducted  the  Virginia  Gazette.  A 
zealous  politician,  he  differed  from  the  dominant 
party  in  Virginia. 

DAVIS,  JOHN,  LL.  D.,  judge,  died  in  Boston 
Jan.  14,  1847,  aged  nearly  86  ;  a  graduate  of  1781. 
Born  in  Plymouth,  his  father  was  Thomas  Davis, 
a  merchant ;  his  mother,  Mercy  Hedge,  a  descend 
ant  of  Bradford  and  Brewster.  After  being  a 
teacher  in  the  family  of  Gen.  Joseph  Otis,  of 
Barnstable,  he  studied  law  and  settled  in  Ply 
mouth.  In  1795  Washington  appointed  him 
comptroller  of  the  treasury  of  the  United  States, 
which  office  after  one  year  he  resigned.  Being 
next  appointed  United  States  attorney,  he  re 
moved  to  Boston.  In  1801  he  became  judge  of 
the  district  court,  and  served  for  forty  years,  re 
signing  at  the  age  of  eighty.  He  was  a  learned 
man  in  various  departments,  but  he  had  a  special 
relish  for  the  history  and  antiquities  of  New  Eng 
land.  His  labors  for  the  historical  society,  of 
which  he  was  the  president,  were  very  important. 
He  published  an  address  to  Massachusetts  chari 
table  society,  1799 ;  eulogy  on  Washington,  1800  ; 
discourse  before  the  historical  society,  in  Mass, 
historical  collections,  2d  series,  vol.  I. ;  Morton's 
memorial,  with  notes,  1826.  A  memoir  of  him,  by 
Dr.  C.  Francis,  is  in  historical  collections,  3d 
series,  vol.  x. 

DAVIS,  MATTHEW  L.,  died  in  Manhattanville 
June  21,  1850,  aged  84,  a  printer  and  a  man  of 
cultivated  mind.  He  wrote  the  spy  in  Washing 
ton  for  the  New  York  Courier,  and  memoirs  of 
the  life  of  Aaron  Burr. 

DAVIS,  HENRY,  D.  D.,  president  of  two  col 
leges,  died  in  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  March  7,  1852,  aged 
about  78.  Born  in  East  Hampton,  New  York, 
he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1796,  and  was  tutor  in 
Williams  and  Yale  seven  years.  From  1805  to 
1810,  he  was  professor  of  Greek  at  Union  college; 


then  president  of  Middlcbury  until  1817,  when  he 
was  chosen  president  of  Hamilton,  in  which  office 
he  continued  until  1833.  He  published  inaugural 
oration,  1810  ;  sermon  before  American  board  of 
missions,  1816. 

DAVIS,  HANNAH,  died  at  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  April 
16,  1856,  aged  85,  the  widow  of  President  H. 
Davis.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Thomas  Tread- 
well  of  Smithtown,  L.  I.,  who  removed  to  New 
York,  —  a  man  of  worth.  She  married  in  1801, 
her  husband  being  then  a  teacher  in  Yale  college. 
With  him  she  lived  in  New  Haven,  and  also  at 
Schenectady,  Middlebury,  and  Clinton.  At  the 
last  place  she  was  the  president  of  the  female 
missionary  society  of  western  New  York.  Her 
education,  temper,  talents,  and  character  made 
her  useful  wherever  she  lived.  Her  end  was 
peace,  her  hope  being  "  in  the  precious  blood  of 
Christ." 

DAVIS,  ISAAC  P.,  died  in  Boston  Jan.  13, 1855, 
aged  83  ;  brother  of  Judge  John  D.  His  mind 
was  filled  with  historical  and  antiquarian  lore; 
and  he  was  a  member  of  various  societies.  To 
him,  as  L's  friend,  Daniel  Webster  dedicated  the 
2d  vol.  of  his  works. 

DAVIS,  JOHN,  governor,  died  in  Worcester 
April  19,  1854,  aged  67,  sick  only  a  few  hours  of 
the  bilious  colic.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1812  ; 
was  many  years  in  Congress,  first  chosen  in  1825; 
was  chosen  governor  by  the  national  republicans 
of  the  legislature  in  1833,  and  by  the  people  in 
1834,  and  in  other  years;  and  he  was  also  a  sen 
ator  of  the  United  States,  at  different  periods  from 
1845  to  1853.  lie  published  an  obituary  of  C. 
C.  Baldwin,  in  Arch.  Americana,  II. 

DAVY,  JOHN,  died  in  Hampshire  county,  Va., 
Jan.,  1839,  aged  103.  He  came  to  America  with 
Gen.  Wolfe,  and  was  in  the  battle  of  Quebec,  and 
served  also  in  the  Avar  of  the  Revolution. 

DAWES,  THOMAS,  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
of  Massachusetts,  died  July  22,  1825,  aged  68. 
He  was  the  son  of  Thomas  Dawes,  eminent  as  an 
architect,  long  a  member  of  the  senate  and  coun 
cil  and  deacon  of  the  old  south  church,  Boston, 
who  died  Jan.  2,  1809,  aged  77.  He  was  born 
in  1757,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1777.  In  the  Revolutionary  war  he  espoused 
with  zeal  the  cause  of  his  country.  After  a  suc 
cessful  course  of  practice  at  the  bar,  he  was  ap 
pointed  judge  of  the  supreme  court  in  1792,  but 
resigned  in  1802,  and  was  made  judge  of  probate 
for  Suffolk.  On  the  decease  of  Judge  Minot  he 
also  received  in  1802  the  appointment  of  judge  of 
the  municipal  court  of  Boston,  which  he  held 
twenty  years.  The  office  of  judge  of  probate  he 
retained  till  his  death.  He  was  an  impartial, 
faithful,  humane  magistrate.  In  early  life  he 
wrote  a  feAv  pieces  of  poetry.  He  published  an 
oration  on  the  Boston  massacre,  1781 ;  oration 
July  4th,  1787. 


DAWSON. 

DAWSON,  MARTIN,  died  in  May,  1835,  in 
Albemarlc  county,  Va.,  aged  55.  By  his  will  he 
set  free  sixty  slaves,  and  removed  them  to  Libe 
ria  ;  and  he  also  gave  40,000  dollars  for  schools 
in  Virginia. 

DAWSON,  WILLIAM  C.,  governor  of  Georgia, 
died  at  Greensborough  in  May,  1856.  He  had 
been  a  senator  of  the  United  States. 

DAY,  STEPHEN,  the  first  printer  in  New  Eng 
land,  died  at  Cambridge  Dec.  22,  1668,  aged  57. 
He  came  to  this  country  in  1638,  or  early  in 
1639,  for  he  commenced  printing  at  Cambridge, 
by  direction  of  the  magistrates  and  elders,  in 
March,  1639.  Day  was  employed  by  Mr.  Glover, 
who  died  on  his  passage.  The  first  thing  printed 
was  the  freeman's  oath ;  next  an  almanac,  made 
by  Wm.  Pierce,  mariner ;  then  the  psalms, 
"  newly  turned  into  metre."  He  was  unskilled  in 
the  art  of  the  compositor,  and  was  an  ignorant 
printer.  The  printing-house  about  1648  was 
taken  from  him  and  put  into  the  hands  of  Sam. 
Green.  Mr.  Farmer,  who  once  had  in  his  pos 
session  an  almanac  of  1647,  with  the  imprint  of 
Matthew  Day,  regards  Matthew  as  the  first 
printer ;  but  Mr.  Thomas  quotes  from  the  colony 
records,  which  in  1641  speak  of"  SteevenDay  — 
the  first  that  sett  upon  printing."  Matthew  was 
admitted  freeman  in  1646.  The  oath  and  almanac 
were  printed  in  1639  ;  the  psalms  in  1640.  Alma 
nacs  in  subsequent  years,  some  of  them  by  S. 
Danforth,  were  printed.  Mr.  Day  also  printed  a 
catechism ;  body  of  liberties,  one  hundred  laws, 
1641 ;  the  psalms,  2d  edition,  1647 ;  they  were 
afterwards  improved  by  Dunster.  —  Thomas,  I. 
227-234. 

DAY,  ROBERT,  of  Hartford,  died  in  1648,  aged 
44.  He  was  the  ancestor  of  descendants,  two 
thousand  four  hundred  in  number  of  persons  in 
the  male  line,  bearing  the  name  of  Day,  and 
whose  names  have  been  published  in  a  register 
edited  by  llev.  George  E.  Day,  Northampton, 
1848.  It  is  supposed  the  family  lived  in  Wales, 
where  the  name  is  Dee,  pronounced  Day,  proba 
bly  taken  from  the  river  Dee,  the  word  signify  ing 
dark,  not  light.  He  was  about  30  years  old, 
when  he  arrived  with  his  wife  Mary  in  April,  1634, 
in  the  bark  Elizabeth,  and  lived  at  Cambridge. 
The  next  year,  or  soon  after,  he  removed  to  Hart 
ford.  His  second  wife  was  Editha  Stebbins.  He 
had  two  sons :  Thomas,  the  ancestor  of  the 
Springfield  branch,  and  John  of  the  Hartford ; 
and  two  daughters,  Sarah,  who  married  S.  Kel 
logg  of  Ilatficld,  and  was  slain  by  the  Indians 
Sept.  19,  1677,  and  Mary,  who  married  S.  Ely  of 
Springfield,  then  T.  Stebbins,  and  next  John  Cole- 
man  of  Hatfield.  His  widow  married  J.  May- 
nard,  and  then  Elizur  Holyoke  of  Springfield. 
Besides  Robert,  there  were  seven  others  of  the 
name  of  Day,  who  lived  in  New  England,  within 


DAYTON. 


293 


thirty  years  after  its  first  settlement.  Of  the  sons 
of  Robert,  Thomas  is  regarded  as  the  head  of  the 
Springfield  branch,  and  John  of  the  Hartford. 

DAY,  THOMAS,  son  of  Robert,  the  first  of  the 
Springfield  branch,  died  Dec.  27,  1711.  He  was 
probably  about  80  years  old,  as  he  was  married  to 
Sarah  Cooper  fifty-two  years  before. 

DAY,  JOHN,  son  of  Robert,  the  first  of  the 
Hartford  branch  of  Days,  died  in  1730,  aged 
probably  about  80.  His  wife  was  Sarah  Maynard. 

DAY,  DAVID,  a  descendant  of  Robert,  died  in 
Colchester,  Conn.,  Sept.  5, 1775,  aged  76.  He  left 
a  large  estate  for  the  support  of  the  gospel  in  Col 
chester,  and  in  Hartland  and  Rumney,  N.  II.,  and 
for  a  high  school  in  C. 

DAY,  JEREMIAH,  minister  of  New  Preston,  in 
Washington,  Conn.,  died  Sept.  12,  1806,  aged  69. 
He  was  born  in  Colchester,  the  son  of  Thomas,  a 
descendant  of  Robert,  lie  graduated  in  1756. 
He  was  the  father  of  President  Day.  —  Evangel 
ical  Magazine,  VII.  p.  217. 

DAY,  ASA,  a  useful  teacher,  died  in  1819,  aged 
58.  He  was  the  descendant  of  John.  A  grad 
uate  of  Dartmouth  in  1783,  he  taught  school  in 
Pittsficld,  for  some  years,  then  settled  in  Stock- 
bridge,  Mass.,  where  he  died. 

DAY,  ORIN,  a  descendant  of  Robert,  died  at 
Catskill  Dec.  26,  1846,  aged  70  :  a  Christian,  and  a 
respected  and  useful  citizen.  He  was  a  merchant 
and  banker.  Of  the  bible,  tract,  education,  and 
American  home  missionary  societies,  he  was  one 
of  the  founders.  He  encouraged  also  the  cause 
of  temperance.  —  N.  Y.  Observer,  Jan. 

DAY,  THOMAS,  LL.  I).,  son  of  Rev.  Jeremiah 
D.,  died  in  Hartford  March  1,  1855,  aged  77.  He 
was  a  graduate  of  1797.  For  twenty-five  years 
from  1810  he  was  secretary  of  State;  he  was  also 
judge  of  the  county  court.  He  was  a  reporter 
from  1814  till  1853,  preparing  and  publishing 
twenty-six  volumes  of  reports,  besides  a  digest. 
He  edited  also  several  English  law-books ;  in  all 
sixty  volumes.  He  was  president  of  the  Conn., 
historical  society,  and  of  the  Wadsworth  athe 
naeum.  His  brother,  Col.  Noble  Day,  died  in 
Hudson,  Ohio,  Feb.  13,  1855,  aged  75. 

DAYTON,  ELIAS,  major-general  of  the  militia 
of  New  Jersey,  at  the  commencement  of  the 
American  Revolution,  though  in  the  enjoyment  of 
every  domestic  blessing,  took  an  active  part,  and 
never  quitted  the  tented  field  till  the  consumma 
tion  of  independence.  In  Feb.,  1778,  congress 
appointed  him  colonel.  He  died  at  Philadelphia 
in  July,  1807,  aged  70.  He  was  open,  generous, 
and  sincere  ;  ardent  in  his  friendships ;  scrupu 
lously  upright;  in  manners  easy,  unassuming, and 
pleasant;  prompt  and  diffusive  in  his  charities; 
and  also  a  warm  supporter  of  the  gospel.  At 
the  time  of  his  death  he  held  the  office  of  major- 
general. —  Broion's  American  Register,  n.  76. 


294 


DAYTON. 


DAYTON,  ELIAS  B.,  brigadier-general,  died  at 
Elizabethtown,  N,  J.,  Jan.  17,  1846,  aged  82,  a 
much  respected  citizen.  He  might  have  descended 
from  Ralph  D.,  of  Easthampton,  L.  I.,  in  1650. 

DAYTON,  JONATHAN,  LL.  D.,  a  distinguished 
statesman  of  New  Jersey,  died  at  Elizabethtown 
Oct.  9,  1824,  aged  about  68.  He  was  the  son  of 
Gen.  Elias  ;  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1776,  and 
•was  a  member  of  the  convention  in  1787,  and 
speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives  of  the 
United  States  in  1797.  As  a  member  of  the 
senate  he  opposed  the  repeal  of  the  judiciary  act 
in  1802.  He  was  in  the  house  from  1790  to  1799, 
and  a  senator  from  1799  to  180,3.  William  Lewis 
Dayton,  one  of  the  candidates  for  the  vice-presi 
dency  of  the  United  States  in  1856,  was  his 
nephew,  the  son  of  Joel. 

DEAN,  BARZILLAI,  captain,  died  at  Easton  in 
a  remarkable  manner  June  29,  1848.  He  had 
erected  a  new  tomb  for  himself  and  family,  and  at 
its  completion,  as  he  entered  it  to  examine  it,  the 
roof  fell  and  crushed  him  to  death. 

DEAN,  JAMES,  LL.  D.,  died  at  Burlington 
Jan.  20,  1849,  aged  73 ;  professor  of  mathemat 
ics  and  natural  philosophy  in  Vermont  university. 
He  was  a  graduate  of  Dartmouth  in  1800. 

DEANE,  SILAS,  minister  of  the  United  States 
to  the  court  of  France,  died  Aug.  23,  1789.  He 
was  a  native  of  Groton,  Conn.,  and  was  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  college  in  1758.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  first  congress,  which  met  in  1774.  In  1776, 
he  was  deputed  to  France  as  a  political  and  com 
mercial  agent,  and  he  arrived  at  Paris  in  June 
with  instructions  to  sound  the  disposition  of  the 
cabinet  on  the  controversy  with  Great  Britain, 
and  to  endeavor  to  obtain  supplies  of  military 
stores.  In  Sept.,  it  was  agreed  to  appoint  minis 
ters  to  negotiate  treaties  with  foreign  powers,  and 
Dr.  Franklin  and  Mr.  Jefferson  were  elected  to 
join  Mr.  Deane  in  France.  But  Mr.  Jefferson 
declining  the  appointment,  Arthur  Lee,  then  in 
London,  was  chosen  in  his  place.  It  is  remark 
able,  that  the  delegates  of  Connecticut  did  not 
vote  for  Mr.  Deanc.  In  Dec.,  the  three  commis 
sioners  met  at  Paris.  Though  Mr.  Deane  assisted 
in  negotiating  the  treaty  with  his  most  Christian 
majesty,  yet  he  had  very  little  to  recommend  him 
to  the  high  station  in  which  he  was  placed.  He 
was  instructed  to  engage  not  exceeding  four  engin 
eers,  and  he  was  most  profuse  in  his  promises  of 
offices  of  rank  to  induce  French  gentlemen  to 
come  to  America.  Congress,  being  embarrassed 
by  his  contracts,  was  under  the  necessity  of  recall 
ing  him  Nov.  21,  1777,  and  John  Adams  was 
appointed  in  his  place.  He  left  Paris  April  1, 
1778.  After  his  arrival  in  this  country,  he  was 
desired  to  give  an  account  of  his  transactions  on 
the  floor  of  congress,  but  he  did  not  remove  al 
suspicions  of  having  misapplied  the  public  mon 
eys.  He  evaded  the  scrutiny  by  pleading  that 


DEAIlBOPcN. 

liis  papers  were  in  Europe.  To  divert  the  public 
attention  from  himself,  he  in  Dec.  published  a 
manifesto,  in  which  he  arraigned  before  the  bar 
of  the  public,  the  conduct,  not  only  of  those  con- 
crned  in  foreign  negotiations,  but  of  the  mem 
bers  of  congress  themselves.  In  1784,  he  pub 
lished  an  address  to  the  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  complaining,  of  the  manner  in  which  he 
had  been  treated.  He  went  soon  afterwards  to 
Europe,  and  at  last,  reduced  to  extreme  poverty, 
died  in  a  miserable  condition  at  Deal,  in  England. 
His  intercepted  letters  to  his  brothers  and  others 
were  published  in  1782. —  Warren's  American 
Rev.,  u.  130-137;  Marshall,  in.  155,  411;  iv. 
5;  Gordon,  III.  216. 

DEANE,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Portland, 
Me.,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1760, 
and  was  ordained  a  colleague  with  Thomas  Smith, 
the  first  minister,  Oct.  17, 1764.  After  preaching 
forty-five  years,  he  received  as  a  colleague  Icha- 
bod  Nichols,  in  June,  1809.  He  died  Nov.  12, 
1814,  aged  about  73.  He  published  election  ser 
mon,  1794 ;  sermon  on  the  death  of  T.  Smith, 
1795  ;  at  thanksgiving  ;  New  England  farmer,  or 
Georgical  dictionary,  2d  edition,  8vo.  1797. 

DEANE,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Scituate,  died  in 
1834,  aged  56.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Brown,  in 
1795.  He  published  a  discourse  on  Christian  lib 
erty,  1825;  the  populous  village,  a  poem,  1826; 
on  human  nature,  1827  ;  a  history  of  Scituate,  in 
1831. 

DEANE,  CHRISTOPHER  C.,  died  at  Charlestown 
June  17,  1854.  He  had  been  for  twenty  years 
treasurer  and  agent  of  the  Massachusetts  Sabbath 
school  society. 

DEARBORN,  HENRY,  major-general,  a  soldier 
of  the  Revolution,  died  June  6,  1829,  aged  78. 
He  was  a  descendant  of  Godfrey  D.,  who  came 
from  Exeter,  England,  with  his  r;on  Henry,  and 
settled  at  Exeter,  N.  II.,  in  1639,  but  afterwards 
removed  to  Hampton,  where  many  descendants 
still  live.  In  this  town  Gen.  Dearborn  was  born 
in  March,  1751.  He  studied  physic  with  Dr.  Hall 
Jackson  of  Portsmouth,  and  had  been  settled 
three  years  at  Nottingham-square,  when,  on  the 
20th  of  April,  1775,  an  express  announced  the 
battle  of  Lexington  on  the  preceding  day.  He 
marched  on  the  same  day  with  sixty  volunteers, 
and  early  in  the  next  day  reached  Cambridge, 
a  distance  of  sixty-five  miles.  On  his  return  he 
was  appointed  a  captain  in  the  regiment  of  Stark; 
and,  having  enlisted  his  men,  he  presented  him 
self  again  at  Cambridge  with  a  full  company,  May 
15th.  He  participated  June  17th  in  the  battle  of 
Breed's  hill.  Having  marched  on  that  day  across 
Charlestown  neck  under  a  galling  fire,  he  took 
post  behind  the  rail  fence  which  stretched  from 
Prcscott's  redoubt  to  Mystic  river.  During  the 
bloody  action  he  regularly  fired  with  his  men. 
In  Sept.  he  accompanied  Arnold  in  the  expedition 


DEARBORN. 


DEARBORN. 


295 


through  the  wilderness  of  Maine  to  Quebec.  The 
army  was  more  than  a  month  in  the  wilderness, 
before  they  reached,  Nov.  4th,  the  first  house  in 
Canada,  on  the  Chaudiere.  The  hardships  and 
sufferings  of  the  troops  were  incredible.  The 
provisions  were  exhausted.  "  My  dog,"  said  Gen. 
D.,  in  a  letter  to  the  author  of  this  work, "  was 
very  large  and  a  great  favorite.  I  gave  him  up  to 
several  men  of  Capt.  Goodrich's  company  at  their 
earnest  solicitation.  They  carried  him  to  their 
company  and  killed  and  divided  him  among  those 
who  were  suffering  most  severely  with  hunger. 
They  ate  every  part  of  him,  not  excepting  his 
entrails ;  and  after  finishing  their  meal  they  col 
lected  the  bones  and  carried  them  to  be  pounded 
up,  and  to  make  broth  for  another  meal.  There 
was  but  one  other  dog  with  the  detachment.  It 
was  small,  and  had  been  privately  killed  and  eaten. 
Old  mooschide  breeches  were  boiled  and  then 
broiled  on  the  coals  and  eaten.  A  barber's  pow 
der-bag  made  a  soup  in  the  course  of  the  last 
three  or  four  days  before  we  reached  the  first  set 
tlements  in  Canada.  Many  men  died  with  fatigue 
and  hunger,  frequently  four  or  five  minutes  after 
making  their  last  effort  and  sitting  down."  Being 
seized  with  a  fever,  he  was  left  in  a  cottage  on  the 
banks  of  the  Chaudiere  without  a  physician.  Dur 
ing  ten  days  his  life  was  despaired  of.  A  good 
Catholic  woman  even  sprinkled  him  with  holy 
water.  Yet  he  gradually  recovered  ;  and,  procur 
ing  a  conveyance  sixty  miles  to  point  Levi,  he 
crossed  over  to  "Wolfe's  cove,  and  rejoined  his 
company  early  in  Dec.  The  assault  on  the  city 
was  made  in  the  morning  of  Dec.  31st.  Mont 
gomery  fell  on  the  bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  in 
attacking  the  lower  town  on  thai  side.  Arnold's 
division  made  the  attack  on  the  other  side  of  the 
city,  along  the  St.  Charles.  In  the  action  Capt. 
Dearborn,  who  had  been  quartered  on  the  north 
side  of  the  river  St.  Charles,  marched  to  join  the 
main  body,  but  in  the  attempt  was  captured  with 
his  company  by  Capt.  Law,  who  issued  from  Pal 
ace  gate  with  two  hundred  men  and  some  can 
non.  He  was  put  into  close  confinement ;  but  in 
May,  1776,  was  permitted  to  return  on  parole  with 
Maj.  Meigs.  They  were  carried  to  Halifax  in  the 
frigate  Niger,  and  then  transferred  to  another 
frigate,  which  after  a  cruise  of  thirty  days  landed 
them  at  Penobscot  bay.  In  March,  1777,  he  was 
exchanged.  Being  appointed  a  major  in  Scam- 
mel's  regiment,  he  proceeded  in  May  to  Ticonde- 
roga.  He  fought  in  the  conflict  of  Sept.  19th, 
and  on  the  7th  Oct.  he  shared  in  the  honor  of 
carrying  the  German  fortified  camp.  On  the  17th 
the  British  army  surrendered.  Gen.  Gates  in  his 
dispatch  particularly  noticed  Morgan  and  Dear 
born.  At  the  battle  of  Monmouth,  in  1778,  after 
Lee's  retreat,  Washington  ordered  Cilley's  regi 
ment,  in  which  Dearborn  was  lieut.-col.,  to  attack 
a  body  of  the  enemy.  A  gallant  charge  com 


pelled  the  British  to  retreat.  Dearborn  being 
sent  to  ask  for  further  orders,  Washington  in 
quired,  by  way  of  commendation,  "  What  troops 
are  those?  "  —  "  Full-blooded  Yankees  from  New 
Hampshire,  sir,"  was  the  reply. 

In  1779  he  accompanied  Sullivan  in  his  expe 
dition  against  the  Indians;  in  1780  he  was  with 
the  army  in  New  Jersey ;  in  1781  he  was  at  York- 
town  at  the  .surrender  of  Cornwallis.  On  the 
death  of  Scammel  he  succeeded  to  the  command 
of  the  regiment.  During  1782  he  was  on  garri 
son  duty  at  the  frontier  post  at  Saratoga.  After 
the  peace,  he  emigrated,  in  June,  1784,  to  the 
banks  of  the  Kennebec,  and  engaged  in  agricul 
tural  pursuits.  In  1789  Washington  appointed 
him  marshal  of  Maine.  Twice  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  congress.  On  the  accession  of  Mr. 
Jefferson  to  the  presidency,  in  1801,  he  was  ap 
pointed  secretary  of  war,  as  the  successor  of 
Roger  Griswold  ;  and  the  laborious  duties  of  the 
office  he  faithfully  discharged  for  eight  years,  till 
1809,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Wm.  Eustis,  and 
was  appointed  to  the  lucrative  office  of  collector 
of  Boston.  In  Feb.,  1812,  he  received  a  com 
mission  as  senior  major-general  in  the  army  of 
the  United  States.  In  the  spring  of  the  next 
year  he  captured  York,  in  Upper  Canada,  April 
27th,  and  soon  afterwards  fort  George,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Niagara.  But,  his  health  being 
somewhat  impaired,  Mr.  Madison  was  induced, 
very  unnecessarily,  to  recall  him  July  6,  1813,  on 
the  ground  of  ill  health.  A  court  of  inquiry  was 
immediately  solicited,  but  not  granted.  He  was 
soon  ordered  to  assume  the  command  of  the 
military  district  of  New  York  city.  After  the 
peace  of  1815  he  retired  to  private  life.  In  July, 
1822,  he  sailed  from  Boston  for  Lisbon,  having 
been  appointed  by  President  Monroe  the  minister 
plenipotentiary  to  Portugal.  After  two  years  he 
solicited  permission  to  return  home.  Though  he 
usually  resided  at  Boston,  he  annually  repaired  to 
the  scene  of  his  agricultural  labors  in  Maine.  In 
1829  an  imprudent  exposure  brought  on  a  violent 
bilious  attack,  which  caused  some  fatal  organic 
disarrangements.  During  the  agonies  of  his  last 
illness  he  never  complained ;  he  trusted  in  the 
mercy  of  the  Supreme  Intelligence.  He  died  at 
the  residence  of  his  son,  Gen.  II.  A.  S.  Dear 
born,  in  Roxbury.  He  was  thrice  married.  His 
last  wife,  the  widow  of  James  Bowdoin,  died  in 
May,  1826.  Gen.  Dearbon  was  large  and  manly 
in  his  person,  of  great  frankness  and  unimpeached 
integrity,  and,  as  a  commanding  officer,  notwith 
standing  his  recall  from  the  frontier,  he  had  the 
confidence  and  the  warm  attachment  of  the  brave 
officers  and  men  who  served  under  him.  He 
published  an  account  of  Bunker  Hill  battle. 

DEARBORN,  BEKJAMIX,  inventor  of  the  pat 
ent  balance,  died  at  Boston  Feb.  22,  1838,  aged 
82.  He  was  a  man  of  science,  and  much  re- 


296 


DEARBORN. 


DECATUR. 


spected.  His  father  was  Dr.  Benj.  D.,  of  Ports 
mouth,  who  died  in  1755.  His  mother  was  Ruth, 
daughter  of  Rev.  Benjamin  Rogers,  of  P. 

DEARBORN,  EDWARD,  Dr.,  died  at  Seabrook, 
N.  II.,  March  6,  1851,  aged  75,  bequeathing 
3,000  dollars  for  a  female  seminary,  and  4,000  for 
the  Congregational  society. 

DEARBORN,  HENRY  A.  S.,  general,  died  in 
Portland  July  29,  1851,  aged  67.  The  son  of 
Gen.  Henry  S.,  he  was  born  in  Exeter,  and  edu 
cated  in  Virginia,  lie  practised  law  in  Salem  and 
Portland.  Mr.  Madison  appointed  him  collector 
of  Boston,  as  successor  of  his  father;  he  was  also 
adjutant-general,  a  member  of  congress,  and 
mayor  of  Roxbury,  which  office  he  held  till  his 
death.  He  published  an  oration  July  4,  1811; 
address  to  horticultural  society,  1823  ;  a  life  of 
Eliot ;  three  volumes  on  the  Black  Sea ;  a  biog 
raphy  of  Commodore  Bainbridge,  also  of  his  own 
father.  He  left  a  volume  of  his  writings  on  archi 
tecture,  another  on  flowers,  and  one  for  his  wife, 
on  Christ,  with  the  passages  of  Scripture  relating 
to  him  quoted  and  harmonized. 

DEARBORN,  NATHANIEL,  died  at  South  Read 
ing,  Nov.  7,  1852,  aged  66,  son  of  Benjamin  D. 
He  was  one  of  the  first  to  introduce  wood  engrav 
ings.  He  published  text-book  of  letters  ;  book 
of  Boston  notions  and  guide ;  guide  to  Mount 
Auburn. 

DE  BRAHM,  WILLIAM  G.,  surveyor-general 
of  the  southern  distinct  of  North  America  in 
1765,  published  the  Atlantic  pilot. 

DECATUR,  STEPHEN,  commodore,  died  March 
22,  1820,  aged  40,  being  killed  in  a  duel  with 
Commodore  Barren.  He  was  born  on  the  east 
ern  shore  of  Maryland.  His  grandfather,  a 
native  of  France,  married  a  lady  of  Newport, 
R.  I.,  where  he  resided.  His  father,  Stephen 
Decatur,  after  the  establishment  of  the  navy,  was 
appointed  to  command  the  DclaAvare  sloop-of-war, 
and  afterwards  the  frigate  Philadelphia.  On  the 
occurrence  of  peace  with  France  he  resigned  his 
commission,  and  died  at  Frankford,  near  Phila 
delphia,  Nov.  14,  1808,  aged  57.  The  son,  Ste 
phen,  was  educated  in  that  city.  In  March,  1798, 
at  the  age  of  nineteen,  he  entered  as  midshipman 
the  American  navy  under  Barry.  Thrice  he  pro 
ceeded  to  the  Mediterranean  under  Commodores 
Dale,  Morris,  and  Preble.  He  arrived  the  third 
time  just  after  the  frigate  Philadelphia,  which 
had  run  aground  on  the  Barbary  coast,  had  fallen 
into  the  hands  of  the  Tripolitans.  He  imme 
diately  formed  the  project  of  recapturing  or  de 
stroying  her,  and,  having  obtained  the  consent  of 
Com.  Preble,  he  sailed  for  Syracuse  Feb.  3, 1804, 
in  the  ketch  Intrepid,  with  seventy  volunteers, 
accompanied  by  the  United  States  brig  Syren, 
Lieut.  Stewart.  In  a  few  days  he  arrived  at  the 
•  harbor  of  Tripoli,  which  he  entered  about  eight 
o'glock  in  the  evening,  alone,  as  he  was  unwilling 


to  wait  for  the  boats  of  the  Syren,  which  was  sev 
eral  miles  distant.  The  enterprise  was  extremely 
hazardous,  for  the  Philadelphia  M~as  moored  within 
half-gunshot  of  the  bashaw's  castle,  and  of  the 
principal  battery.  Two  cruisers  and  several  gun 
boats  lay  near,  and  the  guns  of  the  frigate  were 
mounted  and  loaded.  The  attack  was  to  be 
made  by  a  single  ketch.  About  eleven  o'clock  he 
approached  within  two  hundred  yards,  when  he 
was  hailed  and  ordered  to  anchor,  lie  directed 
a  Maltese  pilot  to  answer  that  the  anchors  had 
been  lost  in  a  gale  of  wind.  His  object  was  not 
suspected,  until  he  was  almost  alongside  the  frig 
ate,  when  the  Turks  were  thrown  into  the  utmost 
confusion.  Decatur  sprang  aboard,  followed  by 
midshipman  Charles  Morris,  and  they  were  nearly 
a  minute  on  deck  before  their  companions  could 
join  them,  the  enemy  in  the  mean  while  not  offer 
ing  to  assail  them,  being  crowded  together  in 
astonishment  on  the  quarter-deck.  The  Turks 
were  soon  assaulted  and  overpowered.  About 
twenty  men  were  killed  on  the  spot;  many 
jumped  overboard,  and  the  rest  were  driven  to 
the  hold.  After  setting  fire  to  the  ship  in  differ 
ent  parts,  Decatur  retreated  to  his  ketch,  and,  a 
breeze  springing  up,  he  soon  got  beyond  the 
reach  of  the  enemy's  guns,  which  had  opened  a 
fire  upon  him  from  the  batteries,  and  castle,  and 
two  corsairs.  In  this  daring  exploit  not  a  single 
man  was  killed,  and  only  four  were  wounded. 
For  this  achievement  he  was  immediately  pro 
moted  to  the  rank  of  post  captain. 

At  an  attack  on  Tripoli,  Aug.  3d,  he  command 
ed  a  division  of  gun-boats,  which  he  led  to  action, 
covered  by  the  frigate  Constitution  and  some 
smaller  vessels..  Disregarding  the  fire  of  the 
batteries,  he  with  twenty-seven  men  boarded  one 
of  the  enemy's  gun-boats,  which  contained  forty 
men  ;  and,  in  ten  minutes,  with  but  three  wounded, 
he  cleared  the  deck  and  made  it  a  prize.  At  this 
moment  he  was  informed  that  his  brother,  Lieut. 
James  Decatur,  who  commanded  another  boat, 
had  captured-  a  boat  of  the  enemy,  but  was 
treacherously  shot  by  her  commander,  who  im 
mediately  pushed  off,  and  was  then  stretching 
toward  the  harbor.  Decatur  instantly  pursued 
him,  entering  the  enemy's  line  with  his  single  boat, 
and,  overtaking  the  foe,  boarded  her  with  eleven 
men,  being  all  the  Americans  he  had  left.  He 
singled  out  the  Turkish  commander,  who  was 
armed  with  a  spear,  in  attempting  to  cut  off  the 
head  of  which  he  struck  the  iron  and  broke  his 
sword  close  to  the  hilt.  The  Turk  now  making 
a  push,  and  wounding  him  slightly,  he  seized  the 
spear  and  closed  with  him.  In  the  struggle  both 
fell.  Decatur,  being  uppermost,  caught  the  arm 
of  the  Turk,  who  was  on  the  point  of  stabbing 
him  with  a  dagger,  and  with  a  pocket  pistol  shot 
him.  The  crews  at  the  same  time  were  fighting 
around  them,  and  it  was  with  difficulty  that,  after 


DECATUR. 


DEGRAXD. 


297 


killing  his  adversary,  he  could  extricate  himself 
from  the  slain  and  wounded.  His  life  in  this 
struggle  with  the  Turk  was  preserved  by  a  noble- 
minded  common  sailor,  who,  when  a  blow  was 
aimed  at  his  captain  from  behind  with  an  uplifted 
sabre,  having  lost  the  use  of  his  hands,  rushed 
forward  and  received  the  blow  on  his  own  head, 
by  which  his  skull  was  fractured.  He  however 
survived,  and  received  a  pension  from  govern 
ment.  Decatur  returned  to  the  squadron  with 
both  of  his  prizes,  and  the  next  day  received  the 
highest  commendation  in  a  general  order  from 
Commodore  Preble.  After  a  peace  was  concluded 
with  Tripoli  he  returned  home  in  the  Congress 
and  after  his  return  was  employed  in  superin 
tending  gun-boats,  until  he  was  ordered  to  super 
sede  Commodore  Barron  in  the  command  of  the 
Chesapeake  frigate.  He  afterwards  was  removed 
to  the  United  States,  in  which  ship,  Oct.  25,  1812, 
in  lat.  29°  X.,  long.  29°  30'  W.,  he  fell  in  with  his 
Britannic  majesty's  ship  Macedonian,  one  of  the 
finest  frigates  in  the  British  navy,  which  he  cap 
tured  after  an  action  of  an  hour  and  a  half.  His 
loss  was  four  killed  and  seven  wounded ;  that  of 
the  enemy  thirty-six  killed  and  sixty-eight  wound 
ed.  When  Capt.  Garden  came  on  board  the 
United  States  and  presented  his  sword,  Decatur 
observed,  that  he  could  not  think  of  taking  the 
sword  of  so  brave  an  officer,  but  would  be  happy 
to  take  him  by  the  hand.  The  prize  was  safely 
brought  into  Xewport  by  Lieut.  W.  H.  Allen,  and 
the  command  of  her  given  to  Capt.  Jones. 

In  May,  1813,  in  command  of  the  United 
States,  with  his  prize,  the  Macedonian,  refitted  as 
an  American  frigate,  he  attempted  to  get  to  sea, 
but  was  compelled  to  enter  the  harbor  of  Xew 
London,  where,  for  a  long  time,  the  enemy  closely 
blockaded  him.  In  Jan.,  1815,  he  was  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  President,  and  attempted 
to  get  to  sea,  but,  after  first  fighting  the  Endy- 
mion,  was  captured  on  the  loth  by  the  Pomone, 
and  Tenedos,  and  Majestic,  and  carried  into  Ber 
muda.  He  returned  to  Xew  London  Feb.  22d. 
Being  soon  dispatched  with  a  squadron  to  the 
Mediterranean,  he  captured,  off  Cape  dc  Gatt,  an 
Algerine  frigate  of  forty-nine  guns,  in  which  the 
celebrated  admiral,  Rais  Hammida,  was  killed ; 
and  on  the  19th  an  Algerine  brig  of  twenty-two 
guns.  He  arrived  before  Algiers  June  28,  and 
the  next  day  compelled  the  proud  regency  to  a 
treaty  most  honorable  to  our  country,  according 
to  which  no  tribute  was  ever  again  demanded  of 
the  United  States ;  all  enslaved  Americans  were 
to  be  released  without  ransom,  and  no  American 
should  ever  again  be  held  as  a  slave.  These 
terms  shamed  the  great  powers  of  Europe,  who 
had  long  been  tributary  to  a  band  of  corsairs. 
He  proceeded  also  to  Tunis  and  Tripoli,  and  ob 
tained  redress  for  outrages.  After  his  return, 
Nov.  12th,  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  board  of 
38 


navy  commissioners,  and  resided  at  Washington, 
at  the  former  seat  of  Joel  Barlow,  called  Kalo- 
rama.  During  a  part  of  the  year  1819  he  had  a 
long  correspondence  with  Commodore  Barron, 
who  some  years  before  had  been  punished  for 
yielding  up  the  Chesapeake,  by  a  court  martial, 
of  which  Decatur  was  a  member.  The  corre 
spondence  issued  in  a  challenge  from  Barron, 
though  he  considered  duelling  "as  a  barbarous 
practice,  which  ought  to  be  exploded  from  civil 
ized  society;"  and  the  challenge  was  accepted  by 
Decatur,  though  he  "  had  long  since  discovered 
that  fighting  duels  is  not  even  an  unerring  crite 
rion  of  personal  courage."  He  was  persuaded 
that  it  was  the  intention  of  Barron  "  to  fight  up 
his  character."  They  fought  at  Bladensburgh, 
and  at  the  first  fire  he  was  mortally  wounded, 
and,  being  conveyed  to  his  home,  and  to  his  dis 
tracted  wife,  died  the  same  night.  His  wife, 
whom  he  married  in  1806,  was  Susan,  daughter 
of  Luke  Wheeler,  mayor  of  Xorfolk.  Thus  the 
brave  officer  died,  "  as  a  fool  dieth."  It  has  been 
stated,  that,  before  he  died,  he  renounced  the 
principle  of  duelling,  and  cast  himself  upon  the 
mercy  of  God.  He  was  murdered  under  the 
eyes  of  congress,  which,  in  consequence  of  his 
having  "  died  in  the  violation  of  the  laws  of  God 
and  his  country,"  refused  to  bestow  the  official 
marks  of  respect  customary  on  the  decease  at 
Washington  of  men  in  high  public  stations.  Yet, 
with  strange  inconsistency,  notwithstanding  the 
laws  of  the  country,  his  murderer  afterwards  re 
ceived  some  appointment  from  the  government. 
—  Analect.  Mag.  I.  502 ;  American  Naval  Biog 
raphy,  75-93. 

DEEMS,  ADAN,  died  at  Parkersburg,  Va., 
Sept.  21,  1856,  aged  102  years. 

DE  FOREST,  BENJAMIN,  died  in  Xew  York 
Sept.  27,  1850.  He  was  of  Huguenot  descent,  an 
eminent  merchant  for  fifty  years.  His  temper 
was  equable,  his  death  peaceful. 

DE  GERSTXER,  FRANCIS  A.  C.,  died  at  Phil 
adelphia  April  12,  1846,  aged  44,  a  distinguished 
Austrian  engineer.  He  was  born  at  Prague 
April  17,  1796,  and  was  for  six  years  professor  of 
practical  geometry  at  Vienna.  lie  obtained  a 
charter  for  the  first  railroad  on  the  continent, 
from  Budweis  to  Lintz,  one  hundred  and  thirty 
miles  long,  completed  in  1832.  In  1834  he  pro 
posed  to  the  Russian  emperor  a  railroad  from  St. 
Petersburg  to  Moscow.  Having  visited  various 
countries,  he  came  to  the  United  States  in  1838, 
examining  our  railroads.  He  wrote  a  piece  on 
American  and  Belgian  railroads  in  the  American 
almanac,  1840.  He  published  practical  mechan 
ics,  3  vols. 

DEGRAXD,  PETER  P.  F.,  a  broker,  died  in 

Boston  Dec.  23,  1855,  aged  about  75.     A  native 

of  Marseilles,  in  order  to  escape  conscription  in 

j  the  army  he  came  to  Boston  in  1803.     He  com- 


298 


DEHON. 


DENNIE. 


menced  business  as  a  merchant  in  1809.  From 
1819  to  1830  he  published  a  useful  commercial 
paper,  the  Weekly  Report.  In  1835  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  business  of  a  stock-broker.  Though 
an  adherent  of  Jefferson  and  Madison,  he  aided 
the  election  of  J.  Q.  Adams,  and  from  that  time 
was  a  whig.  As  a  man  of  business  he  was  skil 
ful,  energetic,  decisive,  upright,  and  honorable. 
He  acquired  much  property.  The  railroad  and 
other  enterprises  he  earnestly  promoted.  Once, 
in  1810,  he  in  liis  folly  was  engaged  in  a  duel,  in 
which  no  life  was  lost,  but  he  was  wounded.  He 
was  never  married. 

DEHON,  THEODORE,  D.  D.,  bishop  of  South 
Carolina,  of  French  descent,  was  born  at  Boston 
in  1776,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1795.  After  being  a  rector  at  Newport,  II.  I.,  he 
removed  to  Charleston,  where  he  was  elected 
bishop  in  1812.  He  married  in  1813  Sarah, 
daughter  of  Nathaniel  Ilussell,  and  died  suddenly 
of  a  malignant  fever,  Aug.  G,  1817,  aged  41.  He 
was  respected  as  a  man  of  talents,  and  beloved 
for  his  amiable  qualities  and  many  virtues.  He 
published  a  discourse  on  the  death  of  Washington ; 
before  a  charitable  society,  1804 ;  a  thanksgiving 
sermon,  1805;  a  discourse  to  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa 
society,  1807 ;  a  sermon  before  the  Episcopal 
convention  of  the  United  States  ;  sermons  on  con 
firmation,  1818  ;  ninety  sermons  on  various  sub 
jects,  2  vols.  8vo.,  1821. 

DE  KAY,  JAMES  E.,  Dr.,  died  in  Oyster  Bay 
Nov.  21,  1851,  aged  59.  Devoted  to  natural 
history,  he  wrote  the  zoology  published  in  the 
State  survey  of  New  York. 

DE  LANCEY,  JAMES,  chief  justice  and  lieuten 
ant-governor  of  New  York,  died  Aug.  2,  1760, 
aged  57.  He  was  the  son  of  a  Protestant  emi 
grant  from  Caen,  in  Normandy,  who  fled  from 
persecution  in  France.  Being  sent  to  England 
for  education,  he  entered  the  university  of  Cam 
bridge  about  1725.  He  returned  to  this  country 
in  1729,  and  was  soon,  while  ignorant  of  the  law, 
appointed  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court,  and 
chief  justice  in  1733.  His  industry  made  him  a 
profound  lawyer.  During  the  greater  part  of 
the  administration  of  Clinton,  from  1743  to  1753, 
Mr.  De  Lancey  exerted  a  powerful  influence  on 
the  legislature  in  opposition  to  the  governor. 
After  the  removal  of  Clinton  and  the  death  of 
Osborn,  he,  as  lieut.-governor,  was  at  the  head  of 
the  government  from  1753  to  1755,  and  also  a 
successor  to  Hardy  from  1757  to  1760.  His 
daughter,  the  wife  of  the  celebrated  Sir  W.  Dra 
per,  died  in  1778.  His  brother  Oliver,  a  loyalist 
in  the  war,  was  appointed  a  brigadier-general  in 
1777  and  adjutant-general  in  1783,  and  was  after- 
Avards  a  member  of  parliament.  The  character 
of  De  Lancey  is  described  by  the  author  of  the 
review  of  military  operations  from  1753  to  1756, 
who  represents  him  as  a  man  of  learning  and  tal 


ents,  yet  as  an  unprincipled  demagogue  and  fin 
ished  intriguer.  "  His  uncommon  vivacity,  with 
the  semblance  of  affability  and  ease,  his  adroit 
ness  at  jest,  with  a  show  of  condescension  to  his 
inferiors,  wonderfully  facilitated  his  progress. 
These  plausible  arts,  together  with  his  influence 
as  chief  justice,  and  a  vast  personal  estate  at  use, 
all  conspired  to  secure  his 'popular  triumph."  — 
Hist.  Coll.  VII.  78 ;  Miller,  II.  256. 

DELANO,  PHILIP,  was  an  early  settler  at 
Plymouth,  in  1623.  His  name  was  sometimes 
written  De  la  Noye ;  probably  he  was  a  French 
Protestant,  who  joined  the  church  at  Leyclen. 

DENISON,  DANIEL,  major-general,  the  son  of 
Wm.  D.,  of  Cambridge,  was  born  in  England  in 
1613,  and  removed  from  Cambridge  to  Ipswich  in 
1634.  He  sustained  various  civil  and  military 
offices ;  for  many  years  he  was  an  assistant ;  in 
1649  and  1651  the  speaker  of  the  house,  and 
major-general  in  1662.  He  died  Sept.  20,  1682, 
aged  69.  His  wife  was  Patience,  the  daughter  of 
Gov.  Dudley.  His  grandson,  John,  the  sixth 
minister  of  Ipswich,  was  ordained  colleague  with 
Mr.  Hubbard  in  1687,  and  died  in  Sept.,  1689, 
leaving  a  widow,  Elizabeth,  who  married  Roland 
Cotton.  Gen.  D.  was  a  man  of  eminence  and 
religion.  He  wrote  a  treatise,  which  is  annexed 
to  Hubbard's  funeral  sermon,  called  Irenicon,  or 
a  salve  for  New  England's  sore,  which  considers 
the  public  calamities,  the  occasion,  danger,  blam- 
able  causes,  and  cure  of  them.  —  Hubbard ;  Far 
mer. 

DENISON,  GEORGE,  captain,  of  Stonington, 
Conn.,  in  March,  1676,  made  an  incursion  into 
the  Narragansett  country,  and  seized  Nanuntcnoo, 
the  son  of  Miantunnomu,  and  the  chief  sachem. 
The  savage,  when  offered  his  life  upon  condition 
of  living  in  peace,  said,  that  he  chose  to  die,  before 
his  heart  became  soft.  In  the  year  1676  Denison 
and  his  volunteers  killed  and  took  two  hundred  and 
thirty  of  the  enemy,  without  having  one  man 
either  killed  or  wounded. 

DENISON,  Jonx,  the  sixth  minister  of  Ips 
wich,  died  in  Sept.,  1689.  He  was  the  son  of 
John,  and  grandson  of  major-general  I).  ;  grad 
uated  in  1684,  and  was  ordained  in  1687.  By 
his  wife,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  N.  Saltonstall,  he 
had  one  son,  Col.  John  D. 

DENNIE,  JOSEPH,  editor  of  the  Portfolio,  the 
son  of  Joseph,  a  merchant  in  Boston,  died  Jan. 
7,  1812,  aged  43.  He  was  born  Aug.  30,  1768, 
and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1790.  He 
studied  law  at  Charlestown,  N.  II.,  but  was  not 
successful  in  the  practice  at  Walpole,  where  he 
opened  an  office.  For  four  months  he  read 
prayers  in  a  church  at  Dartmouth.  In  1795  he 
published  in  Boston  the  Tablet,  a  weekly  paper  ; 
and  the  Farmer's  Museum  at  Walpole,  in  which 
he  inserted  essays  of  some  celebrity,  entitled  the 
Lay  preacher.  Mr.  Pickering,  secretary  of  State, 


DENNISON. 


DE  WITT. 


299 


having  appointed  him  one  of  his  clerks,  he  re 
moved  to  Philadelphia  in  1799.  On  the  dismissal 
of  his  patron  he  conducted  the  Portfolio,  a  liter 
ary  journal,  commenced  in  1800.  Being  de 
ficient  in  industry  and  discretion,  he  destroyed 
his  bodily  constitution  and  his  hopes  of  fortune. 
His  father,  who  was  deranged  twenty-five  years, 
died  in  1811.  With  genius,  taste,  a  fine  style, 
and  a  fund  of  literature ;  with  colloquial  powers 
and  other  interesting  qualities,  he  yet  stands  only 
as  a  warning  to  others  against  indolence  and  im 
prudence. 

DENNISON,  NATHAN,  colonel,  died  in  July, 
1778,  at  fort  Kingston,  in  the  vale  of  Wyoming, 
of  which  he  had  the  command  at  the  defeat  of 
Col.  Z.  Butler.  After  the  investment  and  as 
sault,  July  4th,  he  went  the  next  day  with  a  flag 
of  truce  to  John  Butler,  at  fort  Exeter,  and  asked 
the  terms  of  surrender ;  the  reply  was,  "  The 
hatchet."  Such  was  doubtless  his  fate,  as  he  was 
compelled  to  surrender  at  discretion. 

DEXXY,  SAMUEL,  colonel,  died  in  Leicester, 
1817,  aged  86.  He  served  as  an  officer  in  the 
war.  lie  was  a  benefactor  of  Leicester  academy. 

DEXXY,  THOMAS,  colonel,  died  at  Leicester 
very  suddenly,  Dec.  5,  1814,  aged  57.  He  was 
the  son  of  Thomas  Denny,  a  patriot  of  1774,  in 
which  year  he  died,  who  was  the  son  of  Daniel 
1).,  an  early  settler  of  Leicester,  whose  sister 
married  T.  Prince,  the  annalist.  Col.  D.,  having 
been  long  engaged  in  mercantile  and  manufac 
turing  business,  was  the  wealthiest  man  in  Lei 
cester.  One  of  his  daughters  married  J.  Smith, 
a  benefactor  of  Leicester  academy. 

DENTON,  RICHARD,  a  minister,  who  came 
from  England,  died  at  Ilempstead  about  1663. 
He  had  been  a  minister  at  Halifax  in  Yorkshire. 
He  first  preached  at  Wethcrsfield  ;  from  1641  to 
1614  he  was  at  Stamford.  He  wrote  what  was 
not  published,  a  system  of  divinity,  considering 
man  in  four  states,  that  of  created  purity,  con 
trasted  deformity,  restored  beauty,  and  celestial 
glory.  —  Farmer's  Register. 

DEPUTY,  JACOB,  a  black  man,  died  near  Mil- 
ford,  Delaware,  June  5,  1848,  aged  117  years 
and  9  months,  being  born  Aug.  20,  1730,  in 
Sussex  county,  where  he  lived. 

DERBIGNY,  PETER,  governor  of  Louisiana, 
died  Oct.  6,  1829. 

DERBY,  EZEKIEL  HEKSEY,  died  in  Salem  Oct. 
31,  1852,  aged  80.  The  son  of  Ilasket  D.,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1791,  and  was  in  early 
life  a  merchant,  then  for  thirty-five  years  an 
active,  well-known  agriculturist. 

DESAUSSURE,  HENRY  W.,  chancellor  of 
South  Carolina,  died  at  Charleston  March  29, 
1839,  aged  13.  He  bore  arms  in  defence  of 
Charleston  in  the  Revolutionary  war,  and  suc 
ceeded  Rittenhouse  as  director  of  the  mint  at 
Philadelphia.  Returning  to  Charleston,  he  rose 


to  eminence  as  a  lawyer.  Elected  one  of  the 
chancellors  in  1808,  he  filled  the  office  with  high 
reputation  for  twenty-nine  years,  during  which 
time  he  lived  in  Columbia.  For  his  talents, 
learning,  moral  virtues,  and  religion  he  was  held 
in  great  regard.  His  equity  reports  were  pub 
lished  in  4  vols. 

DE  SCHWELXITZ,  LEWIS  D.,  the  secular 
head  of  the  Moravian  society,  died  at  Bethlehem, 
Pa.,  in  Feb.,  1834,  aged  about  52.  He  was  the 
author  of  several  valuable  works  on  botany. 

DESHA,  ROBERT,  general,  died  in  Mobile  Feb., 
1849,  a  hero  in  the  war  of  1812. 

DEVEXS,  RICHARD,  was  a  graduate  of  Prince 
ton  in  1767,  a  tutor  in  1770,  but  lost  the  powers 
of  his  mind  in  1770.  His  talents  were  indicated 
by  a  paraphrase  of  some  parts  of  the  book  of 
Job  in  poetry. 

DEVOL,  JONATHAN,  an  early  settler  in  Ohio, 
died  near  Marietta  in  1824,  aged  68,  a  native  of 
Tiverton,  R.  I.  He  was  a  brave  soldier  in  the 
war,  and  an  associate  of  the  Ohio  company  hi 
1789.  His  wife  was  Nancy,  daughter  of  Capt. 
Isaac  Barker,  shipmaster  at  Newport,  R.  I.  Mr. 
D.  built  in  1801  a  ship  at  Marietta  of  400  tons 
for  Mr.  Oilman. 

DEVOTION,  EBENEZER,  minister  of  Suffield, 
died  in  1741,  aged  about  54.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1707.  B. Ruggles  preceded  him;  E. 
Gay  was  his  successor. 

DEVOTIOX,  EBENEZER,  minister  in  Windham, 
Scotland  society,  died  in  1771,  aged  about  62. 
He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1732.  He  published 
election  sermons,  1753  and  1777  ;  and  sermon  at 
ordination  of  N.  Huntington,  1750;  and  of  E. 
Iluntington,  1762. 

DEVOTION,  JOHN,  minister  in  Saybrook, 
Westbrook  society,  died  in  1802,  aged  about  64. 
He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1754,  and  was  settled 
in  1758. 

DEWEY,  DANIEL,  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Massachusetts,  died  at  Washington  May 
26,  1815,  aged  49.  A  native  of  Sheffield,  he 
settled  in  Williamstown  in  1790,  and  was  a  mem 
ber  of  the  thirteenth  congress.  He  was  appointed 
a  judge  in  1814.  His  son,  Charles  A.  Dewey,  is 
now  a  judge  of  the  same  court.  His  wife,  Maria, 
the  daughter  of  Judge  David  Noble,  died  in 
1813.  —Holland's History,  n.  613. 

DEWEES,  WILLIAM  P.,  M.  D.,  died  at  Phil 
adelphia  May  18,  1841,  aged  74;  formerly  pro 
fessor  of  obstetrics  in  the  university.  He  pub 
lished  a  book  on  obstetrics;  also,  practice  of 
medicine. 

DE  WITT,  BENJAMIN,  M.  D.,  a  physician  of 
New  York,  was  appointed  professor  of  medicine 
in  Columbia  college  in  1807,  and  professor  of 
chemistry  in  1808.  He  was  also  health  officer  of 
the  city,  and  died  of  the  yellow  fever  at  the 
quarantine  ground,  Staten  Island,  Sept.  11,  1819, 


300 


DE  WITT. 


DEXTER. 


aged  45.  lie  published  a  dissertation  on  the 
effect  of  oxygen,  1797  ;  an  oration  commemora 
tive  of  the  prisoners  who  died  in  the  prison-ships 
at  Wallabout,  1808 ;  account  of  minerals  in  New 
York  in  Mem.  of  A.  A.  S.,  vol.  n. 

DE  WITT,  SUSAN,  died  at  Philadelphia,  while 
on  a  visit,  May  5,  1824.  She  was  the  wife  of 
Simeon  De  Witt,  of  Albany,  and  the  second 
daughter  of  Rev.  Dr.  Linn.  She  was  a  woman 
of  strong  intellectual  powers,  and  of  elevated 
piety.  She  published  a  poem,  which  has  been 
much  read  and  admired, — The  pleasures  of  reli 
gion. 

DE  WITT,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  professor  of  biblical 
history  in  the  theological  seminary  of  the  Dutch 
Reformed  church  at  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  a  na 
tive  of  Catskill,  X.  Y.,  was  ordained  as  colleague 
with  Daniel  Collins,  of  Lanesborough,  Mass., 
July  8,  1812,  and  was  dismissed  Dec.  8, 1813,  and 
afterwards  settled  as  the  minister  of  the  second 
Reformed  Dutch  church  in  Albany.  lie  was  after 
wards  professor  in  the  theological  seminary,  and 
also  one  of  the  professors  of  Rutgers  college  in 
New  Brunswick,  where  he  died  Oct.  12,  1831, 
aged  about  42. —  History  of  Berkshire,  389. 

DE  WITT,  SIMEON,  died  at  Ithaca  Dec.  3, 1834, 
aged  79.  He  was  surveyor-general  of  New  York, 
skilled  in  astronomy  and  engineering. 

DEXTER,  .GREGORY,  a  minister  in  Providence, 
died  at  the  age  of  90.  A  native  of  London,  he 
was  at  first  a  stationer.  He  settled  at  Providence, 
as  pastor  of  the  Baptist  church,  in  1643. 

DEXTER,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Dedham, 
died  in  1755,  aged  54.  He  was  the  son  of  cap 
tain  and  deacon  John,  of  Maiden,  who  was  the 
grandson  of  Richard,  of  Maiden  and  Boston. 
He  had  brothers,  John  of  M.,  and  Dr.  Richard, 
of  Topsfield,  who  died  in  1783,  aged  70.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1720.  His  predecessor 
was  Joseph  Belcher,  a  graduate  of  1G90,  who 
died  in  1723.  His  daughter  married  Rev.  J. 
Haven.  There  was  published,  in  1840,  "Ded 
ham  pulpit,"  containing  the  sermons  of  six  min 
isters  :  J.  Allin,  W.  Adams,  J.  Belcher,  S.  Dexter, 
J.  Haven,  J.  Bates,  and  a  centennial  by  E.  Bur 
gess.  This  book  has  two  sermons  by  Mr.  Dex 
ter.  He  published  a  century  discourse,  1738. 

DEXTER,  SAMUEL,  a  benefactor  of  Harvard 
college,  was  the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  a  mer 
chant  in  Boston.  In  the  political  struggles  just 
before  the  Revolution  he  was  repeatedly  elected 
to  the  council,  and  negatived  for  his  patriotic  zeal 
by  the  royal  governor.  In  his  last  years  he  was 
deeply  engaged  in  investigating  the  doctrines  of 
theology.  He  died  at  Mendon  June  10,  1810, 
aged  84.  For  the  encouragement  of  biblical 
criticism  he  bequeathed  a  legacy  of  5,000  dollars  to 
Harvard  college.  He  also  bequeathed  40  dollars 
to  a  minister,  whom  he  wished  to  preach  a  funeral 
sermon,  without  making  any  mention  of  him  in 


the  discourse,  from  the  words,  "  The  things  which 
are  seen,  are  temporal ;  but  the  things  which  are 
not  seen,  are  eternal."  He  said  in  his  last  will: 
"  I  wish  the  preacher  to  expostulate  with  his  au 
ditory  on  the  absurdity  of  their  being  extremely 
assiduous  to  '  lay  up  treasures  on  earth,'  while 
they  are  indolent  with  respect  to  their  well-being 
hereafter.  To  those  of  so  blamable  a  character, 
and  to  such  as  are  of  a  still  worse,  and  from 
their  vicious  lives  appear  to  be  totally  regardless 
of  the  doctrine  of  a  future  existence,  let  him  ad 
dress  himself  with  pious  ardor.  Let  him  entreat 
them  to  pay  a  serious  attention  to  their  most  val 
uable  interests.  Let  him  represent  '  the  summit 
of  earthly  glory  as  ineffably  despicable,  when 
comparatively  estimated  with  an  exemption  from 
the  punishment  denounced,  and  the  possession  of 
the  perfect  and  never-ending  felicity  promised  in 
the  Scriptures.'"  —  KendaVs Funeral  Sermon. 

DEXTER,  SAMUEL,  LL.  D.,  secretary  of  Avar 
of  the  United  States,  son  of  the  preceding,  died 
May  4,  1816,  aged  54.  He  was  born  in  1761,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1781.  Having 
studied  law  at  Worcester  with  Levi  Lincoln,  he 
soon  rose  to  professional  eminence.  After  being 
for  some  time  a  member  of  the  house  of  repre 
sentatives  in  congress,  he  was  elected  to  the  sen 
ate.  During  the  administration  of  John  Adams, 
he  was  appointed  secretary  of  war  in  1800,  and 
secretary  of  the  treasury  in  Jan.,  1801,  and  for  a 
short  time  also  had  the  charge  of  the  department 
of  State.  lie  was  offered  a  foreign  embassy,  but 
declined  it.  On  the  accession  of  Mr.  Jefferson  to 
the  presidency  he  returned  to  the  practice  of  law. 
In  the  progress  of  events  he  thought  he  ob 
served  that  political  parties  were  changing  their 
policy  and  principles.  From  his  old  friends  he 
separated,  and  lent  the  aid  of  his  powerful  mind 
in  support  of  the  war  of  1812,  while  they  were 
throwing  obstacles  in  the  way  of  its  prosecution. 
He  maintained  that  they  had  changed,  and  that 
he  was  unchangeable.  In  the  practice  of  law  be 
fore  the  supreme  court  at  Washington,  lie  stood 
in  the  first  rank  of  advocates.  He  always  at 
tracted  an  audience,  consisting  of  the  beauty, 
taste,  and  learning  of  the  city.  He  was  requested 
by  Mr.  Madison  in  1815  to  accept  of  a  mission  to 
Spain,  but  declined  the  appointment.  On  his  re 
turn  from  Washington,  at  the  close  of  April, 
1816,  he  went  to  Athens,  N.  Y.,  to  attend  the 
nuptials  of  his  son.  Some\vhat  unwell  with  the 
epidemic  prevailing  at  Washington,  he  called  for 
medical  aid  on  Tuesday,  and  died  of  the  scarlet 
fever  Saturday.  His  wife  was  a  sister  of  Wm. 
Gordon,  of  N.  H.  He  was  tall  and  muscular, 
with  strong  features.  His  enunciation  was  very 
slow  and  distinct,  and  his  tones  monotonous ;  but 
at  times  his  eloquence  was  thrilling.  He  drafted 
the  eloquent  answer  of  the  senate  to  President 
Adams'  address  on  the  death  of  Washington. 


DEXTER. 


DICKINSON. 


301 


He  was  established  in  the  belief  of  Christianity. 
A  few  weeks  before  his  death  Mr.  Dexter  had 
been  the  republican  candidate  for  governor  in 
Massachusetts,  in  opposition  to  Dr.  Brooks,  and 
received  about  47,000  and  his  rival  about  49,000 
votes.  He  had  also  been  the  candidate  in  1815. 
The  republicans  had  selected  him,  as  they  said, 
because  "  he  had  broken  forth  from  the  legions  of 
rebellion,"  referring  to  his  manly  resistance  to 
the  Hartford  convention,  a  favorite  project  of  the 
party  with  which  he  had  before  been  associated. 
In  his  letter  expressing  his  acceptance  of  the  in 
vitation  to  be  a  candidate,  he  said :  "  Every  com 
bination  for  general  opposition  is  an  offence 
against  the  community."  The  party  struggles 
for  office  are  not  worthy  of  remembrance ;  but 
the  principles,  which  have  a  bearing  on  the  public 
•welfare  hereafter,  ought  not  to  be  forgotton.  In 
the  preceding  year  he  expressed  in  his  letter 
from  Washington  his  entire  opposition  to  the  sys 
tem  of  restriction  on  commerce,  as  unconstitu 
tional,  oppressive,  ineffectual,  and  impracticable  ; 
and  at  the  same  time  declared  that  he  was  unable 
to  reconcile  some  of  the  leading  measures  of  the 
federalists  in  regard  to  the  war  with  the  funda 
mental  principles  of  civilized  society,  and  the 
duty  of  American  citizens  to  support  the  union 
of  their  country.  He  published  a  letter  on  free 
masonry ;  progress  of  science,  a  poem,  1780. — 
Story's  Sketch  of  Dexter. 

DEXTER,  J.  S.,  judge,  died  in  Cumberland, 
R.  I.,  June  20,  1844,  aged  90.  He  served  during 
the  war  and  was  a  major.  He  was  appointed  by 
Washington  supervisor  of  the  revenue  in  Rhode 
Island.  In  his  age  he  lived  in  Providence,  his 
native  place. 

DIBBLE,  SHELDON,  missionary  at  the  Sand 
wich  Islands,  died  at  Lahainaluna  Jan.  22,  1845. 
He  graduated  at  Hamilton  college  in  1827,  at 
Auburn  seminary  in  1830,  and  embarked  in  Dec. 
He  visited  the  United  States  in  1837-1840.  His 
wife,  Maria  M.  Tomlinson,  died  Feb.  20,  1837. 

DICKERSON,  MAIILON,  governor,  died  in 
Morris  county,  N.  J.,  Oct.  5,  1853,  aged  more 
than  80.  In  1815,  he  was  elected  governor  by  a 
democratic  or  republican  legislature  ;  and  a  sena 
tor  of  the  United  States  from  1817,  for  sixteen 
years.  In  1834,  he  was  secretary  of  the  navy  ; 
but  resigned  and  retired  to  private  life  in  1838. 
He  was  largely  concerned  in  the  mining  and  man 
ufacture  of  iron  in  Morris  county.  He  was  kind, 
amiable,  and  much  esteemed,  and  was  regarded 
as  a  man  of  sound  judgment  and  a  safe  legis 
lator. 

DICKINSON,  JONATHAN,  first  president  of  New 
Jersey  college,  died  Oct.  7, 1747,  aged  59.  He  was 
born  in  Ilatfield,  Mass.,  April  22,  1688.  His 
father  was  Hezekiah  D. ;  his  mother,  being  left  a 
widow,  married  again  and  removed  to  Spring 
field,  and  carefully  educated  her  children.  His 


grandfather  was  Nathaniel,  one  of  the  first  set 
tlers  of  Wethersfield,  who  removed  to  Iladlcy.  He 
was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1706,  and  within 
one  or  two  years  afterwards  he  was  settled  the 
minister  of  the  first  Presbyterian  church  in  Eliza- 
bethtown,  New  Jersey.  Of  this  church  he  was 
for  near  forty  years  the  joy  and  glory.  As  a 
friend  of  literature  he  was  also  eminently  useful. 
The  charter  of  the  college  of  New  Jersey,  which 
had  never  yet  been  carried  into  operation,  was 
enlarged  by  Governor  Belcher,  Oct.  22,  1746  ; 
and  Mr.  Dickinson  was  appointed  president.  The 
institution  commenced  at  Elizabethtown,  but  it 
did  not  long  enjoy  the  advantages  of  his  superin 
tendence,  for  it  pleased  God  soon  to  call  him 
away  from  life.  The  first  commencement  was  in 
1748,  when  six  young  men  graduated,  five  of 
whom  became  ministers.  He  left  three  daugh 
ters,  married  to  Jonathan  Sergeant  of  Princeton, 
to  John  Cooper,  and  to  Rev.  Caleb  Smith  of 
Orange. 

Mr.  Dickinson,  besides  his  other  employments, 
was  a  practising  physician,  of  considerable  medi 
cal  reputation.  He  was  a  man  of  learning,  of 
distinguished  talents,  and  much  celebrated  as  a 
preacher;  and  he  was  succeeded  in  the  college 
by  men,  who  hold  a  high  reputation  in  our  coun 
try  ;  by  Burr,  Edwards,  Davies,  Finley,  and 
Witherspoon.  lie  had  a  mind  formed  for  in 
quiry  ;  he  possessed  a  quick  perception  and  an 
accurate  judgment;  and  to  a  keen  penetration  he 
united  a  disinterested  attachment  to  truth.  With 
a  natural  turn  for  controversy  he  had  a  happy 
government  of  his  passions,  and  abhorred  the 
perverse  disputings,  so  common  to  men  of  cor 
rupt  minds.  The  eagerness  of  contention  did 
not  extinguish  in  him  the  fervors  of  devotion  and 
brotherly  love.  By  his  good  works  and  exem 
plary  life  he  adorned  the  doctrines  of  grace, 
which  he  advocated  with  zeal.  He  boldly  ap 
peared  in  defence  of  the  great  truths  of  our  most 
holy  religion,  confronting  what  he  considered  as 
error,  and  resisting  every  attack  on  the  Christian 
faith.  He  wished  to  promote  the  interests  of 
practical  godliness,  of  holy  living ;  and  there 
fore  he  withstood  error  in  every  shape,  knowing 
that  it  poisons  the  heart  and  thus  destroys  the 
very  principles  of  virtue.  He  was  an  enemy  to 
that  blind  charity,  that  politic  silence,  that  tem 
porizing  moderation,  which  sacrifices  the  truths 
of  God  to  human  friendships,  and  under  color  of 
peace  and  candor  gives  up  important  points  of 
gospel  doctrine  to  every  opposcr.  He  knew,  that 
this  temper  was  inconsistent  with  the  love  of 
truth,  and  was  usually  connected  with  the  hatred 
of  those  who  engaged  warmly  in  its  support. 
He  expected  to  be  opposed  and  ridiculed,  if  he 
followed  lus  Saviour,  and  preached  with  plain 
ness  and  earnestness  the  doctrines  which  are  so 
obnoxious  to  the  corrupt  heart  and  perverted 


302 


DICKINSON. 


DICKINSON. 


understanding.  Still,  under  pretence  of  zeal  for 
truth  he  concealed  no  party  animosity,  no  big 
otry,  no  malevolence.  He  had  generous  senti 
ments  with  regard  to  freedom  of  inquiry  and  the 
rights  of  private  judgment  in  matters  of  con 
science,  not  approving  subscription  to  human  tests 
of  orthodoxy.  As  he  lived  a  devout  and  useful 
life  and  was  a  bright  ornament  to  his  profession, 
he  died  universally  lamented. 

His  writings  possess  very  considerable  merit. 
They  are  designed  to  unfold  the  wonderful  method 
of  redemption,  and  to  excite  men  to  that  cheerful 
consecration  of  all  their  talents  to  their  Maker,  to 
that  careful  avoidance  of  sin  and  practice  of  god 
liness,  which  will  exalt  them  to  glory.  He  pub 
lished  the  reasonableness  of  Christianity,  in  four 
sermons,  Boston,  1732;  a  funeral  sermon  on 
Ruth  Picrson,  wife  of  Ilev.  John  P.  of  Wood- 
bridge,  1733;  a  sermon  on  the  witness  of  the 
Spirit,  1740;  the  true  Scripture  doctrine  concern 
ing  eternal  election,  original  sin,  grace  in  conver 
sion,  justification  by  faith,  and  the  saint's  perse 
verance,  in  five  discourses,  1741,  in  answer  to  Mr. 
Whitby ;  a  display  of  God's  special  grace,  in  a 
familiar  dialogue,  1742;  on  the  nature  and  neces 
sity  of  regeneration,  with  remarks  on  Dr.  Water- 
land's  regeneration  stated  and  explained,  1743, 
against  baptismal  regeneration ;  reflections  upon 
Mr.  Wetmorc's  letter  in  defence  of  Dr.  Water- 
land's  discourse  on  regeneration,  1745.  The 
above  works  were  published  in  an  octavo  volume 
at  Edinburgh  in  1793.  President  Dickinson  pub 
lished  also  a  defence  of  Presbyterian  ordination, 
in  answer  to  a  pamphlet,  entitled  a  modest  proof, 
etc.,  1724 ;  the  vanity  of  human  institutions  in 
the  worship  of  God,  a  sermon,  1733;  a  defence 
of  it  afterwards;  a  second  defence  of  it  against 
the  exceptions  of  John  Beach  in  his  appeal  to 
the  unprejudiced,  1738;  this  work  is  entitled,  the 
reasonableness  of  nonconformity  to  the  church  of 
England  in  point  of  worship;  familiar  letters 
upon  various  important  subjects  in  religion,  1745  ; 
a  pamphlet  in  favor  of  infant  baptism,  1746 ;  a 
vindication  of  God's  sovereign  free  grace ;  a 
second  vindication,  etc.,  against  John  Beach,  to 
which  are  added  brief  reflections  on  Dr.  John 
son's  defence  of  Aristocles'  letter  to  Authadcs, 
1748;  an  account  of  the  deliverance  of  Robert 
Barrow,  shipwrecked  among  the  cannibals  of 
Florida.  —  Pierson's  Serm.  on  his  death ;  Preface 
to  his  Serm.  Edin.  edit. ;  Miller,  II.  345 ;  Dong- 
lass,  II.  284;  Brainerd's  Life,  129,  161 ;  Chand 
ler's  Life  of  Johnson,  69  ;  Green,  297. 

DICKINSON,  JONATHAN,  chief  justice  of  Penn 
sylvania,  a  Quaker,  came  from  Jamaica,  with  his 
family,  in  1696,  and  wa;j  shipwrecked  in  the  gulf 
of  Florida.  He  died  in  1722.  He  published  an 
account  of  his  shipwreck,  entitled,  God's  protect 
ing  providence,  man's  surest  help  and  defence. 

DICKINSON,  MO.-SES,  brother  of  Rev.  Jona 


than  D.,  died  in  1778,  aged  82,  in  the  fifty-first 
year  of  his  ministry.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1717,  and  in  1727  succeeded  Stephen 
Buckingham  as  the  minister  of  Norwalk.  He 
was  succeeded  by  William  Tennent.  The  minis 
ters  of  Norwalk  were  Presbyterian  during  112 
years  out  of  202.  He  was  a  man  of  a  vigorous 
mind,  cheerful,  prudent.  ,His  widow,  Hannah, 
died  at  Plymouth,  Conn.,  in  1803,  aged  98.  He 
published  an  inquiry  into  the  consequences  of 
Calvinistic  and  Arminian  principles,  in  which  is 
considered  Beach's  reply  to  J.  Dickinson's  second 
vindication,  1750;  election  sermon,  1755 ;  answer 
to  Wetmore  ;  on  the  death  of  T.  Fitch,  1774. 

DICKINSON,  JOHN,  president  of  Delaware 
and  of  Pennsylvania,  died  Feb.  15,  1808,  aged 
75.  He  was  born  in  Maryland  in  Dec.,  1732. 
His  father,  Samuel  D.,  who  soon  after  the  birth 
of  his  son  removed  to  Delaware,  was  chief  justice 
of  the  county  of  Kent,  and  died  July  6,  1760, 
aged  71.  He  studied  law  in  Philadelphia,  and 
then  three  years  at  the  Temple  in  London,  and 
on  his  return  engaged  successfully  in  the  practice 
at  Philadelphia.  Of  the  assembly  of  Pennsylva 
nia  he  was  a  member  in  1764,  and  of  the  general 
congress  in  1765.  In  the  same  year  he  began  to 
write  against  the  measures  of  the  British  govern 
ment.  In  Nov.,  1767,  he  began  to  publish  his 
celebrated  letters  against  the  acts  for  taxation  of 
the  colonies ;  in  which  writings  he  supported  the 
liberties  of  his  country  and  contributed  much 
toward  the  American  Revolution.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  first  Revolutionary  congress  in 
1774,  and  a  member  in  subsequent  years.  Of 
the  eloquent  and  important  state  papers  of  that 
period  he  wrote  the  principal :  the  address  to  the 
inhabitants  of  Quebec;  the  first  petition  to  the 
king ;  the  address  to  the  armies ;  the  second  peti 
tion  to  the  king ;  and  the  address  to  the  several 
States.  He  wrote  also,  in  1774,  the  resolves  and 
instructions  of  the  committee  of  Pennsylvania. 
In  June,  1776,  he  opposed  the  Declaration  of  In 
dependence,  when  the  motion  was  considered  by 
congress,  because  he  doubted  of  the  policy  at  that 
particular  period,  "without  some  prclusory  trials  of 
our  strength,"  and  before  the  terms  of  confedera 
tion  were  settled,  and  foreign  assistance  made 
certain.  He  had  occasion  afterwards,  in  order  to 
prove  the  sincerity  of  his  attachment  to  his  coun 
try's  liberty,  to  appeal  to  the  fact,  that  within  a 
few  days  after  the  declaration  he  was  the  only 
member  of  congress  who  marched  to  face  the 
enemy.  He  accompanied  his  regiment  to  Eliza- 
bcthtown  in  July  to  repel  the  invading  enemy, 
and  remained  there  till  the  end  of  the  term  of 
service.  In  Sept.,  he  resigned,  because  two  brig 
adiers  had  been  raised  over  him,  through  the 
same  hostility,  as  he  supposed,  which  effected  his 
removal  from  congress.  He  now  retired  to  Del 
aware,  and  there,  in  the  summer  of  1777,  in 


DICKINSON. 


DICKINSON. 


303 


Capt.  Lewis'  company  he  served  as  a  private  with 
his  musket  upon  his  shoulder  in  the  militia  move 
ments  against  the  British,  who  had  landed  at  the 
head  of  Elk.  In  Oct.,  Mr.  M'Kean  gave  him  a 
commission  of  brigadier-general.  In  1779,  by 
unanimous  vote  of  the  assembly,  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  congress,  and  in  May  wrote  the  ad 
dress  to  the  States.  In  1780,  he  was  elected  by 
the  county  of  New  Castle  a  member  of  the  assem 
bly;  in  1781,  he  was  chosen  president  of  Dela 
ware,  as  successor  of  Caesar  Ilodney,  by  unani 
mous  vote  of  the  two  houses.  On  commencing 
his  duties  he  published,  Nov.  19, 1781,  an  excellent 
proclamation,  recommending  piety  and  virtue  and 
the  enforcement  of  the  laws  in  favor  of  morality. 
In  1782  he  was  chosen  president  of  Pennsylva 
nia,  and  remained  in  office  from  Nov.,  1782,  till 
Oct.,  1785,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Franklin. 
In  1788,  he  wrote  nine  letters  with  the  signature 
of  Fabius,  in  order  to  promote  the  adoption  of 
the  constitution  ;  and  with  the  same  signature,  in 
1797,  he  wrote  fourteen  letters  in  order  to  pro 
mote  a  favorable  feeling  toward  France.  His 
last  days  were  spent  in  private  life  at  Wilmington, 
Delaware.  His  wife,  whom  he  married  in  1770, 
was  Mary  Xorris  of  Philadelphia.  His  daughter, 
Maria,  married  in  1808  Albinus  C.  Logan.  His 
countenance  and  person  were  fine.  He  filled 
with  ability  the  various  high  stations  in  which  he 
Avas  placed.  He  was  distinguished  by  his  strength 
of  mind,  miscellaneous  knowledge,  and  cultivated 
taste,  which  were  united  with  an  habitual  elo 
quence,  with  an  elegance  of  manners,  and  a  benig 
nity,  which  made  him  the  delight  and  ornament 
of  society.  The  infirmities  of  declining  years  had 
detached  him  long  before  his  death  from  the  busy 
scenes  of  life  ;  but  in  retirement  his  patriotism 
felt  no  abatement.  The  welfare  of  his  country 
was  ever  dear  to  him,  and  he  was  ready  to  make 
any  sacrifices  for  its  promotion.  Unequivocal  in 
his  attachment  to  a  republican  government,  he 
invariably  supported,  as  far  as  his  voice  could  have 
influence,  those  men  and  those  measures  which 
he  believed  most  friendly  to  republican  principles. 
He  was  esteemed  for  his  uprightness  and  the 
purity  of  his  morals.  From  a  letter,  which  he 
wrote  to  Mrs.  Warren  of  Plymouth,  dated  the 
2.3th  of  the  first  month,  1805,  it  seems  that  he 
was  a  member  of  the  society  of  Friends.  He 
published  a  speech  delivered  in  the  house  of 
assembly  of  Pennsylvania,  1764;  a  reply  to  a 
speech  of  Joseph  Galloway,  1765 ;  late  regula 
tions  respecting  the  colonies  considered,  1765; 
letters  from  a  farmer  in  Pennsylvania  to  the 
inhabitants  of  the  British  colonies,  1767-1768. 
Mr.  Dickinson's  political  writings  were  collected 
and  published  in  two  volumes,  8vo.  1801.  —  Gor 
don,  I.  220;  Ramsay,  II.  319;  Warren,  1.412; 
Adams'  Letter  to  Dr.  Calkoen ;  Monthly  AnlhoL 


v.  226;  Nat.  Intellig.  Feb.  22,  1808;  Marshall, 
IT.  note  at  end ;  v.  97. 

DICKINSON,  PHILEMON,  general,  a  brave 
officer  in  the  llcvolutionary  war,  died  at  his  scat 
near  Trenton,  N.  J.,  Feb.  4,  1809,  aged  68.  He 
took  an  early  and  an  active  part  in  the  struggle 
with  Great  Britain,  and  hazarded  his  ample  for 
tune  and  his  life  in  establishing  our  independence. 
In  the  memorable  battle  of  Monmouth,  at  the 
head  of  the  Jersey  militia,  he  exhibited  the  spirit 
and  gallantry  of  a  soldier  of  liberty.  After  the 
establishment  of  the  present  national  government 
he  was  a  member  of  congress.  In  the  various 
stations,  civil  and  military,  with  which  he  was  hon 
ored,  he  discharged  his  duty  with  zeal  and  ability. 
The  last  twelve  or  fifteen  years  of  his  life  were 
spent  in  retirement  from  public  concerns.  —  Phil- 
adelpliia  Gazette,  Feb.  7,  1809. 

DICKINSON,  SAMUEL,  general,  a  patriot  of 
the  Itevolution,  died  in  Middletown,  Ky.,  in  1817. 

DICKINSON,  TIMOTHY,  minister  of  Ilolliston, 
Mass.,  died  July  6,  1813,  aged  52.  Born  in  Am- 
herst,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1785. 
In  1789  he  was  ordained  the  successor  of  Joshua 
Prentiss,  the  second  pastor  of  II.,  in  whose  day 
occurred  the  fatal  sickness  of  1754,  occasioning 
the  death  of  fifty-three  persons  in  six  weeks,  out 
of  the  small  population  of  four  hundred.  Dr. 
Emmons'  funeral  discourse  was  founded  on  the 
words,  "  I  am  now  ready  to  be  offered,"  etc.  Mr. 
D.  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Massachusetts 
missionary  society.  He  published  a  sermon  to 
the  missionary  society,  1811.  —  Panoplist,  III.  335. 

DICKINSON,  JOHN,  senior,  died  in  Amhcrst 
Jan.  4,  1850,  aged  92,  a  soldier  at  Bunker  Hill. 

DICKINSON,  PLINY,  minister  at  Walpole, 
N.  II.,  died  in  1834,  aged  57.  He  was  born  in 
Granby,  and  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1798,  and 
succeeded  T.  Fessenden. 

DICKINSON,  AUSTIN,  died  in  New  York, 
Aug.  15,  1849,  aged  58,  formerly  minister  of  Am- 
herst,  Mass.  Born  in  Amherst,  he  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  in  1813.  His  life  was  one  of  Christian 
enterprise  and  usefulness.  He  established  the 
Family  Visitor  in  llichmond,  and  the  National 
Preacher  in  New  York,  in  1826.  For  several 
years  he  furnished  the  secular  papers  with  reli 
gious  intelligence  with  the  signature  A.  D.  He 
was  poor,  but  liberal  and  generous.  —  N.  Y.  Ob 
server,  Aug.  18. 

DICKINSON,  S.  N.,  an  accomplished  printer, 
died  at  Itoxbury  Jan.  16,  1849,  aged  47. 

DICKINSON,  E,.  S.  STORKS,  a  minister  in 
New  York  and  Philadelphia,  died  suddenly  in 
Edinburgh,  Scotland,  Aug.  18,  1856,  aged  32. 
He  was  born  in  Longmeadow,  Mass.,  the  son  of 
Baxter  Dickinson,  1).  D.,  and  graduated  at  Am 
herst  college  in  1844,  and  at  Union  Theological 
seminary,  N.  Y.,  in  1848.  He  was  four  years 


304 


DICKMAN. 


DODGE. 


pastor  of  the  Houston  street  church  in  N.  Y.,  and 
between  two  and  three  years  assistant  minister 
with  llev.  Albert  Barnes  of  Philadelphia.  lie 
was  a  youthful  preacher  of  noble  Christian  aspira 
tions,  high  culture,  and  rare  accomplishments. 

DICKMAX,  THOMAS,  died  in  Greenfield  Dec.  9, 
1841,  aged  41.  He  was  a  printer.  He  began  the 
"Intelligencer"  at  G.,  in  179,3,  anfl  published  it 
fourteen  years,  then  the  "  Federalist "  in  Spring 
field  from  1806  to  1819.  He  established  a  read 
ing-room  in  S. 

DIESKAU,  JOHN  HARMAND,  baron,  lieutenant- 
general  in  the  French  army,  proceeded  in  1755 
from  Montreal  with  two  thousand  men  against 
fort  Edward,  intending  to  penetrate  to  Albany. 
Gen.  Johnson  was  at  this  time  encamped  at  the 
south  end  of  lake  George.  After  defeating  the 
detachment  of  Col.  E.  Williams,  he  attacked 
Johnson's  camp,  Sept.  8 ;  but  the  roar  of  the  artil 
lery  frightened  away  his  Indians  ;  Ins  troops  were 
routed  ;  and  he  himself  taken  prisoner.  A  soldier 
found  him  alone,  leaning  on  a  stump,  being 
wounded  in  the  leg  ;  and,  while  he  was  feeling  for 
his  watch  to  surrender  it,  supposing  he  was 
searching  for  a  pistol,  poured  a  charge  through 
his  hips.  He  was  conveyed  to  New  York,  where 
Dr.  Jones  attended  him.  Marshall  says  he  was 
mortally  wounded  ;  but  he  lived  some  years.  He 
died  at  Surene  in  France,  Sept.  8,  1767.  — 
Thacher's  Med.  Biog.  327  ;  Dwight,  in.  374. 

DIGGES,  EDWARD,  was  governor  of  Virginia 
in  1655.  During  his  short  administration,  the 
Indians  defeated  the  Virginians  near  the  falls  of 
Jamestown.  Solicitous  to  promote  the  culture  of 
silk,  he  sent  to  Armenia  for  persons  to  teach  the 
art  of  raising  it. 

DINSMOOR,  ROBERT,  "  the  rustic  bard,"  died 
at  Windham  in  1836,  aged  79.  His  poems  and 
letters,  with  his  life,  were  published  in  1828. 

DINSMOOR,  SAMUEL,  governor  of  New  Hamp 
shire,  died  at  Keene  March  15,  1835,  aged  69. 
Born  in  Londonderry,  he  was  major-general  of 
the  militia,  judge  of  probate,  and  governor  in 
1831-1833. 

DINWIDDIE,  ROBERT,  governor  of  Virginia 
from  1752  to  1758,  died  in  England  Aug.  1, 
1770,  aged  80.  He  was  clerk  to  a  collector  of 
customs  in  the  West  Indies,  whose  enormous 
fraud  he  detected  and  exposed  to  the  government. 
For  this  disclosure  he  was  rewarded  by  his  ap 
pointment  in  Virginia.  But  while  he  was  gov 
ernor  he  did  not  forget  what  he  had  learned  when 
a  clerk,  for  he  trod  in  the  steps  of  his  principal ; 
at  least,  he  was  charged  with  applying  to  his 
own  use  20,000  pounds,  sent  to  defray  the  ex 
penses  of  Virginia  for  the  public  service.  It  was 
during  his  administration,  that  Braddock  pro 
ceeded  on  his  expedition  against  the  Indians. 

DIX,   SAMUEL,  minister   of   Townsend,   died 


Nov.  12,  1797,  aged  61.  He  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1758,  and  was  ordained  March  4,  1761.— 
Farrar's  Funeral  Sermon. 

DIXON,  ALEXANDER,  died  in  North  Carolina, 
in  1814,  leaving  12,000  dollars  for  the  education 
of  poor  children  in  Dublin  county. 

DIXON,  NATHAN  F.,  died  at  Washington  Jan. 
29,  1842,  aged  67,  a  senator  from  Rhode  Island. 
He  was  born  in  Plainfield,  Conn.,  and  graduated 
at  Providence  in  1799,  and  practised  law  in  R.  I. 

DIXWELL,  JOHN,  colonel,  one  of  the  judges 
of  lung  Charles  I.,  fled  to  this  country  for  safety. 
In  1664  he  visited  Whalley  and  Goffe  at  Had- 
ley,  and  afterwards  resided  at  New  Haven,  with 
the  name  of  John  Davids,  till  his  death,  March 
18,  1689,  aged  81.  He  married  at  New  Haven,  and 
left  children.  A  descendant  by  the  female  line,  a 
respectable  physician  of  Boston,  assumed  the 
name  of  John  Dixwell.  Mr.  D.,  of  Boston, 
erected  a  monument  to  his  memory  over  his 
grave  in  1849.  It  is  copied  in  Boston  Advertiser, 
Jan.  9,  1850. 

DIXWELL,  JOHN,  M.  D.,  died  at  Boston  in 
1834,  aged  60.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1796,  and  was  vice-president  of  the  Massachusetts 
medical  society. 

DOANE,  GEORGE  B.,  M.  D.,  died  in  Boston 
April  13,  1842,  aged  49,  a  man  of  skill,  integrity, 
and  kindness. 

DOANE,  AUGUSTUS  SIDNEY,  M.  D.,  died  on 
Staten  Island  Jan.  27,  1852,  aged  44.  He  was 
quarantine  physician  at  New  York.  Born  in  Bos 
ton,  he  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1825.  He 
was  the  author  and  editor  of  various  professional 
works. 

DOBSON,  THOMAS,  a  bookseller  of  Philadel 
phia,  of  the  Caledonian  society,  republished  the 
Encyclopedia  Britannica,  18  vols.,  4to.,  1790.  He 
died  March  8,  1823.  He  was  the  author  of  let 
ters  on  the  character  of  the  deity,  and  the  moral 
state  of  man,  2  vols.,  12mo.,  1807,  written  with 
irreligious  freedom. 

DOD,  ALBERT  D.,  D.  D.,  died  at  Princeton, 
N.  J.,  Nov.  20,  1845,  aged  40,  professor  of  math 
ematics.  Born  in  Mendham,  N.  J.,  he  graduated 
at  Princeton  in  1822,  and  was  chosen  professor  in 
1829.  He  was  a  good  teacher  and  writer,  and  an 
eloquent  preacher. 

DODD,  STEPHEN,  pastor  of  East  Haven,  died 
Feb.  5,  1856,  aged  78.  Born  in  Bloomfield, 
N.  J.,  he  graduated  at  Union  college.  He  was 
successively  a  minister  in  Carmel,  N.  Y.,  Water- 
bury,  Conn.,  and  in  East  Haven  from  1817  to 
1847.  He  published  a  history  of  E.  II.  in  1826. 

DODDRIDGE,  PHILIP,  a  member  of  congress 
from  Virginia,  died  at  Washington  Nov.  19,  1832, 
aged  60.  He  was  a  man  of  great  ability,  and  an 
eminent  lawyer. 

DODGE,  JAMES,  Dr.,  died  at  Tunis  Oct.  10, 


DODGE. 


DORSET. 


305 


1SOG,  aged  34.  "\Vhilc  a  skilful  physician  in  New 
York,  ill  health  induced  him  to  accept  a  station 
in  the  navy.  While  in  the  Mediterranean  the 
office  of  consul  at  Tunis  became  vacant,  and  he 
was  appointed  charge  cles  affaires.  He  had  a 
brilliant  poetical  genius,  and  a  heart  of  humanity 
and  generosity,  as  was  manifested  toward  the 
unhappy  prisoners  at  Algiers. 

DODGE,  XEIIEMIAII,  minister  in  New  London, 
died  Jan.  3,  1843,  aged  73. 

DODGE,  DAVID  L.,  died  in  New  York  April 

23,  1852,  aged  77  ;  an  eminent  merchant,  to  be 
honorably  remembered  for  his  aid  to  the  religious 
and  benevolent  movements  of  his  day.     He  aided 
in  forming  bible  and  tract  societies.      He  was  one 
of  the  founders   of  the  peace  society,  the  first 
meeting  being  held  in  his  parlor  forty  years  be 
fore  his  death.     On  the  morning  of  his  last  day, 
he  said,  "  I  shall  go  home  to-day."     He  himself 
joined  in  a  final  song.  —  A.  D.  Smith's  Sermon, 

DODGE,  ASA,  M.  D.,  missionary  in  Syria,  died 
at  Jerusalem  Jan.  28,  1835,  of  the  typhus  fever, 
aged  33.  Born  in  Newcastle,  a  graduate  of 
Bowdoin  college  in  1827,  he  arrived  at  Beirut  in 
1833,  and  went  to  Jerusalem  in  1834.  His  wife 
was  Martha  W.  Merrill  of  Portland. 

DAGGETT,  SIMEON,  minister  of  Raynham, 
died  March  20,  1852,  aged  87.  He  published  a, 
sermon  on  the  way  to  eternal  life,  1796  ;  at  funeral 
of  R.  George,  1827. 

DOLE,  AUNT  BETTY,  a  black,  died  in  Troy 
Jan.  22,  1842,  supposed  to  be  135  years  old.  She 
was  kidnapped  in  Africa  at  the  age  of  fifteen. 

DOLE,  NATHAN,  died  at  Brewer,  Me.,  in  July, 
1855.  A  graduate  of  Bowdoin  in  1836,  he  was 
some  years  a  minister  in  Brewer.  He  had  edited 
the  Journal  of  Missions  and  Youth's  Dayspring, 
a  few  years,  at  the  rooms  of  the  American  board 
in  Boston. 

DONALDSON,  WILLIAM,  M.  D.,  died  at  Bal 
timore  Jan.  13,  1835,  aged  58 ;  a  distinguished 
physician. 

DONGAN,  THOMAS,  governor  of  New  York 
from  1683  to  1688,  afterwards  earl  of  Limerick, 
succeeded  Brockholst,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Nicholson.  He  was  highly  respected  as  a  gov 
ernor,  being  upright,  discreet,  and  accomplished 
in  manners.  He  ordered  an  assembly  to  be  con 
vened  by  election,  a  privilege  which  the  people 
had  not  before  enjoyed.  Yet  he  unjustly  fell 
under  the  displeasure  of  his  sovereign. 

DONNISON,  WILLIAM,  died  at  Boston  Jan. 

24,  1834.     He  was  adjutant  in  the  Revolutionary 
war,  and  adjutant  and  inspector-general  from  1788 
to  1813  ;  also,  judge  of  the  common  pleas. 

DOOLITTLE,  Rev.  BENJAMIN,  first  minister  of 

Northfield,  Mass.,  was  the  grandson  of  Abraham 

D.,  who  died  at  Wallingford  Aug.  11,  1690,  aged 

70.     He  was  born  Ju^y   10,  1695,  graduated  at 

39 


Yale  in  1716,  was  ordained  in  1718,  and  died  very 
suddenly  Jan.  9,  1749.  At  the  time  of  his  set 
tlement  there  were  thirty-five  families.  He  prac 
tised  as  a  physician.  His  successor  was  J.  IJub- 
bard.  His  funeral  sermon  was  by  J.  Ashley,  of 
Deerfield.  He  published  an  inquiry  into  enthu 
siasm,  and  a  narrative  of  the  mischief  by  the 
French  and  Indians  from  1744  to  1748.  —  Hol 
land,  408. 

DOOLITTLE,  JOEL,  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Vermont,  descended  from  Abraham  D., 
was  the  son  of  Titus  D.,  of  Westfield,  and  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  in  1799.  He  settled  in  Middlebury, 
Vt.,  and  was  a  member  of  the  corporation  of  the 
college.  He  died  March  9,  1841,  aged  67. 

DOOLITTLE,  MARK,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
died  at  Belchertown,  Mass.,  Nov.  7,  1855,  aged 
73  years.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Yale  in  1804, 
and  settled  in  1812  as  a  lawyer  at  B.  He 
was  a  senator;  and  for  many  years  an  active 
and  consistent  member  of  the  church,  highly 
respected.  He  published  a  history  of  the  Congre 
gational  church  of  B  ;  and  address  to  agricultural 
society,  1826. 

DORR,  EDWARD,  minister  of  Hartford,  died  in 
1772.  A  graduate  of  Yale  in  1742,  he  published 
a  sermon  on  the  death  of  D.  Edwards,  1765. 

DORR,  SAMUEL  C.,  of  Lyme,  Conn.,  died  in 
London  in  1794.  He  invented  shearing  ma 
chines. 

DORR,  THOMAS  W.,  famous  as  a  rebel  in  the 
history  of  Rhode  Island,  was  born  in  Providence, 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1823,  and  died  Dec.  27, 
1854,  aged  49.  He  studied  law  with  Chancellor 
Kent,  and  was  a  literary  man.  His  political  life 
began  in  1834.  For  his  daring  insurrectionary 
movements  in  reference  to  a  new  constitution  of 
the  State,  he  was  tried  for  treason  and  sentenced 
to  imprisonment  for  life.  After  one  year  he  was 
released :  his  sentence  was  annulled  by  act  of 
the  legislature  in  1853.  In  his  illness  he  joined 
the  Episcopal  church. 

DORRANCE,  BENJAMIN,  colonel,  died  in 
Kingston,  Wyoming  Valley,  in  Aug.,  1837,  aged 
70.  His  father,  Col.  George  D.,  who  emigrated 
from  Windham  county,  was  slain  in  an  Indian 
battle,  aged  45.  He  left  sons,  Col.  Charles,  and 
Rev.  John  D.,  pastor  of  Wilkesbarre. 

DORRANCE,  GORDON,  minister  nearly  forty 
years  of  Windsor,  Mass.,  died  in  Attica,  N.  Y., 
at  the  house  of  his  son  Dr.  Gardiner  D.,  May  18, 
1846,  aged  80.  Born  in  Sterling,  Conn.,  he  grad 
uated  at  Dartmouth  in  1786. 

DORSEY,  JOHN  SYNG,  M.  D.,  professor  of 
anatomy,  was  the  son  of  Leonard  D.,  and  grand 
son  of  Edmund  Physick.  He  was  born  in  Phila 
delphia  Dec.  23,  1783.  He  early  studied  physic 
with  his  relative,  Dr.  Physick,  and  was  doctor  of 
medicine  at  the  age  of  eighteen.  He  afterwards 


30G 


D'OSSOLI. 


DOW. 


visited  England  and  France,  for  his  improvement 
in  medical  science,  returning  home  in  Dec.,  1804. 
In  1807  he  was  elected  adjunct  professor  of  sur 
gery  with  Dr.  Physick  at  Philadelphia,  and  on  the 
death  of  Dr.  Wistar,  was  chosen  professor  of 
anatomy.  He  now  had  attained  a  height  most 
gratifying  to  his  ambition ;  but  Providence  had 
selected  him  to  teach  a  salutary  lesson  on  the 
precarious  tenure  of  life,  and  the  importance  of 
being  always  prepared  for  death.  On  the  eve 
ning  of  the  day  in  which  he  pronounced  his 
eloquent  introductory  lecture  he  was  attacked 
with  a  fever,  and  in  a  week  died,  Nov.  12,  1818, 
aged  35.  When  by  his  express  command  he  was 
informed  of  his  state,  and  apprised  of  his  certain 
death,  he  Avas  resigned  to  the  will  of  heaven.  As 
a  Christian  he  had  practised  the  duties  of  reli 
gion.  With  fervor  he  reiterated  his  confidence 
in  the  atonement  of  his  Saviour.  He  was  thus 
sustained  in  an  hour  when,  on  the  bed  of  death, 
the  proud  warrior  would  shudder  in  thinking  of 
the  destinies  of  eternity.  As  a  surgeon  he  was  al 
most  unrivalled.  Besides  papers  for  the  periodical 
journals  and  an  edition  of  Cooper's  surgery  with 
notes,  he  published  elements  of  surgery,  2  vols., 
1813,  deemed  the  best  work  extant  on  the  sub 
ject.  —  Thacher's  Med.  Biog. 

D'OSSOLI,  SARAH  MARGARET  FULLER,  died 
July  22,  1850,  aged  40,  drowned  off  Fire  Island 
with  her  husband  and  child  in  the  wreck  of  the 
bark,  in  which  she  was  sailing  for  New  York. 
She  was  the  sister  of  Timothy  F.,  of  Massachu 
setts,  and  married  in  Italy  the  Count  D'Ossoli. 
She  was  a  literary  lady,  and  wrote  for  the  Dial 
and  published  a  summer  on  the  lakes,  woman  in 
the  nineteenth  century,  papers  on  literature  and 
art.  She  was  the  foreign  correspondent  of  the 
Tribune.  Her  memoirs  have  been  published. 

DOTY,  MRS.,  wife  of  Elihu  D.,  missionary  at 
Amoy  in  China,  died  Oct.  5,  1845,  aged  38,  five 
days  after  Mrs.  Pohlman.  Her  name  Avas  Clar 
issa  Ackley  of  Washington,  Conn.  She  embarked 
for  BataA'ia  in  1836.  The  faith,  which  she  pro 
fessed  at  the  age  of  13,  Avas  her  support  in  the 
hour  of  death. 

DOUGHERTY,  MICIIJEL,  remarkable  for  lon 
gevity,  died  at  his  plantation  on  Horse  Creek,  in 
Scriven  county,  Georgia,  May  29,  1808,  aged  135 
years.  He  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  that 
State.  The  day  before  he  died  he  Avalked  tAvo 
miles. 

DOUGLASS,  WILLIAM,  M.  D.,  a  physician  in 
Boston,  died  Oct.  21,  1752.  He  Avas  a  native  of 
East  Lothian  in  Scotland,  of  no  mean  parentage. 
After  being  educated  for  his  profession,  partly  at 
Paris  and  partly  at  Leyden,  he  came  to  this  country 
in  1 7 1G,  and,  after  visiting  Gen.  Douglass,  governor 
of  St.  Kitts,  settled  at  Boston  in  1718.  Having 
letters  to  Cotton  Mather,  he  put  into  his  hands 
those  numbers  of  the  philosopliical  transactions 


which  gave  an  account  of  the  inoculation  for  the 
small  pox  ;  and  this  benevolent  minister  commu 
nicated  the  intelligence  to  Dr.  Boylston,  and  per 
suaded  him  to  introduce  the  practice,  Avishing  him 
to  communicate  the  project  to  other  physicians. 
As  Dr.  Douglass  received  no  notice,  he  indig 
nantly  opposed  the  practice.  Dr.  Thachcr 
erroneously  states,  that  Mather  communicated 
the  Avork  of  Timoni  to  Douglas.  In  the  epidemic 
sore  throat  he  made  a  free  use  of  mercury.  lie 
Avas  a  skilful  physician.  His  prejudices  Avere  A'cry 
strong,  and  in  his  language  he  Avas  frequently 
intemperate.  His  notions  of  religion  were  very 
loose.  In  his  history  of  the  American  colonies, 
he  is  often  incorrect,  and  it  Avas  his  foible  to  meas 
ure  the  Avorth  of  men  by  'his  personal  friendship 
for  them.  A  tOAvn  of  Massachusetts,  of  which  he 
Avas  a  proprietor  and  benefactor,  bears  his  name. 
He  published  the  inoculation  of  the  small  pox, 
as  practised  in  Boston,  1722;  the  abuses  and 
scandals  of  some  late  pamphlets  in  favor  of  inoc 
ulation,  1722 ;  a  practical  essay  concerning  the 
small  pox,  containing  the  history,  etc.,  1730 ;  a 
practical  history  of  a  neAV  eruptive,  miliary  fever, 
Avith  an  angina  ulcusculosa,  Avhich  prevailed  in 
Boston  in  1735  and  1736,  12mo.  1736;  a  sum 
mary,  historical  and  political,  of  the  first  planting, 
progressiA'C  improvements,  and  present  state  of 
the  British  settlements  in  North  America,  the  first 
volume  1749,  the  second  1753;  an  edit.  1755. — 
Summary,  II.  409;  Ilutcliinson,  II.  80;  Hist. 
Coll.  IX.  40  ;  Whitney's  Hist.  Worcester,  203  ; 
American  Museum,  ill.  53 ;  Holmes. 

DOUGLASS,  DAVID  B.,  LL.  D.,  died  in  Ge 
neva,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  28,  1849,  aged  56,  professor  of 
mathematics.  Graduating  at  Yale  in  1813,  he 
joined  the  army  and  fought  in  various  battles. 
After  the  Avar  he  Avas  connected  Avith  West  Point 
until  1830,  and  then  Avas  often  consulted  as  a  civil 
engineer.  He  prepared  the  plans  of  the  Croton 
aqueduct.  In  1840  Major  D.  AA'as  president  of 
Kenyon  college  in  Ohio.  He  Avas  a  man  of  Avorth 
and  piety. 

DOAV,  LOHEXZO,  an  eccentric  and  celebrated 
Methodist  minister,  died  at  GcorgetoAvn,  Feb.  2, 
1834.  He  Avas  a  native  of  Coventry,  Conn.,  born 
in  1777.  In  his  course  of  thirty  years'  preaching 
he  travelled  over  England  and  Ireland  and  visited 
many  parts  of  the  United  States.  FCAV  ministers 
have  preached  oftener  than  he. 

DOW,  DANIEL,  D.  D.,  died  in  Thompson, 
Conn.,  July  19,  1849,  aged  about  78,  in  thcfifty- 
eiglith  of  his  ministry.  A  graduate  of  Yale  in 
1793,  he  Avas  ordained  in  1796.  A  pond  in  his 
tOAvn  —  the  residence  of  the  Nipmuck  Indians — 
they  called  Chargoggagoggmanchogaggogg.  His 
death  Avas  sudden.  After  preaching  a  funeral  ser 
mon  he  returned  home,  and  in  a  feAv  minutes  Avas 
dead.  Hiram  Kctchum  of  Nv  Y.  married  his 
daughter.  He  preached  tAventy  years  Avithout 


DOWNING. 


DRAKE. 


307 


notes.  He  published  letters  to  John  Sherman, 
1806;  on  the  covenants,  1811;  on  freemasonry, 
1829 ;  several  on  funeral  and  ordination  occa 
sions. 

DOWNING,  A.  J.,  died  July  28,  1852,  aged 
37,  lost  in  the  steamer  Henry  Clay.  He  lived 
in  Newburgh.  He  was  a  landscape  gardener,  and 
was  very  skilled  in  rural  architecture.  As  a  wri 
ter  on  horticulture  he  was  unequalled.  He  nobly 
lost  his  life  in  saving  others.  Three  times  he 
swam  from  the  wreck  to  the  shore,  bearing  a 
friend  with  him ;  in  the  fourth  attempt  he  was 
dragged  down  by  many  seeking  his  aid. 

DOWNER,  AVERT,  Dr.,  died  at  Preston  July 
15,  1854,  aged  91,  the  last  survivor  of  the  battle 
of  fort  Griswold.  His  father,  Dr.  Joshua  I)., 
was  also  present,  and  assisted  in  dressing  the 
wounded. 

DOWNES,  JOHN,  commodore,  died  in  Charles- 
town  Aug.  11,  1854,  aged  69.  He  had  been  in 
sea  service  twenty-four  years.  A  native  of  Can 
ton,  Mass.,  he  entered  the  navy  in  1802.  In  the 
frigate  Potomac  he  bombarded  the  piratical  town 
of  Quallah  Battoo  on  the  coast  of  Sumatra.  His 
senior  post-captains  were  Steward  and  Morris  at 
the  time  of  his  death. 

DOWNING,  GEORGE,  of  the  first  class  of  Har 
vard  college,  died  in  1684,  aged  about  62.  He 
graduated  in  1642.  T.  Woodbridge,  whose  name 
is  the  only  one  in  the  catalogue  standing  before 
his,  died  in  the  same  year.  He  went  to  England, 
and  was  a  preacher  among  the  Independents  and  a 
chaplain  in  the  army  of  Cromwell,  who  sent  him 
as  his  agent  to  Holland.  Eliot  says,  he  was  ready 
to  serve  any  master  and  to  commit  any  act  of 
treachery.  Charles  II.  continued  him  as  his  agent 
and  made  him  a  knight.  About  1672  he  was 
imprisoned ;  but  was  again  received  into  favor. 
Hutchinson  regarded  him  as  a  friend  of  New 
England.  Sir  George  D.  corresponded  with 
his  brother-in-law,  Gov.  Bradstreet.  —  Eliot. 

DOWSE,  THOMAS,  died  in  Cambridge,  Mass., 
November  4,  1856,  aged  84  years,  lie  had  no 
education  except  in  a  common  town  school,  and 
he  toiled  during  his  life  in  a  mechanical  trade; 
yet  he  acquired  a  literary  taste,  and  the  means  of 
gratifying  it  by  the  purchase  of  books,  with  the 
contents  of  which  he  made  himself  acquainted. 
Instead  of  wasting  the  fruits  of  his  daily  industry 
in  low  and  degrading  indulgence,  he  laid  up 
money,  and  spent  much  of  it  in  forming  a  library, 
rich  in  the  treasures  of  science  and  literature.  It 
amounted  at  last  to  five  thousand  volumes,  all  of 
which  were  in  beautiful  and  some  in  superb  bind 
ing.  For  years  strangers  were  accustomed  to 
resort  to  his  house  in  order  to  see  his  fine  library. 
At  last,  in  his  old  age,  he  determined  to  place  it 
in  a  public  institution,  where  it  would  be  pre 
served  with  care,  and  be  useful  for  ages ;  he, 
therefore,  three  months  before  his  death,  presented 


it  to  the  Massachusetts  historical  society.  The 
insurance  upon  it  of  20,000  dollars  shows  that 
the  estimated  value  of  the  books  was  beyond  that 
sum.  The  remarks  of  Robert  C.  Winthrop,  the 
president  of  the  society,  and  of  Edward  Everett, 
on  the  occasion  of  this  unparalleled  donation, 
were  printed  in  the  Boston  Advertiser  of  Aug.  6, 
1856.  It  was  resolved  by  the  society,  that  the 
library  be  placed  in  a  room  by  itself,  to  be  known 
as  the  Dowse  library  of  the  Massachusetts 
historical  society.  A  spacious  apartment  was 
immediately  prepared  for  the  purpose,  in  the 
society's  valuable  building,  adjoining  the  Chapel 
cemetery  in  Boston.  The  purchase  of  this  build 
ing,  the  acquisition  of  these  books,  and  the  be 
quest  by  Samuel  Applcton  of  10,000  dollars  for 
a  publication  fund,  are  memorable  events  in  the 
recent  history  of  this  society.  Already  the  vol 
umes  of  its  collections  which  have  been  published 
are  thirty-one  in  number.  Hereafter,  it  is  to  be 
hoped,  new  volumes  of  historical  research  will  be 
issued  still  more  rapidly.  And,  so  long  as  this 
important  institution  of  Massachusetts  shall  exist, 
so  long  will  the  name  of  Mr.  Dowse  be  remem 
bered  with  honor.  All  young  men,  who  set  out 
in  poverty,  and  who,  by  God's  blessing  on  their 
industry  and  prudence,  acquire  comparative  wealth, 
may  not  be  able  to  do  a  work  of  such  prominent 
and  memorable  service  to  the  public ;  but  they 
may  all  do  what  is  still  more  praiseworthy,  if 
they  have  as  many  years  in  which  to  do  their 
work :  they  may  daily  supply  the  wants  of  the 
poor  and  suffering ;  they  may  cause  the  widow's 
heart  to  sing  for  joy ;  they  may  aid  the  numerous 
societies  of  charity  around  them ;  and  they  may 
promote  the  diffusion  of  God's  heavenly  light,  by 
helping  to  send  the  Book  of  books  to  the  yet  un 
taught  millions  of  the  human  family. 

DRAKE,  JOSEPH,  colonel,  died  in  New  Haven 
Sept.  11,  1836,  aged  99. 

DRAKE,  JOSEPH  R.,  M.  D.,  died  in  New  York 
in  1820,  aged  only  25.  He  wrote  a  poem,  the 
culprit  fay. 

DRAKE,  DANIEL,  M.  D.,  died  Nov.  5,  1852, 
at  Cincinnati,  aged  67.  He  was  born  at  Plain- 
field,  N.  J.,  Oct.  20,  1785 :  in  his  early  life  his 
father,  Isaac,  the  son  of  Nathaniel,  removed  to 
Kentucky.  At  the  age  of  15  he  went  to  Cincin 
nati  to  study  medicine,  a  few  cabins  then  consti 
tuting  the  queen  city  of  the  west.  Through  a 
wilderness  of  nearly  a  thousand  miles  he  went  to 
Philadelphia  in  order  to  attend  the  medical  lectures 
of  Dr.  Rush ;  at  the  end  of  one  course,  though 
an  attendance  on  two  courses  was  required,  he 
asked  for  a  rigid  examination,  and  obtained  his 
degree.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  medi 
cal  college  of  Ohio  in  1819,  and  one  of  its  pro 
fessors,  also  a  professor  in  the  Lexington  and 
Louisville  schools.  In  1827  he  advocated  the 
temperance  principle.  The  first  Episcopal  church 


308 


DRAPER. 


DRINKER. 


at  C.  was  organized  afc  his  house  in  1815,  though 
he  did  not. become  a  communicant  until  1840, 
being  a  low  churchman.  He  married,  in  1806, 
Harriet  Lisson,  a  niece  of  Gen.  Mansfield,  and 
lived  with  her  in  perfect  connubial  happiness 
twenty  years.  He  left  three  children  with  fami 
lies.  Benjamin  D.,  of  Cincinnati,  an  author,  was 
his  brother.  He  died  of  a  congestion  of  the 
brain.  He  published  sketches  of  Cincinnati,  1810; 
account  of  Cincinnati,  and  the  Miami  country, 
1815.  The  Western  journal  of  medical  and 
physical  sciences  was  edited  by  him.  His  last 
work  was  a  treatise  on  the  diseases  and  climat 
ology  of  the  Mississippi  valley. 

DRAPER,  RICHARD,  died  in  June,  1775,  aged 
47.  His  father,  John  D.,  succeeded  B.  Green  in 
publishing  the  Boston  Weekly  News-Letter,  the 
first  publication  of  the  kind  in  this  country.  This 
paper  was  continued  by  Richard  Draper,  who  also 
published  the  Massachusetts  Gazetteer. 

DRAYTON,  WILLIAM,  LL.  D.,  judge  of  the 
federal  court  for  the  district  of  South  Carolina, 
died  in  June,  1790,  aged  57.  He  was  a  native  of 
that  province.  About  the  year  1747  he  was 
placed  under  Thomas  Corbett,  an  eminent  lawyer. 
In  1750  he  accompanied  that  gentleman  to  Lon 
don,  and  entered  into  the  Middle  Temple,  where 
he  continued  till  1754,  at  which  time  he  returned 
to  his  native  country.  Though  his  abilities  were 
confessedly  great,  he  soon  quitted  the  bar,  from 
disinclination  to  the  practice  of  the  law ;  but 
about  the  year  1768  he  was  appointed  chief  jus 
tice  in  the  province  of  East  Florida.  AYhen  the 
Revolution  commenced  in  1775,  he  fell  under  the 
suspicion  of  the  governor,  and  was  suspended  by 
him.  He  however  went  to  England,  and  was 
reinstated ;  but  on  his  return  to  St.  Augustine 
was  again  suspended  by  Governor  Tonyn.  In 
consequence  of  this  he  took  his  family  with  him 
to  England  in  1778  or  1779,  in  the  hope  of  ob 
taining  redress,  but  the  distracted  situation  of 
affairs  in  America  prevented  him  from  effecting 
his  purpose.  Soon  after  his  return  to  America  he 
was  appointed  judge  of  the  admiralty  court  of 
{South  Carolina.  In  March,  1789,  he  was  ap 
pointed  associate  justice  of  the  State,  but  he 
resigned  this  office  in  Oct.  following,  when  lie  was 
made  a  judge  under  the  federal  government. — 
Ilardie's  Biog.  Diet. ;  American  Museum,\m.  82. 

DRAYTON,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  a  political  wri 
ter,  died  in  Sept.,  1779,  aged  36.  He  vas  a  native 
of  South  Carolina.  From  1753  to  1764  he  studied 
at  Westminster  and  Oxford.  In  1771  he  was 
appointed  a  judge.  He  was  one  of  his  majesty's 
justices  when  they  made  thoir  last  circuit  in  the 
spring  of  1775,  and  the  only  one  born  in  Amer 
ica.  In  his  charge  to  the  grand  jury  he  inculcated 
the  same  sentiments  in  favor  of  liberty  which 
were  patroni2ed  by  the  popular  leaders.  Soon 
afterwards  he  was  elected  president  of  the  pro 


vincial  congress,  and  devoted  his  great  abilities 
with  uncommon  zeal  for  the  support  of  the  meas 
ures  adopted  by  his  native  country.  Before  the 
next  circuit  his  colleagues  were  advertised  as 
inimical  to  the  liberties  of  America;  and  March, 
1776,  he  was  appointed  chief  justice  by  the 
voice  of  his  country.  He  died  suddenly  in  Phil 
adelphia,  while  attending  his  duty  in  congress. 
He  was  a  statesman  of  great  decision  and  energy, 
and  one  of  the  ablest  political  writers  of  Carolina. 
In  1774  he  wrote  a  pamphlet,  addressed  to  the 
American  congress,  under  the  signature  of  a  free 
man,  in  which  he  stated  the  grievances  of  Amer 
ica,  and  drew  up  a  bill  of  American  rights.  He 
published  his  charge  to  the  grand  jury  in  April, 
1776,  which  breathes  all  the  spirit  and  energy  of 
the  mind,  which  knows  the  value  of  freedom  and 
is  determined  to  support  it.  Ramsay  in  his  history 
has  published  this  charge  entire.  His  speech  in 
the  general  assembly  of  South  Carolina,  on  the 
articles  of  the  confederation,  was  published  in 
1778.  Several  other  productions  of  his  pen 
appeared,  explaining  the  injured  rights  of  his 
country,  and  encouraging  his  fellow  citizens  to 
vindicate  them.  He  also  wrote  a  history  of  the 
American  Revolution,  brought  down  to  the  end 
of  the  year  1778,  in  three  large  volumes,  which 
he  intended  to  correct  and  publish,  but  was  pre 
vented  by  his  death.  It  was  published  by  his  son 
in  1821.  He  was  once  challenged  by  Gen.  Lee, 
in  consequence  of  his  censure  in  congress  on  the 
general's  conduct  at  the  battle  of  Monmouth  ; 
but  he  had  the  courage  and  the  conscience  to 
decline  the  combat,  and  assigned  his  reasons.  — 
Miller,  II.  380  ;  Ramsay's  Rev.  South  Carolina 
I.  57,  91,  103;  Hist.  South  Carolina,  II.  454; 
Encyc.  Americana. 

DRAYTON,  JOHN,  only  son  of  the  preceding, 
governor  of  South  Carolina  from  1800  to  1802, 
and  from  1808  to  1810,  succeeded  in  that  office  E. 
Rutledge  and  C.  Pinckney,  and  was  succeeded  by 
J.  B.  Richardson  and  II.  Middleton.  At  the  time 
of  his  death  he  was  district  judge  of  the  United 
States.  He  died  at  Charleston  Nov.  27,  1822, 
aged  60.  The  historical  materials,  collected  by 
his  father,  were  by  him  revised  and  published 
with  the  title  of  memoirs  of  the  American  Revo 
lution  from  its  commencement  to  the  year  1776, 
inclusive,  as  relating  to  the  State  of  South  Caro 
lina,  etc.,  2  vols.  8vo.  1821.  He  had  previously 
published  view  of  South  Carolina,  8vo.  1802. 

DRAYTON,  WILLIAM,  a  distinguished  member 
of  congress  from  South  Carolina,  died  at  Phila 
delphia  May  24,  1846.  He  had  lived  at  Phila 
delphia  twelve  or  more  years. 

DRINKER,  EDWARD,  remarkable  for  longev 
ity,  died  Nov.  17,  1782,  aged  nearly  102.  He 
was  born  Dec.  24,  1680,  in  a  cabin  near  the  pres 
ent  corner  of  Walnut  and  Second  streets  in  Phil 
adelphia.  His  parents  had  removed  to  this  place 


DROMGOOLE. 


DUDLEY. 


309 


from  Beverly  in  Mass.  The  banks  of  the  Dela 
ware  were  inhabited  at  the  time  of  his  birth  by 
the  Indians  and  a  few  Swedes  and  Hollanders. 
At  the  age  of  twelve  years  he  went  to  Boston, 
where  he  served  an  apprenticeship  to  a  cabinet 
maker.  In  the  year  1745,  he  returned  to  Phila 
delphia,  where  he  lived  till  the  time  of  his  death. 
He  was  four  times  married,  and  had  eighteen 
children,  all  of  whom  were  by  his  first  wife.  In 
his  old  age  the  powers  of  his  mind  were  very  little 
impaired.  He  enjoyed  so  uncommon  a  share  of 
health,  that  he  was  never  confined  more  than 
three  days  to  his  bed.  He  was  a  man  of  an  amia 
ble  character,  and  he  continued  to  the  last  uni 
formly  cheerful  and  kind.  His  religious  principles 
were  as  steady  as  his  morals  were  pure.  He 
attended  public  worship  about  thirty  years  in  the 
Presbyterian  church  under  Dr.  Sproat,  and  died 
in  the  fullest  assurance  of  a  happy  immortality. 
He  witnessed  the  most  astonishing  changes.  He 
lived  to  see  the  spot,  where  he  had  picked  black 
berries  and  hunted  rabbits,  become  the  seat  of  a 
great  city,  the  first  in  wealth  in  America.  He 
saw  ships  of  every  size  in  those  streams  where 
he  had  been  used  to  see  nothing  larger  than  an 
Indian  canoe.  He  saw  the  first  treaty  between 
France  and  the  independent  States  of  America 
ratified  upon  the  very  spot,  where  he  had  seen 
Williim  Penn  ratify  his  first  and  last  treaties  with 
the  Indians.  He  had  been  the  subject  of  seven 
crowned  heads.  —  New  and  Gen.  Biocj.  Diet.; 
Hardie  ;  Rial's  Essays,  295 — 300 ;  Universal 
Asylum,  II.  88;  American  Museum,  II.  73-75. 

DROMGOOLE,  EDWARD,  Rev.,  died  in  Bruns 
wick  Co.,  Va.,  May  13,  1835,  aged  83 ;  a  minister 
of  the  gospel  sixty-three  years. 

DUAXE,  JAMES,  judge  of  the  district  court 
for  New  York,  was  a  member  of  the  first  con 
gress  from  this  State  in  1774,  and  received  his 
appointment  of  judge  in  Oct.,  1789.  He  was  the 
first  mayor  of  New  York  after  its  recovery  from 
the  British.  His  death  occurred  at  Albany  in" 
Feb.,  1797.  He  published  a  law  case. 

DUAXE,  WILLIAM,  colonel,  died  Nov.  24, 
1835,  aged  75.  He  was  the  editor  of  the  Phila 
delphia  Aurora  for  many  years,  and  the  supporter 
of  Jefferson  in  the  political  divisions  of  the  day. 
lie  published  a  military  dictionary. 

DUBOIS,  GEORGE,  a  minister  in  the  Dutch 
church,  New  York,  from  1699  to  1756,  the  suc 
cessor  of  Henricus  Selyns.  His  colleagues  were 
llcnricus  Boel,  from  1713  to  1754;  Johannes 
Ritzenia,  in  1744,  died  1796;  and  Lambertius  De 
llonde,  in  1751,  died  1795.  All  these  preached 
entirely  in  Dutch.  The  first  preacher  in  English 
was  A.  Laidlie. 

DUBOIS,  GEORGE,  died  at  Tarrytown  April 
20,  1844,  aged  about  44,  a  minister  in  the  Dutch 
church.  He  was  first  settled  at  Bloomingburgh ; 
then  fourteen  years  in  New  York,  as  successor  of 


C.  Bork,  in  Franklin  street ;  then  in  Tarrytown 
a  brief  period.  lie  was  a  most  faithful  and  suc 
cessful  minister.  At  one  time  he  admitted  to  his 
church  in  New  York  eighty  persons,  and  in  Tar 
rytown  more  persons  than  constituted  the  whole 
church  when  he  was  settled. 

DUBOIS,  JOHN,  Catholic  bishop  of  New  York, 
died  Dec.  20,  1842,  aged  78 ;  a  native  of  Paris. 

DUCIIE,  JACOB,  D.  D.,  an  Episcopal  minister 
of  Philadelphia,  died  in  Jan.,  1798,  aged  about 
60.  He  was  a  native  of  that  city  and  a  graduate 
of  the  college  in  1757.  For  some  years  he  was 
an  assistant  minister  of  two  churches;  in  1775  he 
succeeded  Dr.  Peters  as  rector.  At  the  opening 
of  the  first  congress  he,  by  the  nomination  of  S. 
Adams,  made  a  most  fervent  and  sublime  prayer. 
Mr.  A.  said,  "  It  was  enough  to  melt  a  heart  of 
stone."  While  chaplain  to  congress  he  gave 
his  salary  for  the  relief  of  the  families  of  Penn- 
sylvanians  killed  in  battle.  Yet  he  was  opposed 
to  independence ;  and,  in  order  to  persuade 
Washington  to  adopt  his  own  views,  he  sent  him 
a  letter  by  Mrs.  Ferguson.  Washington  trans 
mitted  the  letter  to  congress.  Thus  losing  the 
public  confidence,  he  went  to  England  in  1776, 
and  was  chaplain  to  an  asylum  for  orphans.  His 
daughter,  Sophia,  married  John  Henry,  the  agent 
of  the  Canadian  governor  in  1810.  Dr.  Duche 
was  a  man  of  brilliant  talents;  a  most  impres 
sive  orator,  with  much  action ;  and  he  had  also  a 
fine  poetical  taste.  He  published  a  sermon  on 
the  death  of  E.  Morgan,  1763;  of  Richard  Penn, 
1771 ;  a  fast  sermon  before  congress,  July  20 ;  a 
sermon  to  the  militia,  1775 ;  observations  moral, 
etc.,  by  Caspapina,  1773  ;  sermons,  2  vols.,  Lon 
don,  1780;  a  sermon  before  the  humane  society, 
1781.—  Wirfs  Old  Bachelor,  No.  31. 

DUDLEY,  THOMAS,  governor  of  Massachu 
setts  died  in  Roxbury  July  31,  1652,  aged  76.  He 
was  the  son  of  Roger,  and  was  born  in  North 
ampton,  England,  in  1576.  After  having  been 
for  some  time  in  the  army,  his  mind  was  im 
pressed  by  religious  truth,  and  he  attached  him 
self  to  the  Nonconformists.  He  came  to  Massa 
chusetts  in  1630,  as  deputy-governor,  and  was  one 
of  the  founders  and  pillars  of  the  colony.  He 
was  chosen  governor  in  the  years  1634,  1640, 
1645,  and  1650.  His  zeal  against  heretics  did 
not  content  itself  with  arguments,  addressed  to 
the  understanding,  and  reproofs,  aimed  at  the 
conscience ;  but  his  intolerance  was  not  singular 
in  an  age  when  the  principles  of  religious  liberty 
were  not  understood.  The  following  lines  are  a 
part  of  a  piece  found  in  his  pocket  after  his 
death. 

"  Let  men  of  God  in  courts  and  churches  watch 
O'er  such  as  do  a  toleration  hatch, 
Lest  that  i.l  egg  bring  forth  a  cockatrice, 
To  poisou  all  with  heresy  and  vice. 
If  men  be  left,  and  otherwise  combine, 
My  epitaph 's,  /  died  no  libertine." 


310 


DUDLEY. 


His  -widow  married  Rev.  J.  Allen,  of  Dedham. 
His  daughters  married  Gov.  Bradstreet,  Gen. 
Denison,  and  Rev.  J.  Woodbridge.  He  was  a 
man  of  sound  judgment,  of  inflexible  integrity, 
of  public  spirit,  and  of  strict  and  exemplary  piety. 
—  Morton,  150;  Mather's  Magnolia,  li.  15-17; 
NeaVs  New  England,  l.  308;  Hist.  Coll.  vil.  11 ; 
X.  39;  Hutchinson,  I.  183;  Winthrop ;  Holmes. 
DUDLEY,  SAMUEL,  the  minister  of  Exeter, 
died  in  1G83,  aged  76.  He  was  the  son  of  Gov. 
Thomas  I).,  and,  after  he  came  to  New  England, 
resided  for  a  time  in  Cambridge,  Boston,  and  Sal 
isbury.  His  first  wife  was  Mary,  the  daughter  of  j 
Gov.  Winthrop.  He  had  fifteen  children,  and 
his  descendants  are  numerous  in  New  Hampshire. 
He  was  a  man  of  capacity  and  learning. 

DUDLEY,  JOSEPH,  governor  of  Massachusetts, 
the  son  of  Gov.  Thomas,  died  at  Roxbury  April 
2,  1720,  aged  72.  He  was  born  Sept.  23,  1647, 
when  his  father  was  70  years  of  age.  In  his 
childhood,  after  his  father's  death,  he  was  under 
the  care  of  Mr.  Allen,  of  Dedham,  who  married 
his  mother.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col 
lege  in  16G5.  He  afterwards  entered  into  the 
service  of  his  country  in  the  Indian  war  of  1675. 
In  1682  he  went  to  England  as  an  agent  for  the 
province.  When  the  government  was  changed 
in  1686  he  was  appointed  president  of  Massa 
chusetts  and  New  Hampshire.  His  commission 
was  received  in  May,  1686.  His  authority  was  of 
short  continuance,  for  Andros  arrived  at  the  close 
of  the  same  year".  He,  however,  was  continued 
in  the  council,  and  was  appointed  chief  justice. 
In  1689  he  went  again  to  England,  and  in  1690 
returned  with  a  commission  of  chief  justice  of 
New  York,  and  continued  in  this  country  three 
years.  He  was  then  eight  years  lieutenant-gov 
ernor  of  the  Isle  of  Wight.  He  was  appointed 
governor  of  Massachusetts  by  Queen  Anne,  and, 
arriving  at  Boston  June  11,  1702,  continued  in 
the  government  till  Nov.,  1715,  being  succeeded 
by  Shutc.  He  possessed  rare  endowments,  and 
Avas  a  singular  honor  to  his  country,  being  a  man 
of  learning  and  an  accomplished  gentleman.  He 
was  a  scholar,  a  divine,  a  philosopher,  and  a  law 
yer.  As  governor  of  Massachusetts  he  was  in 
structed  to  procure  an  act  rendering  his  salary 
and  that  of  the  lieutenant-governor  permanent ; 
the  object  was  to  secure  the  dependence  of  the 
governors  on  the  crown.  These  instructions  oc 
casioned  a  controversy  with  the  legislature,  which 
lasted  during  the  administration  of  Shute  and 
others  of  his  successors.  He  loved  much  cere 
mony  in  the  government,  and  but  little  ceremony 
in  the  church,  being  attached  to  the  Congrega 
tional  order.  He  was  a  sincere  Christian,  whose 
virtues  attracted  general  esteem,  though  in  the 
conflict  of  political  parties  his  character  was  fre 
quently  assailed.  While  in  his  family  he  devoutly 
addressed  himself  to  the  Supreme  Being;  he 


DUDLEY. 

also  frequently  prayed  with  his  children  separately 
for  their  everlasting  welfare,  and  did  not  think  it 
humbling  to  impart  religious  instruction  to  his 
servants.  He  was  economical  and  dignified,  and 
he  applied  himself  with  great  diligence  to  the 
duties  of  his  station.  —  Caiman's  Funeral  Ser 
mon  ;  Boston  News-Letter,  April  4,  1720 ;  Hutch 
inson,  I.  287,  340-345;  II.  213;  Belknap's  New 
Hampshire,  I.  361;  Holmes;  Minofs  Contin. 
1.59. 

DUDLEY,  THOMAS,  son  of  Governor  Joseph 
D.,  was  born  Feb.  26,  1670,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1685.  He  published  Massa 
chusetts,  or  the  first  planters  of  New  England. 

DUDLEY,  PAUL,  F.  R.  S.,  chief  justice  of 
Massachusetts,  the  son  of  Gov.  Joseph,  died  at 
Roxbury  Jan.  21,  1751,  aged  75.  He  was  born 
Sept.  3,  1675,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1690.  He  finished  his  law  studies  at  the  Tem 
ple  in  London.  He  returned  in  1702  with  the 
commission  of  attorney-general,  which  he  held 
until  he  was  appointed  judge  in  1718.  He  suc 
ceeded  Lynde  as  chief  justice,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Sewall.  On  the  bench  he  was  impartial ;  the 
stern  enemy  of  vice ;  of  quick  apprehension,  ex 
tensive  knowledge,  and  powerful  eloquence.  He 
was  a  learned  and  pious  man.  From  his  regard 
to  the  interests  of  religion,  and  as  a  proof  of 
his  attachment  to  the  institution  in  which  he  was 
educated,  in  his  last  will  he  bequeathed  to  Har 
vard  college  100  pounds,  the  interest  of  which 
was  to  be  apph'ed  to  the  support  of  an  annual 
lecture  to  be  preached  in  that  college ;  the  first 
lecture  to  be  for  proving  and  explaining,  and  for 
the  proper  use  and  improvement  of  the  princi 
ples  of  natural  religion  ;  the  second  for  the  confirm 
ation,  illustration,  and  improvement  of  the  great 
articles  of  the  Christian  religion  ;  the  third  for  de 
tecting,  convicting,  and  exposing  the  idolatry  and 
tyranny,  the  damnable  heresies,  and  abominable 
superstitions,  and  fatal  and  various  errors  of  the 
Romish  church;  the  fourth  for  maintaining,  ex 
plaining,  and  proving  the  validity  of  the  ordina 
tion  of  ministers,  as  the  same  has  been  practised 
in  New  England  from  the  first  beginning  of  it. 
These  subjects  were  successively  to  occupy  the 
lecture,  and  he  who  should  be  chosen  for  the  last 
was  directed  to  be  a  sound,  grave,  experienced 
divine,  of  at  least  forty  years  of  age.  A  copy  of 
each  discourse  is  required  to  be  left  with  the 
treasurer.  The  trustees  are  the  president  and 
senior  tutor,  the  professor  of  divinity,  the  pastor 
of  the  first  church  in  Cambridge,  and  the  pastor 
of  the  first  church  in  Roxbury.  The  first  sermon 
on  this  foundation  was  preached  by  President 
Holyoke  in  May,  1755.  The  second,  and  the 
first  that  was  published,  was  delivered  by  Mr. 
Barnard  in  1756.  Mr.  Dudley  published  twelve 
articles  in  the  transactions  of  the  royal  society  in 
vols.  31,  34,  and  39 ;  among  them  an  account  of 


Dl'DLKY. 


DUMMER. 


311 


the  making  of  maple  sugar ;  of  discovering  the 
hive  of  boos  in  the  woods ;  of  the  earthquake  of 
New  England ;  of  the  poison-wood  tree ;  of  the 
rattlesnake ;  of  the  Indian  hot-houses  and  cures 
by  sweating  in  hot  turf;  description  of  the  moose 
deer ;  essay  upon  the  natural  history  of  whales, 
lie  published  also  an  essay  on  the  merchandise 
of  slaves  and  souls  of  men,  mentioned  in  Revela 
tion  xvill.  13,  with  an  application  to  the  church 
of  Rome.  —  Holmes ;  Appendix  to  Barnard's 
Dudleian  Lecture. 

DUDLEY,  WILLIAM,  colonel,  the  son  of  Gov. 
D.,  died  in  Roxbury  Aug.  10,  1743,  aged  about 
50.  He  graduated  in  1704.  His  father  sent  him 
to  Canada  to  negotiate  an  exchange  of  prisoners. 
His  mission  was  well  executed  and  successful. 
He  brought  back  Rev.  Mr.  Williams,  of  Deerfield. 
He  was  the  speaker  of  the  house  of  represent 
atives,  and  a  fine  orator.  He  was  distinguished 
as  an  officer  in  the  expedition  against  Port  Royal. 
His  wife  was  the  daughter  of  Judge  Davenport ; 
his  sons,  Thomas  and  William,  were  graduates. — 
Eliot. 

DUFFIELD,  GEORGE,  D.  D.,  minister  in  Phil 
adelphia,  died  Feb.  2,  1790,  aged  57.  After  he 
became  a  preacher,  he  was  first  settled  in  the 
town  of  Carlisle,  where  his  zealous  and  incessant 
labors,  through  the  influence  of  the  Divine  Spirit, 
were  made  effectual  to  the  conversion  of  many. 
So  conspicuous  was  his  benevolent  activity,  that 
the  synod  appointed  him  as  a  missionary,  and  he 
accordingly,  in  company  with  Mr.  Beatty,  visited 
the  frontiers.  His  talents  at  length  drew  him 
into  a  more  public  sphere,  and  placed  him  as  a 
pastor  of  the  second  Presbyterian  church  in  Phil 
adelphia.  His  zeal  to  do  good  exposed  him  to 
the  disease  of  which  he  died.  He  possessed  a 
vigorous  mind,  and  was  considerably  distinguished 
as  a  scholar.  As  his  readiness  of  utterance  was 
seldom  equalled,  he  was  enabled  to  preach  with 
uncommon  frequency.  As  he  possessed  an  un 
conquerable  firmness,  he  always  adhered  steadily 
to  the  opinions  which  he  had  formed.  In  the 
struggle  with  Great  Britain  he  was  an  early  and 
zealous  friend  of  his  country.  But  it  was  as  a 
Christian  that  he  was  most  conspicuous,  for  the 
religion  which  he  preached  was  exhibited  in  his 
own  life.  The  spirit  of  the  gospel  tinctured  his 
whole  mind.  It  rendered  him  the  advocate  of 
the  poor,  and  the  friend  of  the  friendless.  He 
sought  occasions  of  advancing  the  interests  of  re 
ligion  and  humanity.  As  a  preacher,  he  was  in 
early  life  remarkably  animated  and  popular,  and 
his  manner  was  always  warm  and  forcible,  and 
his  instructions  always  practical.  Dwelling  much 
on  the  great  and  essential  doctrines  of  the  gospel, 
he  had  a  peculiar  talent  of  touching  the  con 
science,  and  impressing  the  heart.  lie  published 
an  account  of  his  tour  with  M.  Beatty  along  the 
frontiers  of  Pennsylvania ;  a  thanksgiving  sermon 


for  the  restoration  of  peace,  Dec.  11,  1783. — 
(.!rcen\f  Funeral  Sermon;  Assembly  Mis*.  Mag. 
I.  553-556;  American  Museum,  vu.  GG-68. 

DULANEY,  DANIEL,  an  eminent  counsellor  of 
Maryland,  resided  at  Annapolis,  and  died  at  an 
early  stage  of  the  Revolutionary  war.  He  was 
considered  as  one  of  the  most  learned  and  ac 
complished  men  in  his  profession  that  our  country 
ever  produced.  He  made  some  publications  on 
the  controversy  between  America  and  Great 
Britain.  The  title  of  one  of  them  is,  Considera 
tions  on  the  propriety  of  imposing  taxes  in  the 
British  colonies  in  North  America  for  the  purpose 
of  a  revenue,  1766. — Miller's  Retrospect,  n.  379. 

DULANEY,  THOMAS,  died  at  Franklin,  Miss., 
June  25,  1845,  aged  36,  a  man  of  fine  talents  and 
an  almost  unequalled  sufferer.  For  years  he 
was  confined  to  his  bed,  or  his  room,  and  his 
room  was  kept  dark  by  reason  of  a  neuralgic  af 
fection,  which  made  a  ray  of  light  most  painful. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Episcopal  church,  and 
full  of  spiritual  enjoyment.  His  case  may  well 
teach  a  lesson  of  gratitude  to  men  who  can  bear 
to  see  the  light,  and  may  show  also  the  power  of 
religion  in  alleviating  misery  and  triumphing  over 
pain. 

DUMMER,  RICHARD,  one  of  the  first  settlers 
of  Newbury,  died  Dec.  14,  1679,  aged  87.  He 
came  to  this  country  in  1635.  His  lot  consisted 
of  three  hundred  acres  near  the  falls.  When  in 
1640  Gov.  Winthrop  suffered  great  loss  by  the 
misconduct  of  his  bailiff,  and  the  various  towns 
sent  in  a  contribution  of  500  pounds,  Mr.  Dum- 
mer,  in  a  more  private  way,  with  unequalled  lib 
erality,  sent  to  him  100  pounds.  The  site  of 
Dummer's  academy  formerly  belonged  to  his  plan 
tation.  —  Eliot ;  Coffin's  History  of  Newbury. 

DUMMER,  SllUBAEL,  minister  of  York,  Maine, 
was  the  son  of  Richard  Dummer.  lie  was  born 
Feb.  17,  1636,  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1656,  and  began  to  preach  at  York  in  1662.  He 
was  not  ordained,  probably  because  a  church  was 
not  organized,  until  Dec.  3,  1672.  The  town  of 
York  was  surprised  Monday,  Feb.  5,  1692,  by  a 
party  of  French  and  Indians,  who  came  on  snow- 
shoes,  and  burnt  most  of  the  houses,  excepting 
the  four  garrison  houses  of  Alcock,  Preble,  liar- 
man,  and  Norton,  and  killed  about  seventy-five  of 
the  inhabitants,  and  carried  as  many  into  captiv 
ity.  Mr.  Dummer  was  shot  down  dead  near  his 
own  door,  aged  55.  His  wife  was  taken  captive. 
His  successor  was  S.  Moody. 

DUMMER,  JEREMIAH,  an  agent  of  Massachu 
setts  in  England,  and  a  distinguished  scholar,  died 
May  19,  1739,  aged  about  60.  He  was  a  native 
of  Boston,  the  son  of  Jeremiah,  and  was  the 
grandson  of  Richard  Dummer.  He  was  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  college  in  1699.  While  a  mem 
ber  of  this  seminary,  he  was  pre-eminent  for  the 
brilliancy  of  his  genius.  His  only  competitor 


312 


DUMMER. 


DUXBAR. 


was  Mr.  John  Bulklcy,  who  surpassed  him  for 
solidity  of  judgment,  but  not  in  sprightliness  of 
thought  and  wit.  lie  soon  afterwards  went  to 
Europe,  and  spent  a  number  of  years  at  the  uni 
versity  of  Utrecht,  where  he  received  a  doctor's 
degree.  He  then  returned  to  New  England,  but, 
finding  no  prospect  of  employment  in  this  coun 
try  that  would  be  agreeable  to  him,  he  went  to 
England,  where  he  arrived  a  little  before  the 
change  of  Queen  Anne's  ministry.  In  1710  he 
was  appointed  agent  of  Massachusetts,  and  his 
services  were  important  till  his  dismission  in  1721. 
Contrary  to  the  expectation  of  his  countrymen, 
he  devoted  himself  to  the  persons  in  power,  and 
was  an  advocate  of  their  measures.  lie  was  em 
ployed  by  Lord  Bolingbroke  in  some  secret  nego 
tiations,  and  had  assurances  of  promotion  to  a 
place  of  honor  and  profit ;  but  the  death  of  the 
queen  blasted  all  his  hopes.  If  he  had  espoused 
a  different  side,  it  is  thought  that  his  great  tal 
ents  might  have  elevated  him  to  some  of  the 
highest  offices.  His  acquaintance  with  Boling 
broke  perverted  his  religious  sentiments  and  cor 
rupted  his  manners ;  so  that  he,  who  had  studied 
divinity,  and  who  in  youth,  as  appears  by  his 
diary,  had  a  susceptible  conscience,  and  was  ac 
customed  to  the  language  of  fervent  prayer, 
through  the  contaminating  influence  of  profli 
gate  great  men  became  licentious  in  manners  and 
a  sceptic  in  religion.  Yet  he  was  miserable  in 
his  depravity,  and  confessed  to  a  friend,  that  he 
wished  to  1'eel  again  the  pure  joys  which  he  ex 
perienced  when  he  breathed  the  air  of  New  Eng 
land.  Though  upon  the  change  of  times  he  de 
serted  his  patron,  Lord  Bolingbroke,  in  regard  to 
politics,  it  is  said  that  he  adhered  to  his  senti 
ments  upon  religion  to  the  close  of  life.  Few 
men  exceeded  him  in  quickness  of  thought,  and 
in  case,  delicacy,  and  fluency  in  speaking  and 
writing.  He  published  disputatio  theologica  de 
Christi  ad  inferos  descensu,  quam,  indulgente 
Triuno  Numinc,  sub  prrcsidio  clar.  and  celeber. 
viri,  1).  D.  Ilcrm.  Witsii,  ctc.,4to.,  1702;  de  jure 
Judiuorum  sabbati  brevis  disquisitio,  4to.,  1703; 
dissertatio  theologico-philologica,  4to.,  1703; 
disputatio  philosophica  inaug.,  4to.,  1703;  a  de 
fence  of  the  Xcw  England  charters,  1721 ;  a  let 
ter  to  a  noble  lord  concerning  the  expedition  to 
Canada,  1712.  —  Hist.  Coll.  X.  155;  Ilutcliinson, 
II.  187,  255;  Eliot. 

DUMMER,  WILLIAM,  governor  of  Massachu 
setts,  died  at  Boston  Oct.  10,  1761,  aged  82.  He 
received  a  commission  as  lieutenant-governor  at 
the  time  that  Shute  was  appointed  governor  in 
1716.  At  the  departure  of  Shute,  Jan.  1,  1723, 
he  was  left  at  the  head  of  the  province,  and  he 
continued  commander-in-chicf  till  the  arrival  of 
Burnet,  in  1728.  lie  was  also  commandcr-in- 
chicf  in  the  interval  between  his  death  and  the 
arrival  of  Belcher.  His  administration  is  spoken 


of  with  great  respect,  and  he  is  represented  as 
governed  by  a  pure  regard  to  the  public  good. 
The  war  with  the  Indians  was  conducted  with 
great  skill,  the  Xorridgewocks  being  cut  off'  in 
1724.  From  the  year  1730  Gov.  Dummer  lived 
chiefly  in  retirement  for  the  remainder  of  his  life, 
selecting  for  his  acquaintance  and  friends  men  of 
sense,  virtue,  and  religion,  and  receiving  the 
blessings  and  applauses  of  his  country.  He  was 
sincerely  and  firmly  attached  to  the  religion  of 
Jesus,  and  in  the  midst  of  human  grandeur  he 
was  preparing  for  death.  He  attended  with  rev 
erence  upon  the  institutions  of  the  gospel ;  he  was 
constant  in  his  family  devotions ;  he  applied  him 
self  to  the  perusal  of  pious  books ;  and  at  stated 
times  he  retired  to  his  closet  for  prayer.  He 
was  the  brother  of  Jeremiah,  or  Jeremy,  as  usually 
called.  By  his  last  will  he  gave  his  valuable  farm, 
and  his  mansion-house,  which  is  yet  standing,  for 
the  endowment  of  Dummer  academy,  which  is  in 
Byfield  parish  in  the  town  of  Xewbury.  It  was 
opened  Feb.  27,  1763,  with  28  pupils,  Samuel 
Moody  the  preceptor.  On  the  occasion  Moses 
Parsons  preached  a  sermon  from  the  words,  "The 
liberal  soul  deviseth  liberal  things."  It  was  the 
earliest  academy  in  Massachusetts,  and  has  been 
of  great  public  benefit,  and  still  flourishes.  —  Cof- 
Jin's  Hist.  Neicbury;  Byles1  Funeral  Sermon; 
Boston  Gazette,  Oct.  26,  1761;  Ilutcldnson,  II. 
291,322,368;  Holmes. 

DUXBAR,  SAMUEL,  minister  in  Stoughton, 
now  Canton,  died  in  1783.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1723,  and  ordained  Xov.  15, 
1727,  as  the  successor  of  Joseph  Morse.  He  was 
a  patriot.  In  1755  he  was  a  chaplain  in  the  ex 
pedition  against  Crown  Point ;  and  he  supported 
the  rights  of  his  country  in  the  war  for  indepen 
dence.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  artillery 
election,  1748;  on  brotherly  love,  1749;  right 
eousness  by  the  law  subversive  of  Christianity, 
1751  ;  at  the  election,  1760  ;  at  the  ordination  of 
E.  Grosvenor,  1763. 

DUXBAR,  WILLIAM,  a  planter,  died  at  his 
scat  at  Natchez  Xov.  15,  1810.  He  was  an  as 
tronomer,  and  distinguished  for  his  researches  in 
natural  science.  To  the  philosophical  society  of 
Philadelphia,  of  which  he  was  a  member,  he 
made  several  communications,  which  are  pub 
lished  in  transact,  vol.  vi. ;  account  of  the  lan 
guage  of  signs  among  the  Indians;  meteor, 
observ.,  1800;  description  of  the  Mississippi. 

DUXBAR,  ELIJAH,  a  lawyer,  died  at  Keene, 
X.  II.,  May  18,  1847,  aged  88;  a  graduate  of 
Dartmouth  in  1783. 

DUXBAR,  ELIJAH,  died  in  Milford,  X.  H., 
Sept.  3,  1850,  aged  about  80.  Born  in  Stoughton, 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1794,  and  was  the 
minister  of  Peterborough,  X.  II.,  from  1799  to 
1826.  He  published  sermons  at  ordination  of 
W.  Ritchie,  1809;  of  J.  Porter,  1814. 


DUNCAN, 


DUNTON. 


313 


DUNCAN,  JOHN  M.,  died  at  Glasgow  Oct.  3, 
1825,  aged  31  years.  He  published  travels 
through  parts  of  the  United  States  and  of  Canada 
in  1818  and  1819,  2  vols.  12mo.,  1823  ;  also,  Sab 
bath  among  the  Tuscaroras. 

DUNCAN,  LUCIA,  wife  of  Rev.  A.  G.  Duncan, 
of  Hanover,  Mass.,  died  in  1851,  aged  56.  By 
her  father,  Ellis  Harlow,  of  Plymouth,  she  was 
descended  from  Gov.  Carver,  and  by  her  mother, 
from  Gov.  Bradford  ;  and  she  remarkably  mani 
fested  in  her  life  the  piety  of  old  Plymouth. 

DUNCAN,  JOSEPH,  governor  of  Illinois,  died 
at  Jacksonville  Jan.  15,  1844.  He  was  in  the 
army  in  the  war  of  1812. 

DUNHAM,  JOSIAII,  died  in  Kentucky  in  1844, 
aged  about  75.  He  was  the  son  of  Deacon  Dan 
iel  D.,  of  Lebanon  Crank,  now  Columbia,  Conn., 
and  grandson  of  llev.  Samuel  Moseley,  of  Hamp 
ton.  His  wife  was  a  sister  of  Levi  Hedge.  His 
sister  Nancy  married  Dr.  Deodatus  Clark,  who 
died  in  Oswego  in  1848,  aged  85.  A  graduate  of 
Dartmouth  in  1789,  he  was  preceptor  of  Moor's 
school  from  1789  to  1793.  He  then  edited  the 
Waslungtonian  at  Windsor,  Vt.,  four  years.  In 
the  controversy  at  Dartmouth  he  was  the  firm 
friend  of  President  Whcelock.  He  once  held 
some  public  office  at  Michillimackinac.  He 
published  a  masonic  oration,  1796  ;  on  death  of 
Washington,  1800;  oration  at  Windsor,  1814; 
answer  to  the  vindication  of  the  trustees,  1816. 

DUNKLLN,  DANIEL,  governor  of  Missouri, 
died  in  Jefferson  county  Aug.  25,  1844,  aged  54. 

DUNLAP,  HUGH,  died  in  Brunswick,  Me., 
Dec.  13,  1850,  aged  100. 

DUNLAP,  DAVID,  a  merchant,  died  in  Bruns 
wick  in  Feb.,  1843,  aged  65;  a  man  highly  re 
spected  and  esteemed. 

DUNLAP,  ANDREW,  a  lawyer  in  Boston,  died 
in  1835,  aged  about  40.  He  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1813,  and  was  district  attorney.  His 
spcecli  in  defence  of  A.  Kneeland  was  published 
in  1834. 

DUNLAP,  WILLIAM,  a  portrait  and  historical 
painter,  died  in  New  York  Sept.  28,  1839,  aged 
74.  He  was  born  in  Perth  Amboy,  and  studied 
under  15.  West.  He  published  history  of  the 
American  theatre  ;  history  of  New  York ;  history 
of  the  arts  of  design  in  America,  and  several 
dramas ;  also,  memoirs  of  Charles  B.  Brown,  and 
of  George  F.  Cooke. 

DUNLAVY,  FRANCIS,  judge,  died  at  Lebanon, 
O.,  Nov.  5,  1839,  aged  78,  a  native  of  Virginia. 
lie  was  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  one  of  the 
founders  in  1791  at  Columbia  of  the  first  Baptist 
church  in  the  Northwest  Territory,  and  a  member 
of  the  Ohio  convention.  He  loved  books :  he 
abhorred  the  slavery  of  his  fellow-men. 

DUNMORE,  JOHN  MURRAY,  earl  of,  the  last 
royal  governor  of  Virginia,  was  the  governor  of 
New  York  from  1770  to  1771,  and  governor  of 
40 


Virginia  from  1772  to  1775.  In  his  zeal  for  his 
royal  master  he  removed  the  public  stores  from 
Williamsburg  on  board  of  armed  vessels,  in  April, 
1775,  and  afterwards  abdicated  the  government 
and  retired  for  safety  on  board  the  Fowcy  man- 
of-war,  at  Yorktown.  He  landed  in  different 
places,  acting  the  part  of  a  corsair  and  plunderer. 
He  burnt  Norfolk,  Jan.  1,  1776;  but  famine  and 
disease  obliged  him  to  quit  the  coast.  He  was 
appointed  in  1786  governor  of  Bermuda,  and 
died  in  England  in  1809.  His  wife  was  Lady 
Charlotte  Stewart,  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Gallo 
way.  —  Holmes,  n.  219,  256. 

DUNSTER,  HENRY,  first  president  of  Har 
vard  college,  died  Feb.  27,  1659.  He  was  in 
ducted  into  his  office  Aug.  27,  1640.  He 
succeeded  Nathaniel  Eaton,  who  was  the  first 
master  of  the  seminary,  being  chosen  in  1637  or 
1638,  and  who  had  been  removed  on  account  of 
the  severity  of  his  discipline.  He  was  highly  re 
spected  for  his  learning,  piety,  and  spirit  of  gov 
ernment  ;  but,  having  at  length  imbibed  the 
principles  of  anti-pedobaptism,and  publicly  advo 
cated  them,  he  was  induced  to  resign  the  presi 
dentship  Oct.  24,  1654,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Mr.  Chauncy.  He  now  retired  to  Scituatc,  where 
he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  days  in  peace. 
His  wife  was  the  widow  of  Rev.  Jesse  Glover, 
who  died  at  sea,  on  his  passage  to  New  England, 
in  1639.  He  was  buried  at  Cambridge.  He 
was  a  modest,  humble,  charitable  man.  By  his 
last  will  he  ordered  his  body  to  be  buried  at 
Cambridge,  and  bequeathed  legacies  to  the  very 
persons  who  had  occasioned  his  removal  from  the 
college.  He  was  a  great  master  of  the  oriental 
languages,  and,  vdien  a  new  version  of  the  psalms 
had  been  made  by  Eliot,  Welde,  and  Mather,  and 
printed  in  1640,  it  was  put  into  his  hands  to  be 
revised.  He  accordingly,  with  the  assistance  of 
Richard  Lyon,  improved  the  version,  and  brought 
it  into  that  state  in  which  the  churches  of  New 
England  used  it  for  many  subsequent  years. — 
Mather's  Magnolia,  m.  99-101;  iv.  128;  NeaVs 
New  England,  l.  308  ;  //.  Adams'  New  England, 
73;  Ilutchinson,  I.  174;  Ilist.  Coll.  VII.  20,  48, 
49  ;  Holmes  ;  Morton. 

DUNSTER,  ISAIAH,  minister  in  Harwich,  now 
Browster,  died  in  1791,  aged  about  70.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1741,  and  succeeded  the 
first  minister,  Nathaniel  Stone,  who  was  pastor 
from  1700  to  1755.  He  published  a  sermon  at 
the  instalment  of  J.  Green,  Jr.,  1763. 

DUNTON,  JOHN,  a  bookseller  in  Boston,  died 
about  1725.  He  had  conducted  his  business  ex 
tensively  in  London,  but  in  a  time  of  embarrass 
ment  came  to  this  country  in  Marcl),  1680,  with 
a  stock  of  books,  and  for  the  purpose  of  collect 
ing  his  debts,  amounting  to  500  pounds.  He 
remained  here  eight  months,  and  became  ac 
quainted  with  all  the  clergymen  and  the  principal 


314 


DUPONCEAU. 


citizens.  On  his  return  to  London  he  resumed 
his  business  there.  He  published  in  1705  the 
life  and  errors  of  John  Dunton,  in  which  he  gives 
an  account  of  his  voyage  to  Boston,  a  very  amus 
ing  extract  from  which  is  in  historical  collections. 
He  describes  the  ministers,  booksellers,  and  other 
citizens  of  Boston  and  Salem.  In  his  will  he 
directed  his  burial  to  be  "  the  seventh  day  after 
his  death,  and  not  before,  lest  he  should  come  to 
life,  as  his  mother  had  done,  on  the  day  appointed 
for  her  funeral."—  Thomas,  II.  415-420  ;  2  Hist. 
Coll.  II.  97-124. 

DUPONCEAU,  PETER  STEPHEN,  died  at  Phil 
adelphia  April  2, 1844,  aged  nearly  84.  A  native 
of  France,  he  came  to  this  country  as  the  aid  of 
Steuben  in  1778.  After  the  war  he  was  a  distin 
guished  lawyer  in  Philadelphia,  and  president 
of  several  learned  societies.  His  researches  in 
jurisprudence  and  philology  were  profound.  He 
published  a  treatise  on  the  structure  of  the  In 
dian  languages ;  a  dissertation  on  the  Chinese 
laws ;  on  the  early  history  of  Pennsylvania ;  Eng 
lish  phonology ;  eulogium  on  Tilghman ;  on  the 
one  hundred  and  fiftieth  anniversary  of  Penn's 
landing,  and  other  writings. 

DUPONT,  E.  I.  DE  NEMOURS,  died  of  a  disease 
of  the  heart  at  Philadelphia  Oct.  31,  1834,  aged 
62.  He  came  from  France  in  1800,  and  settled 
on  the  Brandywine,  four  miles  from  Wilmington. 
"While  at  the  head  of  an  extensive  and  profitable 
business,  indefatigably  engaged,  he  did  not  fail  to 
indulge  the  benevolent  and  generous  feelings  of 
his  heart,  and  was  abundant  in  his  charities.  His 
father,  Peter  S.  Dupont  De  Nemours,  after  the 
return  of  Napoleon  from  Elba,  came  to  Dela-ware, 
and  died  near  Wilmington  Aug.  6,  1817,  aged  77. 
He  was  a  distinguished  and  learned  man,  and 
published  various  articles  in  the  American  philo 
sophical  transactions,  on  vegetables,  on  the  winds, 
on  national  education  in  America,  and  on  the  life 
of  Barlow.  His  oldest  son,  Alfred  Victor,  died 
at  Nemours,  on  the  Brandywine,  Oct.  4,  1856, 
aged  57. 

DURELL,  DANIEL  M.,  judge,  died  in  Dover, 
N.  H.,  April  29,  1841,  aged  71.  He  graduated 
at  Dartmouth  in  1794. 

.  DURFEE,  JOB,  chief  justice  of  Rhode  Island, 
died  at  Tiverton  July  26, 1847,  aged  57.  A  grad 
uate  of  Brown  university  in  1813.  He  was  in 
congress  in  1823,  and  chief  justice  in  1835.  He 
published  What  cheer;  or  Roger  Williams  in 
exile;  and  Panidea. 

DUSTON,  HANNAH,  the  wife  of  Thomas  D., 
of  Haverhill,  Mass.,  was  married  Dec.  3,  1677, 
and  was  the  mother  of  thirteen  children.  When 
the  Indians  attacked  Haverhill,  March  15,  1698, 
her  husband  flew  to  his  house  and  ordered  his 
children  to  flee  without  delay.  Before  his  wife 
with  an  infant  only  a  week  old,  could  escape,  the 
Indians  approached.  Mounting  his  horse  anc 


DUTTON. 

rearing  his  musket,  he  followed  his  seven  young 
hilclren  as  their  defender.  A  party  of  the  sav 
ages  pursued  and  fired  upon  him,  but  he  returned 
he  fire,  and  by  the  favor  of  Providence  con 
ducted  his  little  flock  to  a  neighboring  garrison. 
Mrs.  Duston,  with  her  infant,  and  her  nurse, 
>vidow  Mary  Neff,  was  captured.  At  this  time  nine 
:iouses  were  burnt,  and  forty  persons  killed  and 
;arricd  into  captivity.  After  proceeding  a  short 
distance  the  savages  took  the  infant  from  the 
nurse  and  killed  it.  Mrs.  I).,  after  a  fatiguing 
journey,  was  brought  to  an  island  just  above  Con 
or  d,  N.  II.,  formed  at  the  junction  of  the  Con- 
tocook  river  with  the  Merrimac,  between  Concord 
and  Boscawen,  now  called  Duston's  Island.  The 
Indian  family,  to  which  she  had  been  assigned, 
consisted  of  twelve  persons :  two  men,  three 
women,  and  seven  children.  The  prisoners  in 
this  family  were  three :  Mrs.  D.,  Mary  NefF,  and 
Samuel  Lennardson,  a  boy,  who  had  been  taken 
at  Worcester.  Early  in  the  morning  of  April  5, 
Mrs.  D.  awoke  her  confederates,  and,  seizing  the 
hatchets  of  the  Indians,  who  were  asleep,  dis 
patched  ten  of  the  twelve,  a  favorite  boy  being 
spared,  and  a  wounded  woman  making  her  escape 
with  him.  Mrs.  D.  arrived  safe  at  Haverhill,  and 
for  the  scalps  received  50  pounds  from  the  general 
court,  besides  many  valuable  presents.  In  1816 
her  house  was  standing,  owned  by  Thomas  Dus 
ton,  a  descendant,  —  2  Hist.  Coll.  IV.  128; 
Dwir/lit,  I.  411;  Drake's  Indian  Wars,  316; 
Ma(/nalia,\ll.  90;  Ilutchinson,  n.  101. 

DUTTON,  MATTHEW  RICE,  professor  of  math 
ematics  and  natural  philosophy  at  Yale  college, 
died  July  17,  1825,  aged  42.  He  was  born  in 
Watertown,  Conn.,  June  30,  1783,  and  graduated 
at  Yale  college  in  1808.  He  was  a  tutor  from 
1810  to  1814.  In  this  last  year  he  was  ordained 
the  minister  of  Stratford,  where  he  remained 
about  eight  years.  After  the  death  of  Professor 
Fisher  in  1822,  he  was  chosen  as  his  successor, 
and  discharged  the  duties  of  his  office,  till  his 
failing  health,  which  had  long  been  feeble,  com 
pelled  him  to  desist  from  his  labors.  He  died  of 
a  pulmonary  complaint  With  great  scientific  at 
tainments  he  combined  the  most  amiable  man 
ners,  and  the  piety  which  sustained  him  in  the 
hour  of  death.  lie  published  a  work  on  conic 
sections,  1824.  —  N.  II.  Religious  Intelligencer. 

DUTTON,  AARON,  minister  of  Guilford,  Conn., 
died  in  1849,  aged  about  66.  He  was  born  in 
Watertown,  graduated  at  Yale  in  1803,  and  was 
settled  in  1807  as  successor  of  Israel  Brainard. 
The  first  pastor  was  H.Whitfield  in  1643.  He 
published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  T.  Rug- 
gles,  1809. 

DUTTON,  NATHANIEL,  a  pioneer  in  the  wil 
derness,  the  first  settled  minister  in  Jefferson 
county,  died  in  Champion,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  9,  1852, 
aged  73.  A  native  of  Hartford,  Vt.,  he  was  a 


DUVAL. 

graduate  of  Dartmouth  in  1802,  and  was  sent  in 
1805  by  the  Hampshire  missionary  society  to 
preach  in  the  Black  Itiver  country.  He  was 
installed  at  C.  in  1807.  His  labors  were  vast; 
the  benefits  of  them  incalculable.  In  one  revival 
in  1817  there  were  added  to  his  church  one  hun 
dred  and  sixty-eight  persons. 

DUVAL,  WILLIAM  P.,  governor  of  Florida 
and  of  Texas,  died  at  Washington  March  19, 
18,34,  aged  70.  Born  in  Virginia,  he  removed  to 
Kentucky,  from  which  State  he  was  a  member  of 
congress. 

DUVALL,  GABRIEL,  died  in  Prince  George's 
Co.,  Md.,  March  6,  1844,  aged  93.  He  was  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States. 
He  was  of  Huguenot  descent ;  was  comptroller 
of  the  treasury  in  1802,  and  appointed  judge  in 
1811,  holding  the  office  twenty  years. 

DWIGHT,  TIMOTHY,  died  at  Dedham  Jan.  31, 
1718,  aged  88,  the  son  of  John,  a  first  settler  in 
1635.  He  had  six  wives  and  fifteen  children. 
His  son  by  his  wife,  Anna  Flint  of  Braintree,  was 
Nathaniel,  who  lived  in  Northampton ;  as  were 
also  Josiah  of  Woodstock,  and  Henry  of  Hatfield, 
the  ancestor  of  the  Dwights  of  Springfield. 

DWIGHT,  TIMOTHY,  colonel,  of  Northampton, 
the  son  of  Nathaniel,  died  April  30,  1771,  aged 
76.  lie  was  surveyor,  magistrate,  and  judge  of 
probate.  His  daughter  Eleanor  married  Gen. 
Phineas  Lyman,  of  Suffield. 

DWIGHT,  TIMOTHY,  the  son  of  Col.  Timothy 
D.,  died  at  Natchez  June  10,  1772,  aged  52.  He 
lived  at  Northampton,  and  built  the  ancient  house 
in  King  street.  His  wife  was  Mary,  the  daugh 
ter  of  President  Edwards  :  she  died  in  1807,  aged 
72.  His  children  were  thirteen,  among  whom 
was  President  Dwight. 

DWIGHT,  JOSEPH,  brigadier-general,  died  in 
Great  Barrington  June  9,  1765,  aged  62.  He 
was  the  son  of  Henry,  who  died  in  Hatfield, 
and  grandson  of  the  first  Timothy.  He  was 
born  in  Dedham  in  1703,  and  graduated  at  Har 
vard  college  in  1722.  While  residing  in  Brook- 
field,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1733 ;  in 
1739  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  court  of 
common  pleas  for  the  county  of  Worcester;  in 
1745,  at  the  reduction  of  Louisburg,  he  and 
Waldo  were  the  brigadiers.  He  commanded  the 
artillery  of  Massachusetts,  and  was  distinguished 
for  his  exertions  and  services  and  commended  by 
Pepperell.  In  1756,  at  the  head  of  a  brigade  of 
militia,  he  repaired  to  Lake  Champlain,  in  the 
second  French  war.  Soon  after  his  return  he 
purchasod  land  in  Great  Barrington,  and  there 
passed  the  remainder  of  his  life.  In  1761,  when 
the  county  of  Berkshire  was  formed,  he  was  ap 
pointed  judge  of  the  county  court  and  judge  of 
probate.  By  his  second  wife,  the  widow  of  llev. 
J.  Sergeant,  he  had  two  children,  Henry  W. 
Dwight  of  Stockbridge,  and  the  second  wife  of 


DWIGHT. 


315 


Judge  Scdgwick.  His  personal  appearance  was 
fine.  He  was  dignified  in  his  manners,  an  up 
right  judge,  and  an  exemplary  professor  of  the 
religion  of  the  gospel.  — Hist.  Berkshire,  233. 

DWIGHT,  TIMOTHY,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  president 
of  Yale  college,  died  Jan.  11,  1817,  aged  64.  He 
was  a  descendant,  in  the  fifth  generation,  from 
Timothy  Dwight,  who  died  in  Dedham,  Mass., 
Jan  31,  1718,  aged  83,  and  whose  father,  John, 
settled  at  Dedham  in  1635,  and  died  in  1G53. 
The  names  of  his  ancestors  are  John,  Timothy, 
Nathaniel,  Col.  Timothy,  Major  Timothy.  Three 
successive  Timothys  raked  hay  together.  His 
father  was  Major  or  Col.  Timothy  Dwight,  a  grad 
uate  of  Yale  college  in  1744,  and  a  respectable, 
pious  merchant  of  Northampton,  where  he  lived 
many  years  until,  in  1776,  in  order  to  provide  for 
the  settlement  of  two  of  his  sons,  he  repaired  to 
the  territory  of  the  Natchez,  of  which  he  was  one 
of  the  original  purchasers  with  Gen.  Lyman,  his 
brother-in-law,  and  died  there  in  1776.  His 
mother  was  Mary,  the  third  daughter  of  Jona 
than  Edwards.  He  was  born  at  Northampton 
May  14,  1752.  The  religious  impressions,  made 
upon  his  mind  by  the  instructions  of  his  intelli 
gent  and  excellent  mother,  were  never  effaced ; 
she  also  very  successfully  directed  his  early 
studies.  In  his  fourth  year  he  could  read  the 
Bible  with  correctness.  While  in  Yale  college, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1769,  for  the  two  first 
years,  through  the  folly  of  youth,  much  of  hia 
time  was  misspent ;  but  during  the  two  last  years 
he  was  diligent,  devoting  fourteen  hours  each  day 
to  study,  and  made  great  acquisitions.  From 
1769  to  1771,  he  taught  a  grammar  school  at 
New  Haven,  and  during  this  period  appropriated 
eight  hours  every  day  to  severe  study.  In  1771, 
at  the  age  of  nineteen,  he  was  chosen  a  tutor  in 
the  college,  and  continued  in  that  office  with  high 
reputation  six  years.  While  he  was  eminent  as  a 
teacher  of  mathematics,  guiding  his  pupils  in 
fluxions  and  in  the  principia  of  Newton,  he  awak 
ened  a  new  zeal  in  the  cultivation  of  rhetoric  and 
oratory.  On  taking  his  second  degree  in  1772,  he 
delivered  a  dissertation  on  the  history,  eloquence, 
and  poetry  of  the  Bible,  which  was  immediately 
published,  and  procured  him  great  honor.  At 
this  period,  in  his  economy  of  time,  he  endeavored 
to  remove  the  necessity  of  bodily  exercise  by 
diminishing  greatly  the  quantity  of  food  ;  but  in  a 
few  months  his  health  began  to  decline.  He  was 
emaciated,  and  had  suffered  severely  by  the 
bilious  colic.  With  difficulty  was  he  removed  to 
Northampton.  But,  by  advice  of  a  physician,  he 
commenced  a  daily  course  of  vigorous  bodily  exer 
cise,  walking  and  riding ;  and,  persevering  in  it, 
enjoyed  uninterrupted  health  for  forty  years.  In 
1774,  at  the  age  of  twenty-two,  he  finished  his 
epic  poem,  "  The  Conquest  of  Canaan,"  which  he 
had  begun  three  years  before.  On  recovering 


316 


DWIGHT. 


from  the  small  pox,  his  incautious  return  to  his 
study  injured  his  eyes,  which  caused  him   for  the 
remainder   of  his  life   great     pain.     In   March, 
1777,    he   married    the    daughter   of    Benjamin 
Woolscy,  of  Long  Island,  by  whom  he  had  eight 
sons,  six  of  whom  survived  him.     In  June  he  was 
licensed    as   a  preacher ;    and  in  September  he 
withdrew  from  the  college,  and  was  appointed 
chaplain  to  Gen.  Parsons'  brigade  in  Putnam's 
division,  in  which  capacity  he  continued  about  a 
year.     He  joined  the  army  at  West  Point  in  Oct. 
While  he  discharged  his  appropriate  duties,  he 
also  employed  his  poetical  powers  for  the  good  of 
his  country.     Of  his  poetical  songs  at  that  period, 
his  "  Columbia  "  is  still  remembered.     On  receiv 
ing,  in  Oct.,  1778,  the  news  of  the  death  of  his 
father  in  the  preceding  year,  he  was  induced  to 
leave  the  army   and  to   remove   his   family  to 
Northampton,  that  he  might  console  his  mother 
and  provide  for  her  numerous  family.     For  five 
years  he  here  discharged  with  the  utmost  fidelity 
and  cheerfulness  the  duties  of  a  son  and  a  brother, 
laboring  personally  on  a  farm,   preaching  occa 
sionally  in  the  neighboring  towns  of  Westfield, 
Deerfield,  and  South  Iladlcy,  superintending  also 
a  school.    His  income  he  expended  in  the  sup 
port  of  the  common  family.     In  1781  and  1786 
he  was  a  member  of  the  legislature.     With  many 
and  strong  motives  to  devote  himself  to  civil  em 
ployments,  he  yet  resolved  to  spend  his  days  in 
the  clerical  profession.     He  was  ordained,  Nov. 
5,  1783,  the  minister  of  Greenfield,  a  parish  of 
Fairfield,  and  continued  in  this  station  for  the 
next  twelve  years.     His  method  of  preaching  was 
to  write  the  heads  of  his  discourse  and  the  lead 
ing  thoughts,  and  to  fill  up  the  plan  at  the  time 
of  delivery.     With  a  small  salary  of  500  dol 
lars  he  found  it  necessary  to  make  other  pro 
vision  for  his  family.     He  opened   an  academy, 
which  was  filled  with  pupils  of  both  sexes,  and 
which  was  highly  celebrated  during  the  whole 
period  of  his  residence  in  Greenfield.     In  1785  he 
published  his  "  Conquest  of  Canaan,"  which  had 
been  written  eleven  years  before,  and  for  which 
three  thousand  subscribers  had  been   obtained. 
In  1794  he  published  his  poem,  in  seven  parts, 
called  "  Greenfield  Hill."    After  the  death  of  Dr. 
Stiles  he  was  chosen  president  of  Yale  college, 
and  inaugurated  in  Sept.,  1795.     For  ten  years  he 
was    annually   appointed   professor   of  theology. 
In  1805  the  appointment  was  made  permanent. 
Having,  while  at  Greenfield,  written  in  short  notes 
and  preached  over  twice  a  course  of  lectures  on 
systematic  theology  in  about  one  hundred  ser 
mons,  he  went  through  with  them  twice  in  the 
same  state  at  New  Haven,  frequently  adding  to 
their  number.     In  1805  he  began,  by  the  aid  of 
an  amanuensis,  to  write  out  these  sermons,  and 
finished  them  in  1809.    After  his  death  they  were 
published  in  5  vols.,  being   one  hundred  and 


DWIGHT. 

seventy-three  sermons.  In  1800  was  completed 
his  revision  of  Watts'  psalms,  to  which  he  added 
thirty-three  psalms,  which  he  had  composed. 
In  1796  he  commenced  journeying  in  the  col 
lege  vacations  of  May  and  September,  in  New 
England  and  New  York,  and  continued  this  prac 
tice  till  the  last  year  of  his  life,  taking  notes, 
which  he  afterwards  wrote-  out.  This  was  the 
origin  of  his  book  of  travels,  published  in  4  vols. 
The  last  journey  which  he  made  was  in  Septem 
ber,  1815,  when  he  proceeded  as  far  west  as 
Hamilton  college,  near  Utica.  In  February, 
1816,  he  was  seized  with  a  most  threatening  dis 
ease,  an  affection  of  the  bladder ;  in  April  he  was 
deemed  beyond  recovery.  Under  all  his  suffer 
ing  he  was  patient  and  resigned.  But  in  June  he 
was  able  again  to  preach  in  the  chapel,  and  in  his 
first  sermon  he  alluded  to  his  impression  in  his  sick 
ness  of  the  vanity  of  all  earthly  things.  He  said,  "  I 
have  coveted  reputation  and  influence  to  a  degree 
which  I  am  unable  to  justify;"  and  he  earnestly 
warned  his  pupils  against  the  pursuit  of  earthly 
enjoyments.  Though  he  resumed  his  labors, 
yet  his  disease  was  only  mitigated,  not  removed. 
During  the  last  few  months  of  his  life,  he  wrote 
on  the  evidences  of  revelation  and  other  subjects, 
—  the  whole  forming  matter  for  a  volume.  He 
wrote  also  the  latter  half  of  a  poem  of  fifteen  hun 
dred  lines,  in  the  measure  of  Spenser,  the  subject 
of  which  is  a  contest  between  genius  and  common 
sense  on  their  comparative  merits,  the  question 
being  decided  by  truth.  At  the  close  of  No 
vember,  he  became  too  unwell  to  continue  his 
labors  as  an  instructor  in  college.  His  widow, 
Mary,  died  Oct.  5,  1845,  aged  91. 

A  full  account  of  the  character  and  labors  of 
Dr.  Dwight  may  be  found  in  his  life,  prefixed  to 
his  system  of  theology.  Besides  his  printed 
works,  he  wrote  also  discourses,  preached  on  the 
Sabbath  before  commencement  to  the  senior  class, 
and  many  miscellaneous  sermons,  which,  it  is 
hoped,  may  be  given  to  the  public.  The  following 
is  a  catalogue  of  his  publications  :  the  history, 
eloquence,  and  poetry  of  the  Bible,  1772;  the 
conquest  of  Canaan,  a  poem,  1785;  election  ser 
mon,  1791;  the  genuineness  and  authenticity  of 
the  New  Testament,  1793;  Greenfield  Hill,  & 
poem,  1794;  the  triumph  of  infidelity,  a  poem, 
occasioned  by  Chauncy's  work  on  universal  salva 
tion  ;  two  discourses  on  the  nature  and  danger  of 
infidel  philosophy ;  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Elizur 
Goodrich,  1797 ;  the  duty  of  Americans  at  the 
present  crisis,  1798 ;  on  the  character  of  Wash 
ington,  1800;  on  some  events  of  the  last  century, 
1801;  on  the  death  of  E.  G.  Marsh,  1804;  on 
duelling,  1805  ;  at  the  theological  institution  at 
Andover,  and  ordination  of  E.  Pearson,  1808 ;  on 
the  death  of  Gov.  Trumbull,  1809 ;  a  charity  ser 
mon,  1810 ;  at  the  ordination  of  N.  W.  Taylor ; 
on  the  fast;  on  the  national  fast,  1812  ;  a  sermon 


DWIGTIT. 


DWIGHT. 


317 


before  the  American  board  of  commissioners  for 
foreign  missions,  1813;  remarks  on  the  review  of 
Inchiquin's  letters,  1815;  observations  on  lan 
guage,  and  an  essay  on  light,  in  memoirs  of  Conn, 
academy  of  sciences,  181G;  theology  explained 
and  defended  in  a  series  of  sermons,  4  vols.,  sev 
eral  editions,  American  and  English ;  travels  in 
New  England  and  New  York,  4  vols.,  8vo.,  1801. 
—  Life;  Preface  to  his  Theology ;  Spec.  Ameri 
can  Poetry,  1,  223. 

D  WIGHT,  THEODORE,  died  in  New  York  June 
11,  1840,  aged  81,  the  brother  of  President  D., 
and  born  in  Northampton.  He  studied  law  with 
his  uncle,  Pierpont  Edwards.  After  having  been 
a  member  of  congress,  he  conducted  the  Hartford 
Mirror,  encouraged  by  Pickering,  Cabot,  and  Hill- 
house,  lie  published  a  history  of  the  Hartford 
convention,  of  which  he  was  the  secretary.  After 
editing  the  Albany  Daily  Advertiser,  he  estab 
lished,  in  1817,  the  New  York  Daily  Advertiser. 
He  was  a  true  patriot  and  Christian,  and  was  one 
of  the  founders  and  directors  of  the  American 
bible  society.  He  published  orations  1798, 1801 ; 
history  of  the  Hartford  convention,  1833.  —  Sig- 
ourney's  P.  Meridian,  188. 

DWIGHT,  ELIZABETH,  wife  of  the  missionary, 
II.  G.  O.  Dwight,  died  of  the  plague  at  Constan 
tinople,  July  8,  1836,  aged  30.  Her  name  was 
Elizabeth  Barker,  of  Andover.  Her  memoir  was 
published  in  1840,  with  a  sketch  of  the  life  of 
Mrs.  Grant. 

DWIGHT,  TIMOTHY,  died  in  New  Haven  June 
13,  1844,  aged  66.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Dr. 
Dwight,  for  forty  years  a  merchant,  and  a  man  of 
integrity  and  benevolence.  His  wife,  Clarissa, 
daughter  of  Gov.  C.  Strong,  died  Feb.  25,  1855, 
aged  71. 

DWIGHT,  SARAH  HOOKER,  died  In  New  Ha 
ven  May  8,  1838,  aged  15,  daughter  of  Timothy 
Dwight,  a  member  of  the  Free  church.  She  de 
parted,  like  a  multitude  of  other  subjects  of  God's  j 
grace  and  objects  of  his  love,  in  the  early  hour- 
of  life,  — 

"  As  acts  the  morning  star,  which  goes 
Not  down  behind  the  dnrken'd  west,  nor  hides 
Obscur'd  among  the  tempests  of  the  sky, 
But  melts  away  into  the  light  of  heaven." 

DWIGHT,  EDWIN  W.,  minister  of  Richmond, 
Mass.,  died  at  Stockbridge  Feb.,  or  March  26, 
1841,  aged  50.  He  was  the  son  of  Henry  W. 
Dwight  of  Stockbridge,  who  died  in  1804,  and  the 
grandson  of  Gen.  Joseph  D.  A  graduate  of  Yale 
in  1809,  he  was  ordained  in  1819,  and  was  a  faith 
ful  and  useful  minister.  His  brother,  Henry  W. 
I).,  a  member  of  congress  from  Berkshire  from 
1821  to  1831,  died  in  New  York,  Feb.  21,  1845. 

D  WIGHT,  THEODORE  SEUGWICK,  pastor  of  a 
colored  Presbyterian  church  in  New  York,  died 
in  that  city  March  25,  1847,  aged  49. 

DWIGHT,  EDMUND,  died  in  Boston  April  1, 


1849,  aged  69,  a  patron  of  learning.  Born  in 
Springfield,  a  graduate  of  Yale  in  1799,  he  was  a 
merchant  and  manufacturer  in  Springfield  ;  after 
wards  a  resident  in  Boston  and  a  senator.  He 
was  president  of  the  Western  railroad.  He  made 
the  liberal  donation  of  10,000  dollars  for  normal 
schools  in  Massachusetts. 

DWIGHT,  BENJAMIN  WOOLSEY,  M.  D.,  died 
at  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  May  18,  1850,  aged  70,  the  son 
of  President  D.  A  graduate  of  Yale  in  1799,  he 
studied  physic  and  practised  some  years  in  Cats- 
kill.  Ill  health  led  him  to  other  employments  : 
he  was  a  hardware  merchant  in  New  York,  then 
fourteen  years  a  merchant  in  Catskill.  In  1831 
he  removed  to  Clinton  and  was  treasurer  of  Ham 
ilton  college.  He  was  a  man  of  eminent  Chris 
tian  character.  — Impendent,  June  27. 

DWIGIIT,  WILLIAM,  Dr.,  son  of  Cecil  D.  of 
Northampton  and  nephew  of  Ilev.  Dr.  D.  of 
New  Haven,  was  killed  at  Norwalk,  with  forty- 
four  others,  May  6,  1853,  by  the  railroad  train 
plunging  into  the  river,  in  consequence  of  the 
draw  of  the  bridge  being  carelessly  left  open. 
His  brother,  Timothy,  died  at  New  York,  prepar 
ing  to  be  a  missionary. 

DWIGHT,  NATHANIEL,  a  preacher,  died  at 
Oswego  June  11,  1831,  aged  68.  He  was  born 
in  Northampton ;  had  an  honorary  degree  at 
Yale  in  1815;  was  settled  in  West  Chester  in 
Colchester,  in  1812;  and  removed  to  Oswego. 
He  published  a  school  geography,  1796;  5th 
edition,  1811. 

DWIGHT,  HENRY  E.,  son  of  President  D., 
died  in  New  Haven  Aug.  11,  1831,  aged  35.  A 
graduate  of  Yale  in  1815,  he  published  travels  in 
the  north  of  Germany  in  1825-6. 

DWIGHT,  ABIGAIL,  widow  of  Henry  W.  D., 
died  in  Stockbridge  May  31, 1840,  aged  77.  She 
was  of  eminent  character  and  usefulness.  Her 
name  was  Wells  of  West  Hartford.  Her  sons 
were  men  of  eminence.  —  Boston  Recorder,  Nov. 
20,  1840. 

DWIGHT,  ROBERT  O.,  missionary,  died  at 
Madura  Jan.  7,  1844.  A  native  of  Northampton, 
a  descendant  of  President  Edwards,  he  graduated 
at  Andover  seminary  in  1834,  and  arrived  at  Ma 
dura  in  1836.  His  wife  Avas  Mary  Billings  of 
Conway. 

DWIGHT,  MARGARETTE,  died  at  Northampton 
Sept.  5,  1845,  aged  41.  She  was  many  years  the 
excellent  teacher  of  the  female  Gothic  seminary 
in  Northampton.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Josiah 
and  Rhoda  Dwight,  and  a  descendant  of  Presi 
dent  Ed\vards. 

DWIGHT,  SERENO  EDWARDS,  D.  D.,  minister 
in  Boston,  died  in  Philadelphia  Nov.  30,  1850, 
aged  65.  He  was  the  son  of  President  Dwight, 
born  at  Greenfield  Hill ;  was  graduated  in  1803, 
was  a  tutor  from  1806  to  1810,  then  a  lawyer  for 
nearly  ten  years.  Afterwards  he  was  pastor  of 


318 


DWIGHT. 


Park  street  church  in  Boston  for  several  years,  suc 
ceeding  Dr.  Griffin.  In  1823,  in  ill  health,  he 
made  a  voyage  to  Europe.  Having  resigned  his 
place  in  Boston,  he  opened  in  New  Haven  a  high 
school  in  1828,  with  his  brother  Henry.  From 
1833  to  1836  he  was  the  president  of  Hamilton 
college.  His  wife,  Susan  Edwards  Daggett,  died 
in  Aug.,  1839.  After  great  bodily  and  mental 
suffering  he  followed  her  to  the  grave.  He  pub 
lished  Hebrew  wife ;  a  single  sermon ;  a  life  of 
Brainerd ;  and  a  life  of  Edwards,  in  his  works, 
which  he  edited. 

DWIGHT,  ELIHU,  Dr.,  died  at  South  Hadley, 
Mass.,  June  1,  18.34,  aged  91.  He  commenced 
practice  at  South  Hadley  in  1793. 

DWIGHT,  JOSIAH,  Dr.,  died  at  Portsmouth 
May  25,  1855,  aged  72. 

DWIGHT,  JOHN  BREED,  died  at  New  Haven 
Oct.  20,  1843.  aged  21,  a  tutor  in  Yale  college. 
He  was  stabbed  by  a  student  three  weeks  before 
his  death.  He  was  the  son  of  John  Dwight  and 
Susan  Breed,  and  grandson  of  President  Dwight; 
a  graduate  of  Yale  in  1840,  of  the  first  distinction 
as  a  scholar,  a  man  of  piety  and  high  promise. 
While  discharging  his  duty  in  suppressing  a  dis 
turbance  at  half-past  nine  in  the  evening  of  Sept. 
30th,  a  student  Avounded  him  dangerously  three 
times  with  a  knife ;  the  wound  was  followed  by  a 
fatal  fever.  The  student,  Lewis  Fassctt,  the  son 
of  a  rich  man  in  Philadelphia,  was  admitted  to 
bail  in  the  sum  of  5000  dollars  ;  and,  instead  of 
being  punished  for  manslaughter  or  murder,  was, 
to  the  dishonor  of  justice,  allowed  to  escape  with 
out  a  trial. 

DWIGHT,  Louis,  secretary  of  the  prison  dis 
cipline  society,  died  in  Boston  July  12,  1854,  aged 
61.  Born  in  Stockbridge,  he  was  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1813.  He  was  the  secretary  of  the  prison 
discipline  society,  and  the  agent  of  various  benev 
olent  societies.  His  wife,  Louisa,  daughter  of 
Nathaniel  Willis,  died  in  1849. 

DYCKMAN,  JACOB,  M.  D.,  was  born  at  Yon- 
kers,  Westchester  county,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  1,  1788. 
After  graduating  at  Columbia  college  in  1810,  he 
studied  physic  with  Dr.  Hosack.  For  some  years 
he  was  physician  of  the  city  dispensary,  and  sur 
geon  of  the  alms-house  at  New  York;  in  1821  he 
Avas  appointed  health  commissioner.  He  died  of 
the  consumption  at  the  residence  of  his  father  at 
King's  Bridge,  Dec.  5,  1822,  in  Christian  compos 
ure.  In  the  days  of  his  health  he  had  regarded 
morality  as  all  that  religion  demanded;  but  in 
his  sickness  he  perceived,  that  the  divine  com 
mands  in  the  Scripture  are  the  measure  of  duty, 
and  that  God  demands  the  homage  of  the  heart. 
He  published  a  dissertation  on  the  pathology  of  the 
human  fluids  ;  an  improved  edition  of  Duncan's 
dispensatory,  1818;  an  essay  on  adipocire,  in 
trans.  N.  Y.  Lyceum.  He  also  had  made  pro 
gress  in  collecting  materials  for  a  work  on  the 


EARLY. 

vegetable  matcria  medica  of  the  United  States.  — 
Thaclier's  Med.  Hiog. 

DYER,  MARY,  a  victim  of  persecution,  was 
the  wife  of  William  Dyer,  who  removed  from 
Massachusetts  to  Ilhode  Island  in  1638.  Having 
been  sentenced  to  execution  for  "  rebellious  sedi 
tion  and  obtruding  herself  after  banishment  upon 
pain  of  death,"  she  was  reprieved  at  the  request 
of  her  son,  on  condition  that  she  departed  in 
forty-eight  hours  and  did  not  return.  She  re 
turned,  and  was  executed  June  1,  1660. 

DYER,  ELIPHALET,  chief  justice  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Conn.,  died  at  Windham  May  13,  1807, 
aged  86.  He  was  the  son  of  Thomas  I),  of 
Windham,  and  grandson  of  Thomas  D.  of  Wey- 
mouth  in  1632,  and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1740.  He  was  colonel  of  a  regiment  raised  in 
1758  for  the  expedition  against  Crown  Point.  He 
was  a  delegate  to  the  congress  of  1765  and  to 
that  of  1774 ;  was  appointed  judge  in  1766,  and 
chief  justice  in  1789,  in  which  office  he  continued 
till  1797.  He  contributed  his  efforts  with  other 
patriots  to  promote  and  support  the  independence 
of  his  country. 

EAMES,  THOMAS,  a  Baptist  minister,  died  in 
Applcton,  Mass.,  in  1826,  aged  85.  lie  formerly 
preached  in  Isleborough,  Me.,  and  was  an  excel 
lent  man  and  an  acceptable  preacher. 

EAIILE,  JAMES,  a  portrait  painter,  was  born 
at  Paxton,  or  Leicester,  Mass.,  the  son  of  Capt. 
Ralph  Earle,  and  went  to  London,  where  he 
gained  some  distinction  as  a  painter,  and  where 
lie  married.  He  died  at  Charleston  of  the  yel 
low  fever  in  Aug.,  1796,  leaving  in  London  a  wife 
and  three  children.  At  the  time  of  his  death 
there  was  perhaps  no  painter  in  this  country  of 
superior  skill. 

EARLE,  RALPH,  a  portrait  painter,  brother  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  at  Leicester,  and  was 
employed  in  Rhode  Island  in  making  fans  before 
he  went  to  England.  He  was  with  Stewart  at 
the  royal  institution  in  London.  He  painted  the 
king.  By  Stewart  he  was  regarded  as  one  of  the 
best  of  painters.  In  this  country  he  painted  in 
Bennington  and  Albany.  He  died  at  Bolton, 
Conn.,  Aug.  16,  1801,  aged  50.  A  son  of  his 
afterwards  lived  at  New  Orleans,  also  a  distin 
guished  painter. 

EARLE,  PLINY,  died  at  Leicester  in  Dec.,  1832, 
aged  70.  He  belonged  to  the  society  of  Friends ; 
and  was  an  ingenious  cardmaker. 

EARLE,  RICHARD  T.,  chief  judge  of  the 
second  district,  Maryland,  died  in  Centreville 
Nov.  22,  1843,  aged  76.  He  practised  law  from 
1787  to  1810,  and  then  was  judge  till  his  resigna 
tion  in  1834.  He  was  an  eminent  man.  Rever 
encing  the  Christian  religion,  he  experienced  its 
consolations  in  his  last  hours. 

EARLY,  PETER,  governor  of  Georgia,  died 
Aug.  15,  1817.  He  was  a  distinguished  lawyer. 


EASTBURN. 

In  1802,  he  was  a  member  of  congress  and  a 
decided  republican ;  in  1807  he  was  appointed  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Georgia.  From 
1813  to  1815  he  was  governor,  in  which  capacity 
he  prevented  the  enactment  of  a  law  to  obstruct 
the  collection  of  debts,  and  thus  placed  a  good 
example  before  those  governors,  who  from  love 
of  popularity  or  office  shrink  from  the  honest 
discharge  of  duty,  which  requires  them  to  resist, 
as  far  as  they  have  power,  all  pernicious,  oppres 
sive,  iniquitous  legislation. 

EASTBURN,  JOSEPH,  a  preacher  to  seamen 
in  Philadelphia,  died  Jan.  30,  1828,  aged  79. 
Many  thousands  attended  liis  funeral.  His  coffin 
was  carried  by  twelve  sailors.  At  the  grave  Dr. 
Green  delivered  an  address.  When  he  began  to 
preach  to  seamen,  about  1820,  "we  procured," 
he  said,  "  a  sail-loft,  and  on  the  Sabbath  hung 
out  a  flag.  As  the  sailors  came  by,  they  hailed 
us,  '  Ship  ahoy ! '  We  answered  them.  They 
asked  us,  'Where  we  were  bound?'  We  told 
them,  to  the  port  of  New  Jerusalem ;  and  that 
they  would  do  well  to  go  in  the  fleet.  '  Well,' 
said  they, '  we  will  come  in  and  hear  your  terms.'" 
This  was  the  beginning  of  the  mariner's  church. 
Mr.  E.  was  eminently  pious,  and  devoted  to  this 
work. 

EASTBURN,  JAMES  WALLIS,  a  poet,  tho  son 
of  James  Eastburn,  New  York,  at  an  early  period 
was  settled  or  about  to  be  settled  as  the  pastor 
of  St.  George's  church,  Accomac  county,  Virginia, 
and  died  at  sea  on  a  voyage  to  the  West  Indies 
for  his  health,  Dec.  2,  1819,  aged  22.  After  his 
death  the  poem,  which  he  wrote  in  conjunction 
with  his  friend,  Robert  C.  Sands,  was  published, 
entitled,  Yamoyden,  a  tale  of  the  wars  of  king 
Philip,  in  six  cantos,  12mo.,  1820.  -—  Specimens 
American  Poetry,  II.  228. 

EASTMAN,  JOB,  died  in  Norway,  Me.,  1845, 
aged  95.  He  held  three  hundred  justice's  courts. 

EASTON,  NICHOLAS,  governor  of  Rhode  Island, 
came  to  this  country  with  two  sons  in  1636,  and 
removed  in  1639  to  Newport,  where  he  built  the 
first  house.  He  exerted  himself  to  secure  civil 
and  religious  liberty  with  Coddington,  and  was 
governor  from  1650  to  1655,  when  he  was  suc 
ceeded  by  R.  Williams.  In  1672  he  succcceded 
B.  Arnold  and  was  succeeded  in  1674  by  W.  Cod 
dington.  He  died  in  1675,  aged  83.  His  son, 
John,  governor  from  1690  to  1695,  died  in  1705, 
aged  85. 

EASTON,  JAMES,  colonel,  a  soldier  of  the  Rev 
olution,  died  at  Pittsfichl  after  the  war.  He  was 
a  representative  and  a  deacon  of  the  church. 
With  Arnold  and  Brown  he  was  engaged  in  the 
capture  of  Ticondcroga  May  10,  1775,  and  was 
sent  with  the  intelligence  to  the  provincial  assem 
bly  of  Massachusetts  at  Watertown.  Jan.  9,  1776, 
congress  voted  their  approbation  of  his  good  con 
duct.  Dr.  Timothy  Cliilds  married  his  daughter. 


EATON. 


319 


EASTON,  VIOLETTE,  a  colored  woman,  died  at 
Providence,  R.  I.,  March  6,  1838,  aged,  as  was 
supposed,  110. 

EATON,  TIIEOPIIILUS,  first  governor  of  New 
Haven  colony,  died  Jan.  7,  1657,  aged  66.  He 
was  born  at  Stony-Stratford  in  Oxfordshire,  his 
father  being  the  minister  of  that  place.  He  was 
bred  a  merchant,  and  was  for  several  years  agent 
for  the  king  of  England  at  the  court  of  Denmark ; 
and  after  his  return  prosecuted  his  business  in 
London  with  high  reputation.  He  accompanied 
Mr.  Davenport  to  New  England  in  1637,  and 
soon  after  his  arrival  was  chosen  one  of  the  mag 
istrates  of  Massachusetts.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  New  Haven  in  1638,  and  was  annu 
ally  elected  governor  till  his  death.  His  brother, 
Samuel,  was  assistant  minister  to  Mr.  Davenport 
from  1640  to  1644,  and  died  in  England  in  1665. 
The  wisdom  and  integrity  of  his  administration 
attracted  universal  respect.  As  a  magistrate,  he 
was  impartial  in  the  distribution  of  justice,  and 
was  invested  with  an  indescribable  dignity  and 
majesty.  He  was  amiable  in  all  the  relations  of 
life.  In  conversation  he  was  affable,  courteous, 
and  pleasant,  but  always  cautious,  and  grave  on 
proper  occasions.  Though  his  family  were  some 
times  very  numerous,  it  was  under  the  most  per 
fect  government.  All  the  members  of  it  were 
assembled  morning  and  evening,  and  the  gover 
nor,  after  reading  the  Scriptures,  and  making 
useful  observations  upon  them,  addressed  himself 
to  heaven  with  the  greatest  reverence  and  perti 
nency.  On  the  Sabbath  and  on  other  days  of 
public  devotion  he  spent  an  hour  or  two  with  his 
family,  giving  them  instruction  in  religious  truth 
and  duty,  recommending  to  them  the  study  of  the 
Scriptures,  and  the  practice  of  secret  prayer.  He 
was  beloved  by  his  domestics,  and  ever  preserved 
the  esteem  of  the  commonwealth.  His  monu 
ment,  erected  at  the  public  expense,  and  which 
remains  to  the  present  day,  has  upon  it  the  fol 
lowing  lines : 

"  Eaton,  so  meek,  so  fam'd,  so  just, 
The  phoenix  of  our  world,  here  hides  his  dust ; 
This  name  forget  New  England  never  must." 

—  NeaVs  N.  E.  I.  318;  TrumlulVs  Conn.  I.  90, 
240;  Holmes;  Douglass,  n.  160.  Bacon's  Hist. 
Discourses. 

EATON,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Harpswell, 
Maine,  was  the  son  of  Elisha  Eaton,  minister 
of  Quincy,  and  afterwards  of  Harpswell  from 
1753  till  his  death,  April  22,  1764.  He  was  born 
April  3,  1737;  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1763 ;  was  ordained  Oct.  24, 1764;  and  died  Nov. 
5,  1822,  aged  85,  in  the  fifty-ninth  year  of  his 
ministry.  Probably  no  minister  in  Maine  had 
preached  so  many  years.  Mr.  Eaton  was  the 
only  physician  of  the  town  ;  as  a  magistrate  he 
was  also  very  useful.  He  was  the  last  of  the 
ministers  of  Maine  who  wore  a  large  white  wig. 


320 


EATON. 


EATON. 


He  one  Sabbath  morning  preached  at  Brunswick, 
when  the  judges  of  the  supreme  court  of  Massa 
chusetts,  then  including  the  district  of  Maine, 
were  present,  whose  custom,  he  knew,  was  to 
prosecute  their  journey  in  the  afternoon,  in  order 
to  open  the  court  at  Wiscasset  on  Monday.  In 
his  prayer,  therefore,  he  gave  thanks  to  the  Lord, 
that  the  judges  of  the  supreme  court,  those  em 
inent  men,  had  set  such  a  good  example  to  all 
the  people,  as  to  stop  travelling  and  come  up  to 
the  house  of  God  to  worship,  etc.  They  found 
themselves  obliged  to  rest  in  the  afternoon  as 
well  as  the  forenoon.  He  was  one  of  the  first 
overseers  of  Bowdoin  college,  and  president  of 
the  Maine  missionary  society  from  1809  to  1815. 
The  evangelical  doctrines,  which  he  preached, 
sustained  him  as  he  approached  the  grave.  He 
published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Jacob  Abbot, 
1820.  — Allen's  Funeral  Sermon. 

EATON,  WILLIAM,  general,  died  at  Brimfield, 
Mass.,  June  1,  1811,  aged  47.  He  was  born  in 
Woodstock,  Conn.,  Feb.  23,  1764.  His  father,  a 
farmer  and  schoolmaster,  removed  to  Mansfield 
about  1774.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  eloped 
from  home  and  enlisted  in  the  army,  from  which 
he  was  discharged  in  1783.  He  aftenvards 
studied  with  the  ministers  of  Franklin,  Windham, 
and  Mansfield,  and  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
college  in  1790.  By  keeping  school  he  provided 
for  the  expenses  of  his  education.  In  1792  he 
was  appointed  a  captain  in  the  army,  and  soon 
repaired  to  Ohio.  He  continued  in  service  until 
July  11,  1797,  when  he  was  appointed  consul  at 
Tunis,  though  he  did  not  sail  till  Dec.,  1798,  in 
company  with  Mr.  Cathcart,  consul  to  Tripoli. 
When  the  efforts  of  Com.  Preble  proved  unavail 
ing  to  humble  the  bashaw  of  Tripoli,  Mr.  Eaton 
projected  an  alliance  with  his  brother,  Hamet, 
the  rightful  sovereign,  then  in  exile  at  Tunis,  the 
object  of  which  was  to  recover  for  him  the  sov 
ereignty  and  with  him  to  establish  a  permanent 
peace.  The  plan  was  approved ;  and,  as  he  had 
returned  to  the  United  States  in  May,  1803,  he 
was  appointed  navy  agent  March  30,  1804,  and 
authorized  to  proceed  again  to  the  Mediterranean 
and  to  execute  the  project  against  Tripoli.  He 
sailed  in  the  squadron  of  Com.  Barren.  In  Nov. 
he  proceeded  in  the  Argus  to  Alexandria,  in 
search  of  llamet,  whom  at  last  he  found  in  Feb., 
1805.  By  their  united  exertions  a  little  army  of 
five  hundred  men  was  raised.  March  Gth  he 
entered  the  desert  of  Lybia  at  their  head,  it 
being  arranged  that  the  American  fleet  should 
co-operate  in  the  expedition.  In  his  army  were 
men  of  twelve  different  nations,  among  whom 
were  eleven  Americans,  and  seventy  or  eighty 
Greeks  and  Frenchmen.  After  surmounting 
great  obstacles,  and  marching  fifty  days  over  a 
space  of  six  hundred  miles  in  the  desert,  he  en 


camped,  April  26,  in  the  rear  of  Derne.  This 
town  was  the  capital  of  the  richest  province  of 
Tripoli.  It  contained  fifteen  thousand  souls,  and 
was  defended  by  a  fort  and  batteries,  and  strong 
garrison.  Eaton,  with  an  army  now  increased  by 
the  addition  of  Arabs  to  twenty-five  hundred 
men,  commenced  the  attack  on  the  27th,  with  the 
important  aid  of  three  frigates.  In  two  hours  the 
town  was  captured.  He  was  wounded  in  the  left 
wrist  by  a  pistol-ball.  A  large  army,  collected  by 
Jussuf  or  Joseph  Bashaw,  soon  appeared  before 
the  town,  and  was  defeated  in  a  battle  May  13; 
and  met  with  a  complete  repulse  June  10,  and 
thus  a  way  was  opened  to  the  gates  of  Tripoli. 
At  this  moment,  when  the  intrepid  soldier  was 
anticipating  the  accomplishment  of  his  project,  a 
peace  was  concluded  by  Tobias  Lear,  who  had 
authority  for  the  purpose,  and  he  agreed  to  pay 
60,000  dollars  for  the  redemption  of  three  hun 
dred  Americans  in  slavery.  The  indignant  feel 
ings  of  Eaton  at  being  thus  arrested  in  his  career 
of  triumph  were  unutterable.  After  his  return 
he  was  invited  by  Burr  to  engage  in  his  conspir 
acy,  which  he  disclosed,  and  was  a  witness  against 
the  conspirator.  From  the  United  States  govern 
ment  he  failed  to  obtnin  the  compensation  he  ex 
pected.  In  1807  he  was  a  representative  from 
Brimfield.  In  reward  of  his  heroism,  the  legisla 
ture  of  Massachusetts  presented  him  with  ten 
thousand  acres  of  land,  half  of  which  was  sold  at 
fifty  cents  per  acre.  The  last  years  of  his  life 
Avere  passed  amidst  the  pains  of  disease  and  the 
distresses  of  poverty,  to  which  his  own  impru 
dence  had  reduced  him.  He  was  intemperate. 
Of  the  consolations  of  religion  he  was  ignorant. 
He  left  five  children.  His  wife,  Eliza,  whom  he 
married  in  1792,  was  the  widow  of  Gen.  Timothy 
Danielson  of  Brimfield.  A  daughter,  now  de 
ceased,  married  in  1820  Itev.  Mr.  Sprag'ue  of 
West  Springfield.  His  eldest  son,  Lieut.  Wil 
liam,  died  in  1828.  His  life,  written  by  Prentice, 
was  published,  8vo.,  1813. 

EATON,  SAMUEL,  died  in  Dcnton,  Lancashire, 
England,  in  1664,  aged  68.  He  was  a  colleague 
minister  with  Mr.  Davenport  at  New  Haven,  in 
1638,  and  was  the  brother  of  Gov.  Eaton.  He 
was  more  democratic  in  his  notions  than  Mr.  ])., 
and  wished  to  retain  in  the  hands  of  the  free  plant 
ers  the  power  of  choosing  magistrates,  instead  of 
intrusting  it  to  others.  In  1640  he  went  to  Eng 
land  in  order  to  gather  a  company  for  the  settle 
ment  of  Branford.  But  he  was  settled  in  Cheshire, 
until  ousted  by  the  act  of  uniformity  in  1662.  He 
published  various  treatises  in  defence  of  Congre 
gationalism,  and  against  the  Quakers. — Calamy ; 
Bacon's  Hist.  Discourses,  61. 

EATON,  JOSHUA,  first  minister  of  Spencer, 
Mass.,  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1735; 
studied  law  with  Judge  Trowbridge,  and  settled  in 


EATON. 


EDDY. 


321 


the  practice  at  "Worcester  ;  was  ordained  Nov.  7, 
1744 ;  and  died  April  2,  1772.  A  son  and  grand 
son  were  physicians.  A  volume  of  seven  ser 
mons  was  published,  with  a  memoir  by  Mr. 
Forbes,  8vo.,  1773. 

EATON,  ABIGAIL,  widow,  died  at  Prospect, 
Me.,  Sept.,  1823,  aged  102  years  and  9  months. 

EATON,  AMOS,  professor  in  the  liensselacr 
institute,  died  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  May  10,  1842,  aged 
G<5.  In  1791  he  was  an  apprenticed  blacksmith; 
in  1799  he  was  graduated  at  Williams  college,  and 
afterwards  studied  law  under  Hamilton,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar.  Then  he  became  a  land- 
surveyor  and  agent  for  the  Livingston  estates  on 
the  Hudson.  A  period  of  affliction  followed,  oc 
casioned  by  his  own  misconduct.  He  then 
studied  botany,  chemistry,  and  mineralogy,  at 
Yale  college.  In  1817  he  lectured  at  Williams 
college  on  the  national  sciences.  In  1818  De  Witt 
Clinton  invited  him  to  deliver  public  lectures  at 
Albany.  In  1820  Gen.  S.  Van  Itensselaer  em 
ployed  him  to  make  a  geological  survey  of  the 
country  adjoining  the  great  western  canal;  the 
result  was  published  in  1824,  in  160  pages.  By 
the  munificence  of  Mr.  Van  R.,the  school  at  Troy 
was  established  and  Mr.  E.  was  appointed  senior 
professor.  He  made  the  classes  experimenters. 
Hundreds  from  various  States  were  educated  by 
him.  He  published  a  manual  of  botany,  which,  in 
8th  edit.,  is  called  North  American  botany.  His 
index  to  the  geology  of  the  northern  States,  1818, 
and  2d  edition,  1820 ;  philosophical  instructor, 
1824  ;  and  various  papers  in  Silliman's  journal. 

EATON,  PETER,  D.  D.,  died  at  Boxford,  Mass., 
April  14,  1848,  aged  82.  Born  in  Haverhill,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1787,  and  was  fifty-seven 
years  a  pastor.  He  published  thanksgiving  ser 
mon,  1799;  at  election,  1819;  at  installation  of 
II.  C.  Perley;  at  ordination  of  P.  S.Eaton,  1826; 
address  to  agricultural  society,  1823. 

ECCLESTON,  SAMUEL,  Catholic  archbishop, 
died  in  Georgetown,  D.  C.,  April  8,  1851,  aged  50. 
He  was  of  Protestant  birth  and  was  sent  to  St. 
Mary's  college,  Baltimore.  He  succeeded  Arch 
bishop  Whitfield  in  1834. 

ECKFOPvD,  HENRY,  died  at  Constantinople 
Nov.  11,  1832.  He  was  an  enterprising  and  dis 
tinguished  citizen  of  New  York. 

ECKLEY,  JOSEPH,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Boston, 
died  April  30,  1811,  aged  60.  He  was  born  in  Lon 
don  Oct.  22,  1750.  His  father  removing  to  New 
Jersey  about  1767,  he  was  graduated  at  Prince 
ton  college  in  1772.  He  was  ordained  at  Boston, 
as  the  successor  of  Mr.  Hunt,  over  the  old  South 
congregation,  Oct.  27,  1779.  The  society  at  this 
time  made  use  of  the  King's  chapel,  as  the  old 
south  meeting-house,  after  being  occupied  by  the 
British  troops,  was  not  repaired  and  re-occupied 
till  March  2,  1783.  Itcv.  Joshua  Iluutington  was 
41 


ordained  as  colleague  pastor  May  18,  1808.  Dr. 
Eckley  died  after  a  short  illness.  His  wife,  a 
daughter  of  John  Jeffries,  survived  him,  and  died 
in  1825.  During  twenty-four  years,  he  admitted, 
on  an  average,  only  about  five  persons  a  year  into 
the  church;  but  in  1803  and  1804  he  made  new 
efforts  to  promote  a  revival  of  religion  among  his 
people ;  the  Tuesday  evening  meeting,  amidst 
much  opposition,  was  established,  exerting  a  most 
important,  beneficial  influence.  In  his  religious 
sentiments,  while  Dr.  Eckley  held  fast  to  all  the 
other  doctrines  of  the  evangelical  system,  he  be 
came  a  semi-Arian  or  Worcesterian  in  his  views 
of  the  person  or  Christ.  He  wrote  as  follows : 
"  My  plan  respecting  the  Son  of  God  was  very 
similar  to  what  your  brother  (Dr.  N.  Worcester) 
has  now  adopted.  The  common  plan  of  three 
self-existent  persons,  forming  one  essence  or  in 
finite  being,  and  one  of  these  persons  being  united 
to  a  man,  but  not  in  the  least  humbling  himself 
or  suffering,  leads  to,  and  ends  in,  Socinianism; 
and,  though  it  claims  the  form  of  orthodoxy,  it  is 
as  a  shadow  without  the  substance  ;  it  eludes  in 
spection  ;  and  I  sometimes  say  to  those,  who  are 
strenuous  for  this  doctrine,  that  they  take  away 
my  Lord  and  I  know  not  where  they  place  him." 
"  The  orthodoxy,  so  called,  of  Waterland,  is  as 
repugnant  to  my  reason  and  views  of  religion,  as 
the  heterodoxy  of  Lardner  ;  and  I  am  at  a  loss  to 
see,  that  any  solid  satisfaction,  for  a  person,  who 
wishes  to  find  salvation  through  the  death  of  the 
Son  of  God,  can  be  found  in  either."  "  I  seek  for 
a  plan,  which  exalts  the  personal  character  of  the 
Son  of  God  in  the  highest  possible  degree."  He 
supposed  the  Son  to  be  derived  from  the  Father, 
God  of  God,  Light  of  Light,  having  a  real  Divine 
nature,  yet  being  derived,  not  self-existent  and 
independent.  He  published  an  essay  on  the 
Divine  glory  in  the  condemnation  of  the  ungodly, 
1782;  at  the  artillery  election,  1792;  at  the  in 
stallation  of  Mr.  Evans ;  at  the  thanksgiving, 
1797 ;  before  the  Asylum,  1802 ;  before  the 
society  for  propagating  the  gospel,  1805 ;  at  in 
stallation  of  H.  Holly,  in  1809;  Dudleian  lecture 
of  1806,  1810.  —  Wisner's  Hist,  of  the  Old  South 
CJiurch,  45. 

EDDY,  JOHN  II.,  died  Dec.  22,  1817,  aged  35. 
He  published  a  circular  map  of  thirty  miles  around 
New  York,  1814;  a  map  of  the  western  part  of 
New  York;  a  map  to  illustrate  the  communica 
tion  between  lake  Erie  and  the  Hudson ;  and  a 
map  of  the  State  of  New  York. 

EDDY,  JOSHUA,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution, 
died  at  Middleborough,  Mass.,  May  1,  1833,  aged 
85.  He  was  the  son  of  Zachariah  E.  and  Mercy 
Morton,  a  descendant  of  George  M.,  the  brother- 
in-law  of  Gov.  Bradford.  He  was  a  descendant 
of  William  E.,  a  nonconformist  minister  in  Cran- 
j  brook,  Ky.  His  wife,  Lydia  Paddock,  was  a 


322 


EDDY. 


EDWARDS. 


descendant  of  Gov.  B.  In  1777  he  raised  and 
commanded  a  company,  and  he  fought  in  several 
battles.  As  an  eminent  Christian  he  was  as  bold 
against  the  enemies  of  God,  as  he  had  been 
against  the  enemies  of  his  country. 

EDDY,  SAMUEL,  LL.  D.,  died  at  Providence 
Feb.  2,  1839,  aged  68.  He  was  a  member  of 
congress ;  secretary  of  State  twenty-one  years ; 
chief  justice  of  Rhode  Island  eight  years.  He 
published  antiquities,  etc. 

EDDY,  JOANNA,  Mrs.,  died  at  New  Salem, 
Mass.,  Nov.  6,  1839,  aged  100. 

EDES,  BENJAMIN,  a  printer  in  Boston,  died  in 
Dec.,  1803,  aged  80.  He  was  a  native  of  Charles- 
town,  and  began  business  in  1755  with  John  Gill. 
He  published  the  Boston  Gazette  and  Country 
Journal.  During  the  controversy  with  Great 
Britain  this  paper  was  devoted  to  the  cause  of 
freedom,  and  had  a  wide  circulation  and  great 
influence.  No  newspaper  did  more  to  promote 
independence.  Afterwards,  other  papers  in  a 
great  measure  superseded  it.  By  the  deprecia 
tion  of  paper  money,  Mr.  Edes  lost  his  property ; 
and  the  aged  patriot  died  in  poverty.  —  Thomas, 
I.  341-345. 

EDMOND,  WILLIAM,  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Connecticut,  died  at  Newton,  Conn.,  Aug. 
1, 1838,  aged  80.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1777, 
and  had  been  a  member  of  congress. 

ED  SON,  CALVIN,  "  a  living  skeleton,"  died  at 
Randolph,  Vt.,  Sept.,  1833  ;  his  weight  was  forty- 
five  pounds.  There  was  a  constriction  of  his 
thoracic  duct. 

EDWARDS,  RICHARD,  a  merchant,  the  only 
child  of  William  and  Agnes  Edwards,  was  born 
in  May,  1647,  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  where  he  re 
sided  during  his  life.  His  grandfather  was  Rich 
ard  Edwards,  of  London,  who,  it  is  supposed  by 
Dr.  Tryon  Edwards,  was  the  son  of  Rev.  It.  E., 
of  Oxford.  He  was  a  man  of  wealth,  of  intelli 
gence,  and  of  great  respectability.  At  an  early 
age  he  became  a  communicant  in  the  Congrega 
tional  church,  and  adorned  his  profession  by  a 
long  life  of  integrity  and  unusual  devotedness  to 
the  cause  of  religion.  During  his  last  sickness 
he  exhibited  a  bright  example  of  Christian  resig 
nation  and  triumphant  faith.  He  died  April  20, 
1718,  aged  70.  By  his  first  wife,  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Wm.  Tuthill,  merchant,  of  New  Ha 
ven,  he  had  seven  children,  the  eldest  of  whom 
was  Rev.  Timothy  E.,  the  father  of  Jonathan  Ed 
wards.  By  his  second  wife,  the  sister  of  John 
Talcott  of  Hartford,  he  had  six  children.  —  Sereno 
E.  Dwiglifs  Life  of  Edwards. 

EDWARDS,  TIMOTHY,  first  minister  of  East 
Windsor,  Conn.,  the  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1691.  He  was 
ordained  in  May,  1694.  In  the  year  1755  he 
received  Joseph  Perry  as  his  colleague.  After  a 


ministry  of  sixty-three  years  he  died  Jan.  27, 
1758,  aged  88.  He  married  a  daughter  of  Mr. 
Stoddard  of  Northampton,  and  he  lived  to  see  his 
son,  Jonathan  Edwards,  the  most  distinguished 
divine  in  America.  He  Avas  universally  esteemed, 
and  was  an  upright,  pious,  and  exemplary  man, 
and  a  faithful  and  successful  preacher  of  the  gos 
pel.  At  one  period  there  was  such  a  contention 
in  his  church,  that  for  three  years  the  Lord's  Sup 
per  was  not  administered.  It  seems  that  he 
was  a  poet,  for  II.  Wolcott,  in  dedicating  his  poems 
to  him  in  1723,  says  : 

"  Yet,  where  you  censure,  sir,  don't  make  the  verse, 
You  pinned  to  Glover's  venerable  hearse, 
The  standard  for  thtir  trial ;  nor  enact, 
You  never  will  acquit  what 's  less  exact. 
Sir,  that  will  never  do ;  rules  so  severe 
Would  ever  leave  Apollo's  altar  bare, 
His  priests  no  service ;  all  must  starve  together, 
And  fair  Parnassus'  verdant  tops  must  wither." 

He  published  an  election  sermon,  1732. — Life 
of  Jonathan  Edwards. 

EDWARDS,  JONATHAN,  president  of  the  col 
lege  in  New  Jersey,  and  a  most  acute  metaphysi 
cian  and  distinguished  divine,  died  March  22, 
1758,  aged  54.  He  was  the  son  of  the  preceding, 
and  was  born  at  Windsor,  Conn.,  Oct.  5,  1703. 
lie  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1720,  before 
he  was  seventeen  years  of  age.  His  uncommon 
genius  discovered  itself  early,  and  while  yet  a 
boy  he  read  Locke  on  the  luiman  understanding 
with  a  keen  relish.  Though  he  took  much  pleas 
ure  in  examining  the  kingdom  of  nature,  yet 
moral  and  theological  researches  yielded  him  the 
highest  satisfaction.  He  lived  in  college  nearly 
two  years  after  taking  his  first  degree,  preparing 
himself  for  the  office  of  a  minister  of  the  gospel. 
In  1722  he  went  to  New  York,  at  the  request  of 
a  small  society  of  Presbyterians,  and  preached  a 
number  of  months.  In  1724  he  was  appointed  a 
tutor  in  Yale  college,  and  he  continued  in  that 
office  till  he  was  invited  in  1726  to  preach  at 
Northampton,  Mass.  Here  he  was  ordained  as 
colleague  with  his  grandfather,  Mr.  Stoddard, 
Feb.  15,  1727.  In  1735  his  benevolent  labors 
were  attended  with  very  uncommon  success ;  a 
general  impression  was  made  upon  the  minds  of 
his  people  by  the  truths  which  he  proclaimed  ; 
and  the  church  was  much  enlarged.  He  con 
tinued  in  this  place  more  than  twenty-three  years, 
till  he  was  dismissed  in  1750.  The  circumstances 
which  led  to  his  dismission  were  the  following : 
Mr.  Edwards,  being  informed  of  immoralities  in 
which  some  young  persons  who  were  connected 
with  the  church  indulged  themselves,  thought 
that  an  inquiry  should  be  made  into  their  con 
duct.  The  .church  readily  acknowledged  the 
importance  of  strict  discipline,  and  entered  into 
the  plan ;  but  when  the  names  of  the  persons 
accused  were  known,  and  it  was  found  that  mem- 


EDWARDS. 


EDWARDS. 


323 


hers  of  the  principal  families  in  the  town  were 
implicated,  it  was  impossible  to  proceed.  There 
were  few  in  his  church  who  continued  their  zeal 
for  discipline,  when  they  perceived  that  it  would 
enter  their  own  houses  ;  and  the  hands  of  the 
immoral  were  strengthened  by  this  defeat  of  an 
attempt  to  correct  their  errors  and  to  bring  them 
to  repentance.  After  this  occurrence  in  1744 
Mr.  Edwards'  usefulness  in  Northampton  was 
almost  destroyed.  A  secret  dislike  was  excited  in 
the  minds  of  many,  and  it  was  soon  blown  into  a 
flame.  When  he  was  settled  in  this  town,  he 
was  not  perfectly  convinced  of  the  correctness  of 
the  principle,  which  was  supported  by  his  col 
league,  Mr.  Stoddard,  that  unconverted  persons 
had  a  right  in  the  sight  of  God  to  the  sacrament 
of  the  Lord's  supper.  After  diligent  inquiry  he 
was  convinced  that  the  principle  was  erroneous 
and  dangerous.  His  investigations  led  him  to 
believe  that  the  supper  was  instituted  for  the  true 
disciples  of  Jesus  Christ ;  that  none  but  such 
could  have  a  right  to  it ;  and  that  none  but  •  those 
who  were  considered  as  such  should  be  permitted 
to  partake  of  it.  Adopting  these  sentiments,  he 
had  the  courage  to  avow  them.  He  considered 
it  as  an  inviolable  duty  ever  to  vindicate  the 
truth.  He  knew  the  zeal  of  his  people  for  their 
loose  principles,  and  expected  to  see  that  zeal 
bursting  upon  him,  if  he  should  dare  to  stand 
forward  in  opposition  to  their  long-continued 
practice. '  He  anticipated  a  dismission  from  North 
ampton,  and  a  deprivation  of  the  means  of  sup 
port.  But,  in  the  full  view  of  these  consequences, 
he  openly  avowed  his  change  of  sentiments,  cheer 
fully  sacrificing  every  worldly  interest  to  promote 
the  purity  of  the  church  and  the  glory  of  the 
Redeemer.  The  evils  which  he  anticipated  came 
upon  him.  He  was  driven  away  in  disgrace  from 
a  people  who  once  would  almost  have  plucked 
out  their  eyes  and  given  them  to  him.  They 
would  not  even  hear  him  in  his  vindication.  He 
had  been  instrumental  in  cheering  many  hearts 
with  the  joys  of  religion,  and  not  a  few  had  re 
garded  him  with  all  that  affectionate  attachment 
which  is  excited  by  the  love  of  excellence,  and 
the  sense  of  obligations  which  can  never  be  repaid. 
But  a  spirit  of  detraction  had  gone  forth,  and  a 
few  leading  men  of  outrageous  zeal  pushed  for 
ward  men  of  less  determined  hostility;  and  in 
the  hopeless  prospect  of  conciliation  he  was  dis 
missed  by  an  ecclesiastical  council,  June  22,  1750. 
In  this  scene  of  trouble  and  abuse,  when  the 
mistakes  and  the  bigotry  of  the  multitude  had 
stopped  their  ears,  and  their  passions  were  with 
out  control,  Mr.  Edwards  exhibited  the  truly 
Christian  spirit.  His  calmness,  and  meekness, 
and  humility,  and  yet  firmness  and  resolution, 
were  the  subjects  of  admiration  to  his  friends. 
More  anxious  for  his  people  than  for  himself,  he 
preached  a  most  solemn  and  affecting  farewell 


discourse.  He  afterwards  occasionally  supplied 
the  pulpit,  at  times  when  no  preacher  had  been 
procured;  but  this  proof  of  his  superiority  to 
resentment  or  pride,  and  this  readiness  to  do 
good  to  those  who  had  injured  him,  met  with  no 
return,  except  a  vote  of  the  inhabitants,  prohib 
iting  him  from  ever  again  preaching  for  them. 
Still  he  was  not  left  without  excellent  friends  in 
Northampton ;  and  his  correspondents  in  Scot 
land,  having  been  informed  of  his  dismission, 
contributed  a  considerable  sum  for  the  mainten 
ance  of  his  family. 

In  Aug.,  1751,  he  succeeded  Mr.  Sergeant  as 
missionary  to  the  Houssatonnoc  Indians,  at  Stock- 
bridge,  in  Berkshire  county.  Here  he  continued 
six  years,  preaching  to  the  Indians  and  the  white 
people ;  and,  as  he  found  much  leisure,  he  pros 
ecuted  his  theological  and  metaphysical  studies, 
and  produced  works  which  rendered  his  name 
famous  throughout  Europe.  Thus  was  his  ca 
lamitous  removal  from  Northampton  the  occasion, 
under  the  wise  providence  of  God,  of  his  impart 
ing  to  the  world  the  most  important  instructions, 
whose  influence  has  been  extending  to  the  present 
time,  and  whose  good  effects  may  still  be  felt  for 
ages.  In  Jan.,  1758,  he  reluctantly  accepted  the 
office  of  president  of  the  college  in  New  Jersey, 
as  successor  of  his  son-in-law,  Mr.  Burr  ;  but  he 
had  not  entered  fully  upon  the  duties  of  this  sta 
tion,  before  the  prevalence  of  the  small  pox  in 
duced  him  to  be  inoculated,  and  this  disease  was 
the  cause  of  his  death.  A  short  time  before  he 
died,  as  some  of  his  friends,  who  surrounded  his 
bed  to  see  him  breathe  his  last,  were  lamenting 
the  loss  which  the  college  would  sustain,  he  said, 
to  their  astonishment.  "  Trust  in  God,  and  ye  need 
not  fear."  These  were  his  last  words.  He  after 
wards  expired  with  as  much  composure  as  if  he 
had  only  fallen  asleep.  He  was  succeeded  by 
Mr.  Davies.  His  wife,  Sarah,  daughter  of  Rev. 
J.  Pierpont,  of  New  Haven,  whom  he  married  in 
-1727  in  her  eighteenth  year,  died  in  1758.  She 
became  pious  at  the  age  of  five.  The  following 
beautiful  account  of  her,  when  in  her  thirteenth 
year,  was  written  on  a  blank  leaf  by  Mr.  Ed 
wards,  in  1723,  when  he  was  twenty:  "  They  say 
there  is  a  young  lady  in  New  Haven  who  is  be 
loved  of  that  Great  Being,  who  made  and  rules 
the  world,  and  that  there  are  certain  seasons  in 
which  this  Great  Being,  in  some  way  or  other, 
comes  to  her  and  fills  her  mind  with  exceeding 
sweet  delight,  and  that  she  hardly  cares  for  any 
thing,  except  to  meditate  on  Him ;  that  she  ex 
pects  after  a  while  to  be  received  up  where  he  is, 
to  be  raised  up  out  of  the  world  and  caught  up 
into  heaven  ;  being  assured  that  he  loves  her  too 
well  to  let  her  remain  at  a  distance  from  him 
always.  There  she  is  to  dwell  with  him  and  to 
be  ravished  with  his  love  and  delight  forever. 
Therefore,  if  you  present  all  the  world  before  her, 


324 


EDWARDS. 


with  the  richest  of  its  treasures,  she  disregards 
it,  and  cares  not  for  it,  and  is  unmindful  of  any 
path  of  affliction.  She  has  a  strange  sweetness 
in  her  mind  and  singular  purity  in  her  affections ; 
is  most  just  and  conscientious  in  all  her  conduct, 
and  you  could  not  persuade  her  to  do  anything 
wrong  or  sinful,  if  you  would  give  her  all  this 
world,  lest  she  should  offend  this  Great  Being. 
She  is  of  a  wonderful  sweetness,  calmness,  and 
universal  benevolence  of  mind,  especially  after 
this  Great  God  has  manifested  himself  to  her 
mind.  She  will  sometimes  go  about  from  place 
to  place,  singing  sweetly,  and  seems  to  be  always 
full  of  joy  and  pleasure,  and  no  one  knows  for 
what.  She  loves  to  be  alone,  walking  in  the 
fields  and  groves,  and  seems  to  have  some  one 
invisible  always  conversing  with  her."  Mr.  Ed 
wards  had  three  sons  and  seven  daughters.  Two 
of  lu's  daughters  died  unmarried  ;  Sarah  married 
E.  Parsons,  and  Lucy,  J.  Woodbridge,  of  Stock- 
bridge  ;  Esther  married  Pres.  Burr ;  Mary  mar 
ried  Col.  Dwight,  of  Northampton ;  Susanna 
married  E.  Porter,  of  Hadley ;  Eunice  married 
T.  Pollock,  of  North  Carolina. 

President  Edwards  was  distinguished  not  only 
for  the  astonishing  vigor  and  penetration  of  his 
mind,  but  for  his  Christian  virtues.  At  a  very 
early  period  of  his  life  he  was  much  affected  by 
the  truths  of  religion,  and  used  several  times  in 
a  day  to  address  himself  to  Heaven  in  secret 
prayer,  and  to  meet  for  religious  conversation  and 
devotion  with  boys  of  his  own  age.  But  at 
length  he  returned  to  a  state  of  negligence  and 
forgetfulness  of  God.  He  no  longer  addressed 
his  prayer  to  the  Lord,  his  Maker.  The  pleasure 
which  he  had  enjoyed  in  religious  duties,  he 
afterwards  believed  to  have  originated  in  selfish 
views  and  hopes,  and  not  to  have  been  founded  in 
a  correct  knowledge  of  the  truth.  Soon  after  he 
left  college,  however,  a  deep  sense  of  his  sin  was 
imparted  to  him ;  he  beheld  a  new  glory  in  the 
character  of  God,  and  in  the  doctrines  of  the 
gospel ;  and  a  view  of  the  way  of  salvation  by  a 
crucified  Redeemer,  filled  him  with  inexpressible 
joy.  Those  doetrines  which  he  had  formerly  op 
posed  and  regarded  with  horror,  now  inspired 
him  with  delight.  Such  were  his  conceptions  of 
the  wisdom  and  excellence  of  the  Most  High, 
that  he  found  a  real  pleasure  in  ascribing  to  him 
an  absolute  sovereignty  in  the  disposal  of  his 
creatures  ;  in  choosing  whom  he  would  to  eternal 
life,  and  rejecting  whom  he  pleased,  for  the  dis 
play  of  his  glory.  Of  the  certainty  of  this  doc 
trine  he  felt  as  much  assured  as  of  the  existence 
of  any  object  which  was  presented  to  his  sight. 
The  excellence,  upon  which  he  fixed  his  thoughts, 
was  communicated  to  him  ;  and  he  was  moulded 
into  the  glorious  image  which  was  so  constantly 
in  his  eye.  His  life  of  integrity,  of  humility,  of 
meekness,  of  benevolence,  of  piety,  of  Chris- 


EDWARDS. 

tian  courage,  and  of  zeal  directed  by  the  meek 
ness  of  wisdom,  gives  full  evidence  that  his 
religion  was  the  religion  of  Christ.  His  highest 
and  sweetest  joys,  he  remarked,  did  not  spring 
from  the  hope  that  he  was  in  a  state  of  salvation, 
nor  from  the  consciousness  of  any  excellence  in 
himself,  but  from  a  direct  view  of  the  precious 
truths  of  the  gospel.  No  one  could  be  more 
deeply  humbled  under  a  sense  of  the  iniquity  of 
his  heart,  and  of  his  impotence  to  what  is  good. 
This  conviction  led  him  to  distrust  himself,  to 
rely  only  upon  the  grace  of  God,  and  to  ascribe 
everything  to  infinite  mercy. 

In  the  various  relations  of  life  his  character 
was  unimpeached.  The  benevolent  principles 
which  he  had  embraced  taught  him  to  do  good, 
and,  while  he  inculcated  charity  upon  others,  he 
himself  gave  much  to  the  poor.  lie  seldom  vis 
ited  his  people,  except  in  sickness  or  affliction,  not 
having  remarkable  talents  in  conversation,  and 
believing  that  he  should  be  more  useful  in  his 
study.  Yet  he  was  not  austere  and  unsociable, 
but  easy  of  access,  kind  and  condescending.  To 
his  friends  he  opened  himself  without  reserve. 
He  gave  no  encouragement  in  his  conversation  to 
evil-speaking  and  folly ;  nor  was  he  fond  of 
disputes,  though,  when  called  upon,  he  would 
express  his  opinion,  and  calmly  vindicate  his  sen 
timents.  He  preferred  managing  a  controversy 
with  his  pen  in  his  hand.  Though  his  constitu 
tion  was  delicate,  he  commonly  spent  thirteen 
hours  every  day  in  his  study.  He  usually  rose 
between  four  and  five  in  the  morning,  and  was 
abstemious,  living  completely  by  rule.  For  exer 
cise,  he  would  in  the  winter  take  an  axe  and  chop 
wood  for  half  an  hour ;  and  in  the  summer  would 
walk  or  ride  on  horseback  two  or  three  miles,  to 
some  retired  grove.  Here  his  active  mind  was 
still  occupied  in  religious  meditation  and  devotion, 
or  in  study.  Having  his  pen  and  ink  with  him, 
he  recorded  every  striking  thought  that  occurred. 
All  his  researches  were  indeed  pursued  with  his 
pen  in  lu's  hand,  and  the  number  of  his  miscella 
neous  writings,  which  he  left  behind  him,  was  above 
fourteen  hundred.  They  were  all  numbered  and 
paged,  and  an  index  was  formed  for  the  whole. 
He  was  peculiarly  happy  in  his  domestic  connec 
tions.  Mrs.  Edwards,  by  taking  the  entire  care 
of  his  temporal  concerns,  gave  him  an  opportunity 
of  consecrating  all  his  powers,  without  interrup 
tion,  to  the  labors  and  studies  of  the  sacred  office. 
It  ought,  perhaps,  to  be  mentioned,  that  in  the 
account  of  the  "  Quick  stock,"  of  which  he  died 
possessed,  is  tin's  item  :  "  A  negro  boy,  named 
Titus,  30  pounds."  Had  he  lived  through  the 
American  struggle  for  freedom,  he  doubtless 
would  have  accorded  with  his  son,  Dr.  Jonathan, 
in  his  views  of  the  injustice  and  gross  wrong  of 
slavery. 

As  a  preacher  he  was  not  oratorical  in  his  man- 


EDWARDS. 


EDWARDS. 


325 


ner,  and  his  voice  was  rather  feeble,  though  he 
spoke  with  distinctness ;  but  his  discourses  were 
rich  in  thought;  and,  being  deeply  impressed 
himself  with  the  truths  which  he  uttered,  his 
preaching  came  home  to  the  hearts  of  his  hear 
ers.  Though  he  usually  wrote  his  sermons  with 
great  care,  and  read  his  notes,  yet,  when  in  the 
delivery  a  new  thought  struck  him,  he  was  not  so 
shackled  but  that  he  would  express  it,  and  his 
extemporary  effusions  were  frequently  the  most 
interesting  and  useful  parts  of  his  discourses. 
Toward  the  close  of  life  he  was  inclined  to  think 
that  it  would  have  been  better  if  he  had  never 
used  his  notes  at  all.  He  advised  the  young 
preacher  to  commit  his  sermons  to  memory. 

Mr.  Edwards  was  uncommonly  zealous  and 
persevering  in  his  search  after  truth.  lie  spared 
no  pains  in  procuring  the  necessary  aids,  and  he 
read  all  the  books  which  he  could  procure  that 
promised  to  afford  him  assistance  in  his  inquiries. 
lie  confined  himself  to  no  particular  sect  or  de 
nomination,  but  studied  the  writings  of  men  whose 
sentiments  were  the  most  opposite  to  his  own. 
But  the  Bible  claimed  his  peculiar  attention. 
From  that  book  he  derived  his  religious  principles, 
and  not  from  any  human  system.  The  doctrines 
which  he  supported  were  Calvinistic,  and  when 
these  doctrines  were  in  any  degree  relinquished, 
or  were  not  embraced  in  their  whole  length  and 
breadth,  he  did  not  see  where  a  man  could  set 
his  foot  down,  with  consistency  and  safety,  short 
of  deism  or  atheism  itself.  Yet,  with  all  his  strict 
adherence  to  what  he  believed  to  be  the  truths  of 
heaven,  his  heart  was  kind  and  tender.  When 
Mr.  Whitefielcl  preached  for  him  on  the  Sabbath, 
the  acute  divine,  whose  mighty  intellect  has  sel 
dom  been  equalled,  wept  as  a  child  during  the 
whole  sermon. 

His  essay  on  the  freedom  of  the  will  is  consid 
ered  as  one  of  the  greatest  efforts  of  the  human 
mind.  Those  who  embrace  the  Calvinistic  senti 
ments  have  been  accustomed  to  say,  that  he  has- 
forever  settled  the  controversy  with  the  Armin- 
ians,  by  demonstrating  the  absurdity  of  their 
principles.  On  the  other  hand,  there  are  those 
attached  to  the  general  theological  doctrines  em 
braced  by  Ed  wards,  who  think  that  the  unavoid 
able  consequences  of  his  metaphysical  argument 
are  so  contradictory  to  the  common  judgment  of 
mankind,  as  to  authorize  any  one  "  boldly  to  cut 
asunder  the  knot  which  he  is  unable  to  unloose." 
However,  if  the  argument  of  Edwards  be  a  fal 
lacy,  "  there  must  be  some  way  to  unravel  the 
puzzle."  The  following  is  a  brief  exhibition  of 
his  supposed  sophistry.  1.  He  uses  the  word 
cause  perpetually  in  various  senses  :  in  the  sense 
of  efficiency,  or  real  cause  ;  of  reason,  or  induce 
ment  ;  and  of  antecedent  circumstance,  the  ground, 
"  in  whole  or  in  part,"  of  an  event.  When  he 
lays  down  the  maxim,  "  nothing  ever  comes  to 


pass  without  a  cause,"  and  says,  "if  the  will  be 
determined,  there  is  a  determiner;"  he  means  an 
efficient  cause.  But  when  he  asserts  that  motive 
is  the  cause  of  volition,  he  departs  from  the 
meaning  of  efficiency.  The  true  meaning  in  the 
latter  case  is  nothing  more,  than  that  motives  or 
views  of  the  mind  precede  or  accompany  the  ac 
tions  of  men ;  or,  in  other  words,  that  rational 
men,  who  exert  their  efficiency  in  volition,  do  it 
for  some  purpose,  or  with  some  design  ;  for  mo 
tives  are  mere  views  of  the  mind,  and  it  were 
absurd  to  ascribe  to  them  an  agency,  or  to  make 
them  efficient  causes.  As  Mr.  Edwards  asserts, 
"  actions  are  to  be  ascribed  to  agents."  Men 
must  cause  their  own  volitions ;  or  some  other 
agent  must  cause  them,  in  which  case  men  are 
machines.  2.  He  assumes  the  great  point  of 
controversy;  that  is,  he  takes  for  granted,  that 
because  the  mind  of  man  had  a  beginning  of  ex 
istence,  and  because  its  actions  have  a  beginning, 
therefore  it  cannot  originate  a  volition.  But,  if 
the  eternal  Spirit  originaies  volition,  it  should 
have  been  proved  that  he  could  not  give  the 
same  power  to  a  human  spirit,  made  in  his  like 
ness.  In  ascribing  to  God  in  perfection  the  es 
sential  qualities  of  a  moral  agent,  he  enumerates 
"  a  capacity  of  choice,  and  choice  guided  by 
understanding,  and  a  power  of  acting  according 
to  his  choice  or  pleasure ;  "  but  in  considering 
man  as  a  moral  agent  he  ascribes  to  him  only  "  a 
power  of  acting  according  to  choice,"  and  omits 
the  essential  quality  of  a  moral  agent,  —  "  the 
power  of  choice."  3.  The  term  motive  is  em 
ployed  at  one  time  to  express  the  antecedent 
reason  or  ground,  or  previous  view  or  circum 
stance,  supposed  to  determine  the  choice,  as  when 
he  says,  the  strongest  motive  governs  the  will  ; 
and  at  another  time  he  represents  the  strongest 
motive  and  the  mind's  choosing  as  very  much  the 
same  thing ;  so  that  the  motive  cannot  be  ante 
cedent  or  previous  to  the  volition.  He  says,  "  an 
appearing  most  agreeable  or  pleasing  to  the 
mind,  and  the  mind's  preferring  and  choosing, 
seem  hardly  to  be  properly  and  perfectly  dis 
tinct."  If  the  view  of  the  greatest  good  and  the 
preference  or  act  of  choice  itself  are  very  much 
the  same  thing,  then  to  say  that  volition  is  the 
effect  of  the  strongest  motive,  is  very  much  the 
same  thing  as  to  say  that  volition  is  the  effect  of 
volition  ;  and  a  "  previous  tendency  of  the  motive 
to  move  the  will "  is  but  a  previous  tendency  of 
the  choice  to  determine  the  choice.  4.  The  dis 
tinction  between  natural  and  moral  necessity  can 
make  no  difference  as  to  excusableness  from 
blame,  unless  there  be  employed  in  the  case  of 
moral  necessity  the  power  of  choosing  differently, 
which  yet  he  denies ;  for,  if  men  are  excusable 
when  necessity  prevents  them  from  doing  what 
they  will  to  do,  then  surely  they  must  be  excusable 
when  necessity  absolutely  controls  their  choice, 


326 


EDWARDS. 


EDWARDS. 


or  governs  their  will.  Man  cannot  be  a  moral 
agent,  if  his  mind  is  completely  enslaved,  and  his 
volitions  all  influenced  by  causes  beyond  his  con 
trol,  whether  the  necessity  be  called  moral  or 
not.  Luther  said,  "  I  truly  wish  that  in  this  con 
troversy  some  more  appropriate  term  were  em 
ployed  than  the  usual  one,  necessity,  which  is 
applicable  neither  to  the  will  of  God  nor  man. 
It  is  of  so  harsh  and  incongruous  a  signification, 
suggesting  a  sort  of  co-action,  and  what  is  alto 
gether  contrary  to  the  nature  of  volition." 

This  is  a  very  imperfect  view  of  the  objections 
to  the  argument  of  Edwards.  Should  a  new 
school  of  metaphysical  theology  spring  up,  it 
will  doubtless  discard  some  old  and  revered  no 
tions.  The  following  may  be  some  of  its  elemen 
tary  principles.  Man  is  constituted  an  agent ; 
he  is  the  cause,  the  originator  of  his  own  volitions, 
else  he  would  not  be  accountable.  The  mere 
liberty  of  doing  what  he  wills  is  not  enough  ;  he 
must  be  free  to  will,  or  have  power  to  choose, 
or  must  originate  his  own  volitions.  Right  views 
of  free-agency  are  of  high  importance,  for  uni- 
versalism  and  infidelity  will  be  the  result,  when 
man  is  regarded  as  a  machine,  governed  by  exte 
rior  efficiency.  By  the  faculty  of  the  will  is 
meant  the  power  of  the  mind  to  choose,  the  self- 
determining  power.  To  say,  that  motives  govern 
the  will,  is  to  say  that  motives  govern  the  self- 
determining  power,  and  this  is  to  deny  such  a 
power.  If,  as  Edwards  asserts,  "  the  being  of  a 
good  will  is  the  most  proper  subject  of  com 
mand,"  ii  must  be,  because  man  has  the  power  to 
choose  aright,  for  responsiblencss  is  bounded  by 
power.  If  man  has  no  power  but  that  of  doing 
what  he  chooses,  then  he  could  not  be  required 
to  have  a  good  will,  or  to  make  a  wise  choice,  for 
God  never  demands  impossibilities.  The  mind 
does  not  always  choose  according  to  the  greatest 
apparent  good,  though  required  to  choose  the 
greatest  good  ;  for  frequently  men  choose  against 
clear  light  and  full  conviction.  They  always  pre 
fer,  indeed,  what  they  choose,  for  choosing  is  but 
preferring ;  but  they  often  choose  from  unholy 
appetite  and  passion  against  understanding  and 
conscience.  The  mind  arbitrates  between  differ 
ent  motives,  but  is  not  determined  by  them.  It 
determines  its  own  course  in  the  view  of  motives, 
or  with  some  design  or  purpose.  Men  are  real 
agents,  and  not  thinking  machines,  irresponsible, 
destined  to  no  future  judgment,  incapable  of  pun 
ishment.  In  the  midst  of  a  world  of  motives, 
they  are  the  authors  of  their  own  volitions ;  cer 
tainly  of  that  class  of  volitions,  for  which  they 
may  be  held  to  a  retribution  of  evil.  Yet,  it  can 
never  be  proved,  that  all  this  impairs  the  fore 
knowledge  of  the  infinite  Spirit,  or  is  inconsistent 
with  his  eternal  purpose,  and  his  influence  in  giv 
ing  a  new  heart,  or  securing  a  right  direction  to 
the  choice.  At  least,  such  an  interposition  of 


divine  grace  and  mercy,  if  it  should  even  destroy 
in  that  respect  human  freedom,  by  efficiently  caus 
ing  a  holy  choice,  is  to  bf  deemed  an  immeas 
urable  benefit  toward  those  who  experience  the 
new-creating  energy,  while  yet  the  choosers  of 
evil  are  left  free  to  their  own  agency,  and  the 
character  of  God  remains  unsullied,  and  his  gov 
ernment  unimpeached.  Remarks  were  made  on 
the  essay  on  the  freedom  of  the  will  by  James 
Dana  and  Samuel  West;  the  latter  was  answered 
by  Dr.  Edwards.  His  other  works,  which  are  most 
celebrated,  are  :  his  book  on  original  sin,  in  an 
swer  to  Taylor ;  his  treatise  on  the  affections ;  his 
dissertation  on  the  nature  of  true  virtue,  and  that 
on  the  end  for  which  God  created  the  world.  A 
splendid  edition  of  his  works  was  published  in 
England,  and  an  edition,  in  8  volumes,  intended 
to  be  a  complete  collection  of  his  writings,  edited 
by  Dr.  Austin,  was  published  in  1809.  Another 
edition,  with  an  ample  account  of  his  life,  edited 
by  his  descendant,  Sereno  Edwards  Dwight,  was 
published  in  ten  volumes,  8vo.,  in  1830. 

The  following  is  a  catalogue  of  his  publica 
tions  :  a  sermon  preached  at  Boston  on  I  Cor 
inthians,  I.  29,  30,  1731  ;  a  sermon  preached 
at  Northampton,  on  Matthew  xvi.  17,  1734 ;  a 
narrative  of  the  work  of  God  in  the  conversion 
of  many  hundred  of  souls  in  Northampton,  173G  ; 
five  discourses  on  justification  by  faith  alone,  press 
ing  into  the  kingdom  of  God,  Ruth's  resolution, 
the  justice  of  God  in  the  damnation  of  sinners, 
and  the  excellency  of  Jesus  Christ,  1738 ;  sin 
ners  in  the  hands  of  an  angry  God,  a  sermon 
preached  at  Enfield,  1741 ;  a  sermon  on  the  dis 
tinguishing  marks  of  a  work  of  the  Spirit  of  God, 
1741 ;  thoughts  on  the  revival  of  religion,  1742  ; 
a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  R.  Abercrombie, 
1744  ;  at  the  instalment  of  S.  Buell,  1746  ;  a  trea 
tise  on  religious  affections,  1746  ;  an  attempt  to 
promote  agreement  in  prayer  for  the  revival  of 
religion,  1746  ;  life  of  1).  Brainerd,  1749  ;  an  in 
quiry  into  the  qualifications  for  full  communion  in 
the  church,  1749;  a  reply  to  S.  Williams'  answer 
to  the  inquiry,  1752 ;  a  sermon  preached  at  New 
ark,  1752;  an  inquiry  into  the  modern  prevailing 
notions  of  that  freedom  of  Avill  which  is  supposed 
to  be  essential  to  moral  agency,  etc.,  1754;  the 
great  doctrine  of  original  sin  defended,  1758. 
Since  his  death,  the  following  works  have  been 
published  from  his  manuscripts :  eighteen  ser 
mons,  with  his  life  written  by  Dr.  Hopkins,  1765  ; 
the  history  of  redemption,  1774;  on  the  nature 
of  true  virtue,  1788  ;  God's  last  end  in  the  cre 
ation  ;  thirty-three  sermons ;  twenty  sermons, 
1789  ;  miscellaneous  observations,  1793  ;  miscel 
laneous  remarks,  1796.  —  Hopkins'  Life  of  Ed 
wards;  Life  prefixed  to  Itis  Works  ;  Middleton's 
Biog.  Evany.  IV.  294-317. 

EDAVARDS,  JONATHAN,  D.  D.,  president  of 
Union  college  at  Schenectady,  in  the  State  of 


EDWARDS. 

New  York,  son  of  the  preceding,  died  Aug.  1, 
1801,  aged  5G.  He  was  born  at  Northampton, 
June  6,  1745.  In  childhood  an  inflammation  in 
his  eyes  prevented  him  from  learning  to  read  till 
an  uncommonly  late  period.  He  was  but  six 
years  old  when  he  was  removed  to  Stockbridgc; 
and  here  there  was  no  school  but  one,  which  was 
common  to  the  Indian  children  and  the  children 
of  white  parents.  Of  the  latter  there  were  so 
few  that  he  was  in  danger  of  forgetting  the 
English  tongue.  Here,  whilst  at  school,  he 
learned  the  language  of  the  Mohekaneew,  or 
Stockbridge  Indians,  so  perfectly,  that  the  natives 
frequently  observed,  that  "  he  spoke  exactly  like 
an  Indian."  This  language  he  retained  in  a  good 
degree  through  life,  and  he  published  interesting 
remarks  upon  it  some  years  before  his  death. 
Ilis  father  intended  him  for  a  missionary  among 
the  aborigines,  and  in  accordance  with  this  plan 
sent  him  in  Oct.,  1755,  when  he  was  ten  years  of 
age,  with  Gideon  Ilawley,  to  Oughquauga,  on  the 
Susquehannah  river,  to  learn  the  language  of  the 
Oneicla  Indians.  This  place  was  in  the  wilderness 
about  one  hundred  miles  from  any  English  set 
tlement.  He  remained  at  Oughquauga  but  four 
months,  in  consequence  of  the  war  between  Eng- 
and  and  France,  which  now  extended  to  the  col 
onies.  During  this  short  time  he  made  rapid 
progress  in  acquiring  the  language  of  the  natives, 
and  in  engaging  their  affections.  They  were  so 
much  attached  to  him,  that  when  they  thought 
their  settlement  was  exposed  to  inroads  from  the 
French,  they  took  him  upon  their  shoulders  and 
carried  him  many  miles  through  the  wilderness 
to  a  place  of  security. 

lie  was  graduated  at  the  college  in  New  Jersey 
in  1705.  Two  years  before,  at  a  time  when  the 
students  of  the  college  were  generally  impressed 
by  the  truths  of  religion,  he  was  blessed  with  the 
hope  of  his  reconciliation  to  God  through  Christ. 
This  was  during  the  presidentship  and  under  the 
impressive  preaching  of  Dr.  Finley.  He  after 
wards  pursued  the  study  of  divinity  under  the 
instruction  of  Dr.  Bellamy,  and  in  Oct.,  17G6,  was 
licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  association 
of  ministers  in  the  county  of  Litchfield,  Conn.  In 
1767  he  was  appointed  tutor  of  Princeton  college, 
and  in  this  office  he  remained  two  years.  He 
was  ordained  pastor  of  the  church  at  White 
Haven  in  the  town  of  New  Haven,  Jan.  5,  1769, 
and  continued  there  till  May  19,  1795,  when  he 
was  dismissed  by  an  ecclesiastical  council  at  his 
own  request  and  the  request  of  his  society.  Some 
of  the  leading  men  of  his  parish  had  embraced 
religious  sentiments  of  a  different  stamp  from 
those  which  were  formerly  professed,  and  which 
Dr.  Edwards  believed  to  be  true;  and  this  cir 
cumstance  was  the  principal  cause  of  dismission, 
though  an  inability  on  the  part  of  the  society  to 
give  him  support  was  the  most  prominent  reason 


EDWARDS. 


327 


assigned  for  this  event.  In  Jan.,  1796,  he  was 
installed  pastor  of  the  church  at  Colebrook  in 
Litchfield  county.  In  this  retired  situation,  where 
lie  was  enabled  to  pursue  his  theological  studies 
with  little  interruption,  he  hoped  to  spend  the 
remainder  of  his  days.  But  in  June,  1799,  he 
was  elected  president  of  the  college  which  had 
been  recently  established  at  Schenectady,  as  suc 
cessor  of  Mr.  Smith.  In  July  he  commenced  the 
duties  of  the  office.  From  this  time  his  atten 
tion  and  talents  were  devoted  to  the  concerns 
of  the  seminary,  which  was  committed  to  his 
charge. 

There  were  several  remarkable  coincidences  in 
the  lives  of  Dr.  Edwards  and  his  father.  Both 
were  tutors  in  the  seminaries  in  winch  they  were 
educated;  were  dismissed  on  account  of  their 
religious  opinions ;  were  settled  again  in  retired 
situations ;  were  elected  to  the  presidentship  of  a 
college;  and,  in  a  short  time  after  they  were  in 
augurated,  died  at  nearly  the  same  age.  They 
were  also  remarkably  similar  in  person  and  char 
acter. 

Dr.  Edwards  was  a  man  of  uncommon  powers 
of  mind.  He  has  seldom  been  surpassed  in 
acuteness  and  penetration.  His  answer  to  Dr. 
Chauncy,  his  dissertation  on  the  liberty  of  the 
will  in  reply  to  Dr.  West,  and  his  sermons  on  the 
atonement  of  Christ,  are  considered  as  works  of 
great  and  peculiar  merit.  His  early  discourse 
against  slavery  was  recently  reprinted.  As  a 
preacher,  in  his  manner  of  delivery  he  was  bold 
and  animated ;  but  he  addressed  the  understand 
ing  and  conscience  rather  than  the  passions  of 
his  audience.  A  mind  like  his  could  not  in  the 
progress  of  discussion  lose  sight  of  its  subject. 
His  thoughts  were  well  arranged  and  his  argu 
ments  strong  and  convincing.  lie  was  by  nature 
of  an  irritable  disposition ;  but,  conscious  of  his 
infirmity,  he  made  it  the  business  of  his  life  to 
subdue  it,  and  he  was  successful.  Under  many 
trying  circumstances  his  equanimity  was  conspicu 
ous.  In  prosperity  and  adversity  lie  was  the  same, 
always  sensible  of  his  dependence  upon  God, 
always  acquiescing  in  his  will  and  confiding  in 
his  mercy.  In  his  habits  he  was  very  regular. 
His  exercise,  his  studies,  and  all  his  concerns 
were  as  systematic  as  possible.  He  generally 
rose  early,  and  his  first  thoughts  were  directed 
towards  his  Almighty  Creator  and  Friend,  to 
whom  in  early  life  he  had  consecrated  the  powers 
of  his  mind,  his  improvements,  his  possessions, 
his  time,  his  influence,  and  all  the  means  of  doing 
good  which  should  be  put  into  his  hands.  At 
the  age  of  eighteen  he  began  a  diary  of  his  reli 
gious  life.  This  he  continued  for  a  few  months, 
and  then  abruptly  relinquished  it,  but  for  what 
reason  it  is  not  known.  In  the  early  stages  of 
his  last  illness,  when  he  retained  his  reason  and 
the  power  of  speech,  he  expressed  his  entire 


328 


EDWARDS. 


EDWARDS. 


resignation  to  the  pleasure  of  God.  In  his  death 
an  extensive  acquaintance  lamented  the  fall  of  one 
of  the  firmest  pillars  of  the  church. 

He  published  a  work  entitled,  the  salvation  of 
all  men  strictly  examined,  etc.,  in  answer  to  Dr. 
Chauncy;  a  dissertation  on  liberty  and  necessity; 
observations  on  the  language  of  the  Mohekaneew, 
or  Stockbridge  Indians,  communicated  to  the 
Connecticut  society  of  arts  and  sciences,  and  re- 
published  in  Massachusetts  historical  collections, 
with  notes  by  J.  Pickering ;  brief  observations  on 
the  doctrine  of  universal  salvation  ;  three  sermons 
on  the  atonement;  sermons  at  the  ordination  of 
Timothy  Dwight,  Greenfield,  1783;  of  Dan  Brad 
ley,  Hamden,  1792;  of  W.  Brown,  Glastenbury, 
1792;  of  Edward  Dorr  Griffin,  New  Hartford, 
1795  ;  a  sermon  on  the  injustice  and  impolicy  of 
the  slave  trade,  1791;  human  depravity  the  source 
of  infidelity,  a  sermon  in  the  American  preacher, 
II. ;  marriage  of  a  wife's  sister  considered  in  the 
anniversary  concio  ad  clerum  in  the  chapel  of 
Yale  college,  1792  ;  on  the  death  of  Roger  Sher 
man,  1793;  at  the  election,  1794;  on  a  future 
state  of  existence  and  the  immortality  of  the  soul, 
printed  in  a  volume,  entitled,  sermons  collected, 
etc.  ;  a  farewell  sermon  to  the  people  of  Cole- 
brook;  and  a  number  of  excellent  pieces,  with 
the  signatures  I  and  O,in  the  New  York  theolog 
ical  magazine,  lie  also  edited,  from  the  manu 
scripts  of  his  father,  the  history  of  the  work  of 
redemption,  two  volumes  of  sermons,  and  two 
volumes  of  observations  on  important  theological 
subjects.  —  Conn.  Evang.  Mag.,  II.  377-383; 
Miller,  11.  453;  2  Hist.  Coll.x.  81-160;  Holmes, 
II.  321. 

EDWARDS,  MORGAN,  a  Baptist  minister,  died 
Jan.  28,  1795,  aged  72.  lie  was  born  in  Wales 
in  1722,  and  began  to  preach  in  his  sixteenth 
year.  He  came  to  America  in  May,  1761,  and 
became  the  pastor  of  a  church  in  Philadelphia,  in 
which  office  he  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Rogers.  He 
removed  in  1772  to  a  plantation  in  Newark,  New 
castle  county.  Being  opposed  to  the  Revolution, 
he  ceased  preaching  during  the  war.  Afterwards 
he  read  lectures  in  different  parts  of  the  country. 
He  had  been  intemperate ;  it  was  his  own  opin 
ion,  that  a  minister  should  not  preach  again  after 
such  a  fall.  He  once  persuaded  liimself,  about 
the  year  1770,  that  he  should  die  on  a  particular 
day,  and  preached  his  own  funeral  sermon;  but 
he  lived  a  quarter  of  a  century  afterwards.  He 
published  a  farewell  discourse,  1761  ;  at  the  ordi 
nation  of  S.  Jones;  customs  of  primitive  churches ; 
on  new  year,  1770 ;  materials  toward  a  history 
of  Baptists  of  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  2 
vols.,  12mo.,  1792;  on  the  millennium;  on  the 
new  heaven  and  new  earth ;  res  sacra,  a  transla 
tion.  He  left  many  vols.  of  sermons,  and  12  vols. 
of  manuscripts  on  various  subjects.  —  Benedict, 
II.  294-301. 


EDWARDS,  SARAH,  widow  of  President  Ed 
wards,  died  six  months  after  her  husband,  Oct.  2, 
1758,  aged  48.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Rev. 
James  Pierrepont  of  New  Haven,  born  in  1710  ; 
and  was  the  mother  of  eleven  children.  She  ap 
parently  became  pious  at  the  age  of  five  years ; 
and  her  whole  life  was  a  life  of  eminent  piety, 
benevolence,  and  usefulness.  With  great  intelli 
gence  and  skill,  she  educated  her  children  and 
conducted  all  the  domestic  affairs ;  to  her  hus 
band  she  was  one  "  whose  price  was  above 
rubies." 

EDWARDS,  WILLIAM,  a  Moravian  missionary, 
died  at  Goshen  on  the  Muskingum  in  1801,  aged 
about  70. 

EDWARDS,  TIMOTHY,  judge,  the  eldest  son 
of  President  Edwards,  died  at  Stockbridge,  Mass., 
Oct.  27,  1813,  aged  15.  After  graduating  at 
Princeton,  1757,  he  was  a  merchant  in  Elizabeth- 
town,  N.  J.,  and  removed  to  S.  about  1770,  and 
was  a  leading  citizen  for  forty-three  years,  and 
judge  of  probate  for  Berkshire.  He  was  also  a 
venerated  officer  of  the  church.  His  widow, 
Rhoda  Ogden,  died  at  Litchfield  in  1822,  aged 
80.  Of  his  fifteen  children,  one,  if  not  more, 
still  lives,  —  Madame  Rhoda  Dwight  of  North 
ampton,  aged  now  nearly  80. 

EDWARDS,  NINIAX,  governor  of  Illinois,  died 
of  the  cholera  at  Belleville  July  20,  1833.  He 
was  appointed  governor  in  1809,  and  in  1818 
was  chosen  a  senator  of  the  United  States.  He 
was  also,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  governor  and 
superintendent  of  Indian  afl'airs. 

EDWARDS,  PIERREPOXT,  died  at  Bridgeport 
April  14,  1826,  aged  76.  He  was  born  at  North 
ampton  in  1750,  a  few  weeks  before  the  dismission 
of  his  father,  President  Edwards.  For  many 
years  he  was  a  distinguished  lawyer;  he  was  a 
patriot,  and  under  the  old  confederation  a  member 
of  congress.  His  sons  were  John  S.,  Henry  W., 
Ogden,  and  Alfred.  His  daughter  Susan  married 
Samuel  W.  Johnson,  and  Henrietta  Frances 
married  Eli  Whitney. 

EDWARDS,  WILLIAM,  colonel,  died  in  Brook 
lyn,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  29,  1851,  aged  81,  the  son  of 
Timothy,  and  grandson  of  Jonathan  E.  He  was 
early  apprenticed  to  his  uncle,  Col.  M.  Ogden,  of 
Elizabcthtown,  in  the  tanning  business,  which  he 
carried  on  himself  many  years  extensively  at 
Northampton,  and  at  Hunter,  Greene  county, 
N.  Y.  At  the  latter  place,  employing  fifty  or 
one  hundred  laborers,  he  promoted  among  them 
the  interests  of  temperance,  and  conducted  reli 
gious  services  until  a  church  was  formed,  of  which 
he  was  twenty-five  years  an  elder.  Even  in  his 
old  age,  in  Dr.  Mason's  church  in  New  York,  and 
in  Brooklyn,  he  was  a  Sunday-school  teacher  and 
a  tract  distributor.  As  he  failed  once  in  business 
he  honestly  paid  up  the  old  debts,  from  which  he 
was  legally  discharged,  to  the  amount  of  25,000 


EDWAIIDS. 

dollars.  He  gave  in  his  vote  as  a  citizen  sixty- 
one  years  His  wife  was  Rebecca,  a  daughter  of 
B.  Tappan;  eight  children  survived  him. 

EDWARDS,  JONATHAN  W.,  an  eminent  law 
yer,  the  only  son  of  Rev.  Dr.  Jonathan  E.,  died  at 
Hartford  April  3,  1831,  aged  59.  He  graduated 
at  Yale  with  high  honor,  at  the  age  of  seventeen, 
in  1789,  and  afterwards  was  tutor.  In  taking  his 
second  degree  he  delivered  an  oration,  in  which  he 
attacked  the  existing  law,  by  which  the  eldest  son 
received  a  double  portion  of  the  estate  of  a  father, 
dying  without  a  will.  This  excited  attention ;  the 
next  year,  1792,  the  obnoxious  law  was  repealed. 
Having  studied  law  at  Litchfield,  he  settled  at 
Hartford,  and  rose  rapidly  in  his  profession,  and 
became  one  of  the  most  distinguished  advocates. 
He  had  a  very  uncommon  genius,  quick  percep 
tions,  great  acuteness  in  reasoning,  and  a  quick, 
beautiful,  unfailing  flow  of  language.  Ill  health 
compelled  him  to  intermingle  with  his  studies 
agricultural  pursuits.  The  religion  of  the  gospel 
gave  him  peace  and  hope  in  his  closing  hours. 
He  was  deemed  a  model  as  a  man,  a  father,  a 
lawyer,  a  citizen,  and  a  Christian.  One  of  his  two 
sisters  married  Rev.  Dr.  Chapin.  His  wife  was 
Elizabeth  Tryon.  Rev.  Dr.  Tryon  Edwards,  of 
New  London,  is  his  son.  If  an  honored  ancestry 
furnishes  an  excitement  to  noble  effort,  he  had  such 
an  ancestry  to  excite  him.  His  father  and  grand 
father  were  eminent  theologians  and  presidents  of 
colleges ;  and  then  he  could  go  back,  as  among 
his  ancestors,  to  Tuthill,  Winthrop,  Downing, 
Stoddard,  Warham,  Pierpont,  Hooker,  Willett, 
Brown,  Porter,  Walcott,  Pitkin,  Goodwin,  and 
Standley.  A  notice  of  Mr.  E.  was  written  by 
Chief  Justice  Williams,  and  is  contained  in  the 
appendix  to  a  volume  of  the  Connecticut  reports. 

EDWARDS,  HENRY  W.,  governor  of  Con 
necticut,  died  at  New  Haven  July  22,  1847,  aged 
67.  Born  in  N.  H.,  the  son  of  Pierrepont  E.,  he 
graduated  at  Princeton  in  1797 ;  was  a  senator 
of  the  United  States;  and  governor  in  1833, 
1835-7. 

EDWARDS,  HENRY  PIERREPONT,  a  judge  of 
the  supreme  court  of  New  York  seven  or  eight 
years,  died  in  New  York  Feb.  24,  1855,  aged  46. 
He  was  the  son  of  Gov.  H.  W.  Edwards.  He 
was  learned,  dignified,  upright,  and  independent. 

EDWARDS,  JUSTIN,  D.  D.,  died  at  the  Bath 
Alum  Spring,  Va.,  July  23,  1853,  aged  66.  Born 
in  Westhampton  April  25,  1787,  he  was  the  de 
scendant  of  Alexander  E.,  who  came  from  Wales 
in  1640,  and  lived  in  Springfield  and  Northamp 
ton,  lie  graduated  at  Williams  college  in  1810. 
In  about  two  years  he  was  settled  as  the  minister 
of  Andover  ;  after  fifteen  years  he  was  removed 
to  the  north  church  in  Boston,  but  in  two  years 
resigned  his  charge  and  became  secretary  of  the 
American  temperance  society.  During  his  seven 
years'  devotion  to  this  cause,  he  prepared  the  "per- 
42 


EDWARDS.  329 

manent  temperance  documents.''  After  this  he  was 
six  years  president  of  Andover  theological  sem 
inary,  and  then  seven  years  engaged  in  promoting 
the  observance  of  the  Sabbath,  writing  the  "  Sab 
bath  manual."  Four  years  he  spent  in  preparing 
comments  on  the  New  Testament,  and  the  Old, 
as  far  as  the  90th  Psalm,  when  he  ceased  to  write. 
He  went  to  Virginia  on  account  of  his  health. 
When,  in  great  suffering,  he  was  asked  if  he  had 
any  fear  of  death,  he  replied  :  "  None.  It  is 
nothing  fearful  to  die  and  go  to  heaven."  It 
seemed  to  be  his  fixed  determination  to  do  all 
the  good  possible,  while  he  lived  in  the  world. 
He  had  deep,  unbending  principle,  indomitable 
energy,  earnest  piety.  The  beginning  of  his  re 
ligious  course  was  in  1805,  at  the  age  of  eighteen, 
owing  to  the  impression  made  upon  him  at  the 
deathbed  of  an  eminent  Christian.  At  the  house 
of  his  neighbor,  Noah  Parsons,  Jr.,  died  Mr.  P.'s 
mother,  the  wife  of  Noah  P.,  of  Northampton, 
who  was  there  on  a  visit.  The  Christian  conver 
sation,  peace,  and  supports  of  both,  as  he  saw 
her  from  day  to  day,  taught  him  the  value  of  reli 
gion,  of  which  till  then  he  was  destitute.  She 
was  the  Phebe  Bartlett,  mentioned  by  Jonathan 
Edwards,  as  becoming  pious  at  five  years  of  age. 
His  wife  and  companion  in  life,  who  survived  him, 
and  the  mother  of  his  children,  was  Lydia,  daugh 
ter  of  Asa  Bigelow  of  Colchester.  He  assisted  in 
founding  the  tract  society  of  Boston,  and  was 
secretary  ;  and  when  it  was  united  to  the  society 
at  New  York  he  was  placed  on  the  publishing 
committee.  He  wrote  "  The  way  to  be  saved," 
"  Joy  in  heaven  over  the  penitent,"  "  Well-con 
ducted  form,"  and  "  The  traffic  in  ardent  spirits." 
Of  these,  750,000  were  printed,  —  parts  of  his 
Sabbath  manual,  535,000  ;  temperance  manual, 
143,000 ;  comment  on  the  New  Testament, 
70,000.  A  sketch  of  his  life  and  labors,  by  Rev. 
Wm.  A.  Hallock,  was  published,  with  a  portrait, 
by  the  American  tract  society  in  1855. 

'  EDWARDS,  BELA  BATES,  D..  D.,  professor  in 
Andover  theological  school,  died  in  Georgia  April 
20,  1852,  aged  49.  He  was  born  at  Southamp 
ton,  Mass.,  July  4,  1802.  He  descended  from 
Alexander  Edwards,  who  came  from  Wales,  and 
lived  in  Northampton  from  1655  to  1690,  and 
whose  grandson,  Samuel,  wno  died  in  1749,  was 
the  great-grandfather  of  Mr.  Edwards,  as  well  as 
of  Dr.  Justin  Edwards.  Mr.  E.'s  grandfather, 
also  named  Samuel,  who  was  a  soldier  in  the 
expedition  to  cape  Breton  in  1745,  removed 
to  Southampton  in  1753,  where  he  was  a  deacon 
many  years,  till  his  death  in  1784.  Mr.  E.'s 
father,  Elisha,  born  in  1758,  was  also  a  deacon 
from  1790  till  his  death  in  1832.  His  mother, 
a  woman  of  intellect  and  great  worth,  died  in 
1826. 

Mr.  E.  graduated  at  Amherst  college  in  1 824. 
Wliilc  in  college  he  became  a  Christian.     In  1825 


330 


EDWARDS. 


ELIOT. 


he  entered  the  seminary  at  Andover.  For  two 
years  from  1820  lie  was  a  tutor  at  Amhcrst.  In 
May,  1828,  he  was  chosen  assistant  secretary  of 
the  American  education  society,  and  performed 
the  duties  of  this  office,  at  the  same  time  living  at 
Andover  and  pursuing  his  theological  studies. 
From  1830  to  183G  he  lived  in  Boston,  but  re 
signed  his  office  of  secretary  in  1833. 

His  literary  and  editorial  labors  were  very  great 
and  important.  From  1828  to  1842  he  edited 
the  American  Quarterly  Register,  which  was 
called  first,  in  1827,  the  Quarterly  Journal  of  the 
American  education  society.  lie  established  in 
1833  the  American  Quarterly  Observer,  which, 
after  three  volumes,  was  united  with  the  Biblical 
Repository  of  Prof.  Robinson.  He  edited  it  from 
183,3  to  1838.  Of  the  Bibliotheca  Sacra  he  was 
the  editor  from  184-1  to  1852.  For  the  long 
period  of  twenty-three  years,  he  superintended  a 
part  of  our  periodical  literature,  and  with  the  aid 
of  others,  produced  thirty-one  octavo  volumes,  — 
monuments  of  his  great  industry,  talents,  learn 
ing,  and  taste. 

He  lived  in  Andover  from  1836  till  his  death. 
In  1837  he  was  appointed  professor  of  Hebrew 
in  the  seminary,  and  in  1848  successor  of  Prof. 
Stuart  in  the  chair  of  professor  of  biblical  litera 
ture.  In  1846  and  1847  he  made  the  tour  of 
Europe  with  his  wife  and  one  of  his  children.  A 
pulmonary  disease  compelled  him  to  repair  to 
Athens  in  Ga.,  in  the  autumn  of  1851,  and  there 
he  died  in  peace.  He  was  buried  at  Andover 
April  30th.  His  wife  was  Jerusha  W.  Billings  of 
Conway,  a  grand-daughter  of  Rev.  R.  S.  Storrs  of 
Longmeadow. 

His  memoir  was  published  by  Prof.  Park  in 
two  volumes,  in  1853,  containing  seven  sermons 
and  various  essays,  addresses,  and  lectures.  A 
more  interesting  memoir  of  a  literary,  pious,  and 
most  excellent  man  is  not  to  be  found.  Mr.  E. 
wrote,  besides  the  works  mentioned  already,  the 
eclectic  reader ;  biography  of  self-taught  men,  in 
1832 ;  and  the  missionary  gazetteer. 

EELLES,  NATHANIEL,  minister  of  Scituate, 
died  Aug.  25,  1750,  aged  about  73.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  college  in  1G99 ;  was  ordained  in 
1704.  He  was  a  man  of  eminence.  Among  his 
successors  was  Dr.  Barnes.  He  published  a  ser 
mon  at  the  ordination  of  F.  Clapp,  1729;  rea 
sons  for  inviting  Mr.  Whitefield  to  preach;  elec 
tion  sermon,  1743. 

EELLES,  NATHANIEL,  minister  of  Stonington, 
Conn.,  son  of  the  preceding,  graduated  at  Har 
vard  college  in  1728.  He  died  in  1786,  aged 
about  80.  He  published  the  election  sermon, 
1748. 

EELLES,  EDWARD,  minister  of  Middletown, 
son  of  Nathaniel  E.,  of  Scituate,  died  in  1776. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1733. 
He  published  the  election  sermon,  1767. 


EELLES,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  North  Bran- 
ford,  Conn.,  died  April  23,  1808,  aged  63.  He 
was  a  graduate  of  Yale  in  1765,  and  was  a  useful 
pastor,  and  physician  without  charge,  thirty-nine 
years. 

EGBERT,  THOMAS,  major,  died  in  New  Bruns 
wick,  N.  J.,  in  July,  1835,  aged  84,  an  officer  of 
the  Revolution. 

ELBERT,  SAMUEL,  major-general,  and  gov 
ernor  of  Georgia,  in  1785  succeeded  John  Hous 
ton,  and  was  succeeded  in  1786  by  Edward 
Telfair.  He  was  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution, 
entering  the  army  in  1776  as  a  lieutenant-colonel. 
In  1778  he  was  engaged  in  the  expedition  against 
East  Florida ;  and  conducted  with  gallantry  in 
command  of  a  brigade  in  the  action  at  Brier 
Creek  March  2,  1779,  in  which  he  was  taken  pris 
oner.  He  died  at  Savannah  Nov.  3,  1788, 
aged  45. 

ELDRIDGE,  CHARLES,  M.  D.,  died  at  East 
Greenwich,  R.  I.,  Sept.  15,  1838,  aged  56,  for 
merly  president  of  the  medical  society. 

ELIOT,  JOHN,  minister  of  Roxbury,  Mass., 
usually  called  the  Apostle  of  the  Indians,  was  born 
at  Nasing,  Essex,  England,  in  1604  ;  died  May 
20,  1690,  aged  86.  His  pious  parents  early  im 
parted  to  him  religious  instruction,  and  it  Avas  not 
without  effect.  After  receiving  his  education  at 
the  university  of  Cambridge,  he  was  for  some  time 
the  instructor  of  youth.  In  1631  he  came  to  this 
country,  and,  arriving  at  Boston  harbor  Nov.  3, 
immediately  joined  the  church  in  that  town,  and 
preached  to  them,  as  Mr.  Wilson  their  minister 
was  then  in  England.  Here  he  was  earnestly 
requested  to  remain ;  but  he  was  settled  as 
teacher  of  the  church  in  Roxbury,  Nov.  5,  1632. 
In  the  folloAving  year  Mr.  Wclde  was  ordained  as 
his  colleague,  with  the  title  of  pastor.  These  two 
ministers  lived  together  in  much  harmony.  In 
1737  they  opposed  the  wild  notions  of  Mrs. 
Hutchinson,  and  were  both  witnesses  against  her 
at  her  trial.  In  1639  they  were  appointed,  Avith 
Richard  Mather,  of  Dorchester,  to  make  a  neAV 
version  of  the  psalms,  Avhich  Avas  printed  in  the 
folloAving  year.  For  tuneful  poetry  it  Avould  not 
perhaps  yield  the  palm  even  to  that  of  Sternhold 
and  Hopkins  ;  but  it  did  not  give  perfect  satisfac 
tion.  Mr.  Shepherd,  of  Cambridge,  thus  ad 
dressed  the  translators : 

"  Ye  Roxbury  poets,  keep  clear  of  the  crime 
Of  missing  to  give  us  very  good  rhyme ; 
And  you  of  Dorchester,  your  verses  lengthen, 
But  with  the  text's  own  words  you  will  them  strengthen." 

The  New  England  psalms  were  aftenvards  re 
vised  and  improA'ed  by  President  Dunster,  and 
they  have  passed  through  tAventy  editions.  In 
1641  Mr.  Welde  returned  to  England.  Mr. 
Eliot's  other  colleagues  in  the  ministry  Avere  Mr. 
Danforth  and  Mr.  Walter. 

His  benevolent  labors  Avere  not  confined  to  his 


ELIOT. 

own  people.  Having  imbibed  the  true  spirit  of 
the  gospel,  his  heart  was  touched  with  the 
wretched  condition  of  the  Indians,  and  he  became 
eagerly  desirous  of  making  them  acquainted  with 
the  glad  tidings  of  salvation.  There  were,  at  the 
time,  when  he  began  his  missionary  exertions, 
nearly  twenty  tribes  of  Indians  within  the  limits 
of  the  English  planters.  But  they  were  very 
similar  in  manners,  language,  and  religion.  Hav 
ing  learned  the  barbarous  dialect,  he  first  preached 
to  an  assembly  of  Indians  at  Nonantum,  in  the 
present  town  of  Newton,  Oct.  28,  1646.  After  a 
short  prayer  he  explained  the  commandments, 
described  the  character  and  sufferings  of  Christ, 
the  judgment  day  and  its  consequences,  and  ex 
horted  them  to  receive  Christ  as  their  Saviour, 
and  to  pray  to  God.  After  the  sermon  was 
finished,  he  desired  them  to  ask  any  questions 
which  might  have  occurred.  One  immediately 
inquired,  whether  Jesus  Christ  could  understand 
prayers  in  the  Indian  language  ?  Another  asked 
how  all  the  world  became  full  of  people,  if  they 
were  all  once  drowned  ?  A  third  question  was, 
how  there  could  be  the  image  of  God,  since 
it  was  forbidden  in  the  commandment?  He 
preached  to  them  a  second  time  Nov.  11,  and 
some  of  them  wept  while  he  was  addressing  them. 
An  old  man  asked,  with  tears  in  his  eyes,  whether 
it  was  not  too  late  for  him  to  repent  and  turn 
unto  God  ?  Among  the  other  inquiries  were 
these,  —  how  it  came  to  pass  that  sea  water  was 
salt  and  river  water  fresh ;  how  the  English  came 
to  differ  so  much  from  the  Indians  in  the  knowl 
edge  of  God  and  Jesus  Christ,  since  they  all  at 
first  had  but  one  father ;  and  why,  if  the  water  is 
larger  than  the  earth,  it  does  not  overflow  the 
earth  ?  He  was  violently  opposed  by  the  sachems, 
and  pawaws  or  priests,  who  were  apprehensive  of 
losing  their  authority  if  a  new  religion  was  intro 
duced.  When  he  was  alone  with  them  in  the 
wilderness,  they  threatened  him  with  every  evil, 
if  he  did  not  desist  from  his  labors ;  but  he  was 
a  man  not  to  be  shaken  in  his  purpose  by  the  fear 
of  danger.  He  said  to  them  :  "  I  am  about  the 
work  of  the  great  God,  and  my  God  is  with  me  ; 
so  that  I  neither  fear  you,  nor  all  the  sachems  in 
the  country.  I  will  go  on,  —  do  you  touch  me,  if 
you  dare."  With  a  body  capable  of  enduring 
fatigue,  and  a  mind  firm  as  the  mountain  oaks 
which  surrounded  his  path,  he  went  from  place  to 
place,  relying  for  protection  upon  the  great  Head 
of  the  Church,  and  declaring  the  salvation  of  the 
gospel  to  the  children  of  darkness.  His  benevo 
lent  zeal  prompted  him  to  encounter  with  cheer 
fulness  the  most  terrifying  dangers,  and  to  submit 
to  the  most  incredible  hardships.  He  says  in  a 
letter  :  "  I  have  not  been  dry,  night  or  day,  from 
the  third  day  of  the  week  unto  the  sixth ;  but  so 
travelled,  and  at  night  pull  off  my  boots  and 
wring  my  stockings,  and  on  with  them  again,  and 


ELIOT. 


331 


so  continue.  But  God  steps  in  and  helps.  I 
have  considered  the  word  of  God,  1  Tim.  II.  3, 
endure  hardship  as  a  good  soldier  of  Jesus 
Christ."  lie  made  a  missionary  tour  every  fort 
night,  planted  a  number  of  churches,  and  visited 
all  the  Indians  in  Massachusetts  and  Plymouth 
colonies,  pursuing  his  way  as  far  as  cape  Cod. 
In  1651  an  Indian  town  was  built  on  a  pleasant 
spot  on  Charles  river,  called  Natick.  A  house  of 
worship  was  erected,  and  a  form  of  government 
was  established  similar  to  that  which  is  mentioned 
in  Exodus  xvm.  21.  He  was  convinced,  that  in 
order  to  the  most  permanent  success,  it  was  neces 
sary  to  introduce  with  Christianity  the  arts  of 
civilized  life.  He  accordingly  made  every  exer 
tion  to  persuade  the  Indians  to  renounce  their 
savage  customs  and  habits ;  but  he  never  could 
civilize  those  who  went  out  in  hunting  parties  ; 
and  those  who  lived  near  ponds  and  rivers,  and 
were  occupied  in  fishing  or  cultivating  the  ground, 
though  their  condition  was  much  improved,  could 
never  be  made  equally  industrious  with  the  Eng 
lish.  The  first  Indian  church,  established  by  the 
labors  of  Protestants  in  America,  was  formed  at 
Natick  in  1660,  after  the  manner  of  the  Congre 
gational  churches  in  New  England.  Those,  who 
wished  to  be  organized  into  a  Christian  body, 
were  strictly  examined  as  to  their  faith  and  expe 
rience  by  a  number  of  the  neighboring  ministers, 
and  Mr.  Eliot  afterwards  administered  to  them 
baptism  and  the  Lord's  supper.  Other  Indian 
churches  were  planted  in  various  parts  of  Massa 
chusetts,  and  he  frequently  visited  them ;  but  his 
pastoral  care  was  more  particularly  over  that, 
which  he  first  established.  He  made  every  exer 
tion  to  promote  the  welfare  of  the  Indian  tribes ; 
he  stimulated  many  servants  of  Jesus  to  engage 
in  the  missionary  work  ;  and,  although  he 
mourned  over  the  stupidity  of  many,  who  pre 
ferred  darkness  to  light,  yet  he  lived  to  see 
twenty-four  of  the  copper-colored  aborigines  fel- 
"low  preachers  of  the  precious  gospel  of  Christ. 
In  1661  he  published  the  New  Testament  in  the 
Indian  language,  and  in  a  few  years  the  whole 
Bible,  and  several  other  books,  best  adapted  for 
the  instruction  of  the  natives.  He  possessed  an 
influence  over  the  Indians,  which  no  other  mission 
ary  could  obtain.  He  was  their  shield  in  1675, 
during  Philip's  war,  when  some  of  the  people  of 
Massachusetts,  actuated  by  the  most  infuriate 
spirit,  had  resolved  to  destroy  them.  He  suffered 
every  abuse  for  his  friendship  to  them,  but  noth 
ing  could  quench  the  Divine  charity  which  glowed 
in  his  heart.  His  firmness,  his  zeal,  his  benevo 
lence  at  this  period  increased  the  pure  lustre  of 
his  character.  When  he  reached  the  age  of  fore- 
score  years,  he  offered  to  give  up  his  salary,  and 
desired  to  be  liberated  from  the  labors  of  his 
office  as  a  teacher  of  the  church  at  Iloxbury.  It 
was  with  joy,  that  he  received  Mr.  Walter  as  his 


332 


ELIOT. 


ELIOT. 


colleague  in  1688.  When  he  was  bending  under 
his  infirmities  and  could  no  longer  visit  the  In 
dians,  he  persuaded  a  number  of  families  to  send 
their  negro  servants  to  him  once  a  Avcek,  that  he 
might  instruct  them  in  the  truths  of  God.  He 
died,  saying,  that  all  his  labors  were  poor  and 
small,  and  exhorting  those,  who  surrounded  his 
bed,  to  pray.  His  last  words  were,  "  Welcome 
joy."  Four  sons,  educated  at  Harvard  college, 
were  preachers ;  John,  of  Newton,  a  preacher  also 
to  the  Indians  ;  Joseph,  of  Guilford ;  Samuel  died 
in  early  life  unsettled;  Benjamin,  a  graduate  of 
1665,  was  a  colleague  with  his  father,  but  died 
before  him. 

Mr.  Eliot  was  one  of  the  most  useful  preachers 
in  New  England.  No  minister  saw  his  exertions 
attended  with  greater  effects.  He  spoke  from 
the  abundance  of  his  heart,  and  his  sermons,  be 
ing  free  from  that  labored  display  of  learning, 
from  the  quibbles  and  quaint  turns  with  which 
most  discourses  were  at  that  time  infected,  were 
acceptable  in  all  the  churches.  So  much  was  he 
endeared  to  his  own  people,  that  they  continued 
his  salary  after  he  had  offered  to  resign  it,  and 
when  he  was  unable  to  preach ;  and  the  youth 
were  in  the  habit  of  visiting  him,  calling  him  their 
father  and  friend.  Such  attentions  chased  away 
the  gloom  which  usually  hangs  over  the  head  of 
the  aged,  and  cheered  the  evening  of  his  life. 

His  moral  and  religious  character  was  as  excel 
lent  as  his  ministerial  qualifications  were  great. 
He  carried  his  good  principles  with  him  in  every 
situation,  viewing  all  things  in  reference  to  God. 
He  habitually  lifted  up  his  heart  for  a  blessing 
upon  every  person,  whom  he  met ;  and  when  he 
went  into  a  family,  he  would  sometimes  call  the 
youth  to  him,  that  he  might  lay  his  hands  upon 
them,  and  give  them  his  benediction.  Such  was 
his  charity,  that  he  gave  to  the  poor  Indians  most 
of  his  salary  of  fifty  pounds,  which  he  received 
annually  from  the  society  for  propagating  the 
gospel.  In  his  manner  of  living,  he  was  very 
simple.  One  plain  dish  was  his  repast  at  home, 
and,  when  he  dined  abroad,  he  seldom  tasted  any 
of  the  luxuries  before  him.  He  drank  water ; 
and  said  of  wine,  "  It  is  a  noble,  generous  liquor, 
and  we  should  be  humbly  thankful  for  it,  but,  as 
I  remember,  water  \vas  made  before  it."  Clothing 
himself  with  humility,  he  actually  wore  a  leathern 
girdle  about  his  loins.  In  domestic  life  he  was 
peculiarly  happy.  By  the  prudent  management 
of  his  wife,  who  looked  well  to  the  ways  of  her 
household,  he  was  enabled  to  be  generous  to  his 
friends,  and  hospitable  to  strangers,  and  with  a 
small  salary  to  educate  four  sons  at  Cambridge, 
of  whom  John  and  Joseph,  ministers  of  Newton 
and  Guilford,  were  the  best  preachers  of  that  age. 

In  his  principles  of  church  government,  he  was 
attached  to  the  Congregational  order.  Yet  he 
contended  earnestly  for  frequent  synods  or 


councils,  as  necessary  for  the  preservation  of 
union,  for  the  suppression  of  dangerous  opinions 
and  heresies,  for  the  correction  of  abuses,  and  the 
healing  of  divisions.  In  one  of  his  treatises,  he 
proposed  four  orders  of  councils,  the  congrega 
tional,  provincial,  national,  and  u%cumenical.  lie 
thought  that  every  particular  church  should  have 
ruling  elders,  to  assist  the  minister  in  the  duties 
of  government  and  instruction.  In  his  admissions 
to  the  church,  he  required  of  the  candidates  some 
evidence  that  they  were  truly  Christians,  renewed 
in  their  hearts  by  the  Spirit  of  God.  He  with 
stood  the  attempts,  which  were  made,  to  change 
the  old  practice  of  giving  a  relation  of  the  work 
of  divine  grace,  which  practice,  in  liis  view,  hon 
ored  the  Saviour,  and  produced  an  intimate  union 
among  his  disciples.  He  could  not,  in  conscience, 
give  the  cup  of  the  Lord  to  any  one  who  did  not 
give  some  evidence  of  being  a  sincere  Christian. 

With  all  his  excellencies,  he  had  some  singu 
larities  and  strange  notions.  He  had. a  most 
deep-rooted  prejudice  against  wigs.  He  preached 
against  the  custom  of  wearing  them  ;  he  prayed 
against  it ;  he  attributed  to  it  the  evils  which  over 
whelmed  the  country.  He  thought,  as  Dr.  Cot 
ton  Mather,  who  himself  wore  a  wig,  informs  us, 
"  that  for  men  to  wear  their  hair  with  a  luxurious, 
delicate,  feminine  prolixity,  or  to  disfigure  them 
selves  with  hair,  which  was  none  of  their  own, 
but  above  all,  for  ministers  of  the  gospel  to  ruffle 
it  in  excesses  of  this  kind,"  was  an  enormous  sin. 
But  fashion  would  bear  sway,  notwithstanding  his 
remonstrances,  and  he  finally  ceased  to  complain, 
saying,  "  the  lust  is  become  insuperable."  His 
prejudice  against  tobacco  was  as  strong  as  his 
aversion  to  wigs  ;  but,  in  contempt  of  all  his  ad 
monitions,  the  hairless  head  would  be  adorned 
with  curls  of  foreign  growth,  and  the  pipe  would 
send  up  volumes  of  smoke.  In  his  old  age,  not 
long  before  his  death,  he  used  to  say  that  he  was 
shortly  going  to  heaven,  and  would  carry  a  deal 
of  good  news  with  him ;  he  would  carry  tidings 
to  the  old  founders  of  New  England,  that  our 
churches  still  remained,  and  that  their  number 
was  continually  increasing.  So  remarkable  was 
he  for  his  charities,  that  the  parish  treasurer, 
when  he  once  paid  him  the  money  due  for  his  sal 
ary,  tied  the  ends  of  a  handkerchief,  into  which 
he  put  it,  in  as  many  hard  knots  as  he  could,  to 
prevent  him  from  giving  away  the  money  before 
he  should  reach  home.  The  good  man  immedi 
ately  went  to  the  house  of  a  sick  and  necessitous 
family,  and  told  them  that  God  had  sent  them 
some  relief.  Being  welcomed  by  the  sufferers 
with  tears  of  gratitude,  he  began  to  untie  the 
knots.  After  many  fruitless  efforts,  and  impatient 
of  the  perplexity  and  delay,  he  gave  the  handker 
chief  and  all  the  money  to  the  mother  of  the 
family,  saying,  "  Here,  my  dear,  take  it ;  I  believe 
the  Lord  designs  it  all  for  you." 


ELIOT. 

Mr.  Eliot  published  several  letters,  in  a  work 
entitled,  the  glorious  progress  of  the  gospel  among 
the  Indians,  etc.,  1049 ;  tears  of  repentance,  in 
conjunction  with  Mr.  Mayhcw,  1653  ;  a  late  and 
further  manifestation  of  the  progress  of  the  gos 
pel  among  the  Indians,  etc.,  1655  ;  of  the  gospel 
amongst  the  Indians,  etc.,  1659;  a  brief  narrative 
of  the  progress  of  the  gospel,  etc.,  1670.  A 
work  of  his,  entitled  the  Christian  commonwealth, 
etc.,  was  published  in  England  about  the  year 
1660,  written  nine  or  ten  years  before.  When  it 
was  received  in  Massachusetts,  the  governor  and 
council,  viewing  it  as  full  of  seditious  principles 
against  all  established  governments,  especially 
against  the  monarchy  of  their  native  country,  re 
quired  Mr.  Eliot  to  make  a  recantation,  which  he 
accordingly  did,  acknowledging,  that  government 
by  kings,  lords,  and  commons  was  not  anti-Chris 
tian.  The  book  was  suppressed.  A  copy  is  in 
Col.  AspinwalPs  collection  of  books  relating  to 
America.  In  1661,  he  published  his  translation 
of  the  New  Testament  into  the  Indian  tongue ; 
2d  edit.,  1680 ;  and,  in  1663,  his  immense  work, 
the  translation  of  the  whole  Bible,  in  4to.,  en 
titled,  Mamusse  Wunneetupanatamwe  Up-Biblum 
God  nanecswe  Nukkone  Testament  kah  wonk 
"Wnsku  Testament.  A  second  edition  was  printed 
in  168,5,  revised  by  Mr.  Cotton,  and  both  of  them 
were  printed  at  Cambridge.  The  longest  word 
is  in  Mark  I.  40  :  Wutappesittukqussunnoohweh- 
tunkquoh,  "  kneeling  down  to  him."  Mr.  Eliot 
also  published,  Jews  in  America,  1660,  intended 
to  prove,,  that  the  Indians  were  descendants  of 
the  Jews  ;  an  Indian  grammar,  1666  ;  a  new  edi 
tion,  with  notes  by  Du  Ponceau,  and  introduction 
by  J.  Pickering,  8vo.,  1822  ;  also  in  2  historical 
collections,  9th  volume  ;  the  logic  primer,  for  the 
use  of  the  Indians,  1672  ;  the  psalms,  translated 
into  Indian  metre,  and  a  catechism,  annexed  to 
the  edition  of  the  New  Testament,  in  1680  ;  a 
translation  of  the  practice  of  piety,  of  Baxter's 
call  to  the  unconverted,  and  of  several  of  Shcp- 
ard's  works  ;  the  harmony  of  the  gospels,  in  Eng 
lish,  4to.,  1678;  the  Divine  management  of  gospel 
churches  by  the  ordinance  of  councils,  designed 
for  the  reconciliation  of  the  Presbyterians  and 
Congregationalists.  Nine  of  his  letters  to  Sir 
Itobert  Boyle  are  in  the  3d  volume  of  the  histori 
cal  collections,  and  his  account  of  Indian  churches 
in  the  9th  volume.  His  Christian  commonwealth 
is  in  historical  collections,  3d  series,  vol.  9.  — 
Mather's  Magnal.,iu.  170-211 ;  Eliot's  Life  and 
Death ;  Neal's  N.  E.  1. 151, 242, 258 ;  II.  98 ;  Hist. 
Coll.,  l.  176;  ill.  177-188;  Douglass,  II.  113; 
HutcJtinson,  I.  162-169,  212;  Holmes,  I.  434; 
Life  by  C.  Francis. 

ELIOT,  JOHN,  minister  of  Newton,  the  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1656.  He  was  ordained  at  Cambridge  village, 
or  Nonantum,  now  Newton,  in  1664,  and  in  this 


ELIOT. 


333 


place  he  died  Oct.  11,  1668,  aged  32.  His  abili 
ties  as  a  preacher  were  pre-eminent.  He  gave 
his  father  much  assistance  in  his  missionary  em 
ployment.  During  his  ministry  at  Newton  he 
usually  preached  once  a  fortnight  to  the  Indians 
at  Pequimmit,  or  Stoughton,  and  sometimes  at 
Natick. —  Gookin,  V. ;  Homer's  History  of  New 
ton  in  Hist.  Coll.  V.  266. 

ELIOT,  JARED,  minister  of  Killingworth,  Conn., 
was  grandson  of  the  apostolic  John  Eliot,  and  the 
son  of  Joseph  Eliot,  minister  of  Guilford,  who 
died  in  1694.  He  was  born  Nov.  7,  1685 ;  grad 
uated  at  Yale  college  in  1706  ;  was  ordained  Oct. 
26,  1709,  and  died  April  22,  1763,  aged  78.  In 
the  year  1722  he  was  strongly  inclined  to  adopt 
the  Episcopalian  sentiments  ;  but  in  a  conference 
with  the  trustees  of  the  college  his  doubts  were 
removed.  lie  was  a  botanist  and  a  scientific  and 
practical  agriculturist.  The  white  mulberry  tree 
was  introduced  by  him  into  Conn.  He  discovered 
a  process  of  extracting  iron  from  black  sand.  He 
was  the  first  physician  of  his  day  in  the  colony. 
Such  was  his  fame  for  the  treatment  of  chronic 
complaints,  that  he  was  sometimes  called  to  Bos 
ton  and  Newport,  and  was  more  extensively  con 
sulted  than  any  physician  in  New  England. 
Maniacs  were  managed  by  him  with  great  skill. 
In  the  multitude  of  his  pursuits  his  judgment 
seemed  to  be  unfailing.  His  farms  in  different 
parts  of  the  colony  were  well  managed.  Living 
on  the  main  road  from  Boston  to  New  York,  he 
was  visited  by  many  gentlemen  of  distinction. 
Dr.  Franklin  always  called  upon  him  when  jour 
neying  to  his  native  town.  His  house  was  the 
scat  of  hospitality.  He  was  a  pious,  faithful 
preacher.  For  forty  years  he  never  omitted 
preaching  on  the  Lord's  day.  He  published  ag 
ricultural  essays,  several  editions ;  religion  sup 
ported  by  reason  and  revelation,  1735;  election 
sermon,  1738 ;  sermon  on  the  taking  of  Louis- 
bourg,  1745. —  Thaclier ;  Eliot;  2 Hist.  Coll.  I. 

ELIOT,  ANDREW,  D.  D.,  minister  in  Boston, 
died  Sept.  13,  1778,  aged  59.  He  was  a  descen 
dant  of  Andrew  Elliott,  as  he  wrote  his  name, 
from  Somersetshire,  who  settled  at  Be  .Terly  about 
1683.  His  father,  Andrew,  was  a.  merchant  in 
Boston.  lie  was  born  about  the  year  1719,  and 
in  1737  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college.  He 
early  felt  the  impressions  of  religion,  and  was 
induced  to  devote  himself  to  the  service  of  the 
Lord  Jesus.  He  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  new 
church  in  Boston,  as  colleague  with  Mr.  Webb, 
April  14,  1742.  Here  he  continued  in  high  rep 
utation  till  his  death.  He  left  eleven  children, 
two  of  them  ministers, —  Andrew,  of  Fail-field, 
and  John,  of  Boston.  His  last  surviving  child, 
Susanna,  wife  of  Dr.  David  Hull  of  Fairfield, 
died  in  1832. 

He  was  highly  respected  for  his  talents  and 
virtue.  While  he  preached  the  distinguishing 


334 


ELIOT. 


ELIOT. 


doctrines  of  the  gospel,  his  sermons  were  not 
filled  with  invectives  against  those  who  differed 
from  him.  He  was  anxious  to  promote  the  inter 
ests  of  practical  godliness,  and,  destitute  of  big 
otry,  he  embraced  all  who  appeared  to  have  an 
honest  regard  to  religious  truth.  His  discourses 
were  written  in  a  style  perspicuous  and  correct, 
and  he  delivered  them  with  dignity,  gracefulness, 
and  unaffected  fervor.  His  audience  was  never 
inattentive.  The  various  duties  of  the  pastoral 
office  he  ever  discharged  with  fidelity.  He  re 
vered  the  constitution  of  the  churches  of  New 
England,  and  delighted  in  their  prosperity.  In 
1743  he  united  with  many  other  excellent  minis 
ters  in  giving  his  testimony  in  favor  of  the  very 
remarkable  revival  of  religion  in  this  country. 

When  the  British  took  possession  of  Boston, 
he  sent  his  family  out  of  the  town  with  the  inten 
tion  of  following  them ;  but  a  number  of  the 
people  belonging  to  his  society  and  to  other 
societies,  being  obliged  to  remain,  requested  him 
not  to  leave  them.  After  seeking  Divine  direc 
tion,  he  thought  it  his  duty  to  comply  with  their 
request,  and  in  no  period  of  his  life  was  he  more 
eminently  useful.  He  was  a  friend  to  the  free 
dom,  peace,  and  independence  of  America.  By 
his  benevolent  offices  he  contributed  much  toward 
alleviating  the  sufferings  of  the  inhabitants ;  he 
ministered  to  his  sick  and  wounded  countrymen 
in  prison  ;  he  went  about  doing  good,  and  he  ap 
peared  to  be  more  than  ever  disengaged  from  the 
world,  and  attached  to  things  heavenly  and  Di 
vine.  He  was  a  friend  of  literature  and  science, 
and  he  rendered  important  services  to  Harvard 
college,  both  as  an  individual  benefactor,  and  as  a 
member  of  the  board  of  overseers  and  of  the 
corporation.  So  highly  were  his  literary  acquire 
ments  and  general  character  estimated,  that  he 
was  once  elected  president  of  the  university ;  but 
his  attachment  to  his  people  was  such,  that  he 
declined  the  appointment.  In  his  last  sickness 
he  expressed  unshaken  faith  in  those  doctrines  of 
the  grace  of  God  which  he  had  preached  to 
others,  and  would  frequently  breathe  out  the 
pious  ejaculation,  "Come,  Lord  Jesus,  come 
quickly." 

He  wrote  a  long  account  of  the  effects  of  the 
dispute  between  Great  Britain  and  America  in 
1768,  which  he  sent  to  a  friend  in  England.  It 
is  spoken  of  with  high  respect,  both  on  account 
of  its  style,  and  of  the  candor  and  moderation 
with  which  it  was  written.  The  following  is  a 
catalogue  of  his  publications :  A  sermon  at  his 
own  ordination,  1742 ;  inordinate  love  of  the 
world  inconsistent  with  the  love  of  God,  1744; 
on  the  death  of  John  Webb,  1750;  a  fast  sermon, 
1753  ;  at  the  ordination  of  Joseph  Hoberts,  1754  ; 
of  Eben  Thayer,  1766 ;  of  Joseph  Willard,  1773  ; 
of  his  son,  Andrew  Eliot,  1774 ;  of  his  brother 
John,  1779;  a  thanksgiving  sermon  for  the  con 


quest  of  Quebec,  1759;  election  sermon,  1765; 
Dudleian  lecture,  1771 ;  at  the  execution  of  Levi 
Ames,  1773 ;  a  volume  of  twenty  sermons,  8vo., 
1774.  —  Thacker's  Funeral  Sermon  ;  Memoirs 
of  Thomas  Ilollis ;  Hist.  Coll.  X.  188;  Farmer. 

ELIOT,  SAMUEL,  a  benefactor  of  Harvard  col 
lege,  was  the  son  of  Samuel  E.,  a  bookseller  of 
Boston,  who  was  the  brother  of  Dr.  A.  Eliot. 
As  a  merchant  he  acquired  a  large  estate.  He 
died  Jan.  18,  1820,  aged  81.  Three  of  his 
daughters  were  married  to  E.  Dwight  and  Pro 
fessors  A.  Norton  and  G.  Ticknor.  Some  time 
before  his  death  he  presented  to  Harvard  college 
20,000  dollars  to  found  a  professorship  of  Greek 
literature.  He  left  an  estate  of  little  less  than  a 
million  of  dollars. 

ELIOT,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  minister  in  Boston,  the 
son  of  Dr.  Andrew  E.,  was  born  May  31,  1754, 
and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1772.  After 
preaching  a  few  years  in  different  places,  he  was 
ordained  as  the  successor  of  his  father,  Nov.  3, 
1779,  pastor  of  the  new  north  church  in  Boston. 
He  died  of  an  affection  of  the  heart,  or  pericar 
dium,  Feb.  14,  1813,  aged  58.  His  wife,  Ann 
Treadwell,  daughter  of  Jacob  T.,  of  Portsmouth, 
survived  him.  During  his  ministry  of  thirty-four 
years  he  baptized  1454  persons ;  performed  the 
ceremony  of  marriage  811  times;  and  admitted 
161  to  full  communion  in  the  church.  Dr.  Eliot 
was  very  mild,  courteous,  and  benevolent ;  as  a 
preacher  he  was  plain,  familiar,  and  practical, 
avoiding  disputed  topics,  and  always  recommend 
ing  charity  and  peace.  For  nine  years  he  was 
one  of  the  corporation  of  Harvard  college.  With 
his  friend,  Dr.  Belknap,  he  co-operated  in  estab 
lishing  and  sustaining  the  Massachusetts  histor 
ical  society,  to  the  publications  of  which  he 
contributed  many  writings.  His  attention  was 
much  devoted  to  biographical  and  historical  re 
searches,  lie  published  a  sermon  to  freemasons, 
1782;  a  charge  to  the  same,  1783;  a  thanksgiv 
ing  sermon,  1794 ;  at  the  ordination  of  J.  Mc- 
Kean,  1797  ;  of  H.  Edcs,  1805  ;  on  public  worship, 
1800 ;  on  the  completion  of  a  house  of  worship, 
1804;  a  New  England  biographical  dictionary, 
8vo.,  1809;  and  in  the  historical  collections  the 
following  articles  :  account  of  burials  in  Boston  ; 
description  of  New  Bedford,  iv. ;  notice  of  AV. 
Whittingham,  and  narrative  of  newspapers,  V.  ; 
sketch  of  Dr.  Belknap,  VI. ;  ecclesiastical  history 
of  Massachusetts  and  Plymouth,  VII.  IX.  X.  and 
two  sermons,  I.  ;  account  of  John  Eliot ;  account 
of  Marblehead;  memoirs  of  Dr.  Thacher,  viil.  ; 
memoirs  of  A.  Eliot  and  T.  Pemberton,  X.  —  2 
Hist.  Coll.  1.211-248. 

ELIOT,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Guilford,  Conn., 
the  son  of  Rev.  John  E.,  died  May  24,  1694,  aged 
about  60.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1653. 
About  the  year  1664  he  succeeded  Mr.  Higgin- 
son  at  Guilford.  After  a  ministry  of  thirty  years 


ELIOT. 


ELLIOTT. 


335 


he  died,  greatly  lamented.  His  successors  were 
Thomas  Ilugglcs,  who  died  in  1728;  Thomas 
Iluggles,  the  son,  who  died  in  1770;  Amos  Fow 
ler,  who  died  Feb.,  1800,  aged  72;  and  John 
Eliot. 

ELIOT,  JACOB,  minister  of  Lebanon,  Conn., 
died  April  12,  1766,  aged  Go.  Born  in  Boston, 
he  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1720,  and  was  or 
dained  over  the  third  church  in  Lebanon  in 
1729.  His  wife  was  Betty,  a  daughter  of  Rev.  J. 
Robinson,  of  Duxbury. 

ELIOT,  ANDREW,  minister  of  Fail-field,  Conn., 
died  Oct.  26,  180,3,  aged  62.  He  was  the  son  of 
Dr.  A.  Eliot,  of  Boston,  was  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1762,  and  was  afterwards  librarian  and 
tutor,  and  was  ordained  June  22,  1774.  When 
Fairfield  was  burnt  by  the  British  in  1779,  his 
house  and  library  were  consumed.  His  wife  was 
Mary,  daughter  of  Joseph  Pynchon;  his  son, 
Andrew,  was  the  minister  of  NewMilford. —  Coll. 
Hist.  Soc.  x.  188. 

ELIOT,  CHARLES,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in 
1809,  died  in  1813.  His  brother-in-law,  Prof. 
Norton,  edited  his  miscellaneous  writings,  1814. 

ELLERY,  WILLIAM,  a  member  of  congress, 
died  Feb.  15,  1820,  aged  92.  He  was  the  son  of 
Wm.  E.,  a  merchant  of  Newport,  11.  I.,  who  died 
in  1836,  aged  75;  and  was  graduated  in  1747, 
at  Harvard  college,  of  which  his  father  was  a 
graduate  in  1722.  Having  studied  law,  he  for 
many  years  successfully  prosecuted  his  profession 
at  Newport.  At  the  commencement  of  the  Rev 
olution  he  espoused  the  cause  of  his  country.  Of 
the  congress  of  1776  he  was  an  active  and  influ 
ential  member.  His  name  was  affixed  to  the 
Declaration  of  Independence.  Placing  himself 
by  the  side  of  secretary  Thompson,  he  watched 
the  looks  of  the  noble-minded  patriots,  as  they 
signed  the  instrument.  The  plan  of  fireships, 
recommended  by  the  marine  committee,  to  be 
sent  out  from  Rhode  Island,  is  supposed  to  have 
been  suggested  by  him.  When  the  British  occu 
pied  Newport,  his  dwelling-house  was  burnt.  On 
his  retiring  from  congress  in  1786,  he  was  ap 
pointed  commissioner  of  loans ;  he  was  also 
elected  chief  justice  of  Rhode  Island.  When  the 
new  government  was  organized,  Washington  ap 
pointed  him  in  1789  collector  of  Newport ;  an 
office  which  he  held  till  his  death.  He  died  as 
he  was  reading  Tully's  offices,  in  Latin.  It  was 
often  his  consolation  in  life,  that  "  the  Lord 
reigneth."  Disregarding  human  applause,  he 
was  accustomed  to  say,  "  humility  rather  than 
pride  becomes  such  creatures  as  we  arc." —  Good- 
rich's  Lives. 

ELLICOTT,  ANDREW,  professor  of  mathemat 
ics  at  West  Point,  was  a  native  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  was  employed  in  surveying  and  planning  the 
city  of  AVashington.  lie  was  also  employed  in 
ascertainm-*  the  boundarv  between  the  United 


States  and  Spain,  which  labor  he  commenced  in 
1796.  He  died  at  West  Point  Aug.  28,  1820, 
aged  67.  He  published  a  journal,  with  a  map  of 
Ohio,  Mississippi,  and  a  part  of  Florida,  1806; 
astronomical  and  other  papers  in  the  transactions 
of  A.  P.  society. 

ELLIOT,  OLIVER,  died  at  Mason, N.  II.,  March 
5,  1837,  aged  102.  He  was  a  soldier  in  the 
French  and  Revolutionary  wars. 

ELLIOT,  JAMES,  died  at  Newfane,  Vt.,  Nov.  10, 
1839.  He  was  a  member  of  congress  in  1803-9. 

ELLIOT,  JONATHAN,  died  in  Washington 
March  12,  1846,  aged  61.  Born  in  England,  he 
came  to  New  York  and  was  a  book  printer. 
From  1814  he  edited  with  much  ability  the 
Washington  Gazette  for  thirteen  years.  His 
character  was  excellent.  He  wrote  the  American 
diplomatic  code,  debates  on  the  adoption  of  the 
constitution,  the  comparative  tariffs,  funding  sys 
tem,  and  statistics. 

ELLIOTT,  THOMAS,  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution, 
died  in  South  Carolina  Feb.  5, 1824,  aged  73.  In 
the  battle  of  Sullivan's  island  he  was  stationed  at 
fort  Johnson;  he  fought  at  Stono;  during  the 
siege  of  Charleston  he  performed  the  duties  of  a 
soldier,  and  with  unyielding  firmness  preferred  the 
miseries  of  the  prison-ship  to  the  terms  offered 
by  the  enemy. 

ELLIOTT,  CHARLES,  of  South  Carolina,  a  pat 
riot,  equipped  at  his  own  expense  a  considerable 
body  of  troops ;  but  died  before  the  close  of  the 
war.  His  daughter  Jane,  married  to  Col.  Wash 
ington  in  1782,  died  in  1830,  aged  66,  at  the 
family  seat  at  Sandy  Hill,  South  Carolina. 

ELLIOTT,  AXXA,  wife  of  Charles  E.,  the 
daughter  of  Thomas  Ferguson  of  South  Carolina, 
was  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution.  She  received 
under  her  roof  the  sick  and  wounded,  and  was  to 
them  an  angel  of  mercy. 

ELLIOTT,  JOHN,  1).  D.,  died  in  1824,  aged 
about  70.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1776,  and 
"was  minister  in  Guilford,  Conn.,  now  Madison. 
He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  D.  E. 
Field,  1805;  of  E.  T.  Fitch,  1818. 

ELLIOTT,  ROBERT,  captain,  died  in  Montgom 
ery  county,  Va.,  Jan.  4,  1838,  aged  105,  an  officer 
of  the  Revolution. 

ELLIOTT,  JACOB,  lieutenant,  died  in  Chester, 
N.  II.,  Dec.  6,  1841,  aged  86.  He  was  in  the 
Lexington  battle,  and  in  that  of  Bennington  was 
severely  M'oundcd. 

ELLIOTT,  JESSE  D.,  commodore,  died  in  Phil 
adelphia  Dec.  10,  1845,  aged  62.  lie  was  second 
in  command  under  Perry  on  lake  Erie. 

ELLIOTT,  STEPHEN,  LL.  1).,  a  botanist,  died 
at  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  March  28,  1830, 
aged  58.  He  was  born  at  Beaufort,  Nov.  11, 
1771,  and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1791. 
Afterwards  he  devoted  his  attention  chiefly  to 
the  improvement  of  his  estate.  At  an  early  age 


336 


ELLIS. 


ELLSWOETH. 


he  becam,  a  member  of  the  legislature,  in  which 
capacity  he  introduced  the  project  of  the  State 
bank,  of  which  he  was  chosen  president  and  at 
the  head  of  which  he  remained  until  his  death. 
He  was  also  president  of  several  literary  and 
scientific  societies,  and  professor  of  natural  history 
and  botany  in  the  medical  college.  The  South 
ern  review  was  principally  conducted  by  him.  He 
died  of  the  gout  in  the  stomach.  His  temper  was 
mild,  and  his  manners  interesting.  He  had  made 
a  large  and  valuable  collection  in  natural  history. 
With  the  literature  of  France  and  Spain  he  was 
well  acquainted.  He  published  sketch  of  the 
botany  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  2  vols. 
8vo.  1821. 

ELLIS,  BENJAMIN,  Dr.,  died  at  Franklin, 
Conn.,  in  1824,  aged  73.  He  was  a  surgeon 
during  the  whole  Revolutionary  war. 

ELLIS,  JOHN  M.,  died  at  Nashua  Aug.  6,  1855, 
aged  62.  Born  in  Keenc,  he  graduated  at  Dart 
mouth  in  1822,  and  studied  theology  at  Andover. 
In  the  service  of  the  home  missionary  society  he 
went  to  the  west,  and  there  was  a  pastor  ten 
years :  then  he  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
founding  of  the  colleges  of  Jacksonville  and 
Wabash.  Subsequently  he  toiled  in  the  cause  of 
ministerial  education.  He  was  a  man  of  judg 
ment,  of  energy,  and  of  benevolence.  For  years 
he  supported  three  scholarships  in  reference  to 
the  ministry.  By  his  offer  of  prizes  of  200  dol 
lars  each  he  brought  out  three  essays,  —  the  edu 
cational  systems  of  the  Puritans  and  Jesuits  by 
Prof.  Porter,  prayer  for  colleges  by  Prof.  Tylerj 
and  primitive  piety  revived  by  II.  C.  Fish.  How 
much  good  may  be  the  results  of  the  efforts  of 
this  one  humble  man !  He  was  a  man  of  sor 
rows.  While  at  the  west  his  whole  family,  in  his 
absence  from  home,  was  swept  avay  by  sickness, 
his  wife  and  two  children.  As  he  was  dying, 
when  asked  if  Christ  was  precious,  he  said,  "All 
in  all,  all  in  all,  all  in  all!" 

ELLIS,  CALEB,  judge  of  the  superior  court  of 
New  Hampshire,  was  born  at  Walpolc,  Mass.,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1793.  He 
practised  law  in  Claremont,  N.  II.  In  1804  he 
»vas  elected  a  member  of  congress.  In  1813  he 
was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  superior  court,  in 
which  office  he  continued  till  his  death,  May  9, 
1816,  aged  49.  He  was  a  man  of  candor  and 
moderation,  disinterested,  and  faithful  in  the  offi 
ces  intrusted  to  him.  He  sought  no  popularity 
except  that  which  follows  the  pursuit  of  noble 
ends  by  honest  means.  As  a  judge  he  was 
enlightened,  independent,  impartial,  and  inflex 
ible  ;  yet  mild  and  courteous.  He  had  a  delicate 
and  scrupulous  sense  of  honor  and  honesty.  His 
regard  to  the  institutions  of  religion  and  morality 
was  evinced  by  the  bequest  of  5000  dollars  for 
the  support  of  a  minister  in  Claremont.  —  Smith's 
Sketch  ;  Farmer's  Collect.  II.  225-232. 


ELLMAKER,  AMOS,  judge,  died  in  Lancaster, 
Pa.,  in  Dec.,  1851.  He  was  an  officer  in  the  army 
of  1812,  a  member  of  congress,  judge,  and  attor 
ney-general  ;  in  1832  he  was  a  candidate  for  the 
vice-presidency. 

ELLSWORTH,  OLIVER,  LL.  D.,  chief  justice 
of  the  United  States,  died  Nov.  26,  1807,  aged 
65.  He  was  born  at  Windsor,  Conn.,  April  29, 
1745,  and  was  graduated  at  the  college  in  New 
Jersey  in  1766.  He  soon  afterwards  commenced 
the  practice  of  the  law,  in  which  profession  he 
became  eminent.  His  perceptions  were  unusually 
rapid,  his  reasoning  clear  and  conclusive,  and  his 
eloquence  powerful.  In  the  year  1777  he  was 
chosen  a  delegate  to  the  continental  congress. 
In  1780  he  was  elected  into  the  council  of  his 
native  State,  and  he  continued  a  member  of  that 
body  till  1784,  when  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of 
the  superior  court.  In  1687  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  framed  the  fed 
eral  constitution.  In  an  assembly,  illustrious  for 
talents,  erudition,  and  patriotism,  he  held  a  dis 
tinguished  place.  His  exertions  essentially  aided 
in  the  production  of  an  instrument,  which,  under 
the  divine  blessing,  has  been  the  main  pillar  of 
American  prosperity  and  glory.  He  was  imme 
diately  afterwards  a  member  of  the  State  conven 
tion,  and  contributed  his  efforts  towards  procuring 
the  ratification  of  that  instrument.  When  the 
federal  government  was  organized  in  1789,  he 
was  chosen  a  member  of  the  senate.  This  ele 
vated  station,  which  he  filled  with  his  accustomed 
dignity,  he  occupied  till  in  March,  1796,  he  was 
nominated  by  AVashington  chief  justice  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  United  States  as  the  succes 
sor  of  Mr.  Jay.  Though  his  attention  had  been 
for  many  years  abstracted  from  the  study  of  the 
law,  yet  he  presided  in  that  high  court  with  the 
greatest  reputation.  His  charges  to  the  jury 
were  rich  not  only  in  legal  principles  but  in  moral 
sentiments,  expressed  in  a  simple,  concise  style. 
Toward  the  close  of  the  year  1799  he  was  ap 
pointed  by  president  Adams  envoy  extraordinary 
to  France  for  the  purpose  of  settling  a  treaty  with 
that  nation.  AVith  much  reluctance  he  accepted 
the  appointment.  In  conjunction  with  Governor 
Davie  and  Mr.  Murray,  his  associates,  he  negoti 
ated  a  treaty.  Having  accomplished  the  business 
of  his  embassy,  he  repaired  to  England  for  the 
benefit  of  the  mineral  waters,  as  his  health  had 
suffered  much  in  his  voyage  to  Europe.  Con 
vinced  that  his  infirmities  must  incapacitate  him 
for  the  future  discharge  of  his  duties  on  the 
bench,  he  transmitted  a  resignation  of  his  office 
of  chief  justice  at  the  close  of  the  year  1800. 
On  his  return  to  Connecticut,  his  fellow  citizens, 
desirous  of  still  enjoying  the  benefit  of  his  extra 
ordinary  talents,  elected  him  into  the  council ; 
and  in  May,  1807,  he  was  appointed  chief  justice 
of  the  State.  This  office,  however,  he  declined, 


ELLSWORTH. 

from  apprehension  that  he  could  not  long  survive 
under  the  pressure  of  his  distressing  malady,  the 
gravel,  and  of  domestic  afflictions. 

Mr.  Ellsworth  was  an  accomplished  advocate,  an 
upright  legislator,  an  able  and  impartial  judge,  a 
wise  and  incorruptible  ambassador,  and  an  ardent, 
uniform,  and  indefatigable  patriot.  He  moved  for 
more  than  thirty  years  in  a  most  conspicuous  sphere 
unassailed  by  the  shafts  of  slander.  His  integrity 
was  not  only  unimpeached,  but  unsuspected.  In 
his  debates  in  legislative  bodies  he  was  some 
times  ardent,  but  his  ardor  illuminated  the  sub 
ject.  His  purposes  he  pursued  with  firmness, 
independence,  and  intrepidity.  In  private  life  he 
was  a  model  of  social  and  personal  virtue.  He 
was  just  in  his  dealings,  frank  in  his  communica 
tions,  kind  and  obliging  in  his  deportment,  easy 
of  access  to  all,  beloved  and  respected  by  his 
neighbors  and  acquaintance.  Amid  the  varied 
honors,  accumulated  upon  him  by  his  country,  he 
was  unassuming  and  humble.  His  dress,  liis 
equipage,  and  mode  of  living  were  regulated  by  a 
principle  of  republican  economy ;  but  for  the  pro 
motion  of  useful  and  benevolent  designs  he  com 
municated  with  readiness  and  liberality.  The 
purity  and  excellence  of  his  character  are  rare  in 
any  station,  and  in  the  higher  walks  of  life  are 
almost  unknown. 

If  it  be  asked,  To  what  cause  is  the  uniformity 
of  his  virtue  to  be  attributed  P  the  answer  is  at 
hand,  —  He  was  a  Christian.  He  firmly  believed 
in  the  great  doctrines  of  the  gospel.  Having  its 
spirit  transfused  into  his  own  heart,  and  being  di 
rected  by  its  maxims  and  impelled  by  its  motives, 
he  at  all  times  pursued  a  course  of  upright  con 
duct.  The  principles  which  governed  him  were 
not  of  a  kind  which  are  liable  to  be  weakened  or 
destroyed  by  the  opportunity  of  concealment,  the 
security  from  dishonor,  the  authority  of  numbers, 
or  the  prospects  of  interest.  He  made  an  ex 
plicit  confession  of  Christianity  in  his  youth ;  and, 
in  all  his  intercourse  with  the  polite  and  learned 
world,  he  was  not  ashamed  of  the  gospel  of 
Christ.  In  the  midst  of  multiplied  engagements 
he  made  theology  a  study,  and  attended  with  un 
varying  punctuality  on  the  worship  of  the  sanctu 
ary.  The  sage,  whose  eloquence  had  charmed 
the  senate,  and  whose  decisions  from  the  bench 
were  regarded  as  almost  oracular,  sat  with  the 
simplicity  of  a  child  at  the  feet  of  Jesus,  devoutly 
absorbed  in  the  mysteries  of  redemption.  His 
religion  was  not  cold  and  heartless,  but  practical 
and  vital.  Meetings  for  social  worship  and  pious 
conference  he  countenanced  by  his  presence.  He 
•was  one  of  the  trustees  of  the  missionary  society 
of  Connecticut,  and  engaged  with  ardor  in  the 
benevolent  design  of  disseminating  the  truths  of 
the  gospel.  In  his  last  illness  he  was  humble  and 
tranquil.  He  expressed  the  submission,  the  views, 
and  the  consolations  of  a  Christian.  His  speech 
43 


ELY. 


337 


in  the  convention  of  Connecticut,  in  favor  of  the 
constitution,  is  preserved  in  the  American  mu 
seum.  -  Panoplist  and  Missionary  Magazine,  I. 
193-197  ;  Srotcn's  American  Register,  II.  95-  98  ; 
Dwiglifs  Travels,  I.  301-304, 

ELMER,  EBEXEZER,  died  at  Bridgeton,  N.  J., 
Oct.  18,  1843,  aged  91.  He  was  an  officer  in  the 
army  of  the  Revolution,  a  member  of  congress, 
president  of  the  society  of  the  Cincinnati. 

ELWELL,  MEHETABEL,  Mrs.,  died  in  Saco, 
Me.,  Jan.  19,  1835,  aged  100. 

ELY,  RICHARD,  minister  of  North  Bristol,  in 
Guilford,  and  of  Saybrook  second  church,  Conn., 
died  in  1814,  aged  80,  having  been  a  minister  56 
years.  He  was  the  son  of  Rev.  David  Ely,  the  son 
of  Richard,  of  North  Lyme.  He  graduated  at  Y  ale 
in  1754.  He  had  a  son,  Dr.  Richard,  of  Say- 
brook,  whose  son,  Rev.  William,  of  Vernon  and 
North  Mansfield,  died  at  Easthampton  Nov.  2, 
1850,  aged  62,  a  successful  preacher,  and  an  ex 
ample  of  liberal  charity.  Richard  Ely  published 
a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  D.  Ely,  at  Ripton, 
1774. 

ELY,  ZEBULOX,  died  at  Lebanon,  Conn.,  Nov. 
18,  1824,  aged  65.  Born  in  Lyme,  he  graduated 
in  1779,  a  distinguished  scholar.  In  the  same 
year  he  fought  the  British  at  an  advanced  post, 
but  lost  his  coat  and  hat,  glad  to  escape  an  un 
looked-for  scouting  party  with  his  life.  In  1783 
he  was  ordained.  In  a  few  of  his  last  years  he 
suffered  from  the  palsy.  He  once  said  to  Mr. 
Stone,  a  neighboring  minister,  regarded  as  a  Hop- 
kinsian,  "  Your  system  runs  into  extremes."  He 
replied,  "  Well,  well ;  do  not  cut  Truth's  legs  off, 
let  her  run  where  she  will."  He  once  exchanged 
with  Mr.  Williams,  of  East  Hartford,  riding  thirty 
miles  in  a  storm,  to  preach  to  a  dozen  people, 
much  to  his  grief.  Twenty  years  after  he  met 
with  a  pious  man,  who  asked  him  if  he  remem 
bered  that  Sunday,  for  his  sermons,  he  said,  were 
the  means  of  his  conversion.  He  was  the  father 
of  Rev.  Dr.  E.  Stiles  Ely,  of  Philadelphia. 

ELY,  DAVID,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Huntington, 
Conn.,  was  born  in  Lyme,  in  1749;  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1769  ;  and  was  ordained  as  a  col 
league  minister  in  1773.  For  nearly  thirty  years 
he  was  an  efficient  member  of  the  corporation  of 
Yale  college.  He  died  Feb.  16,  1816,  aged  66. 
He  and  his  colleague,  who  was  settled  at  the  or 
ganization  of  the  church  in  1721,  preached  nearly 
a  century.  His  successor  was  Thomas  Puuder- 
son.  With  a  vivid  fancy  and  warm  heart,  he 
usually  preached  extemporaneously.  His  charac 
ter  was  described  by  his  friend,  Dr.  Dwight.  — 
Panoplist,  xn.  487-489. 

ELY,  ZEBULOX,  minister  of  Lebanon,  Conn., 
died  in  1824,  aged  about  65.  He  was  graduated 
at  Yale  college  in  1779,  and  was  a  tutor  from  1781 
to  1782.  As  a  minister,  he  was  highly  respected, 
and  devoted  to  his  work.  For  a  few  last  years 


338 


ELY. 


EMERSON. 


his  powers  of  mind  failed  him.  His  memoirs 
were  written  by  his  son,  Dr.  E.  S.  Ely,  of  Phila 
delphia.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  election, 
1804 ;  at  the  ordination  of  S.  Bartlett,  1804 ;  on 
the  death  of  Governor  Trumbull,  1785,  and  of  his 
son,  also  governor,  1809  ;  of  W.  Huntington's  wife, 
1799;  of  W.  Williams,  1812;  before  the  county 
foreign  mission  society,  1815. 

ELY,  JOHN,  minister  of  North  Bristol,  in  Mad 
ison,  Conn.,  died  in  1827,  by  a  fall  from  his  horse, 
aged  about  62.  He  was  born  in  Lyme,  and  grad 
uated  at  Yale  in  1786.  He  was  first  settled  in 
Danbury. 

ELY,  JUSTIN,  died  at  West  Springfield,  July 
24,  1850,  aged  78.  A  graduate  of  Harvard  in 
1792,  he  spent  his  business  life  as  a  merchant. 
He  was  an  eminent  Christian,  kind,  social,  hospi 
table.  —  N.  Y.  Observer,  Sept.  7. 

ELY,  ELIHU,  Dr.,  died  at  Binghamton,  N.  Y., 
March  17,  1851,  aged  70,  an  early  settler  and 
prominent  citizen. 

ELY,  HEMAX,  judge,  died  Feb.  2,  1852,  aged 
76,  at  Elyria,  in  Ohio,  a  town  named  after  him. 
He  was  an  early  settler  of  Ohio.  The  son  of 
Justin  Ely,  of  Springfield,  Mass.,  he  was  one  of 
the  firm  of  T.  and  II.  Ely,  of  New  York ;  and  had 
occasion  to  visit  foreign  countries. 

EMERSON,  JOSEPH,  the  first  minister  of  Men- 
don,  Mass.,  died  at  Concord  Jan.  3,  1680.  He 
•was  ordained  in  1667.  His  wife  was  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Rev.  E.  Bulkley. 

EMERSON,  JOHN,  minister  of  Gloucester, 
Mass.,  died  in  1700,  aged  about  64.  He  was  the 
son  of  Thomas,  of  Ipswich,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1656,  and  was  ordained  in  1663. 
His  son  John,  a  graduate  of  1689,  and  minister  in 
Portsmouth,  died  in  1732,  aged  61. 

EMERSON,  JOHN,  minister  of  Portsmouth, 
died  June  21,  1732,  aged  61.  Born  in  Ipswich, 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1689.  On  the  night 
of  the  murder  of  Major  Waldron  by  the  Indians, 
he  was  invited  to  sleep  at  his  house,  but  declined. 
He  was  settled  at  Newcastle  in  1704  :  in  1708  he 
•went  to  England  and  resided  for  a  period  in  Lon 
don.  In  1715  he  was  installed  at  Portsmouth. 
Of  the  one  hundred  and  twenty-four  persons  added 
to  his  church  in  seventeen  years,  forty  were 
added  in  the  year  following  the  earthquake  of 
1727,  by  which  event  many  minds  were  awakened 
to  the  subject  of  religion.  He  was  an  agreeable 
companion  and  faithful  minister. 

EMERSON,  WILLIAM,  died  in  Rutland,  Vt., 
in  Oct.,  1776,  aged  33.  Graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1761,  he  was  ordained  the  minister  of  Concord, 
the  successor  of  Mr.  Bliss,  in  1766.  His  patriotic 
and  Christian  zeal  induced  him  to  be  a  chaplain 
at  Ticonderoga  in  Aug.,  1776. 

EMERSON,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Maiden, 
Mass.,  the  son  of  Edward  E.,  and  the  grandson 
of  Rev.  Joseph  E.,  of  Mendon,  was  born  at 


Chelmsford,  April  20,  1700;  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1717;  and  ordained,  Oct.  31, 
1721.  For  nearly  hajf  a  century  he  continued 
his  benevolent  labors  without  being  detained  from 
his  pulpit  but  two  Sabbaths.  He  died  suddenly, 
July  13,  1767,  aged  67.  His  wife  was  Mary, 
daughter  of  Rev.  S.  Moody,  of  York.  He  had 
nine  sons  and  four  daughters.  Three  of  his  sons 
Avere  ministers  :  Joseph,  of  Pepperell ;  William, 
of  Concord ;  and  John,  of  Comvay.  He  was 
pious  in  early  life,  and  his  parents  witnessed  the 
effect  of  their  instruction  and  prayers.  As  a 
teacher  of  religion  to  his  fellow  men,  and  their 
guide  to  heaven,  he  searched  the  Scriptures  with 
great  diligence,  that  he  might  draw  his  doctrines 
from  the  pure  fountains  of  truth.  In  the  various 
relations  which  he  sustained,  he  was  just,  amiable, 
kind,  and  benevolent.  One-tenth  of  his  income 
was  devoted  to  charitable  uses.  He,  at  stated 
times  every  day,  addressed  himself  to  Heaven, 
and  never  engaged  in  any  important  affair  with 
out  first  seeking  the  Divine  blessing.  Such  was 
his  humility,  that,  when  unguarded  words  fell  from 
his  lips,  he  would  ask  forgiveness  of  his  children 
and  servants.  He  published  the  importance  and 
duty  of  a  timely  seeking  of  God,  1727  ;  meat  out 
of  the  eater  and  sweetness  out  of  the  strong, 
1735  ;  early  piety  encouraged,  1738;  at  the  ordi 
nation  of  his  son,  Joseph,  at  Groton,  now  Pepper- 
ell,  1747.  —  Funeral  Sermon,  by  his  son. 

EMERSON,  DANIEL,  first  minister  of  Hollis, 
N.  H.,  was  a  descendant  of  Joseph  E.,  minister 
of  Mendon.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col 
lege  in  1739;  was  ordained  April  20,  1743;  re 
ceived  Eli  Smith  as  his  colleague  Nov.  27,  1793  ; 
and  died,  Sept.  30,  1801,  aged  85,  in  the  59th  of 
his  ministry.  His  praise  was  in  all  the  churches. 
In  1743  there  were  only  thirty  families  in  the 
town.  During  his  ministry,  many  died  in  the 
faith  which  he  had  taught  them  ;  and,  at  the  time 
of  his  death,  the  church  consisted  of  about  two 
hundred  members.  Such  men,  the  successful 
teachers  of  morality  and  religion,  of  whom  the 
world  knows  nothing,  are  its  benefactors,  while  the 
men  of  fame  are  usually  the  scourges  of  the  earth. 
—  Massachusetts  Missionary  Mag.,  I.  57-59. 

EMERSON,  WILLIAM,  minister  in  Boston, 
died  May  11,  1811,  aged  42.  He  was  the  grand 
son  of  Rev.  Joseph  E.,  of  Maiden,  and  the  son 
of  Rev.  Win.  E.,  of  Concord,  who  died  a  chaplain 
in  the  army  in  1776.  He  was  born  May  6,  1769, 
and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1789.  He 
became  first  the  minister  of  Harvard  in  1792  ; 
but,  in  Oct.,  1799,  he  was  installed  the  pastor  of 
the  first  church  in  Boston.  In  the  year  1804  he 
engaged  in  the  labor  of  conducting  the  Monthly 
Anthology,  a  literary  journal,  which  opposed 
the  orthodox  Calvinistic  views  of  the  Chris 
tian  religion.  He  published  a  sermon,  preached 
July  4,  1794;  at  the  artillery  election,  1799;  be- 


EMERSON. 

fore  a  charitable  society,  1800  ;  at  the  ordination 
of  S.  Clark,  1800;  of  K.  Smiley,  1801;  of  T. 
Beede,  1803;  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Thachcr,  1802; 
of  Madame  Bowdoin,  1803 ;  of  C.  Austin,  1806  ; 
before  the  female  asylum,  1805  ;  before  the  hu 
mane  society,  1807  ;  oration,  July  4,  1802  ;  four 
discourses  in  the  Christian  monitor,  numbered  1, 
2,  3,  7  ;  a  collection  of  psalms  and  hymns,  1808. 
After  his  death,  there  was  published  his  sketch  of 
the  history  of  the  first  church  in  Boston,  with  two 
sermons  annexed,  8vo.,  1812.  —  2  Historical  Col 
lections,  I.  254-258. 

EMERSON,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  Conway, 
died  June  26, 1826,  aged  80.  A  graduate  of  Har 
vard  in  1764,  he  was  settled  in  1769;  he  used  to 
say,  he  was  "  John  preaching  in  the  wilderness." 
He  lived  to  see  his  flock  of  four  hundred  increased 
to  two  thousand.  He  admitted  580  to  his  church, 
buried  1,037,  and  baptized  1,219.  He  wrote 
3,500  sermons.  E.  Hitchcock  was  settled  as  his 
colleague  in  1821.  —  Holland,  n.  347. 

EMERSON,  JOSEPH,  died  at  Wethersfield  in 
Mav,  1833,  aged  54.  A  graduate  of  Harvard  in 
1798,  he  was  a  tutor ;  then  settled  as  a  minister 
many  years  at  Beverly  ;  and  last  devoted  himself 
to  the  business  of  teaching  female  pupils,  for 
whom  he  established  a  school  at  Wethersfield. 
He  was  a  zealous  Christian,  and  an  excellent 
teacher.  His  life,  by  his  brother,  Prof.  Ralph 
Emerson,  was  published  in  1834. 

EMERSON,  JOSEPH,  Dr.,  died  in  Heath,  Mass., 
Aug.  13,  1841,  aged  60;  a  very  successful  and 
much  beloved  physician. 

EMERSON,  SAMUEL,  M.  D.,  died  at  Kenne- 
bunk  Aug.  7,  1851,  aged  nearly  87.  A  graduate 
of  Harvard  in  1785,  he  was  a  surgeon  in  the 
Revolutionary  war,  and  long  an  able  practitioner. 

EMERY,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  bishop  of  the  Metho 
dist  church,  died  in  Baltimore  co.,  Md.,  Dec.  16, 
1835,  respected  and  lamented.  In  riding,  he  was 
thrown  from  his  carriage,  and  his  skull  was 
fractured. 

EMMET,  THOMAS  ADDIS,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
died  in  New  York  Nov.  14,  1827,  aged  63.  "lie 
was  born  in  Cork,  Ireland,  in  1764,  the  son  of  a 
physician.  Educated  at  Trinity  college,  Dublin, 
he  studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh,  and  took  the 
degree  of  M.]).  in  1784.  His  thesis  was  pub 
lished  in  Smellie's  thesaurus.  At  this  time  he 
was  inclined  to  forensic  pursuits,  presiding  over 
five  debating  societies.  He  afterwards  made  the 
tour  of  Italy  and  Germany,  visiting  the  most  cele 
brated  schools  of  the  continent.  On  his  return 
to  Ireland,  the  death  of  his  brother,  Christopher 
Temple  Emmet,  a  lawyer  of  surpassing  talents, 
induced  him  to  engage  in  the  same  profession. 
After  studying  at  the  Temple  in  London  two 
years,  he  was  admitted  to  the  Irish  bar  at  Dublin 
in  1791.  He  soon  rose  to  distinction,  and  was 
deemed  superior  in  legal  and  general  science  and 


EMMONS. 


339 


in  talents  to  Curran.  At  this  period  the  events 
of  the  French  revolution  awakened  in  the  op 
pressed  Irish  the  hope  of  national  freedom.  The 
association  of  "  United  Irishmen  "  was  constituted, 
embracing  both  Catholics  and  Protestants,  bound 
together  by  a  secret  oath.  Each  society  was  lim 
ited  to  thirty-six  persons,  but  the  whole  kingdom 
was  organized  into  departments,  and  at  the  head 
of  the  whole  was  a  committee,  of  which  Mr.  Em 
met  was  a  leading  member.  It  was  determined 
to  seek  aid  from  France,  and  to  take  up  arms. 
May  23,  1798,  was  appointed  for  the  general  ris 
ing.  But  previously  to  that  time  a  traitor  dis 
closed  the  conspiracy,  and  Emmet  and  others  were 
arrested  and  thrown  into  prison.  The  rebellion, 
notwithstanding,  broke  out  on  the  fixed  day;  but 
it  was  soon  crushed  before  the  arrival  of  Hum 
bert  and  his  French  army  of  twelve  hundred  men, 
which  surrendered  in  August.  An  agreement 
was  soon  made  by  the  government  with  the  State 
prisoners,  that  if  they  would  make  certain  dis 
closures,  not  implicating  individuals,  they  should 
be  released.  The  disclosures  were  made ;  yet 
Mr.  Emmet  was  long  detained  in  prison.  After 
the  peace  of  Amiens  he  was  set  free  and  conveyed 
to  the  river  Elbe.  The  winter  of  1802  he  spent 
in  Brussels,  where  he  saw  his  brother  about  to 
embark  in  the  enterprise  which  ended  in  his  ex 
ecution.  From  France  Mr.  Emmet  proceeded  to 
New  York,  where  he  arrived  Nov.  11, 1804.  The 
death  of  Hamilton  had  left  an  opening  for  such  a 
man  in  the  bar ;  he  was  soon  admitted  to  the 
supreme  court  of  the  State  and  of  the  United 
States,  and  stood  among  the  first  in  his  profession. 
lie  identified  himself  with  the  democratic  party. 
In  1812  he  was  appointed  attorney-general  of  the 
State.  As  an  advocate  he  was  unrivalled.  With 
a  prolific  fancy,  his  figures  were  bold  ;  yet  was  he 
logical  and  profound,  and  his  manner  was  most 
earnest  and  impressive.  He  was  incessant  in 
labor,  devoting  more  than  thirteen  hours  in  each 
day  to  study  and  business.  Of  course  he  mixed 
but  little  with  the  fashionable  world.  He  had 
often  amused  himself  with  mathematical  calcula 
tions.  In  the  circuit  court  of  1827  he  was  en 
gaged  in  the  important  Astor  cause,  and  on 
Monday,  Nov.  12th,  replied  in  an  elaborate  argu 
ment  to  Webster  and  Van  Buren.  On  Wednesday, 
while  occupied  in  another  cause,  he  was  seized 
with  the  apoplexy  in  court,  and  died  the  same 
day.  While  in  prison  in  Scotland  he  wrote  part 
of  an  essay  toward  the  history  of  Ireland,  which 
was  published  at  New  York  in  1807.  — American 
Annual  Register,  1827-9,  139-149. 

EMMETT,  JOHN  P.,  professor  of  chemistry  in 
the  university  of  Virginia,  died  at  New  York  Aug. 
13,  1842,  aged  47 ;  the  son  of  Thomas  Addis 
Emmett. 

EMMONS,  NATHANIEL,  D.  D.,  minister  of 
Franklin,  Mass.,  died  Sept.  23,  1840,  aged  95 


340 


EMMONS. 


EMMONS. 


years  and  five  months.  His  father  was  Samuel 
E.,  of  East  Haddam,  Conn. ;  his  mother,  lluth 
Cone.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1767  ;  studied  theology  with  Dr.  Smaller,  and 
imbibed  his  docirincs  ;  was  licensed  to  preach  in 
1769,  and  ordained  over  the  second  church  of 
Wrentham,  now  Franklin,  in  April,  1773.  The 
duties  of  a  pastor  he  performed  fifty-four  years, 
till  1827.  He  also  instructed  many  students  in 
theology.  His  wife  and  her  two  children  died  in 
1778.  lie  afterwards  married  a  daughter  of  llev. 
Chester  Williams,  of  Hadley.  She  was  a  daugh 
ter-in-law  of  llev.  Samuel  Hopkins,  who,  when 
she  was  young,  married  her  widowed  mother. 
By  her  he  had  six  children,  of  whom  he  buried 
three.  llev.  Elam  Smalley  was  settled  at  Frank 
lin  as  colleague  minister  in  1829. 

A  memoir  of  Dr.  E.  is  found  in  the  first  volume 
of  his  works,  published  in  1842.  First  there  is 
given  an  autobiography ;  then  a  memoir  by  Dr. 
Jacob  Ide,  his  son-in-law;  then  an  additional 
notice  by  Prof.  E.  A.  Park.  He  professed  to  be 
warmly  attached  to  genuine  Calvinism  ;  but  he 
thought  Calvinism  had  lost  much  of  its  original 
purity,  and  had  acquired  absurdities  which  must 
be  rejected  in  order  to  make  it  consistent  with 
reason  and  Scripture ;  and  among  these  "  wens  " 
to  be  pared  off,  he  reckoned  the  doctrines,  that 
the  sin  of  Adam  is  imputed  to  his  posterity ;  that 
the  righteousness  of  Christ  is  imputed  to  be 
lievers  ;  that  sinners  lie  under  a  natural  inability 
to  become  holy ;  and  that  Christ  made  atonement 
only  for  the  elect.  These  he  called  "  gross  ab 
surdities."  But  whether  so  or  not,  the  character 
of  Calvinism  must  be  determined  by  the  faith  of 
Calvin  himself,  and  not  by  what  may  be  deemed 
later  improvements,  and  a  supposed  right  view  of 
"the  essential  principles  of  pure  Christianity." 
His  editor  admits  that  he  differed  from  Calvin  in 
many  important  respects.  The  great  question  is, 
did  he  teach  the  great  fundamental  principles  of 
the  gospel,  and  did  he  spread  abroad  no  gross 
and  perilous  errors  ?  His  whole  long  life  was 
spent  in  his  study  in  unslackcd  industry,  in  un 
wearied  mental  toil.  v  He  studied  seventy  years  in 
one  room,  usually  ten  hours  a  day.  His  famous 
political  sermon,  called  his  "Jeroboam  sermon," 
was  preached  after  Mr.  Jefferson  became  pres 
ident,  from  the  text  relating  to  Jeroboam,  the 
son  of  Nebat,  "  who  made  Israel  to  sin." 

He  was  a  plain,  argumentative  preacher,  with 
no  oratorical  powers,  but  simple,  direct,  and  ear 
nest  in  his  address.  He  was  an  independent 
thinker,  but  some  of  his  speculations  are  so  pe 
culiar,  and  so  revolting  to  the  general  Christian 
sentiment  of  our  country,  as  to  render  it  proper 
to  advert  to  them.  The  most  prominent  and  re 
markable  doctrine  which  he  advanced,  is  the  doc 
trine  that  God  is  the  producing  cause  of  every 
act  of  the  human  mind,  and  therefore  of  all 


wickedness  as  well  as  of  all  goodness.  It  may 
seem  incredible,  that  a  worthy  minister  in  a 
country  town  of  New  England,  a  teacher  of  the 
ology  to  nearly  ninety  theological  students,  should 
inculcate  a  doctrine  so  abhorrent,  so  contradictory 
to  Scripture ;  and  therefore  it  may  be  expedient 
to  quote  a  few  sentences  from  his  own  writings. 
God,  he  says,  must  "  create  evil,  when,  and  where, 
and  to  what  degree  the  good  of  the  universe  re 
quires,  because  he  is  the  owner  and  rightful  sov 
ereign  of  the  universe." 

He  includes  in  evil  moral  as  well  as  natural 
evil ;  that  is,  he  thus  makes  God  the  author  of 
sin.  "  God's  acting  on  their  hearts  and  producing 
all  their  free,  voluntary,  moral  exercises,  is  so  far 
from  preventing  them  from  being  moral  agents, 
that  it  necessarily  makes  them  moral  agents  " 
He  goes  so  far  as  to  assert,  .that  they  who  deny 
this  "  universal  agency,"  in  the  production  of  sin 
as  well  as  holiness,  do  "  virtually  deny  God's  ex 
istence."  In  reference  to  the  origin  of  Adam's 
sin  he  says,  "  Satan  placed  certain  motives  before 
his  mind,  which,  by  a  certain  divine  energy,  took 
hold  of  his  heart  and  led  him  into  sin."  Thus  he 
ascribes  to  God  the  efficiency  in  the  production  of 
Adam's  sin,  to  which  the  devil  was  only  a  tempter. 
Satan  tempts  men  to  sin ;  God  produces  sin.  If 
this  is  not  blasphemy,  what  can  be  ?  There  is 
not  the  least  doubt  as  to  his  doctrine,  Avhich  he 
has  much  more  fully  asserted.  He  makes  God 
the  efficient  cause,  the  actual  producer  of  every 
sinful  volition  in  his  creature ;  he  makes  God  the 
author  of  sin.  Is  not  God  then  responsible  for 
sin  ?  And  how  can  he  punish  man  for  sin  ?  Is 
not  he,  who  intelligently  and  voluntarily  performs 
an  act,  responsible  for  that  act  ?  The  man  who 
lays  a  living  child  upon  the  ground,  and  with  an 
axe  chops  off  its  head,  is  guilty  of  murder.  If 
God  creates  a  human  mind,  and  then  by  his  al 
mighty  and  irresistible  power  moves  that  mind  to 
sin  and  produces  sin,  God  is  the  author  of  sin. 
If  we  embrace  this  doctrine,  we  make  God  the 
author  of  sin,  which  the  Bible  ascribes  to  the 
devil.  We  give  to  the  infinitely  pure  and  holy 
Being  the  very  character  of  Satan.  But  Dr.  E. 
ascribes  to  God  holy  motives, —  his  own  glory  and 
the  highest  possible  good  of  the  universe,  — 
whereas  the  Devil  is  influenced  by  the  contrary 
evil  motives;  yet  the  acts  and  effects  are  the 
same,  —  the  production  of  sin,  which  God  abhors. 
In  communicating  such  a  doctrine  to  the  world, 
by  what  argument  does  the  teacher  justify  him 
self?  He  teaches  that  all  freedom  consists  in 
volition  and  its  effects,  and  not  in  its  cause.  The 
man  who  acts  voluntarily  —  whatever  may  cause 
his  volition  —  is  a  free,  voluntary  agent.  So 
that,  although  God  causes,  produces  his  sinful  ve- 
litions,  man  is  yet  a  perfectly  free  moral  agent. 
But  this  contradicts  the  teaching  of  the  great 
body  of  ethical  and  theological  writers,  and  con- 


EMMONS. 


EXDECOTT. 


341 


tradicts  the  general  consciousness  and  common 
sense  of  man.  It  is  deceptive  language  —  "  what 
God  makes  free  must  be  free."  But  man  is  not 
free,  if  his  volition  is  made,  created,  produced  by 
almighty  power. 

Dr.  Stephen  West,  in  his  book  on  agency,  was 
the  first  teacher  in  this  country  of  this  doctrine, 
that  God  is  the  only  agent,  the  producer  of  all 
the  volitions  of  his  creatures.  It  was  doubtless 
to  his  book,  published  in  1772,  that  Dr.  Emmons 
was  indebted  for  his  theory.  It  is  probable  that 
on  this  point  there  are  now  in  the  Christian  world 
very  few  followers  of  these  bold  theorists.  Their 
doctrine,  which  was  the  doctrine  of  Epicurus, 
Gassendi,  Condillac,  Hobbes,  and  Priestley,  may 
be  acceptable  to  infidels  and  universalists ;  but  it 
will  make  little  progress  with  intelligent,  pious 
readers  of  the  Bible,  who  can  easily  understand, 
with  a  host  of  commentators,  that  when  God  is 
said  to  harden  Pharaoh's  heart,  the  meaning  is, 
not  a  producing  efficiency,  but  a  prediction,  of  a 
certain  event  in  Providence,  that  he  would  harden 
his  own  heart,  as  it  is  afterwards  declared  that  he 
did.  And  it  may  be  added ;  let  it  be  that  the 
origin  of  sin  is  a  mystery.  '1  hen  let  it  remain  a 
mystery,  and  not  be  attempted  to  be  cleared  up 
by  charging  it  blasphemously  upon  God.  But  if 
God  is  a  free  agent,  then  he  might  make  man  in 
his  own  image  a  free  moral  agent,  whose  choice 
is  free,  and  is  not  caused,  produced,  made  by 
another.  Do  we  not  all  know  intuitively,  by  com 
mon  sense,  by  reason  and  conscience,  that  we  are 
such  free  agents,  therefore  justly  accountable  to  a 
holy,  sin-hating  God?  Even  Berkeley,  though 
he  denied  the  existence  of  matter,  did  not  deny 
the  existence  of  created  minds,  having  wills  of 
their  own  and  volitions  not  produced  by  another. 
lie  says :  "It  is  true,  I  have  denied  there  are  any 
other  agents  beside  spirits  ;  but  this  is  very  con 
sistent  with  allowing  to  thinking,  rational  beings 
in  the  production  of  motions  the  use  of  limited 
powers,  ultimately  indeed  derived  from  God,  but 
immediately  under  the  direction  of  their  own 
wills,  which  is  sufficient  to  entitle  them  to  all  the 
guilt  of  their  actions."  Our  innate  sense  of  jus 
tice  teaches  us,  that  if  God  creates,  produces  our 
wicked  affections,  volitions,  and  actions,  it  would 
be  injustice  in  him  to  punish  us  for  them,  or  to 
charge  upon  us  guilt. 

As  to  Emmons'  other  doctrines,  he  differed 
little  from  a  multitude  of  New  England  theolo 
gians.  He  believed  that  Christ  came  from  heaven 
to  be  an  atoning  sacrifice  for  sin,  a  substitute  for 
sinners,  to  vindicate  God's  justice,  and  that  men 
are  justified  by  faith  in  him  ;  that  men  arc  active, 
not  passive,  in  regeneration ;  that  men  are  not 
guilty  of  Adam's  sin,  but  that  their  hearts  are,  in 
consequence  of  his  sin,  totally  depraved ;  that 
holiness  and  sin  consist  in  voluntary  exercises. 
As  to  the  success  of  his  ministry,  during  fifty-four 


years  three  hundred  and  eight  were  added  to  the 
church,  less  than  six  a  year  on  an  average.     He 
was  one  of   the  founders  of   the  Massachusetts 
missionary  society,  and  was  its  first  president  for 
twelve  years.     lie  was  zealously  attached  to  the 
system  of  Congregationalism,  maintaining  in  his 
"  platform  of  ecclesiastical  government,"  that  all 
ecclesiastical  power  is  vested  in  each  church.     He 
was  a  man  of  wit  and  quickness  of  retort.     Some 
1  anecdotes  are  the  following  :     As  a  Universalist 
had  answered  one  of  his  sermons,  some  one  sug 
gested  to  him  the  plan  of  printing  the  sermon 
and  the  answer  in  one  pamphlet ;  he  replied,  "  It 
is  against  the  laws  : —  thou  shalt  not  plow  with 
an  ox  and  an  ass  together."     The  secret  of  pop 
ular  preaching,  he  said,  was  not  to  meddle  with 
the  hearers'  consciences  ;  also,  "  let  your  sermons 
be  without  beginning,  middle,  or  end."     He  said, 
"  let  your  eloquence  flow  from  your  heart  to  your 
hands,  and  never  attempt  to  force  it  the  other 
way."     "  It  is  a  great  blessing  to  be  able  to  talk 
an   hour   about    nothing.     The   most   important 
requisites  for   an   extemporaneous   preacher   are 
ignorance,  impudence,  and  presumption."     When 
a  tippler  asked  him  "  to  tell  what  he  was  to  un 
derstand  by  the  soul  of  man,"  he  replied,  "  Xo, 
I  can't  tell  a  man  that  has  n't  got  any."     When  a 
'  minister  wrote  to  him  — "  I  have  read  your  sermon 
on  the  atonement  and  wept  over  it,"  he  imme 
diately  sent  back  this  answer  :  "  I  have  read  your 
letter  and  laughed  at  it."     He  said  to  a  candidate, 
I  "  Your  sermon  was  too  much  like  Seekonk  plain, 
j  long  and  level."    He  asked  a  young  preacher, 
"  Do  you  ever  mean   to  preach  another  sermon  ? 
'  You  've  preached  about  everything  this  morning." 
!  When  a  young  man  said,  "  I  hope  you  were  not 
wearied  with  the  length  of  my  sermon,"  he  re- 
|  plied,   "  Xo,   nor   with   the    depth   cither."     lie 
j  published  sixty  or  more  single  sermons  and  tracts. 
:  He   published   sermons    at  the  ordinations  of  E. 
|  Dudley,  C.  Chaddock,  E.  Smith,  C.  Alexander, 
I  D.  A  very,   W.  Harris,   J.  Tufts,  J.   Emerson,  T. 
Williams,  E.  Whipple,  G.  Conant,  Z.  Whitmore, 
and  C.  Park ;  a  sermon   on   the  death  of  Wash 
ington  and  of  many  other  persons ;  on  receiving 
from    Dr.  Franklin   books   for   Franklin  library, 
1787  ;  election  sermon,  1798;  on  the  second  cen 
tury  from  the  landing  at  Plymouth,  1820  ;  ser 
mons,   8vo.,   1812  ;  collection   of   sermons,  8vo., 
1813;  sermons,    8vo.,    1815;    sermons,    3   vols., 
8vo.,  1823.     His  works  were  published,  edited  by 
Dr.  Ide,  in  G  vols.,  8vo.,   1842. — Memoir  Pre 
fixed  to  Works;  PitncJiard   on  Conyrcyational- 
ism,  276;  Review  of  E.'s  Theory. 

EMOTT,  JAMES,  died  at  Poughkeepsie  April  7, 

1850,  aged  80;    a  distinguished  lawyer  at  Xew 

|  York,  and   a  member  of  Congress  from   1809  to 

]  1813.     lie  was  judge  of  the  common  pleas  and 

of  the  circuit  court. 

EXDECOTT,  Jonx,  the  first  governor  of  Mas- 


ENGLAND. 


EPHRAIM. 


sachusetts,  died  March  15,  1665,  aged  75.  He 
was  born  in  Dorchester,  England,  in  1589,  and 
married  a  relation  of  M.  Cradock,  the  governor 
of  the  Massachusetts  company  in  England,  and 
brother-in-law  of  II.  Ludlow,  deputy  governor. 
He  Avas  sent  to  this  country  by  that  company  as 
their  agent,  to  carry  on  the  plantation  at  Naum- 
keag,  or  Salem,  and  arrived  Sept.  6,  1628.  It 
was  here  that  he  laid  the  foundation  of  the  first 
permanent  town  within  the  limits  of  the  Massa 
chusetts  patent.  lie  was  a  suitable  person  to  be 
intrusted  with  the  care  of  a  new  settlement  in 
the  wilderness,  for  he  was  bold,  undaunted,  so 
ciable,  and  cheerful,  familiar,  or  austere  and  dis 
tant,  as  occasion  required.  The  company,  in 
April,  1629,  chose  him  the  governor  of"  London's 
plantation  ;  "  but  in  August  it  was  determined  to 
transfer  the  charter  and  the  government  of  the 
colony  to  New  England,  and  John  Winthrop,  who 
arrived  in  the  following  year,  was  appointed  gov 
ernor.  In  1636  Mr.  Endecott  was  sent  out  on 
an  expedition  against  the  Indians  on  Block  Island, 
and  in  the  Pequot  country.  He  continued  at 
Salem  till  1644,  when  he  was  elected  governor  of 
Massachusetts,  and  removed  to  Boston.  He  was 
also  governor  from  1649  to  1654,  excepting  in 
1650,  when  Mr.  Dudley  was  governor,  and  from 
1655  to  1665.  He  was  succeeded  by  Bellingham. 
He  left  two  sons.  He  was  a  sincere  and  zealous 
Puritan,  rigid  in  his  principles,  and  severe  in  the 
execution  of  the  laws  against  sectaries,  or  those 
who  differed  from  the  religion  of  Massachusetts. 
Two  Episcjpalians,  who  accused  the  members  of 
the  church  of  Salem  of  being  Separatists,  were 
sent  back  to  England  by  his  orders.  He  was  de 
termined  to  establish  a  reformed  and  a  pure 
church.  The  Quakers  and  the  Baptists  had  no 
occasion  to  remember  him  with  affection.  So 
opposed  was  he  to  everything  which  looked  like 
Popery,  that,  through  the  influence  of  Itoger 
Williams,  he  cut  out  the  cross  from  the  military 
standard.  He  insisted  at  Salem,  that  the  women 
should  wear  veils  at  church.  In  1649,  when  he 
was  governor,  he  entered  into  an  association  with 
the  other  magistrates  against  long  hair.  As  the 
practice  of  wearing  it,  "  after  the  manner  of  ruf 
fians  and  barbarous  Indians,  had  begun  to  invade 
New  England,"  they  declared  their  detestation  of 
the  custom,  "  as  a  thing  uncivil  and  unmanly, 
whereby  men  do  deform  themselves,  and  offend 
sober  and  modest  men,  and  do  corrupt  good  man 
ners."  In  1659,  during  his  administration,  four 
Quakers  were  put  to  death  in  Boston.  —  Neal's 
New  England,  I.  139,  364 ;  Ilutcliinson,  I.  8-17, 
38,  235  ;  Winthrop  ;  Hist.  Coll.  vi.  245,  261 ;  ix. 
5;  Holmes;  Morton,  81,  188;  Maynalia,  li.  18; 
N.  E.  Historical  Register,  July,  1847. 

ENGLAND,  JOHN,  Catholic  bishop  of  North 
and  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  died  at  Charles 
ton  April  11,  1842,  aged  55.  He  was  born  in 


Cork,  and,  being  made  bishop  by  the  pope,  arrived 
at  Charleston  the  last  day  of  1820.  He  estab 
lished  a  theological  seminary,  and  aided  in  the 
anti-duelling  society.  Returning  from  a  visit  to 
Rome,  he  contracted  on  the  voyage  the  dysentery, 
of  which  he  died.  His  works  were  published  in 
5  vols.,  8vo.,  1849.  — Cud.  of  Amer.  Lit.  n.  84. 

ENGLISH,  GEORGE  B.,  an  adventurer,  the  son 
of  Thomas  English,  of  Boston,  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1807,  and  afterwards  for  a 
while  studied  theology.  He  then  became  an  offi 
cer  of  marine  in  the  navy.  Embracing,  as  is  said, 
Islamism,  he  entered  the  service  of  the  Pasha  of 
Egypt,  and  accompanied  an  expedition  under  Is- 
mael  to  Upper  Egypt.  He  died  at  Washington  in 
Sept.,  1828,  aged  39.  He  published  Grounds  of 
Christianity  examined,  12mo.,  1813,  which  was 
answered  by  E.  Everett  and  S.  Gary ;  letter  to 
Mr.  Gary  on  his  review ;  letter  to  Mr.  Channing 
on  his  two  sermons  on  infidelity,  1813  ;  expedition 
to  Dongola  and  Sennaar,  8vo.,  1823. 

ENGLISH,  PHILIP,  a  wealthy  merchant  of 
Salem,  died  in  1734,  aged  84.  He  came  near  to 
being  a  victim  to  the  witchcraft  delusion  in  1692. 
Both  he  and  his  wife  were  accused  and  imprisoned, 
and  from  Salem  prison  were,  by  their  friends,  on 
some  pretence,  removed  to  Boston.  On  the  day 
before  that  appointed  for  trial,  they,  being  under 
bail,  attended  public  worship,  and  heard  Mr. 
Moody  preach  from  the  text,  "  If  they  persecute 
you  in  one  city,  flee  to  another,"  justifying  a 
flight  from  outrage  under  the  forms  of  justice. 
He  visited  them,  and  through  his  persuasion  they 
fled  at  midnight  to  New  York,  and  thus  perhaps 
saved  their  lives.  He  ever  acknowledged  his  ob 
ligations  to  the  manly  courage  of  Mr.  Moody. 

ENOS,  IlOGER,  lieut.-colonel,  accompanied  Ar 
nold  in  his  expedition  to  Quebec,  as  far  as  fifty 
miles  up  Dead  river  in  Maine,  when,  by  decision 
of  a  council  of  war,  he  returned  with  his  division 
in  consequence  of  the  want  of  provisions  ;  and 
thus,  perhaps,  the  whole  army  was  saved  from 
destruction.  —  American  Remembrancer,  1776. 

EPENOWE,  an  Indian  of  Martha's  Vineyard, 
was  a  victim,  with  twenty-five  others,  to  the 
treachery  of  Capt.  Thomas  Hunt  in  1614,  who 
carried  them  to  Malaga  with  the  purpose  of  sell 
ing  them  as  slaves.  This  villainy  was  retaliated. 
Epenowe  was  taken  to  England,  and  there  con 
trived  a  method  of  regaining  his  native  land. 
He  invented  the  story  of  a  mine  of  gold  at  Capa- 
poick,  or  Capawock,  now  Martha's  Vineyard,  to 
which  he  was  conveyed  by  Capt.  Harley.  When 
twenty  canoes  were  around  the  ship,  he  plunged 
into  the  water,  and,  by  the  aid  of  his  friends  and 
their  flight  of  arrows,  he  escaped.  Epenowe,  in 
1619,  with  his  countrymen,  assaulted  Capt.  l)cr- 
men,  and  inflicted  many  wounds,  killing  several 
of  his  men. 

EPIIIIAIM,  was  an  Indian  preacher  in  1698  at 


EPPES. 


EUSTIS. 


343 


Gayhead,  Martha's  Vineyard.  With  Abel,  another 
preacher,  he  had  the  charge  of  two  hundred  and 
sixty  souls  or  more,  who  were  taught  to  read. 
These  Indians  were  well  clothed.  They  had  a 
framed  meeting-house.  At  the  same  time  Japhct 
was  a  preacher  at  Chilmark  to  two  hundred  and 
thirty-one  Indians,  of  whom  sixty-four  were  in 
full  communion ;  and  there  were  preachers  at 
Tisbury  to  seventy-two  Indians ;  Job  Russel 
preached  at  Edgartown  to  one  hundred  and 
thirty-six,  and  there  were  yet  other  congregations 
on  the  Vineyard. 

EPPES,  JOHN  W.,  died  near  Richmond  in 
Virginia  in  Sept.,  1823,  aged  50.  His  wife,  Maria, 
the  daughter  of  Mr.  Jefferson,  died  at  Monti- 
cello  in  April,  1804.  He  was  appointed  senator 
of  the  United  States  in  1815,  but  he  resigned 
from  ill  health. 

ERVING,  WILLIAM,  a  benefactor  of  Harvard 
college,  was  graduated  in  1753,  and  quitted  the 
British  army,  in  which  he  was  an  officer,  at  the 
commencement  of  the  American  Revolution.  lie 
died  at  Roxbury  May  27,  1791,  aged  56,  bequeath 
ing  to  the  college,  in  which  he  was  educated, 
1000  pounds  toward  establishing  a  professorship 
of  chemistry  and  matcria  mcdica. 

ERVIXG,  JOHN,  a  merchant  of  Boston,  died 
Aug.  20, 1786,  aged  94.  He  came  from  Scotland. 
lie  was  twenty  years  a  member  of  the  council. 
Being  opposed  to  independence,  he  retired  from 
public  Hie  at  the  Revolution.  One  daughter  mar 
ried  Gov.  Bowdoin,  another  Gov.  Scott,  of  Domin 
ica,  and  a  third  Duncan  Stewart,  who  was  collector 
of  Xew  London  before  the  Revolution. 

ERVING,  SHIRLEY,  Dr.,  died  in  Boston  July 
8,  1813,  aged  54.  He  was  the  grandson  of  Gov. 
Shirley,  the  son  of  John  E.,  of  Boston.  He  set 
tled  as  a  physician  in  Portland,  and  was  highly 
esteemed.  In  declining  health  he  removed  to 
Boston.  —  American  Quarterly  Register,  1840. 

ERVIXG,  GEORGE  W.,  consul,  died  in  Xew 
York  in  July,  1850.  A  native  of  Boston,  the 
son  of  George  E.,  a  loyalist,  he  was  educated  at 
Oxford.  Mr.  Jefferson  appointed  him  consul  to 
London ;  thence  he  was  sent  to  Denmark  and 
Berlin,  and  then  ambassador  to  Madrid. 

ESCARBOT,  MARC  L',  published  Xova  Fran- 
cia,  or  an  account  of  Xew  France,  as  described  in 
late  voyages  into  the  countries  called  by  the 
Frenchmen  La  Cadie,  4to.,  London,  1G54;  trans 
lated  from  the  French  edition  of  1612  ;  the  same 
in  Purchas  and  Churchill. 

ESTAIXG,  CHARLES  II.,  count  de,  commanded 
the  French  fleet  sent  to  our  aid  in  the  Revolution 
ary  war.  He  made  an  unsuccessful  assault  on 
Savannah  Oct.  9,  1779,  when  Pulaski  was  mortally 
wounded.  He  afterwards  captured  Grenada. 
Being  one  of  the  assembly  of  notables  in  France, 
and  incurring  the  suspicion  of  the  dominant  fac 
tion,  he  was  guillotined  at  Paris  April  29,  1793. 


ESTABROOK,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Concord, 
Mass.,  died  in  1711,  aged  about  68.  Born  in 
Enfickl,  Middlesex,  England,  he  came  to  this 
country  in  1660,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1664.  He  was  ordained  colleague  with  Mr. 
Bulklcy  in  1667.  His  son  Benjamin,  first  minis 
ter  of  Lexington,  a  graduate  of  1690,  died  in 
1697,  leaving  a  widow  Abigail,  daughter  of  Rev. 
S.  Willard.  His  son  Samuel,  minister  of  Canter 
bury,  Conn.,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  of  1696, 
ordained  1711,  died  in  1727,  aged  52. 

ESTABROOK,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Athol, 
Mass.,  died  May  18,  1830,  aged  71.  A  descend 
ant  of  Rev.  Joseph  E.  of  Concord,  he  was  born  in 
Lexington,  and  he  fought  in  the  battle  of  Lex 
ington.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1782. 
In  1787  he  was  ordained. 

ESTEX,  JOSEPH,  died  in  Burrillville,  R.I.,  Sept. 
20,  1851,  aged  99  years  and  9  months.  His 
brother  John,  of  B.,  died  Sept.  1,  1851,  aged  90. 

EUSTACE,  JOHN  SKEY,  a  brave  officer  in  the 
American  war,  died  at  Xewburgh  Aug.  25,  1805, 
aged  45.  He  entered  into  the  service  of  his 
country  not  long  after  the  commencement  of  the 
Revolution,  and  continued  one  of  her  active  de 
fenders  till  the  conclusion  of  the  contest.  He 
served  for  some  time  as  aid-de-camp  to  General 
Lee,  and  afterwards  as  an  aid-de-camp  to  General 
Greene.  When  the  war  was  ended,  he  retired  to 
Georgia,  and  was  there  admitted  to  the  bar,  as  an 
advocate.  In  that  State  he  received  the  appoint 
ment  of  adjutant-general.  In  the  year  1794,  as 
he  was  fond  of  military  life,  he  went  to  France, 
and  there  received  the  appointment  of  a  briga 
dier-general,  and  was  afterwards  promoted  and 
made  a  major-general.  In  that  capacity  he  served 
the  French  nation  for  some  lime.  He  commanded 
in  1797  a  division  of  the  French  army  in  Flan 
ders.  In  1800  he  returned  again  to  his  native 
country,  and  resided  in  Orange  county,  Xew  York, 
where  he  led  a  retired,  studious  life  till  his  death. 
He  devoted  to  literature  all  the  time  which  the 
state  of  his  health  would  permit. — New  York 
Spectator,  Sept.  4,  1805. 

EUSTIS,  ABRAHAM,  brigadier-general,  died  at 
Portland  Jan.  27,  1843,  aged  57.  He  studied 
law,  but  early  entered  the  army,  and  served  hon 
orably  thirty-five  years. 

EUSTIS,  WILLIAM,  M.  D.,  governor  of  Massa- 
sachusetts,  died  in  Boston  Feb.  6,  1825,  aged  71. 
He  was  the  son  of  Benjamin  Eustis  and  was  born 
at  Cambridge  June  10,  1753.  After  graduating 
at  Harvard  college  in  1772,  he  studied  physic 
with  Dr.  Joseph  Warren.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  war  he  was  appointed  surgeon  of  a  regiment, 
and  afterwards  hospital  surgeon.  In  1777  and 
during  most  of  the  war  he  occupied  as  a  hospital 
the  spacious  house  of  Col.  Robinson,  a  royalist, 
on  the  east  side  of  the  Hudson,  opposite  to  West 
Point.  In  the  same  house  Arnold  had  his  head- 


344 


EVANS. 


EVAIITS. 


quarters.  At  the  termination  of  the  war  he  com 
menced  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  Boston. 
In  1800  he  was  elected  a  member  of  congress. 
By  Mr.  Madison  in  1809  he  was  appointed  secre 
tary  of  war,  and  continued  in  office  until  in  the 
late  war  the  army  of  Hull  was  surrender  eel,  when 
he  resigned.  In  1815  he  was  sent  ambassador  to 
Holland.  After  his  return  he  Mras  a  member  of 
congress  in  1821,  and  for  four  successive  sessions. 
After  the  resignation  of  Gov.  Brooks,  he  was 
chosen  governor  in  1823,  and  died  after  a  short 
illness.  His  wife,  who  survived  him,  was  Caroline, 
the  daughter  of  Woodbury  Langdon  of  New 
Hampshire.  By  his  direction  he  was  buried  by 
the  side  of  his  mother.  His  successor  was  Levi 
Lincoln.  —  Holmes,  II.  515;  Thacher. 

EVANS,  NATHANIEL,  a  minister  in  New  Jersey, 
and  a  poet,  was  born  in  Philadelphia  June  8, 
1742,  and  was  graduated  at  the  college  in  that 
city  in  17 Go,  having  gained  a  high  reputation  for 
his  genius.  He  immediately  afterwards  embarked 
for  England,  recommended  to  the  society  for 
propagating  the  gospel,  and  was  ordained  by  the 
bishop  of  London.  He  arrived  at  Philadelphia 
on  *his  return,  Dec.  26,  1765,  and  entered  soon 
upon  the  business  oi'  his  mission  at  Gloucester 
county  in  New  Jersey.  His  season  of  labor  was 
short,  for  it  pleased  God  to  remove  him  from  this 
present  life  Oct.  29,  1767,  aged  25.  He  was 
remarkable  for  the  excellence  of  his  temper,  the 
correctness  of  his  morals,  and  the  soundness  of 
his  doctrines.  He  published  a  short  account  of 
T.  Godfrey,  prefixed  to  Godfrey's  poems,  and  an 
elegy  to  his  memory.  After  his  death  a  selection 
of  his  writings  was  published,  entitled,  poems  on 
several  occasions,  with  some  other  compositions, 
1772.  Annexed  to  this  volume  is  one  of  his  ser 
mons.  —  American  Museum,  VII.  405  ;  Preface  to 
the  above  Poems. 

EVANS,  LEWIS,  eminent  for  his  acquaintance 
with  American  geography,  was  a  surveyor  in  Penn 
sylvania,  and  died  in  June,  1756.  He  made  many 
journeys  into  the  neighboring  colonies,  and  had 
been  frequently  employed  in  surveying  lands, 
purchased  of  the  natives.  He  had  collected  a 
great  store  of  materials  from  other  sources. 
From  these  he  compiled  a  map  of  the  middle 
colonies,  and  of  the  adjacent  country  of  the  Indi 
ans,  lying  northward  and  westward.  The  first 
ediiion  of  it  was  published  in  1749,  and  a  second 
in  1755,  accompanied  with  an  explanatory  pam 
phlet.  Some  expressions,  countenancing  the  title 
of  France  to  fort  Frontenac,  brought  him  into  a 
controversy  with  a  writer  in  Gaines'  New  York 
Mercury  in  1756.  In  the  course  of  the  same  year 
he  wrote  a  full  and  elaborate  reply  to  this  and 
other  charges  against  him,  and  caused  the  pam 
phlet  to  be  published  in  London.  They  were  both 
offered  to  the  public  under  the  title  of  geographi 


cal,  historical,  political,  philosophical,  and  mechan 
ical  essays ;  Nos.  1,  and  2.  The  first  edition  of 
this  map  was  chiefly  limited  to  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  and  Delaware;  the  second  was  much 
enlarged,  being  made  a  general  map  of  the  mid 
dle  British  colonies,  Virginia,  Maryland,  Delaware, 
Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  New  York,  Connecti 
cut,  and  lUiode  Island,  and  the  country  of  the 
confederate  Indians.  It  was  inscribed  to  Mr. 
Pownall,  in  consideration,  as  a  writer  of  that 
period  asserts,  of  being  promised  by  him  the 
office  of  surveyor-general  of  New  Jersey,  and  to 
gratify  whom  he  published  also  in  1755  a  pam 
phlet  against  Gov.  Shirley.  He  belonged  to  the 
cabal  in  favor  of  W.  Johnson.  He  was  impris 
oned  for  a  libel  on  Gov.  Morris.  Aftenvards  in 
1776,  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  between 
Great  Britain  and  her  colonies,  Mr.  Pownall  him 
self  gave  a  new  edition  of  Evans'  map,  with  large 
additions,  entitled  a  map  of  the  British  colonies 
in  North  America.  It  comprehended  all  New 
England  and  the  bordering  parts  of  Canada. 

EVANS,  ISRAEL,  minister  of  Concord,  N.  II., 
died  March  9,  180*7,  aged  59.  He  was  of  Welsh 
descent,  born  in  Pennsylvania,  where  his  father 
and  grandfather  were  ministers.  He  graduated 
at  Princeton  college  in  1772,  in  a  class  of  twenty- 
two,  of  whom  fifteen  were  ministers.  Being 
ordained  in  1776  at  Philadelphia  as  a  chaplain,  he 
served  during  the  war  in  the  New  Hampshire 
brigade.  He  accompanied  Sullivan  against  the 
Indians  ;  and  was  at  the  capture  of  Burgoyne 
and  surrender  of  Cornwallis.  July  1,  1789,  he 
was  installed  as  the  successor  of  Mr.  Walker  at 
Concord ;  but  was  dismissed  at  his  request  July 
1797.  His  feelings  and  habits,  brought  from  the 
army,  were  not  adapted  to  make  him  useful  as  a 
minister.  Humility  was  no  trait  in  his  character. 
His  patriotic  sermons  during  the  war  were  accep 
table  to  the  army ;  he  published  a  sermon  after 
the  Indian  expedition ;  oration  on  the  death  of 
Gen.  Poor,  1780;  on  the  surrender  of  the  British 
army  at  York  ;  on  the  thanksgiving  for  indepen 
dence,  Dec.  11,  1783;  at  the  election,  1791. — 
Bouton's  Centen.  Disc.  33;  Moore's  Ann.  Con 
cord,  63. 

EVANS,  OLIVER,  a  mechanic,  was  a  descend 
ant  of  Evan  Evans,  D.  D.,  the  first  Episcopal 
minister  of  Philadelphia,  who  died  in  1728.  He 
made  various  improvements  in  the  arts.  His  iron 
foundry,  steam  factory,  and  steam-mill  were  lo 
cated  at  Philadelphia.  He  died  at  New  York 
April  15,  1819,  aged  64.  He  published  the  young 
engineer's  guide,  1805 ;  miller's  and  millwright's 
guide,  twenty-five  plates,  1807;  first  edit.  1795. 

EVANS,  CADWALLADER,  Dr.,  died  at  Philadel 
phia  in  1773,  aged  57.  He  Avas  born  in  Philadel 
phia,  of  Welch  descent,  and  studied  under  Dr. 
Bond  and  in  Edinburgh.  He  was  long  a  physi- 


EVARTS. 


EVE. 


cian  of  the  hospital.  —  TliacJter's  Medical  Biog- 
raplnj. 

EVANS,  Jonx,  colonel,  died  near  Monongalia, 
Va.,  in  1835,  aged  97.  He  commanded  a  regi 
ment  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  convention  to  form  a  constitution 
for  Virginia. 

EVANS,  MORRIS,  died  at  Raleigh,  N.  C.,  Aug. 
25,  1834,  aged  10.3. 

EVARTS,  JEREMIAH,  secretary  of  the  Ameri 
can  board  of  commissioners  for  foreign  missions, 
died  in  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  May  10,  1831, 
aged  50.  lie  was  probably  a  descendant  of  John 
Evarts,  who  lived  in  'Guilford,  Conn.,  in  1650, 
and  was  born  in  Sundoiiand,  Vermont,  Feb.  3, 
1781.  In  a  few  years  his  parents  removed  to  the 
town  of  Georgia  in  the  northern  part  of  Vermont. 
In  1798  he  was  placed  under  the  instruction  of 
Rev.  John  Eliot  of  E.  Guilford,  and  was  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  college  in  1802.  During  a  revival 
of  religion  in  the  college  in  the  beginning  of  this 
year,  he  cherished  the  hope,  that  his  soul  was 
renewed  by  the  Spirit  of  God,  and  became  a 
member  of  the  college  church.  From  1803  to 
1804  he  was  the  instructor  of  the  academy  at 
Peacham,  and  afterwards  studied  law  with  Judge 
Chauncy  of  Xe\v  Haven,  in  which  city  he  com 
menced  the  practice  of  the  law  in  July,  1806.  In 
May,  1810,  he  removed  to  Charlestown,  near  Bos 
ton,  in  order  to  edit  the  Panoplist,  a  religious 
and  literary  monthly  publication,  which  had  been 
conducted  by  Dr.  Morse  and  others  four  or  five 
years ;  and  he  superintended  that  work,  writing 
for  it  a  large  proportion  of  the  original  articles, 
till  the  close  of  1820,  when  it  was  discontinued, 
and  the  Missionary  Herald  was  published  in  its 
stead,  under  the  authority  of  the  American  Board. 
This  work  was  also  committed  to  him.  He  had 
been  chosen  treasurer  of  the  Board  in  1812  and 
the  next  year  one  of  the  prudential  committee. 
He  served  as  treasurer  till  1822.  In  1821  he 
succeeded  Dr.  Worcester  as  corresponding  secre 
tary,  in  which  office  he  continued  nearly  ten 
years  till  his  death.  Thus  he  toiled  ten  years  as 
the  editor  of  the  Panoplist,  ten  years  as  the  treas 
urer  of  the  Board  of  missions,  and  ten  years  as 
corresponding  secretary.  In  feeble  health  he 
took  a  voyage  to  the  island  of  Cuba  in  Feb.,  1831, 
and  thence  in  April  to  Charleston,  where  in  the 
house  of  Rev.  Dr.  Palmer  he  died.  He  left  sev 
eral  children  :  his  widow,  Mehitable,  the  daughter 
of  Roger  Sherman  of  New  Haven,  died  in  1851. 
While  Mr.  Evarts  was  on  his  voyage  to  Cuba, 
fully  aware  of  the  uncertain  continuance  of  his 
life,  he  wrote  as  follows :  "  Here,  in  this  sea,  I 
consecrate  myself  to  God  as  my  chief  good :  to 
him,  as  my  heavenly  Father,  infinitely  kind  and 
tender  of  his  children  ;  to  him,  as  my  kind  and 
merciful  Redeemer,  by  whose  blood  and  merits 
44 


alone  I  do  hope  for  salvation  ;  to  himras  the  be 
neficent  renewcr  and  sanctificr  of  the  saved.  I 
implore  the  forgiveness  of  my  numerous  and  ag 
gravated  transgressions ;  and  I  ask,  that  my 
remaining  time  and  strength  may  be  employed 
for  the  glory  of  God,  my  portion,  and  for  the 
good  of  his  creatures."  In  his  last  hours  his 
hope  of  forgiveness  and  salvation  was  undimin- 
ished  and  unshaken.  lie  said,  "  I  wish  in  these 
dying  words  to  recognize  the  great  Redeemer  as 
the  Saviour  from  sin  and  hell.  And  I  recognize 
the  Great  Spirit  of  God  as  the  renovator  of  God's 
elect."  When  it  was  said  to  him,  (i  You  will  soon 
see  Jesus ; "  he  exclaimed,  "  Wonderful,  wonder 
ful,  wonderful  glory  !  We  cannot  understand  — 
we  cannot  comprehend  —  wonderful  glory!  I 
will  praise,  I  will  praise  him  !  Jesus  reigns."  This 
was  no  feverish  excitement,  nor  dream  of  enthu 
siasm  ;  but  the  vision  of  a  dying  believer.  Mr. 
Evarts'  character  has  been  delineated  in  printed 
discourses  by  Dr.  Woods  and  Dr.  Spring.  In 
the  management  of  the  important  interests,  with 
which  he  was  intrusted,  he  manifested  a  scrupu 
lous  integrity.  He  combined  with  a  sound  judg 
ment  the  ardor  requisite  for  the  accomplishment 
of  great  designs.  His  piety  and  extensive  knowl 
edge  of  theology  and  his  accordance  with  the 
settled  orthodoxy  of  New  England  secured  to  him 
the  confidence  of  the  churches  in  a  degree  seldom 
obtained  by  one,  not  especially  trained  for  the 
ministry  of  the  gospel.  Free  from  self-sufficiency 
and  pi'ide,  he  sought  the  counsel  of  his  associates; 
and  especially  he  with  habitual  devotion  sought 
the  guidance  and  blessing  of  God.  Though 
humble,  he  was  yet  resolute  and  determined  and 
persevering.  Having  enlarged  views  and  a  vig 
orous  mind,  he  was  not  disheartened  by  difficul 
ties  and  opposition.  Feeble  in  health,  with  a  thin, 
slender  frame,  and  destitute  of  oratorical  action, 
he  yet  in  his  public  addresses  arrested  attention 
and  produced  effect,  for  his  conceptions  were 
clear  and  his  language  perspicuous  and  forcible. 
His  industry  was  untiring.  Besides  his  labors  in 
editing  the  Panoplist,  he  wrote  the  ten  annual 
reports  of  the  American  Board  from  1821  to 
1 830,  the  last  of  which  contains  a  most  weighty 
and  valuable  discussion  on  the  future  growth  of 
this  country  and  the  means  of  preserving  it  from 
ruin.  His  essays,  twenty-four  in  number,  on  the 
rights  and  claims  of  the  Indians,  under  the  signa 
ture  of  William  Penn,  were  published  in  1829; 
and  he  subsequently  wrote  various  other  pieces  on 
the  same  subject,  one  of  which  is  an  article  in  the 
North  American  Review.  He  edited  the  volume 
of  speeches  on  the  Indian  bill  and  wrote  the  intro 
duction. —  Woods'  and  Spring's  Sermons;  Atiss. 
Herald,  Oct.  Nov.  1831. 

EVE,  ADAM,  died   in   Pennsylvania   Oct.  27, 
1821,  aged  104. 


346 


EVEREST. 


EWING. 


EVEREST,  SOLOMON,  a  physician,  died  at 
Canton,  Conn.,  in  July,  1822.  He  bequeathed 
10,000  dollars  to  religious  and  missionary  pur 
poses. 

EVERETT,  OLIVER,  minister  in  Boston,  died 
at  Dorchester  Nov.  19,  1802,  aged  49.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1779,  and  was 
ordained  pastor  of  the  church  in  Summer  street, 
as  successor  of  Mr.  Howe,  Jan.  2,  1782.  After 
a  ministry  of  ten  years,  and  after  having  acquired 
a  high  reputation  for  the  extraordinary  powers  of 
his  mind,  the  state  of  his  health  induced  him  to 
ask  a  dismission  from  his  people  in  1792.  He 
was  succeeded  in  1794  by  Mr.  Kirkland.  After 
wards  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  court  of 
common  pleas  for  the  county  of  Norfolk.  He 
was  the  father  of  Alex.  H.  and  Edward  Everett. 

EVERETT,  DAVID,  editor  of  the  Boston  Pat 
riot,  died  Dec.  21,  1813,  aged  44.  He  was  born 
at  Princeton,  Mass.,  and  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
college  in  1795,  and  engaged  in  the  profession  of 
the  law  in  Boston.  In  1809  he  commenced  the 
Patriot,  in  which  John  Adams  in  a  series  of  let 
ters  gave  a  history  of  his  political  career.  In 
1811  he  was  appointed  register  of  probate  ;  but  a 
revolution  in  politics  deprived  him  of  his  office. 
In  Sept.,  1812,  he  commenced  the  Pilot,  a  paper 
devoted  to  De  Witt  Clinton.  Removing  soon  to 
Marietta  to  edit  a  paper,  he  died  there.  He 
published  common  sense  in  dishabille,  or  the 
farmer's  monitor,  1799;  Daranzel,  a  tragedy, 
1800  ;  essay  on  the  rights  and  duties  of  nations  ; 
three  orations  and  addresses ;  Junius  Americanus 
in  Boston  Gazette  in  defence  of  J.  Adams.  — 
Specimens  American  Poetry,  II.  1 13. 

EVERETT,  MOSES,  minister  of  Dorchester, 
died  March  25,  1813,  aged  62.  Born  in  Ded- 
ham,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1771,  and  in 
1774  was  ordained  the  minister  of  Dedham,  in 
which  office  he  continued  eighteen  years  till  1792. 
He  was  appointed  in  1808  a  judge  of  the  court  of 
common  pleas  in  the  place  of  his  brother  Oliver. 
He  published  a  sermon  to  young  men,  1778;  one 
at  the  ordination  of  his  brother. 

EVERETT,  NOBLE,  minister  of  Wareham, 
Mass.,  died  Dec.,  30,  1819,  aged  72,  in  the  38th 
year  of  his  ministry.  Born  in  Woodbury,  Conn., 
he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1775.  He  was  a  labori 
ous,  faithful,  successful  pastor.  In  revivals  he 
was  unwearied  in  his  toils.  His  predecessors 
were  R.  Thacher  and  J.  Cotton. 

EVERETT,  ALEXANDER  H.,  died  at  Canton, 
China,  June  28,  1847,  aged  57.  He  was  the  son 
of  Rev.  Oliver  E.,  and  graduated  in  1806.  After 
being  a  teacher  in  Exeter  academy,  he  went  to 
Russia  with  Mr.  Adams  as  secretary  of  legation, 
by  whom  he  was  appointed  minister  to  Spain 
in  1825.  After  his  return  he  was  the  editor  of 
the  North  American  Review.  Connecting  him 
self  with  the  democratic  party,  Mr.  Polk  sent  him 


as  commissioner  to  China.  He  published  Europe, 
1822;  America,  1827;  oration,  1830;  address  to 
horticultural  society,  1833. 

EVERETT,  HORACE,  LL.  D.,died  at  Windsor, 
Vt.,  Jan.  30,  1851,  aged  72.  He  was  a  member 
of  congress  fourteen  years  from  1829  to  1843, 
and  honorably  distinguished  himself  by  his  zeal 
to  do  justice  to  the  Indians. 

EVERETT,  SERAPHINA  SARAH,  wife  of  Joel  S. 
Everett,  missionary  at  Constantinople,  died  in 
great  peace  Dec.  27,  1854  ;  she  said,  "  I  wish  to 
be  near  and  like  Jesus."  She  had  the  charge  of 
the  female  boarding  school  of  thirty-five  pupils ; 
and  was  one  of  the  most  accomplished  of  the 
ladies  in  the  eastern  mission.  The  hymn,  "  Asleep 
in  Jesus,"  was  sung,  when  she  was  dying;  her 
husband,  when  dying,  was  asked  by  those 
around  his  bed,  what  they  should  sing,  and  he 
replied,  "  Asleep  in  Jesus." 

EVERETT,  JOEL  S.,  a  missionary,  died  at 
Bebek,  near  Constantinople,  March  7, 1856,  aged 
42.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Amherst  college  in 
1840.  To  Dr.  Hamlin  he  said,  that  for  a  year 
past  he  had  "  a  strong  desire  to  depart  to  the 
blessed  company  on  high ;  also,  we  have  travelled 
together  for  eleven  years,  and  now  we  must  part 
for  a  little  time.  Get  many  souls  to  Christ.  O, 
glorious  God !  O,  glorious  Redeemer !  O, 
blessed  company!  and  I  am  going  to  join  it!" 
He  was  an  excellent,  faithful  missionary.  He  had 
the  charge  of  the  boarding  school  for  girls,  and 
of  the  colporteur  and  Bible  distribution  work.  He 
left  four  children. 

EWING,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  minister  in  Philadel 
phia,  and  provost  of  the  college  in  that  city,  died 
Sept.  8,  1802,  aged  70.  He  was  born  in  East 
Nottingham,  Md.,  June  22,  1732.  His  classical 
studies  were  begun  under  Dr.  Allison,  with 
whom,  after  finishing  the  usual  studies,  he  re 
mained  three  years  as  a  tutor.  He  was  gradu 
ated  at  Princeton  college,  1752,  and  afterward 
accepted  the  appointment  of  tutor.  Having  re 
solved  by  Divine  permission  to  become  a  minister 
of  the  gospel,  he  pursued  his  theological  studies 
under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Allison.  At  the  age 
of  twenty-six  he  was  employed  as  the  instructor 
of  the  philosophical  classes  in  the  college  of 
Philadelphia,  during  the  absence  of  Dr.  Smith, 
who  was  then  provost.  In  1758  he  accepted  an 
unanimous  call  from  the  first  Presbyterian  church 
in  Philadelphia,  of  which  he  continued  a  minister 
till  his  death.  In  1773  he  was  sent  to  Great 
Britain  to  solicit  benefactions  for  the  academy  of 
Newark  in  Delaware.  He  was  everywhere  re 
ceived  with  respect.  Among  his  acquaintances 
and  friends  were  Dr.  Robertston,  Dr.  Webster, 
Mr.  Balfour,  and  Dr.  Blacklock.  In  1775  he 
returned  to  America,  as  the  Revolution  was  com 
mencing,  notwithstanding  the  most  tempting 
offers  which  were  made  to  induce  him  to  remain 


EWING. 

in  England.  In  1779  he  was  elected  provost  of 
the  university  of  Pennsylvania.  To  this  station, 
which  he  held  till  his  death,  he  brought  large 
stores  of  information,  and  a  paternal  tenderness 
toward  the  youth  who  were  committed  to  his 
care.  He  had  been  a  minister  more  than  forty 
years.  During  his  last  sickness  no  murmur  es 
caped  his  lips,  and  he  was  patient  and  resigned 
to  the  will  of  his  heavenly  Father.  His  colleague, 
Dr.  Linn,  survived  him.  In  all  the  branches  of 
science  and  literature,  usually  taught  in  colleges, 
he  was  uncommonly  accurate,  and  in  his  mode  of 
communicating  information  on  the  most  abstruse 
and  intricate  subjects,  he  was  seldom  surpassed. 
His  qualifications  as  a  minister  of  the  gospel  were 
many  and  eminent.  Science  was  with  him  a 
handmaid  to  religion.  He  was  mighty  in  the 
Scriptures.  His  own  investigation  confirmed  him 
in  his  belief  of  the  doctrines  of  grace,  which  he 
endeavored  to  impress  upon  the  hearts  of  his  peo 
ple.  His  sermons  were  written  with  great  accu 
racy  and  care,  in  a  style  always  perspicuous,  and 
generally  sober  and  temperate,  though  sometimes 
ornamented.  Mere  declamation  was  never  heard 
from  his  lips.  His  deportment  was  easy  and 
affable.  lie  had  a  frecness  of  salutation,  which 
sometimes  surprised  the  stranger  ;  but  which  was 
admired  by  those  who  knew  him,  as  it  proceeded 
from  an  open  and  honest  heart.  His  talents  in 
conversation  were  remarkably  entertaining.  He 
could  unbend  from  severer  studies  and  become 
the  companion  of  innocent  mirth,  and  of  happy 
gayety.  Perfectly  free  from  pedantry,  he  could 
accommodate  himself  to  the  most  unlettered. 
His  talent  of  narration  was  universally  admired. 
An  extract  of  his  sermon  on  the  death  of  Dr. 
Allison,  is  in  the  assembly's  magazine.  He  pub 
lished  also  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  George 
Bryan,  1791 ;  the  design  of  Christ  coming  into 
the  world,  in  the  American  preacher,  II. ;  and 
several  communications  in  the  transactions  of  the 
American  philosophical  society.  His  lectures  on 
natural  philosophy  were  published,  1809.  —  Linn's 
Funeral  Sermon  ;  Assembly's  Miss.  Mag.  I.  409, 
414,  458  ;  Miller,  II.  372  ;  Holmes,  n.  424. 

EWIXG,  GEORGE,  died  in  Indiana  about  the 
year  1830,  the  father  of  Thomas  Ewing.  He  was 
a  native  of  Salem  county,  N.  J. ;  an  officer  in  the 
war :  a  pioneer  in  the  west,  one  of  the  founders 
of  Amestown,  Ohio,  a  rich  town,  so  named  by  It. 
Putnam  in  honor  of  Fisher  Ames.  —  Ilildreth. 

EWIXG,  CHARLES,  LL.  I).,  chief  justice  of 
New  Jersey,  died  Aug.  5,  1832,  aged  about  54. 
He  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1798. 

FAIRBANKS,  DRURY,  minister  of  Littleton, 
N.  II.,  died  in  Jan.,  1853,  aged  80.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Brown  university  in  1797. 

FAIRBANKS,  JASON,  the  murderer  of  Eliza 
beth  Fales  at  Dedham,  Mass.,  was  executed  Sept. 
10,  1801.  He  was  a  young  man,  and  died  with- 


FANEUIL. 


347 


out  manifesting  any  repentance.  At  the  gallows 
fifteen  minutes  were  allowed  him  to  seek  finally, 
if  he  pleased,  the  Divine  mercy.  At  the  end  of 
one  minute  he  dropped  his  handkerchief  as  a 
signal,  and  was  swung  off,  and  justice  was  admin 
istered.  No  blind  and  falsely  alleged  humanity 
then  rose  up  against  God's  law,  —  "  The  murderer 
shall  surely  be  put  to  death."  —  Numbers  35  :  16. 
No  deluded  legislator  then  thought  of  enacting, 
that  the  murderer  should  be  imprisoned  for  life,  or 
imprisoned  for  a  year  under  the  pretence  that  he 
might  have  time  to  repent.  God's  justice  is  the 
only  safety  of  human  society. 

FAIRFAX,  THOMAS,  baron  of  Cameron,  pro 
prietor  of  the  northern  neck,  between  the  Poto 
mac  and  Rappahannock,  in  Virginia,  died  at 
Greenway  court-house,  Frederic  county,  Dec.  12, 
1781,  aged  98.  His  wife  was  the  daughter  of 
Gov.  Culpeper,  and  heir  of  the  Virginia  estate. 

FAIRFAX,  BRIAN,  minister  of  the  Episcopal 
church  in  Alexandria,  Va.,  died  at  Mount  Eagle, 
neat  Cameron,  Aug.  7,  1852,  aged  70.  He  was 
a  man  of  upright  principles,  of  unfeigned  piety, 
and  of  simple  manners.  His  long  illness  he  bore 
with  resignation.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the 
jbrgetfulness  of  our  sins,  in  American  Preacher, 
vol.  I. 

FAIRFIELD,  JOHN,  governor  of  Maine,  died 
at  Washington  Dec.  24,  1847,  aged  49.  He  lived 
in  Saco.  lie  was  governor  in  1842  ;  senator  of 
the  United  States  in  1843,  and  re-elected  in  1845. 

FAIRMAN,  GIDEON,  colonel,  an  engraver,  died 
at  Philadelphia  March  18,  1827,  aged  51.  He 
and  the  late  George  Murray  contributed  more 
than  any  other  persons  to  elevate  the  beautiful 
art  of  engraving  in  this  country.  Richard  Fair- 
man,  also  an  engraver,  died  at  Philadelphia  in 
Dec.,  1821,  aged  34. 

FAIRMAN,  DAVID,  an  engraver,  died  suddenly 
at  Philadelphia  Aug.  19,  1815,  aged  33.  He  was 
amiable  and  much  respected. 

FA1TOUTE,  GEORGE,  minister  of  Jamaica,  L.  I., 
died  in  1815,  aged  about  60.  He  was  a  graduate 
of  Princeton  in  1776,  and  was  respected  for  his 
learning  and  piety. 

FALES,  DAVID,  died  at  Thomaston,  Me.,  April 
4,  1822,  aged  89.  He  was  a  native  of  Bradford, 
Mass.,  and  lived  in  Dedham  before  he  removed  to 
Maine,  where  he  was  employed  as  a  surveyor  by 
the  proprietors  of  the  Waldo  patent.  He  was 
also  useful  as  a  physician.  By  each  of  two  wives 
he  had  twelve  children  ;  seventeen  survived  him. 

FALES,  STEPHEN,  a  lawyer  in  Cincinnati,  died 
in  1854,  aged  64.  Born  in  Boston,  he  was  a  grad 
uate  of  Harvard  in  1810,  and  a  tutor  at  Bowdoin 
in  1811.  He  had  the  reputation  of  a  scholar. 

FAXEUIL,  PETER,  founder  of  Faneuil  Hall  in 
Boston,  died  March  3,  1743.  He  possessed  a 
large  estate,  and  employed  it  in  doing  good. 
While  his  charities  were  extensive,  his  liberal 


348 


FANNLN3. 


FARRAR. 


spirit  induced  him  to  present  to  the  town  of  Bos 
ton  a  stately  edifice  called  Faneuil  Hall,  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  inhabitants  at  their  public 
meetings. 

FANNING,  EDMUND,  LL.  D.,  died  in  London 
in  1818,  aged  about  80.  lie  was  a  native  of  Con 
necticut,  and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1757. 
Settled  as  a  lawyer  at  Hillsborough,  N.  C.,  he  was 
a  tory  in  the  Revolution,  and  was  afterwards 
lieutenant-governor  of  Nova  Scotia  and  Prince 
Edward's  Island. 

FANNING,  A.  C.  W.,  colonel,  died  at  Cincin 
nati  Aug.  18,  1846,  aged  58 ;  a  native  of  Massa 
chusetts.  He  was  of  the  artillery.  Entering  the 
army  in  1812,  he  was  in  various  battles,  and 
served  in  the  Seminole  wars. 

FARLEY,  MICHAEL,  general,  died  at  Ipswich 
in  1789,  aged  70.  He  sustained  various  public 
offices,  was  sheriff  and  treasurer  of  Essex,  and 
delegate  to  the  State  convention  for  adopting  the 
constitution. 

FARMER,  Jonx,  died  at  Concord,  N.  IL, 
Aug.  13,  1838,  aged  49.  Born  at  Chelmsford,  he 
was  in  1821  an  apothecary  at  Concord,  after  hav 
ing  been  ten  years  a  teacher  at  Amherst,  N.  H. 
He  was  a  most  industrious  laborer  in  researches 
relating  to  American  history  and  biography,  and 
his  publications  were  numerous  and  useful.  He 
published  historical  sketches  of  Amherst,  1820; 
memoir  of  Billerica ;  new  military  guide,  1822 ; 
a  gazetteer  of  New  Hampshire,  with  Jacob  B. 
Moore,  1823 ;  genealogical  register  of  the  first 
settlers  of  New  England,  1829;  an  enlarged 
edition  of  which  is  preparing  by  James  Savage ; 
communications  to  several  historical  societies,  and 
to  the  American  quarterly  register.  He  compiled 
also,  for  sixteen  years,  the  New  Hampshire  reg 
ister,  and  published  memorial  of  the  graduates 
of  Harvard  ;  collections  with  Mr.  Moore  in  3  vols., 
1822-1824  ;  and  also  an  edition  with  notes  of 
Belknap's  New  Hampshire. 

FARNSWORTH,  RUTH,  Mrs.,  died  at  Con- 
way,  Mass.,  in  1815,  aged  100. 

FARNSWORTII,  JAMES  D.,  minister  of  Bridge- 
water,  Mass.,  died  Nov.  5,  1855,  aged  62.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1818. 

FARQHUAR,  JANE,  died  March  20,  1760, 
aged  36.  She  was  the  daughter  of  lieut.-govcrnor 
Golden,  of  New  York,  and  married  Dr.  William 
F.  Skilful  in  botany,  she  was  the  correspondent 
of  Linneus,  who,  in  compliment  to  her,  named  a 
plant  Coldenia. 

FARR,  JONATHAN,  Unitarian  minister  of  Har 
vard,  Mass.,  died  June  12,  1845,  aged  about  47. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1818,  and 
was  the  author  of  several  little  works  on  practical 
religion. 

FARRAN1),  DANIEL,  minister  of  Canaan,  Conn., 
died  in  1803,  aged  83.  Born  in  New  Milford,  and 
becoming  pious  in  the  revivals  after  1740,  several 


ministers  assisted  in  his  education.  He  was  grad 
uated  at  Princeton  in  1750,  and  ordained  Aug. 
12,  .1752,  as  the  successor  of  Elijah  Webster. 
He  was  a  man  of  science,  and  of  a  vigorous 
mind;  a  zealous  preacher.  He  attended  mere 
than  one  hundred  ecclesiastical  councils.  In  his 
death  he  had  an  exulting  hope  of  eternal  life. 
His  son,  Judge  F.,  lived  in  Burlington,  Vt.  He 
published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Elizabeth, 
wife  of  Rev.  Jonathan  Lee,  1762. 

FARRAR,  STEPHEN,  first  minister  of  New 
Ipswich,  N.  IL,  died  June  23,  1809,  aged  70. 
Born  in  Lincoln,  Mass.,  he  was  the  son  of  Deacon 
Samuel,  who  died  in  1783,  aged  75.  He  was  the 
brother  of  Judge  Timothy,  and  brother  of  Dea 
con  Samuel  the  second,  of  Lincoln,  who  died  in 
1829,  aged  94.  His  daughter,  Lydia,  married 
Rev.  Warren  Pierce.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1755,  and  was  ordained  in  1760.  He  was  a 
devoted  and  faithful  minister.  —  Payson's  Fu 
neral  Sermon. 

FARRAR,  TIMOTHY,  judge,  the  oldest  grad 
uate  of  Harvard,  died  at  Hollis,  N.  II. ,  Feb.  21, 
1849,  aged  101  years  and  nearly  eight  months. 
He  was  the  son  of  Deacon  Samuel  F.,  was  born 
at  Lincoln  June  28,  1747,  and  graduated  at  Har 
vard  1767.  He  lived  in  New  Ipswich,  N.  II. 
From  1775  to  1816  he  was  judge  of  the  courts, 
his  appointment  to  the  office  of  chief  justice  of 
the  superior  court  being  dated  Feb.  22,  1802. 
His  portrait  is  in  the  historical  register  for  Octo 
ber,  1852.  He  was  buried  at  Mount  Auburn. 

FARRAR,  PHEBE,  wife  of  Samuel  Farrar,  died 
at  Andover,  Mass.,  Jan.  22,  1848,  aged  79.  Born 
in  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  the  daughter  of  Timothy 
Edwards,  her  first  husband  was  Rev.  A.  Hooker. 
She  married  in  1814  Mr.  F.,  the  treasurer  of  the 
theological  seminary  at  Andover,  who  still  lives 
at  a  very  advanced  age.  Her  views  of  religious 
doctrine  accorded  with  those  of  her  grandfather, 
President  Edwards ;  and  she  died  in  Christian 
peace.  Her  three  children  were  Dr.  E.  W. 
Hooker,  and  the  wives  of  Dr.  Cornelius  and  of 
Rev.  Solomon  Peck.  —  Wood's  Sermon. 

FARRAR,  JOHN,  LL.  D.,  professor  of  natural 
philosophy  and  mathematics  in  Harvard  college, 
died  March  8,  1853,  aged  73.  He  was  the  son  of 
Samuel  Farrar,  of  Lincoln,  and  graduated  in 
1803.  His  father  died  Sept.  19,  1829,  aged  92, 
and  his  grandfather,  Samuel,  died  April  17,  1783, 
aged  74 ;  both  were  deacons  of  the  church.  The 
father  of  the  latter  was  George,  who  first  settled 
on  the  farm  at  Lincoln,  being  the  son  of  Jacob f 
who  came  from  England  to  Lancaster  about  1642, 
and  was  killed  in  Philip's  war  in  1675.  Mr.  Far 
rar  was  chosen  professor  in  1807,  and  remained 
in  office  till  1836.  He  was  a  most  amiable,  social, 
and  excellent  man,  endeared  to  his  friends.  He 
had  years  of  sickness  and  severe  suffering,  with 
all  the  alleviation  which  could  be  ministered  by 


FARRAJL 

affection.  His  first  wife  was  Lucy  Maria,  the 
daughter  of  Rev.  Dr.  Buckminster;  his  second 
wife,  who  survived  him,  was  Eliza,  the  daughter 
of  Benjamin  Roach,  of  New  Bedford.  His  sister 
Rebecca'  married  Rev.  Dr.  Jonathan  French,  of 
North  Hampton,  N.  II.  Timothy  Farrar,  who 
died  aged  101,  was  his  uncle.  He  published  va 
rious  papers  in  the  memoirs  of  the  American 
academy,  of  which  he  was  secretary ;  also  a  series 
of  learned  works  in  his  departments  of  science, 
for  the  classes  in  college. 

FARRAR,  MARY,  widow  of  Rev.  Joseph  F., 
died  in  Petersham,  Mass.,  July  24,  1855,  aged  100. 

FASSITT,  THOMAS,  Mrs.,  of  Philadelphia,  died 
in  1853,  bequeathing  many  thousands  of  dollars 
to  various  benevolent  institutions. 

FAUXCE,  THOMAS,  an  elder  of  the  Plymouth 
church  in  1623,  died  Feb.  27,  1746,  aged  99. 
His  daughter,  Patience  Kempton,  died  in  1779, 
aged  105  years  and  six  months. 

FAUGERES,  MARGARETTA  V.,  distinguished 
for  her  literary  accomplishments,  died  Jan.  9, 
1801,  aged  29.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Ann 
Eliza  Bleecker,  and  was  born  about  the  year, 
1771.  The  first  years  of  her  life  were  spent  with 
her  parents,  in  the  retired  village  of  Tomhanic, 
about  eighteen  miles  above  Albany.  Here  through 
the  instructions  of  her  mother,  her  mind  was 
much  cultivated,  but  the  loss  of  this  excellent 
parent  at  an  age,  when  her  counsels  were  of  the 
utmost  importance,  was  irreparable.  Mr.  Bleecker 
after  the  termination  of  the  Avar  removed  to  New 
York,  and  as  his  daughter  grew  up,  saw  her  en 
gaging  in  her  manners,  lively  and  witty,  of  an 
equal  and  sweet  temper,  and  diffusing  cheerful 
ness  around  her.  Of  her  admirers  she  placed 
her  affections  upon  one  of  a  dissipated  character, 
and,  notwithstanding  the  most  earnest  remon 
strances  of  her  father,  she  in  1792  married  Peter 
Faugeres,  a  physician  in  Xew  York.  It  was  not 
long,  before  she  perceived  the  folly  of  having 
been  governed  by  passion  rather  than  by  reason ; 
and  her  disregard  of  paternal  advice,  and  prefer 
ence  of  external  accomplishments  to  correct 
morals  and  the  virtues  of  the  heart,  overwhelmed 
her  with  trouble.  In  three  or  four  years  the 
ample  fortune,  which  she  had  brought  to  her 
husband,  was  entirely  expended.  Before  the 
death  of  her  father  in  1795  his  affections  shielded 
her  from  many  evils ;  but  in  the  summer  of  1796 
she  was  glad  to  procure  a  residence  in  a  garret 
with  the  author  of  her  woes  and  one  child.  Mr. 
Faugeres  fell  a  victim  to  the  yellow  fever  in  the 
autumn  of  1798,  and  she  soon  afterwards  engaged 
as  an  assistant  in  an  academy  for  young  ladies  at 
New  Brunswick.  For  this  station  she  was  peculi 
arly  qualified  by  the  variety  of  her  talents  and 
the  sweetness  of  her  temper.  In  about  a  year 
she  removed  to  Brooklyn,  where  she  undertook 
the  education  of  the  children  of  several  families. 


FELLOWS. 


340 


Her  declining  health  having  rendered  her  incapa 
ble  of  this  employment,  she  was  received  by  a 
friend  in  New  York,  whose  attentions  were  pecu 
liarly  grateful,  as  she  was  sinking  into  the  grave. 
She  was  resigned  to  the  will  of  God,  and,  cheered 
by  the  truths  of  religion,  she  died  in  peace.  She 
had  a  taste  for  poetry,  and  many  of  the  produc 
tions  of  her  pen  were  published  in  the  New  York 
magazine  and  the  American  museum.  In  1793 
she  published,  prefixed  to  the  works  of  Mrs. 
Bleecker,  her  mother,  memoirs  of  her  life ;  and 
several  of  her  own  essays  were  annexed  to  the 
volume.  She  published  in  1795  or  1796  Belisa- 
rius,  a  tragedy. 

FAUQUIER,  FRAXCIS,  governor  of  Virginia 
from  1758  to  1767,  succeeded  Dinwiddie,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Botctourt.  He  was  well  educated  ; 
had  fine  talents;  sustained  an  excellent  character; 
and  proved  himself  a  friend  of  religion,  science, 
and  liberty.  His  administration  was  very  popu 
lar.  He  died  March  3,  1768.  —  Lempr. 

FAY,  DAVID,  judge,  died  at  Bennington  in 
June,  1827,  aged  66.  He  was  engaged  in  the 
battle  of  Bennington  and  was  among  the  first  to 
mount  the  Hessian  breastwork.  He  had  been 
adjutant-general,  attorney  for  the  United  States, 
and  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Vermont,  and 
judge  of  probate. 

FAY,  SAMUEL  P.  P.,  judge,  died  at  Cambridge 
May  18,  1856,  aged  78,  a  graduate  of  1798.  He 
was  a  captain  in  the  army  in  1799 ;  then  a  law 
yer  ;  and  the  judge  of  probate  nearly  thirty-five 
years.  —  Boston  Advertiser,  July  16,  1856. 

FEARING,  PAUL,  judge,  died  Aug.  21,  1822, 
aged  59,  of  an  epidemic  fever :  his  wife  died  the 
same  day.  Born  in  Wareham,  Mass.,  he  gradu 
ated  in  1785  at  Cambridge.  In  danger  of  losing 
his  degree,  Joseph  Barrell  lent  him  money  to  pay 
the  fee.  He  studied  law  with  Mr.  Swift  of  Wind- 
ham.  In  1788  he  emigrated  to  Ohio.  He  cele 
brated  the  fourth  of  July  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Muskingum  :  Gen.  Varnum  delivered  the  oration ; 
guns  were  fired  from  fort  Harmer.  He  heard  the 
first  sermon  in  the  Northwest  Territory,  July  20, 
by  Mr.  Breck  from  Massachusetts.  He  and  Mr. 
Meigs  were  the  first  lawyers.  In  1801  he  was  a 
delegate  to  congress.  In  1810  he  was  judge  of 
the  common  pleas.  On  his  farm  below  the  Mus 
kingum  he  raised  the  Merino  sheep. — Ilildreth's 
Bio.  Memoirs. 

FELLOWS,  JOHN,  brigadier-general,  a  soldier 
of  the  Revolution,  died  Aug.  1,  1808,  aged  73. 
He  was  born  at  Pomfret,  Conn.,  and  resided  at 
Sheffield,  Mass.  lie  commanded,  in  1775,  one  of 
the  two  regiments  of  minute-men,  constituted  by 
the  patriotic  citizens  of  Berkshire,  and  after  the 
battle  of  Lexington  marched  to  the  neighborhood 
of  Boston  :  John  Patterson  commanded  the  other 
regiment.  He  was  for  several  years  high  sheriff 
of  Berkshire. 


FELLOWS. 


FIELD. 


FELLOWS,  JOHN,  colonel,  died  in  New  York 
Jan.  3,  184-1,  aged  84.  He  was  born  in  Sheffield, 
Mass.,  and  was  reputed  to  be  a  follower  of 
Thomas  Paine.  He  published  works  on  the 
authorship  of  Junius,  on  free-masonry,  and  on 
the  life  of  Putnam. 

FEXXELL,  JAMES,  a  theatrical  performer, 
was  born  in  London  in  17(36,  and  destined  for 
the  church.  In  1793  he  came  to  this  country, 
and  acquired  -fame  as  an  actor.  At  Boston  he 
taught  reading  and  elocution.  Like  Cooke,  he 
died  a  drunkard,  at  Philadelphia,  in  June,  1816. 
He  published  an  apology  for  his  life,  2  vols.  1814. 

FEXXER,  ARTHUR,  governor  of  Rhode  Island, 
succeeded  Mr.  Collins  in  1789  and  was  succeeded 
by  James  Former  in  1807.  lie  was  the  son  of 
Arthur  Fenncr,  and  died  at  Providence  Oct.  15, 
ISOo,  aged  GO. 

FEXXER,  JAMES,  LL.  D.,  died  in  Providence 
April  17,  1846,  aged  76.  He  was  a  graduate  of 
Brown  university  in  1789.  lie  was  a  senator  of 
the  United  States  ;  also,  governor  fourteen  years, 
and  for  fifty  connected  with  the  public  affairs  of 
Rhode  Island.  He  was  firm,  indomitable,  patri 
otic,  and  faithful. 

FEXWICK,  GEORGE,  proprietor  of  a  part  of 
Connecticut,  died  in  1657.  lie  came  to  this 
country  in  1636,  having  purchased  the  plantation 
of  Saybrook  fort,  and  was  "  a  good  encourager  to 
the  church  of  Christ  at  Hartford."  He  returned 
to  England  ;  but  came  again  to  this  country  and 
arrived  at  Xew  Haven  July  15,  1639,  with  his  lady 
and  family,  and  commenced  the  settlement  at 
Saybrook,  so  called  in  remembrance  of  Lords  Say 
and  Brook,  who  with  others  claimed  the  territory 
by  grant  of  Robert,  Earl  of  Warwick.  Mr.  Fen- 
wick  was  their  agent.  He  sold  his  rights  to  the 
Connecticut  government  Dec.  5,  1644,  and  it  was 
stipulated,  that  he  should  receive  for  ten  years  a 
certain  duty  on  exports  from  the  mouth  of  the 
river.  The  colony  paid  him  1600  pounds  for  the 
old  patent.  His  wife  died  at  Saybrook,  where 
her  monument  remains  to  the  present  day  near 
the  fort,  but,  it  being  of  sandstone,  the  inscription 
is  effaced.  —  Dwiyld,  II.  519. 

FEN  WICK,  E.,  D.  D.,  Catholic  bishop,  died 
at  Cincinnati  Sept.  25,  1832. 

FEXWICK,  BENEDICT,  a  Catholic  bishop,  died 
in  Boston  Aug.  1 1,  1846,  aged  64.  A  Jesuit,  he 
became  president  of  Georgetown  college  ;  thence 
he  went  to  Boston,  where  he  was  bishop  twenty- 
one  years.  At  first  there  were  only  two  churches 
and  two  priests  under  his  care  :  he  left  over  fifty 
churches  and  sixty  priests.  He  was  regarded  as 
a  learned  man  and  powerful  preacher. 

FERGUSOX,  ELIZABETH,  died  Feb.  23,  1801, 
aged  61.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Thomas 
Graham  or  Graeme  of  Philadelphia,  by  Anne, 
daughter  of  Gov.  Keith.  She  was  well  educated, 
and  married  II.  II.  Ferguson,  a  Scotchman,  who 


joined  the  British  in  the  war  and  never  returned 
to  his  wife.  She  enjoyed  the  friendship  of  many 
eminent  men.  Through  her  Dr.  Duche  sent  his 
letter  to  Washington,  proposing  his  resignation 
of  the  command  of  the  army.  She  lived  on  a 
farm  of  hers  in  Montgomery  county.  Her  liter 
ary  reputation  was  high.  The  whole  of  the 
Bible  was  by  her  transcribed.  She  translated 
Telemachus  into  verse. 

FEllillS,  DAVID,  minister  of  Xewburgh,  Ohio, 
died  Aug.  19,  1849,  aged  73. 

FERRY,  RACHEL,  Mrs.,  died  in  Norfolk, 
Conn.,  in  1810,  aged  101.  She  died  in  the  Chris 
tian  faith.  At  the  age  of  100  she  heard  a  cen 
tury  sermon,  then  retaining  her  faculties. 

FESSEXDEX,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Walpole, 
N.  II.,  a  descendant,  as  others  of  the  name  are, 
of  Nicholas  F.  of  Cambridge,  graduated  in  1758 
and  died  May,  1813,  aged  74,  in  the  forty-seventh 
of  his  ministry.  He  published  two  sermons ;  a 
theoretic  explanation  of  the  science  of  sanctity, 
8vo.  1804  ;  and  the  Boston  self-styled  gentlemen 
reviewers  reviewed,  1806. 

,  FESSEXDEX,  THOMAS  GREEN,  died  at  Boston 
Nov.  11,  1837,  of  apoplexy,  aged  about  60.  Born 
in  Walpole,  N.  H.,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
in  1796,  and  devoted  himself  to  various  literary 
labors.  He  published  a  satirical  poem  entitled 
terrible  tractoration,  or  democracy  unveiled,  1805; 
original  poems,  1806;  register  of  arts,  1808; 
the  New  England  Farmer,  1822;  essay  on  the 
law  of  patents;  address  on  temperance,  1831; 
new  American  gardener,  1832. 

FEW,  WILLIAM,  colonel,  a  patriot  of  the  Rev 
olution,  died  in  July,  1828,  aged  81.  He  was 

|  born  in  Maryland  in  1748,  and,  residing  in  Geor- 

'  gia,  was  in  1796  a  member  of  the  convention 
which  framed  the  constitution  of  the  State.  He 

,  soon  distinguished  himself  in  several  actions  with 
the  British  and  Indians.  Augusta  being  recov 
ered,  he  in  1780  was  sent  a  delegate  to  congress, 
and  remained  in  that  body  till  the  peace  ;  and  was 
again  appointed  in  1786.  The  next  year  he  as 
sisted  in  forming  the  national  constitution.  He 

;  resided  in  his  last  years  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
and  died  at  Fishkill. 

FIELD,  RICHARD,  a  physician  and  senior  ed 
itor  of  the  Petersburg  Intelligencer,  studied  at 
Edinburgh.  He  died  in  Brunswick  County,  Va., 
May  23,  1829,  aged  61.  As  a  physician  he  was 
skilful,  and  as  a  botanist  none  exceeded  him  in 
the  knowledge  of  the  plants  of  Virginia.  He  was 
a  member  of  three  electoral  colleges,  and  voted 
for  Jefferson,  and  Madison  as  president. 

|  FIELD,  MARTIN,  general,  died  in  Fayettevillc, 
Vt.,  Oct.  26,  1833,  aged  60.  He  was  early  dis 
tinguished  as  a  lawyer,  but  deafness  compelled 
him  to  relinquish  the  profession.  He  then  be 
came  skilled  in  mineralogy  and  natural  history, 
to  which  he  was  devoted. 


FIELD. 


FIXLEY. 


351 


FIELD,  TIMOTHY,  minister  of  Westminster, 
Vt.,  died  Feb.  22,  1845,  aged  69.  Born  in  East 
Guilford,  Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1797, 
and  studied  theology  with  Dr.  Dwight.  He  was 
ordained  at  Canand'aigua,  X.  Y.,  Feb.  27,  1800, 
and  dismissed  in  1807.  lie  was  then  the  minister 
of  Westminster  from  1807  till  1835,  twenty-eight 
years.  He  afterwards  was  useful  as  a  preacher, 
but  died  in  the  insane  hospital  at  Brattleborough. 

FIELD,  BAIIXUM,  principal  of  the  Franklin 
school,  Boston,  died  May  7,  1851,  aged  55. 

FIXDLEY,  WILLIAM,  a  member  of  congress, 
came  in  carl}-  life  from  Ireland.  In  the  He  volu 
tion  he  engaged  with  zeal  in  the  cause  of  his 
adopted  country;  at  the  close  of  the  war  he 
removed  to  the  western  part  of  Pennsylvania. 
lie  was  a  member  of  the  convention  which  in 
1789  framed  the  new  constitution  of  Pennsylva 
nia,  and  a  member  of  congress  in  1812.  He  died 
at  Unity  township,  Greensburg,  April  5, 1821,  aged 
upwards  of  70.  In  his  politics  he  opposed  the 
administration  of  J.  Adams  and  supported  Mr. 
Jefferson.  In  his  religion  he  belonged  to  the 
class  of  "  old.  dissenters  "  of  the  Scotch  reforma 
tion.  He  published  a  review  of  the  funding  sys 
tem,  1794 ;  a  history  of  the  insurrection  of  the 
four  western  counties  of  Pennsylvania,  etc.,  1796; 
observations  on  the  two  sons  of  oil,  vindicating 
religious  liberty  against  Ilev.  Samuel  B.  Wylie, 
1812. 

FIXDLEY,  WILLIAM,  governor  of  Pennsylva 
nia,  died  at  Ilarrisburg  Xov.  14,  1846,  aged  78. 
He  published  a  history  of  the  insurrection  in 
Pennsylvania,  1796. 

FIXLEY,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  president  of  the  col 
lege  of  Xew  Jersey,  died  July  17,  1766,  aged  50. 
He  was  born  of  pious  parents  in  the  county  of 
Armagh  in  Ireland  in  the  year  1715,  and  was  one 
of  seven  sons,  who  were  all  pious.     Very  early  in  I 
life  it  pleased  God  to  awaken  and  convert  him.  I 
He  first  heard  a  sermon,  when  he  was  six  years  I 
old,  and  from  that  time  resolved  to  be  a  minister.  ; 
He  left  his  native  country  at  the  age  of  eighteen, 
and  arrived  at  Philadelphia  Sept.  28, 1734.    After 
his  arrival  he  spent  several  years  in  completing 
his  studies.     Having  been  licensed  to  preach  in 
Aug.,  1740,  he  was   ordained  Oct.   13th   by  the 
Presbytery  of  Xew  Brunswick.     The  first  part  of 
his   ministry   was   spent    in   fatiguing    itinerant 
labors.     He  contributed  his  efforts  with  Gilbert 
Tennent  and  Mr.  Whitefield  in  promoting  the  I 
revival  of  religion,  which  was  at  that  period  so  | 
remarkable  throughout  this  country.     His  benev-  I 
olent  zeal  sometimes  brought  him  into  unpleasant ! 
circumstances.      The   legislature  of   Connecticut  i 
had  made  a  law,  prohibiting  itinerants  from  enter-  j 
ing  parishes,  in  which  a  minister  was  settled,  un- ' 
less  by  his  consent.     For  preaching  to  a  Presby-  j 
terian  congregation  in  Xew  Haven,  Mr.  Finley  ! 
was  in  consequence  of  this  law  seized  by  the  civil  i 


authority,  and  carried  as  a  vagrant  out  of  the 
colony.  But  persecution  could  not  shake  him 
from  his  purpose  of  being  occupied  in  preaching 
the  everlasting  gospel.  His  exertions  were  greatly 
blessed  in  a  number  of  towns  in  Xew  Jersey,  and 
he  preached  for  six  months  with  great  acceptance 
in  Philadelphia.  In  June,  1744,  he  accepted  an 
invitation  from  Nottingham,  Maryland,  where  he 
continued  near  seven  years  faithfully  and  success 
fully  discharging  the  duties  of  his  office.  Here 
he  established  an  academy,  which  acquired  great 
reputation.  Under  his  instruction  many  youths 
received  the  rudiments  of  learning,  and  correct 
moral  sentiments,  which  have  since  contributed 
much  toward  rendering  them  the  most  useful 
members  of  society.  Upon  the  death  of  Presi 
dent  Davies,  Mr.  Finley  was  chosen  his  successor. 
It  was  with  reluctance  that  he  left  a  people  so 
much  endeared  to  him,  and  with  whom  he  had  so 
long  lived  in  friendship.  He  removed  to  Prince 
ton  in  July,  1761,  and  entered  upon  the  duties  of 
his  new  office.  The  college  flourished  under  his 
care ;  but  it  enjoyed  the  benefit  of  his  superin 
tendence  for  but  a  few  years.  He  died  of  an 
affection  of  the  liver  at  Philadelphia,  whither  he 
had  gone  for  medical  assistance,  and  was  buried 
by  the  side  of  his  friend,  Gilbert  Tennent.  His 
first  wife,  who  died  in  1760,  was  Sarah  Hall,  by 
whom  he  had  eight  children ;  his  second  wife  was 
Ann  Clarkson,  daughter  of  Matthew  Clarkson, 
merchant  of  Xew  York.  She  survived  him  forty- 
one  years.  His  son,  Ebenezer  Finley,  was  a 
physician  in  Charleston,  South  Carolina.  His 
daughter  married  Samuel  Breeze  of  Xew  Jersey, 
and  was  the  mother  of  the  wife  of  Rev.  Dr. 
Morse. 

In  his  religious  opinions  he  was  a  Calvinist. 
His  sermons  were  not  hasty  productions,  but  the 
result  of  study,  and  filled  with  good  sense  and 
well  digested  sentiment,  expressed  in  a  style 
pleasing  to  the  man  of  science  yet  perfectly  in 
telligible  by  the  illiterate.  He  was  remarkable 
for  sweetness  of  temper  and  polite  behavior,  hos 
pitable,  charitable,  and  diligent  in  the  perform 
ance  of  the  various  duties  of  life.  During  his  last 
sickness  he  was  perfectly  resigned  to  the  Divine 
will;  he  had  a  strong  faith  in  his  Saviour  ;  and  he 
frequently  expressed  an  earnest  desire  of  departing, 
that  he  might  dwell  with  the  Lord  Jesus.  A 
short  time  before  his  death  he  sat  up,  and  prayed 
earnestly,  that  God  would  enable  him  to  endure 
patiently  to  the  end,  and  keep  him  from  dishonor 
ing  the  ministry.  lie  then  said,  "  blessed  be  God, 
eternal  rest  is  at  hand.  Eternity  is  but  long  enough 
to  enjoy  my  God.  This,  this  has  animated  me  in  my 
severest  studies ;  I  was  ashamed  to  take  rest  here. 
O,  that  I  might  be  filled  with  the  fulness  of  God ! " 
He  then  addressed  himself  to  all  his  friends  in  the 
room,  "  O  that  each  of  you  may  experience  what, 
blessed  be  God,  I  do,  when  you  come  to  die; 


352 


FIXLEY. 


FISH. 


may  you  have  the  pleasure  in  a  dying  hour  to 
reflect,  that,  with  faith  and  patience,  zeal  and  sin 
cerity,  you  have  endeavored  to  serve  the  Lord ; 
and  may  each  of  you  be  impressed,  as  I  have 
been,  with  God's  word,  looking  upon  it  as  sub 
stantial,  and  not  only  fearing,  but  being  unwilling 
to  ofi'er.d  against  it,"  On  being  asked  how  he 
felt,  he  replied  :  "  Full  of  triumph !  I  triumph 
through  Christ !  Nothing  clips  my  wings,  but 
the  thoughts  of  my  dissolution  being  delayed. 
O,  that  it  were  to-night !  My  very  soul  thirsts 
for  eternal  rest."  When  he  was  asked,  what  he 
saw  in  eternity  to  excite  such  vehement  desires,  he 
said  :  "  I  see  the  eternal  love  and  goodness  of 
God ;  I  see  the  fulness  of  the  mediator ;  I  see 
the  love  of  Jesus.  O,  to  be  dissolved  and  to  be 
with  him !  I  long  to  be  clothed  with  the  com 
plete  righteousness  of  Christ."  Thus  this  excel 
lent  man  died,  in  the  full  assurance  of  salvation. 

He  published  a  sermon  on  Matthew  xu.  28, 
entitled,  Christ  triumphing  and  Satan  raging, 
preached  at  Nottingham,  1741  ;  a  refutation  of 
Mr.  Thomson's  sermon  on  the  doctrine  of  con 
victions,  1743 ;  Satan  stripped  of  his  evangelical 
robe,  against  the  Moravians,  1743 ;  a  charitable 
plea  for  the  speechless  in  answer  to  Abel  Mor 
gan's  anti-pedo-rantism,  1747;  a  vindication  of 
the  preceding,  1748 ;  a  sermon  at  the  ordination 
of  John  Ilodgers  at  St.  George's,  March  16,  1749; 
a  sermon  on  the  death  of  President  Davies,  prefixed 
to  his  works ;  the  curse  of  Meroz,  or  the  danger 
of  neutrality  in  the  cause  of  God  and  our  coun 
try,  1757. — Assembly  Miss.  Mag.  I.  71-77; 
Panoplist,  I.  281-286 ;  and  new  series,  I.  241- 
257  ;  Christian  Mag.  I.  301-307,419-436  ;  Mass. 
Miss.  Mag.  iv.  241-247 ;  Green's  Discourse, 
306-386. 

FINLEY,  ROBERT,  D.  D.,  president  of  the 
university  of  Georgia,  died  Oct.  3,  1817,  aged 
45.  He  was  born  at  Princeton  in  1772,  and 
graduated  at  Princeton  college  in  1787.  From 
1792  to  1795  he  was  a  tutor,  and  a  trustee  from 
1807  till  1817,  when  he  resigned.  He  was  the 
minister  of  Basking-Bridge,  N.  J.,  from  June, 
1795,  until  1817.  Deeply  interested  in  the  welfare 
of  the  free  blacks,  he  formed  a  plan  of  sending 
them  to  Africa,  and  may  be  considered  as  the  father 
of  the  colonization  society.  In  Dec.,  1816,  he 
went  to  Washington,  and  succeeded  in  calling  a 
meeting  of  gentlemen,  Dec.  21,  at  which  addresses 
were  made  by  Mr.  Clay  and  Mr.  Randolph.  The 
next  week  a  constitution  was  adopted  and  Judge 
Washington  chosen  president.  On  his  return,  Dr. 
Finlcy  caused  the  establishment  of  an  auxiliary  so 
ciety  at  Trenton.  Being  at  this  period  chosen  pres 
ident  of  Franklin  college,  at  Athens,  Ga.,  he  re 
paired  to  that  place  in  1817,  and  in  a  few  months 
died  there,  leaving  a  wife  and  nine  children.  He 
published  several  sermons.  —  Memoirs  of  Finley. 

FINN,  HEXRY  J.,  died  Jan.  13,  1840,  aged 


58,  lost  with  one  hundred  and  thirty-nine  others 
in  the  burning  of  the  steamboat  Lexington. 
Born  in  Boston,  when  a  boy  on  his  passage  to 
England  the  vessel  sunk,  but  the  passengers  es 
caped  in  small  boats  and  were  taken  up  after  sev 
eral  days.  He  went  upon  the  stage  in  London, 
and  then  in  New  York,  and  Boston.  lie  was 
the  owner  of  an  elegant  residence  in  Newport,  to 
which  he  was  returning  from  New  York  on  the 
day  of  his  death.  .  He  published  a  comic  annual, 
and  a  drama  called  Montgomery.  —  Cycl.  Amer 
ican  Literature,  n.  28. 

FIRMIN,  GILES,  a  physician,  was  born  in  Suf 
folk,  and  educated  at  Cambridge,  England.  His 
father  of  the  same  name  was  chosen  deacon  in 
Boston  in  1633.  He  came  himself  to  this  coun 
try  as  early  as  1634.  He  settled  at  Ipswich, 
where  in  1638  he  had  a  grant  of  one  hundred 
and  twenty  acres  of  land.  He  married  the 
daughter  of  Ilev.  Nathaniel  Ward.  About  the 
end  of  the  civil  wars  he  returned  to  England,  and 
his  family  followed  him.  Ordained  as  the  minis 
ter  of  Shalford,  he  there  faithfully  preached  the 
gospel,  until  he  was  ejected  in  1662.  Retiring 
to  the  village  of  Redgwell,  seven  or  eight  miles 
distant,  he  practised  physic  and  continued  to 
preach,  having  a  vigorous  constitution,  to  the  last 
Sabbath  of  his  life.  He  died  in  April,  1697,  aged 
upwards  of  80.  He  was  a  man  of  learning,  of 
peace,  and  of  a  public  spirit.  Calamy  gives  a  cat 
alogue  of  his  writings,  among  which  are  the  schism 
of  the  parochial  congregations  in  England  and  or 
dination,  with  an  examination  of  Owen,  and  of 
Noyes' argument  against  imposing  hands,  1658,  and 
the  real  Christian,  1670. —  Calamy 's  Acct.  II.  295. 

FISH,  JOSEPH,  died  in  1780,  aged  about  72. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1728;  and  was  set 
tled  the  pastor  of  the  north  society  of  Stonington, 
Conn.,  Dec.  27,  1732.  He  published  a  sermon  at 
the  ordination  of  W.  Vinal,  Newport,  1746 ;  a 
fast  sermon,  1755;  election  sermon,  1760;  nine 
sermons  on  Matthew  16 :  18,  concerning  separa 
tion,  about  1767  ;  also,  the  examiner  examined,  or 
remarks  on  Isaac  Backus'  examination  of  nine 
sermons,  1771. 

FISH,  ELISIIA,  minister  of  Upton,  Mass.,  died 
in  1795,  aged  about  66.  He  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1750.  He  published  a  thanksgiving  ser 
mon  on  the  repeal  of  the  stamp  act,  1767  ;  the 
art  of  war  lawful  and  necessary,  1773;  discourse 
on  infant  baptism  ;  at  Worcester,  1775. 

FISH,  PRESERVED,  died  at  Portsmouth,  R.  I., 
May  17,  1844.  He  was  a  worthy  and  respected 
citizen.  A  Mr.  Fish  with  the  same  Christian 
name  died  at  New  York  July  23,  1846,  aged  81. 

FISH,  PIIIXEAS,  died  June  16,  1854,  aged  69. 
He  was  born  at  Sandwich  Jan.  30,  1785,  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1807,  and  \vas  ordained  at 
Marshpee  Sept.  18,  1812,  at  which  place  he  was 
for  more  than  forty  years  a  faithful  missionary  to 


FISHER. 

the  Indians,  as  the  successor  of  G.  Hawley.  He 
published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  S.  Mun- 
son,  Barnstable,  1832. 

FISIIEIt,  HUGH,  minister  of  Midway,  Geo., 
died  in  1734.  He  succeeded  Mr.  Lord,  and  was 
succeeded  by  John  Osgood.  He  published  a  ser 
mon,  a  preservative  from  damnable  error  ;  and  a 
reply  to  Smith's  answer,  1731. 

FISHER,  NATHANIEL,  first  minister  of  Dighton, 
died  in  1777,  aged  91.  The  son  of  Daniel,  of 
Dedham,  he  was  graduated  in  170G ;  and  or 
dained  in  1712. 

FISHER,  JABEZ,  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution, 
died  in  Franklin,  Mass.,  Oct.  15,  1806,  aged  88. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  provincial  congress  at 
Salem  in  1774,  and  of  that  at  Cambridge  in  1775, 
and  for  many  years  a  representative,  councillor, 
and  senator.  He  was  the  associate  of  Adams, 
Cushing,  Paine,  and  Hancock.  He  was  also  an 
eminent  Christian.  —  Emmons'  Funeral  Sermon. 

FISHER,  NATHANIEL,  Episcopal  minister  of 
Salem,  was  born  at  Dedham  in  1742 ;  graduated 
in  17(53;  and  ordained  in  177G  fora  church  in 
Nova  Scotia.  He  went  to  Salem  in  1781,  and 
died  Dec.  22,  1812,  on  the  Sabbath,  after  preach 
ing  from  the  text,  "  How  long  have  I  to  live  ?  " 
A  volume  of  his  sermons  was  published,  Svo., 
1818. 

FISHER,  MYERS,  a  lawyer  at  Philadelphia, 
and  a  Quaker,  died  March  12,  1819,  aged  71. 
He  was  a  man  of  science  and  an  eloquent  orator. 
He  published  an  answer  to  Paine's  age  of  reason. 

FISHER,  ALEXANDER  M.,  a  professor  of  math 
ematics  in  Yale  college,  died  April  22,  1822,  aged 
28.  He  was  born  in  Franklin,  Mass.,  in  1794, 
and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1813.  For  a 
while  he  studied  theology  at  Andover.  He  was 
appointed  professor  in  1817  as  successor  of  Mr. 
Day,  elected  president.  Anxious  to  enlarge 
his  knowledge  of  the  science  to  which  he  was 
devoted,  he  determined  to  make  a  voyage  to 
Europe.  lie  accordingly  sailed  in  the  packet 
ship  Albion,  which  was  wrecked  on  the  coast  of 
Ireland  ;  and  he  was  among  those  who  were  lost, 
lie  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Dutton.  With  a 
genius  for  mathematical  inquiry,  he  had  made 
great  advances  in  the  higher  branches  of  mathe 
matics.  Some  of  his  investigations  were  pub 
lished  in  Silliman's  journal. 

FISHER,  ELIAS,  minister  of  Lempster,  N.  II., 
died  in  1831,  aged  about  82.  He  was  a  gradu 
ate  of  Harvard  in  1769;  and  was  ordained  at  L. 
in  17S7.  He  had  been  a  preacher  fifty-two  years. 

FISHER,  JOSHUA,  M.  1).,  president  of  the 
Massachusetts  medical  society,  died  in  Beverly 
March  21,  1833,  aged  84.  He  was  a  graduate  of 
Harvard  in  1766.  He  published  a  discourse  on 
narcotics,  1806. 

FISHER,  JONATHAN,  minister  of  Bluehill,  Me., 
died  Sept.  22,  1848,  aged  nearly  80.  A  native 
43 


FISK. 


353 


of  New  Braintrce,  Mass.,  he  was  a  graduate  of 
Harvard  in  1792,  and,  having  studied  theology 
with  Dr.  Tappan,  was  ordained  in  1796.  His 
ministry  in  a  beautiful  town  on  the  seaboard  was 
for  nearly  half  a  century.  He  survived  all  the 
members,  constituting  his  church  at  his  settle 
ment.  The  whole  place  was  shaped  and  moulded 
by  his  character  and  efforts.  His  various  labors 
ought  to  be  remembered.  He  was  a  good  far 
mer,  working  on  his  own  farm.  He  toiled  in  the 
structure  of  his  house.  He  made  his  own  clock, 
which  kept  note  of  the  whole  period  of  his  life. 
lie  was  a  portrait  painter  and  copied  some  an 
cient  pieces.  He  engraved  on  wood,  with  his 
penknife,  most  of  the  animals  mentioned  in 
Scripture,  and  published  them  with  a  description 
in  a  book.  He  was  a  prolific  poet.  He  learned 
Hebrew,  and  proceeded  far  in  writing  a  lexicon. 
He  wrote  out  three  thousand  sermons.  He  was 
so  good  a  walker  as  sometimes  to  walk  to  Ban- 
gor,  seventy  miles,  and  home  again.  In  all  his 
habits  he  was  regular.  A  severe  Calvinist,  his 
whole  life  "  was  a  pre-constructed,  fore-ordained 
system ; "  so  much  so,  that,  rising  at  the  call  of 
his  alarm  clock,  it  was  his  rule  that  his  feet  should 
strike  the  floor  before  the  weight  reached  the  bot 
tom.  He  was  stern,  severe,  most  faithful.  With 
the  young  he  ever  conversed  most  faithfully ;  all 
his  children  were  pious.  In  his  preaching  he  had . 
no  gentleness,  no  emotion;  it  was  cold,  hard 
reading.  What  he  had  determined  to  preach,  he 
would  preach,  no  matter  what  unexpected  change 
of  circumstances  might  have  occurred.  Under 
him  the  town  was  remarkable  for  industry  and 
thrift,  for  good  morals,  for  the  prevalence  of  sound 
religious  principle.  Such  was  his  known  charac 
ter,  that  when  a  scoffer  was  calling  all  Christians 
hypocrites,  and  asked  for  the  name  of  one  who 
was  not,  in  which  case  he  would  yield  the  argu 
ment,  and  the  name  of  "  father  Fisher  "  was  ut 
tered,  he  said :  "I  refuse  to  accept  him ;  he  is 
mid  in  every  thing ! "  He  published  a  sermon 
at  the  ordination  of  M.  Steele,  1801.  —  New 
York  Independent,  Oct.  2,  1856. 

FISHER,  REDWOOD,  died  at  Philadelphia  May 
17,  1856,  aged  74.  He  was  an  editor  and  author 
and  statistician  of  large  acquirements. 

FISK,  PHINEIIAS,  the  minister  of  Haddam, 
Conn.,  died  Oct.  17,  1738,  aged  55.  He  was  the 
son  of  Dr.  John  Fisk  of  Milford,  and  grandson  of 
Rev.  John  Fiske, — as  the  name  was  formerly 
written,  —  of  Chelmsford.  His  name  is  the  fourth 
in  the  catalogue  of  Yale  college;  but  he  never 
studied  at  New  Haven.  It  was  while  the  infant 
seminary  was  at  Killingworth  that  he  pursued  his 
studies  in  it,  and  was  graduated  in  1704  in  a  class 
of  three  persons.  When  the  college  was  removed 
to  Saybrook,  in  1706,  he  was  appointed  a  tutor, 
and  remained  such  till  1713,  and  had  for  years 
the  almost  sole  care  of  the  college,  as  Mr.  An  • 


354 


FISK. 


drew,  the  rector,  resided  at  Milford.  About  forty 
students  were  educated  under  him.  In  1714  he 
was  settled  at  Haddam.  He  was  a  scholar,  an^ 
spoke  Latin  fluently ;  he  was  also  a  physician, 
skilled  in  the  treatment  of  insanity  and  epilepsy. 
His  daughter  married  a  brother  of  D.  Brainerd. 
He  published  an  election  sermon. 

FISK,  PLINY,  a  missionary,  died  Oct.  23, 1825 
aged  33.  He  was  born  at  Shelburne,  Mass.,  June 
24,  1792.  His  father,  Ebenezer,  died  in  1841, 
aged  92  :  he  came  to  S.  when  it  was  a  wilder 
ness.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  became  pious. 
He  was  graduated  at  Middlebury  college  in  1814. 
In  his  indigence  he  lived  two  years  on  bread  and 
milk ;  nor  was  he  ashamed  to  carry  his  corn  to 
mill  upon  his  shoulders.  A  good  woman  baked 
his  loaf  for  him.  Having  studied  theology  at 
Andover,  where  he  was  one  of  the  "  group  of 
stars,"  commemorated  by  Wilcox,  he  was  em 
ployed  as  an  agent  for  the  board  of  foreign  mis 
sions  one  year,  and  then  sailed  for  Palestine 
with  Mr.  Parsons,  Nov.  3,  1819.  On  arriving  at 
Smyrna  Jan.  15,  1820,  they  engaged  in  the  study 
of  the  eastern  languages ;  but  in  a  few  months  re 
moved  to  Scio,  in  order  to  study  modern  Greek 
under  professor  Bambas.  The  college  at  Scio 
then  had  seven  or  eight  hundred  students.  But 
in  1821  the  island  was  desolated  by  the  barbar 
ous  Turks.  In  1822  he  accompanied  to  Egypt 
his  fellow  laborer,  Mr.  Parsons,  and  witnessed  his 
death  and  buried  him  in  the  Greek  convent. 
From  Egypt  he  proceeded  in  April,  1823,  through 
the  desert  to  Judea,  accompanied  by  Mr.  King 
and  Mr.  Wolff.  Having  visited  Jerusalem,  he 
went  to  Beyroot,  Baalbec,  Damascus,  Aleppo,  and 
Antioch.  He  made  a  third  visit  to  Jerusalem 
with  Mr.  King.  When  he  withdrew  from  Jeru 
salem  in  the  spring  of  1825,  he  retired  to  the 
mission  family  of  Mr.  Goodell  and  Mr.  Bird  at 
Beyroot,  where  he  died  of  a  prevailing  fever.  He 
was  eminently  qualified  to  be  a  missionary  in  the 
east.  He  was  a  preacher  in  Italian,  French, 
modern  Greek,  and  Arabic.  He  had  been  em 
ployed  in  preparing  a  dictionary  in  English  and 
Arabic,  and  on  the  day  of  his  seizure  by  his  sick 
ness,  he  had  put  down  against  the  last  letter  of 
the  English  alphabet  the  last  word  which  he 
knew  in  Arabic.  His  various  communications  are 
found  in  several  volumes  of  the  Missionary 
Herald.  — Hand's  Memoir  of  Fisk. 

FISK,  ISAAC,  an  assistant  missionary,  died  at 
Elliot  among  the  Choctaws  in  1820,  after  a  faith 
ful  service  of  one  year.  He  went  from  Holden, 
Mass.,  in  April,  1819. 

FISK,  JOSEPH,  physician  in  Lexington,  Mass., 
died  in  1837,  aged  85. 

FISK,  EZRA,  D.  D.,  professor  of  ecclesiastical 
history  in  Western  theological  seminary,  died  in 
Philadelphia  Dec.,  1833,  aged  about  45.  He 
graduated  at  Williams  college  in  1809. 


FISKE. 

FISK,  WILBUR,  D.  D.,  president  of  the  Wes- 
lyan  university  in  Middletown,  Conn.,  died  there 
Feb.  22,  1839,  aged  46.  He  was  graduated  at 
Brown  university  in  1815,  and  was  appointed 
president  in  1831.  He  was  much  respected  and 
deeply  lamented.  He  published  inaugural  ad 
dress,  1831;  travels  in  Europe. 

FISK,  ELISHA,  minister  of  Wrentham,  died 
Jan.  11,  1851,  aged  81.  A  graduate  of  Brown 
university  in  1795,  he  was  ordained  in  1799,  and 
was  in  active,  useful  service  during  his  whole  life. 
His  predecessors  were  Mann,  Messinger,  and 
Bean.  He  published  a  sermon  at  Boston,  1793; 
two  anniversary  sermons,  1846 ;  a  half-century 
sermon  in  June,  1850. 

FISKE,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  Wenham  and 
Chelmsford,  Mass.,  died  Jan.  14,  1677,  aged  76. 
He  was  born  in  England  in  1601,  and  was  edu 
cated  at  Cambridge.  He  came  to  this  country  in 
1637,  and,  being  in  the  same  ship  with  John  Allen, 
they  preached  two  sermons  almost  every  day 
during  the  voyage.  He  was  for  some  time  the 
teacher  of  a  school  at  Cambridge.  As  his  prop 
erty  was  large,  he  made  considerable  loans  to  the 
province.  He  lived  almost  three  years  at  Salem, 
preaching  to  the  church,  and  instructing  a  num 
ber  of  young  persons.  When  a  church  was 
gathered  in  Enon,  or  Wenham,  Oct.  8,  1644,  he 
was  settled  the  minister,  and  here  he  continued 
till  about  the  year  1656,  when  he  removed  to 
Chelmsford,  then  a  new  town,  with  the  majority 
of  his  church,  and  was  there  an  able  and  useful 
preacher  twenty  years.  He  was  a  skilful  physician, 
as  well  as  an  excellent  minister.  His  son,  Moses, 
was  minister  of  Braintree.  Among  the  severest 
afflictions  to  which  he  was  called,  says  Dr.  Mather, 
was  the  loss  of  his  concordance ;  that  is,  of  his 
wife,  who  was  so  expert  in  the  Scriptures  as  to 
render  any  other  concordance  unnecessary.  He 
published  a  catechism,  entitled,  the  olive-branch 
watered. — Magnalia,  ill.  141-143;  Hist.  Coll. 
VI.  239-249. 

FISKE,  MOSES,  minister  of  Braintree,  Mass., 
died  Aug.  10,  1708,  aged  65,  in  the  thirty-sixth 
year  of  his  ministry.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1662,  in  the  class  of  S.  Stoddard.  He  suc 
ceeded  Mr.  Flint,  and  was  ordained  Sept.  11, 1672. 

FISKE,  JOHN,  minister  of  Killingly,  Conn., 
died  in  1773,  aged  89.  He  was  a  graduate  of 
Harvard  in  1702. 

FISKE,  NATHAN,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Brookfield, 
Mass.,  was  born  in  Weston  in  1733.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1754,  and  ordained 
pastor  of  the  church  in  the  third  parish  in  Brook- 
field,  May  28,  1758.  Here  he  continued  more 
than  forty  years.  After  preaching  on  the  Lord's 
day,  Nov.  24,  1799,  he  retired  to  his  bed  at  his 
usual  hour  in  apparent  health,  and  in  a  short  timo 
died  without  a  struggle,  aged  66.  By  incessant 
study  he  gradually  perfected  lu's  talents,  and 


FISKE. 

gained  the  public  esteem.  In  prosperity  and^ad- 
veraty  he  por.ficr.scd  the  same  serenity  of  mind. 
With'a  small  salary  he  found  means  to  practise  a 
generous  hospitality,  and  to  give  three  sons  a  col- 
le"ial  education.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the 
settlement  and  growth  of  Brookfield,  delivered 
Dec.  31,  1773;  at  a  fast,  1776;  on  the  death  of 
Joshua  Spooner,  1778;  of  Judge  Foster,  1779; 
of  J.  Ilobbs,  178-1;  an  oration  on  the  capture  of 
Cormvallis,  Oct.,  1781;  sermons  on  various  sub 
ject0,  8vo.  1794;  Dudleian  lecture,  1796;  the 
moral  monitor,  2  vols.  12mo.  1801.  —  Preface  to 
Monitor;  Monthly  Anthol.  I.  639. 

FISKE,  CALEB,  M.  D.,  died  at  Scituate,  R.  I., 
Dec.  30, 1834,  aged  82. 

FISKE,  OLIVER,  M.  D.,  died  at  Boston,  Jan. 
25,  1837,  aged  about  70.  A  son  of  Rev.  Mr.  F. 
of  Brookfield,  he  was  a  graduate  of  1787,  and 
long  a  physician  in  Worcester.  He  filled  with 
honor  various  offices.  He  published  oration,  1797  ; 
addresses  to  agricultural  society,  1823  and  1831. 

FISKE,  CATHARINE,  Miss,  for  thirty-eight  years 
a  distinguished  teacher,  died  in  Keene,  N.  II.,  in 
July  or  August,  1837,  aged  63.  Born  in  Wor 
cester,  her  mother  removed  to  Newfane,  Vt.  At 
fifteen  she  began  to  teach;  she  instituted  the 
female  seminary  in  Keene  in  1814,  in  which  she 
spent  the  remainder  of  her  life.  More  than 
2,500  pupils  from  various  States  were  under  her 
care.  She  had  remarkable  powers,  superintend 
ing  her  household  and  farm,  and  teaching  various 
sciences,  and  maintaining  discipline,  and  retaining 
affection.  She  was  pious.  After  various  bequests, 
the  whole  of  her  property,  all  acquired  by  herself, 
she  gave  for  an  insane  hospital. —  Barstow's  Biog- 
rapln/,  in  Recorder,  Sept.  1. 

FISKE,  MOSES,  died  in  1843,  aged  83,  brother 
of  Rev.  Dr.  John  F.  He  was  the  son  of  Peter, 
of  Sherburne,  and  a  descendant  of  David,  of 
Watertown  in  1638.  He  was  an  able  tutor  at 
Dartmouth  from  1788  to  1795;  he  began  to 
preach,  but  was  never  ordained.  About  1799  he 
emigrated  to  Hilham,  in  Tennessee,  where  he 
spent  the  remaining  period  of  his  life,  more  than 
forty  years.  After  the  age  of  fifty  he  married 
and  had  nine  children.  He  was  a  farmer  and  an 
excellent  scholar,  an  encourager  of  learning,  a 
friend  of  the  needy  and  desponding.  He  ab 
horred  slavery,  and  would  never  own  a  slave. 
lie  edited  the  "  Eagle  "  at  Dartmouth,  and  pub 
lished  an  English  grammar,  1772;  a  sermon  on 
slavery,  in  1795,  from  Eccl.  4:  I.  —  American 
Quarterly  Register,  1840,  p.  382. 

FISKE,  NATHAN  W.,  professor  of  Greek  at 
Amhcrst  college,  died  May  27,  1847.  A  grad 
uate  of  Dartmouth  in  1817,  he  was  appointed 
professor  in  1825,  and  professor  of  moral  philos 
ophy  and  metaphysics  in  1836.  An  account  of 
his  life  and  writings  was  written  by  Dr.  Hum 
phrey.  He  published  a  valuable  work,  - —  a  manual 


FITCH. 


355 


of  classical  literature,  from  the  German  of  Esch- 
enburg,  wilh  additions,  3d  edit.,  1841. 

FISKE,  JOHN,  D.  I).,  died  at  New  Braintree, 
Mass.,  March  15,  1855,  aged  84.  He  was  the 
)rother  of  Moses,  of  Tennessee.  A  graduate  of 
Dartmouth  in  1791,  and  a  member  of  the  college 
church,  he  was  ordained  as  a  missionary  to  the 
Seneca  Indians  in  1794 ;  and  he  preached  twenty 
sermons  at  Geneva,  which  then  had  five  log 
louses  and  two  framed  ones.  He  was  settled 
fifty-seven  years.  Of  Amherst  college  he  was  a 
trustee.  He  was  a  highly  respected  and  very 
useful  man,  and  he  died,  as  he  wished,  in  a  sound 
and  happy  old  age,  with 

"  That  which  should  accompany  old  age, 
As  honor,  love,  obedience,  troops  of  friends." 

He  published  a  fast  sermon,  1812,  —  Snell's  Fu 
neral  Sermon. 

FISKE,  THADDEUS,  D.  D.,  the  oldest  minister 
in  Massachusetts,  died  in  Charlestown  Nov.  14, 
1855,  aged  93.  He  was  born  in  Weston  June  22, 
1762,  graduated  in  1785,  and  at  his  death  there 
was  only  one  living  graduate  older,  Asa  Andrews, 
of  Ipswich,  of  the  class  of  1783.  He  was  minis 
ter  of  West  Cambridge  forty  years,  from  1788  to 
1828,  and  survived  three  of  his  successors  in  the 
ministry,  D.  Damon,  W.  Ware,  and  J.  F.  Brown. 
He  published  a  thanksgiving  sermon,  1795. 

FITCH,  JAMES,  first  minister  of  Saybrook,  and 
of  Norwich,  Conn.,  died  Nov.  18,  1702,  aged  79. 
He  was  born  in  the  county  of  Essex,  England, 
Dec.  24,  1622,  and  came  to  this  country  in  1638. 
He  had  already  acquired  a  correct  knowledge  of 
the  learned  languages ;  but  he  spent  seven  years 
under  the  instruction  of  Mr.  Hooker  and  Mr. 
Stone.  In  1646  he  was  ordained  over  a  church, 
which  was  at  that  time  gathered  at  Saybrook,  and 
it  is  said  that  the  brethren's  hands  only  were  im 
posed.  In  1660  he  removed  with  the  greater 
part  of  his  church  to  Norwich,  and  in  that  town 
passed  the  remaining  active  days  of  his  life. 
When  the  infirmities  of  age  obliged  him  to  cease 
from  his  public  labors,  he  retired  to  his  children 
at  Lebanon.  By  his  first  wife,  Abigail,  daughter 
of  Rev.  Henry  Whitefield,  he  had  two  sons,  James 
and  Samuel,  and  four  daughters  ;  by  his  second 
wife,  Priscilla,  daughter  of  Maj.  John  Mason,  of 
Norwich,  he  had  seven  sons,  Daniel,  John,  Jere 
miah,  and  Jabez,  Nathaniel,  Joseph,  and  Eleazer, 
and  one  daughter ;  and  all  lived  to  have  families, 
excepting  Eleazer. 

His  brother  Thomas,  of  Norwalk,  was  the  father 
of  Gov.  Thomas  Fitch.  He  was  distinguished 
for  the  penetration  of  his  mind,  the  energy  of  his 
preaching,  and  the  sanctity  of  his  life.  He  was 
acquainted  with  the  Mohegan  language,  and 
preached  the  gospel  of  salvation  to  the  Indians  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Norwich.  He  even  gave 
some  of  his  own  lands  to  induce  them  to  renounce 


!56 


FITCH. 


FLETCHER. 


their  savage  manner  of  living.  The  descendants 
of  those  Indians  at  Mohegan,  for  whose  benefit 
he  toiled,  have  been  carefully  instructed  in  relig 
ion  by  some  self-denying  Christians,  have  had  a 
meeting-house  built  for  them  by  the  liberality  of 
the  citizens  of  Norwich  and  other  towns,  and  have 
received  an  appropriation  from  the  war  depart 
ment  of  a  few  hundred  dollars.  A  letter  of  his 
on  the  subject  of  his  missionary  labors  is  pub 
lished  in  Gookin.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the 
death  of  Anne,  wife  of  Maj.  Mason,  1672 ;  the 
advice  of  council  explained,  1683.  —  Matter's 
Magnalia,  ill.  200 ;  TrumbulVs  Connecticut,  I. 
107,  299,  502,  503;  Hist.  Coll.  I.  208  ;  IX.  86;  Al- 
den's  Account  of  Portsmouth. 

FITCH,  JABEZ,  minister  of  Portsmouth,  N.  II., 
was  the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  was  born  at 
Norwich  in  April,  1672.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1694.  In  1703  he  was  ordained  at 
Ipswich  as  colleague  of  John  Rogers.  On  ac 
count  of  the  incompctency  of  his  maintenance,  he 
withdrew  from  his  pastoral  office  in  Dec.,  1723, 
and  about  the  year  1725  Avas  established  at  Ports 
mouth.  After  continuing  here  more  than  twenty 
years,  he  died  Nov.  22, 1746,  aged  74.  He  had  a 
taste  for  historical  researches,  and  began  in  1728  to 
make  a  collection  of  facts  relative  to  N.  H.  Dr. 
Bclknap  had  access  to  his  papers.  He  published  a 
sermon  on  the  death  of  MaryMartyn;  one  occa 
sioned  by  the  great  earthquake,  Oct.  29,  1727;  at 
the  ordination  of  John  Tucker,  at  Gosport,  Isle  of 
Shoals,  in  1732,  from  these  words :  "  I  will  make  you 
fishers  of  men ; "  two  sermons  designed  to  make 
a  religious  improvement  of  the  throat  distemper, 
which  prevailed  in  1735  and  1736;  and  an  ac 
count  of  that  disease,  as  it  appeared  in  New 
Hampshire.  —  Alden's  Account  of  Society  in 
Portsmouth;  Hist.  Coll.  VII.  251,  257;  X.  50. 

FITCH,  ELIJAH,  minister  of  Hopkinton,  Mass., 
died  in  1788,  aged  42.  He  was  a  graduate  of 
Yale  in  1765.  He  published  a  poem  in  blank 
verse,  entitled  the  beauties  of  religion. 

FITCH,  JOHX,  inventor  of  steamboats,  died  of 
a  broken  heart  at  Bardstown,  Ky.,  in  1798,  aged 
55.  Born  in  Windsor,  Conn.,  he  was  first  an  ap 
prentice  to  a  clock-maker,  and  was  then  a  silver 
smith  in  Trenton.  Being  plundered  by  the  Brit 
ish,  he  was  next  a  soldier.  He  purchased  land  in 
Kentucky,  and  was  there  detained  a  prisoner  some 
years  by  the  Indians.  In  1782  he  regained  his 
liberty.  In  1786,  after  various  experiments,  he 
ran  his  boat  at  the  rate  of  eight  miles  an  hour, 
and  obtained  a  patent ;  but  the  want  of  funds  in 
terrupted  the  prosecution  of  his  designs.  In 
1798  his  privilege  in  New  York  was  withdrawn 
and  given  to  Livingston.  —  Scientific  American, 
1848,  p.  25. 

FITCH,  EBENEZER,  D.  D.,  died  at  West  Bloom- 
field,  N.  Y.,  March  21,  1833,  aged  77.  He  was 
a  graduate  of  Yale  in  1777  ;  the  first  president  of 


Williams  college,  from  1793  to  1815,  when  he  re 
signed,  and  Avas  succeeded  by  Dr.  Moore.  The 
rest  of  his  life  was  spent  in*  the  ministry  in 
Bloomfield.  lie  was  a  benevolent  man  and  an 
excellent  Christian.  The  following  anecdote  has 
bsen  heard,  —  which  ought  to  be  true,  and  prob 
ably  is, —  that  in  his  poverty  as  a  poor  minister  at 
the  west,  a  friend  presented  him  with  one  or  two 
thousand  dollars ;  and  that  friend  was  W.  F. 
Backus,  a  graduate  of  1802,  whom  he  had  as 
sisted  in  his  struggles  to  obtain  an  education.  Dr. 
F.  had  a  wife  as  good  and  benevolent  as  himself. 

FITZIIUGII,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  vice-president 
of  the  colonization  society,  the  son  of  William  F., 
a  patriot  of  the  Revolution,  was  born  at  Chatham, 
Stafford  county,  Va.,  March  8,  1792,  and  gradu 
ated  at  Princeton  in  1808.  He  afterwards  settled 
on  the  patrimonial  domain  of  Ravensworth,  Fair 
fax  county,  devoting  himself  to  agricultural  pur 
suits,  and  receiving  with  generous  hospitality  his 
numerous  friends.  He  dkd  at  Cambridge,  Md., 
of  the  apoplexy,  May  21,  1830,  aged  38.  His 
wife  was  the  daughter  of  Charles  Goldsborough, 
of  Dorset,  Md.  He  published  in  favor  of  the 
colonization  society  the  essays  of  Opimius  in  the 
Richmond  Inquirer  of  1826 ;  a  speech  at  the 
ninth  anniversary,  and  a  review  of  TazeweU's  re 
port  in  African  Repository,  Aug.  and  Nov.,  1828. 
In  one  of  his  writings  he  represents,  "  that  the 
labor  of  the  slave  is  a  curse  on  the  land  on 
which  it  is  expended."  —  African  Repository,  IV. 
91-96. 

FLAGG,  JOHN,  a  physician  and  patriot,  died  at 
Lynn  in  1793,  aged  49.  He  was  the  son  of  Rev. 
Ebenezcr  F.,  of  Chester,  N.  H.,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1761.  He  belonged  to  the  medical 
society,  and  had  full  practice.  —  Thacltcr. 

FLAGG,  EBENEZER,  died  Nov.  14,  1796,  aged 
92.  The  son  of  Ebenezer,  of  Woburn,  he  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  in  1725,  and  was  ordained  in 
1736  at  Chester,  N.  II. 

FLAGG,  THOMAS  COLLLNS,  an  eminent  physi 
cian  of  Charleston,  S.  C.,  died  in  1801.  He  was 
of  the  order  of  the  Cincinnati. 

FLEET,  THOMAS,  an  eminent  printer  in  Bos 
ton,  died  July  21,  1758,  aged  72.  He  was  a  man 
of  a  fine  understanding  and  knowledge  of  the 
world,  and  of  great  industry,  just  and  benev 
olent.  —  N.  E.  Journal,  July  24,  1758. 

FLETCHER,  BRIDGET,  wife  of  Timothy  F., 
of  Westford,  died  about  1770,  aged  about  44. 
Her  hymns  and  spiritual  songs,  a  small  volume, 
was  published  by  her  son,  Rev.  Elijah  F.,  in 
1773. 

FLETCHER,  ELIJAH,  minister  of  Hopkinton, 
N.  II.,  was  born  in  Westford,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1769.  He  was  ordained  Jan.  27, 
1772,  and  died  April  8,  1786,  aged  39.  Five 
ministers  had  been  settled  before  him  in  II.  He 
was  the  worthy  patron  of  students;  and  one 


FLETCHER. 

\vhom  he  prepared  for  college  and  assisted,  was 
President  Webber,  who  ever  acknowledged  his 
obligations.  His  three  daughters  married  Josiah 
White,  of  Pittsfield,  N.  H.,  Israel  W.  Kelley,  of 
Salisbury,  N.  H.,  and  Daniel  Webster.  His  son 
Timothy  was  a  merchant  in  Portland.  His  widow 
married  Rev.  Christopher  Paige,  of  Salisbury. 

FLETCHER,  THOMAS,  died  in  Southwick  Dec. 
4, 1846,  aged  55,  in  the  twenty-third  year  of  his 
ministry.  He  was  one  of  those  unobtrusive  men 
of  wide  usefulness,  who  will  be  held  by  wise  and 
good  beings  in  eternal  honor.  Born  in  New 
Ipswich  in  1790,  he  took  charge  of  the  academy 
at  Kinderhook  Landing  in  Ihl8.  Remote  from  a 
place  of  public  worship,  he  organized  a  Sabbath 
school  and  conducted  the  worship ;  through 
God's  blessing  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  per 
sons  were  soon  his  converts  and  admitted  to  the 
church.  He  now  studied  divinity  three  years 
with  Dr.  Livingston,  of  Coxsackie,  and  was  then 
ordained  at  Schaghticoke  Point  in  1824.  In  six 
years  there  were  two  special  revivals  of  the 
power  of  religion.  Afterwards  he  was  settled  at 
Northeast  and  New  Marlborough,  and  then  at 
Southwick  for  ten  years.  He  died  in  great  peace. 

FLIXN,  ANDREW,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Charles 
ton,  S.  C.,  had  been  previously  the  minister  of 
Camden  seven  or  eight  years,  and  removed  to 
Charleston  about  1808.  He  died  Feb.  25,  1820, 
rejoicing  in  the  hope  of  eternal  h'fe.  As  a  minis 
ter  he  Avas  faithful  and  zealous.  He  published  a 
sermon  on  the  death  of  Judge  Wilds,  1810;  a 
dedication  sermon,  1811. 

FLINT,  HENRY,  one  of  the  first  ministers  of 
Braintree,  Mass.,  died  April  27,  1668,  aged  68. 
He  was  ordained  as  teacher  March  17,  1640. 
When  the  church  was  first  organized  Sept.  16, 
1639,  he  was  chosen  colleague  with  Mr.  Thomp 
son,  who  was  ordained  pastor  Sept.  24th  ;  but  his 
settlement  was  delayed  for  a  few  months.  He 
was  a  man  of  piety  and  integrity,  and  well  quali 
fied  for  the  work  of  the  ministry.  His  wife  was 
Margery,  sister  of  President  Hoar.  His  son, 
Josiah  Flint,  was  settled  at  Dorchester  in  1671 
and  died  in  1680.  —  Magnolia,  III.  122;  Han 
cock's  Cent.  Serm. ;  Morton,  200;  Winthrop,  188; 
Holmes. 

FLINT,  HENRY,  tutor  and  fellow  of  Harvard 
college,  was  the  son  of  Josiah  Flint  of  Dorches 
ter,  and  received  his  degree  of  bachelor  of  arts  in 
1693.  He  was  chosen  a  fellow  of  the  college  in 
1700,  and  in  1705  was  appointed  tutor.  This 
office  he  sustained  till  his  resignation  Sept.  25, 
1754.  He  died  Feb.  13,  1760,  aged  84.  Many 
of  the  most  eminent  men  in  the  country  were 
educated  under  his  care.  Dr.  Chauncy  pro 
nounces  him  a  solid,  judicious  man,  and  one  of 
the  best  of  preachers.  The  few  foibles,  which  he 
exhibited,  were  ascribed  to  his  living  in  a  single 
state.  In  his  last  illness  he  viewed  the  approach 


FLINT. 


357 


of  death  with  perfect  calmness,  for  he  trusted  in 
the  mercy  of  God  through  the  merits  of  Christ. 
He  published  two  sermons  on  the  last  judgment, 
1814 ;  an  appeal  to  the  consciences  of  a  degener 
ate  people,  a  sermon  preached  at  the  Thursday 
lecture  in  Boston,  1729;  a  sermon  to  the  students 
in  the  college  hall,  1736  ;  oratio  funcbris  in  obi- 
tum  B.  Wadsworth,  1738;  twenty  sermons,  8vo. 
1739.  — Applet  on1  s  Fun.  Serm. ;  LovelVs  Oratio 
Funeb. ;  Hist.  Coll.  ix.  183  ;  x.  165. 

FLINT,  ABEL,  1).  D.,  minister  of  the  second 
church  in  Hartford,  was  born  in  Windham  Aug. 
6,  1765;  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1785;  and 
died  March  7,  1825,  aged  59.  He  published  a 
sermon  on  the  death  of  the  wife  of  Rev.  A. 
Yates,  1806;  of  John  M'Curdy  Strong,  1806;  a 
system  of  geometry  and  trigonometry,  with  a 
treatise  on  surveying,  1806 ;  and  a  translation  of 
some  of  Massillon's  and  Bourdaloue's  sermons. 

FLINT,  JACOB,  minister  of  Cohasset,  died  in 
1835,  aged  about  60.  Born  in  Reading,  he  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  in  1794,  and  was  ordained  Jan. 
10,  1798.  He  published  a  history  of  Cohasset  in 
the  historical  collections,  3d  series,  vol.  II. ;  two 
discourses  on  the  history  of  Cohasset,  1821 ;  a 
discourse  on  the  doctrine  of  the  trinity,  1824. 

FLINT,  TIMOTHY,  died  at  Reading,  Mass., 
Aug.  18,  1840,  aged  60.  lie  was  born  in  Read 
ing,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1800,  and  was 
the  minister  of  Lunenburg,  then  a  missionary  in 
the  Mississippi  valley.  Afterwards  he  lived  in 
Cincinnati,  and  was  a  resident  on  Red  River,  La. 
His  writings  are  interesting  and  valuable.  He 
published  recollections  of  the  last  ten  years  in  the 
valley  of  the  Mississippi;  history  and  geography 
of  the  Mississippi  valley,  2  vols.  1832 ;  Francis 
Berrian,  or  the  Mexican  patriot;  George  Mason, 
or  the  young  backwoodsman,  1829;  Western 
Review,  1830. 

FLINT,  AUSTIN,  doctor,  died  at  Leicester  Aug. 
29,  1850,  aged  90.  Born  in  Shrewsbury  Jan.  4, 
"  1760,  he  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Edward  Flint ;  both 
father  and  son  were  eminent  patriots,  surgeons 
and  physicians  in  the  army.  Dr.  Austin  F.  was 
at  the  age  of  twenty-one  in  Drury's  regiment  at 
West  Point  in  1781.  He  married  the  daughter 
of  Col.  William  Ilenshaw  of  L.,  a  distinguished 
officer  in  the  Revolution.  He  was  a  man  of 
judgment,  of  independence,  of  principle,  and  fear 
less  in  the  expression  of  his  principles  and  senti 
ments;  cheerful  and  good-humored,  the  sick  and 
the  well  were  glad  to  see  him.  His  son,  Dr. 
Joseph  H.  F.,  died  before  him.  —  Wasliburn. 

FLLNT,  JAMES,D.  D.,  died  in  Salem  March  4, 
1855,  aged  73.  He  was  born  in  Reading  Dec. 
10,  1781,  was  graduated  in  1802,  studied  divinity 
with  J.  Bates,  and  was  ordained  at  East  Bridge- 
water  Oct.  29,  1806.  With  a  poetic  taste  and  a 
taste  for  horticulture,  he  greatly  embellished  the 
grounds  about  his  house.  At  his  reques'  he  was 


358 


FLORA. 


FOLLOW. 


dismissed  April  6,  1821 ;  and  was  installed  over 
the  east  church  in  Salem  Sept.  20,  1821,  as  the 
successor  of  William  Bentlcy.  He  had  a  col 
league,  Dexter  Clapp,  Dec.  17,  1851.  He  had 
"  ready  humor,  lively  sympathy,  and  rare  conver 
sational  powers."  He  published  some  poetical 
productions ;  also,  at  ordination  of  N.  Whitman, 
1814;  election  sermon,  1815 ;  anniversary  dis 
course  at  Plymouth,  1815 ;  at  ordination  of 
S.  Alden,  1820;  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Abbott,  1828. 
FLORA,  a  black  woman,  died  at  Harbor  island, 
1808,  aged  150.  Born  in  Africa  in  1658,  she  was 
carried  to  Jamaica,  then  to  Nassau,  and  sold  to 
W.  Thompson.  She  was  free  forty-eight  years 
before  her  death. 

FLOYD,  WILLIAM,  general,  died  Aug.  4, 1821, 
aged  86.  He  was  the  son  of  Nicoll  F.,  an  opulent 
landholder,  whose  ancestors  came  from  Wales 
and  settled  on  Long  Island.  He  was  born  Dec. 
17,  1734.  His  education  was  imperfect;  but  he 
acquired  much  knowledge  by  intercourse  with  the 
intelligent.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  congress  of 
1774,  and  continued  a  member  till  after  the  Dec 
laration  of  Independence.  When  the  British 
took  possession  of  Long  Island,  his  family  fled 
for  safety  to  Connecticut ;  his  house  was  occupied 
by  troops  ;  and  for  nearly  seven  years  he  was  an 
exile  from  his  dwelling  and  derived  no  benefit 
from  his  landed  estate.  In  Oct.,  1778,  he  was 
again  a  member  of  congress,  and  was  frequently 
a  member  of  the  legislature  of  the  State.  In 
1784  he  purchased  a  tract  of  land  at  Western, 
Oneida  county,  on  the  Mohawk ;  and  this,  by  the 
labor  of  several  summers,  he  converted  into  a 
good  farm,  to  which  he  removed  his  family  in 
1803.  He  left  a  widow  and  children.  Three  of 
the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
survived  him.  His  manners  were  not  familiar, 
nor  was  his  disposition  afl'ablc ;  yet  in  public  life 
he  was  patriotic  and  independent,  and  for  more 
than  fifty  years  was  honored  with  the  confidence 
of  his  fellow  citizens.  —  Goodrich's  Lives. 

FLOYD,  JOHN,  governor,  died  at  Sweet 
Springs,  Va.,  Aug.  16,  1837.  He  was  a  member 
of  congress  from  1817  to  1829,  and  governor  of 
Va.  from  1829  to  1834. 

FLOYD,  Jonx,  general,  died  in  Camden 
county,  Geo.,  June  24,  1839,  aged  70. 

FOBES,  PEREZ,  LL.  D.,  professor  of  mathe 
matics,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1762,  and 
ordained  minister  of  Raynham  Nov.  19,  1766. 
In  1786  he  was  elected  professor  of  the  college 
in  Rhode  Island.  He  died  Feb.  23,  1812,  aged 
70.  His  wife  was  the  daughter  of  John  Wales, 
minister  of  Raynham.  He  published  a  history  of 
Raynham ;  sermon  on  death  of  President  Man 
ning,  1791;  election  sermon,  1795. 

FOGG,  DANIEL,  a  physician  in  Braintree,  died 
in  1830,  aged  71. 

FOLGER,  PETER,  was  the  son  of  John  F.  of 


Norwich,  England ;  was  born  in  1618;  and  came 
to  this  country  in  1635.  He  settled  at  Martha's 
Vineyard  in  1635,  and  removed  to  Nantucket  in 
1662.  He  married  Mary  Morrill.  He  is  de 
scribed  as  an  "  able,  godly  Englishman,  who 
was  employed  in  teaching  the  youth  in  reading, 
writing,  and  the  principles  of  religion,  by  cate 
chizing."  His  daughter,  .Abiah,  was  the  mother 
of  Benjamin  Franklin.  The  time  of  his  death 
has  not  been  ascertained.  His  small  poem  was 
finished  April  23,  1676,  and  bears  the  title  of 
A  Looking-glass  for  the  Times."  According  to 
Franklin,  "  the  author  addresses  himself  to  the 
governors  for  the  time  being;  speaks  for  liberty 
of  conscience,  and  in  favor  of  the  Anabaptists, 
Quakers,  and  other  sectaries,  who  had  suffered 
persecution.  To  this  persecution  he  attributes 
the  war  with  the  natives,  and  other  calamities, 
which  afflicted  the  country,  regarding  them  as 
the  judgments  of  God  in  punishment  of  so  odious 
an  offence ;  and  he  exhorts  the  government  to 
the  repeal  of  laws  so  contrary  to  charity.  The 
poem  appeared  to  be  written  with  a  manly  free 
dom  and  a  pleasing  simplicity." 

Of  the  simplicity  the  following  is  a  specimen ; 
the  four  last  lines  are  quoted  erroneously  by  Dr. 
Franklin  : 

"  I  am  for  peace  and  not  for  war, 

And  that 's  the  reason  why 
I  write  more  plain  than  some  men  do, 

That  use  to  daub  and  lie. 
But  I  shall  cease,  and  set  my  name 

To  what  I  here  insert ; 
Because,  to  be  a  libeller, 

I  hate  it  with  my  heart. 
From  Sherbontown,  where  now  I  dwell, 

My  name  do  I  put  here, 
Without  offence,  your  real  friend, 

It  is  Peter  Folger." 

FOLLEN,  CHARLES  T.  C.,  LL.  D.,  died  with 
one  hundred  and  thirty-nine  others  in  conse 
quence  of  the  burning  of  the  steamboat  Lexing 
ton  in  Long  Island  Sound,  Jan.  13,  1840,  aged  44. 
He  was  professor  of  the  German  language  and 
literature  at  Cambridge.  Born  in  Germany  in 
1796,  he  was  educated  at  the  university  of  Gies- 
sen.  He  was  compelled  to  leave  Germany  by  the 
Prussian  government,  being  wrongfully  suspected 
of  being  privy  to  Sand's  assassin  ation  of  Kotzebue 
in  1819.  In  1824  he  was  appointed  German 
instructor  at  Cambridge,  and  professor  from  1830 
to  1835.  He  engaged  in  the  clerical  profession. 
He  was  simple,  modest,  courteous,  firm,  and 
benevolent.  His  wife  was  Elizabeth  Lee  Cabot  of 
Boston.  His  works  were  published  in  5  vols.  in 
1841,  with  his  life,  by  his  widow.  —  Cyclop,  of 
American  Lit.  II.  242. 

FOLLOW,  PETER,  died  in  Harrison,  N.  Y.,  in 
1809,  aged  about  120.  Ho  retained  his  hearing 
and  memory.  He  was  a  native  of  Flanders,  and 
was  in  the  battle  of  Ramilies  in  1706.  He  had 
lived  in  Harrison  sixty  years. 


FOLSOM. 


FORD. 


J59 


FOLSOM,  NATHANIEL,  general,  a  member  of 
the  first  congress  of  1774,  died  at  Exeter,  N.  II. 
in  June,  1790.  In  the  French  war  of  1755  he 
distinguished  himself  at  the  capture  of  Dicskau. 
He  was  a  general  of  the  militia.  His  earliest 
ancestors  in  this  country  wrote  the  name  Foul- 
shame. 

FOLSOM,  DAVID,  colonel,  chief  of  the  Choc- 
taw  Indians,  died  Sept.  24,  1847. 

FONTAINE,  WILLIAM,  died  in  Florida  Oct. 
16,  1851,  aged  105;  a  Revolutionary  soldier. 

FOOT,  JOHN,  minister  of  Cheshire,  Conn.,  was 
ordained  colleague  with  Samuel  Hall  in  March, 
1767,  and  died  Aug.  30,  1813,  aged  71,  having 
been  a  pastor  forty-five  years. 

FOOT,  SAMUEL  AUGUSTUS,  LL.  D.,  governor 
of  Conn.,  died  at  Cheshire,  Sept.  15,  1846,  aged 
65.  He  was  the  son  of  Rev.  John  F.  of  Cheshire, 
and  graduated  at  Yale  in  1797.  lie  was  for 
years  a  democratic  representative  and  senator  in 
congress,  and  governor  in  1834.  His  son,  John 
A.,  was  a  lawyer  in  Cleveland,  and  Augustus  II., 
a  lieutenant  in  the  navy. 

FOOT,  JOSEPH  I.,  D.D.,  president  of  Wash 
ington  college,  Tennessee,  died  April  21,  1840, 
aged  43.  Born  in  Connecticut,  he  was  a  gradu 
ate  of  Union  college,  and  of  Andover  theological 
seminary  in  1824.  He  was  a  pastor  in  Brook- 
field,  Mass.,  and  in  Cortland,  N.  Y.  He  pub 
lished  a  historical  discourse  at  Brookfield,  1829; 
at  ordination,  1830 ;  prominent  trait  in  false 
teachers. 

FOOTE,  ROXANA,  wife  of  Horace  Foot,  mission 
ary  to  Tripoli  in  Syria,  died  in  1855,  lamented  by 
her  associates. 

FOOTE,  ISAAC,  judge,  died  at  Smyrna,  N.  Y., 
Feb.  27,  1842,  aged  96.  A  native  of  Colchester, 
he  removed  to  Stafford,  Conn.,  and  in  1795  to 
Smyrna.  He  was  a  Christian  and  an  exemplary 
church  member  seventy-five  years. 

FORBES,  JOSEPH,  brigadier-general,  was  in 
trusted  with  the  expedition  against  fort  du  Quesne 
in  1758.  With  an  army  of  eight  thousand  men 
he  occupied  the  fortress,  which  the  enemy  had 
abandoned,  Nov.  25,  and  called  it  Pittsburg. 
Having  concluded  treaties  with  the  Indians,  he 
died,  exhausted  by  fatigue,  at  Philadelphia,  aged 
48.  —  Mante,  158. 

FORBES,  ELI,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Brookfield 
and  of  Gloucester,  Mass.,  died  Dec.  15,  1804,  aged 
77.  He  was  born  in  Westborough  in  Oct.,  1726, 
and  entered  Harvard  college  in  1744.  In  the 
month  of  July  of  the  following  year  he  was  de 
manded  as  a  soldier,  and  he  cheerfully  shouldered 
his  musket  and  marched  more  than  a  hundred 
miles  to  oppose  the  French  and  Indians.  Having 
been  released  by  the  interposition  of  his  friends, 
he  returned  to  his  studies  with  a  sharpened  appe 
tite,  and  was  graduated  in  1751.  He  was  or 
dained  minister  of  the  second  parish  in  Brook- 


field  June  3,  1752.  In  the  years  1758  and  1759 
he  was  a  chaplain  in  one  of  the  regimi  nts.  In 
1762  he  went  as  a  missionary  to  the  Oneidas,  one 
of  the  six  nations  of  Indians,  and  planted  the 
first  Christian  church  at  Onaqnagie,  on  the  river 
Susquehannah.  Having  established  in  this  place 
a  school  for  children  and  another  for  adults,  he 
returned,  bringing  with  him  four  Indian  children, 
whom  he  sent  back  again  in  a  few  years,  after 
furnishing  them  with  such  knowledge  as  would 
be  useful  to  them.  He  also  brought  with  him  a 
white  lad,  who  had  become  a  complete  savage  ; 
but  he  was  civilized,  and  being  educated  at  Dart 
mouth  college,  where  he  received  a  degree,  was 
the  agent  of  congress  during  the  Revolutionary 
war,  and  was  very  useful.  Dr.  Forbes,  falling 
under  the  groundless  suspicion  of  being  a  tory, 
requested  a  dismission  from  his  people  in  March, 
1776,  and  on  the  fifth  of  June  was  installed  at 
Gloucester.  He  published  a  family  book,  and  a 
number  of  single  sermons,  among  which  are  a 
thanksgiving  sermon  on  the  conquest  of  Canada, 
1761;  an  artillery  election  sermon,  1771;  an 
account  of  Joshua  Eaton  of  Spencer,  prefixed  to 
seven  sermons  of  Mr.  Eaton,  and  a  funeral  ser 
mon  on  his  death,  1772 ;  a  sermon  on  repairing 
his  meeting-house,  1792;  on  the  death  of  J.  Low, 
1797;  convention  sermon,  1799.  —  Month.  An 
thology,  I.  669;  Whitney's  Hist.  Worcester,  75, 
Chauncy's  Serm.  at  Ordin.  of  J.  Boicman;  Pis- 
cataqua  Evan.  Mag.  II.  169-173 ;  Assemb.  Miss. 
Mag.  I.  53,  54. 

FORBES,  DUNCAN,  died  in  Cumberland,  Mo., 
Jan.,  1856,  aged  110. 

FORD,  GABRIEL  II.,  judge,  died  at  Morris- 
town,  N.  J.,  his  native  town,  Aug.  27,  1849,  aged 
85.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Princeton  in  1784. 
Of  the  lawyers  of  New  Jersey  he  was  regarded 
as  the  most  efficient  and  eloquent.  He  was  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  twenty-one  years. 
His  family  residence  was  the  head-quarters  of 
Washington  in  1777.  His  son  is  Henry  A.  F.,  a 
member  of  the  same  bar,  at  which  his  father  was 
distinguished. 

FORD,  HENRY,  died  at  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  6, 
1848,  aged  64.  Born  in  Morristown,  a  graduate 
of  Yale  in  1803,  he  was  settled  in  the  ministry  at 
Bethlehem,  N.  Y.,  at  Lisle,  Elmira,  New  York 
city,  and  Wells,  Pa.  —  Observer,  Nov.  25. 

FORD,  THOMAS,  governor  of  Illinois  from 
1843  to  1846,  died  in  Jan.,  1851.  He  left  in  man 
uscript  a  history  of  Illinois. 

FORD,  AUGUSTUS,  captain,  died  at  Sackett's 
Harbor  Aug.  4,  1855,  aged  83.  Born  in  Rhode 
Island  in  1772,  he  was  early  impressed  as  a  sea 
man  in  the  British  service.  In  1800  he  removed 
to  Oswego ;  in  1810  he  was  made  a  master  of 
the  navy  and  removed  to  Sackett's  Harbor.  His 
chart  of  the  lake  and  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence 
was  regarded  as  of  great  value.  He  was  the 


FORMAN. 


FOSTER. 


father  of  fourteen  children.  His  end  was  peace 
ful  ;  his  hope  that  of  the  earnest  Christian. 

FORMAN,  WILLIAM,  a  physician,  served  as  a 
surgeon's  mate  in  the  old  French  war  under  Am- 
herst ;  he  was  also  a  surgeon  during  the  Revolu 
tionary  contest,  and  was  patriotic  and  skilful.  lie 
died  at  Fishkill,  New  York,  in  July,  1816,  aged  78. 

FORMAX,  JOSHUA,  judge,  one  of  the  projec 
tors  of  the  Erie  canal,  died  Aug.  4, 1849,  in  Ruth- 
erfordton, N.  C.,  aged  71.  He  lived  in  Onondaga 
Hollow,  was  a  man  of  intelligence  and  enterprise, 
the  founder  of  Syracuse,  New  York. 

FORNARO,  ADOLPII,  died  in  Washington  in 
1851,  aged  37.  He  was  a  draughtsman  in  the 
office  of  the  United  States  coast  survey.  In  Swit 
zerland  he  was  major  in  the  corps  of  topographi 
cal  engineers. 

FORREST,  URIAH,  general,  died  at  his  seat 
near  Georgetown,  Maryland,  in  1805.  In  the 
battle  of  Germantown  he  was  severely  wounded, 
and  ever  afterwards  was  supported  by  crutches. 
His  life  was  marked  by  honorable  and  useful 
enterprise. 

FORREST,  THOMAS,  a  distinguished  officer  of 
the  Revolution,  died  at  Philadelphia  in  1825,  aged 
78.  He  had  been  a  member  of  congress. 

FORSTER,  ANTHONY,  Unitarian  minister  in 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  was  a  native  of  North  Carolina, 
and  was  settled  in  1815  as  a  Calvinist  in  connec 
tion  with  Dr.  Hollingshead,  after  whose  death  he 
established  the  second  Independent  church.  In 
1816  he  withdrew  from  the  Presbyter}-.  He  died 
Jan.  18,  1820.  lie  published  a  discourse  on  the 
doctrine  of  election.  A  volume  of  his  sermons 
was  published  in  1821. 

FORSYTH,  JOHN,  governor  of  Georgia,  died 
at  Washington  Oct.  22,  1841,  aged  61.  lie  was 
born  at  Fredericksburg,  Va.,  in  1780;  was  grad 
uated  at  Princeton  in  1799 ;  was  representative 
from  Georgia  1813-1$,  and  1827-29;  senator 
1818-19,  and  1829-35;  governor  of  Georgia 
1827-29;  minister  to  Spain  1819-22;  secretary 
of  State  in  1835,  remaining  in  office  till  1841.  lie 
added  to  his  talents  elegance  and  dignity  of 
manners. 

FORWARD,  JUSTUS,  minister  of  Belchertown, 
Mass.,  died  March  8,  1814,  aged  83,  in  the  fifty- 
ninth  year  of  his  ministry.  Born  in  Suffield, 
Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1754,  and  was 
settled  Feb.  25,  1756,  over  three  hundred  inhabi 
tants.  In  the  course  of  his  ministry  there  were 
seven  hundred  and  ninety-eight  deaths,  of  whom 
fifty  died  of  the  consumption.  He  succeeded  Mr. 
Billings  and  was  succeeded  by  E.  Porter. 

FORWARD,  WALTKR,  judge,  died  in  Pitts- 
burg  Nov.  24,  1852,  aged  65.  He  was  a  native 
of  Connecticut,  and  early  removed  to  the  west. 
He  was  a  lawyer  and  a  member  of  congress,  first 
comptroller  of  the  treasury,  and  secretary  of  the 
treasury,  appointed  by  Mr.  Tyler.  For  several 


years  he  was  charge  to  Denmark ;  he  was  also 
judge  of  a  district  court.  Taken  ill  in  court,  he 
died  in  forty-eight  hours.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Methodist  church ;  and  there  was  no  stain  on 
his  character. 

FOSTER,  JKDEDIAII,  justice  of  the  superior 
court  of  Massachusetts,  died  Oct.  17,  1779,  aged 
53.  He  was  born  in  Andover,  Oct.  10,  1726,  the 
son  of  Ephraim  F.,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1744.  He  soon  established  himself  in  the  town 
of  Brookfield,  and  married  a  daughter  of  Gen. 
Dwight.  His  character  for  integrity  and  talents 
procured  him  a  number  of  civil  and  military  offi 
ces.  He  received  his  appointment  of  judge  in 
1776.  He  was  a  member  of  the  convention 
which  framed  the  constitution  of  Massachusetts. 
His  sons,  Theodore  and  Dwight,  were  members 
of  congress.  He  was  early  and  firmly  attached 
to  the  interest  and  freedom  of  his  country,  in 
opposition  to  the  despotic  measures  of  Great 
Britain,  and  never  once,  in  the  most  gloomy  pe 
riods,  was  heard  to  express  a  doubt  of  the  ulti 
mate  success  of  America.  In  early  life  he  made 
a  profession  of  Christianity,  and  his  conduct  was 
uniformly  exemplary. — Fiskds  Fun.  Serin.; 
Chronicle,  Oct.  28,  1779. 

FOSTER,  BENJAMIN,  D.  I).,  minister  in  New 
York,  died  Aug.  26,  1798,  aged  48.  He  was  born 
in  Danvers,  Mass.,  June  12,  1750.  Although 
early  inspired  with  the  love  of  excellence,  it  was 
not  until  after  many  conflicts  that  he  obtained 
that  peace,  which  the  world  can  neither  give  nor 
takeaway.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1774. 
While  a  member  of  this  institution  a  controversy 
respecting  baptism  occupied  much  of  the  public 
attention,  and,  this  being  thought  a  proper  sub 
ject  of  discussion,  Mr.  Foster  was  appointed  to 
defend  infant  baptism  by  sprinkling.  In  prepar 
ing  himself  for  this  disputation  he  became  con 
vinced  that  his  former  sentiments  were  erroneous, 
and  he  was  afterwards  a  conscientious  Baptist. 
After  pursuing  for  some  time  the  study  of  divinity 
under  the  care  of  Dr.  Stillman  of  Boston,  he  was 
ordained  minister  of  a  Baptist  church  in  Leices 
ter,  Oct.  23,  1776.  The  want  of  a  suitable  main 
tenance  induced  him  in  1782  to  ask  a  dismission 
from  his  people  ;  after  which  he  preached  about 
two  years  in  Danvers.  In  Jan.,  1785,  he  was 
called  to  the  first  church  in  Newport ;  and  in  the 
autumn  of  1788,  removed  to  New  York,  where  he 
was  minister  of  the  First  Baptist  church  till  his 
death.  During  the  prevalence  of  the  yellow  fever 
he  did  not  shrink  from  his  duties  as  a  faithful  min 
ister  of  Jesus  Christ.  I  [e  visited  the  sick  and  the 
dying,  and  endeavored  to  impart  to  them  the 
hopes  of  religion,  lie  fell  a  victim  to  his  benev 
olence.  He  was  distinguished  for  his  acquaint 
ance  with  the  Greek,  Hebrew,  and  Chaldean 
languages.  As  a  divine  he  advocated  with  zeal 
the  doctrine  of  salvation  by  free  grace,  and  as  a 


FOSTEH. 


FOX. 


361 


preacher  was  indefatigable.  His  life  was  pure 
and  amiable,  upright  and  benevolent.  He  pub 
lished,  while  he  lived  at  Leicester,  the  washing  of 
regeneration,  or  the  Divine  rite  of  immersion, 
in  answer  to  a  treatise  of  Mr.  Fish,  and  primitive 
baptism  defended,  in  a  letter  to  John  Clcaveland. 
He  also  published  a  dissertation  on  the  seventy 
weeks  of  Daniel. — Mass.  Miss.  Mag.  l.  30; 
Backus,  m.  174,  230;  Benedict,  II.  301-4. 

FOSTER,  JOEL,  minister  of  Sudbury,  Mass., 
died  Sept.  25,  1812,  aged  57.  A  graduate  of 
Dartmouth  in  1777,  he  was  the  minister  of  New 
Salem  from  1779  to  1802,  and  then  of  East  Sud 
bury  from  1803  till  his  death.  He  had  excellent 
pulpit  talents,  and  was  specially  gifted  in  prayer. 

FOSTER,  DWIGIIT,  died  at  Brookfield  in 
April,  1823,  aged  68.  He  was  the  son  of  Jede- 
diahF.,  ot'B.,  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court,  and 
a  brother  of  Theodore  F.,  a  senator  from  Rhode 
Island  from  1790  to  1803.  A  graduate  of  Brown 
university  in  1774,  he  was  a  lawyer  in  Brookfield, 
sheriff,  chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas,  and  a 
representative  and  a  senator  in  congress  from  1800 
to  1803.  Of  a  large  and  commanding  figure, 
he  was  mild  and  urbane.  He  was  the  father  of 
Alfred  D.  Foster,  of  Worcester.  His  daughter 
Sophia  married  S.  M.  Burnside. 

FOSTER,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Brighton, 
Mass.,  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1783,  and 
died  in  Sept.,  1829,  aged  about  66.  His  wife 
wrote  the  Coquette,  a  novel.  He  published  a 
sermon  before  a  charitable  society ;  on  the  death 
of  Washington,  1799;  of  C.  Winship,  1802;  a 
sermon  on  infidelity,  1802  ;  on  the  installation  of 
his  brother,  1803  ;  at  a  fast,  1805  ;  at  artillery 
election;  at  a  dedication,  1809;  before  the  society 
for  propagating  the  gospel,  1817. 

FOSTER,  GIDEON,  general,  died  at  Danvers  in 
Nov.,  1845,  aged  96.  He  was  in  the  battle  of 
Bunker  Hill,  and  was  faithful  in  various  public 
offices.  Mr.  G.  Peabody  contributed  50  dollars 
toward  erecting  a  monument  to  his  memory. 

FOSTER,  STEPHEN,  president  of  East  Tennes 
see  college,  died  Jan.  11,  1835,  aged  37.  Born  in 
Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1821,  and 
was  of  Andover  theological  seminary  in  1824. 

FOSTER,  HANNAH,  the  widow  of  Rev.  John 
F.,  of  Brighton,  died  in  Montreal  in  1840.  She 
published  the  Coquette. 

FOSTER,  WILLIAM,  died  in  Andover  Aug. 
30,  1843,  aged  85.  For  many  years  he  was  a 
respected  teacher. 

FOSTER,  ALFIIED  DWIGIIT,  died  in  Worces 
ter  Aug.  15,  1852,  aged  52.  The  son  of  Dwight 
Foster,  he  graduated  in  1819,  and  studied  law 
Avith  Mr.  Burnside,  who  married  his  sister.  He 
soon  withdrew  from  the  bar ;  for  years  he  was 
a  representative,  senator,  and  councillor;  also 
treasurer  of  the  lunatic  hospital,  a  trustee  of  Am- 
herst  college,  and  a  member  of  the  American 
46 


board  for  foreign  missions.  Though  modest  and 
self-distrustful,  he  had  fixed  and  stern  principle, 
and  at  the.  call  of  duty  could  despise  popular 
favor  and  expose  falsehood  and  evil  doings  in 
terms  of  indignant  eloquence. —  Wasltburn. 

FOWLE,  DANIEL,  a  printer  in  Boston,  was 
arrested  in  Oct.,  1754,  by  order  of  the  house  of 
representatives,  on  suspicion  of  having  printed 
"  the  monster  of  monsters,"  a  pamphlet  reflect 
ing  on  some  of  its  members,  and  by  the  same  au 
thority  was  committed  to  prison  amongst  thieves. 
After  a  few  days  he  was  liberated.  Disgusted 
with  such  tyranny,  he  removed  to  Portsmouth, 
and  in  1756,  commenced  the  New  Hampshire 
Gazette.  He  died  June,  1787,  aged  72. —  Thomas, 
L  332,  434. 

FOWLER,  AARON,  minister  of  Guilford,  Conn., 
died  in  1800,  aged  72,  in  the  43d  year  of  his 
ministry. 

FOWLER,  DAVID,  an  Indian,  died  at  Oneida 
in  1812.  He  was  one  of  the  Indian  chiefs,  and 
was  employed  by  Kirkland  in  1766  as  a  school 
master  ;  he  sustained  a  Christian  character,  good 
to  the  last. 

FOWLER,  ORIN,  minister  of  Fall  River,  died 
Sept.  3,  1853,  aged  62.  He  was  born  at  Lebanon, 
Conn.,  July  29,  1791,  one  of  twelve  children,  and 
was  a  descendant  of  the  seventh  generation  from 
William,  a  magistrate  of  New  Haven  colony.  He 
was  graduated  in  1815;  studied  theology  with 
Dr.  Dwight ;  and  was  soon  settled  in  Plainfield, 
Conn.  Thence  he  removed  to  Fall  River,  where 
he  was  a  minister  twenty  years,  when  he  was 
chosen  a  member  of  congress  in  1848.  He  made 
an  able  reply  to  Webster's  speech  of  March  7, 
1850.  He  died  suddenly  at  Washington.  He 
was  a  useful  pastor.  In  the  first  year  of  his  min 
istry,  ninety  persons  were  added  to  the  church. 
In  1836  there  were  added  to  his  church  at  Fall 
River  one  hundred  and  nine  persons.  He  was 
decided  in  his  support  of  the  temperance  cause, 
and  in  opposition  to  slavery.  He  published  a 
treatise  on  baptism,  1835;  an  historical  sketch  of 
Fall  River,  1841.  — Boston  Recorder,  Oct.  28, 
1853. 

FOWLER,  BANCROFT,  died  at  Stockbridge  of 
pneumonia,  April  5,  1856,  aged  80.  He  was  a 
native  of  Pittsfield,  a  graduate  of  Yale  in  1796, 
then  tutor,  many  years  the  minister  of  Windsor, 
Vt.,  and  Northficld,  Mass.,  and  a  professor  in  the 
theological  seminary  at  Bangor.  He  was  a  man 
of  more  than  ordinary  talents  and  attainments, 
courteous  and  gentlemanly,  and  of  uniform  piety. 
He  published  an  oration  at  New  Haven,  on  the 
death  of  E.  G.  Marsh,  1804. 

FOX,  JOHN,  minister  of  Woburn,  died  Dec. 
12,  1756,  aged  78.  He  was  the  son  of  Rev. 
Jabez,  his  predecessor  at  Woburn,  who  graduated 
in  1665,  and  succeeded  Thomas  Carter,  the  first 
minister,  Sept.  5,  1679,  and  died  of  the  small 


362 


FOX. 


FRANKLLN. 


pox  Feb.  28,  1702;  he  is  supposed  to  be  a  de 
scendant  of  the  famous  John  Fox.  His  widow, 
Judith,  reached  her  99th  year.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1698.  His  son,  John,  succeeded  him. 
He  published  a  sermon  on  the  earthquake  Oct. 
29,  1727;  time  and  the  end  of  time,  1729;  the 
door  of  heaven  opened  and  shut,  1731. 

FOX,  JUSTUS,  a  type  founder  and  printer,  died 
in  Germantown,  N.  J.,  Jan.  26,  1805,  aged  69. 
A  native  of  Germany,  he  came  to  this  country  in 
his  youth.  He  was  respected  and  lamented. 

FOXCROFT,  THOMAS,  minister  in  Boston, 
died  June  18,  1769,  aged  72.  He  was  the  son  of 
Francis  Foxcroft,  of  Cambridge,  and  was  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  college  in  1714.  His  father, 
who  was  a  member  of  the  church  of  England,  was 
desirous  that  his  son  should  be  an  Episcopal 
clergyman.  This  was  also  his  intention,  till  by 
diligent  study  and  free  conversation  with  Nehe- 
miah  Walter  of  Roxbury,  a  great  reasoner  and  an 
eminently  pious  man,  he  became  convinced,  that 
the  Congregational  mode  of  worship  was  most 
agreeable  to  the  Scriptures.  He  was  ordained 
pastor  of  the  first  church  in  Boston,  as  colleague 
with  Mr.  Wadsworth,  Nov.  20,  1717.  No  minis 
ter  was  more  universally  admired.  None  was 
accounted  cither  a  more  polite  and  elegant,  or  a 
more  devout  and  edifying  preacher.  His  high 
reputation  continued  till  in  his  later  years  the 
vigor  of  his  constitution  and  of  his  mind  was  im 
paired  by  repeated  sickness.  Dr.  Chauncy  was 
settled  as  his  colleague  in  1727.  He  was  a  pas 
tor  more  than  half  a  century.  His  son,  Samuel, 
minister  of  New  Gloucester,  died  in  March,  1807, 
aged  72.  — He  was  a  learned  divine.  His  poAvers 
of  reasoning  were  strong,  and  few  had  a  greater 
command  of  words.  His  religious  sentiments 
were  strictly  Calvinistic,  and  they  were  the  chief 
subjects  of  his  preaching.  He  never  concealed 
or  yielded  them  from  the  fear  of  man,  as  he  al 
ways  sought  the  approbation  of  God.  His  ad 
dresses  to  the  consciences  of  his  hearers  were 
pungent.  He  was,  says  Dr.  Chauncy,  a  real, 
good  Christian ;  a  partaker  of  the  Holy  Ghost ; 
uniform  in  his  Avalk  with  God  in  the  way  of  his 
commandments,  though,  instead  of  trusting  that 
he  was  righteous  in  the  eye  of  strict  law,  he  ac 
counted  himself  an  unprofitable  servant;  fixing 
his  dependence,  not  on  his  own  worthiness,  not  on 
any  works  of  righteousness,  which  he  had  done, 
but  on  the  mercy  of  God  and  the  atoning  blood 
and  perfect  rightousness  of  Jesus  Christ.  His 
writings  evince  a  clearness  of  perception,  copious 
ness  of  invention,  liveliness  of  imagination,  and 
soundness  of  judgment.  They  bear  testimony 
also  to  his  unfeigned  piety.  He  published  a  ser 
mon  at  his  own  ordination,  1718;  on  kindness, 
1720;  on  the  death  of  his  mother,  1721;  of 
John  Coney,  1722 ;  of  Dame  Bridget  Usher,  1723 ; 
of  George  I.;  of  Penn  Townsend;  of  W.  Wal- 


dron,  1727  ;  of  John  Williams  and  Thomas 
Blowers,  1729;  of  Benjamin  Wadsworth,  1737  ; 
an  essay  on  the  state  of  the  dead,  1722  ;  the  day 
of  a  godly  man's  death  better  than  that  of  his 
birth ;  duty  of  the  godly  to  be  intercessors  and 
reformers  ;  two  sermons  showing  how  to  begin 
and  end  the  year  after  a  godly  sort;  God's  face 
set  against  an  incorrigible  people,  1724;  at  the 
ordination  of  John  Lowell,  1726;  a  discourse  pre 
paratory  to  the  choice  of  a  minister,  1727;  on 
death  ;  on  the  earthquake ;  at  the  ordination  of 
John  Taylor,  1728;  an  answer  to  T.  Barclay's 
persuasive,  a  defence  of  Presbyterian  ordination, 
1729;  observations  historical  and  practical  on 
the  rise  and  primitive  state  of  New  England,  with 
special  reference  to  the  first  church  in  Boston,  a 
century  sermon,  Aug.  23,  1730;  pleas  of  gospel 
impenitents  refuted  in  two  sermons,  1730  ;  the 
Divine  right  of  deacons,  1731 ;  to  a  young  woman 
under  sentence  of  death,  1733 ;  a  sermon,  occa 
sioned  by  the  visits  and  labors  of  Mr.  Whitcficld, 
1740;  at  a  private  family  meeting,  1742  ;  a  pre 
face  to  Fleming's  fulfilling  of  the  Scripture,  1743  ; 
an  apology  for  Mr.  Whitefield,  1745;  saints' 
united  confession  in  disparagement  of  their  own 
righteousness,  1750;  like  precious  faith  obtained 
by  all  the  true  servants  of  Christ,  1756;  a 
thanksgiving  sermon  for  the  conquest  of  Canada, 
1760.  —  Chauncy's  Funeral  Sermon  ;  Massachu 
setts  Gazette,  June  22,  1769 ;  Chandler's  Life 
of  Johnson,  70  ;  Hist.  Coll.  X.  164. 

FOXCROFT,  SAMUEL,  first  minister  of  New 
Gloucester,  Maine,  died  March  2,  1807,  aged 
about  73.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1754.  His  name  stands  the  second  in  the  class, 
the  names  being  at  that  time  arranged  according 
to  the  dignity  of  the  family.  The  name  of  John 
Hancock  comes  a  little  lower,  and  still  lower  the 
names  of  Rev.  Drs.  Payson,  Fiske,  and  West. 
The  church  of  N.  G.,  was  gathered,  and  he  was 
ordained  in  Jan.,  1765.  He  was  pastor  twenty- 
eight  years.  He  had  a  strong  understanding  and 
sound  judgment.  The  atonement  of  Christ  filled 
his  soul  with  joy.  He  knew  nothing  of  the  ter 
rors  and  struggles  of  death,  for  he  fell  asleep  sud 
denly.  —  Scott's  and  Moseley's  Sermons. 

FOXCROFT,  FRANCIS,  a  physician  in  Brook- 
field,  died  in  1814,  aged  69.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1764. 

FRANCISCO,  HENRY,  died  near  Whitehall, 
State  of  New  York,  Nov.,  1820,  aged  134.  A 
native  of  England,  he  was  present  at  the  corona 
tion  of  Queen  Anne.  He  had  lived  in  this  coun 
try  eighty  or  ninety  years,  and  served  in  the 
French  and  Revolutionary  wars. 

FRANKLIN,  BEXJAMIN,LL.  D.,  a  philosopher 
and  statesman,  died  April  17,  1790,  aged  84. 
He  was  born  in  Boston  Jan.  17,  1706.  His 
father,  Josias,  who  was  a  native  of  England,  was 
a  soap-boiler  and  tallow-chandler  in  that  town. 


FRANKLIN. 


FRANKLIN. 


363 


His  mother  was  a  daughter  of  Peter  Folger,  the 
poet.  At  the  age  of  eight  years  he  was  sent  to  a 
grammar  school,  but  at  the  age  of  ten  his  father 
required  his  services  to  assist  him  in  his  business. 
Two  years  afterwards  he  was  bound  as  an  appren 
tice  to  his  brother,  James,  who  was  a  printer.  In 
this  employment  he  made  great  proficiency,  and, 
having  a  taste  for  books,  he  devoted  much  of  his 
leisure  time  to  reading.  So  eager  was  he  in  the 
pursuit  of  knowledge,  that  he  frequently  passed 
the  greater  part  of  the  night  in  his  studies.  He 
became  expert  in  the  Socratic  mode  of  reasoning 
by  asking  questions,  and  thus  he  sometimes  em 
barrassed  persons  of  understanding  superior  to 
his  own.  In  1721  his  brother  began  to  print  the 
New  Fngland  Courant,  which  was  the  third  news 
paper  published  in  America.  The  two  preceding 
papers  were  the  Boston  News-Letter  and  Boston 
Gazette.  Young  Franklin  wrote  a  number  of 
essays  for  the  Courant,  which  were  so  well  re 
ceived  as  to  encourage  him  to  continue  his  literary 
labors.  To  improve  his  style  he  resolved  to  imi 
tate  Addison's  Spectator.  The  method,  which  he 
took,  was  to  make  a  summary  of  a  paper,  after 
he  had  read  it,  and,  in  a  few  days,  when  he  had 
forgotten  the  expressions  of  the  author,  to  en 
deavor  to  restore  it  to  its  original  form.  By  this 
means  he  was  taught  his  errors,  and  perceived  the 
necessity  of  being  more  fully  acquainted  with  the 
synonymous  words  of  the  language.  He  was 
much  assisted  also  in  acquiring  a  facility  and  va 
riety  of  expressions  by  writing  poetry. 

At  this  early  period  the  perusal  of  Shaftesbury 
and  Collins  made  him  completely  a  sceptic,  and 
he  was  fond  of  disputing  upon  the  subject  of  re 
ligion.  This  circumstance  caused  him  to  be 
regarded  by  pious  men  with  abhorrence  ;  and  on 
this  account,  as  well  as  on  account  of  the  ill- 
treatment  which  he  received  from  his  brother,  he 
determined  to  leave  Boston.  His  departure  was 
facilitated  by  the  possession  of  his  indenture, 
which  his  brother  had  given  him  about  the  year 
17-3,  not  from  friendship,  but  because  the  general 
court  prohibited  him  from  publishing  the  New 
England  Courant,  and  in  order  that  it  might  be 
conducted  under  the  name  of  Benjamin  Franklin. 
He  privately  went  on  board  a  sloop,  and  soon  ar 
rived  at  New  York.  Finding  no  employment 
here,  he  pursued  his  way  to  Philadelphia,  and  en 
tered  the  city  without  a  friend  and  with  only  a 
dollar  in  his  pocket.  Purchasing  some  rolls  at  a 
baker's  shop,  he  put  one  under  each  arm,  and, 
eating  a  third,  walked  through  several  streets  in 
search  of  a  lodging.  There  were  at  this  time 
two  printers  in  Philadelphia,  Andrew  Bradford 
and  Mr.  Kcimer,  by  the  latter  of  whom  he  was 
employed.  Sir  William  Keith,  the  governor, 
having  been  informed  that  Franklin  was  a  young 
man  of  promising  talents,  invited  him  to  his 
house,  and  treated  him  in  the  most  friendly  man 


ner.  He  advised  him  to  enter  into  business  for 
himself,  and,  in  order  to  accomplish  this  object,  to 
make  a  visit  to  London,  that  he  might  purchase 
the  necessary  articles  for  a  printing-office.  Re 
ceiving  the  promise  of  assistance,  Franklin  pre 
pared  himself  for  the  voyage,  and,  on  applying  for 
letters  of  recommendation  previously  to  sailing, 
he  was  told  that  they  would  be  sent  on  board. 
When  the  letter-bag  was  opened  there  was  no 
packet  for  Franklin ;  and  he  now  discovered  that 
the  governor  was  one  of  those  men  who  love  to 
oblige  everybody,  and  who  substitute  the  most 
liberal  professions  and  offers  in  the  place  of  ac 
tive,  substantial  kindness.  Arriving  in  London 
in  1724,  he  was  obliged  to  seek  employment  as  a 
journeyman  printer.  He  lived  so  economically 
that  he  saved  a  great  part  of  his  wages.  Instead 
of  drinking  six  pints  of  beer  in  a  day,  like  some 
of  his  fellow-laborers,  he  drank  only  water,  and 
he  persuaded  some  of  them  to  renounce  the  ex 
travagance  of  eating  bread  and  cheese  for  break 
fast  and  to  procure  a  cheap  soup.  As  his  principles 
at  this  time  were  very  loose,  his  zeal  to  enlighten 
the  world  induced  him  to  publish  his  dissertation 
on  liberty  and  necessity,  in  which  he  contended 
that  virtue  and  vice  were  nothing  more  than  vain 
distinctions.  This  work  procured  him  the  ac 
quaintance  of  Mandeville  and  others  of  that 
licentious  class. 

He  returned  to  Philadelphia  in  Oct.,  1726,  as 
a  clerk  to  Mr.  Denham,  a  merchant ;  but  the 
death  of  that  gentleman  in  the  following  year  in 
duced  him  to  return  to  Mr.  Keimer  in  the  capa 
city  of  foreman  in  his  office.  He  was  very  useful 
to  his  employer,  for  he  gave  him  assistance  as  a 
letter-founder;  he  also  engraved  various  orna 
ments,  and  made  printer's  ink.  He  soon  began 
business  in  partnership  with  Mr.  Meredith,  but  in 
1729  he  dissolved  the  connection  with  him.  Hav 
ing  purchased  of  Keimer  a  paper,  which  had 
been  conducted  in  a  wretched  manner,  he  now 
conducted  it  in  a  style  which  attracted  much  at 
tention.  At  this  time,  though  destitute  of  those 
religious  principles  which  give  stability  and  eleva 
tion  to  virtue,  he  yet  had  discernment  enough  to 
be  convinced  that  truth,  probity,  and  sincerity 
would  promote  his  interests  and  be  useful  to  him 
in  tlie  world,  and  he  resolved  to  respect  them  in 
his  conduct.  Sept.  1,  1730,  he  married  a  widow, 
whose  maiden  name  was  Read,  and  to  whom  six 
years  before  he  had  pledged  his  fidelity,  but  had 
neglected  her  when  he  was  in  London.  The  ex 
penses  of  his  establishment  in  business,  notwith 
standing  his  industry  and  economy,  brought  him 
in  a  short  time  into  embarrassments,  from  which 
he  was  relieved  by  the  generous  assistance  of 
William  Coleman  and  Robert  Grace.  In  addi 
tion  to  his  other  employments,  he  now  opened  a 
small  stationer's  shop.  But  the  claims  of  busi 
ness  did  not  extinguish  his  taste  for  literature  and 


364 


FRANKLIN. 


FRANKLIN. 


science.  He  formed  a  club,  which  he  called  the 
junto,  composed  of  the  most  intelligent  of  his 
acquaintance.  Questions  of  morality,  politics,  or 
philosophy  were  discussed  every  Friday  evening, 
and  the  institution  was  continued  almost  forty 
years.  As  books  were  frequently  quoted  in  the 
club,  and  as  the  members  had  brought  their  books 
together  for  mutual  advantage,  he  was  led  to  form 
the  plan  of  a  public  library,  which  was  carried 
into  effect  in  1731,  and  became  the  foundation  of 
that  noble  institution,  the  library  company  of 
Philadelphia.  In  1732  he  began  to  publish  Poor 
Richard's  almanac,  which  was  enriched  with  max 
ims  of  frugality,  temperance,  industry,  and  integ 
rity.  So  great  was  its  reputation,  that  he  sold 
ten  thousand  annually,  and  it  was  continued  by 
him  about  twenty-five  years.  The  maxims  were 
collected  in  the  last  almanac  in  the  form  of  an 
address,  called  the  way  to  wealth,  which  has  ap 
peared  in  various  publications.  In  173G  he  was 
appointed  clerk  of  the  general  assembly  of  Penn 
sylvania,  and  in  1737  postmaster  of  Philadelphia. 
The  first  fire  company  was  formed  by  him  in 
1738.  When  the  frontiers  of  Pennsylvania  were 
endangered  in  1744,  and  an  ineffectual  attempt 
was  made  to  procure  a  militia  law,  he  proposed  a 
voluntary  association  for  the  defence  of  the  prov 
ince,  and  in  a  short  time  obtained  ten  thousand 
names.  In  1747  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the 
assembly,  and  continued  in  this  station  ten  years. 
In  all  important  discussions  his  presence  was  con 
sidered  as  indispensable.  He  seldom  spoke,  and 
never  exhibited  any  oratory  ;  but  by  a  single  ob 
servation  he  sometimes  determined  the  fate  of  a 
question.  In  the  long  controversies  with  the 
proprietaries  or  their  governors,  he  took  the  most 
active  part,  and  displayed  a  firm  spirit  of  liberty. 
He  was  now  engaged  for  a  number  of  years  in 
a  course  of  electrical  experiments,  of  which  he 
published  an  account.  His  great  discovery  was 
the  identity  of  the  electric  fluid  and  lightning. 
This  discovery  he  made  in  the  summer  of  1752. 
To  the  upright  stick  of  a  kite  he  attached  an  iron 
point;  the  string  was  of  hemp,  excepting  the 
part  hold  in  his  hand,  which  was  of  silk ;  and  a 
key  was  fastened  where  the  hempen  string  termi 
nated.  With  this  apparatus,  on  the  approach  of 
a  thunder-storm,  he  raised  his  kite.  A  cloud 
passed  over  it,  and,  no  signs  of  electricity  appear 
ing,  he  began  to  despair ;  but  observing  the  loose 
fibres  of  his  string  to  move  suddenly  toward  an 
erect  position,  he  presented  his  knuckle  to  the 
key,  and  received  a  strong  spark.  The  success 
of  this  experiment  completely  established  his 
theory.  The  practical  use  of  this  discovery,  in 
securing  houses  from  lightning  by  pointed  con 
ductors,  is  well  known  in  America  and  Europe. 
In  1753  he  was  appointed  deputy  postmaster- 
general  of  the  British  colonies,  and  in  the  same 
year  the  academy  of  Philadelphia,  projected  by 


him,  was  established.  In  1754  he  was  one  of  the 
commissioners  who  attended  the  congress  at  Al 
bany,  to  devise  the  best  means  of  defending  the 
country  against  the  French.  He  drew  up  a  plan 
of  union  for  defence  and  general  government, 
which  was  adopted  by  the  congress.  It  was  how 
ever  rejected  by  the  board  of  trade  in  England, 
because  it  gave  too  much  power  to  the  repre 
sentatives  of  the  people,  and  it  was  rejected  by 
the  assemblies  of  the  colonies,  because  it  gave  too 
much  power  to  the  president-general.  After  the 
defeat  of  Braddock  he  was  appointed  colonel  of 
a  regiment,  and  he  repaired  to  the  frontiers  and 
built  a  fort.  In  1757  he  was  sent  to  England  as 
the  agent  of  Pennsylvania,  and,  while  residing 
there,  was  appointed  agent  of  Massachusetts, 
Maryland,  and  Georgia.  He  now  received  the 
reward  of  his  philosophical  merit.  He  was  cho 
sen  a  fellow  of  the  royal  society,  and  was  honored 
with  the  degree  of  doctor  of  laws  by  the  univer 
sities  of  St.  Andrews,  Edinburgh,  and  Oxford, 
and  his  correspondence  was  sought  by  the  most 
eminent  philosophers  of  Europe.  During  his 
residence  in  England  he  published  a  pamphlet, 
showing  the  advantages  which  would  spring  from 
the  conquest  of  Canada,  and  he  formed  that  ele 
gant  instrument,  which  he  called  the  harmonica. 
He  returned  in  1762,  and  resumed  his  seat  in  the 
assembly  ;  but  in  1764  was  again  sent  to  London 
as  an  agent  for  the  province  to  procure  a  change 
of  the  proprietary  government.  In  1766  he  was 
examined  at  the  bar  of  the  house  of  commons 
respecting  the  repeal  of  the  stamp  act ;  and  there 
he  evinced  the  utmost  possession  and  an  aston 
ishing  accuracy  and  extent  of  information.  Dur 
ing  the  same  and  the  following  year,  by  visiting 
Holland,  Germany,  and  France,  he  became  ac 
quainted  with  most  of  the  literary  characters  of 
Europe.  In  1773  some  letters  of  Hutchinson, 
Oliver,  and  others  in  Massachusetts  falling  into 
his  hands,  he  sent  them  to  the  legislature  of  that 
State ;  but  he  ever  refused  to  tell  how  he  pro 
cured  them.  It  is  now  known  that  he  received 
them  from  Dr.  Williamson.  He  returned  to 
America  in  1775,  and  the  day  after  his  arrival 
was  elected  a  member  of  congress.  He  was  sent 
to  the  camp  before  Boston  to  confirm  the  army  in 
their  decisive  measures,  and  to  Canada  to  per 
suade  the  citizens  to  join  in  the  common  cause. 
In  this  mission,  however,  he  was  not  successful. 
He  was  in  1776  appointed  a  committee  with  John 
Adams  and  Edward  Ilutledge  to  inquire  into  the 
powers  with  which  Lord  Howe  was  invested  in 
regard  to  the  adjustment  of  our  differences  with 
Great  Britiain.  When  his  lordship  expressed  his 
concern  at  being  obliged  to  distress  those  whom 
he  so  much  regarded,  Dr.  Franklin  assured  him 
that  the  Americans,  out  of  reciprocal  regard, 
would  endeavor  to  lessen,  as  much  as  possible,  the 
pain  which  he  might  feel  on  their  account,  by 


FRANKLIN. 

taking  the  utmost  care  of  themselves.     In  the 
discussion  of  the  great  question  of  independence, 
he  was  decidedly  in  favor  of  the  measure.     He 
•was  in  the  same  year  chosen  president  of  the 
convention,  which  met  in  Philadelphia  to  form  a 
new  constitution   for   Pennsylvania.     The  single 
legislature  and  the  plural  executive  seem  to  have 
been  his  favorite  principles.     In  the  latter  end  of 
the  year  177G  he  was  sent  to  France  to  assist  in 
negotiation  with  Mr.  Arthur  Lee  and  Silas  Deane. 
He  had  much  influence  in  forming  the  treaty  of 
alliance  and  commerce,  which  was  signed  Feb.  6, 
1778,  and  he  afterwards  completed  a  treaty  of 
amity  and  commerce  with  Sweden.     In  conjunc 
tion  with  Mr.  Adams,  Mr.  Jay,  and  Mr.  Laurens, 
he  signed  the  provisional  articles  of  peace  Nov. 
30,  1782,  and  the  definitive  treaty  Sept.  30,  1783. 
While  he  was  in  France  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  commissioners  to   examine  Mesmer's  animal 
magnetism,  in  1784.     Being  desirous  of  returning 
to  his  native  country,  he  requested  that  an  ambas 
sador  might  be  appointed  in  his  place,  and  on 
the  arrival  of  his  successor,  Mr.  Jefferson,  he  im 
mediately  sailed  for  Philadelphia,  where  he  ar 
rived  in   Sept.,    1785.      He  was   received  with 
universal  applause,  and  was  soon  appointed  pres 
ident  of  the  supreme  executive  council.     In  1787 
he  was  a  delegate  to  the  grand  convention  which 
formed   the    constitution  of   the   United    States. 
Some  of  the  articles  which  composed  it  did  not 
altogether  please  him,  but  for  the  sake  of  union 
he  signed  it.     In  the  same  year  he  was  appointed 
the  first  president  of  two  excellent  societies  which 
were  established   in  Philadelphia,  for  alleviating 
the  miseries  of  public  prisons,  and  for  promoting 
the  abolition  of  slavery.     A  memorial  of  the  lat 
ter  society  to  congress  gave  occasion  to  a  debate 
in   which   an   attempt   was   made   to  justify  the 
slave  trade.     In  consequence  of  this,  Dr.  Franklii 
published  in  the  Federal  Gazette,  March  25,  1789 
an  essay,  signed  Historicus,  communicating  a  pre 
tended  speech,  delivered  in  the  divan  of  Algiers 
in   1G87,   against  the   petition   of  a   sect  callec1 
Erika,  or  Purists,  for  the  abolition  of  piracy  anc 
slavery.     The  arguments  urged  in  favor  of  the 
African  trade,  by  Mr.  Jackson,  of  Georgia,  are 
here  applied  with  equal  force  to  justify  the  plun 
dcring  and  enslaving  of  Europeans.     In  1788  he 
retired  wholly  from  public  life,  and  he  now  ap 
proachcd   the   end  of  his  days.     lie   had   beei 
afflicted  for  a  number  of  years  with  a  complica 
tion  of  disorders.     For   the    last  twelve   month 
he  was  confined  almost  entirely  to  his  bed.     Ii 
the  severity  of  his  pains  he  would  observe,  tha 
he  was  afraid  he  did  not  bear  them  as  he  ought 
and  he  expressed  a  grateful  sense  of  the  manj 
blessings  received  from  the  Supreme  Being,  wh 
had  raised  him  from  Ins  humble  origin  to  sue! 
consideration  among   men.     He   had   only   tw< 
children :  William  Franklin,  who  was  governor  o 


FRANKLIN. 


365 


'few  Jersey,  and  a  daughter,  who  married  Wm. 
5achc.  The  following  epitaph  was  written  by 
imself  many  years  previously  to  his  death ; 
robably  suggested  by  Woodbridge's  lines  on 
ohn  Cotton  : 

"  The  both-  of 
Benjamin  Franklin,  printer, 
Like  the  cover  of  an  old  book, 

Its  contents  torn  out. 
And  stript  of  its  lettering  and  gilding, 

Lies  here,  food  for  worms ; 

Yet  the  work  itself  shall  not  be  lost, 

For  it  will,  (as  he  believe,)  appear  once  more 

In  a  new 

And  more  beautiful  edition, 
Corrected  and  amended 

by 
The  Author." 

But   although   he   thus   expressed   his   hope  of 
uturc  happiness,  yet   from   his  memoirs  it  does 
not  appear  whether  this  hope  was  founded  upon 
he  mediation  of  Jesus  Christ.     Some  have  even 
considered   him   as   not  unfriendly  to  Infidelity; 
mt  the  following  anecdote  seems  to  prove  that  in 
lis  old  age  he  did  not  absolutely  reject  the  Scrip- 
ures.     As  a  young  gentleman  was  one  day  ridi- 
uling  religion  as  a  vulgar  prejudice,  he  appealed 
to    Dr.     Franklin,    expecting    his    approbation. 
Young  man,"  said  the  philosopher  emphatically, 
it  is  best  to  believe."     President  Stiles  addressed 
letter  to  him,  dated  Jan.  28,  1790,  in  which  he 
expressed  a  desire  to  be  made  acquainted  with 
liis  sentiments  on  Christianity.     The  following  i<< 
an   extract   from   it :     "  You   know,  sir,  I  am    a 
Christian ;  and  would  to  Heaven  all  others  were 
as  I  am,  except  my  imperfections.     As  much  as  I 
know  of  Dr.  Franklin,  I  have  not  an  idea  of  his 
religious  sentiments.     I  wish  to  know  the  opinion 
of  my  venerable  friend  concerning  Jesus  of  Naz 
areth.     He  will  not  impute  this  to  impertinence 
or  improper  curiosity  in  one  who  for  many  years 
has   continued  to   love,  estimate,  and  reverence 
his  abilities  and  literary  character  with  an  ardor 
of  affection.     If  I  have  said  too  much,  let  the  re 
quest  be  blotted  out  and  be  no  more."    To  this 
Dr.  Franklin  replied,  March  9,  but  a  few  weeks 
before  his  death:  "I  do  not  take  your  curiosity 
amiss,  and   shall   endeavor,  in   a  few   words,  to 
gratify  it.     As  to  Jesus  of  Nazareth,  my  opinion 
of  whom  you  particularly  desire,  I  think  the  sys 
tem  of  morals,  and  his  religion,  as  he  left  them  to 
us,  the  best  the  world    ever  saw,  or  is  likely  to 
see ;  but  I  apprehend  it  has  received  various  cor 
rupting  changes ;  and  I  have,  with  most  of  the 
present  dissenters  in  England,  some  doubts  as  to 
his  divinity."     It  may  not  be  unnecessary  to  re 
mark,  that,  if  we  may  credit  Dr.  Priestley,  Dr. 
Franklin  was  not  correct  in  estimating  the  senti 
ments  of  a  majority  of  the  dissenters  in  England. 
To  Thomas  Paine,  concerning  the  proposed  pub 
lication   of  his  age  of  reason,  Dr.  F.  wrote :  "  I 
would  advise  you  not  to  attempt  unchaining  the 
tiger,  but  to  burn  this  piece  before  it  is  seen  by 


FRANKLIN. 


FREEMAN. 


any  other  person.  If  men  are  so  wicked  with 
religion,  what  would  they  be,  if  without  it  ?  " 

Dr.  Franklin  acquired  a  high  and  deserved 
reputation  as  a  philosopher,  for  his  philosophy 
was  of  a  practical  and  useful  kind,  and  he  seemed 
to  be  continually  desirous  of  advancing  the  wel 
fare  of  society.  In  company  he  was  sententious 
and  not  fluent,  and  he  chose  rather  to  listen  to 
others  than  to  talk  himself.  Impatient  of  inter 
ruption,  he  often  mentioned  the  custom  of  the 
Indians,  who  always  remain  silent  for  some  time, 
before  they  give  an  answer  to  a  question.  When 
he  resided  in  France  as  a  minister  from  this 
country,  it  has  been  thought  that  he  was  some 
what  intoxicated  by  the  unbounded  applauses 
which  he  received,  and  was  too  much  disposed  to 
adopt  the  manners  of  the  French.  One  of  his 
colleagues  was  immersed  in  the  pleasures  of  a 
voluptuous  city,  and  between  himself  and  the 
other,  Mr.  Lee,  there  was  some  collision. 

He  published  experiments  and  observations 
on  electricity,  made  at  Philadelphia,  in  two  parts, 
4to.,  1153;  new  experiments,  1754;  a  historical 
view  of  the  constitution  and  government  of  Penn 
sylvania,  1759  ;  the  interest  of  Great  Britain  con 
sidered  with  respect  to  her  colonies,  1760 ;  his 
experiments,  with  the  addition  of  explanatory 
notes,  and  letters  and  papers  on  philosophical 
subjects,  17G9;  political,  miscellaneous,  and  phi 
losophical  pieces,  1779;  and  several  papers  in  the 
transactions  of  the  American  philosophical  soci 
ety.  Two  volumes  of  his  essays,  with  his  life, 
brought  down  by  himself  to  the  year  1730,  were 
published  in  England  in  1792.  A  collection 
of  his  works  was  first  published  in  London  in 
1806,  entitled,  the  complete  works,  in  philos 
ophy,  politics,  and  morals,  of  Dr.  Franklin, 
first  collected  and  arranged,  with  a  memoir  of 
him,  3  vols.,  8vo.  —  Franklin's  Life;  Holmes'1 
Life  of  Stiles,  309,  310. 

FRANKLIN,  JAMES,  a  brother  of  Benjamin, 
published  a  newspaper  in  Boston  in  1721,  and  the 
Rhode  Island  Gazette  in  1732,  the  first  paper  in 
that  State. 

FRANKLIN,  WILLIAM,  the  last  royal  governor 
of  New  Jersey,  the  son  of  Dr.  Franklin,  died  in 
England  Nov.  17,  1813,  aged  82.  He  was  born 
about  1731.  He  was  a  captain  in  the  French 
war,  and  served  at  Ticonderoga.  After  the  peace 
of  Paris  he  accompanied  his  father  to  England. 
Going  to  Scotland,  he  became  acquainted  with 
the  Earl  of  Bute,  who  recommended  him  to  Lord 
Halifax,  and  by  the  latter  he  was  appointed  gov 
ernor  of  New  Jersey  in  1763.  He  continued  in 
office,  firm  in  loyalty,  till  the  beginning  of  the 
Revolution,  when  the  whigs,  in  July,  1776,  sent 
him  to  Connecticut.  On  his  release  he  sailed  to 
England,  and  obtained  a  pension  for  his  losses. 
His  first  wife  was  a  West  Indian,  by  whom  he 
had  a  son ;  his  second  wife  was  a  native  of  Ire 


land.  His  son,  William  Temple  Franklin,  editor 
of  the  works  of  Dr.  F.,  died  at  Paris  May  25, 
1823.  —Pub.  Char:  IV.  189-203. 

FRANKLIN,  WILLIAM,  a  botanist,  died  at 
Franklin  Sept.  1,  1819.  He  was  born  near  Wil 
mington,  Delaware ;  was  a  surgeon  in  the  navy 
before  1812,  and  during  the  war  was  stationed  at 
St.  Mary's.  He  explored  Florida,  Georgia,  and 
South  Carolina.  He  was  surgeon  in  the  frigate 
Congress,  sent  to  South  America  in  1818 ;  and 
one  of  the  scientific  men  of  the  expedition  to 
Red  Stone  river  in  1819,  but  illness  compelled 
him  to  leave  his  companions  in  Missouri. 

FRAZAR,  REBECCA,  Miss,  died  in  Duxbury  in 
1840,  aged  72,  much  esteemed.  She  left  500  dol 
lars  to  the  church  for  the  communion  service,  and 
the  same  sum  to  the  Pilgrim  society  at  Plymouth. 

FREEMAN,  NATHANIEL,  a  physician  and  brig 
adier-general,  died  Sept.  27,  1820,  aged  66.  He 
was  a  descendant  of  Edmund  F.,  an  early  settler 
of  Sandwich,  Mass.,  and  whose  sons,  John  and 
Edmund,  married  the  daughters  of  Gov.  Prince. 
He  was  born  at  Dennis  in  April,  1741,  and  soon 
afterwards  his  father  removed  to  Mansfield,  Conn. 
Having  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Cobb,  of 
Thompson,  he  settled  in  Sandwich.  Being  a  pat 
riot  of  the  Revolution,  he  performed  various  im 
portant  services  for  his  country  as  a  member  of 
the  legislature  and  as  colonel  of  the  militia.  He 
was  also  register  of  probate  forty-seven  years,  and 
judge  of  the  common  pleas  thirty  years.  At  the 
age  of  sixty-three  he  retired  from  the  practice  of 
physic.  By  two  marriages  he  had  twenty  chil 
dren,  eighteen  of  whom  lived  to  adult  age.  He 
was  a  brother  of  Jonathan  F.,  of  Hanover,  N.  H. 
He  had  collected  a  large  library  in  medicine  and 
theology.  In  early  life  he  joined  a  Calvinistic 
church ;  in  his  meridian  he  became  a  follower  of 
Priestley ;  at  a  later  period  he  returned  to  his  first 
faith,  in  which  he  lived  many  years  and  died.  — 
Thacher's  Medical  Biography, 

FREEMAN,  SAMUEL,  judge,  died  at  Portland 
in  June,  1831,  aged  88.  He  was  a  descendant  of 
Samuel  F.,  of  Watertown  in  1630,  and  was  the 
son  of  Enoch  Freeman,  judge  of  the  court  of 
common  pleas  and  of  probate,  who  died  at  Port 
land  Sept.  2,  1788,  aged  81.  He  was  judge  of 
probate  many  years.  He  published  the  town 
officer,  6th  edit. ;  American  clerk's  magazine, 
6th  edit.,  1805. 

FREEMAN,  JAMES,  D.D.,  pastor  of  the  stone 
chapel  society,  Boston,  died  Nov.  14,  1835,  aged 
76.  He  was  born  in  Charlcstown  in  1759,  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1777,  and  in 
1782  became  pastor  of  his  church.  The  liturgy 
he  altered  so  as  to  conform  to  the  Unitarian  or 
Socinian  doctrine ;  and  as  Bishop  Provost  declined 
to  ordain  him,  he  was  ordained  by  his  society 
alone  Nov.  18,  1787.  This  chapel  was  formerly 
called  King's  chapel.  The  first  Episcopal  church 


FREEMAN'. 


FRENEAU. 


3G7 


in  New  England  thus  became  the  first  Unitarian. 
He  had  two  colleagues,  Mr.  Cary  and  Mr.  Green 
wood,  lie  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Mas 
sachusetts  historical  society,  and  a  memoir  of  him 
by  Mr.  Greenwood  is  in  historical  collections,  3d 
series,  vol.  V.  He  published  two  volumes  of  ser 
mons  in  1812  and  1829;  and  in  1832  he  pub 
lished  both,  with  a  sermon  on  necessity,  in  one 
volume. 

FltEEMAX,  SARAH,  the  widow  of  Jonathan 
F.,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Hanover,  N.  H., 
died  in  Oct.,  1846,  aged  97.  She  was  a  woman 
of  eminent  piety;  her  husband  was  long  a  re 
spected  magistrate  and  judge.  Of  their  sons, 
Peyton  It.  is  an  aged  lawyer  in  Portsmouth,  and 
Asa  a  lawyer  in  Dover,  and  another  son  a  physi 
cian  in  Ballston,  N.  Y. 

FREEMAN,  CHARLES,  minister  of  Limerick, 
Me.,  died  in  1853,  aged  about  Gl.  He  was  the 
son  of  Judge  F.,  of  Portland,  was  graduated  at 
Bowdoin  college  in  1812,  and  ordained  in  1820. 
He  was  one  of  the  oldest  of  ministers  in  Maine, 
one  of  seven  who  had  never  changed  their  par 
ish.  He  published  an  account  of  Limerick  in  the 
Maine  historical  collections,  vol.  I. 

FREEMAN,  NATHANIEL,  died  at  Easton,  Conn., 
June  23,  1854,  aged  76,  long  the  minister  of 
Easton  and  Greenfield,  an  earnest  and  efficient 
preacher.  In  the  view  of  death  he  had  peace. 

FRELINGHUYSEN,  THEODORE  JAMES,  min 
ister  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  church  at  Raritan, 
New  Jersey,  died  in  1754.  He  came  from  Hol 
land  in  the  year  1720.  His  zealous  labors  in 
preaching  the  pure  doctrines  of  the  gospel,  es 
pecially  in  inculcating  the  necessity  of  an  entire 
renovation  of  the  corrupt  heart,  were  eminently 
useful  in  a  number  of  towns.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  assembly  of  Dutch  ministers  in  1738, 
which  formed  the  plan  of  a  coetus,  or  assembly  of 
ministers  and  elders  in  this  country,  though  sub 
ordinate  to  the  classis  of  Amsterdam.  This  prop 
osition  convulsed  the  Dutch  churches  in  America, 
for  it  was  apprehended,  and  the  apprehension 
was  verified,  that  these  churches  would  be  led  in 
time  to  throw  off  entirely  their  subjection  to  a 
distant  ecclesiastical  body.  Mr.  Frelinghuysen 
was  an  able,  evangelical,  and  eminently  successful 
preacher,  lie  left  five  sons,  all  ministers,  and  two 
(laughters,  married  to  ministers.  Among  his 
sons  were  Rev.  Theodore  F.,  minister  of  Albany, 
eloquent,  active,  and  pious,  succeeded  by  Wes- 
terlo,  and  Rev.  JohnF.,  who  preached  at  Raritan. 
—  Christian's  Magazine,  II.  4,  5 ;  Prince's  Chris 
tian  History  for  1744. 

FRELINGHUYSEN,  FREDERIC,  general,  a 
senator  of  the  United  States,  died  April  13,  1804, 
aged  51  on  the  day  of  his  death.  He  was  the 
son  of  Rev.  John  F.,  of  Raritan,  and  grandson  of 
the  preceding,  lie  graduated  at  Princeton  in 
1770.  In  the  war  of  the  Revolution  he  fought 


for  his  country.  As  a  captain,  it  is  said  that  in 
the  battle  of  Trenton,  Dec.,  1776,  he  shot  Rhalle, 
the  Hessian  commander.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  old  congress,  before  the  adoption  of  the  con 
stitution,  in  1789,  and  was  afterwards,  under  the 
administration  of  Washington,  a  senator  from 
New  Jersey.  Of  Princeton  college  he  was  one 
of  the  trustees.  lie  was  buried  near  Millstone. 
His  son,  Theodore  Frelinghuysen,  is  president  of 
New  Brunswick  college. 

FRELINGIIUYSEN,  CHARLOTTE,  the  wife  of 
President  Theodore  Frelinghuysen,  died  at  New 
Brunswick,  N.  J.,  April  11,  1854.  She  was  the 
chosen  and  suitable  companion  of  a  man  of  emi 
nence  and  worth  ;  adorned  with  every  excellence  ; 
the  delight  of  her  many  friends.  Her  maiden 
name  was  Mercer,  and  she  was  a  native  of 
Newark. 

FRENCH,  JONATHAN,  minister  of  Andover, 
Mass.,  a  descendant  of  John  F.,  who  lived  in 
Dorchester  in  1639,  was  born  at  Braintree  Jan. 
30,  1740,  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1771, 
was  ordained  Sept.  22,  1772,  as  successor  of  Sam 
uel  Phillips,  and  died  July  28,  1809,  aged  69. 
His  daughter  married  Rev.  Samuel  Stearns,  of 
Bedford  ;  his  son,  Dr.  Jonathan,  is  the  minister 
of  North  Hampton,  N.  II.  At  the  age  of  six 
teen  Mr.  French  was  a  soldier,  a  drummer  in  the 
French  war,  and  afterwards  was  stationed  as  a  ser 
geant  at  castle  William,  near  Boston.  His  desire 
to  obtain  an  education,  although  at  an  uncommon 
age,  was  encouraged  by  several  literary  gentle 
men,  with  whom  he  became  acquainted  at  the 
castle.  Gov.  Bowdoin  liberally  assisted  him.  In 
the  Revolutionary  war  he  partook  of  the  patriotic 
spirit  of  that  period.  On  hearing  of  the  battle 
of  Breed's  hill,  he  took  his  musket  and  his  sur 
gical  instruments  and  repaired  to  the  army.  He 
was  a  faithful,  useful  preacher.  During  his  minis 
try  five  hundred  and  six  were  added  to  the 
church.  He  published  a  sermon  against  extor 
tion,  1777;  at  the  ordination  of  Daniel  Oliver, 
1787 ;  of  Abicl  Abbot,  1795 ;  of  James  Kendall, 
1800;  of  Jonathan  French,  1801;  at  the  elec 
tion,  1796;  at  a  thanksgiving,  1798;  at  a  lecture, 
1805.  —  Alden's  Memoirs  of  F. 

FRENCH,  HENRY  S.  G.,  missionary  at  Siam 
died  Feb.  14,  1842,  aged  35.  Born  in  Boscawen, 
N.  H.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1834,  and  at  An 
dover  theological  seminary  in  1837 ;  and  sailed 
for  Siam  in  1839.  Though  he  looked  for  years  of 
labor  for  the  benefit  of  the  heathen,  they  were 
but  few.  He  said  to  his  alarmed  Siamese  attend 
ants,  "  I  am  not  afraid  to  die." 

FRENEAU,  PHILIP,  a  poet,  died  at  Freehold, 
N.  J.,  Dec.  18,  1832,  aged  about  80;  inconse 
quence  of  losing  his  way  and  getting  mired  in  a 
bog  in  the  evening.  He  was  born  in  New  Jersey, 
and  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1771.  His  poems 
were  written  between  1768  and  1793.  The  first 


368 


FRENEAU. 


FROST. 


edition  was  in  1786;  the  third  was  published  in 
1809,  in  2  vols. 

FRENEAU,  PETER,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
died  in  Charleston,  S.  C.,  in  Oct.,  1814,  aged  56. 
Before  1795  he  edited  and  published  the  Charles 
ton  City  Gazette,  which  he  sold  out  in  1810.  Mr. 
Jefferson  appointed  him  commissioner  of  the  loan 
office  in  South  Carolina.  He  was  a  forcible 
writer  and  a  man  of  great  learning.  lie  knew 
the  Greek,  Latin,  French,  Spanish,  Portuguese, 
and  Italian  languages.  By  residing  a  few  days  in 
his  cottage  out  the  city  he  imbibed  a  fatal 
miasma. 

FREY,  JOSEPH  S.  C.  F.,  died  in  Pontiac,  Mich., 
June  5,  1800,  aged  78,  known  in  England  as 
"  The  converted  Jew."  He  was  active  in  forming 
the  London  Jews'  society  ;  he  came  to  this  coun 
try  in  1816.  He  was  a  Baptist  minister.  He 
published  several  works ;  among  them,  "  Joseph 
and  Benjamin,"  examining  the  argument  of  the 
Jews. 

FRINK,  JOHN,  a  distinguished  physician,  died 
at  Rutland,  Worcester  county,  Mass.,  in  1807. 

FRISBIE,  LEVI,  minister  of  Ipswich,  Mass., 
died  Feb.  25,  1806,  aged  57.  He  was  the  son  of 
Elisha  F.  of  Branford,  Conn.,  and  was  born  in 
April,  1748.  In  1767,  having  the  character  of  a 
pious  youth  of  promising  talents,  he  was  placed 
under  the  patronage  of  Dr.  Whcelock,  with  a 
special  view  to  the  missionary  service.  He  en 
tered  Yale  college,  whe^e  he  continued  more  than 
three  years ;  but  his  collegial  studies  were  com 
pleted  at  Dartmouth  college,  where  he  was  grad 
uated,  in  the  first  class,  in  1771.  In  June,  1772, 
he  and  David  Macclure  set  out  on  a  mission  to 
the  Delaware  Indians  west  of  the  Ohio,  and  he 
returned  in  Oct.,  1773.  He  was  ordained  in 
1775,  and  then  continued  his  missionary  career. 
After  extending  his  labors  to  different  parts  of 
the  country  and  into  Canada,  the  convulsed  state 
of  America  obstructed  his  progress.  He  was  set 
tled  the  minister  of  the  first  church  in  Ipswich,  as 
successor  of  Nathaniel  Rogers,  Feb.  7,  1776. 
His  widow  died  April,  1828,  aged  77.  He  was 
a  faithful,  evangelical  preacher,  whose  labors  at 
different  periods  it  pleased  God  to  render  emi 
nently  useful.  His  discerning  mind  was  strength 
ened  by  a  close  application  to  study,  and  furnished 
with  the  most  useful  knowledge  ;  and  all  his  ac 
quisitions  were  consecrated  to  moral  and  religious 
purposes.  His  life  displayed  the  humility,  meek 
ness,  and  benevolence  of  the  Christian.  Inter 
esting  and  instructive  in  conversation,  remarkably 
tender  of  the  character  of  others,  upright,  sin 
cere,  and  affectionate  in  all  the  relations  of  life, 
he  was  respected  and  beloved.  His  distrust  of 
himself  led  him  to  place  his  entire  dependence 
upon  God,  and  to  ascribe  all  hope  to  the  riches 
of  Divine  mercy  in  Jesus,  the  Redeemer.  lie 
published  an  oration  on  the  peace,  1783 ;  on  the 


death  of  Moses  Parsons,  1784 ;  two  sermons  on  a 
day  of  public  fasting ;  at  a  thanksgiving ;  an 
eulogy  on  Washington,  1800;  before  the  society 
for  propagating  the  gospel  among  the  American 
Indians,  1804.  — Himtiiigton's  Funeral  Sermon  ; 
Panoplist,  I.  471,  572;  Wheclock's  Narratives. 

FRISBIE,  LEVI,  professor  of  moral  philosophy 
at  Harvard  college,  died  at  Cambridge  July  9, 
1822,  aged  38.  He  was  the  son  of  the  preceding, 
and  was  born  at  Ipswich  in  1784.  After  gradu 
ating  in  1802,  he  engaged  in  the  study  of  the  law  ; 
but  an  affection  of  his  eyes,  Avhich  proved  to  be  a 
permanent  evil,  obliged  him  to  desist.  In  1805 
he  was  appointed  Latin  tutor,  and  professor  of 
moral  philosophy  in  1817.  He  was  an  admirable 
teacher  and  lecturer.  His  inaugural  address  was 
published  in  1817,  and  after  his  death  Prof. 
Norton  published  his  miscellaneous  writings,  with 
notices  of  his  life  and  character,  8vo.,  1823. 

FRCELIGH,  SOLOMON,  I).  1).,  minister  of 
Scranenburg,  N.  J.,  died  Oct.  8,  1827,  aged  78. 
He  was  a  pastor  forty  years,  lie  had  an  honor 
ary  degree  at  Princeton  in  1774. 

FROMENTIN,  ELIGIUS,  senator  of  the  United 
States  from  Louisiana,  died  Oct.  6,  1822.  He 
was  elected  in  1813,  and  was  succeeded  by  James 
Brown  in  1819.  In  1821  he  succeeded  Mr.  Win 
ston  as  judge  of  the  criminal  court  of  Orleans; 
and  was  appointed  judge  of  the  western  district 
of  Florida.  Gen.  Jackson,  the  governor,  having 
demanded  in  vain  certain  documents  of  Col. 
Callava,  the  late  Spanish  governor,  threw  him 
into  prison,  from  which  he  was  relieved  by  a  writ 
of  habeas  corpus,  granted  by  Judge  Fromentin. 
This  act  of  judicial  authority  occasioned  a  long 
and  bitter  altercation  with  the  general,  who 
claimed  the  supreme  power.  For  the  sake  of 
quietness,  Judge  F.  resigned  his  office  and  re 
turned  to  the  practice  of  the  law  at  New  Orleans, 
where  he  died  of  the  yellow  fever.  His  wife  died 
the  preceding  day.  They  had  no  children.  He 
is  a  remarkable  instance  of  the  instability  of  hu 
man  affairs.  He  published  observations  on  a  bill 
respecting  land  titles  in  Orleans. 

FRONTENAC,  Louis,  count,  governor-gen 
eral  of  Canada,  succeeded  Courcelles  in  1678,  and 
in  the  spring  of  the  following  year  built  upon 
lake  Ontario  the  fort  which  bore  his  name.  He 
was  recalled  in  1682,  but  was  reinstated  in  his 
office  in  1689.  He  died  Nov.  28,  1698,  aged  77. 
His  exertions  conduced  in  a  great  degree  to  the 
protection  and  prosperity  of  Canada  ;  but  he  was 
a  man  of  haughty  feelings,  suspicious,  revengeful, 
and  outrageous.  Notwithstanding  his  professions 
of  regard  to  religion,  it  was  very  evident,  that  he 
was  almost  completely  under  the  influence  of  am 
bition. —  Charltvoix,  I.  444-469,  543-570;  II. 
43,  237  ;  Jlolmcs. 

FROST,  JOHN,  brigadier-general,  died  in  Kit- 
tery,  Me.,  in  1810,  aged  72.  Born  in  that  town, 


FROST. 


FULTON. 


369 


he  served  as  an  officer  in  the  French  and  Revo 
lutionary  wars,  and  fought  in  various  battles,  lie 
was  present  with  his  regiment  at  the  surrender  of 
Burgoync.  After  the  close  of  the  war  he  sus 
tained  various  civil  offices. 

FROST,  EDMUND,  missionary  to  Bombay,  was 
a  native  of  Brattleborough,  Vt,  and,  after  gradu 
ating  at  Middlebury  college,  studied  theology  at 
Andover.  He  was  ordained  at  Salem  Sept.  25, 
1823,  and  embarked  with  his  wife,  a  native  of 
Chester,  N.  H.,  on  the  27th,  for  Calcutta.  June 
28,  1824,  he  arrived  at  Bombay,  and  joined  the 
missionaries,  Mr.  Hall  and  Mr.  Graves.  But  he 
died  of  a  pulmonary  complaint  Oct.  18,  1825. 

FROST,  JOHN,  an  early  preacher  in  Oneida 
county,  X.  Y.,  was  a  graduate  of  Williams  college 
in  1806;  was  of  the  theological  seminary,  at  An 
dover,  in  1810  ;  and  died  at  Waterville,  N.  Y.,  in 
1842,  aged  about  56.  For  nearly  twenty  years 
he  was  pastor  of  the  church  in  Whitesborough. 
He  was  a  preacher  at  Waterville,  at  the  time  of 
his  death. 

FROTIIIXGHAM,  JOHN,  judge,  died  at  Port 
land  in  1826,  aged  76.  lie  was  a  graduate  of 
Harvard  in  1771.  He  discharged  well  the  duties 
of  various  offices.  lie  was  judge  of  probate  from 
1804  to  1811,  when  that  court  was  dissolved. 

FROTIIIXGHAM,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Bel 
fast,  Me.,  died  June  24,  1852,  aged  77.  Born  in 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  he  graduated  in  1799;  was 
minister  of  the  third  church  in  Lynn  from  1804 
to  1817  ;  and  was  settled  at  Belfast  in  1819. 

FRYE,  JONATHAN,  chaplain  to  Capt.  Love- 
well's  company,  was  a  native  of  Andover,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1723.  In  Love- 
Avell's  fight  with  the  Indians  at  Piclv\vacket,  or 
Fryeburg,  in  May,  1725,  he  was  killed. 

FRYE,  JOSEPH,  general,  died  in  1794,  aged  68. 
He  was  born  in  Andover,  Mass.,  in  April,  1711, 
and  was  colonel  at  the  capture  of  fort  William 
Henry  in  1757.  In  1775,  he  was  provincial 
major-general.  He  removed  to  Fryeburg  among 
the  early  settlers  ;  and  from  him  the  town  re 
ceived  its  name. 

FRYE,  JAMKS,  colonel,  was  born  at  Andover, 
and  died  Jan.  8,  1776,  aged  66.  He  was  a 
colonel  in  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  and  animated 
his  soldiers,  saying  :  "  This  day,  thirty  years  ago, 
I  was  at  the  taking  of  Louisburg,  when  it  was 
surrendered  to  us.  It  is  a  fortunate  day  for 
America.  We  shall  certainly  beat  the  enemy." 
His  mistake  is  no  reproach  to  his  bravery. 

FRYE,  PETER,  died  in  Camberwcll,  near  Lon 
don,  on  his  birth-day,  Feb.  1,  1820,  aged  97. 
Born  in  Andover,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1744,  and  was  schoolmaster  in  Salem  seven 
years,  justice  of  the  common  pleas,  and  register 
of  probate  for  Essex.  He  was  a  loyalist. 

FRYE,  SIMON,  judge,  was  among  the  first  set 
tlers  of  the  town  of  Fryeburg,  Me.,  where  he 
47 


died  in  Nov.,  1822,  aged  82.  He  was  a  patriot 
of  the  Revolution,  and  sustained  various  impor 
tant  offices ;  was  a  member  of  the  council,  and 
judge  of  the  common  pleas  for  York,  and  chief 
justice  of  Oxford.  He  reared  up  a  numerous 
family. 

FULLER,  SAMUEL,  a  physician,  one  of  the 
settlers  of  Plymouth  in  1620,  was  a  regularly  ed 
ucated  physician.  .  His  practice  extended  to  Mas 
sachusetts.  A  prevailing  sickness  called  him  to 
Salem  in  1628  and  1629.  Besides  being  a  sur 
geon  and  physician,  he  was  also  a  useful  deacon 
of  the  church.  He  died  of  a  fever  at  Plymouth 
in  1633.  He  bequeathed  to  his  "sister,"  Alice 
Bradford,  12  shillings  to  buy  a  pair  of  gloves. 
His  wife  then  was  her  sister.  —  Thacher. 

FULLER,  SAMUEL,  first  minister  of  Middlebo- 
rough,  Mass.,  died  Aug.  17,  1695,  aged  70.  He 
was  a  deacon  at  Plymouth,  and  emigrated  to  Mid- 
dleborough,  and  occasionally  preached  and  was 
very  useful  for  sixteen  years,  until  a  church  was 
formed  and  he  was  ordained  in  1694. 

FULLER,  ABRAHAM,  judge,  died  in  Newton, 
Mass.,  in  1794.  He  was  a  patriot  of  the  Revo 
lution,  and  held  various  public  offices.  As  head  of 
the  committee  of  the  provincial  congress  at  Con 
cord,  he  took  charge  of  the  military  papers  and 
removed  them  safely,  so  that  they  escaped  the 
hands  of  the  British  troops.  He  left  1 ,000  dol 
lars  toward  founding  an  academy  in  Newton. 

FULLER,  TIMOTHY,  died  at  Groton,  Mass., 
Oct.  1,  1835,  aged  57.  He  was  a  graduate  of 
Harvard  in  1801,  a  lawyer,  and  a  member  of 
congress  from  1817  to  1825.  Madame  D'Ossoli 
was  his  sister. 

FULLER,  HENRY  H.,  died  at  Concord,  Mass., 
Sept.  15,  1852,  aged  62.  Born  in  Princeton,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1811.  His  practice  as  a 
lawyer  was  at  the  Suffolk  bar :  he  was  thirty  years 
in  the  profession. 

FULTON,  ROBERT,  a  celebrated  engineer,  died 
-Feb.  14,  1815,  aged  50.  He  was  of  Irish  descent, 
and  was  born  in  Little  Britain,  Lancaster  county, 
Penn.,in  1765.  His  genius  disclosed  itself  at  an 
early  period.  He  was  attracted  to  the  shops  of 
mechanics;  and  at  the  age  of  seventeen  he 
painted  landscapes  and  portraits  in  Philadelphia. 
Thus  he  was  enabled  in  part  to  purchase  a  small 
farm  for  lu's  widowed  mother.  At  the  age  of 
twenty-one  he,  by  the  advice  of  his  friends,  re 
paired  to  London  to  place  himself  under  the 
guidance  of  Mr.  West,  the  painter,  and  by  him 
i  was  kindly  received  and  admitted  as  an  inmate 
of  his  house  for  several  years.  Prosecuting  his 
;  business  as  a  painter,  he  spent  two  years  in  I)ev- 
!  onshire,  where  he  became  acquainted  with  the 
Duke  of  Bridgcwater  and  with  Lord  Stanhope, 
well  known  for  his  attachment  to  the  mechanic 
arts.  In  1793  he  engaged  in  the  project  of  im 
proving  inland  navigation,  and  in  1794  obtained 


370 


FULTON. 


patents  for  a  double  inclined  plane,  and  for  ma 
chines  for  spinning  flax  and  making  ropes.  The 
subject  of  canals  now  chiefly  occupied  his  atten 
tion,  and  at  this  period,  in  1796,  his  work  on 
canals  was  published.  In  his  profession  of  a  civil 
engineer  he  was  greatly  benefited  by  his  skill  in 
drawing  and  painting.  lie  went  to  Paris  in  1797, 
and,  being  received  into  the  family  of  Joel  Bar 
low,  he  there  spent  seven  years,  studying  chemis 
try,  physics,  and  mathematics,  and  acquiring  a 
knowledge  of  the  French,  Italian,  and  German 
languages.  To  him  Barlow  dedicated  his  Colum- 
biad.  In  Dec.,  1797,  he  made  his  first  experiment 
on  submarine  explosion  in  the  Seine,  but  without 
success.  His  plan  for  a  submarine  boat  was  af 
terwards  perfected.  In  1801,  while  he  was  resid 
ing  with  his  friend,  Mr.  Barlow,  he  met  in  Paris 
Chpacellor  Livingston,  the  American  minister, 
wh<  explained  to  him  the  importance  in  America 
of  i  avigating  boats  by  steam.  Mr.  Fulton  had 
alre-dy  conceived  the  project  as  early  as  1793,  as 
appears  by  his  letter  to  Lord  Stanhope,  Sept.  30. 
He  -iow  engaged  anew  in  the  affair,  and  at  the 
con.'-aon  expense  of  himself  and  Mr.  Livingston 
buiir  a  boat  on  the  Seine  in  1803,  and  successfully 
navigated  the  river.  The  principles  of  the  steam 
engi.ie  he  did  not  invent;  he  claimed  only  the 
app':cation  of  water-wheels  for  propelling  vessels. 
In  ]  'ec.,  1806,  he  returned  to  this  country ;  and  he 
and  Mr.  Livingston  built  in  1807  the  first  boat, 
the  Clermont,  one  hundred  and  thirty  feet  in 
length,  which  navigated  the  Hudson  at  the  rate 
of  five  miles  an  hour.  In  Feb.,  1809,  he  took  out 
his  first  patent.  In  1810  he  published  his  tor 
pedo  war.  In  1811  and  1812  he  built  two  steam 
ferry-boats  for  crossing  the  Hudson ;  he  contrived 
also  very  ingenious  floating  docks  for  the  recep 
tion  of  these  boats.  In  1813  he  obtained  a  pat 
ent  for  a  submarine  battery.  Conceiving  the 
plan  of  a  steam  man-of-war,  the  government  in 
March,  1814,  appropriated  320,000  dollars  for 
constructing  it,  and  appointed  him  the  engineer. 
In  about  four  months  she  was  launched,  with  the 
name  of  Fulton,  the  first.  He  was  employed  in 
improving  his  submarine  boat,  when  he  died  sud- 
denlv.  His  wife,  whom  he  married  in  1808,  was 
Harriet,  daughter  of  Walter  Livingston.  His 
features  were  strong  and  interesting ;  his  man 
ners  easy ;  his  temper  mild ;  in  his  domestic  and 
social  relations  he  was  affectionate,  kind,  and  gen 
erous.  The  two  inventions  of  the  cotton  gin  by 
Whitney  and  of  steam  navigation  by  Fulton  have 
an  incalculable  effect  on  the  prosperity  of  this 
country,  and  may  show  the  bearing  of  genius, 
invention,  science,  and  skill  on  national  wealth. 
The  following  is  a  brief  explanation  of  some  of 
his  inventions,  besides  the  steamboat :  1.  By  the 
machine  for  making  ropes,  which  can  stand  in  a 
^oom  forty  feet  square,  the  ropeyarns  are  put  on 
spools,  and  any  sized  cordage  made  by  one  man. 


GADSDEN. 

2.  The  submarine  boat  had  a  main-sail  and  jib 
like  a  sloop ;  the  mast  and  sails  could  be  taken  in 
and  the  boat  dive  under  water  in  one  minute,  and 
be  rowed  and  steered  by  a  compass.  Thus  a  tor 
pedo  could  be  fixed  to  the  bottom  of  ships  of 
war.  Mr.  F.  and  three  others  continued  under 
water  one  hour.  He  supposed,  that  five  men 
might  continue  under  water  six  hours  and  rise 
fifteen  miles  from  the  place,  where  they  went 
down.  3.  The  torpedo  is  a  copper  case,  contain 
ing  fifty  or  one  hundred  pounds  of  powder,  dis 
charged  by  a  gun  lock,  which  strikes  by  means  of 
clockwork,  set  to  any  short  time.  lie  proposed 
to  attach  it  to  a  rope  of  sixty  or  eighty  feet,  and 
to  fasten  it  by  a  gun  harpoon  to  the  bow  of  a  ves 
sel,  whose  motion  would  draw  it  under  her  bot 
tom,  and  thus  she  would  be  blown  up.  A  few 
row-boats,  each  with  a  torpedo,  might  attack  a 
ship  of  war,  and  be  pretty  sure  to  succeed.  — 
Colden's  Life  of  Fulton ;  Encyc.  American. 

FUIIMAN,  lliciuiiD,  ].).  I).,  an  eminent  Bap 
tist  minister  of  Charleston,  S.  C.,  died  Aug.  25, 
1825.  He  had  been  nearly  forty  years  the  pastor 
of  a  church  in  Charleston,  having  previously  been 
the  minister  of  Statesburgh  from  1774  to  1787. 
He  furnished  llamsay  with  a  statistical  account  of 
Camden,  and  published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of 
Oliver  Hart,  1796. 

GADSDEN,  CiiiusToriiER,  lieutenant-gover 
nor  of  South  Carolina,  and  a  distinguished  friend 
of  his  country,  died  Aug.  28,  1805,  aged  81.  He 
was  born  in  Charleston  in  1724.  He  was  ap 
pointed  one  of  the  delegates  to  the  congress, 
which  met  at  New  York  in  Oct.,  1765,  to  petition 
against  the  stamp  act.  He  was  also  chosen  a 
member  of  the  congress  which  met  in  1774.  He 
was  among  the  first,  who  openly  advocated  repub 
lican  principles,  and  wished  to  make  his  country 
independent  of  the  monarchical  government  of 
Great  Britain.  "  The  decisive  genius,"  says  ]  lam- 
say,  "  of  Christopher  Gadsdcn  in  the  south  and 
of  John  Adams  in  the  north  at  a  much  earlier 
day  might  have  desired  a  complete  separation  of 
America  from  Great  Britain ;  but  till  the  year 
1776,  the  rejection  of  the  second  petition  of  con 
gress,  and  the  appearance  of  Paine's  pamphlet, 
common  sense,  a  reconciliation  with  the  mother 
country  was  the  unanimous  wish  of  almost  every 
other  American."  During  the  siege  of  Charles 
ton  in  1780  he  remained  within  the  lines  with  five 
of  the  council,  while  Governor  Ilutledge,  with  the 
other  three,  left  the  city,  at  the  earnest  request  of 
Gen.  Lincoln.  Several  months  after  the  capitu 
lation  he  was  taken  out  of  his  bed,  Aug.  27th, 
and  with  most  of  the  civil  and  military  officers 
transported  in  a  guard  ship  to  St.  Augustine. 
This  was  done  by  the  order  of  Lord  Cornwallis, 
and  it  was  in  violation  of  the  rights  of  prisoners 
on  parole.  Guards  were  left  at  their  houses,  and 
the  private  papers  of  some  of  them  were  exam- 


GADSDEX. 

incd.  A  parole  was  offered  at  St.  Augustine;  but 
such  was  his  indignation  at  the  ungenerous  treat 
ment  which  he  had  received,  that  he  refused  to 
accept  it,  and  bore  a  close  confinement  in  the 
castle  for  forty-two  weeks  with  the  greatest  forti 
tude.  In  1782,  when  it  became  necessary,  by  the 
rotation  established,  to  choose  a  new  governor,  he 
was  elected  to  this  office ;  but  he  declined  it  on 
account  of  his  age.  lie  continued,  however,  his 
exertions  for  the  good  of  his  country,  both  in  the 
assembly  and  council,  and  notwithstanding  the 
injuries  he  had  suffered  and  the  immense  loss  of 
his  property  he  zealously  opposed  the  law  for  con 
fiscating  the  estates  of  the  adherents  to  the  Brit 
ish  government,  and  contended,  that  sound  policy 
required  us  to  forgive  and  forget.  —  Boiccn's 
Fun.  Ser. ;  Ramsay's  Rev.  of  Car.  I.  35,  55, 
61,  164;  II.  125,  349. 

GADSDEN,  CHRISTOPHER,  D.D.,  bishop  of 
South  Carolina,  died  at  Charleston  June  25,  1852, 
aged  67.  He  was  a  grandson  of  Gen.  Christo 
pher  G.,  and  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1804. 
After  having  the  charge  of  several  churches  he 
was  elected  bishop  in  1840,  as  successor  of  Bishop 
Bowen.  lie  was  a  man  of  learning,  eloquence, 
and  piety.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death 
of  Bishop  Dehon,  1817. 

GAFFIELD,  BI-XJAMIX,  was  drowned  in  at 
tempting  to  cross  the  river  in  order  to  escape  the 
Indians,  who  attacked  Hinsdale,  N.  H.,  in  1755. 
His  wife,  Eunice,  was  carried  a  prisoner  to  Can 
ada  and  sold  to  the  French.  She  was  sent  to 
France,  and  thence  to  England ;  and  at  last  was 
liberated.  She  married  a  Mr.  Pratt,  and  died  at 
Dana,  Mass.,  in  1830,  aged  97. 

GAGE,  THOMAS,  or  Friar  Thomas  of  St.  Mary, 
a  Catholic  missionary,  was  an  Irishman  educated 
at  St.  Omer's,  and  joined  the  Dominicans.  In 
1625  he  went  out  from  Spain  to  Mexico  with  a 
band  of  missionaries,  destined  for  the  Philippine 
islands  ;  but, not  relishing  so  distant  a  mission,  he 
fled  to  Gautimala,  where  and  in  other  neighbor 
ing  places  he  lived  as  a  missionary  to  the  Indians 
ten  or  eleven  years.  In  1637  he  escaped  to  Eng 
land  and  became  a  Protestant  minister  at  Deal. 
He  published  a  new  survey  of  the  West  Indies, 
giving  an  account  of  his  mission  to  New  Spain 
and  of  his  travels ;  second  edit.  1655  ;  4th  edit. 
1699  ;  4th  edit,  in  French,  1720.  It  is  a  curious 
and  interesting  book;  though  Clavigero,  an  Ital 
ian,  might  well  after  the  laspe  of  one  hundred 
years  decry  it  and  represent  it  as  full  of  falsehood, 
for  it  unveils  much  of  the  secrets  of  Catholicism 
and  describes  the  pope  as  antichrist. 

GAG  E,  THOMAS,  the  last  governor  of  Massa 
chusetts  appointed  by  the  king,  died  in  England 
in  April,  1787.  After  the  conquest  of  Canada 
in  1700,  lie  was  appointed  governor  of  Montreal. 
At  the  departure  of  Gen.  Amherst  in  1763,  he 
succeeded  him  as  commander  in  chief  of  his 


GAIXE. 


371 


majesty's  forces  in  America ;  he  was  appointed 
governor  of  Massachusetts,  and  arrived  at  Bos 
ton  May  13, 1774.  He  was  a  suitable  instrument 
for  executing  the  purposes  of  a  tyrannical  minis 
try  and  parliament.  Several  regiments  soon  fol 
lowed  him,  and  he  began  to  repair  the  fortifica 
tions  upon  Boston  neck.  The  powder  in  the 
arsenal  in  Charlestown  was  seized ;  detatchmcnts 
were  sent  out  to  take  possession  of  the  stores  in 
Salem  and  Concord  ;  and  the  battle  of  Lexington 
became  the  signal  of  war.  In  May,  1775,  the  pro 
vincial  congress  declared  Gage  to  be  an  inveterate 
enemy  of  the  country,  disqualified  from  serving 
the  colony  as  governor,  and  unworthy  of  obedi 
ence.  From  this  time  the  exercise  of  his  func 
tions  was  confined  to  Boston.  In  June  he  issued 
a  proclamation,  offering  pardon  to  all  the  rebels, 
excepting  Samuel  Adams  and  John  Hancock,  and 
ordered  the  use  of  the  martial  law.  But  the 
affair  of  Breed's  hill  a  few  days  afterwards  proved 
to  him  that  he  had  mistaken  the  character  of  the 
Americans.  In  Oct.  he  embarked  for  England, 
and  was  succeeded  in  the  command  by  Sir  Wil 
liam  Howe.  His  conduct  toward  the  inhabitants 
of  Boston,  in  promising  them  liberty  to  leave  the 
town  on  the  delivery  of  their  arms,  and  then 
detaining  many  of  them,  has  been  reprobated  for 
its  treachery.  —  Stcdman,  I.  95-110;  Gordon; 
Holmes;  Marshall,  I.  391,446; n.  163,  185,  276; 
in.  21;  Warren,  I.  127-132,  241. 

GAGElt,  WILLIAM,  an  eminent  surgeon  and 
physician,  came  to  Charlestown,  Mass.,  in  1630, 
but  soon  fell  a  victim  to  the  spotted  fever.  He 
died  Sept.  20,  1630. 

GAGElt,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Lebanon, 
Conn.,  died  in  1739,  aged  about  39.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  in  1721,  and  was  the  predecessor  of 
E.  Whcelock. 

GAILLAHD,  Joiix,  senator  of  the  United 
States  from  South  Carolina,  was  a  native  of  St. 
Stephen's  district.  He  voted  for  the  war  of  1812. 
•Called  repeatedly  to  preside  over  the  senate  in  the 
absence  of  the  vice  president,  he  presided  with  great 
impartiality.  He  died  at  Washington  Feb.  26, 
1826.  He  was  a  man  of  a  vigorous  understand 
ing  and  inflexible  integrity ;  firm  in  friendship  ; 
fixed  in  his  political  principles ;  yet  in  all  the 
conflicts  of  parties  maintaining  the  courtesy, 
which  is  too  often  forgotten. 

GAINE,  HUGH,  a  bookseller  in  New  York, 
was  born  in  Ireland.  In  1752  he  published  the 
New  York  Mercury,  and  soon  opened  a  book-shop 
in  Hanover  square,  and  continued  in  his  profitable 
business  forty  years.  He  died  April  25,  1807, 
aged  81.  In  a  poetical  version  of  his  petition  at 
the  close  of  the  war,  he  is  made  to  express  the 
principle  by  which  many  others  have  been  found 
to  be  governed : 

"  And  I  always  adhere  to  the  sword  that  is  longest, 
And  stick  to  the  party  that 's  like  to  be  strongest." 

TJiomas,  II.  103,  301,  483. 


372 


GAINES. 


GALLISOX. 


GAIXES,  EDMUND  PENDLETON,  major-general, 
died  at  New  Orleans  June  6,  1849,  aged  72. 
Born  in  Culpepper  county,  Va.,  he  was  named 
after  his  grand-uncle.  His  father  removed  to 
East  Tennessee,  where  the  son  was  a  lieutenant 
in  Indian  warfare  at  the  age  of  eighteen.  In 
1801  he  was  appointed  military  collector  at 
Mobile.  In  1806  he  arrested  Aaron  Burr. 
Afterwards  he  became  a  lawyer ;  but  in  the  war 
of  1812  he  resumed  his  position  of  captain.  He 
commanded  a  regiment  at  the  battle  of  Chryst- 
ler's  Field  in  1813.  The  next  year  he  was  a  brig 
adier-general,  and  made  a  successful  defence  at 
fort  Erie;  but,  being  wounded  by  a  shell,  he  re 
signed  the  command  to  Gen.  Ripley.  Under 
Jackson  he  was  engaged  in  the  Creek  and  Semi- 
nole  wars.  He  was  a  man  of  great  simplicity  of 
character,  and  of  integrity.  A  short  time  before 
his  death  his  wife  came  in  possession  of  a  large 
property. 

GAIR,  THOMAS,  pastor  of  the  second  Baptist 
church  in  Boston,  died  April  27,  1790,  aged  35. 
Born  in  Boston,  he  graduated  at  Providence  in 
1777,  and  was  for  ten  years  a  minister  at  Med- 
field.  He  succeeded  Mr.  Skillman  in  B.  in  1787  ; 
and  Dr.  Baldwin  was  his  successor.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  T.  Green, 
1783. 

GALATZLN,  DEMETRIUS  AUGUSTINE,  died  at 
Loretto,  Cambria  Co.,  Pa.,  May  6,  1840,  aged  70. 
He  was  born  at  Munster  in  Germany  in  1770. 
His  father  was  Prince  de  Galitzin,  of  Itussia.  He 
arrived  at  Baltimore  in  1792  ;  having  studied  the 
ology,  he  took  up  his  abode  in  the  wilderness  of 
Cambria  county,  and  gathered  around  him  a  Cath 
olic  population  of  three  or  four  thousand.  It  is 
said  he  expended  a  princely  fortune.  In  a  rude 
log  cabin  he  spent  thirty  years. 

GALE,  BENJAMIN,  a  physician,  was  born  on 
Long  Island  in  1715,  but  his  parents  soon  re 
moved  to  Goshen,  N.  Y.  He  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1733.  Having  studied  with  Jared 
Eliot,  of  Killingsworth,  he  married  his  daughter, 
and  settled  in  that  town,  where  he  died  in  1790, 
aged  75.  He  was  an  eminent  physician  and  ag 
riculturist,  and  was  deeply  concerned  also  in 
politics.  He  invented  a  drill  plough  ;  he  wrote  a 
dissertation  on  the  prophecies ;  he  published  a 
treatise  on  the  inoculation  for  the  small  pox, 
about  1750.  His  method  of  a  preparatory  course 
of  mercury  was  commended  in  England.  The 
same  was  employed  in  1745  by  Dr.  Thompson,  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  Dr.  Morison,  of  Long  Island. 
In  the  transactions  of  the  royal  society,  vol.  LV., 
he  published  historical  memoirs  on  inoculation, 
and  account  of  the  cure  by  salt  of  the  bite  of  the 
rattlesnake.  —  Thachcr. 

GALES,  JOSEPH,  died  at  Raleigh,  N.  C.,  Aug. 
24,  1841,  aged  80.  He  was  the  father  of  Joseph 
G.,  of  Washington.  Born  in  England,  he  was  a 


printer  and  bookseller  in  Sheffield  ;  he  emigrated 
to  Philadelphia  in  1794,  and  in  1799  to  Raleigh. 
For  forty  years  he  published  the  Raleigh  Regis 
ter.  He  was  blameless,  benevolent,  pious. 

GALLATIN,  ALBERT,  died  at  the  house  of  his 
son-in-law  in  Astoria,  L.  I.,  Aug.  12,  1849,  aged 
88.  He  was  born  in  Switzerland  Jan.  29,  1761. 
His  ancestor,  John  G.,  secretary  to  the  Duke  of 
Savoy,  emigrated  to  Geneva.  Graduating  in 
1779,  he  came  to  America  in  1780.  He  com 
manded  a  fort  at  Machias ;  then  became  a  tutor 
in  French  at  Cambridge  ;  thence  he  proceeded  to 
Virginia.  Receiving  now  his  patrimony,  he  made 
the  purchase  of  new  lands.  He  settled  in  Fav- 
ette  county,  on  the  Monongahela,  and  became 
soon  a  prominent  member  of  the  legislature  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  then  a  member  of  congress. 
In  1793  he  was  a  senator  of  the  United  States 
for  a  short  time.  Mr.  Jefferson  called  him  in 
1801  to  be  secretary  of  the  treasury.  In  1813  he 
was  sent  with  others  to  negotiate  with  Great 
Britain  under  the  mediation  of  Russia;  and  he 
afterwards  assisted  at  Ghent  in  the  treaty  of 
peace.  From  1816  to  1823  he  was  minister  at 
Paris.  After  1828  he  became  a  citizen  of  New 
York.  He  was  president  of  the  national  bank 
from  1831  till  he  was  succeeded  by  his  son  James 
in  1839;  he  was  also  president  of  the  New  York 
historical  society.  His  wife,  Hannah,  daughter  of 
James  Nicholson,  of  New  York,  whom  he  mar 
ried  about  1794,  died  May  14,  1849,  aged  82; 
amidst  the  varied  scenes  of  her  life  she  was 
never  unmindful  of  Ircr  religious  duties.  He 
wrote  against  war  and  on  the  currency,  and  pub 
lished  elaborate  essays  on  the  Indian  languages. 
—  Evening  Post ;  Boston  Advertiser,  Aug.  15. 

GALLAUDET,  PETER  W.,  died  at  Washing 
ton  May  17, 1843,  aged  88.  He  was  a  soldier  of 
the  Revolution.  He  toiled  untiringly  in  estab 
lishing  the  Washington  manual  labor  school,  and 
the  Howard  institution  was  acquainted  with  his 
devotion  to  the  cause  of  Christian  charity. 

GALLAUDET,  THOMAS  HOPKINS,  LL.  D., 
died  in  Hartford  Sept.  10,  1851,  aged  63.  Born 
in  Philadelphia  Dec.  10,  1787,  he  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1805.  After  serving  some  years  as  a 
tutor,  he  studied  theology,  and  was  licensed  to 
preach  in  1814.  But  now  he  turned  his  atten 
tion  to  the  instruction  of  deaf  mutes.  After  vis 
iting  Europe,  he  opened  the  asylum  for  the  deaf 
and  dumb  at  Hartford  in  1817,  but  from  ill 
health  resigned  his  place  in  1830,  and  engaged  in 
other  philanthropic  labors.  In  1838  he  was  chap 
lain  at  the  insane  hospital.  II.  Barnard  delivered 
a  discourse  on  his  character  in  1852.  His  monu 
ment  was  erected  by  the  deaf  and  dumb  Sept.  6, 
1854.  He  published  various  discourses  in  1818, 
1821,  1824;  6  vols.  of  annals  of  the  deaf  and 
dumb. 

GALLISON,  JOHN,  a  lawyer,  was  born  at  Mar- 


GALLOWAY. 

blchead  in  Oct.,  1788.  His  mother  was  sister  of  [ 
Judge  Scwall.  After  practising  law  for  a  short 
time  in  Marblehead,  he  removed  to  Boston, 
where,  for  a  year  or  two,  he  was  the  editor  of  the 
Weekly  Messenger.  He  died  Dec.  25,  1820, 
aged  32.  He  published  reports  of  cases  decided 
in  the  circuit  court,  2  vols.,  1817 ;  address  to  the 
peace  society,  1820. 

GALLOWAY,  JOSEPH,  an  eminent  lawyer  in 
Pennsylvania,  died  in  England  in  Sept.,  1803. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  assembly  of  that  prov 
ince  in  May,  1764,  when  the  subject  of  a  petition 
in  favor  of  a  change  of  the  government  from  that 
of  a  proprietary  to  a  royal  government  was  dis 
cussed.  John  Dickinson  was  opposed  to  the 
petition,  and  Mr.  Galloway  answered  his  speech 
with  much  warmth.  Both  speeches  were  printed, 
and  Mr.  Dickinson,  after  an  ineffectual  challenge, 
wrote  his  "  Answer  to  a  piece,  called  the  speech 
of  Joseph  Galloway."  After  having  been  for 
some  time  speaker  of  the  house  of  assembly,  he 
was  appointed  a  member  of  the  first  congress  in 
1774.  He  afterwards  deserted  the  American 
cause,  joining  the  British  at  New  York  in  Dec., 
1776,  and  remained  with  the  army  till  June, 
1778.  His  counsels  and  exertions  were  of  little 
avail  against  the  resolute  spirit  of  millions,  deter 
mined  to  be  free.  By  his  own  account  he  aban 
doned  an  estate  of  the  value  of  40,000  pounds. 
In  1779  he  was  examined  before  the  house  of 
commons  on  the  transactions  in  America,  and  his 
representation  did  not  do  much  credit  to  the 
British  commanders.  The  preface  to  his  speech, 
which  was  published  in  1764,  was  written  by  Dr. 
Franklin,  who  supported  the  same  cause.  It 
presents  a  history  of  the  proprietary  government. 
Mr.  Galloway  published  also  observations  on  the 
conduct  of  Sir  William  Howe,  in  which,  notwith 
standing  his  attachments,  he  discloses  and  repre 
hends  the  shocking  brutality  of  the  British  troops, 
especially  in  New  Jersey.  The  following  work,  it 
is  believed,  is  the  production  of  his  pen :  brief 
commentaries  upon  such  parts  of  the  revelation 
and  other  prophecies  as  immediately  refer  to  the 
present  times,  London,  1802.  He  published  a 
letter  to  Howe  on  his  naval  conduct ;  letters  to  a 
nobleman  on  the  conduct  of  war  in  the  middle 
colonies,  1779;  reply  to  the  observations  of  Gen. 
Howe;  cool  thoughts  on  the  consequences  of 
American  independence ;  candid  examination  of 
the  claims  of  Great  Britain  and  her  colonies  ;  re- 
flectiona  on  the  American  rebellion,  London,  1780. 
—  Hist.  Coll.  II.  93;  Monthly  Review,  XXXII. 
67  ;  LXI.  71;  Franklin's  Works,  ill.  163. 

GALLUP,  JOSEPH  A.,  M.  I).,  founder  of  the 
medical  institution  in  Woodstock,  Vt.,  died  Oct. 
12,  1849,  aged  80. 

GALUS11A,  JONAS,  governor  of  Vermont,  died 
at  Shaftsbury  in  Oct.,  1834. 

GAM  AGE,  WILLIAM,  M.  D.,  a  physician  in 


GANG. 


373 


Boston,  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Wm  G.,  of  Cam 
bridge,  who  died  Jan.  1,  1821,  aged  76.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1802,  and  died 
Oct.  o,  1818,  aged  37.  lie  published  several  arti 
cles  in  the  New  England  journal  of  medicine,  and 
some  account  of  the  fever  of  1817  and  1818,  with 
remarks  on  typhus. 

GAMAGE,  JONATHAN',  died  at  Fryeburg  in 
\ug.,  1843,  aged  90,  in  consequence  of  the  ex 
citement  of  attending  the  Bunker  Hill  celebration 
at  Charlestown,  occasioning  the  loss  of  reason. 
A  fellow  soldier  of  the  same  age,  Josiah  Cleavc- 
land,  died  from  the  same  cause. 

GAMBOLD,  JOHN,  Moravian  missionary,  re 
sided  at  Spring  Place  among  the  Cherokees  in 

1817,  when  he  was  visited  by  Mr.  Cornelius.     By 
his  labors  Mr.  Ilicks  became  a  Christian  convert. 
In  1827  he  resided  within  thirty  miles  of  Spring 
Place,  at  Oochelogy,  and  in  that  year   he  died, 
Nov.  6th,  after   a  long   period  of  weakness  and 
suffering.       He   was    a    faithful  servant   of   his 
Master. 

GANNETT,  CALEB,  minister  of  Amherst  and 
Cumberland,  N.  S.,  died  at  Cambridge  April  25, 

1818,  aged  72.     He   was   born   in   Bridgewater, 
Mass.,  Aug.  22,  1745,  graduated  at  Harvard  col 
lege  in   1763,  and  was  ordained  Oct.  12,  1767  ; 
but  from  inadequate  support  returned  to    New 
England  in  1771.     For  some  years  he  was  a  tutor 
in  the  college,  and   steward  from   1780  till  his 
death.     He   married   a   daughter   of   President 
Stiles.       In   the   transactions  of   the  American 
academy,  vols.  I.  and  II.,  he  published  observa 
tions  of  an  eclipse,  and  two  papers  on  the  aurora 
borealis.  —  2  Hist.  Coll.  viil.  277-285. 

GANO,  JOILN,  minister  in  New  York,  died  Aug. 
10,  1804,  aged  77.  He  collected  the  first  Baptist 
society  in  that  city,  and  was  ordained  its  pastor  in 
1762.  Early  espousing  the  cause  of  his  country 
in  the  contest  with  Great  Britain,  at  the  com 
mencement  of  the  war  he  joined  the  standard  of 
freedom  in  the  capacity  of  chaplain.  His  preach 
ing  contributed  to  impart  a  determined  spirit  to 
the  soldiers,  and  he  continued  in  the  army  till  the 
conclusion  of  the  war.  When  a  lieutenant,  after 
uttering  some  profane  expressions,  accosted  him, 
saying,  "  Good  morning,  Dr.  Good  Man,"  he  re 
plied,  "  You  pray  early  this  morning."  The 
reproved  man  said,  "I  beg  your  pardon."  —  "O," 
retorted  Mr.  G.,  "  I  cannot  pardon  you ;  carry 
your  case  to  God."  He  left  his  society  in  New 
York  in  1788,  and  removed  to  Kentucky.  He 
died  at  Frankfort,  resigned  to  the  Divine  will, 
and  in  the  hope  of  everlasting  blessedness  in  the 
presence  of  his  Redeemer.  Memoirs  of  his  life, 
written  principally  by  himself,  were  published  in 
12mo.,  1806.  —  ftano's  Memoirs. 

GANO,  STEPHEN,  D.  D.,  son  of  the  preceding, 
died  at  Providence  Aug.  28, 1818,  aged  65,  in  the 
thirty-sixth  year  of  his  ministry.  Besides  editing 


374 


GANSEVOORT. 


GARDINER. 


the  memoirs  of  his  father,  he  published  a  sermon 
at  the  ordination  of  J.  Bradley,  1801. 

GANSEVOORT,  PETER,  JR.,  brigadier-general, 
died  July  2,  1812,  aged  62.  He  was  born  in  Al 
bany  July  17,  1749.  With  the -rank  of  major  he 
accompanied  Montgomery  to  Canada  in  1775. 
He  commanded  at  fort  Stamvix,  as  colonel,  when 
it  was  besieged  by  St.  Leger  in  1777.  He  reso 
lutely  defended  the  post  from  Aug.  2  to  22,  until 
the  approach  of  Arnold  dispersed  the  Indians  and 
gave  him  relief.  For  his  gallant  defence  he  re 
ceived  the  thanks  of  congress.  In  1781  he  was 
appointed  brigadier-general  by  the  State.  After 
the  war  he  was  military  agent  and  intrusted  with 
other  offices.  He  was  brave,  intelligent,  and 
faithful,  and  highly  respected. 

GARDEN,  ALEXANDER,  an  Episcopal  minister, 
was  born  in  Scotland  in  1685,  came  to  Charleston 
about  1720,  and  died  in  1756,  aged  70.  He  was 
the  faithful  commissary  of  the  bishop  of  London 
for  the  Carolinas,  Georgia,  and  the  Bahama  islands. 
He  was  a  man  of  learning  and  of  charity.  A 
tenth  of  his  income  he  gave  to  the  poor.  He 
published  six  letters  to  Mr.  Whitefield,  1740 ; 
doctrine  of  justification  vindicated ;  two  sermons, 
1742.  —  Ramsay,  II.  10,466. 

GARDEN,  ALEXANDER,  D.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  a 
physician,  was  the  son  of  Rev.  A.  G.,  of  Birse, 
Aberdeen,  who  died  about  1784.  Having  studied 
physic  at  Edinburgh,  he  came  to  Charleston,  S.  C., 
about  1750,  and  by  his  practice  of  thirty  years 
acquired  a  fortune.  In  1783  he  returned  to 
Europe,  and  died  in  London  April  15,  1791,  aged 
63.  He  was  much  devoted  to  the  study  of  natural 
history,  particularly  of  botany,  and  made  a  num 
ber  of  communications  on  those  subjects  to  his 
philosophical  friends  in  Europe.  In  compliment 
to  him  the  greatest  botanist  of  the  age  gave  tbe 
name  of  Gardenia  to  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
flowering  shrubs  in  the  world.  He  introduced 
into  medical  use  the  Virginia  pink  root  as  a  ver 
mifuge,  and  published  in  1764  an  account  of  its 
medical  properties,  with  a  botanical  description ; 
a  second  edition,  1772. —  Tltaclter  ;  Ramsay's 
Review  of  Medicine,  42, 44 ;  Miller's  Retrospect, 
I.  319. 

GARDINER,  CHRISTOPHER,  an  adventurer,  to 
be  remembered  for  nothing  good,  came  to  Mas 
sachusetts  in  1630  with  pretensions  to  piety,  but 
bringing  with  him  "  a  comely  young  woman, 
whom  he  called  his  cousin."  He  would  have  been 
better  received  in  such  a  new  colony  as  that  of 
the  Mormons  in  Utah,  where  there  is  no  scruple 
about  allowing  seven  wives.  But  in  the  old  Bay 
State  Gardiner  was  arrested  in  1631  on  the 
charge  of  having  two  wives  in  England.  In  re 
venge,  he,  in  1632,  with  Morton,  presented  a  pe 
tition  to  the  king  against  the  colony,  accusing  the 
colonists  of  intended  rebellion. 

GARDINER,  LION,  an  early  settler  in  Connec 


ticut  and  New  York,  and  a  man  of  character  and 
influence,  died  in  1663  at  East  Hampton,  Long 
Island.  A  native  of  England,  bred  to  the  pro 
fession  of  arms,  an  engineer,  he  engaged  in  the 
wars  of  Holland,  where  he  became  connected  with 
Peters,  Davenport,  and  other  Puritans,  and  was 
induced  to  proceed  to  Saybrook  in  the  service  of 
the  patentees,  in  making  -a  city,  towns,  and  forts. 
He  embarked  with  his  Avife,  Mary  "Wilemson,  an 
excellent  Hollander  lady,  in  1635,  and  crossed 
the  ocean  in  a  small  craft  of  twenty-five  tons,  and 
arriving  at  Saybrook  Nov.  28,  commenced  its  set 
tlement.  The  next  year  he  built  tbe  fort.  His 
policy  was  to  live  in  peace  with  the  Indians.  His 
son  David,  born  April  29,  1636,  was  the  first 
white  child  born  in  Connecticut.  He  purchased 
of  the  sachem  Wyandanch  the  island  now  called 
Gardiner's  Island,  of  three  thousand  acres.  Here 
he  settled  as  a  farmer  in  1639,  the  first  English 
settlement  in  New  York.  In  1648  he  became  a 
proprietor  of  East  Hampton,  to  which  place  he 
removed  in  1653,  and  lived  there  ten  years.  His 
influence  over  the  Montaukett  Indians  was  great 
and  important.  All  his  large  estate  he  bequeathed 
to  his  wife,  who  survived  him  two  years ;  and, 
dying,  Gardiner's  Island  was  entailed  upon  her  son 
David,  and  it  has  descended  through  eight  pro 
prietors,  from  David  to  John,  and  from  John  to 
David,  to  the  present  generation,  the  descent 
from  father  to  son  not  having  been  broken. 
President  Tyler  married  into  this  family.  A  me 
moir"  is  in  historical  collections,  3d  series,  vol.  X. 

GARDINER,  SYLVESTER,  a  physician,  was 
born  in  Rhode  Island  in  1717.  His  grandfather 
emigrated  from  England.  Having  studied  his 
profession  several  years  in  France  and  England, 
he  practised  physic  very  successfully  in  Boston  ;  he 
also  established  a  very  profitable  drug-shop.  Ac 
quiring  great  wealth,  he  connected  himself  with  the 
Plymouth  land  company,  and  purchased  exten 
sive  tracts  of  land  in  Maine.  At  the  commence 
ment  of  the  Revolution  he  was  a  tory  re 
fugee,  and  of  his  large  estate  was  able  to  take 
with  him  only  400  pounds.  His  lands,  about 
one  hundred  thousand  acres,  were  confiscated  and 
sold  at  auction ;  but  his  heirs,  through  some  in 
formality,  were  re-invested  with  the  property. 
After  the  war  he  returned  to  Newport,  where 
he  died  of  a  malignant  fever,  Aug.  8,  1786,  aged 
68.  He  displayed  in  his  life  the  moral  virtues 
and  a  regard  to  the  duties  of  religion.  In  his 
will  he  bequeathed  ten  acres  and  a  small  sum  of 
money  for  the  Episcopal  society  in  Gardiner,  and 
directed  the  small  house  of  worship  to  be  finished ; 
but  it  was  soon  burnt  by  an  insane  man,  McCaus- 
land,  in  1773.  —  Tkaclier;  Greenleaf's  Eccles. 
Sketches,  227. 

GARDINER,  JOHN  SYLVESTER  JOHN,  D.  D.. 
Episcopal  minister  in  Boston,  became  assistant  to 
Dr.  Parker  April  12,  1792,  and  died  at  Harrow- 


GARDNER. 

gate  Springs,  England,  July  2G,  1830,  aged  65. 
lie  was  distinguished  for  his  literary  attainments, 
and  zealous  for  what  he  regarded  as  the  Armin- 
ian  and  Trinitarian  tenets  of  the  Episcopal 
church,  and  no  less  zealous  in  politics.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  J.  Bowers, 
1802;  before  the  humane  society;  before  the 
charitable  fire  society,  1803;  on  the  death  of 
Bishop  Parker,  1804;  of  Dr.  Lloyd,  and  D. 
Sears ;  of  Geo.  Higginson,  and  Thomas  C.  Amory,  [ 
1812;  at  a  fast,  1808,  and  1812  ;  before  a  female 
asylum,  1809;  on  the  Divinity  of  Jesus  Christ, 
1810;  preservative  against  Unitarianism,  1811; 
before  the  society  of  donations,  1813. 

GARDNER,  NATHANIEL,  died  in  Boston  in 
1760,  aged  about  41.  He  graduated  in  1739, 
and  was  many  years  usher  in  the  Latin  school 
under  the  celebrated  Lovell.  He  was  honored 
for  his  classical  taste  and  acquirements.  He 
published  some  English  poems,  and  a  Latin 
translation  of  "Watts'  ode  on  the  nativity  of 
Christ.  — Monthly  Anthology,  iv.  38. 

GARDNER,  JOHN,  minister  of  Stow,  died  Jan. 
10, 1775,  aged  79.  lie  was  born  in  Charlcstown ; 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1715;  and  Avas  settled 
in  1718.  His  predecessor,  the  first  minister,  was 
John  Evelcth  ;  his  successors,  Jonathan  Newell  in 
1774,  and  John  L.  Sibley  in  1829. 

GARDNER,  GEORGE,  a  benefactor  of  Harvard 
college,  died  at  Salem  in  1773.  He  Avas  gradu 
ated  in  1762,  and  was  a  merchant.  He  bequeathed 
to  the  college  4,867  dollars,  for  the  education  of 
poor  scholars  ;  1,466  to  the  poor  of  Salem  ;  and 
7,333  to  the  marine  society  for  superannuated  sea 
men.  The  legacies  became  due  on  the  death  of 
his  brother,  Weld  G.,  in  Nov.,  1801. 

GARDNER,  HENRY,  first  treasurer  of  Massa 
chusetts,  in  the  time  of  the  Revolution,  died  in  1782, 
aged  about  52.  He  was  the  son  of  Rev.  Mr.  G.,  of 
Stow,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1750.  From 
1757  he  was  a  member  of  the  general  court  until 
the  Revolution  ;  and  then  was  the  faithful,  patri 
otic  treasurer,  till  his  death.  He  was  also  coun 
cillor,  and  judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas 
for  Middlesex.  In  every  office  he  manifested  in 
tegrity,  prudence,  firmness.  He  was  also  a  pious 
man  and  humble  Christian  ;  and  in  the  faith  and 
hopes  of  the  gospel  he  died  in  peace. 

GARDNER,  JOSEPH,  died  at  Boston  April  3, 
1806,  aged  92.  A  graduate  of  Cambridge  in 
1732,  he  was  settled  May  15,  1740,  as  colleague 
with  Rev.  N.  Clap  of  Newport ;  but  was  dismissed 
in  1743.  He  was  justice  of  the  common  pleas 
for  Suffolk. 

GARDNER,  FRANCIS,  minister  of  Leominster 
more  than  half  a  century,  died  in  1814,  aged  76. 
Born  in  Stow,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1755. 
His  son,  John,  died  in  Aug.,  1856,  aged  89.  He 
published  a  thanksgiving  sermon,  1795  ;  half-cen 
tury,  1812. 


GASTON. 


375 


GARDNER,  PEREGRINE,  colonel,  died  in  Wt-st 
Bloomficld,  N.  Y.,  April  13,  1838,  aged  72.  He 
Avas  a  native  of  Nonvich,  Conn.  He  and  his  Avife 
were  the  first  inhabitants  of  W.  B.,  in  1789,  from 
Utica  to  Buffalo  being  almost  an  entire  Avilderness. 
In  the  Avar  of  1812  he  Avas  Avounded  and  taken  pris 
oner.  He  Avas  a  good  citizen,  a  benevolent  man,  an 
eminent  Christian.  He  Avas  accustomed  to  do 
Avhat  to  some  would  be  harder  than  to  meet  the 
face  of  an  enemy  in  Avar  ;  he  Avas  accustomed  to 
ask  of  a  stranger,  Avith  a  spirit  of  affection,  "  Do 
you  love  the  Saviour  ?  " 

GARDNER,  HENRY,  Dr.,  died  in  Charles- 
tOAvn,  Mass.,  Aug.  22,  1854,  aged  81.  Born  in 
C.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1797. 

GARLAND,  HUGH  A.,  died  in  St.  Louis  Oct. 
14,  1854,  an  eminent  laAvyer,  a  native  of  Virginia. 
He  Avas  clerk  of  the  house  at  Washington  from 
1836  to  1841.  He  published  a  life  of  John  Ran 
dolph. 

GARNETT,  JAMES  MERCER,  died  in  ElmAvood, 
Essex  county,  Va.,  May,  1843,  aged  62.  He  Avas 
a  member  of  Congress,  from  1805  to  1809.  His 
life  Avas  much  and  honorably  deA-oted  to  the 
cause  of  education  and  agriculture;  his  public 
addresses  Avere  A'ery  acceptable. 

GARRARD,  JAMES,  goA-ernor  of  Kentucky 
from  1796  to  1804,  Avas  a  native  of  Virginia,  and 
an  officer  of  the  Revolution.  He  Avas  among  the 
first  adventurous  settlers  of  Kentucky,  and  died 
at  Mount  Lebanon,  Bourbon  county,  Jan.  19, 
1822,  aged  73. 

GARRETSON,  CATHERINE,  died  at  Red  Hook 
in  1749,  aged  96  years  and  9  months.  She  Avas 
the  sister  of  Chancellor  LiA'ingston,  and  the 
AvidoAV  of  F.  Garretson,  a  Methodist  minister. 

GARRETT,  JAMES,  missionary  printer  for 
tAvelve  years,  died  at  Bombay  July  17,  1831. 
The  day  before  his  death  he  summoned  his  tAvcnty 
Avorkmen  to  his  bedside,  and  addressed  them  in 
Mahratta,  and  exhorted  them  to  repent  and  to 
believe  in  Christ  as  their  only  Saviour ;  with  tears 
they  heard  the  last  counsels  of  a  dying  Christian. 
Mr.  G.  lived  in  Utica,  Avhen  he  entered  the  mis 
sionary  service.  An  account  of  his  death  is  in 
the  Missionary  Herald,  1832. 

GASSETT,  HENRY,  a  merchant,  died  in  Bos 
ton  Aug.  15,  1855,  aged  81.  He  Avas  a  graduate 
of  1795.  He  Avas  of  Huguenot  descent,  from 
Henri  Gachet,  Avho  came  from  Rochelle  to  Taun- 
ton.  In  time  the  name  Avas  Anglicised.  Three  of 
his  sons  Avere  also  graduates  of  Hanrard.  His 
pen  and  Avealth  Avere  in  his  zeal  for  truth  and  vir- 
tue  employed  in  opposing  the  masonic  society. 

GASTON,  WILLIAM,  LL.  D.,  a  judge  of  North 
Carolina,  died  at  Raleigh  Jan.  23,  1844,  aged  66. 
His  father,  Dr.  Alexander  G.,  born  in  Ireland  of 
Huguenot  ancestry,  lived  at  NeAvbern,  and  Avas 
shot  by  the  tories  Aug.  20,  1781,  William  being 
then  only  three  years  old.  His  mother,  Margaret 


376 


GATES. 


GAY. 


Sharpc,  born  in  England,  ever  afterwards  a  widow, 
devoted  herself  to  the  education  of  her  son. 
"When  he  returned  with  honor  from  Princeton 
college  in  1790,  the  first  thing  she  did  was  to  lay 
her  hands  on  his  head,  as  he  knelt  before  her, 
exclaiming,  "  My  God,  I  thank  thee ! "  Her 
pious  spirit  survived  the  withering  influence  of 
popery.  She  lived  thirty-one  years  after  the 
death  of- her  husband;  but  never  made  a  visit 
except  to  the  sufl'ering  poor.  He  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  179G;  and  was  a  senator  of  North 
Carolina,  and  a  representative  in  congress  in  1813. 

GATES,  HORATIO,  a  major-general  in  the  army 
of  the  United  States,  died  April  10,  1806,  aged 
77.  He  was  a  native  of  England.  In  early  life 
he  entered  the  British  army,  and  laid  the  founda 
tion  of  his  future  military  excellence.  He  was  aid 
to  Gen.  Monkton  at  the  capture  of  Martinico  ; 
and  after  the  peace  of  Aix  la  Chapelle,  he  was 
among  the  first  troops  which  landed  at  Halifax 
under  Gen.  Cornwallis.  He  was  with  Braddock 
at  the  time  of  his  defeat  in  1755,  and  was  shot 
through  the  body.  When  peace  was  concluded, 
he  purchased  an  estate  in  Virginia,  where  he  re 
sided  until  the  commencement  of  the  American 
Avar  in  1775,  when  he  was  appointed  by  congress 
adjutant-general,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-gen 
eral.  He  accompanied  Washington  to  Cambridge, 
when  he  went  to  take  command  of  the  army  in 
that  place.  In  June,  1776,  Gates  was  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  army  of  Canada.  He  was 
superseded  by  Gen.  Schuyler  in  May,  1777,  but 
in  August  following  he  took  the  place  of  this  offi 
cer  in  the  northern  department.  The  success, 
which  attended  his  arms  in  the  capture  of  Bur- 
goyne  in  October,  filled  America  with  joy.  Con 
gress  passed  a  vote  of  thanks,  and  ordered  a  medal 
of  gold  to  be  presented  to  him  by  the  president. 
His  conduct  towards  his  conquered  enemy  was 
marked  by  delicacy,  which  does  him  the  highest 
honor.  He  did  not  permit  his  own  troops  to  wit 
ness  the  mortification  of  the  British  in  depositing 
their  arms.  After  Gen.  Lincoln  was  taken  pris 
oner,  he  was  appointed,  June  13,  1780,  to  the 
command  of  the  southern  department.  Aug. 
16,  he  was  defeated  by  Cornwallis  at  Camden. 
He  was  superseded  Dec.  3,  by  Gen.  Greene ;  but 
was  in  1782  restored  to  his  command. 

After  the  peace  he  retired  to  his  farm  in  Berke 
ley  county,  Va.,  where  he  remained  until  the  year 
1790,  when  he  went  to  reside  at  New  York,  hav 
ing  first  emancipated  his  slaves,  and  made  a  pe 
cuniary  provision  for  such  as  Avere  not  able  to 
provide  for  themselves.  Some  of  them  would  not 
leave  him,  but  continued  in  his  family.  On  his 
arrival  at  New  York  the  freedom  of  the  city  was 
presented  to  him.  In  1800  he  accepted  a  seat  in 
the  legislature,  but  he  retained  it  no  longer  than 
he  conceived  his  services  might  be  useful  to  the 
cause  of  liberty,  which  he  never  abandoned.  His 


political  opinions  did  not  separate  him  from  many 
respectable  citizens,  whose  views  differed  widely 
from  his  own.  A  few  weeks  before  his  death  he 
wrote  to  his  friend,  Dr.  Mitchill,  then  at  Wash 
ington,  on  some  business,  and  closing  his  letter, 
dated  Feb.  27,  1806,  with  the  following  words: 
"  I  am  very  Aveak  and  have  evident  signs  of  an 
approaching  dissolution.  But  I  have  lived  long 
enough,  since  I  have  lived  to  see  a  mighty  peo 
ple  animated  Avith  a  spirit  to  be  free,  and  goA'- 
crned  by  transcendent  abilities  and  honor."  He 
retained  his  faculties  to  the  last.  He  took  pleas 
ure  in  professing  his  attachment  to  religion,  and 
his  firm  belief  in  the  doctrines  of  Christianity. 
The  will,  Avhich  Avas  made  not  long  before  his 
death,  exhibited  the  humility  of  his  faith.  In  an 
article,  dictated  by  himself,  he  expressed  a  sense 
of  his  own  umvorthiness,  and  his  reliance  solely 
on  the  intercession  and  sufferings  of  the  Re 
deemer.  In  another  paragraph  he  directed  that 
his  body  should  be  privately  buried,  Avhich  was 
accordingly  done.  His  AvicloAV  died  in  1810. 
Gen.  Gates  was  a  Avhig  in  England,  and  a  repub 
lican  in  America.  He  Avas  a  scholar,  Avell  versed 
in  history  and  the  Latin  classics.  While  he  Avas 
just,  hospitable,  and  generous,  and  possessed  a 
feeling  heart,  his  manners  and  deportment  yet 
indicated  his  military  character.  —  Marshall,  II. 
237  ;  III.  3,  226,  273,  336  ;  IV.  169-182,  324,  596 ; 
Brissot,  Nouv.  Voy.  II.  50;  Sicdman,  l.  336, 
342;  II.  200,  233  ;  Gordon,  II.  276,  572  ;  III.  391, 
439,  472 ;  IV.  26. 

GAY,  EBENEZF.R,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Hingham, 
Mass.,  Avas  born  Aug.  26,  1696.  He  Avas  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1714,  and  ordained  June 
11,  1718,  as  successor  of  John  Norton.  The  first 
minister  Avas  P.  Hobart.  These  three  ministers 
preached  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  years.  Dr. 
Gay  died  March  18,  1787,  aged  90,  in  the  sixty- 
ninth  year  of  his  ministry.  He  Avas  succeeded  by 
Dr.  Ware.  lie  died  unmarried.  His  mental 
pOAvers  Avere  continued  to  him  in  an  uncommon 
degree  till  his  death.  On  the  day  Avhich  com 
pleted  the  eighty-fifth  year  of  his  age,  he  preached 
a  sermon,  Avhich  Avas  much  celebrated  and  Avas 
reprinted  in  England.  Dr.  Chauncy  pronounces 
him  to  have  been  one  of  the  greatest  and  most 
valuable  men  in  the  country.  His  sentiments  Avere 
not  so  rigid  as  those  of  some  of  his  brethren  in 
the  ministry ;  but  he  Avas  zealous  for  the  interests 
of  practical  goodness,  lie  published  a  sermon  at 
the  ordination  of  Joseph  Green,  1725;  of  Eb. 
Gay,  Jr.,  1742  ;  of  J.  Mayhew,  1747;  of  J.  Dorby, 
1752;  of  E.  Carpenter,  1753;  of  G.  liaAvson, 
1755  ;  of  Bunker  Gay,  1763  ;  of  C.  Gannett,  1768 ; 
at  the  artillery  election ;  on  the  transcendent 
glory  of  the  gospel,  to  which  is  added  a  pillar  of 
salt  to  season  a  corrupt  age,  1728;  on  the  death 
of  John  Hancock,  1744;  at  the  election,  17!.;; 
at  the  convention,  1746  ;  Dudlcian  lecture,  1759 ; 


GAY. 

two  sermons  on  the  death  of  Dr  Mayhew,  17GG; 
thanksgiving  sermon,  1771;  the  old  man's  calen 
dar,  1781.  —  Shute's  Funeral  Sermon;  Hist. 
Coll.  x.  159;  Mass.  Centinel,  March  30,  1787. 

GAY,  EBENEZER,  D.  D.,  died  at  Suffield,  Conn., 
March  or  April,  1796,  aged  77,  having  been  in 
the  ministry  fifty-three  years.     Born  in  Dcdham,  ! 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1737.  Of  six  brothers, 

O  ' 

four  were  above  70.  lie  was  a  nephew  of  E.  G., 
of  Ilingham.  Bunker  Gay,  minister  of  Ilinsdale, 
N.  II.,  who  died  in  1814,  was  his  brother.  His 
son,  Ebenezer,  a  graduate  of  Yale  in  1757,  was 
settled  as  his  colleague  or  successor  in  1793,  and 
died  in  1837.  He  had  a  strong  mind  and  was 
respectable  for  learning. 

GAY,  BUNKER,  brother  of  Dr.  E.  G.,  and  min 
ister  of  Ilinsdale,  N.  H.,  died  in  Feb.,  1815,  aged 
80.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1760,  and  was 
ordained  in  1763.  He  was  born  in  Ilingham,  Mass.; 
and  his  father,  Nathaniel,  was  the  son  of  John, 
whose  father  was  also  John,  of  Dedham  in  1635, 
the  ancestor  of  the  Gays  of  Massachusetts  and 
Connecticut.  He  published  the  accomplished 
judge,  a  sermon  at  Keene;  also,  on  the  death  of 
llev.  L.  Hedge  at  Warwick. 

GAY,  SETH,  a  useful  and  venerable  citizen  of 
Gardiner,  Me.,  died  Jan.  30,  1851,  aged  89. 

GAY,  SAMUEL,  minister  in  Hubbardston,  died 
Oct.  16,  1848,  aged  64.  He  was  born  in  South 
Dedham,  and  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1805. 
Ordained  Oct.  16,  1810,  in  1827  in  consequence 
of  a  division  among  his  people  a  new  Calvinistic 
church  was  formed,  of  which  he  was  the  pastor 
till  1841,  when  he  resigned  and  lived  respected  in 
retirement.  He  preached  on  the  Sabbath  but 
one  before  his  death.  He  died  suddenly.  While 
at  work  in  his  field,  he  fell  and  expired. 

GAY,  MARTIN,  M.  D.,  died  in  Boston  Jan.  12, 
1850,  aged  46 ;  son  of  Ebenezer  Gay,  of  Ilingham. 

GAYLOIiD,  WILLIAM,  minister  in  Norwalk, 
died  Jan.  3,  1767,  aged  57,  in  the  thirty-fourth 
year  of  his  ministry.  His  parish  was  called 
Wilton.  lie  graduated  at  Yale  in  1730. 

GAYLORD,  NATHANIEL,  died  at  West  Hart- 
land,  Conn.,  May  8,  1841,  aged  90,  the  oldest 
pastor  in  the  State.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1774.  His  end  was  peace. 

GAYLORD,  LEVI,  major,  died  in  Geneva, 
Ohio,  in  1846,  aged  83.  He  was  a  Revolutionary 
soldier,  born  in  Farmington,  Conn. 

GEDNEY,  RACHAEL,  died  in  New  York,  Nov. 
26,  1848,  aged  107,  the  last  of  the  Mohegans. 
Born  at  Mamaroneck,  her  father  belonged  to  the 
T appaii  tribe  ;  her  mother  was  a  Mohcgan.  She 
married  a  Malay. 

GEE,  JOSHUA,  minister  in  Boston,  the  son  of 
Joshua,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1717,  and  ordained  pastor  of  the  second  or  old 
north  church,  as  colleague  with  Cotton  Mather. 
Dec.  18,  1723.  In  1732  he  received  for  his  col- 
48 


GENET. 


377 


league  Samuel  Mather,  but  a  separation  occurred, 
and  a  new  church  was  built  for  Mr.  Mather.  He 
died  May  22,  1748,  aged  50.  His  wife,  the 
daughter  of  Rev.  Mr.  Rogers,  of  Portsmouth,  an 
accomplished  woman,  died  in  1730,  aged  29.  A 
sermon  on  her  death  was  published  by  P.  Thacher. 
lie  possessed  a  strong  and  penetrating  mind. 
His  powers  of  reasoning  were  very  uncommon. 
Few  were  more  discerning,  or  could  more  com 
pletely  develop  a  subject.  He  possessed  also  a 
considerable  share  of  learning.  His  foible  was  a 
strange  indolence  of  temper.  lie  preferred  talking 
with  his  friends  to  every  thing  else.  He  pub 
lished  in  1743  a  letter  to  Nathaniel  Eells,  moder 
ator  of  a  convention  of  pastors  in  Boston,  contain 
ing  some  remarks  on  their  printed  testimony 
against  disorders  in  the  land.  From  this  pam 
phlet  it  appears,  that  there  was  present  in  the 
convention  not  one-third  of  the  pastors  in  Massa 
chusetts,  and  that  of  these,  seventy  in  number, 
but  a  small  majority  voted  for  the  last  paragraph 
of  the  testimony,  which  caused  such  debates  re 
specting  an  attestation  to  the  work  of  God's  grace 
in  a  remarkable  revival  of  religion  among  the 
churches.  Mr.  Gee  complains  of  the  testimony, 
that  it  is  partial ;  that  it  speaks  of  the  prevalence 
of  antinomian  but  not  of  Arminian  errors ;  that  it 
holds  up  to  view  the  disorders  consequent  upon  the 
revival,  and  not  the  great  and  beneficial  effects  of 
the  revival  itself.  He  was  one  of  the  assembly  of 
ministers,  who  met  in  Boston,  July  7,  1743,  and 
gave  their  attestation  to  the  progress  of  religion  in 
this  country.  lie  published  also  a  sermon  on 
the  death  of  Cotton  Mather,  1728;  two  sermons, 
entitled,  the  strait  gate  and  the  narrow  way  infi 
nitely  preferable  to  the  wide  gate  and  broad  way, 
1729.  —  Histor.  Coll.x.  157;  Prince's  Christian 
Hist.  I.  164. 

GEISSENHAMER,  FREDERICK  W.,  D.  D., 
a  German  Lutheran  minister  in  New  York  city, 
died  in  1838,  aged  66. 

-  GELSTON,  DAVID,  collector  of  New  York, 
died  at  Greenwich  in  Sept.,  1828,  aged  85.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  assembly  in  1775  and  a 
Revolutionary  patriot.  He  was  collector  from 
1801  to  Dec.,  1820. 

GEMMIL,  JOHN,  died  in  Pennsylvania  in  1815. 
He' was  principal  of  the  academy  in  Westchester, 
and  had  been  the  minister  of  the  united  church  in 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  over  which  he  was  installed 
Nov.  7,  1798. 

GENET,  EDMOND  CHARLES,  died  at  Jamaica, 
L.  I.,  July  14,  1834,  aged  71,  formerly  minister 
from  France  in  1793.  He  married  a  daughter  of 
George  Clinton ;  and  in  1814  a  daughter  of  Sam 
uel  Osgood.  He  took  an  interest  in  promoting 
improvement  in  agriculture  and  in  the  arts  and 
sciences.  On  his  arrival  at  Charleston  as  minis 
ter,  he  authorized  the  arming  of  vessels  in  that 
port  against  nations  with  whom  we  were  at  peace ; 


378 


GERRISII. 


GIBBS. 


for  which  offensive  conduct  Washington  asked  his 
recall.  .&• 

GERRISII,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Wcnham, 
Mass.,  the  sou  of  Capt.  Win.  G.,  of  Newbury, 
was  born  March  23,  1650 ;  graduated  in  1GG9; 
was  ordained  as  successor,  of  A.  Newman  in  1673; 
and  died  Jan.  6,  1720,  aged  69.  His  wife  was  a 
daughter  of  Maj.  Waldrou  of  Dover :  his  son, 
Joseph,  was  a  minister.  His  brothers,  Benjamin 
of  Salem,  John  of  Dover,  and  Moses  of  Newbury, 
with  many  of  their  descendants,  were  distin 
guished  men.  John  Dunton  calls  him  Mr.  Geery : 
his  description  of  him  is  thus  given :  "  the  phi 
losopher  is  acute,  ingenious,  and  subtle.  The 
dicine  curious,  orthodox,  and  profound.  The 
man  of  majestic  air,  without  austerity  or  sour 
ness  ;  his  aspect  is  masterly  and  great,  yet  not 
imperious  or  haughty.  The  Christian  is  devout 
without  moroseness  or  starts  of  holy  frenzy  and 
enthusiasm.  The  preacher  is  primitive,  without 
the  accessional  colors  of  whining  or  cant ;  and 
methodical,  without  intricacy,  or  affectation,  and, 
which  crowns  his  character,  he  is  a  man  of  a  public 
spirit,  zealous  for  the  conversion  of  the  Indians, 
and  of  great  hospitality  to  strangers.  He  gave 
us  a  noble  dinner,  and  entertained  us  with  such 
pleasant  fruits,  as,  I  must  own,  Old  England  is  a 
stranger  to."  —  2.  Hist.  Coll.  n.  120. 

GEIIRISH,  JACOB,  colonel,  a  Revolutionary 
patriot,  died  at  Newbury  in  1817,  aged  77. 

GERRY,  ELBRIDGE,  vice-president  of  the 
United  States,  died  suddenly  at  "Washington 
Nov.  13,  1814,  aged  70.  He  was  born  in  Mar- 
blehead,  Mass.,  July  17,  1744.  His  father,  a 
merchant,  came  to  this  country  in  1730  and  died 
in  1774.  After  graduating  at  Harvard  college  in 
1762,  he  devoted  himself  for  several  years  to 
commercial  pursuits,  and  acquired  a  competent 
estate.  Being  a  member  of  the  legislature  in 
1773,  he  was  appointed  on  the  important  commit 
tee  of  inquiry  and  correspondence.  In  his  patri 
otic  labors  he  was  the  associate  of  Adams,  Han 
cock,  and  Warren.  The  provincial  congress  of 
1775  appointed  him  on  the  committee  of  pub 
lic  safety  and  supplies.  The  committee  had 
been  in  session  at  Menotomy,  then  a  part  of 
Cambridge.  Mr.  Gerry  and  Col.  Orne  were  in 
bed,  when  the  approach  of  the  British  troops 
induced  them  to  flee  half-dressed  to  a  neighbor 
ing  corn-field,  where  they  remained,  while  the 
troops  searched  every  apartment  of  the  house  in 
order  to  find  them.  To  the  provincial  congress 
he  proposed  the  very  important  measure  of  pass 
ing  laws  for  the  encouragement  of  privateers  and 
for  the  establishment  of  a  court  of  admiralty ; 
and  he  and  Mr.  Sullivan  were  the  committee  to 
draw  up  the  act  for  that  purpose.  Elected  to  the 
continental  congress,  he  took  his  seat  Feb.  9, 
1776,  and  continued  in  that  body  with  some  inter 
vals  until  Sept.,  1785.  He  served  on  various  im 


portant  committees.  His  skill  in  finance  rendered 
him  particularly  useful.  In  1787  he  was  deputed 
to  the  convention  which  framed  the  constitution 
of  the  United  States.  He  was  opposed  to  the 
plan  adopted,  deeming  the  executive  and  judicial 
powers  perilous,  and  some  of  the  legislative  pow 
ers  ambiguous  and  dangerous,  and  thinking  that 
the  constitution  had  few  federal  features  and  was 
rather  a  system  of  national  government.  He  re 
tained  his  objections.  In  1809,  the  writer  of  this 
heard  him  express  his  opinion,  that  the  president 
had  powers  which  few  were  aware  of,  and  which 
he  hoped  would  never  be  exerted.  Under  the 
constitution  he  served  four  years  as  a  member  of 
congress.  In  1797  he  was  appointed  by  Mr. 
Adams  minister  to  the  French  republic,  with  Mr. 
Marshall  and  Gen.  Pinckney.  When,  in  1798, 
his  colleagues  were  sent  away  from  France,  he 
was  invited  to  remain.  His  services  were  useful 
in  preserving  peace.  In  1810  he  was  elected 
governor  as  successor  of  Mr.  Gore,  and  was  suc 
ceeded  in  1812  by  Mr.  Strong.  March  4,  1813, 
he  was  inaugurated  the  vice  president  of  the 
United  States,  Mr.  Madison  being  president.  His 
daughter  married  James  T.  Austin  of  Boston, 
the  author  of  memoirs  of  his  Life.  —  Goodrich's 
Lives;  Austin's  Life  of  Gerry. 

GIBBON,  JAMES,  major,  died  at  Richmond,  Va., 
July  1,  1835,  at  an  advanced  age.  He  was  the 
collector  of  customs.  Under  Gen.  Wayne  he  was 
the  hero  of  Stony  Point,  when  out  of  twenty  men 
seventeen  were  killed  or  wounded.  He  was 
greatly  respected. 

GIBBONS,  EDWARD,  general,  died  Dec.  9, 
1654.  He  came  to  this  country  as  early  as  1629 ; 
in  a  few  years  he  was  a  representative  of  Boston  ; 
from  1649  to  1651  he  was  major-general,  in  which 
office,  elective  by  the  people  annually  like  that  of 
governor,  he  was  succeeded  by  Robert  Sedgwick. 
He  was  a  worthy  member  of  Mr.  Wilson's  church. 
Having  advanced  to  La  Tour  more  than  2500 
pounds,  secured  by  mortgage  of  his  fort  and  lands 
in  Acadia,  when  D'Aulnay  captured  La  Tour's 
fort,  Maj.  Gibbons  was  by  the  loss  "quite  undone." 
—  2  Hist.  Coll.  vi.  498. 

GIBBS,  HENRY,  minister  of  Watertown,Mass., 
died  Oct.  21,  1723,  aged  55.  The  son  of  Robert, 
an  eminent  merchant  of  Boston,  he  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1685,  and  was  ordained  in  1697.  His 
wife  was  Mercy,  daughter  of  William  Grecnough ; 
and  of  his  daughters,  Mercy  married  Rev.  Benja 
min  Prescott,  of  Danvers,  and  Margaret  married 
Rev.  Dr.  Applcton,  of  Cambridge;  and  among 
his  descendants  is  Professor  Josiah  W.  Gibbs. 

GIBBS,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Simsbury,  Conn., 
died  in  1777,  aged  about  63.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1734. 

GIBBS,  GEORGE,  colonel,  died  at  Newtown, 
near  New  York,  Aug.  5,  1833,  aged  57.  He  was 
a  patron  of  science,  especially  of  mineralogy. 


GIBSON. 


GILBERT. 


379 


lie  was  the  original  proprietor  of  the  cabinet  at 
Yale  college. 

GIBSON,  RICHARD,  a  scholar,  came  from  Eng 
land  about  1G33,  and  was  a  minister  to  a  fishing 
plantation  at  Richman's  Island,  then  at  Piscata- 
quack  and  the  Isle  of  Shoals.  Being  "  addicted 
to  the  hierarchy,"  and  writing  an  offensive  letter, 
he  was  summoned  before  the  court  at  Boston; 
but  as  he  purposed  to  return  to  England  he 
escaped  any  punishment. —  Wintlirop,ll.  66. 

GIBSON,  JOHN,  general,  a  soldier  of  the 
French  and  Revolutionary  wars,  died  in  May, 
1822,  aged  81.  He  was  born  in  Lancaster,  Pcnn., 
in  May,  1740,  and  was  well  educated.  lie  early 
served  under  Gen.  Eorbcs  in  the  expedition  to  fort 
du  Quesnc,  which  was  occupied  Nov.  25,  1758, 
and  called  Pittsburg.  Here  he  remained  as  an 
Indian  trader.  In  1763  he  was  captured  by  the 
Indians,  and  adopted  by  a  squaw,  whose  son  he 
had  slain  in  battle.  He  had  thus  opportunity  to 
acquire  a  knowledge  of  several  Indian  languages. 
On  being  released,  he  again  settled  at  Pittsburg. 
In  1774  he  was  an  important  agent  in  making  the 
Indian  treaty,  entered  into  by  Gov.  Dunmore. 
On  this  occasion  Logan's  celebrated  speech  was 
delivered,  of  which  Col.  Gibson  was  the  interpre 
ter.  On  the  commencement  of  the  Revolutionary 
war  he  was  appointed  the  colonel  of  a  Virginia 
regiment,  of  which  he  was  in  command  at  the 
close  of  the  war.  Residing  at  Pittsburg,  he  was 
in  1788  a  member  of  the  Pennsylvania  conven 
tion  ;  he  was  also  associate  judge  and  major-gen 
eral  of  the  militia.  In  1800  he  was  appointed 
secretary  of  the  territory  of  Indiana,  Gen.  Harri 
son  being  governor;  an  office  which  he  held  till 
the  territory  became  a  State  in  1810.  Being 
afflicted  with  an  incurable  cataract,  he  removed 
to  "  Braddock's  fields,"  near  Vincenncs,  the  resi 
dence  of  his  son-in-law,  George  Wallace,  where 
he  died. 

GIBSON,  SAMUEL,  a  slave,  lived  in  the  West 
Indies  and  in  Guilfbrd,  Conn.  After  being  liber 
ated  he  opened,  about  the  beginning  of  this  cen 
tury,  a  grocery  shop  at  Hartford,  and  acquired 
property,  and  was  held  in  respect  for  his  integ 
rity.  The  son  of  his  last  master  was  his  clerk, 
and  to  him  he  left  his  property.  Let  it  not  be 
said  that  the  blacks,  incapable  of  taking  care  of 
themselves,  must  have  masters. 

GILBERT,  HUMPHREY,  Sir,  a  distinguished 
navigator  to  America,  was  born  at  Dartmouth,  in 
Devonshire,  England,  in  1539.  His  mother  be 
coming  a  widow,  married  Mr.  Raleigh,  by  whom 
she  had  the  celebrated  Sir  Walter  Raleigh.  Gil 
bert  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Oxford ;  but  he 
forsook  an  academical  life  for  a  military,  and  was 
knighted  in  reward  of  his  services  in  Ireland.  On 
the  llth  of  June,  1578,  he  obtained  of  Queen 
Elizabeth  letters  patent,  authorizing  him  to  take 
possession  of  all  remote  lands,  unocupicd  by  any 


Christian  prince  or  people,  conferring  upon  him 
certain  rights  and  privileges,  and  prohibiting  all 
persons  from  attempting  to  settle  within  two 
hundred  leagues  of  any  place  -which  he  should 
occupy.  This  was  the  first  charter  for  a  colony 
granted  by  the  crown  of  England.  A  violent 
storm,  obliging  him  to  return,  frustrated  his 
hopes  in  his  first  voyage.  He  sailed  a  second 
time  June  11,  1583,  with  five  ships.  On  his  arri 
val  at  St.  John's  harbor,  Newfoundland,  he  found 
there  thirty-six  fishing  vessels  of  various  nations, 
which  refused  him  entrance  ;  but  on  producing  his 
commission  no  further  opposition  Avas  made  to 
him.  lie  entered  the  harbor  on  the  3d  of  August, 
and  on  the  fifth  took  possession  of  the  country 
for  the  crown  of  England,  in  consequence  of  the 
discovery  of  the  Cabots.  This  transaction  is  the 
foundation  of  the  right  and  title  of  the  crown  of 
England  to  the  territory  of  Newfoundland,  and  to 
the  fishery  on  its  banks.  The  vessel,  in  which  he 
sailed,  foundered  on  the  9th  of  September,  and 
all  on  board  perished.  A  short  time  before,  the 
people  in  another  vessel  in  company  heard  him 
say,  as  he  was  sitting  in  the  stern,  "  We  are  as  near 
heaven  by  sea  as  by  land." 

GILBERT,  RALEIGH,  a  patentee  of  New  Eng 
land,  nephew  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  commanded 
a  vessel  in  the  expedition  of  one  hundred  men, 
who  attempted  a  settlement  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Sagadahoc  or  Kennebec  in  1607.  They  sailed 
from  Plymouth  the  last  of  May ;  arrived  at  Mon- 
hcgan  Island  Aug.  11;  and  soon  landed  on  the 
west  shore  of  Kennebec  at  Cape  Small  Point,  now 
in  Phipsburg.  They  built  a  fort  and  called  it  St. 
George.  Dec.  5th  the  two  ships  returned,  leaving 
forty-five  persons.  George  Popham  was  chosen 
president  and  Gilbert  the  admiral.  In  the  spring, 
when  supplies  were  brought,  intelligence  was 
received  of  the  death  of  Sir  John  Gilbert,  to 
whom  Raleigh  Gilbert  was  the  heir:  he  there 
fore  determined  to  return,  and,  Mr.  Popham  hav 
ing  died,  and  the  store-house  being  burnt,  the 
whole  colony  went  back  with  him  to  England,  to 
the  great  discouragement  of  "  the  first  under 
takers." 

GILBERT,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Topsfield, 
Mass.,  died  in  1673,  aged  63.  He  came  from 
Ealing  in  England,  where  he  had  been  pastor, 
and  was  among  the  first  of  ministers  who  were 
deprived  of  office  for  nonconformity.  —  Noncon 
formists'1  Memorial,  II.  446. 

GILBERT,  BENJAMIN,  published  an  account  of 
his  captivity  and  that  of  his  family  by  the  Indi 
ans,  Philadelphia,  1784. 

GILBERT,  JAMES,  a  physician,  was  born  in 
New  Haven,  Oct.  25,  1779,  and  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1800.  After  practising  eight  years  in 
New  Haven,  he  in  1814  visited  Paris  and  London 
for  his  improvement,  and  returned  in  1815.  He 
died  of  a  pulmonary  complaint  at  sea,  Feb,  11, 


380 


GILBERT. 


OILMAN. 


1818,  aged  39.  As  a  surgeon  he  had  few  supe 
riors.  His  religious  views  gave  him  peace  in 
death.  —  Thachcr,  II.  247-249. 

GILBERT,  a  slave,  died  near  Stanton,  Va.,  Feb. 
19,  1844,  aged  112.  He  was  a  servant  of  Wash 
ington  at  Braddock's  defeat. 

GILBERT,  ELIPIIALET,  W.,  D.  1).,  died  at 
Philadelphia  July  31,  1853,  aged  about  GO,  for 
merly  president  of  the  Delaware  college.  He  was 
clerk  of  the  General  Assembly,  new  school. 

GILDERSLEEVE,  HENRY,  died  in  Kingston, 
Canada,  in  1851,  aged  66.  Once  an  extensive 
ship-builder  in  Chatham,  Conn.,  he  removed  in 
1816  to  K.,  where  he  launched  the  first  steam 
boat  on  lake  Ontario. 

GILE,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Milton, 
died  Oct.  16,  1836,  aged  56.  He  was  born  in 
Plaistow,  N.  II.,  July  23,  1780,  son  of  Maj.  Eze- 
kiel  Gile,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution ;  and  grad 
uated  at  Dartmouth  college  in  1804.  His  theo 
logical  studies  he  began  with  Rev.  J.  French, 
Andover;  he  was  ordained  as  the  successor  of 
Dr.  McKeen  at  Milton,  Feb.  18,  1807.  He  was 
an  eminent  preacher  and  excellent  man ;  but,  ow 
ing  to  parochical  difficulties  arising  from  a  diver 
sity  of  religious  opinions,  he  was  dismissed  Jan. 
6,  1834,  by  an  exparte  council,  whose  authority  he 
never  acknowledged,  lie  believed  the  evangeli 
cal  or  orthodox  doctrines  of  New  England ;  and 
his  church  adhered  to  him.  On  the  day  of  his 
death  he  assisted  in  the  public  services  in  the  fore 
noon  ;  but  as  the  people  were  assembling  for  the 
afternoon  worship  he  died,  after  an  illness  of  one 
hour,  with  which  he  was  seized  as  he  sat  down  to 
his  table  at  dinner.  Dr.  Gile  had  extraordinary 
gifts  in  prayer,  having  freedom,  richness,  power, 
and  sublimity ;  few  were  so  appropriate  and  copi 
ous  in  the  use  of  scriptural  passages.  Prudence, 
tenderness,  benevolence,  humility,  meekness,  pa 
tience  were  traits  in  his  character.  Many  were 
his  domestic  afflictions  in  the  loss  of  children  ; 
severe  were  his  trials  as  a  minister ;  but  his  Chris 
tian  virtues  were  always  resplendent. 

GILES,  JOHN,  died  in  Newburyport  Sept.  28, 
1824,  aged  69,  the  senior  pastor  of  the  second 
Presbyterian  church.  He  was  born  in  England, 
and  settled  July  20,  1803.  He  published  oration 
July  4,  1809;  two  sermons  on  the  fast,  1812. 

GILES,  WILLIAM  BRANCH,  governor  of  Vir 
ginia,  was  for  many  years  a  member  of  congress. 
He  was  a  representative  as  early  as  1796.  In 
1802  he  voted  for  the  repeal  of  the  judiciary  law, 
and  in  1812  he  voted  for  the  war.  He  was 
elected  to  the  senate  in  Jan.,  1811,  and  resigned 
his  office  in  Oct.,  1815.  He  was  again  a  candi 
date  for  election  to  the  senate  in  1825,  but  his 
rival,  Mr.  Randolph,  was  chosen.  In  1826  he  was 
chosen  governor  and  continued  in  office  till  1829. 
He  died  at  his  residence,  the  Wigwam,  Amelia 
county,  Dec.  8,  1830,  at  an  advanced  age.  He 


published  a  speech  on  the  embargo  laws,  1808; 
in  Nov.,  1813,  political  letters  to  the  people  of 
Virginia;  a  series  of  letters,  signed  a  Constituent, 
in  the  Richmond  Enquirer  of  Jan.,  1818,  against 
the  plan  for  a  general  education ;  in  April,  1824, 
a  singular  letter  of  invective  against  President 
Monroe  and  Mr.  Clay  for  their  "  hobbies,"  "  the 
South  America  cause,  the  Greek  cause,  Inter 
nal  Improvements,  and  the  Tariff."  In  Nov., 
1825,  he  addressed  a  letter  to  Judge  Marshall, 
disclaiming  the  expressions,  not  the  general  senti 
ments,  in  regard  to  Washington,  ascribed  to  him 
in  debate  of  1796  in  the  life  of  Washington,  V. 
722. 

GILL,  MOSES,  died  in  Boston  May  20,  1800, 
aged  66.  He  was  several  years  lieutenant-gover 
nor,  and  acting  governor  on  the  death  of  Sumner, 
from  June,  1799,  to  his  death.  He  was  an  early 
benefactor  of  Leicester  academy,  giving  150 
pounds.  He  was  a  Boston  merchant  of  wealth. 
As  he  married  a  daughter  of  Thomas  Prince,  the 
annalist,  he  acquired  a  large  landed  estate  in 
Princeton,  of  which  Dr.  P.  was  one  of  the  proprie 
tors  ;  and  there  he  built  him  a  mansion.  lie  was 
a  patriot  of  1775,  and  was  ever  after  in  public  office. 
—  Washburn's  Sketch  of  Leicester  Academy. 

GILLET,  ALEXANDER,  minister  of  Farming- 
ton,  Conn.,  died  in  Jan.,  1826,  aged  76.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1770. 

GILLET,  ELIPIIALET,  D.  D.,  died  at  Hallowell, 
Me.,  Oct.  19,  1848,  aged  about  80.  A  graduate 
of  Dartmouth  in  1791,  he  was  long  the  minister 
of  Hallowell.  In  his  last  years  he  was  the  secre 
tary  and  agent  of  the  Maine  missionary  society. 
He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  II. 
Wallis,  1795;  of  J.  Dane,  1803;  of  II.  Loomis, 
1812;  before  missionary  society,  1810;  fast  ser 
mon,  1811. 

GILLEY,  JOHN,  died  at  Augusta,  Maine,  July 
9,  1813,  aged  124.  He  was  a  native  of  Ireland. 
When  he  came  to  fort  Western,  about  1755,  to 
enlist  as  a  soldier,  Capt.  Howard  deemed  him  too 
old.  He  had  enjoyed  fine  health,  and  was  singu 
larly  active  and  vigorous.  In  1811  he  could  walk 
four  miles  to  the  bridge. 

GILMAN,  JOSEPH,  judge,  died  at  Marietta  in 
1806,  aged  70.  He  was  born  in  Exeter,  N.  H., 
a  grandson  of  John,  who  emigrated  from  Norfolk, 
Eng.,  in  1637.  He  was  a  patriot  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  then  an  associate  of  the  Ohio  company  in 
1789.  He  was  a  United  States  judge  for  the 
Northwest  Territory.  His  wife,  Rebecca  Ives, 
was  an  accomplished  woman.  — Hildrdli. 

GILMAN,  TRISTRAM,  minister  of  North  Yar 
mouth,  Me.,  died  April  1,  1809,  aged  74.  He 
was  the  son  of  Rev.  Nicholas  G.,  of  Durham, 
N.  H.,  who  died  April  13,  1748,  aged  41,  and  a 
descendant  of  Edward  G.,  of  Exeter.  He  was 
born  in  1735,  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1757,  and  was  ordained  Dec.  8,  1769,  as  sue- 


OILMAN. 

cessor  of  Edward  Brooks.  Ills  successor,  Fran 
cis  Brown,  married  his  daughter.  He  was  a 
faithful,  useful,  highly  respected  minister.  A  re 
vival  of  religion  attended  his  labors  in  1791  and 
1792,  when  132  members  were  added  to  the 
church.  During  the  whole  period  of  his  minis 
try  293  were  admitted  and  1344  baptized.  He 
was  the  first  president  of  the  Maine  missionary 
society.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of 
D.  Mitchell,  1796.  —  Panoplist,  v.  1-4. 

OILMAN,  JOIIN  TAYLOR,  governor  of  New 
Hampshire,  died  at  Exeter  Aug.  31,  1828,  aged 
74.  He  was  the  son  of  Nicholas  Oilman  and 
Ann  Taylor,  daughter  of  Ilev.  John  Taylor,  of 
Milton,  Mass.,  born  at  Exeter  Dec.  19,  1753. 
Older  ancestors  were  Daniel,  Nicholas,  and  John. 
He  received  the  usual  education  of  those  who 
were  not  designed  for  the  learned  professions. 
The  morning  after  the  news  of  the  battle  of  Lex 
ington  he  marched  as  a  volunteer  with  a  hundred 
others,  to  Cambridge.  He  was  also  employed  to 
assist  his  father,  the  treasurer  of  the  State.  In 
Oct.,  1780,  he  was  the  delegate  from  New  Hamp 
shire  to  the  convention  at  Hartford,  to  provide 
for  the  common  defence.  After  being  a  member 
of  congress  in  1782,  he  succeeded  his  father  as 
treasurer  in  1783.  When  the  confederated  gov 
ernment  appointed  three  commissioners  to  settle 
the  accounts  of  the  different  States,  he  was  joined 
with  Irvine  and  Kean.  On  resigning  this  place 
in  1791  he  was  re-chosen  treasurer  of  New  Hamp 
shire,  and  was  very  faithful  and  useful.  In  1794 
he  was  chosen  governor,  as  successor  to  Bartlett, 
and  was  annually  re-elected  until  1805,  when  he 
was  succeeded  by  Langdon.  He  was  again 
elected  in  1813,  and  the  two  next  years,  but  de 
clined,  and  was  succeeded  in  1816  by  Plumer, 
•whom  he  had  succeeded  in  1813.  The  legislature 
in  a  farewell  address  acknowledged  his  long  and 
important  services.  In  the  political  divisions  of 
the  times  he  was  known  as  a  decided  federalist. — 
American  Annual  Register,  1827-9,  r>.  182-194. 

OILMAN,  NICHOLAS,  a  senator  of  the  United 
States  from  New  Hampshire,  died  at  Philadelphia 
May  3,  1814.  He  was  a  member  of  congress 
from  1789  to  1797,  and  a  senator  from  1805  to 
1814. 

OILMAN,  NATHANIEL,  died  Jan.  26,  1847, 
aged  88.  He  was  State  treasurer  of  New  Hamp 
shire. 

OILMAN,  BENJAMIN  IVES,  a  merchant,  died  at 
his  son's,  in  Alton,  111.,  in  1833,  aged  68.  Born  in 
Exeter,  N.  II.,  in  1765,  he  accompanied  his  pa 
rents  to  Marietta  in  1789.  His  wife  was  Hannah, 
daughter  of  Rev.  Dr.  Robbins,  of  Plymouth ;  his 
journey  with  her  to  the  west  in  1790  was  on 
horseback,  twenty-five  or  thirty  days  in  crossing 
the  mountains.  He  became  a  rich  merchant  in 
Marietta.  Such  were  the  perils  of  those  times, 
that  while  at  work  on  his  lot  with  liis  man  Rob- 


GIRARD. 


381 


ert,  the  latter  was  shot  by  the  Indians,  while  he 
escaped.  From  1801  to  1808  he  was  engaged  in 
shipbuilding.  In  1813  he  removed  to  Philadel 
phia.  His  wife  became  a  most  useful  member  of 
the  church  at  Marietta  in  1811.  She  died  in 
1836.  —  Ilildretlis  Biographical  Memoirs. 

OILMAN,  JOSEPH,  Dr.,  died  at  Wells,  Me., 
Jan.  4,  1847,  aged  75.  He  was  son  of  Ilev.  T. 
Oilman.  He  was  president  of  the  medical  society 
of  Maine.  His  religious  character  commenced  in 
1791,  in  a  revival  under  his  father's  preaching. 
He  listened  to  every  call  of  the  poor.  —  N.  Y.  Ob 
server,  Jan.  23. 

GILMER,  THOMAS  W.,  secretary  of  the  navy, 
died  on  board  the  U.  S.  steamer  Princeton  by  the 
bursting  of  a  large  gun,  Feb.  28,  1844.  He  was 
of  Charlottesville,  Va. 

GILMORE,  ADDISON,  died  at  Watertown, 
Mass.,  Jan  10,  1851,  aged  about  47.  Born  in 
Windsor  Co.,  Vt,  he  came  to  Boston,  and  by  in 
dustry,  energy,  and  judgment,  was  successful  in 
various  business.  He  was  president  of  the  West 
ern  railroad. 

GIRARD,  STEPHEN,  a  man  of  wealth,  died  at 
Philadelphia  Dec.  26,  1831,  aged  81,  leaving  an 
estate  of  ten  or  fifteen  millions  of  dollars.  He 
was  a  native  of  Bordeaux  in  France,  came  to  this 
country  before  the  Revolution,  and  had  lived  in 
Philadelphia  about  fifty  years.  He  was  first  a 
cabin-boy,  then  the  mate  of  a  ship,  then  the 
keeper  of  a  tap-shop,  afterwards  a  merchant  down 
to  the  year  1811,  and  for  the  remainder  of  his 
life  a  banker.  The  notes  of  his  bank  were  deemed 
as  good  as  those  of  any  incorporated  institution. 
In  1811  he  purchased  the  banking-house  and 
1,200,000  dollars  worth  of  the  stock  of  the  old 
bank  of  the  United  States,  and  commenced  bank 
ing  in  1812.  At  last  his  bank  capital  was  in 
creased  to  five  millions.  His  other  property  was 
in  real  estate  in  the  city,  stock  in  the  Schuylkill 
navigation  and  Chesapeake  canal  companies,  lands 
in  Mississippi,  shipping,  etc.  He  owned  the  great 
square  between  Eleventh  and  Twelfth  and  Chest 
nut  streets.  His  particular  bequests  amount  to 
upwards  of  three  millions;  the  residue  of  his  es 
tate  is  given  to  Philadelphia,  for  improvements  in 
the  city.  The  following  are  some  of  the  thou 
sands  of  dollars  bequeathed :  two  to  a  brother, 
ten  to  several  nephews  and  nieces,  ten  to  the  or 
phans'  asylum,  ten  to  purchase  wood  for  the  poor, 
ten  to  the  society  of  shipmasters,  twenty  to  the 
asylum  for  the  deaf  and  dumb,  twenty  to  the  free 
mason's  lodge,  thirty  to  the  Pennsylvania  hospital, 
one  hundred  and  ten  to  the  city,  one  hundred  and 
twenty  in  various  legacies  to  individuals,  three 
hundred  to  the  State  for  internal  improvements, 
and  two  millions  for  a  college  for  poor  white 
children.  The  building  was  to  be  of  three  stories, 
110  feet  by  160,  to  be  erected  at  Peel  Hall,  on 
the  Ridge  Road,  Perm  Township,  to  be  inclosed 


382 


GIST. 


by  a  -wall  ten  feet  high,  capped  with  marble,  "  and 
guarded  with  irons  on  the  top."  The  scholars 
are  to  be  orphans  from  Pennsylvania,  New  York 
(the  first  port  at  which  he  arrived),  and  New  Or 
leans  (the  first  port  at  which  he  traded  as  first 
officer),  and  must  be  between  six  and  ten  years 
old ;  when  between  fourteen  and  eighteen  years 
old  they  are  to  be  bound  out  by  the  corporation 
of  the  city  to  mechanical  trades,  agriculture,  etc. 
There  is  also  the  following  provision :  "I  enjoin 
and  require,  that  no  ecclesiastic,  missionary,  or 
minister  of  any  sect  whatever,  shall  ever  hold  or 
exercise  any  station  jr  duty  whatever  in  the  said 
college,  nor  shall  any  such  person  ever  be  admit 
ted  for  any  purpose,  or  as  visitor,  within  the 
premises  appropriated  to  the  purposes  of  said 
college."  He  wished  that  the  orphans,  after  they 
left  the  college,  might  adopt  "  such  religious  ten 
ets  as  their  matured  reason  may  enable  them  to 
prefer."  He  thus  wished  to  carry  into  effect  the 
exploded  project  of  Itousseau,  not  considering 
that  the  religious  sentiments  and  character  are 
necessarily  settled,  for  the  most  part,  before  a 
young  man  is  sixteen  or  eighteen  years  of  age; 
not  considering  that,  whether  for  learning  or  re 
ligion,  an  early  training  of  children  and  youth  is 
important.  However,  while  ecclesiastics  may  not 
see  the  inside  of  Mr.  Girard's  iron-capped  college 
walls,  his  -teachers  are  to  inculcate  "  the  purest 
principles  of  morality."  Those  teachers  will  be 
either  Infidels  or  Christians;  if  Christians,  they 
will  teach  their  pupils  the  only  pure  morality 
from  the  revealed  code  of  moral  instruction  in 
the  New  Testament  of  Jesus  Christ,  including 
that  fear  and  love  of  God,  which  constitute  the 
sole  basis  of  moral  virtue.  His  bequests  were 
large,  but  true  liberality  may  be  seen  in  the  life  of 
Solomon  Goodell. 

GIST,  MOIIDECAI,  a  brigadier-general  in  the 
American  war,  commanded  one  of  the  Maryland 
brigades  in  the  battle  of  Camden,  Aug.  1C,  1780. 
In  Aug.,  1782,  he  defeated  a  party  of  the  British 
at  Combakee  ferry.  He  died  at  Charleston,  S.  C., 
in  Sept.,  1792.  —  Marshall,  IV.  178;  Holmes. 

GIUSTINIANI,  Louis,  D.  D.,  died  July  17, 
1855,  aged  58.  A  native  of  Rome,  he  became  a 
Protestant  by  reading  Father  Clement,  a  discus 
sion  between  a  Jesuit  and  a  Protestant,  and  left 
the  church  of  Rome  in  1828.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  old  school  Presbytery  of  Cincinnati. 

GLADWIN,  major-general,  died  at  Stebbing, 
England,  in  Sept.,  1791.  He  was  an  officer  in 
Braddock's  defeat,  and  was  wounded.  In  July, 
1763,  he  commanded  at  Detroit,  and  defended  it 
with  great  bravery  and  vigilance  against  Pontiac, 
a  Miami  chief,  the  boldest  leader  among  the 
Indians. 

GLEASON,  CHAKLES,  minister  of  Dudley, 
died  in  1790,  aged  about  72.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1738. 


GODDARD. 

GLEASON,  BENJAMIN,  a  public  orator  early  in 
this  century,  graduated  at  Brown  university  in 
1802.  He  published  address  at  Providence,  1802 ; 
masonic  addresses  at  Reading,  Boston,  and  Mon 
treal,  in  1803,  1807,  and  1812;  oration  July  4,  at 
Charlcstown  1805  and  1809;  at  Hingham,  1807; 
on  the  death  of  Washington,  1800 ;  geography, 
1814. 

GLEN,  HENRY,  died  at  Schcnectady  in  1814, 
aged  73.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the  Revolu 
tionary  war,  and  was  a  member  of  congress  eight 
years. 

GLENN,  JAMES,  governor  of  South  Carolina, 
entered  on  this  office  Jan.,  1744,  and  was  suc 
ceeded  by  Lylleton  in  1755.  Toward  the  close  of 
his  peaceable  administration  he  concluded  a  treaty 
with  the  Cherokee  warriors  in  their  own  country, 
and  acquired  a  cession  of  territory,  which  con 
duced  much  to  the  prosperity  of  the  colony.  He 
published  a  description  of  South  Carolina,  8vo., 
London,  1701. 

GLEZEN,  LEVI,  preceptor  of  the  academy  at 
Lenox,  Mass.,  died  in  1842,  aged  68.  He  grad 
uated  at  Williams  college  in  1798. 

GLOVER,  THOMAS,  published  in  vol.  xi.  of 
transactions  of  the  royal  society,  an  account  of 
Virginia,  its  situation,  temperature,  productions, 
etc.  He  relates,  that  when  alone  in  a  sloop  in 
the  Rappahannock,  three  leagues  from  the  mouth, 
he  heard  "  a  great  rushing  and  flashing  of  the 
water,"  and  that  looking,  he  saw  near  him  "  a 
most  prodigious  creature,  much  resembling  a 
man,  standing  right  up  in  the  water,  with  his 
head,  neck,  shoulders,  breast,  and  waist  to  the 
cubits  of  his  arms  above  water.  His  skin  was 
tawny,  much  like  that  of  an  Indian  ;  his  head 
pyramidal  and  sleek,  without  hair ;  his  eyes 
large  and  black,  and  so  were  his  eyebrows ;  his 
mouth  very  wide,  with  a  broad,  black  streak  on 
the  upper  lip,  turning  upwards  at  each  end  like 
mustaches ;  his  countenance  grim  and  terrible." 
After  gazing  a  sufficient  time  at  Mr.  Glover,  the 
animal  plunged  down,  and  cast  his  tail  above 
water,  like  the  tail  of  a  fish.  He  speaks  also  of 
a  dreadful  storm  in  Aug.,  1CG7,  which  lasted 
three  days,  destroying  the  tobacco,  etc. 

GLOVER,  PELATIAH,  second  minister  of  Spring 
field,  preached  first  in  that  town  July  3,  1659. 
He  succeeded  Mr.  Moxon  in  1661,  and  died 
March  29,  1692,  aged  55,  being  succeeded  by  Mr. 
Brewer.  He  was  born  in  Dorchester,  and  was  of 
distinguished  talents  and  piety.  Mr.  Hubbard 
says  he  was  a  great  student,  and  much  given  to 
books. 

GLOVER,  ANNA,  widow,  died  at  Pelham,  N.  Y., 
in  1767,  aged  106. 

GODDARD,  WILLIAM,  a  printer,  the  son  of 

Dr.  Giles  G.,  postmaster  at  New  London,  Conn., 

was  born  in  1740.     In   1762  he  commenced  the 

j  Providence  Gazette ;  in   1766  he  went  to  Phila- 


GODDARD. 

delphia  and  commenced  the  Pennsylvania  Chron 
icle,  under  the  patronage  of  Joseph  Galloway ; 
in  1773  he  commenced  the  Maryland  Journal  at 
Baltimore,  where  he  formed  an  intimate  acquain 
tance  with  Gen.  Charles  Lee,  who  bequeathed  him 
a  part  of  his  estate  in  Berkeley  county.  In  1775 
Franklin  appointed  him  comptroller  of  the  post- 
office.  In  1792  he  relinquished  the  Journal,  and 
afterwards  resided  in  Rhode  Island.  He  died  at 
Providence  Dec.  23,  1817,  aged  77.  He  married 
a  Miss  Angcll,  of  Providence,  taking,  as  his 
friends  said,  "  an  angel  for  his  wife."  He  pub 
lished  a  history  of  the  Pennsylvania  Chronicle, 
1770.—  Thomas,  I.  427  ;  n.  63,  134-140. 

GODDARD,  CALVIN,  judge,  died  in  Norwich, 
Conn.,  April  2,  1842,  aged  73.  His  father,  Dan 
iel,  of  Shrewsbury,  Mass.,  was  the  son  of  Edward, 
and  he  the  son  of  William,  who  came  from  Nor 
folk,  England,  in  1666.  He  graduated  at  Dart 
mouth  in  1786.  He  practised  law  in  Plainfield, 
Conn.,  and  thence  removed  to  Norwich.  He  was 
a  member  of  congress  in  1801,  and  a  judge  of 
the  supreme  court  from  1815  for  three  years.  He 
was  an  excellent  man,  a  lover  of  truth,  benevo 
lent,  of  strong  attachments.  Near  his  dwelling 
is  the  cemetery  of  the  old  Mohegan  tribe  of  In 
dians.  His  wife  was  Alice,  daughter  of  Rev. 
Lcvi  Hart,  and  grand-daughter  of  Dr.  Bellamy. 
They  had  six  children,  of  whom  three  were  of  the 
profession  of  the  law,  in  Ohio  and  New  York  city. 

GODDARD,  WILLIAM  G.,  died  suddenly  at 
Providence  Feb.  16,  1846,  aged  52.  He  was  pro 
fessor  of  belles-lettres  in  Brown  university. 

GODDAItD,  JOSIAII,  Baptist  translator  of  the 
New  Testament  into  Chinese,  died  in  China  in 
1854.  He  was  a  graduate  at  Providence  in 
1835,  and  studied  theology  at  Newton.  He  at 
first  spent  some  years  at  Bankok,  in  Siam,  where 
he  studied  the  Chinese  language.  About  1844  he 
went  to  Ningpo  and  commenced  the  work  of 
translation.  About  1853  he  finished  the  revision 
of  the  New  Testament  in  Chinese,  and  saw  it  rap 
idly  printed.  In  one  day  he  gave  away  a  thousand 
copies  to  the  learned  assembled  at  Shanghai  from 
different  cities. 

GGDFHEY,  THOMAS,  the  inventor  of  Hadley's 
quadrant,  died  in  Dec.,  1749.  He  was  by  trade  a 
glazier  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia.  The  extent 
of  his  education  was  only  to  read  and  write,  and 
apply  the  common  rules  of  arithmetic.  Having 
met  with  a  mathematical  book,  he  was  so  de 
lighted  with  the  study,  that,  without  an  instructor, 
he  soon  made  himself  master  of  it,  and  of  every 
book  of  the  kind  which  he  could  procure  in  Eng 
lish.  Finding  that  the  knowledge  of  the  Latin 
would  open  to  him  new  treasures  of  mathematical 
science,  he  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  that 
language,  till  he  was  enabled  to  read  a  Latin 
author  on  his  favorite  subject.  He  then  borrowed 
Newton's  principia  of  Mr.  Logan,  to  whom,  about 


GODFREY. 


383 


the  year  1730,  he  communicated  his  invention  of 
the  quadrant.  The  royal  society  of  London, 
being  made  acquainted  with  it  in  1732,  by  means 
of  Mr.  Logan,  sent  Mr.  Godfrey,  as  a  reward, 
household  furniture  to  the  value  of  200  pounds. 
Money  was  not  sent  on  account  of  a  habit  of  in 
temperance,  to  which  the  artist  was  subject.  The 
following  is  an  account  of  the  invention,  and  of 
the  method  by  which  he  was  deprived  of  the 
honor  of  the  invention.  While  replacing  a  pane 
of  glass  on  the  north  side  of  Arch  street,  opposite 
a  pump,  a  girl,  after  filling  her  pail,  placed  it  on 
the  pathway.  Turning  round,  Godfrey  observed 
the  rays  of  the  sun  reflected  from  his  window  into 
the  bucket  of  water.  He  was  thus  led  to  con 
ceive,  that  if  by  reflection  he  could  draw  the  sun 
down  to  the  horizon,  he  should  have  an  instru 
ment  incomparably  superior  to  the  pig-yoke,  then 
in  use.  He  formed  his  model  in  wood,  and  car 
ried  pieces  to  Charles  Hamm,  who  completed  for 
him  an  instrument  in  brass.  This  was  committed 
to  Godfrey's  brother,  a  captain  in  the  West  India 
trade,  who, on  arriving  at  Jamaica,  and  exhibiting 
the  quadrant  to  some  officers  of  the  British  navy, 
was  tempted  by  a  Captain  Iladley  to  sell  it  to 
him  for  a  large  sum  of  money.  Iladley  carried 
the  instrument  to  London  and  placed  it  in  the 
hands  of  his  brother,  a  mathematical  instrument 
maker  in  the  Strand,  and  obtained  a  patent.  Ac 
cording  to  another  account,  John  Iladley,  com 
manding  a  vessel  in  the  Delaware,  was  allowed  to 
see  the  instrument,  and  took  a  description  of  it. 
The  American  Encyclopedia  states  that,  May  13, 
1731,  John  Iladley,  vice-president  of  the  royal 
society,  presented  a  paper,  describing  the  quad 
rant,  and  that  the  society  decided  that  both  Ilad 
ley  and  Godfrey  were  entitled  to  the  honor  of  the 
j  invention.  He  was  a  member  of  a  literary  club, 
|  established  by  Dr.  Franklin,  and  having  confined 
his  attention  to  mathematical  pursuits,  he  was 
almost  insufferable  in  conversation,  requiring  an 
r  unusual  precision  in  everything  which  was  said, 
continually  contradicting,  and  making  trifling  dis 
tinctions. —  Miller's  Retrospect,  I.  468 ;  American 
I  Mag.  for  July  and  August,  1758  ;  Franklin's 
\Life;  Preface  to  Godfrey's  Poems;  Boston 
\  Chronicle,  Aug.  1,  1821 ;  National  Register,  iv. 
155. 

GODFREY,  THOMAS,  a  poet,  the  son  of  the 
preceding,  died  near  Wilmington,  N.  C.,  Aug.  3, 
1763,  aged  26.  lie  was  born  in  Philadelphia  in 
1736.  The  only  advantages  of  education  which 
he  enjoyed  were  found  in  a  common  English 
school.  Such,  however,  was  his  desire  of  knowl 
edge,  that  he  prosecuted  his  studies  with  unwea 
ried  diligence ;  and,  having  perused  the  best  of 
the  English  poets,  he  soon  exhibited  proofs  of 
poetical  talents.  He  had  a  fine  ear  for  music,  and 
a  taste  for  painting.  After  the  death  of  his  father 
he  was  put  an  apprentice  to  an  ingenious  watch- 


384 


GODMAN. 


GODMAN. 


maker ;  but  the  muses  and  graces,  poetry  and 
painting,  stole  his  attention.  He  devoted  all  his 
hours  of  release  from  mechanical  labor  to  writing 
the  poetical  pieces,  which  were  published  in  the 
American  Magazine.  At  length  he  was  recom 
mended  to  a  lieutenant's  commission  in  the  Penn 
sylvania  forces,  raised  in  1758  for  an  expedition 
against  fort  du  Qucsne.  In  this  station  he  con 
tinued  till  the  troops  were  disbanded,  lie  was 
settled  in  the  succeeding  spring  as  a  factor  in 
North  Carolina,  where  he  continued  upwards  of 
three  years.  He  died  of  a  fever,  occasioned  by 
violent  exercise  in  a  very  warm  day.  With  an 
amiable  disposition  and  an  engaging  diffidence 
and  modesty  of  manners,  he  united  an  integrity 
of  character  which  procured  him  esteem  and  re 
spect.  The  productions  of  his  pen  were  collected 
by  his  friend,  Mr.  Evans,  and  published  in  1765, 
entitled,  Juvenile  poems  on  various  subjects,  with 
the  prince  of  Parthia,  a  tragedy.  —  Account  Pre 
fixed  to  Poems;  American  Museum,  VI.  471,472. 
GODMAN,  JOHN  D.,  an  eminent  anatomist 
and  naturalist,  died  April  17,  1830,  aged  31.  He 
was  born  at  Annapolis,  in  Maryland.  His  parents 
died  while  he  was  yet  young.  Being  without 
property,  he  was  indented  an  apprentice  to  a 
printer  in  Baltimore ;  but,  disgusted  with  the 
employment,  he  entered  as  a  sailor,  in  1813,  in 
the  flotilla,  then  stationed  in  the  Chesapeake.  At 
the  close  of  the  war,  being  allowed  to  follow  his 
own  inclinations,  he  commenced  the  study  of 
medicine  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  at  first  under  Dr. 
Lucket,  of  Lancaster,  but  soon  under  Dr.  Da- 
vidge,  of  Baltimore,  professor  of  anatomy.  He 
was  indefatigable  in  his  toils  to  acquire  learning. 
Before  he  graduated,  he  was  called  to  supply  the 
place  of  his  preceptor  in  the  anatomical  chair ; 
and  he  lectured  for  several  weeks  with  such  en 
thusiasm  and  eloquence  as  to  gain  high  applause. 
Soon  after  he  obtained  his  degree,  he  settled  in  a 
small  village  in  Anne- Arundel  county,  and  entered 
with  energy  upon  the  active  duties  of  his  profes 
sion.  At  this  period  he  commenced  the  study  of 
natural  history,  for  which  he  ever  afterwards  had 
a  strong  passion.  He  removed  to  Baltimore,  and, 
after  his  marriage,  to  Philadelphia.  Being  invited 
to  the  professorship  of  anatomy  in  the  college  of 
Ohio,  he  spent  a  year  at  the  west,  and  then  re 
turned  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  willingly  retired 
from  the  field  of  practice  and  devoted  himself  to 
scientific  pursuits.  Determined  to  be  a  thorough 
teacher  of  anatomy,  he  opened  a  room  for  private 
demonstrations,  and  in  the  first  winter  had  a  class 
of  seventy  students.  His  incessant  toils  and  ex 
posure  to  the  foul  atmosphere  of  the  dissecting- 
room,  laid  the  foundation  of  the  disease  of  which 
he  died.  After  prosecuting  his  anatomical  labors 
four  or  five  years,  he  was  chosen  professor  of 
anatomy  in  llutgers  medical  college  in  New  York. 
"With  a  broken  constitution,  he  was  compelled, 


before  the  completion  of  his  second  course  of  lec 
tures,  to  retire  from  the  school  and  to  seek  a 
milder  climate.  After  passing  the  winter  in  Santa 
Cruz,  he  settled  in  Germantown,  near  Philadel 
phia.  His  disease  was  still  advancing  ;  yet,  with 
unabated  ardor,  he  prosecuted  his  literary  and 
scientific  employments,  not  for  fame,  but  for  the 
support  of  his  family  and  the  welfare  of  his  fel 
low-men. 

Dr.  Godman,  like  many  other  young  physi 
cians,  adopted  the  Infidelity  and  Atheism  of  the 
French  naturalists  of  the  last  century.  For  a 
time  he  not  only  rejected  revelation,  but  was 
blind  to  the  strong  proofs  of  the  existence  of 
God,  which  are  presented  continually  to  the  eye 
of  the  anatomist  and  the  student  of  nature.  A 
depraved,  unrenewed  heart  extinguished  the  light 
of  reason.  But,  while  lecturing  at  New  York  in 
the  winter  of  1827,  he  visited  the  death-bed  of  a 
student  of  medicine,  in  whose  joyous  anticipations 
of  heaven  and  triumph  over  death,  he  saw  a  phe 
nomenon  which  philosophy  could  not  comprehend. 
This  event  led  him  to  read  the  Bible,  and  the 
secret  was  unfolded.  From  this  time  he  studied 
the  Scriptures.  He  obtained  the  Christian  hope ; 
and  he  died  in  peace,  in  his  last  hour  commend 
ing  his  family  to  the  Father  of  the  fatherless  and 
the  widow's  God,  —  then,  with  uplifted  eyes  and 
hands,  and  a  beaming  countenance,  resigning  his 
spirit  to  his  Redeemer.  In  the  last  sickness  of 
his  friend,  Dr.  Judson,  an  Infidel,  the  brother  of 
the  missionary,  he  addressed  to  him  a  letter,  which 
was  the  means  of  his  conversion,  pointing  out  the 
way  of  conquering  the  fear  of  death.  "  Philos 
ophy  is  a  fool,  and  pride  a  madman.  Many  per 
sons  die  with  what  is  called  manly  firmness  ;  they 
put  on  as  smooth  a  face  as  they  can,  to  impose  on 
the  spectators,  and  die  firmly.  But  this  is  all  de 
ception  ;  the  true  state  of  their  minds  at  the  very 
time,  nine  times  out  of  ten,  is  worse  than  the 
most  horrible  imaginings  even  of  hell  itself.  But 
the  man  who  dies  as  a  man  ought  to  die,  is  the 
humble-minded,  believing  Christian.  He  does 
not  die  manfully,  but  he  rests  in  Jesus." 

Dr.  Godman  was  a  distinguished  scholar.  With 
a  limited  education,  he  yet  acquired  a  knowledge 
of  the  Latin,  Greek,  French,  Spanish,  and  Italian 
languages.  His  industry  was  astonishing.  It 
was  his  purpose  to  accomplish  thoroughly  what 
ever  he  undertook.  He  concentrated  all  his  pow 
ers  upon  the  pursuit  in  which  he  was  engaged. 
The  most  striking  character  of  his  mind  was  a 
fertile  fancy,  yet  controlled  by  a  sound  judgment. 
His  talent  at  description  is  exhibited  in  his  history 
of  American  quadrupeds  and  his  rambles  of  a 
naturalist.  His  addresses  are  compositions  of 
highly-wrought  eloquence.  At  one  time  he  was 
the  principal  editor  of  the  Philadelphia  journal 
of  the  medical  and  physical  sciences.  He  wrote 
the  articles  on  natural  history  for  the  American 


GOEIUNG. 

Encjcrjpedia  to  the  end  of  letter  CM  bcddes  nu 
merous  papers  in  the  periodical  journals  of  the 
day.  lie  published  the  western  quarterly  re 
porter  of  medical  science,  etc.,  Cincinnati,  1822  ; 
account  of  irregularities  of  structure  and  morbid 
anatomy ;  contributions  to  physiological  and  pa 
thological  anatomy ;  Bell's  anatomy,  with  notes  ; 
anatomical  investigations,  comprising  descriptions 
of  various  fascia?  of  the  body,  1824 ;  American 
natural  history,  with  engravings,  3  vols.,  1828; 
addresses  on  various  public  occasions,  1829 ; 
rambles  of  a  naturalist.  —  Prof.  SewalVs  Eu 
logy. 

GOERIXG,  JACOB,  minister  of  the  German 
Lutheran  church  in  York,  Penn.,  commenced  the 
labors  of  the  sacred  office  when  only  twenty  years 
of  age,  and  it  pleased  God  to  give  such  success  to 
his  faithful  exertions  at  this  early  period  of  life, 
that  a  revival  of  religion  always  attended  his 
preaching.  He  died  in  1807,  aged  52.  He  was 
a  president  of  the  synod  of  the  German  Lutheran 
church  in  the  States  of  Pennsylvania,  Maryland, 
and  Virginia.  He  was  a  man  of  profound  eru 
dition,  and  among  the  languages  with  which  he 
was  acquainted,  the  Hebrew  and  Arabic  were  his 
favorites.  Though  warmly  interested  in  his  coun 
try's  welfare,  he  yet  declined  a  civil  station,  in 
which  his  fellow-citizens  would  gladly  have  placed 
him,  dedicating  himself  wholly  to  the  ministry. 
He  died  in  the  full  assurance  of  obtaining  and 
enjoying  a  perpetual  happiness  through  the  mer 
its  of  lu's  Redeemer.  — Brown's  American  Regis 
ter,  n.  84,  85. 

GOFFE,  WILLIAM,  one  of  the  judges  of  King 
Charles  I.,  and  a  major-general  under  Cromwell, 
died  about  1679.  He  left  London  before  Charles 
II.  was  proclaimed,  and  arrived  at  Boston  with 
General  AVhalley  in  July,  1G60.  Governor  Ende- 
cott  gave  them  a  friendly  reception.  But  when 
the  act  of  indemnity  arrived  in  Nov.,  and  their 
names  were  not  found  among  those  to  whom  par 
don  was  offered,  the  government  of  Massachu 
setts  was  alarmed.  Perceiving  their  danger,  they 
left  Cambridge,  where  they  had  resided,  Feb.  26, 
1661,  and  arrived  at  New  Haven  March  7th. 
They  were  here  concealed  by  Deputy-governor 
Leet  and  Mr.  Davenport.  From  New  Haven 
they  went  to  West  Rock,  a  mountain  three  hun 
dred  feet  in  height,  at  the  distance  of  two  or 
three  miles  from  the  town,  where  they  were  hid  in 
a  cave.  They  afterwards  lived  in  concealment  at 
Milford,  Derby,  and  Branford,  and  in  Oct.,  1664, 
removed  to  Hadley,  in  Mass.,  and  were  concealed 
for  fifteen  or  sixteen  years  in  the  house  of  Mr. 
Russcl,  the  minister.  On  the  1st  of  Sept.,  1675, 
the  town  of  Hadley  was  alarmed  by  the  Indians 
in  the  time  of  public  worship,  and  the  people 
were  thrown  into  the  utmost  confusion.  But  sud 
denly  an  aged,  venerable  man,  in  uncommon 
dress,  appeared  in  the  midst  of  them,  revived 
49 


GOODALE. 


385 


their  courage,  and,  putting  himself  at  their  head, 
led  them  to  the  attack  and  repulsed  the  enemy. 
The  deliverer  of  Hadley  immediately  disappeared, 
and  the  inhabitants,  overwhelmed  with  astonish 
ment,  supposed  that  an  angel  had  been  sent  for 
their  protection.  He  died  in  Hadley.  Under 
the  oppression  of  constant  fear  during  his  resi 
dence  in  this  country,  his  mind  seems  to  have 
found  some  relief  in  the  consolations  of  religion. 
—  Stiles'  History  of  the  Judges  ;  Ilulcldnson, 
I.  215-219,532;  Holmes. 

GOLD,  HEZEKEAH,  minister  of  Cornwall,  Conn., 
died  May  31,  1790,  aged  59.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1751.  His  wife  was  Sarah,  the  sister  of 
Judge  Sedgwick ;  she  died  in  1766,  aged  27. 
Among  their  children  were  Thomas  Gold,  a  law 
yer  of  Pittsfield,  whose  daughter,  Maria,  married 
Nathan  Appleton,  of  Boston,  and  was  the  mother 
of  Mrs.  Longfellow ;  and  Thomas  Ruggles  Gold, 
a  lawyer  at  Whitesborough,  N.  Y. 

GOLDSBOROUGII,  ROBERT,  a  patriot  of  the 
Revolution,  was  graduated  at  Philadelphia  college 
in  1760,  and  was  afterwards  attorney-general  of 
Maryland,  which  office  he  resigned  in  1768.  In 
Aug.,  1775,  he  was  elected  to  congress,  and  em 
barked  his  large  fortune  in  the  cause  of  his  coun 
try.  He  died  at  Cambridge,  Md.,  Dec.  31,  1788. 

"GOLDSBOROUGH,  CHARLES  W.,  died  in 
Washington  Dec.  14,  1843,  one  of  the  oldest  and 
most  respected  inhabitants  of  the  city.  He  was 
chief  of  the  bureau  of  provisions  and  clothing  of 
the  navy  department.  He  published  a  naval  his 
tory  of  the  United  States. 

GOLDSMITH,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  died  at  Newton, 
L.  I.,  April  6,  1854,  aged  nearly  60,  pastor  of  the 
church  thirty-four  years,  president  of  the  L.  I. 
bible  society.  He  was  the  son  of  Benjamin  G. 
Goldsmith,  who  was  forty-six  years  minister  at 
Riverhead.  He  graduated  at  Nassau  Hall  in 
1815.  Dr.  Spring  preached  his  funeral  sermon, 
as  he  did  that  of  his  predecessor. 

GOLDTRAP,  THOMAS  W.,  died  in  Philadelphia 
in  1846,  bequeathing  to  the  widows'  society  and 
to  the  orphans'  each  2,OOC  dollars  ;  to  the  associ 
ation  for  colored  orphans  the  same ;  to  Wills'  hos 
pital  and  to  the  apprentices'  library  1,000  dollars 
each. 

GOOCH,  WILLIAM,  Sir,  major-general,  and 
governor  of  Virginia  from  1727  to  1749,  sustained 
an  excellent  character,  and  was  popular  in  his  ad 
ministration.  He  had  superior  military  talents, 
and  commanded  the  forces  in  the  unsuccessful 
attack  on  Carthagena  in  1740.  When  a  slave  in 
Williamsburg  bowed  to  him  in  the  street,  he 
bowed  in  return.  He  said,  "  I  cannot  suffer  a 
slave  to  exceed  me  in  good  manners." 

GOODALE,  NATHAN,  major,  died  in  the  spring 
of  1793  at  Sandusky,  aged  50.  He  had  been 
captured  by  the  Indians,  and  died  of  sickness.  A 
native  of  Brookfield,  he  was  an  officer  in  the  war, 


386 


GOODALL. 


GOODRICH. 


and  was  wounded,  lie  emigrated  to  Ohio  in 
1788,  and  the  next  year  settled  at  Belpre.  —  Ilil- 
dretli. 

GOODALL,  HEKVEY,  died  in  Africa  in  1850. 
He  was  a  Baptist  missionary,  sent  out  to  explore 
Central  Africa  and  to  pstablish  missions  in  Soudan. 

GOODELL,  SOLOMON,  a  man  of  liberality, 
died  at  Jamaica,  Vt.,  in  Sept.,  1815,  aged  70.  At 
no  time  was  his  property  worth  5,000  dollars. 
He  was  a  farmer,  living  in  a  rude  spot  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  Green  Mountains.  All  his 
property  was  gained  by  severe  personal  labor,  and 
saved  by  strict  frugality ;  yet  his  liberality  was 
such  as  might  shame  Mr.  Girard,  the  possessor  of 
millions  of  dollars.  About  the  year  1800  he 
gave  100  dollars  to  the  Congregational  missionary 
society,  and  the  same  sum  for  several  successive 
years.  When  the  American  board  of  foreign 
missions  was  established,  he  sent  notice  that  he 
wished  to  subscribe  500  dollars  for  immediate  use, 
and  1,000  for  the  fund,  while  yet  it  was  in  his 
power  to  forward  only  50  dollars  as  earnest 
money.  He  fulfilled  his  engagement,  and  paid 
interest  on  the  proposed  1,000  until  he  made  pro 
vision  for  its  payment  just  before  his  death,  add 
ing  to  it  another  1,000.  The  amount  of  his 
donations  for  missions  to  the  heathen,  besides 
other  charities,  was  3,686  dollars.  He  had  also 
provided  for  his  children  and  his  wife.  He  was  a 
Baptist,  yet  most  of  his  donations  were  intrusted 
to  the  hands  of  his  fellow  Christians,  not  Bap 
tists.  In  this  way  he  proved  that  he  was  no  sec 
tarian  ;  not,  like  Mr.  Girard,  by  condemning  all 
religions  alike.  The  power  that  moved  him  to 
his  self-denying  distributions  in  his  life,  —  not,  like 
Mr.  Girard,  when  he  could  hold  and  accumulate 
no  longer,  —  was  a  settled  religious  principle  ;  a 
conviction  that  all  his  property  was  the  gift  of 
God,  and  that  it  was  his  duty  to  employ  it  for  the 
highest  and  noblest  of  all  purposes,  that  of  pro 
moting  the  knowledge  of  the  gospel  of  his  Re- 
deemer  and  the  ineffable  blessedness  of  eternal 
salvation  through  that  knowledge  among  his  fel 
low-men,  whom  he  was  bound  to  love,  as  he  loved 
himself. 

GOODHUE,  JOSIAH,  minister  of  Dunstable, 
Mass.,  died  in  1797,  aged  about  62.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1755. 

GOODHUE,  BEXJAMIX,  formerly  a  senator 
of  the  United  States,  died  at  Salem  in  1814, 
aged  66. 

GOODRICH,  WILLIAM,  one  of  the  first  set 
tlers  of  Hartford,  died  in  1676.  He  came  from 
Watertown  in  1636  with  his  brother  John. 
Goodwin  gives  the  names  of  hundreds  of  his  de 
scendants. 

GOODRICH,  DAVID,  colonel,  son  of  the  pre 
ceding,  died  in  Wethersfield,  Conn.,  in  1755, 
aged  87.  He  was  a  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  old 
French  war.  Among  his  many  children  were 


Col.  Elizur,  who  died  in  1774,  aged  81;  and 
Hezekiah,  whose  daughter,  Honor,  married  Rev. 
Joshua  Belden,  of  W.,  who  lived  to  a  venerable 
age  as  pastor  of  Newington  society,  dying  in 
1813,  aged  89. 

GOODRICH,  ELIZUR,  1).  D.,  minister  of  Dur 
ham,  Conn.,  was  born  in  Wethersfield,  1734,  and 
was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1752.  He  was 
ordained  to  the  work  of  the  ministry  Nov.  24, 
1756.  After  his  character  as  an  excellent  minister 
and  a  friend  of  literature  was  established,  he  was 
chosen  in  1776  a  member  of  the  corporation  of  Yale 
college.  He  died  at  Norfolk  Nov.  21, 1797,  aged 
63.  He  was  the  son  of  ]  )eacon  David  G.,  of  Weth- 
crsfield,  Conn.,  who  died  in  1785,  aged  90  ;  and 
he  was  the  son  of  Col.  David  G.,  of  W.,  who  died 
in  1655,  aged  87.  The  father  of  the  latter  was 
Ensign  William  G.,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of 
Wethersfield,  who  came  from  Watertown,  Mass., 
about  1636,  and  died  in  1676.  His  wife  was 
Katharine,  daughter  of  Elihu  Chaunccy.  Dr.  D. 
Smith  married  his  daughter.  Dr.  Goodrich  con 
ciliated  the  esteem  of  his  acquaintance,  and  was 
faithful  in  all  the  relations  of  life.  He  was  dis 
tinguished  for  his  literary  arid  scientific  acquire 
ments,  as  well  as  for  his  piety  and  patriotism.  As 
a  preacher,  he  followed  the  examples  of  the 
apostles,  preaching  repentance  and  faith.  He 
taught  his  hearers  that  man  was  depraved,  and 
guilty,  and  lost,  condemned  by  the  law,  and  hav 
ing  no  hope  but  in  Christ,  and  that  salvation  was 
of  grace  and  not  of  works.  He  published  a  ser 
mon  at  the  ordination  of  R.  Newton,  1761 ;  of  S. 
Goodrich,  1787  ;  at  the  installation  of  B.  Board- 
man,  1784.  —  Diviglifs  Funeral  Sermon. 

GOODRICH,  CIIAUNCEY,  lieutenant-governor 
of  Connecticut,  the  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  at  Durham,  Oct.  20,  1759 ;  was  graduated 
in  1776  at  Yale  college,  where  he  was  a  tutor 
from  1779  to  1781.  Engaging  in  the  practice  of 
the  law  at  Hartford,  he  soon  rose  to  eminence. 
From  1794  to  1800  he  was  a  representative  in 
congress,  and  senator  from  1807  until  his  resigna 
tion  in  1813,  when  he  was  chosen  lieutenant-gov 
ernor,  lie  was  also  mayor  of  Hartford.  He 
died  suddenly  of  a  dropsy  in  the  heart,  Aug.  18, 
1815,  aged  55.  He  survived  two  wives,  but  left 
no  children.  He  was  a  man  of  energy  of  mind, 
of  integrity,  moderation,  and  amenity  of  manners. 
Several  months  before  his  death  he  applied  for 
admission  to  the  church,  but,  in  consequence  of 
his  infirmity  of  body,  had  not  been  received.  He 
remarked :  "  A  moral  life  of  itself  is  nothing  for 
the  salvation  of  the  soul.  I  have  lived  a  moral 
life  in  the  estimation  of  the  world ;  but  I  am  a 
bundle  of  iniquity  in  the  sight  of  a  holy  God.  If 
there  were  not  an  atonement,  I  must  be  con 
demned  and  miserable  forever." —  Strong's  Fu 
neral  Sermon. 

GOODRICH,  CHARLES,  a  first  settler  of  Pitts- 


GOODRICH. 

field,  Mass.,  died  Nov.  15,  1816,  aged  96.  He 
was  the  son  and  sixteenth  child  of  David,  and 
grandson  of  William,  the  first  settler  of  Wethers- 
field;  and  born  April  6,  Old  Style,  1720.  Good 
win  is  mistaken  in  his  account  of  him,  p.  79.  He 
•was  one  of  the  converts  under  Whitefield,  and 
removed  to  Pontoosuck,  now  Pittsficld,  in  1753, 
when  there  was  but  one  building  in  the  place,  the 
house  of  Solomon  Deming ;  and  he  introduced 
and  held  the  first  plough.  He  was  in  the  battle 
of  Bcnnington.  He  was  a  member  of  the  provin 
cial  congress  in  1774 ;  he  was  also  a  judge  of 
the  common  pleas.  His  son  Charles,  a  graduate 
of  Yale  in  1797,  is  a  preacher  at  Havana,  Che- 
mung  county,  N.  Y. ;  his  grandson,  Charles  S.  J., 
is  a  physician  in  Brooklyn. 

GOODRICH,  HANNAH,  died  unmarried  atVer- 
non,  Conn.,  in  July,  1820,  aged  100  on  the  day 
of  her  death. 

GOODRICH,  SAMUEL,  son  of  Dr.  Elizur  G., 
and  the  minister  of  Ridgefield  and  Berlin,  died 
April  19,  1835,  aged  72.  His  wife  was  Elizabeth, 
a  daughter  of  Col.  John  Ely.  Of  his  daughters, 
Elizabeth  married  Rev.  Xoah  Coe ;  Abigail  mar 
ried  Rev.  Samuel  Whittlesey ;  Emily  Chaunccy 
married  Rev.  Darius  Mead.  Rev.  Charles  Au 
gustus  Goodrich,  a  graduate  of  1812,  is  his  son. 
He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  C.  A. 
Goodrich  at  Worcester.  1816. 

GOODRICH,  ELIZUR,  LL.  D.,  died  at  New 
Haven,  Nov.  1,  1849,  aged  88.  Jefferson  re 
moved  him  from  the  office  of  collector  of  customs, 
and  avowed  in  a  letter  his  purpose  and  principle  of 
removals.  He  was  born  in  Durham,  the  son  of 
Dr.  E.  G.  :  graduated  at  Yale  in  1779 ;  and  was  a 
member  of  congress  and  judge  of  probate.  Prof. 
Chauncey  Allen  Goodrich  is  his  son.  He  was  also 
mayor  of  the  city,  and  nine  years  professor  of  law 
in  Yale  college.  His  life  was  one  of  temperance, 
integrity,  and  virtue. 

GOODWIN,  EZRA  S.,  minister  of  Sandwich, 
died  Feb.  5,  1833,  aged  45.  He  was  a  native  of 
Plymouth,  a  graduate  of  1807.  He  published  a 
sermon  in  the  liberal  preacher,  III.  9 ;  address  to 
peace  society,  1830;  ancient  and  modern  ortho 
doxy,  1831;  Alice  Bradford,  a  present ;  a  piece  in 
tracts  of  Unitarian  association,  No.  66.  A  memoir 
of  him  is  in  Historical  Collections,  3d  series, 
vol.  v. 

GOODWIN,  GEORGE,  died  in  Hartford  in  May, 
1844,  aged  87,  formerly  publisher  of  the  Hartford 
Courant. 

GOODWIN,  NATHANIEL,  died  at  Hartford, 
May  29,  1855,  aged  73,  the  son  of  Nathaniel  G. 
and  Anne  Sheldon.  His  other  ancestors,  ascend 
ing,  were  Daniel,  Nathaniel,  Nathaniel,  and 
Osias,  who  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  of 
Hartford,  and  died  in  1683,  aged  87.  After  serv 
ing  for  years  creditably  as  an  apprentice  to  the 
Websters,  printers  in  Albany,  he  became  a 


GOOKIN. 


387 


teacher  and  aland  surveyor.  At  Hartford  he  held 
many  important  public  trusts.  He  was  treasurer 
many  years,  judge  of  probate,  and  clerk.  He  was 
much  employed  in  settling  intestate  estates,  and 
was  held  in  high  respect  as  a  man  of  probity. 
He  died  worth  about  150,000  dollars,  about  half 
of  which  he  bequeathed  to  his  nephew,  Daniel. 
Though  never  married,  the  subject  of  genealogy 
engaged  much  of  his  attention.  He  published  an 
account  of  the  "  descendants  of  Thomas  Olcott," 
and  then  of  the  "  Foote  Family.''  He  only  com 
menced,  before  he  died,  the  publication  of  his 
"  genealogical  notes,  or  contributions  to  the  family 
history  of  some  of  the  first  settlers  of  Connecticut 
and  Massachusetts,"  which  was  published  in  1856, 
pp.  362.  A  memoir  of  Mr.  G.  is  prefixed. 

GOOKIN,  DANIEL,  author  of  the  Historical 
Collections  of  the  Indians  in  New  England,  and 
major-general  of  Massachusetts,  died  March  19, 
1687,  aged  75.  He  was  born  in  the  county  of 
Kent,  in  England.  He  came  to  Virginia  in 
1621  with  his  father,  who  brought  cattle  to  the 
colony  from  Ireland,  and  who  established  himself 
at  a  plantation,  called  Newport's  News.  In  the 
year  1642,  Mr.  Thomson  and  other  ministers  from 
Massachusetts  were  sent  to  Virginia,  to  preach  the 
gospel  to  a  people  but  little  acquainted  with  the 
truth.  Wrhen  they  were  forced  to  withdraw  from 
this  colony,  because  they  would  not  conform  with 
the  church  of  England,  such  was  the  attachment 
of  Mr.  Gookin  to  their  preaching,  that  he  soon 
followed  them.  In  1644  he  removed  with  his 
family  to  New  England,  and  settled  in  Cambridge, 
that  he  might  enjoy  the  ordinances  of  the  gospel 
in  their  purity.  Soon  after  his  arrival  he  was  ap 
pointed  captain  of  the  military  company  in  Cam 
bridge,  and  a  member  of  the  house  of  deputies. 
In  1652  he  was  elected  assistant  or  magistrate, 
and  four  years  after  was  appointed  by  the  general 
court  superintendent  of  all  the  Indians,  who  had 
submitted  to  the  government  of  Massachusetts. 
He  executed  this  office  with  such  fidelity,  that  he 
was  continued  in  it  till  his  death.  In  1656  he 
visited  England,  and  had  an  interview  with  Crom 
well,  who  commissioned  him  to  invite  the  people 
of  Massachusetts  to  transport  themselves  to  Ja 
maica,  which  had  been  conquered  from  the  Span 
iards.  In  1662  he  was  appointed,  with  Mr. 
Mitchell,  one  of  the  licensers  of  the  printing 
press  in  Cambridge.  When  Philip's  war  com 
menced  in  1675,  several  severe  laws  were  passed 
against  the  friendly  Indians,  to  whom  religious  in 
struction  had  been  imparted,  through  apprehen 
sion  that  they  would  join  the  enemy,  and  the  rage 
of  the  people  against  their  red-colored  brethren 
was  violent  and  alarming.  Mr.  Eliot  stood  forth 
as  the  friend  and  protector  of  the  Indians,  and 
Mr.  Gookin,  who  had  zealously  co-operated  with 
Mr.  Eliot  in  his  benevolent  exertions,  and  who  fre 
quently  accompanied  him  in  his  missionary  tours, 


388 


GOOKIN. 


GORDON. 


was  equally  their  friend.  He  was  the  only  magis 
trate  who  endeavored  to  prevent  the  outrages  of 
the  populace.  He  was  in  consequence  much 
abused,  and  even  insulted  as  he  passed  the  streets ; 
but  he  had  too  much  of  the  elevation  of  Christian 
virtue  to  feel  any  resentment,  and  the  effects  of 
licentiousness  did  not  inspire  him  with  the  desire 
of  abridging  the  liberties  of  the  people.  He  soon, 
however,  recovered  the  esteem  and  confidence 
which  he  had  lost,  by  firmly  resisting  the  attempts 
which  were  made  to  destroy  the  charter  of  Mas 
sachusetts.  In  1681  he  was  appointed  major-gen 
eral  of  the  colony,  and  he  continued  in  the  magis 
tracy  till  the  dissolution  of  the  charter  in  1686. 
In  the  inscription  upon  his  monument  in  the 
burying-ground  in  Cambridge,  his  name  is  written 
Cookings.  Such  was  his  poverty,  that  Mr.  Eliot, 
in  a  letter  to  Mr.  Boyle,  not  long  after  his  decease, 
solicits  that  charitable  gentleman  to  bestow  ten 
pounds  upon  his  widow.  He  was  a  man  of  good 
understanding,  rigid  in  his  religious  and  political 
opinions,  zealous  and  active,  of  inflexible  integrity 
and  exemplary  piety,  disinterested  and  benevo 
lent,  a  firm  patriot,  and  uniformly  and  peculiarly 
the  friend  of  the  Indians,  who  lamented  his  death 
with  unfeigned  sorrow.  His  two  sons,  Daniel 
and  Nathaniel,  were  ministers;  the  former  of 
Sherburne,  whose  care  extended  also  to  the  In 
dians  at  Natick,  and  the  latter  of  Cambridge,  who 
was  ordained  Nov.  15,  1682,  and  died  Aug.  7, 
1692,  aged  33.  He  was  succeeded  by  Mr. 
Brattle. 

Mr.  Gookin  wrote  in  1674  historical  collections 
of  the  Indians  in  New  England,  which  remained 
in  manuscript,  till  it  was  published  by  the  Massa 
chusetts  historical  society  in  1792,  In  this  work 
he  gives  many  interesting  particulars  of  the  vari 
ous  tribes  of  Indians,  of  their  customs,  manners, 
religion,  and  government,  and  of  the  exertions 
which  were  made  to  civilize  them,  and  to  bring 
them  to  an  acquaintance  with  the  Christian  reli 
gion.  He  also  wrote  a  history  of  New  England  ; 
but  it  is  not  known  that  the  manuscript  is  now  in 
existence.—//^.  Coll.  I.  228,  226;  YII.  23; 
Holmes'  Hist,  of  Cambridge;  Hutcliinson;  Mag- 
nalia,  II.  21 ;  Johnson's  Wond.-Work.  Prov.  109, 
192 ;  Stith,  205. 

GOOKIN,  NATHANIEL,  minister  of  Hampton, 
N.  II.,  was  the  son  of  Ilcv.  N.  Gookin,  of  Cam 
bridge,  and  was  graduated  in  1703.  He  was  or 
dained  in  1710  as  successor  of  John  Cotton. 
After  a  prudent  and  faithful  ministry  of  about 
twenty-four  years,  he  died  in  1734,  aged  46.  His 
son,  Nathaniel,  was  settled  in  North  Hampton, 
N.  II.,  in  1739,  and  died  in  1766.  His  grandson, 
Judge  Daniel,  died  at  Saco  in  1831,  aged  75. 
Mr.  Gookin  published  three  sermons,  occasioned 
by  the  earthquake  in  Oct.,  1727,  to  which  is 
added  an  account  of  the  earthquake,  and  some- 
tiling  remarkable  of  thunder  and  lightning  in 


Hampton.  —  Hist.  Coll.  YII.  55  ;  Slmrtleff's  Ser 
mon  at  Ordination  of  Mr.  Gookin,  1739. 

GORDON,  WILLIAM,  1).  1).,  minister  of  Rox- 
bury,  Mass.,  and  a  historian  of  the  American 
war,  died  at  Ipswich,  England,  Oct.  19,  1807, 
aged  77.  He  was  a  native  of  Hitchin.  He  was 
early  settled  as  a  pastor  of  a  large  Indepen 
dent  church  at  Ipswich,  but  after  many  years  he 
removed  in  consequence  of  some  uneasiness  occa 
sioned  by  his  reprehension  of  the  conduct  of  one 
of  his  principal  hearers  in  employing  his  work 
men  on  public  business  on  the  Lord's  day.  After 
the  death  of  Dr.  David  Jennings,  he  was  chosen 
to  be  his  successor  in  the  church  at  Old  Gravel 
lane,  Wapping.  Here  he  might  have  continued 
much  respected,  but  in  the  year  1770,  his  par 
tiality  to  America  induced  him  to  force  himself 
away,  in  order  to  settle  in  this  country.  After 
having  preached  about  a  year  to  the  third  church 
in  Itoxbury,  he  was  ordained  its  minister  July  6, 
1772.  He  took  an  active  part  in  public  measures 
during  the  war  with  Great  Britain,  and  was 
chosen  chaplain  to  the  provincial  congress  of 
Massachusetts.  While  in  this  office  he  preached 
a  fast  sermon,  which  strongly  expressed  his  politi 
cal  sentiments.  In  1776  he  formed  the  design  of 
writing  a  history  of  the  great  events  in  America. 
Besides  other  sources  of  information,  he  had  re 
course  to  the  records  of  congress,  and  to  those  of 
New  England,  and  was  indulged  with  the  perusal 
of  the  papers  of  Washington,  Gates,  Greene, 
Lincoln,  and  Otho  Williams.  After  the  conclu 
sion  of  the  war  he  returned  to  his  native  country 
in  1786,  and  in  1788  published  the  work,  which 
had  for  several  years  occupied  his  attention. 
It  produced  him  300  pounds.  After  spending 
some  time  in  London,  where  he  had  many  friends, 
he  obtained  a  settlement  at  St.  Neots  in  Hunting 
donshire.  This  situation  was  much  inferior  to 
either  of  the  former  settlements  which  he  had  en 
joyed.  The  congregation  gradually  declined,  in 
consequence  of  his  want  of  that  popular  address, 
to  which  they  had  been  accustomed,  and  of  the 
failure  of  his  mental  powers.  The  infirmity  of 
his  mind  was  at  length  so  visible,  that  his  friends 
advised  his  resignation,  and  raised  a  subscription 
for  him.  He  afterwards  returned  to  Ipswich, 
England,  where  he  had  some  agreeable  con 
nections  left.  Here  he  preached  a  few  occasional 
sermons ;  but  his  memory  soon  failed  him  to  such 
a  degree  as  to  render  him  unfit  for  all  public  ser 
vice.  After  living  to  experience  the  melancholy 
extinction  of  the  powers  of  his  mind,  he  died  at 
Ipswich. 

In  his  religious  sentiments  Dr.  Gordon  was  a 
strict  Calvinist ;  yet  he  possessed  a  liberal  mind, 
and  a  very  sociable  disposition.  He  was  even 
sometimes  facetious.  Though  his  temper  was 
warm,  he  was  yet  friendly  and  benevolent.  His 
sermons  were  composed  with  care;  but,  as  they 


GORDON. 


GORGES. 


were  •written  in  a  very  systematical  form,  and 
were  read  with  slavish  adherence  to  his  notes,  he 
was  not  interesting  as  a  preacher.  lie  published 
a  plan  of  a  society  for  making  provision  for  wid 
ows,  by  annuities  for  life,  1772  ;  a  sermon  at  a 
fast;  at  two  thanksgivings,  1775;  before  the 
house  of  representatives,  1775;  at  the  election 
1775;  before  the  general  court  on  the  anniver 
sary  of  Independence,  1777;  doctrine  of  univer 
sal  salvation  examined  and  shown  to  be  unscrip- 
tural,  1783.  His  history  of  the  rise,  progress, 
and  establishment  of  the  Independence  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  in  4  vols.  8vo.  1788, 
though  not  written  with  elegance,  is  allowed  to 
have  considerable  merit  as  a  minute  and  in  gen 
eral  a  faithful  narrative  of  facts.  Before  he  came 
to  this  country  he  published  an  abridgment  of 
President  Edward's  treatise  on  the  affections.  — 
Prcf.  to  his  Hist,  of  American  War;  Monthly 
Ilepos.,  London,  for  Nov.  1807. 

GORDON,  WILLIAM,  attorney-general  of  the 
State  of  New  Hampshire,  died  at  Boston  in  May, 
1802,  aged  39.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1779.  His  residence  was  at  Amherst. 
He  was  a  senator  in  the  State  legislature  and  a 
member  of  congress. 

GORE,  CHRISTOPHER,  governor  of  Massachu 
setts,  died  March  1,  1827,  aged  68.  He  was 
born  in  Boston  in  1758,  and  was  the  son  of  a  re 
spectable  mechanic,  who  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Revolution,  as  he  adhered  to  the  royal  govern 
ment,  went  to  Halifax,  but  afterwards  returned  to 
Boston.  He  was  graduated  in  1776,  and  after 
studying  law  with  Judge  Lowell,  engaged  in  ex-  I 
tensive  and  lucrative  practice.  In  1789  he  was! 
appointed  first  United  States  attorney  for  the  dis-  | 
trict  of  Massachusetts,  in  the  execution  of  which  j 
office  he  met  with  difficulties,  but  he  resolutely 
pursued  the  course  of  duty.  In  1796  he  was 
appointed  colleague  with  AViliiam  Pinkney,  a 
commissioner  under  the  fourth  article  of  Jay's 
treaty,  to  settle  our  claims  for  spoliations.  By 
his  efforts,  when  in  England,  he  recovered  sums 
to  a  vast  amount  for  our  citizens  ;  his  argument 
on  that  class  of  captures,  which  were  made  under 
the  rule  of  1756,  was  elaborate  and  powerful. 
As  his  commission  lasted  nearly  eight  years,  he 
remained  abroad  till  1804.  In  the  preceding  year 
he  had  been  left  by  his  intimate  friend,  Rufus 
King,  minister  to  England,  chargt'-  d'affaires. 
After  his  return  he  was  chosen,  in  1809,  governor 
of  Massachusetts,  as  successor  of  Sullivan  ;  but 
the  next  year  the  people  chose  Mr.  Gerry  in  his 
place.  In  1814  he  was  appointed  senator  to  con 
gress,  in  which  capacity  he  served  about  three 
years,  and  then  withdrew  into  final  retirement. 
His  residence  was  a  beautiful  seat,  about  nine 
miles  from  Boston,  at  Waltham,  whence  he  was 
accustomed  frequently  to  walk  into  town.  An 
excruciating  disorder  embittered  his  last  years. 


Having  no  children,  Mr.  Gore  left  valuable  be 
quests  to  the  American  academy  and  the  histori 
cal  society,  of  which  he  was  a  member  ;  and  he 
made  Harvard  college,  of  which  he  had  been  a 
fellow  or  trustee,  his  residuary  legatee.  With 
the  literature  of  the  day  he  had  kept  himself 
familiarly  acquainted,  and  he  was  an  excellent 
classical  scholar.  His  mind  was  acute  and  dis 
criminating;  his  morals  pure ;  his  manners  digni 
fied  and  elegant.  He  published  a  masonic  oration, 
1783.  — American  Ann.  Pcy.  1826-7,  p.  339-341. 

GORGES,  FERDINANDO,  Sir,  proprietor  of  the 
province  of  Maine,  died  in  1647.  He  was  the 
governor  of  Plymouth  and  an  early  member  of 
the  Plymouth  company  in  England.  In  1606  he 
and  Chief-justice  Popham  sent  out  Challons  in  a 
ship  of  fifty  tons  for  discovery,  but  the  vessel  was 
captured  by  the  Spaniards.  In  the  next  year 
George  Popham  and  Raleigh  Gilbert  were  sent 
out  to  the  Ivennebec.  In  1619  he  sent  Capt. 
Dcrmer  to  Monhegan.  Desirous  of  engaging  the 
Scotch  in  the  settlement  of  New  England,  he 
promoted  the  patent  of  Nova  Scotia  to  Sir  Wm. 
Alexander,  Sept.  10,  1621.  In  1622  the  council 
of  Plymouth,  established  by  new  charter  in  1620, 
made  to  him  and  J.  Mason  a  grant  of  the  lands 
between  the  Merrimac  and  Sagadahoc,  reaching 
back  to  the  lakes,  called  Laconia.  The  next 
year  a  settlement  was  commenced  at  Pascataqua. 
In  1639  he  obtained  from  the  crown  a  confirma 
tory  grant  of  the  land  fcom  Pascataqua  to  Saga 
dahoc,  called  the  province  of  Maine,  in  compli 
ment  to  Queen  Henrietta,  who  held  as  her  estate 
the  province  of  Maine  in  France.  He  was  made 
lord  palatine.  He  incorporated  the  village  of 
Agamenticus,  or  York,  into  a  city,  called  Gorge- 
ana;  but  the  colony  did  not  prosper.  This  estate 
fell  to  his  son,  John  Gorges,  who  neglected  the 
province,  so  that  in  1652  they  placed  themselves 
under  Massachusetts.  He  expended  20,000 
pounds  in  his  American  enterprises.  He  pub 
lished  narrative  of  his  proceedings  relative  to  the 
settlement  of  New  England,  contained  in  the 
work  of  his  grandson,  Ferdmando,  1659.  In 
closing  his  narrative  he  asks,  "  What  can  be  more 
pleasing  to  a  generous  nature,  than  to  be  exer 
cised  in  doing  public  good ;  and  what  monument 
so  durable  as  erecting  of  houses,  villages,  and 
towns  ;  and  what  more  pious,  than  advancing  of 
Christian  religion  amongst  people,  who  have  not 
known  the  excellency  thereof?  "  In  this  work 
Dr.  Belknap  found  materials  for  his  history  of 
Gorges.  —  Belknap's  Biog.  l.  346-393. 

GORGES,  FEKDIXANDO,  grandso'n  of  the  pre 
ceding,  succeeded  to  the  rights  of  his  father, 
John.  On  the  restoration  he  petitioned  the  king 
against  the  usurpation  of  Massachusetts.  Com 
missioners,  Carr,  etc.,  were  sent  over  to  adjust 
the  affairs  of  government.  But  in  1677  he  was 
induced  to  sell  his  rights  to  Massachusetts  for 


390 


GORDON. 


GORTON. 


1250  pounds.  The  territory,  thus  acquired,  was 
first  formed  into  the  two  counties  of  York  and 
Cumberland.  He  published  a  description  of  New 
England,  entitled  "  America  painted  to  the  life," 
London,  16,39,  containing  the  narrative  by  his 
grandfather,  as  well  as  descriptions  of  his  own. 
In  some  editions,  Johnson's  wonder-working 
providence  is  also  annexed. 

GORIIAM,  JOHN,  colonel,  died  at  Barnstable, 
in  1717,  aged  Go.  He  was  distinguished  in  the 
war  against  the  French  and  Indians. 

GORIIAM,  NATHANIEL,  president  of  congress, 
was  born  in  Charlestown,  Mass.,  in  1738,  and 
died  June  11,  1796,  aged  58.  He  was  often  a 
member  of  the  legislature,  and  in  1784  was  elected 
to  congress,  and  was  chosen  president  June  6, 
1786.  He  was  also  a  judge  of  the  court  of  com 
mon  pleas  for  several  years.  As  a  member  of  the 
convention  he  assisted  in  forming  the  constitution 
of  the  United  States.  —  Eliot ;  Welsh's  Eulogy. 

GORIIAM,  NATHANIEL,  son  of  the  preceding, 
one  of  the  first  settlers  of  the  "  Genesee  country," 
died  at  Canandaigua  Oct.  22,  1826,  with  the  char 
acter  of  a  worthy  citizen.  Massachusetts  having 
received  of  New  York  the  right  of  pre-emption 
of  about  six  millions  of  acres,  sold  their  right  of 
the  eastern  one-third,  or  two  millions,  to  Nathaniel 
Gorham  and  Oliver  Phelps,  in  1788,  for  300,000 
pounds.  In  July  they  held  a  treaty  with  the 
five  nations  of  Indians  and  obtained  their  release. 
Mr.  Phelps  began  the  .settlement  in  1789.  In 
1790  one  million  of  "  Phelps  and  Gorham's  pur 
chase  "  was  sold  to  11.  Morris,  and  he,  in  1792, 
sold  to  C.  Williamson. 

GORIIAM,  WILLIAM,  judge,  died  in  Gorham, 
Me.,  in  1804.  A  native  of  Massachusetts,  he 
went  early  on  public  business  to  Nova  Scotia,  and 
in  1772  removed  to  Gorham.  In  1782  he  was 
judge  of  probate  ;  in  1789,  judge  of  common 
pleas.  He  was  a  man  of  solid  talents,  and  good 
judgment,  and  a  Christian. 

GORIIAM,  JOHN,  M.  D.,  physician  in  Boston, 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1801,  and  studied 
his  profession  at  Edinburgh.  In  1809  he  was 
appointed  adjunct  professor  of  chemistry  and 
materia  medica  at  Cambridge;  and  in  1818,  pro 
fessor  of  chemistry  and  mineralogy.  He  died 
suddenly  March  29, 1829,  aged  46.  He  published 
inaugural  address,  1817  ;  elements  of  chemical 
science,  2  vols.  8vo.  1819. 

GORHAM,  BENJAMIN,  died  in  Boston  Sept. 
27,  1855,  aged  80;  a  graduate  of  1795.  His 
father,  Nathaniel  G.,  of  Charlestown,  was  presi 
dent  of  the  continental  congress  ;  his  brother  was 
a  pioneer  of  western  New  York.  Studying  law, 
he  was  the  associate  of  Prescott,  Jackson,  Par 
sons,  Gore,  Dexter,  Sullivan,  Cabot,  Ames,  Otis, 
Parker,  and  Lowell.  He  was  also  a  faithful  rep 
resentative  and  senator  in  congress.  By  marriage 
he  was  connected  with  Judge  Lowell  and  J.  C. 


Jones.  In  private  life  he  loved  to  talk,  and  he 
talked  well.  —  Boston  Advertiser,  July  16,  1856. 

GORHAM,  MARY,  died  in  Stratford,  Conn., 
Jan.  2,  1837,  aged  74,  widow  of  Capt.  Nehemiah 
G.,  an  officer  of  the  Revolution.  She  was  a 
memorable  example  of  humility,  of  submission 
and  patience,  of  peace  and  hope,  in  a  long-con 
tinued  sickness. 

GORTON,  SAMUEL,  the  first  settler  of  War 
wick,  R.  I.,  died  after  1676,  at  an  advanced  age. 
He  came  to  this  country  in  1636,  and  in  a  few 
years  occasioned  much  disturbance  in  the  church 
of  Boston  by  the  wild  sentiments  on  religion 
which  he  advanced.  He  soon  went  to  Plymouth, 
in  which  colony  he  was  subjected  to  corporal  pun 
ishment  for  his  errors,  and  whence  he  removed  in 
June,  1638,  to  Rhode  Island.  At  Newport  he 
received  the  same  discipline,  on  account  of  his 
contempt  of  the  civil  authority.  He  purchased 
some  land  near  Pawtuxet  river,  in  the  south  part 
of  Providence,  in  Jan.,  1641.  Under  the  cover 
of  this  purchase  he  encroached  upon  the  lands  of 
others,  and,  complaints  having  been  entered 
against  him  in  the  court  of  Massachusetts,  he 
was  required  to  submit  himself  to  the  jurisdiction 
of  that  colony,  and  to  answer  for  his  conduct. 
This  summons  he  treated  with  contempt ;  but, 
being  apprehensive  that  he  was  not  in  a  place  of 
safety,  he  crossed  the  river  at  the  close  of  1642, 
and  with  eleven  others  purchased  of  Miantun- 
nomu,  the  Narragansett  sachem,  a  tract  of  land 
at  Mishawomet,  for  which  he  paid  144  fathoms  of 
wampum.  The  deed  was  signed  Jan.  17,  1643. 
The  town,  of  which  he  now  laid  the  foundation, 
was  afterwards  called  Warwick.  In  May  follow 
ing,  he  and  his  party  were  seized  by  order  of  the 
general  court  of  Massachusetts,  and  carried  to 
Boston,  where  he  was  required  to  answer  to  the 
charge  of  being  a  blasphemous  enemy  of  the 
gospel  and  its  ordinances,  and  of  all  civil  gov 
ernment.  His  ingenuity  embarrassed  the  judges, 
for,  while  he  adhered  to  his  own  expressions, 
which  plainly  contradicted  the  opinions  which 
were  embraced  in  Massachusetts,  he  yet,  when  ex 
amined  by  the  ministers,  professed  a  coincidence 
with  them  generally  in  their  religious  sentiments. 
The  letter  which  he  wrote  to  the  governor,  before 
his  seizure,  was  addressed  "  to  the  great,  honored, 
idol  gentleman  of  Massachusetts,"  and  was  filled 
with  reproaches  of  the  magistrates  and  ministers; 
but  in  his  examination  he  declared  that  he  had 
reference  only  to  the  corrupt  state  of  mankind  in 
general.  He  had  asserted  that  Christ  suffered 
actually  before  he  suffered  under  Pilate  ;  but  his 
meaning  was,  as  he  said,  that  the  death  of  Christ 
was  actual  to  the  faith  of  the  fathers.  The  ordi 
nances,  he  thought,  were  abolished  after  the  rev 
elation  was  written,  and  thus  he  could  admit  that 
they  were  the  ordinances  of  Christ,  because  they 
were  established  for  a  short  time  by  him.  But 


GOSXOLD. 


GOULD. 


391 


this  equivocation  did  not  avail  him.  His  opinions 
were  undoubtedly  erroneous.  All  the  magis 
trates  but  three  were  of  opinion  that  he  should 
be  put  to  death,  but  the  deputies  were  in  favor  of 
milder  measures.  Gorton,  with  a  number  of  his 
companions,  was  sentenced  to  imprisonment  and 
hard  labor,  and  prohibited  from  passing  the  limits 
of  the  town  to  which  he  was  sent,  and  from  prop 
agating  his  heresies,  under  pain  of  death.  After 
a  few  months,  the  dissatisfaction  of  many  people 
with  his  imprisonment,  and  other  causes,  induced 
the  court  to  substitute  banishment  in  its  place.  In 
1644  he  went  to  England  with  a  deed  from  the 
Xarragansctt  Indians,  transferring  their  territory 
to  the  king  ;  and  he  obtained  an  order  from  par 
liament,  securing  to  him  the  peaceable  possession 
of  his.  lands,  lie  arrived  at  Boston  in  1G-48,  and 
thence  proceeded  to  Shawomet,  which  he  called 
"Warwick,  in  honor  of  the  Earl  of  Warwick,  who 
had  given  him  much  assistance  in  effecting  his 
object.  Here  he  officiated  as  a  minister,  and  dis 
seminated  his  doctrines,  in  consequence  of  which 
a  large  part  of  the  descendants  of  his  followers 
have  neglected  all  religion  to  the  present  day. 
Without  the  advantages  of  education,  he  made 
himself  acquainted  with  the  Hebrew  and  Greek 
languages,  that  he  might  better  understand  the 
Scriptures,  though  he  had  affected  to  despise 
human  learning.  He  violently  opposed  the  Qua 
kers,  as  their  principles  were  hostile  to  his  anti- 
nomian  sentiments.  He  believed  that  the  suffer 
ings  of  Christ  were  within  his  children,  and  that 
he  was  as  much  in  this  world  at  one  time  as  at 
another ;  that  all  which  is  related  of  him  is  to  be 
taken  in  a  spiritual  sense ;  that  he  was  incarnate 
in  Adam,  and  was  the  image  of  God,  wherein  he 
was  created.  He  published  simplicity's  defence 
against  the  seven-headed  policy,  which  was  an 
swered  by  Mr.  Winsknv ;  antidote  against  Phari 
saical  teachers  ;  saltmarsh  returned  from  the  dead, 
1605;  a  glass  for  the  people  of  New  England.  — 
Winthrop,  309-318,  325;  Morton,  117,  120; 
Hntddnson,l.  72,  117-124,  549;  Coll.  II int.  SOL: 
IX.  35-38  ;  Holmes  ;  Cullender,  36,  37 ;  Mayna- 
lia.  Ml.  11. 

GOSXOLD,  BARTHOLOMEW,  an  intrepid  mari 
ner  of  the  west  of  England,  sailed  fron:  Falmouth 
for  the  coast  of  America  March  26,  1602.  In 
stead  of  approaching  this  country  by  the  way  of 
the  West  Indies,  he  was  the  first  Englishman  who 
directly  crossed  the  ocean.  He  discovered  land 
May  14th,  and  a  cape  on  the  15th,  near  which  he 
caught  a  great  number  of  cod.  from  which  cir 
cumstance  lie  named  the  land  Cape  Cod.  The 
Indians,  whom  he  met  at  different  places,  wore 
ornaments  of  copper,  and  used  the  pipe  and  to 
bacco.  He  passed  Sandy  Point,  and  in  a  few  days 
came  to  an  island,  which  he  named  Martha's 
Vineyard,  as  there  were  many  vines  upon  it. 
This  is  supposed  to  have  been,  not  the  island 


which  now  bears  that  name,  but  the  small  island, 
which  is  called  Xo  man's  land.  He  resided  three 
weeks  on  the  most  western  of  the  Elizabeth 
islands,  on  which  he  built  a  fort  and  store-house. 
But,  finding  that  he  had  not  a  supply  of  provis 
ions,  he  gave  up  the  design  of  making  a  settle 
ment.  The  cellar  of  his  store-house  was  discov 
ered  by  Dr.  Belknap  in  1797.  After  his  return 
to  England  he  embarked  in  an  expedition  to  Vir 
ginia,  where  he  was  a  member  of  the  council. 
But  he  died  soon  after  his  arrival,  Aug.  22,  1007. 

—  Belknap,  II.   100-122;  Holmes;  Purcltas,  IV. 
1690;  v.  1646-1653;  Stith,  30,  35,  45;  British 
Empire,  I.  353 ;  Harris1  Voyages,  \.   816;    Uni 
versal  History,  xxxix.  269,  270. 

GOSS,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Bolton,  died  in 
1780,  aged  about  63.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1737. 

GOSS,  EBEXEZER,  Dr.,  died  in  Paris,  Me.,  in 
1825,  aged  84.  He  came  from  Concord,  X.  II., 
and  had  lived  fifty  years  in  Maine. 

GOUGH,  HANNAH,  widow  of  Joseph  G.,  died 
in  Xew  York  Oct.  19,  1845,  aged  109  years,  11 
months,  in  full  possession  of  her  faculties. 

GOULD,  THOMAS,  a  Baptist  minister,  came 
from  England  to  Boston  before  1687. — Snow's 
History  of  Boston. 

GOULD,  EBEXEZER,  a  minister  in  Middletown, 
Conn.,  died  in  1778,  aged  about  75.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  in  1723. 

GOULD,  JAMES,  LL.  ]).,  died  at  Litchfieid, 
I  Conn.,  May  11,  1838,  aged  67.  A  native  of 
Branford,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1791,  became 
a  distinguished  lawyer  and  judge  cf  the  supreme 
court  of  Connecticut,  and  for  many  years  was  the 
j  associate  of  Mr.  Reeve,  as  a  professor  in  the  law 
|  school  at  Litchfieid,  after  whose  death  he  con- 
j  ducted  it  for  a  few  years,  lie  was  learned,  ac- 
I  complished,  amiable  and  affectionate.  He  pub 
lished  principles  of  pleading  in  civil  actions,  1832. 

—  Jlullister's  History  of  Connecticut. 
GOULD,  JOHN  W.,  son  of  Judge  J. Gould,  died 

at  sea  Oct.  1,  1838,  aged  23.  His  writings  were 
published  in  a  volume,  with  a  sketch  of  his  life, 
1839.  The  forecastle  yarns  were  published  sep 
arately  in  1854.  —  Cyclopedia  of  Amer.  Lit. 

GOULD,  M.  WOODBKIDGE,  died  in  Southamp 
ton  in  1838.  She  was  born  in  Nov.,  1787,  the 
only  daughter  of  Dr.  S.  Woodbridge,  of  South 
ampton,  the  minister  of  which  place,  Rev.  V. 
Gould,  she  married.  She  was  a  scholar.  In  his 
absence  his  many  pupils  in  Greek  and  Latin  re 
cited  to  her;  and  she  had  great  piety  as  well  as 
talents.  Her  character  is  described  at  length  in 
the  Recorder  of  July  20,  1838. 

GOULD,  ALEXANDER,  died  at  Elliot  April  19, 
1844,  aged  93  :  he  was  in  Bunker  Hill  battle.  — A 
Captain  Benjamin  Gould  was  wounded  in  the  bat 
tle  of  Lexington,  who  died  about  1846,  aged  90  : 
his  residence,  it  is  supposed,  was  Boston. 


392 


GOULD. 


GRAHAM. 


GOULD,  Vccsox,  died  in  1841,  aged  67.  Born 
in  Sharon,  Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Williams  col 
lege  in  1797.  lie  succeeded  Mr.  Judd  as  minis 
ter  of  Southampton,  Mass.,  and  was  minister  from 
1801  to  1832,  when  he  resigned.  From  1833  to 
1836  he  was  a  minister  in  Bernardston.  lie 
published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  S.  Clark, 
1808. 

GOULD,  DAXIEL,  minister  of  Rumford,  Me., 
died  May  21,  1842,  aged  90.  He  was  two  years 
in  the  war  ;  then  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1782, 
and  a  much  respected  minister. 

GOULD,  WILLIAM  M.,  died  in  New  York  June 
16,  1852,  aged  36;  author  of  zephyrs  from  Italy, 
a  book  of  travelling  sketches. 

GOULD,  WILLIAM,  general,  died  in  Caldwell, 
N.  J.,  Feb.  12, 1847,  aged  89.  He  was  in  the  bat 
tle  of  Monmouth.  In  1784  he  and  others  formed 
the  church,  of  which  he  was  a  worthy  officer. 
His  death  was  that  of  a  humble,  penitent  man, 
yet  full  of  faith  in  Christ,  in  whom  was  his  "  only 
hope." 

GOULD,  BULAII  II.,  wife  of  Maj.  D.  Gould,  of 
Sharon,  Conn.,  died  May  22,  1856,  aged  66.  She 
was  a  woman  of  eminent  piety,  of  unwearied  in 
dustry,  of  rare  benevolence.  For  many  years  as 
a  milliner  she  toiled  to  gain  property  for  good 
uses.  Her  gains  of  350  dollars  a  year  for  ten 
years  she  devoted  to  charity,  giving  about  1700 
dollars  to  the  American  board,  and  900  to  the 
home  missions,  and  300  to  the  Bible  society.  — 
N.  Y.  Observer,  June  29. 

GOULD1NG,  THOMAS,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Co 
lumbus,  Ga.,  died  in  July,  1848,  aged  62.  After 
preaching  he  died  within  an  hour  from  an  affec 
tion  of  the  heart. 

GRAEME,  THOMAS,  Dr.,  a  distinguished  phy 
sician  in  Philadelphia  for  near  half  a  century, 
died  about  1774.  He  was  collector  of  the  port. 
He  was  a  native  of  Scotland,  a  graduate  in  med 
icine.  His  residence  was  Graeme  park,  about 
twenty  miles  from  the  city.  His  wife  was  the 
daughter  of  Sir  Wm.  Keith ;  his  daughter  was 
Mrs.  Ferguson. — Portfolio,  new  series,  I.  520. 

GRAFTOX,  JOSEPH,  a  useful  pastor,  died  at 
Newton  Dec.  16,  1836,  aged  77.  He  was  for 
nearly  half  a  century  the  Baptist  minister  of 
Newton.  He  was  born  at  Newport,  R.  I.  He 
published  a  piece  on  baptism  and  a  funeral  sermon. 

GRAHAM,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  Southbury, 
Conn.,  died  in  Dec.,  1774,  aged  80.  He  was  a 
descendant  of  one  of  the  marquises  of  Montrose, 
born  in  Edinburgh  in  1694,  and  educated  at  Glas 
gow.  He  studied  physic.  Emigrating  to  this 
country  with  the  Londonderry  people  in  1718,  he 
lived  at  first  in  Exeter,  N.  H. ;  but,  after  he  be 
came  a  preacher,  he  was  ordained  as  the  first 
minister  of  Stafford,  Conn.,  May  25,  1723.  The 
settlement  of  the  town  began  in  1719.  Suffering 


with  his  family  from  want  of  the  necessaries  of 
life,  he  was  dismissed  in  1731  for  inadequate  sup 
port.  After  living  a  short  time  in  Lebanon,  he 
was  settled  Jan.  17,  1733,  as  the  first  minister  of 
the  second  church  in  Woodbury,  in  a  village  which 
is  now  the  town  of  Southbury.  Here  he  passed 
more  than  forty  years,  useful  and  respected.  He 
had  a  colleague,  Mr.  Wildman,  in  1766.  In  the 
revival  of  religion  in  New  England  about  1740, 
he  zealously  engaged  in  promoting  it  by  his  labors. 
He  married,  in  Exeter,  Love  Sanborn  ;  and  there 
his  son  John  was  born  in  1722.  His  second  wife 
was  Abigail,  the  daughter  of  Rev.  Isaac  Chauncy 
of  Hadley.  His  daughter,  Love  Graham,  married 
first  Mr.  Brinkerhoft,  who  lived  on  the  Hudson 
river,  and  next  Rev.  Jonathan  Lee  of  Salisbury ; 
she  was  the  mother  of  Rev.  Dr.  Chauncy  Lee. 
Three  of  his  sons,  graduates  of  1740,  1747,  and 
1760,  were  ministers:  John  of  Suffield,  Chauncy 
of  Fishkill,  and  Richard  C.  of  Pelham,  Mass. 
His  sons,  Andrew  and  Robert,  were  physicians. 
Robert  lived  at  White  Plains,  and  was  judge  of 
the  common  pleas  and  the  admiralty  courts.  Rev. 
John  G.  died  in  West  Suffield  in  1796,  aged  74. 
Mr.  Graham  wrote,  in  1732,  a  ballad  against  the 
church  of  England.  It  exists  in  manuscript.  He 
published  also  a  tract  on  the  same  subject,  and  a 
rejoinder  to  Johnson's  answer.  They  call  him 
Dr.  Graham,  perhaps  because  he  was  once  a  phy 
sician. 

GRAHAM,  ANDREW,  an  eminent  physician,  and 
patriot  of  the  Revolution,  was  the  son  of  the  pre 
ceding,  and  was  for  many  years  the  representa 
tive  of  Woodbury.  lie  was  the  surgeon  of  the 
troops  in  the  action  at  Danbury  ;  and  in  the  battle 
of  the  White  Plains  was  taken  prisoner,  and  not 
released  till  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis.  lie 
died  in  1785. —  Graham's  Vermont,  6,  7. 

GRAHAM,  ISABELLA,  a  pious  and  benevolent 
lady  of  New  York,  was  born  in  Scotland  July  29, 
1742;  in  1765  she  married  Dr.  John  Graham, 
and  accompanied  him  with  his  regiment  to  Niag 
ara,  and  thence  to  Antigua,  where  he  died  in 
1774.  She  came  in  1789  to  New  York,  where 
for  many  years  she  superintended  a  school  for  the 
instruction  of  young  ladies.  By  her  efforts  the 
widow's  society,  the  orphan  asylum  society,  and 
the  society  for  the  promotion  of  industry  were  in 
stituted.  She  died  July  27,  1814.  Mr.  Bethune 
married  her  daughter.  Dr.  Mason  published  in 
teresting  memoirs  of  her  life. 

GRAHAM,  JOHN  AXDKEW,  LL.  D.,  died  at 
New  York  Aug.  29,  1841,  aged  77.  He  was  the 
son  of  Dr.  Andrew  Graham,  of  Woodbury,  the 
sixth  of  his  nine  children.  Born  in  1764,  in  the 
early  part  of  his  life  he  resided  at  Burlington, 
Vt,  and  about  1795  he  went  to  London  as  agent 
to  the  Episcopal  church  of  Vermont,  and  resided 
there  several  years.  On  his  return  he  lived  at 


GRAHAM. 


GRANT. 


393 


Now  York.  Ho  published  sketch  of  Vermont, 
London,  1797  ;  speeches  in  the  New  York  courts, 
1812. 

GRAHAM,  WILLIAM  M.,  colonel,  fell  in  battle 
in  Mexico  Sept.  8,  1847.  He  was  born  in  Vir 
ginia,  and  had  fought  the  Indians  in  Florida  in 
various  battles. 

GRAHAM,  JOSEPH,  general,  died  Nov.  12, 
1836,  aged  77,  in  Lincoln  county,  N.  C.  He  was 
born  in  Chester,  Penn.,  in  1759,  and  in  the  State 
to  which  he  emigrated  sustained  various  public 
offices.  For  forty  years  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Presbyterian  church.  He  was  frugal  and  liberal ; 
he  lived  to  see  his  children  rise  to  eminence,  and 
he  died  in  the  assurance  of  a  happy  immortality. 

GRAHAM,  ISAAC  GILBERT,  M.  1).,  died  Sept. 
1,  1848,  aged  88.  He  was  born  in  Southbury, 
Conn.,  son  of  Dr.  Andrew  G.,and  was  surgeon  in 
army  at  West  Point.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he 
settled  at  Unionville,  N.  Y.,  and  there  lived  more 
than  sixty  years,  —  a  benevolent  physician,  a  sin 
cere  and  humble  believer  in  the  Christian  faith. 

GRAHAM,  ALEXANDER  J.,  died  at  New  Leba 
non,  N.  Y.,  July  23,  1850,  aged  24;  a  missionary 
to  the  Choctaws.  The  son  of  Charles  I.  Graham, 
of  Newark,  he  was  educated  at  Princeton  college 
and  seminary;  then  took  charge  of  the  Spencer 
academy,  Arkansas,  devoting  himself  to  the  ser 
vice  of  forty  Indian  boys.  But  he  soon  died. — 
N.  Y.  Observer,  Aug.  3. 

GRAHAM,  SYLVESTER,  died  at  Northampton, 
Mass.,  Sept.  11,  1851,  aged  56.  He  was  the  son 
of  Rev.  John  G.,  of  Suffield.  For  some  years 
he  was  a  preacher ;  then  for  the  rest  of  his  life  a 
public  lecturer  on  total  abstinence  from  animal 
food,  which  he  recommended  ;  on  temperance,  and 
on  other  subjects.  lie  published  lectures  on  the 
science  of  human  life,  2  vols.,  and  other  lectures. 
Dr.  Titus  Cornwell,  a  resident  in  Illinois,  died  in 
1855,  bequeathing  four-fifths  of  an  estate  of  from 
7,000  to  10,000  dollars,  the  interest  to  be  em 
ployed  for  the  benefit  of  schools  in  Greene  county, 
in  the  distribution  annually  of  Graham's  and  Al- 
cott's  lectures. 

GRAHAM,  DAVID,  an  eminent  lawyer  in  New 
York,  died  of  the  consumption  at  Nice,  in  Italy, 
May  27,  1852,  aged  46.  He  was  skilled  in  argu 
ing  criminal  and  other  jury  cases.  He  was  one 
of  the  commissioners  for  framing  the  new  code  of 
procedure  in  New  York. 

GRAHAM,  AUGUSTUS,  died  in  1851.  By  his 
will,  dated  April  and  Oct.,  1851,  he  bequeathed 
about  100,000  dollars  to  a  multitude  of  institu 
tions.  Among  the  largest  of  his  bequests  were 
27,000  to  the  Brooklyn  institute;  12,000  for  lec 
tures  on  the  attributes  of  God  seen  in  his  works  ; 
10,000  to  the  colonization  society,  and  the  same 
to  the  Unitarian  association  in  Boston.  —  N.  Y. 
Observer,  Dec.  11. 

GRAHAM,  JOHN  B.,  died  of  apoplexy  in 
50 


Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in  March,  1853.  He  and  his 
brother  Augustus,  who  died  in  1852,  were  natives 
of  Scotland,  and  lived  in  B.  about  forty  years ; 
they  were  rich  and  generous,  the  founders  of  the 
Brooklyn  institute,  home  for  aged  females,  and 
the  city  hospital. 

GRAHAM.  MARGARET,  Mrs.,  died  in  Lexing 
ton,  Va.,  Sept.  25,  1853,  aged  83 ;  the  daughter 
of  William  Alexander,  and  the  sister  of  Dr.  Ar 
chibald  A.  When  young  she  rode  forty  miles  to 
attend  a  remarkable  religious  meeting  at  the 
Peaks  of  Otter,  and  became  soon  religious,  and 
made  her  profession  with  her  brother  under  a 
large  tent,  as  there  was  no  church  at  Lexington. 
She  lived  as  a  Christian  more  than  fifty  years. 

GRAHAM,  JOILV,  minister  plenipotentiary  to 
the  court  of  Brazil,  died  at  Washington  August 
6,  1820,  aged  46.  His  ill  health  had  induced 
him  to  return.  While  a  member  of  the  legisla 
ture  of  Virginia,  he  was  appointed  secretary  to 
the  American  legation  in  Spain;  afterwards  sec 
retary  for  the  territory  of  Louisiana ;  then  chief 
clerk  in  the  department  of  State.  In  1818  he 
went  on  a  mission  with  Rodney  and  Bland  for 
political  information  to  Buenos  Ayres.  His  long 
and  valuable  report  was  made  Nov.  5,  1818,  and 
is  among  the  printed  State  papers.  His  worth 
was  attested  by  letters  of  Madison  and  Monroe, 
published  in  Nat.  Intell.,  Aug.  29,  1820. 

GRANGER,  GIDEON,  postmaster-general  of 
the  United  States,  died  Dec.  31,  1822.  He 
was  born  at  Suffield,  Conn.,  July  19,  1767,  the 
son  of  Gideon  Granger,  and  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1787.  He  soon  became  eminent  as  a 
lawyer.  Through  his  exertions  in  the  legislature 
Connecticut  is  chiefly  indebted  for  its  large  school 
fund.  In  1801  Mr.  Jefferson  appointed  him  post 
master-general  in  the  place  of  J.  Habersham,  in 
which  office  he  continued  till  1814,  when,  being 
displaced  and  succeeded  by  Meigs,  he  removed  to 
Canandaigua,  N.  Y.  As  a  member  of  the  senate 
of  New  York  in  1819,  he  promoted  internal  im 
provements.  He  gave  one  thousand  acres  of  land 
for  the  benefit  of  the  canal.  His  wife  was  the 
sister  of  Mr.  Pease,  assistant  postmaster-gen 
eral.  He  was  tall,  dignified,  and  commanding, 
yet  affable ;  a  man  of  integrity  and  distinguished 
talents.  His  political  writings  were  under  the 
signature  of  Senectus,  on  the  school  fund,  and  of 
Algernon  Sidney  in  1809,  and  Epaminondas  in 
1820,  in  favor  of  the  administrations  of  Jefferson 
and  of  Gov.  Clinton. 

GRANGER,  DANIEL  T.,  died  at  Eastport,  Me., 
Dec.  27,  1854,  aged  about  48.  He  graduated  at 
Bowdoin  in  1826,  and  was  a  lawyer  of  eminence 
and  integrity. 

GRANT,  ANNA,  a  widow,  died  at  Rowley  in 
1801,  aged  105. 

GRANT,  Mrs.,  a  colored  woman,  died  at  Pitts- 
field  in  1845,  aged  more  than  100 ;  and  another 


394 


GRANT. 


GRAYSON. 


colored  woman,  Dinah,  Avife  of  Thomas  Brown, 
died  at  P.  in  the  same  year,  aged  92. 

GRANT,  ASAHEL,  M.  D.,  missionary,  died  at 
Mosul  of  typhus  fever  April  24,  1844,  aged  36. 
He  was  born  in  Marshall,  N.  Y.,  and  embarked 
May,  1835.  His  wife,  Judith  Campbell  of  Cherry 
Valley,  died  at  Ooroomiah  in  1839.  A  memoir 
of  him  by  A.  C.  Lathrop  was  published  1846,  and 
one  by  Mr.  Laurie  in  1853.  A  memoir  of  his 
wife  was  published  with  that  of  Mrs.  E.  Dwight. 

GRASSE,  FRANCOIS  JOSEPH  PAUL,  count  de, 
commander  of  the  French  fleet  in  the  American 
service  in  the  Revolutionary  war,  died  in  France 
Jan.  15,  1788,  aged  65.  His  family  were  exiles 
in  the  Revolution  of  France.  His  son  in  1795 
commanded  a  man-of-war  in  the  British  service. 

GRATIOT,  CHARLES,  general,  died  in  May, 
1855,  formerly  chief  of  the  engineer  corps. 

GRAUPNER,  GOTTLIEB,  professor  of  music, 
died  in  Boston  April  15,  1836,  aged  70. 

GRAVES,  THOMAS,  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Massachusetts,  died  in  1747,  aged  about 
65.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1703. 

GRAVES,  ALLEN,  missionary  at  Bombay,  died 
Dec.  30,  1843,  aged  51.  Born  at  Rupert,  Vt.,  he 
graduated  at  Middlebury  in  1812,  at  Andover  sem 
inary  in  1816,  and  embarked  for  Bombay  in  1817. 
He  visited  the  United  States  in  1832.  His  wife 
was  Mary  Lee  of  Rupert. 

GRAY,  ELLIS,  minister  in  Boston,  died  Jan.  7, 
1753,  aged  36.  lie  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1734,  and  was  ordained  in  1738.  As  a  preacher 
he  was  earnest  and  pathetic.  He  published  a 
sermon  at  the  ordination  of  T.  Maccarty,  1742. 
—  Mather's  Fun.  Sermon. 

GRAY,  JAMES,  colonel,  died  in  Stockbridge, 
Mass.,  in  1782.  He  was  commissary-general 
for  the  northern  department  during  the  war ;  but 
ill  health  compelled  him  to  resign.  His  daughter, 
Mrs.  Hunt,  died  in  1788,  and  his  daughter,  Mrs. 
Bidwell,  died  in  1808.  Mrs.  Gray  died  in  1809. 
She  was  an  eminent  Christian,  a  member  of  Dr. 
West's  church  forty  years. 

GRAY,  WILLIAM,  lieutenant-governor  of  Mas 
sachusetts,  an  eminent  merchant,  died  Nov.  4, 
1825,  aged  74.  He  was  born  in  Lynn,  of  hum 
ble  parentage,  about  1751.  He  was  early  an  ap 
prentice  to  Samuel  Gardner,  and  then  to  Richard 
Derby,  merchants  of  Salem.  Entering  upon 
commercial  pursuits  at  a  favorable  period,  he 
conducted  his  business  with  sound  judgment  and 
unwearied  industry.  Though  he  acquired  a  very 
large  fortune,  his  simple  habits  remained  unal 
tered.  In  the  period  of  the  embargo  in  1808, 
he  abandoned  the  party  to  Avhich  he  had  been 
attached,  and  espoused  the  side  of  the  govern 
ment,  and  it  is  said  that  the  political  excitement, 
awakened  against  him,  induced  him  to  remove  to 
Boston.  In  1810  he  was  elected  lieutenant-gov 
ernor,  Mr.  Gerry  being  chosen  governor.  Mrs. 


Gray  died  in  1823.  His  sons  were  William  II. 
and  Henry. 

GRAY,  HARRISON,  died  at  Boston  in  Aug., 
1846,  aged  54.  lie  was  a  bookseller,  formerly 
of  the  firm  of  Hilliard,  Gray  &  Co.  He  was 
zealous  in  the  temperance  cause,  and  a  member 
of  various  charitable  societies. 

GRAY,  THOMAS,  D.  I).,  died  at  Jamaica  Plain, 
near  Boston,  June  1, 1847,  aged  75.  A  graduate 
of  1790,  he  was  long  the  minister  of  a  parish  in 
Roxbury.  He  published  a  sermon  before  the 
humane  society ;  on  abolition  of  slave  trade, 
1818;  artillery  election  sermon,  1819;  on  opin 
ions  of  the  day,  1822 ;  the  death  of  Gov.  Eustis  ; 
notice  of  Rev.  John  Bradford  and  sketch  of 
Roxbury  churches,  1825  ;  on  industry,  fervor,  and 
religion. 

GRAY,  JOSEPH  B.  MONTAGUE,  M.  D.,  died  in 
South  Berwick,  Me.,  Nov.  1,  1856,  aged  38.  He 
was  principal  of  Berwick  academy,  late  of  Essex, 
England,  an  accomplished  scholar  and  successful 
teacher.  He  contributed  to  the  reviews  learned 
writings  upon  subjects  of  classical  literature.  He 
edited  a  Greek  classic,  now  in  use  at  Cambridge. 

GRAY",  FREDERIC  T.,  died  in  Boston  March  9, 
1855,  aged  51.  He  was  for  some  time  an  asso 
ciate  with  Dr.  Tuckerman  as  a  city  missionary  ; 
then  a  colleague  of  Mr.  Dean  and  his  successor 
for  fifteen  years.  In  ill  health,  he  went  in  1853 
to  San  Francisco  and  had  the  charge  of  the  Uni 
tarian  society. 

GRAYDON,  ALEXANDER,  naval  captain  in 
the  Revolutionary  war,  after  the  peace  entered  on 
the  profession  of  the  law,  and  lived  in  Dauphin 
county,  Penn.  He  died  at  Philadelphia  May  2, 
1818,  aged  66.  He  published  authentic  memoirs 
of  a  life  chiefly  passed  in  Pennsylvania,  etc.,  1811. 

GRAYTSON,  WILLIAM,  a  senator  of  the  United 
States,  died  March  12,  1790.  He  was  a  native 
of  Virginia,  and  was  appointed  a  representative 
to  congress  from  that  State  in  1784,  and  contin 
ued  a  number  of  years.  In  June,  1788,  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Virginia  convention,  which  was 
called  for  the  purpose  of  considering  the  present 
constitution  of  the  United  States.  In  that  assem 
bly,  rendered  illustrious  by  men  of  the  first  tal 
ents,  he  was  very  conspicuous.  His  genius  united 
with  the  eloquence  of  Henry  in  opposing  the 
adoption  of  the  constitution.  While  he  acknowl 
edged  the  evils  of  the  old  government,  he  was 
afraid  that  the  proposed  government  would 
destroy  the  liberty  of  the  States.  His  principal 
objections  to  it  were,  that  it  took  from  the  States 
the  sole  right  to  direct  taxation,  which  was  the 
highest  act  of  sovereignty;  that  the  limits  be 
tween  the  national  and  State  authorities  were  not 
sufficiently  defined ;  that  they  might  clash,  in 
which  case  the  general  government  would  prevail ; 
that  there  was  no  provision  against  raising  such 
a  navy  as  was  more  than  sufficient  to  protect 


GREELEY. 

our  trade,  and  thus  would  excite  the  jealousy  of 
European  powers  and  lead  to  Avar;  and  that 
there  Avere  no  adequate  checks  against  the  abuse 
of  power,  especially  by  the  president,  who  Avas 
responsible  only  to  his  counsellors  and  partners 
in  crime,  the  members  of  the  senate.  After  the 
constitution  Avas  adopted,  Colonel  Grayson  Avas 
appointed  one  of  the  senators  from  Virginia  in 
1789.  His  colleague  Avas  Richard  Henry  Lee. 
His  great  abilities  were  united  with  unimpcached 
integrity.  —  Gazette  of  United  States,  I.  395 ; 
Debates  in  Virginia  Convention. 

GREELEY,  ZACCHEUS,  died  in  Londonderry, 
N.  H.,  June  16,  1846,  aged  93.  His  widow, 
Mary  Woodburn,  died  in  Wayne,  Erie  county, 
Penn.,  July  27,  1855,  aged  68,  a  Avoman  amiable, 
and  of  a  strong  mind.  These  were  the  parents  of 
Horace  Grecley  of  NCAV  York. 

GREEN,  SAMUEL,  a  printer,  the  son  of  Bar- 
tholomeAV  Green  of  Cambridge,  Avas  fifteen  years 
old  when  he  arrived  in  1630.  He  succeeded  to 
the  business  of  Daye  in  printing  at  Cambridge 
about  1649,  and  died  Jan.  1,  1702,  aged  86.  He 
was  a  pious  and  benevolent  man.  He  had  nine 
teen  children.  His  descendants  were  a  race  of 
printers ;  living  in  Boston,  NCAV  London,  Nor- 
Avich,  Hartford,  New  Haven,  and  also  in  Vermont 
and  Maryland.  He  printed  the  laAvs  in  1660; 
and  also,  at  the  expense  of  about  1200  pounds, 
paid  by  the  commissioners  in  NCAV  England,  the 
folloAving  in  the  Indian  language ;  the  psalter, 
Eliot's  catechism,  Baxter's  call,  the  New  Testa 
ment,  and  one  thousand  copies  of  the  Bible, 
1683-  The  psalter  Avas  first  printed  by  Daye  in 
1639,  the  first  printed  book  in  NCAV  England  :  the 
Cambridge  Platform  Avas  by  Green  in  1649. 
George  Biinlcy  is  preparing  a  history  of  printing 
in  America,  in  the  century  ending  1700.  A 
second  edition  of  the  Bible,  begun  in  1680,  Avas 
completed  in  1686.  Thomas  gives  a  long  list  of 
the  books  printed  by  him.  —  Thomas,  l.  235-264. 

GREEN,  HENRY,  the  first  minister  of  Reading,- 
Mass.,  died  in  1648.  He  came  from  England. 
The  church  was  gathered  in  1644;  and  he  Avas 
probably  then  ordained. 

GREEN,  BARTHOLOMEW,  a  printer,  the  son 
of  Samuel,  died  Dec.  28,  1732.  He  began  busi 
ness  in  Boston  in  1690 ;  and  commenced  a  weekly 
paper,  the  Boston  News-Letter,  April,  1704,  for 
John  Campbell,  postmaster,  and  after  eighteen 
years  published  it  on  his  oAvn  account.  This  Avas 
the  first  newspaper  in  the  British  colonies.  Like 
his  father  he  Avas  distinguished  for  piety  and  be 
nevolence,  and  Avas  a  deacon  of  the  old  south 
church.  His  son,  Bartholomew,  a  printer  in 
Boston,  was  the  grandfather  of  Joseph  Dennie. 
-  Th«wax,\.  283,  321. 

GREKX,  JOSEPH,  pastor  of  Salem  village,  died 
Nov.  2(>,  1715,  aged  39.    He  Avas  the  son  of  John  J 
Green,   marshal  general   of   the  colony,  and   a  i 


GREEN. 


395 


grandson  of  PcrciA'al  Green,  who  lived  in  Cam 
bridge  from  1636  till  his  death  in  1640.  He 
graduated  in  1695,  and  was  ordained  in  1697. 
He  healed  the  difficulties,  which  sprung  up  under 
Mr.  Parris.  The  church  record  declares  him 
"The  choicest  floAver  and  goodliest  tree  in  the 
garden  of  our  God."  His  Avife  Avas  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Rev.  Joseph  Gerrish ;  he  Avas  the 
father  of  Joseph  Green,  a  merchant  of  Boston, 
Avho  died  in  1765.  J.  Barnard  placed  him 
among  "worthy and  learned  divines."  A  sermon 
on  his  death  by  T.  Blowers,  and  a  poem  by 
N.  Noyes,  were  published. 

GREEN,  TIMOTHY,  a  printer,  the  son  of  Sam 
uel,  and  grandson  of  Samuel  G.  of  Cambridge, 
after  conducting  a  press  thirteen  years  in  Boston, 
removed  to  NCAV  London  in  1714,  by  encourage 
ment  of  the  government  of  Conn.,  having  a 
salary  of  50  pounds  a  year.  He  Avas  pious  and 
benevolent,  cheerful  and  facetious.  Of  the  church 
at  NeAv  London  he  Avas  a  deacon.  He  died  May 
5,  1757,  aged  78.  Three  of  his  sons  were  print 
ers. 

GREEN,  JOSEPH,  a  poet,  Avas  born  in  Boston 
in  1706;  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1726; 
and  afterwards  devoted  himself  to  commercial 
pursuits.  He  had  a  vein  of  humor  and  satire, 
Avhich  he  freely  indulged,  associated  with  a  club 
of  Avits,  not  sparing  the  measures  of  the  govern 
ment  ;  but  at  the  beginning  of  the  Revolution  he 
Avent  to  England,  and  died  in  1780, aged  74.  He 
wrote  a  burlesque  on  a  psalm  of  Mather  Byles ; 
he  ridiculed  the  freemasons  in  the  entertainment 
for  a  winter's  CA'ening  in  1750;  he  wrote  also  the 
land  bank ;  account  of  the  celebration  of  St. 
John ;  and  lamentation  on  Mr.  Old  Tenor.  — 
Spec.  Amer.  Poet.  i.  133-139. 

GREEN,  JOHX,  an  excellent  portrait  painter 
of  Philadelphia,  was  the  friend  of  Godfrey  the 
poet  who  died  in  1763,  and  Avrote  an  elegy  to  his 
memory,  Avhich  is  prefixed  to  his  poems. 

GREEN,  JONAS,  died  at  Annapolis,  Maryland, 
April  10, 1767.  He  had  published  the  Maryland 
Gazette  nearly  thirty  years. 

GREEN,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  the  east  parish 
of  Barnstable,  died  Oct.  4,  1770,  aged  79.  He 
Avas  born  in  Boston ;  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1720;  and  was  ordained  May  12,  1725.  He 
published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  his  son 
Joseph,  at  Marshfield,  1753. 

GREEN,  JACOB,  minister  of  Hanover,  N.  J., 
died  in  May,  1790,  aged  68.  He  Avas  a  native  of 
Massachusetts,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1744. 
He  accompanied  Mr.  Whitefield  to  N.  J.  in 
1745,  and  studied  theology  Avith  Jonathan  Dick 
inson  and  Mr.  Burr.  His  Avife  Avas  the  daughter 
of  Rev.  John  Pierson,  of  Woodbridge.  Mr. 
Green  Avas  one  of  the  original  trustees  of  the  col 
lege,  of  which  his  son,  Ashbel  Green,  Avas  ftftcr- 
Avards  the  president. 


396 


GREEN. 


GREENE. 


GREEN,  ROLAND,  minister  of  Marshfield, 
Mass.,  died  July  4,  1808,  aged  70,  in  the  forty- 
seventh  year  of  his  ministry.  lie  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  17*38,  and  was  ordained  at  Norton  in 
1761,  as  successor  of  Ebenezer  White,  deceased. 

GREEN,  FRANCIS,  a  merchant  in  Boston,  son 
of   Benjamin  G.,  of    Halifax,  and  grandson  of 
Rev.  Joseph  G.,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1760.     At  the  beginning  of  the  Revolution  he  j 
repaired  to  England.     On  his  return  in  1799,  he  j 
resided  at  Medford,  where  he  died  April  21, 1809,  j 
aged  67.     Having  two  children  who  were  deaf 
and  dumb,  he  placed  them  at  Edinburgh  under 
the  skilful  care  of  the  Braid  woods.     He  published 
a  dissertation  on   the  art  of  imparting  speech  to 
the  deaf  and  dumb,  London,  1783.     After  his  re 
turn  he  wrote  essays  on  the  same  subject  in  the 
newspapers,   and  translated  the  letters  of   the 
Abbe  L'Epee. 

GREEN,  JOHN,  a  physician,  died  at  Worcester 
Nov.  29,  1799,  aged  63.  He  was  the  son  of  Dr. 
Thomas  G.,  who  was  a  native  of  Maiden,  Mass., 
and  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Leicester,  having 
his  first  lodging  in  the  cave  of  a  rock.  Born  in 
1736,  lie  studied  with  his  self-taught  father;  set 
tled  at  Worcester  ;  and  was  extensively  employed. 
His  wife  was  the  daughter  of  Brigadier  Ruggles 
of  Hard  wick ;  he  had  many  children.  His  son, 
John,  a  physician,  more  distinguished  than  him 
self,  was  born  in  1763,  and  died  at  Worcester  Aug. 
11,  1808,  aged  45.  Never  in  his  practice  was  he 
known  to  accept  the  proffer  of  strong  drink  for 
his  refreshment.  —  Thacher. 

GREEN,  JAMES,  major-general,  died  at  Long 
Branch,  N.  J.,  Sept.,  1811.  He  was  an  officer  in 
the  Revolutionary  war. 

GREEN,  LEMUEL,  died  in  Philadelphia  in 
1831,  aged  79,  a  Methodist  minister. 

GREEN,  SAMUEL,  a  minister  in  Boston,  died  in 
Nov.,  1834,  aged  41.  He  was  born  in  Stoneham, 
and  was  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1816.  Me 
moirs  of  him  by  R.  H.  Storrs  were  published  in 
1836.  He  published  a  tract,  called  More  than  a 
hundred  arguments  for  the  Divinity  of  Christ. 

GREEN,  JOSHUA,  judge,  died  in  Wendell  in 
1847.  A  native  of  Boston,  he  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1784  ;  his  father,  Joshua,  was  a  graduate 
of  1749.  For  more  than  fifty  years  he  was  a 
most  useful  and  respected  citizen.  He  was  the 
father  of  Dr.  Joshua  Green,  of  Groton. 

GREEN,  JACOB,  M.  D.,  died  Feb.  1,  1841,  at 
Philadelphia  ;  professor  of  chemistry  in  Jefferson 
college,  the  author  of  a  monogram  of  the  trilo- 
bites. 

GREEN,  ASHBEL,  D.  D.,  died  in  Philadelphia 
May  19,  1848,  aged  nearly  86.  He  was  the  son 
of  Jacob  Green,  who  was  forty  years  the  minister 
of  Hanover,  N.  J.,  and  who  was  a  native  of  his 
ancestral  town  of  Maiden.  He  graduated  at 
Nassua  Hall  at  the  age  of  twenty-one ;  the  con 


gress  then  sitting  at  Princeton,  Washington  at 
tended  at  commencement.  He  was  then  four 
years  a  tutor  and  professor.  Next  settled  as  a  col 
league  with  Dr.  Sprout,  at  Philadelphia,  he  was 
a  very  acceptable  preacher  for  twenty-five  years, 
till  in  1812  he  was  chosen  president  of  Princeton 
college,  from  which  he  withdrew  in  1823,  when 
past  sixty.  In  Philadelphia  he  now  lived  again 
and  preached  to  the  poor,  and  edited  the  monthly 
Christian  Advocate.  He  died  in  great  peace.  He 
was  regarded  as  a  man  of  an  indomitable  will,  of 
self-control,  and  skilful  in  business.  He  was  the 
father  of  Princeton  seminary.  His  autobiography 
was  published  in  a  large  volume  in  1849,  com 
menced  when  eighty-one  years  old,  and  finished 
by  Drs.  Jones,  Plumer,  and  Murray. 

GREEN,  Dr.  EZRA,  died  in  Dover,  N.  H.,  July 
25,  1847,  aged  101  years  and  about  a  month. 
Born  in  Maiden,  Mass.,  he  graduated  in  1765 ;  at 
his  death  he  was  the  oldest  graduate  of  Harvard. 
In  1775  he  joined  the  army,  and  was  a  surgeon  in 
the  Ranger,  commanded  by  Paul  Jones,  continu 
ing  in  the  navy  till  1781.  He  was  afterwards  a 
merchant  in  Dover,  and  a  member  of  the  conven 
tion  for  adopting  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States.  After  passing  the  age  of  eighty  he  assisted 
in  forming  a  Unitarian  society.  At  his  death  he 
was  in  the  full  possession  of  his  faculties. 

GREEN,  AARON,  minister  of  Maiden,  died  at 
AndoverDec.  23,  1853,  aged  89.  A  graduate  of 
1789,  he  was  ordained  Sept.  30,  1795,  and  re 
signed  his  office  in  1827,  and  soon  removed  to 
Andover.  He  survived  all  his  class.  He  pub 
lished  a  discourse  on  the  death  of  Washington, 
1800. 

GREENE,  CHRISTOPHER,  lieutenant-colonel, 
a  Revolutionary  officer,  died  in  1781,  aged  44. 
He  was  born  in  Warwick,  R.  I.,  in  1737.  In 
1775  he  was  a  major  under  his  relative,  Gen.  N. 
Greene.  He  accompanied  Arnold  through  the 
wilderness.  At  the  seige  of  Quebec,  being  in  the 
command  of  a  company,  he  was  taken  prisoner. 
After  being  exchanged,  Washington  intrusted 
him  with  the  command  of  fort  Mercer  on  the 
Delaware,  commonly  called  Red  Bank,  where  he 
was  attacked  by  Col.  Donop  and  his  Hessians, 
whom  he  repulsed.  Donop  was  slain.  For  this 
service  congress  voted  him  a  s\vord,  which  was 
presented  to  his  eldest  son  in  1786.  In  1778  he 
was  with  the  army  under  Sullivan.  In  the  spring 
of  1781,  having  been  posted  on  Croton  river,  he 
was  surprised  by  a  corps  of  refugees  and  barbar 
ously  murdered. 

GREENE,  CALEB,  chief  justice  of  R.  I.,  died 
at  Coventry  in  Jan.,  1794,  at  an  advanced  age. 

GREENE,  NATHANIEL,  a  major-general  of  the 
army  of  the  United  States,  died  June  19,  1786, 
aged  46.  He  was  born  in  Warwick,  R.  I.,  about 
the  year  1740.  His  parents  were  Quakers.  His 
father  was  an  anchorsmith,  who  was  concerned  in 


GREENE. 

some  valuable  iron  works,  and  transacted  much 
business.  While  he  was  a  boy,  he  learned  the 
Latin  language  chiefly  by  his  own  unassisted  in 
dustry.  Having  procured  a  small  library,  his 
mind  was  much  improved,  though  the  perusal  of 
military  history  occupied  a  considerable  share  of 
his  attention.  Such  was  the  estimation  in  which 
his  character  was  held,  that  he  was  at  an  early 
period  of  his  life  chosen  a  member  of  the  assem 
bly  of  11.  I.  After  the  battle  of  Lexington  had 
enkindled  at  once  the  spirit  of  Americans  through 
out  the  whole  continent,  Mr.  Greene,  though  edu 
cated  in  the  peaceful  principles  of  the  Friends, 
could  not  extinguish  the  martial  ardor  which  had 
been  excited  in  his  own  breast.  Receiving  the 
command  of  three  regiments  with  the  title  of 
brigadier-general,  he  led  them  to  Cambridge;  in 
consequence  of  which  the  Quakers  renounced  all 
connection  with  him  as  a  member  of  their  reli 
gious  body.  On  the  arrival  of  Washington  at 
Cambridge,  he  was  the  first  who  expressed  to  the 
commamler-in-chief  his  satisfaction  in  his  ap 
pointment,  and  he  soon  gained  his  entire  confi 
dence,  lie  was  appointed  by  congress  major- 
general  in  Aug.,  1776.  In  the  battles  of  Trenton 
Dec.  2Gth,  and  of  Princeton  Jan.  3,  1777,  he  was 
much  distinguished.  He  commanded  the  left 
wing  of  t'he  American  army  at  the  battle  of  Ger- 
mantcwn,  Oct.  4th.  In  March,  1778,  he  was 
appointed  quartermaster-general,  which  office  he 
accepted,  on  condition  that  his  rank  in  the  army 
should  not  be  aft'ected,  and  that  he  should  retain 
his  command  in  the  time  of  action.  This  right  he 
exercised  June  28th,  at  the  battle  of  Monmouth. 
His  courage  and  skill  were  again  displayed  Aug. 
29th,  in  Rhode  Island.  He  resigned  in  this  year 
the  office  of  quartermaster-general,  and  was  suc 
ceeded  by  Col.  Pickering.  After  the  disasters, 
which  attended  the  American  arms  in  South 
Carolina,  he  was  appointed  to  supersede  Gates, 
and  he  took  the  command  in  the  southern  depart 
ment  Dec.  3,  1780.  Having  recruited  the  army, 
which  had  been  exceedingly  reduced  by  defeat 
and  desertion,  he  sent  out  a  detachment  under 
the  brave  Gen.  Morgan,  who  gained  the  impor 
tant  victory  at  the  Cowpens  Jan.  17,  1781.  Greene 
effected  a  junction  with  him  Feb.  7,  but  on  ac 
count  of  the  superior  numbers  of  Cornwallis,  he 
retreated  with  great  skill  to  Virginia.  Ilavin 
received  an  accession  to  his  forces,  he  returned  to 
North  Carolina,  and  in  the  battle  of  Guilford, 
March  loth,  was  defeated.  The  victory,  however, 
was  dearly  bought  by  the  British,  for  their  loss 
was  greater  than  that  of  the  Americans,  and  no 
advantages  were  derived  from  it.  In  a  few  days 
Cornwallis  began  to  march  toward  Wilmington, 
leaving  many  of  his  wounded  behind  him,  which 
had  the  appearance  of  a  retreat,  and  Greene  fol 
lowed  him  for  some  time.  But,  altering  his  plan, 
he  resolved  to  recommence  offensive  operations  in 


GREENE. 


397 


South  Carolina.  He  accordingly  marched  directly 
to  Camden,  where,  April  2<3th,  he  was  engaged 
with  Lord  Rawdon.  Victory  inclined  for  some 
time  to  the  Americans ;  but  the  retreat  of  two 
companies  occasioned  the  defeat  of  the  whole 
army.  Greene  retreated  in  good  order,  and  took 
such  measures  as  effectually  prevented  Lord 
Rawdon  from  improving  his  success,  and  obliged 
him,  in  the  beginning  of  May,  to  retire  beyond  the 
Santce.  While  he  was  in  the  neighborhood  of  San- 
tee,  Greene  hung  in  one  day  eight  soldiers,  who 
had  deserted  from  his  army.  For  three  months 
afterwards  there  was  no  instance  of  desertion.  A 
number  of  forts  and  garrisons  in  South  Carolina 
now  fell  into  his  hands.  He  commenced  the  siege 
of  Ninety-six  May  22,  but  he  was  obliged,  on  the 
approach  of  Lord  Rawdon  in  June,  to  raise  the 
siege.  The  army,  which  had  been  highly  en 
couraged  by  the  late  success,  was  now  reduced  to 
the  melancholy  necessity  of  retreating  to  the  ex 
tremity  of  the  State.  The  American  commander 
was  advised  to  retire  to  Virginia ;  but  to  sugges 
tions  of  this  kind,  he  replied  :  "  I  will  recover 
South  Carolina,  or  die  in  the  attempt."  Waiting 
till  the  British  forces  were  divided,  he  faced  about, 
and  Lord  Rawdon  was  pursued  in  his  turn,  and 
was  offered  battle  after  he  reached  his  encamp 
ment  at  Orangeburgh,  but  he  declined  it.  Sept. 
8th,  Greene  covered  himself  with  glory  by  the 
victory  at  the  Eutaw  Springs,  in  which  the  Bri 
tish,  who  fought  with  the  utmost  bravery,  lost 
one  thousand  and  one  hundred  men,  and  the 
Americans  about  half  that  number.  For  his  good 
conduct  in  this  action,  congress  presented  him 
with  a  British  standard  and  a  golden  medal.  This 
engagement  may  be  considered  as  closing  the 
Revolutionary  war  in  South  Carolina.  During  the 
remainder  of  his  command  he  had  to  struggle 
with  the  greatest  difficulties  from  the  want  of  sup 
plies  for  his  troops.  Strong  symptoms  of  mutiny 
appeared,  but  his  firmness  and  decision  completely 
quelled  it. 

After  the  conclusion  of  the  war  he  returned  to 
Rhode  Island,  where  the  greatest  dissensions  pre 
vailed,  and  his  endeavors  to  restore  harmony  were 
attended  with  success.  In  Oct.,  1785,  he  sailed 
to  Georgia,  where  he  had  a  considerable  estate  not 
far  distant  from  Savannah.  Here  he  passed  his 
time  as  a  private  citizen,  occupied  by  domestic 
concerns.  While  walking  without  an  umbrella, 
the  intense  rays  of  the  sun  overpowered  him, 
and  occasioned  an  inflammation  of  the  brain,  of 
which  he  died.  Congress  ordered  a  monument 
to  be  erected  to  his  memory  at  the  seat  of  the 
federal  government.  His  widow  married  Phineas 
Miller,  the  co-partner  of  Eli  Whitney,  inventor 
of  the  cotton  gin.  His  youngest  daughter,  Mrs. 
Louisa  C.  Shaw,  died  at  Cumberland  Island  in 
April,  1831.  His  eldest  surviving  brother,  Wil 
liam,  died  at  East  Greenwich  in  Oct.,  182G,  aged 


398 


GREENE. 


GREEXOUGH. 


83.  —  He  possessed  a  humane  and  benevolent  dis 
position,  and,  abhorring  the  cruelties  and  ex 
cesses  of  which  partisans  on  both  sides  were 
guilty,  uniformly  inculcated  a  spirit  of  moderation. 
Yet  he  was  resolutely  severe,  when  the  preserva 
tion  of  discipline  rendered  severity  necessary.  In 
the  campaign  of  1781  he  displayed  the  prudence, 
the  military  skill,  the  unshaken  firmness,  and  the 
daring  courage  which  are  seldom  combined,  and 
which  place  him  in  the  first  rank  of  American  offi 
cers.  His  judgment  was  correct,  and  his  self- 
possession  never  once  forsook  him.  In  one  of 
his  letters  he  says,  that  he  was  seven  months  in 
the  field  without  taking  off  his  clothes  for  a  single 
night.  It  is  thought  that  he  was  the  most  en 
deared  to  the  commander-in-chief  of  all  his  asso 
ciates  in  arms.  Washington  often  lamented  his 
death  with  the  keenest  sorrow.  Sketches  of  his 
life  were  published  by  Mr.  Johnson,  also  by  Dr. 
C.  Cakhvell. — Hill/louse's  Oral,  on  his  death; 
American  Mus.  II.  ill.  VIL;  Mass.  Mag.  IV.  616, 
671;  Gordon;  Marshall ;  Ramsay's  S.  C.  ii.; 
Holmes;  Stedman,  11.376;  Warren,  III.  56-59. 

GREENE,  WILLIAM,  governor  of  R.  I,  died 
at  Warwick  in  ])ec.,  1809. 

GREENE,  GRIFFIN,  died  at  Marietta  June, 
1804,  aged  55,  one  of  the  ablest  of  the  Ohio 
company's  settlers.  He  was  born  in  Warwick, 
R.  I.,  and  was  a  cousin  of  Gen.  N.  Greene,  with 
whom  he  Avorked  at  the  same  forge  in  the  manu 
facture  of  anchors.  In  1794  he  led  the  expedi 
tion  to  discover  the  Salt  springs  near  the  Scioto. 
He  was  postmaster  at  M.  —  Ilildreth's  Biog. 
Memoirs. 

GREENE,  PETER,  Dr.,  died  at  Concord,  N.  II., 
April,  1828,  aged  83. 

GREENE,  GARDINER,  president  of  the  Branch 
Bank  of  the  United  States,  died  in  Boston  Dec. 
19,  1832,  aged  79.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
wealth. 

GREENE,  ASA,  M.  D.,  a  bookseller  in  New 
York,  died  in  1839,  aged  49.  He  graduated  at 
Williams  college  in  1813,  and  went  to  New  York 
about  1830.  lie  published  various  humorous 
pieces,  as  the  life  of  Dr.  Duckworth ;  the  perils  of 
Pearl  street ;  a  glance  at  New  York,  1837.  — 
Cycl.  of  Lit. 

GREENE,  THOMAS,  Dr.,  of  Providence,  died 
at  Hartford  in  1840,  aged  76. 

GREENE,  ALPHEUS  S.,  Dr.,  died  in  Utica 
Jan.  25,  1851,  aged  64.  He  had  held  many 
offices  of  trust. 

GREENHOW,  ROBERT,  M.  D.,  died  in  Cali 
fornia  in  1854,  aged  54.  He  was  born  in  Rich 
mond,  Va.  His  father  was  Robert,  mayor  of  the 
city ;  his  mother  perished  in  the  burning  of  the 
theatre,  lie  studied  physic  in  New  York ;  in 
1828  he  was  appointed  translator  in  the  depart 
ment  of  State  at  Washington  ;  in  1850  he  went 
to  California.  He  died  in  consequence  of  falling 


in  the  night  into  a  pit  in  the  streets  of  California. 
He  published  a  history  of  Oregon  and  California. 
—  Cycl.  of  Lit. 

GREENLEAF,  STKPIIKX,  sheriff  of  Suffolk, 
died  Jan.  26,  1797,  aged  92.  The  son  of  Rev. 
Daniel  of  Yarmouth,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1723. 

GREENLEAF,  DANIEL,  minister  of  North 
Yarmouth,  Me.,  died  in  Boston  in  1763,  aged  88. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1699. 

GREENLEAF,  Moras,  died  at  Williamsburg, 
Me.,  March  20,  1834,  aged  55.  He  was  the  son 
of  Moses,  of  Newburyport,  who  removed  to  New 
Gloucester,  where  he  died,  leaving  other  sons, 
Simon  and  Jonathan.  He  published  statistical 
view  of  Maine,  1816  ;  a  survey  of  Maine,  1829. 

GREENLEAF,  SIMON,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent 
lawyer,  died  at  Cambridge  Oct.  6,  1853,  aged  69. 
He  was  born  in  Newburyport  Dec.  5,  1783,  and 
practised  law  in  Maine.  In  1854  he  succeeded 
Mr.  Ashmun  as  Royall  professor  of  law  in  Har 
vard,  and  removed  to  Cambridge.  On  the  death 
of  Judge  Story  he  took  the  chair  of  the  Dane 
professorship,  which  he  resigned  in  1848.  Never 
educated  at  a  college,  he  was  yet  worthy  of  the 
honors  he  received  from  Harvard.  A  Christian 
of  the  Episcopal  church,  he  M-as  distinguished  for 
his  virtues.  For  years  he  was  president  of  the 
Massachusetts  bible  society.  The  fugitive  slave 
law  he  abhorred,  notwithstanding  the  opinion  of 
his  friend,  Mr.  Webster.  He  published  reports 
in  9  vols. ;  a  volume  of  over-ruled  cases ;  on  evi 
dence,  3  vols.,  1842-1853;  Cruise's  digest  of  real 
law,  with  annotations,  1846;  an  examination  of 
the  testimony  of  the  four  evangelists  by  the  rides 
of  evidence,  with  the  trial  of  Jesus:  rcpublished 
in  England. 

GREENOUGH,  THOMAS,  the  last  of  the  tribe 
of  Nobscussett  Indians,  died  in  the  alms-house  at 
Yarmouth,  Jan.,  1837,  aged  90. 

GREENOUGH,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Newton, 
Mass.,  died  Nov.  10,  1831,  aged  75.  The  son  of 
Deacon  Thomas  G.  of  Boston,  he  was  born  June 
29,  1756 ;  his  mother  was  Sarah  Stoddard,  the 
daughter  of  David,  the  son  of  Simon,  who  was  the 
brother  of  Rev.  Solomon  Stoddard.  He  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1774;  and  was  ordained  in  1781.  He 
was  a  faithful  and  useful  minister.  Of  his  chil 
dren  by  his  wife  Abigail,  the  daughter  of  Rev.  S. 
Badger,  were  Sarah,  married  to  Josiah  Fuller; 
and  Abigail,  married  to  Robert  H.  Thayer ;  and 
William,  the  father  of  William  W.  Greenough. 
He  published  charges  at  the  installation  of  Mr. 
Fay  and  Dr.  Griffin ;  also,  a  sermon  before  the 
society  for  foreign  missions,  1814. 

GREENOUGH,  HORATIO,  a  sculptor,  died  in 
Somcrville,  Mass.,  in  Dec.,  1852,  aged  47.  Born 
in  Boston  Sept.  6,  1805,  he  graduated  in  1825; 
and  proceeded  soon  to  Italy,  where  he  spent  most 
of  his  remaining  life.  He  principally  lived  in 


GREENSMITH. 


GREW. 


399 


Florence.  He  was  a  very  eminent  sculptor, 
and  a  kindly,  generous  man.  His  brother, 
John,  a  painter,  died  in  Paris  Nov.  16,  1852 
aged  51  ;  he  was  a  graduate  of  1824.  On 
hearing  of  his  death,  the  American  artists  at 
Home  held  a  meeting,  which  was  addressed  by 
Thomas  Crawford  and  William  W.  Story  ;  and 
where  among  other  resolutions,  it  was  resolved  in 
respect  to  him  :  "  He  is  fairly  entitled  to  be  con 
sidered  as  the  pioneer  of  American  sculpture. 
His  works  are  marked  by  purity  of  conception, 
correctness  of  taste,  graceful  design,  and  rare  deli 
cacy  of  sentiment.  He  also  won  the  friendship 
and  regard  of  all  who  knew  him."  Among  his 
early  productions  are  the  Medora,  the  Chanting 
Cherubs,  the  Angel  Abdiel.  His  last  great  work, 
at  Washington,  is  a  group  symbolizing  the  triumph 
of  civilization,  received  from  Florence  since  his 
death.  His  writings  are  contained  in  a  memorial 
published  in  1853. 

GREENSMITH,  Mrs., .  a  witch,  was  executed 
as  a  witch  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  in  1652.  Peters 
says,  she  was  "  the  first  witch." 

GREENUP,  CHRISTOPHER,  governor  of  Ken 
tucky,  died  at  Frankfort  in  May,  1818.  He  suc 
ceeded  Garrand  from  1804  to  1808,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  Charles  Scott.  He  was  a  brave 
patriot  of  the  Revolution,  and  participated  in  the 
perils  of  war.  He  was  for  years  a  faithful  and 
able  member  of  the  state  and  national  legislature. 
In  the  public  estimation  he  was  the  most  useful 
man  in  Kentucky. 

GREEN  WOO]),  THOMAS,  minister  of  Seekonk, 
Mass.,  died  in  1720,  aged  50.  He  was  born  at 
Plymouth,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1690. 
He  was  succeeded  by  John  Greenwood,  who  died 
in  1766,  ciged  about  70.  He  was  born  at  See 
konk,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1717. 

GREENWOOD,  ISAAC,  first  professor  of  math 
ematics  at  Harvard  college,  was  graduated  in 
1721;  was  elected  professor  in  1728,  and  after 
ten  years  was  dismissed.  He  afterwards  went  to 
Carolina,  where  he  died  in  1745.  lie  published 
an  arithmetic,  1729;  and  a  philosophical  discourse 
on  mutability,  etc.,  occasioned  by  the  death  of 
Mr.  llollis,  the  founder  of  the  professorship,  in 
1731. 

GREENWOOD,  JOHN,  minister  of  Rehoboth, 
died  in  1766,  aged  about  69.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1717. 

GREENWOOD,  MARY  LANGDON,  died  in  Bos 
ton  in  July,  1855,  aged  80,  the  mother  of  Rev. 
F.  W.  P.  Greenwood.  Her  mind  Deceived  the 
finest  culture,  and  she  had  great  excellencies  of 
character.  She  early  wrote  a  dialogue  on  female 
education,  published  in  Bingham's  American  Pre 
ceptor. 

GREENWOOD,  FRANCIS  W.  P.,  D.  ]).,  min 
ister  of  King's  chapel,  Boston,  died  Aug.  2,  1843, 
aged  about  50.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in 


1814,  and  was  first  settled  in  Baltimore.  He 
lived  in  Boston  from  1823,  about  twenty  years. 
He  was  an  accomplished  scholar  and  naturalist. 
He  published  sermons  at  the  ordination  of  W.  P, 
Lunt,  1828;  of  W.  Newell,  1830;  of  J.  W. 
Thompson,  1832;  and  of  S.  May,  1834;  history 
of  king's  chapel,  1833 ;  sermon  to  the  female 
asylum;  artillery  election  sermon,  1826;  on  the 
Lord's  supper  ;  on  death  of  C.  Gore ;  collection 
of  psalms  and  hymns ;  the  theology  of  the  Cam 
bridge  divinity  school,  1830 ;  on  fast  day.  A 
volume  of  his  sermons  was  published.  —  Boston 
Advertiser,  Aug.  19,  1843. 

GREENWOOD,  ETHAN  A.,  died  in  Hubbards- 
ton  May  3,  1856,  aged  nearly  80.  He  was  long 
a  proprietor  of  the  New  England  Museum  in 
Boston,  and  a  painter. 

GREGG,  Captain,  was   scalped  by  the  Indians 

near  fort  Stamvix,  N.  Y.,  in  the  summer  of  1777, 

and  left  for  dead.     But  his  life  was  preserved  l>y 

!  the   affection   and  good   offices   of  his  dog.     He 

I  went  out  with   a  corporal  to  shoot  pigeons,  when 

I  some  Indians,  unseen,  fired  upon  him  and  wounded 

I  him,  so  that  he  fell,  and  killed  his   companion. 

Seeing  an  Indian  approaching  him,  and  unable  to 

resist  him,  he  feigned  to   be  dead  ;  but  received 

several  blows  on  his  head  from  the  tomahawk  of 

the  savage,  and  was  then  scalped.     As  he  revived 

and  could    move   a   little,    his    dog   yelped    and 

whined  ;  but  soon  ran  off  to  some  men,  who  were 

fishing  at  the  distance  of  a  mile,  and  whined,  and 

then  moved  in  a  certain  direction  repeatedly,  so 

that  they  concluded  to  follow  him,  —  and  he  led 

them  to  his  master,  whom  they  conveyed  to  the 

fort ;    and  he  survived   his    perilous  wounds.  — 

Du'itjld's  Travels,  vol.  ill. 

GREGG,  "WILLIAM,  colonel,  an  officer  of  the 
Revolution,  died  Sept.  16,  1824,  aged  nearly  94. 
He  was  born  at  Londonderry,  N.  II.,  Oct.  21, 
1730,  being  the  son  of  Capt.  John  G.,  and  the 
grandson  of  Capt.  James  G.,  one  of  the  first  set 
tlers  of  that  town.  He  was  engaged  in  the  battle 
of  Bennington  under  Stark.  After  the  war  he 
retired  to  his  farm. 

GREGG,  JARVIS,  professor  of  rhetoric  in  West 
ern  Reserve  college,  died  in  Hudson,  Ohio,  June 
28, 1836  ;  a  graduate  of  Dartmouth  in  1828.  He 
died  suddenly  of  the  scarlet  fever ;  he  had  been 
married  but  a  short  time.  For  piety,  scholarship, 
and  manners  he  was  highly  esteemed. 

GRENNELL,  GEORGE,  died  in  Greenfield, 
Mass.,  in  1844,  aged  93,  the  oldest  inhabitant  of 
G.  lie  was  the  father  of  George  Grennell. 

GREW,  THEOPHILUS,  professor  of  mathemat 
ics  in  the  college  of  Philadelphia,  died  in  1759. 
lie  had  been  a  teacher  in  Kent  county,  and  in  an 
academy  at  Philadelphia.  For  his  scientific  at 
tainments  and  skill  as  an.  instructor  he  was  dis 
tinguished.  Nathaniel  Evans  honored  his  memory 
by  some  poetic  lines.  He  was  supposed  to  be  a 


400 


GRLDLEY. 


GRIFFIN. 


grandson  of  the  English  botanist,  who,  in  1676, 
first  suggested  the  sexual  doctrine  of  vegetables 
to  the  royal  society  of  London. 

GRIDLEY,  JEREMY,  attorney-general  of  the 
province  of  Massachusetts,  died  Sept.  10,  1767, 
aged  about  62.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1725.  He  was  editor  of  the  Weekly 
Rehearsal,  a  newspaper,  which  commenced  in 
Boston  Sept.  27,  1731,  and  continued  only  for 
one  year.  He  soon  became  pre-eminent  as  a 
lawyer,  and  was  appointed  king's  attorney.  In 
this  capacity  he  in  1761  defended  the  writs  of  as 
sistance,  which  the  custom-house  officers  had  ap 
plied  for  to  the  superior  court,  and  by  which  they 
would  be  authorized  to  enter  at  their  discretion 
suspected  houses.  He  was  opposed  with  great 
force  of  argument  by  his  former  pupil,  Mr.  Otis. 
Pie  was  colonel  of  the  first  regiment  of  militia, 
and  grand  master  of  the  free-masons.  His 
strength  of  understanding,  and  his  extensive 
knowledge,  particularly  his  intimate  acquaintance 
with  classical  literature,  gave  him  the  first  rank 
among  men  of  intellect  and  learning,  while  his 
thorough  knowledge  of  the  canon  and  civil  law 
placed  him  at  the  head  of  his  profession.  He 
possessed  at  the  same  time  a  sensibility  of  heart, 
which  endeared  him  to  all  who  were  connected 
with  him  in  social  and  domestic  life.  His  forti 
tude  in  his  last  moments  resulted  from  the  princi 
ples  of  religion. —  Hist.  Coll.  III.  301;  V.  212; 
Boston  Post-Boy,  Sept,  14,  1767 ;  Minot,  1.88-90  ; 
Gordon,  I.  141. 

GRIDLEY,  RICHARD,  major-general,  brothei 
of  the  preceding,  died  at  Stoughton  June  20, 
1796,  aged  84.  He  Avas  born  in  Boston  in  1711. 
In  1746  he  was  engineer  in  the  reduction  of 
Louisbourg.  In  1755  he  again  entered  the  army 
as  chief  engineer  and  colonel  of  infantry.  Under 
Winslow  he  was  concerned  in  the  expedition  to 
Crown  Point  in  1756,  and  constructed  the  fortifi 
cations  on  Lake  George.  He  served  under  Am- 
herst  in  1758,  and  was  with  Wolfe  on  the  plains 
of  Abraham.  For  his  services  Magdalen  Island 
was  given  him,  with  half  pay.  At  the  commence 
ment  of  the  Revolution  he  was  appointed  chief 
engineer.  He  skilfully  laid  out  the  works  in  for 
tification  of  Breed's  hill,  the  day  before  the  battle 
of  June  17th,  in  which  he  was  wounded.  His 
daughter,  Jane,  who  married  Elijah  Hunt,  of 
Northampton,  died  in  1818,  aged  80. 

GRIDLEY,  ELXATHAN,  a  missionary  at  Smyrna, 
was  boru  in  Farmington,  Conn. ;  was  graduated 
at  Yale  college  in  1820,  and  studied  theology  at 
Andovcr.  He  also  studied  physic.  He  was  or 
dained  as  a  missionary  Aug.  25,  1825,  and  sailed 
•with  Mr.  Brewer  Aug.  16,  1826.  After  his  arri 
val  at  Smyrna,  he  studied  modern  Greek  and 
Turkish.  In  June,  1827,  he  accompanied  a  friend 
to  Endurouk,  a  Greek  village,  six  miles  from  Cai- 
saria,  in  the  interior  of  Asia  Minor.  There  he 


died  Sept.  27,  1827,  aged  31.  Proposing  to  as 
cend  Mount  Argeus,  which  is  about  thirteen  thou 
sand  feet  high,  covered  with  perpetual  snows,  he 
with  much  fatigue,  Sept.  13th,  approached  Avithin 
three  or  four  hundred  feet  of  the  summit,  when 
he  was  prevented  from  advancing  by  perpendic 
ular  rocks.  The  next  day  he  suffered  from  the 
headache  and  soon  fell  a  victim  to  a  malignant 
fever,  occasioned,  probably,  by  his  imprudence. — 
Missionary  Herald,  April,  1828. 

GRIDLEY,  ELIJAH,  died  at  Granby  June  10, 
1834,  aged  74.  Born  in  Berlin,  a  graduate  of 
Yale  in  1788,  he  was  first  the  minister  of  Mans 
field,  then  of  Granby.  He  was  the  father  of  R. 
W.  Gridley. 

GRIDLEY,  RALPH  W.,  died  at  Ottawa,  111., 
Feb.  2,  1840,  aged  46 ;  a  graduate  of  Yale  in 
1814.  Before  he  removed  to  the  west  he  was  the 
minister  of  Williamstown,  and  eminently  suc 
cessful. 

GRIFFIN,  CYRUS,  president  of  congress,  was 
a  native  of  England;  in  1778  he  was  elected  a 
delegate  to  congress  from  Virginia,  and  again  in 
1787.  Under  the  constitution  he  was  a  judge  of 
the  district  court  from  Dec.,  1789,  for  twenty-one 
years.  At  his  first  court  John  Marshall  was  ad 
mitted  as  counsel.  He  died  at  Yorktown  Dec. 
10,  1810,  aged  62. 

GRIFFIN,  EDMUND  D.,  a  distinguished  writer, 
died  Sept.  1,  1830,  aged  26.  He  was  the  second 
son  of  George  Griffin,  and  was  born  at  Wyoming, 
Penn.,  Sept.  10,  1804.  His  mother  was  the 
daughter  of  Col.  Zebulon  Butler,  who  commanded 
in  the  defence  of  Wyoming,  when  it  was  deso 
lated  by  the  British  and  Indians  in  1778.  His 
parents  removing  to  New  York,  he  was  at  the  age 
of  twelve  placed  under  the  instruction  of  David 
Graham,  of  that  city.  With  unequalled  ardor  he 
now  pursued  the  various  branches  of  study,  gain 
ing  the  highest  rank  in  the  school.  In  this 
school  it  was  an  excellent  arrangement,  which  re 
quired  frequent  exercises  in  composition.  \  oting 
Griffin  wrote  nine  little  volumes  of  essays,  and 
thus  acquired  a  rich  flow  of  language  and  remark 
able  copiousness  and  energy  of  thought.  At  the 
age  of  fourteen  Mr.  Graham's  school  being 
discontinued,  he  was  transferred  to  that  of  Mr. 
Nelson,  a  celebrated  blind  teacher.  In  1823,  at 
the  age  of  eighteen,  he  was  graduated  at  Colum 
bia  college  with  the  highest  honors  of  his  class. 
After  prosecuting  the  study  of  law  about  two 
months  in  the  office  of  his  father,  he  determined 
to  prepare  for  the  ministry,  and  entered  on  his 
studies  in  the  seminary  of  the  Episcopal  church, 
although  none  of  his  family  were  then  Episcopa 
lians.  One  motive  which  influenced  him  in  his 
choice  was  his  repugnance  to  the  doctrines  of 
Calvinism.  In  Aug.,  1826,  he  was  admitted  to 
deacon's  orders,  and  soon  became  an  assistant 
preacher  in  the  church  in  Hamilton  square,  and 


GRIFFIN. 


GRIMKE. 


401 


also  associate  with  Dr.  Lycll.  In  the  hope  of 
promoting  his  ultimate  usefulness,  he  visited 
Europe  in  1828.  Arriving  in  November  at  Paris, 
he  there  passed  two  months,  and  crossed  the 
Alps  into  Italy.  He  set  sail  on  his  return  April 
1,  1830,  and  in  the  short  passage  of  sixteen  days 
reached  New  York.  Being  immediately  invited, 
in  the  absence  of  the  professor,  to  deliver  in  the 
college  a  course  of  lectures  on  the  history  of  lit 
erature,  he  performed  this  service  in  May  and 
June.  The  lectures,  which  are  published,  related 
to  Roman  and  Italian  and  English  literature,  and 
are  "  a  noble  monument  of  promptitude,  dili 
gence,  and  knowledge."  From  a  journey  of  re 
creation  he  returned  to  New  York  Aug.  25th,  and 
three  days  after  was  seized  with  an  acute  disease, 
an  inflammation  of  the  bowels,  which  terminated 
his  life.  lie  died  in  meek  submission  and  joyful 
trust  in  the  Redeemer,  admonishing  others  to 
pursue  the  course  to  a  blessed  immortality.  On 
reviving,  after  a  spasm  which  seemed  to  be  fatal, 
he  said,  with  a  smile  of  inexpressible  sweetness, 
"  I  did  not  get  off  that  time  ;  "  but,  checking  him 
self,  he  added,  "  That  was  a  rebellious  thought ; 
I  must  wait  God's  time  to  die."  He  was  buried 
by  the  side  of  his  beloved  sister.  Language  can 
not  depict  the  desolation  which  must  have  come 
over  the  heart  of  a  father  enthusiastically  attached 
to  a  son  of  such  promise.  Such  a  blow,  however 
alleviated  by  the  memorials  of  the  genius  and  by 
the  virtuous  fame  of  the  departed  youth,  would 
seem  to  be  insufferable  without  the  hope  of  a  re 
union  in  the  world  of  holiness  and  joy.  Probably 
America  cannot  boast  of  any  young  man,  who,  at 
so  early  a  period,  reached  such  a  height  of  learn 
ing  and  eloquence.  He  had  taste,  and  feeling, 
and  enthusiasm,  and  his  powers  of  description 
are  unrivalled.  His  poetical  talents  were  of  a 
high  order.  Two  volumes  of  his  works  have 
been  published,  with  the  title,  Remains  of  Ed 
mund  D.  Griffin,  compiled  by  Francis  Griffin; 
with  a  biographical  memoir  of  the  deceased,  by 
John  McVickar,  1).  D.,  2  vols.  8vo.  1831.  Among 
the  pieces  in  his  Remains  are  his  lectures  and  a 
journal  of  his  travels. 

GRIFFIN,  EDWARD  DOER,  D.  D.,  died  at 
Newark  Nov.  8,  1837,  aged  67,  being  born  in 
East  Haddam  Jan.  6, 1770.  His  mother  was  Eve 
Dorr,  of  Lyme ;  her  mother  a  sister  of  Gov. 
Griswold.  His  uncle  was  Rev.  E.  Dorr,  of  Hart 
ford.  One  of  his  brothers  was  George  G.,  of 
New  York.  Graduating  at  Yale  .in  1790,  he  was 
installed  as  colleague  pastor  with  Dr.  McWhorter 
at  Newark  in  1801.  He  became  professor  of  sa 
cred  rhetoric  at  Andovcr  in  1808;  minister  of 
Park-street  church  in  Boston  in  1811.  He  re 
turned  to  Newark  in  1815,  and  was  president  of 
Williams  college  from  1821  to  1836.  His  wife, 
Frances,  a  daughter  of  Rev.  Joseph  Huntington, 
51 


of  Coventry,  died  July  25, 1837.  He  himself  died 
in  the  family  of  his  son-in-law,  Dr.  L.  A.  Smith. 
When  Dr.  Griffin  was  a  minister  in  Boston,  he 
delivered  a  course  of  evening  lectures,  which 
excited  much  attention,  and  drew  multitudes  to 
hear  him  from  among  those  whose  views  he  con 
troverted.  He  was  bold  and  eloquent  in  his 
discourses.  They  were  afterwards  published  as 
his  Park-street  lectures.  His  memoirs,  compiled 
from  his  own  writings  by  Rev.  W.  B.  Sprague, 
were  published,  8vo.,  1839.  He  published  a  ser 
mon  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Macwhorter,  1807 ; 
farewell  at  Newark  ;  inaugural  oration  at  Andover, 
1809 ;  at  the  dedication  of  Park-street  church, 
1810;  Park-street  lectures,  8vo.,  1813;  dedica 
tion  sermon  at  Sandwich  ;  plea  for  Africa,  a  ser 
mon,  1817;  before  the  foreign  missionary  society, 
New  York ;  on  the  extent  of  the  atonement, 
12mo.,  1819 ;  before  American  education  society, 
1825;  letter  on  open  communion,  1829;  address 
to  Bible  class  society.  —  Griffin's  Memoirs,  by 
Sprague. 

GRIFFITH,  DAVID,  D.  D.,  of  Virginia,  died  at 
Philadelphia  in  Aug.,  1789. 

GRIFFITTS,  SAMUEL  POWELL,  M.  D.,  a  phy 
sician  in  Philadelphia,  was  born  in  that  city  July 
21,  1759.  His  medical  education  was  completed 
during  his  residence  of  three  years  in  Europe. 
After  his  return  he  practised  more  than  forty 
years,  till  his  death,  May  12,  1826,  aged  67.  He 
was  a  Quaker.  Every  morning  he  read  the  New 
Testament  in  Greek  or  Latin.  He  was  seldom 
absent  from  religious  meetings.  During  the 
prevalence  of  the  yellow  fever  in  various  years  he 
never  deserted  his  post.  Yet  he  believed  the 
fever  to  be  contagious.  The  establishment  of  the 
dispensary  and  other  charitable  societies  were 
promoted  by  his  efforts.  Of  the  eclectic  reper 
tory  he  was  one  of  the  editors.  —  Thaclier,  I. 
275-285. 

GRIMKE,  JOHN  F.,  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  South  Carolina,  was  a  colonel  in  the  war 
of  the  Revolution.  He  died  in  1819.  He  pub 
lished  a  revised  edition  of  the  laws  of  South  Car 
olina  to  1789;  on  the  duty  of  justices  of  the 
peace  ;  a  probate  directory. 

GRIMKE,  THOMAS  SMITH,  LL.  D.,  son  of  the 
preceding,  died  near  Columbus,  Ohio,  Oct.  12, 
1834,  aged  48.  A  native  of  Charleston,  he  was  a 
graduate  of  Yale  in  1807,  and  by  profession  a 
lawyer.  He  died  of  the  cholera,  being  on  his  way 
to  Columbus.  He  wrote  much  on  peace  and  war. 
His  notions  were  the  extreme  notions  of  the  Qua 
kers,  that  even  a  defensive  war  is  wicked ;  that  a 
ruler  may  not  protect  his  people  by  the  sword  ; 
that  the  people  may  not  protect  themselves  from 
an  enemy.  Although  he  thus  misconstrued  the 
precept,  "  Resist  not  evil,"  yet  he  was  not  likely 
to  misconstrue  the  other  precept,  "  Give  to  him 


402 


GRIMSHAW. 


GRISWOLD. 


that  asketh  of  thee,"  by  yielding  his  estate  to  a 
robber,  who  should  demand  it.  Being  asked 
•what  he  would  do  if  he  was  the  mayor  of  Charles 
ton,  and  a  pirate  ship  should  approach  the  harbor, 
whether  he  should  think  it  wrong  to  fire  a  gun 
upon  that  ship  ?  he  replied  in  writing  that  he 
should  call  together  the  Sabbath-school  children 
and  lead  them  in  procession  to  meet  the  pirates, 
who,  by  such  a  sight,  would  be  subdued  into  for 
bearance  ;  and  the  city  would  be  unharmed.  His 
literary  views  were  rather  peculiar.  He  would 
exclude  the  classics  and  the  mathematics  from 
making  a  part  of  the  general  education;  and  as 
to  English  orthography,  he  would  write  in  the 
following  forms  the  words  which  they  designate, 
namely:  disciplin,  respit,  believ,  creativ,  excel- 
ent,  ilustrious,  efectual,  iresistible ;  burys,  buryd, 
varys,  varyd,  hurrys,  hurryd,  etc.  But  he  has 
not  gained  any  followers.  He  published  ad 
dresses  on  science  and  education ;  on  the  Bible  as 
a  class-book,  1830;  on  Sunday  schools  in  the 
Mississippi  valley ;  at  the  Sunday-school  jubilee, 
1831;  on  the  truth  and  beauty  of  the  principles 
of  peace ;  oration  before  the  Cincinnati,  1809 ; 
before  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  society,  1830  ;  report 
on  a  code  of  law,  1827. 

GRIMSHAW,  WILLIAM,  died  at  Philadelphia 
in  1852,  in  ad  ranced  years.  He  was  a  grammarian 
and  historian.  He  published  a  history  of  the 
United  States,  12mo.,  1826. 

GRISCOM,  JOHN,  LL.  D.,  died  at  Burlington, 
N.  J.,  Feb.  26,  1852,  aged  77.  He  was  a  distin 
guished  physician  and  learned  man.  He  was 
professor  of  chemistry  and  natural  philosophy 
in  New  York  institute.  He  published  a  year  in 
Europe  in  1818  and  1819,  2  vols.,  1823 ;  a  dis 
course  on  character  and  education,  1823. 

GRISWOLD,  GEORGE,  minister  in  Lyme,  Conn., 
died  in  1761,  aged  about  64.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1717. 

GRISWOLD,  MATTHEW,  LL.  D.,  governor  of 
Connecticut,  died  at  Lyme  in  April  or  May,  1799, 
aged  83.  He  had  been  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  and  lieutenant-governor  before  he  was  gov 
ernor. 

GRISWOLD,  ROGER,  governor  of  Connecticut, 
was  the  son  of  Matthew  Griswold,  who  was  chief 
justice,  and  the  governor  after  Trumbull  from 
1784  to  1785,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Hunting- 
ton.  He  was  born  at  Lyme  May  21,  1762.  His 
mother  was  the  daughter  of  Gov.  R.  Wolcott. 
Having  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1780,  he 
studied  law.  In  1794  he  was  elected  a  member 
of  congress,  and  was  for  many  years  a  distin 
guished  member  of  the  federal  party.  In  1801 
he  declined  the  appointment  offered  him  by  Mr. 
Adams,  of  secretary  of  war ;  probably  because 
the  accession  of  Mr.  Jefferson  would  in  a  few  days 
remove  him.  In  1807  he  was  appointed  a  judge 
of  the  supreme  court  of  the  State.  He  was  also 


lieut.-governor  from  1809  till  May,  1811,  when  he 
was  elected  governor  in  opposition  to  Mr.  Tread- 
well.  He  refused  to  place  four  companies  under 
Gen.  Dearborn,  at  the  requisition  of  the  presi 
dent,  for  garrison  purposes,  deeming  the  requi 
sition  unconstitutional,  as  they  were  not  wanted 
to  "  repel  invasion,  etc."  For  four  or  five  years 
he  was  afflicted  with  paroxysms  of  suffering.  An 
eulogium  on  him  was  pronounced  at  New  Haven 
by  D.  Daggett,  before  the  general  assembly.  His 
successor  was  John  Cotton  Smith. 

GRISWOLD,  STANLEY,  judge  of  Illinois  terri 
tory,  died  at  Shawneetown  Aug.  21,  1815.  He 
was  born  at  Torrington,  Conn. ;  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1786 ;  was  for  some  years  the 
minister  of  New  Milford,but  relinquished  theology 
for  secular  pursuits.  He  edited  in  1803  a  paper 
at  Walpole,  N.  H.  Removing  to  Ohio,  he  was 
chosen  a  senator  of  the  United  States  in  1809, 
and  afterwards  was  appointed  judge.  He  pub 
lished  a  discourse,  1800 ;  a  sermon  at  Walling- 
ford  March  11,  1801,  to  the  friends  of  Mr.  Jef 
ferson,  who  had  become  president ;  the  good  land 
we  live  in,  a  sermon,  1802. 

GRISWOLD,  SOLOMON,  died  in  Windsor,  O., 
in  June,  1834,  aged  80;  an  early  settler  and  an 
officer  of  the  Revolution. 

GRISWOLD,  SIMEON,  died  at  Nassau,  N.  Y., 
Dec.  17,  1843,  aged  90.  He  was  a  soldier  of  the 
Revolution,  and  lived  most  of  his  days  in  Pitts- 
field,  Mass. 

GRISWOLD,  BENJAMIN,  missionary  to  Africa, 
died  on  the  Gaboon  river  July  14,  1844.  Born  in 
Randolph,  Vt.,  in  1811,  he  graduated  at  Dart 
mouth  in  1837,  and  studied  theology  at  Andover 
and  New  Haven.  He  embarked  for  Cape  Palmas 
in  Dec.,  1841.  The  fatigue  of  an  exploring  tour 
and  of  surgical  labors  was  perhaps  the  cause  of 
his  death.  Mrs.  Mary  II.  Griswold,  his  widow, 
died  in  Africa  in  Feb.,  1849;  she  was  cheerful, 
energetic,  and  useful;  converts  mourned  her 
death. 

GRISWOLD,  DARIUS  O.,  a  minister  at  Sar 
atoga  Springs,  died  Dec.  27,  1841,  aged  54.  He 
had  been  laid  aside  by  paralysis  for  two  years. 
He  graduated  at  Williams  college  in  1808.  He 
was  social,  generous ;  of  high  attainments  as  a 
scholar;  as  a  preacher  "solemn,  and  an  un  dissem 
bled  Christian.  He  was  first  settled  in  Bloom- 
field;  then  in  Saratoga  in  1817;  in  Watertown, 
Conn.,  from  1823  to  1833 ;  then  again  in  Saratoga 
six  years. 

GRIS  WOLD,' ALEXANDER  V.,  D.  D.,  bishop  of 
the  eastern  diocese,  died  very  suddenly  at  Boston, 
Feb.  15,  1843,  aged  76.  He  published  conven 
tion  sermon,  1811;  also,  1817;  addresses  and 
charges  and  pastoral  letters,  1816-1821. 

GRISWOLD,  JOHN,  minister  in  Pawlet,  Vt., 
died  May  4,  1852,  aged  87.  He  was  a  native  of 
Lebanon  and  a  graduate  of  Dartmouth  in  1789. 


GROS. 

In  his  labors  he  was  very  useful ;  but  he  was  for 
years  laid  up  by  his  infirmities. 

GROS,  JOHN  DANIEL,  D.  D.,  a  professor  of 

moral  philosophy  in  Columbia  college,  and  minis 
ter  in  the  city  of  Xew  York,  was  a  German. 
During  the  Revolutionary  conflict  he  was  a  min 
ister  of  a  Dutch  Reformed  church  on  the  frontier 
of  the  State,  and  was  exposed  to  many  perils. 
After  the  war  he  removed  to  New  York.  Ik- 
died  at  Canojoharic  May  25,  1812,  aged  75.  lie 
published  natural  principles  of  rectitude,  etc.,  a 
systematic  treatise  on  moral  philosophy,  Svo., 
1795. 

GROSVEXOR,  THOMAS,  colonel,  a  patriot  of 
the  Revolution,  died  in  Pomfret,  Conn.,  in  1825, 
aged  about  80.  He  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1765  ;  was  an  officer  and  was  wounded  in  the 
battle  of  Bunker  Hill ;  and  at  the  termination  of 
the  war  held  the  rank  of  colonel.  For  about 
twenty  years  he  was  the  judge  of  probate,  and 
also  chief  justice  of  the  court  of  common  pleas 
until  he  was  seventy. 

GROSVEXOR,  DANIEL,  minister  of  Grafton, 
Mass.,  and  Paxton,  died  July  22,  1834,  aged  85, 
a  patriot  of  the  Revolution.  After  the  battle  of 
Lexington  he  marched  with  a  company  of  minute 
men,  carrying  his  musket,  to  Cambridge.  Born 
in  Pomfrct,  lie  graduated  at  Yale  in  1769;  from 
1774  to  1788  was  in  Grafton;  from  1794  to  1802 
was  minister  of  Paxton.  Ebenezer  G.  preached 
the  sermon  at  1m  ordination  in  1774.  Rev. 
Cyrus  P.  G.  was  his  son.  lie  published  a  ser 
mon  at  the  ordination  of  J.  Bailey,  1784. — 
Washbum's  Leicester  Academy. 

GROSVEXOR,  DEBORAH,  widow  of  the  pre 
ceding,  died  in  Petersham  Sept.  11,  1841,  aged 
85.  The  daughter  of  Dr.  Hall  of  Sutton,  at  the 
age  of  fifteen  she  joined  the  church;  and  she 
adorned  her  profession  seventy  years.  Religion 
controlled  her  life;  to  every  good  work  she  was 
ready.  Of  ten  children  she  saw  three  die  in  the 
triumphs  of  faith,  and  the  other  seven  were  pro 
fessors  of  religion.  The  bible  was  ever  her  daily 
companion. 

GROSVEXOR,  THOMAS  PEABODY,  a  member 
of  the  fourteenth  congress,  died  April  25,  1817, 
aged  37.  He  was  born  in  Pomfret,  Conn. ;  grad 
uated  at  Yale  college  in  1800 ;  and  was  a  distin 
guished  lawyer  at  Hudson,  X.  Y.,  when  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  congress,  in  which  body  his 
eloquence  was  very  powerful.  He  died  of  the 
consumption,  at  Judge  Hanson's  near  Baltimore. 
His  wife  was  Mary  Jane  Hanson,  of  Maryland, 
of  whose  life  he  published  memoirs  a  short  time 
before  his  own  death.  Elisha  Williams  married 
his  sister. 

GROTZ,  PHILIP  T.,  died  at  Stone  Arabia, 
N.  Y.,  Dec.  1,  1809,  having  been  in  the  Lutheran 
ministry  more  than  tliirty  years.  He  was  a  native 


GUESS. 


403 


of  "Wurtcmbcrg,  highly  esteemed  for  classical 
learning  and  zeal  for  religion. 

GROUT,  Mrs.,  wife  of  Alden  G.,  missionary 
to  Africa,  died  at  Port  Elizabeth  Feb.  24,  1836, 
aged  31.  Her  name  was  Hannah  Davis,  of 
Ilolden.  She  went  to  Cape  Town  in  1834. 

GROVER,  STEPHEN,  first  minister  of  Caldwell, 
X.  J.,  died  June  22,  1836,  aged  77,  having  been 
the  pastor  forty-nine  years.  He  was  the  son  of 
Joseph,  of'Tolland,  Conn.,  and  graduated  at  Dart 
mouth  in  1786.  His  widow  died  at  Newark 
July  13,  1847,  aged  87 ;  she  was  early  pious,  and 
read  the  Bible  through  once  a  year  for  forty 
years.  An  aged  minister  of  the  same  name,  who 
was  from  Xew  Jersey,  was  pastor  of  Pittstown 
near  Canandaigua  in  1804.  His  brother,  Joseph, 
a  minister,  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1773,  and 
died  in  1826. 

GRUBE,  BERNIIARD  ADAM,  a  Moravian  mis 
sionary,  the  first  who  was  sent  among  the  Dela- 
wares,  died  at  Bethlehem  March  20,  1808,  aged 
93  years.  He  was  well  acquainted  with  the  Del 
aware  language.  It  is  remarkable  that  he,  and 
his  brethren,  Youngman  and  Zeisberger,  after 
suffering  so  many  hardships,  should  reach  so  great 
an  age.  Some  years  before  1765  he  preached  to 
the  Indians  in  Pennsylvania.  He  afterwards  was 
a  minister  at  Lititz  in  the  same  State.  —  Ilecke- 
ivdder. 

GRUXDY,  FELIX,  a  senator,  died  at  Xash- 
A-ille,  Tenn.,  Dec.  19,  1840,  aged  63.  After  being 
a  member  of  the  legislature  of  Kentucky,  he  was 
elected  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  in  1806.  He 
afterwards  practised  law  in  Tennessee.  In  1811 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  congress,  and  re 
mained  till  1814  or  1815  ;  in  1829  he  was  a  sen 
ator  of  the  United  States,  and  again  in  1840 ;  in 
1838  he  was  appointed  U.  S.  attorney-general. 
He  had  a  good  character  as  a  Christian.  He  pub 
lished  an  eulogy  on  Adams  and  Jefferson. 

GRYMES,  JOHN  It.,  an  eminent  lawyer,  died 
in  Xew  Orleans  in  1854,  aged  68.  Born  in  Vir 
ginia,  he  emigrated  to  Louisiana  in  1808 ;  and 
after  the  close  of  the  war  of  1812,  was  district 
attorney  of  the  United  States,  and  attorney- 
general. 

GUESS,  GEORGE,  or  SEQUOYAH,  the  inventor 
of  the  Cherokee  alphabet,  died  in  the  town  of  San 
Fernando,  in  Aug.,  1843,  aged  about  70.  In  1842 
he  with  a  few  other  Indians  roved  into  the  Mexi 
can  territory  and  suffered  much  by  sickness.  His 
residence  was  near  "Willstown,  perhaps  fifty  miles 
from  Brainerd.  He  invented  and*  first  wrote  the 
Cherokee  language  about  1824,  comprising  it  in 
eighty-five  characters,  each  of  which  expresses  an 
English  syllable.  The  characters  have  been 
learned  in  one  day,  so  that  the  language  could 
be  expressed  in  speech.  But  to  understand  the 
import  of  all  words  and  combinations  would  re- 


404 


GUNN. 


HAKLUYT. 


quire  a  long  time,  as  in  the  case  of  other  languages. 
Into  this  language,  Rev.  Samuel  A.  Worcester, 
the  missionary,  has  translated  and  printed  a  part 
of  the  New  Testament,  and  some  portions  of  the 
Old  Testament.  In  1856,  after  a  residence  of 
thirty-one  years  among  the  Cherokecs  as  their 
faithful  teacher,  Mr.  W.  made  a  visit  for  the  first 
time  to  his  relatives  and  friends  in  New  England. 
Mr.  Guess  was  an  ingenious  silversmith  and  small 
farmer.  Unreclaimed  from  the  Cherokee  hea 
thenism,  it  is  said,  that  when  he  saw  the  use  made 
of  his  characters  in  translating  the  bible  into 
Cherokee,  he  lamented  his  invention. 

GUNN,  JAMES,  general,  died  suddenly  in  Louis 
ville,  Geo.,  July  30,  1801.  He  was  a  member  of 
congress  from  1789  to  1801. 

GUNN,  ALEXANDER,  1).  D.,  minister  of  the 
Reformed  Dutch  church  at  Bloomingdale,  N.  Y., 
died  Sept.  18,  1829.  His  widow  died  in  1831. 
He  published  memoirs  of  the  late  Dr.  Livingston. 

GUNNISON,  J.  W.,  captain,  was  killed  by  the 
Utah  Indians  Nov.  25,  1853.  He  Avas  a  topo 
graphical  engineer  ;  his  useful  services  were  em 
ployed  along  the  coast  of  Florida,  and  ten  years 
in  a  survey  of  the  northwestern  lakes,  in  the  Salt 
lake  region,  and  on  a  railroad  route  to  the 
Pacific. 

GURLEY,  JOHN,  minister  in  Lebanon,  Conn., 
died  Feb.  27,  1812,  aged  63,  in  the  thirty-seventh 
year  of  his  ministry.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1773,  and  succeeded  E.  Wheelock.  His  widow, 
Mary,  married  Gen.  A.  Peters,  and  died  in  1837, 
aged  80.  His  son  John  W.  G.,  attorney-general  of 
Louisiana,  died,  killed  in  a  duel,  in  1807.  His 
daughter  Mary  married  Rev.  Dr.  Gillett,  of 
Maine.  His  son,  Rev.  Ralph  R.  Gurley,  lives  in 
Washington.  His  daughter,  Abby,  is  the  widow 
of  Prof.  Hinckley  of  Mississippi. 

GUTCH,  ROBERT,  Episcopal  minister  at  Bath, 
Me.,  came  from  England,  and  died  about  1675. 

GWINNETT,  BUTTON,  a  member  of  congress, 
died  May  27,  1777,  aged  44.  He  was  born  in 
England  about  1732,  and  after  he  came  to  this 
country  purchased  a  large  tract  of  land  in  Geor 
gia,  and  devoted  himself  to  agricultural  pursuits. 
Elected  to  congress  in  1776,  he  signed  the  Decla 
ration  of  Independence.  At  this  period  he  was  a 
competitor  with  Col.  Lackland  MTntosh  for  the 
office  of  brigadier-general,  and  formed  a  settled  hos 
tility  to  his  successful  rival.  Being  afterwards  pres 
ident  of  the  council,  he  nominated  a  subordinate 
officer  to  the  command  of  an  expedition  against 
Florida.  The  -expedition  failed,  and  by  conse 
quence  Mr.  Gwinnett  failed  to  be  elected  governor 
in  May,  1777.  In  the  mortification  of  his  adver 
sary,  MTntosh  exulted.  In  the  result  Mr.  G. 
challenged  him.  Fighting  at  the  distance  of 
twelve  feet,  both  were  wounded,  and  Mr.  G.  died 
of  his  wounds.  In  his  miserable  death  may  be 


seen  the  effects  of  envy,  rivalry,  and  hatred.  Had 
he  possessed  the  spirit  of  the  gospel  he  would  not 
thus  have  perished.  Had  he  been  governed  by 
moral  and  religious  principles,  he  might  have  been 
the  ornament  of  his  State.  —  GoodriclCs  Lives. 

HABERSIIAM,  JOSEPH,  postmaster-general 
of  the  United  States,  died  in  Nov.,  1815,  aged  65. 
He  was  the  son  of  James  II.,  a  merchant  of 
Savannah,  who  died  at  Brunswick,  X.  J.,  Aug. 
29,  1775.  He  served  with  reputation  in  the  Rev 
olutionary  war,  and  had  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
colonel.  In  1785  he  was  a  member  of  congress; 
in  1795  he  was  appointed  postmaster-general,  but 
resigned  the  place  in  1800.  In  1802  he  was 
president  of  the  branch  bank  in  Savannah,  where 
he  died. 

HAG  AN,  JAMES,  a  physician  and  editor,  was 
an  Irishman,  who  lived  in  Virginia  and  Philadel 
phia,  and  who  established  the  Vicksburg  Senti 
nel,  Miss.  His  fate  may  well  be  a  warning  to 
editors,  who  make  intemperate  and  abusive  at 
tacks  upon  their  fellow-men.  He  fell  in  a  street 
fight  in  Vicksburg,  June  7,  1843,  aged  38. 

HAGNER,  PETER,  auditor  of  the  treasury, 
died  in  Washington  July  16,  1850,  aged  79. 
Born  and  educated  in  Philadelphia,  he  was  ap 
pointed  in  1793  an  accountant  of  war.  He  served 
faithfully  under  every  president  from  Washington 
to  Taylor,  fifty-seven  years,  modest,  laborious, 
patriotic,  of  unwavering  integrity.  He  was  often 
intrusted  Avith  the  settlement  of  large  claims. 
No  public  officer  had  a  higher  character  in  the 
estimation  of  congress. 

HAINES,  CHARLES  G.,  adjutant-general  of 
New  York,  was  born  in  Canterbury,  N.  II.,  and 
was  early  thrown  upon  the  resources  of  his  own 
mind.  He  graduated  at  Middlebury  in  1816.  In 
1818  he  removed  to  the  city  of  New  York.  As  a 
lawyer  he  was  respectable;  but  his  talents  were 
of  a  popular  kind,  and  he  gave  himself  to  politics. 
He  supported  Mr.  Clinton.  No  young  man,  per 
haps,  ever  acquired  so  much  influence.  He  died 
of  the  consumption  at  Bloomingdale  July  3, 1825, 
aged  32.  His  writings  were  numerous.  He  pub 
lished  considerations  on  the  canal,  1818;  memoir 
of  T.  A.  Emmet,  1829.  —  New  York  Statesman, 
July  8. 

HAINES,  JESSE,  died  in  Lycoming  county, 
Penn.,in  Sept.,  1856,  quite  aged.  He  was  known 
and  esteemed  as  a  minister  of  the  society  of 
Friends  over  seventy  years. 

IIAKLUYT,  RICHARD,  a  geographer,  was  born 
in  1553,  and  died  in  1616.  He  was  buried  at 
Westminster  Abbey.  To  him  Sir  Walter  Raleigh 
assigned  his  patent  for  discoveries  in  America, 
and  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  company.  Pur- 
chas  made  use  of  his  manuscripts.  He  published 
voyages,  navigations,  traffiques,  and  discoveries  of 
the  English  nation,  fol.,  3  vols.,  1589-1600  ;  Vir- 


HALE. 

ginia  richly  valued,  by  the  description  of  Florida, 
1G09.  An  edition  of  his  works  was  published,  5 
vols.,  4to.,  1809-1812. 

HALE,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  Beverly,  Mass., 
the  son  of  Robert  II.,  was  born  at  Charlestown 
June  3,  1G36;  graduated  in  10,37;  was  ordained 
Sept.  20,  1GG7,  and  was  chaplain  in  the  expedi 
tion  to  Canada  in  1G90.  lie  died  May  15,  1700, 
aged  G3.  In  the  witchcraft  delusion  of  1G92,  be 
ginning  in  the  family  of  Mr.  Parris,  he  was  de 
luded,  and  approved  of  the  judicial  measures. 
His  modest  inquiry  into  the  nature  of  witchcraft 
was  published  in  1702,  indicating  a  wise  change 
of  his  views.  His  account  of  the  witchcraft  was 
made  use  of  by  C.  Mather,  in  Magnalia,  vi.  79. 
A  memoir  of  him  is  in  Hist.  Coll.,  3d  series,  vol. 
vii.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

HALE,  JAMES,  the  first  minister  of  Ashford, 
Conn.,  died  Nov.  22,  1742,  aged  57.  Born  in 
Beverly,  the  son  of  Rev.  John  II.,  he  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1703,  and  was  a  tutor  at  Yale  in 
1707,  and  was  ordained  in  1718.  His  mother, 
for  his  father  was  three  times  married,  was  Mrs. 
Sarah  Noyes  of  Xewbury.  His  younger  brother 
Samuel,  who  lived  in  Xewbury,  was  the  father  of 
Richard,  and  grandfather  of  Nathan,  of  Coventry, 
of  Revolutionary  memory.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 
HALE,  MOSES,  minister  of  Byfield  parish,  in 
Ncwbury,  Mass.,  died  Jan.  1G,  1743-4,  aged  65. 
He  was  the  son  of  John,  and  grandson  of  Thomas 
of  Xewbury,  born  July  10,  1678;  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1699 ;  and  was  ordained  Nov.  17, 
170G.  His  successor  was  Moses  Parsons. 

HALE,  NATHAN,  captain,  a  Revolutionary  offi 
cer,  was  a  descendant  of  the  preceding.  He  was 
the  son  of  Richard  II.,  of  Coventry,  Conn.,  and 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1773,  with  high 
reputation.  In  the  war  he  commanded  a  com 
pany  in  Col.  Knowlton's  regiment,  and  was  with 
the  army  in  the  retreat  from  Long  Island  in 
1776.  Washington  having  applied  to  Knowltoa 
for  a  discreet  and  enterprising  officer  to  penetrate 
the  enemy's  camp  and  procure  intelligence,  Hale 
passed  in  disguise  to  the  British  camp,  but  on  his 
return  was  apprehended  and  carried  before  Lord 
Wm.  Howe,  by  whom  he  was  ordered  for  execu 
tion  the  next  morning.  He  was  denied  a  bible 
and  the  aid  of  a  clergyman.  The  letters,  full  of 
fortitude  and  resignation,  which  he  had  written  to 
his  mother  and  sister,  were  destroyed.  He  was 
hung,  regretting  that  he  had  but  one  life  to  lose 
for  his  country  ;  though  executed  in  a  brutal  man 
ner  as  a  spy,  he  was  firm  and  composed.  In  edu 
cation  and  talents  he  was  superior  perhaps  to 
Andre,  who  died  also  as  a  spy;  in  patriotic  devo 
tion  to  his  country,  hazarding  in  her  sacred  cause 
not  only  life  but  honor  and  home,  no  one  was 
superior  to  him.  Ihvight  honored  him  by  some 
lines  on  his  death.  His  life  by  I.  W.  Stuart  was 


HALL. 


405 


published  in  1856.  —  American  Eemcmb.  1782, 
p.  285  ;  Knapp's  Led.  254-255. 

HALE,  NATHAN,  died  in  Goshcn,  Conn.,  Sept. 
6,  1813,  at  an  advanced  age.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1769.  lie  was  judge  of  the  county- 
court,  much  respected  as  a  man  of  integrity  and 
piety.  His  son,  Jonathan  Lee  Hale,  minister  of 
Windham,  Me.,  died  at  Skidaway,  Geo.,  Jan.  15, 
1835,  aged  43  ;  a  graduate  of  Middlebury  in  1819, 
of  Andover,  1822. 

HALE,  DAVID,  minister  of  South  Coventry, 
Conn.,  died  in  1822,  aged  about  57.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  in  1785.  His  widow1,  Lydia,  re 
markable  for  piety  and  for  mental  and  physical 
vigor,  died  at  Rockville  in  1849,  aged  85.  These 
were  the  parents  of  David  Hale,  editor  of  the 
Journal  of  Commerce  at  New  York. 

HALE,  ENOCH,  the  first  minister  of  West- 
hampton,  Mass.,  died  in  Jan.,  1837,  aged  83. 
Born  in  Coventry,  Conn.,  the  son  of  Richard,  he 
was  the  brother  of  Capt.  Nathan  Hale,  of  Revo 
lutionary  memory.  lie  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1773,  and  was  settled  in  1779.  His  widow,  Oc- 
tavia,  died  in  1839,  aged  85.  He  was  a  faithful, 
respected,  and  useful  minister.  Mr.  Hale  was 
the  father  of  Nathan  Hale,  the  editor  of  the  Bos 
ton  Advertiser.  He  published  a  fast  sermon, 
1804. 

HALE,  ENOCH,  M.  D.,  died  in  Boston  in  1848, 
aged  60  years  or  more.  He  was  the  son  of  Rev. 
Enoch  Hale,  of  "Westhampton.  His  grandfather 
was  Deacon  Richard,  of  Newburyport,  and  Cov 
entry,  Conn. ;  and  lie  was  the  son  of  Samuel,  of 
Newbury,  Mass.  ;  and  Samuel  was  the  son  of  Rev. 
John  Hale  of  Beverly,  and  of  Sarah  Noycs.  He 
published  Dr.  Holyoke's  journal,  with  a  memoir, 
in  the  memoirs  of  American  academy;  on  animal 
heat  by  respiration,  1813 ;  Boylston  prize  disserta 
tions,  1821. 

HALE,  WILLIAM,  Dr.,  died  at  Hollis,  N.  H., 
Oct.  10,  1854,  aged  91.  He  was  the  son  of  Dr. 
John  Hale,  a  surgeon  in  Col.  Cilley's  regiment  in 
the  Revolutionary  war. 

HALE,  DAVID,  editor  of  the  Journal  of  Com 
merce,  New  York,  died  at  Frcdericksburg,  Va., 
whither  he  went  in  ill  health,  Jan.  20,  1849.  lie 
was  the  son  of  Rev.  David  Hale,  of  South  Cov 
entry,  now  called  Lisbon,  Conn.  At  first  he  was 
a  merchant  in  Boston,  but  unsuccessful ;  then  an 
auctioneer.  As  proprietor  and  distinguished  ed 
itor  of  the  Journal  of  Commerce,  he  prospered 
and  had  a  wide  influence.  He  was  an  efficient 
member  of  the  Congregational  church  in  New 
York. 

HALL,  TiiEOPHlLL'S,  first  minister  of  Meriden, 
Conn.,  died  March  25,  1767,  aged  59.  lie  was  a 
graduate  of  Yale  in  1727,  and  ordained  Oct.  29, 
1729.  One  of  his  sons  was  Avery  Hall,  minister 
of  Rochester,  N.  H. ;  a  daughter  married  Rev. 


406 


HALE. 


HALL. 


A.  Lee,  of  Norwich.  He  had  strong  intellectual 
powers,  was  a  strong  advocate  of  civil  and  relig 
ious  liberty,  and  was  much  esteemed  as  a  preacher. 
He  published  two  discourses  on  the  death  of  Rev. 
Isaac  Stiles ;  two  on  faith ;  and  a  sermon  at  the 
ordination  of  Rev.  M.  Meriam. 

HALL,  PRINCE,  a  negro,  master  of  a  masonic 
lodge  in  Boston,  was  born  about  1738.  After  the 
peace  a  masonic  charter  was  obtained  from  Eng 
land;  but  it  seems  that  white  masons,  out  of 
pride,  would  not  acknowledge  the  African  lodge. 
Mr.  Hall  said,  "  There  are  to  be  seen  the  weeds 
of  pride,  envy,  tyranny,  and  scorn,  in  this  garden 
of  peace,  liberty,  and  equality."  .He  published 
two  masonic  charges,  1792,  1797. 

HALL,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Cheshire,  Conn., 
died  in  1776,  aged  80,  in  the  forty-second  year  of 
his  ministry.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1716,  and 
was  a  tutor  two  years.  His  daughter,  Ann,  mar 
ried  Rev.  "VVarham  Williams.  He  published  a 
sermon  on  the  small  pox,  1732  ;  an  election  ser 
mon,  1746. 

HALL,  DAVID,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Sutton, 
Mass.,  died  May  8,  1789,  aged  84,  in  the  sixtieth 
year  of  his  ministry.  He  was  the  son  of  Joseph, 
of  Yarmouth,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1724, 
and  was  ordained  in  1729.  In  five  years  eighty- 
one  were  added  to  the  church  ;  in  1743  there  were 
added  ninety-eight  persons.  He  experienced 
trouble  from  the  Separatists.  He  was  the  friend 
of  Jonathan  Edwards,  and  as  a  member  of  the 
council  resisted  his  dismission  from  Northampton. 
Of  his  twelve  children,  one  daughter  married  Rev. 
Aaron  Putnam,  of  Pomfret,  and  another  Rev. 
Daniel  Grosvenor,  of  Grafton.  He  published  a 
thanksgiving  sermon  on  the  reduction  of  Canada, 
1760;  a  half-century  sermon,  1779.  —  Sprague's 
Annals. 

HALL,  LYMAN,  governor  of  Georgia,  was  a 
native  of  Conn.,  and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1747.  Having  studied  medicine,  he  established 
himself  at  Sudbury,  Ga.  He  early  and  zealously 
espoused  the  cause  of  his  country.  His  efforts 
were  particularly  useful  in  inducing  the  Georgians 
to  join  the  American  confederacy.  In  May, 
1775,  he  Avas  a  member  of  congress,  and  signed 
the  Declaration  of  Independence,  and  continued 
in  that  body  to  the  close  of  1780.  While  the 
British  had  possession  of  Georgia,  they  confiscated 
his  property.  In  1783  he  was  elected  governor; 
the  next  year  he  was  succeeded  by  J.  Houston. 
He  died  in  Feb.,  1791,  aged  66.  Though  warm 
and  enthusiastic,  he  had  the  guidance  of  a  sound 
judgment.  —  Goodrich's  Lives. 

HALL,  SAMUEL,  a  printer  in  Boston,  died  Oct. 
30,  1807,  aged  67.  He  was  a  correct  printer. 
From  the  beginning  to  the  end  of  the  war  he 
conducted  a  firm,  republican  paper.  He  did 
good  service  to  his  country.  He  was  a  patriot  of 
integrity  and  equanimity. 


HALL,  AAEON,  minister  of  Keene,  N.  II.,  died 
in  1815,  aged  62,  having  been  pastor  thirty-six 
years.  He  was  zealous  for  the  truth,  but  candid 
and  pacific.  He  died  in  Christian  hope  and  joy. 
—  Panoplist,  XI.  95. 

HALL,  WILLIAM,  first  minister  of  Grafton,  Vt., 
died  in  1823,  aged  78.  Born  in  Woburn,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1776,  and  was  settled  in 
1788. 

HALL,  GORDON,  first  American  missionary  at 
Bombay,  died  March  20,  1826,  aged  42.  He 
was  born  in  West  Granville,  now  Tolland,  Mass., 
and  was  graduated  at  Williams  college  in  1808, 
the  first  scholar  in  his  class.  Having  studied  the 
ology,  he  refused  an  invitation  to  settle  in  Con 
necticut,  saying,  "  Wo  is  me  if  I  preach  not  the 
gospel  to  the  heathen."  Offering  himself  as  a 
missionary  to  the  American  board  of  commis 
sioners  for  missions,  he  was  ordained  at  Salem, 
with  Newell,  Judson,  Nott,  and  Rice,  Feb.  6, 1812, 
and  in  the  same  month  sailed  for  Calcutta.  An 
other  band  of  missionaries,  consisting  of  Bard- 
well,  Meigs,  Poor,  Richards,  and  Warren,  sailed 
for  Ceylon  in  Oct.,  1812,  followed  by  Graves  and 
Nichols  in  1817,  and  by  Winslow,  Spaulding, 
Woodward,  and  Dr.  Scudder  in  1819.  Mr.  Hall 
arrived  at  Bombay  in  Feb.,  1813,  and  there  spent 
thirteen  years  in  his  benevolent  toils,  with  a  pur 
pose  unaltered  and  zeal  unquenched.  He  had 
just  revised  the  New  Testament  in  Mahratta, 
when,  as  he  was  on  a  journey  in  the  interior,  he 
was  seized  with  the  cholera,  which  proved  fatal  in 
eight  or  nine  hours.  His  widow,  a  native  of  Eng 
land,  is  still  living,  1856,  with  her  son,  Gordon 
Hall,  one  of  the  ministers  of  Northampton.  His 
mother,  Elizabeth,  died  in  1834,  aged  91.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  force  of  mind  and  decision  of 
character,  of  ardent  piety,  and  of  entire  devoted- 
ness  to  the  work  of  a  missionary.  His  vigorous 
frame  and  habits  of  life  fitted  him  to  endure 
the  hardships  of  a  missionary.  His  qualifica 
tions  of  every  kind  for  'the  work  to  which  he 
devoted  his  life,  were  very  uncommon.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  on  foreign  missions,  1812.  His 
appeal  to  the  American  Christians  in  behalf  of 
the  twelve  millions  speaking  the  Mahratta  lan 
guage,  was  published  in  the  Missionary  Herald, 
Oct.,  1826.  He  wrote,  also,  with  Newell,  the  con 
version  of  the  world,  or  the  claims  of  six  hundred 
millions,  etc.,  2d  edit.,  1818.  The  New  Testa 
ment  in  Mahratta  was  printed  at  the  mission  press 
in  Bombay  in  1826.  —  Missionary  Herald,  Oct., 
1826;  Sprague's  Annals. 

HALL,  JOHN  E.,  editor  of  the  Portfolio,  died 
at  Philadelphia  June,  1829,  aged  44.  He  pub 
lished  American  law  journal,  6  vols..  1808-1817. 

HALL,  ELIJAH,  captain,  died  at  Portsmouth, 
N.  1L,  in  1830,  aged  87.  In  the  Revolutionary 
war  he  was  a  lieutenant  in  the  navy,  and  sailed 
under  John  Paul  Jones. 


HALL. 

HALL,  ALANSON  C.,  missionary,  died  in  Pu- 
laski,  Tcnn.,  April  13,  1840.  He  left  Auburn 
theological  school  in  1834,  and  embarked  for  Cey 
lon.  His  wife  died  there.  Disease  soon  com 
pelled  him  to  return.  He  died  of  the  consumption. 
His  last  words  were,  "  I  triumph." 

HALL,  FREDERIC,  M.  I).,  LL.  D.,  of  Wash 
ington  city,  died  in  Peru,  111.,  July  27,  1843,  aged 
64.  He  was  born  in  Vermont,  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  College  in  1803,  and  was  professor  of 
natural  philosophy  in  Middlcbury  college  ;  after 
wards  president  of  Mt.  Hope  college,  near  Balti 
more.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  professor 
of  chemistry  in  Columbia  college,  Washington. 
He  was  a  benefactor  of  Dartmouth  college,  giving 
to  it  a  cabinet  of  minerals  and  some  thousands  of 
dollars  in  money.  lie  published  a  eulogy  on 
Solomon  Metcalf  Allen,  at  Middlebury  college, 
1818  ;  statistics  of  Middlebury  in  Mass,  historical 
collections,  2d  series,  vol.  IX. 

HALL,  CHARLES,  D.  D.,  died  at  Newark,  X.  J., 
Oct.  31,  1853,  aged  55.  A  native  of  the  State  of 
New  York,  he  graduated  at  Hamilton  college  in 
1825.  He  was  for  years  secretary  of  the  Amer 
ican  home  missionary  society,  associated  with  Dr. 
Badger.  He  was  principal  editor  of  the  Home 
Missionary.  He  was  a  scholar,  and  had  sound 
judgment  and  a  devoted  piety;  in  a  mysterious 
providence  he  was  taken  away  in  the  midst  of  ex 
tensive  usefulness. 

HALL,  CHAUXCET  A.,  M.  D.,  died  at  Madison, 
Wisconsin,  May  8,  1856,  of  congestion  of  the 
lungs,  aged  43.  He  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Eli  Hall, 
of  Blandford,  Mass.,  a  graduate  of  Amherst  in 
1833.  He  was  many  years  an  excellent  physi 
cian  in  Northampton,  connected  with  the  water- 
cure  establishment  on  Hound  Hill ;  then  two 
years  in  Hartford.  His  wife,  in  going  out  to  him, 
met  his  remains  at  Detroit.  He  was  buried  at 
Brattleborough,  Vt.,  his  native  place. 

HALL,  WILLIAM,  general,  died  in  SumnerCo., 
Tenn.,  in  Oct.,  1856,  aged  82.  lie  had  been  a 
member  of  congress. 

HALL  AD  AY,  ALBERT  R.,  a  missionary  to 
Persia,  died  in  Albemarle,  Va.,  Oct.  18,  1856. 
He  had,  since  his  return  from  P.,  been  recently 
chosen  president  of  Hampden  Sydney  college. 

HALLOCK,  JEREMIAH,  minister  of  West  Sims- 
bury,  near  Canton,  Conn.,  died  June  23,  1826, 
aged  68,  in  the  forty-first  year  of  his  ministry. 
He  was  the  son  of  William,  of  Brookhaven,  Long 
Island,  who  removed,  when  Iris  son  was  young,  to 
Goshen,  Mass.  Here  he  toiled  on  his  father's 
farm  until  twenty-one  years  old,  twice  being  callcc 
out  as  a  soldier  in  the  war.  He  studied  theology 
four  years  with  T.  Dwight,  of  Northampton,  and 
with  others,  and  was  ordained  in  1785.  He  went 
on  an  early  mission  to  Vermont  about  1801.  As 
a  diligent  and  faithful  preacher  God  often  blesset 
his  labors  with  remarkable 'revivals,  in  the  vcars 


HALLOCK. 


407 


1798,1799, 1805, 1812,1813, 1816,and  1821.  With 
mt  little  education,  he   preached  with    a  warm 
icart  and  with  wonderful  power.     With  little  ac- 
ion,  and  none  of  the  graces  of  oratory,  he  found 
a  way  to  the  souls  of  his  hearers  ;  it  was  by  his 
sincerity,  simplicity,   affection,    and   earnestness. 
Some    one   called   him   the   apostle   John.      In 
irayer,  which  was  his  element,  he  was  humble, 
solemn,  fervent.     His  intellect  was  not  of  an  in 
ferior  order.     He  was  original ;  he  had  a  graphic 
)ower ;  his  imagery  was  vivid.     His  only  daugh 
ter  died  of  the  spotted  typhus  fever  in  1813,  aged 
14.     His  son,  Jeremiah  Humphrey  Ilallock,  was 
raduatcd  at  Williams  in  1810,  was  a  judge  in 
Ohio,  and  died  in  1847.     His  widow  died  in  the 
year  of  his  own  death,  1826.     The  godly  pastor, 
is  the  title   of  a  memoir  of  his  life,  by  C.  Yale, 
with   a  sketch  of  his  brother  Moses.     His  only 
printed  sermon  was  preached  at  the  dedication  of 
his  meeting-house  in  1815.  —  Sprayuc's  Annals. 
HALLOCK,  MOSES,  the  first  minister  of  Plain- 
Held,  Mass.,  died  July   17,  1837,  aged  77.     He 
had  been  settled  nearly  forty-five  years.     He  was 
the  brother  of  Jeremiah  II.     His  father  removed 
to   Goshen,   near    Northampton,   when    he   was 
young.     He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1788,  and  was 
ordained   July    11,   1792.      During  his  ministry 
there  were  several  remarkable  revivals  of  religion. 
lie  had  received  35 1  members  of  the  church  previ 
ously  to  1831,  when  his  colleague  was  settled.  Ac 
customed  to  receive  students  into  his  family  and  to 
teach  them,  the  whole  number  was  304,  of  whom 
thirty  were  females,  fifty  became  ministers,  and 
seven  missionaries  to  the  heathen.     Of  these  last 
were  James  and  William  Richards,  Parsons,  and 
Fisk,  Jonas  King,  Ferry,  and  II.  Ilallock.     lie 
was  meek,  humble,  kind,  holy,  exhibiting  all  the 
excellencies  of   the   Christian  character.     Three 
weeks  before  his  death  Mr.  Richards,  the  mission 
ary  from  the  Sandwich  Islands,  introduced  to  him 
a  native,  and  said,  "This  is  my  teacher."    The 
boy  exclaimed    in  the  language  of  his   country, 
"  Day  most  gone  ;  sun  most  down  ;  most  supper 
time."      Then   Mr.  II.    offered   a   most   fervent 
prayer.     When  he  was  buried,  his  old  blind  dea 
con,  James  Richards,  the  father  of  the  missionary, 
the  last  of  his  original  church,  was  led  up  to  his 
coffin,  and,  as  he  felt  the  face  of  his  pastor,  he 
burst  into  a  flood  of  tears,  saying,  "  Farewell  for 
time!"    Of  his  three  sons,  Gerard  is  the  editor 
of  the  New  York  Journal  of  Commerce  ;  William 
Allen  is  secretary  of  the  American  tract  society ; 
Iloman  was  missionary  printer  thirteen  years  at 
Malta   and  Smyrna.     His  wife,  Margaret  Allen, 
of  Chilmark,   Martha's  Vineyard,   died  in   1835. 
His  father  died  in   1815,  aged  85,  leaving  one 
word  for  future  generations,  received  from   his 
father,  —  "  Remember,  there  is  a  long  eternity !  " 
The  deacon  of  his  church  was  Joseph  Beals,  who 
died   in    1813,   the  original   of  "  The  Mountain 


408 


HALLOCK. 


HAMILTON. 


Miller,"  referred  to  in  the  popular  tract  of  that 
name.  —  C.  Yale's  Sketch  of  his  Life;  Holland, 
II.  265  ;  Spragne's  Annals. 

HALLOCk,  MARTHA,  died  at  Plainfield,  Mass., 
in  1852,  aged  56,  the  daughter  of  Ilev.  Moses  II. 
She  was  poor.  She  gave  five  dollars  to  each  of 
five  benevolent  societies,  and  her  spectacles  to  a 
friend,  and  said,  "Nothing  but  the  soul  now!" 

IIALSKY,  JOHN  T.,  died  in  Elizabethtown 
July  2,  1842,  aged  45.  He  was  a  preacher,  and 
also  a  public  benefactor  as  long  the  excellent 
teacher  of  a  flourishing  school. 

HALSEY,  WILLIAM,  mayor  of  Newark,  N.  J., 
died  Aug.  16,  1843,  aged  78.  He  was  a  judge  of 
the  common  pleas.  He  had  lived  half  a  century 
in  Newark,  and  was  active  and  enterprising. 

HALSTED,  ROBERT,  Dr.,  died  at  Elizabeth- 
town,  N.  J.,  in  1825,  aged  79. 

HAMILTON,  ANDREW,  an  eminent  lawyer  of 
Philadelphia,  died  Aug.  4,  1741.  He  had  been 
speaker  of  the  house  of  assembly,  but  he  re 
signed  this  office  in  1739  on  account  of  his  age 
and  infirmities.  lie  filled  several  stations  with 
honor,  integrity,  and  ability.  In  Zenger's  trial  at 
New  York  he  acquired  much  reputation  as  a  law 
yer.  His  son,  James  Hamilton,  was  repeat 
edly  governor  of  Pennsylvania  between  the  years 
1748  and  1771.  —  Fraud's  History  of  Pennsyl 
vania,  n.  216-219. 

HAMILTON,  ALEXANDER,  first  secretary  of 
the  treasury  of  the  United  States,  of  Scotch  or 
English  descent,  died  July  12,  1804,  aged  about 
47.  He  was  born  in  the  island  of  Nevis  in  1757. 
At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  accompanied  his  mother 
to  New  York,  and  entered  a  student  of  Columbia 
college,  in  which  he  continued  about  three  years. 
While  a  member  of  this  institution  the  first  bud 
dings  of  his  intellect  gave  presages  of  his  future 
eminence.  The  contest  with  Great  Britain  called 
forth  the  first  talents  on  each  side,  and  his  juve 
nile  pen  asserted  the  claims  of  the  colonies 
against  very  respectable  writers.  His  papers  ex 
hibited  such  evidences  of  intellect  and  wisdom, 
that  they  were  ascribed  to  Mr.  Jay.  At  the  age 
of  eighteen  he  entered  the  army  as  an  officer  of 
artillery.  The  first  sound  of  war  awakened  his 
martial  spirit,  and  as  a  soldier  he  soon  conciliated 
the  regard  of  his  brethren  in  arms.  It  was  not 
long  before  he  attracted  the  notice  of  Washing 
ton,  who  in  1777  selected  him  as  an  aid,  with  the 
rank  of  lieutenant-colonel.  Throughout  the  cam 
paign,  which  terminated  in  the  capture  of  Lord 
Cornwallis,  he  commanded  a  battalion  of  light 
infantry.  At  the  siege  of  York  in  1781,  when  the 
second  parallel  was  openod,  two  redoubts,  which 
flanked  it  and  were  advanced  three  hundred  yards 
in  front  of  the  British  works,  very  much  annoyed 
the  men  in  the  trenches.  It  was  resolved  to  pos 
sess  them,  and,  to  prevent  jealousies,  the  attack 
of  the  one  was  committed  to  the  Americans,  and 


of  the  other  to  the  French.  The  detachment  of 
the  Americans  was  commanded  by  iho  Marquis  de 
Lafayette,  and  Col.  Hamilton,  at  his  own  earnest 
request,  led  the  advanced  corps,  consisting  of  two 
battalions.  Towards  the  close  of  the  day,  Oct. 
14th,  the  troops  rushed  to  the  charge  without 
firing  a  single  gun.  The  works  were  carried  with 
but  little  loss. 

Soon  after  the  capture  of  Cornwallis,  Hamilton 
sheathed  his  sword,  and,  being  encumbered  with 
a  family  destitute  of  funds,  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
five  applied  to  the  study  of  the  law  in  New  York. 
In  this  profession  he  soon  rose  to  distinction. 
But  his  private  pursuits  could  not  detach  him 
from  a  regard  to  the  public  welfare.  The  vio 
lence  which  was  meditated  against  the  property 
and  persons  of  all  who  remained  in  the  city  dur 
ing  the  war,  called  forth  his  generous  exertions, 
and,  by  the  aid  of  Governor  Clinton,  the  faithless 
and  revengeful  scheme  was  defeated.  In  July, 
1782,  he  Avas  chosen  a  member  of  congress.  He 
was  chairman  of  the  committee  which  reported  a 
resolution  to  provide  a  sinking  fund  to  pay  the 
national  debt.  In  1786  he  was  chosen  a  member 
of  the  assembly  of  New  York,  and  he  introduced 
and  ably  supported  the  bill  for  acceding  to  the  as 
sumed  independence  of  Vermont.  A  more  im 
portant  affair  now  demanded  his  talents.  After 
witnessing  the  debility  of  the  confederation  he 
was  fully  impressed  with  the  necessity  of  an  ef 
ficient  general  government,  and  he  was  appointed, 
with  two  others,  in  1787,  a  member  of  the  federal 
convention  for  New  York.  He  assisted  in  form 
ing  the  constitution  of  our  country.  It  did  not 
indeed  completely  meet  his  wishes.  He  was 
afraid  that  it  did  not  contain  sufficient  means  of 
strength  for  its  own  preservation,  and  that  in  con 
sequence  we  should  share  the  fate  of  many  other 
republics,  and  pass  through  anarchy  to  despotism. 
He  was  in  favor  of  a  more  permanent  executive 
and  senate.  He  wished  for  a  strong  government, 
which  would  not  be  shaken  by  the  conflict  of  dif 
ferent  interests  through  an  extensive  territory, 
and  which  should  be  adequate  to  all  the  forms  of 
national  exigency.  He  was  apprehensive  that  the 
increased  wealth  and  population  of  the  States 
would  lead  to  encroachments  on  the  union,  and 
he  anticipated  the  day  when  the  general  govern 
ment,  unable  to  support  itself,  would  fall.  But, 
believing  the  constitution  to  be  incomparably  su 
perior  to  the  old  confederation,. he  exerted  all  his 
talents  in  its  support,  though  it  did  not  rise  to 
his  conception  of  a  perfect  system.  By  his  pen, 
in  the  papers  signed  Publius,  and  by  his  voice  in 
the  convention  of  New  York  in  the  summer  of 
1788,  he  contributed  much  to  its  adoption.  When 
the  government  was  organized  in  1789,  Washing 
ton  placed  him  at  the  head  of  the  treasury.  In 
his  reports  he  proposed  plans  for  funding  the 
debt  of  the  union  and  for  assuming  the  debts  of 


HAMILTON. 

the  respective  States,  for  establishing  a  bank  and 
mint,  and  for  procuring  a  revenue.  He  wished 
to  redeem  the  reputation  of  his  country  by  satis 
fying  her  creditors,  and  combine  with  the  govern 
ment  such  a  monied  interest  as  might  facilitate 
its  operations.  But,  while  he  opened  sources  of 
wealth  to  thousands  by  establishing  public  credit, 
and  thus  restoring  the  public  paper  to  its  original 
value,  he  did  not  enrich  himself.  He  did  not  take 
advantage  of  his  situation,  nor  improve  the  oppor 
tunity  he  enjoyed  for  acquiring  a  fortune.  Though 
accused  of  amassing  wealth,  he  did  not  vest  a  dol 
lar  in  the  public  funds. 

In  the  early  stage  of  the  administration,  a  dis 
agreement  existed  between  Mr.  Hamilton  and  the 
secretary  of  State,  Mr.  Jefferson,  which  increased 
till  it  issued  in  such  open  hostility,  and  introduced 
such  confusion  in  the  cabinet,  that  Washington 
found  it  necessary  to  address  a  letter  to  each, 
recommending  forbearance  and  moderation.  Mr. 
Hamilton  was  apprehensive  of  danger  from  the 
encroachment  of  the  States,  and  wished  to  add 
new  strength  to  the  general  government;  while 
Mr.  Jefferson  entertained  little  jealousy  of  the 
State  sovereignties,  and  was  rather  desirous  of 
checking  and  limiting  the  exercise  of  the  national 
authorities,  particularly  the  power  of  the  execu 
tive.  Other  points  of  difference  existed,  and 
reconciliation  could  not  be  effected.  In  the  begin 
ning  of  1793,  after  intelligence  of  the  rupture 
between  France  and  Great  Britain  had  been 
received,  Hamilton,  as  one  of  the  cabinet  of  the 
president,  supported  the  opinion,  that  the  treaty 
with  France  was  no  longer  binding,  and  that  a 
nation  might  absolve  itself  from  the  obligations 
of  real  treaties,  when  such  a  change  takes  place 
in  the  internal  situation  of  the  other  contracting 
party,  as  renders  the  continuance  of  'the  connec 
tion  disadvantageous  or  dangerous.  He  advised 
therefore,  that  the  expected  French  minister 
should  not  be  received  in  an  unqualified  manner. 
The  secretary  of  State  on  the  other  hand  was  of 
opinion,  that  the  Revolution  in  France  had  pro 
duced  no  change  in  the  relations  between  the  two 
countries,  and  could  not  weaken  the  obligation  of 
treaties ;  and  this  opinion  was  embraced  by 
Washington.  The  advice  of  Hamilton  was  fol 
lowed  in  regard  to  the  insurrection  in  Pennsylva 
nia  in  1794,  and  such  a  detachment  was  sent  out 
under  his  own  command,  that  it  was  suppressed 
without  effusion  of  blood.  He  remained  but  a 
short  time  afterwards  in  office.  As  his  property 
had  been  wasted  in  the  public  service,  the  care  of 
a  rising  family  made  it  his  duty  to  retire,  that  by 
renewed  exertions  in  his  profession  he  might 
provide  for  their  support.  He  accordingly  re 
signed  his  office  on  the  last  of  Jan.,  1795,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Wolcott.  Not  long  after 
this  period,  as  he  was  accused  of  peculation,  he 
was  induced  to  repel  the  charge,  and  in  doing  this 
52 


HAMILTON. 


409 


rie  thought  it  necessary  to  disclose  a  circumstance 
which  it  would  have  been  more  honorable  to  his 
character  to  have  left  in  oblivion.  This  was  an 
adulterous  connection  with  a  Mrs.  Reynolds,  while 
he  was  secretary  of  the  treasury.  When  a  pro 
visional  army  was  raised  in  1798,  in  consequence 
of  the  injuries  and  demands  of  France,  Washing 
ton  suspended  his  acceptance  of  the  command  of 
it  on  the  condition,  that  Hamilton  should  be  his 
associate  and  the  second  in  command.  This 
arrangement  was  accordingly  made.  After  the 
adjustment  of  our  dispute  with  the  French  repub 
lic,  and  the  discharge  of  the  army  in  the  summer 
of  1800,  he  returned  again  to  his  profession  in 
the  city  of  New  York.  In  this  place  he  passed 
the  remainder  of  his  days. 

In  June,  1804,  Col.  Burr,  vice  president  of  the 
United  States,  addressed  a  letter  to  Hamilton, 
requiring  his  acknowledgment  or  denial  of  the  use 
of  any  expression  derogatory  to  the  honor  of  the 
former.  This  demand  was  deemed  inadmissible, 
and  a  duel  was  the  consequence.  After  the  close 
of  the  circuit  court,  the  parties  met  at  Hoboken, 
July  llth,  and  Hamilton  fell  on  the  same  spot, 
where  his  son  Philip,  aged  19,  three  years  before 
had  fallen,  in  obedience  to  the  same  principle  of 
honor,  and  in  the  same  violation  of  the  laws  of 
God  and  of  man.  He  was  carried  into  the  city, 
and,  being  desirous  of  receiving  the  sacrament  of 
the  Lord's  supper,  he  immediately  sent  for  Dr.  Ma 
son.  As  the  principles  of  his  church  prohibited 
him  from  administering  the  ordinance  in  private, 
this  minister  of  the  gospel  informed  Hamilton,  that 
the  sacrament  was  an  exhibition  and  pledge  of  the 
mercies,  which  the  Son  of  God  has  purchased, 
and  that  the  absence  of  the  sign  did  not  exclude 
from  the  mercies  signified,  which  were  accessible 
to  him  by  faith  in  their  gracious  Author.  He 
replied,  "  I  am  aware  of  that.  It  is  only  as  a 
sign  that  I  wanted  it."  In  the  conversation 
which  ensued,  he  disavowed  all  intention  of  tak 
ing  the  life  of  Col.  Burr,  and  declared  his  abhor 
rence  of  the  whole  transaction.  When  the  sin, 
of  which  he  had  been  guilty,  was  intimated  to 
him,  he  assented  \vith  strong  emotion ;  and  when 
the  infinite  merit  of  the  Redeemer,  as  the  propi 
tiation  for  sin,  the  sole  ground  of  our  acceptance 
with  God,  was  suggested,  he  said  with  emphasis, 
"I  liare  a  tender  reliance  on  the  mercy  of  the 
Almighty  through  the  merits  of  the  Lord  Jesus 
Christ."  Bishop  Moor  was  afterwards  sent  for, 
and,  after  making  suitable  inquiries  of  the  peni 
tence  and  faith  of  Gen.  Hamilton,  and  receiving 
his  assurance,  that  he  would  never  again,  if  re 
stored  to  health,  be  engaged  in  a  similar  transac 
tion,  but  would  employ  all  his  influence  in  society 
to  discountenance  the  barbarous  custom,  admin 
istered  to  him  the  communion.  After  this  his 
mind  was  composed.  Like  his  antagonist,  Mr. 
Burr,  he  was  small  in  person  and  short  in  stature. 


410 


HAMILTON. 


HAMLIN. 


His  widow,  Elizabeth,  a  daughter  of  Gen.  Schuy- 
ler,  died  at  Washington  Nov.  9,  1854,  aged  97. 

In  assigning  the  reasons  for  accepting  the  chal 
lenge  of  Col.  Burr,  while  he  seems  to  intimate  his 
apprehensions  that  the  debility  of  the  general 
government  would  be  followed  by  convulsions,  he 
also  alludes  to  the  demand,  which,  in  such  an 
event,  might  be  made  upon  his  military  talents. 
His  words  are,  "the  ability  to  be  in  future  useful, 
whether  in  resisting  mischief  or  effecting  good,  in 
those  crises  of  our  public  affairs,  which  seem 
likely  to  happen,  would  probably  be  inseparable 
from  a  conformity  with  public  prejudice  in  this 
particular."  With  all  his  pre-eminence  of  talents 
he  is  yet  a  melancholy  proof  of  the  influence, 
wliich  intercourse  with  a  depraved  world  has  in 
perverting  the  judgment.  In  principle  he  was 
opposed  to  duelling,  his  conscience  was  not  hard 
ened,  and  he  was  not  in  different  to  the  happiness 
of  his  wife  and  children ;  but  no  consideration 
was  strong  enough  to  prevent  him  from  exposing 
his  h'fe  in  single  combat.  His  own  views  of  use 
fulness  were  followed,  in  contrariety  to  the  injunc 
tions  of  his  Maker  and  Judge.  lie  had  been  for 
some  time  convinced  of  the  truth  of  Christianity, 
and  it  was  his  intention,  if  his  life  had  been 
spared,  to  have  written  a  work  upon  its  evidences. 

He  published  the  letters  of  Phocion,  which 
were  in  favor  of  the  loyalists  after  the  peace,  in 
two  pamphlets,  1784.  The  Federalist,  a  series 
of  essays,  which,  under  the  signature  of  Publius, 
appeared  in  the  public  papers  in  the  interval  be 
tween  the  publication  and  the  adoption  of  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  which  was 
designed  to  elucidate  and  support  its  principles, 
•was  written  by  him  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Jay 
and  Mr.  Madison.  The  Washington  City  Gazette, 
Dec.  22,  1817,  states  indirectly  on  the  authority 
of  Mr.  Madison  himself,  that  Hamilton  wrote  all 
the  numbers  excepting  Numbers  2, 3,  4, 5,  and  64, 
which  were  written  by  Mr.  Jay ;  and  Numbers 
10,  14,  17,  18,  19,  21,  37  to  58  'inclusive,  62  and 
63,  which  were  written  by  Mr.  Madison.  This 
work  has  been  published  in  two  volumes,  and  is 
held  in  the  highest  estimation.  His  reports  while 
secretary  of  the  treasury  are  very  long,  and  dis 
play  great  powers  of  mind.  Some  of  them  are 
preserved  in  the  American  museum.  In  the  re 
port  upon  the  manufactures  he  controverts  the 
principles  of  Adam  Smith.  In  the  papers  signed 
Pacificus,  written  in  1793,  while  he  justified  the 
proclamation  of  neutrality,  he  also  supported  his 
opinion,  that  we  were  absolved  from  the  obliga 
tion  of  our  treaties  with  France,  and  that  justice 
was  on  the  side  of  the  coalition  of  the  European 
powers  for  the  re-establishment  of  the  French 
monarchy.  A  series  of  essays  in  defence  of  the 
British  treaty,  under  the  signature  of  Camillus, 
was  written  by  him  in  the  summer  of  1795.  He 
published  also  observations  on  certain  documents, 


etc.,  being  a  defence  of  himself  against  the  charge 
of  peculation,  1797 ;  the  stand,  or  essays  signed 
Titus  Manlius,  designed  to  awaken  this  country 
to  a  sense  of  its  danger  from  France,  1798;  and 
a  letter  concerning  the  public  conduct  and  char 
acter  of  his  excellency  John  Adams,  president  of 
the  United  States,  1800.  In  this  letter  he  en 
deavors  to  show,  that  the  Venerable  patriot,  who 
was  more  disposed  than  himself  to  maintain  peace 
with  France,  was  unworthy  of  being  replaced  in 
the  high  station,  which  he  occupied.  His  writ 
ings  were  collected  and  published  in  three  vols. 
1810.  —  Mason's  Oral,  on  Ms  death;  Notfs  Dis 
course  ;  Morris1  Fun.  Oration ;  Otis'  Eulogy ; 
Ames'  Sketch;  Marshall,  v.  131,  350-360,  607- 
611 ;  Life  by  Eenwick,  and  his  Son. 

HAMILTON,  PAUL,  secretary  of  the  navy  of 
the  United  States,  was  the  governor  of  South 
Carolina  from  1804  to  1806,  when  he  was  suc 
ceeded  by  Charles  Pinckney.  He  was  secretary 
of  the  navy  in  the  administration  of  Mr.  Madison 
from  1809  to  1813;  and  he  died  at  Beaufort 
June  30,  1816.  He  was  a  patriot  of  the  Ilevolu- 
tion. 

HAMILTON,  ANDREW,  major,  died  in  Abbe 
ville  district,  South  Carolina,  Jan.  17,  1835,  aged 
94. 

HAMILTON,  SAMUEL  R,  a  prominent  lawyer 
in  New  Jersey  died  at  Trenton  Aug.  14,  1856, 
aged  66. 

HAMILTON,  ELIZABETH,  widow  of  Gen  Alex 
ander  H.,  died  in  Washington  Nov.  9,  1854,  aged 
97,  the  daughter  of  Gen.  Philip  S.  Schuyler  of 
Albany.  She  survived  her  husband  more  than 
half  a  century. 

HAMLIN,  HENRIETTA  AXNA  LORAINE,  a  mis 
sionary  in  Turkey,  was  the  daughter  of  the  Itev. 
Dr.  Jackson  of  Dorset,  Vermont,  and  was  born 
May  9, 1811.  Her  little  dying  sister  bequeathed  to 
her, when  an  infant,  her  own  name,  Anna  Loraine, 
saying,  "  I  shall  not  want  it  any  longer."  Among 
the  schools  she  attended  were  the  academy  of 
Haverhill,  Mass.,  and  the  female  academy  at  An- 
dover.  At  this  last  place  she  formed  a  friendship 
with  Margarette,  daughter  of  Professor  Woods, 
now  Mrs.  Lawrence,  \vho  has  published  the  me 
morials  of  her  friend.  She  was  married  Sept. 
3,  1838,  to  Key.  Cyrus  Hamlin,  and  with  him 
sailed  for  Smyrna  from  Boston  Dec.  3.  In  a  few 
weeks  they  reached  Constantinople,  where  she 
spent  the  remainder  of  her  days,  till  near  the 
close,  the  helpmeet  of  her  husband  in  ceaseless, 
toils  and  cares  and  prayers  for  the  advancement 
of  the  kingdom  of  Christ.  In  her  failing  health 
her  husband  sailed  with  her,  Oct.  5,  1850,  for  the 
beautiful  island  of  llhodes.  There  she  died  Nov. 
14,  aged  39,  leaving  five  daughters.  For  a  knowl 
edge  of  the  high  excellence  of  her  character,  of 
her  intelligence  and  loveliness  and  eminent  useful 
ness,  the  reader  is  referred  to  Mrs.  Lawrence's 


HAMMOND. 


HANCOCK. 


411 


"  memorials,"  a  book  of  unequalled  interest  and 
value,  wlu'ch  can  hardly  be  read  without  admira 
tion,  and  tears  of  sympathy,  and  spiritual  profit. 
After  ten  months  her  remains  were  removed  to 
Pera,  at  Constantinople.  On  her  monument  are 
the  words,  —  "Peace,  perfect  peace!"  Her 
youngest  child  sleeps  with  her ;  Mary  Van  Len- 
nep  is  also  buried  there.  From  the  height  of 
this  cemetery  the  city  is  seen  and  the  waters  of 
Marmora. 

Dr.  Hamlin,  after  an  absence  of  eighteen 
years,  made  a  short  visit  to  this  country  in  1856, 
and  failed  not  to  repair  to  the  village,  where  he 
was  united  with  his  beloved  early  companion,  now 
sleeping  in  the  dust  in  the  far  distant  Pera.  But 
O,  how  changed !  The  old  mansion-house,  and 
its  tenants,  and  the  beautiful  grove,  where  he 
held  conferences  with  lu's  beloved,  were  gone,  as 
he  said  to  the  writer,  his  old  friend  ;  but  the  high 
elm  before  the  door,  and  the  fields,  and  the  moun 
tains,  and  the  heavens  above  remained.  In  those 
heavens  he  by  faith  cherished  the  hope  of  meeting 
again  the  departed.  Without  this  hope  how- 
wretched  were  human  life  ?  Has  he  not  then 
chosen  a  good  work,  to  communicate  the  gospel 
to  the  misguided  millions  of  the  east?  As  to  our 
country  villages,  who  can  enumerate  the  excellent 
women  they  have  nurtured  for  the  world's  benefit? 

HAMMOND,  WILLIAM,  an  early  settler  of 
Massachusetts  in  1636,  died  Oct.  8,  1662,  aged 
94.  Elizabeth,  probably  his  widow,  died  at 
Watertown  1669,  aged  90 ;  she  is  regarded  as 
the  sister  of  William  Penn. 

HAMMOND,  LAWRENCE,  died  at  Boston  in 
1699.  lie  was  a  freeman  in  1666 ;  a  representa 
tive  of  Charlestown  for  six  years  from  1672. 
Others  of  the  name  of  Hammond  lived  early  at 
Sandwich.  ^Rochester,  and  Hingham. 

HAMMOND,  JOHN,  a  Baptist  minister,  died  at 
Coventry,  II.  I.,  in  1840,  aged  84. 

HAMMOND,  CIIAIILES,  died  in  Cincinnati 
April  3,  1840,  aged  60.  He  was  a  lawyer  of 
eminence,  and  reporter  of  the  superior  court  of 
Oliio.  As  editor  of  the  Cincinnati  Gazette  he 
was  very  distinguished. 

HAMMOND,  JALEZ,  D.,  died  in  Cherry  Val 
ley  Aug.  18,  1855  ;  a  member  of  congress.  He 
published  Julius  Mclbourn,  the  political  history 
of  N.  Y.,  and  the  life  and  times  of  Silas  Wright. 

HAMPTON,  WADE,  brigadier-general,  died 
Feb.  4,  1835,  aged  80,  at  Columbia,  S.  C.  lie 
served  in  the  Revolutionary  war ;  he  commanded 
at  Plattsburg  in  Nov.,  1813,  and  made  an  unsuc 
cessful  expedition  into  Canada,  co-operating  with 
Wilkinson.  He  had  a  plantation  at  Orima  point, 
seventy  miles  from  New  Orleans,  and  in  1820  was 
the  owner  of  four-hundred  slaves,  and  by  their 
labor  obtained  at  one  crop  five  hundred  hogs 
heads  of  sugar  and  one  thousand  bales  of  cotton, 
said  to  be  worth  150,000  dollars.  His  slaves,  in 


all  about  three  thousand  in  number,  the  engines 
of  his  wealth,  says  Schoolcraft,  were  scarcely  fed 
or  clothed  in  any  way  bordering  on  humanity,  the 
common  allowance  for  food  being  one  quart  of 
corn  a  day.  Is  it  possible,  that  any  man  of  com 
mon  reason  could,  on  reflection,  think,  because  he 
had  bought  or  inherited  slaves,  that  he  had  a 
right  to  the  unrequited  toils  of  his  fellow  men, 
living  in  luxury  on  their  toils,  and  not  even  teach 
ing  them  the  gospel  of  salvation,  that  after  the 
extorted  labors  and  miseries  of  the  present  life 
they  might  cherish  the  hope  of  justice,  and  kind 
ness,  and  happiness  beyond  the  grave  ? 

HANCOCK,  JOHX,  minister  of  Lexington, 
Mass.,  was  born  in  Cambridge,  the  son  of  Nathan 
iel,  in  1671,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col 
lege  in  1689.  He  was  ordained  Nov.  2,  1698. 
After  a  ministry  of  more  than  half  a  century,  he 
died  very  suddenly  Dec.  6,  1752,  aged  81.  Two 
of  his  sons  were  ministers,  one  of  whom,  Eben- 
ezer,  was  settled  as  his  colleague  Jan.  2,  1733, 
and  died  Jan.  28,  1740.  Mr.  Hancock  possessed 
a  facetious  temper,  and  in  general  his  wit  was 
used  with  discretion.  Being  a  friend  to  peace  he 
exerted  himself,  and  with  success,  to  preserve 
harmony  in  his  parish.  By  his  brethren  in  the 
ministry  he  was  highly  respected  and  beloved, 
and  as  he  was  for  many  years  senior  minister  in 
the  county,  his  services  were  frequently  requested 
in  ecclesiastical  councils.  He  had  given  the 
charge  to  twenty-one  ministers.  He  retained 
uncommon  vigor  to  the  last.  Some  interesting 
anecdotes  are  in  Sprague's  annals  of  the  American 
pulpit.  He  published  the  election  sermon,  1722 ; 
a  sermon  preached  in  Boston,  1724  ;  at  the  ordi 
nation  of  his  son,  1726 ;  at  the  installation  of 
T.  Harrington,  1748.  — Appleton's  Fun.  Sermon. 

HANCOCK,  JOHN,  minister  of  Braintree, 
now  Quincy,  Mass.,  was  the  son  of  the  preceding, 
and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1719. 
He  was  ordained  as  successor  of  Joseph  Marsh, 
Nov.  2,  1726.  He  died  May  7,  1744,  aged  41. 
Possessing  good  talents,  he  applied  with  diligence 
to  the  studies  of  the  ministerial  office.  During 
the  revival  of  religion  in  America  a  short  time 
before  his  death,  it  was  his  wish  to  guard  his  peo 
ple  against  what  he  considered  as  enthusiasm  on 
the  one  hand,  and  against  infidelity  and  indiffer 
ence  to  religion  on  the  other.  After  a  life  of  up 
rightness  and  sobriety,  he  expressed  in  his  last 
moments  the  satisfaction  which  he  felt  in  the  tes 
timony  of  a  good  conscience,  and  looked  for  the 
mercy  of  the  Lord  Jesus  to  eternal  life.  He 
published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  E.  Quincy, 
1738  ;  a  century  sermon,  Sept.  16,  1739  ;  on  the 
good  work  of  grace,  1743  ;  unqualified  ministry; 
an  expostulatory  and  pacific  letter  in  reply  to  Mr. 
Gee,  1743;  the  examiner,  or  Gilbert  against  Ten- 
nent,  1748.  —  Gay's  Funeral  Sermon. 

HANCOCK,  TIIOJUS,  a  benefactor  of  Harvard 


412 


HANCOCK. 


HANCOCK. 


college,  was  the  son  of  Mr.  Hancock,  of  Lexing 
ton,  and  died  in  Boston  Aug.  1,  1764.  His  por 
trait  at  full  length  is  in  the  philosophy  chamber 
of  the  college.  His  nephew,  Gov.  Hancock,  in 
herited  most  of  his  property ;  but  he  bequeathed 
1,000  pounds  sterling  for  founding  a  professorship 
of  the  Hebrew  and  other  oriental  languages  in 
Harvard  college;  1,000  pounds  to  the  society  for 
propagating  the  gospel  among  the  Indians  in 
North  America ;  and  GOO  pounds  to  the  town  of 
Boston  toward  erecting  a  hospital  for  the  recep 
tion  of  such  persons  as  are  deprived  of  their  rea 
son.  Stephen  Scwall,  the  first  Hancock  professor 
of  Hebrew  in  the  university  of  Cambridge,  was 
inducted  into  his  office  in  1765.  — Ann.  Reg.  for 
17G4,  116;  Holmes. 

HANCOCK,  JOHN,  LL.  D.,  governor  of 
Mass.,  the  son  of  llev.  John  Hancock,  of  Brain- 
tree,  Quincy  parish,  died  Oct.  8,  1793,  aged  56. 
He  was  born  Jan.  12,  1737.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1754.  On  the  death  of  his 
uncle,  Thomas  Hancock,  he  received  a  very  con 
siderable  fortune,  and  soon  became  an  eminent 
merchant.  In  17G6  he  was  chosen  a  member  of 
the  house  of  representatives  for  Boston,  with 
James  Otis,  Thomas  Cushing,  and  Samuel  Adams. 
The  seizure  of  his  sloop,  Liberty,  in  1768,  for 
evading  the  laws  of  trade,  occasioned  a  riot,  and 
several  of  the  commissioners  of  customs  narrowly 
escaped  with  their  lives.  As  the  controversy  with 
Great  Britain  assumed  a  more  serious  shape  and 
affairs  were  hastening  to  a  crisis,  he  evinced  his 
attachment  to  the  rights  of  his  country.  He  and 
John  Adams  spent  the  night  before  the  battle  of 
Lexington  at  the  house  of  Rev.  Mr.  Clark.  He 
employed  himself  in  cleaning  his  gun ;  but  Adams 
said  to  him,  clapping  him  on  the  back,  "  That  is 
not  our  business,  we  belong  to  the  cabinet."  He 
was  president  of  the  provincial  congress  in  1774. 
June  12th  of  the  following  year,  Gen.  Gage  issued 
his  proclamation,  offering  pardon  to  all  the  rebels, 
excepting  Samuel  Adams  and  John  Hancock, 
"  whose  offences,"  it  is  declared,  "  are  of  too  flagi 
tious  a  nature  to  admit  of  any  other  consideration 
than  that  of  condign  punishment."  Mr.  Hancock 
was  at  this  time  a  member  of  the  continental  con 
gress,  of  which  he  was  chosen  president  May  24th, 
in  the  place  of  Peyton  Randolph,  who  was  under 
the  necessity  of  returning  home.  In  this  office, 
as  the  head  of  the  illustrious  congress  of  1776,  he 
signed  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  In 
consequence  of  the  ill  state  of  his  health,  he  took 
his  leave  of  congress  in  Oct.,  1777,  and  received 
their  thanks  for  his  unremitted  attention  and 
steady  impartially  in  discharging  the  duties  of  his 
office.  Henry  Laurens  was  his  successor. 

On  the  adoption  of  the  present  constitution  of 
Massachusetts,  he  was  chosen  the  first  governor 
in  Oct.,  1780,  and  was  annually  re-elected  and 


continued  in  that  office  till  Feb.,  1785,  when  he 
resigned.  In  1787  he  was  again  chosen  in  the 
place  of  Mr.  Bowdoin,  and  remained  in  the  chair 
till  his  death.  His  administration  was  very  pop 
ular.  It  was  apprehended  by  some,  that  on  his 
accession  the  dignity  of  government  would  not 
be  sufficiently  maintained;  but  his  language  on 
assuming  the  chair  was  manly  and  decisive,  and  by 
his  moderation  and  lenity  the  civil  convulsion  was 
completely  quieted  without  the  shedding  of  blood 
by  the  hand  of  the  civil  magistrate.  Fourteen 
persons,  who  received  sentence  of  death,  were 
pardoned.  In  his  public  speeches  to  the  legisla 
ture  he  acquitted  himself  with  a  degree  of  popu 
lar  eloquence,  which  is  seldom  equalled.  In  one 
of  his  last  acts  as  governor  he  supported  in  a  dig 
nified  manner  the  sovereignty  of  the  individual 
States.  By  a  process  commenced  against  Mas 
sachusetts  in  favor  of  William  Vassal,  he  was 
summoned  by  a  writ  to  answer  to  the  prosecution 
in  the  court  of  the  United  States.  But  he  de 
clined  the  smallest  concession  which  might  lessen 
the  independence  of  the  State,  whose  interests 
were  intrusted  to  his  care,  and  he  supported  his 
opinion  with  firmness  and  dignity.  Litigations  of 
this  nature  were  soon  afterwards  precluded  by  an 
amendment  of  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States.  Mr.  Hancock  is  represented  as  not  pos 
sessing  extraordinary  powers  of  mind,  and  as  not 
honoring  the  sciences  very  much  by  his  personal 
attentions.  But  he  was  easy  in  his  address,  pol 
ished  in  his  manners,  affable  and  liberal ;  and  as 
president  of  congress  he  exhibited  a  dignity, 
impartiality,  quickness  of  conception,  and  con 
stant  attention  to  business,  which  secured  him 
respect.  As  the  chairman  of  a  deliberative  body, 
few  could  preside  with  such  reputation.  In  the 
early  periods  of  his  public  career,  it  has  been  said 
that  he  was  somewhat  inconstant  in  his  attach 
ment  to  the  cause  of  his  country.  Though  this 
representation  should  be  true ;  yet  from  the  com 
mencement  of  the  war,  the  part  which  he  took 
was  decided  and  uniform,  and  his  patriotic  exer 
tions  are  worthy  of  honorable  remembrance.  By 
the  suavity  of  his  manners  and  his  insinuating  ad 
dress  he  secured  an  almost  unequalled  popularity. 
He  could  speak  with  ease  and  propriety  on  every 
subject.  Being  considered  a  republican  in  prin 
ciple  and  a  firm  supporter  of  the  cause  of  freedom, 
whenever  he  consented  to  be  a  candidate  for  gov 
ernor,  he  Avas  chosen  to  that  office  by  an  undisputed 
majority.  In  private  life  he  was  charitable  and 
generous.  With  a  large  fortune  he  had  also  a 
disposition  to  employ  it  for  useful  and  benevolent 
purposes.  The  poor  shared  liberally  in  his 
bounty.  He  was  also  a  generous  benefactor  of 
Harvard  college.  His  widow,  Dorothy,  the 
daughter  of  Edmund  Quincy,  married  Capt.  Scott, 
and  died  in  1830,  aged  83.  He  published  an 


HANCOCK. 


HARPER. 


413 


oration,  which  he  delivered  on  the  Boston  massa 
cre,  1774. —  Thacher's  Sermon  on  his  death; 
Gordon,  I.  508,  231;  II.  31;  III.  18-21,  498; 
Warren,  I.  212-215,  430;  Minot's  Hist.  Insur. 
179,  184;  Holmes. 

HANCOCK,  MARTHA  M.,  wife  of  Rev.  J.  W. 
IL,  missionary  among  the  Sioux  Indians,  died  in 
lied  Wing,  Minnesota,  1851.  She  was  daughter 
of  Wm.  Iloughton,  of  Dana,  Mass. 

IIANFOKD,  THOMAS,  the  first  minister  of 
Norwalk,  Conn.,  was  ordained  in  1654,  and  offi 
ciated  nearly  forty  years.  S.  Buckingham  suc 
ceeded  him  in  1097. 

HANNA,  JOHN  ANDRE,  general,  died  at  Har- 
risburg,  Pa.,  in  1805,  aged  43.  He  was  a  mem 
ber  of  congress,  repeatedly  elected,  firmly  at 
tached  to  the  principles  of  the  Revolution. 

HANSON,  JOHN,  president  of  congress  from 
1781  to  1783,  was  a  delegate  from  Maryland,  and 
a  distinguished  friend  of  his  country.  He  died  in 
Prince  George  county  Nov.  13,  1783. 

HANSON,  ALEXANDER  CONTEE,  a  senator  of 
the  United  States,  died  at  Belmont  April  23, 
1819,  aged  33.  He  was  the  grandson  of  the  pre 
ceding,  and  the  son  of  Alex.  F.  II.,  chancellor  of 
Maryland,  who  died  in  1806.  He  edited  with 
Mr.  Wagner  the  Federal  Republican  at  Balti 
more.  The  printing  establishment,  after  the 
declaration  of  war  in  1812,  was  attacked  by  a 
mob,  on  which  occasion  Mr.  Hanson's  friends, 
Gens.  Lingan  and  Lee,  were  wounded.  Elected 
to  congress  in  the  same  year,  he  was  a  distin 
guished  opposer  of  the  administration.  In  1816 
he  was  appointed  a  senator  in  the  place  of  Gen. 
Harper.  At  the  age  of  twenty-four,  in  Jan., 
1810,  he  was  guilty  of  the  folly  and  crime  of 
fighting  a  duel,  occasioned  by  political  contro 
versy,  with  Capt.  Gordon  of  the  navy. 

HARBY,  ISAAC,  died  in  New  York  in  1828, 
aged  40.  He  was  a  literary  man ;  was  born  and 
educated  in  Charleston,  S.  C.  A  selection  from 
his  writings  was  published  in  1829.  It  contains 
Alberti,  a  play,  discourses,  and  essays. —  Cijcl. 
American  Lit. 

HARDENBERGH,  JACOBUS  R.,  D.  D.,  first 
president  of  Queen's  college  in  New  Jersey,  died 
in  Nov.,  1790.  He  was  a  native  of  this  country. 
He  was  not  favored  with  many  advantages  in  the 
early  part  of  his  education,  yet  with  a  powerful 
mind  and  habits  of  persevering  application  he 
made  great  progress  in  knowledge.  He  was  or 
dained  by  that  party  in  the  Dutch  churches, 
which  was  denominated  the  Cuetus,  and  was  its 
most  distinguished  and  able  supporter.  He  cheer 
fully  exerted  himself  with  Dr.  Livingston  in  1771, 
when  he  was  minister  of  Raritan,  to  heal  the 
division  of  the  Dutch  churches,  and  a  union  was 
completed  in  the  following  year.  After  the  char 
ter  of  Queen's  college  at  New  Brunswick  was  ob 
tained  in  1770,  he  was  the  first  president,  and 


died  in  that  office.  This  institution  was  designed 
for  educating  young  men  for  the  ministry.  Dr. 
Ilardenbergh's  piety  was  ardent ;  his  labors  inde 
fatigable  ;  and  his  ministry  greatly  blessed.  — 
Christian's  Mag.  II.  13,  270. 

HARDLN,  BENJAMIN,  a  member  of  congress 
from  Kentucky,  from  1815  to  1837,  died  in  1852. 

HARIOT,  THOMAS,  born  in  Oxford,  England, 
died  in  1621.  He  accompanied  Raleigh  to  Amer 
ica,  and  published  an  account  of  the  discovery  of 
Virginia.  It  is  in  Ilakluyt,  vol.  3. 

IIARKER,  SAMUEL,  pastor  of  a  church  at 
Blackriver,  East  Jersey,  was  settled  about  1752. 
He  published  in  1761,  "Predestination  consistent 
with  general  liberty ;  "  in  consequence  of  which 
the  synod  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia  exclud 
ed  him  from  their  body  and  voted  him  to  be  dis 
qualified  to  preach.  He  then  published  an  "  ap 
peal  from  the  synod  to  the  Christian  world,"  in 
1763. 

IIARLOW,  LYDIA,  widow,  died  in  Minot,  Me., 
Aug.  30,  1846,  aged  103  years,  8  months.  She 
was  born  in  Plymouth,  near  Monument  pond,  the 
daughter  of  Isaac  Harlow;  she  married  Ebenezer 
Harlow. 

HARMAR,  JOSIAH,  brigadier-general,  died  in 
Aug.,  1813.  He  in  1784  conveyed  to  France  the 
ratification  of  the  definitive  treaty.  In  1785  he 
was  appointed  colonel  and  commander  of  the 
forces  on  the  northwestern  frontier.  In  the  war 
against  the  Indians  he  marched  Sept.  30,  1790, 
from  fort  Washington,  and  had  an  army  of  1453 
men.  His  detachment  had  several  engagements 
with  Indians.  In  the  last  Col.  Harding  was 
defeated,  near  Chillicothe,  with  the  loss  of  Maj. 
Fontaine,  aid  to  the  general,  and  Maj.  Wyllys, 
and  upwards  of  180  men.  The  Indians  lost  120 
warriors  and  300  wigwams  burnt.  After  this 
defeat,  called  Harmar's  defeat,  he  returned  to  fort 
Washington:  St.  Clair  was  in  command  the  next 
year,  lie  died  on  the  Schuylkill,  near  Philadel 
phia. 

HARMON,  JOHNSON,  colonel,  a  commander 
against  the  Indians  in  Maine,  was  a  native  of  York, 
and  served  under  Col.  Wcstbrook  in  his  expedi 
tion  to  the  upper  falls  of  the  Androscoggin  in 
Feb.,  1723;  and  in  Sept.  was  at  Arousic,  under 
Col.  Walton.  In  Aug.,  1724,  he  and  Col.  Moul- 
ton  proceeded  against  the  Indian  village  of  Nor- 
ridgewock,  and  killed  father  Ralle,  and  dispersed 
the  Indians.  He  resided  in  his  last  days  at  Harps- 
well,  where  he  died  and  where  his  descendants 
remain. 

HARPER,  ROBERT  GOODLOE,  major-general, 
a  senator  of  the  United  States,  died  Jan.  15,  1825, 
aged  60.  He  was  bom  near  Frcdericksburg, 
Virginia,  in  1765.  His  parents,  who  were  poor, 
emigrated  when  he  was  young  to  Granville,  North 
Carolina.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  hejoined  a  troop 
of  horse  and  served  for  a  short  time  under  Greene, 


414 


HARPER. 


HARRIS. 


While  a  member  of  Princeton  college,  where  he 
graduated  in  1785,  he  was  a  teacher  of  one  or 
two  of  the  lower  classes.  He  soon  afterwards 
embarked  for  Charleston,  S.  C.,  where  he  arrived 
a  stranger,  with  but  a  dollar  or  two  in  his  pocket. 
A  gentleman,  of  whose  son  he  had  been  the 
teacher,  offered  him  his  assistance  and  friendship, 
and  introduced  him  to  a  lawyer,  with  whom  he 
studied  the  profession  of  the  law.  In  a  year  he 
began  the  practice.  He  settled  in  the  interior, 
and  soon  entered  upon  public  life  and  was  chosen 
a  member  of  congress.  In  that  body  he  became 
very  distinguished.  He  was  an  earnest  supporter 
of  the  measures  of  Washington,  and  was  known 
as  a  decided  federalist.  After  the  accession  of 
Mr.  Jefferson  in  1801,  he  retired  from  congress, 
and,  having  married  the  daughter  of  Charles  Car 
roll,  he  entered  upon  the  practice  of  the  law  at 
Baltimore.  He  was  employed  in  the  defence  of 
Judge  Chase,  when  he  was  impeached.  It  was 
by  Maryland,  that  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  senate.  In  1819  and  1820  he  visited  Eng 
land,  France,  and  Italy  with  his  family.  After  his 
return  he  engaged  with  zeal  in  promoting  the 
interests  of  the  American  colonization  society. 
After  being  engaged  on  the  preceding  day  in  a  cause 
before  the  circuit  court,  he  died  suddenly.  He 
had  been  subject  to  the  angina  pectoris :  having 
breakfasted,  he  arose  from  the  table  and  was 
standing  with  a  newspaper  in  his  hand,  when  he 
suddenly  fell,  and  died  before  medical  aid  could 
be  procured.  It  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  he 
had  just  offered  himself  as  a  candidate  for  elec 
tion  to  congress  in  the  autumn  of  the  next  year ; 
so  uncertain  and  vain  are  the  hopes  of  men  in 
regard  to  the  future.  One  of  the  reports  of  the 
colonization  society  contains  an  able  and  long 
discussion,  which  he  wrote.  He  published  also 
address  on  the  British  treaty,  1796;  observations 
on  the  dispute  between  the  United  States  and 
France,  1797  ;  letter  on  the  proceedings  of  con 
gress  ;  letters  to  his  constituents,  March,  1801 ; 
correspondence  with  Robert  Walsh  respecting 
Germany ;  address  on  the  Russian  victories,  1813 ; 
on  the  triumphs  in  Germany;  select  works,  1814. 
—  Encycl.  Americana. 

HARPER,  WILLIAM,  died  Oct.  10,  1847.  He 
was  chancellor  of  South  Carolina,  appointed  in 
1835;  an  eminent  jurist. 

HARRINGTON,  TIMOTHY,  minister  of  Lancas 
ter,  Mass.,  died  Dec.  18,  1795,  aged  80.  He  was 
born  in  Waltham  ;  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1737, 
and  was  settled  in  1741,  pastor  of  the  church 
in  the  lower  Ashuelot,  now  Swanzey,  N.  II.,  from 
which  place  he  was  driven  by  the  savages  in  1747. 
In  the  following  year  he  was  settled  at  Lancaster, 
where  he  continued  till  his  death.  Mr.  Thayer 
was  settled  as  his  colleague  in  1793.  He  was 
uncommonly  mild,  affable,  and  benevolent.  To 
the  poor  he  was  very  liberal.  He  relinquished  to 


Ashuelot  the  property  which  he  received  as  the 
first  minister  of  the  town.  As  a  minister  he  was 
faithful  and  useful.  He  published  a  century  ser 
mon,  1753;  a  discourse  on  the  ill-boding  symp 
toms  of  a  stupid  people,  1756. 

HARRINGTON,  TiiEomiLUs,  a  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  Vt.,  died  in  Clarendon  in  1813. 

HARRINGTON,  LEWIS,  commodore,  died  at 
Washington  Oct.  12,  1851,  aged  69.  At  the 
blockade  of  the  Tripoli  he  was  in  the  President ; 
in  1813  he  commanded  the  Peacock,  and,  April 
19,  captured  the  Epervier.  In  the  war  he  took 
nineteen  vessels. 

HARRIS,  SAMUEL,  a  Baptist  minister,  called 
the  apostle  of  Virginia,  was  born  in  Hanover 
county  Jan.  12,  1724.  Removing  to  Pittsylvania 
co.,  he  there  sustained  various  offices,  was  colonel 
of  the  militia,  captain  of  Mayo  fort,  and  commis 
sioner  for  the  fort  and  army.  He  was  baptized 
about  1758.  He  soon  preached  diligently,  but 
was  not  ordained  until  1769.  His  pious  zeal  met 
the  usual  return  of  persecution.  He  was  once 
pulled  clown  from  his  stand,  as  he  was  preaching, 
and  dragged  by  the  hair,  and  once  knocked 
down.  Having  much  property,  he  devoted  the 
greater  part  to  charitable  purposes.  In  his 
power  over  the  affections  of  his  hearers  he  was 
thought  to  be  equal  to  Whitefield.  The  Virgin 
ians  say,  he  seemed  to  pour  fourth  streams  of 
lightning  from  his  eyes.  His  worldly  offices  he 
resigned,  as  he  ascribed  to  them  the  diminution 
of  his  religious  enjoyments.  In  1774  the  general 
association  of  separate  Baptists,  wishing  to  re 
establish  the  primitive  order,  as  mentioned  Ephes. 
4:  11.,  chose  Mr.  Harris  apostle,  and  ordained 
him  by  the  hands  of  every  minister  in  that  body. 
No  other  instance  of  such  an  extraordinary  ap 
pointment  is  recollected.  The  following  anec 
dotes  may  illustrate  his  character.  Meeting  a 
pardoned  criminal,  who  showed  him  his  pardon 
received  at  the  gallows,  he  asked,  "  Have  you 
shown  it  to  Jesus  Christ  ?  "  "  No,  Mr.  H.,  I  want 
you  to  do  it  for  me."  Accordingly  the  old  man 
dismounted  and  kneeled,  and,  Avith  the  pardon  in 
one  hand  and  the  other  on  the  offender's  head, 
rendered  thanks  and  prayed  for  God's  pardon. 
lie  once  requested  a  debtor  to  pay  him  in  wheat, 
as  he  had  a  good  crop ;  but  the  man  replied  that 
he  did  not  intend  to  pay  until  he  was  sued.  Un 
willing  to  leave  preaching  to  attend  a  vexatious 
suit,  he  wrote  a  receipt  in  full  and  presented  it  to 
the  man,  saying,  he  had  sued  him  in  the  court  of 
heaven  ;  he  should  leave  the  affair  with  the  head 
of  church,  with  whom  he  might  settle  another 
day.  The  man  soon  loaded  his  wagon  and  sent 
the  wheat,  —  Benedict,  n.  330-339. 

HARRIS,  TUCKER,  M.  D.,  a  physician  of 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  was  born  in  that  city  in  1747; 
studied  at  Edinburgh ;  served  his  country  as  a 
physician  in  the  Revolutionary  war;  and  died 


HARRIS. 

July  6,  1821,  aged  73.  He  sustained  an  excellent 
character  and  was  known  as  a  friend  of  religion. 
lie  published  some  essays  in  the  medical  journal 
of  Philadelphia. —  Thaclier's  Mcd.  Biog. 

HARRIS,  WILLIAM,  D.  IX,  president  of  Co 
lumbia  college,  died  in  1829,  aged  about  43.  lie 
was  born  in  Springfield,  Mass.  He  was  first  a 
preacher  in  Marblehead.  He  published  a  sermon 
on  the  death  of  Mrs.  Roads ;  a  sermon  at  the 
Episcopal  convention,  1799. 

HARRIS,  ANDREW,  M.  D.,  died  at  Canterbury, 
Conn.,  May  28,  1840,  aged  52,  a  distinguished 
physician.  Dying  of  the  consumption,  his  last 
days  were  devoted  to  religion,  to  the  study  of 
truth,  and  the  exercises  of  faith. 

HARRIS,  WALTER,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Dun- 
barton,  N.  II.,  died  Dec.  25,  1843,  aged  82.  lie 
was  the  son  of  Nathaniel  of  Lebanon,  Conn.,  and 
served  three  years  in  the  war  before  he  was 
nineteen  years  old.  His  only  brother  fell  in  bat 
tle.  He  bought  him  a  farm  in  Lebanon,  X.  II., 
intending  to  be  a  farmer ;  but,  becoming  religious 
in  a  revival  there,  he  determined  to  be  a  minister. 
He  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1786;  studied 
theology  with  Dr.  Emmons;  and  was  ordained  at 
Dunbarton  Aug.  26,  1789.  He  was  an  excellent 
preacher  and  pastor.  He  had  three  wives,  one  of 
whom,  the  mother  of  his  children,  was  of  the 
name  of  Fisher  of  Franklin,  Mass.,  and  the  next 
was  the  widow  of  Rev.  John  Cleveland  of 
Wrentham.  He  published  sermons  on  the  death 
of  the  wife  of  Rev.  A.  Burnham ;  of  Samuel 
Burnham;  of  the  third  wife  of  Rev.  A.  Burnham, 
1815;  of  Mrs.  Morrill ;  a  fast  sermon,  1799;  at 
thanksgiving,  1812;  at  the  ordination  of  A.  Burn- 
ham  ;  of  E.  Corser ;  doctrine  of  decrees  encour 
agement  to  the  use  of  means,  1814;  on  false 
teachers ;  to  a  cent  society ;  at  Reading  ;  on  the 
Sabbath;  to  freemasons,  1823  ;  before  the  pasto 
ral  convention,  1834.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

HARRIS,  JOHN,  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
of  X.  II.,  died  at  Hopkinton  April  23,  1845,  aged 
74;  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1791. 

HARRIS,  WILLIAM  COFFIN,  a  teacher,  was 
born  in  Portsmouth  March  17,  1788,  was  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1807,  and  died  at  Portsmouth 
Nov.  22,  1853,  aged  65.  At  Portsmouth  and  at 
Xewington  he  was  a  distinguished  teacher  be 
tween  thirty  and  forty  years.  He  fell  down  in 
a  fit  in  his  school-room,  and  lived  but  ten  minutes. 

HARRIS,  THADDEUS  M.,  D.  D.,died  in  Dor 
chester  April  3,  1842,  aged  72.  He  was  a  grad 
uate  of  1787,  of  Harvard,  of  which  he  was  for 
years  the  librarian.  When  he  was  a  junior 
in  college,  he  needed  some  new  clothing,  and  his 
mother,  in  her  poverty,  asked  him  to  procure  in 
some  way  a  little  money  for  the  purpose.  Goin 
to  meet  her  with  a  small  sum,  he  gave  it  away  to 
a  crippled,  hungry  soldier,  who  asked  his  aid. 
As  he  went  on,  in  great  distress  from  having 


HARRISON. 


415 


nothing  to  put  into  his  mother's  hands,  he  thought 
something  adhered  to  the  end  of  his  rough  cane, 
cut  on  the  road  ;  and  lo !  it  was  a  gold  ring,  hav 
ing  engraved  on  it,  "  God  speed  thee,  friend." 
This  sold  for  the  money  wanted ;  the  moral  lesson 
was  invaluable.  The  titles  of  his  discourses, 
books,  and  various  writings,  contained  in  a  manu- 
cript  in  my  hands,  occupy  eight  folio  pages. 
Some  of  them  are  the  masonic  constitution,  4to., 
1792;  the  natural  history  of  the  Bible,  1  vol., 
1793;  minor  encyclopedia,  4  vols.  1803;  account 
of  Dorchester,  1804  ;  journal  of  a  tour  to  the 
northwest,  8vo.,  1805;  volume  of  masonic  dis 
courses  ;  beauties  of  nature  delineated ;  hymns 
for  the  Lord's  supper  ;  discourse  at  Plymouth, 
1808;  to  the  memory  of  James  Bowcloin,  1811; 
memoir  of  father  Rasles,  in  the  historical  collec 
tions  ;  memorials  of  the  first  church  in  Dorches 
ter,  1830;  memorials  of  James  Oglethorpe,  1841. 
His  ordination  at  Dorchester  was  Oct.  23,  1793  ; 
and  there  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  h'fe. 
There  have  been  in  this  country  few  so  industri 
ous  scholars  and  such  voluminous  writers. 

HARRIS,  THADDEUS  WILLIAM,  M.  D.,  libra 
rian  of  Harvard  college,  died  at  Cambridge  of 
dropsy  of  the  chest  Jan.  16,  1856,  aged  60;  the 
son  of  T.  M.  Harris  of  Dorchester.  He  gradu 
ated  in  1815,  and  acquired  reputation  as  a  physi 
cian  in  Dorchester.  In  1831  he  was  chosen  libra 
rian  as  the  successor  of  Mr.  Pierce,  and  remained 
in  office  till  his  death,  an  assiduous,  faithful  libra 
rian.  He  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  John  L.  Sib- 
Icy.  He  was  highly  skilled  in  natural  history ; 
as  an  entomologist  he  had  no  equal.  By  his  writ 
ings  he  contributed  to  the  dissemination  of 
knowledge.  His  tract  on  insects  injurious  to 
vegetation  was  published  by  the  legislature.  He 
published  a  discourse  to  horticultural  society,  1832. 
—  Boston  Advertiser,  July  16,  1856. 

HARRIS,  WILLIAM  THADDEUS,  LL.  D.,  died 
Oct.  19,  1854,  aged  28.  The  son  of  Dr.  T.  W. 
Harris,  he  graduated  in  1846.  An  early  ancestor 
was  Thomas  of  Boston,  who  died  1680;  next 
Benjamin,  Capt.  William,  a  teacher  in  Boston  and 
officer  of  the  Revolution,  the  father  of  Rev.  Dr. 
T.  M.  Harris  of  Dorchester,  who  was  the  grand 
father  of  the  subject  of  this  article.  He  pub 
lished  Cambridge  epitaphs,  1845. 

HARRISOX,  ROBERT  HANSON,  a  patriot  of 
the  Revolution,  sustained  the  office  of  chief  jus 
tice  of  the  general  court  of  Maryland.  He  de 
clined  in  1789  the  appointment  of  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  United  States,  and  died  at 
his  residence  on  the  Potomac,  in  Charles  county, 
April  2,  1790,  aged  45.  His  talents  were  dis 
tinguished,  and  he  enjoyed  in  a  high  degree  the 
confidence  of  his  fellow  citizens. 

HARRISOX,  BENJAMIN,  governor  of  Virginia, 
died  in  April,  1791.  He  was  a  patriot  of  the 
Revolution.  His  father  and  grandfather,  having 


416 


HARRISON. 


HART. 


the  name  of  Benjamin,  lived  at  Berkeley,  on  the 
banks  -of  James  river,  in  view  of  the  seaports  of 
Petersburg  and  Richmond.  His  father,  who  mar 
ried  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Carter,  surveyor-general, 
was  killed  with  two  of  his  daughters  by  lightning. 
About  1761  he  became  a  member  of  the  legisla 
ture,  and  in  1774  a  member  of  congress,  in  which 
body  for  several  years  he  rendered  important  ser 
vices.  On  signing  the  Declaration  of  Indepen 
dence,  being  quite  corpulent,  he  said  to  Mr.  Gerry, 
who  was  slender  and  thin,  after  putting  his 
name  to  the  instrument,  "  When  the  time  of  hang 
ing  shall  come,  I  shall  have  the  advantage  of 
you ;  it  will  be  over  with  me  in  a  minute,  but  you 
will  be  kicking  in  the  air  half  an  hour  after  I  am 
gone."  In  1777  he  resigned  his  seat  in  congress. 
From  1782  to  1784  he  was  the  popular  governor 
of  Virginia,  and  was  succeeded  by  Henry.  He 
was  afterwards  a  member  of  the  convention  for 
adopting  the  constitution  of  the  United  States. 
He  died  of  the  gout.  His  health  had  been  im 
paired  by  his  free  manner  of  living.  His  wife 
was  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Col.  William  Bassett. 
His  third  son  was  Gen.  William  Henry  Harrison. 
—  Goodrich's  Lives. 

HARRISON,  BENJAMIN,  a  tall  man,  Avas  a  na 
tive  of  Virginia,  and  died  in  Georgia  in  April, 
1818,  aged  44.  He  was,  by  accurate  measure 
ment,  seven  feet,  two  inches  and  a  half  in  height. 

HARRISON,  RICHARD,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
died  at  New  York  Dec.  6,  1829,  aged  81. 

HARRISON,  RICHARD,  auditor  and  treasurer 
of  the  United  States,  died  at  Washington  July 
10,  1841,  aged  91.  He  was  five  years  consul  at 
Cadiz ;  auditor  fifty-five  years,  appointed  by 
Washington.  He  was  highly  esteemed  as  a  man 
of  abilities  and  integrity. 

HARRISON,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  president  of 
the  United  States,  died  April  4,  1841,  aged  68. 
He  was  born  in  Charles  City  Co.,  Va.,  Feb.  9, 
1773,  being  the  son  of  Benjamin  II.,  governor  of 
Virginia,  lie  was  educated  at  Hampden  Sydney 
college.  He  received  from  Washington  a  mili 
tary  commission  in  1791.  He  fought  under 
Wayne.  After  the  battle  of  Miami  Rapids  he 
was  made  captain,  and  placed  in  command  of  fort 
Washington.  In  1797  he  was  appointed  secre 
tary  of  the  Northwest  Territory.  In  1799  he 
was  a  delegate  to  congress.  Being  appointed 
governor  of  Indiana,  he  was  also  superintendent 
of  Indian  affairs,  and  negotiated  thirteen  treaties. 
He  gained  a  great  victory  in  the  battle  of  Tippe- 
canoe,  Nov.  7,  1811.  In  the  war  with  Great 
Britain  he  was  commander  of  the  northwest 
army,  and  was  distinguished  in  the  defence  of  fort 
Meigs  and  the  victory  of  the  Thames.  In  1816 
he  was  in  congress,  and  in  1828  minister  to  the 
republic  of  Colombia.  On  his  return  he  resided 
at  North  Bend,  in  Ohio,  upon  his  farm.  He  was 
elected  president  by  234  votes  out  of  294.  In 


ducted  into  his  office  March  4,  1841,  he  died  in 
one  month.  Among  the  last  utterances  of  his 
lips  he  expressed  a  desire  for  the  perpetuity  of 
the  constitution  and  the  preservation  of  its  prin 
ciples.  For  many  months  he  never  omitted 
reading  the  Scriptures  every  night  before  retiring 
to  rest.  On  the  third  day  of  his  illness  he  spoke 
of  his  long  persuasion  of  the  Christian  truth,  and 
his  regret  that  he  was  not  a  member  and  a  com 
municant  in  a  church. 

HARRISON,  ROGER,  minister  of  Tolland, 
Mass.,  died  in  1853,  aged  84.  Born  in  Branford, 
Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1792;  was  or 
dained  in  1798,  and  dismissed  in  1822.  He  had 
great  skill  and  power  in  music  with  his  voice.  — 
Spr  ague's  Annals. 

HART,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Saybrook,  Conn., 
died  July  11,  1784,  aged  71,  in  the  forty-eighth 
year  of  his  ministry.  He  was  the  son  of  Rev. 
John  II.,  of  East  Guilford,  and  was  graduated 
at  Yale  college  in  1732  and  ordained  Nov.  17, 
1736.  Mr.  Hotchkiss  was  his  colleague.  He 
first  gave  the  name  of  llopkintonian  to  certain 
doctrines  which  he  opposed.  Dr.  Hopkins  re 
plied  to  his  dialogue.  He  published  nature  of 
regeneration,  1742;  with  Jonathan  Todd,  narra 
tive  of  proceedings  at  Wallingfbrd,  in  regard  to 
the  settlement  of  J.  Dana,  1759 ;  remarks  on 
dangerous  errors,  against  the  Hopkinsians,  1770  ; 
a  dialogue,  and  a  sermon,  which  was  never 
preached  and  never  will  be,  against  the  same  ; 
remarks  on  Edwards'  dissertation  on  the  nature 
of  virtue,  1771,  which  was  answered  by  Dr.  Hop 
kins  ;  a  treatise  of  qualifications  for  the  sacra 
ments,  1772.  —  Devotion's  Funeral  Sermon', 
Sprague's  Annals. 

HART,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  East  Guilford, 
now  Madison,  Conn.,  died  March  4,  1732,  aged 
48,  in  the  twenty-fifth  year  of  his  ministry. 
Bora  in  Farmington,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1703  ;  he  made  the  whole  second  class,  as  N. 
Chauncey  did  the  first.  The  college  was  then  at 
Killingworth.  He  was  ordained  in  1707.  In 
1722  he  was  associated  for  a  time  with  Cutler  and 
others,  who  doubted  the  validity  of  Presbyterian 
ordination.  In  his  last  years  he  had  distressing 
bodily  infirmities.  His  wives,  by  all  of  whom  he 
had  children,  were  Ilcbekah  Hubbard  of  Boston, 
Sarah  Bull  of  Hartford,  and  Mary  Hooker  of 
Farmington.  He  was  an  eminent  preacher  and 
a  humble  Christian.  —  Spraguc's  Annals. 

HART,  OLIVER,  minister  of  Charleston,  S.  C., 
died  Dec.  31,  1795,  aged  72.  He  was  born  at 
Warminster,  Bucks  county,  Pcnn.,  July  5,  1723. 
At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  was  impressed  with  the 
importance  of  religion,  and  was  baptized.  He 
was  ordained  at  Southampton  Oct.  18,  1749,  and 
in  the  same  year  went  to  Charleston,  where  he 
succeeded  Mr.  Chanler,  and  was  minister  of  the 
Baptist  church  in  that  city  for  thirty  years.  In 


HART. 


HART. 


417 


such  estimation  was  his  character  for  patriotism 
and  talents  held  by  the  council  of  safety  of  Caro 
lina,  that  at  the  beginning  of  the  Revolution  he 
was  appointed  by  them,  with  William  Tennent,  to 
visit  the  frontiers,  in  order  to  reconcile  some  of 
the  disaffected  inhabitants  to  the  change  which 
occurred  in  public  affairs.  In  Feb.,  1780,  the 
warm  interest  which  he  took  in  promoting  the 
American  Revolution,  induced  him  to  leave 
Charleston,  lest  he  should  fall  into  the  hands  of 
the  British,  who  were  about  to  besiege  the  city. 
In  Dec.  following  he  was  settled  at  Hopewell  in 
New  Jersey,  where  he  remained  till  his  death. 

Mr.  Hart  possessed  strong  powers  of  mind. 
His  imagination  was  lively  and  his  judgment 
sound.  Though  not  favored  with  a  liberal  educa 
tion,  by  diligent  study  and  habitual  reflection  he  be 
came  very  respectable  for  his  knowledge  of  Chris 
tian  truth.  He  was  a  uniform  advocate  of  the 
doctrines  of  free  and  sovereign  grace.  As  a 
preacher  his  manner  was  pleasing  and  his  de 
livery  animated.  As  a  citizen  he  was  a  firm  and 
decided  patriot.  He  possessed  a  liberal  spirit, 
and  exhibited  the  beneficence  which  he  recom 
mended.  In  his  last  moments  he  enjoyed  the 
consolations  of  the  gospel,  resting  his  hopes  upon 
the  righteousness  of  Christ.  He  published  sev 
eral  sermons  and  tracts,  namely:  dancing  ex 
ploded  ;  a  discourse  on  the  death  of  William  Ten 
nent  ;  the  Christian  temple ;  a  circular  letter  on 
Christ's  mediatorial  character  ;  America's  remem 
brancer  ;  a  gospel  church  portrayed,  and  a  thanks 
giving  sermon,  1789.  He  had  a  turn  for  poetry, 
and  wrote  much,  though  none  of  his  productions 
were  published.  Many  of  his  papers  and  of  his 
best  books  were  destroyed  by  the  British  army. — 
Holers'  and  Furman's  Discourses  on  Ms  death. 

HART,  JOHN,  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution,  died 
in  1780.  He  was  the  son  of  Edward  Hart,  of 
Hopewell,  X.  J.  He  was  a  member  of  the  con 
gress  of  1774,  and  in  1776  signed  the  Declaration 
of  Independence.  In  the  latter  part  of  this  year 
his  farm  was  pillaged  by  the  enemy  and  his  fam 
ily  dispersed.  The  alarm  and  distress  of  these 
occurrences  caused  the  death  of  his  wife,  whose 
name  was  Scudder.  After  the  evacuation  of  New 
Jersey  he  again  collected  his  family;  but  his 
health  was  now  failing  him.  He  in  his  religious 
profession  was  a  Baptist,  and  sustained  an  excel 
lent  character.  Great  confidence  was  reposed  in 
the  wisdom  and  judgment  of  "  honest  John 
Hart."  —  Goodrich's  Lives. 

HART,  LEVI,  D.  I).,  minister  of  Preston,  Conn., 
now  Griswold,  died  Oct.  27,  1808,  aged  69.  He 
was  the  son  of  Thomas  II.,  of  Southington,  and 
was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1760.  While  a 
member  of  college  he  made  a  public  profession  of 
that  religion  which  regulated  his  whole  life.  Hav 
ing  pursued  the  study  of  divinity  for  some  time 
with  Dr.  Bellamy,  whose  daughter,  Rebecca,  he 
53 


afterwards  married,  he  was  settled  Nov.  4,  1762, 
as  the  minister  of  the  second  church  in  Preston. 
Here  he  continued  to  perform  the  various  duties 
of  the  sacred  office  until  a  short  time  before  his 
death.  Receiving  as  the  gift  of  God  a  sound 
and  vigorous  mind,  it  was  much  improved  by  his 
scientific  and  literary  acquisitions.  Many  young 
men  were  trained  up  by  him  for  the  ministry.  As 
he  united  a  keen  discernment  of  character  to  a 
social  and  communicative  turn  of  mind,  and  was 
always  governed  by  the  desire  of  promoting  the 
interests  of  religion,  he  was  very  useful  in  his 
private  intercourse  with  his  people,  as  well  as  in 
his  public  labors.  He  sought  out  the  abodes  of 
affliction,  of  poverty,  and  of  distress ;  and,  while 
he  soothed  the  poor  by  his  conversation,  he  was 
enabled,  also,  by  an  exact  economy,  to  contribute 
something  from  a  small  salary  for  the  relief  of 
their  wants.  His  disposition  Avas  placid ;  his 
manners  amiable  and  unassuming;  and  in  the 
various  relations  of  life  he  was  faithful  and  affec 
tionate.  He  engaged  in  the  support  of  mission 
ary  institutions,  and  the  progress  of  the  gospel 
was  the  theme  of  his  correspondence  with  a  num 
ber  of  respectable  friends  of  religion  in  Europe. 
He  preached  and  published  a  funeral  sermon  for 
Dr.  Hopkins,  in  1803.  He  published  also  a  ser 
mon  at  ordination  of  J.Benedict,  1771;  of  J. 
Smith,  1772;  of  A.  Holmes,  1785;  of  W.  Pat 
ten,  1786 ;  of  A.  Chase,  1787 ;  of  J.  Wilder, 
1790;  a  sermon  on  liberty,  1774;  on  the  death 
of  Mrs.  Woodbridge,  1775  ;  of  J.  Huntington, 
1786;  of  N.  Eells,  1786;  of  his  wife,  1789;  of 
Mrs.King,  1791;  of  Washington,  1799;  of  Dr. 
Hopkins,  1803  ;  at  election,  1786.  —  Panoplist 
and  Missionary  Magazine,  I.  287 ;  Sprayue's 
Annals. 

HART,  IRA,  minister  of  Stonington,  Conn., 
died  in  1829.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1792. 

HART,  THOMAS,  colonel,  died  in  Kentucky. 
His  widow,  Susannah,  died  at  Lexington  in  1832, 
aged  86 ;  she  was  the  mother  of  Mrs.  Henry 
Clay,  Mrs.  Dr.  Prindle,  Mrs.  James  Brown,  and 
of  Capt.  Hart,  who  fell  on  the  river  Raisin. 

HART,  LUTHER,  minister  of  Plymouth,  Conn., 
died  April  25,  1834,  aged  50.  Born  in  Goshen, 
the  son  of  David,  he  became  early  pious  in  a  re 
vival  in  the  region  where  he  lived,  in  1799.  He 
graduated  with  honor  at  Yale  in  1807,  and  was 
ordained  in  1810.  More  than  four  hundred  were 
added  to  his  church  during  his  ministry,  especially 
in  1812,  1824,  1827,  and  1831.  He  was  a  princi 
pal  writer  for  the  Christian  Spectator.  He  wrote 
an  able  tract  on  Presbyterian  ordination.  He  pub 
lished,  also,  a  Christmas  sermon,  salvation  for  lost 
men,  1818  ;  at  installation  of  I).  O.  Griswold;  on 
the  death  of  A.  Gillet,  with  a  memoir,  1826 ;  a 
memoir  of  A.  Pettingill,  1834.  —  Sprague's  An 
nals. 

HART,  JOHN,   Dr.,   died   at   South   Reading 


418 


HART. 


HASSLER. 


April  27,  1836,  aged  84.  Born  in  Ipswich  in 
1752,  the  son  of  John,  a  lawyer  and  noted  musi 
cian,  he  joined  Prescott's  regiment  in  the  be 
ginning  of  the  war,  and  afterwards,  till  its  close, 
•was  surgeon  of  the  2d  Massachusetts  regiment. 
He  settled  at  Reading  in  1782.  He  was  five 
years  in  the  senate,  and  was  a  venerable  patriot 
and  a  Christian.  When  chosen  to  a  public  office, 
instead  of  making  a  treat,  as  was  customary,  he 
gave  the  money  to  buy  books  for  schools. 

HART,  LUTHER  W.,  Dr.,  died  in  Marshall, 
Mich.,  Sept,  10,  1842,  aged  64.  A  native  of 
Berlin,  and  a  graduate  of  Williams  college,  he 
was  thirty  years  a  physician  in  Durham,  N.  Y. ; 
then,  as  a  pioneer,  he  removed  to  Marshall.  He 
was  a  scholar  and  a  patron  of  education ;  a  sup 
porter  of  the  institutions  of  the  gospel ;  a  man 
of  virtue  and  worth. 

HART,  RUTH,  widow  of  Gen.  Selah  II.,  died 
in  Kensington,  Conn.,  Jan.  15,  1844,  aged  101; 
a  woman  of  great  excellence.  She  gave  to  her 
own  Congregational  church  1000  dollars,  and  500 
dollars  to  Yale  college  for  a  scholarship  for  pious 
students. 

HART,  JOSEPH  C.,  died  in  Santa  Cruz  July  23, 
1855,  American  consul  at  S.  C. ;  author  of  Marian 
Coffin,  and  other  works. 

HARTWELL,  BENJAMIN,  Dr.,  died  April  17, 
1844,  aged  85,  in  Shirley ;  the  first  physician  set 
tled  in  the  town,  and  the  only  one  for  thirty-five 
years.  He  was  a  Revolutionary  pensioner. 

HARVARD,  JOHN,  the  founder  of  Harvard 
college,  died  in  Chaiiestown  Sept.  14,  1638,  aged 
about  30.  He  graduated  at  Emanuel  college  in 
Cambridge,  England,  in  1631,  and  was  received 
into  the  church  at  Charlestown  in  1637.  He  had 
been  a  minister  in  England,  and  he  preached 
a  short  time  in  Charlestown.  He  left  a  legacy 
of  779  pounds  to  the  school  at  Newton,  or  Cam 
bridge.  The  next  year  the  general  court  con 
stituted  it  a  college.  The  first  president  was 
Mr.  Dunster.  Precisely  one  hundred  and  ninety 
years  after  his  death  a  granite  monument  was 
erected  to  his  memory,  Sept.  26,  1828,  on  die  top 
of  the  burying-hill  in  Charlestown.  On  this  oc 
casion  Edward  Everett  delivered  an  address  to  a 
large  company,  including  the  officers  and  students 
of  the  college.  The  expense  was  provided  for  by 
the  payment  of  one  dollar  each  by  many  gradu 
ates.  The  monument  is  a  solid  obelisk,  fifteen 
feet  high,  four  feet  square  at  the  bottom,  two  at 
the  top,  weighing  twelve  or  thirteen  tons,  brought 
from  the  quarry  at  Quincy.  On  the  eastern  face 
is  the  name  of  Harvard  in  high  relief;  beneath  it 
is  an  inscription  in  English  on  a  white  marble 
tablet,  and  on  the  tablet  of  the  west  side,  looking 
tovv'ard  the  college,  an  inscription  in  Latin. — 
Magnalia,  iv.  126;  Everett's  Address;  Nisi. 
Coll.  I.  242;  Neal,  I.  199;  Holmes,  I.  247; 
Hutckinson,!.  90. 


HARVEY,  BENJAMIN,  died  at  Frankfort,  Her- 
kimer  Co.,  N.  Y.,  March  18,  1847,  aged  112 
years.  He  was  seventy  years  a  Baptist  minister  ; 
and  he  preached  only  a  short  time  before  his 
death.  His  voice  was  strong,  and  his  manner 
animated. 

HASEY,  ISAAC,  first  minister  of  Lebanon,  Me., 
died  in  1812,  aged  about  70.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1762,  and  was  settled  in  1765. 

HASKELL,  JONATHAN,  major,  died  at  Belpre 
in  Dec.,  1814,  aged  39.  He  was  born  in  Roches 
ter,  Mass.,  was  an  officer  in  the  army,  and  emi 
grated  to  Ohio  in  1788.  — Ilildrctli. 

HASKELL,  SAMUEL,  died  at  New  Rochclle 
Aug.  24,  1845,  aged  about  75.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1790,  and  was  the  oldest  Episcopal  min 
ister  in  the  State  of  New  York,  having  preached 
his  first  sermon  in  Trinity  church,  New  York, 
fifty  years  before  his  death.  He  was  a  soldier  in 
the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill. 

HASKELL,  DANIEL,  president  of  Burlington 
college,  Vt.,  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  9, 
1848,  aged  64.  Born  in  Preston,  Conn.,  he  was 
a  graduate  of  Yale  in  1802,  then  a  teacher  at 
Norwich.  He  had  a  good  pupil  in  Mrs.  Sigour- 
ney.  He  was  pastor  at  Middletown  and  Litch- 
field,  Conn., and  at  St.  Albans  and  Burlington,  Vt. 
He  was  then  from  1821  to  1824  the  president 
of  the  Vermont  university  ;  but  during  the  last 
ten  or  fifteen  years  of  his  life  he  resided  in 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  Dr.  Cox,  his  minister,  describes 
him  as  a  man  of  theological  erudition,  of  high 
attainments  in  science  and  literature,  of  deep  rev 
erence  toward  God,  and  of  great  strength  and 
soundness  of  mind,  with  one  exception,  that  he 
was  subject  to  a  strange  monomania.  He  imag 
ined  that  he  had  died  in  some  other  world,  in 
which  he  proved  a  rebel  against  God,  and  for  his 
rebellion  he  was  placed  in  his  present  abode  and 
was  no  longer  a  probationer  for  eternity.  Hence 
he  would  never  pray.  On  all  other  subjects  he 
was  sane,  learned,  and  instructive.  What  cause 
of  thankfulness  we  have  to  God  for  preserving 
our  faculties  unimpaired?  He  edited  McCul- 
loch's  geographical  dictionary.  He  published  a 
sermon  at  the  ordination  of  H.  S.  Johnson,  1814  ; 
of  R.  A.  Avery,  1824;  a  gazetteer  of  the  United 
States,  with  J.  C.  Smith,  1843  ;  a  chronology  of 
the  world,  1845.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

HASSELTINE,  JOHN,  deacon,  died  at  West 
Bradford  in  June,  1837,  aged  80,  — the  father  of 
Mrs.  Judson. 

HASSLER,  FERDINAND  R.,  director  of  the 
United  States  coast-survey,  died  in  Philadelphia 
Nov.  20,  1843,  aged  74.  A  native  of  Geneva,  he 
came  to  this  country  about  1810,  introduced  by 
Mr.  Gallatin,  and  was  superintendent  as  early  as 
1816.  His  high  attainments  as  a  mathematician 
and  man  of  science,  and  his  faithfulness  were 
universally  acknowledged.  His  survey  of  the 


HASTINGS. 


IIAVEN. 


419 


coast  commenced  in  1832.  He  was  succeeded 
by  Professor  Bache.  His  mathematical  and  as 
tronomical  writings  are  valuable,  especially  his 
papers  in  the  American  philosophical  transactions, 
relating  to  the  coast  survey. 

HASTINGS,  GEORGE,  died  at  Chatanooga,  in 
Tennessee,  whither  he  had  gone  on  account  of 
his  health,  Sept.  2,  1854.  He  was  late  pastor  of 
the  American  Protestant  chapel  in  the  city  of 
Home,  Italy.  When  past  speaking  he  wrote  with 
a  pencil,  —  "  The  peace  of  this  last  hour  of  suf 
fering  is  worth  a  life  of  great  privation  in  the 
gospel  ministry."  He  opened  his  eyes  in  assent, 
as  they  read  this  to  him,  and  then  closed  them  in 
death. 

HATCH,  ELISIIA,  died  in  Bristol,  Me.,  in  18-13, 
aged  100. 

HATCH,  NYMPHAS,  died  at  Leominster  in 
Aug.,  1850,  aged  79.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1797,  and  was  a  minister  at  Tisbury,  Martha's 
Vineyard,  from  1801  to  1820. 

HATCIICOCK,  THOMAS,  died  in  Richmond 
Co.,  N.  C.,  April  13,  1818,  aged  125.  He  left 
sons,  aged  93,  87,  and  1G. 

HATHORN,  WILLIAM,  died  at  Salem  after 
1651,  described  by  Johnson  as  "  a  godly  captain  of 
rhetorical  volubility  of  speech,  much  used  in  pub- 
He  service." 

HAVEN,  ELIAS,  minister  in  Wrentham,  Mass., 
died  in  1754,  aged  40.  He  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1733,  and  was  ordained  in  1738. 

HAVEN,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Ports 
mouth,  N.  II.,  died  March  3,  1806,  aged  78.  He 
was  born  in  Framingham,  Mass.,  Aug.  16,  1727, 
the  son  of  Joseph,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1749.  During  a  revival  of  religion  his 
mind  was  impressed  by  the  truths  of  God,  and 
he  was  a  great  admirer  of  the  preachers,  whose 
labors  appeared  to  be  blessed  by  the  Holy  Spirit. 
He  was  ordained  May  6,  1752.  His  first  wife 
was  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Appleton,  of  Cambridge. 
His  second  wife,  who  closed  his  eyes,  died  herself 
in  a  few  hours  afterwards.  They  were  both 
buried  at  the  same  time,  and  twelve  children  fol 
lowed  them  to  the  grave.  Dr.  Haven  possessed 
respectable  talents,  and  was  acquainted  with  va 
rious  departments  of  science.  His  mind  was 
rather  sprightly,  than  inclined  to  abstruse  re 
searches  and  deep  investigation.  Having  paid 
considerable  attention  to  the  study  of  physic,  his 
usefulness  was  thus  increased  among  his  people. 
In  his  theological  sentiments  he  was  moderately 
Calvinistic,  though  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he 
possessed  a  spirit  of  Catholicism  and  charity  so 
excessive,  as  led  him  privately  to  speculate  with 
]  )r.  Chauncy  on  the  sentiment  of  universal  resti 
tution.  But  he  never  proclaimed  this  sentiment 
from  the  pulpit,  and  he  declared  that  he  never 
meant  to  risk  his  salvation  on  that  ground.  He 
excelled  in  the  tender  and  sympathetic.  In 


scenes  of  affliction  and  sorrow  he  was  a  son  of 
consolation.  On  funeral  occasions,  for  variety, 
copiousness,  tenderness,  and  pertinency  of  ad 
dress  he  was  rarely  equalled  ;  and  he  was  often 
instrumental  in  awakening  the  careless  and  con- 
thc  unconvinced.  Bv  his  first  marriage 


to  Mchetabel  Appleton  he  had  eleven  children  ; 
by  his  second  he  had  six  children.  His  sons,  Sam 
uel,  Nathaniel  Appleton,  and  Charles  Chauncy, 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1772,  1779,  and  1804. 

He  published  the  following  sermons  :  at  the 
request  of  ministers  of  N.  II.,  1760;  on  the 
death  of  George  II.  and  the  accession  of  George 
III.,  1761 ;  on  the  conclusion  of  the  war  and  the 
declaration  of  peace,  1763  ;  at  the  ordination  of 
Jeremy  Belknap,  1767  ;  on  the  death  of  Henry 
Sherburne,  1767  ;  of  B.  Stevens,  1791 ;  the  ever- 
living  redeemer,  1768;  at  Cambridge,  1771;  at 
Medfield,  1771;  at  the  election,  1786;  on  the 
reasonableness  and  importance  of  practical  reli 
gion,  1794;  the  Dudleian  lecture,  1798;  after  the 
ordination  of  T.  Alden  as  his  colleague,  1800.  — 
Buckminstcr's  sermon  on  his  deatli ;  Sprague's 
Annals. 

HAVEN,  JASOX,  minister  of  Dedham,  Mass., 
died  May  17,  1803,  aged  70.  He  was  born  at 
Framingham  March  13,  1733,  the  son  of  Moses, 
and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1754. 
He  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  first  church  in 
Dedham  Feb.  5,  1756.  In  his  old  age,  his  im 
paired  health  rendering  a  colleague  necessary, 
Joshua  Bates  was  ordained  March  16, 1803.  He 
was  furnished  with  talents  for  the  acceptable  dis 
charge  of  the  various  duties  of  the  sacred  office. 
His  discourses  were  very  evangelical ;  he  was 
eminent  in  prayer  ;  and  his  appearance  and  man 
ners  uniformly  accorded  with  his  station.  Be 
sides  several  smaller  works,  he  published  the  fol 
lowing  sermons  :  on  the  thanksgiving,  1758  ;  at 
the  artillery  election,  1761  ;  at  a  private  meeting, 
1761 ;  at  the  ordination  of -Edward  Brooks,  1764  ; 
of  E.  Ward,  1771 ;  of  M.  Everett,  1774  ;  of  S. 
Palmer,  1792 ;  election  sermon,  1769 ;  on  the 
death  of  Hannah  Richards,  1770;  of  Samuel 
I)  unbar,  1783  ;  a  sermon  to  his  own  people  forty 
years  after  his  ordination,  Feb.  7,  1796.  —  Pren- 
tiss'  Sermon  on  his  death  ;  Sprague's  Annals. 

HAVEN,  NATHANIEL  APPLETOX,  editor  of  the 
Portsmouth  Journal,  died  of  the  scarlet  fever 
June  3,  1826,  aged  36.  He  was  the  grandson  of 
Dr.  S.  Haven  of  Portsmouth,  was  the  son  of 
Nathaniel  A.  II.,  who  was  a  member  of  congress 
in  1809,  and  died  March,  1831,  aged  69.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1807,  and  set 
tled  as  a  lawyer  at  Portsmouth.  His  wife,  the 
daughter  of  John  Haven,  survived  with  five  chil 
dren.  He  wrote  some  pieces  of  poetry,  and  many 
valuable  articles  for  the  Journal,  which  he  edited 
from  1821  to  1825.  lie  wrote  also  for  the  N.  A. 
Review.  He  was  a  member  of  one  of  the 


420 


HAVEN. 


churches  in  Portsmouth,  and  for  six  years  super 
intended  a  Sabbath  school.  His  remains,  with  a 
memoir  by  Gco.  Ticknor,  were  published,  1827.  — 
N.  II.  Hist.  Coll.  II.  229-235. 

HAVEN,  SAMUEL,  died  in  Roxbury  Sept.  1, 
1847,  aged  76.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1789,  and  was  a  judge  of  the  county  court,  and 
register  of  probate. 

HAVEN,  JOSEPH,  died  in  Amherst,  Mass., 
Oct.  15,  1851,  aged  65.  Born  in  Holden,  he  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  in  1810,  and  was  minister  of 
Dennis  from  1814  till  1826,  when  from  ill  health 
he  was  dismissed.  He  became  the  minister  of 
Billerica  in  1836,  but  in  five  or  six  years  was  con 
strained  by  the  state  of  his  health  to  terminate 
his  labors  as  a  pastor.  He  was  the  father  of 
Prof.  Haven,  of  Amherst. 

HAVILAND,  JOHN,  a  distinguished  architect, 
died  in  Philadelphia  March  28,  1852,  aged  60. 
The  tombs  by  him  constructed  were  praised  for 
their  execution. 

HAWES,  AYLETT,  Dr.,  died  in  Culpepper 
county,  Va.,  April,  1834.  He  liberated  one  hun 
dred  and  ten  slaves,  and  removed  them  to 
Liberia. 

HAWKINS,  JOHN,  an  Indian  chief,  sagamore 
of  Pennacook,  had  the  name  of  Kancamagus,  but 
the  English  called  him  Hawkins,  Hakins,  or 
Hogkins.  He  killed  Maj.  Waldron  and  his 
family.  By  Church  his  wife  was  taken  prisoner 
in  1690.  The  following  letter  to  the  governor  of 
New  Hampshire,  May  15,  1685,  is  a  specimen  of 
his  English  learning :  "  Honor  governor,  my 
friend,  —  You  my  friend  I  desire  your  worship 
and  your  power,  because  I  hope  you  can  do  som 
great  matters  this  one.  I  am  poor  and  naked 
and  I  have  no  men  at  my  place  because  I  afraid 
allwayes  Mohogs  he  will  kill  me  every  day  and 
night.  If  your  worship  when  please  pray  help  me 
you  no  let  Mohogs  kill  me  at  my  place  at  Mala- 
make  river  called  Paunkkog,  and  Nuttukkog,  ] 
will  submit  your  worship  and  your  power.  And 
now  I  want  pouder  and  such  alminishon,  shatt 
and  guns,  because  I  have  forth  at  my  horn  and  1 
plant  theare.  This  all  Indian  hand,  but  pray  you 
do  consider  your  humble  servant  JOHN  1IOG- 
KINS."  In  another  letter  he  said :  "  If  my  Indian 
he  do  you  long  pray  you  no  put  your  law  because 
som  my  Indians  fooll,  som  men  much  love  drunk 
then  he  no  know  what  he  do,  may  be  he  do  mis 
chief  when  he  drunk  if  so  pray  you  must  let  me 
know  what  be  done  because  I  will  ponis  him  what 
he  have  done."  He  called  himself  "  Indian  sog- 
mon."  —  Farmer's  Belknap,  I.  508. 

HAWKINS,  BENJAMIN,  colonel,  long  a  usefu 
agent  for  Indian  affairs,  died  at  the  Creek  agency 
in  May,  1816.  On  the  settlement  of  his  account; 
by  his  brother,  there  was  found  a  balance  due 
from  the  government  of  200,000  dollars.  His 


HAWLEY. 

larrative  of  the  Creeks  was  published  among  the 
mblic  documents  in  Dec.,  1801. 

HAWK  S,  JOHN,  an  officer  in  the  Indian  wars, 
lommanded  fort  Massachusetts  in  Hoosac,  when 
t  was  captured  in  1746.  After  his  return  from 
captivity  he  was  sent  with  a  flag  to  Canada,  to 
n'ocure  the  release  of  Samuel  Allen  of  Deerficld, 
of  Nathan  Blake  of  Kcenc,  and  of  others.  He  set 
out  in  Feb.,  1748.  It  Avas  with  reluctance,  that  Al- 
en,  who  had  resided  among  the  Indians  only  eigh- 
:ccn  months,  left  them  ;  nor  did  his  Indian  attach 
ments  cease  in  old,  age.  He  rose  to  the  rank  of 
lieut.-colonel,  in  the  war  of  1756. 

HAWLEY,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Ridgcficld, 
Conn.,  died  Nov.  8,  1738,  aged  about  50.  He 
was  born  in  Northampton,  Mass. ;  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1709;  was  ordained  in  1713,  and  was 
also  town  clerk  from  1714  till  his  death.  His 
daughter  married  Hev.  N.  Birdseye,  who  lived 
103  years. 

HAWLEY,  JOSEPH,  distinguished  as  a  states 
man  and  patriot,  died  March  10,  1788,  aged  64. 
He  was  born  in  Northampton,  Mass.,  and  was 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1742.  He  engaged 
in  the  practice  of  the  law  in  his  native  town.  In 
this  science  he  became  a  great  proficient,  and  was 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  counsellors  in  the 
province.  Among  his  other  studies  he  attained 
to  such  an  eminence  of  knowledge  in  political  his 
tory  and  the  principles  of  free  government,  that 
during  the  disputes  between  Great  Britain  and 
the  colonies,  he  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  ablest 
advocates  of  American  liberty.  His  integrity 
both  in  public  and  in  private  life  was  inflexible, 
and  was  not  even  questioned  by  his  political  op 
ponents.  He  was  repeatedly  elected  a  member 
of  the  council,  but  refused  in  every  instance  to 
accept  the  office,  as  he  preferred  a  seat  in  the 
house  of  representatives,  where  his  character  for 
disinterested  patriotism,  and  his  bold  and  manly 
eloquence  gave  him  an  ascendancy  which  has  sel 
dom  been  equalled.  He  was  first  elected  a  mem- 
of  the  legislature  1764.  In  the  latter  part  of 
1776,  Maj.  Hawlsy  was  afflicted  with  hypochon- 
driacal  disorders,  to  which  he  had  been  frequently 
subject  in  former  periods  of  his  life ;  and  after 
this  he  declined  public  business.  A  letter,  which 
he  wrote  in  1760,  preserved  in  the  life  of  Ed 
wards,  does  him  the  highest  honor,  for  it  proves 
him  not  incapable  of  humbling  himself  for  his 
failings.  He  had  been  active  in  effecting  the  re 
moval  of  Mr.  Edwards  from  Northampton,  and 
he  deplores  the  part  which  he  took  in  that  affair. 
HAWLEY,  GIDEON,  many  years  a  missionary 
to  the  Indians,  died  Oct.  3,  1807,  aged  80.  He 
was  born  at  Stratfield,  now  Bridgeport,  Conn., 
and  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1749.  He 
commenced  his  missionary  labors  in  Feb.,  1752, 
at  Stockbridge.  In  this  year  he  preached  at 


IIAWLEY. 


HAYES. 


421 


Pittsfield  the  first  sermon  ever  preached  there, 
in  the  bark-covered  house  of  Mr.  Willard.  In 
September  he  made  an  excursion  to  Schoharic, 
in  the  country  of  the  Mohawk  Indians,  and  after 
his  return  to  Stockbridgc,  he  opened  his  school 
again  at  the  beginning  of  winter  under  the  patron 
age  of  Mr.  Edwards.  Here  he  was  the  instruc 
tor  of  the  children  of  a  number  of  Mohawk, 
Oncida,  and  Tuscarora  families,  and  preached  to 
them  on  the  Sabbath.  It  being  determined  by 
the  commissioners  for  Indian  affairs  in  Boston,  to 
establish  a  mission  in  the  country  of  the  Iroquois, 
or  Indians  of  the  Six  Nations,  he  engaged  in  the 
plan.  In  May,  1753,  he  commenced  his  journey 
towards  the  wilderness,  accompanied  by  Timothy 
Woodbridge,  a  gentleman  of  abilities,  and  of 
great  influence  among  the  Indians.  Having 
visited  Sir  William  Johnson  at  his  seat  upon  the 
Mohawk  river,  and  secured  his  patronage,  they 
proceeded  toward  the  head  of  the  Susquehannah, 
adoring  every  night  and  morning  that  kind  Provi 
dence,  which  attended  and  preserved  them  in  the 
recesses  of  the  forest.  On  the  fourth  of  June 
they  reached  the  place  of  their  destination,  Ou- 
ohoghgwage,  or,  as  it  is  sometimes  called,  Otigh- 
quauga,  upon  the  Susquehannah  river.  Here  an 
interview  was  held  with  the  Indians,  who  gave 
them  a  good  reception.  July  31,  1754,  Mr.  Haw- 
ley  was  ordained  at  Boston,  that  his  usefulness 
might  be  increased  by  being  authorized  to  admin 
ister  the  ordinances  of  the  gospel.  He  soon  re 
turned  to  Onohoghgwage,  and  was  there  till 
May,  1756,  when  the  French  war  obliged  him  to 
withdraw  from  that  country.  He  went  to  Boston 
in  June,  and,  entering  as  chaplain  in  the  regi 
ment  of  Col.  Gridley,  he  soon  joined  the  army 
above  Albany,  which  was  destined  against  Crown 
Point.  After  the  campaign  he  made  an  attempt 
to  return  to  the  place  of  his  mission,  but  was  de 
terred  by  the  dangers  of  the  enterprise.  A 
church  was  established  here  by  Dr.  Forbes  in 
1762.  In  December,  Mr.  Hawley  went  to  Stock- 
bridge,  where  he  spent  the  winter.  In  1757  the 
commissioners  of  the  society  for  propagating  the 
gospel  persuaded  him  to  visit  the  tribe  of  Indians 
at  Marshpee,  whose  pastor,  Mr.  Briant,  had  been 
dismissed,  and  who  were  dissatisfied  with  the 
labors  of  Mr.  Smith.  Here  he  was  installed 
April  10,  1758,  and  passed  the  remainder  of  his 
life,  being  occupied  in  this  place  more  than  half  a 
century  in  benevolent  exertions  to  enlighten  the 
darkened  mind,  and  to  promote  the  salvation  of 
his  Indian  brethren.  In  his  last  sickness  he  ob 
served  :  "  I  have  hope  of  acceptance  with  God, 
but  it  is  founded  wholly  on  free  and  sovereign 
grace,  and  not  at  all  on  my  own  works.  It  is 
true,  my  labors  have  been  many ;  but  they  have 
been  so  very  imperfect,  attended  with  so  great  a 
want  of  charity  and  humility,  that  I  have  no  hope 
in  them  as  the  ground  of  my  acceptance."  An 


extensive  correspondence  Avas  the  source  of  much 
satisfaction  to  him.  As  a  missionary  he  was 
peculiarly  well  qualified,  for  there  was  a  dignity 
in  his  manner  and  an  authority  in  his  voice 
which  had  great  influence  with  the  Indians.  He 
published  in  the  collections  of  the  historical  so 
ciety  biographical  and  topographical  anecdotes 
respecting  Sandwich  and  Marshpee,  and  an  inter 
esting  letter,  giving  a  narrative  of  his  journey  to 
Onohoghgwage.  — Fanoplist,  III.  431;  Hist. 
Coll.  ill.  188-193 ;  IV.  50-67 ;  Sprayue's  An 
nals. 

HAWLEY,  JAMES,  son  of  Rev.  Gideon  II., 
minister  of  Pembroke,  Mass.,  died  in  early  life, 
Oct.  8,  1800,  aged  27.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1792  ;  was  a  tutor  there  in  1797-98, 
and  ordained  in  May,  1798.  President  Dwight 
was  at  his  father's  house  when  the  son  was  there 
on  his  dying  bed.  —  Dwiylifs  Travels,  vol.  II. ; 
Sprayue's  Annals. 

HAAVLEY,  STEPHEN,  first  minister  of  Bethany, 
in  Woodbury,  Conn.,  died  in  1804,  aged  about  65. 
lie  graduated  at  Yale  in  1759,  and  was  settled  in 
1762. 

HAWLEY,  RUFUS,  Rev.,  died  at  Farmington, 
Conn.,  in  Jan.,  1826,  aged  85.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1767. 

IIAWLEY,  WILLIAM  AGUR,  minister  of  Plain- 
field,  Mass.,  died  May  20,  1854,  aged  66.  He 
was  born  in  Huntington,  Conn.,  and  graduated  at 
Williams  college  in  1815.  He  studied  theology 
with  Dr.  Catlin,  and  was  ordained  at  Hinsdale  in 
July,  1817.  Dismissed  in  1841,  he  was  in  the 
same  year  installed  at  Plainfield,  and  dismissed 
in  1847.  He  died  in  peace  at  the  house  of  his 
son-in-law,  Braincrd  Smith,  in  Sundcrland.  He 
was  a  faithful  and  useful  and  successful  preacher 
and  pastor. 

HAY,  GEORGE,  judge  of  the  United  States 
court  for  the  eastern  district  of  Virginia,  was  for 
many  years  attorney  of  the  United  States,  in 
which  capacity  he  was  the  prosecutor  of  Aaron 
Burr.  As  a  Virginia  legislator  he  was  distin 
guished.  On  his  return  from  the  Springs,  whither 
he  was  induced  to  repair  by  ill  health,  he  died  in 
Albemarle  county  Sept.  18,  1830.  His  wife  was 
the  daughter  of  President  Monroe.  His  political 
writings,  signed  "  Ilortensius,"  gave  him  some 
celebrity.  He  wrote  also  a  treatise  against  the 
usury  laws;  the  life  of  John  Thompson;  and  a 
treatise  on  emigration,  1814,  of  which  a  review 
was  ascribed  to  J.  Lowell. 

HAYES,  JOEL,  minister  of  South  Iladlcy, 
Mass.,  died  July  29,  1827,  aged  74,  having  been 
pastor  forty-five  years.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1773.  His  predecessors  were  Grindall  Rawson 
and  John  Woodbridge. 

HAYES,  AViLLiAM  A.,  judge,  died  of  a  disease 
of  the  heart  in  South  Berwick,  Me.,  April  15, 
1851,  aged  67.  Born  in  North  Yarmouth,  he 


422 


HAYNE. 


graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1805,  and  for  a  year 
taught  Moor's  school.  For  forty  years  he  prac 
tised  law  in  Berwick.  He  was  judge  of  probate. 
HAYNE,  ISAAC,  a  patriot  of  the  llevolution, 
died  Aug.  4,  1781.  He  was  a  native  of  South 
Carolina.  In  the  beginning  of  the  war  he  lived 
on  his  plantation,  with  an  ample  fortune ;  yet  he 
served  as  a  captain  of  artillery,  being  also  a  sen 
ator  in  the  legislature.  Disgusted  with  the  pro 
motion  of  a  younger  officer  over  him,  he  resigned 
his  commission  and  served  as  a  private  soldier  at 
the  siege  of  Charleston.  At  its  capitulation  May 
12,  1780,  he  was  taken  prisoner,  but  was  allowed 
to  return  home  on  parole,  under  an  engagement 
not  to  bear  arms.  In  1781  he  was  required  by 
the  British  commander  to  bear  arms  or  to  return 
to  Charleston;  he  refused  to  do  cither,  but  at 
length  was  induced  to  repair  to  the  city  on  the 
assurance  of  being  allowed  to  return  when  he 
should  engage  to  demean  himself  as  a  British 
subject  so  long  as  a  British  army  occupied  the 
country.  At  Charleston  he  was  threatened  with 
close  confinement,  unless  he  subscribed  a  declara 
tion  of  his  allegiance  to  the  British  king,  with  an 
engagement  to  bear  arms  in  support  of  the  royal 
government.  He  subscribed  the  declaration,  but 
expressly  objected  to  the  clause  requiring  him  to 
bear  arms,  and  was  assured  that  this  would  not 
be  required.  Thus  he  was  able  to  return  to  his 
family,  sick  with  the  small  pox.  One  of  his  chil 
dren  was  dead,  and  his  wife  soon  expired.  After 
a  time  he  was  summoned  to  repair  to  the  British 
standard,  in  disregard  of  the  assurance  he  had 
received.  Deeming  himself,  in  consequence,  ab 
solved  from  his  engagement,  he  joined  the  Amer 
ican  army  in  command  of  a  regiment,  and  in  July, 
1781,  sent  out  a  detachment,  which  captured  Gen. 
Williamson.  For  his  recovery  the  whole  British 
cavalry  was  ordered  out,  and  Col.  Hayne  fell  into 
their  hands.  He  was  thrown  into  prison  in 
Charleston,  and  soon  ordered  by  Lord  llawdon 
and  Col.  Balfour  to  be  hanged  for  taking  arms 
against  the  British  government,  after  he  had  be 
come  a  subject.  The  sentence,  notwithstanding 
various  petitions  and  the  entreaties  of  his  chil 
dren  on  their  knees,  was  executed.  On  the 
morning  of  his  execution  he  delivered  to  his  son 
of  thirteen  years  some  papers  to  be  sent  to  con 
gress,  and  added,  "  Go,  then,  to  the  place  of 
my  execution,  and  receive  my  body."  Thus  fell, 
in  the  bloom  of  life,  a  brave  officer  and  good  cit 
izen.  Gen.  Greene  issued  a  proclamation  Aug. 
20th,  saying  he  should  make  reprisals.  Lord 
liawdon's  pamphlet  in  justification  of  his  conduct 
was  examined  in  the  first  number  of  the  Southern 
Review.  The  minute  history  of  this  affair,  given 
by  Lee,  particularly  the  letter  of  Col.  Hayne  to 
Lord  llawdon  and  Col.  Balfour,  cannot  fail  to 
awaken  strong  feelings  of  indignation  at  the  con 
duct  of  those  officers  who  ordered  his  execution. 


HAYNES. 

Col.  Hayne  was  not  a  spy,  who  might  be  forthwith 
executed.  He  was  either  a  prisoner  of  war  or  a 
British  subject.  If  a  prisoner  of  war,  he  could 
not  be  executed  for  his  lawful  conduct  in  the  ex 
ercise  of  arms;  if  a  British  subject,  he  had  a 
right  to  a  formal  trial.  The  court  of  inquiry  was 
not  a  court  of  trial.  Besides,  as  he  returned  to 
his  home  in  the  character  of  a  British  subject, 
when  the  country  west  of  the  Edisto,  in  which  he 
lived,  fell  under  the  protection  of  the  American 
arms,  he  could  no  longer  be  considered  as  a  Brit 
ish  subject.  The  effect  of  his  execution  was  .to 
sharpen  by  pity  and  revenge  the  swords  of  the 
Americans.  —  Lee's  Memoirs,  II.  252-274;  Earn- 
say,  I.  453-400;  Remembrancer  for  1782,  p.  121. 

HAYNE,  ROBERT  Y.,  major-general,  died 
Sept.  24,  1839,  aged  47.  He  was  born  near 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  Nov.  10,  1791.  His  early  ad 
vantages  were  limited  to  a  school  education.  He 
studied  law  with  Langdon  Cheves,  and  soon  took 
a  high  rank  as  a  lawyer.  In  1814  he  was  in  the 
legislature  ;  in  1818  he  was  speaker  ;  and  he  was 
a  senator  of  the  United  States  from  1822  to  1832. 
In  the  "  Union  and  State  rights  convention,"  as 
chairman  of  the  committee  in  1832  he  reported 
the  ordinance  of  nullification.  He  was  governor 
from  1832  to  1834,  and  in  1837  was  chosen  pres 
ident  of  the  Charleston,  etc.,  railroad  company. 
He  died  at  Asheville,  N.  C.  He  was  clear  in 
judgment,  fluent  in  speech,  and  endowed  with  a 
persuasive  eloquence.  Few  men  enjoyed  a  higher 
degree  of  public  confidence ;  and  he  was  of  spot 
less  integrity  in  private  life.  His  debate  with 
Mr.  Webster  in  the  senate  in  1830  gave  impres 
sion  of  his  talents. 

HAYNES,  JOHN,  governor  of  Massachusetts 
and  of  Connecticut,  died  March  1,  1654.  He  was 
a  native  of  Essex,  in  England,  and  arrived  at 
Boston  in  company  with  Mr.  Hooker  in  1033. 
He  was  soon  chosen  an  assistant,  and  in  1G35  gov 
ernor.  The  next  year  he  was  succeeded  by  Mr. 
Vane.  In  1636  he  removed  to  Connecticut,  of 
which  colony  he  was  one  of  the  principal  founders. 
He  was  elected  its  first  governor  in  April,  1639, 
and  was  replaced  in  this  office  every  second  year, 
which  was  as  often  as  the  constitution  would  per 
mit,  till  his  death.  He  was  distinguished  for  his 
abilities,  prudence,  piety,  and  public  spirit,  being 
considered  as  in  no  respect  inferior  to  Governor 
Winthrop.  His  estate  and  talents  were  devoted 
to  the  interests  of  the  colony  of  Connecticut.  He 
paid  strict  attention  to  family  worship,  and  the 
religious  instruction  of  his  children.  His  son, 
Joseph  Haynes,  was  the  minister  of  the  first 
church  in  Hartford ;  but  the  name  is  not  new 
borne  up  by  his  descendants.  Joseph's  daughter, 
Sarah,  married  licv.  Mr.  Picrpont,  of  New  Haven, 
and  died  young,  leaving  a  daughter,  Abigail,  who 
married  Itev.  Joseph  Noyes.  The  governor's  son, 
John,  lived  also  in  Hartford,  and  his  daughter 


IIAYNES. 


HEATH. 


423 


Mary  married,  1.  E.  Lord ;  2.  Capt.  Roswell  Sal- 
tonstall ;  3.  President  Clap.  Her  daughter,  Mary 
Saltonstall,  married  Col.  Whiting,  of  New  Haven, 
in  1769,  or  before.  Gov.  Haynes'  daughter  Ruth 
married  Samuel  Wyllis,  of  Hartford,  and  Mabel 
married  James  Russell,  of  Charlestons,  Mass. — 
TrumbulCs  Connecticut,  I.  34,  223,  224;  Mag 
nolia,  II.  17  ;  Hutchinson,  I.  34, 43,  53 ;  Holmes. 
HAYXES,  LEMUEL,  a  colored  and  faithful  and 
useful  minister,  died  Sept.  28,  1833,  aged  79,  at 
Granville,  N.  Y. .  He  was  born  at  Granville, 
Mass.,  and  was  brought  up  by  Deacon  D.  Rose. 
He  pursued  his  studies  by  the  light  of  pine  knots. 
After  preaching  five  years  in  Granville,  Mass.,  and 
three  in  Torringford,  he  was  for  many  years  the 
much  respected  Congregational  minister  of  West 
Rutland,  Vt. ;  afterwards  he  preached  three  or 
four  years  in  Manchester  and  eleven  in  Granville, 
N.  Y.  His  wife  was  a  white  woman.  After 
hearing  Mr.  Ballou,  the  Universalist,  preach,  he 
followed  him  with  his  famous,  unequalled  sermon 
on  the  words  of  Satan,  "  Thou  shalt  not  surely 
die,"  which  has  been  widely  read.  Being  once 
introduced  to  a  Universalist  preacher,  he  took  him 
by  the  hand,  saying,  "Well,  you  are  the  per 
son  who  preaches  that  a  man  may  He,  steal,  and 
murder,  and  after  all  go  to  heaven  ;  are  you  not  ?  " 
"  No,"  replied  he,  "  I  preach  no  such  thing." 
"  But  you  believe  so,  do  you  not  ?  "  was  the  final 
question.  When  the  young  men  of  another  par 
ish  rallied  his  friends  on  their  having  a  "  colored 
minister,"  the  reply  was : 

"  His  soul  is  pure, 
All  white!    Snow  white!" 

He  published,  besides  his  famous  sermon,  one 
at  the  ordination  of  R.  Parmelee,  1791.  Dr.  Coo- 
ley  published  his  memoirs.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

HAYS,  JACOB,  died  in  New  York  June  21, 1850, 
aged  79 ;  high  constable  for  nearly  fifty  years.  As 
a  detector  of  rogues  he  had  unparalleled  skill  and 
success.  Such  was  his  memory  of  persons,  that  he 
never  forgot  one  on  whom  he  fixed  his  attention. 

HAY  WARD,  LEMUEL,  M.  D.,  physician  in  Bos 
ton,  died  March  20,  1821,  aged  72.  He  was  born 
in  Braintree,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1708.  lie  was  a  fellow  student  with  Eustis,  under 
Warren.  He  commenced  the  practice  at  Jamaica 
Plain  ;  was  appointed  surgeon  in  the  general  hos 
pital  of  the  army  in  1775;  and  removed  in  1783 
to  Boston.  He  was  an  excellent  physician,  and 
from  early  life  a  professor  of  the  Christian  reli 
gion. —  Thachcr's  Medical  Biography. 

HAYWARD,  NATHAN,  Dr.,  died  at  Plymouth, 
Mass.,  June  16,  1848,  aged  84;  long  an  active 
physician. 

HAYWOOD,  HENRY,  a  minister  in  South  Car 
olina,  arrived  in  Charleston  from  England  in 
1739,  from  which  time  till  his  death,  in  1755,  he 
was  minister  to  the  Socinian  Baptists  in  that  city. 
lie  translated  into  English  Dr.  Whitby's  treatise 


on  original  sin,  and  had  prepared  for  the  press  a 
large  volume  in  defence  of  Dr.  Whitby  against 
Dr.  Gill,  and  also  a  catechism.  —  Miller,  n.  365. 

HAZARD,  EBENEZER,  postmaster-general  of 
the  United  States,  was  a  native  of  Philadelphia, 
and  graduated  at  Princeton  college  in  1762.  In 
1782  he  succeeded  Mr.  Bache  as  postmaster,  and 
continued  in  office  until  the  adoption  of  the  con 
stitution  in  1789.  He  died  June  13,  1817,  aged 
72.  His  daughter  married  Ebenezer  Rockwood, 
of  Boston.  He  published  a  valuable  work  in  ref 
erence  to  American  history,  which  is  often  quoted, 
namely  :  Historical  collections,  2  vols.,  4to.,  1792, 
1794;  also,  remarks  on  a  report  concerning  the 
western  Indians,  in  2  historical  collections,  iv. 

HAZARD,  ENOCH,  Dr.,  died  at  Newport  May 
7,  1844,  aged  72.  For  more  than  forty  years  he 
attended  to  his  profession  with  faculties  unim 
paired. 

HAZEN,  MOSES,  brigadier-general,  a  soldier 
of  the  Revolution,  commanded  a  corps,  called 
"congress'  own  regiment."  He  died  at  Troy, 
N.  Y.,  Jan.  30,  1802,  aged  69. 

1IEALY,  JOHN,  died  at  Baltimore  June  19, 
1848,  aged  83,  for  fifty  years  the  minister  of  the 
first  Baptist  church  in  B.,  and  the  originator  of 
the  first  Sunday  school  in  the  United  States. 

HEARD,  JOHN,  died  at  Ipswich  Aug.  11, 
1834,  aged  90,  a  man  of  benevolence  and  eminent 
piety,  a  senator,  and  one  of  the  electors  of  presi 
dent. 

HEATH,  WILLIAM,  major-general  in  the  army 
of  the  Revolution,  died  at  Roxbury,  Mass.,  Jan. 
24,  1814,  aged  77.  He  was  born  March  2,  1737, 
at  Roxbury,  of  which  town  one  of  his  ancestors 
was  a  settler  in  1636,  and  was  bred  a  farmer.  In 
1775  he  was  appointed  provincial  brigadier,  and 
also  brigadier  of  the  United  States,  June  22,  and 
Aug  9,  1776.  major-general.  When  the  army  re 
moved  to  New  York,  he  commanded  near  King's 
bridge.  In  1777  he  was  intrusted  with  the  com 
mand  of  the  eastern  department  near  Boston,  and 
the  prisoners  of  Saratoga  fell  under  his  care.  In 
June,  1779,  he  returned  to  the  main  army,  and 
commanded  the  troops  on  the  Hudson,  and  in 
that  station,  for  the  most  part,  he  remained  until 
the  close  of  the  war.  In  1793  he  was  appointed 
judge  of  probate  for  the  county  of  Norfolk.  He 
was  several  times  one  of  the  electors  of  president. 
He  pubh'shed  memoirs  of  Maj-Gen.  Heath,  con 
taining  anecdotes,  details  of  skirmishes,  battles, 
etc.,  during  the  American  war,  8vo.,  1798.  Not 
withstanding  the  indications  of  an  excusable 
vanity  and  simplicity,  it  exhibits  him  as  an  honest, 
faithful  patriot,  and  presents  many  interesting 
occurrences  of  the  war.  He  says  of  himself, 
"  he  is  of  middling  stature,  light  complexion, 
very  corpulent,  and  bald-headed."  He  was  the 
last  surviving  maj. -general  of  the  Avar.  —  HcallCs 
Memoirs. 


IIEBARD. 


HENDREN. 


HEBARD,  STORY,  teacher  of  the  mission  sem 
inary  at  Beyroot,  died  at  Malta  in  June,  1841, 
aged  38.  His  health  had  been  poor  for  a  year : 
he  was  on  his  way  to  England.  Born  in  Leb 
anon,  N.  II.,  he  graduated  at  Amherst  college 
in  1828,  and  at  Andover  seminary  in  1834,  and 
embarked  for  his  field  of  labor  Dec.  3,  1835. 

HEBARD,  REBECCA,  missionary,  wife  of  Story 
Hebard,  died  at  Beyroot,  Feb.,  1840.  Her  name 
was  Rebecca  W.  Williams,  of  East  Hartford. 
She  embarked  for  B.  in  1835,  and  was  married  in 
1836.  The  scenes  of  her  death-bed  were  strik 
ing, —  her  exhortation  to  the  Bishops  Carabet 
and  Jacob  Aga,  and  their  prayer  for  her;  and 
her  address  of  half  an  hour  to  the  boys  of  the 
seminary,  pointing  them  to  the  Lamb  of  God, 
directing  their  weeping  eyes  to  the  mansions  of 
glory,  she  was  about  to  enter. 

HECKEWELDER,  JOHN,  a  Moravian  mission 
ary,  died  at  Bethlehem,  Penn.,  Jan.  21,  1823, 
aged  nearly  80.  He  was  born  in  Bedford,  Eng 
land,  March  12,  1743,  and  came  with  his  father  to 
Pennsylvania  in  1754.  He  was  bred  a  cooper 
and  joiner.  In  1771  he  commenced  his  benevo 
lent  labors  amongst  the  Indians,  and  was  devoted 
to  their  instruction  for  many  years,  amidst  many 
perils  and  hardships.  Such  men,  and  not  blood 
stained  warriors,  are  deserving  of  honor,  though 
they  seek  it  not.  In  1786  he  returned  to  Beth 
lehem.  As  he  had  acquired  a  perfect  knowledge 
of  the  Delaware  language,  and  was  well  acquainted 
with  Indian  affairs,  he  was  repeatedly  requested 
by  Washington  to  accompany  missions  to  the  In 
dians  for  pacific  purposes.  In  1797  he  went  to 
Ohio  in  order  to  superintend  the  remnants  of  his 
Indian  congregation,  to  whom  congress  had 
granted  lands  on  the  Muskingum.  In  1810  he 
returned  to  Bethlehem.  Dr.  Wistar  persuaded 
him  to  communicate  to  the  world  the  result  of 
his  observations.  He  published  correspondence 
with  Mr.  Du  Ponceau  concerning  the  languages 
of  the  Indians,  1819;  account  of  the  history, 
manners,  etc.,  of  the  Indian  nations,  etc.,  in  tran 
sact,  of  hist,  committee  of  American  phil.  soc., 
vol.  I.;  this  was  translated  into  French,  1822  ;  com 
munications  on  the  .same  subjects,  1822;  some 
papers  for  Barton's  med.  journal;  a  paper  on  the 
bird  Nine-Killer,  and  the  big  naked  bear,  Ameri 
can  phil.  tr.  vol.  iv.;  on  the  beaver,  vol.  VI.;  narra 
tive  of  the  missions  among  the  Delaware  and 
Mohegan  Indians,  1821 ;  words  and  dialogues  of 
Delaware  Indians  in  Philadelphia  historical  trans., 
vol.  I.  He  wrote  also  books  and  pamphlets  in 
the  German  language,  and  left  many  manuscripts. 
—  Encyc.  Amer. 

HEDDING,  ELIJAH,  D.  D.,  a  Methodist 
bishop,  died  April  9,  1852,  at  Poughkeepsie,  aged 
72.  lie  was  the  respected  senior  of  the  five 
Methodist  bishops. 

HEDGE,  LEVI,  LL.  D.,  died  at  Cambridge  in 


1854,  aged  about  74.  A  graduate  of  1792,  he  was 
a  tutor  and  professor  at  Harvard  thirty-seven 
years ;  professor  of  logic  and  metaphysics  from 
1810  to  1827,  and  Alford  professor  of  theol 
ogy  from  1827  to  1832.  He  published  elements 
of  logic,  1816  ;  eulogy  on  Joseph  McKean,  1818; 
Brown's  philosophy  abridged,  2  vols.,  1827. 

IIEIIL,  MATTHEW,  bishop  of  the  church  of  the 
United  Brethren,  died  in  Lancaster,  Pa.,  in  1787, 
aged  82. 

HEISTER,  JOSEPH,  general  and  governor, 
died  at  Reading,  Pa.,  June  10,  1832,  aged  81. 
He  was  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution. 

HELYER,  JONATHAN,  minister  of  Newport, 
R.  I.,  died  May  27,  1745,  aged  about  27.  Born 
in  Boston,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1738,  and 
was  ordained  as  colleague  to  T.  Clap,  June  20, 
1744.  He  was  a  man  of  great  worth  and  high 
promise.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

HEMINGWAY,  JACOB,  first  minister  of  East 
Haven,  Conn.,  died  in  1754,  aged  about  70.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1704,  was  settled  in  1711, 
and  was  succeeded  by  N.  Street.  He  published 
the  election  sermon,  1740. 

HEMMENWAY,  PHINEAS,  minister  of  Town- 
send,  Mass.,  died  May  20,  1760,  aged  55.  A 
brother  of  Ralph  II.,  of  Framingham,  he  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1730,  and  was  ordained 
in  1734.  M.  Hemmenway,  D.  D.,  was  bis 
nephew.  —  Sprat/tie's  Annals. 

HEMMENWAY,  MOSES,  D.  D.,  minister  of 
Wells,  Me.,  a  descendant  of  Ralph  II.,  who  lived 
in  1034  at  Roxbury,  was  born  in  Framingham, 
and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1755  ;  was 
ordained  Aug.  8,  1759;  and  died  April  5,  1811, 
aged  about  76,  having  been  a  minister  fifty-one 
years.  His  wife,  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Jefi'erds, 
one  of  his  predecessors,  died  Nov.,  1824,  aged 
84.  He  was  a  faithful  preacher  and  a  learned  the 
ologian.  His  controversies  were  conducted  with 
fairness  and  candor.  He  published  seven  ser 
mons  on  the  obligation  of  the  unregeneratc  to 
strive  for  eternal  life,  1767;  a  pamphlet  on  the 
same  subject,  against  Dr.  Hopkins,  pp.  127, 
1772 ;  remarks  on  Hopkins'  answer,  pp.  166, 
1774;  on  baptism,  1781;  at  the  election,  1784; 
discourse  concerning  the  church,  1792  ;  at  the 
ordination  of  M.  Calef,  1795.  —  Oreenleafs 
Sketches,  app.  4-9  ;  Spr  ague's  Annals. 

HENCHMAN,  NATHANIEL,  minister  of  Lynn, 
Mass.,  died  Dec.  23,  1761,  aged  about  63.  Born 
in  Boston,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1717,  and 
was  ordained  in  1721.  He  published  sermon  on 
the  death  of  John  Burrill,  1721;  at  the  ordina 
tion  of  J.  Varney,  1733  ;  reasons  for  not  admit 
ting  Mr.  Whitcfield  into  his  pulpit,  1745  ;  letter 
to  Mr.  Hobby  concerning  Mr.  Whitefield. 

HENDREN,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  an  aged  minister  of 
Churchville,  Va.,  died  in  Nov.,  1856,  during  a 
session  of  the  Synod,  of  Avhich  he  was  a  member. 


HENDRICK. 


HENRY. 


425 


To  his  brethren,  as  he  was  about  to  die,  he  sent  a 
most  touching  message.  He  was  highly  respected. 

HENDRICK,  a  Mohawk  chief,  was  the  son  of 
a  Mohegan  chief,  called  the  Wolf,  by  a  Mohawk 
woman.  He  married  Hunnis,  daughter  of  a  Mo 
hawk  chief.  He  was  consulted  in  1751,  by  the 
commissioners  of  Massachusetts,  on  the  project 
of  removing  the  Mohawks  to  Stockbridge,  to  be 
instructed  by  Mr.  Edwards.  There  were  then 
about  thirteen  chiefs  of  the  tribe  of  the  Caunee- 
yenkees  or  proper  Mohawks ;  seven  living  at 
Caunaujohhaury,  and  six  at  Tewauntaurogo.  The 
other  tribes  were  the  Oneiyutas,  of  which  the  vil 
lage  Onohquauga  was  two  hundred  miles  from 
Albany,  the  Tuscaroroes,  the  Quiuquuhs,  the 
Onoontaugas,  the  Chonuntoowaunees  or  Senecas, 
the  three  last  being  chiefly  in  the  French  interest. 
He  attended  the  congress  at  Albany  for  a  treaty 
with  the  Six  Nations  in  June,  1754.  In  the  next 
year  he  joined  Sir  AVilliam  Johnson  with  a  body 
of  two  hundred  Mohawks  and  marched  to  meet 
Baron  Dieskau.  When  it  was  ascertained  that 
the  enemy,  after  marching  from  the  South  Bay 
to  the  Hudson,  four  miles  from  fort  Edward,  were 
now  advancing  to  attack  Johnson  at  fort  Wm. 
Henry  or  fort  George,  a  council  of  war  was  called 
Sept.  8.  It  was  proposed  to  send  a  detachment 
to  meet  the  enemy ;  when  the  number  was  men 
tioned  to  Hendrick,  he  replied :  "  If  they  are  to 
fight,  they  are  too  few ;  if  they  are  to  be  killed, 
they  are  too  many."  When  it  was  proposed  to 
send  out  the  detachment  in  three  parties,  Hen 
drick  took  three  sticks,  and  said :  "  Put  these  to 
gether,  and  you  can't  break  them  ;  take  them  one 
by  one,  and  you  will  break  them  easily."  From 
respect  to  his  judgment,  twelve  hundred  men 
were  sent  out,  commanded  by  Col.  Williams. 
At  Rocky  Brook,  four  miles  from  fort  George, 
they  fell  into  an  ambuscade,  because  Hendrick 
had  been  too  late  sent  out  as  a  flank  guard ;  and 
in  the  action  the  old  and  valiant  warrior  and 
faithful  friend  of  the  English  was  mortally 
wounded.  —  Holmes,  H.  63 ;  Dwiglit,  ill.  363  ; 
Manic,  35,  37. 

HENDRICKS,  WILLIAM,  governor  of  Indiana, 
died  in  Madison  May  16,  1850,  aged  67.  He 
was  the  first  representative  of  the  State  in  con 
gress,  governor  from  1822  to  1825,  and  senator 
of  the  United  States.  He  had  a  strong  mind 
and  strong  attachments ;  he  had  long  been  a  pro 
fessor  of  religion. 

1IENLNG,  WILLIAM,  presiding  judge  of  the 
court  of  appeals  of  Virginia,  died  at  his  seat  in 
Chesterfield,  Va.,  in  Feb.,  1824,  aged  89.  He 
was  a  Revolutionary  patriot  and  an  upright  judge. 

HENING,  WILLIAM  WALKER,  clerk  of  the 
chancery  court  for  the  Richmond  district,  Va., 
died  March  31,  1828.  With  great  industry  and 
research  he  collected  the  statutes  of  Virginia 
do  mi  to  1792.  He  published  the  New  Virginia 
54 


justice,  called  Hening's  justice,  3d  ed.,  1820 ; 
statutes  at  large,  being  a  collection  of  all  the  laws 
of  Virginia  from  the  first  session  in  1619,  13  vols., 
8vo.,  1823 ;  and  with  Wm.  Munford,  reports  in 
the  supreme  court  of  appeals,  4  vols.,  1809-1811. 
He  was  also  the  editor  of  Francis'  maxims  of 
equity. 

HENNEPIN,  Louis,  a  French  missionary, 
was  born  in  1640  ;  embarked  for  Quebec  in  1675  ; 
and  during  six  or  seven  years  explored  Canada 
and  Louisiana.  In  1680  he  was  taken  prisoner 
one  hundred  and  fifty  leagues  from  the  mouth  of 
the  Illinois,  and  carried  in  to  the  country  of  the 
Naudowessies  and  Issati.  He  gave  the  name  of 
the  falls  of  St.  Anthony,  and  the  river  St.  Fran 
cis.  He  published  description  de  la  Louisiane, 
12mo.,  1683 ;  the  same  in  Dutch,  1688 ;  new 
discovery  of  a  vast  country  in  America,  with  a  con 
tinuation,  London,  1698 ;  Nouveau  voyage  dans 
1'Amerique,  Sept.,  12mo.,  1711  et  1720.  —  School- 
craffs  Trav.  Intr. 

HENRY,  PATRICK,  governor  of  Virginia,  and 
a  most  eloquent  orator,  died  June  6,  1799,  aged 
nearly  63.  He  took  an  early  and  decided  part  in 
support  of  the  rights  of  his  country  against  the 
tyranny  of  Great  Britain.  In  the  year  1765,  he 
was  a  member  of  the  assembly  of  Virginia,  and 
he  introduced  some  resolutions,  Avhich  breathed  a 
spirit  of  liberty,  and  which  were  accepted  by  a 
small  majority  May  29.  These  were  the  first  res 
olutions  of  any  assembly  occasioned  by  the  stamp 
act.  One  of  the  resolutions  declared,  that  the 
general  assembly  had  the  exclusive  right  and 
power  to  lay  taxes  and  impositions  upon  the  in 
habitants  of  the  colony.  Such  was  the  warmth, 
excited  in  the  debate,  that  Mr.  Henry,  after  de 
claiming  against  the  arbitrary  measures  of  Great 
Britain,  added,  "  Caesar  had  his  Brutus,  Charles 

the  first  his  Cromwell,  and  George  the  third " 

when  the  speaker  of  the  house  cried  out  "  Trea 
son  ! "  and  the  cry  was  echoed  from  every  part  of 
the  house.  Mr.  Henry  finished  the  sentence  with 
firm  emphasis  — "  may  profit  by  the  example. 
If  this  be  treason,  make  the  most  of  it."  Mr. 
Henry  left  a  paper  for  his  executors,  in  which  he 
speaks  of  the  resolutions  of  1765,  which  closes 
with  these  words :  "  If  they  [the  people]  are 
wise,  they  will  be  great  and  happy.  If  they  are 
of  a  contrary  character,  they  will  be  miserable. 
Righteousness  alone  can  exalt  them  as  a  nation. 
Reader,  whoever  thou  art,  remember  this ;  and 
in  thy  sphere  practice  virtue  thyself  and  encour 
age  it  in  others."  He  was  elected  in  1774  one 
of  the  deputies  from  Virginia  to  the  first  congress, 
and  was  in  this  year  one  of  the  committee  which 
drew  up  the  petition  to  the  king.  In  May,  1775, 
after  Lord  Dunmore  had  conveyed  on  board  a  ship 
a  part  of  the  powder  from  the  magazine  of  Wil- 
liamsburg,  Mr.  Henry  distinguished  himself  by 
assembling  the  independent  companies  of  Han- 


426 


HENRY. 


over  and  King  William  counties,  and  directing 
them  towards  Williamsburg  with  the  avowed 
design  of  obtaining  payment  for  the  powder,  or 
of  compelling  to  its  restitution.  The  object  was 
effected,  for  the  king's  receiver-general  gave  a  bill 
for  the  value  of  the  property.  The  governor  im 
mediately  fortified  his  palace,  and  issued  a  proc 
lamation,  charging  those,  who  had  procured  the 
bill,  with  rebellious  practices.  This  only  occa 
sioned  a  number  of  county  meetings,  which  ap 
plauded  the  conduct  of  Mr.  Henry,  and  expressed 
a  determination  to  protect  him.  In  Aug.,  1775, 
when  a  new  choice  of  deputies  to  congress  was 
made,  he  was  not  re-elected,  for  his  services  were 
now  demanded  more  exclusively  in  his  own  State. 
After  the  departure  of  Lord  Dunmore  he  was 
chosen  the  first  governor  in  June,  1776,  and  he 
held  this  office  several  succeeding  years,  bending 
all  his  exertions  to  promote  the  freedom  and 
independence  of  his  country.  In  the  beginning 
of  1778  an  anonymous  letter  was  addressed  to 
him  with  the  design  of  alienating  his  affections 
from  the  commander-in-chief.  He  inclosed  it  to 
Washington,  both  to  evince  his  friendship  and  to 
put  him  on  his  guard.  In  another  letter,  written 
a  few  days  afterwards,  when  he  had  heard  of  a 
plan  to  effect  the  removal  of  Washington,  he  says 
to  him,  "  While  you  face  the  armed  enemies  of 
our  liberty  in  the  field,  and,  by  the  favor  of  God, 
have  been  kept  unhurt,  I  trust  your  country  will 
never  harbor  in  her  bosom  the  miscreant,  who 
would  ruin  her  best  supporter ;  but  when  arts, 
unworthy  of  honest  men,  are  used  to  defame  and 
traduce  you,  I  think  it  not  amiss,  but  a  duty,  to 
assure  you  of  that  estimation  in  which  the  public 
hold  you." 

In  June,  1788,  he  was  a  member,  with  other 
illustrious  citizens  of  Virginia,  of  the  convention 
which  was  appointed  to  consider  the  constitution 
of  the  United  States ;  and  he  exerted  all  the  force 
of  his  masterly  eloquence,  day  after  day,  to  pre 
vent  its  adoption.  He  contended  that  changes 
were  dangerous  to  liberty ;  that  the  old  confed 
eration  had  carried  us  through  the  war,  and  se 
cured  our  independence,  and  needed  only  amend 
ment;  that  the  proposed  government  was  a 
consolidated  government,  in  which  the  sovereignty 
of  the  States  would  be  lost,  and  all  pretensions 
to  rights  and  privileges  would  be  rendered  inse 
cure  ;  that  the  want  of  a  bill  of  rights  was  an 
essential  defect;  that  general  warrants  should 
have  been  prohibited ;  and  that  to  adopt  the  con 
stitution  with  a  view  to  subsequent  amendments 
was  only  submitting  to  tyranny  in  the  hope  of 
being  liberated  from  it  at  some  future  time.  He 
therefore  offered  a  resolution,  containing  a  bill  of 
rights  and  amendment  for  the  greater  security  of 
liberty  and  property,  to  be  referred  to  the  other 
States  before  the  ratification  of  the  proposed 
form  of  government.  His  resolution,  however, 


HENRY. 

was  not  accepted.  The  arguments  of  Pendleton, 
Randolph,  Madison,  and  Marshall  prevailed 
against  the  eloquence  of  Henry,  and  the  consti 
tution  was  adopted,  though  by  a  small  majority. 
Mr.  Henry's  bill  of  rights  and  his  amendments 
were  then  accepted  and  directed  to  be  transmitted 
to  the  several  States.  Some  of  these  amend 
ments  have  been  ingrafted  into  the  federal  constitu 
tion,  on  which  account,  as  well  as  on  account  of 
the  lessons  of  experience,  Mr.  Henry  in  a  few 
years  lost  in  a  degree  his  repugnance  to  it.  As 
he  had  opposed  the  constitution  with  all  the  force 
of  his  eloquence,  because  endangering  the  sover 
eignty  of  the  States,  his  support  of  the  constitu 
tion  afterwards  presents  a  memorable  example  to 
all  the  nullifiers  of  the  constitution,  —  to  all  who 
would  resist  the  supreme  law  of  the  land  and  en 
danger  the  union.  He  offered  himself  a  short 
time  before  his  death  a  candidate  for  the  hovse 
of  delegates,  and  in  his  address  said  to  the  peo 
ple, — in  consequence  of  some  proceedings  of  the 
assembly,  — "  The  State  has  quitted  the  sphere 
in  which  she  has  been  placed  by  the  constitution. 
What  authority  has  the  County  of  Charlotte  to 
dispute  obedience  to  the  laws  of  Virginia?  And 
is  not  Virginia  to  the  Union  what  the  County  of 
Charlotte  is  to  her?  Opposition  on  the  part  of 
Virginia  to  the  acts  of  the  Federal  Government 
must  beget  their  enforcement  by  military  power. 
This  will  produce  civil  war ;  civil  war,  foreign  alli 
ances;  and  foreign  alliances  must  end  in  subjuga 
tion  to  the  powers  called  in.  Pause  and  consider. 
Rush  not,  I  conjure  you,  into  a  condition,  from 
which  there  is  no  retreat."  "  You  can  never  ex 
change  the  present  government  but  for  a  mon 
archy.  If  the  Administration  have  done  wrong, 
let  us  all  go  wrong  together,  rather  than  split 
into  factions,  which  must  destroy  that  union,  on 
which  our  existence  hangs."  After  the  resigna 
tion  of  Mr.  Randolph  in  Aug.,  179o,  he  was  nom 
inated  by  President  Washington  as  secretary  of 
State,  but  considerations  of  a  private  nature  in 
duced  him  to  decline  the  honorable  trust.  In 
Nov.,  1796,  he  was  again  elected  governor  of  Vir 
ginia,  and  this  office  also  he  almost  immediately 
resigned.  In  the  beginning  of  the  year  1799,  he 
was  appointed  by  President  Adams  as  an  envoy 
to  France,  with  Messrs.  Ellsworth  and  Murray. 
His  letter  in  reply  to  the  secretary  of  State  is 
dated  in  Charlotte  county,  April  16th,  and  in  it  ha 
speaks  of  a  severe  indisposition,  to  which  he  was 
then  subject,  and  of  his  advanced  age  and  increas 
ing  debility,  and  adds,  "  Nothing  short  of  absolute 
necessity  could  induce  me  to  withhold  my  little 
aid  from  an  administration,  whose  abilities,  patri 
otism,  and  virtue  deserve  the  gratitude  and  rever 
ence  of  all  their  fellow  citizens."  Governor 
Davie  of  North  Carolina  was  in  consequence  ap 
pointed  in  his  place.  He  lived  but  a  short  time 
after  this  testimony  of  the  respect  in  which  his 


HENRY. 

talents  and  patriotism  were  held.  He  died  at 
lied  Hill  in  Charlotte  county.  By  his  first  wife 
he  had  six  children,  of  whom  two  survived  him ; 
by  his  second  wife  he  had  six  sons  and  three 
daughters,  who  survived  him.  By  judicious  pur 
chases  of  lands  he  left  his  family  rich.  His 
widow  married  the  late  Judge  Winston,  and  died 
in  Halifax  county,  Feb.  15,  1831. 

He  was  a  man  of  eminent  talents,  of  ardent 
attachment  to  liberty,  and  of  most  commanding 
eloquence.  The  Virginians  boast  of  him  as  an 
orator  of  nature.  His  general  appearance  and 
manners  were  those  of  a  plain  farmer.  In  this 
character  he  always  entered  on  the  exordium  of 
an  oration.  His  unassuming  looks  and  expres 
sions  of  humility  induced  his  hearers  to  listen  to 
him  with  the  same  easy  openness,  with  which  they 
would  converse  with  an  honest  neighbor.  After 
he  had  thus  disarmed  prejudice  and  pride  and 
opened  a  way  to  the  heart,  the  inspiration  of  his 
eloquence,  when  little  expected,  would  invest  him 
with  the  authority  of  a  prophet.  With  a  mind 
of  great  powers  and  a  heart  of  keen  sensibility, 
he  would  sometimes  rise  in  the  majesty  of  his 
genius,  and,  while  he  filled  the  audience  with  ad 
miration,  would  with  almost  irresistible  influence 
bear  along  the  passions  of  others  with  him. 

In  private  life  he  was  as  amiable  and  virtuous 
as  he  was  conspicuous  in  his  public  career.  He 
was  temperate.  He  never  uttered  a  profane  ex 
pression,  dishonoring  the  name  of  God.  He  was 
kind  and  hospitable,  friendly  to  his  neighbors, 
punctual,  and  faithful  to  his  promise.  Yet  it  was 
thought,  that  the  love  of  money  was  too  strong  a 
passion  in  his  heart,  rendering  him  exorbitant  in 
his  fees,  and  leading  him  to  partake  in  the  profit 
of  the  Yazoo  speculation ;  and  that  he  was  also 
too  vain  of  his  wealth.  If  this  be  true,  it  will 
detract  from  his  excellence  of  character.  He  said 
to  a  friend,  just  before  his  death,  who  found  him 
reading  the  Bible,  —  "  Here,"  said  he,  "  is  a  book 
worth  more  than  all  the  other  books  that  were 
ever  printed;  yet  it  is  my  misfortune  never  to 
have  found  time  to  read  it,  with  the  proper  atten 
tion  and  feeling,  till  lately.  I  trust  in  the  mercy 
of  heaven  that  it  is  not  yet  too  late."  He  was 
not  a  member  of  any  church.  His  principles  of 
liberty  and  regard  to  Christianity  led  him  to  de 
plore  the  practice  of  slavery.  On  this  subject,  in 
a  letter  written  in  1773,  he  inquires  :  "  Is  it  not 
amazing,  that  at  a  time  when  the  rights  of  hu 
manity  are  defined  and  understood  with  precision, 
in  a  country  above  all  others  fond  of  liberty ;  that 
in  such  an  age  and  such  a  country  we  find  men, 
professing  a  religion,  the  most  humane,  mild, 
gentle,  and  generous,  adopting  a  principle  as  re 
pugnant  to  humanity  as  it  is  inconsistent  with  the 
Bible,  and  destructive  to  liberty  ?  Would  any  one 
believe,  that  I  am  master  of  slaves  of  my  own 
purchase  ?  I  am  drawn  along  by  the  general  in- 


HENRY. 


427 


convenience  of  living  here  without  them.  I  will 
not  —  I  cannot  justify  it.  I  believe  a  time  will 
come,  when  an  opportunity  will  be  offered  to 
abolish  this  lamentable  evil.  Every  thing  we  can 
do  is  to  improve  it,  if  it  happens  in  our  day ;  if  not, 
let  us  transmit  to  our  descendants,  together  with 
our  slaves,  a  pity  for  their  unhappy  lot,  and  an 
abhorrence  of  slavery."  With  what  astonishment 
and  indignation,  had  he  lived  till  1856,  would  he 
have  seen  a  sober  recommendation,  by  unprincipled 
southern  editors  and  one  governor,  of  the  revival 
of  the  slave  trade  ?  In  another  letter  to  Archi 
bald  Blair,  written  a  few  months  before  his  death, 
after  lamenting  the  violence  of  parties  in  Vir 
ginia,  and  reprobating  French  infidelity,  and 
manners,  and  politics,  he  adds :  "  I  am  too  old  and 
infirm  ever  again  to  undertake  public  concerns. 
I  live  much  retired,  amidst  a  multiplicity  of  bles 
sings  from  that  gracious  Ilulcr  of  all  things,  to 
whom  I  owe  unceasing  acknowledgments  for  his 
unremitted  goodness  to  me.  And  if  I  were  per 
mitted  to  add  to  the  catalogue  one  other  blessing, 
it  should  be,  that  my  countrymen  should  learn 
wisdom  and  virtue,  and  in  this  their  day  to  know 
the  things  that  pertain  to  their  peace."  Mr. 
Wirt's  very  interesting  life  of  Henry  was  pub 
lished,  3d  edit.,  8vo.,  1818. 

HEXltY,  ALEXANDER,  a  traveller,  died  at 
Montreal  April  4,  1824,  aged  84.  He  was  born 
in  New  Jersey  in  Aug.,  1739.  In  1760  he  ac 
companied  the  expedition  of  Amherst,  and  was 
present  at  the  reduction  of  fort  de  Levi,  near 
Ontario,  and  the  surrender  of  Montreal.  In  de 
scending  the  river  he  lost  three  boats  of  merchan 
dize,  and  saved  his  life  by  clinging  to  the  bottom 
of  one  of  them.  Immediately  after  the  conquest 
of  Canada,  in  his  enterprising  spirit  he  engaged 
in  the  fur  trade.  He  visited  the  upper  lakes  in 
1760,  and  during  sixteen  years  travelled  in  the 
northwestern  parts  of  America,  and  was  in  many 
scenes  of  hardship  and  peril.  He  was  a  man  of 
warm  affections,  domestic  habits,  and  a  generous 
mind.  lie  published  an  interesting  book,  written 
with  simplicity :  Travels  in  Canada  and  the  In 
dian  territories,  between  the  years  1760  and  1776, 
8vo.,  New  York,  1809. 

HEXltY,  JOHN  JOSEPH,  presiding  judge  of 
the  second  district  of  Pennsylvania,  was  the  son 
of  Wm.  II.,  of  Lancaster,  a  skilful  mechanic,  in 
ventor  of  the  screw  auger,  and  commissary  of  the 
troops  at  the  beginning  of  the  war.  He  was 
born  Nov.  4,  1758.  At  the  age  of  seventeen  he 
entered  the  army  in  1775,  and  accompanied  Ar 
nold  through  the  wilderness  of  Maine  to  Quebec. 
In  the  attack  on  the  city  he  was  wounded  and 
taken  prisoner.  Having  afterwards  studied  law, 
he  practised  from  1785  till  1793,  when  he  was 
appointed  judge.  He  died  about  the  year  1810 
at  Paxton,  Dauphin  county,  aged  52.  His  wife 
was  the  sister  of  Stephen  Chambers.  His  inter- 


428 


HENRY. 


HERSEY. 


esting  account  of  the  expedition  across  the  wil 
derness  to  Quebec  was  published  at  Lancaster, 
12mo.,  1812. 

HEXIIY,  WILLIAM,  general,  a  soldier  of  the 
Revolution,  died  in  Christian  county,  Ky.,  in  1824, 
aged  G3.  At  an  early  age  he  entered  the  army, 
and  fought  at  the  battles  of  Guilford  and  the 
Cowpens.  Removing  to  Kentucky,  he  was  much 
engaged  in  the  Indian  warfares,  so  harassing  to 
the  early  settlers.  He  participated  in  the  hard 
ships  of  Scott's  and  Wilkinson's  campaigns. 

HENRY,  T.  CHARLTON,  D.  D.,  minister  of 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  was  the  son  of  Alexander 
Henry,  of  Philadelphia,  president  of  the  Sabbath 
school  union,  and  was  graduated  at  Middlebury 
college  in  1814.  He  was  the  pastor  of  the  2d 
Presbyterian  church  at  C.,  and  died  Oct.  5,  1827, 
aged  37.  For  talents,  acquisitions,  holy  zeal,  and 
usefulness  in  the  ministry,  few  are  superior  to  him. 
He  published  an  inquiry  into  the  consistency  of 
popular  amusements  with  a  profession  of  Chris 
tianity,  1825 ;  letters  to  a  friend  to  relieve  an 
anxious  inquirer,  with  memoirs  by  Th.  Lewis, 
London. 

HENRY,  ALEXANDER,  a  merchant,  died  at 
Philadelphia,  Aug.  13,  1847,  aged  81.  Born  in 
Scotland,  in  his  eighteenth  year  he  arrived  at 
Philadelphia  in  1783.  He  first  was  a  clerk  at 
250  dollars  a  year.  As  he  entered  upon  business 
on  his  own  account,  he  was  highly  prosperous,  and 
acquired  a  large  estate,  in  the  use  of  which  he 
was  charitable  and  generous.  An  elder  in  the 
Presbyterian  church,  he  performed  important  ser 
vices  in  the  cause  of  Christ.  Before  a  tract  soci 
ety  was  formed,  he  distributed  tracts ;  he  was 
president  of  the  board  of  education  and  of  other 
societies,  which,  on  account  of  his  death,  passed 
commendatory  resolutions.  A  notice  of  him  is  in 
the  Merchant's  Magazine,  Jan.,  1856.  Dr.  Mc 
Dowell  published  a  sermon  on  his  death. 

HENRY,  ROBERT,  D.  D.,  died  at  Columbia, 
S.  C.,  Feb.  6,  1856  ;  for  many  years  professor  of 
Greek  literature  in  South  Carolina  college. 

HENSHAW,  DAVID,  died  at  Leicester,  Mass., 
Nov.  11,  1852,  aged  62.  He  w'as  the  son  of 
David,  and  grandson  of  Daniel,  who  went  from 
Boston  to  Leicester  in  1748.  His  earlier  ancestor 
was  Joshua,  of  Dorchester,  in  1668.  He  was 
successful  in  commerce,  and  was  collector  of  the 
port  of  Boston  for  eight  years  from  1830.  He 
was  appointed  secretary  of  the  navy  in  1843,  but 
was  rejected  by  the  senate. 

HENSHAW,  JOHN  P.  K.,  D.  D.,  bishop  of 
Rhode  Island,  died  July  20,  1852,  aged  about  62. 
Born  in  Middletown,  Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Mid 
dlebury  in  1808,  and,  after  being  a  rector  at  Bal 
timore  many  years,  was  consecrated  bishop  in 
1843. 

HENTZ,  N.  M.,  professor,  died  at  Marianna, 
Florida,  Nov.  4,  1856.  He  was  the  husband  of 


Caroline  Lee  Hcntz.  Born  in  France,  after  he 
came  to  this  country  he  was  associated  with 
George  Bancroft  in  his  school  at  Round  Hill, 
Northampton.  He  was  a  man  of  varied  accom 
plishments.  He  published  papers  on  the  alligator 
and  on  new  species  of  insects  in  the  American 
philosophical  transactions  ;  Tadenskund,  the  last 
king  of  the  Lenape,  12mo.,  1825. 

HENTZ,  CAROLINE  LEE,  died  at  Marianna, 
Florida,  Feb.  11,  1856.  She  was  the  daughter  or 
Gen.  John  Whiting,  and  sister  of  Gen.  Henry  W. 
She  at  the  age  of  twelve  wrote  a  novel  and  a 
tragedy.  Married  to  Prof.  Hentz,  she  lived  at 
Chapel  Hill,  N.  C. ;  then  near  Cincinnati ;  then  at 
Florence,  Ala.,  and  at  Tuscaloosa.  She  was  an 
excellent  teacher,  pleasing  in  appearance,  and  her 
conversational  powers  were  of  a  high  order.  She 
published  De  Lara,  or  the  Moorish  bride ;  the 
mob  cap,  Aunt  Mercy,  the  blind  girl,  the  peddler, 
the  Village  anthem ;  Lovell's  folly,  a  novel ;  and 
Ernest  Linwood,  1856. —  Cycl.  Arner.  Lit. 

HERKIMER,  general,  of  the  militia  of  New 
York,  was  of  German  descent.  When  St.  Leger, 
in  1777,  invested  fort  Stanwix,  afterwards  called 
fort  Schuyler,  at  the  head  of  Mohawk  river,  Hcr- 
kimer,  with  the  militia  of  Tryon  county,  hastened 
to  the  relief  of  Col.  Gansevoort.  On  his  ap 
proach  he  was  ambuscaded  in  August,  about  six 
miles  from  the  fort,  near  Oneida  creek.  Though 
mortally  wounded  in  his  legs,  he  seated  himself 
upon  a  stump  and  heroically  encouraged  his  men 
to  the  fight ;  but  his  party  was  defeated  with  the 
loss  of  four  hundred  men.  Congress  ordered  a 
monument  to  his  memory.  —  Holmes,  II.  270  ; 
Ilist.  Coll.  II.  108. 

HERRERA,  ANTONIO  DE,  a  Spanish  historian, 
was  born  in  1559,  and  died  in  1625.  He  pub 
lished  in  Spanish  a  general  history  of  the  West 
Indies,  1601 ;  also,  1615.  The  same  has  been 
published  in  various  editions  and  languages.  It 
gives  an  account  of  discoveries  from  1492  to  1553. 
The  history  of  America,  translated  by  J.  Stevens, 
was  published  at  London,  2d  edit,  6  vols.,  1740. 

HERSEY,  EZEKIEL,  an  eminent  physician  of 
Ilingham,  Mass.,  and  a  benefactor  of  Harvard 
college,  was  graduated  at  that  seminary  in  1728, 
and  died  Dec.  9, 1770,  aged  62.  His  widow  mar 
ried  Capt.  Derby,  of  Salem,  and,  in  fulfilment  of 
his  wishes,  established  an  academy  at  Ilingham, 
calling  it  Derby  instead  of  Hersey  academy.  Dr. 
II.  was  remarkably  humane  and  benevolent,  and 
had  extensive  practice  as  a  surgeon.  He  be 
queathed  to  the  college  1000  pounds  towards 
founding  a  professorship  of  anatomy  and  surgery. 
His  widow  also  gave  the  same  sum  for  the  same 
purpose.  Dr.  AVarren  was  the  first  who  was  es 
tablished  on  this  foundation.  —  Holmes. 

HERSEY,  ABNER,  an  eminent  physician  of 
Barnstable,  Mass.,  died  Jan.  9,  1787,  aged  65. 
He  was  the  brother  of  the  preceding,  the  son  of 


HERVEY. 

James  Hersey.  He  studied  physic  with  his 
brother  James,  of  Barnstable,  and  on  his  decease 
succeeded  to  his  practice.  Dr.  Thacher  was  his 
pupil.  He  had  many  singularities.  His  dress 
was  loose,  lined  throughout  with  baize.  He  had 
a  great  coat  made  of  seven  calf-skins,  to  protect 
him  from  the  rain.  He  was  hypochondriacal,  ca 
pricious,  whimsical,  and  churlish ;  and  domestic 
peace  was  a  stranger  to  his  family.  He  had  no 
children.  He  bequeathed  to  Harvard  college 
500  pounds  toward  the  establishment  of  a  pro 
fessorship  of  the  theory  and  practice  of  physic. 
The  first  professor  in  this  department  was  Dr. 
"VVaterhouse.  Dr.  Hersey  also  bequeathed  about 
500  pounds,  the  interest  of  which  he  directed  to 
be  applied  annually  to  the  purchase  of  religious 
publications,  which  should  be  distributed  in  all 
the  towns  on  Cape  Cod.  He  directed  what  books 
should  be  selected  for  a  hundred  years ;  after  the 
expiration  of  which  time  the  ministers  and  dea 
cons  of  the  thirteen  parishes,  to  whose  care  his  do 
nation  is  intrusted,  are  authorized  to  select  any 
religious  books  at  their  pleasure,  excepting  on 
every  fourth  year.  On  the  petition  of  the  parties 
the  legislature  authorized  the  division  of  the  prop 
erty  among  the  churches  interested. — Thacher. 

HERVEY,  WILLIAM,  missionary  to  Bombay, 
died  May  13,  1832,  aged  33.  He  was  born  at 
Kingsbury,  N.  Y.,  and  graduated  at  Williams 
college  in  1824,  where  he  was  a  tutor;  studied 
theology  at  Princeton ;  was  ordained  as  a  mis 
sionary  in  1829.  His  disease  was  the  cholera. 
Mr.  Read's  letter  on  his  death  is  in  the  Mission 
ary  Herald  for  1832.  He  toiled  in  the  East  only 
one  year ;  but  his  example  might  do  good  for 
many  a  year  after  his  departure  from  life. 

HERVEY,  ELIZABETH,  wife  of  William  Her- 
vey,  missionary  to  Bombay,  died  May  2,  1831, 
aged  33.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Deacon  Jacob 
Smith,  of  Hadley,  Mass.  Her  grandmother,  who 
died  at  the  age  of  101,  could  count  among  her 
descendants  twenty-one  ministers.  She  died 
peacefully  soon  after  her  arrival.  Her  character 
is  described  in  Missionary  Herald  for  1831  and 
1832.  Her  husband  died  the  next  year. 

HERWIG,  LEOPOLD,  a  musical  teacher,  died 
in  Boston,  suddenly,  of  an  affection  of  the  heart, 
Nov.  1,  1845,  aged  34.  He  led  the  orchestra  at 
a  concert  the  same  evening. 

HEULET,  J.,  died  in  Groton,  Conn.,  in  1821, 
aged  95,  father  by  one  wife  of  27  children. 

HEWARD,  JOSEPH,  died  in  Broomfield,  Me., 
Nov.  11,  1851,  aged  93.  He  served  in  the  war, 
and  was  in  Morgan's  rifle  regiment. 

HEWITT,  ALEXANDER,  published  an  historical 
account  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  2  vols., 
London,  1779. 

HEWES,  JOSEPH,  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution, 
was  born  in  1730  in  New  Jersey.  His  parents 
were  Quakers.  At  the  age  of  thirty  he  settled 


HIACOOMES. 


429 


as  a  merchant  at  Edenton,  N.  C.  In  1774  he 
was  a  member  of  congress,  and  was  appointed  on 
the  committee  to  state  the  grievances  of  congress. 
Although  a  merchant,  he  entered  heartily  into 
the  plan  of  non-importation.  He  signed  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  in  1776,  and  re 
mained  in  congress,  with  the  exception  of  a  year, 
till  his  death  at  Philadelphia,  Nov.  10,  1779,  aged 
49.  He  left  a  large  fortune,  but  no  children.  It 
is  said  that  when,  in  1775,  the  Quakers  put  forth 
a  "  testimony  "  against  the  proceedings  of  con 
gress,  he  withdrew  from  the  sect.  —  Goodrich's 
Lives;  Encyclopedia  Americana. 

IIEWES,  ROBERT,  Dr.,  died  in  Boston  in  1830, 
aged  79.  He  was  long  a  celebrated  fencing-mas 
ter  and  bone-setter.  He  published  rules  for 
sword-exercise  of  cavalry,  12mo.,  1813. 

HEYWARD,  THOMAS,  judge,  a  patriot  of  the 
Revolution,  died  in  March,  1809,  aged  63.  He 
was  born  at  St.  Luke's,  S.  C.,  in  1746,  the  son  of 
Col.  Daniel  H.,  a  wealthy  planter.  Having  stud 
ied  law  at  the  temple  in  London,  he  spent  some 
years  in  a  tour  on  the  continent  of  Europe.  On 
his  return  he  practised  law.  In  1775  he  was  ap 
pointed  a  member  of  congress  in  the  place  of 
Mr.  Rutledge,  and  in  1776  signed  the  Declaration 
of  Independence.  In  1778  he  was  appointed 
judge  of  the  civil  and  criminal  courts.  At  the 
capture  of  Charleston,  May  12,  1780,  he  bore 
arms  and  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy,  and 
was  sent  to  St.  Augustine.  His  plantation  was 
plundered,  and  he  lost  one  hundred  and  thirty 
slaves,  who  were  probably  transported  to  Jamaica. 
Having  at  last  permission  to  sail  to  Philadelphia, 
he  narrowly  escaped  drowning,  having  fallen  over 
board.  In  1798  he  relinquished  his  judicial 
duties.  By  his  two  wives,  whose  names  were 
Matthews  and  Savage,  he  had  children.  With 
an  ardent  disposition  he  yet  had  a  sound  judg 
ment,  and  was  honest,  firm,  and  fearless.  —  Jjiog. 
Amer.  ;  Goodrich. 

HIACOOMES,  the  first  Indian  in  New  Eng 
land  who  was  converted  to  Christianity,  and  a 
minister  at  Martha's  Vineyard,  lived  upon  this 
island  when  a  few  English  families  first  settled 
there  in  1642.  Under  the  instruction  of  Thomas 
Mayhew  he  eagerly  received  the  truths  of  the 
gospel.  Having  learned  to  read,  he  in  1645 
began  to  teach  his  copper-colored  brethren  the 
Christian  doctrines,  and  he  did  not  labor  in  vain. 
A  number  of  them  were  soon  impressed  with  a 
sense  of  their  guilt  in  living  as  they  had  lived 
and  sought  for  pardon  from  him  who  is  the  pro 
pitiation  for  the  sins  of  the  world.  The  sachems 
and  pawaws,  or  priests,  did  not  observe  this  pro 
gress  of  Christianity  with  indifference.  While 
the  latter  threatened  to  destroy  all  the  praying 
Indians  with  witchcraft,  their  menaces  were  par 
ticularly  directed  against  Iliacoomes ;  but  he  said 
to  them,  "I  believe  in  God,  and  put  my  trust  in 


430 


HICKS. 


II1GGINSON. 


him;  therefore  all  the  pawaws  can  do  me  no 
hurt."  In  1650,  when  he  lost  a  young  child,  the 
funeral  was  performed  in  the  English  manner. 
The  mourners  did  not  discolor  their  faces,  nor 
deposit  any  utensils  or  goods  in  the  grave,  nor 
howl  over  the  dead.  After  the  death  of  Mr. 
Mayhew  in  1657,  he  continued  his  benevolent 
labors,  though  he  greatly  lamented  the  loss  of 
that  good  man,  by  whom  he  had  been  enlightened 
in  the  knowledge  of  the  truth,  and  whose  in 
structions  gave  him  the  power  of  instructing 
others.  August  22,  1670,  an  Indian  church  was 
regularly  formed  on  Martha's  Vineyard,  and  Ilia- 
coomcs  and  Tackanash  were  ordained  its  pastor 
and  teacher  by  Eliot  and  Cotton.  Hiacoomes 
survived  his  colleague,  and  died  about  the  year 
1690,  aged  near  80.  In  1698  his  son,  John  Hia 
coomes,  was  a  preacher  and  schoolmaster  at 
Assawampsit,  or  Middleborough.  He  was  a 
faithful  and  successful  minister,  slow  in  speech, 
grave  in  manners,  and  blameless  in  his  life.  He 
•was  courageous  in  reprehending  the  Indians  for 
worshipping  their  false  gods  and  adhering  to 
their  pawaws.  He  was  not  elated  by  the  high 
office  which  he  sustained,  but  ever  continued 
humble.  At  the  ordination  of  Mr.  Japhet,  who 
succeeded  Tackanash,  as  Ins  colleague,  he  prayed, 
imposed  hands,  and  gave  the  charge  with  much 
propriety.  In  his  last  sickness  he  expressed  the 
hopes  of  a  Christian,  and  gave  good  exhortations 
to  those  around ;  and  at  his  death  he  without 
doubt  entered  into  that  rest  from  which  many  of 
the  learned  and  refined,  who  love  not  the  Lord 
Jesus  Christ,  will  be  excluded.  —  Mayhew's  In 
dian  Converts;  Mather's  Magnolia,  III.  199. 

HICKS,  ELIAS,  a  Quaker,  died  at  Jericho,  Long 
Island,  Feb.  27, 1830,  aged  81.  His  wife,  Jemima, 
with  whom  he  had  lived  in  harmony  fifty-eight 
years,  died  in  1829.  In  the  last  years  of  his  life 
he  was  the  cause,  by  some  new  doctrines  which 
he  advanced,  of  a  great  discord  and  division 
among  the  Friends. 

HICHBO11N,  BENJAMIN,  a  Boston  patriot,  died 
in  1817,  aged  about  70.  He  delivered  an  oration 
at  Boston  March  5.  1777,  which  was  published  in 
4to. ;  an  oration  at  Boston  July  4,  1784. 

HIDDEX,  SAMUEL,  first  minister  of  Tamworth, 
N.  II.,  died  in  1837,  aged  77,  in  the  forty-sixth 
year  of  his  ministry.  Born  in  llowley,  Mass.,  he 
graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1791.  He  was  or 
dained  in  1792  on  a  rock  near  where  the  meeting 
house  was  afterwards  built.  Settled  in  a  country 
almost  a  wilderness,  his  holy  zeal  led  him  to 
preach  the  gospel  widely  around  him.  To  his 
own  church  more  than  five  hundred  were  added. 
His  son  William  was  a  deacon.  He  was  greatly 
respected  and  beloved.  In  death  he  had  triumph. 
He  said,  "  Just  draw  back  the  veil,  and  I  am 
there ! "  His  lyre,  for  he  loved  sacred  music, 
was  tuned  for  the  last  song : 


"  Angels,  roll  the  rook  away! 
Death,  yield  up  the  mighty  prey!  " 

The  rock,  on  which  he  was  ordained,  is  near  his 
grave ;  the  rock  of  his  hopes  standeth  forever ! 
His  memoir  was  published  in  1842. 

HIGGINBOTHAM,  THOMAS,  died  in  Amherst 
county,  Va.,  in  Feb.,  1835.  He  emancipated  fifty 
slaves. 

HIGGIXS,  DAVID,  a  venerable  minister,  died 
at  Bath,  N.  Y.,  in  June,  1842,  aged  81,  pastor  of 
the  first  Presbyterian  church  in  that  town.  Born 
at  Haddam,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1785.  He 
was  first  settled  at  Lyme  for  eighteen  years,  then 
at  Auburn,  N.  Y.  He  was  an  early,  earnest,  and 
faithful  laborer  in  the  vineyard  of  Western  New 
York.  In  his  old  age  he  preached  at  Norwalk, 
Ohio,  and  by  one  account  he  died  there. 

HIGGINSON,  FRANCIS,  first  minister  of  Salem, 
Mass.,  died  in  Aug.,  1630,  aged  42.  After  re 
ceiving  his  education  at  Emanuel  college  in  Cam 
bridge,  he  became  the  minister  of  a  church  at 
Leicester,  in  England.  Here  he  devoted  himself 
to  the  duties  of  his  office,  bending  all  his  efforts 
to  produce  that  renovation  of  heart  and  holiness 
of  life,  without  which  no  man  can  see  the  king 
dom  of  God.  While  his  popular  talents  filled  his 
church  with  attentive  hearers,  such  was  the  divine 
blessing  upon  his  labors,  that  a  deep  attention  to 
religious  subjects  was  excited  among  his  people, 
and  he  witnessed  with  pleasure  the  progress  of 
uprightness,  benevolence,  and  piety  among  the 
dishonest,  the  selfish,  and  the  impious.  Becom 
ing  at  length  a  conscientious  nonconformist  to 
the  rites  of  the  English  church,  some  of  which 
he  thought  not  only  were  unsupported  by 
Scripture,  but  corrupted  the  purity  of  Christian 
worship  and  discipline,  he  was  excluded  from  the 
parish  pulpit.  But  he  obtained  liberty  to  preach 
a  lecture  in  Leicester,  and  often  attended  private 
meetings  for  prayer  and  religious  conference  with 
a  number  of  excellent  Christians.  As  the  spirit 
of  ecclesiastical  tyranny  became  more  jealous  and 
rigorous,  information  was  lodged  against  him,  and 
while  he  was  daily  expecting  to  be  dragged  away 
by  pursuivants  to  the  high  commission  court,  a 
kind  Providence  interposed  remarkably  in  his 
favor,  and  provided  for  him  a  place  of  security. 
One  day  two  messengers  came  to  his  house,  and 
with  loud  knocks  cried  out,  "  Where  is  Mr.  Hig- 
ginson  ?  We  must  speak  with  Mr.  Higginson  ! " 
His  wife  ran  to  his  chamber  and  entreated  him 
to  conceal  himself;  but  he  replied  that  he  should 
acquiesce  in  the  will  of  God.  He  went  down,  and 
as  the  messengers  entered  the  hall  they  presented 
him  with  some  papers,  saying,  in  a  rough  manner, 
"  Sir,  we  came  from  London,  and  our  business  is 
to  convey  you  to  London,  as  you  may  see  by  those 
papers."  —  "I  thought  so,"  exclaimed  Mrs.  Hig 
ginson,  weeping  ;  but  a  woman's  tears  could  have 
little  effect  upon  hard-hearted  pursuivants.  Mr- 


IIIGGINSON. 


HJGGIN8ON. 


431 


Iligginson  opened  the  packet  to  read  the  form  of 
his  arrest,  but,  instead  of  an  order  from  Bishop 
Laud  for  his  seizure,  he  found  a  copy  of  the  char 
ter  of  Massachusetts,  and  letters  from  the  gover 
nor  and  company,  inviting  him  to  embark  with 
them  for  New  England.  The  sudden  transition 
of  feeling  from  despondence  to  joy  inspired  him 
with  the  same  good  humor  which  induced  his 
friends  to  act  the  part  of  his  enemies,  and  a  pleas 
ant  interview  succeeded. 

Having  sought  advice  and  implored  the  Divine 
direction,  he  resolved  to  accept  the  invitation.  In 
his  farewell  sermon, preached  before  avast  assem 
bly,  he  declared  his  persuasion,  that  England 
would  be  chastised  by  war,  and  that  Leicester 
would  have  more  than  an  ordinary  share  of  suf 
ferings.  It  was  not  long  before  his  prediction  was 
verified.  It  is  not  meant  that  he  claimed  the 
power  of  foretelling  future  events ;  but  he  could 
reason  with  considerable  accuracy  from  cause  to 
effect,  knowing  that  iniquity  is  generally  followed 
by  its  punishment,  and  he  lived  in  an  age  when  it 
was  usual  for  ministers  to  speak  with  more  confi 
dence,  and  authority,  and  efficacy,  than  at  pres 
ent.  He  sailed  from  Gravesend  April  25,  1G29, 
accompanied  by  Mr.  Skclton,  whose  principles  ac 
corded  with  his  own.  When  he  came  to  the  Land's 
End  he  called  his  children  and  the  other  passen 
gers  on  deck  to  take  the  last  view  of  their  native 
country;  and  he  now  exclaimed :  "  Farewell  Eng 
land,  farewell  the  church  of  God  in  England,  and 
all  the  Christian  friends  there.  We  do  not  go  to 
America  as  Separatists  from  the  church  of  Eng 
land,  though  we  cannot  but  separate  from  its  cor 
ruptions."  lie  then  concluded  with  a  fervent 
prayer  for  the  king,  church,  and  state  in  England. 
He  arrived  at  Cape  Ann  June  27,  1629,  and  hav 
ing  spent  the  next  day  there,  which  was  Sunday, 
on  the  29th  he  entered  the  harbor  of  Salem. 
July  the  20th  was  observed  as  a  day  of  fasting  by 
the  appointment  of  Gov.  Endicott,  and  the  church 
then  made  choice  of  Mr.  Iligginson  to  be  their 
teacher,  and  Mr.  Skelton  their  pastor.  Each  with 
the  assistance  of  some  of  the  gravest  members  of 
the  church  laid  his  hands  at  this  time  on  the  other 
with  prayer.  A  more  solemn  investiture  took 
place  August  Gth,  when  about  thirty  persons  ac 
cepted  a  confession  of  faith  and  church  covenant, 
which  had  been  drawn  up  by  Mr.  Iligginson,  and 
the  two  ministers  were  again  ordained  by  the  im 
position  of  hands.  Governor  Bradford  and  others 
from  the  church  of  Plymouth  gave  them  the  right 
hand  of  fellowship.  As  both  these  ministers  had 
been  ordained  by  bishops  in  England,  and  as  Mr. 
Iligginson  professed  not  to  be  a  separatist  from  the 
established  church,  this  ordination  cannot  be  con 
sidered  as  investing  them  with  the  sacred  office, 
but  only  as  introducing  them  to  the  pastoral  care 
of  a  particular  flock.  Thus  auspicious  was  the 
commencement  of  the  settlement  of  Naumkeak, 


or  Salem  ;  but  the  scene  was  soon  changed.  Dur 
ing  the  first  winter  about  one  hundred  persons 
died,  and  Mr.  Iligginson  was  soon  seized  with  a 
hectic,  which  terminated  his  days.  In  his  last 
sickness  he  was  reminded  of  his  benevolent  exer 
tions  in  the  service  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ.  To 
consoling  suggestions  of  this  kind  he  replied,  "I 
have  been  an  unprofitable  servant,  and  all  my  de 
sire  is  to  win  Christ,  and  be  found  in  him,  not 
having  my  own  righteousness."  His  family,  con 
sisting  of  his  wife  and  eight  children,  whom  he 
was  about  to  leave  without  a  suitable  provision  for 
their  maintenance,  he  cheerfully  commended  to 
the  care  of  God,  being  fully  persuaded  that  his 
favor  would  attend  them. 

He  was  a  zealous  and  useful  preacher,  mild 
in  his  doctrines,  but  strict  in  discipline.  He  ad 
mitted  none  into  the  church  without  satisfactory 
evidence  that  they  were  truly  religious,  and  ex 
cluded  the  ignorant  and  immoral  from  the  table 
of  the  Lord.  In  his  deportment  he  was  grave, 
and  pure  in  morals,  and,  though  not  rash  in  his 
decisions,  he  was  not  easily  shaken  from  his  pur 
poses.  In  his  person  he  was  slender  and  not  tall. 
His  son,  Francis  Iligginson,  went  to  Europe,  and 
after  residing  some  time  as  a  student  at  Leyden, 
was  settled  as  a  minister  at  Kerby  Steven  in 
Westmoreland,  England,  where  he  died  about 
the  year  1G70,  aged  54.  He  was  the  first  who 
wrote  against  the  Quakers,  and  he  published  also 
a  Latin  treatise  concerning  the  five  principal 
lights,  uncreated  and  created  light,  and  the  light 
of  nature,  grace,  and  glory. 

Mr.  Higginson,  of  Salem,  wrote  an  account  of 
his  voyage,  which  is  preserved  in  Hutchinson's 
collection  of  papers.  He  wrote  also  a  short  ac 
count  of  that  part  of  Massachusetts,  which  was 
now  settling,  and  of  the  Indians,  entitled,  New 
England's  plantation,  or  a  short  and  true  descrip 
tion  of  the  commodities  and  discommodities  of 
that  country,  1630.  It  has  been  reprinted  in  the 
collections  of  the  historical  society.  This  curious 
account  is  generally  correct,  though  the  isle  of 
slates,  and  the  marble,  and  the  lions  existed  only 
in  report  and  imagination.  —  Maynalia,  I.  18, 
19;  ill.  70-75;  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  I.  117-124; 
VI.  231,  242-244;  ix.  2-3  ;  Sprague's  Annals. 

HIGGINSON,  JOHN,  minister  of  Salem,  Mass., 
died  Dec.  9,  1708,  aged  92.  He  was  the  son  of 
the  preceding,  and  was  born  in  England  Aug.  6, 
1616.  Some  time  after  the  death  of  his  father, 
with  whom  he  came  to  this  country  in  1629,  he 
was  the  instructor  of  a  school  at  Hartford,  his 
mother  with  six  of  her  children  being  somewhat 
dependent  upon  his  exertions  for  her  support. 
Having  become  a  preacher,  he  was  chaplain  at 
Saybrook  fort  a  number  of  years.  In  1641  he 
went  to  Guilford,  and  preached  about  two  years 
as  an  assistant  to  Mr.  Whitfield,  whose  daughter 
he  married.  In  1643  he  was  chosen  one  of  the 


432 


HIGGINSON. 


seven  pillars  of  Guilford.  The  practice  of  choos 
ing  from  among  the  brethren  seven  persons,  who 
were  called  pillars,  to  whom  the  other  church- 
members  were  gathered,  had  before  been  adopted 
in  New  Haven  and  Milford.  After  the  church 
was  completely  organized  in  Guilford  in  1643, 
Mr.  Higginson  was  elected  teacher  to  assist  Mr. 
Whitfield ;  but  he  was  not  ordained.  About 
the  year  1650  Mr.  Whitfield  returned  to  Eng 
land,  and  Mr.  Higginson  remained  as  teacher  of 
the  church.  But  in  16,39  he  left  that  town  with 
the  intention  of  revisiting  his  native  country.  On 
his  arrival  at  Salem  he  was  persuaded  to  preach 
one  year  in  the  church,  where  his  father  had  been 
settled,  and  was  ordained  in  Aug.,  1660.  Here 
he  continued  near  half  a  century  till  his  death. 
He  had  been  seventy-two  years  in  the  ministerial 
office.  His  colleague,  Mr.  Nicholas  Noyes,  says 
of  him  in  his  elegy  : 

"  For  rich  array  cared  not  a  fig, 
And  wore  Elisha's  periwig; 
At  ninety-three  had  comely  face, 
Adorned  with  majesty  and  grace : 
Before  he  went  among  the  dead, 
lie  children's  children's  children  had." 

By  his  second  wife  he  had  two  daughters,  one 
of  whom  married  Jeremy  Dummer.  By  his  first 
wife  he  had  seven  children.  John  was  of  the  gov 
ernor's  council  and  lived  in  Salem  ;  Nathaniel 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1670,  went  to  England, 
was  employed  in  the  tower,  was  governor  of  fort 
St.  George  in  the  East  Indies,  and  at  last  a  mer 
chant  in  London,  where  he  died  in  1708  ;  Thomas 
went  to  England  and  was  a  goldsmith,  and  sailing 
from  Arabia  was  never  heard  of  again ;  Francis 
was  educated  at  Cambridge  in  England,  and  died 
young ;  and  Henry,  a  merchant,  died  in  Barba- 
does  in  the  West  Indies,  in  1685.  At  his  ordina 
tion  the  hands  of  the  deacons  and  one  of  the 
brethren  were  imposed  in  the  presence  of  the 
neighboring  churches  and  elders.  Whether  they 
united  in  this  ceremony  is  not  known,  but  Mr. 
Norton,  of  Boston,  gave  the  right  hand  of  fellow 
ship.  Mr.  lligginson  was  at  first  zealous  against 
the  Quakers,  and  he  lived  to  lament  that  his  zeal 
was  so  warm.  As  a  preacher  he  was  highly  re 
spected.  Judge  Sewall  calls  him,  "  that  aged 
and  venerable  divine  ;  "  and  l)r.  Mather  speaks 
of  him,  in  the  eighty-eighth  year  of  his  age,  as 
then  performing  the  duties  of  his  office  with  such 
manly,  pertinent,  judicious  vigor,  and  with  so  lit 
tle  decay  of  his  intellectual  abilities,  as  excited 
admiration.  In  his  worldly  affairs  he  was  often 
embarrassed,  being  supported  during  part  of  his 
ministry  by  voluntary  contribution.  It  is  consid 
erable  evidence  of  his  good  sense  and  of  his 
benevolence,  that  he  took  no  part  in  the  proceed 
ings  relating  to  witchcraft  in  1692.  Some  of  his 
letters  are  in  the  Historical  Collections,  3d  series. 
He  published  an  election  sermon,  entitled,  the 


HILL. 

cause  of  God  and  his  people  in  New  England, 
1663  ;  our  dying  Saviour's  legacy  of  peace  to  his 
disciples  in  a  troublesome  world,  with  a  discourse 
on  the  duty  of  Christians  to  be  witnesses  unto  Christ, 
unto  which  is  added  some  help  to  self-examina 
tion,  1686 ;  an  attestation  to  Dr.  Mather's  mag- 
nalia,  or  church  history  of  New  England,  prefixed 
to  that  work,  and  dated,  1697  ;  a  testimony  to 
the  order  of  the  gospel  in  the  churches  of  New 
England  with  Mr.  Hubbard,  1701  ;  an  epistle  to 
the  reader,  prefixed  to  Hale's  inquiry  into  the  na 
ture  of  witchcraft,  1702 ;  a  preface  to  Thomas 
Allen's  invitation  to  thirsty  sinners  ;  the  deplor 
able  state  of  New  England,  1708.  —  Magnolia, 
in.  66,  76 ;  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  \i.  243,  244,  259- 
294,271,272;  Sprague's  Annals. 

HIGHTOWN,  JOSHUA,  died  in  Marengo  county, 
Ala.,  Aug.,  1844,  aged  126.  Family  records  at 
test  his  age.  He  was  wounded  at  Braddock's 
defeat,  and  was  also  a  soldier  of  the  llevolution. 

HILDRETII,  HOSEA,  died  at  Sterling  July  10, 
1835,  aged  53.  Born  in  Chelmsford  in  1782,  a 
graduate  of  Harvard  in  1805,  he  was  a  minister 
for  some  years  at  Gloucester,  Mass.,  afterwards 
secretary  of  the  Massachusetts  temperance  so 
ciety.  He  published  discourse  at  Exeter  acad 
emy,  1825;  Dudlcian  lecture,  1829;  lives  of 
evangelists  and  apostles,  1830.  • 

HILL,  ABRAHAM,  died  at  Oxford,  Mass.,  June 
8,  1788,  aged  69.  Born  at  Cambridge,  he  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1737,  and  was  the  minister  of 
Shutcsbury  from  1762  to  1778,  when  he  was  dis 
missed.  Hand's  sermon  at  his  ordination  was 
published.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

HILL,  HENRY,  a  merchant  in  Boston,  died 
July  7,  1828,  aged  92.  He  graduated  in  1756. 

HILL,  EBENEZER,  minister  of  Mason,  N.  IT., 
died  May  27,  1854,  aged  88.  He  was  born  at 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  Jan.  29,  1766,  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1786,  and  ordained  Nov.  3,  1790. 
He  had  been  settled  more  than  fifty  years.  lie 
published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Ruth  Batch- 
eller,  another  on  the  death  of  William  K.  Batch- 
eller,  1811.  Seth  Payson's  sermon  at  his  ordina 
tion  was  published. 

HILL,  ISAAC,  governor  of  N.  II.,  died  at 
Washington  March  22,  1851,  aged  63.  Born  in 
Cambridge,  his  parents  removed  when  he  was  a 
boy  to  Ashburnham.  With  little  education  he 
became  a  printer,  and  as  editor  issued  the  New 
Hampshire  Patriot  in  1809.  It  gained  a  wide 
circulation  and  great  influence  in  the  party  called 
republican.  In  1829  Jackson  appointed  him 
second  comptroller  of  the  treasury ;  but  the  next 
year  his  nomination  was  rejected  by  the  senate. 
In  1831  he  was  chosen  senator  for  six  years,  but 
resigned  in  1836  to  accept  the  office  of  governor 
of  N.  II.,  to  which  place  he  Avas  rcchoscn  in 
1837  and  1838.  In  1840  he  was  sub-treasurer 
at  Boston.  He  had  long  been  pension  agent. 


HILL. 

lie  and  two  sons  established  Hill's  New  Hamp 
shire  Patriot,  which  was  united  with  the  Pat 
riot  in  1847.  He  published  also  the  Farmer's 
Monthly  Visitor. 

HILL,  WILLIAM,  I).  D.,  died  in  Winchester, 
Va.,  Nov.  16,  1852,  aged  83.  He  was  the  minister 
of  W.  from  1800  to  1838,  and  afterwards  in  Alex 
andria  and  elsewhere.  He  was  a  powerful  ex 
temporaneous  preacher;  a  man  generous  and 
impetuous.  He  opposed  what  is  called  the  ex 
scinding  act  of  his  church  in  1838,  and  joined 
the  New  School  Assembly.  For  the  last  five 
years  he  lived  in  retirement  with  his  children.  — 
N.  Y.  Observer,  Dec.  2. 

HILL,  EBENEZER,  died  in  Mason,  N.  H.,  May 
20,  18,34,  aged  88.  A  native  of  Cambridge,  a 
graduate  of  Harvard  in  1796,  he  was  the  minister 
of  M.  sixty-three  years,  having  a  colleague  seven 
teen  years.  —  N.  Y.  Observer,  July  6. 

HILLIIOUSE,  WILLIAM,  judge,  died  Jan.  12, 
1816,  aged  87.  He  was  the  son  of  James  H., 
iirst  minister  of  the  second  church  in  New  Lon 
don,  now  Montville,  who  was  a  native  of  Ireland, 
and  was  installed  Oct.  3,  1722,  and  died  in  1740. 
He  was  born  in  1727,  and  was  for  fifty  years  a 
member  of  the  legislature;  for  forty  years  a 
judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas,  and  also 
judge  of  probate."  During  the  Revolutionary  war 
he  was  one  of  the  council  of  safety.  His  seat  in 
the  council  he  resigned  in  1808,  and  died  at 
Montville.  He  was  a  man  of  integrity,  a  Chris 
tian,  and  an  unshaken  patriot. 

HILLIIOUSE,  JAMFS  ABRAHAM,  a  distin 
guished  lawyer,  the  brother  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  at  New  London  about  1729.  He  was  grad 
uated  at  Yale  college  in  1749,  and  was  tutor  from 
1750  to  1756.  He  afterwards  practised  law  at 
New  Haven,  where  he  died  Oct.  3,  1775,  aged 
46.  His  widow,  Mary,  died  July,  1822,  aged  87. 
He  had  a  high  reputation  as  an  advocate,  and  was 
a  zealous  supporter  of  the  rights  of  his  country. 
His  Christian  life  was  exemplary  ;  he  was  adorned 
by  meekness,  humility,  and  charity.  — Holmes' 
Life  of  Stiles,  66. 

1IILL1IOUSE,  JAMES,  LL.  D.,  died  of  apo 
plexy,  suddenly,  at  New  Haven  Dec.  29,  1832, 
aged  78.  He  was  born  at  Montville  Oct.  21, 
1754,  and  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1773.  Hav 
ing  studied  law,  he  took  an  active  part  in  the 
Revolutionary  struggle.  A  member  of  congress 
in  1791,  he  was  chosen  a  senator  in  1794,  and 
continued  in  the  senate  sixteen  years,  resigning 
his  seat  in  1810.  He  was  then  commissioner  of 
the  school  fund  of  Conn,  for  fifteen  years.  From 
1782  for  fifty  years  he  was  treasurer  of  the  col 
lege.  In  1825  he  undertook  the  construction  of 
the  Farmington  and  Hampshire  canal,  in  which 
he  sunk  much  property,  a  railroad  having  taken 
the  place  of  the  canal.  His  wife  was  a  daughter 
55 


HIL^IARD. 


433 


of  Col.  M.  Woolsey,  of  Dosoris.  —  Bacon's 
Sketch. 

IIILLI-IO'USE,  JAMES  ABRAHAM,  a  poet,  died 
at  New  Haven,  Jan.  5,  1841,  aged  51.  The  son 
of  the  preceding,  he  was  graduated  at  Yrale  in 
1808;  and  was  distinguished  for  his  acquirements, 
taste,  and  character.  He  published  Percy's 
Masque,  1820 ;  Hadad ;  and  the  judgment.  His 
whole  works  were  published  in  2  vols.,  12mo., 
1839,  entitled  dramas,  discourses,  and  other 
pieces. 

IIILLIARD,  TIMOTHY,  minister  of  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  died  May  9, 1790,  aged  43.  He  was  born 
in  Kensington,  N.  II.,  in  1746,  and  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1764.  In  1768  he  was  ap 
pointed  chaplain  of  castle  William,  and  after  offi 
ciating  a  few  months  was  elected  a  tutor  of  the  col 
lege,  in  which  he  was  educated.  He  was  ordained 
the  minister  of  Barnstable  April  10,  1771,  as  the 
successor  of  Mr.  Green  ;  but  after  continuing  his 
benevolent  exertions  in  this  place  for  twelve 
years,  respected  and  beloved  by  his  people,  he 
was  induced  in  consequence  of  his  impaired 
health,  occasioned  by  the  dampness  of  the  sea  air, 
to  request  a  dismission,  which  was  given  him 
April  30,  1783.  He  was  succeeded  by  John  Mel- 
len.  On  the  27th  of  Oct.,  he  was  installed  at 
Cambridge,  as  colleague  Avith  Dr.  Appleton.  He 
was  peculiarly  well  qualified  for  the  conspicuous 
station,  in  which  by  Divine  providence  he  was 
now  placed ;  for  he  possessed  an  easy  and  pleas 
ing  elocution,  and  a  devotional  manner,  and  his 
discourses  were  pure  in  language,  and  replete 
with  judicious  sentiments,  well  arranged,  instruc 
tive,  and  truly  evangelical.  But  the  power  of 
doing  good  was  continued  to  him  but  a  few  years. 
In  the  midst  of  his  usefulness  and  with  increasing 
reputation,  he  died  suddenly.  A  short  time  be 
fore  he  expired,  he  expressed  his  full  confidence 
in  God,  and  said,  that  he  enjoyed  those  consola 
tions  which  he  had  endeavored  to  impart  to 
others.  AVhile  he  was  respected  for  his  talents 
and  acquisitions,  and  made  himself  pleasing  in 
social  intercourse,  he  also  possessed  an  amiable 
temper,  kind  and  sympathetic  feelings,  and  the 
genuine  benevolence  of  the  gospel.  Though  firm 
in  the  maintenance  of  his  religious  sentiments,  he 
was  yet  conspicuous  for  his  candor.  He  published 
two  fast  sermons,  1774;  a  sermon  at  the  execu 
tion  of  three  persons,  1785  ;  at  the  ordination  of 
Henry  Ware,  1788;  of  Bczaleel  Howard;  of 
John  Andrews,  1789 ;  and  a  Dudleian  lecture, 
1788. —  Willard's  Funeral  Sermon;  Holmes' 
Hist,  of  Cambridge;  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  III.  16; 
VII.  63-67  ;  Sprague's  Annals. 

IIILLIARD,  WILLIAM,  the  son  of  Rev.  Tim 
othy  II.,  of  Cambridge,  was  a  bookseller  in  Cam 
bridge  and  Boston,  and  died  at  Cambridge,  April 
27,  1836,  aged  57.  He  was  descended  from 


434 


HILLIAHD. 


IIINSDALE. 


Emanuel  Ililliard  of  Hampton,  N.  II.,  who  was 
lost  with  six  others  in  a  boat  in  1657.  In  the  old 
records  his  name  stands  Em.  Ililliar.  Timothy 
of  Hampton,  in  1686,  was  probably  his  son.  Mr. 
William  Ililliard  was  among  the  early  and  exten 
sive  booksellers  of  Boston,  and  was  a  man  of 
great  worth  and  highly  respected.  Through  his 
purchase  of  the  ancient  libraries  of  monasteries 
in  Germany,  Dr.  Homer  procured  valuable  docu 
ments,  illustrating  the  labors  of  the  reformers  in 
biblical  learning.  He  left  two  sons,  Francis,  a 
lawyer  in  Boston,  and  William.  He  published 
address  to  charitable  mechanic  association,  1827 ; 
to  masons,  1829.  —  Sprac/ne's  Annals. 

HILLIAHD,  TIMOTHY,  Episcopal  minister  in 
Portland,  Me.,  the  son  of  liev.  Timothy  II.,  of 
Cambridge,  died  in  Claremont,  N.  II.,  Jan.  2, 
1842,  aged  64.  He  was  born  in  Barnstable,  grad 
uated  with  his  brother  Joseph  at  Harvard  in  1793, 
and  was  rector  at  Portland  from  1803  to  1808. 

HILLIARD,  JOSEPH,  the  son  of  Rev.  Timothy 
H.,  died  at  Berwick,  Maine,  in  1843,  aged  69. 
Pie  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1793,  and  was 
the  minister  of  Berwick  from  1797  to  1825,  when 
he  was  dismissed. 

HILLS,  EBENEZER,  a  colored  man,  died  in 
Vienna,  N.  Y.,Aug.  3,  1849,  aged  110.  lie  was 
born  a  slave  at  Stonington,  and  was  free  at  the 
age  of  28.  He  served  through  the  Avar,  was  in 
various  battles,  and  was  present  at  the  surrender 
of  Burgoync.  Can  it  be  right  to  deny  to  such  a 
man,  of  a  black  color,  the  right  of  voting,  given 
to  the  most  ignorant,  freshly-arrived  white  Irish 
man? 

HILLYER,  ASA,  D.  1).,  minister  of  Orange, 
N.  J.,  died  Aug.  28,  1840,  aged  76 ;  a  graduate 
of  Yale  in  1786.  He  was  a  native  of  Massa 
chusetts. 

HILTON,  EDWARD,  the  first  settler  of  New 
Hampshire,  was  sent  over  by  the  proprietors  of 
Laconia,  with  his  brother  William  and  David 
Thompson  in  1623.  He  set  up  a  stage  for  fishery 
at  Dover.  After  fifteen  or  twenty  years  he  re 
moved  to  Squamscot  patent,  or  Exeter,  where  he 
died  about  1671,  leaving  an  estate  of  2200 
pounds.  He  left  sons  Edward,  William,  Samuel, 
and  Charles.  His  descendants  and  those  of  his 
brother  are  numerous  in  N.  II.  and  Maine. 

HILTON,  WINTHROP,  colonel,  the  grandson 
of  the  preceding,  was  killed  by  the  Indians,  while 
at  work  in  the  woods  of  Epping  in  1710.  He 
accompanied  Church  in  his  expedition  in  1704; 
and  in  1705,  with  two  hundred  and  fifty  English 
and  twenty  Indians,  went  against  Norridgewock 
on  snow  shoes  and  burned  the  Indian  wigwams 
and  chapel.  He  was  the  son  of  Edward,  and  his 
mother  Ann  was  the  daughter  of  Rev.  S.  Dudley 
and  Ann  Winthrop,  the  son  and  daughter  of  Gov 
ernors  Dudley  and  Winthrop. 

HINCKLEY,  THOMAS,  the  last  governor  of 


Plymouth,  died  at  Barnstable  in  1705,  aged  75. 
He  was  the  son  of  Samuel  II.,  who  lived  in  Scit- 
uate  in  1636,  removed  to  Barnstable  in  1639,  and 
died  in  1662.  lie  M~as  born  about  1630.  lie 
was  chosen  governor  in  1680,  and  continued  in 
office,  except  when  interrupted  by  Andros,  till 
the  union  of  the  old  colony  with  Mass.,  in  1692. 
Among  the  manuscripts  of  the  New  England,  or 
old  south  church  library,  which  were  deposited  in 
1817,  in  the  historical  library,  are  3  vols.  folio  of 
papers,  collected  by  Gov.  Hiiickley. 

IIINCKLEY,  SAMVEL,  register  and  judge  of 
probate  many  years,  died  at  Northampton  in  1840, 
aged  83.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Yale  in  1781,  a 
descendant  of  Samuel,  who  lived  in  Scituate  in 
1638. 

HINDE,  Doctor,  family  physician  of  General 
Wolfe,  was  a  native  of  England,  born  in  1737, 
and  was  with  Wolfe  when  he  fell  on  the  plains 
of  Abraham  Sept.  13,  1759.  lie  afterwards  set 
tled  in  Virginia  in  the  neighborhood  of  Patrick 
Henry,  whom  he  accompanied,  when  he  marched 
against  Lord  Dunmore.  His  practice  as  a  phy 
sician  and  surgeon  was  extensive  both  in  Virginia 
and  Kentucky,  whither  he  removed.  He  died  in 
Newport,  Ivy.,  in  1829,  aged  92.  Educated  an 
Episcopalian,  he  became  a  deist,  and  ridiculed 
Christianity.  When  his  wile  and  daughter 
attached  themselves  to  the  Methodists,  in  his 
rage  he  banished  his  daughter  from  his  house, 
and  to  cure  his  wife  of  her  insanity  he  applied  a 
blister  to  her  spine.  But,  as  he  used  to  say, 
"  God  turned  the  huge  blister  upon  his  own 
heart."  Her  meekness  and  fortitude  under  this 
malignant  cruelty  awakened  his  attention  to  the 
religion  which  sustained  her ;  and  in  the  result 
he  became  a  Methodist.  For  nearly  half  a  cen 
tury  he  was  a  devout  adherent  of  that  sect  of 
Christians.  No  waking  hour  ever  passed,  who 
ever  might  be  present,  in  which  he  did  not  utter 
some  expression  of  admiration  for  the  Christian 
faith.  No  patient  was  visited  without  first  pray 
ing  in  secret  for  success,  nor  without  assembling 
the  family,  on  his  arrival  at  the  house,  and  pray 
ing  for  the  recovery  of  the  sick.  —  West.  Journ. 
Med.  and  Plnjs.  Sciences. 

HINMAN,  EPHRAIM,  general,  died  in  Ilox- 
bury,  Conn.,  Dec.  11,  1829,  aged  76.  He  was  the 
son  of  David  of  Southbury;  and  removed  in  1784 
to  lloxbury,  where  he  was  thirty  years  a  mer 
chant.  He  was  a  man  of  dignified  appearance 
and  was  fond  of  military  life;  he  was  made  brig 
adier-general  in  1805.  The  close  of  his  life  was 
marked  by  humility  and  attachment  to  the  ortho 
dox  faith.  One  of  the  Hinman  family,  Royal 
R.  Hinman,  late  secretary  of  Conn.,  now  of  the 
city  of  New  York,  is  publishing,  in  successive 
numbers,  a  catalogue  of  the  first  Puritan  settlers 
of  Conn.  No.  5  was  published  1856. 

IIINSDALE,  ABEL  K.,  missionary  to  the  Nes- 


IIINSDALE. 


HOAR. 


435 


torians,  died  in  Dec.,  1842.  A  native  of  Torring- 
ton,  Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  183.3; 
in  Jan.,  1841,  he  sailed  from  Boston.  He  had  a 
quenchless  zeal  to  promote  God's  glory,  but  he 
was  permitted  to  toil  only  a  short  time  in  the 
missionary  field. 

HINSDALE,  NANCY,  Miss,  died  in  Troy  May 
16,  1 85 >,  aged  82;  a  useful  teacher  of  females. 
She  was  the  daughter  of  llev.  Theodore  II.,  of 
Windsor,  Conn.  In  179G  she  commenced  the 
buisnessof  teaching  in  Pittsficld,  Mass.  In  1830 
she  removed  to  Troy.  In  her  last  hours  she  ex 
claimed,  "  Blessed  hope  !  blessed  hope ! "  —  N.  Y. 
Observer,  June  26. 

HINSDELL,  EBENEZER,  a  descendant  of  Rob 
ert  Ilinsdale  of  Dedham  in  1638,  and  afterwards 
of  Deerfield,  died  in  1763,  aged  about  56.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1727,  and  was  ordained, 
with  Stephen  Parker  and  Joseph  Seccomb,  as  a 
missionary  to  the  Indians,  in  1733,  when  Dr. 
Sewall  preached  the  ordination  sermon.  — 
Sprague's  Annals. 

HITCHCOCK,  GAD,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Pem 
broke,  Mass.,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1743,  and  after  a  ministry  of  fifty-five  years 
died  Aug.  8,  1803,  aged  85.  He  was  frank,  affa 
ble,  and  hospitable;  in  his  old  age  many  profited 
by  his  instructions.  He  published  a  sermon  to  a 
military  company,  1757  ;  at  the  ordination  of  E. 
Hitchcock,  1771;  at  the  election,  1774;  anniver 
sary  at  Plymouth,  Dec.,  1774  ;  Dudleian  lecture, 
1779. 

HITCHCOCK,  ENOS,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Provi 
dence,  Rhode  Island,  died  Feb.  27,  1803,  aged 
58.  He  was  a  native  of  Springfield,  Mass.,  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1767.  He 
was  ordained  in  1771,  a  colleague  of  the  aged 
Mr.  Chipman,  pastor  of  the  second  church  in 
Beverly.  At  the  commencement  of  the  war  his 
zeal  for  his  country's  rights  induced  him  to  be 
come  a  chaplain  in  the  American  army.  Believ 
ing  that  his  duty  to  the  public  and  to  his  family 
required  that  his  connection  with  the  church  in 
Beverly  should  be  dissolved,  he  was  dismissed  in 
1780.  In  intervals  of  leisure  from  duty  in  the 
camp  he  preached  at  Providence,  and  was  installed 
Oct.  1,  1783.  Distinguished  by  active,  habitual 
benevolence  through  life,  at  his  death  he  be 
queathed  2500  dollars  for  the  establishment  of  a 
fund  for  the  support  of  the  ministry  in  his  society. 
He  paid  great,  attention  to  the  education  of  youth, 
and,  while  he  wrote  upon  the  subject,  he  projected 
and  promoted  the  establishment  of  free  schools. 
He  was  an  excellent  preacher  and  died  in  peace. 
He  published  a  book  of  catechetical  instructions 
and  forms  of  devotion  for  children  and  youth  ; 
memoirs  of  the  Bloomsgrove  family,  a  work  on 
education,  2  vols.,  12mo.,  1790 ;  discourse  on  na 
tional  prosperity;  farmer's  friend,  12mo.,  1793; 
at  a  dedication ;  on  education;  new  years;  a  ser 


mon  at  the  dedication  of  his  meeting-house,  1795 ; 
an  essay  on  the  Lord's  supper ;  at  the  ordination 
of  A.  Flint,  1791;  of  Jonathan  Gould,  1793;  of 
E.  Fiske,  1799 ;  on  the  death  of  Washington ; 
of  Mrs.  S.  Bowcn,  1800. —  Tapijan's  Sermon 
on  his  death. 

HITCHCOCK,  SAMUEL,  died  at  Burlington, 
Vt.,  in  1814,  or  end  of  1813,  aged  59,  a  judge  of 
the  circuit  court  of  the  United  States.  He  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  in  1777. 

HITCHCOCK,  SAMUEL  J.,  judge,  died  at  New 
Haven  Aug.  31,  1845,  aged  59.  Born  in  Bethle 
hem,  a  graduate  at  Yale  of  1809,  he  was  a  judge 
of  a  county  court  and  the  principal  instructor 
in  Yale  college  law  school. 

HITCHCOCK,  HARVEY  R.,  missionary  to  the 
Sandwich  Islands,  died  in  1855. 

HITE,  ISAAC,  major,  an  officer  of  the  Revolu 
tionary  war,  died  at  Bellegrave,  Va.,  Nov.  30, 
1836,  aged  80. 

HOAR,  LEONARD,  M.  D.,  president  of  Harvard 
college,  died  Nov.  28,  1675,  aged  about  45.  He 
was  graduated  in  that  seminary  in  1650,  and  in 
1653,  went  to  England  and  took  the  degree  of 
doctor  in  medicine  at  the  university  in  Cambridge. 
He  was  afterwards  settled  as  a  minister  of  Wen- 
stcd  in  Sussex,  from  which  parish  he  was  ejected 
for  his  nonconformity  in  1662.  He  returned  to 
this  country  in  1672,  and  preached  a  short  time 
as  an  assistant  to  Thomas  Thacher,  at  the  south 
church  in  Boston.  In  July  he  was  chosen  presi 
dent,  to  supply  the  loss  of  Mr.  Chauncy,  and  was 
inducted  into  this  office  Sept,  10th.  As  a  scholar 
and  a  Christian  he  was  very  respectable;  but 
being  deficient  in  a  spirit  of  government,  and  fall 
ing  under  the  displeasure  of  a  few  men  of  influ 
ence  in  the  neighborhood,  the  students  were  thus 
encouraged  to  array  themselves  against  him,  and 
his  situation  was  rendered  so  unpleasant  that  he 
was  under  the  necessity  of  resigning  his  office 
March  15,  1675.  He  was  succeeded  by  Mr. 
Oakes.  The  injuries  which  he  had  suffered  visi 
bly  affected  his  health,  and  induced  a  consump 
tion,  of  which  he  died.  While  he  was  president, 
there  was  a  contribution  through  the  colony  for 
erecting  a  new  building  for  the  college,  and  1895 
pounds  were  collected.  A  valuable  letter  of  Dr. 
Hoar  to  Josiah  Flint,  giving  him  direction  in  his 
studies,  is  published  in  the  collections  of  the  his 
torical  society.  —  Maynalia,  iv.  129;  Collect. 
Historical  Society,  VI.  100-108. 

HOAR,  JOHN,  died  at  Concord,  Mass.,  in  1701; 
he  had  lived  there  since  1660.  Mrs.  Rowlandson 
was  by  him  restored  from  Indian  captivity.  His 
son,  Daniel,  was  the  great  grandfather  of  Samuel, 
the  following. 

HOAR,  SAMUEL,  LL.  D.,  died  at  ConcowJ, 
Mass.,  Nov.  2,  1856,  aged  78.  Born  in  Lincoln 
May  18,  1778,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  the 
large  and  distinguished  class  of  1802.  He 


436 


HOBART. 


HOBAKT. 


practised  law  with  success  for  more  than  half  a 
century  in  Concord ;  and  he  was  a  respected  and 
honored  citizen,  who  was  elected  to  various  offi 
ces,  the  duties  of  which  he  most  faithfully  dis 
charged.  In  the  State  he  was  a  representative, 
councillor,  and  senator,  and  a  member  of  congress 
in  1836.  His  mission  to  South  Carolina  is  a  mat 
ter  of  historical  record.  Some  negro  free  citizens 
of  Massachusetts,  seamen  in  northern  vessels, 
were  imprisoned  at  Charleston  for  no  crime,  but 
under  certain  police  regulations  of  the  city  con 
cerning  the  blacks.  The  government  of  Massa 
chusetts  sent  Mr.  H.  to  Charleston  to  commence 
a  suit  against  the  perpetrators  of  the  offence  in 
the  United  States  court.  He  was  prevented 
from  executing  his  purpose  by  a  mob  of  white 
citizens,  who  drove  him  from  the  city  Dec.  5, 
1844;  and  the  legislature  in  a  distant  city  on  the 
same  day  passed  resolutions,  authorizing  the  gov 
ernor  to  do  what  the  mob  had  already  done.  To 
the  slaveholders  of  the  south,  who  subsist  by  the 
extorted  labor  of  slaves,  —  inherited,  or  pur 
chased,  or  begotten  by  themselves,  and  their  own 
children,  —  the  sacred  obligations  of  the  constitu 
tion  in  regard  to  the  rights  of  all  free  citizens  of 
the  United  States,  whether  of  a  lighter  or  darker 
hue,  are  deemed  of  no  importance,  compared  with 
the  imagined  security  of  "  their  own  institution," 
as  in  soft  words  slavery  is  called.  It  is  to  be 
hoped  the  day  will  come,  when  they  will  respect 
not  only  the  rights  of  the  Northern  States  but 
the  rights  of  their  own  offspring  and  of  the  de 
scendants  of  men  kidnapped  and  brought  to  this 
country  by  the  God-abhorred  race  of  men-stcalers. 
Mr.  Hoar  was  a  worthy  member  of  the  Unita 
rian  church  in  Concord.  He  took  a  leading  part 
in  the  cause  of  temperance.  His  wife,  who  sur 
vived  him,  was  a  daughter  of  Roger  Sherman  of 
Conn.  Judge  E.  Rockwood  Hoar,  named  after  a 
classmate,  is  his  son,  with  two  other  sons  and  two 
daughters.  His  classmate,  William  Minot,  has 
been  asked  to  prepare  a  memoir  of  Mr.  Hoar. 
He  published  a  speech  in  congress  on  slavery  in 
the  district  of  Columbia,  1836. 

HOBART,  PETER,  first  minister  of  Hingham, 
Mass.,  the  son  of  Edmund  II.,  was  born  in  Hing 
ham,  England,  in  1604,  and  was  educated  at  the 
university  of  Cambridge.  After  he  began  to 
preach,  the  impositions  of  the  prelatical  party  in 
duced  him  to  come  to  this  country.  He  arrived 
June  8,  1635,  and  in  Sept.  he  began,  with  a  num 
ber  of  his  friends,  a  new  plantation  at  Hingham. 
Here  he  continued  till  his  death,  Jan.  20,  1679, 
aged  74.  Four  of  his  sons  were  respectable  min 
isters,  Joshua  of  Southold,  L.  I.,  Jeremiah  of 
Topsfield  and  Haddam,  Gershom  of  Groton, 
M^ass.,  and  Nehemiah  of  Newton.  —  Mar/nalia, 
III.  153-155;  Winthrop,  III.,  222;  Sprague's 
Annals. 

HOBART,  GERSHOM,  second  minister  of  Gro 


ton,  died  in  1707,  aged  62.  Born  in  Hingham, 
the  son  of  Rev.  P.  H.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1667.  He  was  settled  in  1679.  succeeding  S. 
"Willard,  and  was  succeeded  by  D.  Bradstreet, 
Trowbridge,  Dana,  and  Chaplin. 

HOBART,  NEHEMIAH,  minister  of  Newton, 
the  son  of  Rev.  Peter  H.,  was  born  Nov.  21, 1648, 
and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1667. 
After  preaching  two  years  at  Newton,  he  was 
ordained  Dec.  23,  1674,  as  successor  of  Mr.  Eliot, 
and  died  Aug.  12,  1712,  aged  63.  Mr.  Cotton 
succeeded  him.  He  was  humble,  pious,  and 
learned.  He  published  a  sermon  entitled,  the 
absence  of  the  Comforter  described  and  lamented. 
—  Hist.  Coll.  V.  267-269;  IX.  169. 

HOBART,  JEREMIAH,  minister  of  Haddam, 
Conn.,  died  in  1715,  aged  84;  or,  by  another  ac 
count,  in  1717,  aged  86.  lie  died  on  Sunday  in 
his  chair  after  returning  from  public  worship. 
The  son  of  Rev.  Peter  II.,  of  Hingham,  he  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  in  1650,  and  afterwards  became, 
from  1672  to  1680,  the  minister  of  Topsfield. 
Thence  he  removed,  in  1683,  to  Hempstead,  on 
Long  Island  ;  but,  his  people  neglecting  to  give 
him  adequate  support,  he  left  them,  and  was  set 
tled  in  the  ministry  at  Haddam  Nov.  14,  1700. 
One  of  his  daughters  was  the  mother  of  David 
Brainerd. 

HOBART,  JOSHUA,  died  at  Southold,  Long 
Island,  in  1717,  aged  88,  in  the  forty-sixth  year  of 
his  ministry.  The  son  of  Rev.  Peter  H.,  he  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  in  1650,  in  the  class  of  his 
younger  brother,  Jeremiah,  and  was  ordained  at 
Southold  in  1674. 

HOBART,  NEHEMIAH,  minister  of  Cohasset, 
died  in  1740,  aged  42;  the  son  of  David,  and 
grandson  of  Rev.  Peter  H.  He  was  a  graduate 
of  Harvard  in  1714. 

IIOBART,  NOAH,  minister  of  Fail-field,  Conn., 
died  Dec.  6,  1773,  aged  68,  in  the  forty-first  year 
of  his  ministry.  He  was  the  grandson  of  Rev. 
Peter  H.,  and  the  son  of  David,  of  Hingham. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1724, 
and  was  ordained  Feb.  7,  1733,  as  the  successor 
of  Joseph  Webb.  In  a  few  years  a  number  of 
persons  in  Fairfield  county  adopted  the  Episco 
palian  worship,  separating  themselves  from  the 
Congregational  churches,  and  some  of  the  Epis 
copal  missionaries  represented  the  ministers  of 
the  country  as  not  the  true  ministers  of  Christ. 
In  consequence  of  this  he  was  induced  to  write 
upon  the  subject  of  Presbyterian  ordination,  and 
to  vindicate  its  validity  in  a  sermon,  which  he 
preached  at  the  close  of  the  year  1746.  In  an 
swer  to  him  Mr.  Wetmore  wrote  his  vindication 
of  the  professors  of  the  church  of  England.  A 
controversy  now  commenced,  in  which  Mr.  Hobart 
had  for  his  opponents  Dr.  Johnson,  Mr.  Wetmore, 
Mr.  Beach,  and  Mr.  Caner.  He  contended  that 
the  inhabitants  of  the  American  plantations  were 


HOBART. 

not  obliged  by  any  laws  of  God  or  man  to  con 
form  to  the  prelatic  church,  as  established  in  the 
south  part  of  Great  Britain  ;  that  it  was  not  pru 
dent  to  embrace  the  Episcopal  communion  ;  and 
that  it  was  not  lawful  for  members  of  the  New 
England  churches  to  separate  from  them  and  pro 
duce  a  schism.  He  also  animadverted  upon  the 
conduct  of  the  society  for  propagating  the  gospel 
in  foreign  parts,  and  upon  the  misrepresentations 
of  its  missionaries.  This  controversy  lasted  a 
number  of  years.  He  buried  two  wives,  eight 
children,  and  1093  parishioners.  His  first  wife, 
whom  he  married  Sept.  22, 1735,  was  Ellen  Sloss. 
His  relict,  Priscilla,  died  at  Plymouth  July,  1798, 
aged  92.  lie  was  her  third  husband,  as  she  was 
his  third  wife.  In  his  life  he  exhibited  the  virtues 
and  in  his  death  the  resignation  and  peace  of  the 
Christian.  Not  long  before  his  departure  from 
the  world,  as  some  one  remarked  to  him  that  he 
was  going  to  receive  his  reward,  he  replied,  "  I 
am  going,  I  trust,  to  receive  the  mercy  of  God 
through  Jesus  Christ,"  He  had  few  equals  in 
this  country  for  acuteness  of  genius  and  learning. 
A  sound  judgment,  a  retentive  memory,  and  an 
uncommonly  social  and  communicative  temper, 
joined  to  a  knowledge  of  books,  and  an  extensive 
acquaintance  with  most  branches  of  science,  es 
pecially  with  history  and  divinity,  which  were  his 
favorite  studies,  rendered  his  conversation  very 
interesting  and  useful.  In  the  public  offices  of 
religion  he  acquitted  himself  with  graceful  dig 
nity,  and  with  a  solemnity  which  indicated  a  deep 
impression  of  the  majesty  of  that  Being,  in  whose 
presence  he  appeared.  In  his  preaching  he  ad 
dressed  himself  to  the  understanding  rather  than 
to  the  imagination  and  passions,  inculcating  the 
great  doctrines  of  regeneration,  of  repentance 
toward  God  and  faith  in  Jesus  Christ,  and  press 
ing  with  earnestness  upon  his  hearers  the  neces 
sity  of  that  holiness,  without  which  no  man  will 
be  admitted  to  heaven.  He  published  a  sermon 
at  the  ordination  of  Noah  Welles,  1747 :  a  se 
rious  address  to  the  members  of  the  Episcopal 
separation  in  New  England,  1748 ;  election  ser 
mon,  1750 ;  a  second  address  to  the  members  of 
the  Episcopal  separation  in  New  England,  1751  ; 
a  vindication  of  the  piece  entitled,  the  principles 
of  Congregational  churches,  etc.,  applied  to  the 
case  of  the  late  ordination  at  Wallingford,  occa 
sioned  by  remarks  made  thereon  by  Mr.  Hart, 
1761;  on  the  execution  of  I.  Frazier,  1768.— 
Welles'  Funeral  Sermon;  Holmes;  Sprague's 
Annals. 

HOB  ART,  JOHN  SLOSS,  judge  of  the  district 
court  of  New  York,  was  the  son  of  the  preceding, 
and  died  Feb.  4,  1805,  aged  G6,  having  sustained 
through  life  a  blameless  character.  During  the 
war  he  was  placed  in  some  of  the  most  important 
and  confidential  stations  in  New  York.  Mr.  Jay, 
Mr.  Hobart,  and  Mr.  Yatcs  were  appointed  the 


HOBBY. 


437 


three  judges  of  the  supreme  court,  first  appointed 
after  the  Revolution.  This  place  he  held  for  a 
number  of  years.  In  1798  he  was  chosen  a  sen 
ator  of  the  United  States. 

HOBART,  JOHN  HENRY,  D.  D.,  bishop  of  New 
York,  and  professor  of  theology  and  eloquence  in 
the  theological  seminary,  died  Sept.  12,  1830, 
aged  55.  He  was  born  at  Philadelphia,  and 
graduated  at  Princeton  in  1793,  and  was  a  tutor 
from  179G  to  1798.  After  being  for  some  years 
assistant  minister  of  Trinity  church,  New  York, 
he  was  consecrated  bishop  May  29,  1811.  He 
was  also  rector  of  Trinity  parish.  The  parish  in 
cludes  Trinity  church,  St.  Paul's  chapel,  and  St. 
John's  ;  and  the  rector  had  three  assistant  minis 
ters.  Dr.  Hobart's  predecessors  in  the  rector 
ship  were  Win.  Veazie  from  1696  to  1746  ;  Henry 
Barclay  from  1746  to  1764 ;  Sam.  Auchmuty 
from  1764  to  1777  ;  Charles  Inglis,  afterwards 
bishop  of  Nova  Scotia,  from  1777  to  1783 ;  Sam. 
Provoost  from  1783  to  1800 ;  Benjamin  Moore 
from  1800  to  1816.  While  at  Auburn  in  the 
performance  of  his  official  duties,  he  died  sud 
denly,  and  was  buried  at  New  York.  His  notions 
concerning  the  necessity  of  Episcopal  ordination 
caused  him  to  be  ranked  among  the  high-church 
men.  He  had  a  controversy  on  the  subject  with 
Dr.  Mason,  who  wrote  in  the  Christian's  magazine ; 
and  a  controversy  with  Rev.  J.  C.  Jones,  an  Epis 
copalian,  1811.  A  collection  of  sermons  on  his 
death,  with  his  life,  was  published  in  1831.  He 
published  a  companion  for  the  festivals  and  fasts, 
1804 ;  a  thanksgiving  sermon ;  charge  to  the 
clergy,  1815  ;  address  to  the  New  York  Bible  and 
common  prayer-book  society,  1816;  to  the  Epis 
copal  missionary  society,  1817;  sermons  in  2 
vols.,  8vo.,  London,  1824;  a  discourse  comparing 
the  United  States  with  England,  1825. 

HOBBAMOC,  an  Indian,  was  a  Pinese,  or 
chief  captain  of  Massassoit.  He  repaired  to 
Plymouth  in  July,  1621,  to  live  among  the  set 
tlers  as  their  friend,  and  he  proved  faithful  till 
his  death.  He  was  the  guide  of  Capt.  Standish, 
when  he  went,  Aug.  14th,  against  Corbitant  at 
Namasket ;  and  he  fought  bravely  by  his  side  in 
1623.  He  also  accompanied  the  governor  to 
Manomet  in  1623 ;  and  was  the  guide  of  Wins- 
low  and  John  Ilampden  when  they  visited  Mas 
sassoit  in  the  same  year.  Hubbard  describes  him 
as  "  a  proper,  lusty  young  man."  —  Hist.  Coll. ; 
Prince. 

IIOBBIE,  SELAII  R.,  major,  first  assistant 
postmaster-general,  died  in  Washington  March 
24,  1854,  aged  57.  He  first  served  as  a  member 
of  congress  from  Delaware  county,  N.  Y.  From 
1829  to  1850,  and  subsequently,  his  services  in 
the  post-office  department  were  very  important. 
His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Gen.  Root,  of  Delhi, 
N.  Y. 

HOBBY,  WILLIAM, minister  of  Reading,  Mass., 


438 


HODGE. 


was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1725,  and 
died  June  18,  1765,  aged  57,  in  the  thirty-third 
year  of  his  ministry.  His  natural  endowments 
and  acquirements  were  uncommon.  He  preached 
with  fluency,  and  copiousness,  and  fervor,  and 
much  promoted  the  cause  of  evangelical  faith, 
which  he  zealously  espoused.  As  he  went  down 
to  the  grave,  he  had  a  joyful,  triumphant  hope 
of  eternal  life.  He  left  behind  him  a  serious  ad 
dress  to  his  people,  as  from  the  dead,  charging 
them  to  choose  as  his  successor  a  faithful  preacher 
of  the  gospel,  which  is  in  Massachusetts  mission 
ary  magazine,  v.  ,371-375.  He  published  a  vin 
dication  of  the  itineracy  and  conduct  of  White- 
field,  1745  ;  self-examination  in  its  necessity  and 
advantages,  1746  ;  artillery  election  sermon,  1747 ; 
vindication  of  the  protest  against  Jonathan  Ed 
wards'  dismission,  1751. 

HODGE,  HANNAH,  Mrs.,  died  in  Philadelphia 
Dec.  17,  1805,  aged  84.  She  was  a  woman  of 
memorable  Christian  excellence.  She  was  of 
English  and  Huguenot  descent,  and  became  early 
pious,  joining  the  church  formed  by  Gilbert  Ten- 
nent  in  Philadelphia  in  1743,  one  of  the  first  mem 
bers,  and  for  more  than  sixty  years  its  ornament. 
She  performed  no  deeds  which  gain  the  applause 
of  the  world ;  but  she  was  a  woman  of  deep  piety 
and  active  benevolence.  Her  husband,  who  died 
in  1783,  left  her  his  estate,  wliich,  after  her  death, 
was  to  be  a  fund  for  the  education  in  Princeton 
college  of  poor  young  men,  destined  for  the  min 
istry.  But  she  continued  his  business,  the  profits 
of  which  she  expended  in  charity.  She  had  good 
common  sense,  strong  passions  under  control, 
great  affability  and  kindness  ;  and  she  was  hum 
ble  and  truly  pious. —  Assembly's  Magazine,  1806. 

HODGES,  A.  W.,  a  murderer,  was  hung  in 
Tortola  May  4,  1811,  for  whipping  to  death  one 
of  his  slaves.  Though  the  jury  recommended 
him  to  mercy,  the  governor  would  not  listen  to 
the  recommendation.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
executive  council. 

HODKINSON,  JOHN,  a  distinguished  theatri 
cal  performer,  died  at  Washington  in  1805,  aged 
38.  He  came  from  England  in  1792.  His  wife, 
a  distinguished  actress,  died  in  1804.  He  pub 
lished  a  narrative  of  the  old  American  company 
of  comedians. 

HOFFMAN,  JOSIAH  OGDEN,  judge,  died  at 
New  York  Jan.  24,  1837.  He  was  a  judge  of 
the  supreme  court  of  the  city. 

HOFFMAN,  MICHAEL,  died  at  Brooklyn  Sept. 
27,  1848,  aged  60.  He  lived  first  as  a  physician 
in  Hcrkimer  county,  and  was  long  a  member  of 
congress.  He  was  a  canal  commissioner  in  1833. 
For  years  a  member  of  the  assembly,  he  showed 
the  talents  of  a  debater,  and  statesman,  and  finan 
cier,  and  the  honest  devotion  of  a  patriot  to  the 
interests  of  the  State  of  New  York. 

HOFFMAN,  DAVID,  LL.  D.,  died  at  New  York 


HOLDEN. 

Nov.  11,  1854,  aged  nearly  70.  Born  in  Balti 
more,  he  was  a  lawyer  and  for  twenty  years  pro 
fessor  of  law  in  Maryland  university.  He  pub 
lished  a  course  of  legal  study,  1817  ;  legal  outlines, 
1836  ;  miscellaneous  thoughts ;  and  Viator,  1841 ; 
legal  hints,  1846.  He  had  prepared  chronicles, 
etc.,  in  several  volumes.  —  Ci/c.  of  Amer.  Lit. 

HOFFMAN,  OGDEN,  died  in  New  York  May 
1,  1856,  aged  62  ;  a  distinguished  lawyer,  lie 
was  a  son  of  Judge  Josiah  Ogden  Hoffman  ;  he 
commenced  the  practice  in  Goshen.  For  years 
after  1836  he  was  a  member  of  congress.  His 
second  wife,  Virginia,  daughter  of  S.  L.  Southard, 
survived  him. 

HOGE,  MOSES,  D.  D.,  president  of  Hampden 
Sidney  college,  Virginia,  died  at  Philadelphia  in 
July,  1820,  aged  60.  His  son,  Rev.  Samuel  Da- 
vies  Hoge,  professor  of  natural  sciences  in  the 
university  of  Ohio,  died  at  Athens,  O.,  Dec.  25, 
1826,  aged  33.  After  the  death  of  Dr.  Hoge,  a 
volume  of  his  sermons  was  published. 

IIOLBPtOOK,  ABIAII,  a  schoolmaster  in  Bos 
ton,  was  master  of  the  south  writing  school,  and 
died  Jan.  27,  1769,  aged  50.  He  was  an  exem 
plary  Christian.  He  brought  penmanship  to  a 
perfection  before  unknown  in  this  country.  A 
specimen  of  his  skill  is  in  the  library  of  Harvard 
college. 

HOLBROOK,  AMOS,  Dr.,  died  at  Milton,  Mass., 
in  June,  1842,  aged  88. 

HOLB11OOK,  JOSIAH,  died  near  Lynchburg, 
Va.,  by  falling  into  Black  Hock  Creek  while  on  a 
geological  excursion,  June  17,  1854,  aged  65.  He 
was  born  at  Derby,  and  was  a  graduate  of  Yale 
in  1810.  He  devoted  himself  to  the  cause  of 
popular  education,  and  diffused  a  love  of  min 
eralogy. 

HOLCOMB,  REUBEN,  minister  of  Sterling, 
Mass.,  died  in  1826,  aged  about  72.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  in  1774,  and  succeeded  J.  Mellen  in 
1779.  He  left  1200  dollars  to  missionary  and 
education  societies,  and  250  dollars  to  the  minis 
terial  fund  of  Boylston. 

HOLCOMBE,  HENRY,  D.  D.,  minister  of  the 
first  Baptist  church  in  Philadelphia,  died  May  22, 
1824,  aged  61. 

HOLDEN,  SAMUEL,  a  benefactor  of  the  prov 
ince  of  Massachusetts,  died  in  London  in  1740. 
A  sermon  on  his  death  was  preached  in  Boston 
by  Dr.  Colman,  before  the  general  court.  Mr. 
Holden  was  at  the  head  of  the  dissenters  in  Eng 
land,  and  at  the  head  of  the  bank  of  England. 
Such  was  his  benevolence  and  regard  to  religion, 
that  he  sent  to  Dr.  Colman  thirty-nine  sets  of 
Baxter's  practical  works,  in  four  massy  folios,  to 
be  distributed  among  our  churches.  The  amount 
of  his  charities  for  promoting  the  gospel  and 
other  useful  purposes  was  4,847  pounds.  After 
his  death  his  widow  and  daughters  gave  in  the 
same  liberal  and  benevolent  spirit  5,585  pounds. 


HOLLAND. 

Holdcn  chapel  for  the  college  at  Cambridge  was 
built  by  their  donation.  Mr.  Holdcn  was  a  man 
of  unfeigned  piety.  He  says  in  a  letter :  "  I  hope 
mv  treasure  is  in  heaven,  and  would  to  God  my 
heart  were  more  there.  Abstract  from  God  and 
futurity,  I  would  not  accept  of  an  eternity  here  in 
any  given  circumstances  whatever." — Caiman's 
Sermon. 

HOLLAND,  ABRAHAM,  Dr.,  died  at  Walpole, 
N.  H.,  March  1,  1847,  aged  96.  He  was  a  grad 
uate  of  1779. 

HOLLEXBACK,  MATTHIAS,  judge,  a  patriot 
of  the  llevolution,  died  at  Wilkesbarre  Feb.  18, 
1829,  aged  76.  He  was  an  early  settler  in  the 
valley  of  Wyoming.  When  the  valley  was  deso 
lated  by  the  Indians  under  Butler,  he  was  one  of 
the  few  who  escaped,  while  his  corps  was  mostly 
destroyed.  In  the  Revolutionary  army  he  was  a 
lieutenant,  and  afterwards  engaged  in  the  pro 
fession  of  the  law.  He  had  a  sound  judgment 
and  much  decision  of  character. 

HOLLEY,  HORACE,  LL.  D.,  president  of  Tran 
sylvania  university,  Kentucky,  died  July  31,  1827, 
aged  46.  He  was  born  in  Salisbury,  Conn.,  Feb. 
13,  1781;  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1803; 
in  1805  was  ordained  as  the  minister  of  Greenfield 
Hill,  Fail-field,  and  in  1809  installed  the  minister 
of  Ilollis  street,  Boston.  In  1818  he  became  the 
president  of  the  university  of  Kentucky  in  Lex 
ington,  but  was  induced  to  resign  his  office  in 
1827.  On  his  voyage  to  New  York  he  died  of 
the  yellow  fever.  He  was  settled  in  Connecticut 
as  a  Calvinist ;  but,  renouncing  his  early  faith,  he 
was  at  Boston  a  Unitarian.  In  Kentucky  his  re 
ligious  views  occasioned  much  excitement.  Some 
accused  him  of  being  openly  a  Deist.  It  was 
found  that  the  college  would  not  flourish  under 
his  care.  He  published  a  discourse  on  the  death 
of  Col.  James  Morrison,  1823.  His  memoirs 
were  written  by  his  widow. 

HOLLEY,  MARY  AUSTIN,  died  at  New  Or 
leans  Aug.  2,  1846,  widow  of  Rev.  Horace  II. 
She  emigrated  to  Texas  under  the  protection  of 
Gen.  S.  T.  Austin;  and  she  published  a  history 
of  Texas. 

HOLLINGSHEAD,  WILLIAM,  D.  D.,  minister 
of  Charleston,  S.  C.,  was  the  son  of  Wm.  II.,  of 
Wakefield,  Penn.  He  graduated  at  the  univer 
sity  of  Pennsylvania  in  1770.  About  the  year 
1783  he  succeeded  Mr.  Tcnnent  as  the  pastor  of 
the  Congregational  church  in  Charleston,  where 
he  died  Jan.  26,  1817.  J.  Keith  was  associate 
pastor  in  1788.  lie  was  a  distinguished  theologian. 
He  published  a  sermon  on  opening  the  new 
meeting-house,  1787 ;  on  the  advantages  of  public 
worship,  1794;  commemorative  of  Gen.  Moultrie, 
1805.  —  Spraguc's  Annals. 

IIOLLIS,  THOMAS,  a  most  liberal  benefactor 
of  Harvard  college,  was  born  in  England  in 
1659,  of  pious  parents,  and,  being  impressed  by 


HOLMES. 


439 


religious  truth  and  having  embraced  the  principles 
of  the  Baptists,  was  baptized  in  1679.  He  died 
in  Feb.,  1731,  aged  about  72.  He  was  for  many 
years  an  eminent  merchant,  and,  while  success 
attended  his  exertions,  it  pleased  God  to  incline 
him  also  to  charitable  and  benevolent  deeds  in 
proportion  to  his  wealth.  He  founded  two  pro 
fessorships  in  Harvard  college,  the  professorship 
of  divinity  and  mathematics.  He  also  presented 
a  valuable  apparatus  for  mathematical  and  philo 
sophical  experiments,  and  at  different  times  aug 
mented  the  library  with  many  valuable  books.  In 
1727  the  net  produce  of  his  donation,  exclusive 
of  gifts  not  vendible,  amounted  to  4900  pounds, 
the  interest  of  which  he  directed  to  be  appropri 
ated  to  the  support  of  the  two  professors,  to  the 
treasurer  of  the  college,  and  to  ten  poor  students 
in  divinity.  The  liberality  of  Mr.  Ilollis  seemed 
to  proceed  from  a  pious  heart.  He  says  in  a  let 
ter,  after  speaking  of  some  of  his  efforts  to  do 
good :  "  I  think  not  hereby  to  be  justified.  My 
rejoicing  is  in  Christ,  my  God  and  Saviour."  He 
also  ascribes  all  that  he  was,  "  to  rich,  free,  and 
sovereign,  electing  love."  Being  a  Calvinist  in 
his  sentiments,  he  required  his  professor  of  divinity 
to  be  "  of  sound  or  orthodox  principles."  Still 
he  was  not  governed  by  a  sectarian  spirit ;  he  did 
not  require  the  preference  of  his  own  Baptist 
denomination ;  but  the  professorship  was  open  to 
every  one,  who,  in  his  view,  embraced  the  impor 
tant  and  fundamental  doctrines  of  the  gospel. 
His  first  professor  was  Dr.  Wigglesworth.  His 
nephew,  Thomas  Ilollis,  who  died  in  1774,  had  a 
most  ardent  attachment  to  liberty,  and  endeavored 
to  promote  it  by  the  publication  and  distribution 
of  books  which  vindicate  the  rights  of  man.  His 
benefactions  to  the  library  of  Harvard  college 
amounted  to  about  1400  pounds.  —  Colman's  and 
Wigglesicortli's  Sermons ;  Grecmcood's  Discourse 
and  liudd's  Poem  on  Jiis  death  ;  Memoirs  of  T. 
Ilollis,  l.  1;  n.  598-601;  Morse's  True  Reasons, 
etc. ;  Holmes. 

HOLMES,  JOHX,  minister  of  Duxbury,  Mass., 
died  Dec.  24,  1675.  Although  he  was  not  a 
graduate  of  the  college  at  Cambridge,  he  studied 
theology  with  President  Chauncy  in  1658;  and 
soon  succeeded  11.  Partridge,  the  first  minister  of 
Duxbury,  and  was  the  pastor  about  thirty-seven 
years.  His  successors  were  Wiswall,  Robinson, 
Veazie,  Turner,  and  Drs.  S  anger  and  Allyn.  As 
Elder  Brewstcr  built  a  house  in  D.  and  lived  there 
for  a  time,  some  have  regarded  him  as  the  first 
teacher  of  the  people. 

HOLMES,  OBADIAH,  Baptist  minister,  died  at 
Newport,  11.  I.,  in  1682,  aged  75.  He  was  of 
Salem  church  before  1639,  and  became  a  Baptist 
at  Rehoboth.  His  descendants  were  estimated  at 
five  thousand  in  1790. — Benedict's  Hist.  Baptists. 

HOLMES,  DAVID,  governor  of  Mississippi, 
died  Aug.  20,  1832. 


HOLMES. 


IIOLYOKE. 


HOLMES,  ABIEL,  D.  D.,  died  at  Cambridge 
June  4,  1837,  aged  73.  A  native  of  Woodstock, 
Conn.,  the  son  of  Dr.  David  H.,  a  patriot  who  died 
in  1779,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1783  ;  was  pastor 
of  a  church  in  Midway,  Geo.,  as  successor  of 
Moses  Allen,  from  1785  to  1791  ;  and  in  1792 
was  settled  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  over  the  first 
church,  and  remained  pastor  till  1832,  when  he 
was  dismissed.  His  first  wife  was  the  daughter 
of  President  Stiles  ;  his  second  the  daughter  of 
Judge  Oliver  Wendell.  A  memoir  of  him  by  Dr. 
Jcnks,  is  in  hist,  coll.,  3d  series,  vol.  VII.,  to  which 
is  added  a  list  of  his  numerous  sermons  and  other 
writings,  which  also  may  be  seen  in  Dr.  Sprague's 
annals  of  the  American  pulpit.  He  published 
nearly  thirty  sermons  and  disquisitions  ;  among 
them  sermons  on  the  deaths  of  Gov.  Sumner, 
Washington,  President  Willard,  and  Drs.  Tappan 
and  Osgood;  a  century  sermon,  1801;  at  Ply 
mouth,  1806 ;  on  the  landing  at  Plymouth,  1820 ; 
history  of  English  translations  of  the  bible;  at 
ordination  of  D.  Kendall,  1803 ;  of  W.  Bascom, 
1805;  of  J.  Bartlett,  1811;  of  T.  B.  Gannett, 
1814;  of  H.  Hildreth,  1825  ;  at  the  inauguration 
of  E.  Porter,  1812;  two  discourses  on  the  second 
century,  1821;  convention  sermon,  1819;  Dud- 
leian  lecture,  1810;  to  the  antiquarian  society, 
1814;  the  life  of  Stiles,  1798;  American  annals, 
in  2  vols.,  1805  ;  a  new  edition,  1829.  —  Sprague's 
Annals. 

HOLMES,  JOHN,  died  at  Portland,  Me.,  July 
7,  1843,  aged  70.  He  was  born  on  Cape  Cod, 
but  in  early  life  removed  to  Maine,  and,  residing 
at  Alfred,  became  eminent  as  a  lawyer.  He  was 
a  distinguished  member  of  the  convention  which 
framed  the  constitution  of  Maine,  and  its  first 
senator.  He  was  a  representative  in  congress, 
1817-1820;  and  senator,  1820-'27,  and  1828-'33. 
At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  district  attorney 
for  Maine.  He  was  many  years  a  trustee  of 
Bowdoin  college. 

HOLMES,  JABEZ,  M.  D.,  died  at  Bristol,  R.I , 
Nov.  4,  1851.  He  was  vice-president  of  the 
medical  society,  and  had  been  in  extensive  practice 
nearly  forty  years. 

HOLT,  JOHN,  a  printer  in  New  York,  died  Jan. 
30,  1784,  aged  64.  He  was  a  native  of  Virginia, 
and  settled  as  a  merchant  in  Williamsburg,  of 
which  place  he  was  elected  mayor.  Being  un 
successful  in  business,  he  repaired  in  1760  to 
New  York,  where  he  published  the  New  York 
Gazette  and  Postboy,  and  in  1766,  the  New  York 
Journal.  In  the  Revolution  he  was  a  firm  whig ; 
he  was  an  excellent  writer  in  favor  of  his  country. 
While  the  British  had  possession  of  the  city,  he 
published  his  journal  at  Esopus  and  Poughkeep- 
sie  ;  he  inserted  in  it  Burgoync's  boastful  procla 
mation,  and  subjoined,  —  "pride  goeth  before 
destruction,  and  a  liaugldy  spirit  before  a  fall." 
By  the  enemy  he  lost  much  property.  His  widow 


printed  a  memorial  of  him  on  cards,  which  she 
distributed  among  her  friends.  —  Thomas,  II.  105. 

HOLT,  NATHAN,  minister  of  Danvers,  Mass., 
died  Aug.  2,  1792,  aged  67.  Born  in  Andover, 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1757,  and  was  or 
dained  Jan.  3,  1759.  Rev.  T.  Phillips  preached 
his  ordination  sermon. 

HOLT,  FIFIELD,  minister  of  Bloomfield,  Me., 
died  Nov.  15,  1830,  aged  about  45.  Born  in 
Hollis,  N.  H.,  he  graduated  at  Middlebury,  1810, 
and  studied  theology  at  Andover.  He  was  set 
tled  in  1815  with  liberty  to  employ  half  his  time 
in  missionary  labors.  For  years  he  thus  preached 
the  gospel  faithfully  in  the  missionary  settlements. 
His  ardent  feelings  gave  an  acceptable  unction  to 
his  public  ministrations.  He  was  familiar  and 
affectionate.  —  Tappan's  Sermon. 

HOLT,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Hardwick,  Mass., 
died  in  1836,  aged  74.  Born  in  Meriden,  Conn., 
he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1784,  was  settled  in 
1789,  and  was  dismissed  in  1805.  He  was  then 
the  minister  of  Chebacco  church  in  Ipswich,  from 
1809  to  1813  ;  and  afterwards  lived  on  a  farm  in 
Hardwick.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordi 
nation  of  Reed  Paige. 

HOLT,  PETER,  minister  of  Epping,  died  at 
Greenfield,  N.  H.,  March  25, 1851,  aged  about  80. 
He  was  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1790 ;  and  his 
classmate,  Benjamin  Hasey,  a  lawyer  of  Tops- 
ham,  Me.,  died  on  the  previous  day,  March  24th. 
He  was  twenty-eight  years  the  minister  of  Epping, 
six  at  Exeter,  and  eight  at  Peterborough. 

HOLT,  CHARLES,  an  aged  newspaper  editor, 
died  at  Jersey  City  July  30,  1852. 

IIOLTEN,  SAMUEL,  president  of  congress,  was 
born  in  Danvers,  Mass.,  June  9,  1738,  and  settled 
in  that  town  as  a  physician.  In  the  Revolution 
he  zealously  espoused  the  cause  of  his  country. 
In  1778  he  was  elected  a  member  of  congress, 
and  continued  in  that  body  five  years.  He  was 
again  elected  in  1793  ;  and  in  1796  was  appointed 
judge  of  probate  for  the  county  of  Essex,  which 
office  he  resigned  in  May,  1815,  after  having  been 
in  public  stations  forty-seven  years.  He  died  in 
Christian  peace  Jan.  2,  1816,  aged  77.  With  a 
majestic  form,  a  graceful  person,  and  engaging 
manners,  he  was  eminently  popular.  Of  all  the 
public  and  private  virtues  he  was  a  bright  ex 
ample;  and  he  was  pious  from  early  life.  — 
Thacher. 

HOLYOKE,  EDWARD,  president  of  Hanard 
college,  died  June  1,  1769,  aged  nearly  80.  He 
was  born  in  Boston,  1689,  the  son  of  Elizur.  He 
was  graduated  in  the  seminary  in  1705,  and,  after 
being  a  tutor  for  a  few  years,  vvas  ordained  the 
minister,  of  a  new  society  in  Marblehead,  April 
25,  1716.  He  continued  in  this  place  until  1737, 
when  he  was  elected  president.  He  was  inducted 
into  this  office  as  the  successor  of  President 
Wadsworth  Sept.  28th.  He  retained  the  vigor 


HOLYOKE. 


HOMLS. 


441 


of  his  mind  and  considerable  strength  of  body, 
and  discharged  the  duties  of  his  station  until  a 
few  months  before  his  death.  He  was  succeeded 
by  Mr.  Locke.  As  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  while 
he  contended  for  the  free  and  sovereign  grace  of 
God  in  our  salvation,  he  was  also  zealous  for  good 
works,  and  by  his  benevolence,  uprightness,  and 
the  uniform  integrity  of  his  conduct  he  exempli 
fied  the  lessons,  which  he  inculcated  upon  others. 
His  excellence  as  a  preacher  was  such  as  gained 
him  a  high  reputation.  At  the  head  of  the  uni 
versity  he  possessed  a  dignity  peculiar  to  himself. 
His  majestic  appearance,  his  speech,  and  demeanor 
were  calculated  to  impress  with  awe;  but,  not 
withstanding  his  air  of  dignity  and  authority,  he 
was  humble  in  heart.  He  sought  not  praise  from 
men,  but  endeavored  to  secure  the  approbation  of 
God.  Having  a  vigorous  constitution,  and  know 
ing  the  value  of  time,  his  hours  were  appropriated 
to  particular  duties,  and  he  was  remarkable  for 
his  punctuality,  exactness,  and  order.  He  was 
eminent  in  the  various  walks  of  literature,  but  he 
principally  exceUcd  in  acquaintance  with  mathe 
matics  and  natural  philosophy.  He  published  an 
election  sermon  ;  at  the  ordination  of  J.  Diman, 
1737;  at  a  convention  of  ministers,  1741;  an  an 
swer  to  Mr.  Whitefield,  1744.  —  Appleton's  Ser 
mon  on  his  death ;  SewalVs  Orat.  Funeb.;  Ifist. 
Coll.  viii.  70-75 ;  x.  158 ;  Holmes ;  Sprayae's 
Annals. 

HOLYOKE,  EDWARD  AUGUSTUS,  M.  D.,  a 
physician  of  Salem,  Mass.,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  in  Marblehead  Aug.  13, 1728,  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1746,  and  died  at  Salem 
March  31, 1829,  aged  100  years  and  between  7  and 
8  months.  He  was  born  just  one  hundred  years 
after  the  settlement  of  Salem.  He  was  married, 
first  in  1755,  and  a  second  time  in  1759.  By  his 
second  wife  he  had  twelve  children,  of  whom  only 
two  survived  him.  He  had  been  a  practising  phy 
sician  in  Salem  seventy-nine  years ;  for  two  years 
he  had  no  case  excepting  a  whitlow ;  for  many 
years  he  had  almost  all  the  practice  in  the  town ;  on 
some  days  he  made  one  hundred  visits,  and  at  one 
period,  as  he  said,  there  was  not  a  dwelling-house 
in  Salem  which  he  had  not  visited  professionally. 
He  enjoyed  during  his  long  life  almost  uninter 
rupted  health,  which  may  be  ascribed  to  his  exer 
cise,  and  great  temperance,  to  the  calmness  and 
cheerfulness  of  his  disposition,  his  virtuous  prac 
tice,  and  his  pious  sentiments.  On  his  centennial 
anniversary,  Aug.  13,  1828,  about  fifty  medical 
gentlemen  of  Boston  and  Salem  gave  him  a  pub 
lic  dinner,  when  he  appeared  among  them  with  a 
firm  step  and  cheerful  look.  He  smoked  his  pipe 
with  them  at  the  table,  and  gave  an  appropriate 
toast  relating  to  the  medical  society  and  its  mem 
bers.  A  memoir  of  his  life  and  character  has 
been  published. 

HOLYOKE,    ELIZUR,    minister  of   Boxford, 
56 


Mass.,  died  in  180G,  aged  75.  Born  in  Boston, 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1750;  he  was  settled 
in  1759. 

IIOLYOKE,  SAMUEL,  a  teacher  of  music,  died 
at  Concord,  N.  II.,  in  Feb.,  1820.  He  graduated 
at  Harvard  1789.  He  published  Columbian  re 
pository  of  sacred  harmony;  occasional  music, 
Exeter,  1802. 

HOMER,  GEORGE  JOT,  died  in  Boston  June 
7,  1845,  aged  63.  He  was  a  merchant  of  the  firm 
of  Homes  &  Homer,  and  a  man  of  unceasing  and 
memorable  beneficence.  Even  when  young,  with 
an  income  of  500  dollars,  he  gave  half  of  it  in 
charity  ;  and  in  this  manner  he  gave  through  life. 
His  son,  Rev.  B.  Homer,  died  before  him. 

HOMER,  JONATHAN,  I).  D.,  died  at  Newton, 
Mass.,  Aug.  11, 1843,  aged  84.  He  was  descended 
from  John,  who  came  to  Boston  in  1670.  His 
father  was  Michael,  a  mason.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1777.  He  was  pious  and  learned. 
His  great  affliction  was  the  loss  of  his  son,  Jona 
than,  a  graduate  of  1803,  who  died  the  next  year. 
He  devoted  much  time  to  a  comparison  of  old 
editions  of  the  Bible.  A  part  of  Dr.  Codman's 
sermon  on  his  death  was  published  in  the  Boston 
Recorder  of  Aug.  17.  He  published  artillery 
election  sermon,  1790 ;  a  century  sermon,  Dec 
25,  1791 ;  a  history  of  Newton  in  hist,  coll.,  vol. 
I;  mourner's  friend,  a  sermon,  1793;  the  way  of 
God  vindicated,  on  the  death  of  his  only  child, 
1804  ;  before  the  society  for  promoting  Christian 
knowledge,  1828.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

HOMER,  WILLIAM  BRADFORD,  minister  of 
South  Berwick,  Me.,  died  March  22,  1841,  aged 
24.  He  had  been  settled  only  four  months.  He 
graduated  at  Amherst  in  1836.  His  father  was 
George  J.  Homer  of  Boston ;  his  mother  was  a 
descendant  of  Gov.  Bradford.  His  writings  were 
edited  by  E.  A.  Park,  who  also  published  a  me 
moir  of  him,  2d  ed.,  1849. 

HOMER,  ELMIRA,  the  last  of  the  Turkey  Hill 
Indians,  died  at  the  ancient  wigwam  of  the  tribe 
in  New  Milford,  Conn.,  in  Dec.,  1852.  About  the 
same  time  died  Sally  Maminash,  the  last  of  the 
Indians  at  Northampton. 

HCMES,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Martha's  Vine 
yard,  died  June  20,  1746,  aged  83.  He  was  born 
in  1663  in  the  north  of  Ireland,  and  was  liberally 
educated.  He  came  to  this  country  in  1686,  and 
taught  a  school  three  years  on  the  Vineyard ; 
then  returned  to  Ireland  and  was  ordained  in  1692 
the  minister  of  Strabane.  He  came  again  to  this 
country  in  1714,  and  in  1715  was  settled  at  Chil- 
mark,  where  he  died.  His  son,  Cant.  Robert 
Homes,  married  Mary,  a  sister  of  Dr.  Franklin ; 
a  daughter  married  Col.  Jonathan  Allen  of  Chil- 
mark.  He  was  a  learned,  judicious,  orthodox  the 
ologian,  attached  to  the  Presbyterian  forms,  and 
eminently  pious.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the 
Sabbath  ;  on  the  public  reading  of  the  Scriptures ; 


442 


HOMES. 


HOOKER. 


on  church  government,  1732  ;  on  secret  prayer  ; 
on  the  government  of  Christian  families,  1747. 

HOMES,  HEXKY,  died  in  Middleborough,  Mass., 
Oct.  19,  1845,  aged  G9.  His  father,  William,  died 
in  Boston  in  1825,  aged  83  ;  and  his  father,  Wil 
liam,  a  goldsmith,  who  married  Itebecca,  daughter 
of  Thomas  Dawes,  died  in  1789,  aged  69.  The 
last  was  the  son  of  Capt.  Robert,  who  married 
Mary,  the  sister  of  Dr.  Franklin  ;  and  he  was  the 
son  of  Rev.  W.  Homes  of  Martha's  Vineyard.  — 
He  was  senior  partner  of  the  firm  of  Homes,  Ho 
mer  &  Co.,  Boston.  George  J.  Homer  died  a 
short  time  before  him,  June  7,  1845.  Of  such 
integrity  was  he,  that  he  received  from  London  a 
very  honorable  token  of  respect  from  a  house, 
with  which  he  had  for  forty  or  fifty  years  trans 
acted  business.  He  was  a  man  of  benevolence, 
charity,  and  piety,  —  one  of  the  founders  of  Park 
street  church.  For  more  than  forty  years  he  and 
his  partner  were  not  only  united  in  business 
but  in  Christian  labors.  Before  the  tract  so 
ciety  was  formed,  their  store  was  a  depository  of 
religious  tracts ;  before  the  education  society,  they 
were  accustomed  to  make  loans  to  young  men. 
The  writer  of  this  has  now  in  his  library  a  folio 
Greek  testament,  given  to  him  as  a  student  in  the 
ology  half  a  century  ago  by  Mr.  Homes.  He  ac 
cumulated  property  —  not  for  self-indulgence  — 
but  to  do  good  with  it  from  day  to  day,  in  a  mul 
titude  of  charitable  ways,  instead  of  reserving  it 
for  a  huge,  fame-drawing  bequest.  To  what  lay 
man  has  the  religious  state  of  Boston  for  the  last 
half-century  been  more  indebted  than  to  Henry 
Homes  ?  His  son  was  the  well-known  missionary 
in  Constantinople.  His  last  words  were,  "  Lord 
Jesus,  come  quickly  !  " — Dr.  E.  Beecher's  Serm. 
on  his  death  in  Recorder,  Oct.  30. 

HONE,  PHILIP,  died  at  New  York,  May  5, 
1851,  aged  70;  a  merchant  and  philanthropist. 

HONEYWOOD,  ST.  JOHN,  a  poet,  died  Sept. 
1,  1798,  aged  33.  He  was  born  in  Leicester, 
Mass.,  in  1764.  His  father,  a  man  of  literature, 
who  came  from  England,  died  as  a  surgeon  in  the 
American  army  at  Ticonderoga  in  1776.  By  the 
generosity  of  individuals  he  was  educated,  and 
was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1782.  Having 
studied  law  at  Albany,  he  settled  in  the  practice 
at  Salem,  N.  Y.,  where  he  died.  His  miscellane 
ous  writings,  prose  and  verse,  were  published  in 
1801.  —  Specimens  American  Poetry,  II.  43. 

HONTAN,  BARON  LA,  a  traveller,  was  an  officer 
of  the  French  army,  and  first  went  out  to  Quebec 
in  1683.  For  four  years  he  was  stationed  chiefly 
at  Chambly,  fort  Frontenac,  Niagara,  St.  Joseph 
at  lake  HTiron,  and  the  Sault  de  St.  Marie.  In 
1688  he  was  at  Michilimackinac,  and  at  Green 
Bay  in  1689,  and  thence  he  proceeded  to  the  Mis 
sissippi.  Some  of  his  accounts  are  the  inventions 
of  a  traveller,  particularly  his  account  of  Long 
river,  which  he  ascended  eighty-four  days,  and  of 


various  tribes  of  Indians.  He  was  an  infidel  as 
to  religion.  His  travels  were  published  in  French 
2  A-ols.,  12mo.,  1705;  and  in  English,  1732. 

HONYMAN,  ROBERT,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  Avas 
a  native  of  Scotland ;  for  some  years  was  a  sur 
geon  in  the  British  navy ;  came  to  this  country  in 
1774,  and  settled  in  Louisa,  Virginia;  was  for  a 
time  a  surgeon  in  the  army  ;  and  after  most  skil 
ful  medical  toils  for  half  a  century,  died  in  1824. 
He  read  the  Greek,  Latin,  French,  and  Italian, 
and  with  unwearied  industry  read  almost  all  the 
most  valuable  books  in  English,  making  extraor 
dinary  attainments  in  literature.  His  life  was 
honorable  and  upright. —  T/tacher. 

HOOKE,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  New  Haven, 
after  he  came  to  this  country  was  a  preacher  at 
Taunton  ;  was  settled  at  New  Haven  in  1644,  the 
colleague  of  Davenport ;  returned  to  England  in 
1656  and  was  Cromwell's  chaplain ;  and  died 
March  21,  1678,  aged  77.  He  was  by  marriage 
a  cousin  of  Cromwell,  and  brother-in-law  of  G. 
Whalley.  He  published  a  discourse  on  the  wit 
nesses  ;  also,  New  England's  tears  for  old  Eng 
land's  fears,  a  fast  sermon  at  Taunton,  July 
23,  1640.  His  description  in  this  sermon  of 
the  horrors  of  a  civil  war  and  of  the  battle  field 
is  very  striking.  "  Here  ride  some  dead  men, 
swagging  in  their  deep  saddles ;  there  fall  others 
alive  upon  their  dead  horses  ;  death  sends  a  mes 
sage  to  those  from  the  mouth  of  the  muskets.  In 
yonder  file  is  a  man,  that  hath  his  arm  struck  off 
from  his  shoulder,  another  by  him  hath  lost  his 
leg ;  here  stands  a  soldier  with  half  a  face,  there 
fights  another  upon  his  stumps.  A  day  of  battle 
is  a  day  of  harvest  for  the  devil."  He  published 
also  a  sermon  on  Job  n. :  12,  in  1641  ;  a  sermon 
in  New  England  in  behalf  of  Old  England,  1645; 
the  privileges  of  the  saints  on  earth  beyond  those 
in  heaven,  1673;  a  discourse  of  the  gospel  day; 
the  slaughter  of  the  witnesses ;  a  sermon  in  the 
supplement  to  the  morning  exercises.  —  Bacon's 
Historical  Discourse;  Sprayue's  Annals. 

HOOKER,  THOMAS,  the  first  minister  of  Cam 
bridge,  Mass.,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
colony  of  Connecticut,  died  of  an  epidemical  fever 
July  7, 1647,  aged  61.  He  was  the  son  of  Thomas, 
and  was  born  in  Leicestershire,  England,  in  1586, 
and  was  educated  at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge. 
In  his  youth  he  had  such  a  deep  sense  of  his 
guilt,  as  filled  his  mind  with  anguish  ;  but  at 
length  he  found  peace  through  the  blood  of  the 
Redeemer,  and  an  exemplary  life  of  piety  and 
goodness  proved  that  his  hope  would  not  make 
him  ashamed.  After  preaching  for  some  time  in 
London,  he  was  chosen  lecturer  and  assistant  to 
Mr.  Mitchell  at  Chelmsford  in  1626.  He  was  re- 
remarkably  successful  in  his  labors ;  but,  being 
silenced  in  about  four  years  for  his  nonconformity, 
he  established  a  grammar  school,  and  continued 
to  exert  his  Avhole  influence  for  the  Christian 


HOOKER. 

cause.  Forty-seven  conforming  clergymen  in  his 
neighborhood  petitioned  the  bishop  of  London  on 
his  behalf;  but  Laud  was  of  too  imperious  and 
determined  a  spirit  to  suffer  any  circumstance  to 
shake  him  from  his  purpose,  when  he  had  an 
opportunity  to  lay  his  hands  upon  a  Puritan.  Mr. 
Hooker  was  obliged  to  flee  to  Holland  about  the 
year  1G30,  and  he  preached  sometimes  at  Delft, 
and  sometimes  at  Rotterdam,  being  an  assistant 
to  the  celebrated  Dr.  Ames. 

In  1633  he  came  to  New  England  in  company 
with  Mr.  Cotton  and  Mr.  Stone,  and  was  settled 
with  the  latter  at  Newton,  or  Cambridge,  October 
11,  being  ordained  by  the  imposition  of  the  hands 
of  the  brethren  of  the  church.  In  June,  1GI3G,  he 
removed  with  a  hundred  others  to  a  fertile  spot 
on  the  banks  of  the  Connecticut  river,  which  they 
called  Hartford,  having  travelled  through  the  wil 
derness  with  no  other  guide  than  a  compass.  In 
this  new  colony  he  had  great  influence  in  estab 
lishing  the  order  of  the  churches.  As  he  was 
dying,  he  said,  "  I  am  going  to  receive  mercy  ;  " 
and  then  closed  his  own  eyes,  and  expired  with  a 
smile  on  his  countenance.  He  was  a  remarkably 
animated  and  interesting  preacher.  With  a  loud 
voice,  an  expressive  countenance,  and  a  most  com 
manding  presence,  he  delivered  the  truths  of  God 
with  a  zeal  and  energy  seldom  equalled.  He  ap 
peared  with  such  majesty  in  the  pulpit,  that  it  was 
pleasantly  said  of  him,  that  "  he  could  put  a  king 
into  his  pocket."  He  has  been  called  the  Luther 
and  Mr.  Cotton  the  Mclancthon  of  New  England. 
It  was  his  custom,  it  seems,  to  preach  without  his 
notes.  On  a  visit  to  Massachusetts  in  May,  1G39, 
he  preached  on  the  Sabbath  at  Cambridge,  and 
Governor  Winthrop  went  from  Boston  to  hear 
him.  Having  named  his  text  in  the  afternoon,  he 
proceeded  about  a  quarter  of  an  hour  with  great 
loudness  of  voice  and  vehemence  of  manner,  when 
suddenly  he  found  himself  entirely  at  a  loss  what 
to  say.  After  several  ineffectual  attempts  to  pro 
ceed,  he  observed  to  the  assembly,  that  what  he 
intended  to  have  spoken  was  taken  from  him, 
and,  requesting  them  to  sing  a  psalm,  withdrew 
for  half  an  hour.  He  then  returned  and  preached 
about  two  hours  with  wonderful  pertinency  and 
vivacity.  After  the  sermon,  he  said  to  some  of 
his  friends,  "  We  daily  confess,  that  we  can  do  no 
thing  without  Christ ;  and  what  if  Christ  should 
prove  this  to  be  the  fact  before  the  whole  congre 
gation  ?  "  Dr.  Ames  declared,  that  he  never  met 
with  Mr.  Hooker's  equal  cither  in  preaching  or 
disputation. 

While  he  lived  in  lu's  native  country,  he  was  in 
vited  to  preach  in  the  great  church  of  Leicester, 
and  one  of  the  chief  burgesses  set  a  fiddler  in  the 
churchyard  to  disturb  the  worship.  Mr.  Hooker 
elevated  his  voice  to  such  a  pitch  and  spoke  with 
euch  animation,  as  to  rouse  the  curiosity  of  the 
man  and  attract  him  to  the  church  door.  There 


HOOKER. 


443 


he  listened,  and  such  solemn  truths  reached  his 
cars,  a-s  by  the  blcsfing  of  God  were  the  means  of 
his  salvation;  Though  his  own  preaching  was 
generally  very  practical  and  experimental,  he  ad 
vised  young  ministers  to  preach  the  whole  system 
of  divinity,  both  for  their  own  benefit  and  that  of 
their  people.  In  the  government  of  the  church 
he  would  propound  nothing  for  decision  till  it  had 
been  previously  considered  by  some  of  the  prin 
cipal  brethren,  and  said,  "  The  elders  must  have  a 
church  in  a  church,  if  they  would  preserve  the 
peace  of  the  church."  Though  naturally  irascible 
in  his  temper,  he  acquired  a  remarkable  command 
of  his  passions.  He  was  condescending,  benevo 
lent,  and  charitable.  It  was  no  uncommon  act  of 
beneficence  with  him  to  give  five  or  ten  pounds  to 
the  necessitous.  At  a  time  when  there  was  a 
great  scarcity  at  Southampton  upon  Long  Island, 
he  with  some  friends  sent  the  inhabitants  a  small 
vessel,  freighted  with  corn.  His  benevolence  was 
united  with  piety.  One  day  in  every  month  he 
devoted  to  private  prayer  and  fasting,  and  he 
used  to  say,  that  prayer  was  the  principal  part  of 
a  minister's  work.  In  his  family  he  exhibited  a 
lively  devotion,  and  all,  who  resided  under  his 
roof,  were  instructed  and  edified  by  him.  His 
sister,  Dorothy,  married  in  England  John  Ches 
ter,  the  father  of  Leonard.  Another  sister,  Mary, 
married  Rev.  Roger  Newton  of  Farmington. 

His  most  celebrated  work,  entitled,  a  survey 
of  the  sum  of  church  discipline,  was  published  in 
England  in  4to.,  1648,  under  the  inspection  of  the 
famous  Dr.  Thomas  Goodwin,  who  says,  "As 
touching  this  treatise  and  the  worthy  author  of  it, 
to  preface  any  thing  by  commendation  of  either 
were  to  lay  paint  upon  burnished  marble,  or  add 
light  unto  the  sun."  In  this  work  Mr.  Hooker 
contends,  that  each  church  has  in  itself  full  power 
to  exercise  all  church  discipline,  but  that  there  is 
a  necessity  for  consociations,  which  may  proceed 
against  a  church,  pertinaciously  offending,  with  a 
sentence  of  non-communion.  Mr.  John  Higgin- 
son  transcribed  from  his  manuscripts  about  two 
hundred  sermons,  and  sent  them  to  England ; 
and  near  one-half  of  them  were  published.  The 
titles  of  some  of  his  discourses  and  treatises  are 
the  following :  the  soul's  preparation  for  Christ ; 
the  soul's  humiliation  ;  exaltation  ;  vocation  ;  im 
plantation  ;  the  unbeliever  preparing ;  of  self- 
denial  ;  duty  and  dignity  of  saints ;  on  the  Lord's 
prayer ;  on  church  discipline ;  four  treatises  on 
the  carnal  hypocrite,  the  church's  deliverance,  the 
deceitfumess  of  sin,  the  benefits  of  afflictions, 
1638 ;  the  soul's  possession  ;  pattern  to  perfec 
tion  ;  saint's  guide ;  the  application  of  redemption ; 
on  Christ's  last  prayer,  1656 ;  and  the  poor,  doubt 
ing  Christian  draAvn  to  Christ.  The  seventh  edition 
of  this  last  excellent  work  was  published  at  Boston 
in  1743.  —  Magnolia,  III.  58-68;  Hist.  Coll.,  VII. 
38-41 ;  Trumbull's  Connect.,  I.  10, 48,  55,  306. 


444 


HOOKER. 


HOPKINS. 


HOOKER,  SAMUEL,  the  second  son  of  Rev. 
Thomas  Hooker,  and  the  second  minister  of  Far- 
mington,  Conn.,  died  in  1697,  aged  about  Go.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1633,  and  was  ordained 
the  successor  of  Roger  Newton  in  1658,  according 
to  one  account,  in  July,  1G61,  according  to  an 
other.  As  Mr.  Newton  was  installed  at  Milford 
in  1660,  if  Mr.  II.  was  ordained  in  1658,  it  must 
have  been  as  his  colleague.  He  was  a  fellow  of 
Harvard  college.  Of  his  eleven  children  Mary 
married  Rev.  Mr.  Pierpont,  of  New  Haven,  and 
was  the  mother  of  Sarah,  the  wife  of  Jonathan 
Edwards.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

HOOKER,  NATHANIEL,  minister  of  West  Hart 
ford,  Conn.,  died  June  9,  1770,  aged  32,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Mr.  Perkins.  He  was  the  son  of 
Capt.  Nathaniel,  a  descendant  of  Thomas  H. ; 
his  mother  was  Eunice,  a  daughter  of  Gov.  Tal- 
cott.  A  graduate  of  Yale  in  1755,  he  was  or 
dained  in  Dec.,  1757.  He  was  a  diligent,  faithful 
minister.  A  scholar,  and  having  a  lively  fancy, 
his  discourses  abounded  in  imagery.  His  senti 
ments  were  liberal  and  catholic.  Feeble  in  health 
for  eight  years,  he  sometimes  had  transports  in 
his  views  of  future  glory.  He  left  a  daughter, 
but  no  son.  He  had  brothers,  James  and  Hor 
ace.  He  published  a  sermon,  "the  invalid  in 
structed,"  1763.  Six  of  his  sermons  were  pub 
lished  in  1771. 

HOOKER,  JOIIN,  minister  of  Northampton, 
Mass.,  was  a  descendant  of  Thomas  H.,  being 
his  great  grandson,  and  was  a  native  of  Farming- 
ton.  The  son  of  John,  who  was  the  grandson  of 
Rev.  S.  H.,  of  Farmington,  he  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1751,  and  was  ordained  at  North 
ampton  in  1754.  After  a  ministry  of  about 
twenty-three  years,  he  died  of  the  small  pox  Feb. 
6,  1777,  aged  48,  deeply  regretted  by  the  people 
of  his  charge,  who,  in  testimony  of  their  affection 
and  his  virtues,  erected  a  handsome  monument  to 
his  memory.  Having  early  imbibed  the  genuine 
spirit  of  Christianity,  he  uniformly  exhibited  the 
evidence  of  it  in  his  life.  He  was  an  able  and 
faithful  minister,  of  distinguished  learning,  pene 
tration,  and  prudence,  of  uncommon  suavity  of 
temper,  and  the  most  engaging  manners.  His 
widow,  Sarah,  daughter  of  John  Worthington,  of 
Springfield,  died  in  1817,  aged  85.  He  published 
a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Thomas  Allen,  of 
Pittsfield,  1764,  and  a  sermon  on  the  death  of 
John  Hunt,  of  Boston,  1776,  both  of  which  ser 
mons  furnish  honorable  testimony  of  his  piety  and 
talents.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

HOOKER,  ASAIIEL,  minister  of  Norwich,  Conn., 
died  April  19,  1813,  aged  51.  He  was  a  descen 
dant  of  Thomas  II.,  and  was  born  in  Bethlem  in 
1762.  After  the  age  of  twenty  he  became  a 
member  of  the  church  in  Farmington,  whither 
his  parents  had  removed.  His  own  efforts  to  ob 
tain  an  education  were  aided  by  the  benevolence 


of  others.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1789,  and  was  ordained  in  Sept.,  1791,  at  Goshen, 
where,  in  1799,  his  labors  were  eminently  blessed, 
about  eighty  persons  being  added  to  the  church. 
There  was  also  a  revival  in  1807.  At  this  period 
of  his  life  about  twenty  young  men  studied  theol 
ogy  with  him.  In  consequence  of  ill  health  he 
was  dismissed  in  June,  1810.  Jan.  16,  1812,  he 
was  installed  at  Chelsea,  or  Norwich  city,  as  the 
successor  of  Walter  King,  who  had  been  dis 
missed.  But  he  died  the  next  year.  His 
wife  was  Phebc,  daughter  of  Timothy  Edwards, 
of  Stockbridge.  His  only  son  is  Prof.  Edward 
W.  Hooker,  D.  I).,  the  minister  of  Bennington, 
Vt.  One  of  his  daughters  is  the  widow  of  Elias 
Cornelius ;  another  married  Rev.  Dr.  Peck.  Mr. 
Hooker  was  succeeded  by  Alfred  Mitchell.  He 
published  five  occasional  sermons,  among  which 
are  a  sermon  at  the  election,  1805  ;  at  the  ordina 
tion  of  John  Keep,  1805 ;  of  James  Beach,  1806. 
—  Panoplist,~x.l.  43,  97,  145;  Sprague's  Annals. 

HOOKER,  THOMAS,  Dr.,  died  in  Rutland,  Vt., 
April  14,  1836,  aged  57.  His  wife  was  Sally,  a 
daughter  of  Col.  John  Brown,  of  the  Revolution. 
His  son  is  the  minister  of  Falmouth,  Mass. 

HOOPER,  WILLIAM,  minister  in  Boston,  died 
April  14, 1767.  He  was  a  native  of  Scotland,  and 
was  first  settled  May  18,  1737,  as  the  Congrega 
tional  minister  of  the  west  church,  and  then 
Episcopal  minister  of  Trinity  church  Aug.  28, 
1747,  as  successor  of  A.  Davenport,  the  first  rec 
tor.  His  successors  were  Walter,  Parker,  and 
Gardiner.  He  had  talents  and  eloquence.  He 
published,  the  Apostles  neither  impostors  nor  en 
thusiasts,  1742 ;  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Thomas 
Greene,  1763. 

HOOPER,  WILLIAM,  a  patriot  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  son  of  the  preceding,  died  Oct.,  1790,  aged 
48.  After  graduating  at  Harvard  college  in  1760, 
he  studied  law  with  James  Otis,  and  settled  at 
Wilmington,  N.  C.  In  1774  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  congress,  and  drew  up  in  1775  the  ad 
dress  to  the  inhabitants  of  Jamaica.  In  1776  he 
signed  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  His 
embarrassed  private  affairs  induced  him  to  resign 
his  place  in  Feb.,  1777.  —  Goodrich. 

HOOPER,  LUCY,  Miss,  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
Aug.  1,  1841,  aged  25.  Born  in  Newburyport, 
she  lived  in  her  last  ten  years  in  Brooklyn.  Her 
poetical  works  were  published  in  1848.  —  Cycl. 
Amer.  Lit.;  Boston  Recorder,  Aug.  21,  1856. 

HOOPER,  ROBERT,  died  at  Marblehead  June 
2,  1843,  aged  77.  He  M'as  highly  esteemed,  a 
man  of  integrity  and  disinterestedness,  and  a  de 
vout  Christian. 

HOPKINS,  ED\VARD,  governor  of  Connecticut, 
and  a  benefactor  of  Harvard  college,  died  in 
1657,  aged  57.  He  was  an  eminent  merchant  in 
London,  and  arrived  at  Boston  with  Mr.  Daven 
port  in  the  summer  of  1637.  He  soon  removed 


HOPKINS. 

to  Connecticut,  choosing  rather  to  establish  him 
self  at  Hartford,  than  to  join  Mr.  Davenport  and 
Mr.  Eaton,  whose  daughter-in-law  he  married,  at 
New  Haven.  He  was  chosen  a  magistrate  in 
1G39,  and  governor  of  Connecticut  every  other 
year  from  1G40  to  1G54.  Mr.  Haynes  was  the 
alternate  governor.  He  afterwards  went  to  Eng 
land,  where  he  was  chosen  warden  of  the  English 
fleet,  commissioner  of  the  admiralty  and  navy, 
and  a  member  of  parliament.  He  died  in  Lon 
don.  His  young  wife,  the  sister  of  David  Yale,  a 
merchant  of  Boston,  became  deranged  about 
1642,  and  died  in  1G98.  Governor  -Winthrop 
says,  she  had  written  many  books,  and  he  as 
cribes  the  loss  of  her  reason  to  her  "  giving  her 
self  wholly  to  reading  and  writing ; "  and  he 
adds,  that  if  she  had  attended  her  household  af 
fairs,  and  not  "meddled  in  such  things  as  are 
proper  to  men,  whose  minds  are  stronger,  etc., 
she  had  kept  her  wits."  He  was  a  wise  and  up 
right  magistrate,  and  a  man  of  exemplary  piety 
and  extensive  charity.  He  bequeathed  most  of 
his  estate  in  New  England,  estimated  at  about 
1000  pounds,  to  trustees  in  Connecticut,  for  the 
support  of  grammar  schools  in  New  Haven  and 
Hartford ;  and  500  pounds  out  of  his  estate  in 
England  for  promoting  the  kingdom  of  the  Lord 
Jesus,  which  donation  was  considered  as  made  to 
Harvard  college  and  the  grammar  school  in  Cam 
bridge,  and,  by  virtue  of  a  decree  in  chancery, 
was  paid  in  1710.  With  this  money  real  estate 
was  purchased  in  a  township  named  Ilopkinton, 
in  honor  of  the  donor,  and  the  legislature  of  the 
State  has  made  such  addition  to  the  fund,  that 
six  bachelors  may  now  reside  at  Harvard  college, 
and  seven  boys  at  the  grammar  school.  —  Mag- 
nalia,li.  22-25;  Hutcldnson,  I.  82,  101;  Trum- 
lull,  I.  241. 

HOPKINS,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  "West  Spring 
field,  Mass.,  died  Oct.  G,  1755,  aged  61,  in  the 
thirty-sixth  year  of  his  ministry.  He  was  grad 
uated  at  Yale  college  in  1718,  and  was  ordained 
June  1,  1720.  He  was  much  beloved  and  es 
teemed.  His  wife  was  Esther,  a  daughter  of 
Ilev.  Timothy  Edwards.  One  of  his  daughters, 
Hannah,  married  Col.  Worthington.  He  pub 
lished  historical  memoirs  relating  to  the  Ilousa- 
tunnuk  Indians,  or  an  account  of  the  methods 
used  for  the  propagation  of  the  gospel  among  that 
heathenish  tribe  under  the  ministry  of  John  Ser 
geant,  etc.,  4to.,  1753.  —  Breck's  Cent.  Serm. ; 
Spraguds  Address. 

HOPKINS,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Had- 
ley,  Mass.,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  Oct. 
20,  1729  ;  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1749, 
and  was  tutor ;  was  ordained  Eeb.,  1755  ;  and 
after  a  ministry  of  fifty-six  years  died  March  8, 
1811,  aged  81.  He  had  a  paralysis  in  1809,  and 
in  1810,  John  Woodbridge  was  ordained  as  his 
colleague.  His  first  wife  was  the  relict  of  Ilev. 


HOPKINS. 


445 


Chester  Williams  and  daughter  of  Col.  Porter ; 
his  second  was  Miss  Margaret  Stoddard.  The 
daughter  of  Mrs.  Williams,  his  wife,  married  Rev. 
N.  Emmons.  Of  his  eight  children  by  his  first 
wife,  four  were  married  to  ministers ;  to  Drs. 
Spring  and  Austin,  L.  Worcester,  and  W.  Riddel. 
His  character  and  useful  labors  were  described  by 
Dr.  Lyman  in  a  funeral  sermon.  He  published 
discourses  on  infant  membership ;  a  half-cen 
tury  sermon,  1805. —  Spr ague's  Cent.  Address 
at  W.  Springfield;  Sprague's  Annals. 

HOPKINS,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  theo 
logian,  from  whom  the  Christians,  called  Hop- 
kinsians,  derive  their  name,  died  at  Newport  Dec. 
20,  1803,  aged  82.  He  was  a  descendant  of 
John  II.,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Hartford,  by 
Stephen  of  Hartford,  John  of  Waterbury,  and 
next  his  own  father  Timothy  of  Waterbury; 
and  not  a  descendant  of  Gov.  Hopkins.  He  was 
born  in  Waterbury,  Conn.,  Sept.  17,  1721.  He 
lived  with  his  parents,  employed  in  the  labors  of 
agriculture,  until  he  entered  his  fifteenth  year ; 
and  such  was  the  purity  of  manners  among  the 
youth  of  this  place,  that  he  never  heard  from  any 
of  them  a  profane  expression.  After  having 
been  placed  for  a  short  time  under  the  tuition  of 
Mr.  Graham  of  Woodbury,  he  entered  Yale  col 
lege,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1741.  While  a 
member  of  that  institution  he  made  a  public  pro 
fession  of  religion.  lie  diligently  studied  the 
Scriptures  and  was  constant  in  his  secret  devo 
tions  ;  but  he  was  afterwards  convinced,  that  he 
did  all  this  Avithout  any  true  love  to  the  character 
of  God,  and  that  as  yet  he  was  .ignorant  of  that 
religion,  which  has  its  seat  in  the  heart.  It  was 
during  the  remarkable  attention  to  the  things  of 
a  better  world,  excited  in  the  college  and  town  of 
New  Haven  by  the  preaching  of  Mr.  Whitefield 
and  Gilbert  Tennent  in  the  year  1741,  that  his 
false  confidence  was  shaken.  Such  was  the  extra 
ordinary  zeal  for  religion,  which  was  at  that  time 
called  into  action,  that  a  number  of  the  members 
of  the  college  were  impelled  to  visit  their  fellow 
students  without  regard  to  the  distinction  of  class 
es,  and  to  speak  to  them  of  the  important  con 
cerns  of  eternity.  At  this  period  David  Urainerd, 
then  a  student,  entered  the  room  of  Mr.  Hop 
kins,  and  though  he  could  draw  nothing  from  him 
and  found  him  completely  reserved,  yet  he  made 
a  remark,  which  sunk  into  his  heart.  He  ob 
served,  that  it  was  impossible  for  any  man  to  be  a 
real  Christian,  who  was  not  sometimes  deeply- 
affected  in  contemplating  the  character  of  Christ. 
Mr.  Hopkins  could  not  but  admit,  that  a  warm 
affection  for  the  Redeemer  would  exist  in  those 
who  had  been  saved  by  him  from  their  sins,  and, 
as  he  was  conscious  of  no  such  love  to  the  Son  of 
God,  he  became  convinced,  that  he  was  destitute 
of  the  spirit  of  the  gospel.  The  sense  of  his 
ignorance  and  of  his  sin  impelled  him  to  seek 


446 


HOPKINS. 


HOPKINS. 


instruction  and  supplicate  mercy.  At  length  he 
•was  enlightened  with  the  knowledge  of  the  way 
of  salvation.  The  character  of  Jesus  Christ,  as 
a  mediator  between  God  and  man,  filled  him 
with  joy,  to  which  he  had  before  been  a  stranger. 
Still,  he  did  not  indulge  the  hope  that  he  was  a 
Christian.  His  mind  was  for  some  time  princi 
pally  occcupied  by  the  consideration  of  his  unwor- 
thiness,  helplessness,  and  guilt.  Many  whole 
days  he  spent  in  fasting  and  prayer.  In  Sept., 
1741,  he  retired  to  his  father's  house,  and  lived  a 
recluse  for  a  number  of  months,  except  when  he 
could  hold  intercourse  with  persons  zealous  in 
religion.  In  Dec.,  he  went  to  Northampton,  to 
pursue  the  study  of  divinity  with  Mr.  Edwards. 
In  July,  1743,  he  went  to  Houssatonnoc,  now 
Great  Harrington,  where  he  was  ordained  Dec. 
28,  1743.  At  this  time  there  were  only  thirty 
families  in  the  place.  Here  he  continued  till 
Jan.  18,  17G9,  when  he  was  dismissed  by  an 
ecclesiastical  council.  This  event  was  occasioned 
by  the  diminution  of  his  society  and  the  want  of 
support.  An  Episcopal  church  had  been  estab 
lished  in  the  town  in  order  to  escape  the  tax  for 
the  maintenance  of  a  minister  of  the  gospel.  He 
was  again  settled  in  the  ministry  at  Newport, 
II.  I.,  April  11,  1770.  There  were  some  circum 
stances,  attending  his  establishment  in  this  place, 
which  were  remarkable,  and  which  prove  that 
the  hearts  of  all  men  are  in  the  hands  of  God, 
and  may  be  turned,  as  the  rivers  of  water  are 
turned.  After  he  had  been  with  this  people  some 
time,  a  meeting  was  called,  and  it  was  voted  not 
to  give  him  an  invitation  to  settle  among  them. 
Many  were  dissatisfied  with  his  sentiments.  He 
accordingly  made  his  preparations  to  leave  them, 
and  on  the  Sabbath  preached  a  farewell  discourse. 
This  sermon  was  so  interesting  and  impressive, 
that  a  different  vote  was  immediately  and  almost 
unanimously  passed,  and  he  consented  to  remain. 
For  about  four  years  he  was  unwearied  in  the 
discharge  of  his  pastoral  duties,  preaching  a 
lecture  every  week  in  addition  to  the  services  of 
the  Sabbath,  and  seizing  every  opportunity  to  im 
part  religious  instruction.  The  war  of  the  llevo- 
lution  interrupted  his  benevolent  labors.  In  Dec., 
1776,  when  the  British  took  possession  of  New 
port,  he  left  the  town,  and  retired  to  his  family, 
which  he  had  before  sent  to  Great  Barrington. 
During  the  summer  of  1777  he  preached  at 
Newburyport  in  a  congregation,  which  was 
thought  to  be  the  largest  in  America.  Its  pastor, 
Mr.  Parsons,  died  a  short  time  before.  He  after 
wards  preached  in  Canterbury  and  Stamford.  In 
the  spring  of  1780  he  returned  to  Newport, 
which  had  been  evacuated  by  the  British  in  the 
fall  of  the  preceding  year.  He  found  his  church 
and  congregation  much  diminished.  The  meet 
ing-house  had  been  made  a  barrack  for  soldiers. 
That  portion  of  his  former  society,  which  had 


remained  in  the  town,  had  become  so  impover 
ished  that  he  had  no  prospect  of  a  maintenance. 
Yet  such  was  his  benevolence,  that  he  preached 
to  them  a  year,  supported  entirely  by  a  few  gen 
erous  friends,  and,  Avhen  he  received  a  pressing 
invitation  to  settle  at  Middleborough,  the  request 
of  his  people  induced  him  to  decline  it.  From 
this  time  till  his  death  his  maintenance  was  de 
rived  entirely  from  a  weekly  contribution  and  the 
donations  of  his  friends.  But  he  was  contented 
with  his  humble  circumstances,  and  in  a  situation, 
which  would  have  filled  most  minds  with  the 
greatest  anxiety,  he  cast  himself  upon  the  provi 
dence  of  God,  and  experienced  through  a  course 
of  years  many  remarkable  interpositions  in  his 
favor.  His  wants  were  always  supplied.  Jan., 
1799,  a  paralytic  affection  deprived  him  of  the 
use  of  his  limbs,  although  his  mental  powers 
were  uninjured.  But  he  afterwards  recovered 
from  this  attack,  so  as  to  be  able  to  preach. 

Dr.  Hopkins  was  a  very  humble,  pious,  and 
benevolent  man.  His  views  of  his  own  character 
were  always  very  abasing.  This  humility  per 
vaded  his  whole  conduct.  It  preserved  him  from 
that  overbearing  zeal  which  is  the  offspring  of 
self-confidence  and  pride.  In  his  intercourse 
with  persons  of  sentiments  different  from  his 
own,  he  exhibited  the  greatest  mildness  and  can 
dor.  As  truth  was  his  object,  and  he  never  dis 
puted  for  victory,  he  sometimes  carried  conviction 
to  an  opponent  by  the  force  of  arguments.  He 
sympathized  in  the  distresses  of  others.  lie  took 
delight  in  relieving  the  wants  of  the  poor. 
Though  he  had  but  little  to  bestow,  yet  many 
were  gladdened  by  his  liberality.  On  one  occa 
sion  he  contributed  100  dollars  for  promoting  the 
gospel  among  the  Africans.  His  life  was  spent 
chiefly  in  meditation ;  his  preaching  had  but  little 
effect.  He  sometimes  devoted  to  his  studies 
eighteen  hours  in  a  day.  With  respect  to  his 
views  of  divine  truth,  he  embraced  the  Calvinis- 
tic  doctrines ;  and  it  is  principally  by  the  conse 
quences  which  he  drew  from  these  doctrines,  that 
his  name  has  been  rendered  famous.  He  fully 
admitted  the  doctrine  of  the  entire  depravity  of 
the  human  heart  and  the  sinfulness  of  all  the 
doings  of  the  unregenerate ;  but  thought  there 
was  a  discordance  between  this  doctrine  and  the 
preaching  of  some  of  the  Calvinistic  divines,  who 
exhorted  the  unregenerate  as  such  to  perform 
certain  acts  as  the  appointed  way  to  obtain  that 
grace,  which  should  renew  their  hearts  and  make 
them  holy.  If  men  before  conversion  could  do 
nothing  that  was  pleasing  to  God,  he  concluded, 
they  could  do  nothing  to  procure  the  influences 
of  the  Holy  Spirit.  Instead,  therefore,  of  exhort 
ing  sinners  to  use  the  means  of  grace  in  order  to 
obtain  the  divine  assistance  to  enable  them  to 
repent,  when  it  was  acknowledged,  that  in  the 
use  of  the  means  of  grace  they  would  be  entirely 


HOPKINS. 


HOPKINS. 


447 


sinful,  he  thought  it  a  sacred  duty,  incumbent  on 
the  ministers  of  the  gospel,  to  imitate  the  preach 
ing  of  the  Lord  Jesus,  their  Master,  and  to  call 
upon  men  immediately  to  repent  and  yield  them 
selves  to  the  love  of  God.  lie  thought  that  re 
ligious  advantages,  if  in  the  use  of  them  the 
unregencrate  were  not  converted,  would  but 
increase  guilt,  as  in  this  case  there  would  be  a 
greater  resistance  to  the  truth.  Another  senti 
ment,  which  is  considered  as  one  of  the  peculiar 
sentiments  of  Dr.  Hopkins,  is  that  the  inability 
of  sinners  is  moral  and  not  natural ;  but  this  is 
only  saying,  that  their  inability  consists  in  disin 
clination  of  heart  or  opposition  of  will  to  Avhat  is 
good.  Combining  the  Calvinistic  doctrine,  that 
God  has  foreordained  whatsoever  comes  to  pass, 
with  his  views  of  the  nature  of  sin  as  consisting 
entirely  in  the  intention  or  disposition  of  the 
mind,  he  inferred,  that  it  was  no  impeachment 
xipon  the  character  of  the  most  righteous  disposer 
of  all  events  to  say,  not  merely  that  he  decreed 
the  existence  of  sin,  but  that  he  exerted  his  own 
power  to  produce  it.  The  design  being  benevo 
lent,  he  contended  that  this  agency  is  no  more  an 
impeachment  of  the  divine  character,  than  the 
bare  permission  of  sin.  This  is  another  of  his 
peculiarities.  In  this  he  differed  from  President 
Edwards,  who  maintained,  that  sin  was  "  not  the 
fruit  of  any  positive  agency  or  influence  of  the 
Most  High,"  and  who  said,  "  if  by  the  author  of 
sin  he  meant  the  sinner,  the  agent,  or  actor  of 
sin,  or  the  doer  of  a  wicked  thing ;  so  it  would 
be  a  reproach  and  blasphemy  to  suppose  God  to 
be  the  author  of  sin."  It  may  indeed  well  excite 
astonishment,  that  a  man  of  intelligence  and 
piety  should  be  so  bewildered  in  metaphysics,  as 
to  ascribe  to  God  the  efficient  production  of  all 
sinful  volitions,  and  yet  deem  himself  responsible 
for  such  volitions.  From  his  views  of  the  nature 
of  holiness,  as  consisting  in  disinterested  benevo 
lence,  he  also  inferred,  that  a  Christian  should  be 
willing  to  perish  forever,  to  be  forever  miserable, 
if  it  should  be  for  the  glory  of  God  and  the  good 
of  the  universe,  that  he  should  encounter  this 
destruction.  Instead  of  the  Calvinistic  doctrine 
of  the  strict  imputation  of  Adam's  sin  and  of  the 
righteousness  of  Christ,  he  chose  rather  to  adopt 
the  language  of  Scripture,  that  on  account  of  the 
first  transgression  men  were  made  or  constituted 
sinners,  and  that  men  are  justified  on  account  of 
the  righteousness  of  Christ,  or  through  the  re 
demption  which  there  is  in  him. 

He  published  a  life  of  Edwards  ;  three  sermons, 
entitled,  sin,  through  divine  interposition,  an  ad 
vantage  to  the  universe  ;  and  yet  tin's  no  excuse 
for  sin  or  encouragement  to  it,  1759 ;  an  inquiry 
concerning  the  promises  of  the  gospel,  whether 
any  of  them  arc  made  to  the  exercises  and  doings 
of  persons  in  an  unregenerate  state,  containing  re 
marks  on  two  sermons  by  Dr.  Mayhew,  1763  ;  on 


the  divinity  of  Christ,  preached  in  Boston,  17G8 ; 
two  sermons  on  Itomans  vn.  7,  and  John  I.  13, 
17G8,  rcpublished  1793;  the  true  state  and  char 
acter  of  the  unregenerate,  being  an  answer  to 
Mr.  Mills,  17G9 ;  animadversions  on  Mr.  Hart's 
dialogue,  1770  ;  an  inquiry  into  the  nature  of  true 
holiness,  with  an  answer  to  Drs.  Ilemmenway  and 
Mather,  1773;  of  this  a  second  edition  was  pub 
lished  in  1791  ;  a  dialogue,  showing  it  to  be  the 
duty  and  interest  of  the  American  States  to  eman 
cipate  all  their  African  slaves,  177G;  an  inquiry 
concerning  the  future  state  of  those  who  die  in 
their  sins,  1783  ;  a  system  of  doctrines  contained 
in  divine  revelatian,  to  which  is  added  a  treatise 
on  the  millennium,  2  vols.,  8vo.,  1793  (it  is  on  this 
system  of  divinity  that  the  reputation  of  the  au 
thor  principally  rests)  ;  the  life  of  Susannah  An 
thony,  179G ;  the  life  of  Mrs.  Osborn,  1798 ;  and 
a  volume  of  sermons.  He  left  behind  him  sketches 
of  his  life,  written  by  himself;  a  dialogue  on  the 
nature  and  extent  of  true  Christian  submission, 
and  an  address  to  professing  Christians,  all  of 
which  were  published  by  Dr.  West,  of  Stock- 
bridge,  in  1805. — IIo2)kins'  Life;  Sprague's 
Annals. 

HOPKINS,  DANIEL,  D.  D.,  the  brother  of  the 
preceding,  after  a  ministry  of  thirty-six  years, 
died  Dec.  14,  1814,  aged  80.  He  was  born  at 
AVaterbury  Oct.  16,  1734,  being  the  son  of  Tim 
othy  II.  and  Mary  Judd.  At  the  age  of  fourteen 
he  lost  his  father,  and  the  care  of  his  education 
devolved  upon  his  brother  Samuel.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  17.38,  removed  to 
Salem,  Mass.,  in  17GG,  and  for  twelve  years  was 
chiefly  employed  as  a  teacher  of  youth,  and  was 
ordained  as  successor  of  Dr.  Whitaker,  who  had 
become  a  Presbyterian, in  Nov.,  1778.  He  was  a 
respected  and  useful  minister,  llev.  Brown  Em 
erson,  D.  D.,  married  his  daughter.  His  wife 
was  a  daughter  of  John  Saunders.  Just  before 
his  death  he  repeated  the  lines  : 

"  Jesus,  with  all  thy  saints  above 

My  tongue  would  bear  her  part 
Would  sound  aloud  thy  saving  love, 
And  sing  thy  bleeding  heart." 

He  published  a  sermon  on  Washington's  death, 
and  one  at  a  dedication,  1805.  Most  of  his  works 
were  published  in  1853,  with  a  memoir  by  Pro 
fessor  Park. — Panopl.,  XII.  42 ;  Spra guds  Annals. 

HOPKINS,  STEPHEN,  governor  of  llhode 
Island,  died  July  13,  1785,  aged  78.  He  was 
born  at  Scituate  March  7,  1707,  and  was  bred  a 
farmer.  In  1742  he  removed  to  Providence  and 
engaged  in  mercantile  business.  lie  was  from 
1751  to  1754  chief  justice  of  the  superior  court. 
In  1755  he  was  elected  governor,  and  remained 
in  office,  excepting  four  years,  till  17G8.  In  1774 
he  was  a  member  of  congress.  His  signature  to 
the  Declaration  of  Independence  indicates  a 
trembling  hand  j  this  was  owing  to  a  nervous  af- 


448 


HOPKINS. 


fection.  His  heart  did  not  tremble.  He  retired 
from  congress  in  1779.  He  published,  at  the 
order  of  the  assembly,  rights  of  the  colonies  ex 
amined,  1705;  and  an  account  of  Providence,  in  2 
historical  collections,  IX.  166-203. —  Goodrich. 

HOPKINS,  LEMUEL,  a  physician,  a  descendant 
of  Gov.  Hopkins,  was  born  in  Waterbury  June 
19,  1750.  At  Litchfield,  where  he  practised 
physic  from  1776  to  1784,  he  acquired  celebrity, 
and  the  singularity  of  his  appearance,  manners, 
and  opinions,  attracted  general  notice.  About 
the  year  1784  he  removed  to  Hartford,  where  he 
had  a  high  reputation  and  extensive  practice  as  a 
physician  till  his  death,  April  14,  1801,  aged  50. 
It  is  supposed  that  his  erroneous  practice  in  his 
own  case  was  the  cause  of  his  death.  Apprehen 
sive  of  the  pulmonary  consumption,  for  a  pain  in 
his  side  he  was  repeatedly  bled,  against  the  re 
monstrance  of  his  medical  friends,  and  he  other 
wise  reduced  his  strength  and  brought  on  a 
hydrothorax.  His  widow  died  at  New  York  in 
Sept.,  1826.  He  was  tall,  lean,  stooping,  with 
large  features,  and  light,  staring  eyes.  In  his 
early  life  he  admired  the  Infidel  philosophers  of 
France ;  in  his  last  days  he  read  the  Bible.  As 
a  physician  he  was  remarkable  for  his  unceasing 
attention  to  his  patients,  sometimes  devoting  to 
one  patient  whole  days  and  nights.  Once,  on 
being  called  to  a  child  sick  with  the  scarlet  fever 
in  a  family  to  which  he  was  a  stranger,  he  en 
tered  the  room  without  saying  a  word,  and,  see 
ing  the  child  loaded  with  bed-clothes  in  a  heated 
room,  he  seized  the  child  in  his  arms  and  rushed 
out  of  the  house,  followed  with  cries  and  broom 
sticks,  for  his  appearance  was  uncouth  and  ugly. 
But,  resting  in  a  cool  shade,  he  called  for  wine, 
and  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  the  child  restored 
to  health.  He  was  a  man  of  learning,  and  a 
poet.  He  wrote  for  Barlow  the  beautiful  version 
of  psalm  137,  beginning  with  the  words,  "Along 
the  banks,  where  Babel's  current  flows."  Asso 
ciated  with  Trumbull,  Barlow,  Alsop,  and  others, 
he  wrote  parts  of  the  Anarchiad,  the  echo,  politi 
cal  green-house,  the  guillotine,  and  other  essays. 
Three  of  his  productions  were  published  in  the 
American  poems,  —  the  hypocrite's  hope,  the 
cancer  quack,  and  a  poem  on  Ethan  Allen.  The 
Anarchiad  was  a  satirical  political  poem  in  twenty- 
four  numbers ;  and  these  writings  appeared  in 
the  newspapers  from  178G  to  1793.  —  TliaclieSs 
Medical  liioyraplty ;  Specimens  American  Po- 
etry,  I.  272-284. 

HOPKINS,  ASA,  died  in  New  Haven  Oct.  31, 
1838,  aged  59.  Born  in  Litchfield,  he  there  spent 
most  of  a  useful  life.  His  widow  died  in  1855. 
By  his  will  his  estate  was  to  be  divided  thus  :  to  the 
Northfield  society  in  Litchfield  3,000  dollars ;  to 
the  church  300 ;  to  his  native  school  600 ;  to 
the  Bible  society  500 ;  to  the  American  board 
of  foreign  missions  250  ;  to  the  tract  society  250  ; 


HOPKINSON. 

to  Connecticut  missionary  society  250;  the  re 
mainder,  7,000,  to  Northfield  society. 

HOPKINS,  JOHN,  died  at  Northampton  Jan. 
9,  1842,  aged  72.  He  was  a  Christian  professor, 
and  among  his  family  connections  was  a  remark 
able  number  of  ministers,  namely :  his  father,  Dr. 
Samuel  II.,  of  Hadley,  and  his  grandfather,  Sam 
uel  II.,  of  West  Springfield,  —  his  grandmother, 
too,  was  the  daughter  of  Rev.  Mr.  Stoddard,  and 
sister  of  President  Edwards,  the  son  of  a  minis 
ter.  His  mother  was  the  widow  of  Rev.  Chester 
Williams,  of  Hadley ;  her  son  was  Rev.  N.  Wil 
liams  ;  her  daughter  married  Dr.  Emmons,  whose 
daughter  married  Dr.  Ide,  of  Medway.  Two  of 
his  sons  were  ministers,  and  his  daughter  married 
President  Wheeler,  of  Burlington.  Four  of  his 
sisters  married  ministers,  —  Dr.  Spring,  of  New- 
buryport,  Dr.  Austin,  of  Worcester,  and  William 
Riddell  and  Leonard  Worcester.  His  nephews 
arc  Rev.  Dr.  Gardiner  Spring,  of  New  York,  Rev. 
Samuel  Spring,  Rev.  Samuel  II.  Riddell,  and  Rev. 
Leonard  Worcester,  of  Peacham,Vt. ;  of  Mrs.  W.'s 
sons  are  the  ministers,  Rev.  Samuel  A.  Worcester, 
missionary,  Rev.  Evarts  Worcester,  deceased, 
Rev.  Isaac  R.  Worcester,  of  Littleton,  and  Rev. 
John  II.  Worcester,  of  St.  Johnsbury.  The  con 
nections  of  such  a  family  must  have  many  calls  to 
be  sober-minded  and  religious. 

HOPKINS,  ASA  T.,  D.  D.,  pastor  of  the  first 
church  in  Buffalo,  died  Nov.  27,  1847.  Born  in 
Hartford,  he  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1826. 

HOPKINSON,  FRANCIS,  district  judge  of  the 
United  States  for  Pennsylvania,  died  May  9,  1791, 
aged  53.  After  passing  two  years  in  England,  he 
settled  at  Bordentown,  N.  J.  He  was  a  member 
of  congress  in  1776,  in  which  year  he  signed  the 
Declaration  of  Independence.  He  held  an  ap 
pointment  in  the  loan  office  for  several  years,  and 
afterwards  succeeded  George  Ross,  as  judge  of 
the  admiralty  for  the  State  of  Pennsylvania.  In 
this  station  he  continued  till  the  year  1790,  when 
he  was  appointed  by  Washington  a  judge  of  the 
district  court.  He  was  a  person  whose  stature 
was  a  little  below  the  common  size,  whose  features 
were  small,  but  uncommonly  animated,  and  \vhose 
speech  and  motions  indicated  the  activity  of  his 
mind.  He  was  distinguished  for  his  wit  in  con 
versation,  but  it  was  mild  and  elegant.  He  con 
tributed  not  a  little  towards  promoting  the  inde 
pendence  of  America ;  not,  however,  by  labored 
discussions,  but  by  his  inimitable  humor  and  satire. 
He  began  in  1775  with  a  small  tract,  entitled,  a 
pretty  story,  in  which,  in  an  allegorical  manner, 
he  exposed  the  tyranny  of  Great  Britain  towards 
America,  and  he  concluded  his  contributions  to 
his  country  in  this  way  with  the  history  of  the 
new  roof,  which  ought  to  be  read  with  interest, 
while  the  citizens  of  the  United  States  are  shel 
tered  under  their  present  form  of  national  gov 
ernment.  His  battle  of  the  kegs  has  been  much 


IIOPKINSON. 


HOVEY. 


449 


admired  for  its  wit.  A  few  years  before  his  death, 
in  consequence  of  an  act  of  the  assembly  for  cut 
ting  down  the  trees  of  Philadelphia,  in  order  to 
guard  against  fire  and  the  evils  of  stagnant  air, 
he  wrote  a  humorous  speech  of  a  standing  mem 
ber  of  the  assembly  against  the  act,  and  rescued 
the  devoted  trees  from  the  impending  destruction. 
His  satires  on  newspaper  scandal  had  the  effect  to 
restrain  for  a  number  of  months  the  licentiousness 
of  the  press.  His  specimen  of  modern  learning, 
in  an  examination  of  the  properties  of  a  salt  box, 
is  a  piece  of  exquisite  humor.  His  opinions  on 
education  were  somewhat  peculiar.  He  often  rid 
iculed  in  conversation  the  practice  of  teaching 
children  the  English  language  by  means  of  gram 
mar.  He  considered  most  of  the  years,  which 
were  spent  in  learning  Greek  and  Latin,  as  lost, 
ajid  he  held  several  of  the  arts  and  sciences,  which 
are  taught  in  colleges,  in  great  contempt.  To 
his  poetical  talents  he  united  uncommon  excel 
lence  in  music,  and  some  knowledge  of  painting. 
Besides  the  above  works,  he  published  science,  a 
poem,  17G2.  After  his  death  his  miscellaneous 
essays  and  occasional  writings  were  published  in 
three  vols.,  Svo.,  1792. — Mass.  Mag.,  III.  750-753  ; 
American  Museum,  III.  165  ;  IX.  39. 

IIOPKIXSON,  JOSEPH,  judge,  died  at  Philadel 
phia  in  Jan.,  1842,  aged  71.  The  son  of  Francis 
II.,  he  was  educated  at  the  university  of  Penn 
sylvania,  and  practised  law  at  Easton  and  Phila 
delphia.  He  was  appointed  in  1828  judge  of  the 
district  court.  He  was  president  of  the  Phila 
delphia  academy  of  fine  arts.  He  wrote  the  song, 
"  Hail  Columbia,"  in  1798.  —  Cyd.  Am.  Lit. 

HOPPER,  ISAAC  T.,  died  in  New  York  May  7, 
1852,  aged  80.  Born  in  1771  in  West  Jersey,  he 
resided  many  years  in  Philadelphia,  and  was  in 
spector  of  prisons  ;  a  man  of  benevolence.  His 
life  was  written  by  Mrs.  Child. 

IIORRY,  ELIAS,  died  at  Charleston,  S.  C., 
Sept.  17,  1834,  aged  91 ;  a  descendant  of  the 
Huguenots.  He  gave  10,000  dollars  to  Charles 
ton  college  for  a  professorship  of  moral  philosophy. 

IIORSMANDER,  DANIEL,  chief  justice  of  Mew 
York,  a  native  of  Great  Britain,  came  to  the  prov 
ince  about  1730,  and  was  recorder  of  the  city  and 
president  of  the  council.  He  died  in  Sept.,  1778, 
and  was  buried  in  Trinity  churchyard.  He  pub 
lished  the  New  York  conspiracy,  or  the  history  of 
the  negro  plot,  1742;  republished  1810.  Of  the 
conspirators  to  burn  the  city  fourteen  were  burnt, 
and  eighteen  hanged,  with  ten  whites. 

IIOSACK,  DAVID,  M.  D.,  LL.  D.,  died  of 
apoplexy,  at  New  York,  Dec.  23,  1835,  aged  G6. 
His  father  came  from  Scotland  to  New  York. 
Ho  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1789;  was  med 
ically  educated  at  Edinburgh,  and  was  at  the 
head  of  his  profession  in  New  York.  He  was 
professor  of  the  theory  and  practice  in  the  med 
ical  institution,  an  eloquent  and  able  teacher ;  a 
57 


liberal  promoter  of  the  arts.  lie  published  a 
history  of  the  Erie  canal;  a  life  of  De  Witt  Clin 
ton  ;  an  address  on  temperance ;  introductory 
discourse,  with  a  tribute  to  Rush,  1813;  treatment 
of  the  typhoid,  1815;  envision;  system  of  nosol 
ogy,  1818;  on  the  peripncumonia,  etc. ;  on  febrile 
contagion;  the  surgery  of  the  ancients;  syllabus 
of  lectures  on  botany,  also  on  the  theory  and 
practice ;  course  of  studies ;  memoir  of  Hugh 
Williamson ;  discourses  before  the  historical  and 
horticultural  societies  ;  medical  essays,  2  vols. ;  ob 
servations  on  the  medical  character;  plants  in 
botanic  garden  ;  medical  and  philosophical  regis 
ter,  with  J.  W.  Francis,  4  vols. ;  and  other  tracts. 

—  Memoir  by  Dr.  Francis. 

HOSMER,  STEPHEN,  minister  of  East  Had- 
dam,  Conn.,  died  in  1749,  aged  about  70.  He 
was  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1699.  He  pub 
lished  election  sermon,  1720. 

HOSMER,  STEPHEN  TITUS,  chief  justice  of 
Connecticut,  died  Aug.  6,  1834,  aged  76 ;  a  grad 
uate  of  Yale  in  1782. 

HOTCIIKIN,  BERIAH,  died  at  Plattsburgh, 
N.  Y.,  1829.  He  was  Mr.  at  Yale,  1794. 

IIOTCIIKISS,  FREDERIC  W.,  minister  of  Say- 
brook,  died  March  31,  1844,  aged  81.  A  native 
of  New  Haven,  he  graduated  in  1778,  and  was 
ordained  colleague  with  Win.  Hart  Sept,  24, 
1783;  the  ministry  of  both  exceeded  a  century. 
He  was  aid  to  the  commanding  officer  in  1779  in 
resisting  a  British  attack,  and  then  lost  his  father 
and  two  uncles.  He  was  pastor  sixty  years, 
highly  respected,  useful,  and  venerable.  He  pub 
lished  the  cross  of  Christ  the  Christian's  glory, 
1801;  a  half-century  sermon,  1833;  a  sermon  at 
the  end  of  the  sixtieth  year  of  his  ministry,  1843. 

—  Sprague's  Annals. 

HOUGH,  GEORGE,  a  respected  printer  in  Con 
cord,  N.  II.,  died  in  1830,  aged  72.  He  was  the 
father  of  G.  II.  Hough,  Baptist  missionary  to 
Burmah,  who  died  before  him. 
-  IIOUGHTON,  DOUGLASS,  Dr.,  geologist  of 
Michigan,  died  Oct.  13,  1845,  aged  36.  He  was 
born  in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  and  educated  at  the  Renssel- 
aer  institute,  in  which  he  became  a  professor  of 
chemistry  and  natural  history.  In  1831  he  was 
surgeon  and  botanist  to  the  expedition  to  the  west. 
Settling  in  Detroit,  he  was  appointed  State  geol 
ogist  in  1837.  In  a  snow  storm  he  was  drowned 
with  two  men  at  the  mouth  of  Eagle  river,  on 
Lake  Superior.  He  was  an  associate  of  various 
learned  associations.  He  was  nearly  ready  to 
make  his  last  report  for  eight  years.  Though 
young,  he  had  a  high  rank  among  scientific  men, 
and  was  greatly  esteemed. 

1IOVEY,  JOHN,  second  minister  of  Ivenne- 
bunkport,  Me.,  died  in  1773,  aged  about  70. 
Born  in  Ncwbury,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1725,  and  was  settled  in  1741. 

1IOVEY,  IVORY,  minister  of  Plymouth,  Mass., 


450 


HOVEY. 


HOWARD. 


died  Nov.  4,  1803,  aged  89.  He  was  born  at 
Topsfiekl  July  14,  1714;  was  graduated  at  Har 
vard  college  in  1735,  and  was  ordained  minister 
of  Metapoiset,  the  second  parish  of  Rochester, 
Oct.  29,  1740.  Having  devoted  much  attention 
to  the  study  of  physic,  he  in  1744  commenced  the 
practice,  and  was  the  principal  physician  of  Meta 
poiset  till  his  dismission  in  1765.  lie  was  after 
wards  installed,  April  18,  1770,  at  Monument 
Ponds,  in  Plymouth,  where  he  passed  the  re 
mainder  of  his  life.  He  had  preached  about 
sixty-five  years,  and  during  that  time  kept  a  jour 
nal,  designed  to  promote  his  improvement  in 
Christian  excellence,  wliich  he  left  behind  him  in 
about  seven  thousand  pages  of  short  hand.  Ex 
tracts  from  it  are  preserved  in  the  Pascataqua 
magazine.  He  was  one  of  the  best  of  men,  being 
distinguished  for  meekness,  humility,  and  piety. 
He  published  a  sermon  on  leaving  Metapoiset, 
and  one  on  the  subject  of  mortality. 

HOVEY,  SYLVESTER,  died  at  Hartford,  Conn., 
May  6, 1840,aged43.  A  native  of  Conway,  he  grad 
uated  at  Yale  in  1819.  He  was  a  tutor  and  pro 
fessor  of  mathematics  at  Williams  and  Amherst 
colleges,  skilled  in  various  sciences,  highly  re 
spected  and  beloved.  He  died  in  peace ;  his  last 
efforts  to  do  good  were  by  letters  from  his  sick 
chamber  ;  in  this  way  one  young  man  was  brought 
to  the  knowledge  of  the  way  of  life.  Mrs.  Sig- 
ourney  described  him  as 

"  Sublime  in  science,  yet  with  meekness  clad, 
Clear-minded,  eloquent  in  thought  and  speech, 
And  full  of  love  for  truth." 

He  published  letters  from  the  West  Indies. 

HOWARD,  SIMEON,  D.  D., minister  in  Boston, 
died  Aug.  13,  1804,  aged  71.  He  was  born  at 
Bridgewater  May  10,  1733,  and  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1758.  He  was  afterwards  an 
instructor  of  youth  for  several  years.  Soon  after 
he  began  to  preach,  he  was  invited  to  the  province 
of  Nova  Scotia,  where  he  officiated  about  a  year. 
In  17G6  he  was  elected  a  tutor  of  Harvard  col 
lege  ;  and  May  G,  1767,  was  ordained  pastor  of 
the  west  church  in  Boston,  as  successor  to  Dr. 
Mayhew.  He  continued  in  this  station  till  his 
death,  and  was  succeeded  by  Charles  Lowell. 
He  heartily  engaged  in  promoting  the  American 
Revolution,  and  participated  in  the  joy  expe 
rienced  on  the  acknowledgment  of  our  indepen 
dence.  In  the  various  relations  of  life  he  was 
faithful  and  exemplary.  In  his  theological  senti 
ments  he  differed  from  the  first  fathers  of  the 
New  England  churches,  for  he  rejected  the  sys 
tem  of  Calvin.  Towards  those  who  differed  from 
him,  he  was  indulgent  in  his  thoughts,  and  tole 
rant  in  his  conduct.  He  never  could  approve  of 
a  sarcastic  and  irreverent  way  of  speaking  of  ob 
jects,  which  any  sincere  believer  might  deem 
Bacrcd.  He  was  indeed  so  mild  and  gentle,  that 


he  could  not  express  severity  which  he  never 
felt.  There  was  a  serenity  upon  his  countenance 
which  indicated  the  peace  that  constantly  dwelt 
in  his  heart.  He  was  remarkable  for  humility. 
While  he  never  mentioned  either  his  virtues  or 
his  faults,  it  was  evident  to  all  who  were  inti 
mately  acquainted  with  him,  that  he  had  a  hum 
ble  sense  of  his  own  talents  and  moral  attainments. 
He  was  endeared  to  his  people,  for  he  interested 
himself  in  their  welfare,  and  endeavored  to  render 
them  virtuous  and  good.  All  wno  knew  him 
were  delighted  with  the  modesty,  mildness,  and 
benevolence,  which  he  exhibited.  He  published 
a  sermon  at  the  artillery  election,  1773 ;  on  the 
death  of  his  wife,  1777;  to  freemasons,  1778;  on 
not  being  ashamed  of  the  gospel,  occasioned  by 
the  death  of  Dr.  Winthrop,  1779;  at  the  elec 
tion,  1780 ;  at  the  ordination  of  T.  Adams,  1791. 
—  Monthly  Antliol.  I.  476;  m.  115-119. 

HOWARD,  JOHX  EAGER,  governor  of  Mary 
land,  died  Oct.  12,  1827,  aged  75.  He  was  born 
June  4,  1752,  in  Baltimore  county,  Maryland. 
His  grandfather  came  to  this  country  about 
1G85  and  obtained  a  grant  of  land,  which  is 
still  in  the  family.  His  father,  Cornelius,  mar 
ried  Ruth  Eager,  grand-daughter  of  George 
Eager,  whose  estate,  procured  soon  after  the 
charter,  now  makes  a  considerable  part  of  the 
city  of  Baltimore.  Mr.  Howard  entered  the  army 
in  1776  as  a  captain  in  the  regiment  of  Col.  J.  C. 
Hall ;  in  the  following  years  he  was  promoted, 
till  finally  he  succeeded  Lieut.-Col.  Ford  in  the 
command  of  the  2d  Maryland  regiment.  He  was 
an  efficient  coadjutor  of  Greene  during  the  cam 
paign  in  the  south,  distinguishing  himself  at  the 
battle  of  Cowpens,  when,  says  Lee,  "  he  seized 
the  critical  moment,  and  turned  the  fortune  of  the 
day;"  also  at  Guilford  and  the  Eutaws.  He  was 
in  the  engagements  of  White  Plains,  German- 
town,  Monmouth,  Camden,  and  Hobkirk's  Hill. 
Having  been  trained  to  the  infantry  service,  he 
was  remarkable  for  pushing  into  close  battle  with 
fixed  bayonet.  At  Cowpens  this  mode  of  fight 
ing  was  resorted  to  for  the  first,  time  in  the  war ; 
but  afterwards  the  Maryland  line  was  often  put 
to  this  service.  In  this  battle  he  had  in  his  hands 
at  one  time  the  swords  of  seven  officers,  who  had 
surrendered  to  him  personally.  On  this  occasion 
he  saved  the  life  of  the  British  general,  O'Hara, 
whom  he  found  clinging  to  nis  stirrup  and  asking 
quarter.  When  the  army  was  disbanded  he  re 
tired  to  his  patrimonial  estate  near  Baltimore. 
He  soon  afterwards  married  Margaret,  the  daugh 
ter  of  Benjamin  Chew,  of  Philadelphia,  a  lady 
of  courteous  manners  and  elegant  hospitality. 
In  Nov.,  1788,  he  was  chosen  governor  of  Mary 
land,  and  continued  in  this  office  three  years. 
From  the  autumn  of  1796  till  March,  1803,  he 
was  a  senator  of  the  United  States.  His  estate 
was  increased  in  a  high  degree  in  value  by  the 


HOWARD. 

growth  of  Baltimore,  which  extended  so  as  to 
embrace  in  its  streets  the  shades  which  sheltered 
the  retired  soldier.  His  old  age  was  the  object 
of  regard  and  veneration.  In  more  than  one  letter 
Washington  expressed  to  him  his  confidence  and 
esteem.  —  Am.  Ann.  Reg.,  1826-7,  p.  137-139. 

HOWARD,  BENJAMIN,  brigadier-general,  died 
at  St.  Louis  in  Oct.,  1814.  He  had  been  a  mem 
ber  of  congress  from  Kentucky,  and  was  late  gov 
ernor  of  the  Missouri  territory. 

HOWARD,  BEZALEEL,  minister  of  Springfield, 
died  in  1837.  A  native  of  Bridgewatcr,  he  was 
ordained  as  the  successor  of  Mr.  Breck  April  27, 
1785,  and  was  dismissed  on  account  of  ill  health 
at  the  ordination  of  his  successor,  S.  Osgood,  Jan. 
25,  1809.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordina 
tion  of  A.  Pratt,  1790  ;  of  A.  Steward,  1793 ;  of 
Benj.  R.  Woodbridge,  1799. 

HOWARD,  ABISHAI,  Dr.,  died  in  Sturbridge 
Dec.,  1844,  aged  76;  a  physician  and  Christian, 
making  liberal  bequests  to  benevolent  objects. 

HOWDEE,  SARAH,  the  last  of  the  Queen 
Awashunk  tribe  of  Indians,  died  May,  1827,  at 
Little  Compton,  R.  I. 

HOWE,  PEHLEY,  minister  of  Killingly,  Conn., 
died  in  1753,  aged  about  42.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1731,  was  the  minister  of  Dudley, 
Mass.,  from  1735  to  1743,  and  was  installed  at 
Killingly  in  1746.  At  the  time  of  his  death,  his 
son  Joseph,  afterwards  a  minister,  was  only  six 
years  old.  —  Sprac/ue's  Annals. 

HOWE,  JOSEPH,  son  of  Rev.  Perley  II.,  min 
ister  of  the  new  south  church  in  Boston,  died  in 
Hartford  Aug.  25,  1775,  aged  28.  He  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1765  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  the  first 
scholar  in  his  class.  He  was  licensed  to  preach 
in  1769,  and  was  soon  appointed  a  tutor  at  Yale. 
In  1772  he  was  settled  at  Boston  as  the  successor 
of  Rev.  Penuel  Bowen.  The  storm  of  war  drove 
him  from  the  city  early  in  1775 ;  in  the  same 
year  he  died.  lie  was  a  minister  of  high  talents 
and  promise,  and  of  almost  unequalled  elocution. 
Yet  no  stone  marks  the  spot  of  his  burial.  — 
Spraciue's  Annals. 

HOWE,  GEORGE,  lord  viscount,  was  the  eldest 
son  of  Sir  E.  Scrope,  second  lord  viscount  Howe 
in  Ireland.  He  commanded  five  thousand  British 
troops,  which  arrived  at  Halifax  in  July,  1757. 
In  the  next  year,  when  Abercrombie  proceeded 
against  Ticonderoga,  in  an  attack  on  the  advanced 
guard  of  the  French  in  the  woods  Lord  Howe 
fell  on  the  first  fire,  in  July,  1758,  aged  33.  In 
him,  says  Mante,  "  the  soul  of  the  army  seemed 
to  expire."  By  his  military  talents  and  many 
virtues  he  had  acquired  esteem  and  affection. 
Massachusetts  erected  a  monument  to  his  mem 
ory  in  Westminster  Abbey,  at  the  expense  of 
250  pounds.  —  Holmes,  II.  8L> ;  Mmtle,  147. 

HOWE,  RICHARD,  earl,  an  English  admiral, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  died  Aug.  5,  1799,  aged 


HOWE. 


451 


73.  On  the  death  of  his  brother  he  succeeded  to 
his  title  and  estate.  He  commanded  the  British 
fleet  which  arrived  at  Staten  Island  July  12, 
1776,  and  was  one  of  the  commissioners  to  oner 
proposals  of  peace.  In  July,  1777,  he  convoyed 
the  two  hundred  and  seventy  transports,  in  which 
the  British  army  sailed  from  New  York  to  the 
Cheaspeake.  In  the  winter  he  repaired  to  New 
port,  as  a  safe  harbor.  This  place,  when  threat 
ened  by  the  Americans  and  French,  he  relieved 
Aug.  30,  1778,  arriving  from  New  York  with  one 
hundred  sail  of  ships.  In  Sept.  he  resigned  the 
command  to  Admiral  Gambler.  June  1,  1794, 
he  obtained  a  victory  over  the  French.  A  severe 
letter  to  Lord  Howe  on  his  naval  conduct  in  the 
American  war  was  published  in  1779,  in  all  prob 
ability  written  by  Lord  Sackville,  the  minister  or 
secretary  for  the  colonies.  He  published  a  nar 
rative  of  the  transactions  of  the  fleet,  etc.,  1779. 

HOWE,  Sir  WILLIAM,  general,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  died  in  1814.  He  was  the  successor 
of  Gage,  in  the  command  of  the  British  forces  in 
America,  arriving  at  Boston  in  May,  1775,  with 
Burgoyne.  He  commanded  in  the  battle  of 
Bunker  Hill.  In  Sept.,  1776,  he  took  possession 
of  New  York.  With  his  brother  he  was  a  com 
missioner  for  peace.  In  July,  1777,  he  sailed  for 
Chesapeake;  entered  Philadelphia  Sept.  27th; 
and  defeated  the  Americans  at  Germantown  Oct. 
4th.  In  May,  1778,  he  was  succeeded  by  Clinton. 
He  published  a  narrative  as  to  his  command  in 
North  America,  2d  ed.,  1780. 

HOWE,  NATHANIEL,  minister  of  Hopkinton,  died 
Feb.  15, 1837,  aged  72,  in  the  forty-sixth  year  of 
his  ministry,  respected  for  his  talents  and  virtues. 
Born  in  Ipswich,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1786, 
he  was  ordained  Oct.  5, 1791 ;  he  had  a  colleague 
in  1830.  In  the  gift  of  prayer  he  was  remarka 
ble  ;  he  had  an  excellent  character  as  a  minister. 
His  century  sermon  in  1815  excited  attention. 
He  said  in  it,  "  Do  you  know  by  what  means  I 
have  become  so  rich,  as  to  have  a  great  house, 
etc. ;  a  farm,  a  herd  of  cattle,  a  flock  of  sheep, 
etc.  The  principal  reason  is  this,  because  I  have 
been  doing  your  business  and  neglecting  my 
own."  He  then  explains,  that  he  had  been 
obliged  to  support  himself  on  account  of  the  neg 
lect  of  his  people.  His  son  Appleton,  a  gradu 
ate  of  1815,  has  been  a  senator.  He  published 
a  sermon  on  the  death  of  three  persons,  1808; 
the  century  sermon  mentioned ;  design  of  John's 
baptism,  1819;  a  reply  to  Dr.  Baldwin,  1820; 
a  catechism,  with  questions  and  proverbs. — 
Sprague's  Annals. 

HOWE,  JOHN,  major,  a  brave  officer  of  the 
Revolution,  died  near  Flemington,  N.  J.,  Dec. 
15,  1843,  aged  90. 

HOWE,  ZADOCK,  M.  D.,  died  at  Billcrica, 
Mass.,  Feb.  8,  1851,  after  a  long  successful  pro 
fessional  career,  highly  respected. 


452 


HOWELL. 


HUBBARD. 


HOWELL,  RICHARD,  governor  of  New  Jer 
sey,  died  April  28,  1802,  aged  47.  lie  was  a 
native  of  Delaware,  but  commanded  a  New  Jer 
sey  regiment  from  1776  till  1779,  when  in  conse 
quence  of  a  new  arrangement  of  the  army  he 
resumed  the  profession  of  the  law.  In  1788  he 
was  appointed  clerk  of  the  supreme  court,  which 
office  he  held  till  June,  1793,  when  he  was  chosen 
governor  of  the  State.  To  this  place  he  was 
eight  years  successively  elected.  He  possessed  a 
cultivated  mind,  and  was  benevolent  in  his  life. 

HOWELL,  DAVID,  LL.  D.,  judge,  died  July 
29,  1824,  aged  77.  He  was  born  in  New  Jersey, 
and  graduated  at  Princeton,  1766.  Removing  to 
Rhode  Island,  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
mathematics  and  afterwards  of  law  in  the  univer 
sity.  Devoting  himself  to  the  practice  of  the  law 
at  Providence,  he  was  chosen  judge  of  the  su 
preme  court.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  old 
congress;  and  in  1812,  was  appointed  district 
judge  for  Rhode  Island,  which  office  he  sustained 
till  his  death.  He  was  a  man  of  distinguished 
talents  and  learning. 

HOWELL,  SILAS,  died  in  Portland,  Maine,  in 
May,  1846,  aged  101. 

HOWELL,  NATHANIEL  W.,  judge,  died  at 
Canandaigua,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  16,  1851,  aged  82.  He 
was  eminent  as  a  jurist. 

ROWLAND,  Jonx,  a  pilgrim  of  1620,  was  a 
member  of  Gov.  Carver's  family,  and  married  his 
daughter  Elizabeth.  On  his  voyage  in  a  storm 
he  fell  overboard,  but  escaped  death  by  clinging 
to  the  topsail  halliards,  which  hung  in  the  water. 
He  lived  in  Plymouth,  Duxbury,  and  Kingston. 
In  the  last  town  he  died  Feb.  22,  1672,  aged  80. 
The  records  speak  of  him  as  "  a  godly  man  and 
an  ancient  professor  of  the  ways  of  Christ."  He 
was  a  deputy,  assistant,  and  one  of  the  leading 
men  of  the  colony.  He  was  buried  at  Plymouth. 
His  widow  died  1687,  aged  80.  His  sons  were 
John,  Jabez,  Isaac,  Joseph  ;  his  daughter  Desire 
married  John  Gorham;  Hope  married  J.  Chip- 
man  ;  Elizabeth  married  E.  Hicks ;  Lydia  mar 
ried  J.  Brown;  Ruth  married  T.  Cushman.  His 
son  John  married  Mary  Lee,  1651,  daughter 
of  Mary,  and  settled  in  Barnstable,  Joseph  in 
Plymouth,  Isaac  in  Middleborough,  and  Jabez  in 
Bristol,  whose  grandson  John  died  in  Providence 
Nov.  5,  1854,  at  the  great  age  of  97,  a  man  of 
moral  worth,  and  skilled  in  antiquarian  researches 
in  regard  to  the  history  of  the  pilgrims.  He  was 
president  of  the  R.  I.  historical  society. 

HOWLANI),  JOHN,  the  minister  of  Carver, 
Mass.,  died  Nov.  4,  1804,  aged  83.  He  was  the 
son  of  the  second  John  of  Barnstable ;  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1741,  and  was  ordained  in 
1746.  His  wife  was  the  daughter  of  Rev.  Dan 
iel  Lewis  of  Pembroke.  His  daughter  Anna 
married  Rev.  Ezra  Weld  of  Braintree. 

HOWOOSWEE,  ZACHARY,  an  Indian  minis 


ter,  died  at  Gayhead,  Martha's  Vinej-ard,  July, 
1821,  aged  84. 

HOYT,  ARD,  missionary  to  the  Cherokees,  was 
a  settled  minister  of  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.,  when  he 
offered  his  services  to  the  American  Board.  In 
Nov.,  1817,  he  proceeded  with  his  family  to 
Brainerd,  and  in  1824  to  Willstown,  where  he 
died  Feb.  18,  1828,  aged  57.  He  died  very  sud 
denly,  but  was  able  to  say,  lifting  his  eyes  in  rap 
ture  to  heaven,  "  I'm  going."  The  Cherokees 
were  strongly  attached  to  him.  By  his  labors 
Catherine  Brown  and  others  were  converted.  He 
was  indeed  a  most  valuable  missionary.  His 
journals  were  read  with  great  interest. 

HOYT,  EPAPIIRAS,  general,  was  born  Dec.  31, 
1765,  and  died  at  Dcerfield,  Mass.,  Feb.  8,  1850, 
aged  84.  He  published  several  works  on  mili 
tary  affairs,  one  of  which  was  on  cavalry  discipline, 
1797.  His  antiquarian  researches  were  published 
in  1824,  containing  a  history  of  Indian  wars,  es 
pecially  in  reference  to  the  Connecticut  river  set 
tlements. 

HUBBARD,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Ipswich, 
Mass.,  and  a  historian,  died  Sept.  14,  1704,  aged 
82.  He  was  born  in  the  year  1621,  the  son  of 
William  of  Ipswich  and  Boston,  and  was  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  college  in  the  first  class  in  1642. 
The  time  of  his  ordination  is  not  known,  but  it  is 
supposed  to  have  been  about  the  year  1657,  as 
colleague  with  Mr.  Cobbet.  In  his  old  age  John 
Rogers  was  settled  with  him  in  1692.  His  wife 
was  Margaret,  the  daughter  of  Nathaniel  Rogers. 
His  second  marriage  in  1694  to  Mrs.  Mary  Pear 
son  displeased  his  parish,  on  account  of  her 
sphere  in  life.  His  son  Nathaniel  was  a  judge 
of  the  superior  court.  He  was  a  man  of  learn 
ing,  and  of  a  candid,  benevolent  mind.  He  wrote 
a  valuable  history  of  New  England,  for  which  the 
State  paid  him  50  pounds.  It  was  used  by 
Mather  in  writing  his  magnalia,  by  Hutchinson, 
and  by  Dr.  Holmes.  At  last  it  was  published  in 
the  Mass,  historical  collections,  2d  series,  vols.  V. 
and  VI.  He  published  an  election  sermon,  enti 
tled  the  happiness  of  a  people  in  the  wisdom  of 
their  rulers  directing  and  in  the  obedience  of  their 
brethren,  etc.,  1676 ;  the  present  state  of  New 
England,  being  a  narrative  of  the  troubles  with 
the  Indians  from  the  first  planting  thereof  in  1607 
to  1677,  but  chiefly  of  the  two  last  years,  1675 
and  1676,  to  which  is  added  a  discourse  about  the 
war  with  the  Pequots,  4to.,  1677  ;  a  fast  sermon, 
1682 ;  a  funeral  discourse  on  Gen.  Dcnison,  1684  ; 
a  testimony  to  the  order  of  the  gospel  in  the 
churches  of  New  England,  with  Mr.  Higginson, 
1701. — Ilutcldnson,  II.  147;  Holmes;  Hist. 
Coll. ;  Sprague's  Annals. 

HUBBARD,  JONATHAN,  the  first  minister  of 
Sheffield,  Mass.,  died  July  6, 1765,  aged  61.  He 
was  born  in  Sunderland,  and  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1824.  The  church  was  formed  and  he  was  set- 


IIUBBARI). 


HUDDY. 


453 


tied  Oct.  22,  1735 :  he  was  dismissed  in  1764. 
John  Keep  succeeded  him.  He  had  a  sound 
mind,  and  was  active  and  lively. 

IIUBBARD,  JOHN,  minister  of  Meriden,  Conn., 
died  Nov.  18,  1786,  aged  59.  The  son  of  Col. 
John  II.,  of  New  Haven,  he  was  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1744,  and  was  ordained  June  22,  1769. 
Several  pamphlets  were  occasioned  by  his  ordina 
tion.  He  was  useful  and  beloved.  —  Sprague's 
Annals. 

HUBBARD,  LEVERETT,  M.  D.,  president  of 
the  Connecticut  medical  society,  died  at  Hartford 
in  1794,  aged  70.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1744, 
and  was  an  eminent  physician. 

IIUBBARD,  JOHN,"  minister  of  Northfield, 
Mass.,  died  Nov.  28,  1794,  aged  69,  in  tjie  forty- 
fifth  year  of  his  ministry.  Born  in  Ilatfield,  he 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1747.  He  was  ordained 
May  30,  1750. 

HUBBARD,  EBENEZER,  minister  of  Marble- 
head,  Mass.,  died  Oct.  15,  1800,  aged  42,  in  the 
fourteenth  year  of  his  ministry.  He  was  born  at 
Concord,  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1777,  and  was 
ordained  Jan.  1,  1783.  E.  Stone  preached  his 
ordination  sermon.  He  published  a  sermon  at 
the  ordination  of  A.  Orne,  1796. —  Spraguc's 
Annals. 

HUBBARD,  JOHN,  professor  of  mathematics 
and  natural  philosophy  at  Dartmouth  college, 
died  in  1810,  aged  51.  Born  inTownsend,  Mass., 
he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1785;  and,  having 
studied  theology,  became  the  preceptor  of  New 
Ipswich  and  Deerfield  academies,  and  was  also 
judge  of  probate  in  Cheshire  county.  lie  suc 
ceeded  Prof.  Woodward  at  Dartmouth  in  1804, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Prof.  Adams.  He  pub 
lished  an  oration  on  the  4th  of  July,  1799;  rudi 
ments  of  geography,  1803 ;  American  reader, 
1808;  essay  on  music. 

HUBBARD,  BELA,  D.  D.,  Episcopal  minister 
in  New  Haven,  died  in  1812,  aged  about  75.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1758.  He  succeeded  Mr. 
Palmer  in  1767. 

HUBBARD,  POLLY,  Miss,  died  at  Fowlerville, 
N.  Y.,  Dec.  29,  1837,  aged  63 ;  her  sister  Sally, 
the  wife  of  Wells  Fowler,  died  the  preceding  day. 
The  loss  of  two  such  eminently  pious  women  in  a 
new  church  is  great.  They  were  daughters  of 
deacon  James  Ilubbard,  of  Pittsfield,  Mass.  In  a 
religious  meeting  of  females,  Miss  II.  could  do 
two  things  well :  she  could  guide  and  support  a 
conversation  on  religious  subjects,  and  she  could 
pray.  God  has  enriched  our  churches  with  a 
multitude  of  such  women,  of  whom  the  world, 
which  they  bless,  knows  nothing.  To  the  prayers 
and  toils  of  such  women  revivals  of  religion  may 
often  be  ascribed,  in  one  of  which  her  sister  had 
the  happiness  of  seeing  her  husband,  one  son  and 
his  wife,  a  daughter,  also  two  daughters  and  their 
husbands,  united  at  the  same  time  to  the  church. 


With  their  work  let  a  fashionable  woman's  work 
this  present  season  of  1856,  at  Saratoga,  be  con 
trasted,  displaying  sixty  different  costly  dresses, 
made  up  at  New  York.  The  name  of  a  vain  and 
useless  woman  of  extravagance  and  folly  may  well 
pass  into  oblivion ;  the  righteous  shall  be  in  re 
membrance. 

HUBBARD,  RICHARD,  mayor  of  Middletown, 
Conn.,  died  in  1839,  aged  47.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1813. 

HUBBARD,  THOMAS,  M.  D.,  professor  of  sur 
gery  at  Yale  college,  died  at  New  Haven  June  13, 
1838,  aged  63. 

IIUBBARD,  SAMUEL,  judge,  died  at  Boston 
Dec.  24,  1847,  aged  62.  Born  in  Boston,  he 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1802.  For  a  few  years  he 
practised  law  in  Biddcford,  then  in  Boston.  In 
1842  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court.  For  years  he  was  one  of  the  board  of 
commissioners  for  foreign  missions.  He  was 
learned,  upright,  judicious,  and  expert  in  business. 

IIUBBARD,  CALEB,  major,  died  in  Sunderland 
April  7,  1850,  aged  96,  an  officer  of  the  Revolu 
tion. 

HUBBARD,  JONATHAN  H.,  judge  of  the  su 
preme  court  of  Vt.,  died  at  Windsor  Sept.  20, 
1849,  aged  81;  a  member  of  congress,  1809-1811. 

IIUBBARD,  SAMUEL  DICKINSON,  LL.  D.,  post 
master-general,  died  of  a  spinal  complaint  at 
Middletown,  Conn.,  Oct.  8,  1855,  aged  55.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1819. 

IIUBBELL,  WOLCOTT,  died  at  Lanesborough 
Oct.  26,  1840,  aged  85.  He  was  a  magistrate, 
senator,  and  Christian.  —  N.  Y.  Observer,  Nov. 
28. 

IIUBBELL,  WALTER,  died  in  Canandaigua 
March  25,  1848,  aged  53 ;  a  lawyer  and  an  active 
Christian,  a  useful  teacher  in  bible  classes  and 
Sunday  schools.  —  Daggctfs  Sermon. 

IIUBBELL,  MARTHA  STONE,  wife  of  Rev. 
Stephen  Hubbell  of  North  Stonington,  died  Aug. 
8,  1856,  aged  42.  She  wrote  "  Shady  Side." 

HUBBELL,  MARY  ELIZABETH,  the  only 
daughter  of  the  preceding,  died  at  Stonington, 
Conn.,  in  June,  1856,  aged  20,  the  authoress  of 
pieces,  signed  Leila  Linwood. 

IIUDDY,  JOSHUA,  captain,  was  taken  prisoner 
in  a  small  fort  on  Tom's  river,  New  Jersey,  by  a 
party  of  tory  refugees  in  March,  1782,  and  carried, 
with  his  company,  to  New  York.  On  the  8th  of 
April,  he  and  two  others  were  sent  by  the  board 
of  loyalists  to  Middletown  Point  or  Sandy  Hook, 
to  be  exchanged  under  the  care  of  Capt.  Lippen- 
cot,  who  reported  on  his  return,  that  he  had  ex 
changed  the  two  as  directed,  and  that  "  Huddy 
had  been  exchanged  for  Philip  White."  He  had, 
in  fact,  of  his  own  authority,  hung  him  on  a  tree 
on  the  Jersey  shore.  The  case  of  Philip  White, 
the  tory,  was  this.  Having  been  taken  prisoner, 
as  some  light  horse  were  conveying  him  to  Free- 


454 


HUDSON. 


hold  at  the  end  of  March,  he  attempted  to  escape ; 
though  called  upon  to  surrender,  he  continued  to 
run,  and  as  he  was  about  to  leap  into  a  bog  he 
was  cut  down  by  a  sword.  Gen.  Washington, 
April  21,  1778,  demanded  of  Gen.  Clinton  the 
delivery  of  Lippencot,  the  murderer  of  White ; 
but  the  board  of  loyalists  interposed  for  his  pro 
tection.  On  the  failure  of  compliance  with  his 
demand,  Gen.  Washington  selected  by  lot  Capt. 
Asgill  of  the  guards,  taken  at  Yorktown,  and 
fixed  the  time  and  place  of  his  execution.  Mrs. 
Asgill,  the  mother,  wrote  to  M.  Vergennes,  the 
French  minister,  and  begged  his  interference, 
describing  her  distress  and  that  of  her  family. 
Her  pathetic  appeal  was  published.  In  conse 
quence  of  it,  Vergennes  interposed  with  Washing 
ton,  and  by  order  of  congress  Asgill  was  released 
in  Nov.  Capt.  Asgill  was  afterwards  Sir  Charles 
A.,  general;  and  died  in  1823,  aged  70. 

HUDSON,  HENRY,  an  eminent  navigator,  was 
an  Englishman,  who  explored  a  part  of  the  coast 
of  Greenland  in  the  years  1C07  and  1608,  while 
seeking  a  passage  to  Japan  and  China.  After 
his  return  to  England  from  his  second  voyage,  he 
went  over  to  Holland,  and  the  Dutch  East  India 
company  gave  him  the  command  of  a  ship  for 
discovery.  He  sailed  March  25,  1G09,  and,  after 
passing  along  the  coast  of  Lapland,  crossed  the 
Atlantic,  and  discovered  Cape  Cod,  at  which  place 
he  landed.  He  then  pursued  his  course  to  the 
Chesapeake,  and  on  his  return  along  the  coast 
entered  the  river  in  the  State  of  New  York,  which 
bears  his  name,  and  ascended  as  far  as  where  the 
city  of  Albany  now  stands.  A  settlement  was 
soon  after  made  upon  this  river  by  the  Dutch. 
In  1610  he  was  again  fitted  out  by  some  gentle 
man  to  discover  a  passage  to  the  south  sea,  and 
in  this  voyage  he  discovered  the  extensive  bay  to 
the  north,  which  bears  his  name.  He  drew  his 
ship  into  a  small  creek,  Nov.  3,  and  it  was  frozen 
up  during  the  winter.  Uncommon  flights  of  wild 
fowl  furnished  provision,  without  which  supply 
the  crew  must  have  perished.  In  the  spring  of 
1611  he  made  several  efforts  to  complete  his  dis 
coveries,  but  was  obliged  to  abandon  his  enter 
prise  and  make  the  best  of  his  way  home.  Pie 
distributed  to  his  men  with  tears  in  his  eyes  all 
the  bread  he  had  left,  which  was  only  a  pound  to 
each ;  though  it  is  said  that  other  provisions  were 
afterwards  found  in  the  ship.  In  his  uneasiness 
and  despair,  he  let  fall  threatening  words  of  set 
ting  some  of  his  men  on  shore ;  upon  which  a 
few  of  the  sturdiest,  who  had  been  very  mutinous, 
entered  his  cabin  in  the  night,  tied  his  arms  be 
hind  him,  and  set  him  adrift  in  the  shallop  at  the 
west  end  of  the  straits,  with  his  son  and  seven  of 
the  most  sick  and  infirm  of  his  men.  lie  was 
never  heard  of  again.  The  crew  proceeded  with 
his  ship  for  England.  Four  of  them  were  killed 
by  the  savages,  as  they  went  on  shore  near  the 


HULL. 

strait's  month,  and  the  rest,  ready  to  die  for  want, 
arrived  at  Plymouth  in  Sept.,  1611.  He  published 
divers  voyages  and  northern  discoveries,  1607  ;  a 
second  voyage  for  finding  a  passage  to  the  East 
Indies  by  the  northeast,  1608.  Accounts  of  his 
other  voyages  were  published;  but  they  were  not 
written  by  himself.  Some  of  them  are  pre 
served  in  the  third  volume  of  Purchas'  pilgrims. 
—  Belknap's  Biog.  I.  394-407 ;  New  and  Gen. 
Biog.  Diet. 

HUGER,  ISAAC,  brigadier-general  in  1777,  died 
in  South  Carolina  in  1780,  a  patriot  and  soldier  of 
the  Revolution.  D.  Huger  and  J.  Huger,  states 
men,  also  of  South  Carolina,  died  in  1799  and 
1804. 

HUIT,  EPHRAIM,  minister  of  Windsor,  Conn., 
came  from  England  and  was  settled  as  colleague 
with  Mr.  Warham  in  1639,  and  died  Sept.  4, 
1644.  He  was  a  man  of  superior  talents  and 
eminent  usefulness.  Johnson  says  of  him : 

"  And  Huit  had  his  arguings  strong  and  right." 

His  name  is  also  written  Heuet  and  Ilewett.  He 
published  the  prophecy  of  Daniel  explained,  4to., 
1643. 

HULL,  JOSEPH,  minister  at  Weymouth,  Mass., 
was  settled  in  1635,  and  resigned  in  1639. 

HULL,  WILLIAM,  general,  governor  of  Michi 
gan  Territory,  died  Nov.  29,  1825,  aged  72. 
Born  at  Derby,  Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1772.  He  was  a  brave  and  useful  officer  of  the 
Revolutionary  war.  In  1796  he  was  chosen 
major-general  in  the  militia  of  Massachusetts. 
In  1805  he  was  appointed  governor  of  the  Michi 
gan  Territory,  in  which  office  he  was  succeeded 
by  Lewis  Cass  in  1814.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
war  he  was  requested  to  command  the  north 
western  army.  He  surrendered  with  two  thousand 
men  at  Detroit,  to  the  British  Gen.  Brock,  Aug. 
15,  1812.  A  court  martial  was  ordered  to  try 
him  on  several  charges,  and  he  was  actually  in 
1814  sentenced  to  be  shot,  but  for  his  Revolution 
ary  services  and  his  age  recommended  to  mercy. 
The  president  approved  the  sentence  and  remitted 
the  execution.  Gen.  Hull  died  at  his  residence 
in  Newton,  near  Boston.  His  relict,  Sarah,  died 
in  Aug.,  1826.  In  his  defence  he  makes  state 
ments,  which  ought  to  be  taken  into  considera 
tion,  before  it  shall  be  concluded  that  the  sentence 
was  just.  Being  governor  of  Michigan,  as  well  as 
general,  he  was  bound  to  consult  the  safety  of  the 
frontier  settlers,  who  were  threatened  by  a  horde 
of  savages.  His  army  was  in  effective  force  only 
one-third  of  the  forces  of  Brock.  He  could  hope 
for  no  co-operation  on  the  part  of  Gen.  Dearborn 
on  the  Niagara,  who  had  entered  into  an  armistice, 
and  thus  threw  the  enemy  upon  him ;  the  Bri 
tish  commanded  lake  Erie;  and  a  part  of  his 
own  forces  under  Cass  and  McArthur  had  been 
sent  to  the  river  Raisin.  Under  these  circum- 


HULL. 


HUMPHREYS. 


455 


stances,  with  six  hundred  Indians  already  present 
with  the  BritNh  army;  cut  off  by  the  lake  and  the 
wilderness  from  his  supplies  and  reinforcements  ; 
he  savs,  that  he  deemed  it  a  sacred  duty,  which 
he  owed  to  his  fellow  citi/cns  under  his  govern 
ment,  to  negotiate  a  capitulation,  which  secured 
their  safety.  We  must  put  treachery  out  of  the 
question.  The  only  inquiry  is,  whether  a  brave 
lie  volution  ary  officer  was  absolutely  a  coward  at 
Detroit?  It  has  been  often  the  case,  that  rash 
heroes  have  occasioned  a  pitiable  and  useless  de 
struction  of  life.  It  was  so  in  the  action  at 
Minisink.  When  St.  Clair  retreated  from  Ticon- 
deroga  in  1777,  there  was  a  great  clamor  against 
him;  but  the  measure  was  wise  and  indispensable 
to  the  safety  of  the  army.  — He  published  defence 
of  himself,  1814 ;  memoirs  of  the  campaign  of  1812, 
with  a  sketch  of  his  He  volution  ary  services,  1824. 
His  Revolutionary  services  and  campaign  of  1812, 
by  his  daughter  Maria  Campbell,  and  J.  F. 
Clarke,  was  published  1848.  —  Holmes,  II.  470. 

HULL,  AKAETIUS  B.,  minister  in  Worcester, 
Mass.,  died  in  1826,  aged  47.  Born  in  Wood- 
bridge,  Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1807;  was 
a  tutor  for  six  years ;  then  was  ordained  over  the 
first  church  in  W.,  in  1821.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  intelligence,  and  of  a  fine  taste,  and  a  faith 
ful  minister.  — Sprague's  Annals. 

HULL,  ISAAC,  a  naval  commander,  died  at 
Philadelphia  Feb.  13,  1843,  aged  08.  He  was 
born  at  Derby,  and  was  forty-five  years  in  the 
service  of  his  country.  Bred  to  the  sea,  at  the 
first  establishment  of  the  navy  he  was  appointed 
lieutenant.  In  1800  he  cut  out  the  French  letter- 
of-marquc>  the  Sandwich,  from  a  port  in  St. 
Domingo.  In  the  war  of  1812  he  commanded 
the  Constitution  frigate  of  forty-four  guns.  Aug. 
19,  after  an  action  of  thirty  minutes  he  cap 
tured  the  Gucrriere,  Capt.  I) acres,  carrying  fifty 
guns.  After  this  period  he  Avas  for  some  time 
employed  in  settling  the  estate  of  a  deceased 
brother. 

HUME,  ROBERT  W.,  missionary,  died  in  1855. 
He  had  been  for  fifteen  years  a  much  respected 
member  of  the  mission  to  Bombay. 

HUMMING-BIRD,  General,  a  Choctaw  chief, 
was  from  his  youth  a  friend  of  the  United  States, 
and  fought  many  battles  by  the  side  of  white  men 
against  the  red  people.  In  the  expedition  of 
Wayne  and  Scott  in  1794,  against  the  Shawnees 
and  Delawares,  he  commanded  sixty  Choctaw  war 
riors.  In  the  war  against  the  Creeks  and  British 
he  also  distinguished  himself.  He  died  at  Nash 
ville,  Tenn.,  Dec.  23,  1827,  aged  75,  and  was 
buried  by  Col.  Ward,  the  agent,  with  the  honors 
of  war.  His  commission  and  silver  medal,  re 
ceived  from  Washington,  were  placed  in  his  coffin. 

HUMPHREY,  JAMES,  first  minister  of  Athol, 
Mass.,  died  in  179G,  aged  73.  Born  in  Dorches 


ter,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1744,  was  settled 
in  1750,  and  resigned  in  1782. 

HUMPHREY,  JOHN,  died  at  Pittsficld  Dec.  2, 
1854,  aged  38.  The  son  of  Rev.  Dr.  Humphrey, 
he  graduated  at  Amherst  college  in  1835,  and 
was  pastor  of  the  Winthrop  church  in  Charles- 
town,  Mass.,  from  which  he  was  removed  by  rea 
son  of  ill  health.  Then  he  was  settled  at  Bing- 
hamton,  N.  Y.;  at  last  was  appointed  professor 
of  moral  philosophy  at  Hamilton  college.  Se 
lections  from  his  sermons  with  memoirs  by  W.  J. 
Budington  were  published  in  185G. 

HUMPHREYS,  DANIEL,  minister  of  Derby, 
Conn.,  died  in  1787,  aged  about  75.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1732,  and  Avas  ordained  the 
next  year.  He  Avas  one  of  the  ministers  Avho 
zealously  promoted  the  rc\'ival  of  religion  about 
1740.  —  Sprar/ue's  Annals. 

HUMPHREYS,  DAVID,  colonel,  died  Feb.  21, 
1818,  aged  G5.  He  Avas  the  son  of  Daniel  II.,  the 
minister  of  Derby,  Conn.,  Avas  born  in  1753,  and 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1771,  and  soon  Avent 
to  reside  in  the  family  of  Col.  Phillips  of  Phillips 
manor,  NCAV  York.  He  early  entered  the  army 
as  a  captain ;  in  1778  he  Avas  a  major  and  aid  to 
Gen.  Putnam;  in  1780  he  Avas  selected  as  Wash 
ington's  aid,  Avith  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  re 
mained  in  his  family  to  the  end  of  the  Avar, 
enjoying  his  confidence  and  friendship.  His  com 
petitors  for  the  place  of  aid  Avcre  Tallmadge, 
Hull,  and  Alden.  For  his  valor  at  the  siege  of  York 
congress  honored  him  AA'ith  a  SAVord.  In  1784  he 
accompanied  Jefferson  to  Paris,  as  secretary  of 
legation,  accompanied  by  his  friend  Kosciusko. 
He  returned  in  1786,  and  Avas  elected  to  the  leg 
islature  from  Derby.  Being  appointed  to  com 
mand  a  regiment,  raised  for  the  Avcstern  service, 
he  resided  for  some  time  at  Hartford,  and  Avith 
Trumbull,  BarloAv,  and  Hopkins,  Avrote  the  Anar- 
chiad.  In  1788  he  Avent  to  reside  with  Wash 
ington,  and  continued  with  him  till  he  Avas  ap 
pointed  in  1790  minister  to  Portugal.  He  sailed 
in  1791 ;  and  soon  after  his  return  in  1794  Avas 
appointed  minister  plenipotentiary  to  Spain.  He 
concluded  treaties  Avith  Tripoli  and  Algiers.  In 
1802  he  Avas  succeeded  by  Pinckncy.  In  his  last 
years  he  devoted  much  care  to  the  rearing  of 
merino  sheep.  In  1812  he  took  the  command  of 
the  militia  of  Connecticut.  He  died  suddenly,  of 
an  organic  affection  of  the  heart,  at  NCAV  Haven. 
His  wife,  whom  he  married  in  1797,  Avas  the 
daughter  of  John  Bulkier,  an  English  merchant 
at  Lisbon  of  great  Avealth.  He  published  in 
1782  a  poetical  address  to  the  armies  of  the 
United  States,  Avhich  was  much  celebrated.  His 
other  works  are  poems  on  the  happiness  of  Amer 
ica  ;  on  the  future  glory  of  the  United  States ;  on 
the  industry  of  the  United  States ;  on  the  love  of 
country ;  on  the  death  of  Washington.  lie 


HUNN. 


IIUNTINGTON. 


wrote  also  the  life  of  Putnam,  1788;  the  widow 
of  Malabar,  a  tragedy,  from  the  French,  1790; 
and  several  political  tracts  and  orations.  A  col 
lection  of  his  poems  and  tracts,  including  most 
of  his  writings,  was  published  at  New  York,  8vo., 
1790  and  1804. —  Spec.  American  Poetry,  l.  259- 
272. 

HUNN,  NATHANIEL,  the  first  minister  of  Read 
ing,  Conn.,  died  in  1749.  lie  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1731,  and  was  settled  in  1733.  He  published 
the  election  sermon,  1747. 

HUNNEWELL,  WALTER,  Dr.,  died  in  Water- 
town  Oct.  19,  1855,  aged  86.  Born  in  Cam 
bridge,  a  graduate  of  1787,  he  studied  with  Dr. 
Spring ;  his  useful  professional  life  was  spent  in  W. 

HUNT,  JOHN,  minister  of  Boston,  died  at  his 
father's  house  in  Northampton  Dec.  20,  1775, 
aged  31.  He  and  John  Bacon  were  settled  over 
the  old  south  church  in  Boston  Sept.  26,  1771. 
In  the  war  in  1775,  he  was  shut  out  of  Boston; 
his  church  was  used  as  a  riding-school.  He  died 
of  a  pulmonary  complaint.  He  was  a  preacher 
of  eminence  and  high  promise.  He  published 
a  sermon  at  his  ordination ;  one  on  the  death  of 
Sarah  Gill,  1771.  —  Hooker's  Funeral  Sermon  ;\ 
Spragtte's  Annals. 

HUNT,  EBENEZER,  M.  D.,  a  physician  of 
Northampton,  was  born  there  in  1744;  was  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  college  in  1764;  and  studied 
with  Dr.  Pyncheon  of  Springfield.  He  died  Dec. 
26,  1820,  aged  76,  having  practised  physic  more 
than  fifty  years,  and  in  that  time  never  having 
sued  any  person  for  any  debt,  incurred  by  medi 
cal  attendance.  For  several  years  he  was  a 
member  of  the  senate.  —  Thaclier. 

HUNT,  WILLIAM  G.,  died  in  Nashville,  Tenn., 
Aug.  13,  1833,  aged  42.  He  was  a  graduate  of 
Harvard  in  1810  ;  and  a  man  of  talents,  and 
learning,  and  worth.  He  lived  at  first  in  Boston. 
He  edited  the  National  Banner. 

HUNT,  WILLIAM  W.,  minister  at  North  Am- 
herst,  Mass.,  died  Oct.  5,  1837,  aged  41.      He  | 
graduated  at  Williams  college  in   1820,  at  An- 
dover  seminary  in    1824.     His    sermons  with  a 
memoir  were  soon  published. 

HUNT,  LITTLETON,  died  in  Gwinnett  county, 
Ga.,  March  12,  1843,  aged  107,  a  soldier  of  the 
Revolution,  present  at  the  battle  of  Guilford,  and 
wounded  at  Eutaw  Springs. 

HUNTER,  WILLIAM,  M.  D.,  a  physician  of 
Newport,  K.  I.,  was  a  native  of  Scotland;  came  to 
this  country  about  1752;  and  gave,  in  1754-6, 
the  first  lectures  on  anatomy  delivered  in  New 
England.  He  died  in  1777.  His  wife  was  the 
daughter  of  Godfrey  Malbonc,  a  rich  merchant. 
His  son,  William,  was  a  senator  of  the  United 
States.  —  Tliaclier. 

HUNTER,  ANDREW,  a  chaplain  in  the  navy, 
died  at  Washington  in  Feb.,  1823,  aged  75.  In 
the  Revolutionary  war  he  was  a  brigade  chaplain. 


Probably  he  was  the  A.  II.  who  was  of  the  class 
of  A.  Burr  at  Princeton  in  1772. 

HUNTER,  WILLIAM  L.,  died  in  Newport  Dec., 
1849,  aged  75.  He  was  a  lawyer,  a  senator  in 
congress  from  1811  to  1821,  and  in  1842  minister 
to  Brazil.  His  style  as  a  speaker  was  ornate  and 
more  oratorical  than  was  common  at  the  bar.  He 
devoted  much  study  in  his  last  years  to  the  sub 
ject  of  religious  liberty. 

IIUNTINGTON,  JOHN,  minister  of  third  church 
in  Salem,  Mass.,  died  May  30,  1766,  aged  29. 
The  son  of  John  II.  of  Norwich,  Conn.,  he  grad 
uated  at  the  college  of  New  Jersey  in  1759,  and 
was  ordained  Sept.  28,  1763.  He  died  of  the 
consumption.  He  was  a  man  much  esteemed  for 
his  talents  and  piety.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

HUNTINGTON,  HEZEKIAII,  died  at  New  Lon 
don  in  1773,  aged  76.  He  was  chief  judge  of  the 
county  court,  a  respected,  useful,  religious  man. 
—  Lord's  Sermon. 

HUNTINGTON,  SAMUEL,  governor  of  Con 
necticut,  died  at  Norwich  Jan.  5,  1796,  aged  63. 
He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Nathaniel  II.,  a  farmer 
of  Windham,  and  was  born  in  1732.  In  his  youth 
he  gave  indications  of  an  excellent  understand 
ing.  Without  the  advantages  of  a  collegial 
education  he  acquired  a  competent  knowledge  of 
the  law,  and  was  early  admitted  to  the  bar ;  soon 
after  which  he  settled  in  Norwich  in  1760,  and  in 
a  few  years  became  eminent  in  his  profession. 
In  1764  he  was  a  representative  in  the  general 
assembly,  and  the  following  year  was  appointed 
king's  attorney,  which  office  he  filled  with  repu 
tation,  until  more  important  services  induced  him 
to  relinquish  it.  In  1774  he  was  made  an  assist 
ant  judge  of  the  superior  court.  In  1775  he  was 
elected  into  the  council,  and  in  the  same  year 
chosen  a  delegate  to  congress.  In  1779  he  was 
president  of  that  honorable  body,  and  was  re- 
chosen  the  following  year.  After  this  year  he 
resumed  his  scat  in  the  council  and  on  the  bench. 
In  1783  he  was  again  a  member  of  congress.  In 
1784  he  was  appointed  chief  justice.  He  was 
placed  in  the  chair  of  the  chief  magistrate  in  1786, 
as  successor  of  (Jov.  Griswold,  and  was  annually 
re-elected  till  his  death.  His  wife,  Martha,  the 
daughter  of  Eb.  Devotion,  minister  of  Windham, 
died  June  4,  1794.  Having  no  children,  he 
adopted  two  children  of  his  brother,  Joseph ;  one 
of  whom  was  the  governor  of  Ohio,  and  the  other 
married  Rev.  Edward  D.  Griffin.  His  elder  broth 
er,  Nathaniel,  minister  of  East  Windsor,  or  El 
lington,  was  ordained  in  1749  and  died  in  1756, 
aged  32.  Gov.  II.  was  an  exemplary  professor 
of  religion.  He  is  one  of  those  men,  who  by 
the  force  of  genius,  by  industry,  patriotism,  and 
integrity,  rose  to  eminent  usefulness  and  honor. — 
Strong's  Funeral  Sermon  ;  Goodrich;  Diciijld, 
II.  43. 

HUNTINGTON,  JOSEPH,  D.  D.,  minister  of 


HUNTINGTON. 

Coventry,  Conn.,  died  in  1795,  aged  about  53. 
He  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  17G2.  One 
daughter  married  Rev.  Mr.  Griffin ;  another  Mr. 
Jones,  and  she  was  the  mother  of  two  eminent 
men  of  Philadelphia,  Judge  Joel  Jones  and  llcv. 
Dr.  Joseph  Iluntington  Jones.  His  brothers 
were  llev.  Enoch  II.  of  Middlctown,  and  Gov. 
Samuel  II.  It  is  said,  that  many  copies  of  his 
work  on  future  punishment  remaining  in  the 
family,  Mrs.  Jones  "  caused  them  to  pass  off  in 
smoke  and  flame."  He  is  well  known  as  the 
author  of  a  work,  entitled,  Calvinism  improved, 
or  the  gospel  illustrated  as  a  system  of  real 
grace,  issuing  in  the  salvation  of  all  men,  which 
Mas  published,  after  his  death,  in  1796.  It  was 
answered  in  the  same  year  by  Dr.  Strong.  It  is 
probable,  that  he  adopted  the  notion  of  universal 
salvation,  as  many  others  have,  in  consequence 
of  erroneous  views  of  the  divine  sovereignty. 
Ascribing  to  God  an  "  Unalterable  decree,  —  in 
cluding  every  thought,  volition,  or  inclination  of 
all  moral  agents,  —  every  being  and  mode  of  be 
ing,  every  circumstance,  connection,  and  conse 
quence  throughout  the  whole  system  of  being  ;  " 
it  would  very  naturally  seem  to  him  unjust,  that 
any  man  should  be  punished  forever.  He  says, 
"  If  any  are  in  extreme  sufferings  to  endless  du 
ration,  in  this  case  they  must  be  infinite  losers  by 
that  existence,  which  the  God  of  love  forced  upon 
them."  But  surely  Scripture  does  not  ascribe  to 
God  any  decree  or  agency  to  produce  sin  ;  on  the 
contrary,  it  declares  expressly  that  God  tempteth 
no  man  to  sin.  Throughout  the  Bible,  man  is  re 
garded  as  a  moral  agent,  self-acting,  and,  if  sin 
ful,  with  unforced  volition  choosing  evil.  Hence 
he  is  responsible,  and  destined  to  answer  for  him 
self  in  the  final  judgment.  Setting  out  with  the 
grand  error  of  absolute  decree  of  sin,  and  pro 
duction  of  it  by  God's  power,  and  the  consequent 
denial  of  human  responsibleness,  Dr.  II.  founds 
his  argument  for  universal  salvation  on  another 
error  in  regard  to  the  atonement  of  Christ,  which, 
he  thought,  included  the  endurance  of  all  the  pun 
ishment  threatened  the  sinner,  and  thus  a  satis 
faction  of  the  law,  so  that  all  sinful  men  are 
released  from  its  curse.  Hence  he  says,  by  a 
wild  perversion  of  the  plain  language  of  scrip 
ture,  that  sinners  "  in  their  surety,  vicar,  or  sub 
stitute,  i.  e.  in  Christ,  the  head  of  every  man,  go 
away  into  everlasting  punishment,  in  a  true  gos 
pel  sense.  In  him  they  suffer  infinite  punishment, 
i.  e.  he  suffers  for  them,  in  their  room  and  stead." 
By  another  strange  perversion,  revolting  to  com 
mon  sense,  he  represents  that  in  the  day  of  judg 
ment,  not  men  of  all  nations,  but  "  characters 
shall  be  separated  one  from  another,  as  a  shep 
herd  divideth  the  sheep  from  the  goats."  "  The 
character  of  sinners  was  always  at  God's  left  hand 
and  always  Avill  be."  In  the  resurrection  he  main 
tains  that  our  sins  will  arise,  "  in  the  holy  voice 
58 


HUNTINGTON. 


457 


of  the  law,"  and  that  this  will  be  the  only  resur 
rection  to  condemnation  and  everlasting  shame 
and  contempt,  while  all  men  will  arise  to  ever 
lasting  life.  It  is  by  such  strange  departure  from 
scripture  and  common  sense,  that  error  is  built 
up  and  miserable  men  are  deluded. 

Dr.  Iluntington  published  a  sermon  on  the 
vanity  and  mischief  of  presuming  on  things  be 
yond  our  measure,  1774;  a  plea  in  the  cause  of 
Mrs.  Fisk,  excommunicated  for  marrying  a  pro 
fane  man,  1779  ;  address  to  his  anabaptist  breth 
ren,  1783;  election  sermon,  1784;  installation  of 
J.  Ellis,  1785 ;  on  death  of  J.  Howard,  1789;  on 
the  atonement,  1791 ;  on  the  death  of  Mrs.  Strong, 
1793.  After  his  death  his  work  on  universal 
salvation  was  published,  called  Calvinism  improved. 
—  Sprague's  Annals. 

HUNTINGTON,  ENOCH,  minister  of  Middle- 
town,  Conn.,  died  in  1809,  aged  about  70.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1759.  He  succeeded  "W. 
Russell  and  was  succeeded  by  Dan  Iluntington. 
The  pastor  of  Westfield  church  in  Middletown 
was  David  Huntington,  who  graduated  at  Dart 
mouth  in  the  third  class  in  1773,  and  died  in  1811, 
aged  about  60.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the 
ordination  of  E.  Parsons,  1773;  a  sermon  on 
political  wisdom,  1786. 

HUNTINGTOX,  ASAIIEL,  minister  of  Topsfield, 
died  April  22,  1813,  aged  52.  He  left  an  unfin 
ished  sermon,  written  on  the  day  of  his  sickness, 
on  the  text,  "  Be  ye  also  ready."  He  was  born 
in  Franklin,  Conn.,  once  a  part  of  Norwich,  in 
which  town  his  ancestors  lived.  His  grandfather 
was  Deacon  Christopher  II.  He  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  in  1786,  the  first  scholar  in  his  class. 
He  was  ordained  in  1789.  He  was  an  excellent 
minister  and  teacher.  His  wife  was  Alethea  Lord 
of  Pomfret,  of  whom  there  is  a  portrait  in  Cleave- 
land's  address.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Dr. 
Elisha  L.,  and  died  in  1830,  aged  83.  Dr.  Elisha 
of  Lowell  and  Asahel  II.  of  Salem  are  his  sons.  — 
Tojy-ifield  Celebration  ;  N.  Cleaveland's  Address. 

HUNTIXGTON,  JEDIDIAH,  general,  died  Sept. 
25,  1818,  aged  75.  He  was  born  in  Norwich, 
Conn.,  Aug.  15,  1743,  and  was  graduated  at  Har 
vard  college  in  1763,  on  which  occasion  he  pro 
nounced  the  first  English  oration  ever  delivered 
at  commencement.  He  soon  engaged  in  com 
mercial  pursuits  in  Norwich.  At  the  age  of  twenty- 
three  he  made  a  profession  of  religion.  Entering 
the  army  in  command  of  a  regiment  in  1775,  he 
was  in  May,  1777,  appointed  by  congress  a  briga 
dier-general.  After  the  war,  during  which  he 
had  the  esteem  and  confidence  of  Washington,  he 
was  sheriff  of  the  county  and  treasurer  of  the 
State.  In  1789  he  was  appointed  collector  of  the 
port  of  New  London,  an  office  which  he  held 
twenty-six  years,  resigning  it  in  1815.  His  first 
wife,  the  daughter  of  Gov.  Trumbull,  died  at 
Dedham  in  1775,  while  he  was  on  his  way  to  join 


458 


HUXTIXGTOX. 


HUH]). 


the  army  at  Cambridge.  His  relict,  the  sister  of 
Bishop  Moore  of  Virginia,  died  in  March,  1831. 
With  the  courage  of  the  soldier  he  combined  the 
humble  graces  of  the  Christian.  He  was  an  offi 
cer  6f  the  church,  a  member  of  the  American 
foreign  mission  society  from  its  organization,  and 
a  zealous  supporter  of  various  charitable  institu 
tions.  His  own  charities  were  unequalled  in  Con 
necticut.  —  Panoplist,  XV.  143. 

HUXTIXGTOX,  EBENEZER,  major-general, 
died  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  in  June,  1834,  aged  79. 
He  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1775,  and  joined 
the  army  near  Boston  in  the  same  year.  He  rose 
in  rank  in  successive  years;  in  1779  he  was  ap 
pointed  lieutenant-colonel,  and  was  present  at  the 
surrender  of  Cornwallis.  He  was  twice  elected  a 
member  of  congress.  In  1799  he  was  appointed, 
at  the  request  of  Washington,  brigadier-general 
in  the  army  then  raised. 

HUNTTNGTON,  HEZEKIAII,  died  at  Middle- 
town,  Conn.,  May  27,  1842,  aged  83.  He  was 
United  States  attorney  for  Connecticut. 

HUXTIXGTOX,  JOSHUA,  minister  of  Boston, 
son  of  Jedidiah  II.,  was  born  Jan.  31,  1786, 
and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1804.  During 
a  revival  in  1802  he  became  pious.  He  was  or 
dained  colleague  with  Dr.  Ecklcy,  May  18,  1808, 
and  on  his  return  from  a  journey  for  his  health 
to  Canada,  died  at  Groton  Sept.  11,  1819,  aged 
33.  He  was  a  very  faithful  and  useful  minister, 
and  a  humble,  disinterested,  excellent  Christian. 
When,  in  his  sickness,  told  that  he  was  about  to 
meet  his  father,  he  replied,  "  Yes ;  it  will  be  a 
glorious  meeting."  He  published  memoirs  of  the 
life  of  Abigail  Waters,  1817. — Panoplist,  xvi. 
529-535  ;  Spragne's  Annals. 

HUXTIXGTOX,  SUSAN,  wife  of  the  preceding, 
the  daughter  of  Achilles  Mansfield,  minister  of 
Killingworth,  Conn.,  was  born  Jan.  27,  1791. 
Her  mother  was  the  grand-daughter  of  Jared 
Eliot,  minister  of  K.,  a  descendant  of  the  "  Indian 
apostle."  At  the  age  of  sixteen  she  made  a  pro 
fession  of  religion.  She  was  married  May  18, 
1809.  After  surviving  her  husband  four  years, 
she  died  in  Boston  Dec.  4,  1823,  aged  32.  Her 
four  surviving  children  became  partakers  of  the 
same  grace  in  which  their  parents  rejoiced.  She 
was  very  intelligent  and  remarkably  pious.  She 
wrote  a  letter  to  a  friend  recovered  from  sickness, 
which  is  tract  Xo.  eighty-eight  of  the  American  tract 
society,  and  the  story  of  Little  Lucy.  Her  me 
moirs  by  B.  B.  Wisncr,  with  an  introductory  essay 
and  poem  by  James  Montgomery,  were  published, 
third  edition,  1829,  containing  her  letters,  journal, 
and  some  pieces  of  poetry.  Five  editions  have 
been  published  in  Scotland. 

HUXTIXGTOX,  SAMUEL,  governor  of  Ohio, 
died  at  Painesville  July  7,  1817,  aged  49.  He 
•was  the  son  of  Dr.  H.  of  Coventry,  and  the 
adopted  son  of  Governor  H.  of  Connecticut,  was 


born  in  17G5,  and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1785.  Removing  in  1801  to  Ohio,  he  was  there 
appointed  chief  justice.  In  1808  he  was  elected 
governor,  as  successor  of  Tiffin,  the  first  governor; 
in  1810  he  was  succeeded  by  Meigs. 

IIUXTIXGTOX,  GEORGE,  died  at  Rome,N.  Y., 
Sept.  23,  1842,  aged  71  ;  an  early  settler,  and  pa 
triarch  of  the  village.  There  was  but  one  house 
when  he  settled.  He  was  a  merchant,  a  man  of 
talents  and  integrity. 

HUXTIXGTOX,  ZACHARIAH,  general,  died  at 
Xorwich,  Conn.,  June  23,  1850,  aged  86. 

HUXTIXGTOX,  JABEZ  W.,  judge,  died  in 
Xorwich  Xov.  1,  1847,  aged  59.  He  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1806,  and  was  a  member  of  congress 
from  1829  to  1834.  He  was  a  judge  of  the  su 
perior  court  of  C.,  and  a  senator  of  the  United 
States  in  1840  and  in  1845.  He  had  a  high  char 
acter  for  talents,  integrity,  and  patriotism. 

IIUXTIXGTOX,  JABEZ,  deacon,  died  in  Nor 
wich  Aug.  16,  1848,  aged  81.  The  son  of  Gen. 
Jedediah  H.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1784.  He 
was  president  of  Norwich  bank,  and  connected 
with  it  for  fifty  years.  Mrs.  Sarah  L.  Smith,  the 
missionary,  was  his  daughter.  His  widow,  Sarah 
Lanman  H.,  died  Feb.  19,  1850,  aged  84;  an  in 
telligent  Christian,  blind  in  her  last  years. 

HUXTIXGTOX,  NEHEMIAH,  died  in  Peter 
borough,  N.  Y.,  in  1855,  aged  78.  His  father 
removed  from  Bozrah  to  Lebanon,  N.  II.,  in  1780. 
He  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1804,  and  was  a 
sound  lawyer  and  ripe  scholar,  a  Christian,  and  an 
elder  in  the  church  ;  a  man  rich  in  good  deeds. 

HUXTOOX,  JONATHAN,  governor  of  Maine, 
died  at  Fail-field  in  Oct.,  1851,  aged  70. 

HUXTTIXG,  JONATHAN,  died  at  Southold,  L.  I., 
Dec.  30,  1850,  aged  72.  A  graduate  of  Yale  in 
1804.  he  was  the  minister  of  Southold  twenty-one 
years,  and  after  his  dismission  in  1828  supplied 
various  pulpits. 

IIURD,  CARLTON,  D.  I).,  minister  of  Fryeburg, 
Me.,  died  Dec.  6,  1855,  aged  nearly  60.  Born  at 
Newport,  X.  II.,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in 
1818.  He  was  settled  in  1823,  and  was  an  able 
and  laborious  minister.  He  delivered  some  dis 
courses  on  the  Revelation,  in  the  last  of  which  he 
gave  notice  that  his  next  and  last  would  be  on 
"  the  great  white  throne."  The  cause  of  his  death 
was  a  cold,  taken  by  preaching  a  funeral  sermon 
near  the  open  door  of  a  private  house.  His  re 
collections  of  his  daughter  were  published,  with  a 
portrait  by  Sartain,  2d  edition,  1847.  Her 
name  was  Marion  Lyle  Ilurd. 

HURD,  ISAAC,  minister  in  Exeter,  X.  H.,  died 
in  South  Reading  Oct.  4,  1856,  aged  70.  Born 
in  Charlestown,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1 806, 
and  was  ordained  in  Lynn  Sept.  15,  1813,  being 
then  a  Unitarian  ;  but,  becoming  a  Trinitarian,  he 
was  dismissed  in  1816,  and  the  next  year  was  in 
stalled  over  the  second  church  in  Exeter,  where 


HURLBUT. 


HUTCHINSON. 


459 


he  continued  till  his  decease.  He  was  a  diligent 
student,  a  good  scholar,  amiable,  exemplary,  and 
faithful. 

HURLBUT,  JAMES,  a  physician,  was  born  in 
Berlin,  Conn.,  in  1717,  but  lived  in  his  latter  years 
at  Wethersficld,  where  he  died  April  11,  1794, 
aged  77.  He  was  a  learned  and  skilful  physician. 
No  physician  was  better  acquainted  with  our  indi 
genous  matcria  medica ;  he  employed  the  blood 
root,  geranium,  cornus,  trillium  ;  the  cornus  nor- 
vegica  in  strangury.  Although  he  was  the  greatest 
genius  in  the  medical  profession  in  Connecticut, 
he  was  in  his  last  years  a  miserable  drunkard,  an 
enormous  eater  of  opium,  a  poor  dependent  on 
charity.  —  Thacher. 

HURLBUT,  MARTIN  LUTHER,  died  in  South 
ampton  in  1842,  aged  61.  He  graduated  at  Wil 
liams:  college  in  1804.  He  was  eminent  as  a  teach 
er,  and  lived  at  Charleston,  S.  C.,  as  well  as  at  S. 
His  son,  William  Henry,  a  graduate  of  Harvard 
in  1847,  is  known  at  Cambridge  as  a  scholar;  he 
is  the  author  of  an  interesting  book  relating  to 
one  of  the  West  India  islands. 

IIUTCHINS,  THOMAS,  geographer-general  of 
the  United  States,  died  at  Pittsburgh  April  28, 
1789.  He  was  born  in  Monmouth  county,  New 
Jersey.  Before  he  was  sixteen  years  of  age  he 
•went  to  the  western  country,  and  was  soon  ap 
pointed  ensign  in  the  army.  He  distinguished 
himself  at  fort  Pitt,  the  plan  of  which  he  laid 
out,  and  which  was  executed  by  him  under  Gen. 
Bouquet.  He  afterwards  lived  several  years  in 
Louisiana,  and  was  engaged  in  a  variety  of  bat 
tles  with  the  Indians  while  with  the  army  in  West 
Florida.  He  here  obtained  a  captain's  commis 
sion  in  the  British  army ;  but,  being  much  at 
tached  to  America,  he  found  it  necessary  to  relin 
quish  it.  He  was  in  London  at  the  commencement 
of  the  war  in  1775,  and  his  zeal  in  the  cause  of 
his  country  induced  him  to  refuse  some  excellent 
offers  which  were  made  him  in  England.  Being 
suspected  in  1779  of  holding  a  correspondence 
with  Franklin,  then  in  France,  he  was  thrown 
into  a  dungeon,  and  lost  12,000  pounds  in  one 
day.  In  this  dark  and  loathsome  place  he  was 
kept  six  weeks.  He  was  then  examined  and  lib 
erated.  After  this  he  went  to  France  and  sailed 
thence  to  Charleston,  where  he  joined  the  army 
under  Gen.  Greene.  It  was  not  long  before  he 
was  appointed  geographer-general  of  the  United 
States.  He  was  esteemed  and  beloved,  being  re 
markable  for  piety,  charity,  and  benevolence. 
Under  the  vicissitudes  of  life  he  was  patient  and 
resigned  to  the  Divine  will.  Dr.  Morse  was  much 
indebted  to  him  in  the  compilation  of  his  Amer 
ican  gazetteer.  He  published  an  account  of 
Bouquet's  expedition  against  the  Ohio  Indians  in 
17(54,  with  a  map  and  plates,  17(>5;  a  description 
of  Virginia,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  North  Caro 
lina,  etc.,  with  maps,  London,  1778;  and  a  his 


torical  narrative  and  topographical  description  of 
Louisiana  and  West  Florida,  1784. 

HUTCHINSON,  ANN,  an  artful  woman,  who 
occasioned  much  difficulty  in  New  England  soon 
after  its  first  settlement,  came  from  Lincolnshire 
to  Boston  in  1036,  and  was  the  wife  of  Wm.  II., 
a  representative  of  Boston.  She  was  an  admirer 
of  Mr.  Cotton.  The  members  of  his  church  used 
to  meet  every  week  to  repeat  his  sermons,  and 
discourse  on  doctrines.  She  set  up  meetings  for 
women,  and  soon  had  a  numerous  audience.  Af 
ter  repeating  the  sermons  of  Mr.  Cotton  she 
added  reflections  of  her  own ;  she  advocated  er 
roneous  sentiments,  and  warped  the  discourses  of 
her  minister  to  coincide  with  her  own  opinions. 
She  asserted  that  believers  are  personally  united 
with  the  spirit  of  God ;  that  commands  to  work 
out  salvation  belong  only  to  such  as  are  under  a 
covenant  of  works  ;  that  sanctification  is  not  suf 
ficient  evidence  of  a  good  state ;  and  she  pre 
tended  to  immediate  revelation  respecting  future 
events.  She  soon  threw  the  whole  colony  into  a 
flame.  Those  who  opposed  her  were  said  to  be 
in  favor  of  a  covenant  of  works,  and  those  who 
supported  her  were  said  to  be  vindicating  a  cove 
nant  of  grace.  The  progress  of  her  sentiments 
occasioned  the  synod  of  1637,  the  first  synod  in 
America.  This  convention  of  ministers  con 
demned  eighty-two  erroneous  opinions,  then  prop 
agated  in  the  country.  Mrs.  Hutchinson,  after 
this  sentence  of  her  opinions,  was  herself  called 
before  the  court  in  November  of  the  same  year, 
and,  being  convicted  of  traducing  the  ministers 
and  advancing  errors,  was  banished  the  colony. 
Her  trial  is  published  in  the  appendix  of  the  sec 
ond  volume  of  Hutchinson.  She  discovers  art, 
spirit,  and  talents.  The  church  in  Boston  excom 
municated  her  for  many  evils  in  her  conversation 
as  well  as  for  corrupt  opinions.  She  went  with 
her  husband  to  Rhode  Island.  In  the  year  1642, 
after  her  husband's  death,  she  removed  into  the 
Dutch  country  beyond  New  Haven,  and  the  next 
year  she,  her  son  Francis,  and  most  of  her  family 
of  sixteen  persons  were  killed  by  the  Indians. — 
Hist.  Soc.  vii.  16,  17;  IX.  28,  29;  Hutchinson, 
I.  55-57,  66,  70-73 ;  Magnolia,  VII.  17-20 ;  Win- 
tlirop. 

HUTCHINSON,  THOMAS,  died  in  Boston  Dec. 
3,  1739,  aged  64.  lie  was  the  father  of  Gov.  H. 
He  was  long  a  member  of  the  council,  and  de 
serves  remembrance  for  his  good  deeds.  He  was 
a  worthy  member  of  the  church.  For  thirty 
years  or  more  he  gave  away  secretly  to  the  poor 
20  or  30  pounds  in  each  year,  at  a  season  in 
which  he  had  received  some  special  favor  in  God's 
providence.  He  gave  to  the  town  the  north  Latin 
school-house,  and  was  at  half  the  expense  of  the 
north  writing-school.  Mather  published  a  sermon 
on  his  death. 

HUTCHINSON,  THOMAS,  governor  of  Massa- 


460 


HUTCHINSON. 


HUTCHINSON. 


chusetts,  died  June  3,  1780,  aged  68.  A  de 
scendant  of  Mrs.  Ann  H.,  he  was  the  son  of  Col. 
Thomas  H.,  a  distinguished  merchant  and  mem 
ber  of  the  council,  and  a  most  benevolent  and 
excellent  man,  who  died  in  1739.  lie  was  born 
Sept.  9,  1711,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1727.  He  applied  himself  first  to  mercantile 
business,  but  without  success.  He  then  engaged 
in  the  study  of  the  common  law  of  England,  and 
the  principles  of  the  British  constitution,  with 
reference  to  his  employment  in  public  life.  For 
ten  years  he  was  a  representative,  and  the  speaker 
of  the  house  three  years.  In  1752  he  succeeded 
his  uncle  Edward,  a  judge  of  probate;  he  was  a 
member  of  the  council  from  1749  to  1766,  and 
lieut. -governor  from  1758  to  1771;  in  1760  he 
was  appointed  chief  justice  after  the  death  of 
Judge  Sewall.  This  appointment  displeased  the 
Otis  family,  the  father  having  had  the  promise  of 
a  scat  on  the  bench.  At  one  time  he  held  the 
offices  of  councillor,  judge  of  probate,  chief  jus 
tice,  and  lieutenant-governor.  His  respect  to 
religious  institutions,  his  sympathy  with  the  dis 
tressed,  his  affability,  his  integrity,  industry,  and 
talents,  procured  .in  a  very  high  degree  the  public 
confidence.  The  stamp  act  being  passed,  Andrew 
Oliver,  one  of  the  council,  and  brother-in-law  of 
Mr.  Hutchinson,  was  appointed  distributor  of 
stamps.  The  law  was  to  go  into  effect  Nov.  1, 
1765.  A  few  months  before  that  time,  Jared  In- 
gersoll,  the  distributor  for  Connecticut,  arrived  in 
Boston  from  London.  When  he  left  town,  Mr. 
Oliver  accompanied  him  a  short  distance,  in  con 
sequence  of  which  he  was  hung  in  effigy  on  the 
great  tree  at  South  Boston,  and  a  mob  destroyed 
a  building  which  he  had  erected,  supposed  to  be 
designed  for  a  stamp  office,  and  also  destroyed 
the  furniture  of  his  house.  Mr.  Oliver  immedi 
ately  resigned  his  office.  In  the  evening  the  mob 
thanked  him,  and  made  a  bonfire  on  Fort  hill  near 
his  house.  The  next  evening  the  house  of  Mr. 
Hutchinson  was  attacked,  a  report  being  spread 
that  he  had  written  letters  in  favor  of  the  stamp 
act ;  but  the  chief  damage  was  the  breaking  of 
the  windows.  In  a  few  evenings  there  was  a  more 
formidable  assault.  The  merchants  being  dis 
pleased  with  the  officers  of  the  customs  and  the 
admiralty,  a  mob  was  collected  in  the  evening  of 
Aug.  26th  in  King  street,  and  well  supplied  with 
strong  drink.  Having  first  plundered  the  cellar 
of  the  comptroller  of  the  customs  of  the  wine  and 
spirits,  the  rioters  proceeded  with  intoxicated  rage 
to  the  house  of  Mr.  Ilutchinson,  and,  splitting 
the  doors  to  pieces  with  broad  axes,  they  de 
stroyed  or  cast  into  the  street  everything  which 
was  in  the  house,  and  kept  possession  until  day 
light.  The  damage  was  estimated  at  2,500 
pounds,  besides  the  loss  of  a  great  collection 
of  public  and  private  papers.  He  received  a 
grant  for  liis  losses.  The  governor  was  that 


night  at  the  castle.  The  town  the  next  day 
voted  their  abhorrence  of  the  riot ;  but  no  person 
was  punished ;  even  six  or  eight  persons  who  were 
imprisoned  for  this  affair  were  released  by  a  com 
pany,  who,  by  threats,  obtained  the  keys  of  the 
prison  from  the  prison-keeper. 

The  political  controversy  continued  during  the 
remainder  of  Bernard's  administration  from  1765 
to  1770;  and  Mr.  Hutchinson,  by  taking  his  seat 
in  the  council  in  1767  without  being  chosen,  and 
merely  in  consequence  of  his  office  of  lieut.-gov- 
ernor,  excited  a  clamor  against  him.  He  charged 
it  upon  Mr.  llawlcy's  resentment  for  something 
which  had  occurred  in  the  court  of  common  law. 
But  the  claim  to  a  seat  was  voluntarily  aban 
doned,  though  Mr.  II.  thought,  that  the  early 
practice  sanctioned  the  claim.  In  a  few  days, 
however,  he  was  appointed  by  the  house  to  an 
important  post,  that  of  one  of  the  commissioners 
for  settling  the  boundary  with  New  York.  In 
1768  the  arrival  of  the  troops  at  Boston  increased 
the  popular  excitement  against  the  lieut. -govern or. 
At  the  request  of  the  governor  he  accompanied 
the  sheriff  to  the  manufactory  house,  to  advise  the 
occupants  to  leave  it,  as  it  belonged  to  the  State  and 
was  at  the  disposal  of  the  governor,  who  had  ap 
propriated  it  for  the  use  of  the  troops ;  but  the 
occupants,  encouraged  by  "  the  first-rate  sons  of 
liberty,"  held  their  ground.  When  Gov.  Bernard 
left  the  province  in  1769,  the  administration  de 
volved  on  Mr.  Ilutchinson,  the  lieut. -governor. 
In  the  next  year  the  Boston  massacre,  as  it  was 
called,  occurred,  and  inflamed  the  public  mind ; 
he  had  also  a  long  controversy  with  the  as 
sembly,  on  his  proroguing  the  assembly  to 
Cambridge,  by  order  of  the  king ;  the  council 
was  also  opposed  to  him.  At  this  period,  in  med 
itating  on  the  future,  he  concluded,  that  it  would 
be  prudent  for  him  to  remain  chief  justice,  and  to 
pass  his  days  in  peace  ;  and  his  wishes  he  com 
municated  to  the  British  government.  In  the 
mean  time,  however,  his  commission  as  governor 
was  received  in  March,  1771,  Andrew  Oliver  being 
nominated  lieut. -governor,  and  Tho.  Flucker  sec 
retary  in  his  stead.  Unhappily  for  himself,  he 
accepted  the  appointment,  for  from  this  time  till 
his  departure  for  England  in  1774,  he  was  in  con 
stant  dispute  with  the  assembly  and  council. 
Among  the  subjects  of  controversy  were  the  pro 
vision  made  for  his  support  by  the  crown,  which 
paid  him  a  salary  of  1500  pounds,  and  the  pro 
vision  made  in  the  same  way  for  the  judges.  By 
his  speech  Jan.  6,  1773,  asserting  the  supreme 
authority  of  parliament,  he  provoked  a  discussion 
by  the  council  and  house,  which  it  would  have 
been  wiser  not  to  have  awakened.  Indeed,  the 
minister  recommended  to  him  not  to  renew  the 
discussion.  In  1772  Dr.  Franklin  procured  some 
confidential  letters  of  Gov.  H.,  and  others,  and 
sent  them  in  the  autumn  to  Samuel  Cooper,  with 


HUTCIIINSON. 


HUTCHIXSON. 


461 


an  injunction,  that  they  should  not  be  copied  nor 
published.  Mr.  Cooper  put  them  into  the  hands 
of  the  speaker,  with  permission  to  show  them  to 
five  persons.  Thus  they  were  kept  six  or  eight 
months.  In  June,  1773,  they  were  communicated 
to  the  legislature  in  secret  session.  In  order  to 
obviate  the  difficulty  of  the  restriction  and  to 
make  them  "public,  Mr.  II.  says,  that  Mr.  Han 
cock  presented  to  the  house  copies  of  the  letters, 
which  some  one  in  the  street  had  put  into  his 
hands ;  and  the  next  day,  in  consequence  of 
copies  being  abroad,  the  person  to  whom  they  were 
sent  gave  his  consent  to  the  publication.  It  has 
been  recently  asserted,  that  Mr.  Williamson  ob 
tained  them  from  a  public  office ;  but  this  is 
probably  a  mistake.  They  were  written  to 
Thomas  Whately,  a  member  of  parliament,  who 
at  the  time  was  out  of  office,  and  in  opposition  to 
the  ministry,  and  the  ministry  never  saw  them. 
In  the  letters  also  there  was  no  sentiment  but 
what  the  governor  had  openly  expressed  in  his 
addresses  to  the  legislature.  The  council  indeed 
reproached  him  for  saying,  "  there  must  be  an 
abridgment  of  what  are  called  English  liberties ;" 
but  this  was  no  more  than  what  had  been  said 
openly  in  his  speech  at  the  last  meeting,  —  the 
whole  paragraph  was, —  "  I  never  think  of  the  meas 
ures  necessary  for  the  peace  and  good  order  of  the 
colonies  without  pain ;  there  must  be  an  abridg 
ment  of  what  are  called  English  liberties  ;  I 
doubt  whether  it  is  possible  to  project  a  system  of 
government  in  which  a  colony,  three  thousand 
miles  distant,  shall  enjoy  all  the  liberty  of  the 
parent  state."  The  writers  of  the  other  letters 
were  Andrew  Oliver,  Charles  Paxton,  Thomas 
Moffatt,  llobert  Auchmuty,  Nathaniel  Rogers, 
and  George  Home.  Gov.  II.  complained,  that  his 
letters  were  united  with  the  other  letters,  of  which 
he  knew  nothing,  and  that  he  was  made  respon 
sible  for  all.  Franklin  remarked,  in  regard  to 
the  restriction  under  which  he  sent  the  letters, 
"  possibly,  as  distant  objects  seen  only  through  a 
mist  appear  larger,  the  same  may  happen  from 
the  mystery  in  this  case."  For  their  concern  in 
obtaining  these  letters,  Dr.  Franklin  and  Mr. 
Temple  were  removed  from  office.  Mr.  II. 
thought,  that  the  letters  had  been  in  the  posses 
sion  of  a  member  of  parliament,  not  Mr.  Whately, 
and  by  him  given  to  Dr.  Franklin.  The  last  pub 
lic  difficulty  was  the  affair  of  the  tea.  A  part  of 
it  had  been  consigned  to  two  sons  of  the  gov 
ernor,  a  part  to  Richard  Clark  and  sons,  and  a 
part  to  Benj.  Faneuil  and  Josh.  Winslow.  On 
the  arrival  of  the  first  ship  with  tea,  a  "  body 
meeting "  of  the  town  and  neighborhood  was 
called  at  old  south  church,  on  Tuesday,  Nov.  30th, 
and  it  was  resolved,  that  the  tea  should  be  sent 
back  ;  Mr.  Rotch,  the  owner,  being  required  not 
to  enter  the  tea,  and  Capt.  Hall,  the  master,  not 
to  land  it.  By  order  of  the  town  the  ship  was 


brought  from  below  the  castle  to  a  wharf,  and  a 
watch  of  twenty-five  men  was  appointed  for  secur 
ing  the  ship.  The  governor  sent  a  sheriff,  who 
read  a  proclamation  for  the  dispersion  of  the  pub 
lic,  but  a  general  hiss  followed,  and  it  was  unani 
mously  voted  to  proceed  in  defiance  of  the  gov 
ernor,  and  compel  the  owner  and  master  to 
engage  to  send  the  tea  back  in  the  same  vessel. 
When  two  other  vessels  arrived,  the  committee  of 
safety  required  them  to  be  brought  to  the  same 
wharf.  There  was  a  difficulty  in  the  return  of  the 
ships,  for  no  clearance  could  be  obtained  from  the 
custom-house,  and  no  pass  by  the  castle  from  the 
governor.  As  there  were  several  men-of-war  in 
the  harbor,  an  attempt  to  get  to  sea  without  a 
pass  would  be  ineffectual.  It  was  apprehended, 
too,  that  the  collector  would  demand  the  duties, 
and  seize  the  ship  and  goods,  in  the  proper  dis 
charge  of  his  office.  Another  "  body  "  meeting 
was  therefore  summoned  Dec.  14,  1773,  of  the 
people  of  Boston  and  the  adjacent  towns,  who  en 
joined  the  owner  of  the  ship  to  apply  for  a  clear 
ance  and  a  pass,  which  were  refused.  When  the 
governor's  answer  was  returned  to  the  "body," 
they  dissolved  the  meeting  and  repaired  to  the 
wharf  as  a  guard  to  the  destroyers  of  the  tea. 
About  fifty  men,  covered  with  blankets  and  ap 
pearing  like  Indians,  had  previously  marched  by 
the  old  south  church,  and  gone  on  board  the  ves 
sel.  On  the  arrival  of  the  "  body,"  the  "  Indians" 
in  two  or  three  hours  hoisted  out  of  the  holds  of 
the  ship  three  hundred  and  forty-two  chests  of 
tea  and  emptied  them  into  the  sea.  The  gov 
ernor  was  much  blamed  in  England  for  not 
granting  a  pass ;  but  he  could  not  have  done  it 
without  violating  his  oath,  as  the  laws  of  the  cus 
tom-house  had  not  been  observed.  Nor  could 
he  secure  the  tea  in  the  town  without  bringing 
the  regiment  from  the  castle,  or  by  marines  from 
the  men-of-war.  This  would  have  brought  on  a 
contest.  In  fact,  the  sons  of  liberty  had  annihi 
lated  all  the  powers  of  government.  There  was 
not  a  judge,  justice  of  the  peace,  or  sheriff,  who 
could  venture  to  withstand  the  inflamed,  deter 
mined  people.  Feb.  24,  1774,  he  informed  the 
legislature  by  message,  that  he  had  obtained  his 
majesty's  leave  to  go  to  England,  and  that  he 
should  soon  avail  himself  of  it.  Gen.  Gage  ar 
rived  May  1'ith,  but  Mr.  II.  was  assured  of  the 
king's  intention  to  reinstate  him,  when  Gen. 
Gage's  services  should  be  elsewhere  required,  and 
that  he  should  not  suffer  by  the  loss  of  his  com 
mission.  He  sailed  for  England  June  1st. 

After  the  publication  of  the  letters  in  1773, 
the  council  and  house  voted  an  address  for  the 
removal  of  the  governor.  His  friend,  Israel 
Mauduit,  petitioned  for  a  hearing  before  the  privy 
council,  which  was  granted  Jan.  29,  1774,  Mr. 
Wcdderburne  defending  the  governor,  and  Mr. 
Dunning  and  John  Lee  being  on  the  other  side. 


462 


HUTCHIXSON. 


HYDE. 


The  decision  was  in  favor  of  "  the  honor,  integ 
rity,  and  conduct "  of  the  governor,  and  was  ap 
proved  by  the  king.  In  Massachusetts  Jonathan 
Sewall  ably  deicnded  him  under  the  signature  of 
Philalethes.  After  his  arrival  in  England,  the 
unprosperous  state  of  affairs  in  America  deprived 
him  of  the  offices  and  rewards  he  may  have  ex 
pected,  though  he  received  a  pension.  He  lived 
at  Brompton,  near  London.  The  death  of  his 
youngest  son,  William,  in  Feb.,  1780,  most  deeply 
afflicted  him ;  and  he  himself  died  in  June,  and  was 
buried  at  Croydon.  His  son,  Thomas,  died  in 
England  in  1811,  aged  71,  and  Elisha,  in  1824, 
aged  80.  His  brother,  Foster  II.,  was  a  judge 
of  the  supreme  court.  Mr.  Hutchinson  was  a 
man  of  a  good  character,  of  unwearied  industry, 
and  of  respectable  talents.  But  it  was  his  fortune 
to  live  at  a  Revolutionary  period,  and  in  the  very 
focus  of  the  popular  excitement.  His  political 
views  he  candidly  and  manfully  explained  to  the 
legislature  in  many  speeches  and  messages,  which 
display  his  learning,  temper,  and  abilities.  If  any 
man  deserved  the  gratitude  of  the  British  admin 
istration,  it  was  he.  Though  a  baronetcy  was 
offered,  which  he  declined  for  private  reasons , 
yet  was  he  treated  with  neglect.  Had  the  "  rebel 
lion  "  been  put  down  the  first  year,  he  would  have 
been  deemed  worthy  of  the  highest  honors,  so 
much  does  the  estimation  of  men  depend  on  suc 
cess.  Massachusetts,  amidst  all  the  vituperations 
against  him  for  encouraging  the  ministers  in  their 
measures  to  keep  the  colonies  in  a  state  of  de 
pendence,  has  one  cause  to  remember  him  with 
gratitude,  for  when  the  commissioners,  Brattle, 
Hawley,  and  Hancock,  met  those  of  New  York 
at  Hartford,  May  12, 1773, it  was  his  advice  only, 
which  prevented  them  from  abandoning  the  claim 
of  Mass,  to  the  western  territory  of  New  York, 
which  was  retained  and  sold  for  a  large  sum.  He 
deserves  great  honor  also  for  his  labors  in  regard 
to  the  history  of  Massachusetts.  He  published 
a  brief  state  of  the  claim  of  the  colonies,  etc., 
1764  ;  the  history  of  the  colony  of  Massachusetts 
Bay,  from  the  first  settlement  thereof  in  1628 
until  the  year  1750,  in  2  vols.,  8vo.,  the  first  in 
1760,  and  the  second  in  1767;  and  a  collection 
of  original  papers  relative  to  the  history  of  the 
colony  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  8vo.,  1769.  Those 
works  are  held  in  high  estimation  by  those  who 
are  searching  into  the  history  of  our  country. 
His  grandson,  Rev.  John  II.,  of  Trentham,  Eng., 
published  from  his  manuscripts  a  third  volume  of 
the  history  of  Massachusetts,  from  1749  to  1774, 
8vo.,  London,  1828.  There  was  promised  many 
years  ago  a  biography  of  Gov.  II.  by  the  same 
descendant.  —  Warren ;  Gordon ;  Minot ;  IIulc/i- 
ins  on's  Hist. 

HUTCHINSON,  JAMES,  M.  I).,  professor  of 
materia  medica  and  chemistry  in  the  university  of 
Pennsylvania,  died  at  Philadelphia  of  the  yellow 


fever  Sept.  6,  1793,  aged  51.  One  of  his  sons 
was  consul  at  Lisbon. —  Thadier. 

HUTCIIIXSON,  ISRAEL,  colonel,  an  officer  in 
the  Revolutionary  war,  died  at  Danvcrs,  Mass., 
in  1811,  aged  84. 

HUTCHINSON,  AARON,  the  minister  of  Graf- 
ton,  Mass.,  died  in  1800,  aged  76.  Born  in  He 
bron,  Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Yale 'in  1747,  and 
was  settled  in  1750,  and  resigned  in  1772,  and 
was  succeeded  by  D.  Grosvenor.  In  1775  he 
engaged  to  preach  for  five  years  in  the  towns  of 
Pomf'ret,  Woodstock,  and  Hartford,  Yt.  In  1776 
he  removed  his  family  of  ten  children  to  Yer- 
mont,  having  a  farm  in  Pomfret,  preaching  in  the 
vicinity  till  his  death.  He  had  memory  and  a 
strong  mind,  but  was  unpolished  and  eccentric. 
In  his  whole  life  he  was  prevented  from  preach 
ing  by  ill  health  only  two  Sabbaths.  He  pub 
lished  at  Grafton  a  sermon  on  valor  for  the  truth. 
Dr.  Tucker  replied  to  the  sermon.  When  some 
of  his  people  found  him  digging  at  the  bottom 
of  a  well,  "  Really,"  said  Dr.  Tucker,  "  that  was 
veritas  inputeo."  He  published  also  a  reply  to 
Tucker,  1768;  a  sermon  after  the  execution  of 
Arthur;  two  sermons  as  he  left  his  people,  1772  ; 
a  sermon,  1772;  at  Pelham,  1773.  —  Sprague's 
Annals. 

IIUTCHINSON,  AARON,  died  in  1843,  aged 
upwards  of  90.  The  son  of  Rev.  Aaron  II.  of 
Grafton,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1770. 
He  was  a  lawyer  in  Grafton,  N.  II.,  and  in  Leba 
non,  N.  II.,  where  he  died.  His  son,  Henry,  a 
lawyer  at  Hanover,  N.  II.,  and  at  N.  Y.,  married 
Mary,  a  daughter  of  Professor  Woodward. 

HUTCHINSON,  ANDERSON,  chief  justice  of 
Texas,  died  at  Jackson,  Miss.,  Dec.  31,  1852.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  code,  and  manual  of  forms. 

HYDE,  ALVAN,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Lee,  Mass., 
died  suddenly  Dec.  4,  1833,  aged  65.  Born  in 
Franklin,  Conn.,  the  son  of  Joseph,  he  graduated 
at  Dartmouth  in  1788.  and  was  settled  June  6, 
1792.  He  was  highly  respected  as  a  pious,  faith 
ful,  and  successful  minister,  and  as  a  teacher  of 
young  men  destined  for  the  ministry.  His  suc 
cessor  from  1834  to  1838  was  J.  N.  Danforth. 
His  brethren  in  Berkshire  were  Judson,  West, 
Catlin,  Shepard,  Allen,  and  Collins.  His  son, 
Alvan,  a  graduate  of  Williams  in  1815,  was  set 
tled  as  a  minister  at  Madison,  Ohio,  and  died  in 
1824,  at  Lee,  aged  30.  A  memoir  of  Dr.  Hyde 
was  published  in  1834.  He  published  the  follow 
ing  sermons  :  at  thanksgiving,  1796 ;  on  the  death 
of  Mrs.  West  and  II.  W.  Dwight,  1804;  of  Mrs. 
Bassctt,  of  Mrs.  Benton ;  of  Rev.  D.  Perry,  1817  ; 
of  Madam  1).  Williams,  1833  ;  on  the  conjugal 
relation,  1815  ;  at  the  ordination  of  A.  Clark, 
1807;  of  A.  Hyde,  Jr.,  1819;  the  power  of  Christ 
in  the  salvation  of  believers,  1810;  on  the  land 
ing  at  Plymouth,  1820 ;  on  temperance,  1829 ; 
sketches  of  the  life  of  Rev.  Dr.  West,  1819; 


HYDE. 


INMAN. 


463 


an  essay  on  the  state  of  infants,1830.  —  Sprague's 
Anna!*. 

HYDE,  NANCY  MAIIIA,  died  at  Norwich,  Conn., 
March  26,  18  1(5,  aged  24.  She  was  the  daughter  j 
of  Elishn  Hyde,  who  died  in  1813.  For  a  few 
years  she  was  a  teacher  of  young  ladies,  well 
qualified,  skilful  in  painting  and  embroidery.  Her 
writings,  with  a  sketch  of  her  life  by  her  friend 
and  neighbor,  Miss  Huntley,  afterwards  Mrs.  Sig- 
ourney,  were  published  in  1816. 

ILLSLEY,  ISAAC,  collector  of  the  port  of  Port 
land,  Me.,  appointed  by  Jefferson,  died  Oct.  17, 
18,33,  aged  88. 

DILAY,  GEORGE,  published  a  topographical 
description  of  the  western  territory  of  North 
America,  8vo.,  London,  1792;  the  same,  with  a 
supplement  by  J.  Filson,  2  vols.,  New  York, 
1793. 

INCE,  JONATHAN,  a  distinguished  mathemati 
cian,  died  in  1657.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1650,  in  the  class  of  President  Hoar. 

IXG  ALLS,  WILLIAM,  M.  D.,  professor  of  an  at 
om}-  in  Brown  university,  died  at  Wrentham, 
Sept.  8,  1851,  aged  82.  Born  in  Newburyport, 
the  son  of  "William,  his  earlier  ancestor,  Edmund 
of  Lynn,  came  from  Lincolnshire  in  1629.  He 
was  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1790  ;  the  only  sur 
vivor  of  his  class  is  Josiah  Quincy.  He  was  long 
an  eminent  physician  in  Boston. 

INGERSOLL,  JONATHAN,  minister  of  Ridge- 
field,  Conn.,  died  in  1778,  aged  about  62.  lie 
was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1736.  He  published 
election  sermon,  1761. 

INGERSOLL,  JARKD,  a  judge  of  the  admiralty 
court,  died  in  New  Haven  in  Aug.,  1781,  aged 
about  60.  He  was  born  in  Milford,  Conn.,  in 
1722;  was  graduated  at  YTale  college  in  1742; 
settled  at  New  Haven  as  a  lawyer,  and  was  agent 
of  the  colony  in  England  in  1757 ;  but  being  ap 
pointed  distributor  of  the  stamps  in  Connecticut, 
under  the  stamp  act,  he  lost  his  popularity.  The 
people  of  New  Haven  compelled  him  to  resign 
Aug.  24,  1765.  Not  deeming  this  resignation 
explicit,  a  large  company  from  the  eastern  part 
of  Connecticut  set  out  on  a  journey  to  New  Ila- 
vcn.  They  met  Mr.  I.  at  "Wethersfield,  when  they 
compelled  him  to  resign  and  cry  out,  three  times, 
Liberty  and  Property.  The  next  day  five  hun 
dred  men  escorted  him  to  Hartford.  On  being 
appointed  admiralty  judge  for  the  middle  district, 
about  the  year  1780,  he  removed  to  Philadelphia  ; 
but  in  consequence  of  the  Revolution  he  returned 
to  New  Haven. 

INGEKSOLL,  SAMUEL  B.,  minister  of  Shrews 
bury,  Mass.,  died  in  1820.  He  succeeded  Dr. 
Sunnier.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1817,  and  in 
three  years  died  in  the  year  of  his  settlement. 
His  sermon  at  Shrewsbury  June  18,  1820,  was 
published,  with  a  memoir. 

IXGERSOLL,  JARED,  LL.  D.,  judge  of  the 


district  court  of  Philadelphia,  the  son  of  Judge 
Jarcd,  died  Oct.  31,  1822,  aged  73.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1766,  and  attained 
a  high  rank  as  a  lawyer  in  Philadelphia.  Tie  was 
also  a  member  of  congress,  and  of  the  convention 
which  framed  the  constitution  of  the  United  States. 
The  office  of  attorney-general  of  Pennsylvania  he 
resigned  in  1816.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he 
was  judge.  In  1812  he  was  the  Federal  candi 
date  for  the  office  of  vice-president  of  the  United 
States. 

INGERSOLL,  JONATHAN,  LL.  D.,  judge,  and 
lieut.-governor  of  Connecticut,  died  Jan.  12, 1843, 
aged  76.  He  was  born  in  Ridgefield,  the  son  of 
Rev.  Jonathan  I.,  and  was  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1766.  lie  settled  at  Xew  Haven  and  became  emi 
nent  in  the  profession  of  the  law.  During  the  last 
thirty  years  of  his  life  he  was  in  many  unsought 
public  employments,  and  in  all  enjoyed  the  per 
fect  confidence  of  his  fellow  citizens.  He  was  ap 
pointed  judge  in  1798,  but  resigned  in  1801,  and 
was  chosen  lieut.-governor  in  1816.  He  left  a 
wife  and  seven  children.  His  daughter,  Grace, 
married  to  Peter  Grellet,  died  in  Paris,  1816. 
He  was  a  patriot,  statesman,  and  incorruptible 
judge.  Of  the  episcopal  church  he  was  from 
early  life  a  member ;  his  life  evinced  his  benevo 
lence  and  piety  ;  he  was  eminently  a  man  of 
prayer.  He  lived  and  died  without  reproach  ; 
yet  at  death  he  had  no  proud  confidence ;  his  re 
liance  was  on  the  mercy  of  the  Redeemer. 

IXGERSOLL,  JAMES,  died  in  Boston  1851,  be 
queathing  to  various  societies  20,000  dollars. 

INGLES,  JOHN,  colonel,  a  brave  officer  dur 
ing  the  Revolutionary  war,  died  near  Raleigh, 
X.  C.,  Oct.  10,  1816,  aged  77.  He  was  an  emi 
grant  Scotchman,  and  was  commended  by  Steuben 
as  one  of  the  best  of  disciplinarians. 

IXGLIS,  CHARLES,  1).  I).,  bishop  of  Nova 
Scotia,  died  in  February  or  March,  1816,  aged  82. 
He  was  rector  of  Trinity  church,  New  York,  in 
1777,  and  for  some  years;  but  he  fled  as  a  tory, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Provoost.  His  son, 
John,  Avas  made  bishop  in  1825  ;  and  died  in  Lon 
don  in  Nov.,  1850.  He  published  an  answer  to 
Panic's  Common  Sense,  in  Feb.,  1776,  which 
made  him  obnoxious  to  the  patriots.  —  Observer, 
Jan.  16,  1851. 

INGLIS,  JAMES,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Baltimore, 
and  an  eloquent  preacher,  died  Aug.  15,  1820. 
A  volume  of  his  sermons  was  soon  afterward 
published. 

INGRAM,  DAVID,  wrote  travels  in  America  in 
1582  ;  published  in  Ilakluyt. 

INMAN,  RICHARD,  died  in  "Wilkesbarre,  Penn., 
in  1831,  aged  77.  He  lost  four  brothers  in  In 
dian  battles  and  skirmishing  in  1778.  He  left  a 
large  family  of  children,  who  removed  still  farther 
west. 

INMAN,  HENRY,  died  at  New  York  Jan.  17, 


464 


INMAX. 


IVES. 


1846,  aged  44,  a  distinguished  painter,  and  presi 
dent  of  the  National  academy  of  the  arts  of  de 
sign.  He  was  born  in  Utica,  and  studied  under 
Jarvis.  lie  was  chiefly  skilled  in  portrait  paint 
ing,  working  rapidly,  and  having  a  peculiar  free 
dom  and  grace  of  pencil.  He  was  an  artist  of 
fine  powers,  producing  delightful  pictures. 

INMAN,  JOHN,  died  in  New  York  March  30, 
1850,  aged  40.  He  was  a  brother  of  Henry  In- 
man,  a  native  of  Utica,  and  educated  for  the  law, 
but  spent  his  life  in  literary  and  editorial  labors. 
On  his  return  from  Europe,  he  was  connected 
with  the  Standard  and  the  New  York  Mirror,  and 
with  the  Commercial  Advertiser,  of  which  he  be 
came  chief  editor  on  the  death  of  Col.  Stone. 
For  some  years  he  edited  the  Columbian  maga 
zine. 

IREDELL,  JAMES,  judge,  was  appointed  a 
judge  in  North  Carolina  in  1777,  and  in  1790,  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States. 
lie  died  in  Edenton  in  October,  1799.  James  I., 
probably  his  son,  was  governor  in  1827. 

IREDELL,  JAMES,  governor  of  North  Caro 
lina  in  1827,  died  in  1853,  aged  65.  He  was  also 
judge  of  the  superior  court,  and  a  senator  of  the 
United  States  from  1828  to  1831. 

IRVIN,  CALLENDER,  general,  died  at  Philadel 
phia  in  1841.  He  was  commissary-general  of 
supplies,  and  president  of  the  Cincinnati,  much 
respected. 

Ill  VINE,  WILLIAM,  major-general,  died  July 
30,  1804,  aged  63.  He  was  born  in  Ireland. 
Educated  for  the  medical  profession,  he  served  as 
a  surgeon  on  board  of  a  British  ship  in  the  war 
which  began  in  1754,  and  after  the  peace  of  1763 
settled  at  Carlisle,  Penn.  In  1774  he  was  a  mem 
ber  of  the  state  convention.  In  1776  he  served 
in  Canada,  and  accompanied  Col.  Thompson,  who 
was  dispatched  by  Gen.  Sullivan  from  Sorelle  to 
dislodge  the  enemy  from  Trois  Rivieres  ;  but  was 
taken  prisoner  June  16th,  and  remained  as  such 
at  Quebec  nearly  two  years,  until  he  was  ex 
changed  in  April,  1778.  On  his  release  he  was 
promoted  to  the  command  of  the  second  Penn 
sylvania  regiment.  In  1781  the  defence  of  the 
northwestern  frontier,  threatened  by  the  British 
and  Indians,  was  intrusted  to  him.  After  the 
war  he  was  elected  a  member  of  congress.  Dur 
ing  the  whiskey  insurrection  of  1794  he  was  a 
commissioner  to  the  insurgents  on  the  part  of  the 
State,  and,  his  peaceful  mission  having  failed,  he 
was  more  successful  at  the  head  of  the  militia. 
Removing  about  this  time  from  Carlisle  to  Phila 
delphia,  he  way  appointed  intendant  of  military 
stores. 

IRVINE,  JAMES,  general,  a  Revolutionary  offi 
cer,  died  at  Philadelphia,  April,  1819,  aged  84. 
He  was  a  colonel  in  1776;  in  1782  a  major-gen 
eral  in  Pennsylvania. 

IRVING,  SIIIKLEY,  a   physician  of  Portland, 


Me.,  died  in  Boston  in  July,  1813,  aged  54.  He 
was  the  son  of  John  Irving  and  the  grandson  of 
Gov.  W.  Shirley.  He  entered  Harvard  college 
in  1773,  but  the  war  interrupted  his  studies.  For 
many  years  he  was  a  highly  esteemed  physician 
in  Portland.  In  his  last  years  he  suffered  from  an 
affection  of  the  lungs,  and  was  induced  to  return 
to  Boston.  He  was  of  an  equable  temper,  of  un 
bending  integrity,  affable  and  benevolent,  as  well 
as  learned  without  pedantry. — Dr.  S.  W.  Wil 
liams'  Med.  Jjioff. 

IRVING,  WILLIAM,  a  literary  merchant,  was  a 
member  of  congress  from  New  York  city  from 
1812  to  1818,  and  one  of  the  committee  of  com 
merce  and  manufactures.  He  died  Nov.  9,  1821. 
He  was  the  brother  of  Washington  Irving,  of 
whose  "  Salmagundi "  he  wrote  some  papers. 

IRVING,  MATTHEW,  a  physician,  died  at 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  in  Sept.,  1827.  He  was  a  dis 
tinguished  physician  and  scholar,  and  a  patriot  of 
the  Revolution. 

IRWIN,  JARED,  general,  governor  of  Georgia, 
wns  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution.  He  was  a  mem 
ber  of  the  convention  which  adopted  the  con 
stitution  in  1789;  was  governor  from  1796  to 
1798,  and  also  from  1806  to  1809,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  Mitchell;  and  died  March  1,  1818, 
aged  68. 

ISHAM,  JIRAII,  general,  died  at  New  London, 
Conn.,  in  1842,  aged  54.  Born  in  Colchester,  he 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1797;  was  a  lawyer  at  New 
London,  much  respected,  state's  attorney,  mayor, 
and  judge  of  probate  ;  also  major-general  of  the 
militia  in  the  war  of  1812.  His  three  wives  were 
Lucretia,  daughter  of  Dr.  L.  Hubbard  of  New 
Haven,  Lucretia  Starr,  and  Elizabeth  C.  Trott  of 
New  London.  He  left  twelve  children. 

IVES,  LEVI,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  was  born  in 
1750,  and  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Oct.  17, 
1826,  aged  76.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  New  Haven  medical  society,  and  one  of  the 
conductors  of  the  "  Cases  and  Observations,"  a 
medical  journal  at  New  Haven,  the  first  in  this 
country.  With  professional  skill,  he  acquired 
only  a  competence.  While  he  regarded  the 
temporal  weli'are  of  his  patients,  he  had  a  deeper 
solicitude  for  their  spiritual  interests. 

IVES,  JESSE,  minister  of  Norfolk,  Conn.,  died 
in  1805,  aged  about  69.  He  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1758,  in  the  class  of  Dr.  Hopkins. 

IVES,  REUBEN,  Episcopal  minister,  died  in 
Cheshire,  Conn.,  Oct.  14,  1836,  aged  75.  He 
was  a  graduate  of  Yale  in  1786. 

rVES,  ANSEL  W.,  a  physician,  died  in  New 
York  Feb.  2,  1838,  aged  50."  Born  in  Woodbury, 
Conn.,  a  farmer's  son,  he  was  accustomed  as  he 
went  to  his  toils  in  the  field  to  carry  a  book  in  his 
pocket;  then  he  taught  school;  then  studied 
physic  with  Dr.  North  of  New  London,  Dr. 
Wliitc  of  Fishkill,  and  Dr.  Mott  of  New  York. 


IZARD. 

As  a  physician  his  practice  continually  increased. 
In  1827  he  became  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian 
church.  He  wrote  for  the  medical  journals.  His 
paper  on  the  humulus  lupulus  gained  him  reputa 
tion.  He  rcpublished  with  notes  Paris'  pharma- 
cologisc,  and  Hamilton  on  mercurial  remedies ; 
and  on  the  influenza  of  1815.  —  Williams'  Med. 
Biog. 

IZARD,  RALPH,  a  senator  of  the  United 
States  from  South  Carolina,  from  1789  to  1795, 
was  a  distinguished  and  eloquent  statesman.  In 
the  judgment  of  Washington,  no  man  was  more 
honest  in  public  life.  There  was  an  enthusiasm 
in  his  political  sentiments ;  but  his  patriotic  mo 
tives  were  unquestionable.  In  the  senate  he  had 
the  confidence  of  all  parties.  He  died  at  South 
Bay,  May  30, 1804,  aged  66.  His  wife  was  Alice, 
daughter  of  Peter  Delancey  of  New  York. 

IZARD,  GEORGE,  general,  governor  of  the 
Arkansas  territory  from  1825  to  1828,  died  at 
Little  Rock,  in  consequence  of  the  gout,  Nov.  22, 
1828.  He  was  a  native  of  South  Carolina.  After 
a  classical  education  and  travelling  in  Europe  he 
entered  the  army  as  a  captain  of  artillery  and 
rose  to  the  rank  of  major-general.  At  one  period 
of  the  late  war  he  commanded  the  division  on  the 
northwestern  frontier.  After  the  war  he  resided 
near  Philadelphia  till  he  was  appointed  successor 
of  Gov.  Miller.  In  his  office  of  governor  he  was 
faithful  and  had  the  confidence  of  the  people. 

JACKMAN,  ABEL,  colonel,  died  in  1820,  in 
Corinth,  Me.,  aged  58.  In  assisting  to  hive  a 
swarm  of  bees  he  was  so  stung  as  to  die  in  ten 
minutes.  Who  is  secure  against  death? 

JACKSON,  EDWARD,  died  at  Newton,  Mass., 
in  1681,  aged  78.  He  came  from  England  in 
1645.  To  Harvard  college  he  gave  four  hundred 
acres  of  land  in  Billerica  and  other  property. 
His  descendants  were  numerous :  one  of  his 
daughters  married  Rev.  N.  Hobart. 

JACKSON,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Brookline, 
Mass.,  died  July  22,  1796,  aged  61,  and  was  suc 
ceeded  by  John  Pierce.  Born  in  Boston,  he  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  in  1753 ;  was  a  tutor  some 
years;  and  was  ordained  April  9,  1760.  He  was 
an  excellent  and  acceptable  preacher ;  but  through 
his  modesty  we  cannot  judge  of  his  merit  from  his 
writings,  for  he  never  would  consent  to  publish  a 
sermon,  although  he  was  often  requested. 

JACKSON,  JONATHAN,  died  in  Boston  in  1810, 
aged  67.  He  was  the  son  of  Edward,  a  mer 
chant,  who  graduated  in  1726,  and  died  in  1757, 
whose  only  sister  married  Judge  Wendell.  Mr.  J. 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1761,  and  was  after 
wards  treasurer  of  the  college  and  of  the  State. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  provincial  congress,  and 
of  congress  in  1781  ;  the  first  marshal  of  Massa 
chusetts  district,  and  inspector  of  excise.  His 
sons,  Judge  Charles  and  Dr.  James,  were  men  of 
eminence.  Taking  an  early  part  in  the  American 
59 


JACKSON. 


4G5 


struggle  for  freedom,  and  being  the  owner  of  a 
slave,  named  Pomp,  he  felt  the  obligation  of  set 
ting  him  free.  He  therefore  liberated  him  by  a 
noble  document,  recorded  in  the  Suffolk  probate 
office,  and  dated  two  weeks  before  the  Declara 
tion  of  Independence,  saying  :  "  I,  Jonathan  Jack 
son  of  Newburyport,  in  consideration  of  the  im 
propriety  I  feel  and  have  long  felt  in  holding  any 
person  in  constant  bondage,  more  especially  at  the 
time  when  my  country  is  so  warmly  contending 
for  the  liberty  every  man  ought  to  enjoy,"  and 
then  declares,  that  he  has  given  freedom  to  his 
"  negro  man  Pomp."  This  man  lived,  served  in 
the  cause  of  freedom  during  the  war,  and  died  in 
Andover,  near  Pomp's  pond,  in  1822,  aged  about 
94.  Washington  had  the  same  feelings  with 
Jackson,  and  ordered  his  slaves  to  be  liberated  on 
the  death  of  his  wife,  as  there  were  obstacles  to 
their  earlier  liberation. — F.  Jackson's  Ilist.  of 
Newton. 

JACKSON,  HALL,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  died 
Sept.  28,  1797,  in  consequence  of  being  overset 
in  his  gig  while  riding  to  visit  a  patient.  He  was 
the  son  of  Dr.  Clement  Jackson  of  Portsmouth, 
N.  II.,  who  died  Oct.  10,  1788,  aged  82.  After 
studying  with  his  father,  he  attended  the  medical 
lectures  in  London  during  three  years.  On  his 
return  he  settled  in  his  native  town,  where  he  was 
eminent  not  only  as  a  physician,  but  particularly 
as  a  surgeon.  He  frequently  performed  the  op 
eration  of  couching  the  eye.  His  habits  were 
social,  and  he  Avas  a  welcome  guest  in  every  circle. 
The  culture  of  the  foxglove  in  New  England  was 
introduced  by  him.  He  published  a  tract  on  the 
malignant  sore  throat  which  prevailed  from  1784 
to  1786.  —  Thaclicr. 

JACKSON,  JAMES,  governor  of  Georgia,  died 
at  Washington  March  18,  1806,  aged  48.  He 
was  a  native  of  England  and  came  to  this  coun 
try  at  the  age  of  fourteen  in  1772.  Early  in  the 
war  he  joined  the  army;  in  1778  he  was  chosen 
'brigadier  major;  in  1781  he  commanded  the 
legionary  corps  of  the  State.  When  the  British 
evacuated  Savannah,  July  12,  1782,  he  received 
the  keys.  For  his  various  services  the  assembly 
of  the  State  presented  him  with  a  house  and  lot 
in  Savannah.  On  the  return  of  peace  he  engaged 
with  success  in  the  practice  of  the  law.  In  1789 
he  was  chosen  a  member  of  congress,  and  soon 
afterwards  a  senator,  which  office  he  resigned  in 
1795.  He  was  major-general  of  the  militia;  and 
governor  from  1798,  till  his  election  as  senator  in 
the  place  of  Gen.  Gunn  in  1801.  His  brother, 
Gen.  Abraham  J.,  died  in  Georgia  Jan.,  1810. 
Gov.  Jackson  had  not  strength  of  moral  and 
religious  principle  to  restrain  him  from  duelling. 
He  was  an  honorable  murderer.  In  1780  he 
killed  Lieut.  Gov.  Wells  in  a  duel,  and  was  him 
self  severely  wounded  in  both  knees.  In  conse 
quence  of  a  political  controversy  he  fought  a 


466 


JACKSON. 


duel  with  Col.  R.  "Watkins  in  June,  1802,  and  was 
wounded  in  the  hip.  Five  shots  were  exchanged. 
In  May,  1803,  he  complained  that  he  had  been 
cruelly  treated  by  Georgia,  and  that  republics  are 
always  ungrateful ;  he  thought  the  capital  of 
Wayne  county  ought  to  be  called  Jacksonville  in 
honor  of  himself. 

JACKSON,  LEVI,  died  at  Chesterfield,  N.  H., 
in  1821,  aged  49.  He  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
in  1799,  and  was  six  years  preceptor  of  the  acad 
emy  in  Chesterfield,  his  native  town ;  afterwards 
much  in  public  service. 

JACKSON,  JAMES,  Jr.,  M.  D.,  died  in  Boston 
March  27,  1834,  aged  only  24.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  at  the  age  of  eighteen ;  studied  medicine 
with  his  father,  the  eminent  physician,  who  still 
lives;  was  in  Paris  and  Great  Britain  from  1831 
to  1833,  when  he  returned,  ready  for  practice. 
He  took  rooms  and  sent  out  an  advertisement ; 
but  he  did  not  enter  them,  for  in  the  same  month  he 
died.  His  afflicted  father  published  a  memoir  of 
him  in  8vo.  He  published  a  Boylston  prize  dis 
sertation  on  pneumonia. 

JACKSON,  RICHARD  S.,  died  at  Providence 
April  18,  1838,  aged  74.  He  was  a  member  of 
congress  from  1808  to  1815.  A  merchant,  he 
was  among  the  first  to  engage  in  the  cotton  man 
ufacture,  and  was  a  man  of  integrity  and  religion, 
the  associate  of  various  literary,  benevolent,  and 
religious  institutions. 

JACKSON,  THOMAS,  Episcopal  minister,  died 
at  Alexandria,  district  of  Columbia,  in  Nov.,  1838, 
aged  56. 

JACKSON,  HENRY,  M.  D.,  LL.  D.,  professor 
of  mathematics,  etc.,  in  the  university  of  Georgia, 
died  near  Athens  in  1841,  aged  62.  He  went 
with  Crawford  as  secretary  of  legation  to  France, 
and  was  absent  from  1814  to  1817,  resuming  his 
college  duties  on  his  return,  but  retiring  in  1828. 

JACKSON,  WILLIAM,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Dor 
set,  Vt.,  died  in  1842,  aged  74.  He  was  born  in 
1768,  at  Cornwall,  Conn.,  and  graduated  at  Dart 
mouth  college  in  1790.  Having  studied  theology 
with  Dr.  Emmons  and  Dr.  Spring,  he  was  or 
dained  in  1796.  His  wife,  Susanna  Cram  of 
Brentwood,  N.  H.,  was  a  descendant  of  John 
Rogers.  She  survived  her  husband.  Born  in 
1771,  she  died  in  1848,  aged  77.  Her  remark 
able  letters  may  be  read  in  the  memoirs  of  her 
daughter,  Henrietta  Anna  Lorain  Hamlin,  the 
wife  of  the  missionary,  Dr.  H.  Dr.  Jackson  was 
an  eminently  pious  and  useful  minister,  as  may  be 
gathered  from  the  book  just  referred  to.  In  nine 
revivals  five  hundred  were  added  to  his  church,  of 
whom  fourteen  became  preachers.  Though  he  well 
studied  and  arranged  his  sermons,  he  did  not 
write  them  out  in  full.  Of  his  church  was  good 
Deacon  Kent,  worthy  of  perpetual  honor,  a  man 
of  faith  and  prayer,  who  died  near  a  hundred 
years  of  age.  At  the  age  of  ninety-two  he  made 


JACKSON. 

a  memorable  prayer  at  the  bedside  of  his  dying 
pastor,  saying,  with  more  expansion  of  language, 
but  in  substance,  "Lord,  we  remember  how  thy 
servant  has  preached  and  with  what  wonderful 
power  and  success;  but  now  we  fear  thou  art 
about  to  take  away  our  head.  If  so,  —  though 
we  know  not  how  to  spare  him,  —  lead  him 
through  the  dark  valley,  safe  from  the  malignant 
spirits  there  ;  conduct  him  to  that  blessed  world, 
where  thou  dwellest,  that  he  may  be  in  the  pres 
ence  of  thee,  the  Lamb  of  God,  in  the  midst  of 
saints  and  angels,  joining  in  their  anthems  of 
praise  forever."  Dr.  J's  elder  daughter  married 
Rev.  John  Maltby  of  Sutton  and  of  Bangor.  His 
son,  Dr.  Samuel  C.,was  the  minister  of  west  par 
ish  in  Andover,  then  agent  of  the  board  of  edu 
cation.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

JACKSON,  ANDREW,  President  of  the  United 
States,  died  near  Nashville,  Tennessee,  June  8, 
1845,  aged  78.  He  was  born  at  the  Waxsaw 
settlement,  South  Carolina,  March  16, 1767.  His 
parents  came  from  the  north  of  Ireland  and  were 
of  Scotch  descent.  His  early  education  he  owed 
to  the  kindness  of  a  cousin.  He  engaged  in  the 
war  of  the  Revolution,  in  which  he  lost  his  two 
brothers.  At  the  age  of  twenty-one  he  practised 
law  in  the  back  settlements  of  North  Carolina. 
When  the  territory  was  made  into  the  State  of 
Tennessee,  his  residence  was  Nashville.  In  1795 
he  assisted  in  forming  its  constitution.  He  was 
soon  a  representative  in  congress  and  a  senator  in 
1797;  then  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court.  He 
was .  appointed  a  major-general,  and  in  1814,  he 
received  the  like  appointment  in  the  army  of  the 
United  States.  His  victory  over  the  British  at 
New  Orleans  was  Jan.  8,  1815.  The  Seminole 
war  he  conducted  in  1817-1818.  In  1821  he  was 
governor  of  Florida.  He  was  chosen  president 
in  1828,  and  again  in  1832,  —  thus  being  in  office 
eight  years,  succeeding  J.  Q.  Adams  and  being 
followed  by  Mr.  Van  Buren.  Some  events  of  his 
administration  were  the  removal  of  the  deposits 
from  the  United  States  bank,  and  the  suppression 
of  the  nullification  movement  in  South  Carolina. 
In  earlier  life,  in  the  absence  of  all  moral  and  re 
ligious  principle  he  fought  several  duels ;  was 
wounded;  and  in  1804  killed  Moses  Dickenson  in 
a  duel,  —  an  act  which  must  have  embittered  his 
whole  life.  In  old  age  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Presbyterian  church.  He  died  in  great  peace, 
confiding  in  the  grace  of  the  Redeemer,  and  ex 
pressing  his  hope  of  salvation,  "  through  the  mer 
its  and  blood  of  our  blessed  Lord  and  Saviour."  A 
letter  of  Mr.  Jefferson  has  lately  been  published, 
in  which  he  speaks  of  Gen.  Jackson :  "  I  feel 
much  alarmed  at  the  prospect  of  seeing  him  pres 
ident.  His  passions  are  terrible.  When  I  was 
president  of  the  senate  he  was  a  senator ;  and  he 
could  never  speak,  on  account  of  the  rashness  of 
his  feelings.  I  have  seen  him  attempt  it  repeat- 


JACKSON. 

edly,  and  as  often  choke  with  rage."  It  deserves 
the  consideration  of  a  people  intrusted  with  the 
4>ower  of  choosing  their  own  rulers,  whether  they 
can  be  justified  by  any  principle  of  duty  or  by  a 
wise  regard  to  their  own  security  in  elevating  a 
murderer  to  the  highest  rank  in  the  community  ? 
Whether,  if  they  do  this,  they  must  not  make  a 
poor  claim  to  be  regarded  as  an  intelligent  and 
virtuous  people,  worthy  of  God's  gift  of  freedom  ? 

JACKSON,  HENRY,  deacon,  died  in  Portland 
Aug.,  18,30,  aged  67,  an  esteemed  teacher  in 
Portland  nearly  fifty  years. 

JACKSON,  WILLIAM,  died  at  Newton  Feb.  27, 
1855,  aged  71.  In  early  life  he  was  dissatisfied 
with  Mr.  Holly's  ministry  in  Boston  and  went  to 
hear  Mr.  Channing ;  but  he  was  led  by  the  tri 
umphant  death  of  his  wife  to  renounce  Unitarian- 
ism.  For  the  last  forty  years  he  was  a  pillar  of 
the  church  at  Newton  Corner.  As  he  was  about 
to  die,  he  was  asked,  if  the  Saviour  was  precious. 
He  replied,  "  precious,  very  precious."  While  a 
member  of  congress  he  met  regularly  for  prayer 
with  a  small  band  of  Christians.  He  toiled  for 
temperance  and  in  the  anti-slavery  cause. 

JACKSON,  CHARLES,  LL.  D.,  judge,  died  in 
Boston  Dec.  13,  1855,  aged  80.  Born  in  New- 
buryport,  the  son  of  Jonathan  J.,  a  merchant,  he 
graduated  in  1793  at  Harvard  with  the  highest 
honors  of  a  distinguished  class.  He  studied  law 
with  Judge  Parsons,  and  practised  in  Newbury- 
port  until  appointed  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
in  1813,  when  he  removed  to  Boston.  After  ten 
years  he  was  induced  by  ill  health  to  withdraw 
from  office,  but  remained  at  the  head  of  his  pro 
fession.  His  services  were  most  important  on 
the  commission,  which  reported  in  1835  the 
Revised  Statutes  of  Mass.  From  1825  to  1834 
he  was  of  the  corporation  of  Harvard  college. 
Of  his  brothers,  ])r.  James  Jackson  survived  him. 
As  a  Christian  believer  he  calmly  awaited  the 
summons  of  death.  He  was  the  last  survivor, 
but  one,  of  his  class.  —  Boston  Advertiser,  July 
1G,  185G. 

JACOB,  HENRY,  a  Puritan  minister,  came  to 
Virginia  in  1624 ;  but  died  soon  after  his  arrival. 
He  left  England  and  joined  Robinson  in  Holland, 
being  an  Independent  as  to  church  government. 
He  published  in  1610  at  Leyden,  a  treatise  on 
Christ's  true,  visible,  and  material  church.  He- 
turning  to  England,  he  founded  the  first  Inde 
pendent  or  Congregational  church,  of  which  he 
was  chosen  pastor  with  prayer  and  imposition  of 
hands.  After  about  eight  years  he  came  to 
America,  and  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Lothropp.  — 
Sprague's  Annals. 

JACOB,  STEPHEN,  chief  justice  of  Vermont, 
died  at  Windsor  in  Feb.,  1817,  aged  61.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1778,  in  the  class  of  Barlow 
and  Wolcott. 


JAMES. 


467 


JACOB,  JOHN  I.,  a  Methodist  minister,  died  in 
Hampshire,  Va.,  in  1839,  aged  81. 

JACOBS,  PIIEBE  ANN,  once  a  slave,  died  at 
Brunswick,  Me.,  and  was  buried  March  3,  1850. 
She  was  honored  in  her  death.  President  Allen, 
in  whose  family  she  had  lived  many  years,  came 
with  two  daughters  several  hundred  miles,  from 
Northampton,  merely  to  attend  her  funeral. 
Rev.  Dr.  Adams,  of  Brunswick,  made  an  affecting 
and  eloquent  speech.  Her  pall-bearers  were  Gov 
ernor  Robert  Dunlap,  Dr.  Lincoln,  Professor 
Packard,  Joseph  McKeen,  and  others.  She  was 
placed  by  the  side  of  her  friends,  Mrs.  Allen  and 
her  daughter  Maria  Malleville.  Why  was  she 
thus  mourned  and  honored?  Because  she  was  a 
Christian,  and  an  eminent  Christian.  She  had 
been  thirty  years  a  most  worthy  member  of  the 
church  in  Brunswick.  Her  friend,  Mrs.  Adams, 
died  the  same  night.  Dr.  Adams  said,  that  if 
his  beloved  companion,  then  lying  dead,  to  be 
buried  the  next  day,  could  have  chosen  an  attend 
ant  spirit  in  her  upward  flight,  doubtless  she 
would  have  chosen  Phebe.  "Black  Phebe!"  he 
exclaimed,  "  she  has  sometimes  been  called ;  but 
her  soul  is  whiter  and  purer  than  the  light,  and  her 
heavenly  garments  are  more  resplendent  than  the 
sun  shining  in  his  brightness  !  "  Mrs.  Upham,  the 
wife  of  Professor  Upham,wrote  a  brief  memoir  of 
Phebe,  which  has  been  extensively  circulated.  Let 
her  lofty  thoughts  and  Christian  virtues  and  ele 
vated  character  be  contrasted  with  the  unblush 
ing  project  of  a  slaveholder,  the  present  Governor 
Adams  of  South  Carolina,  who,  in  his  message  at 
this  period,  when  I  am  writing,  says  :  "  To  main 
tain  our  present  position  we  must  have  cheap 
labor  also.  This  can  be  obtained  in  but  one  way — 
by  re-opening  the  African  slave-trade!"  Let  any 
intelligent  and  Christian  man  make  the  compari 
son,  and  his  soul  will  burn  with  indignation  as  he 
thinks  of  the  governor  of  a  southern  State  in  this 
year,  1856.  Jefferson,  in  his  views  of  human 
rights,  lamented  the  existence  of  slavery ;  Wash 
ington  provided  for  the  emancipation  of  his 
slaves.  But,  pure  selfishness,  in  the  absence  of  all 
sense  of  justice,  and  humanity,  and  human  broth 
erhood,  would  not  only  hold  fast  those  men  who 
are  now  under  hard  oppression,  but  would  gather 
a  new  multitude  of  bondsmen  from  the  coast  of 
Africa.  All  the  noble  women  must  revolt  at  the 
continuance  of  slavery,  which,  besides  its  hard 
oppression,  annihilates  all  the  sanctity  of  mar 
riage. 

JAFFREY,  GEORGE,  chief  justice  of  New 
Hampshire,  died  at  Portsmouth  in  1749,  aged 
about  67.  Born  in  Newcastle,  he  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1702.  He  was  councillor  and  treasu 
rer,  and  a  judge  at  different  periods. 

JAMES,  an  Indian  sagamore  at  Lynn,  Mass., 
died  of  the  small  pox  in  1633,  with  most  of  his 


468 


JAMES. 


JAMES. 


people,  and  John,  sagamore,  at  "VVinnesimet. 
The  eastern  Indians,  the  Tarratines,  made  a  cap 
tive  of  his  wife,  but  she  was  liberated. — Hubbard. 
JAMES,  THOMAS,  first  minister  of  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  died  in  England  about  1678,  aged  86.  He 
was  born  in  1592 ;  came  from  Lincolnshire,  where 
he  had  been  a  minister,  to  Boston  June  5,  1632  ; 
and  when  the  church  in  Charlestown  was  organ 
ized  Nov.  2,  by  dismissions  from  the  Boston 
church,  he  was  appointed  the  pastor.  Mr. 
Symmes  was  ordained  his  associate,  as  teacher, 
Dec.  22,  1634,  and  not  in  1652,  as  Dr.  Bartlett 
states  in  his  history  of  Charlestown.  The  suc 
ceeding  ministers  were  Harvard,  Allen,  Shepard, 
Morton,  Bradstreet,  Stevens,  Abbot,  Prentice, 
Paine,  and  Morse.  After  a  short  time  he  was  dis 
missed.  Gov.  "VVinthrop  relates,  that  Satan 
stirred  up  a  spirit  of  discord  between  Mr.  James 
and  many  of  his  people,  on  which  Mr.  Savage 
remarks,  that  "  few  in  the  present  age  would  at 
tribute  such  a  misfortune  to  the  agency  of  Satan," 
and  that  in  our  indictments  for  capital  offences  we 
retained  till  lately  "  the  absurd  allegation,"  "  be 
ing  moved  and  seduced  by  the  instigation  of  the 
devil."  Mr.  Savage  is  sincere  in  his  disbelief  of 
the  agency  of  Satan  in  tempting  men  to  great 
crimes  and  Christian  men  to  discord;  but  he 
certainly  misjudges  in  his  estimate  of  the  general 
opinion  of  the  great  body  of  Christians  of  vari 
ous  sects,  who  really  believe  that  "  he,  who  com- 
mitteth  sin,  is  of  the  devil,"  and  also  of  the  opin 
ion  of  those  who  are  not  Christians,  unless  we 
are  to  suppose,  that  in  their  daily  conversation 
they  ascribe  much  to  the  tempter  as  a  real  being, 
when  they  regard  him  as  a  nonentity.  But 
whether  or  not  the  devil  was  the  sower  of  discord 
at  Charlestown,  there  arose  a  dissension  between 
Mr.  James  and  the  brethren.  It  is  related,  that 
being  "  a  melancholic  man,"  he  had  uttered  some 
groundless,  jealous  surmises.  A  council  advised 
to  his  dismission  which  occurred  in  March,  1636. 
He  soon  removed  to  New  Haven.  When  at  the 
request  of  the  people  of  Virginia  three  ministers 
were  sent  to  them ,  Mr.  Thompson  of  Braintree, 
and  Mr.  Knowles  of  Watcrtown  set  sail  Oct.  7 
or  8,  1642 ;  they  were  long  wind-bound  at  Rhode 
Island.  They  put  in  at  New  Haven,  where  they 
took  in  Mr.  James  as  their  companion.  On  the 
rocks  at  Hell  Gate  they  lost  their  pinnace.  After 
eleven  weeks'  dangerous  passage  the  vessel  arrived 
about  Jan.  1,  1643,  in  Virginia.  It  fared  with 
them  as  with  the  apostles :  the  people  heard  them 
gladly,  but  the  rulers  persecuted  them,  ordering 
them  to  quit  the  country  by  a  certain  day,  unless 
(  they  would  conform  to  the  English  church.  In 
f  June,  1643,  Mr.  Knowles  returned  to  New  Eng 
land.  Soon  afterwards  the  great  massacre  by 
'  the  Indians  occurred.  Mr.  James  stated,  that  in 
Maryland  he  saw  forty  Indians  baptized  in  new 
shirts  given  them  as  encouragement  to  receive  the 


ordinance,  but  that,  being  detained  there,  after  a 
while  he  saw  the  same  Indians  return  to  the  Eng 
lish,  saying,  they  must  have  again  new  shirts,  or 
they  would  renounce  their  baptism.  It  is  not 
known  at  what  time  Mr.  James  returned  to  Eng 
land;  perhaps  not  till  after  1650,  when  his  son, 
Thomas,  was  settled  at  East  Hampton,  L.  I.  In 
England  he  was  the  minister  of  Xecdham  in  Suf 
folk,  but  was  silenced  and  ejected  for  nonconform 
ity  in  1662.  Yet  afterwards  he  preached  to  a 
pretty  numerous  society.  The  clergyman,  his 
successor,  would  allow  him  to  be  buried  nowhere 
in  the  churchyard,  but  in  "  the  unconsccrated 
corner,  left  for  rogues,  etc."  Mr.  Calamy  says, 
"he  was  a  very  holy,  good  man;"  and  Johnson 
speaks  of  his  "  learned  skill  and  courteous 
speech." 

JAMES,  THOMAS,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
the  minister  of  East  Hampton,  Long  Island,  from 
1650  till  his  death  in  1696.  In  1695  lie  sold  his 
estate  for  500  pounds  to  John  Gardenier  of  G. 
Island.  He  was  a  faithful  preacher.  His  body 
he  ordered  to  be  laid  in  a  position  contrary  to 
that  of  his  people,  —  for  what  reason  is  not 
known,  —  perhaps  as  a  testimony  against  some 
prejudices  as  to  the  manner  of  burial. 

JAMES,  JOHN,  major,  a  brave  Revolutionary 
officer  in  South  Carolina,  died  in  1791,  aged  59. 
Born  in  Ireland,  his  father  emigrated  to  this 
country,  and  brought  his  son,  an  infant,  in  1733, 
and  settled  at  a  village  called  King's  Tree.  His 
teacher  was  Rev.  John  Rae,  also  an  emigrant. 
In  1776  he  marched  at  the  head  of  a  company  in 
defence  of  Charleston.  In  1779  he  served  under 
Moultrie,  commanding  one  hundred  and  twenty 
riflemen.  Through  him  the  distinguished  corps, 
known  as  Marion's  brigade,  was  formed.  By  the 
war  he  was  reduced  from  wealth  to  poverty,  every 
house  on  his  plantation  being  burnt.  In  the  bat 
tle  of  Eutaw  his  riflemen  had  each  twenty-four 
cartridges,  and  many  of  the  men  expended  the 
whole,  taking  good  aim.  His  last  clays  were  de 
voted  to  the  improvement  of  his  property  and 
the  education  of  his  child ;  and  he  departed  hence 
with  the  fortitude  of  a  Christian  hero. — Ramsay's 
South  Carolina. 

JAMES,  WILLIAM,  died  at  Albany  Dec.  19, 
1832,  aged  63,  leaving  two  or  three  millions  of 
dollars  to  nine  heirs.  He  began  as  a  clerk  iii 
1789. 

JAMES,  THOMAS  C.,  M.  D.,  died  in  Philadel 
phia  July  25,  1835,  aged  69.  He  was  educated 
in  Robert  Proud's  grammar  school,  then  studied 
medicine  under  Dr.  Kuhn.  In  1788  he  went  as 
a  surgeon  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  He  stud 
ied  in  London  and  Edinburgh  from  1790  to  1793, 
when  he  returned  to  witness  the  ravages  of  the 
yellow  fever.  In  1811  he  was  appointed  profes 
sor  of  midwifery  in  the  university.  He  was  mod 
est,  diffident,  gentle,  amiable.  He  was  a  diligent 


JAMIESOX. 

student  of  the  Bible  in  various  languages.  He 
knew  Hebrew,  Greek,  Latin,  French,  and  Ger 
man.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  histor 
ical  society.  As  he  was  skilful,  so  was  he  a  good 
teacher  in  his  department.  —  Williams'  Medical 
Biography. 

JAMIESOX,  ROBERT,  died  in  South  Carolina 
in  1813,  aged  104.  His  eye-sight  had  failed  for 
some  years,  but  was  restored  before  his  death. 

JAMIESOX,  HORATIO  G.,  M.  D.,long  an  emi 
nent  surgeon  in  Baltimore,  died  in  Aug.,  1855, 
aged  70.  He  published  a  work  on  cholera. 

JAXSEX,  HENRY,  a  member  of  the  conven 
tion  at  Albany,  died  in  Sept.,  1821.  He  was  at 
the  capitol,  had  purchased  a  ticket  to  view  Peale's 
"  Court  of  Death  "  in  the  senate  chamber,  and  in 
passing  toward  it  fell  and  died. 

JAQUES,  STEPHEN,  a  notary  public,  died  in 
Newbury,  his  birthplace,  in  1779,  aged  94.  He 
was  for  a  while  a  schoolmaster  on  Cape  Cod. 

JAQUES,  RICHARD,  minister  of  Gloucester, 
Mass.,  died  April  12,  1777,  aged  77.  Born  at 
Newbury,  he  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1720, 
and  was  ordained  in  1725.  John  Cleaveland  jus 
tified  his  church  in  1765  from  some  strictures  by 
Mr.  Jaques. 

JAQUETT,  PETER,  major,  died  on  the  banks  of 
the  Christiana  in  Delaware  in  Sept.,  1834,  aged 
79 ;  an  officer  of  the  Revolution,  said  to  have 
been  engaged  in  thirty  battles  in  the  fit-Id. 

JARMAN,  JANE,  Mrs.,  died  near  Wadesbor- 
ough  Feb.  22,  1835,  aged  105. 

JARVIS,  ABRAHAM,  D.  D.,  bishop  of  Connec 
ticut,  was  born  in  Xorwalk  May  5,  1739,  and  was 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1761.  He  was  a 
minister  in  Middletown  from  about  1764  to  1799, 
when  he  removed  to  Cheshire,  and  in  1803  to 
New  Haven.  He  succeeded  Bishop  Seabury  in 
1797,  and  died  May  3,  1813,  aged  73.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Bishop  Seabury, 
and  a  sermon  on  the  witness  of  the  Spirit. 

JARVIS,  CHARLES,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  died 
Nov.  15,  1807,  aged  58.  He  was  the  son  of  Col. 
Leonard  Jarvis,  a  merchant  of  Boston.  His 
mother  was  the  grand-daughter  of  the  celebrated 
Col.  Church.  After  graduating  at  Harvard  col 
lege  in  17G6,  he  completed  his  medical  education 
in  Europe.  On  his  return  he  settled  in  Boston, 
and  rose  to  eminence  in  his  profession.  In  the 
Revolution  he  engaged  zealously  in  the  cause  of 
his  country.  For  many  years  he  was  a  member 
of  the  legislature.  As  an  orator  he  was  impres 
sive  and  powerful.  With  a  bald  head  and  aqui 
line  nose,  he  was  called  the  bald  eagle  of  the 
Boston  seat.  In  his  politics  he  opposed  Jay's 
treaty  and  espoused  the  democratic  side,  of  which 
he  was  the  leader  in  Boston.  When  the  marine 
hospital  was  established  at  Charlestown,  he  was 
appointed  by  Jefferson  its  surgeon,  and  faithfully 
discharged  the  duties  of  his  office  till  his  death. 


JAY. 


469 


His  wife  was  the  sister  of  Sir  Wm.  Pepperell,  and 
the  grand-daughter  of  the  first  baronet  of  that 
name.  He  left  no  issue.  His  only  sister  married 
Joseph  Russell.  —  Thaclier. 

JARVIS,  JOHN  WESLEY,  an  eminent  portrait 
painter,  died  in  Xew  York  Jan.  12,  1840. 

JARVIS,  SAMUEL  FARMER,  I).  I).,  LL.  D., 
died  in  Middletown,  Conn.,  March  25,  1851,  aged 
64,  son  of  Bishop  A.  Jarvis.  In  1813  he  was  a 
rector  in  Xew  York,  then  a  professor  in  the  theo 
logical  seminary.  lie  removed  to  Boston  in 
1820,  and  went  in  1826  to  Europe,  where  he  re 
mained  nine  years.  In  1835  he  was  professor  in 
the  college  at  Hartford,  and  soon  became  rector 
at  Middletown,  and  then  was  appointed  historio 
grapher  of  the  church.  He  published  an  intro 
duction  to  the  history  of  the  church,  with  a  har 
mony  of  gospels,  8vo.,  1845;  Christian  unity; 
sermons  on  prophecy ;  no  union  with  Rome ;  col 
onies  of  heaven ;  narrative  as  to  his  rectorship  in 
Boston ;  Christ's  conversation  with  Xicodemus, 
1822;  discourse  on  the  religion  of  the  Indians,  in 
vol.  3d  of  Xew  York  historical  collections ;  reply 
to  the  Catholic  Milner's  end  of  controversy;  the 
church  of  the  redeemed,  or  history  of  the  media 
torial  kingdom,  2  vols.,  1850.  —  Cycl.  of  Lit. 

JARVIS,  RUSSELL,  died  in  New  York  April  17, 
1853,  aged  nearly  63.  A  native  of  Boston,  he 
graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1810.  He  was  the 
editor  of  the  Philadelphia  Ledger  eight  or  ten 
years,  and,  with  Duff  Green,  also  of  the  U.  S. 
Telegraph  at  Washington.  He  lost  his  wife  and 
two  children  in  the  burning  of  the  Lexington 
boat  in  the  sound  Jan  13,  1840. 

JARVIS,  LEONARD,  died  in  Baltimore  Nov.  16, 
1855,  aged  76.  Born  in  Cambridge,  he  graduated 
in  1797,  and  was  a  successful  merchant  in  Boston 
and  Baltimore.  He  was  generous  to  young  mer 
chants.  By  his  will  he  devised  the  Jarvis  build 
ing,  one-half  to  Harvard  college  and  the  other 
half  to  several  humane  societies  after  the  decease 
of  his  widow,  who  was  left  with  an  income  of 
20,000  dollars  a  year.  —  Boston  Advertiser,  July 
16,  1856. 

JARVIS,  LEONARD,  died  at  Surry,  in  Maino, 
Sept,  18,  1854,  aged  nearly  73.  He  was  a  native 
of  Cambridge,  Mass.,  and  was  graduated  in  1800. 
In  early  life  he  spent  years  abroad.  In  Maine  he 
was  collector  of  Eastport,  sheriff,  and  a  demo 
cratic  member  of  congress  from  1831  to  1833. 
For  a  time  he  was  navy  agent  for  the  port  of 
Boston. 

JAY,  JOHN,  chief  justice  of  the  United  States, 
died  May  17,  1829,  aged  84.  He  was  the  great- 
grandson  of  Pierre  Jay,  a  Protestant  merchant  of 
Rochclle,  in  France,  who,  on  the  revocation  of 
the  edict  of  Nantes,  fled  to  England.  Augustus, 
a  merchant,  the  son  of  Pierre,  emigrated  to  Xew 
York,  where,  in  1697,  he  married  Anne  Maria, 
daughter  of  Balthasar  Bayard.  Dying  at  the  age 


470 


JAY. 


of  85,  he  left  one  son,  Peter,  who  was  born  in 
1704,  and  in  1728  married  Mary,  daughter  of 
Jacobus  Van  Cortlandt,  of  New  York.  About 
the  year  1746,  Peter,  a  merchant,  retired  to  his 
estate  at  Rye,  on  Long  Island  Sound,  whence  he 
was  compelled  to  remove  by  the  approach  of  the 
British  army.  He  died  at  Poughkeepsie  in  1782. 
John  Jay,  the  son  of  Peter,  was  born  in  New 
York  December  12,  1745.  He  was  educated 
at  King's  college,  where  he  graduated  May  15, 
1764,  and  in  1768  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  In 
1774  he  married  Sarah  Livingston,  the  daughter 
of  William  Livingston,  afterwards  governor  of 
New  Jersey.  Acquiring  great  reputation  as  a 
lawyer,  and  presenting  a  rare  union  of  the  dig 
nity  and  gravity  of  manhood  with  the  energy  of 
youth,  his  fellow-citizens  began  to  look  up  to  him 
as  their  future  guide  in  the  contest  for  liberty,  j 
He  was  appointed  to  the  first  American  congress 
in  1774.  Being  on  the  committee  with  Lee  and 
Livingston  to  draft  an  address  to  the  people  of 
Great  Britain,  he  was  the  writer  of  that  eloquent 
production,  adopted  Oct.  21,  1774.  In  the  con 
gress  of  1775  he  was  on  various  important  com 
mittees,  performing  more  services,  perhaps,  than 
any  member,  excepting  Franklin  and  J.  Adams. 
In  May,  1776,  he  was  recalled  to  assist  in  forming 
the  government  of  New  York,  and,  in  conse 
quence,  his  name  is  not  attached  to  the  Declara 
tion  of  Independence ;  but,  July  9th.  he  reported 
resolutions  in  the  provincial  convention  in  favor  of 
the  declaration.  After  the  fall  of  New  York  and 
the  removal  of  the  provincial  assembly  to  Pough 
keepsie,  Mr.  Jay  retained  his  resolute  patriotism. 
The  very  eloquent  address  of  the  convention  to 
the  people  of  New  York,  dated  Fishkill,  Dec.  23, 
1776,  and  signed  by  A.  Ten  Broeck  as  president, 
was  written  by  him.  March  12, 1777,  he  reported 
to  the  convention  of  New  York  the  draft  of  a 
form  of  government,  which  was  adopted,  and 
many  of  the  provisions  of  which  were  introduced 
into  the  constitutions  of  other  States.  From 
May  3,  1777,  to  Aug.  18,  1779,  he  was  chief  jus 
tice  of  the  State,  but  resigned  that  office  in  con 
sequence  of  his  duties  as  president  of  congress. 
The  glowing  address  of  that  body  to  their  con 
stituents,  dated  Sept.  8,  1779,  was  prepared  by 
him.  On  the  29th  Sept.  he  was  appointed  minis 
ter  plenipotentiary  to  the  court  of  Spain.  The 
frigate  in  which  he  sailed,  losing  her  masts  in  a 
gale,  was  obliged  to  proceed  to  Martinique.  He 
reached  Madrid  April  4,  1780.  In  communicat 
ing  the  resolution  of  congress  of  July  15,  1781, 
yielding  the  navigation  of  the  Mississippi  to 
Spain,  he  had  the  prudence  to  limit  the  propo 
sition,  so  that  it  should  have  no  force,  unless  a 
treaty  was  made  with  Spain  before  a  general  peace. 
This  limitation  was  sanctioned  by  congress  April 
30,  1782.  Being  unsuccessful  in  his  negotiation, 


JAY. 

Mr.  Jay  suspected  some  bad  faith  on  the  part  of 
France,  but  probably  without  reason. 

Being  appointed  a  commissioner  to  negotiate  a 
peace  with  Great  Britain,  he  arrived  at  Paris  June 
23,  1782,  and  toiled  incessantly  to  secure  the  in 
terests  of  his  country.  His  health  now  becoming 
impaired,  he  went  to  Bath  for  its  recovery.  He 
signed  the  definitive  treaty  at  Paris  Sept.  3, 1783. 
The  next  year,  having  resigned  his  Spanish  com 
mission,  he  returned  to  New  York,  where  he 
arrived  July  24,  1784.  Congress  had  already  ap 
pointed  him  secretary  of  State  for  foreign  affairs, 
in  the  place  of  E,.  11.  Livingston.  In  the  difficult 
circumstances  of  the  country,  the  secretary  was, 
in  effect,  the  head  of  the  government.  Mr.  Jay's 
services  were  of  great  importance.  He  drew  up, 
Oct.  13,  1786,  an  elaborate  report  on  the  rela 
tions  between  this  country  and  Great  Britain. 
Though  not  a  member  of  the  convention  which 
formed  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  he 
was  present  at  Annapolis  and  aided  by  his  advice. 
He  also  assisted  Hamilton  and  Madison  in  writ 
ing  the  Federalist.  lie  wrote  numbers  2,  3,  4, 
5,  64.  His  labors  after  the  5th  number  were  in 
terrupted  by  a  wound  in  the  forehead  from  a 
stone  in  the  doctor's  mob.  In  the  convention  of 
New  York  he  contributed  to  the  adoption  of  the 
constitution. 

For  the  high  station  of  chief  justice  of  the 
United  States,  to  which  he  was  appointed  by 
Washington  Sept.  26,  1789,  he  was  eminently 
qualified.  In  1792  he  was  the  unsuccessful  can 
didate  of  the  federal  party  for  the  office  of  gover 
nor  of  New  York,  against  George  Clinton ;  but, 
in  1795,  he  was  elected  against  Robert  Yatcs, 
though  he  was  at  the  time  abroad,  having  been 
appointed  April  19,1794,  minister  plenipotentiary 
to  Great  Britain.  He  effected  the  treaty  which 
bears  his  name,  Nov.  19,  1794;  a  treaty  which, 
notwithstanding  the  clamors  of  political  parti 
sans  friendly  to  France,  was  highly  advantageous 
to  our  country,  as  it  stipulated  for  the  surrender 
of  the  northwestern  posts,  procured  admission  for 
our  vessels  into  India,  and  obtained  payment  for 
spoliations  amounting  to  nearly  ten  millions  of 
dollars.  In  1798  he  was  re-elected  governor 
against  J_l.  11.  Livingston.  The  political  excite 
ment  of  the  period  rendered  his  station  unquiet. 
Longing  for  retirement,  lie  withdrew,  at  the  end 
of  the  term  for  which  he  was  chosen,  in  the  sum 
mer  of  1801,  from  the  cares  and  honors  of  public 
station,  and  passed  the  remaining  nearly  thirty 
years  of  his  life  in  retirement  at  his  seat  in  Bedford, 
Westchester  county,  where  he  died.  His  brother, 
Sir  James  Jay,  M.  1).,  died  in  New  York  in  NOT., 
1815.  His  pious,  excellent  wife  died  in  May,  1 802. 

In  his  character  there  were  great  and  peculiar 
excellencies.  The  utmost  prudence  was  combined 
with  invincible  energy.  At  a  period  of  life  when 


JAY. 

ambition  is  apt  to  bear  sway,  he  abandoned  all 
the  scenes  of  political  agitation ;  nor  did  he  once 
cast  a  lingering  look  behind.  In  his  last  years  he 
was  much  occupied  in  the  study  of  the  Scriptures, 
particularly  of  the  prophecies,  and  devoted  to  the 
duties  of  religion  and  preparation  for  the  scenes 
of  the  future  world.  There  is  something  refresh 
ing  in  the  view  of  his  last  years.  Instead  of 
dwelling,  like  his  co-patriots,  Adams  and  Jefferson, 
on  the  history  of  the  past,  or  the  agitating  polit 
ical  occurrences  of  the  day,  and  fighting  anew  the 
battles  of  old  time,  his  serene  mind  was  absorbed 
in  the  contemplation  of  the  bright,  and  glorious, 
and  everlasting  kingdom  of  God.  Besides  the 
writings  already  mentioned,  he  published  letters, 
being  the  whole  of  the  correspondence  between 
him  and  Lewis  Littlepage,  a  young  man,  whom 
Mr.  Jay,  when  in  Spain,  patronized  and  took 
into  his  family,  2d  edit.,  1786.  His  life  was  pub 
lished  by  lu's  son  William,  also  by  Renwick.  — 
American  Annual  Register,  1827-9,  p.  215-234. 

JAY,  PETEK  AUGUSTUS,  a  lawyer,  president  of 
the  New  York  historical  society,  died  Feb.  20, 
1843.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  John  Jay,  and 
his  private  secretary.  In  1817  he  was  recorder 
of  New  York ;  and  of  the  American  bible  society 
he  was  a  vice-president. 

JAY',  ANN,  daughter  of  John  Jay,  died  in  New 
York,  in  Nov.,  1856;  and  a  few  days  afterwards 
died  her  sister,  Maria  Banyer,  aged  75,  widow  of 
Goldsborough  Banyer,  the  last  of  the  daughters 
of  John  Jay.  These  sisters  bequeathed  more 
than  34,000  dollars,  distributed  among  the  bible, 
tract,  missionary,  and  other  charitable  societies. 

JEFFERSON,  ELEAXOR,  Mrs.,  died  at  Boston 
May  9,  1737,  aged  100. 

JEFFERSON,  PETER,  father  of  Thomas  Jef 
ferson,  died  Aug.  17,  1757,  aged  49.  He  was 
born  at  Osborne's  in  Chesterfield,  Va.,  in  1708, 
and  married  in  1739  Jane  Randolph,  daughter 
of  Isham  Randolph,  of  Goochland.  He  was 
chosen,  with  Prof.  Fry  of  William  and  Mary  col 
lege,  to  continue  the  boundary  line  between  Vir 
ginia  and  North  Carolina.  He  was  employed  by 
Mr.  Fry  to  make  the  first  map  of  Virginia. 
About  the  year  1737  he  settled  at  Shadwell,  near 
Monticello,  being  the  third  or  fourth  settler  in 
that  part  of  Virginia.  His  wife,  who  lived  till 
17 70,  survived  him,  with  six  daughters  and  two 
sons.  To  his  eldest  son,  Thomas,  he  left  an  es 
tate  at  Monticello.  The  ancestor  came  from 
Wales,  near  the  mountain  of  Snowden. — Jef- 
ferson''s  Writings. 

JEFFERSON,  THOMAS,  president  of  the 
United  States,  died  July  4,  1826,  aged  83.  He 
was  the  son  of  Peter  J.,  and  was  born  at  Shad- 
well,  Albermarle  county,  near  Monticello,  in  Va., 
April  2,  1713.  His  mother  was  Jane  Randolph. 
His  early  education  was  conducted  by  Mr.  Doug 
las  and  Mr.  Maury,  clergymen.  In  1760  he  went 


JEFFERSON. 


471 


to  William  and  Mary  college,  where  he  continued 
two  years.  He  derived  great  benefit  from  the  in 
structions  of  William  Small,  professor  of  mathe 
matics,  and  afterwards  lecturer  on  ethics,  rhetoric, 
and  belles  lettres.  By  his  kindness  he  was  placed 
as  a  student  of  law  at  Williamsburg  under  his 
intimate  friend,  George  Wythe.  In  1767  he 
entered  upon  the  practice  of  the  law  at  the  bar  of 
the  general  court.  In  1769  he  became  a  member 
of  the  legislature  for  the  county  of  his  residence, 
and  so  continued  till  the  Revolution.  Jan.,  1772, 
he  married  Martha  Skelton,  widow  of  Bathurst 
Skclton,  and  daughter  of  John  Wales,  a  lawyer 
of  much  practice.  By  her  he  received  property 
about  equal  to  his  own  patrimony. 

In  May,  1769,  he  was  a  member  of  the  house 
of  burgesses.  In  the  spring  of  1773.  he,  with 
Mr.  Henry,  R.  H.  Lee,  F.  L.  Lee,  and  Dabney 
Carr,  his  brother-in-law,  at  a  private  meeting, 
agreed  upon  certain  patriotic  resolutions,  which 
were  adopted  by  the  house,  and  a  committee  of 
correspondence  with  the  other  colonies  was  ac 
cordingly  appointed,  of  which  Peyton  Randolph, 
the  speaker,  was  made  chairman.  At  this  period 
Mr.  J.  maintained  the  opinion,  in  which  Wythe 
agreed  with  him,  that  the  British  parliament  had 
no  authority  whatever  over  America.  His  views 
were  printed  with  the  title,  "  A  summary  view  of 
the  Rights  of  British  America."  It  was  reprinted, 
a  little  altered,  by  Mr.  Burke,  as  an  opposition 
paper  in  England.  The  other  Virginia  patriots, 
Randolph,  the  Lees,  Nicholas,  and  Pendleton, 
concurred  with  John  Dickinson,  who  allowed 
that  England  had  a  right  to  regulate  our  com 
merce  and  to  lay  duties  for  regulation  but  not  for 
revenue. 

He  took  his  seat  in  congress  June  21,  1775,  in 
the  place  of  Peyton  Randolph,  who  had  been  re 
called  to  the  general  assembly  of  Virginia.  He 
took  with  him  the  answer  of  the  assemby,  drawn 
up  by  himself,  to  the  conciliatory  propositions  of 
Lord  North.  In  congress  he  was  immediately 
placed  on  the  committee  to  prepare  a  declaration 
of  the  causes  for  taking  up  arms.  He  accordingly 
drew  up  a  paper ;  but  it  not  being  deemed  suffi 
ciently  conciliatory,  he  put  it  into  the  hands  of 
Mr.  Dickinson,  who  was  also  on  the  committee ; 
and  he  drew  up  the  declaration  which  was 
adopted,  retaining  only  of  Mr.  Jefferson's  the 
four  last  paragraphs  and  half  the  preceding. 
Mr.  Dickinson  also  drew  up  the  second  petition 
to  the  king,  which  Mr.  Jefferson  thought  expressed 
too  much  humility.  In  July,  Mr.  Jefferson  drew 
up  the  report  on  Lord  North's  conciliatory  reso 
lution.  May  15,  1776,  the  convention  of  Virginia 
instructed  their  delegates  to  propose  in  congress 
a  Declaration  of  Independence.  Accordingly 
Friday,  June  7,  R.  H.  Lee  made  the  motion  for 
the  Declaration  of  Independence.  In  the  debate 
which  followed,  it  was  argued  by  Wilson,  R.  R. 


472 


JEFFERSON. 


JEFFERSON. 


Livingston,  E.  Ilutlcdge,  Dickinson,  and  others, 
that  the  measure,  though  ultimately  to  be  adopted, 
was  yet  now  precipitate,  and  for  various  reasons 
ought  to  be  deferred.  On  the  other  hand  the 
measure  was  supported  by  J.  Adams,  Lee,  Wythe, 
and  others.  Of  the  thirteen  States,  all  but  four 
voted  for  the  motion  on  the  1st  July,  in  committee 
of  the  whole.  South  Carolina  and  Penn.  voted 
against  it.  Delaware  was  equally  divided.  The 
delegates  from  New  York,  though  in  favor  of  the 
motion,  were  excused  from  voting,  being  restrained 
by  their  old  instructions.  The  committee  reported 
their  resolution  to  the  house.  July  2,  the  house 
agreed  to  the  resolution  of  the  committee,  all  the 
States  but  New  York  voting  for  it,  South  Caro 
lina  falling  in  for  the  sake  of  unanimity,  and  the 
new  members  turned  the  votes  of  Delaware  and 
Pennsylvania.  On  the  day  of  this  vote  the  form 
of  the  Declaration  reported,  drawn  up  by  Mr. 
Jefferson,  was  taken  into  consideration  by  the  com 
mittee  of  the  whole.  The  debates  continued  till 
Thursday  the  4th,  in  the  evening,  when  the  De 
claration  was  reported  by  the  committee  of  the 
whole,  agreed  to  by  the  house,  and  signed  by 
every  member  present,  except  Mr.  Dickinson. 
July  9,  the  convention  of  New  York  approved  of 
the  declaration,  and  their  delegates  signed  July 
15th.  There  was  no  sub-committeee  for  drawing 
up  the  Declaration,  though  Mr.  Jefferson  showed 
it  to  Dr.  Franklin  and  Mr.  Adams,  who  suggested 
a  few  slight  alterations.  The  other  members  of 
the  committee  were  R.  Sherman  and  It.  R.  Liv 
ingston.  Several  paragraphs  were  struck  out  by 
congress,  among  which  was  the  following  :  "  lie 
has  waged  cruel  war  against  human  nature  itself, 
violating  its  most  sacred  rights  of  life  and  liberty 
in  the  persons  of  a  distant  people,  who  never 
offended  him,  captivating  and  carrying  them  into 
slavery  in  another  hemisphere,  or  to  incur  miser 
able  death  in  their  transportation  thither.  This 
piratical  warfare,  the  opprobrium  of  infidel  power's, 
is  the  warfare  of  the  CHRISTIAN  king  of  Great 
Britain.  Determined  to  keep  open  a  market 
where  MEN  should  be  bought  and  sold,  he  has 
prostituted  his  negative  for  suppressing  every  leg 
islative  attempt  to  prohibit  or  restrain  this  exe 
crable  commerce."  Mr.  Jefferson  supposed  that 
this  clause  was  struck  out  in  complaisance  to 
South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  who  wished  to  con 
tinue  the  importation  of  slaves,  and  that  the 
northern  carriers  also  felt  a  little  tender  under 
that  censure. 

This  declaration  was  engrossed  on  parchment 
and  signed  again  Aug.  2d.  The  convention  of 
Pennsylvania  named  a  new  delegation  July  2Qth, 
leaving  out  Mr.  Dickinson,  and  Willing,  and 
Humphreys,  who  had  withdrawn,  re-appointing  the 
three  members,  who  had  signed, — Morris,  who 
had  not  been  present,  and  five  new  ones,  Rush, 
Clymer,  Smith,  Taj  lor,  and  Ross.  These  six  were 


permitted  to  sign,  as  indicating  the  assent  of  the 
full  delegation.  Thornton,  of  New  Hampshire, 
signed  as  late  as  Nov.  4th,  for  reasons  unknown. 

Mr.  Jefferson  retired  from  congress  Sept.  2, 
1776,  and  took  his  seat  in  the  legislature  of  Vir 
ginia  Oct.  7th.  He  drew  up  the  bill  for  the  estab 
lishment  of  courts  of  justice;  the  bill  declaring 
tenants  in  tail  to  hold  their  lands  in  fee  simple  ; 
the  bill  for  religious  freedom  ;  the  bill  for  the  re 
vision  of  the  laws,  in  regard  to  which  the  com 
mittee  were  Pendleton,  Wythe,  Mason,  Thomas 
L.  Lee,  and  himself.  The  work  was  done  by  Pen 
dleton,  Wythe,  and  Jefferson,  from  1777  to  June, 
1779.  Mr.  Jefferson  also  proposed  a  bill  for  gen 
eral  education,  providing  schools  for  every  hundred 
or  ward,  and  twenty-four  higher  schools,  etc. 
June  1,  1779,  he  was  appointed  governor,  as  suc 
cessor  of  Mr.  Henry.  As  one  of  the  visitors  of 
William  and  Mary  college,  he  procured  the  abol 
ishment  of  the  professorships  of  divinity  and  ori 
ental  languages,  and  substituted  those  of  law,  of 
anatomy,  medicine,  and  chemistry,  and  of  modern 
languages.  After  being  governor  two  years, 
thinking  that  at  the  time  of  invasion  the  public 
might  have  more  confidence  in  a  military  chief 
magistrate,  he  resigned,  and  Gen.  Nelson  was  ap 
pointed  to  succeed  him. 

In  Sept.,  1776,  the  state  of  his  family  induced 
him  to  decline  the  appointment  then  made,  of 
commissioner,  with  Franklin  and  Deane,  to  nego 
tiate  treaties  with  France.  Dr.  Lee  was  appointed 
in  his  place.  He  was  appointed  on  the  commis 
sion  for  peace  June,  1781,  but  the  state  of  his 
family  again  kept  him  at  home.  He  was  again 
appointed  minister  plenipotentiary,  with  others, 
for  negotiating  peace,  Nov.  13,  1782.  This  he 
accepted,  having  two  months  before  lost  the  cher 
ished  companion  of  his  life,  with  whom  he  had 
passed  "  ten  years  in  uncheckered  happiness." 
But  before  he  could  sail  for  England  news  was 
received  of  the  signing  of  a  provisional  treaty  of 
peace.  He  therefore  was  excused  from  further 
proceeding,  and  returned  home  May,  1783.  He 
took  his  seat  at  Trenton  Nov.  4th,  in  congress, 
which  adjourned  the  same  day  to  Annapolis.  In 
1784  he  wrote  notes  on  the  establishment  of  a 
money-unit,  and  of  a  coinage  for  the  United 
States,  in  opposition  to  the  views  of  Robert  Mor 
ris,  the  financier,  or  of  his  assistant,  Governeur 
Morris.  He  proposed  the  money-system  now  in 
use.  To  him  we  are  indebted  for  the  dollar  as  the 
unit,  and  the  very  conveiiient  decimal  divisions, 
and  our  present  pieces  of  coin.  This  was  an  im 
portant  service. 

As  a  member  of  congress  Mr.  Jefferson  made 
few  speeches.  He  remarks  :  "  I  served  with  Gen. 
Washington  in  the  legislature  of  Virginia  before 
the  Revolution,  and,  during  it,  with  Dr.  Franklin 
in  congress.  I  never  heard  either  of  them  speak 
ten  minutes  at  a  time,  nor  to  any  but  the  main 


JEFFERSON. 

point,  which  was  to  decide  the  question.  They 
laid  their  shoulders  to  the  great  points,  knowing 
that  the  little  ones  would  follow  of  themselves. 
If  the  present  congress  CITS  in  too  much  talking, 
how  can  it  be  otherwise  in  a  body  to  which  the 
people  send  one  hundred  and  fifty  lawyers,  whose 
trade  is  to  question  everything,  yield  nothing,  and 
talk  by  the  hour?" 

In  May,  1784,  he  was  appointed,  with  Adams 
and  Franklin,  a  minister  plenipotentiary  to  nego 
tiate  treaties  of  commerce  with  foreign  nations. 
He  sailed  from  Boston  with  his  eldest  daughter, 
July  5,  in  the  Ceres,  a  merchant  ship.  After  a 
pleasant  voyage  of  nineteen  days  from  land  to 
land,  he  arrived  at  Cowcs  July  26,  and  at  Paris 
Aug.  6th.  He  now  printed  his  Notes  on  Virginia, 
for  which  he  had  been  collecting  information  since 
1781.  Dr.  Franklin  having  returned  in  July, 
1785,  Mr.  Jefferson  was  appointed  his  successor 
at  Paris,  in  which  station  he  continued  till  he 
solicited  his  recall  in  1789,  in  order  to  place 
his  daughters  in  the  society  of  their  friends.  He 
arrived  at  Norfolk  Nov.  23.  While  at  Eppington, 
in  Chesterfield,  at  the  residence  of  Mr.  Eppes,  he 
received  from  President  Washington  the  appoint 
ment  of  secretary  of  State.  At  Monticello  his 
eldest  daughter  was  married  to  Tho.  M.  Ran 
dolph,  the  eldest  son  of  the  Tuckahoe  branch  of 
Randolphs,  afterwards  governor  of  Virginia.  He 
arrived  at  New  York  March  21,  1790,  and  en 
tered  upon  the  duties  of  his  office.  On  his  way 
he  saw  for  the  last  time  the  venerable  Franklin, 
who  put  into  his  hands  a  narrative  of  his  negoti 
ations  with  the  British  ministry,  by  the  interven 
tion  of  Lord  Howe  and  his  sister.  This  paper 
Mr.  J.  delivered  to  W.  T.  Franklin  after  Frank 
lin's  death.  He  apprehended  it  was  suppressed 
by  the  British  government,  and  not  published  by 
his  grandson.  In  the  office  of  secretary  of  State 
Mr.  Jefferson  continued  till  the  close  of  Dec.,  1793, 
when  he  resigned.  lie  was  opposed  to  the  funding 
system  and  other  measures  of  the  administration, 
and  became  the  head  of  the  republican  party. 

In  a  letter  to  Gen.  Knox,  Aug.  10,  1791,  he 
maintained,  "  that  the  Indians  have  a  right  to  the 
occupation  of  their  lands,  independent  of  the 
States  within  whose  chartered  limits  they  happen 
to  be  ;  "  that  without  their  consent  "  no  act  of  a 
State  can  give  a  right  to  such  lands;"  and  that 
government  will  think  itself  bound  to  remove  un 
allowed  settlements  "  by  the  public  force." 

In  his  retirement  at  Monticello  Mr.  J.  says,  in 
Feb.,  1794  :  "  I  indulge  myself  in  one  particular 
topic  only ;  that  is,  in  declaring  to  my  countrymen 
the  shameless  corruption  of  a  portion  of  the  rep 
resentatives  of  the  first  and  second  congress,  and 
their  implicit  devotion  to  the  treasury." 

On  some  appointment  being  offered  him  by 
Washington,  in  Sept.,  1794,  he  replied  to  the  sec 
retary,  "  No  circumstances  will  ever  more  tempt 
60 


JEFFERSON. 


473 


me  to  engage  in  anything  public."  To  Mr.  Mad 
ison,  in  Dec.,  1794,  he  expressed  a  hope  that  his 
friend  might  reach  a  more  splendid  post,  —  that 
of  president  of  the  United  States ;  adding,  "  I 
ought,  perhaps,  to  say,  while  I  would  not'give  up 
my  own  retirement  for  the  empire  of  the  universe, 
how  I  can  justify  wishing  one,  whose  happiness  I 
have  so  much  at  heart  as  yours,  to  take  the  front 
of  the  battle  which  is  fighting  for  my  security." 
April  27,  he  wrote  to  Mr.  Madison  on  the  subject 
of  a  republican  candidate  for  president :  "  There 
is  not  another  person  in  the  United  States,  who, 
being  placed  at  the  helm  of  our  affairs,  my  mind 
would  be  so  completely  at  rest  for  the  fortune  of 
our  political  bark.  As  to  myself,  the  subject  had 
been  thoroughly  weighed  and  decided  on,  and  my 
retirement  from  office  had  been  meant  from  all 
office,  high  or  low,  without  exception." 

Mr.  Jefferson  was  chosen  vice-president  at  the 
close  of  1796.  Just  before  the  election  he  wrote 
to  Mr.  Madison, Dec.  17  :  "The  first  wish  of  my 
heart  was,  that  you  should  have  been  proposed 
for  the  administration  of  the  government.  On 
your  declining  it,  I  wish  anybody  rather  than  my 
self;  and  there  is  nothing  I  so  anxiously  hope,  as 
that  my  name  may  come  out  either  second  or 
third."  In  case  of  an  equal  division,  he  expressed 
a  wish  that  congress  would  choose  Mr.  Adams. 
To  E.  Rutledge  he  also  wrote,  Dec.  27  :  "I  retired 
much  poorer  than  when  I  entered  the  public  ser 
vice,  and  desired  nothing  but  rest  and  oblivion. 
My  name,  however,  was  again  brought  forward 
without  concert  or  expectation  on  my  part  (on  my 
salvation  I  declare  it).  I  do  not  yet  know  the  re 
sult,  as  a  matter  of  fact." 

Mr.  Jefferson  was  chosen  president  by  congress 
in  Feb.,  1801,  he  and  Mr.  Burr  having  an  equal 
number  of  the  electoral  votes.  In  this  high  office 
he  continued  eight  years,  retiring  in  1809  to  Mon 
ticello.  There  he  passed  the  remainder  of  his 
days,  yet  devoting  the  last  years  of  his  life  to  the 
establishment  of  the  university  of  Virginia  at 
Charlottcsville,  about  four  miles  from  Monticello. 
He  died  on  the  4th  of  July,  just  fifty  years  from 
the  date  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  On 
the  same  day,  it  is  remarkable  that  Mr.  Adams 
also  died.  In  the  short  intervals  of  delirium  in 
his  last  hours  he  seemed  to  dwell  on  the  events 
of  the  Revolution.  He  exclaimed,  "  Warn  the 
committee  to  be  on  their  guard ! "  For  the  most 
part,  during  the  last  days  of  his  life,  his  reason 
was  undisturbed.  He  expressed  the  anxious  wish 
that  he  might  see  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  Inde 
pendence.  In  a  private  memorandum  he  sug 
gested  that,  if  a  monument  should  be  erected,  it 
should  be  a  small  granite  obelisk,  with  this  in 
scription  :  "  Here  lies  buried  Thomas  Jefferson, 
author  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  of 
the  statutes  of  Virginia  for  religious  freedom,  and 
father  of  the  university  of  Virginia."  The  young- 


474 


JEFFERSON. 


JEFFREIS. 


est  daughter  of  Mr.  J.,  who  married  Mr.  Eppcs, 
died  about  May,  1804,  leaving  two  children.  His 
eldest  daughter,  Martha,  married  to  Mr.  Ran 
dolph,  was  left  with  eleven  children.  He  was  an 
extensive  farmer.  He  had  three  hundred  and 
fifty  acres  of  corn,  as  many  of  clover,  and  the 
same  of  potatoes,  beans,  and  peas;  yet  there 
were  much  greater  Virginia  planters.  Some 
plantations  were  of  five  thousand  acres.  One 
master  had  seven  hundred  miserable  slaves  toiling 
for  his  profit. 

Not  long  before  his  death  Mr.  Jefferson  wrote 
an  essay  on  lotteries,  and  solicited  permission  of 
the  legislature  to  sell  his  property  at  its  just 
value  by  lottery,  that  he  might  be  able  to  pay  his 
debts.  A  lottery  was  granted  Feb.,  1826.  It  was 
a  humiliating  expedient,  for,  undeniably,  all  lot 
teries  exert  a  most  baneful,  corrupting  influence 
on  the  morals  of  the  people,  and  several  of  our 
States  have  on  this  account  interdicted  them. 
Relief  by  public  charity  would  have  been  no  dis 
honor  ;  but  the  request  of  a  lottery  is  no  credit  to 
his  philanthropy.  His  library  was  purchased  by 
congress  in  1815,  G,000  vols.  for  24,000  dollars.  " 

Mr.  Jefferson  was  tall,  with  a  mild  countenance, 
a  light  complexion,  and  hair  inclined  to  red.  He 
was  interesting  in  social  intercourse,  but  not  elo 
quent  in  debate.  As  the  head  of  a  political  sect 
he  had  a  greater  sway  than  ever  any  man  had  in 
this  country,  excepting  Washington.  For  the  ac 
complishment  of  his  objects  he  spared  no  personal 
efforts  or  pecuniary  sacrifices.  He  wrote  nothing 
for  the  newspapers  himself;  but  in  Jan.,  1799,  he 
stimulated  E.  Pendleton  to  write  against  Adams' 
administration,  and  in  February  he  wrote  to  Mr. 
Madison  :  "  The  engine  is  the  press.  Every 
man  must  lay  his  purse  and  his  pen  under  con 
tribution.  As  to  the  former,  it  is  possible  I  may 
be  obliged  to  assume  something  for  you.  As  to 
the  latter,  let  me  pray  and  beseech  you  to  set 
apart  a  certain  portion  of  every  post  day  to  write 
what  may  be  proper  for  the  public.  Send  it  to 
me."  In  the  result  he  obtained  the  office  of  pres 
ident.  He  kept  his  friends,  for  he  never  aban 
doned  them  and  gave  them  all  the  rewards  in 
his  power. 

The  blindness  of  Mr.  J.  on  the  subject  of  re 
ligion,  while  deeply  lamented  by  the  admirers  of 
his  talents,  is  only  a  new  proof  that  "  the  wisdom 
of  this  world  is  foolishness  with  God."  He  seems 
to  have  believed  that  God  is  a  material  being, 
for  his  words  are  in  letter  154  :  "  To  say  that 
the  human  soul,  angels,  God  are  immaterial, 
is  to  say  that  they  are  nothings,  or  that  there 
is  no  God,  no  angels,  no  soul."  —  "When  once 
we  quit  the  basis  of  sensation,  all  is  in  the 
wind."  Yet  he  believed,  that  after  depositing  his 
material  body  in  the  grave,  he  should  "  ascend  in 
essence,"  and  be  a  "  looker-on  from  the  clouds 
above."  His  ignorance  of  the  disclosures  made 


in  the  gospel,  —  to  say  nothing  of  his  setting  him 
self  up,  like  Mahomet,  as  a  rival  teacher,  in  the 
comparison  which  he  makes  between  his  own 
doctrine  and  that  of  Jesus  Christ, — ought  not  to 
be  overlooked  :  "  I  am  a  materialist ;  He  takes 
the  side  of  spiritualism.  lie  preaches  the  efficacy 
of  repentance  towards  the  forgiveness  of  sin ;  I 
require  a  counterpoise  of  good  works  to  redeem 
it,"  &c.,  (letter  151).  Any  person,  acquainted 
with  the  instructions  of  Jesus,  any  child  in  a  Sun 
day  school,  would  have  told  the  philosopher  that 
repentance  means  a  real  change  of  character,  im 
plying  the  performance  of  good  works,  and  that 
Jesus  required  men  to  bring  forth  "  fruits  meet 
for  repentance." 

It  appears  most  clearly  from  his  letters,  that 
Mr.  J.  was  a  contemner  of  the  religion  of  the 
gospel.  The  amount  of  his  faith  seems  to  have 
been,  that  there  is  a  God,  and  that  there  will  be 
a  future  state  of  retribution.  The  standard  of 
duty,  in  his  view,  was  reason  or  instinctive  moral 
sense,  not  the  Bible.  He  did  not  consider  how 
easily,  by  strong  passion  and  the  practice  of  evil, 
conscience  is  blinded  and  seared,  and  how  neces 
sary  religious  instruction  is  to  preserve  the  power 
of  the  moral  sense.  This  philosopher  imagined 
that  he  found  in  the  gospel,  among  many  passa 
ges  of  correct  morality,  "  Much  untruth,  charla 
tanism,  and  imposture,"  and  he  regarded  Paul 
as  the  chief  of  "  the  band  of  dupes  and  impos 
tors,"  and  the  "  first  corrupter  of  the  doctrines  of 
Jesus."  And  so  he  gravely  attempts  "  to  winnow 
the  grain  from  the  chaff."  He  speaks  of  the  min 
isters  of  the  gospel  of  various  sects  thus  :  "  We 
have  most  unwisely  committed  to  the  hicrophants 
of  our  particular  superstition  the  direction  of 
public  opinion,  that  lord  of  the  universe.  We 
have  given  them  stated  and  privileged  days  to 
collect  and  catechise  us,  opportunities  of  deliver 
ing  their  oracles  to  the  people  in  mass,"  &c.  With 
these  views  of  the  gospel,  he,  of  course,  when  he 
died,  could  not  be  cheered  with  the  hopes  which 
are  founded  upon  a  belief  that  Jesus  Christ  was 
the  son  of  God.  There  is  no  Christian  on  the 
earth,  who  would  die  as  he  died.  lie  published 
summary  view  of  the  rights  of  British  America, 
2d.  edit.,  1774;  declaration  of  independence, 
1776;  notes  on  Virginia,  1781;  manual  of  parlia 
mentary  practice,  for  the  use  of  the  senate ;  life 
of  Capt.  Lewis,  1814;  some  papers  in  American 
philosophical  transactions,  IV.  His  works,  chiefly 
letters,  were  published  by  his  grandson,  Thomas 
Jefferson  Randolph,  4  vols.,  8vo.,  1829. 

JEFFRIES,  JOUN,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  died 
Sept.  16,  1819,  aged  75.  lie  was  the  son  of  Da 
vid  Jeffries,  and  was  born  in  Boston  Feb.  5,  1744. 
After  graduating  at  Harvard  college  in  l7Go,  he 
studied  physic  with  Dr.  Lloyd,  and  afterwards  at 
tended  the  medical  schools  of  Great  Britain. 
From  1771  to  1774  he  was  the  surgeon  of  a  ship 


JENIFER. 

of  the  line,  lying  in  Boston  harbor.  His  services 
were  required  by  the  British  commander  for  the 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Bunker  hill.  Having 
accompanied  the  British  garrison  to  Halifax  in 
177G,  he  was  appointed  surgeon-general  to  the 
forces  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  also  apothecary-gen 
eral.  He  went  to  England  in  1779,  and  being 
appointed  surgeon-major  to  the  forces  in  America, 
he  repaired  to  Charleston  and  New  York.  At 
the  close  of  1780  he  resigned  and  commenced 
the  practice  of  his  profession  in  London.  Janu 
ary  7,  1785,  he  crossed  the  British  channel  from 
Dover  to  the  forest  of  Guincs  in  a  balloon.  This 
exploit  procured  him  many  friends  in  Paris  and 
London.  But  in  1790  he  was  induced  to  resume 
his  profession  in  his  native  country  and  town. 
He  kept  for  more  than  forty  years  a  medical  and 
surgical  diary.  An  inflammation,  originating  in 
a  hernia,  which  was  caused  by  his  efforts  in  his 
first  aerial  voyage  in  1784,  caused  his  death.  He 
published  a  narrative  of  his  two  aerial  voyages, 
London,  '1 786.—  Thachcr,  316-324. 

JENIFER,  DANIEL,  died  at  Port  Tobacco,  Md., 
Dec.  25,  1855,  at  an  advanced  age,  a  respected 
and  honored  citizen.  He  was  minister  to  Aus 
tria,  appointed  by  Harrison. 

JENISON,  SILAS  H.,  governor  of  Vermont,  died 
in  Shoreham  in  1849,  an  esteemed  and  valuable 
citizen. 

JENKS,  JOSEPH,  governor  of  Rhode  Island, 
was  the  son  of  Joseph  J.  of  Pawtuckct,  who  built 
there  the  first  house,  and  grandson  of  Joseph  J., 
a  blacksmith,  who  came  from  England  to  Lynn 
about  1045,  and  died  in  1683.  He  was  born  in 
105G  ;  was  governor,  after  Cranston,  from  1727 
to  1732;  and  died  June  15,  1740,  aged  83.  His 
brother,  William,  a  judge,  died  in  1765,  aged  90; 
his  brother,  Ebenezcr,  was  a  minister  at  Provi 
dence.  Gov.  J.  was  a  member  of  the  Baptist 
church  and  a  zealous  Christian.  His  skeleton 
was  disinterred  at  Pawtucket  in  July,  1831,  and 
after  ninety-one  years  was  found  nearly  entire. 
His  thigh  bones  measured  eighteen  inches.  He 
was  the  tallest  man  in  Rhode  Island,  standing 
seven  feet  two  inches  without  his  shoes. 

JENKINS,  JOHN,  a  teacher  of  the  art  of  pen 
manship,  died  at  Wilmington,  Delaware,  in  Oct., 
1822,  aged  67.  He  was  formerly  of  Boston.  He 
published  the  art  of  writing  reduced  to  a  plain 
and  easy  system  on  a  plan  entirely  new,  second 
edition,  1813.  He  was  the  first  who  reduced  the 
art  to  a  system.  WrifFord,  Dean,  Townes  and 
Carstairs  followed  his  analysis.  His  book  re 
ceived  the  most  ample  testimonials  to  its  une 
qualled  excellence  from  many  distinguished  men. 

JENKINS,  CHARLES,  minister  of  Portland, 
Maine,  died  Dec.  29,  1831,  aged  45.  He  was 
born  in  Barre,  Mass.,  in  1786,  and  was  graduated 
at  Williams  college  in  1813.  He  was  afterwards 


JENNISON. 


475 


preceptor  of  the  academy  at  Westfield  ;  in  1816 
he  was  appointed  tutor  at  the  college ;  he  was  set 
tled  in  the  ministry  at  Greenfield,  Mass.,  in  1820, 
and  installed  at  Portland,  as  the  minister  of  the 
third  congregational  society,  in  1825.  After  a 
short  illness  he  died  of  the  prevailing  influenza. 
He  was  highly  esteemed  and  exerting  a  most  im 
portant  and  beneficial  influence,  when  he  was  re 
moved  from  life.  His  mind  was  of  an  original 
cast  and  very  fertile  and  vigorous.  With  a  rich 
poetical  fancy,  he  gave  an  interest  to  the  subjects 
of  his  discussion.  Sometimes,  however,  he  failed 
in  simplicity  of  style  and  in  adapting  his  method 
of  instruction  sufficiently  to  the  understandings 
of  minds  less  elevated  than  his  own.  With  some 
defect  of  this  kind,  which  is  to  be  ascribed  in  part 
to  his  very  originality,  he  was  yet  a  most  faithful 
and  useful  preacher,  and  made  himself  under 
stood  in  the  hearts  of  the  hypocritical  and  the 
sinful.  Disregarding  the  world's  applause,  he 
steadily  pursued  the  path  of  duty,  declaring  the 
whole  counsel  of  God,  and  seeking  in  every  way 
to  advance  the  power  of  the  gospel.  He  pub 
lished  three  sermons  on  the  obligations,  duties, 
and  blessings  of  the  Sabbath,  with  remarks  on 
the  report  in  congress  on  Sabbath  mails,  1830 ; 
a  sermon  on  the  elevated  nature  of  true  piety,  in 
the  national  preacher,  Dec.,  1831.  A  volume  of 
his  sermons  was  published  after  his  death.  — 
Christian  Mirror,  Jan.  5,  1832. 

JENKINS,  SAMUEL,  died  at  Lancaster,  Ohio, 
Feb.  4,  1849,  aged  115.  Born  in  1734,  the  slave 
of  Capt.  Broadwater,  of  Fairfax  county,  Va.,  he 
drove  a  wagon  in  Braddock's  campaign.  He  had 
been  free  forty  years. 

JENKS,  DANIEL,  chief  justice  of  Providence 
county  court,  R.  I.,  died  in  July,  1774,  aged  72. 
Born  in  Pawtucket,  he  was  judge  nearly  tliirty 
years  ;  and  from  his  youth  a  member  of  a  Baptist 
church. 

JENNER,  THOMAS,  a  preacher  at  Weymouth 
and  elsewhere,  was  admitted  a  freeman  in  1636, 
and  was  a  representative  in  1640.  He  was  the 
minister  of  W.  from  1636  to  1640. 

JENNESS,  RICHARD,  died  at  Deerficld,  K  H., 
in  1819,  aged  73.  He  was  a  senator  and  a  judge 
of  the  common  pleas. 

JENNLNGS,  OBADIAH,  D.  D.,  minister  at  Nash 
ville,  Tenn.,  died  Jan.  12,  1832,  aged  52. 

JENNINGS,  JONATHAN,  the  first  governor  of 
Indiana,  died  near  Charlestown,  July,  1835.  He 
had  been  a  member  of  congress. 

JENNLNGS,  SAMUEL  K.,  M.  D.,  died  at  Bal 
timore  in  Oct.,  1854,  aged  84.  He  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Methodist  church,  and  for 
years  a  professor  in  the  medical  college  of  Phila 
delphia. 

JENNISON,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  the  east 
church  in  Salem,  died  in  1750,  aged  45.  He 


476 


JEXXISOX. 


JOHX. 


graduated  at  Harvard  in  1724,  and  was  minister 
in  S.  from  1728  to  1736.  His  successors  were 
Diman,  Bentley,  and  Flint. 

JEXXISOX,  WILLIAM,  a  teacher,  died  in  Bos 
ton  Dec.  4,  1843,  aged  86.  He  was  a  graduate 
of  Harvard  in  1774,  and  was  once  a  teacher  in 
New  Brunswick,  Pa.,  and  La. 

JEXXISOX,  TIMOTHY  L.,  M.  D.,  died  at  Cam 
bridge  in  1845,  aged  about  82 ;  a  graduate  of 
1782. 

JEROME,  AMASA,  minister  of  Wadsworth, 
Ohio,  died  suddenly  at  Xew  Hartford,  Conn.,  in 
1832,  aged  57.  Born  at  Stockbridge,  Mass.,  he 
graduated  at  Williams  college  in  1798,  and  was 
settled  at  Xew  Hartford  in  1802,  whence  after 
eleven  years  he  was  dismissed  on  account  of  ill 
health.  —  ftprayues  Annals. 

JEWETT,  JEDIDIAII,  minister  of  Rowley,  died 
in  1774,  aged  68.  Born  in  11.,  he  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1726,  and  settled  over  the  first 
church  in  1729  as  the  successor  of  Edward  Pay- 
son.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination 
of  Y).  Tappan. 

JEWETT,  DAVID,  minister  of  Montville, 
Conn.,  died  in  1783,  aged  66.  He  was  a  native 
of  Rowley,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1736  ;  or 
dained  Oct.  3,  1739,  just  seventeen  years  from 
the  installation  of  James  Hillhouse.  Montville 
was  then  Xew  London,  second  church.  He  was 
an  accomplished  gentleman,  a  good  scholar,  and 
an  eloquent  preacher.  During  his  ministry  one 
hundred  and  twenty-nine  were  added  to  the  church ; 
also  twenty-one  Indians  living  at  Mohegan  within 
the  town  of  Montville,  whose  names  were  nearly 
all  as  follows  :  Cyrus  and  wife,  widow  Shokket, 
Sarah  Junco,  Lucy  Juneo,  Henry  Cochquid,  Joshua 
Xoncsuch,  Hannah  Xonesuch,  Andrew  Tantapan, 
Joe  Tanner,  Betty  Occom,  Lizzy  Ximrod,  Lucy 
Cochegun,  John  Xinnipoome,  Sarah  Occom,  Anne 
Uncas,  Hannah  Cooper,  Sam  Ashpo.  After  1740 
Ashpo  set  up  a  separate  worship  at  Mohegan ; 
other  Indian  preachers  folloAved  him,  the  last  of 
whom  was  John  Cooper.  Occom  preached  to 
this  church. 

Immediately  after  the  death  of  Mr.  Jewctt's 
son,  Dr.  David  H.  Jewett,  in  1814  there  was  a 
revival,  in  which  sixty  were  in  a  few  months  added 
to  the  church.  May  6,  1823,  the  meeting-house, 
standing  on  Raymond  hill,  was  struck  by  light 
ning  and  two  persons  were  killed.  There  soon 
followed  a  great  revival,  in  which  one  hundred 
persons  were  added  to  the  church  in  one  year. 

JEWETT,  DAVID,  minister  of  Rockport,  Mass., 
died  at  the  house  of  his  son-in-law,  Rev.  Mr. 
Whitney,  at  Waltham  July  14,  1841,  aged  nearly 
68.  Born  in  Hollis,N.  H.,  he  graduated  at  Dart 
mouth  in  1801,  and  was  settled  successor  of  E. 
Cleaveland  Oct.  30,  1805.  His  faithful  and  suc 
cessful  labors  continued  thirty-one  years,  when 
from  ill  health  he  resigned  his  office.  His  church 


increased  from  ten  members  to  more  than  two 
hundred  and  fifty.  Amidst  a  flood  of  Universalism 
and  Unitarianism,  which  overflowed  cape  Ann,  he 
was  the  instrument  in  Providence  of  saving  his 
church  from  being  wrecked ;  and  to  him  great  is 
the  debt  of  gratitude  from  the  Orthodox  church 
of  Gloucester  and  two  churches  of  Rockport.  A 
most  interesting  event  was  the  burial  of  his  re 
mains  at  R.  after  fifteen  years.  His  son,  William 
R.  Jewett  of  Plymouth,  X.  H.,  preached  the  ser 
mon  on  the  occasion,  July  13,  1856 ;  then  at  the 
grave  made  an  address,  which  was  responded  to 
on  the  part  of  the  people  by  Dr.  Benjamin  Has- 
kell.  His  widow,  who  was  Miss  Reed  of  Marble- 
head,  still  lives.  The  handsome  granite  monu 
ment  was  erected  at  the  expense  of  his  grateful 
people,  who  remembered  his  virtues  ;  and  he  now 
sleeps  in  the  midst  of  their  fathers,  his  former 
flock.  He  was  a  man  of  childlike  simplicity  and 
Christian  tenderness,  but  of  an  iron  purpose, 
resolute,  fearless,  unmovable. 

JEWETT,  THOMAS,  Dr.,  an  Infidel  reclaimed, 
died  in  Rindge,  N.  H.,  April  24,  1840,  aged  69. 
Until  seven  or  eight  years  before  his  death  he 
was  an  Infidel  and  Universalist ;  but  in  1833  he, 
out  of  regard  to  his  family,  burnt  his  Infidel 
books.  As  soon  as  his  last  book  was  in  ashes,  he 
felt,  for  the  first  time,  a  sense  of  guilt,  which  led 
him  to  accept  the  gospel.  He  died  in  peace. 
The  tract,  351,  "  the  Infidel  reclaimed,"  relates  to 
him.  In  his  sickness  he  talked  earnestly  with 
hundreds,  who  called  to  see  him.  Among  his 
last  words  were  these  :  "  All  is  light ;  I  seem  to 
look  right  into  heaven."  —  "  O,  the  joy  and  peace 
in  believing  !  "  —  "I  long  to  drink  of  the  water 
that  flows  from  God  and  the  Lamb." 

JEWETT,  JOSEPH,  colonel,  died  in  Ashburn- 
ham  May  3, 1846,  aged  85.  He  served  in  several 
campaigns  in  the  war  of  independence ;  his  life 
was  useful,  and  he  was  regarded  as  the  father  of 
the  town.  At  the  age  of  70  he  made  a  profes 
sion  of  his  faith  in  Christ. 

JEWETT,  ISAAC  A.,  died  in  Keene,  N.  H.,  in 
1853,  aged  44.  Born  in  Burlington,  Vt.,  he  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  in  1830,  and  was  a  lawyer  in 
Cincinnati  and  Xew  Orleans.  In  his  last  years 
he  lived  at  the  north.  He  published  passages  in 
foreign  travel,  2  vols. ;  and  wrote  letters  from  the 
West  Indies,  published  in  the  Christian  Register 
about  1850. 

JIM,  a  negro,  died  in  Shreveport  April  19, 
1856,  aged  124  years  and  nearly  4  months :  born 
a  slave  of  John  Carter  in  Fredcricksburg,  Va., 
Dec.  24,  1731. 

JOHX,  an  Indian  sagamore,  lived  at  Winne- 
simet  at  the  first  settlement  of  Boston  in  1630, 
and  was  one  of  the  principal  chiefs  of  the  Matta- 
chusetts.  He  was  courteous  and  friendly  to  the 
new  settlers,  and  endeavored  to  learn  their  lan 
guage.  In  1632  the  Tarratines  or  Eastern  Indians 


JOHN. 

wounded  him.  In  1633  he  and  most  of  his  peo 
ple  died  of  the  small  pox  :  he  said,  "  I  must  die, 
the  God  of  the  English  is  much  angry  with  me, 
and  will  destroy  me."  To  Mr.  Wilson,  who 
visited  him  in  his  sickness,  he  gave  his  son  to  be 
taught  the  Christian  religion.  —  2  Hist.  Coll.  III. 
127 ;  VI.  650. 

JOHN,  an  old  negro,  died  at  Washington  city 
April  8,  1838,  aged  115,  drowned  in  the  canal. 

JOIINES,  TIMOTHY,  D.  I).,  a  minister  in  Mor- 
ristown,  N.  J.,  fifty-three  years,  died  in  1794,  aged 
nearly  80.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1737. 
From  his  hand  Washington  received  the  sacra 
ment,  as  is  related  by  Sparks. 

JOIIXS,  JEHIEL,  died  in  Huntington,  Vt.,  Aug. 
12,  1840,  aged  85.  He  built  the  first  log  house 
in  II.,  and  brought  his  family  in  1786. 

JOHNSON,  ISAAC,  one  of  the  founders  of  Mas 
sachusetts,  was  a  native  of  Clipsham,  county  of 
llutland,  England,  and  arrived  at  Salem  June  12, 
1630,  with  Gov.  Winthrop  in  the  chief  ship  of 
the  fleet,  formerly  the  Eagle,  but  now  named  the 
Arbella  in  honor  of  his  wife.  In  July  he,  with 
the  governor  and  other  gentlemen,  proceeded  to 
Charlcstown.  July  30th  was  a  day  of  fasting,  and 
the  church  of  Boston  was  founded  at  Charles- 
town  ;  the  four  persons,  who  entered  into  cove 
nant  and  laid  the  foundation  of  the  church,  were 
Gov.  Winthrop,  Deputy-governor  Dudley,  Mr. 
Johnson,  and  Mr.  Wilson,  afterwards  the  minister. 
Five  more  were  added  August  1.  The  want  of 
good  water  at  Cliarlestown  induced  Mr.  Johnson 
and  others  to  remove  to  Shawmut,  or  Boston, 
where  was  "  an  excellent  spring."  In  August  his 
wife  died  at  Salem  :  for  an  account  of  her  sec  the 
next  article.  At  the  second  court  of  assistants 
in  Charlestown,  Sept.  7,  Mr.  Johnson  was  present. 
Boston  was  settled  under  his  conduct.  He  died 
there  on  Thursday,  Sept.  30,  1630.  "  He  was  a 
holy  man  and  wise,  and  died  in  sweet  peace ; 
leaving  part  of  his  substance  to  the  colony.  He 
made  a  most  godly  end ;  dying  willingly ;  pro 
fessing  his  life  better  spent  in  promoting  this 
plantation,  than  it  could  have  been  any  other 
way."  He  had  the  largest  estate  of  any  of  the 
settlers,  and  was  "  the  greatest  furtherer  of  this 
plantation."  His  lot  in  Boston  was  the  square 
between  Trcmont,  School,  and  Queen  streets  and 
Cornhill ;  and  he  was  buried  at  the  upper  end  of 
his  lot,  which  gave  occasion  for  the  first  burying- 
placc  to  be  laid  out  around  his  grave.  This  is 
now  called  the  stone  chapel  grave-yard.  His 
house  was  on  a  hill  near  Tremont  street.  — 
Prince,  318-333. 

JOHNSON,  ARBELLA,  wife  of  the  preceding, 
came  with  him  to  Salem  in  June,  1630,  and  died 
about  Aug.  30th,  probably  of  a  prevailing  infec 
tious  fever,  contracted  on  shipboard,  and  of  which 
many  died.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Thomas, 
third  earl  of  Lincoln,  who  died  in  1619,  and  sis- 


JOHNSON. 


477 


ter  of  Theophilus,  the  fourth  earl.  Her  sister, 
Frances,  married  John,  son  of  Sir  Ferdinando 
Gorges;  her  sister,  Susan,  married  John  Hum 
phrey.  She  has  been  usually  called  the  lady  Ar 
bella,  and  it  was  in  honor  of  her  that  the  admiral 
ship  of  Winthrop's  fleet,  before  called  the  Eagle, 
received  the  name  of  the  Arbella.  The  word, 
indeed,  by  Johnson,  Mather,  Neal,  Hutchinson, 
and  almost  all  our  historians,  excepting  Prince, 
has  been  written  Arabella.  Mr.  Savage,  in  his 
edition  of  Winthrop  in  1825,  has  insisted  upon 
the  propriety  of  following  Prince,  whose  accuracy 
is  unquestioned,  and  who,  doubtless,  in  the  man 
uscripts  of  which  he  made  use,  found  the  form 
Arbella,  as  printed  in  his  annals.  Mr.  Savage 
testifies  that  the  word  is  so  written  in  the  original 
note  of  the  meeting  of  the  assistants  on  board 
this  ship  ;  that  Winthrop  so  wrote  the  word,  and 
that  Gov.  Dudley  so  wrote  it  in  a  letter  to  the 
countess  of  Lincoln,  the  mother  of  the  lady.  I 
am  able  to  strengthen  the  cause  by  a  new  argu 
ment.  The  lady  Arbella  Johnson  was  probably 
named  after  the  lady  known  as  the  lady  Arabella 
Stuart,  who  died  in  the  tower  about  twenty  years 
before  the  settlement  of  Massachusetts.  In  re 
spect  to  her  name,  the  English  historians  gener 
ally  have  fallen  into  a  mistake.  Her  name  ought 
to  be  written  Arbella,  and  for  these  reasons : 
Echard  quotes  the  indictment  against  Raleigh, 
etc.,  for  sedition  and  "setting  up  the  lady  Ar 
bella  Stuart."  Thus  he  wrote  the  name,  and 
thus,  doubtless,  he  found  it  in  the  record.  More 
over,  some  years  ago,  in  examining  an  English 
book,  I  met  with  a  fac  simile  of  this  lady's  method 
of  writing  her  own  name  after  her  marriage  to 
Seymour,  and  the  copy  stands  thus :  "  Arbella 
Seymoure."  We  ought,  then,  to  be  satisfied,  that 
Arbella  was  the  name  of  Isaac  Johnson's  wife,  and 
the  name  on  the  stern  of  the  admiral  ship.  Shall 
we  now  so  write  the  name,  or  shall  we  accommo 
date  the  orthography  to  what  was  probably  the  pro 
nunciation  of  the  English,  who  now  give,  in  some 
cases,  a  peculiar  sound  to  the  letter  r,  which  we 
are  not  accustomed  to  give  ?  Can  we  hope  to  in 
duce  the  English  to  write  Arbella  Stuart  ?  Shall 
we  divide  into  the  two  belligerous  factions  of  Ar- 
bellans  and  Arabellans,  and  dispute,  like  the  the 
ologians  of  old,  about  a  single  letter  ?  Or  shall 
we  fall  in  with  the  modern  reformer,  who  stands 
up  for  the  primitive  writing,  and  dares  not  substi 
tute  custom  for  the  record  ?  Dr.  Holmes,  in  his 
second  edition,  has  come  out  an  Arbcllan.  Mr. 
Farmer,  though  contrary  to  his  own  antiquarian 
principles,  is  an  Arabellan.  For  my  part,  I  have 
concluded  to  be  tolerant,  —  especially  as  in  my 
book  I  happen  to  present  the  word  in  both 
forms,  —  and  will  embrace  the  partisans  of  both 
sides  in  the  compass  of  my  charity.  —  Savage's 
WintJirop,  I.  1,  34 ;  Prince,  314 ;  Holmes  ;  I.  206 ; 
Farmer. 


478 


JOHNSON. 


JOHNSON,  EDWARD,  captain,  an  early  New 
England  historian,  died  April  23,  1672,  aged, 
probably,  upwards  of  70.  He  came  from  Herne- 
Hill,  a  parish  in  Kent,  in  1630,  probably  in  the 
fleet  of  Gov.  Winthrop,  for,  Oct.  19,  he  was 
among  the  petitioners  to  be  admitted  as  freemen. 
In  1632  he  was  atMerrimac,  residing  there  under 
a  license  to  trade,  but  his  usual  residence  was 
Charlcstown.  When  it  was  determined  to  erect 
a  new  town,  and  church,  now  called  Woburn,  he 
was  one  of  the  committee  for  that  purpose.  In 
May,  1642,  the  town  was  incorporated ;  it  had 
been  called  "  Charlestown  village."  Aug.  14  the 
church  was  formed,  and  Mr.  Carter  ordained 
Nov.  22.  In  1643  he  went  with  Capt.  Cook  and 
forty  men  to  Providence,  to  seize  Gorton.  In 
the  same  year  he  was  chosen  representative,  and 
was  annually  re-elected,  excepting  1648,  till  1671. 
He  was  the  speaker  of  the  house  in  1655.  At 
the  incorporation  of  the  town  he  was  chosen  re 
corder,  and  he  kept  the  records  of  the  town  until 
about  a  year  before  his  death.  In  1665  he  was 
appointed  on  the  committee  with  Bradstreet,  Dan- 
forth,  and  others,  to  meet  the  commissioners, 
Nicolls,  Carr,  etc.,  who  had  been  sent  from  Eng 
land.  He  left  five  sons,  —  Edward,  George,  Wil 
liam,  Matthew,  and  John,  —  two  of  whom  were 
representatives  of  Woburn.  His  descendants  are 
numerous  in  Woburn  and  Burlington.  John 
Farmer,  the  author  of  the  New  England  Gene 
alogical  Register,  was  a  descendant.  Capt.  John 
son  was  the  author  of  a  history  of  Massachusetts 
from  1628  to  1852,  which  is  of  great  value,  not 
withstanding  the  imperfections  of  its  style.  Its 
title  is,  history  of  New  England  from  the  English 
planting  in  1628  till  1652 ;  or,  wonder-working 
Providence  of  Zion's  Saviour,  4to.,  London,  1654. 
It  has  been  reprinted  in  the  historical  collections, 
second  series,  vols.  n.,  in.,  iv.,  vil.,  vm.,  in  which 
work  it  fills  about  230  pages.  Short  pieces  of 
poetry  are  interspersed  in  the  work,  as  a  kind  of 
sonnets  on  individuals,  and  in  other  forms, 
amounting  to  about  1200  lines.  We  should  be 
glad  at  the  present  day  to  exchange  this  poetry 
for  a  plain  narrative  of  facts.  —  Farmer;  Chick- 
ering's  Dedication  Sermon. 

JOHNSON,  ISAAC,  captain,  of  Roxbury,  was 
one  of  the  six  captains  slain  by  the  Indians  at  the 
capture  of  Narragansett  fort,  Dec.  19,  1675. 

JOHNSON,  WILLIAM,  major,  the  son  of  Ed 
ward,  died  at  Woburn,  Mass.,  in  1704.  He  was 
a  firm,  inflexible  assistant  under  the  old  colony 
charter. — Collections  of  Farmer  fy  Moore,  vol.  I. 

JOHNSON,  NATHANIEL,  Sir,  governor  of  South 
Carolina  seven  or  eight  years,  died  in  1713.  He 
had  been  a  soldier  and  a  member  of  the  house 
of  commons,  and  from  1686  to  1689  governor  of 
the  leeward  islands,  Nevis,  St.  Christopher,  etc. 
He  first  came  to  Carolina  as  a  private  individual, 
and  engaged  in  various  projects,  as  the  culture  of 


JOHNSON. 

silk,  of  grapes,  of  rice,  the  manufacture  of  salt, 
the  building  of  mills.  He  procured  a  legal  es 
tablishment  of  the  Episcopal  church,  although 
the  majority  of  the  people  were  opposed,  and  was 
the  means  of  introducing  one  hundred  Episcopal 
clergymen  and  forming  parochial  libraries.  The 
fort  he  built  on  the  east  end  of  James  Island 
bears  his  name. 

JOHNSON,  ROBERT,  governor  of  South  Caro 
lina,  died  at  Charleston  May  3,  1735.  He  was 
governor  in  1719,  and  again  from  1730  till  the 
period  of  his  death.  In  1731  he  negotiated  a 
treaty  with  the  Chcrokees.  He  proved  himself 
an  efficient  friend  of  Mr.  Oglethorpc  and  the  first 
settlers  of  Georgia  on  their  arrival  at  Charleston, 
the  assembly,  at  his  suggestion,  furnishing  them 
with  one  hundred  and  four  head  of  cattle,  twenty- 
five  hogs,  twenty  barrels  of  rice,  and  ten  horse 
men  rangers  for  their  protection.  The  settlement 
of  Purrysburgh,  by  six  hundred  Swiss  under  Col. 
Peter  Purry,  was  made  in  his  administration. 

JOHNSON,  GABRIEL,  governor  of  North  Car 
olina,  remained  in  office  from  Nov.,  1734,  till  his 
death  in  1752.  In  his  administration  much  Avas 
done  for  the  establishment  of  order  and  the  en 
couragement  of  learning  and  religion,  and  the 
colony  prospered. 

JOHNSON,  WILLIAM,  minister  in  Newbury, 
Mass.,  died  in  1772,  aged  65.  Born  in  N.,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1727,  and  was  settled  in 
1732  over  the  fourth  church.  His  successor  was 
Dr.  Tappan. 

JOHNSON,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  first  president  of 
King's  college,  New  York,  died  Jan.  6,  1772,  aged 
75.  He  was  born  in  Guilford,  Conn.,  Oct.  14, 
1696,  and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1714.  In 
Oct.,  1716,  the  trustees  and  general  court  di 
rected  the  college  to  be  removed  to  New  Haven, 
and  Mr.  Johnson  was  chosen  a  tutor,  in  which 
office  he  continued  till  March  20,  1720,  when  he 
was  ordained  the  minister  of  West  Haven.  Hav 
ing  an  aversion  to  extemporary  performances,  it 
was  his  practice  to  use  forms  of  prayer,  and  to 
write  only  one  sermon  in  a  month.  He  usually 
preached  the  discourses  of  others,  minuting  down 
only  the  heads,  and  expressing  himself,  when 
his  remembrance  of  the  words  of  the  author 
failed  him,  in  language  of  his  own.  Hav 
ing  embraced  the  Arminian  doctrines  and  become 
a  convert  to  the  Episcopalian  worship  and  church 
government,  he  resigned  his  charge  at  West  Ha 
ven,  and  embarked  at  Boston  with  President 
Cutler  for  England  Nov.  5,  1722.  Having  re 
ceived  ordination  as  a  missionary  for  Stratford,  he 
arrived  at  that  place  in  Nov.,  1723.  His  prede 
cessor  and  friend,  Mr.  Pigot,  was  immediately  re 
moved  to  Providence.  Mr.  Johnson  was  now  the 
only  Episcopalian  minister  in  Conn.,  and  there 
were  but  a  few  families  of  the  English  church  in 
the  colony.  They  were  not  increased  in  Stratford 


JOHNSON. 

by  means  of  his  labors,  but  in  the  neighboring 
towns,  where  he  sometimes  officiated,  many  fami 
lies  conformed.  The  desire  of  escaping  the  Con 
gregational  tax  by  joining  a  church,  whose  minister 
received  a  salary  from  a  foreign  society,  and  the 
petty  quarrels  which  exist  in  most  congregations, 
were  causes,  according  to  Mr.  Hobart,  of  no  in 
considerable  influence,  in  multiplying  the  Episco 
palians.  Between  the  years  1724  and  1736  Mr. 
Johnson  was  engaged  in  a  controversy  on  the 
subject  of  Episcopacy  with  Mr.  l^ickinson,  Mr. 
Foxcroft,  and  Mr.  Graham.  Entering  on  a  new 
course  of  studies,  he  procured  the  works  of  John 
Hutchinson,  and  embraced  many  of  his  senti 
ments.  He  regarded  him  as  a  person  of  a  stupen 
dous  genius,  little  inferior  even  to  that  of  Sir 
Isaac  Newton,  whose  principles  he  opposed  ;  and 
he  thought  that  in  his  writings  he  had  discovered 
many  important  ancient  truths,  had  effectually 
confuted  the  Jews,  Infidels,  Arians,  and  heretics 
of  other  denominations,  and  proved  that  the 
method  of  redemption  by  Jesus  Christ  was  better 
understood  in  the  patriarchial  and  Mosaic  ages 
than  was  generally  imagined.  In  1754  he  was 
elected  president  of  the  college,  which  had  been 
lately  instituted  at  New  York.  He  went  to  that 
place  in  April,  and  soon  commenced  his  labors. 
The  charter  was  procured  Oct.  31,  1754.  In 
March,  1763,  he  resigned,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Myles  Cooper.  He  passed  the  remainder  of  his 
days  in  the  peaceful  retreat  of  Stratford,  resuming 
his  former  charge,  and  continuing  in  the  ministry 
till  his  death. 

Dr.  Johnson  was  in  his  person  rather  tall  and 
in  the  latter  part  of  his  life  corpulent.  He  was 
happy  in  a  calmness  of  temper  which  was  seldom 
discomposed.  Those  who  knew  him  generally 
loved  and  revered  him.  The  same  good  disposi 
tion,  which  rendered  him  amiable  in  private  life, 
marked  all  his  proceedings  of  a  public  nature, 
and  may  be  discovered  in  his  controversial  writ 
ings.  Benevolence  was  a  conspicuous  trait  in  his 
character.  He  seldom  suffered  a  day  to  pass 
without  doing  to  others  some  good  offices  relat 
ing  to  their  temporal  or  spiritual  affairs.  His 
conversation  was  enlivened  by  the  natural  cheerful 
ness  of  his  disposition,  yet  in  his  freest  discourse 
he  retained  a  respect  to  his  character  as  a  clergy 
man.  By  his  acquaintance  with  Dean  Berkeley 
he  became  a  convert  to  the  peculiar  metaphysical 
opinions  of  that  great  man.  His  piety  was  un- 
miugled  with  gloom  or  melancholy,  and  he  con 
templated  with  admiration  and  gratitude  the 
wonderful  plan  of  redemption,  disclosed  in  the 
gospel.  An  account  of  his  life,  written  by  Dr. 
Chandler,  was  given  to  the  public  in  1805.  He 
published  plain  reasons  for  conforming  to  the 
church,  1733;  two  tracts  in  the  controversy  with 
Mr.  Graham ;  a  letter  from  Aristocles  to  Au- 
thades ;  a  defence  of  it  in  a  letter  to  Mr.  Dickin- 


JOHNSON. 


479 


son;  a  system  of  morality,  1746,  designed  to  check 
the  progress  of  enthusiasm ;  a  compendium  of 
logic,  1752 ;  a  demonstration  of  the  reasonable 
ness  of  prayer,  1761 ;  a  sermon  on  the  beauties 
of  holiness  in  the  worship  of  the  church  of  Eng 
land  ;  a  short  vindication  of  the  society  for  propa- 
ating  the  gospel;  an  English  grammar  and  a 
catechism,  1765;  a  Hebrew  grammar,  1767  ;  this 
evinced  an  accurate  acquaintance  with  that  lan- 
uage,  and  it  was  reprinted  with  improvements 
in  1771 . —  Chandler's  Life  of  Johnson  ;  Beach's 
Fun.  Sermon. 

JOHNSON,  STEPHEN,  minister  of  Lyme  in 
Conn.,  died  Nov.  8,  1786,  aged  61.  lie  was 

aduated  at  Yale  in  1743,  and  was  settled  as  the 
successor  of  Jonathan  Parsons  in  1746.  He 
published  election  sermon,  1770 ;  on  the  everlast 
ing  punishment  of  the  wicked,  in  answer,  to 
Chauncy  and  others,  8vo.,  1786. 

JOHNSON,  JACOB,  minister  of  Groton,  Conn., 
died  in  1794,  aged  about  76.  He  was  graduated 
at  Yrale  in  1740,  and  settled  over  the  third  church 
in  Groton,  1748. 

JOHNSON,  WILLIAM  MARTIN,  Dr.,  a  poet, 
died  at  Jamaica,  L.  I.,  Sept.  21,  1797,  aged 
about  26.  He  was  the  son,  real  or  stolen,  of  a 
beggar,  who  intrusted  him  to  the  care  of  Capt. 
Albee  of  Wrentham,  Mass.  He  studied  medi 
cine  with  Dr.  Gage  of  East  Hampton,  L.  I. 
Then  he  emigrated  to  Georgetown,  S.  C.,  where 
he  was  a  partner  with  Dr.  Bromfield.  He  mar 
ried  and  was  in  good  business,  when  he  soon  lost 
his  health.  He  wrote  this  epitaph  on  a  lady: 

"  Hero  sleep  in  dust  and  wait  the  Almighty's  will, 
Then  rise  unchanged,  and  be  an  angel  still." 

—  Cycl.  of  American  Lit. 

JOHNSON,  NOAH,  died  at  Plymouth,  N.  H., 
in  Oct.,  1798,  aged  103.  He  was  a  deacon  of  the 
church.  He  was  a,  soldier  in  Lovewell's  battle 
with  the  Indians  at  Fryeburg. 
.  JOHNSON,  JOSHUA,  was  a  graduate  of  Yale 
in  1775;  a  minister  of  Dudley,  Mass.,  from  1790 
to  1796.  He  had  been  previously  settled  in  1784, 
in  Woodstock,  Conn.,  north  society. 

JOHNSON,  JOSHUA,  commissioner  of  stamps, 
died  at  Alexandria  in  April,  1802.  He  was 
father-in-law  of  J.  Q.  Adams;  and  had  been 
American  consul  at  London. 

JOHNSON,  JAMES,  minister  of  North  Fairfield, 
Conn.,  died  in  1810,  aged  about  70.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  in  1760,  in  the  class  of  Dr.  Hart. 

JOHNSON,  BENJAMIN,  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  llhode  Island,  died  at  West  Greenwich 
in  1813,  aged  65. 

JOHNSON,  BAKER,  colonel  of  the  Pievolution- 
ary  army,  died  in  Maryland  in  1813. 

JOHNSON,  WILLIAM  SAMUEL,  LL.  D.,  presi 
dent  of  Columbia  college,  New  Y'ork,  the  eldest 
son  of  Dr.  Samuel,  died  Nov.  14,  1819,  aged  92. 


480 


JOHNSON. 


JOHNSON. 


He  was  born  at  Stratford  Oct.  7,  1727  ;  was  grad 
uated  at  Yale  college  in  1744;  and  soon  rose  to 
eminence  as  a  lawyer.  He  was  not  only  a  man 
of  science  and  literature,  but  also  an  eloquent 
orator.  In  176,5  he  was*  a  delegate  to  the  con 
gress  at  New  York;  and  in  1766  was  an  agent  of 
the  colony  to  England.  While  there  he  formed 
an  acquaintance  with  illustrious  men ;  with  Dr. 
S.  Johnson  he  corresponded  for  many  years.  He 
returned  in  1771,  and  in  1772  was  appointed  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Connecticut ;  an 
office  which  he  relinquished  in  1774.  In  17  85  he 
was  a  delegate  to  congress  ;  and  in  1787  he  was 
a  member  of  the  convention  which  framed  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States.  He  was  one 
of  the  first  senators  from  Connecticut,  and  with 
Mr.  Ellsworth  drew  up  the  bill  for  the  judiciary 
system.  From  1792  to  1800  he  was  the  presi 
dent  of  Columbia  college.  After  1800  he  lived 
in  his  native  village  till  his  death. 

JOHNSON,  THOMAS,  governor  of  Maryland, 
died  at  Hose  Hill  Oct.  26,  1819,  aged  87.  He 
was  a  native  of  Calvert  county.  In  1774  he  was 
appointed  a  member  of  congress,  and  was  for  sev 
eral  years  in  that  body.  After  the  devolution  he 
was  the  first  governor,  from  1777  to  1779,  when 
he  was  succeeded  by  Thomas  S.  Lee.  He  was 
an  associate  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  the 
United  States  from  1791  till  his  resignation,  from 
ill  health,  in  1793. 

JOHNSON,  Sir  WILLIAM,  a  major-general  of 
the  militia  of  New  York,  and  remarkable  for  the 
ascendency  which  he  gained  over  the  Indians, 
died  July  11,  1774,  aged  60.  He  was  born  in 
Ireland  about  the  year  1714,  and  was  a  nephew 
of  Sir  Peter  Warren,  the  naval  hero,  who  dis 
tinguished  himself  especially  at  the  siege  of 
Louisbourg  in  1745.  Sir  Peter,  having  married  a 
lady  in  New  York,  was  induced  to  purchase  large 
tracts  of  land  upon  the  Mohawk  river  and  the 
more  interior  parts  of  the  country,  and  he  sent 
for  his  nephew,  about  the  year  1734,  to  come  to 
America  and  take-  the  charge  of  his  affairs. 
Young  Johnson  accordingly  took  up  his  residence 
upon  a  certain  tract  on  the  Mohawk,  about  thirty 
miles  from  Albany,  and  cultivated  an  acquain 
tance  with  the  Indians,  lie  learned  their  lan 
guage  ;  he  studied  their  manners,  that  he  might 
be  able  to  conciliate  their  regard;  his  situation 
upon  the  river  between  Albany  and  Oswego  pre 
sented  a  fine  opportunity  for  trade,  and  he  carried 
on  a  large  traffic  with  them,  supplying  them  with 
such  goods  as  they  needed,  and  receiving  in 
return  beaver  and  other  skins ;  at  length  he  ac 
quired  an  influence  over  them,  which  no  other 
man  ever  possessed.  In  1755  he  was  intrusted 
with  the  command  of  the  provincial  troops  of 
New  York,  and  marched  to  invest  Crown  Point, 
while  Shirley  proceeded  towards  Ontario  agreea 
bly  to  the  plan  of  the  campaign.  General  John 


son,  after  the  defeat  of  a  detachment  under  Col. 
Williams,  which  he  had  sent  out,  was  attacked 
himself  in  his  camp  on  lake  George  Sept.  8th. 
But  as  soon  as  his  artillery  began  to  play,  the 
Canadian  militia  and  the  Indians  fled  with  precip 
itation  to  the  swamps.  The  French  troops  were 
repulsed,  and  Baron  Dieskau,  their  general,  was 
taken  prisoner.  The  advantage,  however,  which 
was  thus  gained,  was  not  pursued,  and  his  con 
duct  in  not  proceeding  against  Crown  Point  has 
been  the  subject  of  reprehension.  Even  the  suc 
cess  of  the  battle  is  to  be  attributed  to  the  exer 
tions  of  the  brave  Gen.  Lyman.  But  Johnson, 
who  was  wounded  in  the  engagement,  reaped  the 
benefits  of  the  repulse  of  Dieskau,  which  was 
magnified  into  a  splendid  victory.  The  house  of 
commons  bestowed  on  him  5,000  pounds,  and 
the  king  conferred  on  him  the  title  of  baronet. 
About  this  time  also  he  was  appointed  superin 
tendent  of  Indian  affairs  in  New  York.  In  the 
year  1759  he  commanded  the  provincial  troops 
under  Brig.-Gcn.  Prideaux,  in  the  expedition 
against  Niagara.  While  directing  the  operations 
of  the  siege,  Prideaux  was  killed  by  the  bursting 
of  a  cohorn  July  20th;  but  Johnson  prosecuted 
the  plan,  which  had  been  formed,  with  judgment 
and  vigor.  On  the  24th  of  July  the  enemy  made 
an  attempt  to  raise  the  siege,  but  were  defeated 
through  the  excellent  dispositions  and  the  cour 
age  of  Johnson,  and  the  next  day  the  fort  was 
taken,  and  about  six  hundred  men  made  prison 
ers  of  war.  This  event  broke  oft'  the  communi 
cation  which  the  French  intended  to  establish 
between  Canada  and  Louisiana.  When  Amherst 
embarked  at  Oswego  in  June,  1760,  to  proceed  on 
the  expedition  to  Canada,  Sir  William  brought  to 
him  at  that  place  one  thousand  Indians  of  the 
Iroquois  or  five  nations,  which  was  the  largest 
number  that  had  been  seen  in  arms  at  one  time 
in  the  cause  of  England.  He  died  at  his  seat  at 
Johnson  hall,  about  twenty-four  miles  from 
Schenectady,  on  the  Mohawk  river.  lie  left  a 
large  sum  of  money  to  be  employed  in  presents 
to  the  Indians  of  the  Mohawk  castles,  all  of 
whom,  men,  women,  and  children,  had  mourning 
dresses  presented  them  on  his  death. 

Sir  William  possessed  considerable  talents  as 
an  orator,  and  his  influence  over  the  Indians  was 
not  a  little  owing  to  the  impression  made  upon 
them  by  means  of  his  elocution.  It  has  been 
represented,  that  he  was  envious  toward  Shirley, 
and  endeavored  to  thwart  him  in  his  plans,  by 
discouraging  the  Indians  from  joining  him;  and 
that  in  his  private  conduct  he  paid  little  respect 
to  those  laws,  the  observation  oi  which  only  can 
insure  domestic  peace  and  virtue.  He  had  wives 
and  concubines,  sons  and  daughters,  of  different 
colors.  He  was  zealous  in  supporting  the  claims 
of  Great  Britain,  which  excited  such  agitation  in 
the  colonies  a  few  years  before  his  death,  and  he 


JOHNSON. 


JOHNSON. 


481 


exerted  himself  to  promote  the  interest  of  the 
church  of  England.  The  following  anecdote 
seems  to  evince  that,  in  his  dealings  with  the  In 
dians,  who  have  a  good  reputation  for  cunning, 
he  was  not  outwitted  by  them.  Having  sent  to 
England  for  clothes  finely  laced,  on  their  arrival, 
Hendrick,  the  chief  of  the  Mohawks,  was  dazzled 
with  their  splendor,  and  began  to  think  how 
finely  he  should  look  dressed  in  a  similar  manner. 
His  vanity  could  not  be  resisted,  and  to  gratify  it 
he  hit  upon  the  following  expedient.  He  went 
to  Sir  William  one  morning,  and  told  him  very 
demurely,  that  in  the  preceding  night  he  had 
dreamed,  that  the  baronet  had  generously  pre 
sented  him  with  a  suit  of  his  laced  clothes.  The 
solemn  hint  could  not  be  mistaken  or  avoided, 
and  the  Indian  monarch  went  away  pleased  with 
his  successful  ingenuity.  In  a  few  days,  however, 
Sir  William  accosted  his  majesty  and  made  known 
his  dream,  which  was,  that  Hendrick  had  given 
him  a  tract  of  land  containing  several  thousand 
acres.  "  The  land  is  yours,"  said  Hendrick, 
"  but  now,  Sir  William,  I  never  dream  with  you 
again ;  you  dream  too  hard  for  me."  He  pub 
lished  a  piece  on  the  customs  and  language  of 
the  Indians  in  philosophical  transactions,  vol.  LXIII. 
—  Dr.  Eliot ;  Annual  Beg.  for  1758,  1759, 
1760,  17G6,  1774;  Marshall,  I.  385,  395,  446; 
Wynne,ll.  44-52,  99-101. 

JOHNSON,  Sir  JOHN,  son  of  the  preceding, 
died  in  Jan.,  1798.  He  succeeded  his  father  in 
his  title,  and  was  appointed  major-general  in  his 
place  Nov.,  1774.  At  the  commencement  of  the 
war  he  joined  the  British,  and  about  the  year 
1776  persuaded  the  Mohawks  to  retire  into  Can 
ada,  from  whence  he  repeatedly  ravaged  different 
parts  of  New  York,  and  in  one  expedition,  in 
which  he  destroyed  the  very  settlement  where  he 
formerly  lived,  he  proved  himself  not  very  dissim 
ilar  in  character  to  his  savage  companions.  In 
Aug.,  1777,  he  invested  fort  Stanwix,  and  de 
feated  Herkimer.  In  Oct.,  1780,  Gen.  Van 
Kensselaer  defeated  him  at  Fox's  mills.  In  1796 
he  was  appointed  governor  of  Upper  Canada, 
lie  died  at  Hampton,  Canada. 

JOHNSON,  JOSEPH,  an  Indian  preacher,  was 
born  at  Mohegan,  near  Norwich,  Conn.,  about 
1750.  He  was  the  son  of  Capt.  Joseph  Johnson, 
who  served  near  lake  George  in  the  French  war 
of  1757,  and  who  was  a  man  of  piety.  After 
being  educated  at  Mr.  Wheelock's  school  at  Leb 
anon,  as  was  also  Occom,  another  Mohegan 
preacher,  he  was  sent,  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  as  a 
schoolmaster  to  the  Six  Nations  of  Indians  in 
New  York,  and  was  thus  employed  two  years. 
Afterwards  "  he  wandered  up  and  down  in  this 
delusive  world."  Returning  from  a  whaling 
voyage  in  1771,  he  repaired  to  his  farm  at  Mohe 
gan,  and  there,  in  a  time  of  sickness  brought  on 
by  his  vices,  became  a  Christian  convert  by  read- 
Cl 


ing  the  New  Testament  and  Baxter's  saints' 
rest.  It  would  seem  from  his  journal,  which  is 
still  preserved,  that  he  experienced  the  deepest 
conviction  of  sin.  Afterwards  he  was  licensed  to 
preach  and  was  for  years  a  missionary  in  the  State 
of  New  York.  Being  among  the  Six  Nations  in 
1776,  he  received  a  letter  from  Washington, 
dated  at  Cambridge  Feb.  20th,  saying:  "Tell 
them,  that  we  don't  want  them  to  take  up  the 
hatchet  for  us  except  they  choose  it ;  we  only 
desire,  that  they  will  not  fight  against  us.  We 
want  that  the  chain  of  friendship  should  always 
remain  bright  between  our  friends  of  the  Six 
Nations  and  us.  We  recommend  you  to  them, 
and  hope,  by  your  spreading  the  truths  of  the  gos 
pel  among  them,  it  will  keep  the  chain  bright." 
His  manuscript  journal  and  sermons  display  his 
talents  and  acquaintance  with  theology. 

JOHNSON,  JOHN,  major,  a  painter,  died  about 
1817.  He  was  a  brave  officer  in  the  Revolution 
ary  army.  After  the  peace  of  1783  he  took  up 
the  pencil,  residing  chiefly  at  Boston  ;  but  he  was 
deficient  in  drawing,  though  with  a  correct  eye 
and  steady  hand.  He  was  also  a  man  of  a  vig 
orous  mind.  His  strong  likenesses  of  some  of 
our  fathers  arc  valuable.  —  Knapp's  Lectures,  193. 

JOHNSON,  SAMUEL  B.,  lieutenant,  an  officer 
of  the  navy,  was  born  in  New  York  and  educated 
a  printer.  In  the  war  of  1812  he  joined  the 
marine  corps,  and  was  for  a  time  a  prisoner  in 
Chili.  He  died  on  board  the  Macedonian,  May 
12,  1820.  He  published  letters  from  Chili,  1816. 

JOHNSON,  JOHN,  chancellor  of  Maryland, 
died  suddenly  in  Aug.,  1824,  aged  about  52,  sup 
posed  to  be  a  graduate  of  Columbia  college,  New 
York,  in  1792. 

JOHNSON,  WILLIAM,  colonel,  died  at  Boon- 
ville  in  Christian  peace,  June  1,  1834,  aged  85,  a 
Revolutionary  soldier.  Born  in  Haverhill,  he 
lived  many  years  in  Boscawen. 

JOHNSON,  WILLIAM,  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  United  States,  died  at  Brooklyn 
Aug.  4,  1834.  His  residence  was  Charleston, 
S.  C.  He  published  the  life  of  Gen.  Greene,  2 
vols.,  4to.,  1822;  essay  to  philosophical  society; 
Nugae  Georgicac,  1815;  eulogy  on  Adams  and 
Jefierson,  1826. 

JOHNSON,  SAMUEL,  died  at  Hallow-ell  Nov. 
16,  1836,  aged  44.  He  was  secretary  and  agent 
of  the  Maine  missionary  society.  His  death 
was  occasioned  by  a  slight  injury  of  one  of  his 
toes  by  a  peg  in  a  newly-mended  boot.  Born 
in  Georgetown,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Bowdoin 
in  1817.  lie  was  the  minister  of  Alna  from 
1818  to  1828,  and  minister  of  Saco  from  1828  to 
1836,  succeeding  Dr.  Jonathan  Cogswell,  and 
afterwards  uscfally  employed  in  promoting  the 
missionary  cause.  He  had  power  as  a  preacher. 
As  he  was  about  to  die,  he  sent  a  message  to  his 
church,  that  he  should  be  ready  to  meet  them  in 


482 


JOHNSON. 


JONES. 


the  world  of  glory,  as  one  by  one  they  should 
enter. 

JOHNSON,  ALFRED,  minister  of  Belfast,  in 
Me.,  died  Jan.  12,  1837,  aged  69. 

JOHNSON,  OSGOOD,  principal  of  Andover 
Academy,  died  May  9,  1837,  aged  33  ;  a  graduate 
of  Dartmouth,  1828.  He  had  talents,  taste,  lit 
erature,  and  possessed  manly  and  Christian  virtues. 

JOHNSON,  MABIA  PRESTON,  Mrs.,  of  Rupert, 
Vt,  wife  of  Stephen  J.,  missionary  to  Siam,  died 
at  Philadelphia  Jan.  8,  1839.  Ill  health  com 
pelled  her  to  return  to  this  country. 

JOHNSON,  WILLIAM  SAMUEL,  judge,  died  at 
Stratford  Oct.  25,  1846,  aged  85;  a  native  of 
S.,  and  a  graduate  of  1779.  He  was  a  judge  of 
a  county  court. 

JOHNSON,  WILLIAM,  died  in  New  York  in 
July,  1848,  aged  about  80.  Born  in  Middletown, 
he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1788,  and  settled  in  the 
law  at  New  York.  He  was  a  reporter  of  the  su 
preme  court  and  court  of  chancery.  He  published 
a  translation  of  Azuni's  maritime  law  in  1806, 
and  a  digest  of  cases  decided  in  the  courts  of  New 
York,  from  1799  to  1803,  in  3  vols.;  from  1808 
to  1812;  reports,  etc.,  20  vols.,  1815,  1823; 
digest  of  cases  from  1799  to  1827,  2  vols.,  1825  ; 
do.  from  1799  to  1823,  8vo. 

JOHNSON,  SAMUEL  LEE,  rector  in  Indian 
apolis,  Ind.,  died  in  1848,  aged  36.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Kenyon  college  in  1839,  and  was  several 
years  tutor.  He  established  St.  Mary's  seminary 
in  I.,  and  was  its  principal.  He  was  a  zealous  and 
faithful  preacher. 

JOHNSON,  CHAPMAN,  died  at  Richmond  July 
12,  1849;  an  eminent  member  of  the  bar,  a  lead 
ing  man  in  Virginia. 

JOHNSON,  RICHARD  M.,  colonel,  vice-presi 
dent  of  the  United  States,  died  in  Frankfort, 
K.y.,  Nov.  19,  1850,  aged  about  70.  From  1807 
he  was  a  representative  in  congress  twelve  years. 
In  the  war  he  served  under  Harrison,  and  was 
distinguished  in  the  battle  of  the  Thames.  He 
was  afterwards  a  senator  and  representative. 
His  name  as  chairman  is  connected  with  a  re 
port  against  the  suspension  of  the  Sunday  mails. 
His  death  was  by  paralysis. 

JOHNSON,  THOMAS,  a  seaman,  died  at  the 
naval  asylum,  Philadelphia,  in  1851,  aged  above 
100.  The  old  tar  fought  the  Serapis  with  Paul 
Jones  in  1779. 

JOHNSON,  WALTER  ROGERS,  professor  of 
chemistry,  died  in  Washington  April  26,  1852, 
aged  57.  His  death  was  caused  by  inhaling 
noxious  gas,  while  performing  some  chemical  ex 
periments  in  the  Smithsonian  institute.  Born  in 
Leominister,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1819 ;  was  the  preceptor  of  Germantown  acad 
emy,  then  professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  college 
at  Philadelphia,  and  of  the  Smithsonian  Institute. 


JOHNSON,  ISAAC,  governor  of  Louisiana  from 
1845  to  1850,  died  in  New  Orleans  in  1853. 

JOHNSON,  ELVIRA,  Mrs.,  died  in  Hartford, 
Conn.,  Sept.  21,  1856,  aged  102.  A  Mr.  Deems 
died  on  the  same  day  of  the  same  age. 

JOHNSON,  ALFRED,  judge,  died  at  Belfast, 
Me.,  in  1852,  aged  62.  Born  in  Newburyport,  the 
son  of  Rev.  Alfred  J.,  he  was  a  resident  in  Belfast 
in  1805,  and  graduated  at  Bowdoin  in  1808.  lie 
was  a  member  of  the  convention  which  formed 
the  constitution  of  Maine,  and  a  judge  of  probate 
eighteen  years.  He  published  an  eulogy  on 
Adams  and  Jefferson,  1826. 

JOHNSON,  JOHN,  chancellor  of  Maryland, 
died  at  Baltimore  Oct.  4,  1856.  He  was  buried 
at  Annapolis,  the  place  of  his  birth. 

JOHNSTON,  JOSIAH  S.,  a  senator  of  the 
United  States  from  Louisiana,  died  May  19, 1833, 
killed  on  Red  river  forty  miles  above  Alexandria, 
by  the  explosion  of  a  steamboat  by  gunpowder. 
About  fifteen  others  were  killed.  Born  in  Conn., 
his  father  emigrated  to  Kentucky,  and  thence  to 
Louisiana.  He  was  senator  from  1824  till  his 
death. 

JOHNSTON,  SUSAN,  widow  of  John  J.,  from 
Ireland,  died  at  Sault  St.  Marie  in  1843,  aged  67. 
She  was  a  daughter  of  Wabojeeg,  chief  of  the 
Chippewa  nation. 

JOHNSTON,  JOHN,  a  Christian  merchant  of 
New  York,  died  April  16,  1851,  aged  69.  His 
character  was  described  by  Iris  pastor,  Dr. 
McElroy.  —  Observer,  May  1. 

JOHNSTON,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  died  in  1855,  aged 
77.  He  had  been  for  half  a  century  the  pastor 
of  the  Presbyterian  church  of  Newburgh,  N.  Y., 
and  was  an  attached  friend  of  Dr.  Prime.  There 
was  a  revival  in  1843  in  his  church,  of  which  he 
had  the  charge  forty-eight  years. 

JOHNSTONE,  SAMUEL,  governor  of  North 
Carolina  from  1788  to  1790,  was  also  a  judge  of 
the  superior  court  of  the  State.  He  died  at 
Stewarkey  in  Aug.,  1816,  aged  82.  Gabriel 
Johnstone  was  the  governor  before  the  Revolu 
tion  from  1734  to  1753. 

JOLLIFFE,  or  JOLYFE,  JOHN,  died  at  a 
great  age  in  Boston  in  1701;  a  man  of  useful 
public  services,  and  at  a  late  period  of  his  life  a 
member  of  the  council. 

JOLLY,  HENRY,  judge,  died  in  Jersey,  Ohio, 
July  29,  1842,  aged  84,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolu 
tion  in  Morgan's  regiment.  lie  emigrated  to 
Ohio  in  1782,  and  settled  a  township  now  bear 
ing  his  name.  He  was  judge  of  the  common 
pleas  fourteen  years. 

JONES,  MARGARET,  of  Charlestown,  Mass., 
was  in  June,  1648,  executed  as  a  witch.  Ac 
cording  to  Hubbard's  account,  she  had  "  such  a 
malignant  touch "  that  the  person  whom  she 
touched  became  immediately  deaf,  or  was  seized 


JONES. 


JONES. 


483 


with  some  violent  sickness ;  and  soon  after  her 
execution  a  ship  in  the  harbor,  with  one  hundred 
and  twenty  tons  of  ballast,  rolled  as  if  she  would 
have  turned  over.  In  did  not  occur  to  the  histo 
rian,  that  the  movement  of  eighty  horses,  who  were 
on  board,  might  have  occasioned  a  little  motion 
of  the  ship. 

JONES,  JOHN,  minister  of  Concord  from  about 
1637  to  1644 ;  then  of  Fairfield,  where  he  died 
about  1664,  aged  upwards  of  70.  He  was  the  son 
of  William  of  Abergavenny,  and  was  of  Jesus  col 
lege,  Oxford,  in  1624,  at  the  age  of  seventeen. 
Coming  to  this  country  in  1635,  he  was  ordained 
pastor  at  Concord,  and  P.  Bulkley  teacher,  April 
6,  1637.  The  church  was  gathered  in  1636. 
His  son  John  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1643,  in 
the  second  class.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

JONES,  HUGH,  minister  of  Jamestown,  pub 
lished  the  present  state  of  Virginia,  8vo.,  London, 
1724. 

JONES,  ELIPHALET,  minister  of  Huntington, 
L.  I.,  died  in  April,  1731,  or  after,  aged  90  or 
more.  He  was  the  son  of  John  Jones,  born 
at  Concord,  Jan.  11,  1641;  and  was  settled  in 
1677. 

JONES,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Woburn,  died  in 
1774,  aged  about  55.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1741. 

JONES,  DAVID,  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of 
New  York,  died  Oct.  11,  1775.  He  was  born  in 
Sept.,  1699,  at  Oyster  Bay,  L.  L,  and  from  1737 
to  1758  was  a  member  of  the  assembly,  and  for 
thirteen  years  the  speaker.  In  1758  he  received 
the  appointment  of  judge,  which  he  resigned  in 
1773.  During  his  whole  life  he  was  the  firm  ad 
vocate  of  tbe  rights  of  the  people  against  royal 
encroachments,  and  participated  largely  in  the 
public  confidence  and  respect. 

JONES,  ISAAC,  minister  of  Western  (now 
Warren),  Mass.,  died  in  1784,  aged  about  64. 
He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1742. 

JONES,  HORATIO,  Dr.,  died  at  Stockbridge, 
Mass.,  April  26,  1813,  aged  43.  His  widow  died 
in  Middletown  in  1851,  aged  77.  He  was  a  de 
scendant  of  Lewis  Jones,  a  first  settler  of  Water- 
town,  Mass.  His  father  was  Capt.  Josiah  J.,  of 
S.  He  left  an  only  daughter  of  ten  years  old. 
He  was  eminent  in  his  profession,  a  good  surgeon, 
and  most  sociable  and  popular.  His  conversion 
was  memorable.  His  wife  and  her  friend,  each  of 
whom  had  an  irreligious  husband,  agreed  to  meet 
in  order  to  pray  for  the  salvation  of  their  hus 
bands.  They  were  heard  ;  and  in  a  few  months  Dr. 
J.  died  in  peace ;  and  in  about  two  years  the  two 
neighbors,  a  merchant  and  his  wife,  had  a  peace 
ful  departure.  According  to  llev.  Dr.  Hyde,  who 
preached  his  funeral  sermon,  "  He  left  the  world 
like  a  Christian,  with  resignation  to  the  Divine 
will,  and  with  enrapturing  views  of  the  mediation, 
all-sufficiency,  and  glory  of  Jesus  Christ."  Just 


before  he  closed  his  eyes,  he  extended  his  arms 
and  said :  "  Jesus,  I  expand  my  arms  to  receive 
thce.  Happy,  happy,  beyond  expression !  Ye 
spirits  in  yonder  sky,  receive  my  soul,  and  take  it 
to  Jesus! "  Who  would  not  die  thus,  rather  than 
in  the  dark,  unchcered,  hopeless  despondence  of 
the  Infidel  ?  —  Panoplist,  x. ;  Williams'  Mcd. 
Biog. 

JONES,  SAMUEL,  I).  D.,  of  Pennsylvania,  died 
Feb.  7,  1814.  He  received  an  honorary  degree 
at  the  first  commencement  of  Rhode  Island  col 
lege  in  1769. 

JONES,  WALTER,  died  in  Westmoreland  co., 
Va.,  in  1816,  aged  76;  for  many  years  a  member 
of  congress. 

JONES,  JOHN,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  of  Welch 
extraction,  died  June  23,  1791,  aged  62.  He  was 
the  son  of  Evan  Jones,  a  physician,  and  was  born 
at  Jamaica,  Long  Island,  in  1729.  After  studying 
physic  with  Dr.  Cadwallacler  at  Philadelphia,  he 
completed  his  medical  education  in  Europe, —  at 
London,  Paris,  Leyden,  and  Edinburgh.  On  his 
return  he  settled  at  New  York  and  was  particu 
larly  eminent  as  a  surgeon.  In  the  war  of  1755 
he  served  as  a  surgeon  in  the  army.  The  French 
commander,  Dieskau,  severely  wounded,  was  at 
tended  by  him.  On  the  establishment  of  a  med 
ical  school  in  New  York,  he  was  appointed  pro 
fessor  of  surgery.  Soon  after  he  settled  in  the 
city  the  physicians  agreed,  for  their  own  dignity, 
to  wear  their  hair  in  a  particular  bob,  and,  as  he 
refused  to  concur  in  the  project,  they  refused  to 
consult  with  him.  But  he  soon  triumphed,  and 
the  power  of  ridicule  compelled  the  medical  men 
to  wear  their  hair  like  other  gentlemen.  In  the 
Revolutionary  war  he  left  the  city,  when  it  was 
occupied  by  the  enemy.  In  1780  he  settled  in 
Philadelphia,  where  he  was  the  physician  of 
Franklin  and  Washington.  In  his  religious  views 
he  was  a  Quaker.  He  published  plain  remarks 
upon  wounds  and  fractures,  1775.  After  his 
death  his  pupil,  J.  Mease,  published  his  surgical 
works,  with  an  account  of  his  life,  8vo.,  1795. — 
Ramsay's  Review,  36 ;  TJiacTier,  324-340. 

JONES,  JOHN  PAUL,  a  naval  commander,  died 
in  Paris  July  18,  1792,  aged  45.  He  was  born 
at  Arbingland,  Scotland,  July  6, 1747.  His  father 
was  a  gardener  of  the  name  of  Paul,  for  some 
reason  the  son,  when  he  lived  in  Virginia,  assumed 
the  name  of  Jones.  He  early  went  to  sea.  After 
being  for  some  time  in  command  of  a  vessel,  he 
engaged  in  commercial  pursuits  in  the  West  In 
dies.  In  1773,  on  the  death  of  his  brother,  he 
resided  in  Virginia  to  settle  his  affairs.  Soon 
after  the  beginning  of  the  war  he  commanded  the 
Providence  of  twelve  guns  and  seventy  men,  in 
which  he  cruised  and  took  sixteen  prizes.  In 
May,  1777,  he  was  ordered  to  proceed  to  Paris 
to  arrange  some  naval  operations  with  the  Amer 
ican  commissioners.  April  10, 1778,  he  sailed  on 


484 


JONES. 


JONES. 


a  cruise  in  the  Ranger,  and  alarmed  the  whole 
coast  of  Scotland.  He  landed  at  Whitehaven, 
and  captured  two  forts  with  thirty  cannon ;  he 
carried  off  also  the  plate  from  the  house  of  the 
Earl  of  Selkirk,  at  St.  Mary's  Isie,  but  he  after 
wards  restored  it.  He  returned  to  Brest  with 
two  hundred  prisoners  of  war.  He  sailed  again 
with  a  squadron  of  seven  sail  Aug.  14,  1779.  His 
own  ship  was  the  Bon  Homme  Richard,  in  which 
after  a  desperate  engagement  off  Flamborough 
head  he  captured  the  British  ship  of  war,  Serapis, 
of  superior  force,  Sept.  24,  1779.  His  own  vessel, 
however,  soon  went  down.  For  this  exploit  the 
French  king  presented  him  with  a  golden  sword. 
Feb.  18,  1781,  he  arrived  at  Philadelphia.  Con 
gress  passed  a  complimentary  resolution  and 
voted  him  a  golden  medal.  He  afterwards  super 
intended  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  the  building  of  a 
ship  of  war.  After  the  restoration  of  peace  he 
went  to  Paris  as  agent  for  prize  money.  He  was 
soon  invited  to  enter  the  Russian  service  with  the 
rank  of  rear  admiral.  But  after  serving  a  short 
time  in  the  Black  sea,  he  was  dissatisfied,  was 
calumniated  at  court,  and  had  liberty  from  the 
empress  to  retire.  Returning  to  Paris,  he  died 
in  that  city  in  neglect.  Though  most  enterprising 
and  brave,  he  was  irritable,  vain,  and  of  an  im 
petuous  temper.  An  account  of  his  life  was 
published  in  1828  by  J.  II.  Sherburne.  —  Me 
moirs,  1830. 

JONES,  NOBLE  WIMBERLY,  a  physician,  and  a 
patriot  of  the  Revolution,  died  Jan.  9,  1805,  aged 
80.  He  was  the  son  of  Col.  Noble  J.,  one  of  the 
first  settlers  of  Georgia  and  judge  in  1755.  He 
held  a  military  commission  in  1738,  and  in  1748 
was  associated  in  business  with  his  father. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  assembly  in  1761 ; 
in  1774  he  was  one  of  the  first  to  stir  up 
the  Revolutionary  spirit  in  Georgia.  In  1775 
he  was  chosen  a  delegate  to  congress ;  and 
again  in  1781.  In  the  capture  of  Savannah  in 
Dec.,  1778,  by  the  British,  he  lost  one  of  his 
sons,  and  he  himself  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
enemy  at  the  capture  of  Charleston  in  May,  1780. 
In  Dec.  he  was  sent  a  prisoner  to  St.  Augustine. 
In  Aug.,  1781,  he  was  exchanged,  and  commenced 
the  practice  of  physic  in  Philadelphia.  At  this 
period  he  was  also  a  member  of  congress.  In 
Dec.,  1782,  he  returned  to  Savannah.  He  was 
soon  induced  to  remove  to  Charleston,  where  he 
lived  in  lucrative  practice  till  Dec.,  1788,  when  he 
again  settled  at  Savannah.  In  1795  he  was  pres 
ident  of  the  convention  which  amended  the  State 
constitution.  He  continued  in  the  practice  of  his 
profession  till  his  death.  He  was  not  only  emi 
nent  as  a  physician  and  statesman,  but  in  the 
relations  of  private  life  was  amiable  and  exem 
plary.  He  was  temperate  and  abstemious,  a  lover 
of  neatness  and  order,  of  strict  morality,  and  a 
sincere  believer  in  Christianity.  Though  attached 


to  the  Episcopal  church,  he  contributed  liberally 
to  other  religious  societies.  —  Tliaclier,  340-344. 

JONES,  WALTER,  M.  I).,  a  physician,  died 
Dec.  3.1,  1815,  aged  70.  He  was  born  in  Vir 
ginia,  and  educated  for  medicine  at  Edinburgh 
about  1770.  On  his  return  he  settled  in  North 
umberland  county,  where  he  had  extensive  prac 
tice  through  life.  For  a  few  years  he  was  a  mem 
ber  of  congress.  On  account  of  the  originality 
and  strength  of  his  mind,  his  extensive  and  vari 
ous  learning,  and  the  captivating  powers  of  his 
conversation,  he  was  one  of  the  most  extraordi 
nary  men. —  Timelier. 

JONES,  SAMUEL,  died  at  Rye  Neck,  N.  Y.,  in 
1819,  aged  85.  He  was  the  brother  of  Judge 
David,  and  son  of  Capt.  Thomas,  who  came  from 
the  north  of  Ireland  to  Long  Island  in  1692 ;  and 
has  been  called  the  father  of  the  New  York  bar. 
His  services  were  extremely  important  in  organ 
izing  the  judiciary  system  at  the  close  of  the  Rev 
olution.  For  industry,  extensive  acquirements, 
and  purity  of  character  he  presented  a  model  for 
the  imitation  of  those  who  aim  at  high  attain 
ments  in  jurisprudence.  — New  York  Hist.  Coll., 
ill.  278. 

JONES,  WILLIAM,  governor  of  Rhode  Island, 
was  born  in  Newport  in  1754,  and  during  the  war 
was  a  captain  of  marines.  At  the  capture  of 
Charleston  he  was  made  a  prisoner.  After  being 
some  years  the  speaker  of  the  house,  he  was 
chosen  governor  in  1810  and  remained  in  the 
office  till  1817.  He  died  in  April,  1822,  at  Prov 
idence,  aged  G7. 

JONES,  STEPHEN,  chief  justice  and  judge  of 
probate  for  the  county  of  Washington,  Maine, 
died  in  Boston  Oct.  6,  1825,  aged  86.  He  served 
in  the  old  French  war,  and  was  present  when 
Lord  Howe  was  killed  at  Ticonderoga.  Remov 
ing  to  Machias,  soon  after  its  settlement,  he  lived 
there  more  than  fifty-six  years,  fulfilling  his 
various  duties  with  great  cheerfulness  and  in 
tegrity. 

JONES,  CAVE,  an  Episcopal  minister,  died  at 
Brooklyn,  L.  L,  Jan.  29,  1829,  aged  59.  He  was 
a  chaplain  in  the  navy.  He  published  Hobart's 
intolerance,  and  a  solemn  appeal  to  the  church, 
1811  ;  which  was  answered  by  Hobart. 

JONES,  ABIEL,  minister  of  Royalton,  Vt.,  died 
in  1829,  aged  67. 

JONES,  JAMES,  Dr.,  died  near  Smyrna,  Del., 
in  1830,  aged  74.  He  was  surgeon  in  the  army, 
and  more  than  fifty  years  in  the  ministry  of  the 
Baptist  church,  distinguished  and  respected. 

JONES,  EDWARD,  colonel,  died  at  Pittsbo- 
rough,  N.  C.,  Aug.  8,  1841,  aged  84,  formerly 
attorney-general.  He  was  born  in  Ireland.  At 
the  bar  he  was  distinguished,  and  he  was  a  scholar, 
and  witty  and  hospitable,  highly  esteemed. 

JONES,  THOMAS  K.,  an  eminent  merchant  in 
Boston,  died  April  26,  1842,  aged  83. 


JONES. 

JOXES,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Gloucester,  died 
in  Aug.,  1846,  aged  83. 

JOXES,  THOMAS  P.,  M.  D.,  died  at  Washing 
ton  March  11,  1848,  aged  75.  He  had  been 
superintendent  of  the  patent  office  and  editor  of 
the  Franklin  Journal. 

JOXES,  JACOB,  commodore,  died  in  Philadel 
phia  July,  1850,  aged  S'2.  lie  fought  a  bloody 
battle  in  the  Wasp,  capturing,  Oct.  18,  1812,  the 
Frolic  of  superior  force,  for  which  several  States 
voted  him  a  sword;  but  both  vessels  were  soon 
taken  by  the  Poictiers,  a  74-gun  ship,  and  car 
ried  to  Bermuda.  He  was  afterwards  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  Macedonian.  Temperate 
himself,  he  deserves  honorable  mention  as  a  pro 
moter  of  temperance  among  his  crew ;  many 
seamen  Avere  by  him  reclaimed  from  intoxication. 

JOXES,  XANCY,  a  colored  woman,  died  at  Ja 
maica,  L.  I.,  July  17,  1851,  aged  110. 

JOXES,  SAMUEL  TAYLOR,  D.  D.,died  at  Bang 
kok,  Siam,  Sept.  13,  1851,  aged  49.  He  was 
born  in  Xew  Ipswich,  a  graduate  of  Amherst  in 
1825,  and  was  a  Baptist  missionary  to  Burmah 
in  1829.  He  translated  the  whole  Xew  Testa 
ment  into  the  Siamese  in  1829. 

JOXES,  ROGER,  major-general,  died  in  Wash 
ington  June  15,  1852.  Born  in  Virginia,  he  was 
lieutenant  in  1809;  was  distinguished  in  1813  and 
1814  on  the  Xiagara  frontier,  and  Was  adjutant- 
general  from  1825  until  his  death. 

JOXES,  SAMUEL,  chief  justice  of  Xew  York, 
died  at  Cold  Spring,  Long  Island,  Aug.  8,  1853, 
aged  83.  He  was  chancellor  1826-1828,  chief 
justice  1828-1847,  and  judge  of  the  court  of  ap 
peals,  1848.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  chief  jus 
tice  Samuel  Jones,  who  died  in  1819,  and  great- 
grandson  of  Capt.  Thomas  Jones,  who  came  from 
Strahane  in  Ireland  in  1692,  and  settled  on  Long 
Island,  south  side,  leaving  three  sons,  David, 
William,  and  Thomas.  David  was  a  judge  of  the 
supreme  court;  William,  who  died  in  1779,  was 
the  grandfather  of  the  subject  of  this  article, 
Chancellor  Jones.  His  father,  Thomas,  who  died 
in  1769,  was  the  brother  of  Judges  David  and 
Samuel  Jones.  At  the  age  of  eighty  he  returned 
to  his  profession. 

JOXES,  PETER,  or  Kakewakwanaby,  an  Indian 
chief  and  Wesleyan  missionary,  died  near  Brant- 
ford,  Canada,  June  29,  1856,  aged  54.  It  is  be 
lieved  that  he  did  more  than  any  other  man  to 
interest  the  public  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic 
in  behalf  of  the  christianization  and  improvement 
of  the  Indian  tribes. 

JORDAX,  ROBERT,  an  Episcopal  minister  at 
cape  Elizabeth,  died  in  1679.  He  married  a 
daughter  of  John  Winter,  from  whom  he  inher 
ited  a  large  landed  estate.  He  removed  to  Ports 
mouth  in  1676. 

JORDAX,  CIIABLES,  died  near  Speedsborough, 


JUDD. 


485 


Anson  co.,  N.  C.,  July  12,  1803,  aged  114.  He 
was  born  in  April,  1689.  Hunting  was  a  favorite 
amusement. 

JOSEPH,  FRA.NXTS,  an  Indian,  died  at  Passa- 
maquoddy  in  1834,  aged  99.  He  was  a  worthy 
man,  and  governor  of  the  Indians.  In  the  war 
of  the  Revolution  he  espoused  the  American 
cause. 

JOSSELYX,  JOHN,  an  author,  arrived  in 
Boston  in  1663,  and  resided  in  Xew  England  a 
number  of  years.  He  was  brother  to  Henry 
Josselyn,  a  councillor  under  the  government  of 
Gorges.  The  following  is  the  title  of  his  princi 
pal  work  :  "  Xew  England's  rarities  discovered  in 
birds,  fishes,  serpents,  and  plants  of  that  country; 
together  with  the  physical  and  chyrurgical  reme 
dies,  wherewith  the  natives  constantly  use  to  cure 
their  distempers,  wounds,  and  sores  ;  also  a  per 
fect  description  of  an  Indian  squaw  in  all  her 
bravery,  with  a  poem  not  improperly  conferred 
upon  her;  lastly  a  chronological  table  of  the  most 
remarkable  passages  in  that  country  amongst 
the  English;  illustrated  with  cuts,  1672."  His  ac 
count  of  the  natural  history  of  the  country  is 
amusing :  "  Some  frogs,  when  they  sit  upon  their 
breech,  are  a  foot  high  ;  "  "  Barley  frequently  de 
generates  into  oats,"  etc.  He  published  also  an 
account  of  two  voyages  to  Xew  England,  wherein 
you  have  the  setting  out  of  a  ship  with  the  charges, 
a  description  of  the  country,  etc.,  1674.  —  Sulli 
van's  Maine,  332;  Hutcldnson,  I.  267,  268; 
Douglass,  II.  71. 

JOY,  JOSEPH  GREEN,  died  at  Xahant  July  2i, 
1850,  aged  67,  a  man  of  refined  taste  and  kindly 
feeling,  endeared  to  his  friends. 

JUDD,  THOMAS,  the  first  of  the  name  of  Judd 
in  this  country,  died  at  Xorthampton,  Mass.,  Xov. 
12,  1688,  aged  about  80.  His  descendants  of  the 
name  of  Judd  down  to  this  time,  eight  or  nine 
generations,  were  more  than  2600.  He  came 
from  England  about  1633,  and  settled  in  Cam- 
.bridge ;  thence  he  removed  in  1636  with  the 
colony  to  Hartford;  and  thence  to  Farmington 
about  1644,  where  he  was  a  first  settler,  one  of  the 
seven  pillars  of  the  church,  a  deacon  and  man  of 
influence,  many  years  deputy  to  the  general  court. 
In  1679  he  married  Clemence,  widow  of  Thomas 
Mason  of  Xorthampton,  to  which  town  he  re 
moved,  as  she  had  a  good  estate  and  no  children. 
His  own  six  sons  and  three  daughters  were  all 
married  and  had  children.  Two  of  his  sons  set 
tled  in  Mattatuck  or  Waterbury.  The  daughter 
of  one  of  them,  Mary,  the  daughter  of  Thomas, 
was  the  mother  of  Rev.  Dr.  S.  Hopkins.  T.  J. 
was  one  of  the  eighty-four  proprietors  of  Farm 
ington  and  four  or  five  other  towns,  so  that  large 
tracts  were  distributed  to  his  children.  His  de 
scendant,  Sylvester  Judd  of  Xorthampton,  has  in 
this  year,  1856,  published  "  Thomas  Judd  and  his 


486 


JUDD. 


JUDD. 


descendants,"  a  genealogical  work,  containing 
names  and  notices  of  1882  persons,  among  whom 
Benjamin  occurs  499  times,  William  370,  Thomas 
325.  —  Judd's  Genealogy. 

JUDD,  TIMOTHY,  the  brother  of  Rev.  Jonathan 
Judd,  died  in  Westbury  society  in  Waterbury, 
Conn.,  in  1796,  aged  82.  He  was  a  representa 
tive  of  the  town  for  more  than  twenty  sessions  of 
the  general  court.  He  made  full  trial  of  matri 
mony,  for  he  had  in  succession  five  wives. 

JUDD,  JONATHAN,  the  first  minister  of  South 
ampton,  Mass.,  died  July  28, 1803,  aged  83.  He 
was  of  the  sixth  generation  from  Thomas,  and 
the  son  of  Capt.  William  of  WTestbury  in  Water- 
bury.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1741,  in  the 
class  of  Dr.  Hopkins  and  BucJl  and  of  Wm.  Liv 
ingston.  He  was  settled  when  the  church  was 
formed,  June  8,  1743.  His  house,  standing  in 
1856,  was  palisaded  in  t'vo  French  and  Indian 
•wars.  His  four  sons  were  each  above  six  feet  in 
height.  His  ministry  lasted  sixty  years.  V. 
Gould  was  his  colleague  in  1801.  His  wife  was 
Silence,  the  daughter  of  Capt.  J.  Sheldon  of 
Northampton;  his  second  wife,  in  1790,  was  Ruth, 
widow  of  Ilev.  A.  Bidwell,  and  by  her  he  had  no 
children.  He  was  a  faithful  minister,  an  eminent 
Christian,  and  a  true  patriot.  During  his  minis 
try,  691  persons  were  received  into  the  church. 
His  sermons,  about  3,000,  were  by  his  order  com 
mitted  to  the  flames.  He  published  a  sermon  to 
the  soldiers,  1759,  and  one  in  the  select  sermons. 
—  Judd's  Genealogy. 

JUDD,  WILLIAM,  major,  of  the  sixth  genera 
tion  from  Thomas,  died  at  Farmington,  Conn.,  in 
1804,  aged  61.  He  was  the  son  of  William  of 
Farmington.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1763  ; 
was  a  popular  man,  and  many  years  a  representa 
tive.  In  the  Revolutionary  war  he  was  an  officer ; 
and  afterwards  conspicuous  in  the  democratic 
ranks  in  the  party  divisions  of  his  day.  He  pub 
lished  an  address  to  the  people  only  five  days 
before  his  death. 

JUDD,  JONATHAN  SHELDON,  Dr.,  son  of  Sol 
omon  of  Westhampton,  and  of  the  eighth  gener 
ation  from  Thomas,  died  in  Onondaga  Hollow  in 
1813,  aged  33.  His  daughter,  Louisa  Melissa, 
has  been  many  years  a  teacher  at  the  south  and 
west. 

JUDD,  JONATHAN,  son  of  Rev.  Jonathan,  died 
unmarried  at  Southampton  Jan.  30,  1819,  aged 
74.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1765;  taught  Hat- 
field  grammar  school  a  feAV  years,  and  then  was 
engaged  in  mercantile  business.  His  property 
of  14,000  dollars  went  to  his  brothers,  sisters,  and 
nephew,  who  gave  1,000  dollars  to  the  Hampshire 
education  society.  —  Sylvester  Judd's  Genealogy 
of  Judd. 

JUDD,  SYLVESTER,  son  of  Rev.  Jonathan  J., 
died  in  Westhampton  Sept.  19, 1832,  aged  nearly 


80.  He  was  a  farmer  and  trader,  much  employed 
in  public  business.  He  was  a  representative  and 
a  member  of  the  convention  to  form  the  consti 
tution  of  Massachusetts.  By  his  wife,  Hannah 
Burt,  he  had  eleven  children.  His  grand-daughter, 
Clarissa  Lyman,  married  Rev.  J.  H.  Bisbee,  and 
Theresa  married  Rev.  George  Lyman.  His  son, 
Sylvester  of  Northampton,  is  known  for  his  his 
torical  and  antiquarian  researches.  Perhaps  there 
is  no  man  who  has  made  such  a  collection  of 
New  England  historical  facts  since  the  first  dis 
covery  of  our  coast. 

JUDD,  EBEN  WARNER,  Dr.,  settled  at  Middle- 
bury,  Vt.,  about  1800,  and  died  in  1837,  aged  76. 
He  was  of  the  seventh  generation  from  Thomas. 
He  was  a  surveyor  and  was  employed  in  the 
northern  parts  of  Vermont.  lie  lived  for  a  while 
in  Northumberland,  where  the  falls  in  the  Con 
necticut  river  were  called  Judd's  falls.  He  dis 
covered  marble  at  Middlebury  about  1802,  and 
erected  a  water-mill  with  sixty  teethless  saws  for 
sawing  marble,  which  operated  for  years.  A 
daughter  married  Dr.  Eells  of  Cornwall.  —  Judd's 
Genealogy. 

JUDD,  FREEMAN,  brother  of  E.  W.  J.,  the  son 
of  Stephen  of  Westbury,  Conn.,  died  in  Lock- 
port,  N.  Y.,  at  the  house  of  his  son  Alfred,  in 
1840,  aged  84.  He  was  a  carpenter.  He  and  his 
brother  served  in  the  attack  upon  Quebec  by 
Arnold  in  1775,  and  published  a  journal  of  their 
movements  from  Boston  to  Quebec.  He  often 
preached  as  a  Methodist. 

JUDD,  DEMAS,  of  the  seventh  generation  from 
Thomas,  died  in  Jefferson,  N.  Y.,  in  1841,  aged 
87.  He  was  taken  at  fort  Washington  in  the 
Revolutionary  war,  and  was  confined  in  the  Jer 
sey  prison  ship.  His  wife  died  in  1840 ;  they 
had  fourteen  children. 

JUDD,  ELNATIIAN,  Dr.,  of  the  seventh  genera 
tion  from  Thomas,  died  in  Troy,  Mich.,  in  1845, 
aged  72.  He  was  the  father  of  Dr.  Judd  of  the 
Sandwich  Islands.  Born  in  Watertown,  Conn., 
he  emigrated  to  Paris,  N.  Y.,  and  was  there  a 
respected  physician  for  thirty  years.  He  was  a 
Christian  of  fervent  piety,  and  died  in  peace. 
His  daughter  married  A.  B.  Bates,  attorney-gen 
eral  under  the  king  of  thfi  Hawaiian  Islands. 

JUDD,  SYLVESTER,  a  Unitarian  minister,  died 
in  Augusta,  Me.,  Jan.  26,  1853,  aged  39.  The 
son  of  Sylvester  J.  of  Northampton,  and  grand 
son  of  Rev.  Jonathan  J.,  he  was  of  the  eighth 
generation  from  Thomas.  He  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1836 ;  studied  theology  at  Cambridge ;  and 
was  ordained  Oct.  1,  1840.  He  was  a  public  lec 
turer,  and  published  various  discourses.  He  mar 
ried  Jane  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Reuel  Williams 
of  Augusta,  and  left  three  daughters.  His  life  by 
Miss  A.  Hall  was  published  in  a  small  volume. 
In  his  New  Year's  sermon,  a  few  weeks  before  his 


JUDD. 

death,  he  inquired  — "  Or  will  you  follow  your 
pastor  to  the  grave?"  The  next  day  he  was 
taken  sick  of  bilious  colic.  He  had  a  peculiar 
frankness  and  independence,  uttering  his  thoughts 
boldly ;  and  he  was  a  man  of  kindly  sympathies, 
highly  esteemed  by  those  who  did  not  accord 
with  him  in  his  religious  notions.  Mr.  Judd  pub 
lished  Margaret,  a  New  England  tale,  1845 ;  an 
edition  in  2  vols.,  1856;  Philo,  a  poem  in  blank 
verse ;  and  Richard  Edney,  a  tale,  1850.  In  ref 
erence  to  his  book,  Margaret,  a  tale,  the  artist, 
Felix  P.  C.  Darley,  prepared  in  18,36  thirty  large, 
beautiful  illustrative  plates,  which  were  published 
by  Phillips,  Sampson  and  Co.,  of  Boston,  at  10 
dollars  in  boards.  The  church,  in  a  series  of  dis 
courses,  was  a  posthumous  work,  18,34.  —  Cyclop, 
of  American  Literature  ;  JudcVs  Genealogy. 

JUDD,  Lois,  widow  of  Elihu  Judd  of  Bethel, 
Conn.,  died  at  Wilton  Aug.  23,  1855,   aged   102 
years  and   10  months.     Her  maiden  name  was  ! 
Dikeman    of   Bethel.      She   married    a   second 
husband  ;  but  his  name  is  not  ascertained. 

JUDKIXS,  PHILIP,  died  at  Parkman,  Me., 
Oct.  27,  1851,  aged  103;  a  pensioner. 

JUDSON,  DAVID,  minister  of  Newtown,  Conn., 
died  in  1776,  aged  about  60.  He  was  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1738.  He  published  church  discipline, 
a  sermon,  1770;  on  church  government,  in  reply 
to  Ross,  1773. 

JUDSON,  AXDREW,  minister  of  Eastford  in 
Ashford,  Conn.,  died  in  1804,  aged  about  50.  lie 
graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1775. 

JUDSON,  EriiRAiM,  minister  of  Sheffield, 
Mass.,  died  Feb.  23,  1813,  aged  76.  He  was 
born  in  Woodbury,  Conn.,  the  son  of  Capt.  Elna- 
than  J.,  a  descendant  of  William  of  Concord  in 
1635,  and  of  New  Haven.  lie  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1763.  After  being  some  years 
the  minister  of  Chelsea,  or  the  second  church  of 
Norwich,  as  the  successor  of  Dr.  Whitaker,  he 
was  dismissed,  and  was  succeeded  by  Walter  King. 
He  was  next  settled  as  the  minister  of  Taunton, 
Mass.  In  May,  1789,  he  was  settled  at  Sheffield 
as  the  successor  of  John  Keep.  He  was  suc 
ceeded  by  James  Bradford.  During  his  ministry 
of  twenty-two  years  only  sixty  were  added  to  the 
church.  In  the  next  fifteen  years  three  hundred 
and  twenty-nine  were  added.  He  was  mild,  cour 
teous,  hospitable,  and  faithful  as  a  preacher  of 
the  gospel,  yet  a  little  eccentric.  He  published  a 
sermon  at  the  ordination  of  J.  Strong,  1789;  of 
E.  Fitch,  1795;  of  II.  Weeks  and  1).  Smith, 
1799;  two  sermons  in  a  collection. —  Sprague's 
Annals. 

JUDSON,  ANN,  missionary  to  Burmah,  died 
Oct.  24,  1826,  aged  36.  She  was  the  daughter 
of  John  Hasscltine  of  Bradford,  Mass.,  and  was 
born  Dec.  22,  1789.  In  early  life  she  was  gay, 
enterprising,  active,  and  eager  for  the  acquisition 


JUDSON. 


487 


of  knowledge.  She  was  educated  at  the  acad 
emy  of  her  native  town.  At  the  age  of  sixteen 
she  became  pious.  She  married  Adoniram  Jud- 
son,  Jr.,  appointed  a  missionary  to  India,  Feb.  5, 
1812.  In  his  letter  to  her  father,  asking  his  con 
sent  to  the  marriage,  Mr.  Judson  said  :  "  I  have 
now  to  ask,  whether  you  can  consent  to  her  depar 
ture  for  a  heathen  land  ?  whether  you  can  con 
sent  to  her  exposure  to  the  dangers  of  the  ocean ; 
to  every  kind  of  want  and  distress ;  to  degrada 
tion,  insult,  persecution,  and  perhaps  a  violent 
death  ?  Can  you  consent  to  all  this,  for  the  sdie 
of  Him  who  left  his  heavenly  home  and  died  for 
her  and  for  you  ?  "  She  was  the  first  American 
female  who  made  up  her  mind  to  go  to  India  as 
a  missionary.  She  sailed  from  Salem  Feb.  19, 
with  Mrs.  Newell,  and  arrived  in  June  at  Cal 
cutta.  While  residing  there,  she  and  her  hus 
band  adopted  the  principles  of  the  Baptists  and 
were  baptized  Sept.  6.  Mr.  Rice,  also,  a  mission 
ary,  was  baptized  Nov.  1.  As  the  missionaries 
were  ordered  to  quit  India,  she  sailed  to  the  Isle 
of  France,  where,  on  her  arrival  Jan.  17,  1813, 
she  was  informed  of  the  death  of  Mrs.  Newell  in 
Nov.  She  proceeded  in  July  to  Rangoon  in  Bur 
mah.  A  few  English  missionaries  had  been  there 
since  1807.  After  studying  the  language  several 
years,  Mr.  Judson  began  to  preach  and  to  publish 
tracts  in  the  Burman  language.  He  was  also 
joined  by  the  missionaries,  Hough,  Colman,  and 
Wheelock.  In  Jan.,  1820,  Mr.  Judson  made  a 
fruitless  visit  to  the  emperor  to  obtain  permission 
to  propagate  the  Christian  religion.  In  conse 
quence  of  this  refusal,  Mr.  Colman  was  induced 
to  remove  to  Chittagong,  near  which  place  he 
died  July  4,  1822.  Mr.  Wheelock  was  also  de 
ceased,  and  Mr.  Hough  had  departed,  so  that  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Judson  were  left  alone  at  Rangoon. 
Several  converts  were  baptized  in  1820.  In  con 
sequence  of  alarming  illness,  Mrs.  Judson  left 
Rangoon  in  Aug.,  1821,  and  repaired  to  Calcutta, 
and  thence  to  England.  In  Sept.,  1822,  she  ar 
rived  at  New  York.  After  visiting  her  friends  at 
Bradford  for  a  few  weeks,  she  was  induced,  on 
account  of  her  health,  to  pass  the  winter  in  the 
milder  climate  of  Baltimore,  where  Dr.  Elnathan 
Judson,  an  only  brother  of  her  husband,  resided. 
Here  she  lived  in  retirement  and  wrote  an  inter 
esting  work,  a  history  of  the  Burman  mission, 
in  a  series  of  letters  to  Mr.  Butterworth,  a  mem 
ber  of  the  parliament,  in  whose  house  she  was 
received  while  in  England.  She  sailed  on  her 
return  June  22,  1823,  from  Boston,  with  the  mis 
sionaries,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wade,  and  arrived  at  Cal 
cutta  in  Oct.,  and  in  Dec.  proceeded  to  Rangoon. 
In  the  same  month  she  accompanied  her  husbSnd 
to  Ava,  the  capital.  The  Bengal  government 
invaded  Burmah  in  May,  1824.  June  8th,  Mr. 
Judson  was  seized  and  imprisoned,  with  Dr.  Price 


488 


JUDSON. 


KALM. 


and  others.  During  his  imprisonment  of  more 
than  a  year  and  a  half,  nine  months  in  three  pair 
of  fetters,  two  months  in  five  pair,  —  amidst  inde 
scribable  sufferings,  —  Mrs.  Judson  repaired  every 
day  two  miles  to  the  prison,  prepared  food  for  her 
husband,  and  administered  to  the  wants  of  the 
prisoners,  and  made  constant  application  to  the 
government  for  their  lives  and  their  deliverance, 
until  at  last,  on  the  approach  of  the  British  army, 
she  had  the  happiness  to  announce  to  them  their 
freedom. 

"  0  woman  — 

When  pain  and  anguish  wring  the  brow, 
A  ministering  angel  thou !  " 

In  March,  1826,  she  passed  down  the  Irrawaddy 
to  the  British  camp,  when  Gen.  Archibald  Camp 
bell  received  her  with  the  kindness  which  she 
deserved  for  the  eloquent  appeals  to  the  proud 
Burman  government,  of  which  she  was  the  author, 
and  which  contributed  to  the  peace.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Judson  now  settled  in  the  new  town  of  Am- 
herst  on  the  Salwen  river.  But  after  a  few 
months,  in  the  absence  of  Mr.  Judson,  she  died 
there  of  a  fever.  This  fatal  event  is  to  be  ascribed 
to  her  sufferings  at  Ava.  In  a  few  months  her 
only  surviving  child,  Maria,  died.  They  were 
buried  beneath  a  large  hope  tree,  the  Hopia. 
Her  little  son,  lloger  Williams,  was  buried  at 
Hangoon.  She  was  a  woman  of  unquestioned 
piety  and  most  benevolent  zeal.  Her  talents,  too, 
were  of  a  high  order.  No  female  missionary  ever 
passed  through  such  scenes  of  suffering,  or  made 
such  efforts  of  benevolence  in  sickness  and  amidst 
perils  and  difficulties  of  every  kind.  When,  at  a 
future  time,  the  gospel  shall  triumph  over  the 
superstitions  of  the  east,  her  name  will  be  hon 
ored  throughout  all  Burmah.  A  very  interesting 
memoir  of  her  life  -was  published  by  James  D. 
Knowles,  2d  ed.,  Boston,  1829. 

JUDSON,  ADONIRAM,  the  brother  of  Ephraim, 
died  at  Scituate,  Mass.,  in  1826,  aged  76.  Born 
at  Woodbury,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1775,  and 
was  the  minister  of  Maiden  from  Jan.,  1787,  till 
Sept.,  1791 ;  and  then  of  Wenham  from  1792  to 
1799;  and  then  of  Plymouth  from  1802  to  1817. 
He  afterwards  connected  himself  with  the  Bap 
tists  and  preached  in  several  places.  He  was  the 
father  of  the  missionary  of  the  same  name.  He 
published  a  sermon  on  the  landing  of  our  fathers, 
1802.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

JUDSON,  SAMUEL,  minister  forty  years  of 
Uxbridge,  died  Nov.  11,  1832,  aged  about  62. 
He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1790.  Till  his  last  ill 
ness  he  performed  the  public  services  of  every 
Sabbath. 

JUDSON,  ADOMRAM,  D.  D.,  Baptist  mission 
ary  at  Burmah,  son  of  the  Itev.  A.  J.,  died  at  sea 
April  12,  1850,  aged  62.  He  left  Maulmain  in 
ill  health  April  3,  1850,  in  the  French  barque 


Aristide  Marie,  bound  for  the  isle  of  Bourdeaux. 
lie  was  constrained  to  leave  Mrs.  J.  behind. 
In  nine  days  he  died,  in  latitude  15°  north, 
and  longitude  93°  east,  within  the  range  of 
islands  along  the  coast  of  Malacca ;  and  the 
same  evening  was  buried  in  the  sea.  He  had 
been  more  than  thirty-eight  years  in  service,  hav 
ing  embarked  in  1812  ^  and  was  one  of  the  first 
and  most  eminent  of  the  American  missionaries 
in  the  cast.  He  was  born  in  Maiden,  graduated 
at  Brown  university  in  1807,  and  at  Andover 
seminary  in  1810.  He  published  a  sermon  on 
baptism,  1812;  a  dictionary  of  the  Burman  lan 
guage,  1826. 

JUDSON,  EMILY  CIIUBBUCK,  the  widow  of 
the  missionary,  Adoniram  Judson,  died  in  Ham 
ilton,  N.  Y.,  June  1,  1854,  aged  about  40. 
She  was  a  native  of  Morrisville,  N.  Y.  She  be 
came  a  teacher  in  the  female  seminary  at  Utica. 
As  a  writer  under  the  name  of  Fanny  Forrester, 
she  contributed  in  1844  to  the  New  York  Weekly 
Mirror.  At  Philadelphia  she  became  acquainted 
with  Dr.  Judson,  who  employed  her  to  write  his 
deceased  wife's  biography.  In  the  subsequent 
conference  he  became  convinced  that  she  might 
supply  the  place  of  the  departed ;  and  he  per 
suaded  her  to  yield  to  his  wishes.  They  were  mar 
ried  in  July,  1846,  and  proceeded  to  Maulmain, 
where  she  lived  till  his  death.  She  was  generally 
known  by  her  pen-name  of  Fanny  Forrester,  and 
her  writings  were  acceptable  to  the  public.  It 
was  in  July,  1846,  that  she  embarked  with  her 
husband  for  India.  Soon  after  his  death  in  1850 
she  returned  to  this  country,  and  for  the  last  two 
years  of  her  life  was  in  feeble  health.  Her 
mother  died  in  ]  855.  She  published  Alderbrook, 
and  memoirs  of  her  husband.  —  Cycl.  of  Amer. 
Literature. 

JUMPER,  a  distinguished  chief  of  the  Semi- 
nolc  Indians,  died  at  New  Orleans  April  18,  1838. 

IvALB,  BARON  DE,  major-general  in  the  army 
of  the  United  States,  was  a  German  by  birth,  and 
had  long  been  in  the  French  service.  In  the  bat 
tle  near  Camden,  Aug.,  1780,  he  fell,  after  receiv 
ing  eleven  wounds  in  his  vigorous  exertions  to 
prevent  the  defeat  of  the  Americans.  He  died 
Aug.  19,  aged  47,  having  served  three  years  with 
high  reputation.  His  last  moments  were  spent 
in  dictating  a  letter,  which  expressed  his  warm 
affection  for  the  men  and  officers  of  his  division, 
and  his  admiration  of  their  firmness  and  courage 
in  withstanding  a  superior  force.  An  ornamen 
tal  tree  was  planted  at  the  head  of  his  grave  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Camden,  and  congress  re 
solved,  that  a  monument  should  be  erected  to  his 
memory  at  Annapolis  with  a  very  honorable  in 
scription. —  Gordon,  III.  391,  443;  Ramsay,  II. 
168;  Warren,  II.  243;  Marshall,  IV.  184;  Holmes. 

KALM,  PETER,  a  naturalist,  was  a  Swede,  and 
was  sent  to  America,  in  1748,  to  collect  inforrna- 


KANT. 

tion  concerning  its  botany.  In  two  or  three  years 
he  travelled  through  Canada,  New  York,  and 
Pennsylvania.  He  was  afterwards  professor  of 
economy  in  Swedish  Finland,  where  he  died  Nov. 
16,  1779.  In  honor  of  him  the  beautiful  Kalmia 
received  its  name.  His  travels  in  North  America 
were  published  at  Gottingen,  1754 ;  the  same  in 
English,  3  vols.,  1770;  2  vols.,  8vo.,  1772.  lie 
published  also  an  account  of  the  cataracts  at 
Niagara,  1751. 

KANT,  JAMES,  minister  of  Trumbull,  Conn., 
died  in  1840.  He  was  settled  in  1826. 

KARNES,  SARAH  W.,  Mrs.,  died  in  New  York 
in  1854,  aged  117  years,  being  born  in  1737. 

KAST,  PHILIP  GODFRID,  Dr.,  an  eminent  phy 
sician  in  Boston,  died  at  Ilaverhill  April  28, 1791, 
aged  87. 

KAST,  THOMAS,  Dr.,  died  in  Boston  June  20, 
1820,  aged  69.  He  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Philip 
Godfrid  Kast,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1769.  His  profession  he  studied  in  Europe,  and 
returned  to  Boston  in  1774.  From  1810  to  1817 
he  was  also  in  Europe  for  his  health.  He  had 
a  well-deserved  reputation  in  his  profession, 
and  was  especially  eminent  in  obstetric  practice. 
For  many  years  he  had  extensive  practice  as  a 
physician  and  surgeon.  —  Thacher. 

KAVANAGH,  EDWARD,  governor  of  Maine, 
died  in  Newcastle  Jan.  20,  1844,  aged  48.  He 
had  been  a  member  of  congress. 

KEAN,  ANDREW,  Dr.,  died  in  Goochland,  Va., 
in  1837,  aged  62,  one  of  the  most  eminent  physi 
cians  of  Va. 

KEARNEY,  FRANCIS,  an  eminent  engraver, 
died  at  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J.,  in  1837,  aged  52. 

KEARNEY,  JAMES  A.,  Dr.,  died  in  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  Aug.  27,  1847.  He  was  fleet-surgeon 
of  the  home  squadron,  and  had  been  nearly  forty 
years  a  skilful  officer  of  the  navy. 

KEARNP^Y,  STEPHEN  W.,  major-general,  died 
at  St.  Louis  Oct.  31,  1848,  aged  54.  He  was 
thirty-six  years  in  the  army,  and  served  in  NeAv 
Mexico  and  California. 

KEARSLEY,  JOHN,  a  physician  of  Philadel 
phia,  was  a  native  of  England  and  came  to  this 
country  about  1711.  As  a  member  of  the  assem 
bly,  his  speeches  for  the  rights  of  the  colony  were 
so  acceptable  that  he  was  sometimes  carried 
home  on  the  shoulders  of  the  people.  He  died 
Jan.  11,  1772,  aged  88.  He  contributed  much 
for  building  Christ  church,  and  the  hospital  of 
that  church  for  widows  he  endowed  with  a  valua 
ble  estate. 

KEEP,  JOHN,  minister  of  Sheffield,  Mass.,  died 
Sept.  3,  1785,  aged  35,  in  the  thirteenth  year  of 
his  ministry.  He  succeeded  Mr.  Ilubbard  and 
was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Judson.  Born  in  Long- 
meadow,  probably  a  descendant  of  John  Keep 
who  died  in  Longmeadow  in  1675,  he  was  grad- 
62 


KEITH. 


489 


uatcd  at  Yale  in  1769,  and  was  ordained  in  1772. 
Such  were  his  talents  and  eloquence,  that  few 
preachers  were  so  much  commended.  He  was  a 
candidate  for  the  professorship  of  divinity  at 
Yale,  when  Mr.  Wales  was  chosen  in  1782.  His 
widow,  daughter  of  Rev.  P.  Robbins,  married  J. 
Woodbridge.  — Hist,  of  Berkshire. 

KEITH,  JAMES,  first  minister  of  Bridgewater, 
Mass.,  was  a  native  of  Scotland,  and  educated  at 
Aberdeen.  He  was  ordained  Feb.  18,  1664,  and 
died  July  23,  1719,  aged  75.  He  had  six  sons 
and  two  daughters.  His  descendants  in  Bridge- 
water  in  1810  were  two  hundred ;  and  there  were 
many  more  in  other  towns.  His  successors  were 
Daniel  Perkins,  who  died  Sept.  29,  1782,  aged 
85,  and  John  Reed.  He  was  of  singular  sweet 
ness  of  temper  and  eminent  piety.  In  his  preach 
ing  he  did  not  use  notes.  He  published  a  case 
of  prayer,  on  the  establishment  of  a  new  society ; 
he  and  J.  Danforth,  two  sermons,  1717.  — Math 
er 's  Sermon. 

KEITH,  GEORGE,  a  Quaker,  was  born  at  Aber 
deen,  Scotland,  and  was  well  educated.  He  came 
in  1682  to  East  Jersey,  where  he  was  surveyor-gen 
eral.  In  1689  he  taught  a  school  in  Philadelphia. 
After  writing  various  treatises  in  favor  of  the  Qua 
kers,  and  visiting  New  England  for  the  propaga 
tion  of  his  sentiments,  on  his  return  a  schism 
occurred  between  him  and  the  Quakers  in  1691. 
He  drew  away  many  as  his  followers,  who  called 
themselves  Christian  Quakers.  At  length  lie  en 
tirely  deserted  the  society ;  in  England  he  be 
came  an  Episcopalian,  and  he  officiated  as  an 
Episcopal  missionary  about  a  year  in  New  York 
and  Boston.  Repairing  again  about  1706  to 
England,  he  was  a  rector  at  Edburton  in  Sussex, 
where  he  died.  lie  had  learning,  talents,  acute- 
ness,  and  logical  skill,  but  was  irritable,  overbear 
ing,  and  virulent.  He  had  nothing  of  moderation, 
meekness,  and  charity.  In  his  day  the  contention 
among  the  Quakers  was  vehement.  The  following 
are  the  titles  of  some  of  his  many  publications  : 
immediate  revelation  not  ceased,  1668;  the  way 
to  the  city  of  God,  1678;  the  Presbyterian  and 
Independent  churches  in  New  England  brought 
to  the  test,  1689;  this  was  answered  in  1690  by 
the  Boston  ministers,  in  their  Protestant  religion 
maintained ;  the  pretended  antidote  proved  poi 
son,  in  answer  to  the  preceding,  1690 ;  account 
of  the  great  division  amongst  the  Quakers  in 
Pennsylvania,  1692  ;  more  divisions,  1693 ;  against 
Sam.  Jennings,  1694 ;  a  plain  discovery  of  many 
gross  cheats  in  pamphlets  by  the  Quakers;  ac 
count  of  his  travels,  1699 ;  the  Deism  of  Wm. 
Penn  and  his  brethren  destructive  of  the  Chris 
tian  religion,  1699  ;  account  of  a  national  church 
and  the  clergy ;  reasons  for  renouncing  Quaker 
ism,  1700;  account  of  the  Quakers'  politics;  the 
magic  of  Quakerism,  1705 ;  journal  of  travels 


490 


KEITH. 


KENDAL. 


from  New  Hampshire  to  Caratuck,  1706 ;  new 
theory  of  the  longitude,  1709.  —  Proud,  i.  363- 
376 ;  ScwalVs  Hist.  504-664. 

KEITH,  Sir  WILLIAM,  governor  of  Pennsylva 
nia,  sustained  this  office  from  1717  to  1726.  He 
had  been  before  surveyor-general  of  the  customs 
in  America.  He  died  in  England  in  poverty,  Nov. 
17,  1749,  aged  near  80.  He  was  a  desperate  in 
triguer,  courting  always  the  favor  of  the  people, 
and  not  sparing  of  delusive  promises  to  individ 
uals.  At  last  he  sunk  into  contempt.  He  pub 
lished  the  history  of  the  British  plantations  in 
America,  part  I.,  containing  the  history  of  Vir 
ginia,  4to.,  1738;  collection  of  papers  and  tracts, 
1749;  on  the  subject  of  taxing  the  colonies,  1767. 

KEITH,  ISAAC  STOCKTON,  D.  I).,  minister  of 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  died  Dec.  14,  1813,  aged  58. 
He  was  born  in  Bucks  county,  Penn.,  Jan.  20, 
1755,  and  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1775.  He 
•was  the  minister  of  Alexandria  in  Virginia  for 
about  ten  years  till  1788,  when  he  was  settled  at 
Charleston  as  the  colleague  of  Dr.  Hollingshead. 
There  his  ministry  of  twenty-five  years  was  longer 
than  that  of  any  of  his  eleven  predecessors.  He 
died  suddenly.  His  first  wife  was  the  daughter 
of  Rev.  Dr.  Sproat ;  his  second  the  daughter  of 
Thomas  Legare  of  Charleston;  his  third  the 
daughter  of  Wm.  Huxham.  He  was  an  eminent 
Christian  and  a  faithful  pastor.  To  his  church  he 
bequeathed  5000  dollars,  and  half  that  sum  to 
the  general  assembly.  To  each  of  about  twenty 
children,  bearing  his  name  or  that  of  one  of  his 
wives,  he  bequeathed  Scott's  commentary.  A  col 
lection  of  his  sermons,  addresses,  etc.,  with  an 
account  of  his  life  by  Dr.  Flinn,  was  published, 
1816.  — Panopl.  XL, 441-448 ;  Sprague's  Annals. 

KEITH,  REUEL,  D.  D.,  died  Sept.  3,  1842. 
He  was  an  eminent  scholar,  teacher,  and  clergy 
man;  the  principal  of  the  Episcopal  theological 
seminary  near  Alexandria. 

KELLOGG,  JOSEPH,  was  taken  prisoner  at 
Deerfield  in  1703.  He  acted  as  Indian  interpre 
ter  at  the  treaty  of  Albany  in  1754,  and  as  such 
was  to  accompany  Shirley  to  Oswego  ?  but  he 
died  on  his  way  at  Schenectady  in  1756. 

KELLOGG,  GILES  CROUCH,  Dr.,  died  at  Had- 
ley  in  1793,  aged  about  60.  He  was  adopted 
and  educated  by  Dr.  Crouch,  a  bachelor  and  phy 
sician  of  II.,  who  came  from  England  ;  he  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1751,  and  had  the  ec 
centricity  of  Dr.  C. 

KELLOGG,  EBENEZER,  the  first  minister  of 
Vernon,  Conn.,  died  Sept.  3,  1817,  aged  80,  in 
the  fifty-fifth  year  of  his  ministry.  He  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1757. 

KELLOGG,  BELA,  minister  of  Avon,  Conn., 
died  in  1831,  aged  50.  He  was  a  graduate  in 
1800  in  the  sixth  class  of  Williams  college. 

KELLOGG,  ELIJAH,  a  minister  in  Portland, 
Maine,  died  there  in  March,  1842,  aged  80.  Born 


in  South  Hadley,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Dart 
mouth  in  1785,  and  was  minister  of  the  second 
church  in  Portland  from  1788  to  1811,  Mr.  Pay- 
son  becoming  his  colleague  in  1807 ;  then  of  the 
chapel  church  from  1812  to  1821.  He  was  after 
ward  a  missionary  from  the  society  for  propagat 
ing  the  gospel  to  the  Quoddy  Indians,  living  in 
Perry  Pleasant  Point,  near  Eastport,  Me.  The 
Passamaquoddies,  the  Indian  name,  means  pol 
lock  fish.  Schoodak  signifies  burnt  land ;  Sock- 
um  chief,  Seepee  river.  Mr.  K's.  vocabulary  of 
the  Quoddy  language  is  published  in  Hist.  Coll., 
vol.  HI.,  3d  series.  He  published  an  oration  on 
the  death  of  Rev.  T.  Smith,  1795. 

KELLOGG,  DAVID,  D.D.,  died  at  Framingham, 
Mass.,  Aug.  13,  1843,  aged  87.  A  native  of  Am- 
herst,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1775, 
and  was  pastor  from  1781  to  1830.  His  son  is 
Judge  Daniel  K.  of  Vermont.  He  published  a 
masonic  sermon,  1796.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

KELLOGG,  EBENEZER,  professor,  died  in  Wil- 
liamstown,  Mass.,  Oct.  2,  1846,  aged  57.  He  was 
born  in  Vernon,  Conn. ;  graduated  at  Yale  in  1810  ; 
in  1815  he  was  elected  professor  of  Greek  and 
Latin  in  Williams  college,  which  office  he  use 
fully  discharged. 

KELLY,  WILLIAM,  the  first  minister  of  War 
ner,  X.  II.,  died  in  1813,  aged  65.  He  was  the 
son  of  John  of  Atkinson,  who  died  in  1783,  aged 
84  ;  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1767  ;  was  ordained 
in  1772;  and  dismissed  in  1801.  His  son,  John, 
a  councillor  at  law,  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in 
1804.  —  Farmer. 

KELLY,  MOSES,  colonel,  the  sheriff  of  Hills- 
borough  county,  N.  II.,  died  Aug.  2,  1824,  aged 
85.  He  was  the  brother  of  William.  His  father 
and  three  preceding  ancestors  up  to  John  of  New- 
bury  bore  the  name  of  John.  —  Farmer. 

KELLY,  JOHN,  minister  of  Hampstead,  N.  H., 
died  in  1848,  aged  85.  Born  in  Amesbury,  Mass., 
he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1791,  and  was 
ordained  in  1792.  He  was  a  descendant  of  John, 
a  first  settler  of  Newbury,  who  died  in  1644. 
He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Dr.  W. 
Cogswell,  1831.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

KEMP,  JOHN,  LL.  D.,  professor  of  mathema 
tics  in  Columbia  college,  N.  Y.,  died  in  1812,  aged 
49.  Born  in  Scotland,  he  was  educated  at  Maris- 
chall  college,  Aberdeen.  Before  the  age  of  twen 
ty-one  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  royal 
society  of  Edinburgh.  He  began  his  toils  at 
Columbia  college  in  1785.  He  was  appointed  in 
1785  to  an  additional  professorship  of  geography, 
history,  and  chronology.  In  1810  he  made  a 
journey  to  lake  Erie,  and  satisfied  himself  that 
the  project  of  a  canal  was  feasible. 

KEMPER,  JAMES,  president  of  Walnut  Hills 
college,  Ohio,  died  Aug.  29,  1834,  aged  80. 

KENDAL,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Wes- 
ton,  Mass.,  died  Feb.  16,  1815,  aged  60.  He 


KENDALL. 


KER. 


491 


was  a  descendant  of  Francis  K.,  who  lived  in 
Woburn  in  1647,  was  born  at  Sherburne  July  11, 
1753;  his  father,,  Elisha  K.,  died  in  1824  at  the 
age  of  99.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col 
lege  in  1782,  and  was  ordained  Nov.  5,  1785. 
His  two  wives  were  the  daughters  of  Samuel 
Woodward,  his  predecessor  in  the  ministry,  and 
descendants  of  llichard  Mather.  He  published 
a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  T.  M.  Harris,  1794 ; 
at  thanksgiving ;  at  ordination  of  P.  Nourse, 
1802  ;  at  the  election,  1804  ;  seven  sermons  for 
the  young,  making  8th  number  of  the  Christian 
monitor,  1808;  on  the  death  of  S.  Dexter,  1810; 
century  sermon,  1813.  A  volume  of  his  sermons 
was  published  after  his  death. 

KENDALL,  SAMUEL,  the  first  minister  of  New 
Salem,  Mass.,  died  Jan.  31, 1792,  aged  84.  Born  in 
Woburn,  he  was  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1731  ; 
was  ordained  in  1742 ;  and  dismissed  in  1776. 
Joel  Foster  was  his  successor  from  1779  to  1802. 

KENDALL,  DAVID,  died  in  Augusta,  N.  Y., 
Feb.  19,  1853,  aged  85.  Born  in  Athol,  Mass.,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1794,  and  was  minister 
of  Ilubbardston  from  1802  to  1809.  He  removed 
to  Augusta,  Oneida  county,  where  he  was  pastor 
till  his  death. 

KENDRICK,  J.,  captain,  a  navigator,  lost  his 
life  on  the  northwest  coast  in  1800,  or  towards 
the  close  of  the  last  century.  Born  in  Martha's 
Vineyard,  his  residence  was  at  Wareham. 

KENDRICK,  NATHANIEL,  I).  1).,  late  presi 
dent  of  Madison  university,  died  at  Hamilton, 
N.  Y.,  Sept,  18,  1848. 

KENDRICK,  WILLIAM  POOLE,  minister  in 
Bristol,  Illinois,  died  in  1854  or  1855,  aged  64. 
He  was  a  native  of  Ilollis,  N.  II. ;  a  graduate  of 
Harvard  in  1816;  a  theological  student  at  An- 
dovcr. 

KENNEDY,  WILLIAM  M.,  a  Methodist  minis 
ter,  died  in  Newbury,  S.  C.,  in  1840,  aged  56. 

KENNEDY,  JOHN  II.,  minister  at  Cannons- 
burg.  Penn.,  died  in  1840,  aged  38. 

KENNEDY,  E.  PENDLETON,  commodore  in 
the  navy,  died  at  Norfolk  March  29,  1844,  aged 
65,  of  paralysis.  He  was  in  command  of  the  flag 
ship  Pennsylvania. 

KENNEDY,  ANDREW,  died  in  Indiana  Dec. 
31,  1847,  aged  37.  At  the  age  of  nineteen  he 
could  neither  read  nor  write  ;  yet  became  a  law 
yer,  a  member  of  the  State  senate,  and  of  con 
gress  from  1841  to  1847. 

KENNISON,  JENNY,  died  at  Brookfield,  N.  IL,  j 
Dec.  27,  1840,  aged  110,  the  oldest  person  in 
New  Hampshire. 

KENNISTON,  DAVID,  died  at  Chicago  Feb.  24, 
1852,  aged  117  ;  the  last  of  the  party  who  de 
stroyed  the  tea  at  Boston. 

KENNISTON,  JOHN,  of  Greenland,  N.  II.,  was 
killed  by  the  Indians  April  16,  1677,  and  his 
house  burnt. 


KENNON,  BEVERLEY,  commodore,  was  killed 
by  the  explosion  of  the  great  gun  on  board  the 
steamer  Princeton,  Feb.  28,  1844.  He  was  chief 
of  the  bureau  of  construction,  etc.  He  had  a 
high  reputation  in  the  navy. 

KENT,  ELISHA,  died  at  Philippi,  N.  Y.,  July 
17,  1776,  aged  nearly  72,  in  the  forty-second  year 
of  his  ministry.  A  native  of  Suffield,  Conn.,  the 
son  of  John  Kent  and  Abigail  Dudley,  he  was 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1729.  He  was  a  minister 
of  talents  and  influence,  and  of  a  humble,  Chris 
tian  character.  His  son,  Moss  Kent,  the  father 
of  Chancellor  Kent,  graduated  at  Yale  in  1752, 
and  died  in  1794,  aged  about  62,  a  lawyer  in 
Duchess  county,  N.  Y. 

KENT,  JOSEPH,  Dr.,  governor  of  Maryland, 
died  near  Bladensburg,  Nov.  24,  1837,  aged  58. 
He  Avas  a  physician  and  farmer ;  many  years  a 
representative  ;  governor  from  1826  to  1829  ;  and 
senator  of  the  United  States  from  1833  to  1837. 

KENT,  WILLIAM  A.,  colonel,  died  in  Concord, 
N.  II.,  April  7,  1840,  aged  75,  a  member  of  the 
State  senate  and  treasurer  of  the  State.  He  was 
a  man  much  respected  for  his  virtues. 

KENT,  JAMES,  chancellor,  died  at  New  York 
Dec.  12,  1847,  aged  84.  He  was  born  in  1763, 
in  Duchess  county ;  his  father  was  Moss  Kent, 
his  grandfather  was  Elisha  Kent.  He  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1781,  studied  law  with  E.  Benson,  and 
practised  law  in  Poughkeepsie  and  New  York. 
In  1797  he  was  recorder  of  the  city;  in  1798  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court;  in  1804  chief  jus 
tice  ;  in  1814  chancellor;  and  he  retired  from 
office  July  31,  1823,  at  the  age  of  sixty,  as  re 
quired  by  the  constitution.  His  brother,  Moss 
Kent,  was  a  senator  of  the  United  States.  His 
lectures  as  law  professor  of  Columbia  college 
were  the  basis  of  his  commentaries.  He  was 
eminently  a  virtuous  and  good  man,  respected 
and  beloved.  He  lived  long,  contented  and 
prosperous,  and  was  eminently  happy  in  domestic 
life.  His  commentaries  on  American  law,  pub 
lished  in  4  vols.,  in  1830,  were  by  him  enlarged. 
His  important  decisions  in  law  and  equity  are 
preserved  in  the  reports  of  Caines  and  Johnson. 
His  biography,  it  is  said,  is  preparing  by  his  son, 
William  Kent.  —  American  Almanac,  1849; 
Cyclopedia  of  Amer.  Literature. 

KENTON,  SIMON,  general,  died  in  Logan 
county,  Ohio,  April  29,  1836,  aged  82.  He  was 
a  companion  of  Col.  Boone,  in  exploring  the 
western  country  and  commencing  new  settle 
ments.  Many  were  his  hardships.  Once  he  was 
tied  to  a  stake  by  the  Indians  to  be  burned,  but 
was  rescued  by  a  friend. 

KER,  NATHAN,  Presbyterian  minister  at  Go- 
shen,  N.  Y.,  more  than  forty  years,  died  Dec.  21, 
1804,  aged  68.  Born  in  New  Jersey,  he  gradu 
ated  at  Princeton  in  1761.  He  published  a  ser 
mon  on  the  church  and  union,  and  on  God's 


492 


KERB. 


KILLEN. 


sovereignty  in  the  American  preacher,  vols.  in. 
and  iv. 

KERR,  HAMILTON,  major,  was  the  son  of  Mat 
thew  of  Philadelphia,  who  emigrated  to  the  Mus- 
kingum  in  1787.  He  was  a  bold  hunter  on  the 
frontiers,  as  related  by  Hildreth.  His  descend 
ants  are  many. 

KERR,  ROBERT,  a  minister  of  the  Scotch  Pres 
byterian  church,  died  at  Savannah  in  June,  1805, 
having  been  a  preacher  thirty-two  years. 

KERR,  JOSEPH,  D.  D.,  pastor  of  the  Associate 
Reformed  church  at  Pittsburg,  died  in  1829. 

KETELTAS,  ABRAHAM,  minister  of  Jamaica, 
L.  I.,  died  Sept.  30,  1798,  aged  66.  He  was  the 
son  of  a  minister  of  the  same  name  ;  was  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  college  in  1752  ;  and  was  settled  at 
first  the  minister  of  Elizabeth.  He  preached  flu 
ently  in  Dutch  and  French.  In  1777  he  was  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  framed  the  con 
stitution  of  New  York.  His  wife,  the  daughter 
of  William  Smith,  a  distinguished  man,  died  in 
1815,  aged  84.  He  published  a  sermon  on  ex 
tortion,  1778,  and  other  occasional  discourses. 

KEY,  PHILIP  BARTON,  a  member  of  congress 
from  Maryland,  died  at  Georgetown  July  28, 
1815,  aged  50.  His  eloquent  resistance  to  the 
restrictive  system  gave  him  celebrity. 

KEY,  FRANCIS  S.,  district  attorney  of  the 
United  States,  died  at  Baltimore  Jan.  11,  1843, 
aged  63.  Born  in  Frederick  county,  Maryland, 
his  father  was  John  Ross  Key,  an  officer  of  the 
Revolutionary  army.  He  was  educated  at  St. 
John's  college,  Annapolis.  Having  studied  law 
with  liis  uncle  Philip,  he  lived  in  Fredericktown 
and  Washington.  He  was  a  brother-in-law  of 
Chief  Justice  Taney.  His  poems  were  published 
in  New  York  in  1856.  His  star-spangled  banner, 
a  song,  was  written  on  an  occasion  of  deep  inter 
est,  with  the  inspiration  of  patriotism  and  of 
poetry.  —  Cyclopedia  of  American  Literature. 

KEYES,  ABRAHAM  J.,  a  Jew,  pastor  of  the 
Hebrew  congregation,  Philadelphia,  died  Oct.  18, 
1828,  aged  47. 

KEYS,  TllOMAS,  a  Methodist  minister,  died  in 
Jefferson  county,  Virginia,  in  1828,  aged  57. 

KIDD,  WILLIAM,  a  pirate,  was  the  commander 
of  a  vessel  which  sailed  irom  New  York  to  Lon 
don,  and  in  London  was  recommended  by  Mr. 
Livingston  of  New  York  as  a  suitable  commander 
of  a  vessel,  which  Lord  Rumney  and  others  had 
fitted  out  against  the  pirates  of  the  East  Indies, 
at  an  expense  of  6000  pounds.  Kidd  first  sailed 
to  New  York,  where  he  had  a  family ;  on  his 
arrival  in  India  he  committed  many  daring  acts 
of  piracy.  In  his  infatuation  he  came  from  Mad 
agascar  to  Boston.  July  3,  1699,  he  was  sum 
moned  before  Governor  Bellamont,  and  ordered 
to  draw  up  a  narrative  of  his  proceedings.  But 
not  doing  this,  he  was  arrested  July  6th,  with 
several  of  his  men.  A  man-of-war  was  sent 


from  England  to  transport  them  thither  for  trial. 
They  Avere  condemned  and  executed.  Bradish, 
who  was  executed  at  the  same  time,  had  run  away 
with  the  ship  Adventure  on  a  voyage  to  India,  and 
arrived  in  March,  1699,  at  the  east  of  Long 
Island,  where  he  had  deposited  in  the  care  of  a 
gentleman  his  money,  rings,  and  jewels.  Multi 
tudes  of  weak-minded  men  have  dug  along  the 
American  coast  in  search  of  Kidd's  money,  im 
agining  that  he  had  concealed  gold  and  silver  on 
the  shores.  Such  dupes  of  covetousness  would 
do  well  to  dig  the  soil. 

KIDDER,JosEPH,ministerofDunstable,N.H., 
died  in  1818,  aged  76.  Born  in  Billerica,  he 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1764;  was  ordained  in  1767  ; 
was  dismissed  in  1796,  but  continued  pastor  of 
the  church  till  his  death. 

KILBORN,  JONATHAN,  died  in  Colchester, 
Conn.,  in  1785,  aged  78.  He  was  a  very  inge 
nious  mechanic,  and  is  said  to  have  been  the  in 
ventor  of  the  iron  screw. 

KILBURN,  JOHN,  a  brave  man,  the  first  settler 
in  1749  of  Walpole,  N.  H.,  died  April  8,  1789, 
aged  84.  His  son,  John,  died  at  Shrewsbury, 
Vt.,  in  1822,  aged  also  84.  Kilburn's  garrison  was 
attacked  by  about  two  hundred  Indians  in  1755. 
His  force  consisted  of  himself  and  wife  and  daugh 
ter,  his  son  John,  and  John  Peak  and  his  son. 
Philip,  the  Indian  chief,  cried  out  from  behind  a 
tree,  "  Old  John,  young  John,  I  know  you,  come 
out  here ;  me  give  you  good  quarter."  —  "  Begone, 
or  we  '11  quarter  you !  "  was  the  reply.  The  in 
cessant  firing  lasted  till  night,  the  females  casting 
bullets. 

KILLAM,  REBECCA,  died  at  Hillsborough,  N. 
H.,  in  Sept.,  1856,  aged  103  years  wanting  nine 
days.  She  was  the  widow  of  Daniel  K.,  a  soldier 
under  Washington  near  Boston. 

KILLEN,  WILLIAM,  chancellor  of  the  State 
of  Delaware,  died  at  Dover  Oct.  3,  1805,  aged 
83.  He  was  a  native  of  Ireland.  Early  in  life, 
before  he  had  attained  the  age  of  manhood,  he 
arrived  in  America,  having  an  excellent  educa 
tion  in  the  English  language.  After  passing 
through  a  variety  of  scenes,  incidental  to  stran 
gers,  he  settled  himself  in  the  family  of  Samuel 
Dickinson,  the  father  of  John  Dickinson  of  Wil 
mington.  There  he  devoted  himself  most  assid 
uously  to  the  acquisition  of  a  competent  knowl 
edge  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  languages,  under 
the  direction  of  Jacob  Orr,  who  was  engaged  in 
teaching  the  sons  of  Mr.  Dickinson,  and  some 
other  young  gentlemen.  The  diligence  and 
modesty  of  Mr.  Killen  made  him  a  favorite  of  the 
whole  family,  and  particularly  of  his  instructor. 
His  unwearied  attention  was  rewarded  by  a  rapid 
proficiency  in  his  studies.  After  holding  the  office 
of  county  surveyor  for  some  years,  he  commenced 
the  study  of  the  law.  In  the  courts  of  Delaware 
his  knowledge,  and  especially  his  skill  in  survey- 


KILPATRICK. 


KIXG. 


493 


ing  and  in  various  branches  of  the  mathematics, 
rendered  him  an  able  assistant  in  suits  for  land, 
and  in  such  trials  the  most  eminent  men  of  his 
day  were  always  pleased  to  associate  with  him  as 
their  colleague.  His  practice  soon  became  exten 
sive.  His  moderation,  his  modesty,  and  his  punc 
tuality  in  business,  aided  by  his  abilities,  led  him 
to  wealth  and  to  all  the  honors  of  his  country.  For 
manv  years  before  the  Revolution  he  was  selected 
by  his  fellow  citizens  to  represent  them  in  the 
assembly  of  Delaware.  At  the  commencement 
of  the  contest  with  Great  Britain  he  took  a  de 
cided  and  actiye  part  in  favor  of  American  liberty. 
Soon  after  the  declaration  of  independence  he  was 
appointed  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of 
the  State  of  Delaware,  which  office  he  held  till  he 
was  promoted  to  that  of  chancellor  in  1793.  lie 
resigned  his  seat  in  the  court  of  chancery  in  1801. 
In  all  the  variety  of  public  business,  in  which  he 
was  engaged,  he  exhibited  the  strictest  integrity. 
As  a  legislator  he  was  wise  and  attentive  to  the 
interests  of  his  constituents,  and  as  a  judge  he 
was  learned,  patient,  and  impartial.  The  same 
uprightness,  which  marked  his  public  character, 
was  also  conspicuous  in  all  the  relations  of  private 
life.  —  Neio  York  Spectator,  Oct.  22,  1805. 

KILPATRICK,  JOSEPH  D.,  minister  in  Ruth 
erford  co.,  N.  C.,  died  in  1829. 

KIMBALL,  THOMAS,  of  Ipswich,  one  of  the 
first  settlers  of  Bradford,  Mass.,  was  killed  by 
the  Indians  May  3,  1676 ;  and  his  wife  and  five 
children  were  carried  prisoners  into  the  wilder 
ness,  but  returned  in  a  few  weeks.  —  Farmer. 

KIMBALL,  DANIEL,  founder  of  Union  acad 
emy  in  Plainfield,  N.  II.,  died  in  March,  1817, 
aged  63.  He  gave  the  academy  between  20  and 
30,000  dollars. 

KIMBALL,  JAMES  L.,  died  in  1833,  aged  34. 
A  native  of  Lyndon,  Vt.,  and  a  graduate  of  Dart 
mouth  in  1824,  he  was  secretary  of  the  American 
tract  society,  Boston. 

KIMBALL,  JOSEPH  HORACE,  died  at  Pem 
broke,  N.  II.,  April  1 1,  1838.  He  had  been  editor 
of  the  Herald  of  Freedom  at  Concord.  He  and 
J.  A.  Thome  visited  the  West  Indies  and  pub 
lished  Fmancipation  in  the  West  Indies,  a  six 
months '  tour,  etc. 

KIMBALL,  INCREASE,  the  inventor  of  the  first 
machine  for  making  cut  nails,  died  at  Hanover, 
N.  II.,  Sept.  16,  1806,  aged  80.  He  was  a  mem 
ber  of  the  church.  At  the  age  of  thirty  he  gave 
signs  of  derangement.  In  the  controversy  be 
tween  the  college  and  the  university,  he  espoused 
the  side  of  the  latter,  which  was  annulled  by  de 
cision  of  the  supreme  court.  In  his  displeasure 
he  took  a  vow  never  to  shave.  So  he  lived  with 
a  long  white  beard,  and,  regarding  himself  as  a 
Jew,  he  would  not  eat  pork,  wearing  a  long  white 
robe  girt  about  his  loins.  In  the  course  of  half 
a  century  such  a  change  came  over  the  world  that 


he  saw  many  men,  who  used  to  regard  his  long 
beard  as  a  proof  of  insanity,  themselves  wearing 
long  beards  without  being  deemed  insane.  His 
invention,  patented  in  1806,  was  of  no  advantage 
to  him,  as  he  would  not  sell  out  his  right. 

KIXCAID,  MARY,  Mrs.,  died  in  Monroe  co.f 
Va.,  Nov.  13,  1838,  aged  100. 

KING,  ANDREW,  died  in  Orange  co.,  N.  Y., 
Nov.,  1815,  aged  69.  He  had  been  there  a  faith 
ful  minister  for  forty  years. 

KING,  WALTER,  minister  of  Williamstown, 
Mass.,  died  Dec.  1,  1815,  aged  57.  Born  at  Wil- 
braham,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1782,  and  was  a 
faithful  pastor  of  the  second  church  in  Norwich, 
Conn.,  from  1787  for  twenty-four  years,  when  he 
was  dismissed  without  any  impeachment  of  his 
character,  lie  was  less  than  three  years  at  Wil- 
liamstown,  in  consequence  of  apoplexy,  which 
seized  him  in  the  pulpit  as  he  was  preaching  a 
lecture.  lie  was  a  solemn  preacher  and  a  man 
of  prayer.  He  published  a  sermon  at  ordination 
of  Daniel  Hall,  1797;  on  taking  leave  of  his 
people.  —  Panoplist,  XII.  p.  141;  Sprague's  An 
nals. 

KING,  CYRUS,  major-general,  died  at  Saco, 
Me.,  April  25,  1817,  aged  44.  The  son  of  Rich 
ard,  he  was  born  at  Scarborough.  He  was  the 
private  secretary  of  his  brother  Rufus,  in  London, 
then  studied  law  in  Portland.  In  1812  he  was  a 
member  of  congress,  and  his  speeches  exhibited 
a  splendor  of  language  and  a  profusion  of  im 
agery,  in  opposing  the  increase  of  taxes  and  on 
the  bill  for  filling  the  ranks  of  the  army  in  1814. 

KING,  RUFUS,  minister  of  the  United  States  to 
Great  Britain,  died  April  29,  1827,  aged  72.  He 
was  the  eldest  son  of  Richard  King,  a  merchant 
of  Scarborough,  Me.,  and  was  born  in  1755. 
From  Dummer  academy  at  Byfield  he  went  to 
Harvard  college,  about  the  time  of  the  death  of 
his  father.  His  studies  had  been  interrupted  at 
the  beginning  of  the  war  by  the  occupation  of  the 
college  buildings  as  barracks,  but  were  resumed 
at  Concord.  He  graduated  in  1777,  with  reputa 
tion  for  classical  attainments  and  particularly  for 
liis  powers  of  oratory,  to  the  culture  of  which  he 
had  applied  himself  with  great  zeal.  In  1778  he 
was  an  aid  to  Sullivan  in  an  expedition  against 
the  British  in  Rhode  Island.  After  studying  law 
with  Mr.  Parsons,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1780  at  Newburyport,  by  which  town  he  was  soon 
afterwards  chosen  a  representative  in  the  legisla 
ture.  It  being  recommended  by  congress  to  the 
States  about  1784  to  grant  a  5  per  cent  impost  to 
the  general  government,  a  distinction  arose  be 
tween  the  federal  and  the  State  interests.  In 
the  debate  which  followed,  Mr.  King  supported 
the  grant,  and  prevailed,  and  James  Sullivan,  the 
most  popular  speaker  in  the  house,  opposed  it. 
The  legislature  appointed  him  in  1784  a  delegate 
to  congress,  then  in  session  at  Trenton,  but  soon 


494 


KING. 


KING. 


adjourned  to  New  York,  in  which  body  he  intro 
duced,  March  1785,  a  resolution,  prohibiting 
slavery  in  the  territory  northwest  of  the  Ohio. 
Of  the  convention  in  1787  to  form  the  present 
constitution  of  the  United  States  he  was  an  effi 
cient  member,  as  he  was  also  of  the  Massachusetts 
convention  for  considering  that  constitution. 

Having  relinquished  his  profession  in  1784,  and 
in  1786  having  married  the  daughter  of  John 
Alsop,  an  opulent  merchant  of  New  York,  he  re 
moved  in  1788  to  that  city.  In  1789  he  and 
Gen.  Schuyler  were  elected  senators  under  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States.  During  the 
violent  discussions  respecting  the  British  treaty  in 
1794,  he  co-operated  with  his  friend,  Gen.  Hamil 
ton,  in  its  defence.  Of  the  papers  concerning 
this  treaty,  with  the  signature  of  Camillus,  usually 
ascribed  to  Hamilton,  all  the  numbers,  except 
the  first  ten,  were  written  by  Mr.  King,  display 
ing  much  acquaintance  with  the  laws  of  different 
nations  on  the  subjects  of  navigation  and  trade. 
When  a  petition  was  presented  against  allowing 
Mr.  Gallatin  to  take  his  seat  as  senator,  in  conse 
quence  of  the  law  of  naturalization,  a  warm  de 
bate  arose ;  the  right  to  the  seat  was  maintained 
by  Taylor,  Monroe,  and  Burr,  and  opposed  suc 
cessfully  by  Ellsworth,  Strong,  and  King.  On 
this  occasion  Mr.  King  displayed  great  talents  as 
an  orator.  Being  re-elected  to  the  senate,  he 
was  nominated  by  Washington  in  1796  minister 
plenipotentiary  to  Great  Britain.  At  the  English 
court  he  remained  during  the  administration  of 
Mr.  Adams,  and  two  years  of  that  of  Mr.  Jeffer 
son,  with  great  advantage  to  his  country.  His 
dignity,  mildness,  and  firmness  promoted  the  ad 
justment  of  several  difficult  claims.  The  conven 
tion  as  to  boundaries  was,  however,  rejected  by 
Mr.  Jefferson,  from  misapprehension,  perhaps,  as 
to  its  effect  on  the  boundary  of  Louisiana,  which 
had  been  purchased.  Had  this  convention  been 
adopted,  the  northeastern  boundary,  which  has 
occasioned  much  uneasiness,  would  have  been  set 
tled  by  three  commissioners,  two  appointed  by 
the  parties,  and  the  third  by  the  two.  Mr.  King 
made  great  efforts  to  induce  the  British  to  re 
nounce  the  practice  of  impressing  American  sea 
men.  After  his  return  in  1803  he  lived  in  retire 
ment  until  the  war  of  1812,  when  he  came  forward 
in  support  of  his  country.  In  consequence  of 
the  patriotic  spirit  which  he  manifested,  1  he  dem 
ocratic  legislature  of  New  York  appointed  him 
in  1813  a  senator  of  the  United  States.  His 
speech  concerning  the  conduct  of  the  enemy  in 
the  destruction  of  the  city  of  Washington,  gained 
him  great  honor.  In  1816  he  was.  an  unsuccess 
ful  candidate  for  the  office  of  governor  of  New 
York.  He-elected  to  the  senate  in  1820,  he 
brought  forward  the  important  law,  requiring  cash 
payments  upon  sales  of  the  public  lands.  In  the 
discussions  relating  to  the  admission  of  Missouri 


into  the  union,  he  endeavored  to  extend  to  that 
State  the  prohibition  of  slavery,  which  had  been 
wisely  imposed  upon  the  northwest  territory. 
The  last  proposition  which  he  brought  forward 
was  to  devote  the  proceeds  of  the  public  territory 
to  the  removal  of  slaves  and  free  persons  of  color 
to  some  country  beyond  the  limits  of  the  United 
States. 

On  retiring  from  the  senate  in  1825  he  was  in 
duced  by  Mr.  Adams  to  proceed  again  as  a  min 
ister  to  the  British  court,  in  the  hope  of  adjusting 
several  disputed  questions.  But  an  overruling 
Providence  did  not  permit  him  to  accomplish  the 
objects  which  he  had  in  view.  During  his  voyage 
he  was  attacked  by  a  disease,  often  the  conse 
quence  of  a  voyage,  which  prevented  him  from 
entering  upon  the  active  discharge  of  his  duties. 
After  remaining  abroad  a  year  without  amend 
ment,  he  returned  to  die  in  his  native  land  and  in 
the  bosom  of  his  family.  He  died  at  Jamaica 
Long  Island,  in  a  composed  and  resigned  state 
of  mind.  In  person  Mr.  King  was  above  the 
common  size,  and  somewhat  athletic,  with  a  coun 
tenance  manly  and  bespeaking  high  intelligence. 
His  conversation  and  writings  were  remarkable 
for  conciseness  and  force. 

KING,  FREDERIC  GORE,  M.  D.,  died  at  New 
York  in  1829,  aged  27.  The  youngest  son  of 
Rufus  King,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1821, 
and  studied  medicine,  especially  anatomy,  in  New 
York  and  in  France.  He  gave  lectures  at  the 
athenaeum,  on  phrenology  and  on  the  structure  of 
the  human  voice.  To  the  national  academy  of 
design  he  lectured  on  anatomy.  He  was  surgeon 
in  the  New  York  hospital,  and  he  gave  lectures 
on  the  preparations  in  the  museum.  —  Dr.  Wil 
liams'  Am.  Mcd.  Biog. 

KING,  JONAS,  died  in  Hawley,  Mass.,  in  1832, 
and  Abigail,  his  widow,  died  in  1839,  aged  76. 
These  persons  were  happy  in  being  the  parents 
of  Jonas  King,  who  has  been  for  many  years,  and 
is  still,  the  distinguished  American  missionary  at 
Athens  in  Greece.' 

KING,  EDWARD,  general,  died  at  Cincinnati 
Feb.  6,  1836 ;  a  distinguished  lawyer,  formerly 
speaker  of  the  house  in  Ohio. 

KING,  ELISHA  W.,  a  distinguished  lawyer  of 
New  York,  died  at  Brooklyn  Dec.  3,  1836,  aged 
56. 

KING,  DAVID,  M.  D.,  a  physician  in  Newport, 
R.  I,  died  Nov.  14,  1836,  aged  62.  Born  at 
llaynham,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Brown  univer 
sity  in  1796,  and  studied  physic  with  Dr.  Thacher, 
of  Plymouth,  settling  at  N.  in  1799.  The  medi 
cal  library  of  Dr.  Center  came  opportunely  into 
his  possession.  With  great  independence  he 
adopted  Jenner's  practice  of  inoculation.  He  was 
surgeon  to  the  U.  S.  troops  at  fort  Wolcott. 
During  the  prevalence  of  the  yellow  fever  in  1819, 
he  would  not  admit  the  contagious  character  of 


KING. 


KIRK. 


495 


the  disease,  but  ascribed  its  prevalence  to  a  gen 
eral  cause.  He  was  a  good  physician,  and  presi 
dent  of  the  Rhode  Island  medical  society.— 
S.  W.  Williams'  Am.  Med.  Biog. 

KING,  WILLIAM,  Dr.,  died  in  Boston  in  1839, 
aged  78.  He  was  the  inventor  of  lightning  rods, 
having  many  points  along  the  rod.  It  is  said 
that  he  saw  at  the  south  a  company  of  soldiers, 
whose  bayonets,  in  a  storm,  were  all  tipped  with 
the  electric  flame,  which  led  him  to  his  invention. 

KING,  ASA,  died  in  Westminster,  Conn.,  Dec. 
2,  18-49,  aged  78.  Born  in  Mansfield,  he  was  a 
minister  forty-six  years ;  nine  years  at  Pomfret, 
twenty  years  at  North  Killingworth.  His  labors 
were  remarkably  effectual  and  successful. 

KING,  WILLIAM,  governor,  died  at  Bath,  Me., 
June  17,  1852,  aged  84.  Born  in  Scarborough, 
a  brother  of  Rufus  King,  he  engaged  in  com 
merce  at  Bath,  lie  was  the  first  governor  of 
Maine ;  he  was  also  commissioner  on  the  Spanish 
claims,  and  collector  of  the  port  of  Bath. 

KING,  WILLIAM  11.,  Nice-president  of  the 
United  States,  died  in  Selma,  or  Cahawba,  Ala., 
April  18,  1803,  aged  68.  Born  in  North  Caro 
lina,  he  was  representative  and  senator  nineteen 
years;  minister  to  France  from  1845  to  1849; 
for  many  years  president  of  the  senate.  He  was 
a  man  of  probity,  industry,  and  of  a  gentlemanly 
bearing. 

KING,  JAMES  G.,  son  of  Rufus  King,  died  at 
Highwood,  N.  J.,  Oct.  4,  1853,  aged  62.  He  was 
an  eminent  banker  in  New  York,  the  brother  of 
Charles  King,  president  of  Columbia  college.  — 
Lives  of  American  Merchants. 

KINGSBERRY,  SANFORD,  judge,  died  in  Gar 
diner,  Me.,  in  1849,  aged  66.  Born  in  Clare- 
mont,  N.  II.,  lie  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1801, 
and  settled  as  a  lawyer  in  G.  in  1804.  He  was 
a  judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas,  and  a 
member  of  the  State  senate. 

KINGSBURY,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Edgar- 
town,  Martha's  Vineyard,  died  in  1778.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1759,  and  was  ordained 
in  1761.  His  predecessors  were  T.  Mayhew,  J. 
Dunham,  S.  Wiswall,  and  J.  Newman.  His  suc 
cessor  was  J.  Thaxter. 

KINGSBURY,  JOEL,  colonel,  died  at  Franklin, 
Mo.,  July  1,  1837,  aged  82.  A  native  of  Con 
necticut,  he  was  an  officer  in  the  service  of  the 
United  States  forty-two  years. 

KINGSBURY,  Judge,  died  at  Newburg,  Ohio, 
Dec.  12,  1847.  He  was  an  early  settler  on  the 
Reserve,  in  1796,  and  was  appointed  territorial 
judge  by  Gov.  St.  Clair. 

KINGSLEY,  JAMES  L.,  professor  of  languages 
and  ecclesiastical  history  in  Yale  college,  died 
Aug.  31,  1852,  aged  73  years.  He  was  con 
nected  with  the  college  in  the  department  of  clas 
sical  literature,  with  high  reputation,  for  half  a 
century.  lie  published  an  eulogy  on  Prof.  Fisher, 


1822 ;  sketch  of  history  of  Yale  college  in  Quar 
terly  Register,  vol.  vm. 

KINKELDON,  ADAM,  a  Catholic  minister, 
died  at  New  Orleans  in  1837.  He  was  a  philan 
thropist,  the  founder  of  an  association  for  the  re 
lief  of  male  orphans. 

KINNARD,  GEORGE  L.,  member  of  congress 
from  Indiana,  died  at  Cincinnati  Nov.  26,  1836,  in 
consequence  of  the  explosion  of  the  steamboat 
Flora,  on  the  Ohio,  Nov.  16th. 

KINNE,  AARON,  minister  of  Groton,  Conn., 
died  July  9,  1824,  aged  79.  He  was  born  at 
Newent  in  Norwich,  now  Lisbon,  was  graduated 
at  Yale  college  in  1765,  and  was  ordained  Oct., 
1770.  The  massacre  of  Ledyard  and  others  of 
his  people,  at  fort  Griswold,  diminished  his  means 
of  support.  At  last,  in  1798,  he  was  dismissed. 
In  1800  he  resided  in  Winsted,  in  1803  at  Egre- 
mont,  Mass..  and  in  1805  he  removed  to  Alford. 
He  was  occasionally  employed  by  the  Berkshire 
missionary  society.  He  died  at  Talmadge,  Ohio, 
at  the  house  of  his  son-in-law,  Dr.  Wright,  five 
days  after  his  arrival  there.  He  was  a  faithful 
preacher.  He  published  .a  work  on  the  sonship 
of  Christ;  a  display  of  Scripture  prophecies, 
1813  ;  an  explanation  of  the  types,  prophecies, 
revelation,  etc.,  8vo.,  1814. 

KINNEY,  HENRY,  missionary  to  the  Sand 
wich  Islands,  died  Sept.  24,  1854.  He  sailed 
with  his  wife  in  1847,  and  was  stationed  at  Kau 
on  Hawaii.  Ill  health  induced  him  in  1854  to 
repair  to  California,  and  he  died  at  Sonora,  "  the 
mountain  city,"  in  great  peace.  His  Infidel  doc 
tor  said  :  "  None  but  a  Christian  can  die  in  that 
way." 

KLNSEY,  JAMES,  LL.  D.,  chief  justice  of  New 
Jersey,  died  at  Burlington  Jan.  4,  1802,  aged  69. 
He  had  been  a  member  of  congress  before  the 
adoption  of  the  present  constitution. 

KIRBY,  EPIIRAIM,  first  judge  of  the  district 
court  of  the  United  States  at  New  Orleans,  died 
at  fort  Stoddert,  Oct.  20, 1804.  He  had  sustained 
this  office  but  a  short  time.  He  had  been  for  a 
!  number  of  years  an  inhabitant  of  Litchfield  in 
Connecticut,  and  was  once  a  candidate  for  gover 
nor  in  that  State.  He  published  reports  of  cases 
adjudged  in  the  supreme  court  of  the  State  of 
Connecticut  from  1785  to  May,  1788,  with  some 
determinations  in  the  supreme  court  of  errors, 
Litchfield,  8vo.,  1789. 

KIRBY,  REYNOLD  M.,  major  in  the  army  of 
the  United  States,  son  of  the  preceding,  died  at 
fort  Sullivan,  in  Eastport,  Oct.  7,  1842,  aged  52. 
He  entered  the  army  in  1813,  and  on  the  Niagara 
was  aid  to  Gen.  Ripley,  and  received  him  in  his 
arms  as  he  fell  wounded.  His  wife,  Harriet,  was 
a  daughter  of  Col.  Simon  Lamed,  of  Pittsfield. 

KIRK,  DAVID,  Sir,  admiral,  "  a  great  truck- 
master,"  captured  and  garrisoned,  in  1629,  fort 
|  Kebeck,  or  Quebec,  a  great  market  for  beavers  and 


496 


KIRKLAND. 


KISSAM. 


otters.  As  late  as  1645  he  was  on  the  coast  of 
Newfoundland. 

KLRKLAND,  DANIEL,  or  Kirtland,  as  the 
name  was  formerly  written,  minister  of  Newent, 
the  third  society  of  Norwich,  or  Lisbon,  Conn., 
died  in  May,  1773,  aged  72.  He  was  of  Scotch 
descent  from  his  grandfather,  John,  of  Saybrook, 
in  1635,  who  came -from  London.  His  father  had 
also  the  name  of  John ;  and,  as  he  had  nine 
other  children,  his  descendants  may  have  been 
numerous.  Born  in  Saybrook,  he  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1720,  and  in  1723  was  ordained  at  New 
ent,  the  first  pastor  of  the  third  church  then  in 
Norwich.  After  thirty  years  he  became  deranged, 
and  removed  to  Groton,  but  returned  to  Newent, 
where  he  died.  His  wife  was  a  Miss  Perkins,  of 
Windsor.  He  had  two  sons,  Daniel  and  Samuel. 
He  was  a  worthy  minister,  of  fine  talents,  a 
scholar,  of  ready  wit  and  an  amiable  temper.  — 
Life  of  S.  Kirkland,  by  Lothrop ;  Miss  Caul- 
kins'  History  of  Norwich, 

KIRKLAND,  SAMUEL,  a  missionary  among 
the  Indians,  died  March  28,  1808,  aged  66.  He 
was  the  son  of  Daniel -K.,  minister  of  Norwich. 
After  enjoying  for  some  time  the  advantages  of 
Whefelock's  school,  he  finished  his  education  at 
the  college  in  New  Jersey,  where  he  was  grad 
uated  in  1765.  While  at  school  he  had  learned 
the  language  of  the  Mohawks,  and  he  commenced 
a  journey  to  the  Seneca  Indians,  in  order  to  ac 
quire  their  language,  Nov.  20,  1764,  and  did  not 
return  till  May,  1766.  June  19th,  he  was  or 
dained  at  Lebanon  as  a  missionary  to  the  Indians. 
He  removed  his  wife  to  Oneida  castle  in  1769. 
She  was  Jerusha  Bingham,  whose  mother  was  a 
sister  of  President  E.  Wheelock,  in  whose  family 
she  long  lived.  In  the  spring  he  went  to  the 
house  of  his  friend,  Gen.  Herkimer,  at  Little 
Falls,  and  there  his  twin  children  were  born  Aug. 
17,  1770,  of  whom  one  was  President  Kirkland. 
His  daughter  Jerusha  married  John  II.  Lothrop, 
of  Utica,  the  father  of  Itev.  S.  K.  Lothrop,  of 
Boston.  About  1772  he  removed  to  Connecticut, 
and  afterwards  lived  for  a  time  at  Stockbridge. 
For  more  than  forty  years  his  attention  was  di 
rected  to  the  Oneida  tribe  in  New  "Vork,  and  he 
died  at  Clinton  in  that  State,  the  place  of  his  res 
idence,  in  the  neighborhoad  of  Oneida.  Dr.  Nor 
ton  preached  a  sermon  at  his  funeral.  —  Wheel- 
ode's  Narratives;  Panoplist,  III.  536;  Life  by 
Lothrop  ,•  Sparks'  Library  of  American  Biog 
raphy  ;  Whcelock's  Life  ;  Sprague's  Annals. 

KIRKLAXD,  JOHN  THORNTON,  D.  D.,  LL.  D., 
president  of  Harvard  university,  died  in  Boston 
April  26,  1840,  aged  69.  He  bears  the  name  of 
Mr.  Thornton  of  London,  a  correspondent  of 
President  Wheelock,  and  a  benefactor  of  Moor's 
Indian  school.  He  was  the  son  of  the  preceding, 
a  descendant  on  the  maternal  side  from  Miles 
Standish.  He  was  born  at  Gen.  Ilerkimer's,  Ger 


man  Flats,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  17, 1770 ;  George  White- 
field  was  his  twin  brother.  His  mother  was  then 
on  her  return  to  New  England  after  residing  at 
Oneida.  The  Indians  called  the  child  John 
Ahganowiska,  or  Fair  Face.  Having  prepared 
for  college  at  Andover,  he  was  graduated  in  1789, 
and  ordained  pastor  in  Summer  street,  Boston, 
in  1794.  In  1810  he,  was  elected  President  of 
Harvard  college,  as  the  successor  of  President 
Webber ;  which  office  he  resigned,  after  eighteen 
years,  in  1828.  He  married  in  1827  Elizabeth, 
the  daughter  of  George  Cabot.  The  next  year 
he  embarked  for  Europe,  and  was  absent  three 
or  four  years.  His  widow  died  in  1852.  He  was 
eminent  as  a  scholar  and  writer,  and  the  delight 
of  his  associates  and  friends.  lie  published  artil 
lery  election  sermon,  1795  ;  on  the  death  of  Bel- 
knap,  1798;  of  Washington,  1800;  at  a  fast; 
oration  before  Phi  Beta  Kappa  society,  1798  ;  at 
ordination  of  J.  Pipon,  1800 ;  address  to  lire 
society,  1801;  Dudleian  lecture,  1813;  before 
society  for  suppressing  intemperance,  1814;  elec 
tion  sermon,  1816;  life  of  Fisher  Ames,  Svo., 
1809;  life  of  Com.  Preblc,  8vo. ;  life  of  Gen. 
Lincoln  in  historical  collections,  vol.  III.,  2d  series ; 
on  the  death  of  George  Cabot,  1823  ;  in  com 
memoration  of  Adams  and  Jefferson,  in  memoirs 
of  American  academy.  Other  papers  of  Ms  are 
in  the  historical  collections. 

KIRKLAND,  JOSEPH,  first  mayor  of  Utica, 
died  Jan.  26,  1844,  aged  73.  Born  in  Lisbon,  a 
part  of  Norwich,  Conn.,  he  graduated  in  1799. 
For  nearly  fifty  years  he  was  a  prominent  man  in 
Oneida  county. 

KIRKLAND,  WILLIAM,  died  in  New  York 
about  1847.  He  had  been  a  teacher  in  Hamilton 
college.  His  wife  was  Caroline  M.  Stansbury, 
the  daughter  of  a  bookseller  in  New  York  ;  she  is 
known  by  her  various  writings.  They  lived  sev 
eral  years  in  Geneva,  Switzerland ;  then  two 
years  at  Detroit.  He  published  a  series  of  letters 
from  abroad.  —  Cycl.  of  Amer.  Lit. 

KIRKPATRICK,  ALEXANDER,  a  minister  in 
Laurens  district,  S.  C.,  died  Dec.  30,  1832. 

KIRKPATRICK,  DAYID,  captain,  died  at  Del 
aware  City  in  1838,  aged  86.  He  served  in  the 
Revolutionary  war,  in  the  battles  of  Monmouth, 
Germantown,  Trenton,  Cowpcns,  and  others. 

KIRTLAND,  TURHAND,  died  in  Poland,  Ohio, 
Aug.  16,  1844,  aged  89*.  Born  in  Wallingford, 
Conn.,  he  visited  Ohio  in  1798,  and  was  the  agent 
of  the  Connecticut  land  company,  selling  exten 
sive  tracts  to  new  settlers,  and  sustaining  various 
public  offices  with  credit. 

KISSAM,  RICHARD  S.,  M.  D.,  a  distinguished 
surgeon,  died  in  Oct.,  1822,  aged  58.  He  was 
the  son  of  Benj.  K.,  a  lawyer,  and  was  born  in 
New  York  in  1763.  At  Edinburgh  he  studied 
medicine  five  years.  Returning  to  New  York  in 
1791,  he  continued  in  the  practice  about  thirty 


KISSAM. 

years.  He  was  one  of  the  surgeons  of  the  New 
York  hospital.  Of  sixty-five  operations  as  a 
lithotomist  only  three  cases  were  fatal. —  Thacher. 

KISSAM,  BENJAMIN  P.,  a  surgeon  in  the 
United  States  Navy,  died  at  Portsmouth  in  Oct., 
1828.  He  had  been  a  practitioner  in  New  York. 

KJTTIIEDGE,  JOHN,  the  ancestor  of  all  in 
this  country  who  bear  the  name,  died  in  Biller- 
ica  Oct.  18,  1676.  He  was  a  farmer,  who  came 
from  England.  His  sons  were  John,  James, 
Daniel,  Jonathan,  and  Benoni.  John,  who  had 
six  sons,  was  called  doctor ;  a  title  borne  by  many 
of  the  descendants  of  the  common  ancestor.  — 
Farmer. 

KITTREDGE,  THOMAS,  M.  D.,  a  physician, 
died  at  Andover  in  Oct.,  1818,  aged  72.  He  was 
a  descendant  of  John  K.,  whose  son,  John,  was  a 
physician.  Born  at  Andover  in  July,  1746, 
he  studied  with  Dr.  Sawyer  of  Newburyport. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  Hevolution  he  was  a  sur 
geon  in  the  army.  After  being  an  eminent  physi 
cian  and  surgeon  about  fifty  years,  and  being 
often  a  member  of  the  legislature,  he  died  of  the 
angina  pectoris.  In  his  politics  he  was  a  strenu 
ous  republican.  It  were  not  an  easy  task  to 
reckon  up  all  the  physicians  in  New  England, 
who  have  had  the  name  of  Kittredge.  —  Thacher. 

KITTREDGE,  BENJAMIN,  Dr.,  died  at  Tewks- 
bury,  Mass.,  Jan.  18,  1822,  aged  81. 

KITTREDGE,  OLIVER,  Dr.,  died  at  Salem  in 
Jan.,  1823,  aged  38.  A  native  of  Brookfield,  he 
was  the  son  of  Dr.  Jacob  K.,  and  brother  of  Dr. 
Benjamin  K.,  of  Salem,  both  deceased. 

KITTREDGE,  FRANCIS,  Dr.,  died  at  Woburn, 
Mass.,  in  1828,  aged  46. 

KITTREDGE,  BENJAMIN,  died  at  Little  Rock, 
Ark.,  in  1830,  aged  45.  He  removed  from  Salem 
in  1837. 

KITTREDGE,  INGALLS,  Dr.,  died  in  Beverly 
June  17,  1856,  aged  86. 

KITTS,  THOMAS  J.,  a  Baptist  minister  at  Phil 
adelphia,  died  in  1838,  aged  48. 

KNAPP,  FRANCIS,  a  poet,  was  educated  at 
Oxford,  and  in  this  country  lived  at  Watertown. 
In  1717  he  wrote  a  poetical  address,  congratulat 
ing  Pope  on  his  Windsor  forest,  in  the  best  style, 
then  exhibited  in  our  country. 

KNAPP,  JOSHUA,  minister  in  Winchester, 
Conn.,  died  in  1816,  aged  about  67.  A  graduate 
of  Yale,  he  was  ordained  in  1772,  and  dismissed 
in  1789. 

KNAPP,  SAMUEL  L.,  LL.  D.,  died  at  Hopkin- 
ton,  Mass.,  July  8,  1838,  aged  53.  He  was  born 
in  Newburyport  in  1784;  was  graduated  at  Dart 
mouth  in  1804;  and  lived  in  Boston  and  New 
York,  and  was  a  lawyer  and  an  author.  In  1812 
he  commanded  a  regiment  of  militia.  In  1824 
he  edited  the  Boston  Gazette.  He  published  the 
travels  of  Ali  Bey,  1818 ;  sketches  of  lawyers, 
statesmen,  etc.;  lectures  on  American  literature, 
63 


KNIGHT. 


497 


1829;  sketches  of  public  characters,  1830;  the 
bachelor  and  other  tales,  1836 ;  advice  in  the  pur 
suits  of  literature  ;  sketches  of  Americans,  1833; 
female  biography. 

KNAPP,  JOSIAH,  died  in  Boston  in  1843, 
aged  90  ;  an  honorable  man  of  business,  cheer 
ful,  retaining  all  his  faculties.  To  him  the  south 
part  of  Boston  was  much  indebted  for  various 
improvements. 

KNAPP,  HORTON  O.,  missionary  at  the  Sand 
wich  Islands,  died  at  Honolulu  in  March,  1845. 
Born  at  Greenwich,  Conn.,  in  1813,  he  embarked 
in  1836.  He  had  been  a  school  teacher  since  1837. 
His  wife  was  Charlotte  Close  of  Greenwich.  He 
resided  at  Waimea  and  Kailua.  Great  peace 
attended  his  death ;  "  dying  was  but  going  home." 
He  gave  earnest  exhortations  and  sent  dying 
messages  of  truth  and  love. 

KNAPP,  ISAAC,  minister  of  Westfield,  died 
July  6,  1847,  aged  72.  A  native  of  Norfolk, 
Conn.,  and  graduate  of  Williams  college  in 
1800,  he  was  ordained  the  fifth  minister  of  W.,in 
1803 ;  his  predecessors  were  E.  Taylor,  N.  Bull, 
J.  Ballantinc,  and  N.  Atwater.  His  successor 
was  E.  Davis.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the 
death  of  Gen.  W.  Shepard,  1818. 

KNAPP,  UZAL,  died  at  Newburg  Jan.  16, 
1856,  aged  95,  the  last  of  AVashington's  life  guard. 

KNEEL  AND,  WILLIAM,  a  physician  of  Cam 
bridge,  died  in  1788,  aged  56.  He  was  born  in 
Boston ;  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1744  ; 
and  was  a  tutor  about  nine  years.  For  many 
years  he  was  register  of  probate.  He  was  a  man 
of  integrity  and  religion.  The  impressions  made 
upon  his  mind  by  the  instructions  of  his  pious 
parents  were  never  obliterated.  —  Tliacher. 

KNICKERBACKER,  HARMAN,  judge,  died  in 
Schaghticoke,  or  Williamsburg,  N.  Y.,  in  1855, 
aged  75.  In  1810-13  he  was  a  member  of  con 
gress.  He  was  the  original  of  Irving's  Diedrich, 
"  a  fellow  of  infinite  mirth." 
.  KNIGHT,  WILLIAM,  the  first  minister  at  Tops- 
field,  Mass.,  died  about  1665,  Farmer  says  1655. 
He  was  admitted  a  freeman  in  1638,  and  began 
to  preach  in  1641. 

KNIGHT,  JOHN  M.,  D.  D.,  died  at  Chambers- 
burg,  Pa.,  in  1823,  aged  70. 

KNIGHT,  DEBORAH,  Mrs.,  died  at  Sumner, 
Me.,  June  22,  1839,  aged  104. 

KNIGHT,  HENRY  C.,  a  graduate  of  Brown 
university  in  1812,  died  in  early  life ;  he  was  the 
brother  of  Frederick,  and  was  born  in  Newbury 
port.  lie  published  poems,  1809 ;  another  vol 
ume  of  poems,  the  broken  harp,  at  Philadelphia, 
1815  ;  a  tlu'rd  collection  in  2  vols.,  Boston,  1821. 
—  Cycl.  of  American  Literature. 

KNIGHT,  JONATHAN,  a  faithful  minister,  died 
in  Cranston,  R.  I.,  Feb.  15,  1842,  aged  82.  He 
was  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution. 

KNIGHT,  NATHANIEL,  captain,  died  in  Salem 


498 


KXIGHT. 


KNOX. 


Jan.  20,  1845,  aged  84.  He  was  imprisoned  in 
the  old  Jersey  prison-ship  at  New  York.  He 
lived  in  a  house  built  by  his  great-grandfather. 

KNIGHT,  CALEB,  minister  of  Washington, 
Mass.,  died  in  1854,  aged  83.  Born  in  Lisbon, 
Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Williams  college  in  1800; 
was  ordained  at  Hinsdale  in  1802;  was  dismissed 
in  1816,  and  settled  in  Washington  in  1826. 

KNIGHT,  FREDERICK,  died  at  Rowley,  Mass., 
in  1849,  aged  58.  He  studied  law,  and  was  a 
teacher  for  a  short  time.  He  found  friends,  with 
whom  he  lived,  enjoying  his  simple  tastes.  He 
wrote  various  poetical  pieces.  A  memorial  of 
him  was  published  at  Boston,  entitled  Thorn  cot 
tage,  or  the  poet's  home.  —  Cycl.  of  American 
Literature. 

KNIGHT,  NEHEMIAH  R.,  governor  of  Rhode 
Island,  died  at  Providence  April  18,  1854,  aged 
73.  He  was  governor  1817-21,  and  senator  of 
the  United  States  1821-41. 

KNOLLYS,  HANSERD,  an  early  preacher  at 
Dover,  N.  H.,  and  at  Long  Island,  after  being  an 
Episcopal  minister  some  years,  came  to  this  coun 
try  in  1638.  For  his  abuse  of  the  Massachusetts 
government  he  made  a  confession  in  Boston. 
About  1G42  he  returned  to  England,  and  formed 
a  Baptist  church  in  London,  of  which  he  was 
many  years  the  minister.  He  died  Sept.  19, 
1691,  aged  93.  He  published  rudiments  of  the 
Hebrew  grammar,  1648. 

KNOWER,  BENJAMIN,  died  at  Watervliet, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  23,  1839,  aged  64.  He  lived  forty 
years  in  Albany,  eminent  first  as  a  mechanic,  then 
as  a  merchant. 

KNOWLES,  JOHN,  minister  of  Watertown, 
Mass.,  died  April  10,  1685,  probably  between  80 
and  90  years  of  age.  He  was  educated  at  Mag 
dalen  Hall,  Cambridge,  and  was  chosen  fellow  of 
Catherine  Hall,  in  1625,  in  which  station  he  was  a 
respected  and  successful  tutor.  He  came  to  New 
England  in  1639;  was  ordained  colleague  with 
George  Phillips  Dec.  9,  1640;  and  went  as  a  mis 
sionary  to  Virginia,  with  Mr.  Thompson  and  Mr. 
Jam^s  in  1642.  He  arrived  about  Jan.  1,  1643, 
having  been  invited  by  gentlemen  of  Virginia, 
who  were  anxious  to  hear  the  gospel.  Gov. 
Berkeley  at  first  received  these  missionaries  cour 
teously  ;  but  when  he  found  they  were  opposed 
to  the  common  prayer,  surplice,  etc.,  he  was  de 
termined  to  silence  them.  In  about  two  months 
an  act  was  passed,  March  2,  1643,  prohibiting  any 
minister  from  preaching  in  the  colony,  unless  he 
subscribed  an  agreement  to  conform  to  the  church 
of  England.  The  governor  and  council  were  to 
silence  offenders  and  compel  them  to  leave  the 
country.  Without  question  this  act  was  aimed  at 
the  New  England  ministers,  and  Virginia  had  as 
good  right  to  pass  it,  as  Massachusetts  to  make 
enactments  against  the  Quakers  for  their  religion. 
It  was  clearly  an  act  of  bigotry  and  persecution. 


In  consequence  of  this  act  Mr.  Knowles  returned 
to  Watertown  in  June,  1643.  Probably  Mr. 
James  remained  longer,  as  he  was  for  some  time 
in  Maryland.  Cotton  Mather  is  mistaken  in 
supposing  the  Indian  massacre  occurred  at  the 
time  Mr.  Knowles  left  Virginia,  for  the  date  of 
the  massacre  was  April  18,  1644.  In  1650  Mr. 
K.  returned  to  England,  and  was  a  preacher  in 
the  cathedral  of  Bristol.  After  being  silenced  in 
1662  he  preached,  at  the  hazard  of  imprisonment, 
in  London,  where  he  was  useful  during  the 
plague  in  1665. —  Calamy. 

KNOWLES,  JAMES  DAVIS,  died  at  Newton  of 
the  small  pox  May  9,  1838,  aged  39.  He  was  pro 
fessor  of  rhetoric,  etc.,  in  N.  theological  seminary. 
He  was  born  in  Providence ;  became  a  Baptist 
minister  in  Boston  in  1825,  and  removed  to 
Newton  in  1832.  He  conducted  the  Christian 
review,  and  wrote  the  memoirs '  of  Mrs.  Judson, 
1829  ;  and  the  memoir  of  Roger  Williams,  1834. 
He  published  a  sermon  on  spirituous  liquors, 
1829 ;  address  to  Newton  theological  institution, 
1832. 

KNOWLES,  D.,  a  Freewill  Baptist  minister, 
died  at  Guilford,  N.  H.,  in  1840,  aged  60. 

KNOX,  JOHN,  a  captain  in  the  British  army, 
published  an  historical  journal  of  the  campaigns 
in  North  America,  for  1757-1760,  2  vols.,  4to., 
London,  1769. 

KNOX,  HENRY,  a  major-general  in  the  army 
of  the  United  States,  died  in  Thomaston,  Me., 
Oct.  25,  1806,  aged  56.  He  was  born  in  Boston 
July  25,  1750.  Before  hostilities  between  this 
country  and  Great  Britain  in  the  Revolutionary 
war  commenced,  he  discovered  an  uncommon  zeal 
in  the  cause  of  liberty.  Being  placed  at  the 
head  of  an  independent  company  in  Boston,  he 
exhibited  in  this  station  a  skill  in  discipline,  which 
presaged  his  future  eminence.  It  was  at  the 
unanimous  request  of  all  the  officers  of  artillery, 
that  he  was  intrusted  with  the  command  in  that 
department.  When  the  corps  of  artillery  in 
1776  was  increased  to  three  regiments,  the  com 
mand  was  given  to  Knox,  who  was  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  a  brigadier-general.  He  was  ac 
tively  engaged  during  the  whole  contest.  Alter 
the  capture  of  Cornwallis  in  1781,  he  received 
the  commission  of  major-general,  having  distin 
guished  himself  in  the  seige  at  the  head  of  the 
artillery.  Previously  to  the  adoption  of  the  pres 
ent  constitution  he  succeeded  Gen.  Lincoln  as 
secretary  at  Avar  in  March,  1785  ;  and  after  our 
present  government  was  organized  in  1789, 
Washington  nominated  him  for  the  same  office. 
He  continued  to  fill  this  department  till  the  close 
of  the  year  1794,  when  he  resigned  it.  In  his 
letter  to  the  president  he  says :  "  After  having 
served  my  country  near  twenty  years,  the  greater 
portion  of  the  time  under  your  immediate  aus 
pices,  it  is  with  extreme  reluctance  I  find 


KNOX. 


KOSCIUSKO. 


499 


myself  constrained  to  withdraw  from  so  honor 
able  a  situation.  But  the  natural  and  powerful 
claims  of  a  numerous  family  will  no  longer  per 
mit  me  to  neglect  their  essential  interests.  In 
whatever  situation  I  shall  be,  I  shall  recollect 
your  confidence  and  kindness  with  all  the  fervor 
and  purity  of  affection,  of  which  a  grateful  heart 
is  susceptible."  Washington  in  reply  assured 
him  of  his  sincerest  friendship,  and  declared  him 
to  have  "  deserved  well  of  his  country."  During 
the  last  years  of  his  life  Gen.  Knox  lived  at 
Thomaston.  It  has  been  stated,  that  he  failed  in 
1798  for  the  large  sum  of  400,000  dollars,  and 
that  Gen.  Lincoln  shared  in  the  loss  150,000  dol 
lars,  and  that  Col.  Jackson  was  also  a  sufferer. 
His  death  was  occasioned  by  his  swallowing  the 
bone  of  a  chicken.  His  wife,  the  daughter  of  J. 
Flucker,  secretary  of  Massachusetts,  died  June  20, 
1824.  In  April,  1796,  he  lost  two  children  by 
death  in  one  week ;  and  in  a  manner  almost  as 
sudden  he  had  previously  lost  five  children. 

He  was  distinguished  for  his  military  talents, 
and  possessed  in  an  uncommon  degree  the  es 
teem  and  confidence  of  Washington.  Though  a 
soldier  and  a  statesman,  he  did  not  dismiss  the 
amiable  virtues  of  the  man.  There  was  a  frank 
ness  in  his  manners,  which  was  pleasing,  and  his 
heart  was  susceptible  of  the  kindly  affections.  — 
Bradford's  Sermon  on  Ids  death;  Marshall, 
in.  62;  IV.  49,3 ;  v.  25,  213,  614;  Tkacher's 
Eulogy. 

KNOX,  SAMUEL,  president  of  Baltimore  col 
lege,  died  Sept.,  1832,  aged  76. 

KNOX,  RUTH,  died  in  Blandford  July  19, 1847, 
aged  84,  the  widow  of  Eiij  ah  Knox,  who  died  in 
1833,  with  whom  she  had  lived  fifty  years.  She 
\vas  strong-minded,  skilled  in  family  govern 
ment,  and  blessed  in  her  pious  labors.  Nine 
children  survived,  and  her  descendants  were  scat 
tered  in  six  different  States.  Such  mothers  have 
been  God's  great  benefactions  to  New  England 
and  our  whole  country. 

KXOX,  WILLIAM,  died  in  Berwick,  Me.,  May 
24,  1851,  aged  103  years  and  6  months. 

KNYPIIAUSEN,  BARON,  lieutenant-general, 
commanded  the  Hessian  troops  in  the  British 
service  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution.  In  June, 
1780,  he  made  an  incursion  into  New  Jersey, 
•with  five  thousand  men.  Landing  at  Elizabeth- 
town,  he  proceeded  to  Connecticut  Farms,  where 
he  burned  thirteen  houses  and  the  church.  Being 
reinforced,  he  repulsed  the  Americans  near 
Springfield,  and  burned  the  town,  consisting  of 
about  thirty  houses.  He  died  at  Berlin,  Prussia, 
in  June,  1789,  aged  59. 

KOLLOCK,  HKNE.Y,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Savan 
nah,  died  Dec.  19,  1819,  aged  41.  He  was  born 
at  New  Providence,  N.  J.,  Dec.  14,  1778 ;  was 
graduated  at  Princeton  in  1794;  in  Dec.,  1800, 
was  ordained  at  Elizabethtown,  to  which  place 


his  parents  had  removed,  but  in  Dec.,  1803,  was 
appointed  professor  of  theology  at  Princeton, 
having  the  care  also  of  the  church.  His  abilities 
and  eloquence  procured  him  great  respect.  In 
1806  he  removed  to  Savannah,  where  he  was  a 
minister  about  thirteen  years.  For  a  time  some 
ecclesiastical  difficulties,  founded  on  charges  of 
indiscretion,  interrupted  his  quietude.  He  went 
to  Europe  in  1817,  and  returned  with  invigo 
rated  health.  After  his  death  his  sermons  were 
published  in  4  vols. 

KOLLOCK,  LEMUEL,  a  physician,  died  at 
Savannah  in  1823,  aged  57.  He  was  a  native  of 
Massachusetts,  and  settled  in  South  Carolina, 
and  then  in  Georgia,  where  he  was  distinguished. 

KOLLOCK,  SHEPHERD,  an  officer  of  the  Revo 
lution,  died  at  Philadelphia,  July,  1839,  aged  87. 
lie  was  born  at  Lewistown,  Del.,  in  1750.  He 
was  in  the  battle  of  Trei'ton,  fort  Lee,  and  Short 
Hills.  In  1779  he  established  the  New  Jersey 
Journal,  at  Chatham  ;  in  1783  he  removed  his 
press  to  New  York  and  established  the  New  York 
Gazette,  first  weekly,  then  three  times  a  week ;  in 
1787  revived  at  Elizabethtown  the  New  Jersey 
Journal,  which  he  edited  thirty-one  years,  sup 
porting  the  democratic  administrations.  For 
thirty-five  years  he  was  judge  of  the  court  of 
common  pleas.  He  was  greatly  respected  for  his 
usefulness  and  his  exemplary  religious  character. 

KONKAPOT,  JOHN,  captain,  lived  at  Wnahtu- 
kook  or  Stockbridge,  when  Mr.  Sergeant  went 
there  as  a  missionary ;  his  cabin  was  on  a  knoll 
north  of  the  Konkapot  brook,  east  of  the  county 
road.  Gov.  Belcher  gave  him  a  captain's  commis 
sion.  Mr.  Ilawley  in  1770  spoke  of  him  as  less 
than  80  years  old  at  his  death  some  years  before. 

KONKAPOT,  JOHN,  Jr.,  a  Mohegan  Indian  of 
Stockbridge,  gave,  more  than  fifty  years  ago,  a 
list  of  Mohegan  words,  which  was  published  in 
the  Massachusetts  historical  collections,  vol.  IX. 
He  was  a  grandson  of  the  warrior  Hendrick,  who 
was  the  son  of  Wolf,  a  Mohegan  chief,  by  a  Mo 
hawk  woman,  Ilunnis,  the  daughter  of  a  chief. 

KOSCIUSKO,  THADDEUS,  a  Polish  officer  in 
the  American  Revolutionary  war,  was  born  in 
Lithuania  in  1756,  of  an  ancient  and  noble  family, 
and  educated  at  the  military  school  at  Warsaw. 
He  afterwards  studied  in  France.  He  came  to 
America,  recommended  by  Franklin  to  Gen. 
Washington,  by  whom  he  was  appointed  his  aid. 
He  was  also  appointed  engineer,  with  the  rank  of 
colonel,  in  Oct.,  1776.  At  the  unsuccessful  siege 
of  Ninety-six,  in  1791,  he  very  judiciously  directed 
the  operations.  It  was  in  1784  that  he  left  this 
country,  and  in  1786  he  returned  to  Poland.  In 
1789  the  diet  gave  him  the  appointment  of  ma 
jor-general.  In  the  campaign  of  1792  he  dis 
tinguished  himself  against  the  Russians.  When, 
in  1794,  the  Poles  made  a  noble  attempt  to 
recover  their  liberty  and  independence,  Kosciuska 


500 


KRAYNE. 


KUYPERS. 


was  intrusted  with  the  supreme  command.  In 
April,  at  the  head  of  4,000  men,  he  defeated 
12,000  Russians,  but  was  subsequently  defeated 
and  obliged  to  retire  to  his  intrenched  camp  near 
Warsaw,  in  which  city  he  was  soon  besieged  by 
60,000  Russians  and  Prussians.  When,  after  two 
months,  an  assault  was  made,  he  with  only  10,000 
men  repelled  the  attack.  An  insurrection  in 
Great  Poland  compelled  the  king  of  Prussia  to 
raise  the  siege.  Kosciusko,  with  20,000  regular 
troops  and  40,000  armed  peasants,  had  resisted 
the  combined  armies,  amounting  to  150,000  men. 
At  last,  Oct.  10,  at  Macziewice,  fifty  miles  from 
Warsaw,  an  overwhelming  Russian  force  defeated 
Kosciusko,  who  had  only  21,000  men.  Being 
wounded,  he  fell  from  his  horse,  saying,  "  Finis 
Polonise,"  and  was  made  a  prisoner. 

"  And  Freedom  shrieked  when  Koscinsko  fell." 

He  was  thrown  into  prison  by  Catharine ;  but  was 
released  by  Paul  I.  When  the  emperor  pre 
sented  him  with  his  own  sword,  he  declined  it, 
saying,  "  I  no  longer  need  a  sword,  since  I  have 
no  longer  a  country."  Never  afterwards  did  he 
wear  a  sword.  In  Aug.,  1797,  he  visited  America 
and  was  received  with  honor.  For  his  Revolu 
tionary  services  he  received  a  pension.  In  1798 
he  went  to  France.  Having  purchased  an  estate 
near  Fontainebleau,  he  lived  there  till  1814.  In 

1816  he  settled  at  Soleure  in   Switzerland.     In 

1817  he  abolished  slavery  on  his  estate  in  Poland. 
He  died  at  Soleure,  in  consequence  of  a  fall  with 
his  horse  from  a  precipice  near  Vevay,  Oct.  16, 
1817,  aged  61.      He  was  never  married.      His 
body  was  removed  to  the  tomb  of  the  kings  at 
Cracow,  beneath    the   cathedral.      Gray-headed 
•warriors  bore  the  relics  .on  their  shoulders ;  two 
maidens  with  wreaths  of  oak-leaves  and  branches 
of  cypress  followed ;  then  came  the  general  staff', 
the  senate,  and  clergy.     Count  Wodziki  delivered 
a  funeral  oration  on  the  hill  Wavel,  and  in  the 
church  a  prelate  gave  an  eloquent  address.     The 
senate  of  Cracow  decreed,  that  a  lofty  mound 
should  be  raised  on  the  heights  of  Bronislawad. 
For  three  years  men  of  every  class  and  age  toiled 
in  this  work,  from  Oct.  16,  1820,  to  Oct.  16,  1823, 
till  the  Mogila  Kosciuszki,  the  hill  of  Kosciusko, 
was  raised  to  the  height  of  three  hundred  feet. 
A   serpentine  foot-path  leads   to   the  top,  from 
which  there  is  a  fine  view  of  the  Vistula  and  of 
the  ancient  city  of  the  Polish  kings.     He  erected 
himself  a  better  monument  to  his  memory.     In 
1798  he  made  a  bequest  for  the  emancipation 
and  education  of  slaves  in  Virginia.     In  1826  the 
amount  was  about  25,000   dollars.     B.  L.  Lear 
was  the  executor.     A  suit  was  pending,  in  1830, 
instituted  by  the  heirs,  who  claimed  the  bequest. 

KRAYNE,  ROBERT,  died  in  Boston  about  1650. 
He  was  an  early  settler ;  a  merchant  tailor,  who 
came  from  London ;  his  benefactions  to  the  town 


and  college  make  him  worthy  of  honorable 
remembrance.  He  gave  to  Boston  the  first  mar 
ket-house  and  conduit,  and  the  first  public  library. 
To  Harvard  college  lie  gave  a  house.  The  court  of 
assistants,  in  consequence  of  his  "liberal  gifts  to 
the  country,"  gave  his  widow  five  hundred  acres 
of  land.  He  was  allied  by  marriage  to  Rev.  Mr. 
Wilson. 

KREMER,  GEORGE,  member  of  congress  from 
1823  to  1829,  died  in  Union  co.,  Penn.,  Sept.  11, 
1854,  aged  79. 

KRIMMEL,  Jonx  LEWIS,  a  distinguished 
painter,  was  drowned,  while  bathing  near  Ger- 
mantown,  July  15,  1821,  aged  35.  He  was  pres 
ident  of  the  society  of  American  artists,  having 
resided  about  ten  years  in  Philadelphia.  At  the 
time  of  his  death  he  was  engaged  to  paint  a  large 
historical  picture  of  the  landing  of  Wm.  Penn. 
His  genius  and  amiable  manners  secured  to  him 
respect  and  esteem. 

KUHN,  ADAM,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  died  at 
Philadelphia  July  5,  1817,  aged  75.  He  was 
born  at  Germantown,  Nov.  17,  1741,  old  style ; 
his  father  came  from  Swabia,  and  was  a  useful 
physician  and  an  elder  of  the  Lutheran  church. 
In  1761  he  proceeded  to  Europe,  and  studied  at 
Upsal  under  Linnajus,  and  by  him  was  highly 
esteemed.  After  visiting  various  countries  of 
Europe,  he  returned  to  this  country  in  Jan.,  1768, 
and  in  May  commenced  his  first  course  in  botany. 
For  twenty-two  years  he  attended  the  Pennsyl 
vania  hospital.  In  1789  he  was  appointed  profes 
sor  of  medicine  in  the  university,  but  resigned  in 
1797.  He  practised  physic  about  fifty  years.  He 
left  two  sons.  A  biographical  sketch  was  pub 
lished,  1818.  —  Thacher. 

KUHN,  FREDERIC,  Dr.,  died  at  Lancaster,  Pa., 
in  March  1816,  aged  68. 

KUNZE,  JOHN  CHRISTOPHER,  D.  D.,  professor 
in  Columbia  college,  N.  Y.,  died  July  24,  1807, 
aged  73.  For  fourteen  years  he  was  the  minister 
of  the  German  Lutheran  church  in  Philadelphia, 
and  a  professor  in  the  college  of  that  city.  In 
1784  he  removed  to  New  York,  where  he  was  a 
minister  twenty-three  years,  also  professor  of  the 
oriental  languages.  His  valuable  cabinet  of  coins 
and  medals  is  now  owned  by  the  N.  Y.  Historical 
society. 

KURTZ,  J.  DANIEL,  D.  D.,  died  at  Baltimore 
June  30,  1856,  aged  92.  He  was  for  more  than 
half  a  century  a  minister  of  the  German  Luthe 
ran  church;  preaching  always  Christ  and  him 
crucified,  and  justification  through  faith  in  his 
blood. 

KUYPERS,  GERARD  A.,  D.  D.,  minister  of 
the  reformed  Dutch  church,  in  New  York  city, 
died  June  28,  1833,  aged  66. 

KUYPERS,  ZACIIARIAH  II.,  D.  D.,  died  in 
New  York,  Oct.  4,  1850,  aged  80,  the  son  of 
Warmoldus  K.,  D.  D.,  of  Rhinebeck.  He  was 


KYAN. 

thirty-six  years  pastor  of  Jamaica,  Newtown, 
Inness,  and  Oyster  Bay  congregations;  then 
twelve  years  of  Wyckoff,  Ponds,  and  Preakness, 
N.  J. 

KYAN,  JOHN  II.,  an  Englishman,  who  lived  a 
short  time  in  this  country,  died  in  New  York  in 
1849  or  1850,  aged  75.  He  was  the  inventor  of 
the  chemical  process  of  hardening  wood,  making 
•what  is  called  Kyanized  wood. 

LABAT,  J.  B.,  published  in  French  a  voyage 
to  the  American  isles,  6  vols.,  1722. 

LACOCK,  ABNER,  general,  died  near  Freedom, 
Beaver  county,  Penn.,  April  12, 1837.  He  was  a 
native  of  Virginia.  With  little  education,  he  by 
his  talents,  industry,  and  much  worth,  became 
eminent  as  a  legislator  and  statesman.  He  was 
a  representative  in  congress  from  1811  to  1813, 
and  a  senator  of  the  U.  S.  from  1813  to  1819. 

LACY,  JACOB,  died  in  1840,  at  Longhill,  N.  J., 
aged  100,  a  Revolutionary  pensioner. 

LADD,  JOSEPH  BROWN,  a  poet,  died  in  1786, 
aged  31.  He  was  the  son  of  Wm.  L.  of  Little 
Compton,  R.  I.  Having  commenced  the  practice 
of  physic,  the  rejection  of  his  addresses  by  a 
young  lady,  to  whom  he  was  extremely  attached, 
induced  him  to  remove  to  Charleston,  S.  C. 
There  he  proved  himself  destitute  of  moral  and 
religious  principles  by  fighting  a  duel  in  conse 
quence  of  a  political  controversy.  He  was 
wounded,  and  neglected  the  means  of  recovery. 
The  poems  of  Arouet  were  published  in  1786 ; 
a  sketch  of  his  life,  with  poems,  in  1832.  —  Speci 
mens  of  American  Poetry,  i.  334. 

LAUD,  WILLIAM,  president  of  the  American 
peace  society,  died  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  April 
9,  1841,  aged  63.  His  residence  was  at  Minot, 
Me.  Born  in  Exeter  in  1778,  he  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1797.  His  widow  died  in  Boston  in 
1856 ;  he  left  no  children.  He  took  a  very  active 
part  in  promoting  the  interests  of  the  peace  soci 
ety,  in  which  perhaps  the  first  movement  was 
made  by  Dr.  Noah  Worcester.  For  years  he 
was  the  president  and  the  agent  of  the  society, 
which  was  indebted  more  to  his  toils  than  to 
those  of  any  other  person.  He  made  many  pub 
lic  addresses  and  he  labored  abundantly  with  his 
pen.  His  views  in  regard  to  the  right  of  defen 
sive  war  accorded  with  those  of  the  Quakers  and 
of  Mr.  Grimki  and  Mr.  Dymond.  Many  per 
sons  believed  that  the  incorporation  of  the  denial 
of  this  right  into  the  constitution  of  the  peace 
society,  which  he  formed,  was  greatly  injurious  to 
the  cause  of  pe'ace,  as  not  being  founded  in  truth. 
lie  edited  the  Friend  of  Peace,  begun  by  Dr. 
Worcester ;  also  the  Harbinger  of  Peace.  He 
was  a  man  honest,  earnest,  benevolent,  and  pious. 
He  published,  among  other  essays  and  addresses, 
an  address  to  the  peace  society  of  Maine,  1824 ; 
to  that  of  Massachusetts,  1825;  a  dissertation  on 
a  congress  of  nations,  1832. 


LAFAYETTE. 


50 


LAET,  JOHN  DE,  a  historian,  and  a  director  of 
the  Dutch  East  India  company,  died  at  Antwerp 
in  1649.  Among  other  works  he  published  No- 
vus  Orbis,  fol.,  1633. 

LAFAYETTE,  GILBERT  MOTHER,  marquis  de, 
died  in  Paris  May  20,  1834,  aged  76  ;  an  honored 
friend  of  American  liberty.  Born  in  Auvergne, 
France,  he  was  educated  at  Paris,  and  at  the  age 
of  seventeen  married  the  grand-daughter  of  the 
Duke  de  Noailles.  In  1777,  when  the  American 
struggle  seemed  very  doubtful,  he,  at  the  age  of 
nineteen,  espoused  the  cause  of  freemen ;  and 
when  the  agents  of  our  country  confessed  that 
they  were  not  able  to  convey  him  to  America, 
"Then,"  said  he,  "I  will  fit  out  a  vessel  myself!" 
And  in  such  a  vessel  he  arrived  at  Charleston, 
April  25,  bringing  hope  to  the  desponding,  and 
producing  an  amazing  sensation  through  the  land. 
He  was  immediately  offered  a  command  in  the 
army,  but  he  chose  rather  to  raise  and  equip  a 
body  of  men  at  his  own  expense,  and  to  enter  the 
service  as  a  volunteer,  without  pay.  In  July  he 
was  appointed  major-general;  in  September  was 
wounded  at  Brandy  wine.  He  served  in  Pennsyl 
vania  and  Rhode  Island  in  1778.  He  embarked 
at  Boston  Jan.,  1779,  for  France,  in  order  the 
more  effectually  to  aid  our  country.  He  returned 
soon  with  the  assurance  that  a  French  force  would 
follow  him,  and  took  the  command  of  two  thou 
sand  men,  partly  equipped  at  his  expense.  He 
marched  to  Virginia  in  Dec.,  1780,  raising  2000 
guineas  on  his  own  credit  at  Baltimore,  to  supply 
the  troops.  In  the  siege  of  Yorktown  he  shared, 
storming  a  redoubt.  Again  he  went  to  France, 
honored,  of  course,  with  the  commendatory  reso 
lutions  of  congress,  and  urged  upon  the  French 
government  the  sending  of  a  strong  and  decisive 
force  to  America.  Such  a  force,  of  forty-nine 
ships  and  twenty  thousand  men,  he  found  at  Cadiz, 
ready  to  follow  him,  had  not  peace  prevented. 
Invited  to  revisit  America,  he  landed  Aug.  4, 1784, 
and,  after  spending  a  few  days  at  Mount  Vernon, 
visited  the  great  cities  and  received  the  acknowl 
edgments  which  were  his  due.  The  world  hardly 
furnishes  such  an  instance  of  noble,  effectual  aid, 
on  the  part  of  an  individual,  a  foreigner,  to  a  na 
tional  struggle  for  freedom ;  and  no  American 
can  hear  the  name  of  Lafayette  without  a  tide 
of  gratitude  rushing  through  his  heart.  On  his 
return  to  France  he  toiled  for  the  benefit  of  Prot 
estantism,  and  the  abolition  of  slavery.  In  1789 
he  commanded  the  national  guards  of  Paris.  In 
1790  he  renounced  the  title  of  nobility,  and  sus 
tained  the  constitution  of  a  representative  mon 
archy.  He  defended  the  king,  but  soon  resigned 
his  command  and  retired  to  his  estates.  The 
Jacobins  triumpliing,  he  left  France,  and,  falling 
into  the  hands  of  the  Austrians,  was  imprisoned 
several  years  at  Olmutz.  He  was  released  in 
1797.  He  declined  the  dignity  of  senator  and 


502 


LAFON. 


LANG. 


of  a  peerage,  offered  by  Bonaparte.  In  1824 
he  visited  the  United  States,  and  was  enthu 
siastically  received,  in  twenty-four  States,  as  the 
nation's  guest.  Congress  made  him  a  grant  of 
200,000  dollars  and  a  township  of  land.  He  was 
carried  home  in  the  frigate  Brandywine,  so  named 
in  compliment  to  him,  in  Sept.,  1825.  In  1830 
he  was  made  marshal  of  France.  In  1834  his 
earthly  course  was  finished.  His  eldest  son, 
George  Washington,  who  accompanied  him  in 
his  visit  to  America,  died  at  Lagrange,  in  France, 
Jan.  6,  1856.  He  was  a  consistent,  noble-minded, 
disinterested  patriot.  His  engagement  in  the 
cause  of  America  is  an  unparalleled  event  in  his 
tory  ;  and  the  honorable  treatment  which  he  re 
ceived  from  America  is  a  proof  that  republics  are 
not  always  ungrateful. 

LAFON,  BARTHELEMY,  a  geographer,  died  at 
New  Orleans,  where  he  had  long  been  a  citizen, 
Sept.  29,  1820.  He  published  a  map  of  Lower 
Louisiana  and  New  Orleans.  About  1814  he 
proposed  for  publication  a  work,  entitled,  Urane 
geography,  designed  to  prove,  that  America  was 
known  to  the  ancients,  and  was  the  native  place 
of  Orpheus,  etc. 

LAIDLIE,  ARCHIBALD,  D.  D.,  the  first  minis 
ter  of  the  Dutch  church  in  America,  Avho  offi 
ciated  in  the  English  language,  was  a  native  of 
Scotland,  and  had  been  for  four  years  a  minister 
of  the  Dutch  church  of  Flushing  in  Zealand, 
when  he  received  a  call  from  New  York.  lie 
arrived  in  America  in  the  year  1764,  and  died  at 
Red  Hook  Nov.  14,  1779,  during  his  exile  from 
the  city,  occasioned  by  the  Revolutionary  war. 
His  wife  was  the  daughter  of  Col.  Martin  Hoff- 
Ile  was  a  man  of  a  vigorous  mind  and  of 


singular  piety ;  a  sound  divine ;  an  evangelical, 
commanding,  and  powerful  preacher,  and  indefat- 
igabiy  faithful  in  his  pastoral  labors.  His  ministry 
was  much  blessed  and  attended  with  an  uncom 
mon  revival  of  religion.  —  Christian's  Magazine, 
II.  13. 

LAKE,  THOMAS,  captain,  a  merchant,  was  the 
joint  owner  with  Maj.  Clarke,  of  Boston,  of  Arrou- 
sic  island  in  Kennebcc  river,  where  he  had  a  house. 
Here  he  was  killed  by  the  Indians,  Aug.  14, '1676. 

LAKE,  MARY,  a  pioneer  Christian  of  Ohio, 
died  at  Marietta  in  1802,  aged  60.  A  native  of 
Bristol,  England,  she  married  Mr.  Lake,  who  em 
igrated  to  New  York,  and  worked  in  a  ship-yard. 
She  was  a  member  of  Dr.  Rodgers'  church.  In 
1789  he  removed  to  Marietta.  One  of  the  first 
Sunday  schools  in  America  was  taught  by  her  in 
1791.  At  this  time  Mr.  Storey  preached  once 
on  each  Sunday.  She  taught  the  catechism  and 
lessons  from  the  bible  to  twenty  scholars.  They 
removed  to  a  farm  a  few  miles  up  the  Muskingum. 
Her  children  were  all  pious  ;  two  of  her  sons 
were  aged  in  1852. —  Hildretli. 

LAKE,  WILLIAM,  a  poet,  was  born  at  Kings 


ton,  Penn.,  in  1787,  and  died  Dec.  17, 1805.  His 
poems,  entitled  the  Parnassian  pilgrim,  were  pub 
lished  at  Hudson,  12mo.,  1807. 

LALLEMAND,  HENRY,  baron,  general  of 
artillery  in  the  Imperial  guard  of  France,  espoused 
the  side  of  Napoleon  on  his  return  from  Elba,  for 
which  he  was  condemned  to  death  for  contumacy, 
having  escaped  to  this  country.  He  died  at  Bor- 
dentown,  N.  J.,  Sept.  15,  1823.  He  published  in 
this  country  a  valuable  work  on  artillery. 

LAMB,  GEORGE,  a  worthy,  much  esteemed 
Freewill  Baptist  minister,  pastor  of  a  church  in 
Brunswick,  Maine,  died  in  Dec.,  1836,  aged  48. 
His  son,  George  W.  Lamb,  LL.  B.  at  Cambridge, 
a  graduate  of  Bowdoin  college  in  1837,  and  a 
lawyer  in  New  Orleans,  died  recently. 

LAMB,  ANTHONY,  general,  died  at  New  York 
May  13,  1855,  aged  84. 

LAMB,  EDWARD,  Dr.,  died  at  Montpelier,  Vt, 
Nov.  4,  1845,  aged  74 ;  for  half  a  century  a  dis 
tinguished  physician  and  citizen. 

LANCASTER,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Scarbo 
rough,  Me.,  died  in  1831,  aged  88.  Born  in 
Rowley,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1764,  and 
was  settled  in  1775. 

LANCASTER,  JOSEPH,  died  at  New  York, 
Oct.  24,  1838,  aged  68,  of  wounds  received  from 
a  gig,  while  he  was  walking  in  the  street.  He 
was  born  in  England  and  bred  a  Quaker.  He 
came  to  America  about  1820,  and  introduced  his 
system  of  education,  called  the  Lancastrian.  He 
published  several  works  relating  to  education. 

LANE,  JOB,  an  excellent  tutor  of  Yrale  college, 
died  in  1768,  aged  26.  Born  at  Bedford,  Mass., 
he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1764.  He  was  once  a 
soldier ;  and  he  studied  theology.  For  his  last 
two  years  he  was  a  tutor.  President  Daggett  in 
a  sermon  highly  commended  him.  —  Sprague's 
Annals. 

LANE,  EZEKIEL,  died  at  Buffalo  in  May,  1828, 
aged  103.  In  1795  there  were  only  four  build 
ings  in  Buffalo ;  the  first  was  erected  by  Lane 
and  his  father-in-law,  Martin  Middaugh,  a  double 
log-house. 

LANE,  OTIS,  died  at  Southbridge,  Mass.,  in 
1842,  aged  about  64.  Born  in  Rowley,  Mass.,  he 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1798  ;  was  minister 
of  Sturbridge  from  1801  to  1819;  and  was 
installed  at  Sterling,  Conn.,  in  1828.  —  Sprague's 
Annals. 

LANE,  AMOS,  colonel,  died  in  Lawrenceburgh, 
Ind.,  in  1850.  He  was  a  member  of  congress 
from  1833  to  1837,  and  was  speaker,  and  a  lawyer 
of  talents. 

LANG,  DAVID,  a  Baptist  minister,  died  at  Cole- 
rain,  Mass.,  in  1831,  aged  78. 

LANG,  JOHN,  died  at  New  York  March  17, 
1836,  aged  67  ;  editor  of  the  New  York  Gazette, 
connected  with  it  from  the  first.  He  was  a  man 
of  moral  worth,  of  integrity  and  benevolence. 


LANG. 


LANMAN. 


503 


LANG,  RICHARD,  a  man  of  business  at  Han 
over,  N.  II.,  the  seat  of  Dartmouth  college,  died 
in  1840,  aged  71. 

LAXGDOX,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  York,  Me., 
died  in  1794,  aged  71.  He  was  horn  in  Farming- 
ton,  Conn. ;  his  mother's  name  was  Elizabeth  Lee. 
lie  graduated  at  Yale  in  1747.  He  was  ordained 
over  the  second  church  in  York  in  17(54.  He 
was  a  man  of  talents  and  a  faithful  preacher ;  but 
much  depressed  by  his  little  success.  —  Piscat- 
aqua  Magazine,  I. 

LAXGDOX,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Ports 
mouth,  Xew  Hampshire,  and  president  of  Har 
vard  college,  died  Nov.  29,  1797,  aged  74.  He 
was  a  native  of  Boston,  and  was  graduated  in 
1740.  He  was  ordained  as  the  successor  of  Mr. 
Fitch  Feb.  4,  1747.  He  was  inducted  into  the 
office  of  president  as  the  successor  of  Mr.  Locke 
Oct.  14,  1774,  but  resigned  it,  in  consequence  of 
the  disaffection  of  his  pupils,  occasioned  by  his 
want  of  dignity  and  authority,  Aug.  30,  1780. 
President  Willard  succeeded  him.  He  now 
entered  again  on  the  milder  task  of  presiding 
over  an  assembly  of  Christians.  He  was  installed 
at  Hampton  Falls,  N.  II.,  Jan.  18,  1781.  His 
extensive  knowledge,  hospitality,  patriotism,  and 
piety  secured  to  him,  in  this  calm  retreat,  the 
affection  and  respect  of  the  people  of  his  charge, 
and  of  his  numerous  acquaintance.  He  published 
a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  S.  Macclintock, 
1756;  on  the  conquest  of  Quebec,  1759;  an  im 
partial  examination  of  It.  Sandeman's  letters  on 
Theron  and  Aspasio,  1765;  a  summary  of  Chris 
tian  faith  and  practice,  1768;  a  rational  explica 
tion  of  St.  John's  vision  of  the  two  beasts,  1771 ; 
Dudleian  lecture,  1775 ;  before  the  provincial  con 
gress,  1775;  at  the  ordination  of  E.  Sprague, 
1777;  on  the  death  of  professor  Winthrop,  1779; 
New  Hampshire  election  sermon,  1788;  observa 
tions  on  the  revelations  of  Jesus  Christ  to  saint 
John,  1791;  the  efficacy  of  the  gospel  above  all 
earthly  wisdom,  the  business  of  life  and  hope  in 
death,  two  sermons  in  American  preacher,  IV. ; 
before  the  Piscataqua  association,  1792;  correc 
tions  of  some  great  mistakes  committed  by  J.  C. 
Ogden;  remarks  on  the  leading  sentiments  of 
Dr.  Hopkins' system  of  doctrines,  1794.  —  Alden's 
account  of  the  Rdi/jious  Society  of  Portsmouth ; 
Hist,  Coll.  X.  51;  Sprague's  Annals. 

LAXGDOX,  JOHN,  LL.  D.,  governor  of  New 
Hampshire,  died  at  Portsmouth  Sept.  19,  1818, 
aged  78.  He  was  the  grandson  of  Tobias  L., 
and  the  son  of  John  L.,  a  farmer  of  Portsmouth. 
After  being  educated  at  a  public  grammar  school, 
he  became  acquainted  with  mercantile  business  in 
the  counting-house  of  Daniel  Kludge,  and  after 
wards  prosecuted  business  upon  the  sea  until  the 
commencement  of  the  controversy  with  Great 
Britain.  He  was  one  of  the  party  which  removed 


the  powder  and  the  military  stores  from  fort 
William  and  Mary,  at  Newcastle,  in  1774.  In 
1775  and  1776  he  was  chosen  a  delegate  to  con 
gress.  Commanding  a  company  of  volunteers, 
he  served  for  a  while  in  Vermont  and  llhode 
Island.  In  his  own  State,  he  was  in  1776  and 
1777  speaker  of  the  house  and  judge  of  the  court 
of  common  pleas.  In  1779  he  was  continental 
agent  in  New  Hampshire  and  contracted  for  the 
building  of  several  public  ships-of-war.  June  13, 
1783,  he  was  again  appointed  delegate  to  con 
gress.  He  was  afterwards  repeatedly  a  member 
of  the  legislature,  and  speaker.  In  March,  1788, 
he  was  chosen  president  of  the  State ;  and  in 
November  was  elected  senator  of  the  United 
States.  He  was  opposed  to  the  funding  system. 
In  1794  he  was  re-elected  for  another  term  of  six 
years.  He  was  afterwards  representative  and 
speaker  in  the  State  legislature.  From  1805  to 
1808,  and  in  1810  and  1811,  he  was  governor  of 
the  State.  After  1811  his  days  were  passed  in 
the  calmness  of  retreat  from  public  life.  In  his 
politics  he  acted  with  Mr.  Jefferson  and  was 
known  as  a  republican.  In  1801  Mr.  Jefferson 
solicited  him  to  accept  the  post  of  secretary  of 
the  navy.  In  1812  the  majority  in  congress 
selected  him  for  vice  president,  but  he  declined 
the  honor,  to  which  he  would  have  been  elevated 
instead  of  Mr.  Gerry,  had  he  consented  to  be  a 
candidate.  For  several  years  he  was  a  member 
of  the  first  church  in  Portsmouth;  he  enjoyed  the 
consolations  of  religion;  and  nothing  gave  him  so 
much  pain  as  to  see  the  doctrines  of  grace  re 
jected  and  assailed.  His  habits  were  social;  and 
in  his  manners  he  was  easy,  polite,  and  pleasing. 
—  Annals  of  Portsmouth,  370;  Farmer's  Bel- 
knap,  I.  405. 

LANGDON,  JOILX,  minister  of  Bethlehem, 
Conn.,  died  in  1830,  aged  40.  lie  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1809,  and  was  a  tutor  from  1811  to  1815. 
He  was  pastor  at  B.  from  1816  to  1825. — 
Sprague's  Annals. 

LANGSTAFF,  HENRY,  died  by  a  fall  at  Bloody 
Point,  N.  II.,  in  1705,  aged  100  :  a  hale,  strong 
man ;  the  first  in  New  England  who  reached  a 
century.  But  in  the  next  one  hundred  and  forty 
years  there  were  one  hundred  and  sixty  persons 
who  attained  the  same  or  a  greater  age.  See  W. 
Perkins. 

LANGWORTIIY,  CONTEXT,  Mrs.,  died  at 
Stonington,  Conn.,  in  1814,  aged  105. 

LANKTON,  LEVI,  died  in  Alstead,  N.  H.,  in 
1843,  aged  about  87.  Born  in  Southington, 
Conn.,  he  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1777,  and  was 
pastor  in  Alstead  from  1789  to  1828. —  Sprague's 
Annals. 

LANMAN,  JAMES,  died  at  Norwich,  Conn., 
Aug.  7,  1841,  aged  72.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1788,  and  was  a  senator  of  the  United  States,  and 


504 


LANSING. 


a  judge  of  the   supreme   court   of  Connecticut. 
His  brother,  Peter  I,.,  died  Dec.  29,  1854,  aged  83. 

LAXSIXG,  ABRAHAM,  the  original  proprietor 
of  Lansingburgh,  N.  Y.,  died  at  New  York  in 
1791,  aged  72. 

LANSING,  JOHN,  chancellor  of  New  York, 
died  in  Nov.,  1829,  aged  75.  He  went  out  from 
the  City  hotel,  New  York,  one  stormy  evening, 
and  was  never  heard  of  afterwards. 

LANSING,  NICHOLAS,  minister  at  Tappan, 
N.  Y.,  died  in  1835,  aged  86. 

LAPHAM,  DARIUS,  died  in  Cincinnati  in  1850, 
aged  42.  He  was  an  engineer,  first  employed  on 
the  Erie  canal ;  and  was  a  man  of  science. 

LARCUM,  MARY,  Mrs.,  died  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  in  1839,  aged  100. 

LARNED,  SYLVESTER,  minister  of  New  Or 
leans,  died  Aug.  31,  1820,  aged  24.  He  was  the 
son  of  Col.  Simon  Lamed,  of  Pittsfield,  Mass., 
who  was  a  native  of  Thompson,  Conn.,  and  a 
Revolutionary  officer,  and  died  in  1817.  His 
mother,  of  extraordinary  intellectual  power  and 
pious  zeal,  was  of  the  name  of  Bull,  of  Hartford. 
He  was  born  Aug.  31,  1796,  and  after  being  for  a 
short  time  a  member  of  Williams  college,  he  re 
moved  to  Middlebury  with  his  friend,  Solomon 
Allen,  and  there  in  his  senior  year  his  mind  was 
first  impressed  by  religious  truth.  He  graduated 
in  1813,  having  the  English  oration.  His  talents 
were  very  early  developed.  His  theological  edu 
cation  was  at  Andover  and  Princeton.  At  this 
period  no  one  equalled  him  in  extemporary  de 
bate.  After  he  became  a  preacher,  in  1817,  and 
was  ordained  as  an  evangelist,  he  repaired  to 
New  Orleans,  where  he  arrived  Jan.  22,  1818. 
Mr.  Cornelius  had  been  there  as  a  missionary 
about  three  weeks,  endeavoring  to  form  a  congre 
gation.  On  the  arrival  of  Mr.  Lamed  the  society 
was  quickly  established,  and  he  was  settled  as  the 
minister  of  the  first  Presbyterian  congregation. 
In  the  summer  he  visited  New  England,  and  pro 
cured  materials  for  the  erection  of  a  church.  The 
corner-stone  was  laid  Jan.  8,  1819.  He  fell  a 
victim  to  the  yellow  fever  the  next  year.  He 
preached  on  the  preceding  Sabbath  from  the 
words,  "  For  to  me  to  live  is  Christ  and  to  die  is 
gain ;  "  and  closed  his  discourse  in  tears.  Mr. 
Hull,  the  Episcopal  minister,  read  the  funeral  ser 
vice  over  him  in  the  Presbyterian  church.  His 
widow,  Sarah  Wyer,  of  Newburyport,  died  at 
Washington  city  Jan.  20,  1825,  aged  25.  Mr. 
Larned  was  distinguished  for  his  powerful  talents 
and  pathetic  eloquence.  He  was  sanguine,  bold, 
and  confident,  yet  not  haughty.  lie  had  press 
ing  solicitations  from  churches  in  Alexandria, 
Baltimore,  and  Boston,  to  become  their  pastor  ; 
but  he  deemed  his  Christian  influence  more  im 
portant  at  New  Orleans.  Probably  no  preacher 
in  the  United  States  occupied  a  more  important 


LATHROP. 

station,  or  was  more  admired  for  his  eloquence. 
By  his  death,  a  kind  of  sacrifice  to  duty,  he  left 
a  dee])  impression  of  the  courage  and  value  of 
true  piety. 

"  Revolving  his  mysterious  lot, 
I  mourn  him,  but  I  praise  him  not; 

Glory  to  God  be  given, 
Who  sent  him,  like  the  radiant  bow, 
His  covenant  of  peace  to  show, 
Athwart  the  breaking  storm  to  glow, 

Then  vanish  into  heaven." 

LARNED,  CHARLES,  general,  died  of  the 
cholera  at  Detroit  Aug.  13,  1834;  a  son  of  Col. 
Simon  L.  of  Pittsfield. 

LARNED,  ERASTUS,  minister  of  Canterbury, 
Conn.,  died  before  1840.  He  graduated  at 
Brown  university  in  1795. 

LASELL,  EDWARD,  died  at  Auburndale  Jan. 
31,  1852,  aged  42,  of  typhus  fever.  He  had  been 
eighteen  years  professor  of  chemistry  at  Williams 
college.  He  had  projected  and  established  with 
others  a  female  seminary  at  Auburndale. 

LATHROP,  JOHN,  the  first  minister  of  Scituate 
and  Barnstable,  Mass.,  died  Nov.  8,  1653.  He 
was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  was  an  Episcopal 
minister  in  Kent.  About  1624  he  renounced  his 
Episcopal  orders  and  was  chosen  the  successor  of 
Henry  Jacob,  who  in  1616  became  the  pastor  in 
London  of  the  first  Independent  or  Congrega 
tional  church  in  England,  but  removed  in  1624 
to  Virginia,  where  he  died.  The  congregation 
met  in  private  houses.  In  April,  1632,  the 
bishop  seized  and  imprisoned  forty-two  of  them  ; 
eighteen  escaped.  Mr.  L.,  after  an  imprison 
ment  of  two  years,  obtained  liberty  "  to  depart 
the  kingdom."  Mr.  Canne  succeeded  him. 
With  about  thirty  followers  he  came  to  New 
England  in  1634.  He  removed  from  Scituate  to 
Barnstable  Oct.  11,  1639.  He  was  meek,  hum 
ble,  learned,  and  faithful.  His  successors  were 
Walley,  Russell,  and  Shaw.  He  left  several  sons 
and  daughters ;  his  son,  Samuel,  who  settled  at 
Norwich,  was  the  ancestor  of  those  who  bear  the 
name  in  Connecticut,  New  York,  and  Vermont, 
Mr.  L.  wrote  his  name  Lothropp :  Morton  wrote 
it  Laythrop  ;  some  of  his  descendants  in  Ply 
mouth  county  still  write  it  Lothrop,  as  the  word 
is  pronounced  in  Massachusetts ;  but  it  is  gen 
erally  written  Lathrop.  A  descendant  at  Nor 
wich,  Dr.  Joshua  L.,  died  Oct  29,  1807,  aged  84. 
Two  of  his  letters  to  Gov.  Prince  arc  in  2  hist, 
coll.  I.  171.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

LATHROP,  ELIJAH,  minister  of  Gilead  in 
Hebron,  Conn.,  died  in  1797,  aged  73.  He  grad 
uated  at  Yale  in  1749. 

LATHROP,  JOSHUA,  Dr.,  died  at  Norwich, 
Conn.,  in  1807,  aged  84.  He  was  a  graduate  of 
Yale  in  1743;  a  man  highly  esteemed.  David 
Austin  married  his  only  daughter. 


LATHROP. 

LATIIROP,  EBENEZER,  general,  died  in  Barn- 
stable  in  1815,  aged  72,  an  officer  of  the  Revo 
lution. 

LATHROP,  JoSErn,  D.  D.,  minister  of  "West 
Springfield,  Mass.,  a  descendant  of  John  L., 
died  Dec.  31,  1820,  aged  89.  lie  was  the  son  of 
Solomon  and  Martha  L.,  and  was  born  at  Nor 
wich,  Conn.,  Oct.  20,  1731.  After  the  decease  of 
his  father  in  1733,  his  mother  removed  to  Bolton. 
He  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  17.30,  having 
first  made  a  profession  of  religion.  Becoming  the 
teacher  of  a  school  at  Springfield,  he  studied  the 
ology  with  Mr.  Breck,  and  was  ordained  Aug.  25, 
1756,  and  was  pastor  sixty-three  years.  In  1819, 
Dr.  Sprague,  now  of  Albany,  was  settled  as  his 
colleague.  His  wife  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Capt. 
Seth  1)  wight  of  Hatfield,  died  in  1821.  His  son 
•was  president  of  the  senate.  lie  stood  as  the 
patriarch  of  the  Congregational  churches ;  no 
minister  was  more  respected  and  venerated.  lie 
was  as  eminent  for  candor  and  charity  as  he  was 
devout  and  holy  in  life.  A  man  once  had  the 
impudence  to  ask  him :  "  Dr.  Lathrop,  do  you 
think  you  have  got  any  religion  ?  "  He  replied : 
"  None  to  speak  of."  When  one  in  another 
parish  asked  his  advice  in  regard  to  his  minister, 
whom  he  did  not  well  like,  he  advised  him,  as  he 
was  a  rich  farmer,  to  send  a  generous  piece  of  his 
beef,  when  he  slaughtered  a  fat  animal,  to  his 
minister,  accompanied  with  this  passage  :  "  Let 
him  that  is  taught  in  the  word,  communicate  in 
all  good  things  to  him  that  teacheth."  As  a 
writer  he  was  remarkably  perspicuous,  plain,  and 
useful.  His  publications  were  numerous,  and 
more  extensively  known  than  those  of  any  con 
temporary  theologian  of  this  country.  They  con 
sisted  of 'sermons,  six  volumes  of  which  were 
published  during  his  life,  on  various  subjects, 
chiefly  practical.  After  his  death  an  additional 
volume  was  published,  accompanied  by  a  memoir 
of  his  life,  written  by  himself.  This  autobiogra 
phy  is  remarkable  for  its  simplicity  and  candor. 
His  sermons  were  published  2  vols.,  1796  ;  1  vol., 
1806  :  5  vols.,  2d  edit.,  1807-9  ;  and  a  volume  of 
discourses  on  the  epistle  to  the  Hebrews,  8vo., 
1801.  He  published  the  following  sermons  :  on 
the  death  of  II.  Brcck,  1781;  of  Dr.  Gay,  Suf- 
field;  of  Dr.  G.'s  wife,  1796;  of  Mrs.  Whitney, 
1800;  of  Rev.  Mr.  Atwater,  1802;  of  four  young 
women  drowned  at  Southwick,  1809  ;  at  a  thanks 
giving  relating  to  the  insurrection,  1786 ;  the  per 
spicuity  of  the  Scriptures,  in  American  preacher, 
1791;  four  discourses  on  baptism,  1793;  on  the 
dismission  of  Mr.  Willard  of  Wilbraham,  1794  ; 
on  American  independence,  179-1;  at  a  thanks 
giving,  1795;  a  century  discourse  for  the  town; 
to  children,  1796  ;  God's  challenge  to  infidels,  at 
a  fast,  1797;  at  a  fast,  1798;  also,  1803;  also, 
1808;  at  the  ordination  of  Mr.  Ball,  1797;  of 
Mr.  Bcmis,  1801 ;  of  E.  D.  Andrews,  1807 ;  of 
G4 


LATHROF. 


505 


Thaddcus  Osgood,  1808;  century  sermon,  1800; 
at  the  dedication  of  Westfield  academy,  1800 ; 
before  a  missionary  society,  1802;  on  leaving  the 
old  meeting-house  ;  dedication  of  the  new,  1802 ; 
two  discourses  on  the  Sabbath,  1803;  two  on  the 
church  of  God,  1804  ;  on  old  age ;  on  suicide, 
two  sermons  ;  on  the  drought ;  on  the  opening  of 
the  bridge,  1805  ;  on  Christ's  warning  to  churches ; 
on  the  consulting  of  the  witch  of  Endor ;  on  the 
solar  eclipse,  1806;  warning  to  beware  of  false 
prophets,  1811 ;  before  a  bible  society,  1814 ;  two 
sermons  on  the  sixtieth  anniversary  of  his  ordina 
tion,  1816.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

LATHROP,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  minister  in  Boston, 
a  great-grandson  of  John  L.,  of  Barnstable,  died 
Jan.  4,  1816,  aged  75.  He  Avas  born  in  Norwich, 
Conn.,  May  17,  1740,  and  was  one  of  ten  sons. 
He  graduated  at  Princeton  college  in  1763,  and 
soon  afterwards  became  an  assistant  to  Mr. 
Wheelock  in  his  Indian  school  at  Lebanon.  He 
was  ordained  May  18,  1768,  at  the  Old  North 
church,  Boston,  where  the  Mathers  were  minis 
ters.  In  1779,  his  society  having  united  with  Dr. 
Pemberton's,  of  the  new  brick  church,  their  own 
church  being  demolished  by  the  enemy,  he  be 
came  the  pastor  of  the  united  society,  called  the 
second  church.  He  was  an  officer  of  various  lit 
erary  and  charitable  societies.  He  published  the 
following  sermons  :  soon  after  5th  March,  1770 ; 
on  early  piety,  1771  ;  at  the  artillery  election ;  at 
the  thanksgiving,  1774;  on  5th  March,  1778;  on 
the  death  of  his  wife,  Mary  L.,  1778;  of  S.  West, 
1808;  of  his  wife,  Elizabeth  L.,  1809;  of  J. 
Eckley,  1811;  of  J.  Eliot,  1813;  at  the  ordina 
tion  of  W.  Bentley,  1783;  on  the  peace,  1784; 
before  the  humane  society,  1787 ;  catechism, 
1791;  Dudleian  lecture,  on  popery,  1793;  before 
the  fire  society,  1796 ;  at  the  Thursday  lecture, 
1797;  at  Brattle-street,  1798;  on  the  fast,  1799; 
on  the  commencement  of  the  nineteenth  century ; 
before  the  society  for  propagating  the  gospel; 
before  the  female  asylum;  at  Milton,  1804;  at 
the  thanksgiving,  1808;  at  the  same,  1811;  a 
birth-day  discourse,  1812;  at  the  fast,  1812;  on 
the  law  of  retaliation,  1814;  on  the  peace;  his 
tory  of  the  late  war,  1815.  —  Parkman's  Sermon. 

LATHROP,  JOHN,  son  of  the  preceding,  died 
at  Georgetown,  D.  C.,  Jan.  30,  1820,  aged  48. 
He  was  born  in  Boston  in  1772,  and  was  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  college  in  1789.  Having  studied 
law,  he  settled  at  Dedham ;  but,  soon  returning 
to  Boston,  he  devoted  himself  to  literary  and  so 
cial  indulgence  with  Paine,  Prentice,  and  others, 
neglecting  his  profession.  Embarking  for  India, 
he  lived  at  Calcutta  ten  years,  teaching  a  school, 
and  writing  for  the  journals.  In  1809  he  re 
turned  and  engaged  in  the  business  of  teaching, 
and  gave  lectures  on  natural  philosophy.  In 
1819  he  proposed  to  publish  a  work  on  the  man 
ners  and  customs  of  India.  He  went  to  the 


506 


LATHROP. 


LAURENS. 


south,  and  delivered  lectures.  At  last  he  ob 
tained  a  place  in  the  post-office.  Improvident 
and  'destitute  of  foresight,  his  talents  scarcely 
procured  him  subsistence.  He  published  an  ora 
tion  July  4,  1796;  speech  of  Canonicus,  a  poem, 
Calcutta,  1802  ;  the  same,  Boston,  1803  ;  pocket 
register  and  freemason's  anthology,  1813. — 
Specimens  American  Poetry,  n.  101-108. 

LATHROP,  SAMUEL,  died  at  West  Springfield 
July  11,  1846,  aged  about  75.  He  was  the  son 
of  Rev.  Dr.  L.,  and  a  graduate  of  Yale  in  1792. 
He  was  a  member  of  congress  1818-1826.  His 
•widow  died  in  1853,  aged  73.  His  minister,  Rev. 
Dr.  Sprague,  now  of  Albany,  was  his  son-in-law. 

LATTA,  JAMES,  died  at  Chestnut  Level,  Lan 
caster  co.,  Penn.,  in  1801,  aged  67.  He  was  a 
preacher  from  Ireland.  He  had  four  sons,  who 
were  ministers,  of  whom  Francis  A.  L.  died  at 
Monson,  the  preceptor  of  Moscow  academy,  near 
Philadelphia,  in  1834,  aged  67.  John  E.  Latta, 
of  New  Castle,  Del.,  delivered  a  sermon  before 
the  general  association  of  Connecticut  in  1809, 
which  was  published.  He  died  in  Delaware  in 
1824. 

LAUDERDALE,  JAMES,  lieut-colonel,  was 
killed  in  battle  under  Gen.  Jackson,  Dec.  13, 1814. 
Born  in  Virginia,  of  an  ancient  family,  he  re 
moved  to  West  Tennessee.  He  was  distinguished 
in  three  battles  under  Gen.  Coffee,  with  the  Creek 
Indian's. —  Analect.  Magazine,  v. 

LAURENS,  HENRY,  president  of  congress, 
died  Dec.  8,  1792,  aged  69.  He  was  a  native  of 
South  Carolina,  and  took  an  early  part  in  oppos 
ing  the  arbitrary  claims  of  Great  Britain  at  the 
commencement  of  the  American  Revolution. 
When  the  provincial  congress  of  Carolina  met  in 
June,  1775,  he  was  appointed  its  president,  in 
which  capacity  he  drew  up  a  form  of  association, 
to  be  signed  by  all  the  friends  of  liberty,  which 
indicated  a  most  determined  spirit.  After  the 
establishment  of  the  temporary  constitution  in 

1776,  he  was  elected  vice-president.     Being  ap 
pointed  a  member  of  the  general  congress  after 
the   resignation   of  Hancock,  he   was   appointed 
president  of  that  illustrious   assembly  in  Nov., 

1777.  In  1780  he  was  deputed  to  solicit  a  loan 
from  Holland,  and  to  negotiate  a  treaty  Avith  the 
United  Netherlands.     But  on  his  passage  he  was 
captured  by  a  British  vessel  on  the  banks  of  New 
foundland.     He  threw  his  papers  overboard,  but 
they  were  recovered  by  a  sailor.     Being  sent  to 
England,  he  was  committed  to  the  tower  Oct.  6th 
as  a  state  prisoner,  upon  a  charge  of  high  treason. 
Here  he  was  confined  more  than  a  year,  and  was 
treated  with  great  severity,  being  denied,  for  the 
most  part,  all  intercourse  Avith  his  friends,  and 
forbidden  the  use  of  pen,  ink,  and  paper.     His 
capture  occasioned  no   small   embarrassment  to 
the  ministry.     They  dared  not  to  condemn  him 
as  a  rebel,  through  fear  of  retaliation,  and  they 


Avere  unwilling  to  release  him,  lest  he  should  ac 
complish  the  object  of  his  mission.  The  discov 
eries  found  in  his  papers  led  to  war  betAveen 
Great  Britain  and  Holland,  and  Mr.  Adams  Avas 
appointed  in  .his  place  to  carry  on  the  ne 
gotiation  with  the  United  ProA'inces.  Dur 
ing  his  imprisonment  it  Avas  intimated  to  Mr. 
Laurcns  that  it  might  be  of  advantage  to  him  if 
he  could  induce  his  son,  then  on  a  mission  to 
France,  to  withdraAv  from  that  country.  He  re 
plied,  "  that  such  was  the  filial  regard  of  his  son, 
that  he  kne\v  he  Avould  not  hesitate  to  forfeit  his 
life  for  his  father;  but  that  no  consideration 
would  induce  Col.  Laurens  to  relinquish  his  honor, 
even  Avere  it  possible  for  any  circumstance  to  pre 
vail  on  his  father  to  make  the  improper  request." 
At  length,  in  Dec.,  1781,  enfeebled  in  health  and 
apparently  sinking  into  the  grave  if  continued  in 
confinement,  he  sent  a  petition  to  the  house  of 
commons  for  release,  stating  that  he  had  labored 
to  preserve  the  friendship  betAveen  Great  Britain 
and  the  colonies,  and  had  extended  acts  of  kind 
ness  to  British  prisoners  of  Avar.  At  the  close  of 
the  year  he  was  accordingly  released.  Proceed 
ing  to  Paris,  he,  Avith  Franklin,  etc.,  signed  the 
preliminaries  of  peace  Nov.  30,  1782,  having  been 
appointed  by  congress  one  of  the  commissioners. 
He  returned  to  this  country  in  1783,  and  died  at 
Charleston.  He  directed  his  son  to  burn  his 
body  on  the  third  day,  as  the  sole  condition  of 
inheriting  an  estate  of  sixty  thousand  pounds 
sterling.  Dr.  Ramsay  married  his  daughter. 
His  son,  Henry  L.,  died  in  May,  1821.  —  Gor 
don;  Ramsay's  Rev.,  II.  213;  History  of  Souih 
Carolina,  I.  33,  38,  93;  Warren;  Marshall,  ill. 
339;  IV.  5,  572. 

LAURENS,  JOHN,  a  brave  officer  in  the  Amer 
ican  war,  died  in  1782.  He  Avas  the  son  of  the 
preceding,  and  Avas  sent  to  England  for  his  edu 
cation.  He  joined  the  army  in  the  beginning  of 
1777,  from  which  time  he  Avas  foremost  in  danger. 
At  GermantOAvn  he  Avas  Avounded.  He  was  pres 
ent  and  distinguished  himself  in  every  action  of 
the  army  under  General  Washington,  and  AA'as 
among  the  first  who  entered  the  British  lines  at 
YorktoAvn.  Early  in  1781,  Avhile  he  held  the 
rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  he  was  selected  as  the 
most  suitable  person  to  depute  on  a  special  mis 
sion  to  France,  to  solicit  a  loan  of  money,  and  to 
procure  military  stores.  He  arrived  in  March 
and  returned  in  August,  having  been  so  successful 
in  the  execution  of  his  commission,  that  congress 
passed  a  vote  of  thanks  for  his  services.  Such 
Avas  his  dispatch,  that  in  three  days  after  he  re 
paired  to  Philadelphia  he  finished  his  business 
Avith  congress,  and  immediately  afterAvard  rejoined 
the  American  army.  In  conjunction  with  Dr. 
Franklin,  Count  de  Vergennes,  and  Marquis  de 
Castries,  he  arranged  the  plan  of  the  campaign 
for  1781.  August  27,  1782,  in  opposing  a  forag- 


LAURIE. 

ing  party  of  the  British,  near  Comhahee  river,  in 
South  Carolina,  he  was  mortally  wounded,  and  he 
died  at  the  age  of  29.  His  father,  just  released 
from  imprisonment,  and  happy  in  a  son  of  such 
distinction  and  virtues,  now  witnessed  the  desola 
tion  of  all  his  hopes.  Col.  Laurens,  uniting  the 
talents  of  a  great  officer  with  the  knowledge  of 
the  scholar  and  the  engaging  manners  of  the 
gentleman,  was  the  glory  of  the  army  and  the 
idol  of  his  country.  Washington,  .who  selected 
him  as  his  aid,  and  reposed  in  him  the  highest 
confidence,  declared  that  he  could  discover  no 
fault  in  him,  unless  it  was  intrepidity,  bordering 
upon  rashness.  His  abilities  were  exhibited  in 
the  legislature  and  in  the  cabinet,  as  well  as  in 
the  field.  He  was  zealous  for  the  rights  of  hu 
manity,  and,  living  in  a  country  of  slaves,  con 
tended  that  personal  liberty  was  the  birthright  of 
every  human  being,  however  diversified  by  coun 
try,  color,  or  powers  of  mind.  His  insinuating 
address  won  the  hearts  of  all  his  acquaintance, 
while  his  sincerity  and  virtue  secured  their  lasting 
esteem.  —  Ramsay's  South  Carolina,  II.  21, 105, 
206,  306,  374 ;  Gordon ;  Warren,  II.  465  ;  in. 
54,  55 ;  Marshall,  III.  486,  508 ;  IV.  407,  485, 
575  ;  Gordon. 

LAURIE,  Mrs.,  wife  of  Thomas  Laurie,  mis 
sionary  to  Mosul,  died  Dec.  16,  1843.  She  was 
born  in  Westford,  Mass.,  and  embarked  in  1842. 
She  died  in  peace.  Though  her  missionary  life 
was  brief,  she  did  not  live  in  vain. 

LAVAL,  FRANCOIS  DE,  first  bishop  of  Canada, 
arrived  in  June,  1659.  He  was  also  the  pope's 
apostolic  vicar.  In  1662  he  procured  the  estab 
lishment  of  the  seminary  at  Quebec.  He  sent 
out  various  missionaries  amongst  the  Indians. 
He  made  great  and  commendable  exertions  to 
prevent  the  supply  to  the  Indians  of  strong 
liquors,  for  all  his  promising  Christians  were  be 
coming  drunkards.  But  he  struggled  in  vain 
against  the  covetousness  of  the  traders,  who  were 
not  opposed  by  the  government.  He,  therefore, 
in  1662  repaired  to  France  and  presented  his 
complaint  to  the  king,  and  obtained  an  order  for 
the  suppression  of  the  detestable  traffic.  It  was 
afterwards  resumed,  and  representations  were 
made  of  the  indispensable  necessity  of  it  in  order 
to  secure  the  friendship  of  the  Indians.  The 
bishop  was  for  some  time  engaged  in  another 
struggle ;  but  in  1678  he  procured  another  order 
for  the  suppression  of  the  traffic,  under  severe 
penalties  to  offenders.  —  Charlevoix. 

LAVAL,  LE  PEUE,  a  Jesuit,  published  voyage 
de  la  Louisiane  en  1720,  4to.,  1728. 

LAV  AT,  R.  P.,  published  Nouveau  voyage  aux 
Isles  de  1'Amerique,  12mo.,  8  vols.,  1711. 

LAW,  JONATHAN,  governor  of  Connecticut, 
died  Nov.  6,  1750,  aged  76.  He  was  born  at 
Milford,  Aug.  6,  1674 ;  was  graduated  at  Har 
vard  college  in  1695;  and  from  1715  to  1725, 


LAWRENCE. 


507 


excepting  one  year,  was  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court.  In  1725  he  was  appointed  chief  justice 
and  lieutenant-governor,  which  offices  he  held 
till  he  was  chosen  governor,  as  successor  of  Jo 
seph  Talcott,  in  1741.  He  was  succeeded  by 
Roger  Wolcott.  Governor  Law,  in  his  zeal 
against  the  more  zealous  preachers  of  his  day, 
the  followers  of  Mr.  Whitcfield,  the  new  lights, 
etc.,  gave  his  sanction  to  some  persecuting  acts 
of  the  legislature.  Trumbull  remarks  :  "  Gov. 
Talcott,  who  called  those  days  times  of  refresh 
ing,  was  now  no  more,  and  a  gentleman  of  a 
diiforent  character  was  chosen  governor.  Under 
his  administration  a  number  of  severe  and  per 
secuting  laws  were  enacted."  Mr.  Law  was  of 
the  Arminian,  or  "  old-light "  party,  and  the 
outrageous  enactments  were  ascribed  to  him. 
President  Finley,  for  preaching  in  Connecticut, 
was,  agreeably  to  one  of  those  laws,  carried  as  a 
vagrant  out  of  the  colony. 

LAW,  RICHARD,  LL.  D.,  chief  justice  of  Con 
necticut,  the  son  of  the  preceding,  died  Jan.  26, 
1806,  aged  72.  He  was  born  at  Milford,  and 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1751.  After  a 
lucrative  practice  of  law  for  some  years  at  New 
London,  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  county 
court;  in  1784  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court; 
and  in  1786  chief  judge.  In  1789  he  was  ap 
pointed  district  judge  of  the  United  States,  in 
which  office  he  continued  till  his  death. 

LAW,  ANDREW,  Rev.,  a  teacher  of  music  for 
forty  years,  died  at  Cheshire,  Conn.,  July,  1821, 
aged  73.  He  was  graduated  at  Brunswick  in 
1775.  He  invented  four  characters  to  express 
always  the  four  syllables  of  music.  He  published 
rudiments  of  music,  1783  ;  musical  primer,  on  a 
new  plan,  with  the  four  characters,  1803;  mu 
sical  magazine,  1804 ;  collection  of  hymn  tunes. 

LAW,  LYMAN,  died  at  New  London,  in  1842, 
aged  71,  an  eminent  counsellor.  He  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1791.  His  father  and  grandfather 
were  distinguished  in  the  councils  of  the  State 
and  nation.  He  was  a  member  of  congress  in 
the  time  of  Jefferson. 

LAWLER,  JOAB,  a  member  of  congress  from 
Alabama,  died  at  Washington  in  1838.  He  was 
a  Baptist  minister,  and  much  respected. 

LAWRENCE,  WILLIAM,  the  minister  of  Lin 
coln,  Mass.,  died  in  1780,  aged  about  57.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1743,  and  published  a 
sermon  at  the  ordination  of  S.  Farrar. 

LAWRENCE,  JAMES,  a  naval  commander, 
died  June  6,  1813,  aged  31.  He  was  the  son  of 
James  L.,  a  lawyer,  and  was  born  at  Burlington, 
N.  J.,  Oct.  1,  1781.  He  had  early  a  predilection 
for  a  seafaring  life,  which  his  friends  could  not 
conquer.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  received  a 
midshipman's  warrant.  In  the  war  against  Tri 
poli  he  accompanied  Decatur  as  his  first  lieuten 
ant  in  the  hazardous  exploit  of  destroying  the 


508 


LAWRENCE. 


LAWRENCE. 


frigate  Philadelphia.  He  remained  several  years 
in  the  Mediterranean  and  commanded  successively 
the  Vixen,  Wasp,  Argus,  and  Hornet.  While 
cruising  in  the  latter  off  Delaware,  he  fell  in  -with 
the  British  brig,  Peacock,  and  after  an  action  of 
fifteen  minutes  captured  her,  Feb.  24,  1813.  On 
his  return  he  was  received  with  distinction.  Be 
ing  promoted  to  the  rank  of  post  captain,  he  was 
intrusted  with  the  command  of  the  frigate  Ches 
apeake.  While  in  Boston  roads,  nearly  ready  for 
sea,  the  British  frigate  Shannon,  Capt.  Brooke,  ap 
peared  off  the  harbor,  and  made  signals  expres 
sive  of  a  challenge.  Although  under  many  dis 
advantages,  with  an  undisciplined  crew,  etc.,  yet 
Capt.  L.  determined  to  accept  the  challenge. 
He  put  to  sea  in  the  morning  of  June  1 ;  the 
Shannon  bore  away.  At  four  the  Chesapeake 
hauled  up  and  fired  a  gun ;  the  Shannon  then 
hove  to.  Soon  after  the  action  commenced,  Capt. 
L.  was  wounded  in  the  leg.  Soon  the  anchor 
of  the  Chesapeake  caught  in  one  of  the  Shannon's 
ports,  in  consequence  of  which  her  guns  could 
not  be  brought  to  bear  upon  the  enemy.  As 
Capt.  L.  was  carried  below  in  consequence  of  a 
second  and  mortal  wound  from  a  bullet,  which 
lodged  in  his  intestines,  he  cried  out,  "  Don't 
give  up  the  ship ! "  But  after  the  action  had 
continued  eleven  minutes  the  enemy  boarded  and 
captured  the  Chesapeake.  The  loss  of  killed  and 
•wounded  was  one  hundred  and  forty-six ;  that  of 
the  Shannon  eighty-six.  Capt.  L.  lingered  four 
days  in  extreme  pain  and  then  died.  He  was 
honorably  buried  at  Halifax.  His  body  and  that 
of  Lieut.  Ludlow  were  brought  by  Capt.  G. 
Crowninshield,  at  his  own  expense,  to  Salem,  and 
then  removed  to  New  York.  His  wife  was  the 
daughter  of  Mr.  Montaudevert,  a  merchant  of 
New  York.  She  survived  with  two  children. 

LAWRENCE,  SAMUEL,  major  and  deacon,  the 
father  of  a  distinguished  family,  died  in  Groton 
Nov.  8,  1827,  aged  73.  His  widow,  Susanna 
Parker,  daughter  of  William  P.,  died  May  2, 
1845,  aged  89.  He  was  a  descendant  in  the  fifth 
generation  from  John  Lawrence  of  Great  St.  Al- 
bans,  Herefordshire,  who  came  to  Watertown, 
probably  of  Winthrop's  party,  in  1635,  and  who 
in  1660  removed  to  Groton,  where  he  was  an 
influential  and  respected  citizen.  Deacon  Law 
rence,  when  a  youth,  heard  the  alarm  from  Con 
cord  and  immediately  mounted  his  horse  and 
rushed  into  the  contest.  He  was  in  the  battle 
of  Bunker  Hill,  and  served  during  the  war.  For 
forty  years  he  was  a  deacon  of  the  church. 

LAWRENCE,  LAWRENCE,  a  Methodist  minis 
ter  in  Maryland,  presiding  elder  in  Chesapeake 
district,  died  April  4,  1829.  _ 

LAWRENCE,  LUTHER,  son  of  Deacon  Sam 
uel  L.,  died  at  Lowell  April  27,  1839,  aged  61. 
He  was  mayor  of  the  city,  and  was  killed  by  a 
fall  through  the  scuttle  of  a  mill.  A  graduate 


of  Harvard  in  1801,  he  was  a  lawyer,  a  speaker 
of  the  house  of  representatives,  a  man  respected 
for  his  virtues. 

LAWRENCE,  NATHANIEL,  minister  of  Tyngs- 
borough,  Mass.,  died  Sunday,  Feb.  5,  1843,  aged 
77,  in  the  fiftieth  year  of  his  ministry.  His  death 
was  sudden.  He  preached  in  the  morning; 
walked  home  half  a  mile  in  a  snow-storm  ;  and 
was  fatally  attacked  at  his  table.  He  published 
a  sketch  of  Tyngsborough  in  historical  collections. 

LAWRENCE,  JOHN  J.,  missionary  at  Madura, 
died  at  Tranquebar  Dec.  20, 1846,  aged  39.  Born 
in  Geneseo,  N.  Y.,  he  graduated  at  Union  col 
lege  in  1829,  at  Andover  seminary  in  1834.  He 
sailed  from  Boston  in  May,  1835,  and  continued 
in  the  Madura  mission  till  his  death.  His  wife 
was  Mary  Ilulin  of  Troy. 

LAWRENCE,  WILLIAM,  the  son  of  Deacon 
Samuel  L.,  died  in  Boston  Oct.  14,  1848,  aged 
about  64.  Brought  up  a  farmer,  he  became  a 
merchant ;  at  first  he  kept  a  small  store ;  then 
he  was  a  partner  with  his  brother  Samuel.  In 
1825  he  commenced  domestic  manufactures.  The 
Suffolk  bank  system,  much  commended,  origin 
ated  with  him.  He  married  a  daughter  of  Wil 
liam  Boardman,  and  left  his  wife  and  four  chil 
dren.  He  was  a  man  of  integrity,  kindness,  and 
religious  faith.  His  munificence  to  Lawrence 
academy  in  Groton  is  worthy  of  honorable  record ; 
in  all  by  gift  and  bequest  he  gave  40,000  dol 
lars  to  the  academy.  His  portrait  and  a  memoir 
are  in  Barnard's  American  Journal  of  Education, 
July,  1856. 

LAWRENCE,  MYRON,  died  in  Belchertown, 
Mass.,  in  1852,  aged  57.  A  graduate  of  Middle- 
bury,  he  was  a  lawyer  and  senator  of  Massachu 
setts.  His  daughter,  Mrs.  Sara,  wife  of  Gov. 
Robinson,  published  in  1856  a  well-written 
account  of  Kansas,  to  which  she  was  an  emigrant, 
entitled,  Kansas,  its  interior  and  exterior  life. 
He  published  agricultural  address,  1832. 

LAWRENCE,  AMOS,  the  son  of  Deacon  Sam 
uel  L.,  died  in  Boston  Dec.  31,  1852,  aged  77. 
He  early  settled  in  Boston  as  a  merchant.  Mod 
est  and  unassuming,  his  private  noiseless  chari 
ties  were  unceasing  and  unequalled.  He  ex 
pended,  not  in  splendid  donations  bringing  fame, 
but  in  private  charities  in  various  forms  and  with 
unceasing  consideration  and  care,  as  much  as  six 
hundred  thousand  dollars  !  To  Williams  college 
he  gave  at  different  times  about  25,000  dollars  ; 
to  the  Bunker  Hill  monument  10,000  dollars; 
and  some  thousands  to  Groton  academy.  Though 
not  ranked  among  the  orthodox  in  his  faith,  he 
believed  in  the  high  rank  and  atonement  of  Jesus 
Christ.  His  memoirs  were  published  by  his  son. 

LAWRENCE,  ABBOTT,  died  in  Boston  Aug. 
18,  1855,  aged  62,  brother  of  the  preceding.  At 
the  age  of  sixteen  he  entered  the  store  of  his 
brother  Amos,  at  39  Cornhill;  a  connection  in 


LAWRENCE. 

business  followed,  and  the  acquisition  at  last  of 
great  wealth,  a  million  and  a  half  or  two  millions 
of  dollars,  by  merchandise  and  manufactures. 
He  assisted  in  establishing  the  cities  of  Lowell, 
Lawrence,  and  Manchester.  He  was  several 
years  a  member  of  congress.  The  place  of  secre 
tary  of  the  navy,  offered  him  by  President  Tay 
lor,  he  declined.  He  was  our  minister  to  England 
in  1849,  and  in  subsequent  years.  He  gave 
50,000  dollars  to  Harvard  college  to  found  a  sci 
entific  school,  and  bequeathed  a  like  sum.  He 
married  in  1819,  Katharine,  daughter  of  Timothy 
BigeloAv,  and  left  three  sons  and  two  daughters. 
Of  his  several  brothers  only  Samuel  survived  him. 
Although  an  attendant  at  Brattle-street  church, 
in  Boston,  his  friends,  or  some  of  them,  did  not 
regard  him  as  in  his  faith  a  Unitarian. 

LAWltENCE,  ELEAZER,  Dr.,  died  at  Pepper- 
ell,  Mass.,  in  1856,  aged  86.  A  graduate  of 
Harvard  in  1795,  he  practised  physic  fifty-one 
years  in  Hampton,  N.  H.  He  gave  but  little 
medicine. 

LAW  SOX,  JOHN,  a  traveller,  was  surveyor- 
general  of  North  Carolina.  While  exploring 
lands  on  the  river  Neus,  accompanied  by  the 
Baron  GrafFenreid,  the  Indians  seized  him  and 
solemnly  tried  him  for  encroaching  on  their  terri 
tory,  before  a  large  council,  and  condemned  and 
executed  him  in  the  autumn  of  1712.  This  was 
the  commencement  of  an  Indian  war.  The  baron 
escaped  by  representing,  that  he  was  not  of  the 
English  party,  but  king  of  the  Palatines.  He 
published  a  journal  of  one  thousand  miles'  travels 
amongst  the  Indians,  with  a  description  of  North 
Carolina,  4to.,  London,  1700;  the  same,  1711; 
also  the  same  at  Hamburg,  1712;  history  of  Car 
olina,  4to.,  London,  2d  edit.,  1714;  the  same, 
1718.  —  Holmes,  I.  507. 

LAY,  BEXJAMIX,  a  benevolent  Quaker  of  great 
singularities,  died  in  1760,  aged  79.  He  was  a 
native  of  England  and  brought  up  to  the  sea. 
About  the  year  1710  he  settled  in  Barbadoes. 
Bearing  his  open  testimony  in  all  companies 
against  the  conduct  of  the  owners  of  slaves,  he 
became  so  obnoxious  to  the  inhabitants,  that  he 
left  the  island  in  disgust,  and  settled  in  Penn 
sylvania.  He  fixed  his  residence  at  Abington, 
ten  miles  from  Philadelphia.  On  his  arrival  he 
found  many  quakers,  who  kept  slaves.  He  re 
monstrated  against  the  practice  with  zeal,  both 
in  public  and  private.  To  express  his  indigna 
tion  at  the  practice  of  slave-keeping,  he  once 
carried  a  bladder  filled  with  blood  into  a  public 
meeting,  and  in  the  presence  of  the  whole  con 
gregation  thrust  a  sword  into  it,  which  he  had 
concealed  under  his  coat,  exclaiming,  "  Thus 
shall  God  shed  the  blood  of  those  persons,  who 
enslave  their  fellow-creatures."  Calling  upon  a 
friend  in  Philadelphia,  he  was  asked  to  sit  down 
to  breakfast.  He  first  inquired,  "  Dost  thou  keep 


LAYNE. 


509 


slaves  in  thy  house  ? "  On  being  answered  in 
the  affirmative,  he  said,  "  Then  I  will  not  partake 
with  thec  of  the  fruits  of  thy  unrighteousness." 
After  an  ineffectual  attempt  to  convince  a  farmer 
and  his  wife  in  Chester  county  of  the  iniquity  of 
keeping  slaves,  he  seized  their  only  child,  a  little 
girl  of  three  years  of  age,  under  the  pretence  of 
carrying  her  away,  and  when  the  cries  of  the 
child  and  his  singular  expedient  alarmed  them, 
he  said,  "  You  see  and  feel  now  a  little  of  the 
distress  which  you  occasion  by  the  inhuman  prac 
tice  of  slave-keeping."  In  1737  he  wrote  a  trea 
tise,  entitled,  all  slave-keepers,  that  keep  the  in 
nocent  in  bondage,  apostates.  It  was  printed  by 
Dr.  Franklin,  who  told  the  author,  when  the 
manuscript  was  brought  to  him,  that  it  was  defi 
cient  in  arrangement.  "  It  is  no  matter,"  said 
Mr.  Lay ;  "  print  any  part,  thou  pleasest,  first." 
This  worthy  Quaker  died  at  his  house  in  Abing 
ton.  He  was  temperate  in  his  diet,  living  chiefly 
upon  vegetables,  and  his  drink  was  pure  water. 
When  tea  was  introduced  into  Pennsylvania,  his 
wife  brought  home  a  small  quantity,  with  a  set 
of  cups  and  saucers.  In  his  zeal  he  seized  them, 
and,  carrying  them  back  to  the  city,  he  scattered 
the  tea  from  the  balcony  of  the  court  house,  in 
the  presence  of  a  multitude  of  spectators,  and 
broke  to  pieces  the  instruments  of  luxury,  deliv 
ering  at  the  same  time  a  striking  lecture  upon 
the  folly  of  introducing  a  pernicious  herb  in  the 
place  of  the  wholesome  diet  of  the  country.  He 
often  visited  schools,  carrying  a  basket  of  religious 
books  with  him,  and  distributing  them  as  prizes 
among  the  scholars,  imparting  also  frequently 
some  advice  and  instruction.  So  much  was  he 
the  enemy  of  idleness,  that  when  the  inclemency 
of  the  weather  confined  him  to  his  house,  or 
his  mind  was  wearied  with  reading,  he  used  to 
spend  his  time  in  spinning.  All  his  clothes  were 
manufactured  by  himself.  Though  kind  to  the 
poor,  he  had  no  pity  on  common  beggars,  who, 
Ire  said,  if  able  to  go  abroad  to  beg,  were  able 
also  to  earn  four  pence  a  day,  and  this  sum  was 
sufficient  to  keep  any  person  above  want  or  de 
pendence  in  this  country.  He  once  attempted  to 
imitate  our  Saviour  by  fasting  forty  days;  but  he 
was  obliged  to  desist  from  the  attempt.  His 
weaknesses  and  eccentricities  disappear  before  the 
splendor  of  his  humanity  and  benevolence.  His 
bold,  determined,  and  uniform  reprehension  of 
the  practice  of  slavery,  in  defiance  of  public 
opinion,  does  him  the  highest  honor.  The  tur 
bulence  and  severity  of  his  temper  were  neces 
sary  at  the  time  in  which  he  lived ;  and  the  work 
which  he  began  was  completed  by  the  meek  and 
gentle  Anthony  Benezet.  —  RusJi's  Essays,  305- 
311 ;  Mass.  Magazine,  IV.  28-30. 

LAYNE,  CHARLES,  died  in  Campbell  co.,  Va., 
in  1821,  aged  121,  leaving  a  wife  aged  110.  He 
was  a  native  of  Virginia. 


510 


LEAKE. 


LEDYARD. 


LEAKE,  WALTER,  governor  of  Mississippi, 
succeeded  Geo.  Poindexter  in  1821,  and  was  suc 
ceeded  by  David  Holmes  in  1825.  He  was  a 
soldier  of  the  Revolution.  He  died  at  Mount 
Salus,  in  Hines  county,  Miss.,  Nov.  17,  1825. 

LEAMIXG,  JEREMIAH,  D.  D.,  an  Episcopal 
minister,  died  at  New  Haven  in  Sept.,  1804,  aged 
86.  He  was  born  in  Middle-town,  Conn.,  in  1719, 
and  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1745.  He 
preached  in  Newport,  11.  I.,  eight  years;  at  Nor- 
walk,  Conn.,  twenty-one  years ;  and  at  Stratford 
eight  or  nine  years.  In  the  Episcopal  contro 
versy  he  wrote  with  great  ability  upon  the  sub 
ject.  He  published  a  defence  of  the  Episcopal 
government  of  the  church,  containing  remarks  on 
some  noted  sermons  on  Presbyterian  ordination, 
1766 ;  a  second  defence  of  the  Episcopal  gov 
ernment  of  the  church,  in  answer  to  Noah  Welles, 
1770 ;  evidences  of  the  truth  of  Christianity, 
1785 ;  dissertations  on  various  subjects,  which 
may  be  well  worth  the  attention  of  every  Chris 
tian,  1789. 

LEAR,  Mrs.,  died  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  in 
1775,  aged  103. 

LEAR,  BENJAMIN,  a  hermit,  died  at  Sagamore 
Creek,  in  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  Dec.  17,  1802,  aged 
82.  For  more  than  twenty  years  he  lived  en 
tirely  alone,  in  a  miserable  hut ;  yet  on  his  own 
farm,  which  was  sufficient  for  the  support  of  a 
large  family.  He  tilled  his  land,  milked  his 
cows,  made  his  butter  and  cheese,  but  subsisted 
entirely  on  butter  and  milk.  At  the  age  of  eighty- 
two  his  face  was  as  free  from  wrinkles  as  that  of 
a  man  of  fifty.  He  died  alone  in  the  morning 
after  a  cold  night,  in  which  the  thermometer  was 
four  degrees  below  zero. 

LEAR,  TOBIAS,  colonel,  died  at  Washington 
Oct.  11,  1816.  He  was  consul-general  at  St. 
Domingo  in  1802;  he  was  afterwards  consul-gen 
eral  at  Tripoli,  and  in  1804  commissioner  with 
Barron  to  negotiate  a  peace,  which  he  effected, 
much  to  the  dissatisfaction  of  Gen.  Eaton,  then 
at  the  head  of  an  army  at  Derne,  agreeing  to  pay 
for  two  hundred  prisoners  60,000  dollars.  At 
the  time  of  his  death  Mr.  Lear  was  accountant  of 
the  war  department. 

LEASURE,  JOSEPH,  died  in  Garrard  county, 
Ky.,  July  21,  1836,  aged  104;  being  born  March 
21,  1732.  He  walked  seven  miles  the  day  of  his 
death. 

LEAVEN  WORTH,  MARK,  minister  of  Water- 
bury,  Conn.,  died  in  1797,  aged  about  80.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1737,  and  was  ordained  in 
1740.  In  the  French  war  he  was  a  chaplain. 
He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  D.  South- 
mayd,  1754;  at  the  election,  1772. 

LEAVENWORTH,  HENRY,  brigadier-general, 
died  at  Cross  Timbers,  one  hundred  and  twenty 
miles  west  of  fort  Towson,  July  22,  1834.  He 
commanded  on  the  southwest  frontier. 


LEAVTTT,  FREEGRACE,  first  minister  of  Som- 
ers,  Conn.,  died  in  1761,  aged  about  38.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1745. 

LEAVITT,  DUDLEY,  minister  of  the  Taberna 
cle  church,  Salem,  died  in  1762,  aged  42.  Born 
in  Stratham,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1739. 

LEAVITT,  DUDLEY,  died  at  Meredith,  N.  H., 
Sept.  22,  1851,  aged  78;  for  half  a  century  an 
almanac-maker.  He  was  born  in  Exeter. 

LE  BAROX,  FRANCIS,  a  physician,  died  in 
Plymouth  in  1704,  aged  36.  A  native  of  France, 
he  was  a  surgeon  in  a  privateer  wrecked  in  Buz 
zard's  Bay  in  1696,  and  was  made  a  prisoner. 
His  surgical  skill  having  been  experienced  at 
Plymouth,  the  people,  although  he  was  a  Catho 
lic,  solicited  his  liberation  and  his  residence 
among  them.  There  he  married.  His  son,  Laz 
arus,  who  studied  with  Dr.  Mackay,  a  Scotch 
physician  of  Southampton,  L.  I.,  after  long  prac 
tice,  died  in  Plymouth  in  1773,  aged  75 ;  and  two 
of  his  sons  died  physicians  in  Plymouth,  and  an 
other  son,  Lemuel,  was  the  minister  of  Rochester. 

LE  BARON,  LEMUEL,  minister  of  Rochester, 
Mass..  died  in  Nov.,  1836,  aged  89,  in  the  sixty- 
fifth  year  of  his  ministry.  He  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1768,  and  succeeded  Ivory  Hovey,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Thomas  Robbins.  He  was  a  de 
scendant  of  Dr.  Francis  Le  Baron,  who  came  to 
Plymouth  from  France.  The  Indian  name  of 
the  village  of  Rochester  was  Mattapoisett,  mean 
ing  a  place  of  rest. 

LECHFORD,  THOMAS,  a  lawyer  from  London, 
lived  in  Boston  from  1638  to  1641.  Being  dis 
satisfied  with  the  country,  he  returned  to  Eng 
land.  He  published,  plain-dealing,  or  news  from 
New  England's  present  government,  ecclesiastical 
and  civil,  compared,  etc.,  London,  1642. 

LEDERER,  JOHN,  an  early  explorer  to  the 
west  of  Virginia,  published  his  discoveries  in 
three  numbers  in  1669  and  1670,  translated  from 
the  Latin  in  1672.  —  Cyc.l.  Am.  Lit. 

LED  YARD,  JOHN,  a  distinguished  traveller, 
died  Jan.  17,  1789,  aged  38.  He  was  born  in 
Groton,  Conn.,  in  1751.  His  father  died  while  he 
was  yet  a  child,  and  he  was  left  under  the  care  of 
a  relative  in  Hartford.  Here  he  enjoyed  the  ad 
vantages  of  a  grammar  school.  After  the  death 
of  his  patron,  when  he  was  eighteen  years  of  age, 
he  was  left  to  follow  his  own  inclinations.  With 
a  view  to  the  study  of  divinity  he  now  passed  a 
short  time  in  Dartmouth  college,  where  he  had 
an  opportunity  of  learning  the  manners  of  the 
Indians,  as  there  were  several  Indian  pupils  in 
the  seminary.  His  acquaintance  with  the  savage 
character,  gained  in  this  place,  was  of  no  little 
advantage  to  him  in  the  future  periods  of  his 
life.  His  poverty  obliging  him  to  withdraw  from 
the  college  before  he  had  completed  his  educa 
tion,  and,  not  having  a  shilling  in  his  pocket  to 
defray  the  expense  of  a  journey  to  Hartford,  he 


LEDYARD. 


LEDYARD. 


511 


made  him  a  canoe,  fifty  feet  in  length  and  three 
in  breadth,  and  being  generously  supplied  with 
some  dried  venison  for  his  sea-stores,  he  em 
barked  upon  the  Connecticut,  and,  going  down 
that  river,  which  is  in  many  places  rapid,  and 
with  which  he  was  totally  unacquainted,  he  ar 
rived  safely  at  Hartford,  at  the  distance  of  one 
hundred  and  forty  miles.  He  soon  went  to  New 
York,  and  sailed  for  London  in  1771,  as  a  com 
mon  sailor.  When  Captain  Cook  sailed  on  his 
third  voyage  of  discovery,  Ledyard,  who  felt  an 
irresistible  desire  to  explore  those  regions  of  the 
globe  which  were  yet  undiscovered,  or  imperfectly 
known,  accepted  the  humble  station  of  corporal 
of  marines,  rather  than  forego  an  opportunity  so 
inviting  to  his  inquisitive  and  adventurous  spirit. 
He  was  a  favorite  of  the  illustrious  navigator,  and 
was  one  of  the  witnesses  of  his  tragical  end  in 
1778.  He  ascribed  the  fate  of  Cook  to  his  rash 
ness  and  injustice  toward  the  natives.  He  sur 
prised  his  American  friends,  who  had  heard  noth 
ing  of  him  for  eight  years,  by  a  -visit  in  1781. 
His  mother  kept  a  boarding-house  at  Southold ; 
he  took  lodgings  with  her,  and  she  did  not  recog 
nize  her  son.  Having  offered  his  services  to  sev 
eral  merchants  to  conduct  a  trading  voyage  to 
the  northwest  coast,  and  meeting  with  no  encour 
agement,  he  again  embarked  for  England  in  1782. 
He  now  resolved  to  traverse  the  continent  of 
America  from  the  northwest  coast,  which  Cook 
had  partly  explored,  to  the  eastern  coast,  with 
which  he  was  already  perfectly  familiar.  Disap 
pointed  in  his  intention  of  sailing  on  a  voyage  of 
commercial  adventure  to  Nootka  sound,  he  crossed 
the  British  channel  to  Ostend  with  only  ten  guin 
eas  in  his  purse,  determined  to  travel  overland  to 
Kamschatka,  whence  the  passage  is  short  to  the 
western  coast  of  America.  When  he  came  to  the 
gulf  of  Bothnia,  he  attempted  to  cross  the  ice, 
that  he  might  reach  Kamschatka  by  the  shortest 
way ;  but  finding  that  the  water  was  not  frozen  in 
the  middle,  he  returned  to  Stockholm.  He  then 
travelled  northward  into  the  arctic  circle,  and, 
passing  round  the  head  of  the  gulf,  descended  on 
its  eastern  side  to  St.  Petersburgh.  There  his  ex 
traordinary  appearance  attracted  general  notice. 
Without  stockings  or  shoes,  and  too  poor  to  pro 
vide  himself  with  either,  he  was  invited  to  dine 
with  the  Portuguese  ambassador,  who  supplied 
him  with  twenty  guineas,  on  the  credit  of  Sir  Jo 
seph  Banks.  Through  his  interest  he  also  ob 
tained  permission  to  accompany  a  detachment  of 
stores  destined  to  Yakutz  for  the  use  of  Mr.  Bil 
lings,  an  Englishman,  who  was  intrusted  with  the 
schemes  of  northern  discovery  in  which  the  em 
press  was  then  engaged.  From  Yakutz,  which  is 
situated  in  Siberia,  six  thousand  miles  east  of  Pe 
tersburgh,  he  proceeded  to  Oczakow,  or  Ochotsk, 
on  the  Kamschatkan  sea;  but,  as  the  navigation 
was  completely  obstructed  by  the  ice,  he  returned 


to  Yakutz,  intending  to  wait  for  the  conclusion  of 
the  winter.  Here,  in  consequence  of  some  unac 
countable  suspicion,  he  was  seized  in  the  name  of 
the  empress  by  two  Russian  soldiers,  who  con 
veyed  him,  in  the  depth  of  the  winter,  through 
the  north  of  Tartary  to  the  frontier  of  the  Polish 
dominions,  assuring  him,  at  their  departure,  that, 
if  he  returned  to  Russia,  he  should  certainly  be 
hanged ;  but,  if  he  chose  to  return  to  England, 
they  wished  him  a  pleasant  journey.  Poor,  for 
lorn,  and  friendless,  covered  with  rags,  and  ex 
hausted  by  fatigue,  disease,  and  misery,  he  pro 
ceeded  to  Konigsberg,  where  the  interest  of  Sir 
Joseph  Banks  enabled  him  to  procure  the  sum  of 
five  guineas,  by  means  of  which  he  arrived  in 
England. 

He  immediately  waited  on  Sir  Joseph,  who  re 
commended  him  to  an  adventure  as  perilous  as 
that  from  which  he  had  just  returned.  He  now 
was  informed  of  the  views  of  the  association, 
which  had  been  lately  formed  for  promoting  the 
discovery  of  the  interior  parts  of  Africa,  which 
were  then  little  known.  Sparrman,  Patterson, 
and  Vaillant  had  travelled  into  Caffraria,  and 
Xordon  and  Bruce  had  enlarged  the  acquaintance 
of  Europeans  with  Egypt,  Nubia,  and  Abyssinia. 
In  regard  to  other  parts  of  this  quarter  of  the 
globe,  its  geography,  excepting  in  relation  to  its 
coasts,  was  involved  in  darkness.  Ledyard  en 
gaged  with  enthusiasm  in  an  enterprise,  which  he 
had  already  projected  for  himself;  and,  receiving 
from  Sir  Joseph  a  letter  of  introduction  to  one  of 
the  members  of  the  committee  appointed  to  direct 
the  business  and  promote  the  object  of  the  asso 
ciation,  he  went  to  him  without  delay.  The  de 
scription,  which  that  gentleman  has  given  of  his 
first  interview,  strongly  marks  the  character  of 
this  hardy  traveller.  "  Before  I  had  learned," 
says  he,  "  from  the  note  the  name  and  business  of 
my  visitor,  I  was  struck  with  the  manliness  of  his 
person,  the  breadth  of  his  chest,  the  openness  of 
his  countenance,  and  the  inquietude  of  his  eye.  I 
spread  the  map  of  Africa  before  him,  and,  tracing 
a  line  from  Cairo  to  Sennaar,  and  from  thence 
westward  in  the  latitude  and  supposed  direction 
of  the  Niger,  I  told  him  that  was  the  route  by 
which  I  was  anxious  that  Africa  might,  if  possible, 
be  explored.  He  said,  he  should  think  himself 
singularly  fortunate  to  be  intrusted  with  the  ad 
venture.  I  asked  him  when  he  would  set  out? 
To-morrow  morning,  was  his  answer." 

From  such  zeal,  decision,  and  intrepidity  the 
society  naturally  formed  the  most  sanguine  ex 
pectations.  He  sailed  from  London  June  30, 
1788,  and  in  thirty-six  days  arrived  in  the  city  of 
Alexandria ;  and,  having  there  assumed  the  dress 
of  an  Egyptian  traveller,  proceeded  to  Cairo,  which 
he  reached  Aug.  19th.  He  travelled  with  pecu 
liar  advantages.  Endowed  with  an  original  and 
comprehensive  genius,  he  beheld  with  interest 


512 


LEDYARD. 


and  described  with  energy  the  scenes  and  objects 
around  him;  and,  by  comparing  them  with  what 
he  had  seen  in  other  regions  of  the  globe,  he  wasv 
enabled  to  give  his  narrative  all  the  varied  effect 
of  contrast  and  resemblance.  His  remarks  on 
Lower  Egypt,  had  that  country  been  less  gener 
ally  known,  might  have  ranked  with  the  most 
valuable  of  geographical  records.  They  greatly 
heightened  the  opinion  which  his  employers  al 
ready  entertained  of  his  singular  qualifications  for 
the  task  which  he  had  undertaken.  Nor  was  his 
residence  at  Cairo  altogether  useless  to  the  asso 
ciation.  By  visiting  the  slave  markets,  and  by 
conversing  with  Jelabs,  or  travelling  merchants 
of  the  caravans,  he  obtained  without  any  expense 
a  better  idea  of  the  people  of  Africa,  of  its  trade, 
of  its  geography,  and  of  the  most  prudent  man 
ner  of  travelling,  than  he  could  by  any  other 
means  have  acquired ;  and  the  communications 
on  these  subjects,  which  he  transmitted  to  Eng 
land,  interesting  and  instructive  as  they  were, 
afforded  the  society  the  most  gratifying  proofs  of 
the  ardent  spirit  of  inquiry,  the  unwearied  atten 
tion,  the  persevering  research,  and  the  laborious, 
indefatigable,  anxious  zeal,  with  which  their  au 
thor  pursued  the  object  of  his  mission. 

He  had  announced  to  his  employers,  that  he 
had  received  letters  of  earnest  recommendation 
from  the  Aga ;  that  the  day  of  his  departure  was 
appointed ;  that  his  next  dispatch  would  be  dated 
from  Sennaar ;  and  the  committee  expected  with 
impatience  the  result  of  his  journey.  But  that 
journey  was  never  to  be  performed.  The  vexa 
tion,  occasioned  by  repeated  delays  in  the  de 
parture  of  the  caravan,  brought  on  a  bilious  com 
plaint,  which,  being  increased  at  first  by  incautious 
treatment,  baffled  the  skill  of  the  most  approved 
physicians  of  Cairo,  and  terminated  his  earthly 
existence. 

The  society  heard  with  deep  concern  of  the 
death  of  a  man,  whose  high  sense  of  honor,  mag 
nanimous  contempt  of  danger,  and  earnest  zeal 
for  the  extension  of  knowledge  had  been  so  con 
spicuously  displayed  in  their  service  ;  whose  ardor, 
tempered  by  calm  deliberation,  whose  daring 
spirit,  seconded  by  the  most  prudent  caulion,  and 
whose  impatience  of  control,  united  with  the 
power  of  supporting  any  fatigue,  seemed  to  have 
qualified  him  above  all  other  men,  for  the  very 
arduous  task  of  traversing  the  widest  and  most  dan 
gerous  part  of  the  continent  of  Africa.  Despising 
the  accidental  distinctions  of  society,  he  seemed  to 
regard  no  man  as  his  superior ;  but  his  manners, 
though  unpolished,  were  not  disagreeable.  His 
uncultivated  genius  was  peculiar  and  capacious. 
The  hardships  to  which  he  submitted,  in  the  pros 
ecution  of  his  enterprises  and  in  the  indulgence 
of  his  curiosity,  are  almost  incredible.  He  was 
sometimes  glad  to  receive  food  as  in  charity  to  a 
madman,  for  that  character  he  had  assumed  in  or- 


LEE. 

der  to  avoid  a  heavier  calamity.  His  judgment  of 
the  female  character  is  very  honorable  to  the  sex. 
I  have  ahvays  remarked,"  said  he,  "  that  women 
in  all  countries  are  civil  and  obliging,  tender  and 
humane  ;  that  they  are  ever  inclined  to  be  gay 
and  cheerful,  timorous  and  modest ;  and  they  do 
not  hesitate,  like  men,  to  perform  a  generous  ac 
tion.  Not  haughty,  not  arrogant,  not  supercil 
ious,  they  are  full  of  courtesy,  and  fond  of  society; 
more  liable  in  general  to  err  than  man,  but  in 
general  also  more  virtuous,  and  performing  more 
good  actions  than  he.  To  a  woman,  whether 
civilized  or  savage,  I  never  addressed  myself  in 
the  language  of  decency  and  friendship,  without 
receiving  a  decent  and  friendly  answer.  "With 
man  it  has  often  been  otherwise.  In  wandering 
over  the  barren  plains  of  inhospitable  Denmark, 
through  honest  Sweden,  and  frozen  Lapland,  rude 
and  churlish  Finland,  unprincipled  Russia,  and 
the  widespread  regions  of  the  wandering  Tartar ; 
if  hungry,  dry,  cold,  wet,  or  sick,  the  women  have 
ever  been  friendly  to  me,  and  uniformly  so.  And 
to  add  to  this  virtue,  so  worthy  the  appellation  of 
benevolence,  their  actions  have  been  performed  in 
so  free  and  kind  a  manner,  that,  if  I  was  dry,  I 
drank  the  sweetest  draught,  and  if  hungry,  I  ate 
the  coarsest  morsel,  with  a  double  relish." 

Besides  his  communication  to  the  African  asso 
ciation,  he  published  an  account  of  Cook's  voyage 
in  1781.  Several  of  his  manuscripts  were  a  few 
years  ago  in  the  hands  of  his  brother,  Dr.  Isaac 
Ledyard,  health  officer  of  the  city  of  New  York. 
His  life  by'J.  Sparks  was  published  in  1828. 

LEDYARD,  colonel,  commanded  in  1781  fort 
Griswold  in  Groton,  Conn.,  on  the  Thames,  exactly 
opposite  to  New  London,  when,  Sept.  7,  he  was 
attacked  by  Col.  Eyre  with  a  large  force.  With 
one  hundred  and  fifty  men  he  fought  bravely ; 
Col.  Eyre  and  Maj.  Montgomery  being  killed, 
the  command  of  the  British  devolved  on  Maj. 
Broomfield.  When  the  fort  was  carried  by  assault 
with  the  bayonet,  Broomfield  inquired,  who  com 
manded.  Ledyard  replied:  "I  did  command, 
sir,  but  you  do  now ;  "  and  presented  to  him  his 
sword.  The  ferocious  officer  instantly  run  him 
through  the  body  ;  and  between  sixty  and  seventy 
Americans  were  slaughtered,  after  they  had  sur 
rendered.  The  whole  American  loss  was  seventy- 
three  killed ;  about  thirty  wounded  ;  and  about 
forty  taken  prisoners.  The  British  loss  was 
forty-eight  killed,  one  hundred  and  forty-three 
wounded.  On  the  other  side  of  the  river  Arnold 
burned  New  London.  Col.  Ledyard  was  a  brave, 
sensible,  polished,  noble-minded  citizen.  He  fell 
by  the  hand  of  a  brutal  assassin.  His  widow 
Ann  married  A.  Hodge,  and  died  at  Philadelphia 
Nov.  8,  1848,  aged  nearly  91.  —  Dtciglit,  n.  525. 
LEE,  SAMUEL,  first  minister  of  Bristol,  R.  I., 
died  in  1691,  aged  G6.  He  was  born  in  London 
hi  1625,  and  was  the  son  of  Samuel  L.,  an  cmi- 


LEE. 

nent  and  wealthy  citizen,  whose  estate  he  inher 
ited.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  he  went  for  his 
education  to  Oxford,  where  he  was  admitted  to 
the  degree  of  master  of  arts  in  1648.  He  was 
soon  settled  in  a  fellowship  in  "VValdham  college, 
and  in  1651  was  appointed  a  proctor  of  the  uni 
versity.  He  was  afterwards  preferred  by  Crom 
well  to  a  church  near  Bishopsgate  in  London,  but 
was  ejected  in  1662.  He  was  then  a  lecturer  of 
Great  St.  Helen's  church  in  London.  After  the 
restoration  he  was  not  silenced  for  nonconformity, 
for  he  had  no  preferment  to  lose ;  but  he  lived 
for  some  time  in  Oxfordshire,  occasionally  preach 
ing.  In  1678  he  removed  to  Newington-grcen, 
near  London,  where  he  was  for  several  years  min 
ister  of  an  Independent  church.  His  learned 
tutor,  Bishop  Wilkins,  advised  him  to  enter  the 
established  church ;  but  his  views  of  truth  and 
duty  would  not  suffer  him  to  do  it.  Being  appre 
hensive  that  the  rights  of  conscience  would  soon 
•be  further  invaded  by  the  return  of  Popery,  he  in 
June,  1686,  removed  to  New  England,  and 
preached  in  the  town  of  Bristol.  When  a  church 
was  formed  May  8,  1687,  he  was  chosen  minister. 
After  the  Ilevolution  in  his  native  country,  he 
was  eagerly  desirous  of  returning.  Just  before 
he  sailed  in  1691,  he  told  his  wife  that  he  had 
viewed  a  star,  which,  according  to  the  rules  of  as 
trology,  presaged  captivity.  He  was  accordingly 
captured  by  a  French  privateer,  and  carried  into 
St.  Maloe,  in  France,  where  he  died  about  the 
time  of  Christmas,  and  was  buried  without  the 
city  as  a  heretic.  He  was  a  very  learned  man, 
who  spoke  Latin  with  elegance,  was  a  master  of 
physic  and  chemistry,  and  well  versed  in  all  the 
liberal  arts  and  sciences.  He  had  studied  the  as 
trological  art,  but,  disapproving  of  it,  he  burned 
a  hundred  books,  which  related  to  the  subject. 
Though  a  conscientious  nonconformist,  he  pos 
sessed  a  catholic,  liberal  spirit.  His  learning  was 
united  with  charity,  and  the  poor  were  often  re 
lieved  by  his  bounty.  In  a  manuscript  treatise 
on  Rev.  XL,  he  expressed  his  belief  that  the  pe 
riod  of  1260  years  would  end  between  1716  and 
1736,  and  that  the  broad  wings  of  the  eagle  mean 
the  eastern  and  western  empires.  He  published 
Chronicon  Cestrense,  an  exact  chronology  of  all 
the  rulers  of  Cheshire  and  Chester,  in  church  and 
state,  from  the  foundation  of  the  city,  1656 ;  or- 
bis  miraculum,  or  the  temple  of  Solomon  por 
trayed  by  scripture  light,  folio,  1659;  this  was 
printed  at  the  charge  of  the  university ;  de  ex- 
cidio  antichristi,  folio,  1659 ;  a  sermon  on  the 
means  to  be  used  for  the  conversion  of  carnal  re 
lations,  1661 ;  contemplations  on  mortality,  8vo., 
1669 ;  a  sermon  on  secret  prayer,  1674 ;  tha  vis 
ibility  of  the  true  church,  1675 ;  the  triumph  of 
mercy  in  the  chariot  of  praise,  a  discourse  of 
secret  and  preventing  mercies,  1677  ;  two  dis 
courses  on  the  mournful  state  of  the  church,  with 
65 


LEE. 


513 


a  prospect  of  her  dawning  glory,  1679  ;  a  disser 
tation  on  the  ancient  and  successive  state  of  the 
Jews,  with  Scripture  evidence  of  their  future  con 
version  and  establishment  in  their  own  land, 
1679 ;  this  is  printed  with  Fletcher's  Israel  redux ; 
the  joy  of  faith,  1689 ;  answer  to  many  queries 
relative  to  America,  as  to  its  natural  productions, 
diseases,  etc.,  1690 ;  the  great  day  of  judgment, 
preached  before  a  court  at  Bristol,  1695.  He 
also  wrote  a  preface  to  John  Howe's  Immanuel, 
with  his  life.  His  triumph  of  mercy  was  much 
read  in  New  England;  Judge  Davis  says,  it  is 
now,  with  his  other  works,  "  lost  in  oblivion." 
But  I  have  a  copy  in  my  possession,  printed  at 
Boston,  1718;  also  a  copy  of  his  contemplations 
on  mortality.  They  display  learning  and  genius. 
-  Wood's  Ath.  Oxonienses,n.882,883;  Calamy's 
Nonconformists'  Memorial,  I.  104  ;  Mather,  III. 
223 ;  Account  of  origin  of  Bristol ;  Sprague's 
Annals. 

LEE,  CHARLES,  a  major-general  in  the  army  of 
the  United  States,  died  Oct.  2,  1782.  He  was 
born  in  Wales,  and  was  the  son  of  John  Lee,  a 
colonel  in  the  British  service.  He  entered  the 
army  at  a  very  early  age ;  but,  though  he  pos 
sessed  a  military  spirit,  he  was  ardent  in  the  pur 
suit  of  knowledge.  He  acquired  a  competent 
skill  in  Greek  and  Latin,  while  his  fondness  for 
travelling  made  him  acquainted  with  the  Italian, 
Spanish,  German,  and  French  languages.  In 
1756  he  came  to  America,  and  was  engaged  in 
the  attack  upon  Ticonderoga  in  July,  1758,  when 
Abercrombie  was  defeated.  In  1762  he  bore  a 
colonel's  commission,  and  served  under  Burgoyne 
in  Portugal,  where  he  much  distinguished  him 
self.  Not  long  afterwards  he  entered  into  the 
Polish  service.  Though  he  was  absent  when  the 
stamp  act  passed,  he  yet  by  his  letters  zealously 
supported  the  cause  of  America.  In  the  years 
1771, 1772,  and  1773,  he  rambled  overall  Europe. 
During  this  excursion  he  was  engaged  with  an 
officer  in  Italy  in  an  affair  of  honor,  and  he  mur 
dered  his  antagonist,  escaping  himself  with  the 
loss  of  two  fingers.  Having  lost  the  favor  of  the 
ministry  and  the  hopes  of  promotion  in  conse 
quence  of  his  political  sentiments,  he  came  to 
America  in  Nov.,  1773.  He  travelled  through 
the  country,  animating  the  colonies  to  resistance. 
In  1774  he  was  induced,  by  the  persuasion  of  his 
friend,  General  Gates,  to  purchase  a  valuable 
tract  of  land  of  two  or  three  thousand  acres  in 
Berkeley  county,  Va.  Here  he  resided  till  the 
following  year,  when  he  resigned  a  commission 
which  he  held  in  the  British  service,  and  accepted 
a  commission  from  congress,  appointing  him 
major-general.  He  accompanied  Washington  to 
the  camp  at  Cambridge,  where  he  arrived  July  2, 
1775,  and  was  received  with  every  mark  of  re 
spect.  In  the  beginning  of  the  following  year  he 
was  dispatched  to  New  York  to  prevent  the 


514 


LEE. 


British  from  obtaining  possession  of  the  city  and 
the  Hudson.  This  trust  he  executed  with  great 
wisdom  and  energy.  He  disarmed  all  suspicious 
persons  on  Long  Island,  and  drew  up  a  test  to  be 
offered  to  every  one  whose  attachment  to  the 
American  cause  was  doubted.  His  bold  measures 
carried  terror  wherever  he  appeared.  He  seems 
to  have  been  very  fond  of  this  apph'cation  of  a 
test ;  for,  in  a  letter  to  the  president  of  congress, 
he  informs  him  that  he  had  taken  the  liberty  at 
Newport  to  administer  to  a  number  of  the  tories 
a  very  strong  oath,  one  article  of  which  was,  that 
they  should  take  arms  in  defence  of  their  country, 
if  called  upon  by  congress ;  and  he  recommends 
that  this  measure  should  be  adopted  in  reference 
to  all  the  tories  in  America.  Those  fanatics  who 
might  refuse  to  take  it,  he  thought,  should  be  car 
ried  into  the  interior.  Being  sent  into  the  south 
ern  colonies,  as  commander  of  all  the  forces 
•which  should  there  be  raised,  he  diffused  an  ardor 
among  the  soldiers  which  was  attended  by  the 
most  salutary  consequences.  In  October,  by  the 
direction  of  congress,  he  repaired  to  the  northern 
army.  As  he  was  marching  from  the  Hudson 
through  New  Jersey,  to  form  a  junction  with 
Washington  in  Pennsylvania,  he  quitted  his  camp 
in  Morris  county  to  reconnoitre.  In  this  em 
ployment  he  went  to  the  distance  of  three  miles 
from  the  camp,  and  entered  a  house  for  breakfast. 
A  British  colonel  became  acquainted  with  his  sit 
uation  by  intercepting  a  countryman,  charged 
•with  a  letter  from  him,  and  was  enabled  to  take 
him  prisoner.  He  was  instantly  mounted  on  a 
horse,  without  his  cloak  and  hat,  and  carried 
safely  to  New  York.  He  was  detained  till  April 
or  May,  1778,  when  he  was  exchanged  for  Gen 
eral  Prescott,  taken  at  Newport.  He  was  very 
soon  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Monmouth.  Being 
detached  by  the  commander-in-chief  to  make  an 
attack  upon  the  rear  of  the  enemy,  Washington 
was  pressing  forward  to  support  him,  June  28th, 
•when,  to  his  astonishment,  he  found  him  retreat 
ing  without  having  made  a  single  effort  to  main 
tain  his  ground.  Meeting  him  in  these  circum 
stances,  without  any  previous  notice  of  his  plans, 
Washington  addressed  him  in  terms  of  some 
warmth.  Lee,  being  oi-dered  to  check  the  enemy, 
conducted  himself  with  his  usual  bravery,  and, 
when  forced  from  the  ground,  on  which  he  had 
been  placed,  brought  off  his  troops  in  good  order. 
But  his  haughty  temper  could  not  brook  the  in 
dignity  which  he  believed  to  have  been  offered 
him  on  the  field  of  battle,  and  he  addressed  a 
letter  to  Washington,  requiring  reparation  for  the 
injury.  He  was  on  the  30th  arrested  for  disobe 
dience  of  orders,  for  misbehavior  before  the  en 
emy,  and  for  disrespect  to  the  commander-in-chief. 
Of  these  charges  he  was  found  guilty  by  a  court 
martial,  at  which  Lord  Stirling  presided,  and  he 


LEE. 

was  sentenced  to  be  suspended  for  one  year. 
He  defended  himself  with  his  accustomed  ability, 
and  his  retreat  seems  to  be  justified  from  the  cir 
cumstance  of  his  having  advanced  upon  an  enemy 
whose  strength  was  much  greater  than  was  ap 
prehended,  and  from  his  being  in  a  situation, 
with  a  morass  in  his  rear,  which  would  preclude 
him  from  a  retreat,  if  the  British  should  have 
proved  victorious.  But  his  disrespectful  letters  to 
the  commander-in-chief  it  is  not  easy  to  justify. 
His  suspension  gave  general  satisfaction  to  the 
army,  for  he  was  suspected  of  aiming  himself  at 
the  supreme  command.  After  the  result  of  his 
trial  was  confirmed  by  congress,  in  Jan.,  1780,  he 
retired  to  his  estate  in  Berkeley  county,  where  he 
lived  in  a  style  peculiar  to  himself.  Glass  win 
dows  and  plaster  would  have  been  extravagances 
in  his  house.  Though  he  had  for  his  compan 
ions  a  few  select  authors  and  his  dogs,  yet,  as  he 
found  his  situation  too  solitary  and  irksome,  he 
sold  his  farm  in  the  fall  of  1782,  that  in  a  differ-' 
ent  abode  he  might  enjoy  the  conversation  of 
mankind.  He  went  to  Philadelphia,  and  took 
lodgings  in  an  inn.  After  being  three  or  four 
days  in  the  city  he  was  seized  with  a  fever,  which 
terminated  his  life.  The  last  words  which  he  ut 
tered  were  :  "  Stand  by  me,  my  brave  grenadiers." 

In  his  person  Gen.  Lee  was  rather  above  the 
middle  size,  and  his  remarkable  aquiline  nose 
rendered  his  face  somewhat  disagreeable.  He 
was  master  of  a  most  genteel  address,  but  was 
rude  in  his  manners  and  excessively  negligent  in 
his  appearance  and  behavior.  His  appetite  was 
so  whimsical,  that  he  was  everywhere  a  most 
troublesome  guest.  Two  or  three  dogs  usually 
followed  him  wherever  he  went.  As  an  officer 
he  was  brave  and  able,  and  did  much  towards 
disciplining  the  American  army.  With  vigorous 
powers  of  mind  and  a  brilliant  fancy,  he  was  a 
correct  and  elegant  classical  scholar,  and  he  both 
wrote  and  spoke  his  native  language  with  propri 
ety,  force,  and  beauty.  His  temper  was  severe. 
The  history  of  his  life  is  little  else  than  the  his 
tory  of  disputes,  quarrels,  and  duels  in  every  part 
of  the  world.  He  was  vindictive,  avaricious, 
immoral,  impious,  and  profane.  His  principles, 
as  would  be  expected  from  his  character,  were 
most  abandoned,  and  he  ridiculed  every  tenet  of 
religion.  He  published  about  the  year  1760  a 
pamphlet  on  the  importance  of  retaining  Can 
ada.  After  his  death,  memoirs  of  his  life,  with 
his  essays  and  letters,  were  published,  12mo., 
1792.  —  Lee's  Memoirs. 

LEE,  RICHARD  HENIIY,  president  of  congress, 
died  June  19,  1794,  aged  62.  He  was  a  native 
of  Virginia,  and  from  his  earliest  youth  devoted 
his  talents  to  the  service  of  his  country.  His 
father  was  Thomas  Lee  of  Stratford,  West 
moreland  county,  and  in  1749  president  of 


LEE. 


LEE. 


515 


the  council,  who  died  in  1750,  leaving  six  sons, 
all  of  whom  were  men  of  distinction ;  Philip 
Ludwell,  a  member  of  the  council,  Thomas  Lud 
well,  a  member  of  the  assembly,  llichard  Henry, 
Francis  Lightfoot,  William,  and  Arthur.  llich 
ard  Henry  was  born  Jan.  20,  1732.  He  was  edu 
cated  in  a  school  at  Wakefield,  Yorkshire,  Eng 
land.  He  had  a  seat  in  the  house  of  burgesses 
in  1757  ;  but  it  was  only  after  several  years,  that 
he  was  able  to  surmount  his  natural  diffidence. 
His  public  life  was  distinguished  by  some  remark 
able  circumstances.  He  had  the  honor  of  origin 
ating  the  first  resistance  to  British  oppression  in 
the  time  of  the  stamp  act  in  1765.  He  pro 
posed  in  the  Virginia  house  of  burgesses  in  1773, 
the  formation  of  a  committee  of  correspondence, 
whose  object  was  to  disseminate  information,  and 
to  kindle  the  flame  of  liberty  throughout  the  con 
tinent.  He  was  a  member  of  the  first  congress,  in 
1774,  and  in  October  prepared  the  draft  of  the  me 
morial  to  the  people  of  British  America,  ordered 
by  congress.  He  also  made  and  ably  supported 
the  Declaration  of  Independence  June  7,  1776. 
From  June  10th  till  Aug.,  he  was  absent  from 
congress  on  account  of  the  sickness  of  his  family. 
The  second  eloquent  address  to  the  people  of 
Great  Britain  was  di'awn  up  by  him  as  chairman 
of  the  committee.  After  the  adoption  of  the 
articles  of  the  confederation,  he  was  under  the 
necessity  of  withdrawing  from  congress,  as  no 
representative  was  allowed  to  continue  in  con 
gress  more  than  three  years  in  any  term  of  six 
years ;  but  he  was  re-elected  in  1784,  and  con 
tinued  till  1787.  It  was  in  Nov.,  1784,  that  he 
•was  chosen  president  of  congress.  When  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States  was  submitted 
to  the  consideration  of  the  public,  he  contended 
for  the  necessity  of  amendments  previously  to 
its  adoption.  After  the  government  was  organ 
ized,  he  and  Mr.  Grayson  was  chosen  the  first 
senators  from  Virginia  in  1789.  This  stp.tion  he 
held  till  his  resignation  in  1792,  when  John  Tay 
lor  was  appointed  in  his  place.  Mr.  Lee  died  at 
his  seat  at  Chantilly  in  Westmoreland  county, 
Va.  By  two  marriages  he  left  many  children. 
He  supported  through  life  the  character  of  a  phi 
losopher,  a  patriot,  and  a  sage ;  and  he  died  as 
he  had  lived,  blessing  his  country.  A  letter 
which  he  wrote  against  Deane  is  published  in 
the  Virginia  Gazette  of  Jan.  1,  and  the  Indepen 
dent  Chronicle  of  Feb.  11,  1779,  and  a  letter  to 
Gov.  llandolph  respecting  the  constitution  in  the 
American  museum.  lie  is  supposed  to  have 
been  the  author  of  observations  leading  to  a  fair 
examination  of  the  system  of  government,  pro 
posed  by  the  late  convention,  in  letters  from  the 
Federal  Farmer  to  the  Republican,  1787.  His 
life,  with  his  correspondence,  was  published  by 
R.  II.  Lee  in  2  vols.,  8vo.,  1825.  — Gazette  of 
United  States,  July  8,  1794;  Marshall,  II.  180- 


183,  209,  402,  409;  Gordon,  II.  274;  Warren, 
I.  306;  Holmes'  Annals,  II.  401;  American 
Museum,  n.  553-558 ;  Jay's  Memoirs,  II.  382. 

LEE,  FRANCIS  LIGHT-FOOT,  a  statesman  of 
Virginia,  brother  of  the  preceding,  died  in  April, 
1797,  aged  62.  He  was  born  Oct.  14,  1734. 
He  was  educated  under  the  care  of  Mr.  Craig,  a 
domestic  tutor.  The  estate,  bequeathed  him  by 
his  father,  was  in  the  county  of  Loudoun,  from 
which  county  he  was  a  member  of  the  house  of 
burgesses  in  1765.  In  1772,  having  married  the 
daughter  of  Col.  John  Tayloe  of  Richmond,  he 
removed  to  that  county.  In  1775  the  convention 
of  Virginia  elected  him  a  member  of  congress,  in 
which  body  he  continued  till  the  spring  of  1779. 
He  was  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence.  Though  he  seldom  took  part 
in  the  public  discussions,  his  patriotic  spirit  was 
not  less  determined  than  that  of  his  brother, 
Richard  Henry  Lee.  After  being  called  again 
to  the  legislature  of  Virginia,  he  withdrew  from 
public  life  for  the  quietness  of  domestic  retire 
ment.  In  his  disposition  he  was  benevolent ; 
his  manners  were  courteous ;  and  in  his  inter 
course  with  his  friends  he  was  uncommonly  inter 
esting  and  instructive.  At  the  approach  of  death 
the  gospel  gave  him  consolation  and  hope.  He 
died  of  the  pleurisy,  and  his  wife  in  a  few  days 
afterwards  died  of  the  same  disease. 

LEE,  WILLIAM,  brother  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  about  1737,  and  was  sent  to  London  before 
the  Revolution  as  the  agent  of  Virginia.  Being  a 
zealous  whig,  and  a  favorite  of  the  livery  of  Lon 
don,  he  was  elected  one  of  the  sheriffs  in  1773. 
During  the  Revolution  he  was  the  agent  of  con 
gress  at  Vienna  and  Berlin. 

LEE,  ARTHUR,  M.  D.,  minister  of  the  United 
States  to  the  court  of  Versailles,  the  youngest 
brother  of  the  preceding,  died  Dec.  14, 1782,  aged 
nearly  42.  He  was  born  in  'Virginia  Dec.  20, 
1740.  He  was  educated  at  the  university  of 
Edinburgh,  where  he  also  pursued  for  some  time 
the  study  of  medicine.  On  his  return  to  this 
country  he  practised  physic  four  or  five  years  in 
Williamsburg.  He  then  went  to  London  about 
1766,  and  commenced  the  study  of  the  law  in  the 
Temple.  At  this  time  he  became  the  intimate 
friend  of  Sir  William  Jones.  During  his  resi 
dence  in  England  he  kept  his  eye  upon  the  meas 
ures  of  government,  and  rendered  the  most  im 
portant  services  to  his  country  by  sending  to 
America  the  earliest  intelligence  of  the  plans  of 
the  ministry.  When  the  instructions  of  Gov. 
Bernard  were  sent  over,  he  at  the  same  time  com 
municated  information  to  the  town  of  Boston, 
respecting  the  nature  of  them.  In  1769  he  wrote 
his  Monitor's  letters  in  vindication  of  the  colonial 
rights.  From  1770  to  1776  he  enjoyed  a  lucra 
tive  practice  of  law.  At  this  period  he  wrote  a 
series  of  letters,  under  the  signature  of  Junius 


516 


LEE. 


Americanus,  which  were  much  celebrated.  In 
1775  he  was  in  London  as  the  agent  of  Virginia, 
and  he  presented,  in  August,  the  second  petition 
of  congress  to  the  king.  All  his  exertions  were 
now  directed  to  the  good  of  his  country.  When 
Mr.  Jefferson  declined  the  appointment  of  a  min 
ister  to  France,  Dr.  Lee  Avas  appointed  in  his 
place,  and  he  joined  his  colleagues,  Dr.  Franklin 
and  Mr.  Deane,  at  Paris,  in  Dec.,  1776.  lie  as 
sisted  in  negotiating  the  treaty  with  France.  In 
1779  he  and  Mr.  Adams,  who  had  taken  the 
place  of  Deane,  were  recalled,  and  Dr.  Franklin 
was  appointed  sole  minister  to  France.  His  re 
turn  had  heen  rendered  necessary  by  the  mali 
cious  accusations  with  which  Deane  had  assailed 
his  public  conduct.  In  the  preceding  year, 
Deane  had  left  Paris,  agreeably  to  an  order  of 
congress,  and  come  to  this  country  in  the  same 
ship  with  the  French  minister,  Gerard.  On  his 
arrival,  as  many  suspicions  hovered  around  him, 
he  thought  it  necessary  to  repel  them  by  attack 
ing  the  character  of  his  colleague,  Dr.  Lee.  In 
an  inflammatory  address  to  the  public  he  vilified 
him  in  the  grossest  terms,  charging  him  with  ob 
structing  the  alliance  with  France,  and  disclosing 
the  secrets  of  congress  to  British  noblemen.  He 
at  the  same  time  impeached  the  conduct  of  his 
brother,  William  Lee,  agent  for  congress  at  the 
courts  of  Vienna  and  Berlin.  Dr.  Lee  also  was 
not  on  very  good  terms  with  Dr.  Franklin,  whom 
he  believed  to  be  too  much  under  the  influence 
of  the  French  court.  Firm  in  his  attachment 
to  the  interests  of  his  country,  honest,  zealous,  he 
was  inclined  to  question  the  correctness  of  all  the 
commercial  transactions  in  which  the  philoso 
pher  had  been  engaged.  These  dissensions  among 
the  ministers  produced  corresponding  divisions  in 
congress,  and  Monsieur  Gerard  had  so  little  re 
spect  to  the  dignity  of  an  ambassador,  as  to  be 
come  a  zealous  partizan  of  Deane.  Dr.  Lee  had 
many  friends  in  congress,  but  Dr.  Franklin  had 
more.  When  the  former  returned  to  America 
in  1780,  such  was  his  integrity  that  he  did  not 
find  it  difficult  to  reinstate  himself  fully  in  the 
good  opinion  of  the  public.  In  1784  he  was  ap 
pointed  one  of  the  commissioners  for  holding  a 
treaty  with  the  Indians  of  the  Six  Nations.  He 
accordingly  went  to  fort  Schuyler  and  executed 
this  trust  in  a  manner  which  did  him  much  honor. 
In  Feb.,  1790,  he  was  admitted  a  counsellor  of 
the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States  by  a 
special  order.  Having  purchased  a  farm  in  the 
county  of  Middlesex,  near  Urbana,  on  the  banks 
of  the  Ilappahannock,  while  assisting  in  planting 
an  orchard  he  exposed  himself  in  a  cold  and  rainy 
day,  in  consequence  of  which  he  died  of  the  pleurisy. 
He  was  never  married.  He  was  a  distinguished 
scholar,  being  well  skilled  not  only  in  the  Greek 
and  Latin,  but  also  in  the  French,  Spanish,  and 
Italian  languages.  He  was  a  man  of  uniform 


LEE. 

patriotism,  of  a  sound  understanding,  of  great 
probity,  of  plain  manners,  and  strong  passions* 
During  his  residence  for  a  number  of  years  in 
England  he  was  indefatigable  in  his  exertions  to 
promote  the  interests  of  his  country.  Besides  the 
Monitor's  letters,  written  in  1769,  and  the  letters 
of  Junius  Americanus,  he  Avrote  an  appeal  to  the 
English  nation ;  he  also  published  extracts  from 
a  letter  to  the  president  of  congress,  in  answer  to 
a  libel  by  Silas  Deane,  1780;  and  observations 
on  certain  commercial  transactions  in  France, 
laid  before  congress,  1780.  His  life  by  11.  H. 
Lee  was  published  in  2  vols.,  8vo.,  1829.  This 
work  contains  many  of  his  letters.  His  public 
letters  are  published  in  Sparks'  diplomatic  cor 
respondence. 

LEE,  ANN,  founder  of  the  sect  of  Shakers  in 
America,  died  Sept.  8, 1784.  She  was  born  in  Man 
chester,  England,  about  1736,  and  was  the  daugh 
ter  of  a  blacksmith,  who  lived  in  Toad  lane.  Her 
trade  was  that  of  a  cutter  of  hatter's  fur.  Not 
being  instructed  in  what  she  afterwards  taught 
was  the  way  of  rectitude,  she  committed  the  sin 
of  marrying  Abraham  Standley,  a  blacksmith,  who 
lived  in  her  father's  house.  Her  four  children 
died  in  infancy.  At  the  age  of  twenty-two,  about 
1758,  she  became  a  convert  to  James  Wadley, 
who  was  originally  a  Quaker,  but  who,  in  1747, 
imagining  that  he  had  supernatural  visions  and 
revelations,  established  the  sect,  called  Shakers, 
from  their  bodily  agitations.  Having  become  a 
member  of  this  society,  —  which  was  merely  a 
new  form  of  the  fanaticism  of  the  French  proph 
ets  fifty  years  before,  —  she  passed  through  the 
exercises  of  the  sect.  In  her  fits,  as  she  clinched 
her  hands,  it  is  said  the  blood  flowed  through  the 
pores  of  her  skin.  Her  flesh  wasted  away,  and  in 
her  weakness  she  was  fed  like  an  infant.  Thus 
was  she  exercised  nine  years,  by  the  end  of  which 
time,  it  might  be  thought,  she  had  lost  her  reason. 
At  length,  about  1770,  she  made  the  discovery  of 
the  wickedness  of  marriage,  and  op?ned  her  tes 
timony  against  it.  She  called  herself  "  Ann,  the 
word,"  signifying,  that  in  her  dwelt  the  word,  and 
to  this  day  her  followers  say,  that  "the  man  who 
was  called  Jesus,  and  the  woman  who  was  called 
Ann,  are  verily  the  two  first  pillars  of  the  church, 
the  two  anointed  ones,"  etc.  Soon  after  Mrs. 
Standley  began  her  testimony  against  "  the  root 
of  human  depravity,"  her  exercises  induced  the 
people  of  Manchester  to  shut  her  up  in  a  mad 
house,  where  she  was  kept  several  weeks.  She 
came  to  America  in  the  ship  Maria,  Capt.  Smith, 
and  arrived  at  New  York  in  May,  1774,  having  as 
her  companions  her  brother,  Wm.  Lee,  James 
Whitakcr,  John  Hocknell,  called  elders,  and  oth 
ers.  As  her  husband's  name  is  not  mentioned, 
probably  he  was  left  behind.  During  the  voyage 
the  ship  sprung  a  leak,  and  she  and  the  elders, 
being  strong  and  lusty,  put  their  hands  to  the 


LEE. 

pumps,  and  the  ship  arrived  safe;  in  consequence, 
as  the  Shakers  say  in  their  hook,  of  their  "  power, 
which  was  above  the  natural  power  of  man."  In 
the  spring  of  1776,  she  went  to  Albany,  and 
thence  to  Niskeuna,  now  Watervliet,  eight  miles 
from  Albany.  Here  she  and  her  followers  lived 
unknown  a  few  years,  holding  their  meetings  as 
usual. 

But  in  the  beginning  of  1780,  when  there  was 
an  unusual  religious  commotion,  principally  among 
the  Baptists  in  New  Lebanon  and  some  adjacent 
towns,  in  the  midst  of  the  wildness  and  extrav 
agance  of  fanatacism  some  account  of  the  elect 
lady  reached  the  bewildered  enthusiasts.  Imme 
diately  the  road  to  Niskeuna  was  crowded  with 
deluded  beings  in  quest  of  greater  delusions. 
The  mother  received  them  with  many  smiles,  and 
told  them  she  knew  of  their  coming  before  ;  de 
clared  herself  to  be  the  woman  clothed  with  the 
sun,  mentioned  in  the  twelfth  chapter  of  the  rev 
elation  ;  claimed  the  power  of  ministering  the 
Holy  Spirit  to  whom  she  pleased ;  asserted  that 
she  was  daily  judging  the  dead  of  all  nations, 
•who  came  to  her  for  that  purpose ;  and  that  no 
favor  could  be  shown  to  any  person  but  through 
the  confession  of  their  sins  unto  her.  These  im 
pious  pretensions,  enforced  upon  persons,  some 
of  whom  -were  already  bereft  of  reason,  by  the 
magical  charms  of  wry  looks,  odd  postures,  whim 
sical  gestures,  unintelligible  mutterings,  alternate 
groans  and  laughter,  and  the  solemn  ceremony 
qf  hopping,  dancing,  and  whirling,  completed  the 
•work  of  converting  rational  beings  into  idiots, 
and  brought  her  in  a  fine  harvest  of  deluded  fol 
lowers.  One  of  these  was  Valentine  Rathbun, 
a  Baptist  minister ;  who,  however,  in  about  three 
months  recovered  his  senses,  and  published  a 
pamphlet  against  the  imposture.  He  says,  that 
there  attended  this  infatuation  an  inexplicable 
agency  upon  the  body,  to  which  he  himself  was 
subjected,  that  affected  the  nerves  suddenly  and 
forcibly,  like  the  electric  fluid,  and  was  followed 
by  tremblings  and  the  complete  deprivation  of 
strength.  When  the  good  mother  had  some 
what  established  her  authority  with  her  new  dis 
ciples,  she  warned  them  of  the  great  sin  of  fol 
lowing  the  vain  customs  of  the  world,  and  having 
fleeced  them  of  their  ear-rings,  necklaces,  buckles, 
and  every  thing  which  might  nourish  pride,  and 
having  cut  off  their  hair  close  by  their  ears,  she 
admitted  them  into  her  church.  Thus  metamor 
phosed,  they  were  ashamed  to  be  seen  by  their 
old  acquaintance,  and  would  be  induced  to  con 
tinue  Shakers  to  save  themselves  from  further 
humiliation.  The  impostor  asserted,  that  she  was 
not  liable  to  the  assaults  of  death,  and  that,  when 
she  left  this  world,  she  should  ascend  in  the 
twinkling  of  an  eye  to  heaven.  But,  unhappily 
for  her  claims,  she  was  not  exempted  from  the 
same  event  which  befalls  beasts,  and  her  bones 


LEE. 


517 


are  mouldering  in  the  vile  ground.  She  died  at 
Watervliet.  After  her  death  James  Whitaker 
was  head  man;  and  after  his  death  in  1787,  Elder 
Joseph  Meacham  and  Lucy  Wright,  a  native  of 
Pittsfield,  Mass.,  stood  in  the  "  spiritual  relation 
of  a  joint  parentage"  to  the  society;  and  on 
Meacham's  death  in  1796,  Lucy  Wright,  as  she 
chose  to  be  called,  though  her  husband,  Mr. 
Goodrich,  was  still  living,  stood  to  the  Shakers 
"in  the  order  of  the  first  mother  of  their  redemp 
tion."  There  are  now  several  societies  in  differ 
ent  parts  of  our  country.  Rejecting  the  ordi 
nances  which  Jesus  Christ  most  expressly  enjoined; 
and  substituting  revelations  and  impressions  upon 
their  minds,  in  the  place  of  the  consistent  and 
plain  instructions  of  Scripture,  they  are  to  be 
classed  with  those,  who  choose  rather  to  be 
guided  by  their  own  reason  or  imagination,  than 
by  the  wisdom  of  God.  Of  the  art  of  Mother 
Ann,  an  instance  is  given  in  the  account  of  Col. 
John  Brown.  She  had  the  gift  of  speaking  in  an 
unknown  tongue.  An  honest  man,  who  was 
once  her  follower,  assured  me,  that  in  her  pres 
ence  he  once  uttered  many  unmeaning  words 
with  Latin  and  Dutch  terminations,  —  for  he  had 
studied  the  Latin  Grammar  and  knew  a  little  of 
the  Dutch,  —  and  asked  her  what  it  meant,  when 
she  replied,  that  "  He  was  talking  to  the  spirits, 
and  they  understood  his  language."  But,  he 
remarked,  he  knew  better  when  she  said  so,  for 
he  could  not  understand  it  himself.  Tho.  Brown, 
who  was  once  a  Shaker,  and  published  an  account 
of  the  Shakers  in  1812,  gives  the  following  speci 
men  of  one  of  his  miraculous  speeches  :  "  Liero 
devo  jirankemango,  ad  sileabana,  durem  subramo 
devirante  diacerimango,  jasse  vah  pe  cri  evaniga- 
lio ;  de  vom  grom  seb  crinom,  os  vare  cremo 
domo."  Learned  inquirers  into  the  affinities  of 
spiritual  languages  and  unknown  tongues  may 
compare  this  precious  morsel  with  the  following, 
which  was  uttered  by  one  of  Mr.  Irving's  congre 
gation  in  London  in  1831 : 

"  Hippo-gerosto  hippo  booros  senoote 
Foorime  ooriu  hoopo  tanto  noostin 
Noorastin  niparos  hipanos  bantos  boorin 
O  Pinitos  eleiastino  halimungitos  dantitu 
Hampootine  farimi  aristos  ekrampos 
Epoongos  vangami  beresessino  tereston 
Sa  tinootino  alinoosis  0  fastos  sungor  0  fuston  sungor 
Eletauteti  erctine  menati." 

As  to  the  moral  character  of  Mother  Ann,  Reu 
ben  Rathbun,  who  was  once  a  Shaker,  testifies, 
that  he  once  saw  her  come  to  hard  blows  with 
Wm.  Lee.  He  adds,  "  it  appears  to  me,  that  the 
mother,  at  that  time,  was  very  much  overcome 
with  strong  liquor."  He  considered  her  also  as 
well  skilled  in  profane  and  indecent  language. 
But,  whatever  might  have  been  her  moral  deport 
ment,  it  is  one  of  the  deplorable  facts,  of  which 
the  history  of  the  world  is  full,  evincing  the  blind 
ness  and  depravity  of  man,  that  rational  beings 


518 


LEE. 


should  yield  their  minds  to  her  blasphemous  re 
ligious  pretensions.  —  New  York  Theol.  Mag.  I. 
82 ;  V.  Rathbun's  Hints ;  D.  Rathbun's,  Taylor's, 
West's  and  Brown's  Account  of  Shakers. 

LEE,  JONATHAN,  first  minister  in  Salisbury, 
Conn.,  died  Oct.  10,  1788,  aged.  70.  He  was  the 
son  of  David  Lee  of  Coventry,  who  married  in 
1695  Lydia  Strong,  daughter  of  Jedidiah  Strong 
and  Freedom  Woodward,  and  grand-daughter  of 
Elder  John  Strong,  and  about  1709  removed  from 
Northampton  to  Coventry.  David  Lee's  parents 
were  John  Lee,  who  died  in  1690,  and  Mary 
Hart  of  Farmington.  Mr.  Lee  was  born  in 
Coventry  about  1718;  was  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1742 ;  and,  having  studied  theology 
with  Mr.  Williams  of  Lebanon,  was  ordained 
Nov.  23,  1744.  The  church  of  Salisbury  was 
formed  on  the  principles  of  the  Cambridge  plat 
form  ;  the  association  of  the  county,  adhering  to 
the  Saybrook  platform,  suspended  the  ministers 
who  ordained  Mr.  Lee,  —  Mr.  Humphreys  of 
Derby,  Mr.  Leavenworth  of  Waterbury,  and  Mr. 
Todd  of  Northbury.  A  fierce  zeal  against  the 
zealous  Calvinistic  preachers  occasioned  this  and 
other  strange  proceedings  in  Connecticut,  which 
are  related  by  Dr.  Trumbull.  His  first  wife  was 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Rev.  Joseph  Metcalf  of 
Falmouth,  Mass. ;  his  second  was  Love  Graham 
Brinkcrhoff,  a  widow,  the  daughter  of  Rev.  Mr. 
Graham.  He  had  eleven  children,  of  whom  Eliza 
beth  married  Rev.  Thomas  Allen ;  Love  married- 
Rev.  Aaron  Cook  Collins ;  Elisha  Lee  lived  in 
Sheffield;  and  Dr.  Chauncey  Lee  was  minister  of 
Marlborough,  Conn.  He  was  an  animated  and 
popular  preacher.  He  published  the  election 
sermon,  1766 ;  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Abigail 
Spencer,  1787. 

LEE,  JOHN,  born  in  Marblehead,  at  the  com 
mencement  of  the  Revolutionary  war  commanded 
a  private  armed  vessel,  owned  by  Jhe  Tracys, 
merchants.  With  a  vessel  of  six  iron  guns  and 
some  wooden  ones  he  captured  a  heavy  armed 
merchantman ;  approaching  in  the  dark,  and  ex 
tending  indistinct  lights  beyond  the  bowsprit  and 
stern  to  produce  the  appearance  of  great  length, 
he  produced  a  ready  submission  to  the  inferior 
force  of  the  shrewd  Yankee.  In  his  last  days 
he  amended  his  habits,  and  became  considerate, 
meek,  and  patient  in  suffering,  and  was  cheered 
with  the  Christian  hope.  —  Knapp's  Lectures. 

LEE,  JOSEPH,  died  at  Cambridge  Dec.  5,  1802, 
aged  93.  A  graduate  of  1729,  he  was  a  justice 
of  the  common  pleas. 

LEE,  JOHN,  a  physician  of  great  promise,  died 
at  Ashfield,  Mass.,  in  1813,  aged  27.  He  was 
born  in  Amherst.  —  Williams'  Amer.  Med.  Biog. 

LEE,  JESSE,  called  the  apostle  of  American 
Methodism,  died  in  August,  1816,  aged  58,  and 
was  buried  at  Baltimore.  He  was  born  in  Prince 
George's  county,  Virginia,  and  he  was  a  minister 


LEE. 

of  zeal  and  ability,  and  the  apostle  of  Methodism, 
especially  in  the  New  England  States. 

LEE,  JOSEPH, first  minister  of  Royalston,  Mass., 
born  at  Concord,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1765;  ordained  Oct.  19,  1768;  and  died  Feb.  16, 
1819,  aged  77.  He  published  four  sermons,  12mo., 
1782  ;  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  W.  B.  Wes 
son,  1803;  half-century,  1818. 

LEE,  EZRA,  captain,  an  officer  in  the  Revolu 
tionary  war,  died  at  Lyme,  Conn.,  Oct.  29,  1821, 
aged  72.  He  was  selected  by  Gen.  Parsons,  at 
the  request  of  Washington,  to  navigate  Bush- 
nell's  submarine  vessel,  called  the  marine  turtle, 
in  the  harbor  of  NBAV  York,  for  the  purpose  of 
blowing  up  the  British  ship  Asia.  The  copper  of 
the  ship  prevented  him  from  attaching  the  in 
strument  of  destruction  to  it,  though  he  toiled 
two  hours  under  water ;  but  the  explosion  at  a 
little  distance  alarmed  the  fleet  and  caused  its 
removal  to  the  Hook.  He  was  amiable  and  be 
nevolent,  and  respected  for  his  valor,  having 
fought  bravely  in  several  battles. 

LEE,  THOMAS  SIM,  governor  of  Maryland, 
from  1779  to  1783,  was  afterwards  a  member  of 
congress,  and  of  the  convention  which  formed 
the  constitution.  He  was  again  chosen  governor 
in  1792.  He  died  at  Needwood,  in  Frederic 
county,  Nov.  9,  1819,  aged  75.  He  was  much 
attached  to  agricultural  pursuits. 

LEE,  CHARLES,  attorney-general  of  the  United 
States,  succeeded  Mr.  Bradford  Dec.  10,  1795, 
and  was  succeeded  by  L.  Lincoln  in  1801.  lie 
died  in  Fauquier  county,  Virginia,  June  24,  1815, 
aged  58. 

LEE,  HENRY,  general,  governor  of  Virginia, 
died  March  25,  1818,  aged  62.  He  was  born  in 
Virginia  Jan.  29,  1756,  and  was  graduated  at 
Princeton  college  in  1773.  While  his  father,  in 
1774,  was  engaged  in  negotiating  a  treaty  with 
the  Indian  tribes,  he  was  intrusted  with  the  man 
agement  of  the  private  concerns  of  the  family. 
In  1776  he  was  appointed  a  captain  of  cavalry 
under  Col.  Bland ;  in  Sept.,  1777,  he  joined  the 
main  army.  His  skill  in  discipline  and  gallant 
bearing  soon  attracted  the  notice  of  Washington. 
He  was  soon  promoted  to  the  rank  of  major, 
with  the  command  of  a  separate  corps  of  cavalry, 
and  then  advanced  to  the  rank  of  lieut.-colonel. 
From  1780  to  the  end  of  the  war  he  served  under 
Greene.  The  services  of  Lee's  legion  in  various 
actions  were  very  important.  He  particularly 
distinguished  himself  in  the  battle  of  Guilford ; 
afterwards  he  succeeded  in  capturing  fort  Corn- 
wallis  and  other  forts  ;  he  was  also  conspicuous 
at  Ninety^six  and  at  the  Eutaw  Springs,  In 
1786  he  was  appointed  a  delegate  to  congress  from 
Virginia,  in  which  body  he  remained  till  the  con 
stitution  was  adopted.  In  the  convention  of 
Virginia  he  advocated  its  adoption.  In  1791  he 
succeeded  Beverly  Randolph  as  governor,  and 


LEE. 

remained  in  office  three  years.  By  appointment 
of  Washington,  he  commanded  the  forces  sent  to 
suppress  the  whiskey  insurrection  in  Pennsylva 
nia.  In  1799,  while  a  member  of  congress,  he 
was  selected  to  pronounce  a  funeral  oration  on 
Washington.  After  the  accession  of  Mr.  Jeffer 
son  in  1801  he  retired  to  private  life.  In  his  last 
years  he  was  distressed  by  pecuniary  embarrass 
ments.  While  confined,  in  1809,  within  the 
bounds  of  Spottsylvania  county  for  debt,  he  wrote 
his  valuable  memoirs  of  the  southern  campaigns. 
Being  in  Baltimore  in  1814,  when  the  mob  at 
tacked  a  printing-office,  he  was  one  of  the  de 
fenders,  and  was  carried  to  jail  for  safety ;  in  the 
attack  on  the  jail,  when  Gen.  Lingan  was  lulled, 
he  was  severely  wounded.  Repairing  to  the 
West  Indies  for  his  health,  on  his  return  he 
died  at  Cumberland  island,  near  St.  Mary's,  Geor 
gia,  at  Mrs.  Shaw's,  the  daughter  of  Gen.  Green. 
By  his  wounds  at  Baltimore  he  was  rendered  de- 
crepicl,  and  afterwards  life  was  a  burden.  It  has 
been  represented,  that  he  was  dissipated  and 
without  moral  principle.  Being  once  taken  by 
an  officer  for  debt,  the  ingenuity  of  the  soldier 
procured  his  release  from  the  sheriff;  he  told 
him,  he  was  glad  that  he  was  about  to  lodge  him 
in  prison,  for  he  had  been  bitten  by  a  mad  dog 
and  might  do  mischief.  After  a  while,  as  they 
were  riding,  he  began  to  rave,  and  the  terrified 
officer  was  glad  to  escape  from  a  man  who  had 
been  bitten  by  a  mad  dog !  General  Lee's  son, 
Major  Henry  Lee,  published  a  work,  entitled,  the 
campaign  of  1781,  etc.,  the  design  of  which  was 
to  vindicate  the  memory  of  his  father  against  the 
representations  which  are  to  be  found  in  John 
son's  life  of  General  Greene.  General  Lee  him 
self  published  an  oration  on  the  death  of  Wash 
ington,  1800  ;  memoirs  of  the  war  in  the  south,  2 
vols.,  8vo.,  1812. 

LEE,  THOMAS  BLAND,  a  member  of  the  first 
congress  from  Virginia,  died  at  Washington 
March  12,  1827,  aged  65  years.  He  enjoyed  the 
friendship  and  confidence  of  Mr.  Madison,  and 
was  a  man  of  high  talents  and  public  virtue. 

LEE,  ELIAS,  a  Baptist  minister,  died  at  Balls- 
ton  Spa  in  1829,  aged  63. 

LEE,  FRANCIS,  died  in  Boston  in  1830,  leaving 
by  his  will  20,000  dollars  to  the  McLean  asylum 
for  the  insane. 

LEE,  ANDREW,  D.  I).,  minister  of  Lisbon, 
Conn.,  died  Aug.  25,  1832,  aged  87.  He  was 
born  in  Lyme,  the  son  of  John  Lee,  a  lawyer, 
who  died  when  his  son  was  an  infant.  He  grad 
uated  at  Yale  in  1766;  was  ordained  at  Hanover, 
now  Lisbon,  in  1768  ;  and  toiled  as  a  minister  till 
within  a  year  of  his  decease.  He  was  beloved 
and  honored.  At  the  time  of  the  Revolution  he 
was  a  glowing  patriot.  In  his  theology  he  avoided 
extremes,  and  was  rather  liberal.  He  published 
a  fast  sermon,  1776;  at  the  funeral  of  B.  Throop, 


LEE. 


519 


1785  5  an  inquiry  as  to  a  •willingness  to  be 
damned,  1786 ;  at  the  ordination  of  J.  Ellis,  1789; 
of  D.  Palmer,  1800 ;  declensions  of  Christianity, 
1793;  at  election,  1795 ;  two  discourses  on  Rom. 
IX.,  1811;  a  half-century  sermon,  1818;  sermons, 
8vo.,  1803.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

LEE,  ELISHA,  a  lawyer  of  Sheffield,  Mass.,  died 
in  1835,  aged  about  78.  He  was  the  son  of  Rev. 
Jonathan  Lee,  and  graduated  at  Yale  in  1777 ; 
in  1784  he  settled  at  Sheffield.  Mr.  Sedgwick 
was  settled  there  previously.  His  wife  was  the 
widow  of  Rev.  Moses  Allen  of  Georgia.  He 
sustained  a  high  Christian  character. 

LEE,  ELIZABETH,  Mrs.,  died  in  Baltimore  in 
April,  1836,  aged  112  years. 

LEE,  THOMAS  G.,  M.  D.,died  in  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  Oct.  29, 1836,  aged  28,  superintendent  of  the 
McLean  asylum,  a  man  of  talents  and  usefulness. 

LEE,  HENRY,  consul  at  Algiers,  died  in  Paris 
in  1837,  aged  50.  He  was  the  son  of  Gen.  Henry 
Lee,  born  at  Stratford,  Va.,  and  educated  at  Wil 
liam  and  Mary  college.  He  served  as  a  major  in 
the  war  of  1812.  In  vindication  of  his  father's 
fame  he  published  the  campaigns  of  1782,  in  the 
Carolinas,  1782;  observations  on  the  writings  of 
Jefferson,  1832 ;  an  incomplete  life  of  Napoleon, 
1835.  —  Cycl.  of  Am.  Lit. 

LEE,  THOMAS,  died  at  Charleston,  S.  C.,  in 
1839,  aged  69.  He  was  judge  of  the  United 
States  court  for  South  Carolina,  and  held  various 
offices,  and  was  much  respected. 

LEE,  SAMUEL,  general,  a  soldier  of  the  Revo 
lution,  died  at  Barre,  his  birth-place,  Oct.  17, 
1839,  aged  72.  His  monument  of  marble,  pro 
tected  by  a  portico  and  roof  of  granite,  cost  2,000 
dollars.  It  has  inscribed  these  lines : 

"  To  freedom's  cause  his  ardent  youth  was  given  ; 
His  riper  age  to  rural  cares  and  Heaven." 

His  son  Charles,  a  merchant  of  Boston,  perished 
in  the  Lexington  steamboat,  when  it  was  burnt 
in  the  sound,  Jan.  13,  1840,  aged  43.  —  Boston 
Advertiser,  July  13,  1851. 

LEE,  WILLIAM,  died  at  Boston  in  1840,  for 
merly  consul  at  Bordeaux,  late  second  auditor  of 
the  treasury  of  the  United  States. 

LEE,  GIDEON,  died  at  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  21, 

1841,  aged  63  ;  born  in  Amherst,  Mass.     He  was 
a  dealer  in  leather  in  New  York,  and  mayor ;  also 
member  of  congress.     He  was  a  man  of  talents, 
integrity,  and  philanthropy,  and  acquired  a  large 
fortune. 

LEE,  CHAUNCEY,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Colebrook, 
Conn.,  died  in  Hartwick,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  5  or  Dec., 

1842,  aged  79.     He  was  the  son  of  Rev.  Jona 
than  Lee   of  Salisbury  by  his  second  wife,  who 
was  the  widow  Love   Brinkerhof,  the   daughter 
of  Rev.  John  Graham  of  Southbury.     He  grad 
uated  at  Yale  in  1784,  and  studied  law  with  Mr. 
Reeve  of  Litchfield,  and  then  practised  there  for 


520 


LEE. 


LELAND. 


a  short  time.  He  studied  theology  with  Dr. 
West,  and  was  ordained  in  Sunderland,  Vt.,  in 
1790  ;  another  pastor  was  settled  the  same  day  in 
another  part  of  the  town,  who  gained  in  a  lawsuit\ 
some  land  which  had  been  given  to  the  first  set 
tled  minister,  as  he  was  settled  two  minutes  the 
first!  After  about  seven  years  he  left  S.,  and 
resided  in  Lansingburgh  and  Hudson  as  a  teacher 
and  preacher.  Installed  in  Colebrook  in  1800,  he 
remained  there  twenty-seven  years,  and  was  then 
pastor  of  Marlborough,  Conn.,  eight  years.  For 
the  last  five  or  six  years  of  his  life  he  resided 
with  one  of  his  sons  in  Hartwick,  N.  Y.  By  his 
wife,  Abigail  Staunton,  he  had  a  son,  Chauncey 
Graham,  who  was  a  minister ;  his  second  wife 
was  the  widow  of  A.  Spencer,  the  brother  of 
Chief  Justice  Spencer  of  New  York ;  his  third  wife 
he  married  in  1818.  Dr.  Lee  was  courteous  and 
gentlemanly,  and  had  a  kindly,  a  benignant  spirit. 
In  his  theology  he  was  attached  to  the  ancient 
school,  and  rejected  modern  novelties,  against 
which  he  wrote  in  his  letters.  He  was  a  writer 
of  poetry  and  was  skilled  in  music.  Sometimes 
he  indulged  in  sallies  of  harmless  wit,  which 
amused,  but  which  he  sometimes  lamented.  He 
was  a  classical  scholar  and  a  man  of  learning. 
He  published  an  arithmetic,  1797;  a  poetical 
version  of  Job,  1807  ;  election  sermon,  1813;  on 
the  death  of  A.  It.  Robbins,  1813 ;  sermons  for 
revivals,  one  vol.,  1824;  letters  from  Astarchus  to 
Philemon,  1833.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

LEE,  MOSES  ALLEN,  M.  I).,  professor  of  mate- 
ria  meclica  in  Berkshire  Institution,  died  at  Pitts- 
field,  Mass.,  June  16,  1842,  aged  35.  He  was 
the  son  of  Samuel  L.  of  Salisbury,  and  brother 
of  Dr.  Charles  A.  L.  ;  and  studied  physic  with  his 
brother-in-law,  Dr.  Lxither  Ticknor.  His  wife 
was  Adelia,  daughter  of  Joseph  Merrick  of  Pitts- 
field.  He  died  of  an  epidemic  erysipelas.  —  Wil 
liams'  American  Medical  Biography. 

LEET,  WILLIAM,  governor  of  Connecticut, 
died  April  16,  1683.  He  came  to  NCAV  England 
in  1637,  in  company  with  Eaton  and  Hopkins. 
Sept.  29,  1639,  he,  Mr.  Whitefield,  and  others  pur 
chased  Menunkatuck,  or  Guilford,  of  the  sachem 
squaw,  the  owner.  The  agreement  was  made  at 
New  Haven,  and  was  confirmed  by  the  general 
court  Jan.  31,  1640.  When  the  church  of  Guil 
ford  was  formed  in  1643,  he  was  one  of  the  seven 
pillars,  or  first  members.  Whitefield  and  Higgin- 
son  were  two  others.  For  many  years  he  was 
the  clerk  of  the  town.  He  was  an  assistant  of 
New  Haven  colony  from  1643  to  1657,  and  gov 
ernor  from  1661  to  1665  ;  and  after  the  union  of 
New  Haven  and  Connecticut,  was  deputy  governor 
from  1669  to  1675,  and  governor,  after  Winthrop, 
from  1676  to  1680.  Having  removed  to  Hart 
ford,  he  died  there.  His  sons  were  John  and 
Andrew ;  his  posterity  are  numerous.  He  con 
ducted  the  public  affairs  with  integrity  and  M'is- 


dom.  In  1660,  when  the  regicides,  Whalley  and 
Goffe,  were  in  danger  of  being  arrested,  he  nobly 
protected  them. 

LEFFINGWELL,  THOMAS,   of    Saybrook  in 


163 1,  was  one  of  the  purchasers  of  the  town  of 
Norwich,  in  1659,  from  Uncas  and  his  sons  Owa- 
neco  and  Attawanhood. 

LE  FORGE,  HENRY,  died  at  Hamden,  Conn., 
in  1839,  aged  100. 

LEFTWICH,  JOEL,  general,  died  at  Bedford, 
Va.,  in  1846,  aged  86 ;  a  brave  soldier  of  the 
Revolution. 

LEGARE,  HUGH  SWINTON,  died  at  Boston 
June  20,  1843,  aged  about  50.  He  lived  at 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  and  was  a  member  of  congress, 
attorney-general,  and  charge  to  Brussels.  He 
was  a  scholar,  and  a  writer  in  Southern  Review. 

LEGGETT,  WILLIAM,  died  in  New  York  May 
24,  1839,  editor  of  the  Evening  Post  and  the 
Plaindealer,  author  of  poems  and  miscellaneous 
writings. 

LEGGETT,  ABRAHAM,  major,  a  Revolutionary 
soldier,  died  at  New  York  in  1842,  aged  88.  He 
was  made  prisoner  at  the  capture  of  fort  Mont 
gomery. 

LEIGH,  BENJAMIN  W.,  died  at  Richmond  Feb. 
2,  1849,  aged  67.  He  was  a  lawyer  and  states 
man.  From  1829  to  1841  he  was  reporter  of  the 
State  of  Virginia,  frequently  a  member  of  the 
legislature,  and  of  the  senate  of  the  United  States 
from  1834  to  1837. 

LELAND,  JOHN,  minister  of  Peru,  Mass.,  died 
in  1826.  He  was  born  in  Holliston,  settled  in 
1783,  and  received  R.  Hawkes  as  a  colleague  in 
1815.  Rev.  Dr.  Aaron  W.  Leland,  of  South 
Carolina,  is  his  son. 

LELAND,  JOHN,  a  Baptist  minister,  died  at 
Cheshire,  Mass.,  Jan.  14,  1841,  aged  85.  He 
was  born  at  Grafton  in  1754.  From  1776  he 
lived  fourteen  years  in  Virginia ;  in  1791  he  set 
tled  in  Cheshire.  In  1810  he  had  baptized  1163 
persons,  about  700  of  them  in  Virginia.  He  was 
a  zealous  political  friend  of  Jefferson,  and  pub 
lished  various  tracts,  political  and  religious.  His 
people  sent  him  to  Washington  city  to  present  a 
great  cheese  to  Mr.  Jefferson,  whose  politics  they 
approved.  It  was  made  from  curds  furnished  on 
a  particular  day  by  the  dairyvvomen  of  the  town  ; 
it  weighed  1,450  pounds.  The  speaker  presented 
it  in  behalf  of  his  people  as  "  a  peppercorn  "  of 
their  esteem  for  the  democratic  president.  He 
published  oration,  1802;  on  the  death  of  Mrs. 
Northrop;  the  Virginia  Chronicle,  12mo.,  1790; 
the  rights  of  conscience,  1793. 

LELAND,  AARON,  deacon,  died  at  Sherburne, 
Mass.,  Sept.  17,  1846,  aged  95,  the  last  of  four 
brothers  -and  four  sisters,  all  of  whom,  but  one, 
lived  above  eighty  years,  showing  a  family  of  in 
dustry  and  temperance. 


LEMELL. 


LEVERETT. 


521 


LEMELL,  ELEANOR,  died  in  Lafayette  parish, 
La.,  in  1839,  aged  105. 

LE  MERCIER,  ANDREW,  minister  in  Boston, 
died  in  1762.  He  had  for  many  years  the  care 
of  the  Protestant  French  church,  which  was 
founded  by  Protestants,  driven  from  France  by 
the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes  in  1686. 
Daille  was  their  first  minister.  The  society  being 
very  much  diminished,  he  at  length  desisted  from 
his  public  labors,  and  the  house  was  in  1748  occu 
pied  by  Mr.  CroswelPs  church.  He  sustained  a 
reputable  character.  He  published  a  church  his 
tory  of  Geneva,  12mo.,  1732,  and  a  treatise  on 
detraction.  —  Hist.  Coll.,  III.  264,  301. 

LENOIR,  WILLIAM,  general,  died  in  1839  at 
fort  Defiance,  Wilkes  co.,  N.  C. ;  an  officer  of  the 
Revolutionary  war.  He  was  president  of  the 
senate ;  a  patriot,  a  man  of  integrity,  generous, 
hospitable. 

LENOX,  ROBERT,  died  in  New  York  Dec.  13, 
1839,  aged  80;  a  merchant,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
enterprising  and  wealthy. 

LENT,  ISAAC,  died  in  Ballston,  N.  Y.,  in  1847, 
aged  102.  A  native  of  New  York,  he  was  a 
Revolutionary  pensioner. 

LENTHALL,  ROBERT,  minister  of  Weymouth, 
was  there  from  1638  to  1640.  Barnard,  Hull, 
and  Jenner  were  ministers  before  him;  all  came 
from  England. 

LEONARD,  NATHANIEL,  minister  of  Plymouth, 
died  in  1770,  aged  about  72.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1719,  and  was  ordained  in  1724  as 
successor  of  Mr.  Little.  He  ceased  to  preach 
from  ill  health  in  1757,  and  removed  to  Norton, 
and  Mr.  Robbins  was  ordained  his  successor  in 
1760. 

LEONARD,  ABIEL,  D.  D.,  son  of  Rev.  Na 
thaniel  L.,  died  in  1778,  aged  about  40.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1759,  and  was  a  chap 
lain  in  the  army.  He  published  a  thanksgiving 
sermon  at  Woodstock,  Conn.,  1767;  at  the  ordi 
nation  of  G.  Wheaton,  1772. 

LEONARD,  GEORGE,  LL.  D.,  died  at  Rayn- 
ham  July  26, 1819,  aged  90.  Born  in  Boston,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1748.  He  was  a  de 
scendant  of  Judge  Thomas  Leonard,  on  whom, 
after  his  death  in  1713,  S.  Danforth  published  an 
eulogy.  His  father  was  Col.  George  L.,  a  judge 
of  probate  and  of  the  common  pleas.  He  him 
self  sustained  the  same  offices,  and  was  one  of 
the  first  members  of  congress  under  the  constitu 
tion.  He  was  a  man  of  wealth.  His  ancestors 
were  as  follows  :  Lennard,  Lord  Dacre,  created 
a  baron  in  1297 ;  James  and  Henry  Leonard  set 
tled  at  Raynham  in  1652,  and  built  the  first  forge 
in  America.  Henry  removed  to  New  Jersey. 
Of  the  great  ages  attained  by  this  family,  it  is 
stated  that  in  1793  it  was  known  that  one  had 
died  aged  100,  two  over  90,  seventeen  over  80, 
and  fifty-three  over  70.  Thirteen  had  graduated 
'  66 


at  Cambridge.  James  L.  lived  in  friendship  with 
King  Philip.  Among  his  descendants  were 
Judge  Daniel  Leonard  of  Bermuda,  Judge 
Ward  Chipman  of  New  Brunswick,  Judge  Wilde 
of  Massachusetts,  L.  White,  Lieut.-Gov.  Cobb, 
and  Dr.  Howard. 

LEONARD,  ELIJAH,  died  Feb.  8,  1834,  aged 
74,  minister  of  second  society  in  Marshfield, 
Mass.,  forty-five  years.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1783. 

LEONARD,  DAVID,  a  minister,  graduated  at 
Providence  in  1792,  and  published  a  sermon  on 
the  death  of  John  Holmes  at  Holmes'  harbor, 
1795;  a  masonic  oration  atNantucket,  1797. 

LEONARD,  ABIGAIL,  died  in  Raynham  Jan. 
25,  1845,  aged  nearly  101 ;  a  descendant  of  John 
Alden.  Her  husband  was  high-sheriff  of  Bristol. 
In  early  life  she  was  consecrated  to  the  Redeemer. 
She  devoted  a  portion  of  every  day  to  literature 
and  the  bible.  For  the  last  fifteen  years  she 
could  read  without  glasses.  She  was  cheerful, 
pious,  happy. 

LEONARD,  JONATHAN,  Dr.,  died  at  Sandwich, 
Mass.,  in  1849,  aged  86 ;  a  graduate  of  Harvard 
in  1786. 

LE  ROY,  HERMAN,  died  in  New  York  in  1841, 
aged  84 ;  a  prosperous  merchant. 

LESCARBOT,  MARC,  published  Histoire  de  la 
Nouvelle  France,  two  vols.,  12mo.,  2d  edit.,  1612. 

LESLIE,  GEORGE,  minister  of  Washington, 
N.  H.,  died  in  1800,  aged  72.  He  was  the  son  of 
James,  of  Topsfield,  a  Scotchman  ;  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1748;  was  ordained  at  Linebrook 
in  Ipswich  in  1749,  and  dismissed  in  1779;  and 
was  pastor  at  W.  from  1780  to  his  death.  He 
fitted  young  men  for  college,  and  some  for  the 
ministry.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordina- 
'tion  of  S.  Perley. —  Sjjraguc's  Annals. 

LEVERETT,  JOHN,  governor  of  Massachu 
setts,  died  March  16,  1679,  aged  62.  He  was  the 
son  of  Elder  Thomas  L.,  and  came  to  this  coun 
try  with  his  father  in  1633,  and  was  admitted  a 
freeman  in  1640.  He  signalized  himself  by  his 
bravery  in  the  early  periods  of  his  life.  He  was 
long  employed  in  public  affairs  and  places  of 
great  trust.  He  was  in  England  at  the  Restora 
tion,  and  appeared  an  advocate  for  the  colony. 
Upon  his  return  to  this  country  he  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  general  court  for  Boston.  In 
1664  he  was  chosen  major-general,  and  in  1665  an 
assistant.  He  was  elected  governor  in  1673  as 
successor  to  Bcllingham,  and  was  continued  in 
that  office  till  his  death.  His  administration  is 
spoken  of  with  respect.  He  was  succeeded  by 
Bradstreet.  —  Magnolia,  II.  19 ;  Neal,  II.  32  ; 
Hutcliinson. 

LEVERETT,  JOHN,  president  of  Harvard  col 
lege,  died  May  3,  1724,  aged  61.  He  was  grand 
son  of  Governor  Leverett,  and  was  graduated  at 
the  college,  which  was  afterwards  intrusted  to  Ins 


522 


LEVERIDGE. 


LEWIS. 


care,  in  1680.     He  was  first  appointed  a  tutor  in 
this  seminary.     He  next  was  chosen  a  member  of 
the  house  of  representatives,  and  then  speaker. 
He  was  successively  a  member  of  his  majesty's 
council,   a  justice   of  the  superior  court,  and  a 
judge  of  the  probate  of  wills.     After  the  death  of 
the  vice-president  Willard,  he  was  chosen  presi 
dent,  and  was  inducted  into  this  office  Jan.  14, 
1708.     In  this  station  he  continued  till  his  sudden 
death.     He  was  succeeded  by  Wadsworth.     Pres 
ident  Leverett  received  from  the  gift  of  God  great 
powers   of  mind,  which  he   diligently  cultivated. 
He  was  conspicuous  for  his  learning,  and  he  was 
an  eminent  divine  as  well  as  statesman.     In  an 
early  period  of  his  life  he  occasionally  preached. 
So   extensive  was  his  knowledge  and  so  correct 
was  his  judgment,  that  in  almost  every  difficult 
case  the  people  resorted  to  him  for  information 
and  advice.      He  was  a  man  of  courage  and  res 
olution  and  firmness,  as  well  as  learning.      No 
difficulties  discouraged  him,  when  he  once  en 
gaged  in  any  affair  of  importance;  he  encoun 
tered  them  with  cheerfulness,  and  by  his  perse 
verance  and  diligence  frequently  effected  what 
•would  have  been  impossible  to  a  mind  of  feebler 
texture.     When  his  object  could  not  be  accom 
plished,  he  yielded  it  without  disquietude.     At 
the  head  of  the  university  he  was  respected,  for 
he  possessed  personal  dignity  and  a  talent  of  gov 
ernment.     There  was  a  majesty  in  his  speech, 
behavior,   and    countenance,  which  secured    the 
reverence  of  all  who  conversed  with  him,  and 
impressed  the  youth  who  were  subject  to  his  au 
thority  with  awe.     Yet  he  did  not  lose  their  affec 
tions,  for  his  dignity  was  not  the  offspring  of 
pride.     He  was  a  good  man,  of  unaffected  piety 
and  of  a  holy  life,  a  cordial  friend  to  the  Congre 
gational    churches,  but  placing  religion  not   so 
much  in  particular  forms,  as  in  the  weightier  mat 
ters  of  righteousness,  faith,  and  love.     In  his  care 
of  the  college  he  was  indefatigable,  and  it  flour 
ished  much  during  his  presidency.     He  was  its 
glory,  and  he  was  also  the  ornament  of  his  coun 
try.     His  first  wife  was  Margaret,  daughter  of 
President  Rogers ;  his  second,  Mrs.  Harris,  who 
afterwards  married  Dr.  Colman.     His  daughter 
Sarah   married   Rev.    E.    Wigglesworth ;    Mary 
married  Major  John  Denison. — Funeral  Sermons 
by  Appleton,  Colman,  and  Wadsworth. 

LEVERIDGE,  WILLIAM,  a  preacher,  arrived 
at  Salem  in  the  ship  James,  Oct.  10,  1633,  and 
preached  at  Dover  till  1635.  In  1640  he  was  in 
Sandwich,  and  was  employed  as  a  missionary  in 
1657  by  the  commissioners  of  the  united  colonies. 
He  accompanied  the  first  settlers  to  Huntington, 
L.  I. ;  but  in  1670  he  removed  to  Newtown, 
•where  he  died,  and  where  his  posterity  remain. — 
Farmer. 

LEWIS,  DANIEL,  first  minister  of  Pembroke, 
Mass.,  died  in  1753,  aged  68.  He  graduated  at 


Harvard  in  1707.  His  daughter  married  Mr. 
[lowland,  minister  of  Carver  from  1746  to  1804, 
ivhen  he  died,  aged  83 ;  his  grand-daughter  mar 
ried  Mr.  Weld,  minister  of  Braintree.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  at  ordination  of  J.  Stacey,  1720  ; 
the  sins  of  youth,  1725 ;  the  election  sermon, 
1748. 

LEWIS,  JOSIAH,  minister  of  Wellfleet,  Mass., 
died  in  1786,  aged  84.  A  graduate  of  Harvard 
in  1723,  he  was  ordained  in  1730. 

LEWIS,  JOHN,  minister  in  Wethersfield,  Conn., 
died  April  28,  1792,  aged  about  42.  Dr.  Chapin 
was  his  successor.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1770, 
was  tutor  from  1773  to  1778,  and  was  ordained  at 
Rocky  Hill  in  1781.  He  published  two  sermons 
on  forbearance  to  weak  consciences,  1789. — 
Sprague's  Annals. 

LEWIS,  FKAXCIS,  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution, 
died  Dec.  30,  1803,  aged  90.  He  was  born  in 
Landaff,  South  Wales,  in  1713.  He  was  educated 
at  Westminster.  In  1735  he  arrived  at  New 
York,  where  he  engaged  extensively  in  navigation 
and  foreign  trade.  His  commercial  transactions 
induced  him  to  visit  Russia  and  other  parts  of 
Europe.  As  agent  for  supplying  the  British 
troops,  he  was  at  fort  Oswego  when  it  surren 
dered  to  Montcalm,  after  Col.  Mersey  had  been 
killed  by  his  side.  He  was  carried  a  prisoner  to 
Montreal,  and  thence  to  France.  After  his  liber 
ation,  in  the  Revolutionary  movements  of  the 
country  he  was  among  the  first  of  "  the  sons  of 
liberty."  In  April,  1775,  he  was  elected  a  mem 
ber  of  congress ;  the  next  year  he  signed  the 
Declaration  of  Independence.  He  was  employed 
in  the  importation  of  military  stores  and  other 
secret  services.  In  1775  he  removed  to  Long 
Island;  in  the  autumn  of  1776  his  house  was 
plundered  by  the  British ;  his  library  and  papers 
were  destroyed,  and  Mrs.  Lewis  taken  prisoner. 
She  was  confined  several  months  by  the  brutal 
foe,  without  a  bed  to  lie  upon ;  her  sufferings 
were  such  as  to  occasion  her  death  in  one  or  two 
years.  Mr.  Lewis  in  his  last  days  lived  in  com 
parative  poverty.  —  Goodrich. 

LEWIS,  MERITS-ETHER,  governor  of  Upper 
Louisiana,  died  Oct.  11,  1809,  aged  35.  He  was 
born  near  Charlottesville,  Va.,  Aug.  18,  1774. 
He  relinquished  his  academic  studies  at  the  age 
of  eighteen,  and,  after  being  a  farmer  for  two 
years,  enlisted  as  a  volunteer  in  the  militia,  called 
out  at  that  time,  and  soon  entered  the  army. 
From  1801  to  1803  he  was  the  private  secretary 
of  President  Jefferson,  who  appointed  him  in  1803 
to  the  command  of  the  exploring  party,  directed 
to  cross  the  continent  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  His 
unshaken  firmness  and  undaunted  courage,  his 
prudence  and  enterprise,  besides  his  knowledge 
of  botany,  qualified  him  for  this  service.  Accom 
panied  by  William  Clarke,  he  returned  from  this 
expedition  in  about  three  years.  He  was  re- 


LEWIS. 

warded  by  a  tract  of  land.  Soon  after  his  return 
in  1S06  he  was  made  governor  of  Louisiana,  and 
Clarke  was  made  a  general  and  agent  for  Indian 
affairs.  On  his  arrival,  he  was  successful  in  com 
posing  some  dissensions  which  had  sprung  up. 
Some  difficulty  as  to  his  accounts,  which  distressed 
him,  induced  him  to  set  out  on  a  journey  to 
Washington.  Landing  at  Chickasaw  Bluffs,  he 
thence  proceeded  by  land.  On  the  borders  of 
Tennessee,  about  forty  miles  from  Nashville,  he 
killed  himself  with  a  pistol  and  a  razor.  This 
event  was  ascribed  to  the  protest  of  some  bills 
which  he  drew  on  the  public  account.  lie  had 
written  an  account  of  his  expedition  up  the  Mis 
souri  and  to  the  Pacific,  which  was  published, 
under  the  care  of  Paul  Allen,  in  2  vols.,  8vo., 
1814,  in  which  appeared  his  life,  written  by  Mr. 
Jefferson. 

LEWIS,  COMFORT,  Miss,  died  at  Portsmouth, 
N.  II.,  Sept.,  1834,  aged  105. 

LEWIS,  LAWRENCE,  major,  died  at  Arlington 
house,  near  Alexandria,  Va.,  Nov.  20,  1839,  aged 
73.  lie  was  of  Wood  Lawn,  a  nephew  of  George 
Washington,  the  last  of  his  near  blood  relatives. 
His  widow,  grand-daughter  of  Martha  Washing 
ton,  died  in  1852,  aged  83. 

LEWIS,  ISAAC,  1).  D.,  minister  of  Greenwich, 
Conn.,  died  Aug.  27, 1840,  aged  94,  in  the  seventy- 
second  year  of  his  ministry.  Born  in  Stratford 
Feb.  1,  1746,  he  graduated  at  Yale,  in  1765,  in  a 
class  of  forty-seven,  which  sent  out  twenty-one 
ministers.  His  conversion  was  ascribed  to  the 
preaching  of  Whitefield.  He  studied  theology 
with  S.  Bucll  and  J.  Mills.  He  was  first  installed 
at  Wilton  ;  from  1786  to  1818  he  was  the  minis 
ter  of  Greenwich,  Conn.,  and  was  dismissed  at 
his  request  at  the  age  of  72;  his  son  Isaac  being 
installed  in  his  place  the  same  day.  He  made 
his  last  address  at  the  communion-table  at  the 
age  of  90.  lie  was  a  man  much  venerated  ;  of 
various  learning,  urbane,  courteous,  cheerful, 
sound  in  the  faith,  fervent  in  his  preaching.  Of 
his  five  sons,  two  were  ministers  and  three  were 
lawyers.  His  wife  died  in  1829,  aged  86.  He 
published  a  sermon  at  ordination  of  J.  Mitchell ; 
at  Yale  college,  1790;  divine  mission  of  Christ, 
1796  ;  election  sermon,  1797  ;  at  inauguration  of 
President  Day  ;  at  installation  of  his  son  ;  piety 
in  ministers. 

LEWIS,  ZACHARIAH,  the  son  of  Rev.  Dr.  Isaac 
L.,  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  14,  1840,  aged 
67.  A  graduate  of  Yale  in  1794,  he  was  licensed 
to  preach,  and  was  several  years  a  tutor  in  the 
college.  His  health  failing,  he  became  the  editor 
of  the  Commercial  Advertiser  and  New  York 
Spectator,  and  thus  toiled  seventeen  years,  from 
1803  to  1820.  He  was  secretary  of  the  New 
York  tract  and  missionary  societies,  and  vice- 
president  of  the  American  bible  society.  He 
edited  the  Missionary  Register.  He  was  a  good 


LINCOLN. 


523 


scholar,  a  close  reasoner,  a  man  endowed  with 
the  Christian  virtues.  He  published  an  oration 
before  the  Cincinnati,  1799  ;  remarks  and  reply 
relating  to  a  subterranean  wall  hi  South  Carolina, 
1802;  reports  of  tract  society.  —  Sprayue's 
Annals. 

LEWIS,  SETH,  died  at  Rapides,  Louisiana,  in 
1848,  aged  84.  He  was  a  district  judge,  and  an 
eminent  jurist. 

LEWIS,  ISAAC,  D.  D.,  son  of  Rev.  Dr.  Isaac 
L.,  and  twin-brother  of  Zachariah,  died  at  New 
York  Sept.  23,  1854,  aged  82.  He  was  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  in  1794  ;  was  a  Presbyterian,  settled 
as  pastor  at  Cooperstown  in  1800,  afterwards  at 
Goshen.  On  the  decease  of  his  father  at  Green 
wich,  Conn.,  in  1818,  he  was  settled  in  that  place, 
and  last  at  Bristol,  R.  I.  One  of  his  daughters 
married  Dr.  Harvey  E.  Peet,  president  of  the 
New  York  institution  for  the  deaf  and  dumb. 
He  published  a  sermon  at  ordination  of  J.  Knight, 
1804;  at  thanksgiving,  1812;  on  the  divinity  of 
Christ ;  address  to  Bible  society,  1824 ;  union 
of  believers  with  Christ ;  Connecticut  election 
sermon,  1827.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

LEWIS,  MORGAN,  general,  died  at  New  York 
April  7,  1844,  aged  89,  the  son  of  Francis  Lewis 
of  New  York,  who  signed  the  Declaration  of  In 
dependence.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1773, 
and  was  a  colonel  in  the  army  at  the  surrender 
of  Burgoyne.  In  1791  he  was  attorney-general, 
chief  justice  in  1801,  and  governor  in  1804.  He 
was  a  kind  parent,  a  benevolent  man,  and  a 
good  citizen. 

LEWIS,  DIXON  H.,  a  senator  from  Alabama, 
died  at  New  York  Oct.  25,  1848,  aged  46.  A 
native  of  Virginia,  he  was  the  largest  man  in  con 
gress. 

LEYDT,  JOHN,  a  Dutch  minister  in  New 
Brunswick,  N.  J.,  died  in  1772.  He  sought  the 
independence  of  the  Dutch  churches  in  America, 
and  published  several  pamphlets  on  the  subject. 
He  was  answered  by  Mr.  Ritzema  of  New  York. 
He  assisted  in  forming  the  union  in  1771. 

LIL,  the  name  of  a  slave  who  died  in  North 
ampton  about  1821,  very  aged.  She  lived  in  the 
family  of  Col.  Dwight,  and  then  of  his  son,  Presi 
dent  Dwight;  and  through  her  care  were  thir 
teen  children  brought  up.  She  was  a  pious 
woman,  a  member  of  the  church  of  N.  She  was 
liberated,  if  not  by  the  act  of  her  master,  yet  by 
the  constitution  of  Massachusetts,  many  years 
before  her  death.  Though  called  Lil,  her  name 
was  Sylvia  Church. 

LILLY,  ANNA,  Mrs.,  died  in  Sutton  July  6, 
1843,  aged  100.  At  the  age  of  90  she  plied  her 
spinning-wheel. 

LINCOLN,  BENJAMIN,  general,  died  May  9, 
1810,  aged  76.  He  was  a  descendant  of  Thomas 
L.,  a  cooper,  who  lived  at  Hingham,  Mass.,  in 
1636.  His  father  was  Benjamin  L.,  a  maltster 


524 


LINCOLN. 


LINCOLN. 


and  farmer,  a  member  of  the  council,  and  one  of 
the  principal  men  in  the  county.  lie  was  born 
Jan.  23,  1733,  old  style,  and  had  few  advantages 
of  education,  though  his  brother,  Bela,  was  a 
graduate  of  1754.  His  vocation  was  that  of  a 
farmer  till  he  was  more  than  forty  years  of  age. 
He  toiled  every  day,  except  when  engaged  in 
civil  or  military  duties,  lie  was  a  magistrate, 
representative,  and  lieutenant-colonel  of  the 
militia.  In  1776  he  was  much  employed  in  train 
ing  the  militia,  being  major-general.  In  Feb., 
1777,  he  joined  Washington's  army  with  a  re 
inforcement,  and  was  soon  created  a  major-gen 
eral  by  congress.  On  the  approach  of  Burgoyne, 
Washington  sent  him  to  join  the  northern  army, 
but  first  to  receive  at  Manchester  and  form  the 
militia,  as  they  came  in,  and  to  operate  in  the  rear 
of  the  enemy.  September  13th,  he  detached  Col. 
Brown  on  a  successful  service.  He  himself  joined 
Gates  on  the  29th.  Commanding  in  the  Avorks, 
he  did  not  participate  in  the  action  of  Oct.  7th. 
The  next  day,  as  he  was  returning  from  a  post  he 
had  visited,  a  party  of  the  enemy  having  been 
advanced,  he  found  himself  within  the  reach  of 
their  fire,  and  was  severely  wounded  in  the  leg, 
rendering  it  necessary  for  him  to  be  removed  to 
Albany  and  to  Hingham.  It  was  several  years 
before  the  wound  was  healed ;  but  he  was  able 
to  rejoin  Washington  in  August,  1778.  Being 
now  appointed  to  the  chief  command  in  the 
southern  department,  he  proceeded  to  Charleston 
in  December.  As  the  enemy  in  the  same  month 
had  landed  in  Georgia,  and  defeated  Gen.  Robert 
Howe,  and  captured  Savannah,  Gen.  Lincoln 
marched  in  April,  1779,  toward  Augusta,  in  order 
to  cover  the  upper  parts  of  Georgia,  but  was  re 
called  to  protect  Charleston  against  Gen.  Prc- 
vosc.  June  19,  he  attacked  the  enemy  intrenched 
at  Stono  ferry  ;  but  as  their  works  were  strong, 
and  they  were  reinforced  from  John's  island, 
opposite  to  Stono,  he  was  repulsed.  On  the  ar 
rival  of  Count  D'Estaing  with  French  troops,  it 
was  resolved  to  recover  Savannah.  An  assault 
was  made  by  the  combined  American  and  French 
forces  Oct.  9th,  but  it  was  unsuccessful,  with  the 
loss  of  nearly  one  thousand  men.  In  February, 
1780,  Sir  II.  Clinton  conducted  an  expedition 
from  New  York  against  Lincoln ;  besieged  him 
in  Charleston ;  and  constrained  him  to  capitulate 
May  12th.  But,  notwithstanding  his  misfortunes, 
his  reputation  as  an  able,  prudent,  brave  officer 
was  untarnished.  Admitted  to  his  parole,  he 
returned  to  Hingham ;  but  was  exchanged  in 
November.  In  1781  he  joined  the  army  of 
Washington.  At  the  siege  of  Yorktown  he  com 
manded  a  central  division ;  the  same  terms  were 
granted  to  Cornwallis  which  were  granted  at 
Charleston  to  Lincoln,  who  was  appointed  to  re 
ceive  the  submission  of  the  captured  troops,  and 


to  conduct  them  to  the  field  where  their  arms 
were  deposited. 

Congress  elected  him,  Oct.  31,  1781,  the  secre 
tary  of  war,  which  office  he  discharged,  still  re 
taining  his  rank  in  the  army,  for  three  years, 
when  he  retired  to  his  farm,  with  a  vote  of  con 
gress  commending  his  capacity  and  faithfulness 
in  his  office  and  his  meritorious  services  in  the 
field.  In  1786  and  1787  he  was  intrusted  with 
the  command  of  the  militia  for  the  suppression 
of  the  Shays  insurrection,  lie  proceeded  to 
Hampshire  and  to  Pittsfield  in  Berkshire  and  re 
stored  order.  In  May,  1787,  he  was  elected 
lieutenant-governor  ;  but  at  the  next  election  the 
democratic  party  gained  the  ascendency  and 
chose  Samuel  Adams.  In  1789  he  was  appointed 
collector  of  the  port  of  Boston,  which  office  he 
held  nearly  twenty  years,  till  he  resigned  it  two 
years  before  his  death.  He  had  offered  to  re 
sign  it  a  year  or  two  before  Gen.  Dearborn  suc 
ceeded  him.  In  1789  he  was  a  commissioner  to 
treat  with  the  Creek  Indians,  and  in  1793  a  com 
missioner  to  make  peace  with  the  western  Indians. 
After  a  short  attack  of  disease  he  died  at  Hing 
ham.  He  lived  with  his  wife  fifty-five  years. 
His  sons,  Benjamin  and  Theodore,  were  gradu 
ates  of  1777  and  1785;  the  former,  who  married 
a  daughter  of  James  Otis,  died  in  1788.  Gen. 
Lincoln  was  temperate,  frugal,  and  methodical ; 
cheerful  in  his  temper ;  and  for  a  great  part  of 
his  life  a  deacon  in  the  church.  No  profane  ex 
pression  ever  fell  from  the  lips  of  this  soldier. 
About  the  year  1799  lu's  pecuniary  responsibili 
ties  for  Gen.  Knox  subjected  him  to  much  tem 
porary  inconvenience ;  but  his  large  income  for 
the  last  twenty  years  enabled  him  to  distribute 
considerable  sums  amongst  his  children,  lie 
published,  in  the  historical  collections,  observa 
tions  on  the  climate,  etc.,  of  the  eastern  counties 
of  Maine;  on  the  religious  state  of  the  same, 
vol.  IV. ;  on  the  Indian  tribes,  their  decrease  and 
claims,  vol.  v.  —  Hist.  Collections,  ill.  233-255 

LINCOLN,  LEVI,  attorney-general  of  the  United 
States  and  lieutenant-governor  of  Massachusetts, 
died  at  Worcester  April  14,  1820,  aged  71.  He 
was  a  descendant  of  Samuel  L.  of  Hingham,  who 
came  to  this  country  from  Hingham,  England,  in 
1637.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1772,  and  settled  as  a  lawyer  in  Worcester,  where 
he  rose  to  distinction.  In  the  party  divisions 
during  Mr.  Adams'  administration,  he  was  a  zeal 
ous  democrat  or  republican.  He  wrote,  at  that 
period,  a  series  of  political  papers,  called  farm 
er's  letters.  On  the  triumph  of  Mr.  Jefferson  he 
was  appointed  attorney-general,  March  5,  1801, 
as  successor  of  Charles  Lee,  and  was  succeeded 
by  R.  Breckenridge,  Dec.  23,  1805.  In  1807  and 
1808  he  was  chosen  lieutenant-governor,  and  on 
the  death  of  Mr.  Sullivan,  acted  as  governor  in  Jan., 


LINCOLN. 


LINGAN. 


525 


1809.  His  speech,  delivered  at  a  difficult  political 
period,  reprehending  the  resistance  to  the  em 
bargo  laws,  was  not  responded  to  in  sentiment 
by  the  senate  and  house ;  and  in  the  spring  Mr. 
Lincoln,  who  was  a  candidate  for  the  office  of 
governor  against  Mr.  Gore,  failed  to  be  elected. 
In  1810  Mr.  Gerry  was  chosen  governor  and  Mr. 
Gray  lieut-governor.  His  widow,  Martha,  died 
at  Worcester  in  April,  1828,  and  was  followed  to 
the  grave  by  two  sons,  then  governors,  —  Levi, 
governor  of  Massachusetts,  and  Enoch,  governor 
of  Maine. 

LINCOLN,  ENOCH,  governor  of  Maine,  son  of 
the  preceding,  died  Oct.  8,  1829,  aged  40.  He 
was  born  Dec.  28,  1788,  and  having  studied  law, 
settled  in  Fryeburg,  Maine,  and  afterwards  in 
Paris.  He  was  a  member  of  congress  from  1819 
to  1826.  Having  been  elected  governor,  he  en 
tered  upon  the  duties  of  his  office  in  Jan.,  1827. 
In  the  autumn  of  the  same  year  and  in  1828  he 
was  re-elected  ;  but  at  the  election  in  Sept.,  1829, 
he  was  not  a  candidate.  He  died  at  Augusta, 
whither  in  bad  health  he  had  taken  a  journey 
of  fifty  or  sixty  miles,  to  deliver  an  address  to  a 
female  academy.  He  was  never  married.  As 
the  governor  of  the  State  he  maintained  the 
right  of  Maine  to  the  whole  controverted  eastern 
territory,  and  denied  the  power  of  the  United 
States  to  alienate  it,  whatever  might  be  the  deci 
sion  of  the  umpire  to  whom  the  dispute  between 
Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  as  to  the 
northeastern  boundary  had  been  referred.  He 
published,  while  he  lived  at  Fryeburg,  the  village, 
a  poem,  1816.  The  first  vol.  of  Maine  historical 
collections  contains  a  few  remarks  on  the  Indian 
languages,  and  an  account  of  the  Catholic  mis 
sions  in  Maine,  found  among  his  papers.  —  Spec. 
American  Poetry,  II.  303. 

LINCOLN,  NATHANIEL,  captain,  a  Revolution 
ary  soldier,  died  at  Windham  in  1834,  aged  105. 

LINCOLN,  HUTH,  widow,  died  in  Mansfield, 
Mass.,  March  27,  1842,  aged  101.  Her  husband 
had  been  dead  twenty-six  years ;  for  his  military 
services  she  received  a  pension  of  100  dollars  a 
year  for  ten  years.  She  left  many  descendants. 

LINCOLN,  WILLIAM,  died  at  Worcester  Oct. 
5,  1843,  aged  42.  The  son  of  Levi  Lincoln,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1822.  He  studied  law 
with  his  brother,  and  entered  into  business  with 
R.  Newton.  He  edited  the  National  JEgis ; 
with  Mr.  Baldwin  he  published  the  Worcester 
magazine.  He  was  an  early  and  efficient  member 
of  the  antiquarian  society.  His  own  descent  he 
could  trace  from  Samuel  of  Hingham,  Mass.,  who 
came  from  Hingham,  England,  in  1637.  He 
published  an  oration,  1816;  W.  magazine  and 
historical  journal,  1826-7  ;  address  on  Mr. 
Baldwin,  1835;  history  of  Worcester,  1837. — 
Hist.  Coll.  x.  3d  series. 

LINCOLN,  THEODORE,  judge,  died  at  Dennys- 


ville,  Me.,  June  15,  1852,  aged  89.  A  son  of 
Gen.  Benjamin  L.,  he  was  an  early  settler  of  D., 
and  was  judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas.  His 
father  had  bought  much  eastern  land  of  Judge 
Lowell  and  others.  Mr.  L.  was  the  father  of 
Benjamin  L.,  professor  of  anatomy  and  surgery 
at  Burlington  university,  who  died  in  1835,  aged 
32,  being  a  graduate  of  Bowdoin  in  1823. 

LINCOLN,  LUTHER  B.,  died  in  Deerfield  May 
11,  1855,  aged  53,  then  a  member  of  the  legisla 
ture.  He  was  a  graduate  of  1822.  He  was  a 
teacher  in  Sandwich  and  Greenfield,  and  precep 
tor  of  Deerfield  academy,  and  Derby  academy  in 
Hingham.  For  thirty  years  he  ardently  devoted 
himself  to  the  work  of  teaching. 

LINDALL,  TIMOTHY,  speaker  of  the  house  of 
Massachusetts,  died  at  Salem  in  1760,  aged  82. 
He  was  the  son  of  Timothy  of  Duxbury  and  Salem  ; 
and  grandson  of  James  of  Duxbury,  as  early  as 
1640,  who  died  in  1652.  He  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1695,  and  was  judge  of  the  court  of  com 
mon  pleas. 

LINDSAY,  WILLIAM,  colonel  of  the  United 
States  army,  died  at  Huntsville,  Ala.,  in  1838. 
He  was  a  native  of  Virginia,  much  respected. 

LINDSLEY,  PHILIP,  D.  D.,  died  of  apoplexy 
at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  May  25,  1855 ;  he  was  at 
tending,  as  a  delegate  from  New  Albany,  the  old 
school  general  assembly.  He  was  once  a  pro 
fessor  at  Princeton  college,  then  president  of  the 
university  of  Nashville.  He  died  in  the  midst  of 
his  children,  in  the  place  where  he  spent  the 
years  of  his  manhood.  He  published  a  plea  for 
the  theological  seminary  at  Princeton  ;  discourses 
on  the  improvement  of  time,  1823  ;  baccalaureate 
address,  1831. 

LINES,  HENRY,  a  Baptist  minister,  died  in 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  in  1835,  aged  52. 

LINGAN,  JAMES  MACCUBIN,  general,  a  victim 
to  a  mob,  was  a  native  of  Maryland,  and  an  offi 
cer  of  the  Revolutionary  army  ;  he  fought  in  the 
battle  of  Long  Island.  At  the  surrender  of  fort 
Washington  he  was  taken  prisoner  and  shared  in 
the  sufferings  of  the  horrible  prison  ship.  At 
the  close  of  the  war  he  returned  to  Georgetown, 
of  which  port  he  was  appointed  by  Washington 
the  collector.  For  several  years  before  his  death 
he  lived  retired  in  the  country,  happy  in  domestic 
life.  He  was  murdered  by  a  mob  at  Baltimore, 
his  brains  being  beaten  out  with  clubs,  July  28, 
1812,  aged  about  60.  The  following  is  a  brief 
history  of  the  event.  The  war  had  just  been 
declared  against  Great  Britain.  In  June,  Mr. 
Hanson  had  published  something  in  his  Federal 
Republican,  which  so  irritated  the  populace,  that 
they  destroyed  the  printing-office.  Mr.  H.,  re 
solving  to  issue  his  paper  anew,  took  possession 
of  a  house  on  Sunday,  July  26,  supported  by  a 
number  of  his  zealous  political  friends,  well 
armed.  The  next  morning  the  paper  was  issued, 


526 


LINING. 


LINN. 


containing  animadversions  on  the  police  and  peo 
ple  of  Baltimore ;  in  the  evening  the  house  was 
attacked,  but,  assisted  by  Gens.  Lingan  and  Lee 
and  about  twenty  others,  he  repelled  the  assault 
by  firing  upon  the  assailants,  killing  Dr.  Gale  and 
•wounding  others.  In  the  morning  of  the  28th, 
the  gentlemen  in  the  house  found  it  necessary 
for  their  security  to  surrender  to  the  civil  au 
thority,  and  were  conducted  to  jail.  In  the 
evening  of  the  same  day  a  bloodthirsty  mob 
forced  the  jail,  and  killed  Gen.  Lingan  and 
dreadfully  mangled  eleven  others.  A  few  es 
caped  in  the  crowd.  Eight  of  the  wounded 
were  thrown  together  in  front  of  the  jail,  sup 
posed  to  be  dead.  Of  this  number  were  Mr. 
Hanson  and  Gen.  Lee.  Dr.  Hall  preserved  them 
by  persuading  the  mob  to  intrust  the  supposed 
dead  bodies  to  his  care.  He  removed  them 
first  to  the  jail  room,  and  then  to  places  of  safety. 

LINING,  JOHN,  M.  D.,  an  eminent  physician 
and  philosopher  of  South  Carolina,  died  in  1760. 
He  was  born  in  Scotland  in  1708,  and  received  an 
excellent  education.  He  came  to  America  about 
the  year  1730.  He  corresponded  with  Dr. 
Franklin  on  the  subject  of  electricity,  and  was  the 
first  person  who  introduced  an  electrical  appa 
ratus  into  Charleston.  He  practised  physic  in 
Charleston  nearly  thirty  years,  and  was  reckoned 
one  of  its  most  skilful  physicians.  He  published 
a  series  of  judicious  statical  experiments,  which 
were  conducted  from  1738  to  1742.  In  1753  he 
published  a  history  of  the  yellow  fever,  which  was 
the  first  account  of  that  disease  that  was  given  to 
the  world  from  the  American  continent.  —  Mil 
ler,  II.  364. 

LINN,  WILLIAM,  D.  D.,  minister  in  New  York, 
died  at  Albany,  Jan.,  1808,  aged  55.  He  was 
born  in  1752,  and  was  graduated  at  the  college 
of  New  Jersey  in  1772.  He  was  at  first  connected 
with  the  Presbyterian  church  in  Pennsylvania. 
During  the  war  of  the  Revolution  he  was  chap 
lain  in  the  army.  A  few  years  after  the  peace  he 
attached  himself  to  the  Reformed  Dutch  church, 
and  settled  in  the  city  of  New  York.  He  was 
finally  constrained  to  resign  his  pastoral  charge 
by  indisposition,  though  his  friends  regarded  his 
complaints  as  imaginary.  Before  disease  broke 
down  his  strength,  he  was  distinguished  and  use 
ful.  His  eloquence  was  for  the  most  part  natural, 
impressive,  and  commanding,  though  at  times  he 
had  too  much  vehemence  in  his  manner.  He 
married  a  daughter  of  Rev.  John  Blair.  One  of 
his  daughters  married  Chas.  B.  Brown  ;  another, 
Simeon  De  Witt.  The  following  are  his  publica 
tions  :  a  military  discourse,  delivered  in  Carlisle, 
1776;  the  spiritual  death  and  life  of  the  believer, 
and  the  character  and  misery  of  the  wicked,  two 
sermons  in  American  preacher,  I. ;  a  sermon  on 
American  independence,  1791 ;  sermons  histori 
cal  and  characteristical,  12mo.,  1791  j  at  a  fast, 


1798;  a  funeral  eulogy  on  Washington,  1800. — 
Panoplist,  III.  431,  432;  Life  of  J.  P.  Linn,  1. 

LINN,  JOHN  BLAIR,  D.  D.,  a  poet,  and  minis 
ter  in  Philadelphia,  the  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  in  Shippensburgh,  Penn.,  March  14, 
1777.  He  early  evinced  a  strong  attachment  to 
books.  At  the  age  of  thirteen  he  returned  from 
a  seminary  inFlatbush  on  Long  Island,  where  he 
had  passed  two  or  three  years  in  the  full  enjoy 
ment  of  health,  and  delighted  with  the  beauties 
of  nature.  He  now  entered  Columbia  college, 
and  engaged  in  a  new  scene,  being  subject  to  new 
discipline  and  interested  by  new  associates. 
During  the  four  years  which  he  passed  in  the  col 
lege,  he  evinced  a  powerful  tendency  to  poetry 
and  criticism.  Admiring  the  great  works  of  the 
dramatic  writers,  it  was  natural  for  him,  when  un 
restrained  by  deep  seriousness,  and  in  a  city, 
where  there  is  an  established  theatre,  to  hasten 
where  he  might  behold  these  works  invested  with 
the  charms  of  life  and  action  on  the  stage.  But 
though  the  theatre  became  his  chief  passion,  he 
was  not  seduced  into  vicious  pleasures.  When 
his  academical  career  was  ended,  he  was  eighteen 
years  of  age,  and  his  choice  of  a  profession  fell 
upon  the  law.  He  was  placed  under  the  direc 
tion  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  who  was  the  friend 
of  his  father ;  but  he  did  not  apply  himself  with 
much  assiduity  to  his  new  pursuit.  He  regarded 
the  legal  science  every  day  with  new  indifference, 
and  at  the  close  of  the  first  year  relinquished  the 
profession  altogether.  Before  this  event  he  ven 
tured  to  produce  a  new  dramatic  composition, 
called  Bourville  Castle,  on  the  stage.  Its  success 
was  encouraging  ;  but  other  objects  now  claimed 
his  attention,  and  his  dramatic  career  was  entirely 
renounced.  His  passion  for  theatrical  amuse 
ments  yielded  to  affections  of  a  more  serious  and 
beneficial  nature,  and  those  religious  impressions, 
which  from  his  earliest  infancy  he  had  occasion 
ally  felt,  now  sunk  permanently  into  his  heart. 
He  was  ordained,  June  13,  1799,  as  the  colleague 
of  Rev.  Dr.  Ewing  of  Philadelphia.  The  two 
succeeding  years  of  his  life  were  passed  in  dili 
gent  and  successful  application  to  the  duties  of 
the  pastoral  office,  which  were  rendered  more  ar 
duous  by  the  increasing  infirmities  of  his  vener 
able  colleague.  In  the  summer  of  1802  his  con 
stitution  suffered  irreparable  mischief  from  a  fever. 
His  brain  afterwards  was  frequently  seized  with 
dizziness,  which  was  followed  by  a  heavy  depres 
sion  of  mind.  He  struggled  manfully  with  his 
infirmity,  but  his  strength  was  wasting,  and  he 
was  sinking  into  the  earth. 

The  gloom  which  hovered  over  his  mind  be 
came  deeper  and  more  settled.  He  could  look 
beyond  the  grave  Avithout  fear,  but  the  terrors  of 
death  were  almost  insupportable.  In  the  summer 
of  1804  he  was  induced  to  take  a  journey  to  the 
eastern  States.  The  images  of  melancholy,  the 


LINN. 


LITTLE. 


527 


gloom,  the  despondence,  the  terror,  which  he  had 
before  felt,  still,  however,  attended  him.  He  re 
turned  to  Philadelphia  in  July.  Aug.  30th,  he 
arose  with  less  indisposition  than  usual.  On  the 
evening  of  that  day  he  had  scarcely  laid  his  head 
upon  the  pillow,  when  he  said  to  his  wife  :  "  I  feel 
something  burst  within  me.  Call  the  family 
together ;  I  am  dying."  A  stream  of  blood  now 
choked  his  utterance.  But  after  a  short  interval 
he  recovered  strength  to  exclaim  with  fervency, 
clasping  his  hands  and  lifting  his  eyes,  "  Lord 
Jesus,  pardon  my  trangressions,  and  receive  my 
soul !  "  Such  was  the  termination  of  his  life,  Aug. 
30,  1804. 

He  prepared  for  the  press  and  published  soon 
after  he  left  college,  without  his  name,  2  volumes 
of  miscellanies  in  prose  and  verse,  12mo.  His 
poem  on  the  death  of  Washington  was  written  in 
imitation  of  the  manner  of  Ossian,  and  published 
in  1800;  and  his  powers  of  genius  in  1801  ;  a 
funeral  sermon  on  Dr.  Ewing,  1808 ;  his  two 
tracts  in  the  controversy  with  ])r.  Priestley,  1802. 
After  his  death  there  was  published  from  his  man 
uscripts,  Valerian,  a  narrative  poem,  intended  in 
part  to  describe  the  early  persecutions  of  Chris 
tians,  and  rapidly  to  illustrate  the  influence  of 
Christianity  on  the  manners  of  nations,  4to., 
1805.  Prefixed  to  this  is  a  sketch  of  Dr.  Linn's 
life  by  Mr.  Brown,  written  in  a  style  of  uncom 
mon  excellence.  —  His  Life  in  Valerian ;  Port 
folio,  new  series,  I.  21-29,  129-134,  195-203; 
Blair's  Funeral  Sermon. 

LINN,  JOHN,  died  at  Belvidere,  N.  J.,  in  1841, 
aged  108 ;  a  native  of  Maryland.  He  was  a  car 
penter,  and  assisted  in  building  a  log  court-house 
near  Washington  city. 

LINN,  LEWIS  F.,  died  at  St.  Genevieve,  Mo., 
in  1843,  aged  49.  He  was  a  physician,  and  a 
senator  of  the  United  States,  born  near  Louis 
ville,  Ky.  Mr.  Benton,  in  a  speech,  delineated 
his  character.  —  Williams'  Am.  Mcd.  l>iog. 

LINSLEY,  JAMES  II.,  died  in  Stratford,  Conn.-, 
Dec.  26,  1843.  He  was  a  native  of  Brandford, 
and  a  graduate  of  1817.  For  several  years  he 
was  a  Baptist  minister,  till  his  health  failed.  Di 
recting  his  attention  to  natural  history,  he  pub 
lished  various  communications  in  the  American 
Journal  of  Science ;  a  catalogue  of  mammalia  in 
vol.  XLIII.,  and  of  birds  in  vol.  XLIV. 

LIPPITT,  CHARLES,  died  at  Providence  Aug., 
1845,  aged  91;  an  officer  of  the  Revolution,  a 
good  citizen,  and  a  Christian. 

LISLE,  HENRY  M.,  a  native  of  the  West  Indies, 
died  at  Tortola  in  1814.  He  resided  at  Milton, 
Mass.,  and  practised  law.  He  published  an  ora 
tion  on  the  death  of  Washington,  1800  ;  Milton 
hill,  a  poem ;  a  masonic  address,  1805. 

LISPCOMB,  JAMES,  major,  died  in  Columbus, 
Miss.,  in  1850,  aged  55,  president  of  the  State 


senate.  He  was  esteemed  for  his  large  and  lib 
eral  mind. 

LITCHFIELD,  PAUL,  minister  of  Carlisle, 
Mass.,  died  in  1827,  aged  75.  Born  in  Scituate, 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1775,  and  was  or 
dained  in  1781.  He  published  a  sermon  to  mis 
sionary  society,  1805.  —  Spr ague's  Annals. 

LITCIIFIELD,  JOSEPH,  minister  in  Kittery, 
Me.,  died  in  1828,  aged  78.  Born  in  Scituate,  he 
graduated  at  Brown  university  in  1773,  and  was 
settled  in  the  second  church  in  1782. 

LITCIIFIELD,  FRANKLIN,  Dr.,  died  at  Puerto 
Cabello,  where  he  was  U.  S.  consul,  in  1844,  aged 
about  59.  He  was  the  son  of  Rev.  Paul  L.,  and 
a  descendant,  in  the  seventh  generation,  of  Law 
rence  L.,  who  removed  soon  after  1643  from 
Barnstable  to  Scituate.  He  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1810. 

LITTELL,  WILLIAM,  LL.  D.,  died  in  Frank 
fort,  Ivy.,  in  1824.  He  was  reporter  of  the  de 
cisions  of  the  court  of  appeals,  the  compiler  of 
Littell's  laws  of  Kentucky. 

LITTLE,  EPIIRAIM,  minister  of  Plymouth,  died 
Nov.  23,  1723,  aged  47.  Born  in  Scituate,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1695,  and  was  ordained 
the  successor  of  Mr.  Cotton,  Oct.  4,  1G99,  having 
first  preached  there  two  years.  He  was  succeeded 
by  Mr.  Leonard.  He  was  active  and  useful,  gen 
erous  and  charitable. 

LITTLE,  EPHRAIM,  minister  of  Colchester, 
Conn.,  died  in  1787,  aged  about  80.  A  descen 
dant  of  Thomas,  who  early  lived  in  Plymouth,  he 
was  the  son  of  David,  a  lawyer  of  Scituate,  Mass., 
and  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1728.  He  was  or 
dained  in  1732.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

LITTLE,  DANIEL,  minister  of  Kennebunk,  Me., 
died  in  1801,  aged  77.  Born  in  Newburyport,  he 
was  educated  under  Mr.  Scwall,  but  obtained  an 
honorary  degree  from  Cambridge  in  1766.  He 
was  for  half  a  century  pastor  of  the  second  church 
in  AVclls.  He  was  cheerful  and  sociable,  and  vis 
ited  his  people  from  house  to  house.  He  disliked 
controversy.  A  fifth  of  his  income  he  spent  in 
hospitality  and  charity.  He  sometimes  acted  as 
a  missionary  in  the  new  plantations.  N.  H. 
Fletcher  became  his  colleague  in  1800. 

LITTLE,  HARVEY  D.,  a  lawyer,  was  born  at 
Wethersfield,  Conn.,  in  1803.  For  several  years 
he  followed  the  business  of  a  printer  and  editor 
in  Ohio,  and  afterwards  entered  the  profession  of 
the  law.  He  died  at  Columbus  Aug.  22,  1833, 
aged  30.  He  edited  the  eclectic  and  medical 
botanist. 

LITTLE,  MOSES,  a  distinguished  physician  of 
Salem,  was  a  descendant  of  George  L.,  who  lived 
in  Newburyport  in  1640.  He  was  born  there  in 
1766,  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1787,  and 
died  at  Salem  Oct.  13,  1811,  aged  45.  He  and 
his  wife,  the  daughter  of  George  Williams,  and 


528 


LITTLE. 


LIVINGSTON. 


two  children,  were  the  victims  of  the  consumption. 
In  his  surgical  practice  he  once  successfully  punc 
tured  the  liver.  —  Thacher. 

LITTLE,  EZEKIEL,  died  in  Atkinson,  N.  H.,  in 
1840,  aged  77.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1784,  and  was  for  many  years  the  popular  teacher 
of  the  Eliot  school  in  Boston. 

LITTLE,  EDWARD,  died  in  Danville,  Me.,  Sept. 
21,  1849,  aged  76 ;  for  years  a  lawyer  of  New- 
buryport.  From  Portland  he  removed  to  D., 
where  he  throve  by  the  good  management  of  real 
estate,  derived  from  his  father.  He  endowed  an 
academy,  and  contributed  liberally  for  charitable 
and  religious  objects. 

LITTLEJOHN,  JOHN,  a  Methodist  minister, 
died  in  Louisville,  Ivy.,  in  1836,  aged  82. 

LLTTLEPAGE,  LEWIS,  an  adventurer,  died 
July  19,  1802,  aged  39.  He  was  born  at  South 
Wales,  Hanover  co.,  Va.,  Dec.  19,  1762,  and  lost 
his  father  when  he  was  young.  At  the  request 
of  his  uncle,  Benjamin  Lewis,  Mr.  Jay,  minister 
at  Madrid,  was  induced  to  patronize  him,  and  re 
ceived  him  into  his  family  in  Sept.,  1780,  and 
soon  advanced  for  him,  as  his  uncle  failed  to  make 
him  a  remittance,  about  1,000  dollars,  in  cash. 
He  volunteered  under  the  Duke  De  Crillon  in 
the  expedition  against  Minorca  in  1781,  and  af 
terwards  accompanied  the  Count  Nassau  to  the 
siege  of  Gibraltar,  and  thence  to  Constantinople 
and  Warsaw.  The  king  of  Poland  made  him  his 
confidential  secretary  in  1786,  and  sent  him  as 
his  agent  or  ambassador  to  Russia.  On  the  rev 
olution  in  Poland  he  returned  to  Virginia,  and 
died  at  Fredericksburg.  When  he  was  at  New 
York,  in  Nov.,  1785,  Mr.  Jay  arrested  him  for 
the  debt  of  1,000  dollars,  without  interest,  which 
•was  still  unpaid.  For  this  he  challenged  Mr. 
Jay.  The  correspondence  between  him  and  Mr. 
Jay  was  published  in  1786.  Mr.  Jay  had  reason 
to  complain,  not  only  of  the  pecuniary  imposition, 
but  also  of  other  abuse,  as  he  expresses  himself, 
from  the  young  man  "  with  my  money  in  his 
pocket  and  my  meat  still  sticking  in  his  teeth." 

LITTLE  TURTLE,  an  Indian  chief,  was  de 
feated  by  General  Wayne  in  1792,  on  the  Miami. 
The  confederated  Indians  were  Wyandots,  Miamis, 
Pottowattomies,  Delawares,  Shawanoes,  Chippe- 
was,  Ottoways,  and  some  Senecas.  He  lived 
many  years  afterwards,  and  was  esteemed  and 
respected  for  his  courage  and  humanity,  his  wis 
dom  and  consistency.  He  did  much  to  abolish 
the  horrible  custom  of  human  sacrifices.  His 
grave  is  near  fort  Wayne. 

LIVERMOltE,  SAMUEL,  LL.  D.,  chief  justice 
of  New  Hampshire,  died  in  May,  1803,  aged  71. 
He  was  probably  a  descendant  of  John  L.,  who 
lived  in  Watertown  in  1642  ;  and  was  born  in 
Waltham  about  1732.  He  graduated  at  Prince- 
toil  in  17-52,  was  judge-advocate  of  the  admiralty 
court  before  the  llevolution,  from  1782  to  1790 


was  a  judge  of  the  superior  court,  and  a  senator 
of  the  United  States  from  1793  to  1801.  He 
died  at  Holderness.  His  wife  was  the  daughter 
of  A.  Browne,  of  Portsmouth.  His  sons,  Edward 
St.  Loe  and  Arthur,  were  judges  of  the  same 
court.  —  Farmer. 

LIVERMORE,  ARTHUR,  judge,  died  in  Camp- 
ton,  N.  H.,  July  1,  1853,  aged  nearly  67,  being 
born  in  Londonderry  July  26,  1776.  From  1799 
to  1816  he  was  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of 
NCAV  Hampshire,  afterwards  a  member  of  con 
gress,  and  from  1825  to  1833  a  judge  of  the 
common  pleas.  He  was  a  son  of  Judge  Sam 
uel  L. 

LIVINGSTON,  ROBERT,  first  possessor  of  the 
manor  of  Livingston,  in  the  State  of  New  York, 
and  founder  of  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
families  in  this  country,  was  the  son  of  John  L., 
who  received  the  degree  of  A.  M.  at  Glasgow  in 
1621,  and  was  the  minister  of  Ancrum ;  but,  re 
fusing  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  in  1663,  was 
banished,  and  removed  to  Rotterdam,  where  he 
was  a  minister  of  the  Scot's  chapel,  and  died  Aug. 
9,  1672,  aged  69.  Robert  L.  was  born  at  An 
crum  in  1654,  and  came  to  this  country  with  his 
nephew  about  1672.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
council  in  1698.  His  wife  was  the  sister  of  Peter 
Schuyler,  and  the  widow  of  Nicholas  Van  Rens- 
selaer.  He  left  three  sons  :  Philip,  Robert,  and 
Gilbert.  A  Mr.  Livingston,  perhaps  Mr.  R.  L., 
who  was  many  years  speaker  of  the  assembly  of 
New  York,  died  at  Boston  Oct.  1,  1728. 

LIVINGSTON,  PETER  VAN  BRUGH,  a  native 
of  New  York,  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1731,  and  was  long  distinguished  as  a  judicious, 
well-informed,  and  public-spirited  man.  He  died 
at  an  advanced  age.  —  Miller,  II.  345. 

LIVINGSTON,  PHILIP,  a  patriot  of  the  Rev 
olution,  grandson  of  Robert  L.,  died  June  12, 
1778,  aged  nearly  62.  He  was  the  fourth  son  of 
Philip  L.,  who  inherited  the  manor  of  Livings 
ton.  He  was  born  at  Albany  Jan.  15,  1716,  and 
was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1737,  and  soon 
afterwards  settled  in  New  York,  where  he  en 
gaged  prosperously  in  commercial  pursuits.  In 
1754  he  was  elected  an  alderman;  the  population 
of  the  city  was  then  only  about  ten  thousand.  In 
1759  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  assembly, 
the  whole  colony  having  only  one  hundred  thou 
sand  inhabitants.  He  exerted  an  important  in 
fluence  in  promoting  measures  for  the  prosecution 
of  the  French  war,  and  also  for  advancing  the 
interests  of  agriculture  and  commerce.  In  1764, 
in  the  answer  to  a  speech  of  Lieutenant-Governor 
Coldcn,  which  he  wrote,  he  spoke  of  "  that  great 
badge  of  English  liberty,  of  being  taxed  only 
with  our  own  consent."  In  1770,  when  Edmund 
Burke  was  agent  of  the  colony  in  London,  Mr. 
Livingston,  as  chairman  of  the  committee  of  the 
legislature,  conducted  the  correspondence  Avith 


LIVINGSTON. 

him.  He  was  chosen  a  member  of  congress  in 
1774,  and  again  in  1776,  when  he  signed  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  and  also  in  1777. 
It  was  in  a  state  of  ill  health,  from  the  dropsy  in 
the  chest,  that  he  took  his  seat  in  congress  at 
York,  Penn.,  May  5,  1778.  He  had  visited  his 
friends  in  Albany,  and  bid  adieu  to  his  family  at 
Kingston,  whither  they  had  been  obliged  to  ilec 
from  the  city.  His  health  rapidly  declined. 
During  his  few  last  days  his  son,  Henry  Philip, 
then  a  member  of  Washington's  family,  was  with 
him.  His  wife  was  the  daughter  of  Col.  Dirck 
Ten  Broeck,  by  whom  he  had  several  children. 
He  firmly  believed  the  truths  of  Christianity,  and 
was  a  humble  follower  of  the  Saviour.  By  a  do 
nation  in  money  in  1746  he  laid  the  foundation  of 
the  professorship  of  divinity  at  Yale  college. — 
Goodrich' s  Lives. 

LIVINGSTON,  WILLIAM,  LL.D.,  governor  of 
New  Jersey,  brother  of  Philip  L.,  died  July  25, 
1790,  aged  67.  He  was  born  about  the  year 
1741.  He  afterwards  pursued  the  study  of  the 
law.  Possessing  from  the  gift  of  God  a  strong 
and  comprehensive  mind,  a  brilliant  imagination, 
and  a  retentive  memory,  and  improving  with  un- 
weared  diligence  the  literary  advantages  which  he 
enjoyed,  he  soon  rose  to  eminence  in  his  profes 
sion.  He  early  embraced  the  cause  of  civil  and 
religious  liberty.  When  Great  Britain  advanced 
her  arbitrary  claims,  he  employed  his  pen  in  op 
posing  them  and  in  vindicating  the  rights  of  his 
countrymen.  After  sustaining  some  important 
offices  in  New  York  he  removed  to  New  Jersey, 
and  as  a  representative  of  this  State  was  one  of 
the  principal  members  of  the  first  congress  in 
1774.  After  the  inhabitants  of  New  Jersey  had 
sent  their  governor,  William  Franklin,  under  a 
strong  guard  to  Connecticut,  and  had  formed  a 
new  constitution  in  July,  1776,  Mr.  Livingston 
was  elected  the  first  chief  magistrate,  and  such 
was  his  integrity  and  republican  virtue,  that  he 
was  annually  re-elected  till  his  death.  During 
the  war  he  bent  his  exertions  to  support  the  in 
dependence  of  his  country.  By  the  keenness 
and  severity  of  his  political  writings  he  exasper 
ated  the  British,  who  distinguished  him  as  an  ob 
ject  of  their  peculiar  hatred.  His  pen  had  no  in 
considerable  influence  in  exciting  that  indignation 
and  zeal  which  rendered  the  militia  of  New  Jer 
sey  so  remarkable  for  the  alacrity  with  which,  on 
any  alarm,  they  arrayed  themselves  against  the 
common  enemy.  He  was  in  1787  a  delegate  to 
the  grand  convention  which  formed  the  constitu 
tion  of  the  United  States.  After  having  sustained 
the  office  of  governor  for  fourteen  years,  with  great 
honor  to  himself  and  usefulness  to  the  State,  he 
died  at  his  seat  near  Elizabethtown.  He  was  suc 
ceeded  by  William  Patterson.  Judge  Brockholst 
L.  was  his  son.  Mr.  Jay  married  his  daughter. 
Governor  Livingston  was  from  his  youth  re- 
67 


LIVINGSTON. 


529 


markably  plain  and  simple  in  his  dress  and  man 
ners.  Always  the  enemy  of  parade,  he  never 
exhibited  himself  in  splendor.  He  was  convivial, 
easy,  mild,  witty,  and  fond  of  anecdote.  Fixed 
and  unshaken  in  Christian  principles,  his  life  pre 
sented  an  example  of  incorruptible  integrity,  strict 
honor,  and  warm  benevolence.  He  obeyed  the 
precepts  of  the  gospel,  and,  in  the  opinion  of  his 
Christian  friends,  was  sincerely  pious.  He  relied 
for  salvation  solely  upon  the  merits  of  Christ.  In 
his  political  principles  he  was  purely  republican, 
having  an  abhorrence  of  the  monarchical  form  of 
government.  He  was  en  excellent  classical 
scholar.  His  writings  evince  a  vigorous  mind  and 
a  refined  taste.  Intimately  acquainted  with  the 
celebrated  writers  of  his  day  and  of  the  preced 
ing  age,  he  acquired  an  elegance  of  style  which 
placed  him  among  the  first  of  modern  writers. 
He  was  unequalled  in  satire.  He  published  a 
poem,  called  philosophical  solitude ;  a  funeral  eu- 
logium  on  President  Burr,  1758,  which  is  consid 
ered  as  a  fine  specimen  of  eloquence ;  a  letter  to 
the  bishop  of  Landaff,  occasioned  by  some  pas 
sages  in  his  sermon,  1767  ;  and  a  number  of  mis 
cellaneous  tracts,  in  various  periodical  works. 
The  review  of  the  military  operations  of  1753- 
1756,  ascribed  to  him  and  W.  Smith  and  Scott, 
which  is  in  Massachusetts  historical  collections, 
vii.,  a  literary  gentleman  of  Philadelphia  has 
said  was  not  written  by  them.  His  son,  William 
Livingston,  issued  proposals,  a  few  years  ago,  for 
publishing  memoirs  of  his  life,  with  his  miscella 
neous  writings,  in  prose  and  verse  ;  but  the  work 
was  not  given  to  the  public.  —  Macwhorter's  Fu 
neral  Sermon;  Miller's  Retrospect,  II.  369. 

LIVINGSTON,  ROBERT  R.,  chancellor  of  the 
State  of  New  York,  died  Feb.  26,  1813,  aged 
66.  He  was  born  Nov.  27,  1746.  His  grand 
father,  Robert  L.,  was  the  second  son  of  the  first 
owner  of  Livingston's  manor,  and  died  at  Cler- 
mont  June  27,  1775,  aged  88 ;  his  father,  Robert 
Livingston,  was  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court, 
who  died  at  Clermont  Dec.  9,  1775,  aged  58 ;  his 
mother  was  Margaret  Beekman.  He  was  grad 
uated  at  King's  college,  New  York,  in  1765. 
Having  studied  law  with  Wm.  Smith,  he  was  ap 
pointed  by  Gov.  Tryon  recorder  of  the  city ;  an 
office  which  he  resigned  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Revolution.  In  April,  1775,  he  was  elected  from 
Duchess  county  to  the  assembly.  In  1776  he 
was  a  member  of  congress,  and  was  placed  on  the 
committee  with  Jefferson,  Adams,  Franklin,  and 
Sherman,  for  drawing  up  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  and  on  other  important  commit 
tees.  In  Aug.,  1781,  he  was  appointed  secretary 
for  foreign  affairs ;  and  he  commenced  his  duties 
Oct.  20th.  The  foreign  concerns  of  congress  had 
been  previously  conducted  by  the  committee  of 
secret  correspondence.  He  was  diligent,  prompt, 
and  energetic.  Domestic  affairs  were  also  in 


530 


LIVINGSTON. 


part  intrusted  to  him.  His  valuable  correspon 
dence  is  published  in  the  diplomatic  correspon 
dence,  edited  by  Jared  Sparks.  On  his  resigna 
tion  in  1783  he  received  the  thanks  of  congress, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Jay.  Under  the  new 
constitution  of  New  York,  which  he  assisted  in 
forming  as  chairman  of  the  committee,  he  was 
appointed  chancellor,  and  continued  in  that  place 
till  1801.  In  1788  he  was  chairman  of  the  State 
convention  which  adopted  the  federal  constitution, 
uniting  his  efforts  at  that  time  with  those  of  Jay 
and  Hamilton.  In  1794,  on  his  declining  the 
place  of  minister  to  France,  which  Washington  of 
fered  him,  it  was  given  to  Mr.  Monroe.  But  in  180 1 
he  was  induced  to  proceed  as  minister  plenipo 
tentiary  to  Paris,  appointed  by  Mr.  Jefferson.  By 
the  first  consul  he  was  received  with  respect,  and, 
after  his  mission  had  closed,  Napoleon  presented 
him  with  a  splendid  snuff-box,  with  a  miniature  of 
himself  by  Isabey.  Assisted  by  Mr.  Monroe,  he 
made  the  very  important  purchase  of  Louisiana, 
for  15,000,000  of  dollars.  In  Paris  he  formed  an 
intimacy  with  Robert  Fulton,  whom  he  assisted 
by  his  counsels  and  money.  After  his  resigna 
tion  and  the  arrival  of  Gen.  Armstrong,  his  suc 
cessor,  he  travelled  in  Italy,  Switzerland,  and  Ger 
many,  returning  to  his  seat,  called  Clermont,  on 
the  Hudson,  in  June,  1805.  He  rebuilt  a  ven 
erable  old  mansion,  his  summer  residence,  on 
an  ample  patrimonial  estate,  called  the  upper 
Livingston's  manor,  and  devoted  the  rest  of  his 
days  to  the  promotion  of  improvements  in  agri 
culture  and  the  arts.  He  caused  the  introduction 
of  steam  navigation  in  this  country.  He  intro 
duced  the  merino  sheep  in  New  York,  and  the  use 
of  gypsum  ;  of  an  agricultural  society,  and  of  the 
academy  of  fine  arts,  he  was  a  president.  He 
died  suddenly  at  Clermont.  His  widow,  Maria, 
died  at  Washington  in  March,  1814.  He  pub 
lished  an  oration  before  the  Cincinnati,  1787 ;  an 
address  to  the  society  for  promoting  the  arts, 
1808;  essays  on  agriculture;  a  work  on  the 
merino  sheep. 

LIVINGSTON,  JOHN  II.,  D.D.,  president  of 
Queen's  college,  New  Jersey,  died  Jan.  29,  1825, 
aged  78.  He  was  born  at  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y., 
in  1746,  and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1762. 
In  May,  1776,  he  went  to  Holland  to  prosecute 
his  theological  studies  in  the  university  of  Utrecht, 
where  he  resided  about  four  years,  obtaining  the 
degree  of  doctor  in  theology  in  1770,  in  which 
year  he  returned  to  this  country  and  became  the 
pastor  of  the  Dutch  Reformed  church  in  the  city 
of  New  York.  At  this  period  the  Dutch  churches 
in  this  country  were  divided  into  the  Conferentie 
and  the  Coetus  parties ;  by  the  efforts  of  Dr.  Liv 
ingston  a  happy  union  was  effected  in  1772,  and 
the  Dutch  churches  became  independent  of  the 
classis  of  Amsterdam.  For  this  independence  he 
had  negotiated  while  in  Holland.  In  1784  he 


LIVINGSTON. 

was  appointed  theological  professor  in  the  Dutch 
church.  The  duties  of  minister  and  professor  he 
performed  till  1810,  when,  on  the  removal  of  the 
theological  school  to  Queen's  college,  New 
Brunswick,  he  was  appointed  the  president  of  the 
college,  in  which  place  he  remained  till  his  death. 
His  father  was  Henry,  his  grandfather  was  Gil 
bert  L.,  son  of  Robert.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of 
P.  Livingston;  one  of  her  sisters  married  S.  Van 
Rensselaer  ;  another  was  the  mother  of  Mrs.  D. 
Clinton.  He  was  eminently  learned,  pious,  and 
useful.  lie  published  two  sermons  on  growth  in 
grace  in  American  preacher,  vol.  I.;  sanctuary 
blessings,  vol.  III.;  before  New  York  missionary 
society,  1799 ;  address  at  the  commencement  at 
Queen's  college,  1810. —  Observer,  March  20, 
1851. 

LIVINGSTON,  BROCKHOLST,  LL.  D.,  judge 
of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States,  died 
March  18,  1823,  aged  65.  He  was  the  son  of 
Gov.  William  L.  of  New  Jersey,  and  was  born  in 
New  York  Nov.  25,  1757.  He  was  graduated 
at  Princeton  college  in  1774 ;  and  in  1776 
entered  the  family  of  Gen.  Schuyler,  commander 
of  the  northern  army,  and  was  afterwards  at 
tached  to  the  suite  of  Arnold,  at  the  time  of  the 
capture  of  Burgoyne.  In  1779,  when  Mr.  Jay, 
who  had  married  his  sister,  repaired  to  the  court 
of  Spain,  he  accompanied  him  as  his  private  sec 
retary.  After  an  absence  of  three  years  Col. 
Livingston  returned  and  studied  law.  He  was  ad 
mitted  to  the  bar  in  April,  1783 ;  was  appointed 
judge  of  the  State  supreme  court  Jan.  8,  1802  ; 
and  in  Nov.,  1806,  was  appointed,  in  the  place  of 
Mr.  Patterson,  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the 
United  States.  He  died  at  Washington  during  a 
session  of  the  court.  His  daughter,  Louisa  C., 
died  Feb.,  1807,  aged  16.  It  is  said  that,  having 
killed  a  man  in  a  duel  in  early  life,  the  recollec 
tion  of  the  deed  imbittered  the  remainder  of  his 
days.  His  mind  was  acute  and  powerful,  and  he 
was  distinguished  as  a  scholar  and  jurist. 

LIVINGSTON,  HENRY,  general,  a  soldier  of 
the  Revolution,  was  born  at  Livingston  manor 
Jan.  19,  1752.  He  joined  his  country  in  the 
struggle  for  liberty ,  accompanying  a  detachment 
of  militia  from  his  native  county,  he  acted  as 
lieutenant-colonel  at  the  capture  of  Burgoyne. 
He  died  at  his  residence  in  the  manor  of  Livings 
ton,  May  26,  1823,  aged  71,  and  his  remains  were 
placed  in  the  family  vault.  The  poor  and  indus 
trious  experienced  his  benevolence  and  liberality. 
He  was  a  friend  to  the  people,  aiming  always  to 
secure  their  liberties  and  rights.  His  princely 
estate  was  inherited  by  Henry  L.,  who  married 
the  eldest  daughter  of  Judge  W.  W.  Van  Ness, 
and  died  at  Claverack  Nov.  14,  1828. 

LIVINGSTON,  HENRY  WALTER,  judge,  a 
member  of  congress  from  1803  to  1807,  was 
born  in  1764 ;  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 


LIVINGSTON. 


LLOYD. 


531 


1786;  was  secretary  in  1792  to  Mr.  Morris,  am 
bassador  to  France;  and  died  at  Livingston's 
manor,  in  Linlithgow,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  22,  1810,  aged 
42.  lie  was  educated  to  the  law,  and  possessed 
good  talents.  Of  the  court  of  common  pleas  for 
Columbia  county  he  was  the  judge.  In  his  man 
ners  he  was  pleasing,  and  in  his  habits  of  life  cor 
rect  and  honorable. 

LIVINGSTON,  JAMES,  colonel,  died  in  Sara 
toga  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  1832,  aged  about  So,  a  soldier 
of  the  Revolution. 

LIVINGSTON,  GILBERT  R.,  D.  D.,  pastor  of 
a  Dutch  church  in  Philadelphia,  died  March  9, 
1834,  aged  48.  His  son,  II.  G.  Livingston,  who 
graduated  at  Williams'  in  1840,  was  the  minister 
of  Carmel  and  the  successor  of  Dr.  Bethune  in 
Philadelphia;  and  died  Jan.  27,  1855,  aged 
nearly  34.  —  Observer,  Feb.  15. 

LIVINGSTON,  EDWARD,  an  eminent  jurist, 
died  at  Rhinebeck  May  23,  1836,  aged  71.  He 
was  descended  from  a  Scottish  family,  and  born 
in  1764,  at  Clermont,  Livingston's  manor,  N.  Y. 
He  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1781.  Admit 
ted  to  the  bar  in  1785,  he  pursued  his  profession 
till  1795,  when  he  became  a  member  of  congress 
from  the  city  of  New  York,  and  continued  till 
1802,  when  he  was  appointed  attorney  of  the 
United  States  for  the  district  of  New  York.  He 
was  also  mayor  of  the  city.  Removing  to  New 
Orleans  in  1804,  he  there  was  eminent  as  a  law 
yer.  At  the  invasion  of  Louisiana  he  acted  as 
the  aid  of  Gen.  Jackson.  In  1823  he  was  again 
a  member  of  congress  ;  in  1829  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Senate;  in  1831  he  was  appointed 
secretary  of  State,  and  in  1833  minister  to 
France.  His  death  was  sudden,  said  to  be  caused 
by  drinking  cold  water,  when  heated.  He  was 
employed  with  others  by  the  legislature  of  Louis 
iana  to  prepare  a  system  of  jurisprudence  and 
also  of  municipal  law,  and  performed  this  service 
with  great  industry  and  deep  research.  His 
Penal  Code,  his  own  unaided  work,  is  a  monu 
ment  of  his  profound  learning  and  of  his  desire 
to  promote  the  welfare  of  mankind. 

LIVINGSTON,  EDWARD,  died  at  Albany  in 
1840,  formerly  speaker  of  N.  Y.  assembly,  and 
district  attorney. 

LIVINGSTON,  EDWARD  P.,  died  at  his  seat  at 
Clermont,  N.  Y.,  in  1843,  aged  63.  He  was 
many  years  a  member  of  the  State  senate;  in 
1830  he  was  lieutenant-governor. 

LIVINGSTON,  PETEK  R.,  died  at  Rhinebeck, 
N.  Y.,in  1847,  aged  81.  He  had  been  a  member 
of  the  State  senate  and  of  congress. 

LIVINGSTON,  JOHN  R.,  died  at  Red  Hook 
Sept.  27,  1851,  aged  98,  a  brother  of  Robert 
R.  L.  His  father  was  Robert;  so  also  his  grand 
father;  and  next  the  first  Robert  L.  He  had 
lived  fifteen  years  at  Red  Hook,  one  mile  below 
the  chancellor's  house.  He  had  been  previously 


a  merchant  in  New  York ;  lu's  house  was  sup 
planted  by  the  Broadway  house. 

LLOYD,  JAMES,  M.  D.,  died  at  Boston  in 
March,  1810,  aged  82.  He  was  the  grandson  of 
James  L.,  who  came  from  Somersetshire  in  1670, 
and,  after  residing  a  short  time  at  Shelter  Island, 
where  he  married  a  lady,  settled  at  Boston,  where 
he  died  in  July,  1693.  His  father  was  Henry  L., 
who  inherited  an  estate,  purchased  by  his  father, 
in  Queens  county,  Long  Island ;  his  mother  was 
the  daughter  of  John  Nelson  of  Boston,  a  "  Rev- 
olutioner,"  or  one  of  those,  who  put  down  the 
tyranny  of  Andros  in  1689.  Dr.  L.  was  born  at 
Long  Island  in  April,  1728.  He  was  educated  at 
Stratford,  where  he  formed  a  friendship  with 
"Wm.  Samuel  Johnson,  which  lasted  through  life. 
Having  studied  medicine  for  a  time  in  Boston,  he 
proceeded  to  England,  where  he  attended  the 
London  hospitals  two  years.  In  1752  he  returned 
to  Boston  and  soon  obtained  extensive  practice. 
He  introduced  improvements  in  surgery,  such  as 
ligatures  for  cautery,  and  amputation  by  double 
incision.  Among  his  numerous  pupils  were  Gen. 
Warren,  Rand,  Jeffries,  and  Clark.  During  the 
occupation  of  Boston  by  the  British,  he  remained 
in  the  town.  He  thought  the  Revolutionary 
movements  were  premature.  Yet  he  was  devoted 
to  his  profession,  and  not  a  zealous  politician. 
The  dispersion  of  his  connections  and  the  loss  of 
his  two  sons  threw  a  heavy  cloud  upon  his  mind 
for  several  years,  and  taught  him  the  lesson, 
which  comes  to  all,  that  the  earth  is  not  the 
abode  of  happiness.  In  the  war  the  enemy 
stripped  of  its  timber  an  estate  of  six  or  seven 
hundred  acres,  inherited  from  his  father,  at 
Queen's  Village  or  Lloyd's  Neck,  on  Long  Island, 
about  forty  miles  from  New  York,  bordering  on 
the  sound.  In  1789  he  went  to  England  to  seek 
compensation,  but  without  success,  as  he  would 
not  consent  to  become  a  British  subject,  nor  even 
express  an  intention  of  becoming  such.  His  fine 
health,  which  continued  to  old  age,  was  first  inter 
rupted  by  a  fall  from  his  horse.  He  left  two 
children ;  James  L.,  and  Sarah,  relict  of  Leon 
ard  Vassal  Borland.  For  nearly  sixty  years  he 
was  in  extensive  practice.  He  was  educated  in 
the  Episcopal  form  and  was  a  worshipper  at  Trin 
ity  church.  His  house  was  the  seat  of  hospital 
ity.  Multitudes  of  the  poor  experienced  his 
kindness.  lie  had  no  avarice  of  money.  His 
professional  services  to  them  were  without  charge, 
and  he  was  also  frequently  the  almoner  to  their 
necessities.  In  his  last  will  he  directed  the  can- 
celment  of  the  debts  due  from  those  who  could 
ill  afford  to  pay  them.  —  Thatcher's  Med.  Biog., 
359-376. 

LLOYD,  EDWARD,  governor  of  Maryland,  died 
at  Annapolis  June  2,  1834,  aged  55.  He  was  a 
senator  of  the  United  States,  and  respected  in 
public  and  private  life. 


532 


LLOYD. 


LOGAN. 


LLOYD,  JAMES,  a  senator  of  the  United  States, 
the  son  of  the  preceding,  died  at  New  York  in 
1831,  aged  62.  He  was  born  in  Boston  in  1769, 
and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1787.  He 
afterwards,  in  order  to  acquire  a  knowledge  of 
commercial  pursuits,  entered  the  counting-house 
of  Thomas  Hussell.  About  the  year  1792  he 
visited  Europe  and  resided  for  some  time  in  Rus 
sia.  In  1808  he  was  elected  senator,  and  in  a 
period  of  great  political  excitement  and  national 
difficulty  was  a  distinguished  member  of  con 
gress.  He  opposed  the  war  of  1812.  He  was 
re-elected  senator  in  1822,  and  during  a  service 
of  five  years  was  incessant  in  his  efforts  to  pro 
mote  the  public  interest.  He  was  the  chairman 
of  two  important  committees,  of  commerce  and 
naval  affairs.  The  result  of  his  investigations 
appeared  in  several  pamphlets.  He  married,  in 
1809,  the  daughter  of  Samuel  Breck  of  Philadel 
phia.  He  published  remarks  on  the  report  of 
the  committee  of  commerce  of  March,  1826,  on 
the  British  colonial  intercourse. 

LOBDELL,  HENKY,  M.  D.,  missionary  at 
Mosul,  died  March  25,  1855.  He  graduated  at 
Amherst  in  1849.  His  wife,  Lucy  C.  L.,  survived 
him.  They  sailed  from  Boston  in  Nov.,  1851. 
His  great  fitness  for  his  work  and  his  faithfulness 
make  his  early  removal  from  his  field  of  labor  a 
deep  mystery. 

LOCKE,  Mrs.,  wife  of  Edwin  Locke,  mission 
ary  to  the  Sandwich  Islands,  died  at  Waialua, 
Oahu,  Oct.  20,  1842.  She  was  the  daughter  of 
Rev.  Joseph  Rowell,  of  Cornish,  N.  H.,  and 
sailed  from  Boston  in  1836.  Her  brother, 
George  B.  R.,  joined  the  mission  only  a  fortnight 
before  her  death.  Her  end  was  peaceful. 

LOCKE,  EDWIN,  missionary  to  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  died  Oct.  28,  1843.  He  was  born  at 
Fitzwilham,  N.  H.,  in  1813,  and  arrived  at  Waia 
lua  in  1837.  He  had  taught  a  manual  labor 
school  with  great  skill  and  success.  His  mission 
ary  brethren  held  him  in  high  esteem.  By  his 
death  his  three  daughters  were  left  without  father 
or  mother. 

LOCKE,  JOSEPH,  judge,  died  in  Lowell,  Nov. 
10,  1853,  aged  81.  Born  in  Fitzwilliam,  N.  H., 
he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1797,  studied  law 
with  Mr.  Bigelow,  settled  at  Billerica,  and  re 
moved  to  Lowell  in  1833.  He  was  judge  of  the 
court  of  police  13  years.  He  had  also  been  a 
member  of  the  convention  to  revise  the  constitu 
tion  in  1820,  and  a  representative  and  councillor. 

LOCKE,  JOHN,  a  lawyer,  brother  of  Judge  L., 
died  in  Boston  March  29,  1855,aged91.  Hegrad- 
uated  in  1792,  and  settled  in  Ashby.  In  1820  he 
was  a  member  of  the  convention  for  revising  the 
constitution ;  from  1823  to  1829,  a  member  of 
congress.  He  removed  to  Lowell  in  1837,  and 
thence  to  Boston  in  the  family  of  his  son,  John 
G.  Locke, 


LOCKE,  JOHN,  professor,  died  at  Cincinnati 
July  8,  1856,  aged  64.  Born  at  Fryeburg,  Me., 
his  education  was  at  Bethel  academy,  and  he 
early  distinguished  himself  by  mechanical  and 
scientific  attainments.  He  received  a  medical 
degree  at  Yale,  and  was  then  a  surgeon  in  the 
navy.  For  thirty  years  he  had  lived  in  the  west. 
In  1836  he  was  chosen  professor  of  chemistry  in 
Cincinnati.  He  was  an  accurate  geologist,  and 
skilled  in  every  department  of  natural  history. 
His  "  magnetical  researches  "  extended  widely : 
the  country  was  also  indebted  to  him  for  his 
"  magneto-astronomical  clock." 

LOCKWOOD,  JAMES,  minister  of  Wethersfield, 
Conn.,  died  July  20,  1772,  aged  57.  The  son  of 
James  and  Lydia  L.,  he  was  born  in  Norwalk  in 
1714,  and  graduated  at  Yale  in  1735;  and  was 
ordained  in  1739,  as  successor  of  S.  Mix.  He 
favored  Mr.  Whitefield  when  he  soon  after  visited 
the  New  England  churches.  He  declined  the 
presidency  of  Princeton  and  Yale  colleges,  to 
both  of  which  he  was  invited,  for  he  was  strongly 
attached  to  his  people.  He  was  a  scholar,  and 
theologian,  and  a  good  preacher,  a  man  of  pru 
dence,  benevolence,  and  faithfulness.  His  wife 
was  Mary,  daughter  of  Rev.  Moses  Dickinson  of 
Norwalk.  Dr.  Marsh  succeeded  him.  He  pub 
lished  the  election  sermon,  1754,  also  in  1763; 
on  the  death  of  Col.  Williams,  1755 ;  of  A.  Wood- 
bridge,  1758;  at  ordination  of  E.  May,  1756; 
thanksgiving  for  peace,  1763. — Spr ague's  Annals. 

LOCKWOOD,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  minister  of  An- 
dover,  Conn.,  the  brother  of  Rev.  James  L.,  died 
in  1791,  aged  69.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1745,  and  was  ordained  in  1749.  He 
contributed,  in  the  year  1787,  100  pounds  toward 
completing  the  philosophical  apparatus  in  Yale 
college.  His  death  occurred  at  New  Lebanon, 
whither  he  went  for  his  health ;  but  he  was 
buried  at  A.  He  was  highly  respected  and  had 
great  influence.  No  religious  society  was  more 
prosperous  than  his.  He  published  the  election 
sermon,  1774. — Holmes'  Life  of  Stiles,  390, 
397  ;  Sprague's  Annals. 

LOCKWOOD,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Glasten- 
bury,  Conn.,  died  June  23,  1828,  aged  75.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1774,  and  was  a  tutor. 

LOCKWOOD,  JESSE,  missionary  among  the 
Arkansas  Cherokees,  died  at  Dwight  July  11, 
1834,  aged  31.  A  native  of  North  Salem,  N.  Y., 
he  graduated  at  Williams  college  in  1830.  His 
labors  at  Dwight  were  only  for  a  few  months. 
His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Rev.  M.  Sawyer  of 
Gloucester.  His  character  is  described  in  the 
Missionary  Herald  for  1834. 

LOGAN,  JAMES,  distinguished  for  his  learning, 
died  Oct.  31,  1751,  aged  about  77.  He  was 
descended  from  a  family  formerly  of  Scotland, 
and  was  born  at  Lurgan  in  Ireland  in  1674.  Pos 
sessing  a  good  genius  and  being  favored  with  a 


LOGAN. 


LOGAN. 


533 


suitable  education,  he  made  considerable  profi 
ciency  in  the  sciences  and  in  various  branches  of 
polite  literature.  As  he  was  educated  in  the  sen 
timents  of  the  Quakers,  and  was  acquainted  with 
AVilliam  Penn,  he  was  induced  to  accompany  that 
gentleman  to  Pennsylvania  in  1G99,  in  his  last 
voyage.  Under  his  patronage  he  was  much  em 
ployed  in  public  affairs.  By  his  commission  he 
was,  in  1701,  appointed  secretary  of  the  province 
and  clerk  of  the  council.  He  afterwards  held  the 
offices  of  commissioner  of  property,  chief  justice, 
and  president  of  the  council.  He  attached  him 
self  rather  to  the  interest  of  the  proprietary  and 
his  governor  than  to  that  of  the  assembly,  and 
was  in  consequence  in  the  earlier  periods  of  his 
life  very  unpopular ;  but  he  soon  gave  general 
satisfaction  in  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  his 
several  offices.  Upon  the  death  of  Governor  Gor 
don  in  Oct.,  1736,  the  government  of  course  de 
volved  upon  him,  as  president  of  the  council ;  and 
during  his  administration  of  two  years  the  utmost 
harmony  prevailed  throughout  the  province.  Sev 
eral  years  previously  to  his  death  he  retired  from 
public  affairs  and  spent  the  latter  part  of  his  life 
principally  at  Stanton,  his  country  seat,  near  Ger- 
mantown,  where  he  enjoyed  among  his  books 
that  leisure  which  he  much  relished,  and  was 
much  employed  in  corresponding  with  learned 
men  in  different  parts  of  Europe.  He  was  well 
versed  in  both  ancient  and  modern  learning  ;  he 
had  made  considerable  proficiency  in  oriental  lit 
erature  ;  he  was  master  of  the  Greek,  Latin, 
French,  and  German  languages  ;  and  he  was  well 
acquainted  with  mathematics,  natural  and  moral 
philosophy,  and  natural  history.  In  his  religious 
sentiments  he  was  a  Quaker.  He  had  collected 
with  great  care  a  library  of  more  than  three 
thousand  volumes,  which  at  that  time  was  by  far 
the  largest  in  Pennsylvania,  and  particularly  rich 
in  works  in  the  Latin  and  Greek  languages,  and 
in  the  most  curious,  rare,  and  excellent  scientific 
publications.  This  valuable  collection  of  books, 
usually  called  the  Loganian  library,  was  be 
queathed  by  its  possessor  to  the  citizens  of  Phila 
delphia,  and  has  since  been  deposited  in  one  of 
the  apartments  belonging  to  the  library  company 
of  that  city. 

Mr.  Logan  published  in  the  philosophical  trans 
actions,  for  1735,  an  account  of  his  experiments 
on  maize.  The  work  was  afterwards  published  in 
Latin,  entitled,  cxperimenta  et  meletemata  de 
plantarum  generatione,  etc.,  Leyden,  1739;  and 
in  London  by  Dr.  Fothergill  with  an  English  ver 
sion  on  the  opposite  page,  1747.  He  also  pub 
lished  canonum  pro  inveniendis  refractionum,  turn 
simplicium.tum  in  lentibus  duplicium  focis,  demon- 
strationes  geometrica?,  etc.,  Leyden,  1739;  and 
a  translation  of  Cicero's  treatise  de  senectute, 
1741.  This  was  the  first  translation  of  a  classi 


cal  author  made  in  America.  —  Fraud's  Hist. 
Pennsylvania,!.  448,479;  Miller's  Eetr.  I.,  134; 
II.  340. 

LOGAN,  MARTHA,  a  great  florist,  was  the 
daughter  of  llobert  Daniel  of  South  Carolina. 
In  her  fifteenth  year  she  married  Geo.  Logan, 
son  of  Col.  Geo.  L.,  and  died  in  1779,  aged  77. 
At  the  age  of  70  she  wrote  a  treatise  on  garden 
ing. 

LOGAN,  an  eloquent  chief,  was  the  second  son 
of  Shikellemus,  a  celebrated  chief  of  the  Cayuga 
nation,  whose  residence  was  at  Shamokin.  Logan 
was  the  friend  of  the  white  people,  he  admired 
their  ingenuity,  and  wished  to  be  a  neighbor  to 
them.  In  April  or  May,  1774,  when  Logan's 
residence  was  on  the  Ohio,  his  family  was  mur 
dered  by  a  party  of  whites  under  the  command 
of  Capt.  Michael  Cresap.  The  occasion  of  this 
outrage  was  a  report,  that  the  Indians  had  killed 
a  number  of  white  persons,  who  were  looking 
out  for  new  settlements.  A  Avar  immediately 
commenced,  and  during  the  summer  great  num 
bers  of  innocent  men,  women,  and  children  fell 
victims  to  the  tomahawk  and  scalping-knife  of 
the  Indians.  In  the  autumn  of  the  same  year  a 
decisive  battle  was  fought  at  the  mouth  of  the 
great  Kanawha,  between  the  collected  forces  of 
the  Shawanese,  Mingoes,  and  Delawares,  and  a 
detachment  of  the  Virginia  militia.  The  Indians 
were  defeated,  and  sued  for  peace.  Logan,  how 
ever,  disdained  to  be  seen  among  the  suppliants. 
But,  lest  the  sincerity  of  a  treaty  from  which  so 
distinguished  a  chief  absented  himself,  should  be 
mistrusted,  he  sent  by  a  messenger  the  following 
speech,  to  be  delivered  to  Lord  Dunmore,  gov 
ernor  of  Virginia :  "  I  appeal  to  any  white  man 
to  say,  if  ever  he  entered  Logan's  cabin  hungrv, 
and  he  gave  him  not  meat ;  if  ever  he  came  cold 
and  naked,  and  he  clothed  him  not.  During  the 
course  of  the  last  long  and  bloody  war,  Logan 
remained  idle  in  his  cabin,  an  advocate  for  peace. 
Such  was  my  love  for  the  whites,  that  my  coun 
trymen  pointed  as  they  passed,  and  said,  Logan 
is  the  friend  of  white  men.  I  had  even  thought 
to  have  lived  with  you,  but  for  the  injuries  of  one 
man.  Colonel  Cresap,  the  last  spring,  in  cold 
blood  and  unprovoked,  murdered  all  the  rela 
tions  of  Logan,  not  even  sparing  my  women  and 
children.  There  runs  not  a  drop  of  my  blood  in 
the  veins  of  any  living  creature.  This  called  on 
me  for  revenge.  I  have  sought  it ;  I  have  killed 
many ;  I  have  fully  glutted  my  vengeance.  For 
my  country  I  rejoice  at  the  beams  of  peace. 
But  do  not  harbor  a  thought  that  mine  is  the 
joy  of  fear.  Logan  never  felt  fear.  He  will 
not  turn  on  his  heel  to  save  lus  life.  AVho  is 
there  to  mourn  for  Logan  ?  Not  one." 

After  this  peace  Logan  sunk  into  a  deep  mel 
ancholy,  and  declared  that  life  was  a  torment  to 


534 


LOGAN. 


LOOMIS. 


him.  He  became  in  some  measure  delirious. 
He  went  to  Detroit,  where  he  yielded  himself  to 
the  habit  of  intoxication.  On  his  return,  between 
that  place  and  Miami,  he  was  murdered.  In 
October,  1781,  Mr.  Heckewelder  was  shown  the 
spot,  by  some  Indians,  where  this  event  was  said 
to  have  occurred.  —  Jefferson's  Notes  on  Vir 
ginia,  query  vi.,  and  appendix. 

LOGAN,  BENJAMIN,  died  in  Shelby  county, 
Ky.,  Dec.  11,  1802,  at  an  advanced  age.  He  took 
an  active  part  in  favor  of  his  country  in  1776. 
An  early  adventurer  to  Kentucky,  he  was  one  of 
her  most  able  defenders  against  the  savages. 
The  fate  of  the  western  country  seemed  to  Irang 
upon  him.  He  was  upright,  sincere,  honorable, 
of  unbounded  hospitality. 

LOGAN,  GEORGE,  M.  D.,  a  senator  of  the 
United  States,  the  grandson  of  James  Logan, 
died  at  Stanton  April  9,  1821,  aged  66.  He  was 
the  son  of  William  L.,  and  was  born  at  Stanton, 
near  Philadelphia,  Sept.  9,  1753.  After  being 
three  years  at  the  medical  school  of  Edinburgh, 
he  travelled  on  the  continent,  and  returned  to 
this  country  in  1779.  After  applying  himself  for 
some  years  to  agriculture,  and  serving  in  the  legis 
lature,  he  was  induced  in  June,  1798,  to  embark 
for  Europe,  with  the  sole  purpose  of  preventing  a 
war  between  America  and  France.  He  made  his 
way  from  Hamburg  to  Paris ;  and  there  was  in 
troduced  to  Merlin,  the  chief  director.  At  this 
period  Mr.  Gerry,  the  American  minister,  had  de 
parted,  an  embargo  had  been  laid  on  our  ship 
ping,  and  many  seamen  had  been  imprisoned. 
Dr.  L.  persuaded  the  French  government  to  raise 
the  embargo,  and  prepared  the  way  for  a  nego 
tiation,  which  terminated  in  peace.  He  was  in 
deed  reproached,  and  accused  of  being  sent  by 
a  faction ;  but  on  his  return  he  vindicated  himself 
in  a  letter  of  Jan.  12,  1796.  He  was  a  senator 
in  the  seventh  and  eighth  congresses  from  1801 
to  1807.  He  went  to  England  in  Feb.,  1810,  on 
the  same  peaceful  mission,  which  led  him  to 
France,  but  not  with  the  same  success.  Mr.  Du- 
ponceau  said  of  him :  "  And  art  thou  too  gone, 
Logan  ?  friend  of  man !  friend  of  peace !  friend 
of  science !  Thou,  whose  persuasive  accents  could 
still  the  angry  passions  of  the  rulers  of  men,  and 
dispose  their  minds  to  listen  to  the  voice  of  reason 
and  justice?  "  He  was  an  active  member  of  the 
board  of  agriculture,  and  of  the  philosophical 
society.  He  published  experiments  on  gypsum, 
and  on  the  rotation  of  crops,  1797. 

LOGAN,  DEBORAH,  widow  of  Dr.  George  L., 
died  at  Stenton,  Pa.,  in  1839.  She  was  skilled  in 
the  early  history  of  Pennsylvania,  and  was  a  mem 
ber  of  the  Pennsylvania  historical  society. 

LOMBARD,  SOLOMON,  first  minister  of  Gor- 
ham,  Maine,  died  in  1781.  Born  in  Barnstable, 
Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1723 ;  was 


ordained    in    1756,   and  dismissed    in    1764. — 
Sprague's  Annals. 

LONG,  SARAH,  a  colored  woman,  died  in  To 
ronto,  Canada,  June  16,  1856,  aged  119. 

LONGFELLOW,  STEPHEN,  LL.  D.,  died  in 
Portland  Aug.  2,  1849,  aged  73.  Born  in  Gor- 
ham,  he  was  a  descendant  of  William  L.  of  New- 
bury,  who  died  in  1690,  aged  37  ;  he  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1798,  and  passed  his  life  as  an  eminent 
lawyer,  chiefly  at  Portland.  Of  the  Hartford 
convention  he  was  a  member  from  Maine.  The 
poet,  Longfellow,  is  his  son.  He  compiled  six 
teen  vols.  of  the  Massachusetts  Reports  and 
twelve  vols.  of  the  Maine,  extending  over  a  period 
of  thirty  years. 

LONGLEY,  WILLIAM,  died  at  Hawley,  Mass., 
July  8,  1836,  aged  92.  He  was  one  year  in  the 
French  war  and  five  years  in  the  Revolutionary  war. 
LONGLEY,  EDMUND,  died  in  Hawley,  Nov. 
29,  1842,  aged  96.  He  built  the  first  framed 
house  in  the  town,  then  called  Number  Seven,  and 
was  an  officer  in  the  Revolutionary  war. 

LONGLEY,  JONATHAN,  minister  of  North- 
bridge,  Mass.,  died  in  1850,  aged  60. 

LONGMERE,  DAVID,  D.  D.,  died  at  Glouces 
ter,  N.  J.,  Sept.  15,  1855,  aged  62. 

LOOKER,  OTHNIEL,  died  in  Palestine,  Illinois, 
in  1845,  aged  87.  Born  in  New  Jersey,  he  was 
a  soldier  of  the  Revolution ;  he  emigrated  in 
1804  to  Ohio,  and  was  a  senator  of  Hamilton 
county,  a  judge,  and  acting  governor  in  1814. 

LOOMIS,  HARVEY,  first  minister  of  Bangor, 
Maine,  was  a  native  of  Torringford,  Conn. ;  grad 
uated  at  Williams  college  in  1809;  and  was  or 
dained  Nov.  27,  1811,  when  the  church  of  Bangor 
was  formed,  consisting  partly  of  members  of  what 
was  called  the  Orrington  church.  After  the  toils 
of  fourteen  years,  on  Sunday  morning,  Jan.  2, 
1825,  Mr.  Loomis  walked  in  a  snow-storm  up  to 
his  meeting-house,  with  a  sermon  on  this  text : 
"  Tliis  year  thou  shalt  die."  When  he  had  seated 
himself  in  the  pulpit,  he  had  a  fit  of  the  apoplexy 
and  died  in  ten  minutes,  aged  about  36.  His 
successor  was  S.  L.  Pomeroy.  He  was  a  popular 
and  useful  preacher,  in  his  character  and  manners 
adapted  to  the  people  of  his  parish,  skilful  in  the 
guidance  and  control  of  the  young  and  active 
minds,  which  on  the  banks  of  the  Penobscot  were 
laying  the  foundations  of  a  large  town.  In  his 
sermons  he  dispensed  with  circuitous  preambles ; 
was  direct,  concise,  brief,  energetic,  seldom  ex 
ceeding  twenty-five  minutes ;  and  thus  he  had  no 
hearers  of  a  lagging  attention.  His  prayer 
meetings  were  conducted  with  great  freedom  and 
wisdom.  Why  he  was  cut  down  in  the  midst  of 
his  important  labors  is  one  of  the  great  mysteries 
of  Providence. 

It  is  said,  he  once  preached  a  sermon  of  terror 
on  future  punishment ;  when  he  had  for  a  hearer 


LOOM  IS. 

a  rich  log  owner,  who  commended  him,  and  said, 
"  I  have  no  1'aith  in  your  doctrine,  but  I  wish  you 
to  preach  it,  till  the  stealers  of  my  logs  shall 
learn  to  be  honest ; "  and  that  the  same  man 
gave  a  bell  for  the  church  to  call  them  to  meet 
ing.  Doubtless  God's  word  is  full  of  terror  to 
the  wicked,  and  the  God  of  justice  and  of  truth 
will  not  fail  to  execute  his  purposes.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  before  the  Maine  Missionary  So 
ciety,  1823.  On  occasion  of  his  death  a  young 
lady  of  his  society  wrote  some  lines,  called  "  The 
deserted  conference-room,"  of  which  the  follow 
ing  is  an  extract : 

"  Ye  need  not  hang  that  candle  by  the  desk, 
Ye  may  remove  his  chair,  and  take  away  his  book ; 
lie  will  not  come  to-night.     He  did  not  hear  the  bell, 
Which  told  the  hour  of  prayer. 
Do  ye  remember,  how  he  'd  sometimes  sit 
In  this  now  vacant  corner,  quite  hid  by  its  obscurity, 
Only  ye  might  perceive  his  matchless  eye 
Striving  to  read  the  feelings  of  your  souls, 
That  he  might  know,  if  ye  would  hear  the  voice  of  Jesus? 
Ye  do  remember.     Well  —  he's  not  there  now  j 
Ye  may  be  gay  and  thoughtless,  if  ye  will, 
His  glance  shall  not  reprove  you. 
There  —  listen  to  that  hymn  of  praise: 
Did  ye  not  hear  an  angel-voice  take  up  the  lofty  strain, 
'  For  Thou,  O  Lamb  of  God,  art  worthy?' 
'Twas  his  voice ; 

Not  rising,  as  in  former  days  from  this  low  temple : 
Only  the  clearest,  softest  strain,  waving  its  way 
From  the  celestial  world,  just  strikes  the  listening  ear, — 
And  now  'tis  gone." 

A  notice  of  him  is  in  the  Independent,  July  17, 
1856.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

LOOMIS,  LEBBEUS,  colonel,  died  in  Cherry 
Valley,  in  1836,  aged  79.  He  was  in  the  battle  of 
Bunker  Hill,  and  an  officer  to  the  close  of  the  war. 

LOPEZ,  AAHOX,  died  May  20,  1782,  at  Smith- 
field,  R.  I.  He  was  a  rich  Jewish  merchant  of 
Newport,  but  removed  to  Leicester  in  1777  on  ac 
count  of  the  war.  On  a  journey  to  Providence 
he  drove  his  horse  in  a  gig  to  water  in  Spot's 
pond ;  when  the  gig  was  upset  and  he  was 
drowned.  His  house  in  Leicester  was  purchased 
as  the  first  building  used  by  the  academy. 

LORD,  RICHARD,  captain,  died  at  Hartford  in 
1G62,  aged  51,  the  son  of  Thomas,  who  was  a 
first  settler.  He  was  a  merchant  and  man  of  dis 
tinction.  His  son  Richard  was  also  a  merchant ; 
and  he  died  in  1685.  His  wife  was  Mary,  daugh 
ter  of  Henry  Smith  of  Springfield,  and  grand 
daughter  of  W.  Pynchon.  After  his  death  she 
married  Dr.  Thomas  Hooker,  the  son  of  Rev. 
Samuel  H.  of  Farmington,  and  grandson  of  Rev. 
Thomas  II.  of  Hartford.  Mr.  Goodwin  gives  the 
names,  in  order,  of  one  hundred  of  the  descend 
ants  of  Thomas  Lord. 

LORD,  JOSEPH,  first  minister  of  Dorchester, 
South  Carolina,  died  June  6,  1748,  aged  about 
77,  was  a  native  of  Charlestown,  Mass.,  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1691.  In  the 
fall  of  1695  he  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  church 
which  was  gathered  in  Dorchester,  Mass.,  with 


LORD. 


535 


the  design  of  removing  to  South  Carolina.  They 
arrived  Dec.  20th,  and  began  a  settlement  called 
Dorchester,  on  Ashley  river,  about  eighteen  miles 
from  Charleston.  The  sacrament  of  the  Lord's 
supper  was  first  administered  in  Carolina,  Feb.  2, 
1696.  Hugh  Fisher  succeeded  Mr.  Lord.  — 
Holmes1  Annals,  H.  34 ;  Collect.  Hist.  Society, 
IX.  156,  157 ;  Guilder  sleeve's  Cent.  Sermon. 

LORD,  BENJAMIN,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Nor 
wich,  Conn.,  died  in  April,  1784,  aged  90.  He 
was  a  graduate  at  Yale  college  in  1714,  and  was 
afterwards  a  tutor  in  that  seminary  two  years. 
He  was  ordained  in  October,  1717,  as  successor 
of  Mr.  Woodward,  who  was  the  next  minister 
after  Mr.  Fitch ;  and,  continuing  his  public  labors 
about  sixty  years,  he  lived  to  see  eight  religious 
societies,  which  had  grown  out  of  the  one  of 
which  he  had  taken  the  charge.  Two  other  par 
ishes  were  formed  at  the  time  of  his  settlement. 
During  the  half-century  of  his  ministry,  ending 
in  1767,  about  a  thousand  persons  had  died.  Of 
persons  admitted  to  the  church  there  were  three 
hundred  and  thirty.  The  covenant  was  owned  by 
four  hundred  and  ten,  of  whom  ninety  joined  the 
church;  and  two  thousand  and  fifty  were  bap 
tized.  He  was  a  man  of  distinction,  and  a  faithful 
evangelical  preacher.  He  had  some  trouble  from 
a  wild  sect  called  Rogercnes.  Rogers,  their 
leader,  once  accosted  him  at  his  church  doc<- : 
"  Benjamin,  Benjamin,  dost  thou  think  that  they 
wear  white  wigs  in  heaven  ? "  He  published  a 
discourse  on  the  parable  of  the  merchant  man 
seeking  goodly  pearls,  1722;  true  Christianity 
explained  and  enforced,  1727  ;  on  the  character, 
birth,  and  privileges  of  God's  children,  1742  ;  an 
account  of  the  extraordinary  recovery  of  Mercy 
Wheeler,  1743;  at  the  election,  1751  ;  on  the 
death  of  Henry  Willes,  1759;  of  Hezekiah  Lord, 
1763;  of  Hezekiah  Huntington,  1773;  of  Mrs. 
Willes,  1774;  at  the  instalment  of  Nathaniel 
Whitaker,  1761 ;  at  the  ordination  of  Levi  Hart, 
1762;  a  half-century  discourse,  Nov.  29,  1767, 
being  fifty  years  from  his  ordination ;  a  sermon, 
1780.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

LORD,  JOSEPH,  son  of  Rev.  J.  L.,  a  preacher 
and  physician,  died  at  Westmoreland,  N.  H.,  in 
1789,  aged  85.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1726. 

LORD,  JOHN,  minister  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  died 
in  1839,  aged  65. 

LORD,  JOHN  KING,  minister  in  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  died  of  the  cholera  July  13,  1849,  aged  30. 
The  son  of  President  Lord  of  Dartmouth  college, 
he  graduated  in  1836.  Having  studied  theology 
at  Andover,  he  was  six  years  a  minister  in  Hart 
ford,  Vt.,  and  then  in  1847  was  the  pastor  of  the 
first  congregational  church  in  Cincinnati.  In  less 
than  two  years  he  died.  A  volume  of  his  ser 
mons,  with  a  memoir  by  his  father,  was  published 
in  1850.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 


536 


LORD. 


LOVELL. 


LORD,  WIILIAM,  Dr.,  died  at  Lyme,  Conn., 
in  1852,  aged  89.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1784. 

LORD,  NATHANIEL,  died  in  Ipswich,  Mass.,  Oct. 
16,  1852,  aged  72.  The  son  of  Isaac  of  Ipswich, 
he  graduated  in  1798,  and  was  a  teacher,  and 
register  of  probate  in  Essex  county. 

LORIXG,  ISRAEL,  minister  of  Sudbury,  Mass., 
died  March  9,  1772,  aged  90.  He  was  born  at 
Hull,  April  6,  1682,  the  son  of  John,  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1701.  He  was 
ordained  at  Sudbury,  Nov.  20,  1706,  as  successor 
of  Mr.  Sherman.  A  new  church  was  formed  on 
the  east  side  of  the  river  in  1723,  and  William 
Cooke  was  settled  as  its  pastor  March  20.  He 
preached  on  the  first  day  of  the  month  in  which 
he  died.  He  was  a  venerable  man,  of  primitive 
piety  and  manners,  and  faithful  and  useful  in  his 
ministerial  work.  He  had  preached  for  nearly 
seventy  years,  and  was  zealously  attached  to  the 
doctrines  of  the  gospel.  His  successor  was  Jacob 
Bigelow.  His  son  John,  a  physician  in  Boston, 
died  in  1744,  aged  about  35.  He  graduated  in 
1729.  lie  published  the  nature  and  necessity  of 
the  new  birth,  1728,  with  a  preface  by  Mr.  Prince ; 
on  the  death  of  Robert  Breck,  1731 ;  on  the  tor 
ments  of  hell,  1732;  election  sermon,  1737 ;  jus 
tification  not  by  works,  but  by  faith  in  Jesus 
Christ,  1749;  at  the  ordination  of  G.  Richardson, 
1754.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

LORING,  JAMES,  deacon,  died  in  Boston  July 
9,  1850,  aged  80.  He  had  been  an  officer  in  the 
Baptist  church  of  Dr.  Stillman,  and  was  a  Chris 
tian  of  humility  and  great  excellence  of  character. 
For  fifty-five  years  he  was  a  printer  and  book 
seller,  and  was  editor  of  the  Christian  Watchman, 
and  publisher  of  the  Massachusetts  State  Regis 
ter,  from  1800  to  1848.  He  was  born  at  Hull 
July  22,  1770.  His  earliest  ancestor  in  this 
country  was  Deacon  Thomas  Loring,  who  came 
from  Devon  to  Hingham  Dec.  22, 1634 ;  and  after 
him  were  Deacons  John,  Benjamin,  and  James, 
the  last  of  whom  was  the  father  of  the  subject  of 
this  article. 

LOTIIROP,  NATHANIEL,  a  physician,  died  in 
Plymouth  Oct.  20,  1828,  aged  93.  Born  in  P., 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1756. 

LOUGHBRIDGE.  MARY,  died  at  Tallahassee 
in  1850,  wife  of  Robert  M.  L.,  missionary  to  the 
Creeks,  and  daughter  of  Deacon  Joseph  Avery, 
of  Conway. 

LOVE,  BENJAMIN,  colonel,  a  Chickasaw  chief, 
died  in  1849.  He  was  an  intelligent  and  useful 
man,  engaged  in  public  matters  since  1832,  when 
he  was  a  chief,  and  the  interpreter  at  the  making 
of  the  treaty;  he  was  a  commissioner  of  the 
Chickasaw  nation. 

LOVEJOY,  HANNAH,  died  in  Amherst,  N.  H., 
in  1805,  aged  102. 

LOVEJOY,  POMPEY,  died  in  Andover  in  1826, 
aged  102.  He  was  born  a  slave  in  Boston,  but 


became  a  freeman.  He  lived  on  the  spot  where 
he  died,  ninety-one  years  ;  his  wife  survived  him, 
aged  98.  He  was  the  oldest  man  in  the  county 
of  Essex,  and  had  his  mental  faculties  to  the 
last. 

LOVEJOY,  DANIEL,  a  useful  minister  in 
Maine,  died  in  Albion  in  1833,  aged  58.  He  was 
the  father  of  sons  of  eminence.  Born  in  Amherst, 
N.  II.,  he  was  settled  in  Robbinston  and  Wind 
sor,  Me.,  and  went  to  Albion  in  1829. 

LOVEJOY,  ELIJAH  P.,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  killed  at  Alton,  111.,  Nov.  7,  1837,  aged  35. 
He  was  born  in  Maine  in  1802  ;  graduated  at 
Waterville  in  1826,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  in 
1833.  He  soon  established  the  St.  Louis  Ob 
server,  an  anti-slavery  paper,  which  occasioned  a 
mob  in  1836.  Driven  away,  he  re-established  his 
paper  in  Alton,  where  his  press  was  twice  de 
stroyed  by  mobs.  On  the  attack  for  the  third  time, 
he  was  shot,  Avhile  defending  his  property  against 
lawless  murderers. 

LOVEJOY,  SAMUEL,  Dr.,  died  in  West  Town- 
send  May  21,  1851,  aged  75.  He  was  a  success 
ful  physician,  and  he  died  in  the  Christian's  hope. 

LOVELL,  JOHN,  a  schoolmaster  in  Boston, 
died  in  1778,  aged  about  70.  He  was  a  descend 
ant  of  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Massachusetts, 
and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1728, 
and,  after  succeeding  Jeremy  Gridley  as  assistant, 
for  some  years,  in  the  south  grammar  or  Latin 
school,  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  school  in 
1738.  He  was  "the  master"  nearly  forty  years. 
Many  of  the  principal  men  of  the  Revolution  had 
been  under  his  tuition.  But  unhappily  he  was 
himself  a  loyalist,  and  in  1776  accompanied  the 
British  army  to  Halifax,  where  he  died.  Master 
Lovell  was  succeeded  in  his  school  by  Samuel 
Hunt.  He  was  a  good  scholar,  of  solid  judg 
ment,  rigid  in  discipline,  yet  humorous  and  an 
agreeable  companion.  He  published  a  funeral 
oration  on  P.  Faneuil,  1742,  and  several  political 
and  theological  pamphlets.  In  the  Pietas,  etc., 
printed  at  Cambridge,  he  wrote  Nos.  2,  25,  26,  and 
27,  partly  in  Latin.  —  Eliot. 

LOVELL,  JAMES,  a  schoolmaster  in  Boston, 
son  of  the  preceding,  died  in  July,  1814,  aged  76. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1756, 
and  was  for  many  years  a  teacher  of  the  Latin 
school,  associated  with  his  father.  In  the  Revolu 
tion  he  was  a  firm  whig,  devoted  to  the  cause  of 
liberty.  Eor  his  patriotic  zeal  Gen.  Gage  shut 
him  up  in  prison  ;  and  he  was  carried  as  a  pris 
oner  by  the  British  troops  to  Halifax,  where  he 
was  for  a  long  time  kept  in  close  confinement. 
The  father  was  a  tory  refugee ;  the  son,  a  whig 
prisoner.  On  his  return  to  Boston  he  was  elected 
a  member  of  congress,  in  which  station  his  services 
were  of  great  advantage  to  his  country.  On  the  com 
mittee  of  foreign  correspondence  he  was  laborious 
and  faithful.  One  of  the  letters  of  the  committee, 


LOVELL. 

to  which  his  name  is  affixed,  is  dated  Oct.,  1777. 
In  May,  1778,  ho  was  associated  with  It.  H. 
Lee  and  II.  Morris.  Before  the  establishment  of 
the  present  constitution  of  Massachusetts  he  was 
the  collector  of  the  customs  for  Boston,  and  after 
wards  was  naval  officer  for  Boston  and  Charles- 
town,  in  which  station  he  continued  till  his  death. 
lie  published  oratio  in  funere  II.  Flyntii,  17GO. 
Several  of  his  letters  are  found  in  the  life  of  A. 
Lee. 

LOVELL,  JOSEPH,  M.  D.,  died  at  Washington 
Oct.  17,  1836,  surgeon-general  of  the  United 
States  army.  lie  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1807  ; 
entered  the  army  in  1812,  and  served  on  the  Nia 
gara  frontier;  and  was  then  hospital  surgeon. 
lie  was  a  man  of  talents  and  skill,  and  adorned 
with  the  virtues  of  private  life.  He  left  a  widow 
and  eleven  children. 

LOVELL,  JAMES,  major,  died  in  St.  Matthews, 
S.  C.,  July  10,  1850,  aged  92.  Born  in  Boston 
July  9,  1758,  the  son  of  James  Lovell,  he  gradu 
ated  in  1776.  He  was  in  various  battles  of  the  ': 
•war,  and  was  severely  wounded.  He  was  adju 
tant  in  Lee's  legion.  After  all  his  perils,  he  lived 
to  be  the  oldest  graduate  at  Harvard. 

LOVELL,  ALEXANDER,  died  in  Nashua,  X.  II., 
July  2,  1855,  aged  68.  Born  in  Holden,  a  grad 
uate  of  Dartmouth  in  1814,  of  Andover  in  1816, 
he  was  from  1817  for  fifteen  years  a  useful  minis 
ter  of  Vergennes ;  then  eleven  years  at  Philips- 
ton,  when  ill  health  laid  him  aside. 

LOVEWELL,  JOHN,  captain,  the  hero  of  Pig- 
wawkett,  died  in  1725.  He  was  the  son  of  Zac- 
cheus  L.,  who  was  an  ensign  in  the  army  of  O. 
Cromwell,  and  who  settled  at  Dunstable,  and  died 
there,  aged  120,  being  the  oldest  person  who  ever 
died  in  New  Hampshire.  Zaccheus  had  three 
sons  :  Zaccheus,  a  colonel  in  the  French  war  of 
1759 ;  Jonathan,  a  preacher,  representative,  and 
judge;  and  the  subject  of  this  article.  In  the 
Indian  Avars  a  large  bounty  being  offered  for 
scalps,  Capt.  Lovewell,  at  the  head  of  a  volunteer 
company  of  thirty  men,  marched  to  the  north  of 
Winipisseogee  lake  and  killed  an  Indian  and  took 
a  boy  prisoner,  Dec.  19,  1724.  Having  obtained 
his  reward  at  Boston,  he  augmented  his  company 
to  seventy  and  marched  to  the  same  place.  There 
dismissing  thirty  men  for  the  want  of  provisions, 
he  proceeded  with  forty  men  to  a  pond  in  Wake- 
field,  now  called  Lovewell's  pond,  where  he  dis 
covered  ten  Indians  asleep  by  a  fire ;  they  were 
on  their  march  from  Canada  to  the  frontiers.  He 
killed  them  all  Feb.  20,  1725,  and  with  savage 
triumph  entered  Dover  with  their  scalps  hooped 
and  elevated  on  poles,  for  each  of  which  one 
hundred  pounds  was  paid  out  of  the  public  treas 
ury  at  Boston.  He  marched  a  third  time  with 
forty-six  men.  Leaving  a  few  men  at  a  fort, 
which  he  built  at  Ossipec  pond,  he  proceeded  with 
thirty-four  men  to  the  north  end  of  a  pond  in 
68 


LOW. 


537 


I  Pigwawkett,  now  Fryeburg  in  Maine,  and  there  a 
severe  action  was  fought  with  a  party  of  forty- 
i  two  Indians,  commanded  by  Paugus  and  Wahwa, 
I  May  8,  1725.  At  the  first  fire  Lovewell  and 
eight  of  his  men  wero  killed  ;  the  remainder  re 
treated  a  short  distance  to  a  favorable  position 
and  defended  themselves.  With  the  pond  in 
their  rear,  the  mouth  of  an  unfordable  brook  on 
their  right,  a  rocky  point  on  their  left,  and  having 
also  the  shelter  of  some  large  pine  trees,  they 
fought  bravely  from  ten  o'clock  till  evening,  when 
the  Indians,  —  who  had  lost  their  leader,  Paugus, 
killed  by  Mr.  Chamberlain,  —  retired,  and  fled 
from  Pigwawkett.  Ensign  Itobbins  and  two 
others  were  mortally  wounded ;  these  were  neces 
sarily  left  behind  to  die.  Eleven,  wounded  but 
able  to  march,  and  nine,  unhurt,  at  the  rising  of 
the  moon  quitted  the  fatal  spot.  Jonathan  Frye, 
the  chaplain,  Lieut.  Farwell,  and  another  man, 
died  in  the  woods  in  consequence  of  their  wounds. 
The  others,  with  the  widows  and  children  of  the 
slain,  received  a  grant  of  Lovewell's  town,  or 
Suncook,  now  Pembroke,  N.  II.,  in  1728,  in  re 
compense  of  their  sufferings.  The  bodies  of 
twelve  were  afterwards  found  by  Col.  Tyng  and 
buried.  Capt.  L.  had  two  sons ;  John  died  in 
Dunstable,  and  Col.  Nehemiah  in  Corinth,  Ver 
mont.  His  daughter  married  Capt.  Joseph  Baker 
of  Pembroke.  The  last  of  his  company,  Thos. 
Ainsworth,  died  at  Brookfield  Jan.,  1794,  aged 
85.  —  Symmes'  Memoirs  of  the  Fight;  Farmer; 
Eelknap,  n.  61-70;  Farmer's  Hist.  Coll.  L;  II. 
94,  180  ;  III.  64,  173. 

LOVEWELL,  Mr.,  died  in  Dunstable,  X.  H., 
aged  120.  He  died  many  years  ago,  but  the  date 
of  his  death  has  not  been  ascertained.  He  was 
the  father  of  Col.  Zaccheus  L.,  mentioned  by 
Belknap. 

LOW,  SAMUEL,  a  poet,  was  born  in  1765.  He 
published  at  New  York,  two  small  vols.  of  poems, 
1800. 

LOW,  JAMES,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  died  in  1822, 
aged  40.  He  was  born  at  Albany  Dec.  9,  1781, 
and  was  educated  at  Schenectady  college.  He 
studied  his  profession  four  years  at  Edinburgh, 
and,  returning  in  1808,  commenced  the  practice  at 
Albany  in  connection  with  his  former  teacher,  Dr. 
Wm.  McClelland,  and  was  extensively  employed. 
For  some  years  he  delivered  lectures  on  chemis 
try.  He  was  a  scholar,  an  enthusiast  in  poetry, 
and  a  promoter  of  learning.  He  published  an 
inaugural  dissertation,  de  tetano,  1807  ;  account 
of  the  epidemic  pneumonia,  in  medical  register, 
IV. ;  observations  on  the  moth  destructive  to  bees; 
notes  to  Hooper's  Vade  Mccum,  and  to  Bell  on 
the  venereal.  —  Thacher. 

LOW,  ANN,  died  in  Rye,  N.  Y.,  in  1849,  aged 
91,  at  the  house  of  her  son-in-law,  Rev.  M.  De 
Vinne.  Her  maiden  name  was  Creglere,  of  Hu 
guenot  descent.  Excepting  sixty  years  in  New 


538 


LOW. 


LOWNDES. 


York,  the  rest  of  her  life  was  spent  in  the  itin 
eracy  of  her  daughters,  in  connection  with  the 
Methodist  church. 

LOW,  SETH,  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in  1853, 
aged  71.  Born  in  Gloucester,  he  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1804.  A  merchant,  he  lived  in  Salem 
and  New  York,  and  was  a  man  of  judgment,  of 
generous  charity  and  influence. 

LOWELL,  JOHN,  minister  in  Newburyport, 
died  May  15,  1767,  aged  63.  He  was  a  descend 
ant  of  Percival  L.,  a  merchant,  who  came  from 
Bristol,  England,  and  settled  at  Newbury,  where 
he  died  Jan.  8,  1665.  His  father,  Ebenezer  L. 
of  Boston,  died  in  Boston  in  1711,  aged  36.  He 
was  born  March  14,  1704,  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1721,  was  ordained  over  the  third 
church  in  Newbury  Jan.  19,  1726.  Mr.  Gary  was 
his  successor.  He  was  amiable,  candid,  liberal, 
and  social,  respected  for  his  learning,  and  a  useful 
minister.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordina 
tion  of  T.  Barnard,  1738;  before  Col.  Titcomb 
and  his  soldiers,  1755  ;  on  the  death  of  Col.  Moses 
Titcomb,  who  fell  near  Lake  George,  1760.  — 
Tucker's  Funeral  Sermon  ;  Spraguc's  Annals. 

LOWELL,  JOHN,  LL.  D.,  judge,  the  son  of 
the  preceding,  died  at  Roxbury  May  6, 1802,  aged 
58.-  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  the 
year  1760.  Having  settled  in  Boston  as  a  lawyer, 
he  was  chosen  a  member  of  congress  in  1781.  Of 
the  convention  which  formed  the  constitution  of 
Massachusetts  he  was  a  distinguished  member. 
In  1789  Washington  appointed  him  judge  of  the 
district  court,  and  on  the  new  organization  of  the 
courts  of  the  United  States  in  Feb.,  1801,  he  was 
appointed  chief  judge  of  the  first  circuit.  Unit 
ing  to  a  vigorous  mind,  which  was  enriched  with 
literary  acquisitions,  a  refined  taste  and  concilia 
tory  manners,  and  being  sincere  in  the  profession 
and  practice  of  the  Christian  religion,  his  decease 
was  deeply  felt  and  lamented.  For  eighteen 
years  he  was  a  member  of  the  corporation  of 
Harvard  college,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
American  academy.  His  son,  Francis  C.,  a  pro 
prietor  of  the  Lowell  factories,  died  in  1817;  his 
son,  Rev.  Charles  L.,  is  still  living.  He  wrote 
an  English  poem,  No.  3,  in  the  "  Pietas,"  etc., 
printed  at  Cambridge.  He  pronounced  before 
the  American  academy  of  arts  and  sciences,  in 
Jan.,  1791,  an  elegant  eulogy  on  their  late  presi 
dent,  James  Bowdoin,  which  is  prefixed  to  the 
second  volume  of  the  memoirs  of  that  society. 

LOWELL,  JOHN,  died  in  Bombay  in  Feb., 
1836,  aged  37,  oldest  son  of  Francis  C.  L.  In 
heriting  early  an  ample  fortune,  he  yet  toiled  for 
learning.  Losing  his  wife  and  children,  he  trav 
elled  in  Greece,  Syria,  Egypt,  Nubia,  and  Abys 
sinia,  lie  had  moral  and  religious  principle,  and 
was  esteemed  in  the  relations  of  life  and  by  his 
fellow-citizens. 

LOWELL,  JOHN,  LL.  I).,  died  of  apoplexy  at 


Boston  March  12,  1840,  aged  70.  He  was  the 
son  of  Judge  Lowell,  and  was  born  at  Newbury 
port  Oct.  6, 1769;  was  graduated  at  Cambridge  in 
1786 ;  and,  after  practising  the  law  till  of  the  age 
of  34,  he  left  the  bar.  In  1803  he  went  to 
Europe  for  the  benefit  of  his  health.  After  his 
return  he  wrote  much  for  the  newspapers  and 
journals,  few  men  exercising  so  great  an  influence 
over  public  opinion.  He  was  of  the  federal 
school.  His  poh'tical  pieces  appeared  chiefly  in 
the  Centinel;  he  wrote  also  on  theological 
controversial  matters  and  agriculture.  He  was 
the  author  of  twenty-five  or  more  pamphlets. 
From  1810  to  1822  he  was  one  of  the  corpora 
tion  of  the  college.  Of  the  Massachusetts  gen 
eral  hospital,  the  athenaeum,  the  savings  bank, 
and  the  hospital  life  insurance  company  he  was 
one  of  the  founders.  He  was  frank,  fearless, 
generous,  sometimes  impetuous. 

LOWNDES,  WILLIAM,  LL.  D.,  a  statesman, 
was  a  native  of  South  Carolina,  and  was  a  distin 
guished  member  of  congress  for  a  period  of  ten 
years  from  about  1812  to  1822,  when  from  ill 
health  he  resigned.  In  1818  he  was  chairman  of 
the  committee  of  ways  and  means.  While  on  u 
voyage  from  Philadelphia  to  London  in  the  ship 
Moss,  he  died  at  sea,  Oct.  27,  1822,  aged  42. 
His  family  was  with  him.  A  writer  in  the  Na 
tional  Register  describes  him  as  tall,  slender,  ema 
ciated,  of  a  rueful  countenance;  a  man  of  M'ealth 
and  .  probity ;  modest,  retiring,  and  unambitious  ; 
with  a  mind  of  the  first  order,  vigorous,  compre 
hensive,  and  logical,  and  a  memory  of  uncommon 
power,  and  standing  in  the  first  rank  of  American 
statesmen.  There  must  have  been  some  most 
extraordinary  excellences  in  his  character,  for  he 
was  respected  and  beloved  even  by  his  political 
adversaries.  He  had  a  heart  of  kindness,  purity 
of  morals,  frankness  and  candor,  a  sound  judg 
ment,  wisdom  pre-eminent,  and  patriotism  most 
ardent.  His  feeble  voice  and  awkward  gesticula 
tion  were  of  little  advantage  to  his  oratory.  But 
his  strong,  comprehensive  mind,  and  his  love  of 
country,  together  Avith  his  virtues,  gave  him  a 
persuasive  power.  On  hearing  of  the  victory  of 
Lake  Erie,  he  rose  and  electrified  the  house  with 
his  eloquence.  Had  he  lived,  lie  might  have  been 
the  president  of  the  United  States.  It  was  said 
of  him  in  congress  by  Mr.  Taylor  of  New  York : 
"  The  highest  and  best  hopes  of  the  country 
looked  to  Wm.  Lowndcs  for  their  fulfilment.  The 
most  honorable  office  in  the  civilized  world,  the 
chief-magistracy  of  this  free  people,  would  have 
been  illustrated  by  his  virtues  and  talents."  Con 
cerning  that  office,  of  seeking  which,  by  any  in 
trigue  or  artifice  or  effort  of  his  own  whatever, 
Mr.  Lowndes  was  totally  incapable,  he  remarked  • 
"  The  office  of  president  of  the  United  States  is 
one  neither  to  be  solicited  nor  declined."  It  were 
happy  for  our  country,  if  the  same  modest  spirit 


LOWNDES. 


LUSK. 


539 


exerted  a  controlling  effect  over  our  great  states 
men,  and  if  the  honors  of  high  office  were  mer 
ited  by  public  services  and  private  virtues,  and  not 
sought. 

LOWXDES,  THOMAS,  died  at  Charleston,  S.  C., 
July  8,  1843,  aged  77.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of 
llawlins  L.,  who  was  president  of  South  Carolina 
in  1778-1780.  Mr.  L.  was  in  congress  in  1801- 
1805,  and  was  eloquent  in  debate. 

LOWREY,  GEORGE,  major,  a  distinguished 
Cherokee,  died  Oct.  20, 1852,  aged  about  82.  He 
was  a  deacon  in  Mr.  Worcester's  church.  Born 
on  the  Tennessee  river  about  1770,  he  was  one  of 
the  delegates  who  visited  President  Washington 
at  Philadelphia  in  1791  or  1792,  and  who  made 
the  treaty  of  1819;  he  was  a  member  of  the  con 
vention  which  framed  the  constitution  of  the 
Cherokee  nation  in  1827,  and  was  elected  assist 
ant  principal  chief.  He  sustained  various  offices, 
and  was  an  honest  man,  a  pure  patriot,  a  devoted 
Christian.  He  wrote  a  tract  on  temperance  in 
Cherokee,  which  was  printed,  and  he  aided  in  the 
translation  of  the  Scriptures.  As  he  was  about 
to  die,  he  expressed  his  reliance  on  the  atoning 
blood  of  Christ. 

LOWRIE,  WALTER  M.,  missionary  to  China 
of  the  Presbyterian  board,  was  murdered  by 
pirates,  being  thrown  into  the  sea,  in  Aug.,  1847. 
He  was  the  son  of  Walter  L.,  secretary  of  the 
Presbyterian  board,  and  brother  of  John  C.  L., 
missionary  in  Northern  India.  He  was  on  his  re 
turn  from  Shanghae,  where  he  had  attended  a 
convention  of  missionaries  to  revise  the  transla 
tion  of  the  New  Testament.  II.  W.  Dickinson 
has  spoken  of  him  in  the  columns  of  the  Observer, 
Jan.  8,  1848. 

LOWHY,  JAMES,  a  minister  in  Chester  district, 
S.  C.,  died  in  1853,  leaving  1000  dollars  for  for 
eign  missions,  and  the  same  for  domestic  mis 
sions. 

LUCAS,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Auburn,  N.  Y., 
died  in  1839. 

LUCAS,  JOHN  B.  C.,  died  at  St.  Louis  in  1842, 
aged  about  80.  Born  in  Normandy,  he  was  edu 
cated  at  Caen,  and  became  doctor  of  laws.  He 
emigrated  in  1784  to  Pittsburg.  While  a  mem 
ber  of  congress,  Mr.  Jefferson,  in  1805,  nominated 
him  as  a  judge  in  Louisiana,  an  office  which  he 
held  till  1820. 

LUDLOW,  ROGER,  deputy-governor  of  Mas 
sachusetts  and  of  Connecticut,  was  a  pious  gen 
tleman  of  a  good  family  in  the  west  of  England, 
and  came  to  this  country  with  Maverick  and 
Warham,  and  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Dor 
chester  in  1630.  He  was  an  assistant  four  years, 
being  chosen  such  in  England.  In  May,  1632, 
when  Gov.  Winthrop  told  him  that  the  people 
intended  to  ask  of  the  next  general  court  that  the 
assistants  might  be  chosen  annually,  "  he  grew 


into  passion  and  said,  that  then  we  should  have 
no  government,  etc."  In  1634  he  was  deputy- 
governor  ;  but,  failing  to  be  chosen  governor,  he 
complains  of  the  election,  as  agreed  upon  by  the 
deputies  in  private.  For  this  he  was  left  out  of 
the  magistracy.  In  consequence  he  removed  in 
1635,  with  the  first  settlers,  to  Windsor,  and  in 
Connecticut  he  was  for  nineteen  years  one  of  the 
most  useful  and  distinguished  men.  He  was 
every  year  a  magistrate  or  deputy-governor  ;  he 
was  also  one  of  the  commissioners  of  the  united 
colonies.  Removing  in  1639  to  Fairfield,  his  sit 
uation  made  him  particularly  interested  in  the 
protection  of  the  western  frontier  against  the 
Dutch  and  Indians.  The  commissioners,  in  con 
sequence  of  an  alleged  plot  of  the  Dutch,  voted, 
in  1653,  to  make  war  against  them  ;  but  Massa 
chusetts  refused  to  concur,  much  to  the  dissatis 
faction  of  New  Haven,  and  in  disregard,  it  was 
asserted,  of  the  power  stipulated  to  belong  to  the 
commissioners,  to  make  war  and  peace.  At  this 
period  the  inhabitants  of  Fairfield  determined  to 
make  war  with  Manhadoes,  and  chose  Mr.  Ludlow 
commander-in-chief.  He  accepted  the  appoint 
ment.  But  the  general  court  of  New  Haven  dis 
countenanced  the  project,  and  punished  his  offi 
cers,  Basset  and  Chapman,  for  attempting  to  make 
an  insurrection,  and  for  raising  volunteers.  Prob 
ably,  in  consequence  of  this  affair,  Mr.  Ludlow 
embarked,  in  April,  1654,  for  Virginia,  with  his 
family,  and  carried  away  the  records  of  Fairfield 
with  him.  The  time  and  place  of  his  death  are 
not  known.  Mr.  Endicott  was  his  brother-in-law. 
He  was  ambitious  and  aspiring.  Yet  he  deserves 
honorable  remembrance  for  his  knowledge  of  ju 
risprudence  and  various  public  services.  He  com 
piled  the  first  Connecticut  code  of  laws,  which 
was  printed  in  1672. 

LUDNUM,  AUGUSTA  V.,  Miss,  a  celebrated 
pianist  of  Cincinnati,  died  at  New  Orleans  Jan. 
30,  1851. 

LUNDY,  BENJAMIN,  died  at  Hennepin,  111.,  in 
Sept.,  1839;  editor  of  the  genius  of  universal 
emancipation. 

LUXSFORD,  LEWIS,  a  Baptist  minister,  died 
in  Virginia  Oct.  26,  1793,  aged  40.  With  little 
education,  he  was  an  eloquent  and  celebrated 
preacher,  the  pastor  of  Moratico  church,  residing 
in  1779  in  Northumberland.  He  sometimes  ap 
peared  more  like  an  angel  than  a  man,  his  face 
beaming  with  light,  and  his  style  and  manner 
most  energetic  and  sublime.  Though  in  charge 
of  an  opulent  church,  he  was  poor  and  neg 
lected  ;  being,  as  ministers  in  all  ages  have  often 
been,  like  the  camels  of  Arabia,  who,  while  they 
carry  spices  and  jewels,  feed  on  coarse  shrubs 
and  thistles. 

LUSK,  JOHN,  died  near  MoMinnville,  Tenn., 
in  June,  1838,  aged  104.  Born  on  Long  Island, 


540 


LUTHER. 


LYMAN. 


he  was  a  soldier  in  the  French  and  Revolutionary 
•wars. 

LUTHER,  SAMUEL,  a  Baptist  minister  of 
Swansey  from  1685,  died  in  1717.  He  -was  a 
man  of  character,  of  talents  and  faithfulness. 

LUZERNE,  CAESAR  ANXE  DE  LA,  chevalier, 
minister  from  France  to  the  United  States,  suc 
ceeded  M.  Gerard,  having  been  previously  em 
ployed  in  a  diplomatic  capacity  in  Bavaria.  He 
arrived  at  Philadelphia  Sept.  21,  1779,  from  which 
time  till  the  end  of  the  war  he  continued  in  his 
office,  having  the  esteem  and  confidence  of  the 
American  people.  After  five  years  he  was  suc 
ceeded  by  M.  Barbe  Marbois,  the  secretary  of 
legation,  as  charge  d'affaires.  From  Jan.,  1788, 
Luzerne  was  ambassador  at  London  till  his  death, 
Sept.  14,  1791,  at  the  age  of  50.  His  correspon 
dence  in  regard  to  America  is  published  in  the 
10th  and  llthvols.  of  diplomatic  correspondence, 
edited  by  Jared  Sparks. 

LYFORD,  JOHN,  a  preacher,  was  sent  over 
about  1623  as  an  enemy  of  the  Plymouth  com 
pany.  He  was  well  received  and  employed  for  a 
while  as  a  minister  ;  but,  his  character  being  dis 
covered,  he  was  banished.  He  then  preached, 
about  1626,  in  Gloucester,  Mass.,  and  thence  went 
to  Virginia,  where  he  died  miserably. 

LYMAN,  PHINEHAS,  major-general,  died  in 
1775,  aged  about  59.  He  was  born  at  Durham, 
Conn.,  about  1716,  was  graduated  in  1738  at  Yale 
college,  in  which  he  was  afterwards  a  tutor  three 
years,  and  settled  as  a  lawyer  in  Suffield.  He 
sustained  various  public  offices.  In  1755  he  was 
appointed  major-general  and  commander-in-chief 
of  the  Connecticut  forces.  When  Sir  W.  John 
son  was  wounded  in  the  battle  of  Lake  George, 
the  command  devolved  on  him,  and  he  animated 
his  men  to  a  successful  combat.  For  five  hours, 
in  front  of  the  breastwork,  he  issued  his  orders 
with  the  utmost  coolness.  Yet  Johnson,  who  was 
in  every  respect  his  inferior,  in  his  mean  jealousy 
gave  him  no  praise ;  he  wished  to  bear  away  the 
honor  himself;  he  was,  in  fact,  made  a  baronet 
for  this  battle,  and  received  5,000  pounds.  In 
1758  he  served  with  Abercrombie,  and  was  with 
Lord  Howe  when  he  was  killed.  He  was  also  at 
the  capture  of  Crown  Point  by  Amherst,  and  at 
the  surrender  of  Montreal.  In  1762  he  com 
manded  the  provincial  troops  in  the  expedition 
against  Havana.  His  services  were  important, 
and  he  acquired  a  high  reputation.  In  1763  he 
went  to  England  as  the  agent  of  a  company, 
called  the  "  Military  adventurers,"  and  wasted 
eleven  years  of  his  life.  The  company  had  pur 
chased  of  the  Six  Nations  of  Indians,  under  the 
authority  of  Connecticut,  a  tract  of  land  on  the 
Susquehannah  river.  The  proprietors  of  Penn 
sylvania  claiming  the  same  tract,  the  government 
of  Connecticut  recommended  to  the  company  to 
obtain  a  confirmation  from  the  king.  For  this 


purpose  Gen.  Lyman  went  to  England.  Proba 
bly  he  formed  other  projects.  Dr.  Dwight  rep 
resents  that  the  object  of  the  company  was  to 
obtain  a  tract  on  the  Mississippi  and  Yazoo. 
Being  deluded  for  years  by  idle  promises,  his 
mind  sunk  down  into  imbecility.  At  last  his  wife, 
who  was  a  sister  of  Dr.  Dwight's  father,  sent  his 
second  son  to  England  to  solicit  his  return,  in 

1774.  About  this  time  a  tract  was  granted  to 
the  petitioners.     After  his  return  he   embarked 
with  his  eldest  son  for  the  Mississippi.     Both 
died  soon  after  their  arrival  at  West  Florida,  in 

1775.  Mrs.  Lyman  and  all  her  family,  but  her 
second   son,   accompanied  by  her   only  brother, 
Col.  Dwight,  proceeded  in  1776  to  the  neighbor 
hood  of  Natchez.     Within  a  few  months  she  died, 
and  Col.  Dwight  also  died  in  1777.     The  Spanish 
war   compelled  the  whole  company,  in  1781   or 
1782,  to  flee  from  Natchez,  and  with  incredible 
sufferings  to  make  a  journey  of  more  than  one 
thousand  miles  to   Savannah,  where  two  of  the 
daughters  of  Gen.  Lyman  died.     His  four  sons 
joined  the  British  in  the  war.     One  of  them,  once 
brilliant,  gay,  and   ingenious,  came   to   Suffield, 
about   1783,  penniless,  and  died  in   poverty  and 
melancholy.     The  history  of  this  unhappy  family 
is  not  encouraging  to  adventure  and  emigration. 
—  DwigU,  I.  305;  III.  361. 

LYMAN,  ISAAC,  minister  of  York,  died  March 
12,  1810,  aged  85.  Born  in  Northampton,  he 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1747.  He  was  ordained 
Dec.  20,  1749,  so  that  he  was  sixty  years  in  the 
ministry.  His  widow,  Ruth,  died  in  March,  1824, 
aged  93. 

LYMAN,  GERSIIOM  C.,  first  minister  of  Marl- 
borough,  Vt.,  died  in  1813,  aged  61.  Born  in 
Lebanon,  Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1773, 
and  was  ordained  Dec.  9,  1778. 

LYMAN,  JOSEPH,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Hatfield, 
Mass.,  died  March  27,  1828,  aged  78.  He  was 
the  son  of  Jonathan,  of  Lebanon,  Conn.,  and  was 
graduated  in  1769  at  Yale  college,  where  he  was 
a  tutor  from  1770  to  1771.  Soon  afterwards  he 
was  ordained  at  Hatfield,  as  the  successor  of  Mr. 
Woodbridge,  and  died  in  consequence  of  a  can 
cerous  humor,  which  afflicted  him  nearly  two 
years.  In  his  painful  sickness  he  never  com 
plained  ;  his  last  words  expressed  his  trust  in 
Christ  as  a  Saviour.  He  was  an  original  member 
of  the  American  foreign  mission  society,  and  in 
1823  and  several  subsequent  years  was  its  presi 
dent.  He  published  election  sermon,  1787  ;  two 
occasional  sermons,  1804 ;  at  ordination  of  W. 
Graves,  1791 ;  of  H.  Lord,  1804;  of  T.  II.  Wood, 
1806;  of  D.  Huntington,  1809;  of  S.  Hopkins, 
1811 ;  at  the  convention,  1806  ;  at  the  opening  of 
the  bridge,  1807;  at  Charlestown,  1811;  on  the 
death  of  S.Hopkins,  1811;  of  R.  Woodbridge, 
1819 ;  of  C.  Strong,  1819;  before  American  board, 
1819 ;  before  Hampshire  ministers,  1821  ;  two 


LYMAX. 


LYOX. 


Rcrmons  on  the  overthrow  of  the  French  army  in 
Russia,  1813.  —  Spraguc's  Annals. 

LYMAX,  WILLIAM,  brigadier-general,  consul 
of  the  United  States  at  London,  was  a  native  of 
Northampton,  Mass.,  and  graduated  at  Yale  col 
lege  in  1776.  For  some  years  he  was  a  member 
of  congress  from  Hampshire  county,  then  resid 
ing  at  Northampton.  He  went  in  1805  as  con 
sul  to  London,  where  he  died  in  Oct.,  1811,  aged 
about  58. 

LYMAX,  THEODORE,  died  at  Waltham  May 
24,  1829,  aged  86.  He  had  been  a  merchant  in 
Boston,  and  was  a  man  of  liberal  charities. 

LYMAX,  THEODORE,  son  of  the  preceding, 
died  in  Boston  in  1849.  He  was  a  graduate  of 
1810,  and  mayor  of  Boston.  He  published,  A  few 
weeks  in  Paris,  1814 ;  political  state  of  Italy, 
1820  ;  oration  July  4,  1820 ;  three  weeks  in  Paris  ; 
account  of  the  Hartford  convention,  1823  ;  diplo 
macy  of  the  United  States,  2  vols.,  1826. 

LYMAX,  WILLIAM,  D.  1).,  minister  of  Had- 
dam,  Conn.,  and  China,  X.  Y.,  died  in  1833,  aged 
about  70.  lie  graduated  at  Yrale  in  1784.  He 
published  the  election  sermon  in  1806;  a  sermon 
on  the  death  of  Mrs.  Griswold,  of  Lyme ;  a  ded 
ication  sermon  at  Lebanon,  1807 ;  at  the  ordina 
tion  of  J.  Harvey,  1810. 

LYMAX,  HENRY,  a  missionary,  was  killed  with 
Mr.  Munson  by  the  Battahs  at  Sumatra,  June  28, 
1834,  aged  24.  He  was  born  at  Xorthampton, 
the  son  of  Theodore  and  Susan  W.  Lyman,  and 
a  graduate  of  Amherst  in  1829,  in  a  class  of 
thirty-eight  persons,  of  whom  twenty-six  were 
ministers.  He  attended  medical  lectures  at  Bow- 
doin  college,  preparatory  to  his  fatal  mission. 
There  is  a  monument  to  his  memory  at  North 
ampton,  near  the  grave  of  Braincrd.  His  wife 
was  Eliza  Pond,  of  Boston.  His  mother  died  at 
Montreal  June  12,  1855,  aged  68;  his  sister 
Helen  died  there  also  in  1852.  Another  sister 
has  been  for  years  at  the  head  of  an  excellent 
school  for  young  ladies  in  Montreal.  He  pub 
lished  Condition  of  females  in  Pagan  countries. 

LYMAN,  ELIPILVLET,  minister  of  South  Wood 
stock,  Conn.,  died  in  1836,  aged  81.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  in  1776.  He  published  two  dis 
courses,  with  an  appendix,  1794. 

LYMAX,  ASA,  died  at  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  in  1836, 
aged  about  60.  The  brother  of  Rev.  Dr.  Wm. 
L.,  he  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1797;  was  minis 
ter  of  Ilamden,  Conn.,  for  three  years  from  1800; 
was  minister  in  Bath,  Me.,  from  1806  to  1808, 
when  he  was  dismissed  for  ill  health.  He  was 
afterwards  a  publisher  of  books  in  Portland,  after 
wards  in  New  York,  Newark,  and  Buffalo.  Two 
of  his  sons  were  ministers  of  the  Episcopal  church 
in  Maryland. 

LYMAN,  LEWIS,  merchant,  died  at  Hartford, 
Vt.,  Jan.  29,  1837,  aged  45. 

LYMAX,  JOSEPH,  judge,  died  in  Xorthampton, 


Mass.,  in  Dec.,  1847,  aged  80.  Born  in  X.,  he 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1783.  When  he  was  young 
a  falling  tree  killed  his  companion,  while  he  es 
caped.  He  was  clerk  of  the  courts,  judge  of  the 
common  pleas,  judge  of  probate,  and  sheriff  of 
Hampshire.  He  voted  at  fifty-nine  annual  elec 
tions.  Of  the  Hartford  convention  he  was  a 
member,  and  of  that  for  revising  the  State  con 
stitution.  To  the  town  of  X.  he  was  a  benefactor, 
giving  the  land  for  the  boys'  high  school.  lie 
was  descended  from  John  L.,  a  first  settler  of  X., 
by  Benjamin,  Joseph,  and  Captain  Joseph,  his 
father,  who  died  in  1804,  aged  70. — Ellis'  Ser 
mon. 

LYXCH,  THOMAS,  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution, 
was  born  Aug.  5,  1749,  at  Prince  George's  parish, 
S.  C.  His  ancestor,  Jonack  L.,  emigrated  from 
Ireland.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Cam 
bridge,  England,  and  afterwards  studied  law  at 
the  Temple.  In  1772  he  returned.  In  1775  he 
commanded  a  company  in  the  first  South  Carolina 
regiment.  Being  chosen  to  succeed  his  father, 
then  in  ill  health,  as  a  member  of  congress,  he 
signed  in  1776  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
He  set  out  on  his  return  in  company  with  his 
father,  who  died  at  Annapolis.  His  own  ill  health 
constrained  him  at  the  close  of  1779  to  embark  with 
his  wife,  in  a  ship  commanded  by  Capt.  Morgan,  but 
nothing  was  ever  afterwards  known  concerning  the 
vessel.  Probably  he  and  his  companion  went 
down  together  into  the  depth  of  the  ocean.  He 
was  about  twenty-eight  years  of  age.  He  had 
ability,  integrity,  and  firmness,  and  was  amiable 
in  the  relations  of  private  life. —  Goodrich. 

LYXDE,  BENJAMIN,  chief  justice  of  Massachu 
setts,  died  March  28,  1745,  aged  79.  He  was 
born  at  Salem  in  1666 ;  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1686 ;  and  studied  law  at  the  temple. 
He  was  appointed  a  judge  in  1712,  and  chief 
justice  in  1729.  From  1723  to  1737  he  was  a 
member  of  the  council. 

LYXDE,  BENJAMIN,  chief  justice  of  Massa 
chusetts,  son  of  the  preceding,  died  in  1781,  aged 
about  63.  He  was  graduated  in  1718;  from 
1737  he  was  for  many  years  a  member  of  the 
council.  At  the  trial  of  Capt.  Preston  in  1770 
he  presided  in  court.  He  resigned  the  office  of 
chief  justice  in  1772. 

LY'XDOX,  JOSIAS,  governor  of  Rhode  Island 
in  1768,  died  in  1778,  aged  74.  He  was  a  mem 
ber  of  the  Baptist  society  in  Providence,  to  which 
he  bequeathed  his  house  and  other  property. 

LYOX,  RICHARD,  a  poet,  came  early  to  this 
country.  In  1649  he  was  a  private  tutor  to  a 
young  English  student  at  Cambridge,  and  lived 
with  President  Dunster ;  he  was  a  preacher. 
After  Eliot's  Bay  Psalms  were  published,  when 
it  was  deemed  necessary  to  revise  them,  Mr.  Lyon 
was  appointed  to  this  service  with  President 
Dunster.  Many  passages  from  other  parts  of  the 


542 


LYON. 


MACKAY. 


bible,  called  the  spiritual  songs  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testament,  are  inserted.  The  20th  edition 
was  published  in  1722. 

LYON,  JAMES,  minister  of  Brookhaven,  N.  Y., 
died  in  October,  1790,  aged  90. 

LYON,  ASA,  minister  in  South  Hero,  Grand  Isle, 
Vt.,  died  April  4,  1841,  aged  78.  Born  in  Mas 
sachusetts,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1790,  and 
commenced  preaching  the  gospel  in  Grand  Isle 
county,  Avhen  the  settlement  was  new,  and  he  was 
venerated  in  his  old  age.  He  was  a  preacher 
more  than  fifty  years,  and  lived  at  Grand  Isle 
forty  years. 

LYON,  MARY,  principal  of  Mount  Holyoke 
female  seminary,  died  at  South  Hadley  March 
5,  1849,  aged  52.  She  was  born  of  pious  parents, 
in  the  humble  walks  of  life,  in  a  retired  spot  among 
the  green  mountains,  in  Buckland,  Hampden 
county.  On  the  same  mountains  were  born  the 
missionaries  Parsons,  Fisk,  and  King.  Early  be 
reaved  of  her  father,  she  yet  enjoyed  the  care 
of  a  Christian  mother.  She  was  first  the  teacher 
of  a  district  school,  evincing  talent  and  skill. 
Her  own  academical  studies  were  pursued  under 
Joseph  Emerson.  She  toiled  a  while  in  the 
academy  of  Ashfield ;  then  became  the  associate 
of  Miss  Grant  in  the  academy  of  Derry.  Thence 
they  removed  to  Ipswieh,  and  for  years  Miss 
Grant  conducted  a  popular  female  academy  with 
Miss  Lyon  for  her  assistant.  But  now  Miss  L. 
formed  the  plan  of  Mount  Holyoke  seminary  at 
South  Hadley,  near  Mount  Holyoke.  Hers  was 
the  plan,  and  the  labor  of  collecting  funds,  and 
arranging  the  buildings,  and  the  course  of  instruc 
tion.  She  presided  for  years  over  an  admirable 
school,  in  a  beautiful  brick  college,  whose  pro 
portions  are  visible  to  the  traveller  on  the  rail 
road  on  the  western  side  of  the  Connecticut 
river,  furnishing  rooms  to  more  than  two  hundred 
young  ladies.  Miss  L.'s  objects  were  to  bring 
the  means  of  a  thorough  education  within  the 
ability  of  the  less  wealthy,  and  in  the  three  years' 
course  to  train  up  accomplished  teachers,  sending 
them  out  in  great  numbers  to  the  far  west.  Thus 
has  she  been  an  almost  unequalled  benefactor 
of  the  whole  country.  Her  life  was  written  by 
Dr.  Humphrey.  For  twelve  years  she  was  at 
the  head  of  the  seminary.  As  a  teacher  thirty- 
five  years  she  had  three  thousand  pupils. 

LYTTLE,  ROBERT  T.,  general,  died  at  New 
Orleans  in  1839.  He  was  of  Cincinnati,  and  a 
member  of  congress  and  distinguished  speaker 
from  Ohio. 

MACBIUDGE,  JAMES,  a  physician,  died  in 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  in  1817.  He  was  much  de 
voted  to  botany,  and  assisted  Elliott  in  his  sketch 
of  southern  botany. 

MACCAHTY,  TIIADDEUS,  minister  of  Worces 
ter,  Mass.,  died  July  18,  1785,  aged  63.  Born 


in  Boston,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1739 ; 
he  was  ordained  at  Kingston  in  1742,  and  after 
three  years  was  dismissed  for  his  attachment  to 
Whitefield ;  was  settled  June  10,  1747,  at  Wor 
cester,  where  he  was  succeeded  by  S.  Austin. 
He  Avas  tall  and  slender,  with  a  black,  piercing 
eye,  and  a  sonorous  voice.  He  published  a  ser 
mon  at  his  installation,  1747  ;  two  fast  sermons, 
1759;  at  execution,  1768;  at  execution  for  bur 
glary,  1770.  His  farewell  sermon  at  Kingston 
was  published  1795. 

MACCLINTOCK,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  minister  of 
Greenland,  N.  II.,  died  in  1804,  aged  71.  He 
was  born  in  Medlbrd,  Mass.,  May  1,  1732.  His 
father  was  a  native  of  Ireland.  He  was  gradu 
ated  at  the  college  in  New  Jersey  in  1751.  Be 
ing  invited  to  become  an  assistant  to  William 
Allen  of  Greenland,  he  was  ordained  about  the 
year  1757.  He  was  an  eminent  divine.  Though 
he  had  no  predilection  for  the  field  of  contro 
versy,  yet,  when  forced  into  it,  he  evinced  him 
self  a  master  of  argument.  An  enemy  to  all 
civil  and  religious  impositions,  during  the  war 
he  was  repeatedly  in  the  army  in  the  character 
of  a  chaplain.  His  exhortations  animated  the 
soldiers  to  the  conflict.  Under  afflictions  he  was 
submissive  to  the  Divine  will.  As  he  was  averse 
to  parade,  he  directed  his  funeral  to  be  attended 
in  a  simple  manner.  He  published  a  sermon  on 
the  justice  of  God  in  the  mortality  cf  man,  1759; 
against  the  Baptists,  1770 ;  Herodias,  or  cruelty 
and  revenge  the  effects  of  unlawful  pleasure, 
1772  j  at  the  commencement  of  the  new  consti 
tution,  1784 ;  an  epistolary  correspondence  be 
tween  himself  and  J.  C.  Ogden,  1791 ;  at  the 
ordination  of  Jesse  Appleton,  1797 ;  the  choice, 
occasioned  by  the  drought,  the  fever,  and  the 
prospect  of  war,  1798 ;  an  oration  commemora 
tive  of  Washington,  1800.  —  Piscat.  Evangelical 
Magazine,  I.  9-12. 

MACE,  Mrs.,  died  at  Brookline,  Mass.,  Dec. 
31,  1850,  aged  100. 

MACGltEGORE,  DAVID,  died  May  30,  1777, 
aged  66,  having  been  forty-one  years  pastor  of 
the  second  Presbyterian  church  in  Londonderry, 
N.  H.  He  was  an  excellent  preacher,  a  zealous, 
confident  patriot,  a  trustful  Christian.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon,  1741,  entitled  professors  warned ; 
and  the  true  believer's  all  secured,  1747. 

MACK,  DAVID,  died  in  Middlefield,  aged  94. 
He  was  the  first  merchant  in  the  town,  acquired 
wealth,  and  was  a  man  of  influence  and  benevo 
lence,  highly  esteemed.  Yet  so  ignorant  was  he, 
that  he  went  to  school  with  his  own  son  six  years 
old.  The  tract,  the  faithful  steward,  relates  to 
him.  —  Holland's  Hist.  Hampshire  Co. 

MACKAY,  ANDREW,  Dr.,  died  at  Wareham, 
Mass.,  in  April,  1817,  aged  70,  the  son  of  a  Scotch 
physician  of  Soutaampton,  Long  Island. 


MACKENZIE. 

MACKENZIE,  ALEXANDER,  Sir,  a  Scotchman 
employed  in  the  service  of  the  Northwest  Fur 
company  in  Canada,  went  in  1789  on  an  exploring 
expedition  from  fort  Chipewyan  to  the  northern 
ocean  in  lat.  69°.  In  1792  he  crossed  the  Rocky 
•Mountains  and  reached  the  Pacific.  His  travels 
were  published  in  2  vols.,  1802. 

MACKENZIE,  ALEXANDER  SLIDELL,  com 
mander  in  the  navy,  died  at  Tarrytown,  in  1848, 
aged  45.  His  father  was  J.  Slidell  of  New  York. 
He  was  induced  to  take  his  mother's  name.  In 
1842  he  made  his  cruise  in  the  Somers,  in  which 
he  felt  constrained  to  hang  several  mutineers  to 
the  yard-arm.  Two  courts  approved  of  his  con 
duct.  He  was  a  man  of  integrity  and  devotional 
feeling.  He  published  a  year  in  Spain,  1825; 
American  in  England ;  Spain  revisited ;  biogra 
phies  of  Paul  Jones  and  S.  Decatur.  —  Cycl.  of 
American  Literature. 

MACKENZIE,  DONALD,  died  at  Mayville, 
N.  Y.,  Jan.  20, 1851,  aged  67.  He  was  a  partner 
of  J.  J.  Astor  in  the  fur  trade  at  the  west ;  in 
1825  he  was  the  governor  of  the  Hudson  Bay 
company.  He  withdrew  in  1832  and  lived  in  M. 

MACKLIN,  ROBERT,  was  born  in  Scotland 
and  died  at  Wakefield,  N.  II.,  in  1787,  aged  115. 
He  lived  several  years  in  Portsmouth. 

MACLEAN,  JOHN,  professor  of  chemistry  at 
Princeton  and  William  and  Mary  colleges ;  a 
Scotchman,  died  in  1814. 

MACLURE,  WILLIAM,  died  March  23,  1840, 
aged  77,  near  the  city  of  Mexico.  Born  in  Scot 
land,  he  lived  in  Philadelphia.  He  was  twenty 
years  president  of  the  academy  of  natural  scien 
ces.  His  liberal  gifts  to  the  association  amounted 
to  25,000  dollars.  He  crossed  the  Alleghany 
mountains  fifty  times  in  his  scientific  explora 
tions.  He  published,  among  other  essays,  a  sci 
entific  map,  1809;  geology  of  the  U.  S.  and  W. 
Indies;  opinions  on  various  subjects,  1831. — 
Cyclopedia  of  American  Literature. 

MACOMB,  ALEXANDER,  major-general,  coni- 
mander-in-chief  of  the  army  of  the  United  States, 
died  at  Washington,  June  25,  1841.  He  was 
born  at  Detroit  in  1782,  and  entered  the  army 
in  1799.  He  commanded  as  brigadier  at  the 
battle  of  Plattsburg.  For  his  gallantry  he  re 
ceived  a  gold  medul  from  congress.  After  the 
death  of  Brown  he  was  commander-in-chief. 
He  published  a  treatise  on  martial  law  and  courts 
martial,  1809. 

MACON,  NATHANIEL,  died  in  Warren  county, 
North  Carolina,  June  29,  1837,  aged  79.  He  was 
in  congress  from  1791  to  1815  ;  then  in  the  senate 
till  1828,  having  been  for  thirty-seven  years  in 
the  national  legislature,  —  longer  than  any  other 
man.  He  was  speaker  of  the  7th,  8th,  and  9th 
congresses.  He  was  the  friend  of  Jefferson  and 
Madison.  Though  a  conspicuous  party  man,  no 
one  questioned  his  integrity.  Mr.  Randolph  said 


MADISON. 


543 


of  him,  he  is  "  the  best,  and  purest,  and  wisest 
man  that  I  ever  knew." 

MACNEVEN,  WILLIAM  J.,  M.  D.,  died  at 
New  York  July  12,  1841,  aged  78.  Born  in 
Ireland,  he  was  educated  by  an  uncle  at  Prague 
and  Vienna,  and  commenced  the  practice  at 
Dublin  in  1783.  In  the  political  difficulties  of 
1798  he  was  imprisoned.  Released  in  1802,  he 
travelled,  and  published  a  ramble  through  Swit 
zerland;  next  he  was  a  captain  in  the  French 
army.  He  came  to  New  York  in  1805,  and  by 
the  aid  of  Mr.  Emmet,  Mr.  Sampson,  and  other 
friends,  commenced  the  successful  practice  of 
physic.  He  married  Mrs.  Tone,  the  widow  of 'a 
merchant  and  the  daughter  of  Samuel  Ricker. 
He  was  a  devout  Catholic.  He  was  skilled  in 
German,  French,  and  Italian.  He  held  various 
professorships  in  the  college  of  physicians  for 
twenty  years.  He  published  the  atomic  theory, 
1820  ;  and  was  co-editor  of  the  New  York  med 
ical  journal.  —  Williams'  Med.  Biography. 

MACWHORTER,  ALEXANDER,  D.  D.,  died 
at  Newark,  N.  J.,  April  2,  1807,  aged  72.  He 
was  a  native  of  Delaware.  His  father,  Hugh, 
was  of  Scotch  descent,  and  came  from  the  north 
of  Ireland.  A.  M.  was  two  years  in  the  univer 
sity  of  Edinburgh  ;  he  graduated  at  Princeton  in 
1757.  His  deep  religious  impressions  began  at 
the  age  of  16.  lie  was  ordained  in  1759,  and 
was  minister  of  the  first  Presbyterian  church 
about  forty-six  years.  His  wife,  Mary,  was  .a 
sister  of  Rev.  A.  Gumming  of  Boston.  Dr.  M. 
had  the  attachment  and  confidence  of  his  people. 
Dr.  Stearns  has  published  a  full  account  of  him 
in  his  history  of  Newark. 

MADISON,  JAMES,  bishop  of  Virginia,  died 
March  6,  1812,  aged  62.  He  was  born  Aug.  27, 
1749,  near  Port  Republic,  Rockingham  county, 
Virginia.  His  father  was  clerk  of  West  Augusta 
district.  He  was  educated  at  William  and  Mary 
college,  and  was  distinguished  for  classical  learn 
ing.  Under  Mr.  Wythe  he  studied  law,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar ;  but  he  soon  resolved  to  de 
vote  himself  to  theology.  In  1773  he  was  chosen 
professor  o/  mathematics  in  William  and  Mary 
college,  and  in  1777  was  appointed  the  president, 
and  visited  England  for  his  improvement  in  sci 
ence.  Until  1784  he  was  not  only  president,  but 
professor  of  mathematics,  and  aftenvards  was 
professor  of  natural,  moral,  and  political  philos 
ophy  until  his  death.  He  first  introduced  lec 
tures  on  political  economy.  In  1788  he  was 
chosen  bishop.  As  a  preacher  he  was  eloquent. 
His  wife  was  Mrs.  Mary  Tait  of  Williamsburg. 
He  was  tall  and  slender,  of  a  delicate  constitu 
tion,  temperate  and  abstemious.  In  his  disposi 
tion  he  was  mild  and  benevolent,  of  simple,  but 
courteous  and  winning  manners.  He  published 
a  thanksgiving  sermon,  1781  ;  a  letter  to  J. 
Morse,  1795 ;  address  to  the  Episcopal  church, 


544 


MADISON. 


1799 ;  discourse  on  the  death  of  Washington ;  a 
large  map  of  Virginia;  and  several  pieces  in 
Barton's  journal. 

MADISON,  GEORGE,  governor  of  Kentucky, 
son  of  the  preceding,  at  the  age  of  seventeen 
went  out  as  a  soldier  in  defence  of  the  western 
frontier,  and  was  engaged  in  several  hattles  with  the 
Indians.  In  St.  Glair's  defeat  he  was  wounded. 
In  the  war  of  1812  he  was  an  officer  at  the  battle 
of  Itaisin.  After  having  been  twenty  years  audi 
tor  of  the  public  accounts,  he  was  chosen  gover 
nor  for  the  term  of  four  years  in  1816,  but  in  a 
few  weeks  after  his  election  he  died  at  Paris  in 
Oct.,  1816,  and  was  buried  at  Frankfort. 

MADISON,  JAMES,  president  of  the  United 
States,  died  at  his  seat  at  Montpelier,  Orange  co., 
Va.,  June  28,  1836,  aged  85.  He  was  the  son  of 
Col.  James  Madison  of  Orange  co.,  and  of  Nelly 
Conway,  born  March  16,  1751;  and  he  could 
trace  back  his  ancestors  only  the  short  distance  of 
a  hundred  years.  His  father  died  in  1801.  He 
was  born  at  the  house  of  his  maternal  grand 
mother,  in  Port  Conway  on  the  llappahannock. 
Early  educated  by  Mr.  Robertson,  a  Scotchman, 
in  King  and  Queen  co.,  and  by  Hev.  Mr.  Martin, 
a  Jerseyman,  at  his  father's  house,  he  studied 
English,  Latin,  Greek,  French,  and  Italian.  He 
entered  Princeton  college  in  1769,  and  graduated 
in  1771,  going  over  the  junior  and  senior  studies 
in  one  year.  Then  he  remained  at  Princeton  till 
1772,  studying  the  Hebrew.  In  1776  he  was 
sent  to  the  general  assembly ;  but  the  next  year 
he  lost  his  election  because  he  would  not  treat 
and  electioneer.  From  1779  to  1785  he  was  a 
member  of  the  continental  congress  chosen  by 
the  general  assembly  ;  and  he  was  again  chosen 
in  1786.  In  1787  he  was  a  member  of  the  great 
convention  at  Philadelphia,  which  formed  the  con 
stitution  of  the  United  States,  by  unanimous 
agreement,  Sept.  17th.  He  remained  in  congress 
until  1797.  In  1798  he  was  of  the  general  as 
sembly;  in  1800  an  elector.  In  1801  he  \vas  sec 
retary  of  State  of  the  United  States,  and  contin 
ued  eight  years,  till  in  1809  he  was  chosen 
president,  remaining  in  office  two -terms  until 
1817,  when  he  retired  to  Montpelier.  He  was  a 
visitor  and  elector  of  the  university;  and  in  1829 
a  member  of  the  State  convention.  In  the  sev 
enth  year  afterwards  he  died.  He  held  a  high 
and  honorable  and  unstained  character,  and  his 
memory  is  venerated.  Yet  in  making  the  awards 
of  truth  and  justice,  the  inquiry  is  not  to  be  over 
looked,  whether  in  his  high  office  of  president  of 
the  United  States  he  did  not  perform  one  act 
which  cannot  be  justified,  but  which  in  the  calm 
judgment  of  sober  reason  must  be  condemned? 
No  reflecting  man  can  doubt  whether  war  is  a 
great  and  tremendous  evil,  and  whether  for  a 
ruler  to  precipitate  his  country  into  a  needless 
war  is  not  an  enormous  crime.  Probably  the  war 


'  MADISON. 

of  1812  with  Great  Britain  would  not  have  oc 
curred,  had  not  Mr.  Madison  in  his  message 
seemed  to  recommend  it,  when  he  proposed  to 
congress  the  decision  of  the  question,  "  whether 
the  United  States  shall  continue  passive  under 
these  progressive  usurpations  and  these  accumu 
lated  wrongs ;  or,  opposing  force  to  force  in  de 
fence  of  their  national  rights,  shall  commit  a  just 
cause  into  the  hands  of  the  Almighty  Disposer 
of  events  ?  "  Notwithstanding  these  good  and 
justifying  words,  it  may  well  be  doubted  whether 
the  wrongs  experienced  were  at  all  of  a  character, 
rendering  a  war  just  and  necessary,  and  whether 
an  enlightened  Christian,  seeking  the  approbation 
of  God,  would  have  recommended  war  for  the 
reasons  alleged.  In  fact,  within  four  days  after 
the  declaration  of  war,  the  British  orders  in  coun 
cil,  one  chief  cause  of  the  war,  were  repealed. 
The  next  year,  through  the  mediation  of  Russia, 
commissioners  were  appointed  to  negotiate  a 
peace,  and  in  1814  peace  was  made,  after  the  loss 
of  a  multitude  of  valuable  lives  and  an  immense 
waste  of  treasure.  When  will  great  statesmen 
learn,  that,  as  they  will  be  brought  to  account  by 
the  Supreme  Ruler  for  any  act  of  flagrant  im 
morality  which  stains  their  character,  so  they 
will  most  assuredly  be  held  to  fearful  judgment 
for  plunging  their  country,  without  just  and  ur 
gent  reasons,  into  the  desolations  and  horrors  of 
war  ?  If  the  sword  may  be  drawn  in  defence  of 
the  national  existence  and  the  national  freedom, 
yet  it  is  not  to  be  drawn  from  ambition,  the  love 
of  popularity  or  fame,  or  the  love  of  office,  from 
pride  or  petty  revenge,  or  for  the  enlargement  of 
territory.  Cowper  said,  after  alluding  to  "  the 
diversion  "  of  princes  in  the  tented  field, 

"  But  war  'a  a  game,  which,  were  their  subjects  wise, 
Kings  would  not  play  at." 

And  with  greater  certainty  American  presidents 
and  members  of  congress  will  not  again  rush  into 
an  unjust  and  unnecessary  war,  unless  the  Ameri 
can  people,  \vho  choose  them  to  office,  are  foolish, 
deluded,  and  borne  away  by  evil  passions.  The 
numbers  in  the  Federalist,  illustrative  of  the 
constitution,  which  Mr.  Madison  wrote,  were  10, 
14,  18,  20,  37-58,  62,  63.  Jay  wrote  2-5  and  64  : 
Hamilton  the  other  numbers.  His  report  of  the 
proceedings  and  discussions  of  the  contention  was 
published.  His  works  have  been  published  in 
six  vols. 

MADISON,  DOKOTHY,  Mrs.,  the  widow  of 
President  M.,  died  at  Washington  July  12,  1849, 
aged  about  80.  Her  maiden  name  was  Dorothy 
Paine  ;  her  parents  were  of  the  society  of  Friends 
in  Virginia,  and  removed  to  Philadelphia  while 
she  was  young.  Before  the  age  of  twenty  she 
married  Mr.  Todd,  who  died  in  three  years,  leav 
ing  her  the  mother  of  a  son,  who  sOrvived  her. 
Mr.  Madison,  who  as  a  member  of  congress 
boarded  at  the  house  of  her  mother,  married  Mrs. 


MADISON. 


MALBONE. 


545 


Todd  in  1794.  Of  her  grace  and  dignity,  while 
her  husband  was  president,  much  has  been  said. 
In  her  old  age  her  house  in  Washington  was  a 
centre  of  attraction,  her  form  being  still  erect, 
her  voice  full,  her  manners  cordial.  She  was  a 
member  of  the  Episcopal  church. 

MADISON,  WILLIAM,  general,  youngest 
brother  of  President  M.,  died  at  Woodberry 
Forest,  Madison  co.,  Va.,  July  19,  1843,  aged  82. 
He  was  a  soldier  in  two  wars,  a  man  of  a  strong 
mind,  of  integrity  and  benevolence. 

MADOCKAWANDO,  sachem  of  Penobscot, 
or  chief  of  the  Malecites,  was  a  powerful  chief  in 
the  war  of  1676 ;  Mugg  was  his  prime  minister. 
At  the  siege  and  capture  of  Casco  fort  in  May, 
1690,  by  Portneuf,  whom  Capt.  Davis  calls  Bur- 
niffe,  he  was  present  with  his  Indians.  June  10, 
1692,  he  co-operated  with  a  Frenchman  in  an 
unsuccessful  attack  on  Storer's  garrison  .in  Wells, 
commanded  by  Capt.  Convers.  He  afterwards 
entered  into  the  treaty  of  Pcmaquid,  but  Thury, 
the  missionary,  persuaded  him  again  perfidiously 
to  take  up  the  hatchet.  In  1694  he  accompanied 
the  Sieur  do  Villieu,  who  had  under  him  two 
hundred  and  fifty  Indians,  in  the  attack  on  Oyster 
river,  at  Piscataqua,  killing  and  capturing,  July 
17th,  nearly .  one  hundred  persons,  and  burning 
twenty  houses.  Matawando,  as  Charlevoix  calls 
him,  fought  bravely  by  the  side  of  the  French 
man.  He  carried  the  scalps  to  Canada  and  was 
rewarded  by  Frontcnac. 

MAFFIT,  JOHN  N.,  died  in  Mobile  May  28, 
1850.  He  was  born  in  Ireland,  and  was  a  Meth 
odist  minister  of  great  celebrity,  many  years,  for 
his  eloquence. 

MAGRAW,  JAMES,  D.  D.,  minister  of  West 
Nottingham,  Md.,  died  in  1835,  aged  60. 

MAGRUDER,  ALLEN  B.,  a  senator  of  the 
United  States  from  Louisiana  in  1812,  had  been 
previously  a  lawyer  in  Kentucky.  lie  died  at 
Opelousas  in  April,  1822.  He  had  collected  ma 
terials  for  a  general  history  of  the  Indians.  He 
published  a  character  of  Mr.  Jefferson,  and  re 
flections  on  the  cession  of  Louisiana  to  the  United 
States,  1805. 

MAIRS,  GEORGE,  minister  at  Argyle,  N.  Y., 
died  in  1841,  aged  80,  in  the  forty-eighth  year  of 
his  ministry  at  Argyle.  Born  in  Ireland,  he 
studied  theology  under  John  Brown,  in  Scotland. 

MAKEMIE,  FRANCIS,  died  in  Boston  in  1708. 
He  preached  the  first  Presbyterian  sermon  in  the 
city  of  New  York,  in  a  private  house  Jan.  20, 
1 708.  He  was  from  Ireland,  a  resident  in  Va. 
For  thus  preaching,  Gov.  Cornbury  imprisoned 
him  several  weeks.  The  first  settled  Presbyterian 
minister  in  New  York  was  James  Anderson  from 
Scotland,  who  was  settled  in  Oct.,  1717. 

MAKIN,  THOMAS,  a  poet,  was  one  of  the  early 
settlers  of  Pennsylvania,  and  died  in  1735.  In 
the  year  16  89  he  was  usher  to  George  Keith  in 
69 


the  Friends'  public  grammar  school,  and  in  the 
following  year  succeeded  him  as  master.  He  was 
for  some  time  clerk  of  the  provincial  assembly. 
He  published  two  Latin  poems  in  1728  and  1729, 
inscribed  to  James  Logan,  and  entitled,  encomium 
Pennsylvania?,  and  in  laudcs  Pennsylvania?  poema ; 
extracts  from  which  are  preserved  in  Proud's  his 
tory  of  that  province. 

MALBONE,  JOHN,  general,  died  at  Newport, 
R.  I.,  in  1795,  aged  60.  Francis  M.,  a  senator  of 
the  United  States  from  Rhode  Island,  died  at 
Washington  of  the  apoplexy,  May  4, 1809. 

MALBONE,  EDWARD  G.,  a  portrait  painter, 
died  at  Savannah  May  7,  1807,  in  early  life.  He 
was  a  native  of  Nc\vport,  R.  I.  At  an  early  pe 
riod  of  life  he  discovered  a  propensity  for  paint 
ing,  which  became  at  length  so  predominant  that 
he  neglected  every  other  amusement  for  its  indul 
gence.  When  a  schoolboy  he  delighted  in  draw 
ing  rude  sketches  of  the  objects  of  nature.  As 
he  obtained  the  necessary  assistances  to  improve 
ment,  his  talents  were  developed.  He  frequented 
the  theatre  to  contemplate  the  illusions  of  sce 
nery  ;  and  by  the  regularity  of  his  attentions  be 
hind  the  scenes  in  the  forenoon,  he  attracted  the 
notice  of  the  painter,  who  discovered  unusual 
genius  in  his  young  acquaintance,  and  accepted 
his  assistance  with  the  brush.  He  Avas  at  length 
permitted  to  paint  an  entire  new  scene,  and  as  a 
reward  received  a  general  ticket  of  admission. 
His  intervals  of  leisure  were  now  employed  in 
drawing  heads,  and  aftenvards  in  attempting 
portraits.  His  rapid  progress  in  the  latter  occu 
pation  convinced  him,  that  he  had  talents  for  it, 
and  gave  alacrity  to  his  exertions ;  and  he  was 
soon  induced  to  devote  to  it  his  whole  attention. 
As  he  now  began  to  be  known  and  patronized  as 
a  miniature  painter,  his  natural  propensity  was 
nourished  by  the  prospect  of  reputation  and 
wealth.  He  visited  the  principal  cities,  and  re 
sided  successively  in  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and 
Boston.  In  the  winter  of  1800,  he  went  to 
Charleston,  where  his  talents  and  the  peculiar 
amenity  of  his  manners  enhanced  the  attentions 
which  he  received  from  the  hospitality  of  its  in 
habitants.  In  May,  1801,  he  sailed  from  Charles 
ton  to  London,  where  he  resided  some  months, 
absorbed  in  admiration  of  the  paintings  of  cele 
brated  masters.  With  a  mind  improved  by  study 
and  observation"  and  animated  by  the  enthusiasm 
of  genius,  he  visited  the  different  galleries  of  liv 
ing  painters,  enlarging  his  ideas  and  profiting  by 
the  contemplation  of  their  works.  He  was  intro 
duced  to  the  acquaintance  of  the  president  of  the 
royal  academy,  who  gave  him  free  access  to  his 
studio,  and  showed  him  those  friendly  attentions 
which  were  -more  flattering  than  empty  praises  to 
the  mind  of  his  young  countryman.  He  even 
encouraged  him  to  remain  in  England,  assuring 
him  that  he  had  nothing  to  fear  from  professional 


546 


MALCOMSON. 


MANLY. 


competition.  But  he  preferred  his  own  country, 
and  returned  to  Charleston  in  the  winter  of  1801. 
He  afterwards  continued  his  pursuits  in  different 
parts  of  the  continent,  always  finding  employ 
ment.  By  his  sedentary  habits  and  intense  appli 
cation  to  his  professional  labors  his  health  was  so 
much  impaired,  that  in  the  summer  of  1806  he 
was  compelled  to  relinquish  his  pencil,  and  indulge 
in  exercise ;  but  his  frame  had  become  too  weak 
to  become  again  invigorated.  As  he  felt  the 
symptoms  of  an  approaching  consumption,  his 
physicians  advised  him  to  try  the  effect  of  a  change 
of  climate.  In  the  beginning  of  the  winter  he 
therefore  took  a  passage  in  a  vessel  for  Jamaica; 
but,  the  change  not  producing  much  benefit,  he 
returned  to  Savannah,  where  he  languished  till 
his  death. 

Though  he  had  not  reached  all  the  perfection 
which  maturer  years  would  have  given,  yet  his 
pencil  will  rescue  his  name  from  oblivion.  His 
style  of  painting  was  chaste  and  correct,  his  col 
oring  clear  and  judiciously  wrought,  and  his  taste 
altogether  derived  from  a  just  contemplation  of 
nature.  In  his  female  heads  particularly  there 
was,  when  his  subjects  permitted,  enchanting  del 
icacy  and  beauty.  To  his  professional  excellence 
he  added  the  virtues  which  endeared  him  to  his 
friends.  His  heart  was  warm  and  generous.  The 
profits  of  his  skill,  which  were  very  considerable, 
contributed  to  the  happiness  of  his  relations ;  and 
as  their  welfare  was  an  object  which  seemed 
always  to  animate  his  exertions,  his  mother  and 
sisters  deeply  deplored  his  death. 

MALCOMSON,  JAMES,  a  minister  from  Ire 
land,  died  at  Charleston,  S.  C.,  in  1804,  aged  35. 
He  was  ten  years  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
church  of  Williamsburgh,  when  a  division  and 
animosity  among  his  people  induced  him  to  go 
to  C.  as  a  teacher;  but  he  died  within  a  few 
months. 

MALHIOT,  MODESTE,  the  Canadian  giant, 
died  at  St.  Jean  des  Challons,  Lower  Canada, 
Feb.  28,  1834.  His  height  was  6  feet  4  inches ; 
his  weight  six  hundred  and  nineteen  and  a  half 
pounds.  He  had  exhibited  himself  in  America 
and  in  various  countries  of  Europe. 

MALLET,  ANGELIXE,  Mrs.,  died  at  Vincennes, 
Indiana,  in  1834,  aged  110. 

MALTBY,  ISAAC,  general,  lived  in  Hat£eld, 
and  was  a  representative  in  the  legislature  and  a 
member  of  the  church.  He  removed  to  Water 
loo,  New  York,  where  he  died  in  Sept.,  1819. 
He  published  elements  of  war,  12mo.,  1812 ;  a 
treatise  on  courts  martial  and  military  law,  1813. 

MALTBY,  BENJAMIN,  deacon,  died  at  his  son's, 
Deacon  Daniel  M.'s,  at  Southington,  Ohio,  Jan.  1, 
1847,  aged  97.  He  was  the  son  of  deacon  Daniel 
M.  of  Northford,  Conn.  Both  he  and  his  father 
had  each  eleven  children,  and  all  of  them  were 


members  of  the  church.  He  was  a  patriot  of 
the  Revolution. 

MAMINASH,  SALLY,  the  last  Indian  in 
Northampton,  Mass.,  died  Jan.  3,  1853,  aged  88. 
Her  father's  grave-stone  stands  alone  in  a  field  near 
the  pine  grove,  a  little  south  of  the  new  State 
asylum  for  the  insane.  Her  mother,  who  died 
in  1780,  aged  GO,  was  Elizabeth  Occom  of  Mohc- 
gan,  near  Norwich,  Conn.,  the  eldest  sister  of 
liev.  Samson  Occom.  Sally  was  a  pious,  excel 
lent  woman.  For  many  years  she  was  kindly 
provided  for  in  a  family  in  South  street,  of  the 
name  of  Clapp. 

MAN,  SAMUEL,  first  minister  of  Wrentham, 
Mass.,  died  May  22,  1719,  aged  71.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  college  in  16G5.  After  preach 
ing  one  or  two  years  in  Wrentham,  he  was  driven 
away  by  the  Indian  war,  March  30,  1676 :  but 
after  the  war  he  returned  to  his  labors,  August 
21,  1680,  and  continued  them  till  his  death.  No 
church  being  previously  formed,  he  was  not  or 
dained  till  April  13,  1692.  He  was  a  man  of 
erudition,  a  faithful  pastor,  an  accomplished 
preacher,  good,  pious,  and  eminent.  His  succes 
sors  were  Henry  Messinger,  who  died  March  30, 
1750,  and  Mr.  Bean. 

MANCHESTER,  NILES,  M.  D.,  died  at  North 
Providence,  Pawtucket,  H.  I.,  in  1843,  aged  65, 
having  been  a  faithful  physician  about  forty  years. 

MANCIUS,  WILHELMUS,  Dr.,  died  at  Albany 
N.  Y.,  in  1808,  aged  70.  He  had  been  nearly 
forty-eight  years  a  skilful  physician  at  A. 

MANIGAULT,  GABRIEL,  a  merchant  of  Charles 
ton,  S.  C.,  and  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution,  died 
in  1781,  aged  77.  lie  was  born  in  1704  of  pa 
rents  driven  from  France  by  Catholic  persecution. 
By  his  commercial  pursuits  for  fifty  years  he  hon 
estly  acquired  a  fortune  of  half  a  million  of  dol 
lars.  In  the  beginning  of  the  war  he  loaned  the 
State  220,000  dollars.  In  May,  1779,  at  the  age 
of  seventy-five,  when  the  British  General  Provost 
appeared  before  Charleston,  he  equipped  himself 
as  a  soldier,  and,  equipping  also  his  grandson  of 
fifteen  years,  he  led  him  to  the  lines  to  repel  an 
expected  assault.  His  daughter  married  Lewis 
Morris,  and  lost  her  life  in  the  great  hurricane 
on  Sullivan's  Island  in  1822.  His  son,  Peter,  also 
a  patriot  and  speaker  of  the  house  from  1766  to 
his  death,  died  in  1773,  aged  42.  Integrity  and 
benevolence  were  prominent  traits  in  the  charac 
ter  of  Mr.  M.  He  bequeathed  to  a  charitable 
society  5,000  pounds.  He  was  a  member  and  a 
zealous  supporter  of  the  French  Calvinistic  church. 

MANLEY,  JAMES  It.,  a  physician  in  New 
York,  died  in  1851,  aged  70. 

MANLY,  JOHN,  a  captain  in  the  navy  of  the 
United  States,  died  in  Boston  in  1793,  aged  59. 
He  received  a  naval  commission  from  Washing 
ton,  Oct.  24,  1775.  Invested  with  the  command 


MANN. 

of  the  schooner  Lee,  he  kept  the  hazardous  sta 
tion  of  Massachusetts  bay  during  a  most  tempest 
uous  season,  and  the  captures  which  he  made 
were  of  immense  value  at  the  moment.  An 
ordnance  brig,  which  fell  into  his  hands,  supplied 
the  continental  army  with  heavy  pieces,  mortars, 
and  working  tools,  of  which  it  was  very  destitute, 
and  in  the  event  led  to  the  evacuation  of  Boston. 
His  services  were  the  theme  of  universal  eulogy. 
Being  raised  to  the  command  of  the  frigate  Han 
cock  of  thirty-two  guns,  his  capture  of  the  Fox 
increased  his  high  reputation  for  bravery  and 
skill.  But  he  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Rain 
bow  of  forty  guns,  July  8,  1777,  and  suffered  a 
long  and  rigorous  confinement  on  board  that  ship 
at  Halifax,  and  in  Mill  prison,  precluded  from 
further  actual  service  till  near  the  close  of  the 
war.  In  September,  1782,  the  Hague  frigate  was 
intrusted  to  his  care.  The  cruise  was  peculiarly 
urJiappy.  A  few  days  after  leaving  Martinique 
he  was  driven  by  a  British  seventy-four  on  a  sand 
bank  at  the  back  of  Gaudaloupe.  Three  ships 
of  the  line,  having  joined  this  ship,  came  to  within 
point  blank  shot,  and  with  springs  on  their  cables 
opened  a  most  tremendous  fire.  Having  sup 
ported  the  heavy  cannonade  for  three  days,  on 
the  fourth  day  the  frigate  was  got  off,  and,  hoist 
ing  the  continental  standard  at  the  main-top  gal 
lant  mast,  thirteen  guns  were  fired  in  farewell 
defiance.  On  his  return  to  Boston  a  few  months 
afterwards,  he  was  arrested  to  answer  a  variety 
of  charges  exhibited  against  him  by  one  of  his 
officers.  The  proceedings  of  the  court  were  not 
altogether  in  approbation  of  his  conduct.  Me 
moirs  of  his  life,  which  should  vindicate  his  char 
acter,  were  promised,  but  they  have  never  ap 
peared. 

MANN,  JAMES,  a  surgeon,  died  at  New  York 
in  November,  1832,  aged  about  70.  Born  in 
"Wrentham,  his  ancestor  wrote  his  name  Man. 
He  graduated  in  1776,  and  served  as  a  surgeon 
three  years  in  the  army  of  the  Revolution.  -In 
1812  he  was  hospital  surgeon  ;  and  was  at  the 
head  of  the  medical  staff  on  the  northern  frontier. 
He  was  a  Swedenborgian.  He  published  two 
monographs,  which  gained  prizes  in  1804;  and 
medical  sketches  of  campaigns  of  1812,  etc. 

MANN,  PEREZ,  Dr.,  died  in  Burlington,  Conn., 
Feb.  1,  1843,  aged  84.  He  was  surgeon's  mate 
in  the  Revolutionary  war,  and  the  principal  phy 
sician  of  B.  for  thirty  years. 

MANN,  JACOB,  died  in  Morristown,  N.  J.,  Dec. 
17,  1843,  aged  67.  He  was  an  editor  thirty-five 
years,  having  established  the  Genius  of  liberty  in 
1798. 

MANN,  HERMANN,  died  in  Dedham  Nov.  26, 
1851,  aged  56.  He  published  annals  of  Dedham 
in  1847. 

MANNING,  JAMES,  D.  D.,  first  president  of 
the  college  in  Rhode  Island,  died  July  29,  1791, 


MANNING. 


547 


aged  52.  He  was  born  in  New  Jersey  Oct.  22, 
1738,  and  was  graduated  at  Nassau  hall  in  1762. 
When  he  began  to  preach,  several  of  his  Baptist 
brethren  in  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  pro 
posed  the  establishment  of  a  college  in  Rhode 
Island,  on  account  of  the  religious  freedom  which 
was  there  enjoyed,  and  directed  their  attention 
towards  him  as  its  president.  The  charter  was 
obtained  in  February,  1764,  and  in  1765  he  re 
moved  to  Warren,  to  make  preparations  for  car 
rying  the  design  into  execution.  In  September 
the  seminary  was  opened,  and  it  was  soon  replen 
ished  with  students.  In  1770  the  institution  was 
removed  to  Providence,  where  a  spacious  building 
had  been  erected.  He  was  soon  chosen  pastor 
of  the  Baptist  church  in  that  town,  and  he  con 
tinued  in  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  these  two 
offices,  except  in  an  interval  of  about  six  months 
in  1786,  when  he  was  a  member  of  congress,  till 
his  death  of  the  apoplexy.  He  was  of  a  kind  and 
benevolent  disposition,  social  and  communicative, 
and  fitted  rather  for  active  life  than  for  retire 
ment.  Though  he  possessed  good  abilities,  he 
was  prevented  from  intense  study  by  the  pecu 
liarity  of  his  constitution.  His  life  was  a  scene 
of  labor  for  the  benefit  of  others.  His  piety  and 
his  fervent  zeal  in  preaching  the  gospel  evinced 
his  love  to  God  and  man.  With  a  dignified  and 
majestic  appearance,  his  address  was  manly,  fa 
miliar,  and  engaging.  In  the  government  of  the 
college  he  was  mild  yet  energetic.  His  memoir 
was  written  by  W.  G.  Goddard. 

MANNING,  JOHN,  a  physician,  probably  a  de 
scendant  of  John  M.,  who  lived  in  Ipswich  in 
1640,  died  in  1824,  aged  nearly  87.  He  was  the 
son  of  Dr.  Joseph  M.  of  Ipswich,  who  died  at  the 
age  of  79.  He  was  born  November,  1737,  and, 
after  practising  in  Ipswich  eleven  years,  went  to 
England  in  1771  for  his  medical  improvement. 
In  the  American  war  he  served  as  a  surgeon  one 
campaign  on  Long  Island  and  Rhode  Island.  In 
his  politics  he  was  a  democrat  or  republican.  On 
public  worship  he  was  a  regular  attendant.  He 
left  three  sons,  physicians.  —  Thaclier. 

MANNING,  RICHARD  J.,  governor  of  South 
Carolina,  died  in  Sumter  district  in  1836.  He 
was  twice  chosen  to  congress,  and  was  respected 
as  a  patriot  and  Christian. 

MANNING,  JOHN,  Dr.,  died  in  Rockport, 
Mass.,  November,  1841,  aged  80.  He  was  a 
skilful  physician. 

MANNING,  WILLIAM,  died  at  Cambridgeport 
July  25,  1849,  aged  83  ;  the  oldest  printer  in  the 
State,  formerly  of  the  firm  of  Manning  and  Lor- 
ing,  Boston. 

MANNING,  JOHN,  a  physician,  the  son  of  Dr. 
John  M.,  died  at  Rockport  in  1852,  aged  62.  He 
was  a  native  of  Gloucester,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard' in  1810. 

MANNING,  SAMUEL  B.,  a  printer  in  Boston, 


548 


MANSFIELD. 


MARSH. 


died  in  1856,  aged  60.  He  was  the  son  of  Wil 
liam,  and  with  him  connected  in  publishing  the 
Worcester  Spy. 

MANSFIELD,  ACHILLES,  minister  of  Killing- 
worth,  Conn.,  died  in  1814,  aged  G3.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  in  1770,  and  was  ordained  in  1779. 
He  preached  on  the  Sabbath  preceding  his  death, 
from  the  text,  "  His  rest  shall  be  glorious."  His 
wife,  a  widow  when  he  married  her,  was  the 
daughter  of  Joseph  Elliot  of  K.,  and  grand-daugh 
ter  of  Rev.  Jared  Elliot.  Mr.  M.  was  a  respected 
minister,  and  a  trustee  of  the  college.  His  daugh 
ter  married  Rev.  Joshua  Huntington.  He  pub 
lished  the  Christian  hope  in  Amer.  preacher,  rv. 

MANSFIELD,  RICHARD,  D.  D.,  Episcopal 
minister  in  Derby,  Conn.,  died  in  1820.  As  he 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1741,  jf  he  was  then 
twenty-one  years  old,  his  age  at  his  death  was 
about  100  years. 

MANSFIELD,  JARED,  colonel,  LL.  D.,  pro 
fessor  of  natural  philosophy  in  the  military 
academy  at  West  Point,  died  in  1830,  aged  71. 
He  was  born  in  New  Haven,  and  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1777.  He  was  afterwards  sur 
veyor-general  of  the  United  States  and  professor. 
A  few  years  before  his  death  he  retired  from 
West  Point  to  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  where  he  resided 
while  surveyor.  While  on  a  visit  to  New  Haven 
he  died.  Colonel  Totten,  United  States  engineer, 
was  his  nephew.  He  published  essays  mathe 
matical  and  physical,  1802. 

MARCH,  EDMUND,  minister  of  Amesbury, 
Mass.,  died  March  6,  1791,  aged  88.  Born  in 
Newbury,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1722,  and 
was  ordained  the  same  year.  In  a  controversy 
on  original  sin,  originating  with  Mr.  Webster  of 
Salisbury,  he  published  a  pamphlet  entitled  fair 
play,  etc.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

MARCIIANT,  HENRY,  LL.  D.,  judge  of  the 
district  court  of  the  United  States  for  Rhode 
Island,  died  in  1796,  aged  55.  He  practised  law 
at  Newport ;  was  attorney-general  of  the  State 
in  1774 ;  was  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution ;  and 
in  1783  a  delegate  to  congress.  He  was  judge 
from  1790  4ill  his  death. ' 

MARION,  FRANCIS,  a  brave  officer  in  the  Rev 
olutionary  war,  died  in  1795.  He  was  born  near 
Georgetown,  South  Carolina,  in  1733.  In  1759 
he  served  as  a  soldier  against  the  Cherokee  In 
dians.  In  the  Revolutionary  war  he  assisted  in 
the  defence  of  fort  Moultrie  and  commanded  a 
regiment  at  the  siege  of  Charleston.  He  was 
promoted  by  Governor  Rutledgc  to  the  rank  of 
brigadier-general  in  1780.  On  the  advance  of 
Gates,  he  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  sixteen 
men,  and  captured  a  small  British  guard,  rescu 
ing  one  hundred  and  fifty  continental  prisoners. 
As  the  militia  was  in  no  subordination,  sometimes 
he  had  not  more  than  a  dozen  men  with  him. 
September  4th,  he  marched  with  fifty-three  men 


to  attack  a  body  of  two  hundred  tories.  He  first 
surprised  a  party  of  forty-five,  killing  and  wound 
ing  all  but  fifteen,  and  then  put  the  main  body 
of  two  hundred  to  flight.  His  conduct  was  most 
generous  as  well  as  brave.  Not  one  house  was 
burned  by  his  orders,  for  he  detested  making 
war  upon  poor  women  and  children.  At  one 
time  he  was  obliged  to  convert  the  saws  of  saw 
mills  into  horsemen's  swords  for  his  defence.  For 
months  he  and  his  party  slept  in  the  open  air, 
and  sheltered  themselves  in  the  thick  recesses  of 
swamps,  whence  they  sallied  out  and  harassed 
the  enemy.  After  the  war  he  married  Mary  VI- 
deau,  a  lady  of  wealth,  and  resided  in  his  native 
parish  of  St.  John's.  As  a  member  of  the  legis 
lature  he  nobly  resisted  all  retaliatory  measures 
towards  the  tories.  As  a  prudent,  humane,  en 
terprising,  brave  partisan  officer,  he  had  no  supe 
rior.  His  life,  written  by  General  P.  Horry  and 
M.  L.  Weems,  was  published,  6th  edition,  1818. 
The  soldier  and  companion  of  Marion  had  little 
concern  in  writing  the  book.  It  bears  all  the 
marks  of  Mr.  Weems'  wild,  undisciplined  pen  ; 
one  can  scarcely  read  it  without  mingled  laughter 
and  tears. 

MARKOE,  PETER,  a  poet,  died  at  Philadelphia 
in  1792.  He  published  miscellaneous  poems, 
1787  ;  the  times,  a  poem,  1788  ;  the  patriot  chief, 
a  tragedy ;  reconciliation,  an  opera ;  and  was  sup 
posed  to  be  the  author  of  Algcrine  spy. 

MARKS,  ZACIIARIAH,  died  at  Burlington,  Conn., 
in  1840,  aged  80.  He  was  a  farmer,  and  left  an 
estate  of  3,000  dollars  to  Washington  college, 
Hartford. 

MARQUETTE,  JOSEPH,  a  Jesuit  missionary, 
the  discoverer  of  the  Mississippi  river,  died  sud 
denly  on  the  Marquette  river,  which  falls  into  lake 
Michigan,  in  1G75.  He  explored  the  western  re 
gions  of  Canada ;  laid  the  foundations  of  Michil- 
limackinac;  and,  in  company  with  the  Sicur 
Joliet,  crossed  the  portage  from  the  Fox  river  of 
Green  Bay  to  the  Wisconsin,  and  first  entered 
the  Mississippi  in  1673.  —  Cliarlevoix. 

MARSH,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Braintree,  now 
Quincy,  died  in  1726,  aged  41.  Born  in  Hadley, 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1705,  and  was  or 
dained  in  1709.  His  successor  was  John  Han 
cock  in  1726.  —  Spr ague's  Annals. 

MARSH,  ELISHA,  minister  of  Westminster, 
Mass.,  died  in  1784,  aged  about  66.  Born  in 
Hadlcy,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1738,  was 
ordained  in  1742,  and  dismissed  in  1757. — 
Spraguc's  Annals. 

MARSH,  EBENEZER  GRANT,  professor  of  lan 
guages  and  ecclesiastical  history  in  Yale  college, 
died  in  1803,  aged  26.  He  was  the  son  of  Dr. 
John  Marsh,  minister  of  Wethersfield.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1795.  In  1798  he 
was  elected  an  instructor  in  the  Hebrew  language, 
and  in  1799  one  of  the  tutors.  In  1802  he  was 


MARSH. 


MARSHALL. 


549 


elected  a  professor;  but  the  hopes  which  had 
been  excited  by  his  talents  and  unequalled  in 
dustry  were  blasted,  and  his  increasing  usefulness 
was  terminated  by  his  death.  He  was  a  man  of 
amiable  manners,  pure  morals,  and  unquestioned 
piety.  As  a  preacher  of  the  gospel  he  was  un 
commonly  acceptable.  His  literary  acquisitions 
were  great.  lie  published  an  oration  on  the 
truth  of  the  Mosaic  history  of  the  creation,  1798 ; 
a  catalogue  of  the  historical  writers  of  this  coun 
try,  entitled,  a  series  of  American  historians,  from 
the  first  discovery  of  this  country  to  the  present 
time,  1801 ;  and  an  elaborate  oration,  delivered 
before  the  American  academy  of  arts  and  sciences 
in  1802,  designed  to  confirm  the  truth  of  Scrip 
ture  history  by  the  testimony  of  eastern  writers. 
This,  it  is  believed,  with  improvements,  was  a  post 
humous  publication.  —  Diciylifs  and  Dana's 
Sermon,  and  Folder's  Oration,  on  his  Death  ; 
Hist.  Coll.  ix.  108-111. 

MARSH,  JOHN,  D.D.,  minister  of  Wethersfield, 
Conn.,  died  Sept.  13,  1821,  aged  78.  Born  in 
Haverhill,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1761,  and 
was  ordained  Jan.  12,  1774.  He  published  elec 
tion  sermon,  1796;  at  the  installation  of  AY. 
Lockwood,  1797. 

MARSH,  JAMES,  D.  D.,  died  at  Burlington, 
Vt,  July  3,  1842,  aged  47.  He  was  a  native  of 
Hartford,  Vt,  and  a  graduate  of  Dartmouth  in 
1817.  He  was  professor  of  moral  and  intellect 
ual  philosophy  in  the  Vermont  university,  and 
had  been  the  president.  He  was  a  scholar,  and 
a  man  of  modest  worth  and  piety.  His  two  wives 
were  sisters,  the  daughters  of  James  AVheelock, 
the  brother  of  President  AYheelock  of  Dartmouth 
college.  He.  published,  with  notes,  Coleridge's 
aids  to  reflection,  and  some  translations  from  the 
German,  and  some  reviews. 

MARSH,  DANIEL,  minister  of  Bennington,Vt., 
died  at  Jamesville,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  13,  1843,  aged  81. 
Born  in  New  Milibrd,  Conn.,  he  graduated  at 
AVilliams  in  1795.  He  was  first  settled  at  Pough- 
keepsie,  then  from  1806  to  1820  at  Bcnnington, 
and  last  at  Jamesville,  where  his  labors  were 
greatly  blessed.  His  sight  failed  him.  Respected 
and  beloved,  he  died  in  Christian  peace. 

MARSH,  JONATHAN*,  minister  of  AVindsor, 
Conn.,  died  Sept.  8,  1747,  aged  63.  He  was  the 
son  of  John,  and  grandson  of  John,  a  first  settler 
of  Hartford,  then  of  Hadley.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1705.  His  Avife  was  Margaret  AArhit- 
ing.  His  son  Jonathan  was  the  minister  of  New 
Hartford ;  his  daughters  married  Rev.  Nathaniel 
Roberts  of  Torrington,  and  Rev.  Stephen  Heaton 
of  Goshen.  He  published  election  sermons,  1721 
and  1737. 

MARSH,  CHARLES,  LL.  D.,  died  at  AVood- 
stock,  Vt.,  Jan.  11,  1849,  aged  83.  Born  at  Leb 
anon,  Conn.,  he  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in 
1786.  His  father  removed  to  Vermont,  and  was 


lieutenant-governor.  For  fifty  years  he  practised 
law  at  AVoodstock.  From  1815  to  1817  he  was 
in  congress.  He  was  a  member  of  various  relig 
ious  and  charitable  societies. 

MARSH,  TRUMAN,  died  at  Litchfield,  Conn., 
March  27,  1851,  aged  83;  an  Episcopal  minister. 
lie  graduated  at  Yale  in  1786. 

MARSH,  DEXTER,  died  at  Greenfield,  Mass., 
April  2,  1853,  aged  47.  An  uneducated  man,  a 
native  of  Montague,  while  he  lived  in  G.  he  had 
an  enthusiastic  zeal  in  collecting  the  print-marks 
of  various  animals  on  the  sandstones  of  the  Con 
necticut  river  valley.  He  collected  a  valuable 
cabinet,  which,  at  his  executor's  sale,  sold  for 
nearly  3,000  dollars. —  Holland's  History,  II.  376. 

MARSH,  SAMUEL  D.,  missionary  to  the  Zulus 
in  Africa,  died  Dec.  11,  1853,  leaving  a  wife  and 
child.  He  was  wise,  prompt,  courageous,  and 
persevering.  He  was  peaceful  in  his  last  hours, 
assured  that  "  the  good  pilot "  would  conduct 
him  safely  over  the  flood. 

MARSHALL,  HUMPHREY,  a  botanist  and  in 
dustrious  horticulturist,  died  about  1805.  He 
published  Arbustum  Amcricanum,  the  American 
grove,  or  alphabetical  catalogue  of  forest  trees 
and  shrubs,  Philadelphia,  8vo.,  1785  and  1788. 
It  was  translated  into  French,  1788. 

MARSHALL,  MOSES,  died  at  Marshallton, 
Penn.,  in  1813;  a  scientific  naturalist,  and  a  man 
of  practical  skill. 

MARSHALL,  ALEXANDER  K.,  reporter  of  the 
court  of  appeals  of  Kentucky,  died  in  Mason  co. 
in  1825,  aged  55. 

MARSHALL,  JONAS,  Dr.,  died  at  Fitchburg, 
in  Dec.,  1825,  aged  87. 

MARSHALL,  JOHN,  chief  justice  of  the  United 
States,  died  at  Philadelphia  July  6,  1835,  aged  79. 
His  eldest  son,  on  his  way  to  his  father's  death 
bed,  was  killed  by  the  fall  of  a  chimney,  at  Balti 
more.  He  was  born  in  Fauquier  county,  Va., 
Sept.  24,  1755,  the  son  of  Col.  Thomas  M.,  and 
the  eldest  of  fifteen  children.  He  had  some  clas 
sical  instruction,  but  was  never  at  a  college.  A 
soldier  in  the  war,  he  reached  the  rank  of  cap 
tain,  and  fought  in  various  battles.  As  a  lawyer, 
he  soon  rose  to  distinction.  Of  the  Arirginia  con 
vention  to  ratify  the  constitution  he  was  a  con 
spicuous  member.  Mr.  Adams  sent  him  as  a 
minister  to  France,  with  Pinckney  and  Gerry,  in 
1798.  In  1800  he  was  secretary  of  war,  and  af 
terwards  secretary  of  State,  and  chief  justice  in 
1801.  On  the  resignation  of  Chief  Justice  Ells 
worth,  he  was  nominated  by  President  John 
Adams,  Jan.  31,  1801,  chief  justice  of  the  United 
States ;  which  high  office  he  held  with  increasing 
reputation  and  unsullied  integrity  thirty-four 
years,  till  his  death.  He  had  great  talents,  un 
questioned  uprightness,  and  was  laboriously  de 
voted  to  the  important  duties  of  his  office.  He 
was  undoubtedly  the  most  illustrious  judge  of 


550 


MARSHALL. 


our  country.  Amidst  the  changes  of  parties  in 
our  government  he  yet  was  held  in  universal  re 
spect,  because  he  was  a  man  not  only  of  great 
learning  and  mental  power,  but  also  of  stern,  un 
bending  principle,  and  of  moral  virtue,  resolute 
to  maintain  the  right,  incapable  of  being  swayed 
aside  by  prejudice,  interest,  or  partisanship.  Sup 
pose  there  should  ever  stand  in  his  high  place 
—  the  most  important,  perhaps,  in  our  country  — 
a  man  of  a  different  character,  whose  prejudices 
and  passions  should  blind  him  to  the  right  when 
some  great  constitutional  question,  such,  perhaps, 
as  the  relation  of  slavery  to  the  territories  of  our 
country,  should  come  before  him;  and  a  majority 
of  his  associates  should  agree  with  him  in  feeling 
and  judicial  decision  ;  it  is  easy  to  see  that  such 
a  false  judgment,  revolting  to  the  sense  of  free 
dom  in  the  hearts  of  a  majority  of  the  States, 
might  break  up  the  very  foundations  of  our  Union. 
The  evil  of  a  president  faithless  to  his  trust  can 
be  remedied  by  the  people  at  a  new  election. 
But  our  judges  are  permanent  in  office :  if  they 
become  corrupt,  there  is  no  remedy  but  revolu 
tion.  Judge  Story,  who  was  twenty-four  years 
the  associate  of  Chief  Justice  Marshall,  said  of 
him,  that  there  was  not  a  man  of  any  party 
"  who  would  not  cheerfully  admit,  that  the  high 
est  judicial  honors  could  not  have  fallen  on  any 
one  who  could  have  sustained  them  with  more 
solid  advantage  to  the  glory  or  interests  of  the 
country."  And  as  to  his  official  labors  he  also 
said :  "  There  is  one  class  of  cases  which  ought 
not  to  be  overlooked,  because  it  comes  home  to 
the  business  and  bosom  of  every  citizen  of  this 
country,  and  is  felt  in  every  gradation  of  life, 
from  the  chief  magistrate  down  to  the  inmate  of 
the  cottage.  We  allude  to  the  grave  discussions 
of  constitutional  law,  which,  during  his  time,  have 
attracted  so  much  of  the  talents  of  the  bar  in  the 
supreme  court,  and  sometimes  agitated  the  whole 
nation.  If  all  others  of  the  chief  justice's  judi 
cial  arguments  had  perished,  his  luminous  judg 
ments  on  these  occasions  would  have  given  an 
enviable  immortality  to  his  name." —  Judge  Mar 
shall's  residence  was  Richmond,  Va.  He  had 
gone  to  Philadelphia  for  medical  advice  in  his 
failing  health.  His  faculties  he  retained  to  the 
last;  and  he  met  death  with  the  resignation  of 
the  Christian.  He  was  a  man  of  kind  feelings 
and  simple  manners  :  he  was  not  uplifted  by  his 
honors.  In  his  dress  he  was  very  plain.  He 
mixed  easily  with  his  neighbors.  In  various  ob 
jects  of  benevolence  and  human  improvement  he 
took  a  lively  interest.  He  believed  in  the  Chris 
tian  religion ;  was  a  regular  attendant  on  the 
Episcopal  church  ;  was  one  of  the  vice-presidents 
of  the  American  bible  society,  and  the  president 
of  the  colonization  society.  No  one,  in  the  pos 
session  of  his  reason,  would  ascribe  to  him,  or  to 
Washington,  the  project  of  reviving  the  slave 


MARTIN. 

trade,  or  the  wish  to  extend  and  perpetuate 
slavery,  or  the  absence  of  the  wish  of  justice  and 
humanity,  that  all  slavery  might  come  to  an 
end.  —  He  published  the  life  of  Washington,  5 
vols.,  1805;  2d  edit.,  improved,  in  2  vols.,  1832. 
The  history  of  the  colonies  was  published  sep 
arately  in  1824. 

MARSHALL,  JOHN  E.,  an  eminent  physician, 
died  at  Buffalo  in  1838,  aged  52. 

MARSHALL,  JOHN  J.,  judge,  died  in  Louis 
ville,  Ivy.,  June,  1846,  aged  61.  He  had  a  great 
estate ;  but,  lending  his  name  generously  and  in 
cautiously  to  support  the  credit  of  others,  he  lost 
his  property. 

MARSHALL,  ANDREW,  a  colored  preacher, 
died  in  Richmond,  Va.,  about  Dec.  20,  1856,  aged 
100.  For  many  years  he  was  pastor  of  the  Afri 
can  Baptist  church,  Savannah.  He  had  gifts,  and 
by  his  excellent  character  he  won  the  respect  and 
esteem  of  all  who  knew  him.  He  preached,  in 
the  last  spring,  in  various  churches  in  New  York. 

MARSTOX,  JOHN,  died  in  Taunton  ])ec.  13, 
1846,  aged  91 ;  a  commandant  of  artillery  under 
Gen.  Ivnox  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 

MARTHA,  an  Indian,  died  at  Mohegan,  near 
Norwich,  Conn.,  in  1805,  aged  120.  She  was  the 
widow  of  Zacharah,  a  chief,  and  was  herself  for 
years  the  agent  of  the  Mohegan  tribe. 

MARTIN,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  Northbo- 
rough,  Mass.,  died  in  1767,  aged  61.  Born  in 
Boston,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1724,  and 
was  settled  in  1746. 

MARTIN,  ALEXANDER,  LL.  D.,  governor  of 
North  Carolina  from  1782  to  1785,  died  in 
1807.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  convention 
which  framed  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States.  In  1789  he  was  again  chosen  governor. 
In  1792  he  was  elected  a  senator  of  the  United 
States. 

MARTIN,  PHILIP,  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution, 
died  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  in  1821,  aged  65.  He 
was  a  State  senator. 

MARTIN,  LUTHER,  a  patriot  of  the  Revolu 
tion  and  a  jurist,  died  at  New  York  July  10, 
1826,  aged  81. 

MARTIN,  WILLIAM  P.,  a  Methodist  minister, 
died  near  Lynchburg,  Va.,  in  1829,  aged  84. 

MARTIN,  JAMES,  a  Revolutionary  soldier,  died 
atlvnoxville  in  1833,  aged  106. 

MARTIN,  JOHN,  died  in  Augusta,  Ga.,  Feb. 
14,  1843,  aged  105.  His  parents  came  with  Ogle- 
thorpe.  He  served  in  the  Cherokee  war,  and  was 
wounded  in  the  head  by  an  Indian  tomahawk. 
He  served  also  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 

MARTIN,  FRANCIS  X.,  LL.  1).,  died  at  New 
Orleans  Dec.  9,  1846,  aged  84.  He  was  chief 
justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  Louisiana.  He 
was  born  in  Marseilles  in  France.  He  pub 
lished  cases  in  supreme  court  of  Louisiana,  in  12 
vols.,  1816-1823;  the  same,  new  series,  8  vols., 


MARTIN. 


MASON. 


551 


1824-1830 ;  history  of  North  Carolina,  2  vols., 
1818. 

MARTIN,  JOSEPH  P.,  died  in  Prospect,  Me., 
May  2,  1850,  aged  90.  The  son  of  a  minister  in 
Berkshire,  he  entered  the  army  in  1776,  and  was 
in  several  bloody  battles.  He  was  the  clerk  of 
the  town,  which  was  a  wilderness  when  he  settled 
in  it.  He  published  in  1830  a  narrative  of  his 
adventures  as  a  soldier. 

MARTIN,  DAVID,  a  popular  writer,  died  at 
Baton  Rouge,  La.,  in  1856.  He  wrote  the  song, 
"  Erin  is  my  home." 

MARTINDALE,  STEPHEN,  minister  of  Wal- 
lingford,  Vt.,  died  in  1847,  aged  59.  Born  in 
West  Dorset,  he  graduated  at  Middlebury  in 
1806,  and  was  a  preceptor  seven  years.  He  was 
a  minister  at  Tinmouth  from  1819  to  1832,  and 
for  the  rest  of  his  life  at  "W.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

MARTYN,  RICHARD,  speaker  of  the  assembly, 
died  at  Portsmouth,  N.  II.,  in  1693.  He  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  church  in  1661,  and  a 
councillor.  His  son,  Richard,  a  graduate  of  1680, 
was  for  a  time  a  preacher. 

MARVIN,  THOMAS  J.,  judge,  died  at  Havana 
in  Dec.,  1852,  aged  50.  He  lived  at  Saratoga. 
He  and  his  brother  were  the  proprietors  of  the 
great  house,  called  the  United  States  hotel,  and 
had  held  it  for  twenty  years,  constantly  enlarging 
and  improving  it.  lie  Avas  a  judge  in  Saratoga 
county. 

MASON,  JOHN,  captain,  proprietor  of  New 
Hampshire,  died  in  1635.  He  was  a  merchant  of 
London,  and  afterwards  governor  of  Newfound 
land.  On  his  return  he  met  with  Sir  Win.  Alex 
ander,  who  was  induced  to  engage  in  the  project 
of  settling  the  new  world,  and  obtained  a  patent 
of  Acadie,  or  Nova  Scotia,  in  1621.  In  the  same 
year  Mason  obtained  of  the  Plymouth  company, 
of  which  he  was  a  member,  a  grant  of  the  land 
from  Salem  river  to  the  Merrimack,  and  up  to 
the  heads  thereof,  called  Mariana.  In  1622  he 
and  Gorges  obtained  a  grant  of  the  lands  between 
the  Merrimac  and  Sagadahoc,  extending  back  to 
the  lakes,  called  Laconia.  He  obtained,  Nov.  7, 
1629,  a  new  patent  of  New  Hampshire.  His 
daughter  Jane  married  John  Tufton,  whose  son, 
Robert  T.,  assumed  the  name  of  Mason.  He  had 
been  at  great  expense  in  the  settlement  of  his 
province,  with  no  advantage.  His  heirs  sold  their 
rights  to  Samuel  Allen  in  1691. 

MASON,  JOHN,  major,  a  brave  soldier,  and 
author  of  the  history  of  the  Pequot  Avar,  died 
about  1672,  aged  72.  He  was  born  in  England 
about  the  year  1600.  He  was  bred  to  arms  in 
the  Netherlands,  under  Sir  Thomas  Fairfax,  whose 
good  opinion  he  so  much  conciliated,  that,  after 
his  arrival  in  this  country,  when  the  struggle 
arose  in  England  between  King  Charles  I.  and 
the  parliament,  Sir  Thomas  addressed  a  letter  to 
Mason,  requesting  him  to  join  his  standard  and 


give  his  assistance  to  those  who  were  contending 
for  the  liberties  of  the  people.  The  invitation, 
however,  was  declined.  Mason  was  one  of  the 
first  settlers  of  Dorchester,  being  one  of  the  com 
pany  of  Mr.  Warham  in  1630.  From  this  place 
he  removed  to  Windsor  about  the  year  1635,  and 
assisted  in  laying  the  foundation  of  a  new  colony. 
The  Pequot  war,  in  which  he  was  so  distinguished, 
was  in  the  year  1637.  The  Pequot  Indians  were 
a  spirited  and  warlike  nation,  who  lived  near  New 
London.  In  1634  a  tribe  which  was  in  confed 
eracy  with  them  murdered  a  Captain  Stone  and 
a  Captain  Norton,  with  their  crew  of  eight  men, 
and  then  sunk  the  vessel.  A  part  of  the  plunder 
was  received  by  Sassacus,  the  Pequot  sachem.  In 
1636  the  Pequots  killed  a  number  of  men  at  Say- 
brook,  where  there  was  a  garrison  of  about  twenty 
men ;  in  consequence  of  which  Mason  was  sent 
down  the  river  by  the  Connecticut  colony  in 
March,  1637,  for  the  relief  of  the  fort.  He  re 
mained  there  a  month,  but  not  an  Indian  was  to 
be  seen.  In  April  the  Pequots  killed  nine  of  the 
English  at  Wethersfield,  and  destroyed  much 
property.  The  colony  was  now  reduced  to  a 
most  lamentable  condition.  The  inhabitants  were 
in  number  but  about  two  hundred  and  fifty,  and 
most  of  the  men  were  needed  for  the  labor  of  the 
plantations.  Many  of  the  cattle  had  been  lost  by 
the  want  of  hay  or  corn.  There  were,  perhaps, 
not  five  ploughs  in  the  colony,  and  the  people 
were  suffering  for  want  of  provisions.  They  were 
at  the  same  time  so  harassed  by  a  powerful  enemy, 
that  they  could  neither  hunt,  fish,  nor  cultivate 
their  fields,  but  at  the  peril  of  their  lives.  They 
were  obliged  to  keep  a  constant  watch.  At  this 
crisis  a  court  was  summoned  at  Hartford  on  the 
first  of  May.  Besides  the  six  magistrates,  there 
were  also  committees  from  the  few  towns  in  the 
colony,  to  compose  the  court.  As  the  Pequots 
had  killed  about  thirty,  and  Avere  endeavoring  to 
effect  a  union  of  all  the  Indians  in  a  plan  for  the 
extirpation  of  the  English,  it  Avas  determined  that 
an  offensive  Avar  should  be  carried  on  against 
them,  and  that  ninety  men  should  immediately 
be  raised,  forty-two  from  Hartford,  thirty  from 
Windsor,  and  eighteen  from  Wethersfield.  The 
little  army,  under  the  command  of  Mason,  Avith 
Mr.  Stone  for  their  chaplain,  fell  doA\rn  the  river 
on  the  10th,  and  arrived  at  Saybrook  on  the  17th. 
They  had  united  with  them  about  seventy  Indians 
under  the  command  of  Uncas,  sachem  of  the  Mo- 
hegans,  Avho  had  lately  revolted  from  Sassacus. 
At  Saybrook  Mason  and  his  officers  were  entirely 
divided  in  opinion  respecting  the  manner  of  pros 
ecuting  their  enterprise.  The  court  had  directed 
the  landing  of  the  men  at  Pequot  harbor,  from 
Avhence  they  were  to  advance  upon  the  enemy ; 
but  Mason  Avas  of  opinion  that  they  should  sail 
past  the  Pequot  country  to  Narragansett,  and 
then  return  and  take  the  enemy  by  surprise. 


552 


MASON. 


MASON. 


This  opinion  was  a  proof  of  his  discernment  and 
military  skill.  The  Pequots  were  expecting  them 
at  the  harbor,  where  they  kept  a  Avatch  clay  and 
night ;  and  the  place  was  encompassed  by  rocks 
and  thickets,  affording  the  Indians,  who  were  the 
more  numerous,  every  advantage.  It  would  be 
difficult  to  land,  and  if  a  landing  was  effected,  it 
would  be  difficult  to  approach  the  enemy's  forts 
without  being  much  harassed,  and  giving  an  op 
portunity  for  all  of  them  to  escape,  if  they  were 
unwilling  to  fight.  Besides,  by  going  first  to  Nar- 
ragansett,  the  hope  was  indulged  that  some  ac 
cession  to  their  force  might  be  procured.  These 
reasons  weighed  much  with  Mason,  but  not  with 
the  other  officers,  who  were  afraid  to  exceed  their 
commission.  In  this  perplexity  Mr.  Stone  was 
desired  to  seek  wisdom  from  above.  Having 
spent  most  of  Thursday  night  in  prayer  on  board 
the  Pink,  in  the  morning  he  went  on  shore  and 
told  Mason  he  was  entirely  satisfied  with  his  plan. 
The  council  was  again  called,  and  the  plan  was 
adopted.  On  Saturday,  the  20th,  they  arrived  at 
Narragansett ;  but  the  wind  was  so  unfavorable, 
that  they  could  not  land  until  Tuesday  at  sunset. 
He  immediately  marched  to  the  residence  of  the 
sachem,  Miantunnomu,  and  disclosed  to  him  the 
object  which  he  had  in  view.  Two  hundred  of 
the  Narragansetts  joined  him,  and  on  Wednesday 
they  marched  about  eighteen  or  twenty  miles  to 
the  eastern  Nihantick,  which  was  a  frontier  to  the 
Pequots.  Here  was  the  seat  of  one  of  the  Narra 
gansett  sachems,  who  was  so  unfriendly  that  he 
would  not  suffer  any  of  the  English  to  enter  the 
fort.  A  strong  guard  was  in  consequence  placed 
round  it,  that  none  of  the  Indians  should  come 
out  and  alarm  the  Pequots.  The  little  army  con 
tinued  its  march  on  Thursday,  having  in  its  train 
about  five  hundred  Indians.  In  the  evening  they 
reached  the  neighborhood  of  one  of  the  Pcquot 
forts  at  Mystic.  The  army  encamped,  being  ex 
ceedingly  fatigued  in  consequence  of  the  heat  and 
the  want  of  necessaries.  The  guards,  who  were 
advanced  considerably  in  front,  heard  the  enemy 
singing  until  midnight.  It  was  a  time  of  rejoic 
ing  with  them,  as  they  had  seen  the  vessels  pass 
a  few  days  before,  and  concluded  that  the  Eng 
lish  had  not  courage  to  attack  them.  About  two 
hours  before  day  on  the  morning  of  Friday,  May 
26th,  the  captain  assembled  his  men,  and  prepared 
himself  for  determining  the  fate  of  Connecticut. 
The  blessing  of  God  was  briefly  and  devoutly  im 
plored.  With  less  than  eighty  brave  men  he 
marched  forward,  the  Indians,  who  were  much 
afraid,  having  fallen  in  the  rear.  He  told  them 
to  stay  behind  at  what  distance  they  pleased,  and 
to  see  whether  Englishmen  would  not  fight.  As 
Mason  approached  within  a  rod  of  the  fort  a  dog 
barked,  and  an  Indian  roared  out,  Owanux !  Owa- 
nux !  [Englishmen !  Englishmen !]  The  troops 
pressed  on,  and,  having  fired  upon  the  Indians 


through  the  palisadoes,  entered  the  fort  at  the 
principal  entrance,  sword  in  hand.  After  a  severe 
conflict,  in  which  a  number  of  the  enemy  were 
killed,  victory  was  still  doubtful,  for  the  Indians 
concealed  themselves  in  and  about  their  wigwams, 
and,  from  their  retreats,  made  good  use  of  their 
arrows.  At  this  crisis  the  captain  cried  out  to  his 
men,  "  We  must  burn  them  ! "  and,  seizing  a  fire 
brand  in  one  of  the  wigwams,  set  fire  to  the  mats 
with  Avhich  they  were  covered.  In  a  short  time 
all  the  wigwams  were  wrapped  in  flames.  Mason 
drew  his  men  without  the  fort,  encompassing  it 
completely  ;  and  the  sachem,  Uncas,  with  his  In 
dians  and  such  of  the  Narragansetts  as  remained, 
took  courage  and  formed  another  circle  in  the 
rear.  The  enemy  were  now  thrown  into  the  ut 
most  terror.  Some  climbed  the  palisadoes  and 
were  brought  down  by  the  fire  of  the  muskets  ; 
others  were  so  bewildered  that  they  rushed  into 
the  very  flames.  A  number  collected  to  the  wind 
ward  and  endeavored  to  defend  themselves  with 
their  arrows,  and  about  forty  of  the  boldest  issued 
forth  and  were  cut  down  by  the  swords  of  the 
English.  In  a  little  more  than  an  hour  the  whole 
work  of  destruction  was  completed.  Seventy 
wigwams  were  burned,  and  six  hundred  Indians 
perished.  Seven  escaped,  and  seven  were  taken 
prisoners.  Two  only  of  the  English  were  killed, 
and  sixteen  wounded.  The  victory  was  complete, 
but  the  army  was  in  great  danger  and  distress. 
So  many  were  wounded  and  worn  down  by  fa 
tigue,  that  only  about  forty  could  be  spared  to 
contend  with  the  remaining  enemy.  In  about  an 
hour  three  hundred  Indians  came  on  from  another 
fort ;  but  Mason  led  out  a  chosen  party  and 
checked  their  onset.  It  was  determined  to  march 
immediately  for  Pequot  harbor,  into  which,  a  few 
minutes  before,  to  their  unutterable  joy,  they  had 
seen  their  vessels  enter,  guided  by  the  hand  of 
Providence.  When  the  march  commenced,  the 
Indians  advanced  to  the  hill  on  which  the  fort 
had  stood.  The  desolation  which  here  presented 
itself  to  their  view  filled  them  with  rage ;  they 
stamped  and  tore  their  hair  in  the  transports  of 
passion  ;  and,  rushing  down  the  hill  with  great 
fury,  seemed  determined  to  avenge  themselves  on 
the  destroyers  of  their  brethren.  But  the  supe 
riority  of  fire-arms  to  their  bows  and  arrows  kept 
them  at  a  distance.  Mason  reached  the  harbor 
in  safety ;  and,  putting  his  wounded  aboard,  the 
next  day  marched  by  land  to  Saybrook  with  about 
twenty  men.  His  safe  return,  and  the  success 
which  attended  the  expedition,  filled  the  whole 
colony  with  joy  and  thanksgiving.  Several  prov 
idential  events  were  particularly  noticed.  It  was 
thought  remarkable  that  the  vessels  should  come 
into  the  harbor  at  the  very  moment  when  they 
were  so  much  needed.  As  Mason  entered  a 
wigwam  for  fire  to  burn  the  fort,  an  Indian  was 
drawing  an  arrow  to  the  very  head,  and  would 


MASON. 


MASON. 


553 


have  killed  him  instantly,  had  not  one  Da-sis  at 
this  critical  moment  cut  the  bowstring  with  his 
sword.  So  completely  was  the  object  of  the  ex 
pedition  effected,  that  the  remaining  Pequots  were 
filled  with  such  terror,  that  they  burned  their  wig- 
Arams  and  fled  from  their  abode.  The  greatest 
part  of  them  went  towards  New  York.  Mason 
was  sent  out  to  pursue  them,  and  he  took  one 
hundred  prisoners  of  the  old  men,  women,  and 
children.  The  rest,  about  two  hundred  in  num 
ber,  soon  submitted  themselves,  engaging  never 
to  live  in  their  country  again,  and  becoming  sub 
ject  to  the  sachems  of  Mohegan  and  Narragan- 
sett,  with  the  disgraceful  necessity  of  never  again 
being  called  Pequots. 

Soon  after  this  war,  Mason  was  appointed  by 
the  government  of  Connecticut  major-general  of 
all  their  forces,  and  continued  in  this  office  till  his 
death.  He  remained  a  magistrate,  to  which  sta 
tion  he  was  first  chosen  in  1642,  till  May,  1660, 
when  he  was  elected  deputy-governor.  In  this 
office  he  continued  ten  years,  till  May,  1670,  when 
his  infirmities  induced  him  to  retire  from  public 
life.  After  the  Pequot  war,  at  the  request  of  the 
inhabitants  of  Saybrook,  and  for  the  defence  of 
the  colony,  he  removed  from  Windsor  to  that 
place  in  1647.  Thence,  in  1659,  he  removed  to 
Norwich,  where  he  died  in  1672  or  1673,  aged 
72.  He  left  three  sons,  Samuel,  John,  and  Dan 
iel,  whose  descendants  are  numerous ;  one  of 
them  was  Jeremiah  Mason,  of  Portsmouth.  Mason 
held  the  same  reputation  for  military  talents  in 
Connecticut,  which  Standish  held  in  Plymouth 
colony.  Both  rendered  the  most  important  ser 
vices  to  their  country.  Both  were  bred  to  arms 
in  the  Dutch  Netherlands.  Standish  was  of 
short  stature,  but  Mason  was  tall  and  portly,  and 
equally  distinguished  for  his  courage  and  vigor. 
He  was  also  a  gentleman  of  prudence  and  correct 
morals.  At  the  request  of  the  general  court  he 
drew  up  and  published  a  brief  history  of  the  Pe 
quot  war.  It  is  reprinted  in  Increase  Mather's 
relation  of  troubles  by  the  Indians,  1677.  It  was 
also  republished  more  correctly,  with  an  introduc 
tion  and  some  explanatory  notes  by  Thomas 
Prince,  in  1736.  — Introduction  to  Mason's  His 
tory  ;  Trumbull,  i.  68-87,  337  ;  Holmes. 

MASON,  GEORGE,  an  eminent  statesman  of 
Virginia,  died  in  1792,  aged  67.  He  was  a  mem 
ber  of  the  general  convention  which  in  1787 
framed  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  but 
refused  to  sign  his  name,  as  one  of  that  body,  to 
the  instrument  which  they  had  produced.  In  the 
following  year  he  was  a  member  of  the  Virginia 
convention,  which  considered  the  proposed  plan 
of  federal  government.  He  united  with  Henry, 
and  opposed  its  adoption  with  great  energy.  He 
thought  that  the  confederation  was  about  to  be 
converted  into  a  consolidated  government,  for 
which,  he  said,  many  of  the  members  Of  the  gen- 
70 


eral  convention  avowed  an  attachment,  and  he 
was  desirous  of  introducing  amendments.  He 
contended  for  the  necessity  of  an  article,  reserving 
to  the  State  all  powers  not  delegated.  This  arti 
cle  is  now  among  the  amendments  of  the  consti 
tution.  He  wished  also  that  there  should  be  a 
limitation  to  the  continuance  of  the  president  in 
office.  So  averse  was  he  to  that  section  which 
allowed  the  slave  trade  for  twenty  years,  that,  at 
tached  as  he  was  to  the  union  of  all  the  States, 
he  declared  that  he  would  not  admit  the  southern 
States  into  the  union,  unless  they  would  agree  to 
discontinue  the  traffic.  He  died  at  his  seat  at 
Gunston  Hall,  Va. 

MASON,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  minister  of  the  Scotch 
church  in  Cedar  street,  N.  Y.,  died  in  1792,  aged 
57.  His  widow,  Sarah,  died  in  1827,  aged  84,  at 
New  llochclle,  at  the  house  of  Rev.  Isaac  Blan- 
velt,  her  brother-in-law. 

MASON,  DAVID,  colonel,  died  in  Boston  Sept. 
17,  1794,  aged  67.  He  was  a  meritorious  officer 
of  the  Revolution,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  the 
armory  at  Springfield.  His  earliest  ancestor  in 
Boston  came  from  England  in  1634.  He  learned 
the  art  of  painting  and  gilding,  and  then  portrait- 
painting  of  Greenwood ;  he  also  delivered  lec 
tures  on  electricity  in  various  towns.  Dr.  Frank 
lin  was  a  friend  in  his  father's  house.  In  the 
French  war  he  was  a  lieutenant,  and  understood 
well  the  art  of  gunnery,  commanding  a  battery  of 
six  cannon  in  fort  William  and  Henry.  He  was 
there  taken  prisoner,  but  was  released  in  the 
woods  b)'  the  kindness  of  a  French  officer.  In 
1763  he  organized  the  first  artillery  company  in 
Boston.  In  1774  he  was  appointed  engineer. 
Two  brass  cannon,  which  the  British  seized,  he 
secretly  carried  off  concealed  in  loads  of  manure. 
His  wife,  Hannah,  grand-daughter  of  Rev.  Thomas 
Symmes,  cut  out  five  thousand  flannel  cartridges. 
From  Salem,  April  19,  1775,  he  marched  to  Med- 
ford  with  four  or  five  hundred  men.  Under 
Washington's  eye  he  bombarded  Boston  from 
Dorchester  heights  with  a  13-inch  mortar,  cap 
tured  by  Capt.  Manly.  At  the  second  fire  the 
mortar  burst  and  wounded  him  in  his  leg.  As 
soon  as  he  could  ride,  he  followed  Washington  to 
New  York.  Late  in  1776  Washington  ordered 
him  to  select  a  place  for  preparing  ammunition  ; 
he  agreed  for  ten  acres,  now  the  arsenal  at  Spring 
field,  and  there  he  lived  five  years.  His  residence 
was  afterwards  at  Springfield.  His  State  securi 
ties  he  sold  at  a  great  loss,  for  two  or  three  shil 
lings  on  the  pound.  In  1786  he  became  lame, 
and  remained  so  eight  years,  till  his  deatu.  He 
was  a  Christian,  eminent  for  love  to  God  and 
man.  His  daughter  Hannah  married  Capt.  John 
Bryant  of  Boston,  and  died  at  Springfield.  Su 
sanna  married  Professor  John  Smith  of  Hanover. 
Mary  married  Daniel  Tuttle  of  Boston.  His 
grandson,  John  Bryant,  merchant  of  Boston,  now 


554 


MASON. 


living,  married  Mary,  a  daughter  of  Professor 
Smith  by  liis  first  wife,  Mary  Cleaveland. 

MASON,  JOHN,  minister  of  Swanzey,  died  in 
July,  1801,  aged  85. 

MASON,  THADDEUS,  register  of  deeds  for  Mid 
dlesex,  died  May  1,  1802,  aged  96.  He  grad 
uated  at  Cambridge  in  1728. 

MASON,  JOHN  M.,  D.  D.,  minister  in  New 
York,  died  Dec.  27,  1829,  aged  59.  He  was  the 
son  of  Dr.  John  M.,  was  born  March  19,  1770, 
and  was  graduated  at  Columbia  college  in  1789. 
Having  studied  theology  with  his  father,  he  com 
pleted  his  education  at  Edinburgh.  In  1792  he 
succeeded  his  father  in  the  church  in  Cedar  street. 
By  his  letters  on  frequent  communion,  written  in 
1798,  the  associate  Reformed  churches  were  in 
duced  to  change  the  old  custom  of  communing 
but  twice  a  year  for  a  more  frequent  commemora 
tion  of  the  death  of  the  Redeemer.  Appointed 
professor  of  theology  in  1801,  he  performed  the 
duties  until  his  health  declined.  In  1810  his  con 
nection  with  Cedar-street  church  was  dissolved, 
and  in  1812  he  became  the  pastor  of  a  new  church 
in  Murray  street.  From  1811  to  1816  he  was 
the  provost  of  Columbia  college.  In  1816  he 
travelled  in  Europe  for  the  benefit  of  his  health ; 
in  1819  he  suffered  from  two  paralytic  attacks. 
From  1821  he  presided  over  Dickinson  college  in 
Pennsylvania  until  1824,  when  he  returned  to  New 
York,  and  lingered  the  rest  of  his  days  the 
shadow  of  what  he  once  was. 

He  was  eminent  for  erudition  and  for  his  intel 
lectual  powers.  As  a  preacher  he  was  uncom 
monly  eloquent.  But  he  was  harsh  and  overbear 
ing,  somewhat  in  proportion  "  to  the  robustness 
of  his  faculties  of  mind  and  body."  At  a  contri 
bution  in  his  church,  a  man  put  into  the  box  a 
counterfeit  ten-dollar  bill.  In  the  afternoon  Dr. 
M.  said  to  the  people :  "  A  counterfeit  ten-dollar 
bill  was  put  into  the  box  this  morning ;  the  man 
knew  it  to  be  counterfeit ;  if  he  is  here,  I  will  tell 
him  — '  the  Almighty  has  debited  you  ten  dollars, 
and  will  charge  you  compound  interest  during  the 
endless  ages  of  eternity ! ' "  In  preaching  he 
once  quoted  Pope's  lines  as  to  God's  being  adored 
alike  "  by  saint  and  savage  and  by  sage,"  he  pro 
nounced  it  (in  his  deepest  guttural),  "the  most 
damnable  lie."  He  edited  for  some  years  the 
Christian's  magazine,  in  which  he  had  a  contro 
versy  with  Bishop  Hobart  on  Episcopalianism. 
In  that  work  his  letters  on  frequent  communion, 
a  plea  for  communion  on  catholic  principles,  and 
other  writings,  are  found.  He  published  a  sermon 
preached  before  the  New  York  missionary  society, 
1797  ;  before  the  London  missionary  society,  about 
1802 ;  an  oration  on  the  death  of  Washington, 
1800  ;  of  Hamilton,  1804.  Four  volumes  of  liis 
sermons  were  published  in  1832. 

MASON,  AKMISTEAD  T.,  general,  a  senator  of 


MASSASOIT. 

the  United  States,  died  Feb.  6,  1819,  aged  33. 
He  was  the  son  of  Stephens  Thompson  Masr  n, 
a  senator  from  Virginia,  and  was  born  in  1785. 
He  ably  defended  Norfolk  in  1812.  On  the  resig 
nation  of  Mr.  Giles  he  was  elected  senator  in  his 
place  in  1816,  the  term  of  office  expiring  in  1817. 
In  consequence  of  a  political  dispute  with  his  rel 
ative,  John  McCarty,  they  fought  a  duel  with 
muskets  at  Bladensburg,  when  Gen.  Mason  was 
killed.  In  the  correspondence  with  his  antago 
nist,  which  was  published,  he  manifested  the  most 
malignant  ferocity.  The  benevolent  temper,  en 
joined  by  the  gospel  of  Jesus  Christ,  would  have 
excluded  from  his  heart  that  hatred  of  his  brother 
which  led  to  his  own  destruction.  In  the  first 
third  of  the  present  century  there  were  more  than 
a  hundred  murders  committed  by  duellists  in  this 
country,  and  the  blood  of  more  than  a  hundred 
unavenged  murders  cries  to  Heaven  against  our 
guilty  land.  Maj.  Campbell  was  executed  in  Lon 
don  in  Sept.,  1808,  for  killing  Capt.  Boyd  in  a 
duel ;  yet  in  our  republic  no  "  honorable  mur 
derer"  has  yet  been  brought  to  the  gallows. 
Blackstone,  in  expounding  the  law  of  England, 
says  of  deliberate  duelling,  that  "  both  parties 
meet  avowedly  with  an  intent  to  murder."  The 
law  of  God  and  the  laws  of  our  country  require, 
that  the  murderer  shall  be  put  to  death. 

MASON,  ABEL,  captain,  died  at  Southbridge, 
Mass.,  in  1832,  aged  93,  a  soldier  of  1756,  and 
of  the  Revolution. 

MASON,  EBENEZER  P.,  died  in  1840,  aged  21. 
He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1839,  and  published  an 
introduction  to  practical  astronomy. 

MASON,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Castine,  Maine, 
died  in  1847,  aged  about  77.  Born  in  Rowley, 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1792.  He  was  set 
tled  in  1793,  and  dismissed  in  1834. 

MASON,  ELIIIU,  minister  of  Le  Roy,  N.  Y., 
died  in  1849,  aged  67.  Born  at  West  Spring 
field,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1808,  and 
was  the  minister  of  Hcrkimcr,  N.  Y.,  then  of 
Barkhamstead,  Conn.,  two  years  from  1814  ;  then 
engaged  in  missionary  service ;  at  last  was  pastor 
at  Lc  Roy,  when  after  four  years  he  was  in  1833 
disabled  by  ill  health.  He  was  laborious  and 
eminently  pious. 

MASON,  JOSEPH,  Dr.,  died  in  Providence 
July  19,  1843,  aged  about  76,  for  many  years  an 
eminent  physician.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Brown 
university  in  1786. 

MASON,  STEVENS  THOMPSON,  the  only  son  of 
Gen.  John  Thompson  Mason,  died  at  New  York 
Jan.  4,  1843,  aged  31.  At  the  age  of  nineteen 
he  was  appointed  secretary  of  Michigan,  and  was 
its  governor  as  a  Territory,  and  also  as  a  State. 

MASON,  JOHN  THOMPSON,  general,  died  at 
Galveston  April  17,  1850.  A  native  of  Virginia, 
he  lived  in  Kentucky  from  1811  to  1835  ;  and  in 


MATHER. 

Michigan,  where  he  lived  fifteen  years ;  he  was 
governor  after  the  death  of  his  son,  Stevens 
Thompson  Mason. 

MASON,  JEREMIAH,  LL.  D.,  died  at  Boston 
Nov.  14,  1848,  aged  80.  Descended  from  Capt. 
John  Mason,  he  was  born  in  Lebanon  ;  his  father, 
opulent,  died  in  1813.  His  grandfather  died  in 
Norwich  in  1779;  his  great-grandfather  lived  at 
Iladdam.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1788.  In 
the  practice  of  law  he  lived  first  at  AVestmore- 
land,  N.  H.,  then  at  Walpolc,  and  at  Portsmouth 
in  1797.  In  1802  he  was  attorney-general. 
From  1813  to  1817  he  was  a  senator  of  the  United 
States.  In  1832  he  removed  to  Boston ;  at  the 
age  of  seventy  he  left  the  bar,  though  still  con 
sulted  as  a  lawyer.  His  high  character  in  his 
profession  was  described  by  Mr.  Webster  and 
Judge  Woodbury.  As  few  men  were  so  tall  in 
stature,  so  very  few  ever  reached  his  height  of 
excellence  as  a  lawyer. 

MASON,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Northfield, 
Mass.,  died  Jan.  3,  1801,  aged  81.  Born  at 
Princeton,  he  was  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1796, 
and  pastor  at  N.  from  1799  to  1830.  He  pub 
lished  a  thanksgiving  sermon,  1824. 

MASON,  ERSKINE,  D.  D.,  died  at  New  York 
May  14,  1851,  aged  47  ;  minister  at  Bleecker 
street;  son  of  Dr.  John  M.  Mason.  His  memoir, 
written  by  W.  Adams,  is  prefixed  to  his  sermons 
on  practical  subjects,  entitled  a  pastor's  legacy. 

MASSASOIT,  sachem  or  king  of  the  Wompo- 
neags  or  Womponoogs,  whose  authority  extended 
from  Narragansett  bay  to  Massachusetts  bay, 
died  about  1600.  He  is  sometimes  called  their 
great  sagamore  and  great  sachem ;  but,  although 
Dr.  Dwight  maintains,  that  sachem  means  a 
principal  chief,  and  sagamore  an  inferior  one,  yet 
probably  they  are  words  of  the  same  meaning, 
or  the  same  word  in  different  dialects  or  in  dif 
ferent  inflexions.  Ilubbard  says  the  same  as  Dr. 
Dwight ;  but  Winslow  speaks  of  "  sachems  or 
petty  governors."  An  ancient  writer  says,  that 
the  northern  Indians  used  the  term  sagamore  and 
the  southern  the  term  sachem.  Purchas  gives 
the  word  sagamo.  Winslow,  in  his  account  of  his 
visit  to  Massasoit,  says,  that  he  went  to  the 
sachimo  comaco,  to  the  sachem's  house ;  and  that 
Hobbamoc  addressed  him  with  the  words,  "  Neen 
womasu  sagimus,"  My  loving  sachem.  We  may 
then  regard  sachem,  sachcmo,  sagamo,  sagamore, 
as  the  same.  The  name  of  M.  was  written  by 
Winslow,  as  it  was  probably  pronounced,  Mas- 
sassowat ;  also  it  was  written  Massasoyt  and  Mas- 
sasoyet.  He  was  also  called  Asuhmequin,  Osa- 
mekin,  and  Woosamequen.  His  residence  was  at 
Packanakick,  or  Pokanoket,  sometimes  called 
Sowams  and  Sowamset.  Over  against  him,  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  great  bay,  lived  the  Nar- 
ragansetts.  Winslow,  in  going  to  Massasoit, 
crossed  a  river,  which,  I  suppose,  was  Taunton  ; 


MATHER. 


555 


in  three  miles  he  came  to  Metapoiset,  in  Swan- 
zcy ;  and  four  or  five  miles  beyond  was  Packa- 
nokic,  the  residence  of  the  sachem.  A  Dutch 
vessel  had  been  stranded  before  his  house.  I 
suppose,  therefore,  that  he  lived  at  Warren,  and 
that  Sowams  or  Sowamset  was  Swanzey,  though 
the  town  was  so  called  from  Swansea  in  Wales, 
whence  some  of  the  first  inhabitants  came.  March 
22,  1621,  he  visited  the  English  pilgrims  at  Ply 
mouth  with  his  brother,  Quadequina,  and  a  train 
of  sixty  men,  and  presented  himself  on  Spring 
hill.  The  governor  sent  Mr.  Winslow  to  invite 
him  to  a  treaty.  While  Quadequina  detained 
Mr.  W.  as  a  hostage,  the  sachem  with  twenty 
unarmed  men  met  Capt.  Standish  and  a  few  men 
at  the  town  brook,  where  they  saluted  each  other. 
Massasoit  was  then  conducted  to  Governor  Car 
ver  and  made  a  treaty,  the  articles  of  which  he 
always  faithfully  observed.  The  league  lasted  to 
1670.  It  was  stipulated,  "  that  neither  he  nor 
his  should  injure  any  of  ours ;  that  if  any  un 
justly  warred  against  him,  we  would  aid  him, 
and  if  any  warred  against  us,  he  should  aid  us." 
He  was  "  a  portly  man,  in  his  best  years,  grave 
of  countenance,  spare  of  speech."  The  Narra- 
gansetts  under  Canonicus  being  hostile  to  him, 
he  was  glad  of  the  friendship  of  the  whites.  In 
July,  E.  Winslow  visited  the  sachem  at  his  resi 
dence,  and  was  kindly  received.  When  he  was 
sick  in  March,  1623,  Mr.  Winslow,  accompanied 
by  John  Hampden,  "  a  gentleman  of  London," 
visited  him.  This  was  probably  the  celebrated 
Ilampdcn.  Massasoit,  who  was  very  sick,  in  his 
gratitude  said,  "  I  will  never  forget  this  kind 
ness  ; "  and  he  disclosed  the  Indian  conspiracy 
for  the  destruction  of  the  Plymouth  settlers. 
Capt.  Standish  in  consequence  killed  the  ring 
leaders.  The  benevolent  visit  was  the  means  of 
saving  the  colony  from  destruction.  Massasoit 
was  succeeded  by  his  son,  Alexander ;  king 
Philip  was  another  son.  —  BdJcnap,  II.  229,  290. 
MATHER,  RICHARD,  minister  of  Dorchester, 
the  son  of  Thomas  M.,  died  April  22,  1669,  aged 
73.  He  was  born  in  Lancashire,  England,  in 
1096.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  he  was  invited  to 
take  the  instruction  of  a  school  at  Toxteth,  near 
Liverpool.  After  suffering  for  some  time  that 
|  anxiety  and  distress,  which  the  knowledge  of  his 
!  own  character  as  a  sinner  produced,  he  in  his 
18th.  year  found  peace  and  joy  in  the  gospel 
of  the  Redeemer.  In  May,  1618,  he  was  admit 
ted  a  student  at  Oxford ;  but  in  a  few  months 
afterwards  he  became  the  minister  of  Toxteth, 
being  ordained  by  the  bishop  of  Chester.  Here 
he  continued  about  fifteen  years  without  any  in 
terruption  of  his  benevolent  labors.  He  preached 
every  Tuesday  at  Prescot,  and  he  always  seized 
the  opportunity,  which  his  attendance  upon  funer 
als  afforded,  for  imparting  instruction  to  the 
living.  He  was  silenced  for  nonconformity  to  the 


556 


MATHER. 


established  church  in  1633,  but  through  the  in 
fluence  of  his  friends  was  soon  restored.  He  was 
again  suspended  in  1634,  as  he  had  never  worn 
the  surplice,  and  could  not  adopt  the  ceremonies 
which  were  enjoined.  Having  resolved  to  seek 
the  peaceable  enjoyment  of  the  rights  of  con 
science  and  the  purity  of  Christian  ordinances  in 
New  England,  he  escaped  the  pursuivants,  who 
were  endeavoring  to  apprehend  him,  and  em 
barked  at  Bristol  in  May,  1635.  August  17th 
he  arrived  in  Boston  harbor.  He  was  in  a  few 
months  invited  to  Dorchester ;  and,  as  the  first 
church  had  removed  with  Mr.  Warham  to  Wind 
sor,  a  new  church  was  formed,  of  which  he  was 
constituted  the  teacher,  August  23,  1636.  He  as 
sisted  Mr.  Eliot  and  Mr.  Welde  in  1640  in  making 
the  Xew  England  version  of  the  psalms.  The 
model  of  church  discipline,  which  he  presented 
to  the  synod  of  1648,  was  the  one  which  was 
chiefly  adopted  in  preference  to  the  models  pre 
pared  by  Mr.  Cotton  and  Mr.  Partridge.  He 
died  in  the  peace  of  the  Christian.  The  follow 
ing  was  the  poetic  inscription  of  the  day : 

"  Divinely  rich  and  learned  Rich'd  Mather, 
Sons,  like  him  prophets  great,  rejoic'd  this  father. 
Short  time  his  sleeping  dust  here's  cover'd  down; 
Not  his  ascended  spirit  or  renown." 

His  first  wife  was  the  daughter  of  Edmund 
Hoult ;  his  second  was  Sarah,  widow  of  John 
Cotton.  His  six  sons  were  by  his  first  wife. 
Though  in  his  old  age  he  experienced  many  in 
firmities,  yet,  such  had  been  his  health,  that  for 
half  a  century  he  was  not  detained  by  sickness 
so  much  as  one  Sunday  from  his  public  labors. 
He  was  a  pious  Christian,  a  good  scholar,  and  a 
plain  and  useful  preacher.  He  was  careful  to 
avoid  foreign  and  obscure  words,  and  unneces 
sary  citation  of  Latin  sentences,  that  all  might 
understand  him.  While  his  voice  was  loud  and 
distinct,  there  was  also  a  vehemency  and  dignity 
in  his  manner.  He  wrote  the  discourse  about 
the  church  covenant,  and  the  answer  to  thirty- 
two  questions,  published  in  1639,  which  pass 
under  the  name  of  the  elders  of  Xew  England. 
He  wrote  also  a  modest  and  brotherly  answer  to 
Charles  Herle's  book  against  the  independency 
of  churches,  1644 ;  a  reply  to  Rutherford,  or  a 
defence  of  the  answer  to  Ilerle's  book,  1646 ;  an 
heart-melting  exhortation,  etc.,  in  a  letter  to  his 
countrymen  of  Lancashire,  1650 ;  a  catechism ; 
a  treatise  of  justification,  1652;  a  letter  to  Mr. 
Hooker,  to  prove  that  it  was  lawful  for  a  ministei 
to  administer  the  sacrament  to  a  congregation 
not  particularly  under  his  care ;  election  sermon 
about  1660 ;  an  answer  to  Mr.  Davenport's  work 
against  the  propositions  of  the  synod  of  1662. 
He  also  prepared  for  the  press  sermons  on  the 
second  epistle  of  Peter,  and  an  elaborate  defence 


MATHER. 

of  the  churches  of  New  England.  —  Wood's 
Athence.  Oxon.,  II.  427,  428;  Magnalia,  ill.  122 
-130 ;  Hist.  Coll.  VIII.  10 ;  /.  Mather's  account 
of  his  Life. 

MATHER,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Dublin,  Ire- 
and,  the  son  of  the  preceding,  died  in  Dublin 
Oct.  29,  1671,  aged  45.  He  was  born  in  Lanca- 
ihire  May  13,  1626.  Accompanying  his  father 
to  this  country,  he  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1643.  He  was  appointed  the  first  fel 
low  of  the  college,  and  he  Avas  held  in  such  esti 
mation  by  the  students  whom  he  instructed,  that, 
when  he  left  them,  they  put  on  badges  of  mourn 
ing.  When  he  began  to  preach,  he  spent  some 
time  in  Rowley  as  an  assistant  to  Mr.  Rogers. 
A  church  having  been  gathered  in  the  north  part 
of  Boston,  he  was  invited  to  take  the  charge  of 
it ;  but,  after  preaching  there  one  winter,  he  was 
induced  to  go  to  England  in  1650.  The  church 
which  he  left  was  afterwards  under  the  pastoral 
care  of  his  brother,  Increase  Mather.  In  Eng 
land  he  was  appointed  chaplain  of  Magdalen  col 
lege,  Oxford.  He  then  preached  in  Scotland 
and  Ireland.  In  Dublin  he  was  senior  fellow  of 
Trinity  college,  and  was  settled  the  minister  of 
the  church  of  St.  Nicholas.  Though  he  refused 
several  benefices  that  were  offered  by  the  lord 
deputy,  because  he  did  not  wish  to  have  the  Epis 
copalian  ministers  displaced ;  yet  soon  after  the 
restoration  he  was  suspended  on  a  charge  of  sedi 
tion.  Returning  to  England,  he  was  minister  at 
Burton  wood,  till  ejected  by  the  Bartholomew 
act  in  1662.  He  afterwards  gathered  a  church 
at  his  own  house  in  Dublin,  where  he  died  in 
peace.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  brother,  Na 
thaniel  Mather.  As  a  preacher  he  held  the  first 
rank,  and  his  name  was  known  throughout  the 
kingdom.  His  discourses  were  remarkable  for 
clearness  of  method.  He  published  a  whole 
some  caveat  for  a  time  of  liberty,  1652 ;  a 
defence  of  the  protestant  religion  against  pope 
ry,  1671;  an  irenicum,  or  an  essay  for  union 
among  the  Presbyterians,  Independents,  and  Ana 
baptists  ;  a  treatise  against  stinted  liturgies ;  a 
piece  against  Valentine  Greatarick,  who  pretended 
to  cure  diseases  by  stroking  ;  a  course  of  sermons 
on  the  types  of  the  Old  Testament,  Avith  some  dis 
courses  against  popish  superstitions.  —  Wood's 
Athence.  Oxon.,  n.  489,  490  ;  Magnolia,  IV.  143- 
153  ;  Nonconformists'  Memorial,  n.  355-357. 

MATHER,  NATHANIEL,  minister  in  London, 
the  son  of  Richard  Mather,  died  July  26, 1697,  aged 
67.  He  was  born  March  20,  1630.  After  his 
arrival  in  this  country  with  his  father,  he  was  ed 
ucated  at  Harvard  college,  where  he  graduated 
in  1647.  He  afterwards  went  to  England,  and 
was  presented  to  the  living  at  Barnstable  by 
Oliver  Cromwell  in  1656.  Upon  his  ejectment 
in  1662  he  went  into  Holland,  and  was  a  minister 


MATHER. 


MATHER. 


557 


at  Rotterdam.  About  the  year  1071  or  1672  he 
succeeded  his  brother,  Samuel  Mather,  at  Dub 
lin.  Thence  he  removed  to  London,  where  he 
was  pastor  of  a  Congregational  church,  and  one 
of  the  lecturers  at  Pinner's  hall.  He  was  buried 
in  the  burying  ground  near  Bunhill  fields,  and 
there  is  upon  his  tomb-stone  a  long  Latin  in 
scription,  written  by  Dr.  Watts,  which  ascribes  to 
him  a  high  character  for  genius,  learning,  piety, 
and  ministerial  fidelity.  He  published  the  right 
eousness  of  God  by  faith  upon  all  who  believe, 
1694 ;  a  discussion  of  the  lawfulness  of  a  pastor's 
officiating  in  another's  church ;  twenty-three  ser 
mons,  preached  at  Pinner's  hall,  and  Lime  street, 
taken  in  shorthand  as  they  were  delivered,  1701; 
a  fast  sermon.  —  Calamy's  Contin.  I.  257-258. 

MATHER,  ELEAZER,  first  minister  of  North 
ampton,  Mass.,  the  son  of  Richard  Mather,  died 
July  24,  1669,  aged  32.  He  was  born  May  13, 
1637.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1656.  Having  preached  about  two  years  at 
Northampton,  when  a  church  was  gathered  there 
in  1661,  he  was  ordained  its  minister,  June  23. 
His  wife  was  the  daughter  of  John  Warham ;  she 
married  after  his  death  S.  Stoddard.  His  daugh 
ter  married  Rev.  John  Williams.  He  was  ad 
mired  as  a  man  of  talents  and  exalted  piety,  and 
as  a  zealous  and  eminently  useful  preacher.  After 
his  death  there  was  published  from  his  manu 
scripts  a  serious  exhortation  to  the  succeeding 
and  present  generation,  being  the  substance  of 
his  last  sermons,  1671.  —  Magnolia,  III.  130. 

MATHER,  INCREASE,  D.  D.,  president  of 
Harvard  college,  the  son  of  Richard  Mather,  died 
August  23,  1723,  aged  84.  He  was  born  at  Dor 
chester  June  21,  1639.  He  was  graduated  in 
1656.  Beginning  to  preach  in  the  next  year, 
and  being  invited  by  his  brother  to  Dublin,  he 
embarked  for  England  July  3,  1657,  and  after 
an  absence  of  four  years  returned  in  August, 
1661.  In  the  next  month  he  was  invited  to 
preach  at  the  north  church  in  Boston,  though  he 
was  not  ordained  there  till  May  27,  1664.  Two 
years  before  this,  when  the  controversy  respecting 
the  subjects  of  baptism  was  agitated,  he  opposed 
the  results  of  the  synod,  but,  being  convinced  by 
the  arguments  of  Mr.  Mitchell,  he  afterwards  de 
fended  the  synodical  propositions.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  synod  of  1679,  and  drew  up  the 
result,  which  was  then  agreed  on.  AAHien  King 
Charle§  II.  expressed  his  wish  that  the  charter 
of  Massachusetts  might  be  resigned  into  his 
hands  in  1683,  Dr.  Mather  zealously  opposed  a 
compliance  with  his  majesty's  pleasure.  In  1688 
he  sailed  for  England  as  agent  of  the  province  to 
procure  redress  of  grievances.  After  several 
years  of  important  services  he  returned  with  a 
new  charter,  and  arrived  in  Boston  May  14, 1692. 
He  had  the  sole  nomination  of  the  first  governor. 
After  his  arrival  the  general  court  appointed  a 


day  of  public  thanksgiving  for  his  safe  return, 
and  for  the  settlement  of  the  government.  Dur 
ing  the  witchcraft  delusion  he  opposed  the  violent 
measures  which  were  adopted.  He  wrote  a  book 
to  prove  that  the  devil  might  appear  in  the  shape 
of  an  innocent  man,  by  means  of  which  a  number 
of  persons,  convicted  of  witchcraft,  escaped  the 
execution  of  the  sentence.  After  the  death  of 
Mr.  Oakes  in  1681,  the  care  of  Harvard  college 
devolved  upon  him.  But  as  his  church  refused 
to  relinquish  him,  he  only  made  weekly  visits  to 
Cambridge,  until  the  appointment  of  President 
Rogers  in  the  following  year.  After  his  death  he 
was  again  called  to  the  presidency  of  the  college, 
June  11,  1685,  and  he  continued  in  this  station 
till  Sept.  6, 1701,  when  he  resigned  in  consequence 
of  an  act  of  the  general  court,  requiring  the  presi 
dent  to  reside  at  Cambridge.  He  was  unwilling 
to  leave  his  church,  though  his  son,  Cotton  Ma 
ther,  had  been  settled  as  his  colleague  for  a 
number  of  years.  Mr.  Willard  succeeded  him. 
After  a  long  life  of  benevolent  exertion,  he  died 
in  Boston,  having  been  a  preacher  sixty-six  years, 
sixty-two  of  which  were  passed  in  the  ministry  in  ' 
Boston.  His  wife  was  Maria,  the  daughter  of 
John  Cotton.  He  had  six  daughters  and  three 
sons ;  Sarah  married  Rev.  Mr.  Walter,  and  Abi 
gail,  Rev.  John  White. 

He  was  a  man  of  great  learning  and  of  exten 
sive  influence  and  usefulness.  Soon  after  his  re 
turn  from  England  he  procured  an  act,  authoriz 
ing  the  college  to  create  bachelors  and  doctors  of 
theology,  which  power  was  not  given  by  its 
former  charter.  As  president  he  was  careful  not 
only  to  give  the  students  direction  in  their  liter 
ary  pursuits,  but  also  to  impart  to  them  religious 
instruction.  He  frequently  called  them  one  by 
one  into  the  library,  and  there,  with  the  affection 
of  a  parent  and  the  fidelity  of  a  minister  of  the 
gospel,  he  would  confer  with  them  respecting  the 
salvation  of  their  souls,  and  solemnly  charge 
them  to  renounce  their  sins,  to  embrace  the  gos-  ' 
pel,  and  to  devote  themselves  to  the  service  of 
God.  He  usually  preached  to  them  every  week, 
and  his  sermons,  both  at  Cambridge  and  in  Bos 
ton,  were  designed  to  impress  the  conscience  as 
well  as  to  enlighten  the  mind.  He  considered 
him  as  the  best  preacher  who  taught  with  the 
greatest  simplicity.  His  delivery  was  somewhat 
peculiar.  He  usually  spoke  with  deliberation, 
but  at  times,  when  uttering  an  impressive  sen 
tence,  his  voice  became  the  voice  of  thunder. 
Always  committing  his  sermons  to  memory,  he 
never  used  his  notes  in  the  pulpit.  Sixteen  hours 
in  every  day  were  commonly  spent  in  his  study, 
and  in  his  retirement  he  repeatedly  addressed 
himself  to  the  Lord,  his  Maker.  He  always 
kept  a  diary,  designed  for  his  improvement  in' 
religion.  Such  was  his  benevolence,  that  he  de 
voted  a  tenth  part  of  all  his  income  to  charitable 


558 


MATHER. 


MATHER. 


purposes.  His  portrait  is  in  the  library  of  the 
Massachusetts  historical  society.  The  following 
is  a  list  of  his  publications :  the  mystery  of  Israel's 
salvation,  1669 ;  the  life  and  death  of  Richard 
Mather,  1670 ;  woe  to  drunkards,  1673  ;  the  day 
of  trouble  near ;  important  truths  about  conver 
sion,  1674;  the  first  principles  of  New  England; 
a  discourse  concerning  the  subject  of  baptism, 
and  consociation  of  churches ;  the  wicked  man's 
portion ;  the  times  of  men  in  the  hands  of  God, 
1675  ;  history  of  the  war  with  the  Indians  from 
June  24,  1675,  to  Aug.  12,  1676 ;  a  relation  of 
troubles  of  New  England  from  the  Indians,  from 
the  beginning ;  an  historical  discourse  on  the 
prevalency  of  prayer  ;  renewal  of  covenant  the 
duty  of  decaying  and  distressed  churches,  1677 ; 
pray  for  the  rising  generation,  1678 ;  a  call  to 
the  rising  generation,  1679 ;  the  divine  right  of 
infant  baptism  ;  the  great  concernment  of  a  cove 
nant  people  ;  heaven's  alarm  to  the  world,  1680  ; 
animadversions  upon  a  narrative  of  the  Baptists, 
1681  ;  diatriba  de  signo  filii  hominis ;  practical 
truths;  the  church  a  subject  of  persecution,  1682; 
a  discourse  concerning  comets,  1683 ;  remarkable 
providences ;  the  doctrine  of  divine  providence, 
1684  ;  an  arrow  against  profane  and  promiscuous 
dances,  1685;  the  mystery  of  Christ;  the  great 
est  of  sinners  exhorted ;  a  sermon  on  an  execu 
tion  for  murder,  1686  ;  a  testimony  against  super 
stitions,  1687  ;  de  successu  evangelii  apud  Indos 
epistola,  1688;  the  unlawfulness  of  using  common 
prayer,  and  of  swearing  on  the  book,  1689 ;  sev 
eral  papers  relating  to  the  state  of  New  England; 
the  revolution  justified,  1690  ;  election  sermon, 
1693 ;  the  blessing  of  primitive  counsellors  ;  cases 
of  conscience  concerning  witchcraft ;  an  essay 
on  the  power  of  a  pastor  for  the  administration 
of  sacraments,  1693 ;  whether  a  man  may  marry 
his  wife's  own  sister;  solemn  advice  to  young 
men,  1695 ;  a  treatise  of  angels,  1696 ;  a  dis 
course  on  man's  not  knowing  his  time ;  the  case 
of  conscience  concerning  the  eating  of  blood, 
1697;  funeral  sermon  on  J.  Baily,  1698;  the 
surest  way  to  the  highest  honor ;  on  hardness  of 
heart ;  the  folly  of  sinning,  1699  ;  the  order  of 
the  gospel  vindicated,  1700;  the  blessed  hope, 
1701;  remarks  on  a  sermon  of  George  Keith; 
Ichabod,  or  the  glory  departing,  an  election  ser 
mon  ;  the  Christian  religion  the  only  true  religion ; 
the  excellency  of  public  spirit,  1702  ;  the  duty  of 
parents  to  pray  for  their  children;  soul-saving 
gospel  truths,  1703 ;  the  voice  of  God  in  the 
stormy  winds ;  practical  truths  to  promote  holi 
ness,  1704 ;  meditations  on  the  glory  of  Christ, 
1705 ;  a  discourse  concerning  earthquakes ;  a 
testimony  against  sacrilege ;  a  dissertation  con 
cerning  right  to  sacraments,  1706 ;  meditations 
on  death ;  a  disquisition  concerning  right  to  sacra 
ments,  1707  ;  a  dissertation  wherein  the  strange 
doctrine  of  Mr.  Stoddard  is  refuted,  1708;  on 


the  future  conversion  of  the  Jews,  confuting  Dr. 
Lightfoot  and  Mr.  Baxter ;  against  cursing  and 
swearing,  1709;  concerning  faith  and  prayer  for 
the  kingdom  of  Christ ;  at  the  artillery  election, 
on  being  very  courageous ;  awakening  truths 
tending  to  conversion,  1710;  meditations  on  the 
glory  of  the  heavenly  world ;  concerning  the 
death  of  the  righteous  ;  the  duty  of  the  children 
of  godly  parents,  1711;  burnings  bewailed;  re 
marks  upon  an  answer  to  a  book  against  the  com 
mon  prayer  ;  meditations  on  the  sanctification  of 
the  Lord's  day,  1712;  a  plain  discourse  showing 
who  shall  not  enter  into  heaven  ;  a  funeral  sermon 
for  his  daughter-in-law,  1713;  on  the  death  of 
his  consort,  1714  ;  Jesus  Christ  a  mighty  Saviour, 
and  other  subjects,  1715  ;  a  disquisition  concern 
ing  ecclesiastical  councils ;  there  is  a  God  in 
heaven ;  the  duty  and  dignity  of  aged  servants 
of  God,  1716;  at  the  ordination  of  his  grandson; 
sermons  on  the  beatitudes ;  practical  truths 
plainly  delivered  with  an  ordination  sermon,  1718; 
five  sermons  on  several  subjects,  one  of  them  on 
the  author's  birth-clay,  1719  ;  a  testimony  to  the 
order  of  the  churches,  1720 ;  advice  to  children 
of  godly  ancestors,  a  sermon  concluding  the  Bos 
ton  lectures  on  early  piety ;  several  sheets  in 
favor  of  inoculation  for  the  small  pox,  1721 ;  a 
dying  pastor's  legacy ;  Elijah's  mantle,  1722.  — 
Remarkables  of  I.  Mather;  Nonconformists'  Me 
morial,  II.  245-249;  Magnolia,  IV.  130,  131;  V. 
77-84 ;  VI.  2. 

MATHER,  COTTON,  D.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  minister 
in  Boston,  died  Feb.  13,  1728,  aged  65.  He  was 
the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  grandson  of  John 
Cotton.  He  was  born  in  Boston  Feb.  12,  1663. 
Distinguished  for  early  piety,  when  he  was  a 
schoolboy  he  endeavored  to  persuade  his  youth 
ful  companions  frequently  to  lift  up  their  hearts 
to  their  Maker  and  heavenly  Friend,  and  he  even 
wrote  for  them  some  forms  of  devotion.  He  had 
also  the  courage  to  reprove  their  vices.  At  the 
a"-c  of  fourteen  he  beoran  to  observe  davs  of  secret 

o  o  * 

fasting  and  prayer,  reading  commonly  fifteen 
chapters  in  the  bible  every  day.  He  was  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  college  in  1678,  having  made 
uncommon  proficiency  in  his  studies.  At  this 
early  period  of  his  life  he  drew  up  systems  of  the 
sciences,  and  wrote  remarks  upon  the  books 
which  he  read,  and  thus  matured  his  understand 
ing.  At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  approached  the 
Lord's  table  with  affectionate  reliance  upon  Jesus 
Christ  for  salvation.  Having  been  occupied  for 
some  time  in  the  study  of  theology,  he  was  or 
dained  minister  of  the  north  church  in  Boston  as 
colleague  with  his  father,  May  13,  1684.  Here 
he  passed  his  days  unwearied  and  unceasing  in 
his  exertions  to  promote  the  glory  of  his  Maker, 
and  the  highest  welfare  of  his  brethren.  He 
died  in  the  assurance  of  Christian  faith.  His  first 
wife  was  the  daughter  of  Col.  John  Phillips ;  his 


MATHER. 

second,  widow  Hubbard,  daughter  of  Dr.  John 
Clark ;  his  third,  widow  George,  daughter  of  Rev. 
Samuel  Lee.  By  his  two  first  wives  he  had  fif 
teen  children,  lie  was  a  man  of  unequalled  in 
dustry,  of  vast  learning,  of  unfeigned  piety,  and 
of  most  disinterested  and  expansive  benevolence. 
He  was  also  distinguished  for  his  credulity,  for  his 
pedantry,  and  for  his  want  of  judgment  and  taste. 
No  person  in  America  had  so  large  a  library,  or 
had  read  so  many  books,  or  retained  so  much  of 
what  he  read.  So  precious  did  he  consider  time, 
that  to  prevent  visits  of  unnecessary  length,  he 
wrote  over  his  study  door  in  capital  letters,  "  Be 
short."  Still  his  manners  were  never  morose,  but 
easy  and  obliging.  His  social  talents  and  va 
rious  knowledge  rendered  his  conversation  inter 
esting  and  instructive.  Every  morning  he  usually 
read  a  chapter  of  the  Old  Testament  in  Hebrew 
and  another  in  the  French,  and  a  chapter  of  the 
New  Testament  in  Greek.  Besides  the  French, 
he  understood  also  the  Spanish  and  Iroquois,  and 
in  these  languages  he  published  treatises.  There 
were  two  books,  in  which  he  every  day  wrote 
something.  In  the  one,  which  he  called  his  quo- 
tidiana,  he  transcribed  passages  from  the  authors 
which  he  read.  In  the  other,  which  was  his  diary, 
he  noted  the  events  of  the  day,  his  imperfections 
and  sins,  and  every  thing  which  might  subserve 
his  religious  improvement.  By  this  diary  it  ap 
pears  that  in  one  year  he  kept  sixty  fasts  and 
twenty  vigils,  and  published  fourteen  books,  be 
sides  discharging  the  duties  of  his  pastoral  office. 
As  a  minister  of  the  gospel  he  was  most  exem 
plary.  Always  proposing  in  his  sermons  to  make 
some  particular  impression  upon  the  minds  of  his 
hearers,  the  whole  discourse  had  relation  to  this 
object,  and  he  endeavored  to  make  his  sentences 
short,  that  those  who  took  notes  might  do  it 
with  more  ease.  His  discourses,  without  doubt, 
were  equal  in  length  to  those  of  his  brethren, 
which,  he  himself  informs  us,  usually  went  a  good 
way  into  the  second  hour.  He  kept  a  list  of  the 
members  of  his  church,  and  frequently  prayed  for 
each  separately.  Those  especially,  \vhose  cases 
had  been  mentioned  on  the  Sabbath  in  the  house 
of  public  worship,  were  remembered  by  him  in 
his  secret  addresses  to  the  throne  of  grace.  He 
usually  allotted  one  or  two  afternoons  in  a  week 
to  visiting  the  families  of  his  congregation,  and  in 
these  visits  he  addressed  both  the  parents  and  the 
children,  exhorting  the  former  to  faithfulness,  and 
endeavoring  to  instruct  the  latter  by  asking  them 
questions,  and  recommending  to  them  secret 
prayer  and  reading  of  the  Scriptures.  When  he 
left  them  he  recommended  to  their  consideration 
a  particular  text  of  Scripture.  As  he  published 
many  pious  books,  he  was  continually  putting 
them  into  the  hands  of  persons  to  whom  he 
thought  they  would  be  useful.  His  success 
seemed  to  correspond  with  his  fidelity.  In  the 


MATHER. 


559 


first  year  of  his  ministry  about  thirty  were  added 
to  his  church ;  and  he  received  the  benedictions 
of  many  dying  believers,  who  spoke  of  his  labors 
as  the  means  of  their  salvation.  He  promoted 
the  establishment  of  several  useful  societies,  par 
ticularly  a  society  for  suppressing  disorders  and 
for  the  reformation  of  manners,  and  a  society  of 
peacemakers,  whose  object  was  to  prevent  law 
suits  and  to  compose  differences.  He  arranged 
the  business  of  every  day  in  the  morning,  always 
inquiring  by  what  means  he  could  be  useful  to  his 
fellow  men,  and  endeavoring  to  devise  new  meth 
ods  of  doing  good.  He  did  not  content  himself 
with  contriving  plans,  but  vigorously  executed 
them.  When  he  travelled,  he  commonly  had  for 
a  companion  some  young  gentleman,  to  whom  he 
might  impart  instruction,  and  he  used  to  pray 
with  him  in  private,  when  they  lodged  together. 
Notwithstanding  his  benevolent  labors  and  un 
wearied  industry,  he  expressed  the  greatest  hu 
mility,  and  spoke  of  his  days  as  passed  in  sloth 
and  sin.  He  took  some  interest  in  the  political 
concerns  of  his  country,  and  on  this  account,  as 
well  as  on  account  of  his  faithful  reproof  of  in 
iquity,  he  had  many  enemies.  Many  abusive 
letters  were  sent  him,  all  of  which  he  tied  up  in 
a  packet  and  wrote  upon  the  cover,  "  Libels : 
Father,  forgive  them."  Though  he  derived  much 
satisfaction  from  his  theological  and  literary  pur 
suits  ;  yet  he  declared,  that,  in  performing  an  act 
of  benevolence  to  some  poor  and  suffering  Chris 
tian  he  found  much  higher  pleasure.  In  his 
diary  he  says  :  "  As  for  the  delights  of  the  world, 
I  know  of  none  comparable  to  those  which  I 
take  in  communion  with  my  Saviour.  As  for  the 
riches  of  this  world,  I  use  no  labor  for  them.  In 
my  Saviour  I  have  unsearchable  riches ;  and  in 
my  fruition  of  him  I  have  a  full  supply  of  all  my 
wants.  As  for  the  honors  of  this  world,  I  do 
nothing  to  gain  honors  for  myself.  To  be  em 
ployed  in  the  Lord's  work,  for  the  advancement 
of  his  kingdom,  is  all  the  honor  that  I  wish  for." 
His  publications  amounted  to  three  hundred 
and  eighty-two.  Many  of  them  indeed  were 
small,  such  as  single  sermons ;  but  others  were  of 
considerable  magnitude.  His  essays  to  do  good, 
12mo.  1710,  is  a  volume  peculiarly  excellent. 
It  has  lately  been  reprinted.  Dr.  Franklin  as 
cribed  all  his  usefulness  in  the  world  to  his  read 
ing  it  in  early  life.  His  Christian  philosopher, 
8vo.  1721,  was  admired  in  England.  His  direc 
tions  for  a  candidate  of  the  ministry,  12mo.  1725, 
gained  him  a  vast  number  of  letters  of  thanks. 
Others  of  his  larger  works  are,  the  life  of  his 
father ;  and  ratio  discipline  fratrum  Nov-Anglo- 
rum,  or  an  account  of  the  discipline  professed  and 
practised  in  the  churches  of  New  England.  But 
his  largest  and  most  celebrated  work  is  his  Mag- 
nalia  Christi  Americana,  or  the  ecclesiastical  his 
tory  of  New  England  from  its  first  planting  in 


560 


MATHER. 


MATHER. 


1625  to  the  year  1698,  in  seven  books,  folio,  1702. 
His  style  abounds  with  puerilities,  puns,  and 
strange  conceits,  and  he  makes  a  great  display  of 
learning;  but  no  man  was  so  thoroughly  ac 
quainted  with  the  history  of  New  England,  and 
he  has  saved  numerous  important  facts  from  ob 
livion.  In  the  work  are  contained  biographical 
accounts  of  many  of  the  first  settlers,  both  gov 
ernors  and  ministers.  It  appears  that  he  gave 
full  credit  to  the  stories  of  witchcraft;  but  he  was 
not  singular  in  his  credulity.  Even  Dr.  Watts 
wrote  to  him,  "  I  am  persuaded  that  there  was 
much  immediate  agency  of  the  devil  in  those  af 
fairs,  and  perhaps  there  were  some  real  witches 
too."  The  catalogue  of  his  publications  in  his 
life,  written  by  his  son,  occupies  eighteen  pages ; 
and  the  whole,  therefore,  could  not  with  con 
venience  be  here  inserted.  He  published  many 
funeral  sermons.  Among  his  other  works,  which 
are  principally  occasional  sermons  or  pious  tracts, 
is  the  Wonders  of  the  Invisible  World,  4to.  1692 ; 
and  Psalterium  Americanum,  or  the  book  of 
Psalms  in  blank  verse,  with  illustrations,  1718. 
Besides  his  numerous  publications,  he  left  behind 
him  in  manuscript  the  angel  of  Bethesda,  in  which 
he  placed  under  every  disease  not  only  suitable 
religious  instructions,  but  the  most  simple  and 
easy  medicines ;  a  large  treatise,  designed  to  pro 
mote  union  among  protestants ;  Goliathus  detrun- 
catus,  against  Mr.  Whiston,  to  prove  that  most  of 
the  Antenicene  fathers  were  orthodox  and  not 
Arian  ;  and  Biblia  Americana,  or  the  sacred  Scrip 
tures  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament  illustrated. 
This  learned  work,  which  it  was  once  proposed  to 
publish  in  three  folio  volumes,  is  now  in  the 
library  of  the  Massachusetts  historical  society. — 
Life  by  S.  Matlier;  Middleman's  Biog.  Evang. 
IV.  233-240. 

MATHER,  SAMUEL,  minister,  of  Windsor, 
Conn.,  the  son  of  Timo.  M.  of  Dorchester,  and 
the  grandson  of  Richard  M.,  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1671  ;  was  ordained  in  1682; 
and  died  March  18,  1728,  aged  77.  His  prede 
cessors  were  Warham  and  Huit;  his  successor 
was  Jonathan  Marsh.  An  unhappy  division  ex 
isted  in  Windsor  from  1667  to  1680.  The  two 
preachers,  neither  of  whom  were  ordained,  were 
Mr.  Chauncy  and  Mr.  Woodbridge.  But  the  two 
churches  and  town  happily  united  in  Mr.  Mather, 
and  lived  in  harmony  during  his  ministry.  lie 
was  one  of  the  first  trustees  of  Yale  college,  from 
1700  to  1724.  His  wife  was  Hannah,  the  daugh 
ter  of  Gov.  Treat.  He  published  dead  faith, 
1697  ;  on  renouncing  our  righteousness,  1707. 

MATHER,  AZARIAII,  minister  of  Saybrook, 
Conn.,  died  in  1737.  He  graduated  in  the  fourth 
class  at  Yale  in  1705,  and  was  tutor  at  Killing- 
worth,  where  the  college  then  was,  in  1709  and 
1710.  He  published  woe  to  sleepy  sinners,  1720  ; 
sabbath  day's  rest;  election  sermon,  1725. 


MATHER,  SAMUEL,  an  eminent  physician  of 
Windsor,  Conn.,  died  in  1743,  aged  63.  He  was 
born  in  or  near  Boston ;  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1698;  and  studied  physic  with  Dr.  Hooker  of 
Hartford.  No  man  had  a  wider  circuit  of  prac 
tice;  and  he  was  venerated  for  his  virtues. 
Among  his  descendants  may  be  mentioned  Dr. 
Samuel  Mather  of  Windsor  and  Hartford,  his 
grandson ;  and  Dr.  diaries  Mather,  who  died  in 
Hartford  in  1822,  aged  80.  —  Williams'  Medical 
Biography. 

MATHER,  ALLYNT,  first  minister  of  Fairhaven, 
Conn.,  died  in  1784,  at  Savannah,  whither  he  had 
gone  on  account  of  his  health,  aged  36.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1771;  and  was  ordained 
February  3,  1773. 

MATHER,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  minister  in  Boston, 
the  son  of  Cotton  M.,  died  June  27,  1785,  aged 
79.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1723.  He  was  ordained  in  the  same  church  in 
which  his  father  was  settled,  as  colleague  with  Mr. 
Gee,  June  21,  1732.  In  about  ten  years  a  sepa 
ration  occurred,  in  consequence,  it  is  believed,  of 
a  difference  of  views  in  regard  to  the  revival  of 
religion  at  that  period.  A  church  was  built  for 
him,  in  Bennet  street,  by  persons  who  withdrew 
with  him  from  the  old  north  church.  He  was 
their  pastor  till  his  death.  He  was  buried,  by  his 
own  direction,  without  any  ceremony.  A  society 
of  Universalists  purchased  his  church  and  still 
occupy  it.  Dr.  Mather  published  a  sermon  on 
the  death  of  William  Waldron,  1727 ;  of  his 
father,  1728;  life  of  his  father,  8vo.  1729;  essay 
on  gratitude,  1732 ;  on  the  death  of  Queen  Caro 
line,  1738;  an  apology  for  the  liberties  of  the 
churches  in  New  England,  8vo.  1738;  artillery 
election  sermon,  1739;  on  the  death  of  T.  Hutch- 
inson,  1740;  of  the  prince  of  Wales,  1751;  of 
William  Welsteed  and  Ellis  Gray,  1753 ;  disserta 
tion  on  the  name  of  Jehovah,  1760  ;  convention 
sermon,  1762;  essay  on  the  Lord's  prayer,  1766; 
a  modest  account  of  the  salutations  in  ancient 
times,  1768,  anonymous ;  the  sacred  minister,  a 
poem,  in  blank  verse,  1773  ;  America  known  to 
the  ancients,  1774;  all  men  will  not  be  saved  for 
ever,  in  answer  to  Chauncy,  1781. — Hist.  Coll. 
III.  258,  263 ;  Holmes. 

MATHER,  MOSES,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Mid 
dlesex,  Conn.,  died  in  1806,  aged  about  88. 
He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1739.  He  published  in 
fant  baptism  defended,  1759;  election  sermon, 
1781. 

MATHER,  ELISIIA,  M.  D.,  died  in  Northamp 
ton,  Mass.,  April  24,  1840,  aged  48.  He  was 
the  son  of  Mr.  Elisha  Mather,  and  grandson  of 
Dr.  Samuel  Mather  of  Northampton,  an  eminent 
physician,  who  died  in  1779,  aged  73,  and  whose 
son  William,  also  a  physician  in  N.,  died  before 
him  in  1775,  aged  32.  Dr.  M.  was  a  counsellor 
of  the  Massachusetts  medical  society,  skilled  in 


MATHER. 

physiology  and  pathology,  and  exemplary  as  a 
Christian.  —  Williams'  Medical  Biography. 

MATIIEll,  TIIADDEUS,  M.  D.,  died  at  Bing- 
hamton,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  8,  1854,  aged  75;  a  descend 
ant  from  Dr.  Samuel  M.  of  Windsor,  by  Nathan 
iel,  and  Elihu  M. 

MATHEWS,  THOMAS,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  died  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  in  1818. 

MATIGXON,  FRANCIS  ANTHONY,  D.  D.,  Catho 
lic  minister  in  Boston,  died  Sept.  19, 1818,  aged  64. 
He  was  born  at  Paiis  Nov.  10,  1753.  Appointed 
professor  in  the  college  of  Navarre  in  1785,  after 
some  years  he  received  an  annuity  from  the  king, 
which  made  him  independent.  The  revolution 
compelling  him  to  leave  France,  Bp.  Carroll  sent 
him  from  Baltimore  to  Boston,  Aug.  20,  1792;  in 
1796  he  received  Mr.  Cheverus  as  his  colleague. 
He  was  gentle  and  courteous,  learned  and  elo 
quent  ;  and,  assisted  by  the  higher  eloquence  of 
Mr.  Cheverus,  the  decayed  Catholic  society  was 
rendered  flourishing. 

MATTHEWS,  MARMADUKE,  was  a  preacher  at 
Hull,  Mass.,  in  1650.  He  was  also  the  first  min 
ister  of  Maiden  in  1651,  and  died  in  England  in 
1683.  Mr.  Wigglesworth  came  to  M.  about 
1654. 

MATTHEWS,  JOHN,  governor  of  South  Caro 
lina,  died  at  Charleston  in  1802,  aged  58.  He 
was  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution,  and  in  1776  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court.  He  was  appointed 
in  1780  a  delegate  to  congress,  in  which  body  his 
services  were  important.  He  succeeded  Mr.  Rut- 
ledge  in  1782  as  governor  for  one  year,  and  in 
1784  was  appointed  a  judge  in  the  court  of  equity. 

MATTHEWS,  VINCENT,  general,  LL.  D.,  died 
at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  23,  1846,  aged  80.  He 
was  one  of  the  greatest  lawyers  in  the  State  of 
New  York,  engaged  56  years  in  the  practice  of 
the  law.  Born  in  Orange  county,  near  Elmira, 
he  lived  in  Bath,  and  then  in  Rochester. 

MATTHEWS,  MARY,  Mrs.,  died  in  Warren, 
Me.,  May  6,  1851,  aged  106. 

MATTHEWSON,  ELISHA,  died  at  Scituate, 
Mass.,  Oct.  14,  1853,  aged  88.  He  was  in  pol 
itics  of  the  democratic  school  of  Jefferson,  and 
four  years  a  senator  of  the  United  States. 

MATTOON,  EBENEZER,  general,  died  in  Am- 
herst,  Mass.,  Sept.  11,  1843,  aged  88.  Born  in 
Amherst,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1776. 
In  the  war  he  was  a  major ;  he  was  also  a  mem 
ber  of  congress,  and  sheriff  of  Hampshire.  In 
1816  he  was  adjutant-general.  He  was  a  mem 
ber  of  the  second  church  of  Amherst. 

MAUD,  DANIEL,  an  early  minister,  died  at 
Dover,  N.  II.,  in  1655.  He  was  a  schoolmaster 
in  Boston ;  a  freeman  in  1636 ;  and  was  settled 
at  D.  in  1641  or  1642. 

MAULE,  THOMAS,  a  shopkeeper  of  Salem, 
was  called  before  the  council  in  1695,  for  publish 
ing  a  pamphlet  of  260  pages,  truth  held  forth. 
71 


MAY. 


561 


Thus  early  did  authority  attempt  to  shackle  the 
press. 

MAURY,  JAMES,  died  at  New  York  Feb.  23, 
1840,  aged  95.  A  native  of  Virginia,  he  was  the 
first  United  States'  consul  at  Liverpool,  —  a 
station  which  he  held  nearly  half  a  century. 
He  was  educated,  intelligent,  amiable,  and  re 
spected. 

MAVERICK,  JOHN,  one  of  the  first  ministers 
of  Dorchester,  and  colleague  pastor  with  War- 
ham,  lived  in  England  forty  miles  from  Exeter; 
he  arrived  at  Nantasket  May  30,  1630,  and  died 
at  Boston,  Feb.  3,  1636,  aged  about  60.  He  was 
a  man  of  a  humble  spirit  and  eminently  useful. 
Most  of  his  church  removed  to  Windsor. 

MAXCY,  JONATHAN,  D.  D.,  president  of  three 
colleges,  died  June  4,  1820,  aged  52.  He  was 
born  at  Attlcborough,  Mass.,  Sept.  2,  1768,  and 
was  graduated  in  1787  at  the  college  in  Provi 
dence,  of  the  Baptist  church  in  which  town  he 
was  ordained  the  pastor,  Sept.  8,  1791.  He  was 
also  professor  of  divinity  in  the  college,  and  eleven 
years  the  president,  from  Sept.  6,  1792.  In  his 
pastoral  office  he  was  succeeded  by  S.  Gano.  In 
1801  he  succeeded  Dr.  Edwards  as  the  president 
of  Union  college  in  Schenectady,  in  which  office 
he  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Nott  in  1804.  For  the 
next  fifteen  years  he  was  the  first  president  of 
the  college  of  South  Carolina  in  Columbia,  where 
he  died.  He  married  a  daughter  of  Commodore 
Hopkins  of  Providence.  He  published  a  dis 
course  on  the  death  of  Pres.  Manning ;  address 
to  graduates,  1794;  oration  to  mechanics,  1795; 
oration  July  4  ;  existence  of  God  from  his  works  ; 
at  a  dedication;  on  the  atonement,  1796;  ser 
mon  at  Boston ;  to  a  class,  1797 ;  address  to 
graduates,  1798 ;  to  candidates  for  a  degree,  1801 ; 
funeral  sermon  to  legislature,  1818.  His  literary 
remains,  with  a  memoir  by  Dr.  Elton,  were  pub 
lished  in  1844. 

MAXCY,  VIRGIL,  was  killed  by  the  explosion 
on  board  the  steamer  Princeton,  Feb.  28, 1844.  In 
the  same  manner  were  killed  Commodore  Kennon 
and  Secretary  Gilmer.  He  was  born  in  Massachu 
setts,  and  graduated  at  Providence  in  1804,  his 
brother  being  the  president  of  the  college.  In 
law  he  was  associated  with  A.  G.  Harper  of  Mary 
land.  He  was  solicitor  of  the  treasury,  and  charg6 
at  Belgium  five  years.  He  published  oration  to 
Phi  Beta  Kappa  society,  1833. 

MAXWELL,  EBENEZER  K.,  minister  at  Delhi, 
N.  Y.,  died  in  1840,  aged  55. 

MAY,  ELEAZAR,  minister  of  Haddam,  Conn., 
died  in  1803,  aged  70.  Born  in  Wcthersfield,  he 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1752,  and  was  ordained  in 
1756. 

MAY,  SAMUEL  W.,  minister  at  Cincinnati,  O., 
died  March  27,  1840. 

MAY,  HEZEKIAH,  died  at  Tionesta,  Venango 
valley,  Penn.,  July  4,  1843,  aged  69.  Born  in 


562 


MAY. 


MAYLEW. 


Haddam,  he  graduated  at  York  in  1793,  and  from 
1803  to  1808  was  the  minister  of  Marblchead; 
then  he  emigrated  to  the  wilderness  of  the  Alle- 
ghany  river.  His  first  care  was  preaching  the 
gospel,  yet  he  successfully  engaged  earnestly  in 
agriculture,  bringing  up  a  large  family.  His 
father  was  Eleazar,  a  minister  in  East  Haddam 
fifty  years.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  instal 
lation  of  E.  Sage,  1808. 

MAY,  FREDERIC,  a  physician,  died  at  Washing 
ton  in  1847,  aged  74.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1792,  and  removed  to  Washington  in  1795, 
when  the  capital  was  a  wilderness.  For  many 
years  he  was  its  physician  and  surgeon.  He  was 
president  of  the  medical  society. 

MAY,  GEORGE  W.,  a  physician,  died  at  Wash 
ington  in  1845,  aged  56.  Born  in  Boston,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1810. 

MAYHEW,  THOMAS,  governor  of  Martha's 
Vineyard  and  the  neighboring  islands,  died  in 
1681,  aged  92.  He  resided  at  Watertown,  Mass. 
in  1636.  He  had  been  a  merchant  in  South 
ampton,  England.  In  Oct.,  1641,  he  obtained  of 
the  agent  of  Lord  Stirling  a  grant  of  the  above 
lands.  In  the  following  year  he  began  a  settle 
ment  at  Edgartown.  In  about  thirty  years  these 
islands  were  attached  to  New  York,  and  in  1692 
they  were  annexed  to  Massachusetts.  He  gave 
his  son  much  assistance  in  the  benevolent  work 
of  converting  the  heathen.  The  Indian  sachems 
were  afraid  that  the  reception  of  the  Christian 
religion  would  deprive  them  of  their  power ;  but 
Gov.  Mayhew  convinced  them  that  religion  and 
government  were  distinct,  and  by  his  prudent  con 
duct  removed  their  prejudices  against  the  truth. 
Having  persuaded  them  to  adopt  the  English 
administration  of  justice,  and  having  proved  him 
self  their  father  and  friend,  they  became  exceed 
ingly  attached  to  him,  and  at  length  submitted 
themselves  to  the  crown  of  England.  After  the 
death  of  his  son,  as  he  was  acquainted  with  the 
language  of  the  Indians,  and  as  he  saw  no  pros 
pect  of  procuring  a  stated  minister  for  them,  he 
began  himself,  at  the  age  of  seventy,  to  preach  to 
the  natives  as  well  as  to  the  English.  Notwith 
standing  his  advanced  years  and  his  office  of  gov 
ernor,  he  sometimes  travelled  on  foot  near  twenty 
miles  through  the  woods,  in  order  to  impart  the 
knowledge  of  the  gospel  to  those  that  sat  in 
darkness.  He  persuaded  the  natives  at  Gayhead 
to  receive  the  gospel,  which  they  had  before  op 
posed.  Between  the  years  1G64  and  1667  he  was 
much  assisted  by  John  Cotton.  When  an  Indian 
church  was  formed,  Aug.  22,  1670,  the  members 
of  it  desired  him,  though  above  fourscore,  to  be 
come  their  pastor ;  but,  as  he  declined,  they  chose 
Hiacoomes.  When  Philip's  war  commenced  in 
1675,  the  Indians  of  Martha's  Vineyard  could 
count  twenty  times  the  number  of  the  English, 
and  the  latter  would  probably  have  been  extir 


pated,  had  not  the  Christian  religion  been  intro 
duced  ;  but  now  all  was  peace,  and  Mr.  Mayhew 
employed  some  of  his  converts  as  a  guard.  While 
his  zeal  to  promote  the  gospel  was  yet  unabated, 
he  died  in  old  age.  In  his  last  moments  his  heart 
was  filled  with  Christian  joy. — Prince's  Account, 
annexed  to  Mayhew's  Indian  Converts,  280,  292- 
302. 

MAYHEW,  THOMAS,  the  first  minister  of  Mar 
tha's  Vineyard,  the  only  son  of  the  preceding, 
died  in  1657,  aged  36.  He  in  1642  accompanied 
his  father  to  that  island,  where  he  became  the 
minister  of  the  English.  He  beheld  with  Chris 
tian  compassion  the  miserable  Indians,  who  were 
ignorant  of  the  true  God;  he  studied  their  lan 
guage;  he  conciliated  their  affection;  and  he 
taught  them  the  truths  of  the  gospel.  The  first 
convert  was  Hiacoomes  in  1643.  Mr.  Mayhew 
commenced  his  public  instructions  to  the  Indians 
in  1646,  the  same  year  in  which  Mr.  Eliot  began 
his  missionary  exertions  in  a  different  part  of  the 
country.  Many  obstacles  were  thrown  in  his 
way;  but  he  persevered  in  his  benevolent  labors, 
visiting  the  natives  in  their  different  abodes,  lodg 
ing  in  their  smoky  wigwams,  and  usually  spending 
a  part  of  the  night  in  relating  to  them  portions 
of  the  Scripture  history.  Before  the  close  of  the 
year  1650,  a  hundred  Indians  entered  into  a 
solemn  covenant  to  obey  the  Most  High  God,  im 
ploring  his  mercy  through  the  blood  of  Christ. 
In  1662  there  were  two  hundred  and  eighty-two 
of  the  heathens  who  had  embraced  Christianity, 
and  among  these  were  eight  pawaws,  or  priests, 
who  were  so  much  interested  to  support  the  credit 
of  their  craft.  He  sailed  for  England  in  Nov., 
1657,  to  communicate  intelligence  respecting  these 
Indians  to  the  society  for  propagating  the  gospel, 
and  to  procure  the  means  of  more  extensive  use 
fulness  ;  but  the  vessel  was  lost  at  sea.  He  left 
three  sons,  —  Matthew,  who  succeeded  his  grand 
father  in  the  government  of  the  island  in  1681, 
and  also  preached  to  the  Indians,  and  died  in 
1710;  Thomas,  a  judge  of  the  common  pleas  for 
the  county;  and  John.  A  grandson  of  Matthew 
was  Dr.  Matthew  Mayhew,  a  man  of  wit  and 
humor  and  uncommon  powers  of  mind,  who  died 
before  1815,  aged  85.  —  He  had  received  a  liberal 
education,  and  was  a  man  of  considerable  learn 
ing.  His  talents  might  have  procured  him  a  set 
tlement  in  places,  where  his  maintenance  would 
have  been  generous ;  but  he  chose  to  preach  the 
gospel  to  the  heathen,  and  cheerfully  consented 
to  live  in  poverty  and  to  labor  with  his  own  hands 
to  procure  the  means  of  subsistence  for  his  fam 
ily.  Four  of  his  letters  respecting  the  progress 
of  the  gospel  were  published  in  London.  —  In 
dian  Converts,  app.  280-292 ;  NeaVs  N.  E.  I. 
262-267  ;  Magnolia,  III.  200. 

MAYHEW,  JOHN,  minister  of  Martha's  Vine 
yard,  the  son  of  the  preceding,  died  in  1689,  aged 


MAYHEW. 

30.  He  was  born  in  1652.  At  the  age  of  twen 
ty-one  he  was  called  to  the  ministry  among  the 
English  at  Tisbury,  in  the  middle  of  the  island. 
About  the  same  time  also  he  began  to  preach  to 
the  Indians.  He  taught  them  alternately  in  all 
their  assemblies  every  week,  and  assisted  them  in 
the  management  of  their  ecclesiastical  concerns. 
For  some  years  he  received  but  five  pounds  an 
nually  for  his  services,  but  he  was  content,  being 
more  desirous  of  saving  souls  from  death  than  of 
accumulating  wealth.  He  sought  not  glory  of 
men,  and  willingly  remained  unknown,  though  he 
possessed  talents  which  might  have  attracted  ap 
plause.  He  died,  leaving  an  Indian  church  of  one 
hundred  communicants,  and  several  well-instructed 
Indian  teachers  in  different  congregations.  In 
his  last  sickness  he  expressed  his  hope  of  salva 
tion  through  the  merits  of  Christ.  —  Indian  Con 
verts,  Appendix. 

MAYHEW,  EXPERIENCE,  minister  on  Martha's 
Vineyard,  the  eldest  son  of  the  preceding,  died 
Nov.  29,  1758,  aged  85.  He  was  born  Jan.  27, 
1673.  In  March,  1694,  about  five  years  after  the 
death  of  his  father,  he  began  to  preach  to  the 
Indians,  taking  the  oversight  of  five  or  six  of 
their  assemblies.  The  Indian  language  had  been 
familiar  to  him  from  infancy,  and  he  was  em 
ployed  by  the  commissioners  of  the  society  for 
propagating  the  gospel  in  New  England  to  make 
a  new  version  of  the  Psalms  and  of  John,  which 
work  he  executed  with  great  accuracy  in  1709. 
His  sons  were  Jonathan,  Joseph,  Nathan,  and 
Zechariah.  He  published  a  sermon,  entitled,  all 
mankind  by  nature  equally  under  sin,  1724 ;  In 
dian  converts,  8vo.  1727,  in  which  he  gives  an 
account  of  the  lives  of  thirty  Indian  ministers, 
and  about  eighty  Indian  men,  women,  and  youth, 
worthy  of  remembrance  on  account  of  their  piety ; 
a  letter  on  the  Lord's  supper,  1741;  grace  de 
fended,  Svo.  1744,  in  which  he  contends,  that  the 
offer  of  salvation,  made  to  sinners  in  the  gospel, 
contains  in  it  a  conditional  promise  of  the  grace 
given  in  regeneration.  In  this,  he  says,  he  differs 
from  most  in  the  Calvinistic  scheme ;  yet  he  sup 
ports  the  doctrines  of  original  sin,  of  eternal  de 
crees  and  of  the  sovereignty  of  God  in  the  sal 
vation  of  man.  —  Indian  Conv.  Appen.  306,  307 ; 
Chauncy'a  Remarks  on  Landaff's  Sermon,  23. 

MAYHEW,  ZECHAKIAH,  a  missionary  to  the 
Indians,  the  son  of  the  preceding,  died  March  6 
1806,  aged  89.  He  was  ordained  at  Martha's 
Vineyard  Dec.  10,  1767,  and  devoted  his  life  to 
the  instruction  of  the  remnants  of  the  red  men 
being  employed  by  the  Massachusetts  society  for 
propagating  the  gospel  among  the  Indians.  In 
Oct.  of  this  year  there  were  at  Gayhead  people  of 
color  in  all  two  hundred  and  twelve.  Former! 
the  number  of  Indians  was  very  large.  The  age 
attained  by  the  Mayhewsis  remarkable:  the  firsi 
Thomas  died,  aged  90;  Experience,  84;  John 


MAYHEW. 


563 


•randson  of  the  first  John,  89 ;  his  brother,  Jere 
miah,  85 ;  Dr.  Matthew,  85 ;  Zechariah,  79. 

MAYHEW,  JONATHAN,  D.  ]).,  minister  in 
Boston,  the  son  of  Experience  M.,  died  July  9, 
[766,  aged  45.  He  was  born  at  Martha's  Vine- 
rard  Oct.  8,  1720,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
:ollege  in  1744,  having  made  uncommon  pro- 
iciency  in  literary  pursuits.  He  was  ordained 
the  minister  of  the  west  church  in  Boston  June 
L6,  1747,  as  successor  of  the  first  minister,  Mr. 
rlooper,  who  had  embraced  the  Episcopalian 
system.  Here  he  continued  till  his  sudden  death. 
Ele  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Howard. 

He  possessed  superior  powers  of  mind,  and  in 
:lassical  learning  held  an  eminent  rank.  His 
writings  evince  a  mind  capable  of  making  the 
nicest  moral  distinctions,  and  of  grasping  the 
most  abstruse  metaphysical  truths.  Among  the 
orrespondents,  which  his  literary  character  or 
bus  attachment  to  liberty  gained  him  abroad,  were 
Lardner,  Benson,  Kippis,  Blackburne,  and  Hollis. 
From  the  latter  he  procured  many  rich  donations 
for  the  college  at  Cambridge.  Being  a  deter 
mined  enemy  to  religious  establishments,  to  test 
acts,  and  to  ecclesiastical  usurpation,  he  in  1763 
engaged  in  a  controversy  with  Mr.  Apthorp  re 
specting  the  proceedings  of  the  society  for  the 
propagation  of  the  gospel  in  foreign  parts,  of 
which  Mr.  Apthorp  was  a  missionary.  He  con 
tended,  that  the  society  was  either  deceived  by 
the  representations  of  the  persons  employed,  or 
was  governed  more  by  a  regard  to  Episcopacy 
than  to  charity.  He  was  an  unshaken  friend  of 
civil  and  religious  liberty,  and  the  spirit  which 
breathed  in  his  writings,  transfused  itself  into  the 
minds  of  many  of  his  fellow  citizens,  and  had  no 
little  influence  in  producing  the  great  events  of  the 
Revolution.  He  was  the  associate  of  Otis  and 
other  patriots  in  resisting  the  arbitrary  claims  of 
Great  Britain.  He  believed  it  to  be  his  duty  to  pro 
mote  the  happiness  of  his  brethren  in  every  pos 
sible  way,  and  he  therefore  took  a  deep  interest 
in  political  concerns.  He  possessed  singular  forti 
tude  and  elevation  of  mind.  Unshackled  by 
education,  he  thought  for  himself,  and  what  he 
believed  he  was  not  afraid  to  avow.  In  his  nat 
ural  temper  he  was  warm,  and  he  had  not  always 
a  full  command  of  himself.  His  want  of  meek 
ness  and  his  pride  are  peculiarly  displayed  in  his 
letter  to  John  Cleaveland.  He  was,  however, 
amiable  in  the  several  relations  of  life,  endeared 
to  his  friends,  ready  to  perform  the  offices  of 
kindness,  liberal,  and  charitable.  Some  of  his 
contemporaries  considered  him  as  not  perfectly 
evangelical  in  his  sentiments.  But,  although  he 
thought  for  himself,  and  wished  others  to  enjoy 
the  same  liberty,  yet  he  did  not  degrade  his  in 
tellectual  dignity  by  confounding  the  difference 
between  truth  and  falsehood,  right  and  wrong, 
and  saying,  that  it  is  of  little  consequence  what  a 


564 


MAYHEW. 


McCALLA. 


man  believes.  Though  he  was  called  liberal  in 
his  sentiments,  his  charity  would  not  admit  of 
attenuation  and  expansion  to  such  a  degree  as  to 
embrace  every  one.  His  discourses  were  practi 
cal  and  persuasive,  calculated  to  inform  the  mind 
and  to  reach  the  heart.  He  was  most  interesting 
to  the  judicious  and  enlightened.  He  published 
seven  sermons,  8vo.  1749,  which  for  perspicuous 
and  forcible  reasoning  have  seldom  been  equalled  ; 
a  discourse  concerning  unlimited  submission,  and 
non-resistance  to  the  higher  powers,  preached 
Jan.  30,  1750,  in  which  he  did  not  speak  of  the 
royal  martyr  in  the  strain  of  the  Episcopalians  ; 
on  the  death  of  the  prince  of  Wales,  1751;  elec 
tion  sermon,  1754  ;  on  the  earthquakes  ;  sermons 
on  justification,  1755;  two  thanksgiving  sermons 
for  the  success  of  his  majesty's  arms,  1758,  and 
two  on  the  reduction  of  Quebec,  1759;  a  thanks 
giving  sermon  on  the  entire  reduction  of  Canada; 
on  the  death  of  Stephen  Sewall;  on  the  great 
fire  in  Boston,  1760 ;  on  the  death  of  George  II. ; 
striving  to  enter  in  at  the  straight  gate  explained 
and  inculcated,  1761;  Christian  sobriety,  in  eight 
sermons  to  young  men,  with  two  thanksgiving 
sermons ;  observations  on  the  charter  and  con 
duct  of  the  society  for  propagating  the  gospel  in 
foreign  parts,  1763  ;  defence  of  the  preceding, 
1764  ;  second  defence,  1765  ;  letter  of  reproof  to 
John  Cleaveland;  Dudleian  lecture,  1765;  thanks 
giving  sermon  for  the  repeal  of  the  stamp  act,  1766. 
—  Chauncy's  and  Gay's  Sermons. 

MAYHEW,  MATTHEW,  Dr.,  died  in  Chilmark, 
Martha's  Vineyard,  in  1805,  aged  86.  He  was 
an  eminent  physician,  a  senator,  and  judge  of 
probate.  He  was  a  man  of  talents,  of  wit  and 
humor ;  of  benevolence  and  an  exemplary  Chris 
tian  ;  and  his  end  was  peace.  Nine  children 
followed  him  to  the  grave.  —  Collections  Hist. 
Society,  2d  series,  vol.  in. 

MAYHEW,  ALLEN,  Dr.,  died  at  Chilmark, 
Martha's  Vineyard,  in  Dec.,  1826,  aged  59. 

MAYHEW,  WILLIAM,  died  in  Edgartown  in 
Dec.,  1840,  aged  92,  the  oldest  person  on  Mar 
tha's  Vineyard.  He  was  a  member  of  the  con 
vention  of  1789. 

MAYHEW,  JOHN,  died  in  1742,  aged  about 
47.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1715.  He 
wrote  poetry,  and  published  the  conquest  of  Lou- 
isburg  ;  also,  in  blank  verse,  Gallic  perfidy,  relat 
ing  to  the  massacre  by  the  savages  of  the  garrison 
of  fort  William  Henry,  Aug.  9,  1757. 

MAYNADIER,  HENRY,  colonel,  died  in  Anna 
polis,  Md.,  in  1849,  aged  93.  He  served  under 
Washington  in  the  war.  As  a  surgeon  he  ex 
tracted  a  ball  from  the  leg  of  Lafayette  at  the 
battle  of  Brandywine. 

MAYNAHD,' WILLIAM  II.,  a  lawyer,  died  of 
the  cholera  in  1832,  aged  44.  He  graduated  at 
Williams  in  1810.  He  bequeathed  to  Hamilton 


college,  New  York,  about  20,000  dollars,  to  found 
a  law  department. 

MAYNARD,  ELIPHAL,  missionary  to  the  Jews 
at  Salonica,  died  Sept.  14,  1849.  He  sailed  from 
Boston  with  Mr.  Dodd  in  January,  and  arrived 
at  S.  April  2,  and  entered  upon  the  study  of  the 
Hebrew,  Spanish,  Turkish,  and  Greek.  Expos 
ure  on  a  journey  to  mount  Olympus  was  the 
cause  of  his  death.  He  was  a  native  of  Pots 
dam,  N.  Y. ;  his  wife,  Celestia  A.,  was  born  in 
Parishville,  N.  Y. 

MAYNARD,  JOHN,  judge,  died  in  Auburn, 
N.  Y.,  March  24,  1850,  formerly  of  Seneca  Falls. 
In  1826  he  was  a  member  of  congress,  support 
ing  Mr.  Adams.  He  was  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  New  York,  and  a  judge  of  the  court  of 
appeals. 

MAYO,  JOHN,  the  first  minister  of  the  north 
church,  Boston,  died  in  1662,  or  later.  He  came 
to  this  country  in  1642,  and  was  a  pious  and 
learned  minister  in  Plymouth  colony ;  about 
1649  he  went  to  Boston.  He  opposed  the  result 
of  the  synod  respecting  baptism  in  1662. 

MAYO,  Mrs.,  died  in  Portsmouth  in  1775, 
aged  106. 

MAZZEI,  PHILIP,  a  native  of  Tuscany,  after 
engaging  in  commercial  business  in  London,  re 
moved  to  Virginia.  By  that  State  he  was  sent 
on  a  secret  mission  to  Europe,  from  which  he 
returned  in  1785.  He  afterwards  lived  in  Poland 
in  the  service  of  the  king.  He  died  at  Pisa, 
March  19,  1816,  aged  86.  A  notorious  letter  of 
Mr.  Jefferson  was  addressed  to  him.  He  pub 
lished  recherches  historiques  et  politiques  sur  les 
Etats-Unis,  4  vols.,  8vo.,  1788. 

McOALL,  THOMAS  IL,  D.  D.,  died  early  in 
this  century  at  Savannah.  He  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1774.  As  a  Presbyterian  minister 
he  was  pre-eminent  for  science,  classical  learning, 
and  eloquence,  in  the  western  counties  of  North 
Carolina.  He  was  called  to  the  presidency  of 
the  college  at  Wynnsborough,  S.  C.,  and  thence, 
after  several  years,  removed  to  Savannah,  where 
he  soon  died. 

McCALL,  HUGH,  major  in  the  army  of  the 
United  States,  died  at  Savannah,  Georgia,  in  1824, 
aged  57.  He  published  a  history  of  Georgia, 
2  vols.,  8vo.,  1816. 

McCALLA,  DANIEL,  D.  D.,  minister  at  Wap- 
petaw,  South  Carolina,  died  April  6,  1809,  aged 
60.  He  was  born  at  Neshaminy,  Penn.,  in  1748, 
of  pious  parents,  and  graduated  at  Princeton  in 
1766.  He  afterwards  taught  an  academy  in  Phil 
adelphia,  making  himself  great  improvement  in 
science,  acquiring  also  a  knowledge  of  the  French, 
Spanish,  and  Italian  languages.  In  1774  he  was 
ordained  pastor  of  the  churches  of  New  Provi 
dence  and  Charleston,  Penn.  In  the  war  he  went 
as  a  chaplain  to  Canada  and  was  made  a  prisoner 


McCLARY. 


McCREA. 


565 


with  Thomson  at  Trois  Rivieres.  For  some  months 
he  was  confined  in  a  prison  ship.  He  returned 
on  parole  at  the  close  of  1776.  After  his  ex 
change  he  taught  an  academy  in  Hanover  county. 
For  twenty-one  years  he  was  the  minister  of  the 
Congregational  church  at  Wappetaw,  "  Christ's 
church  parish,"  devoting  himself  chiefly  to  the 
critical  study  of  the  Scriptures  in  the  original 
languages.  The  death  of  his  daughter  over 
whelmed  him,  and  gave  new  power  to  his  disease. 
He  died  in  calm  submission.  His  wife  was  Eliza 
beth,  daughter  of  Rev.  John  Todd  of  Virginia ; 
his  only  child,  who  married  Dr.  John  R.  Wither- 
spoon,  died  at  the  age  of  26,  leaving  one  son. 
He  had  a  Latin  bible  of  the  ninth  century,  which 
he  gave  to  his  son-in-law,  Rev.  Dr.  Witherspoon. 
He  was  an  eminently  learned,  good,  and  useful 
man.  His  eloquence  was  almost  unrivalled.  He 
preferred  the  Congregational  form  of  government 
as  most  consonant  to  the  apostolical  practice. 
He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of 
James  Adams.  His  sermons  and  essays,  with 
an  account  of  lus  life  by  Hollingshcad,  were  pub 
lished  in  2  vols.,  18 1Q. 

McCLARY,  ANDREW,  major,  fell  in  the  bat 
tle  of  Bunker  Hill  June  17,  1775,  in  the  vigor  of 
manhood.  Born  in  Epsom,  N.  II.,  his  parents 
were  of  Irish  descent.  In  Dec.,  1774,  he  accom 
panied  Cilley  in  the  capture  of  fort  William  and 
Mary.  On  hearing  of  the  battle  of  Lexington 
he  left  his  plough.  At  Warren's  fall  he  suc 
ceeded  to  the  command,  and  said  he  would  not 
retire  until  he  had  given  them  one  more  shot ; 
but  at  that  moment  a  cannon-ball  killed  him. 
He  was  prompt,  generous,  and  of  a  sound  judg 
ment. 

McCLARY,  JOHN,  died  at  Epsom,  N.  H.,  in 
1801,  aged  82,  a  councillor.  Gen.  Michael  Mc- 
Clary  died  at  Epsom  in  1824,  aged  71. 

McCLELLAND,  SAMUEL,  M.  D.,  died  at 
Philadelphia  Jan.  4,  1854,  aged  53 ;  an  eminent 
physician. 

McCLURE,  DAVID,  D.  D.,  minister  of  East 
Windsor,  Conn.,  died  June  25,  1820,  aged  71. 
He  was  a  native  of  Brookfiekl,  Mass.,  and  was 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1769.  From  Nov. 
13,  1770,  till  Aug.  30,  1785,  he  was  the  minister 
of  North  Hampton,  N.  H.,  and  in  1786  was  in 
stalled  at  East  Windsor.  His  wife  was  the  daugh 
ter  of  Dr.  Pomeroy.  His  predecessors  were  T. 
Edwards  and  J.  Perry.  Dr.  M.  was  a  respected 
and  useful  minister,  and  a  trustee  of  Dartmouth 
college.  He  published  a  sermon  .on  the  death 
of  Dr.  Pomeroy,  1784;  of  Erastus  Wolcott ;  or 
dination  of  S.  Griswold,  1790;  with  Dr.  Parish, 
memoirs  of  E.  Wheelock,  founder  of  Dartmouth 
college,  8vo.,  1810  ;  twenty-four  sermons  on  the 
moral  law,  8vo.,  1818;  an  account  of  Windsor, 
in  historical  collections,  V. 

McCLURE,  SAMUEL,   died  in    Clark  county, 


Illinois,  Dec.  18,  1845,  aged  97.  A  soldier,  he 
removed  at  the  close  of  the  war  to  Kentucky.  He 
was  overtaken  on  his  way  and  wounded  by  the 
Indians,  his  four  children  killed,  and  his  wife  taken 
prisoner  ;  but  he  recovered  from  his  wounds. 

McCLURE,  GEORGE,  general,  died  in  Elgin, 
Illinois,  in  1851,  aged  80.  He  was  an  emigrant 
from  Ireland  to  Bath,  N.  Y.,  where  he  lived  from 
1794  to  1835.  He  commanded  a  brigade  in  the 
war  of  1812. 

McCLURG,  JAMES,  M.  D.,  a  physician  in 
Virginia,  died  in  Richmond  in  1825,  aged  77. 
He  was  killed  by  his  horses  running  away.  He 
was  the  son  of  Dr.  Walter  M. ;  was  educated 
at  William  and  Mary  college;  then  studied 
physic  at  Edinburgh  and  Paris.  At  his  return 
about  1773  he  settled  at  Williamsburg ;  about 
1783  he  removed  to  Richmond.  He  stood  high 
in  his  profession.  He  published  an  essay  on 
the  bile,  which  has  been  much  commended.  — 
Cyclopaedia  of  Amer.  Literature. 

McCONAUGHY,  DAVID,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  died 
Jan.  29,  1852,  formerly  president  of  Washington 
college  at  Washington,  Penn. 

McCORD,  DAVID  J.,  colonel,  died  in  Colum 
bia,  S.  C.,  May  12,  1855,  aged  58.  He  was  grad 
uated  at  Columbia  college,  and  was  a  lawyer  of 
repute,  editor  of  the  statutes  of  the  State,  and 
one  of  the  authors  of  Nott  and  McCord's  reports. 
He  also  published  two  vols.  of  law  and  two  of 
chancery  reports  ;  also  South  Carolina  law  journal 
one  vol.,  with  Col.  Blanding ;  and  wrote  many 
pieces  for  the  Southern  review.  —  Cycl.  of  Amer. 
Literature. 

McCORNISH,  ANDREW  T.,  a  minister  for 
twenty-three  years  of  the  first  Episcopal  church 
at  Washington,  died  in  1841,  aged  about  80. 

McCRACKEN,  J.  L.  H.,  a  merchant  of  New 
York,  died  at  Sicrre  Leone  in  1853,  aged  40.  He 
was  a  literary  man,  and  wrote  for  the  magazines 
and  journals.  —  Cycl.  of  Amer.  Literature. 

McCREA,  JANE,  murdered  by  the  Indians  in 
1777,  was  the  second  daughter  of  James  M., 
minister  of  Lamington,  New  Jersey,  who  died 
before  the  Revolution.  After  his  death,  she  re 
sided  with  her  brother,  Col.  John  M.,  of  Albany, 
who  removed  in  1773  to  the  neighborhood  of  fort 
Edward.  His  house  was  in  what  is  now  North 
umberland,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Hudson,  three 
miles  north  of  fort  Miller  falls.  In  July  or  Aug., 
1777,  being  on  a  visit  to  the  family  of  Mrs.  Mc 
Neil,  near  fort  Edward,  at  the  close  of  the  week, 
she  was  asked  to  remain  until  Monday.  On  Sun 
day  morning,  when  the  Indians  came  to  the 
house,  she  concealed  herself  in  the  cellar ;  but 
they  dragged  her  out  by  the  hair,  and,  placing 
her  on  a  horse,  proceeded  on  the  road  towards 
Sandy  Hill.  They  soon  met  another  party  of  In 
dians,  returning  from  Argyle,  where  they  had 
killed  the  family  of  Mr.  Bains ;  these  Indians 


56S 


McCREERY. 


disapproved  the  purpose  of  taking  Miss  McCrea 
to  the  British  camp,  and  one  of  them  struck  her 
with  a  tomahawk  and  tore  off  her  scalp.  This  is 
the  account  given  by  her  nephew.  The  account 
of  Mrs.  McNeil  is,  that  her  lover,  anxious  for 
her  safety,  employed  two  Indians,  with  the  pro 
mise  of  a  barrel  of  rum,  to  bring  her  to  him  ; 
and  that  in  consequence  of  their  dispute  for  the 
right  of  conducting  her,  one  of  them  murdered 
her.  Gates,  in  his  letter  to  Burgoyne  of  Sept.  2, 
says,  she  "  was  dressed  to  receive  her  promised 
husband."  Her  brother,  on  hearing  of  her  fate, 
sent  his  family  the  next  day  to  Albany,  and,  re 
pairing  to  the  American  camp,  buried  his  sister 
with  one  Lieutenant  Van  Vechten,  three  miles 
south  of  fort  Edward.  She  was  twenty-three 
years  of  age,  of  an  amiable  and  virtuous  charac 
ter,  and  highly  esteemed  by  all  her  acquaintance. 
It  was  said  and  believed,  that  she  was  engaged 
in  marriage  to  Capt.  David  Jones  of  the  British 
army,  a  loyalist,  who  survived  her  only  a  few 
years,  and  died,  as  was  supposed,  of  grief  for 
her  loss.  Her  nephew,  Col.  James  McCrea,  lived 
at  Saratoga  in  1823. 

McCREERY,  JOHN,  minister  of  White  Clay 
Creek,  Delaware,  died  in  1800,  aged  64,  having 
been  pastor  thirty  years. 

McCREERY,  JOHN,  a  Virginia  poet,  died  at 
Richmond  in  1825. 

McCULLOCH,  JAMES  H.,  died  at  Baltimore 
in  1836,  aged  80,  for  thirty  years  the  collector  of 
the  port.  He  was  a  patriotic,  respected  citizen. 

McCULLOCH,  THOMAS,  D.  D.,  died  at  Pic- 
tou  in  Nova  Scotia,  Sept.,  1843,  aged  67.  He 
was  long  known  as  one  of  the  leading  minds  of 
the  country  where  he  lived.  He  had  great 
learning,  and  profoundly  investigated  the  myste 
ries  of  nature. 

McCULLOCH,  ROBERT,  a  patriot  of  the 
Revolution,  died  in  Marcellus,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  16, 
1855,  aged  96.  He  was  at  the  surrender  of  Bur 
goyne.  During  his  long  life  he  never  had  occa 
sion  to  call  a  physician.  By  mistaking  the  door 
he  fell  into  his  cellar  and  was  instantly  killed. 
Multitudes  attended  the  funeral  of  a  man  of  up 
rightness  and  kindness,  who  had  lived  to  see  the 
increase  of  his  country's  population  from  three  to 
nearly  thirty  millions,  and  who  was  one  of  the 
noble  men  whose  toils  and  courage  established 
our  national  independence. 

McDANIEL,  ARCHIBALD,  died  in  Bladen 
county,  North  Carolina,  in  1834,  aged  101. 

McDOXALD,  FLORA,  an  early  settler  of 
Fayetteville,  N.  C.,  died  in  her  native  Isle  of 
Skye,  March  5,  1790,  aged  about  62.  When  un 
married  she  assisted  the  pretender,  Charles  Ed 
ward,  to  escape  after  the  battle  of  Culloden  in 
the  dress  of  a  woman,  in  1746.  She  married 
Allen  McDonald,  and  with  him  emigrated  to 
North  Carolina  in  1775.  In  the  war  her  husband 


McDOUGALL. 

espoused  the  wrong  side,  and  was  taken  prisoner 
and  sent  to  Halifax.  Dr.  Johnson  was  a  visitor 
at  her  house  in  Scotland.  Her  son  John,  a  writer 
on  tactics  and  the  telegraph,  died  in  1831,  aged 
72. 

McDONALD,  JOHN,  a  Presbyterian  minister, 
died  at  Albany  in  1821. 

McDONALD,  JOHN  (or  Daniel),  D.D.,  pro 
fessor  of  languages  at  Geneva  college,  New  York, 
died  in  1830,  aged  44. 

McDONALD,  DONALD,  born  in  Scotland  in 
1722,  died  in  Lynn,  Mass.,  Sept.  4,  1830,  aged 
108  years. 

McDONALD,  WILLIAM,  general,  died  at 
Baltimore  Aug.  18,  1845,  aged  86;  a  soldier  of 
the  Revolution,  and  long  an  enterprising  mer 
chant. 

McDONELL,  ALEXANDER,  D.  D.,  bishop  of 
Kingston,  U.  C.,  died  Jan.  14,  1840,  aged  80. 

McDONOGH,  JOHN,  a  merchant,  died  in 
New  Orleans  Oct.  26,  1850,  aged  72.  He  was  a 
man  of  immense  wealth,  of  which  he  gave  equal 
portions  to  New  Orleans  and  Baltimore,  to  estab 
lish  free  schools  and  an  asylum  for  the  poor ; 
also  a  large  sum  to  the  American  colonization 
society. 

McDONOUGII,  THOMAS,  commodore,  died 
Nov.  10,  1825,  aged  about  39.  He  was  the  son 
of  a  physician  in  New  Castle  county,  Delaware, 
who  was  a  major  in  the  war,  and  died  in  1796. 
After  the  death  of  his  father  he  obtained  a  mid 
shipman's  Avarrant  and  went  in  our  fleet  to  the 
Mediterranean.  In  the  war  of  1812,  at  the  age 
of  28,  he  commanded  the  American  forces  on 
lake  Champlain.  His  own  ship,  the  Saratoga, 
mounted  twenty-six  guns  ;  the  Confiance,  the  ship 
of  the  British  Capt.  Downie,  mounted  thirty-six. 
In  the  battle  of  Sept.  11,  1814,  after  an  action  of 
two  hours  and  twenty  minutes,  he  obtained  a 
complete  victory,  which  he  announced  to  the  de 
partment  of  war  as  follows  :  "  The  Almighty  has 
been  pleased  to  grant  us  a  signal  victory  on  lake 
Champlain,  in  the  capture  of  one  frigate,  one 
brig,  and  two  sloops  of  war  of  the  enemy."  The 
State  of  New  York  gave  him  one  thousand  acres 
of  land  on  the  bay  in  which  the  battle  was  fought. 
His  residence  was  Middletown,  Conn.  His  wife, 
who  was  Miss  Shaler  of  that  town,  died  in  August, 
while  he  was  absent.  He  was  tall  and  dignified, 
of  light  hair,  complexion,  and  eyes. 

McDOUGALL,  ALEXANDER,  major-general, 
died  in  June,  1786.  He  was  the  son  of  a  Scotch 
man,  who  sold  milk  in  the  city  of  New  York,  nor 
was  he  ashamed  to  acknowledge  that,  when  a 
boy,  he  assisted  his  father.  He  proved  himself  a 
zealous  whig  before  the  beginning  of  the  war.  In 
1770,  when  he  was  a  printer,  he  was  in  prison  in 
New  York  for  a  libel  on  the  royal  party  of  the 
colonial  government;  and  on  the  19th  of  March, 
the  anniversary  of  the  repeal  of  the  stamp  act  in 


McDOUGAL. 

1766,  when  three  hundred  -vvhigs  met  at  Hamp- 
den  hall,  opposite  the  common,  or  the  park,  be 
fore  they  sat  down  to  dinner,  with  the  liberty  pole 
before  them  in  the  park,  they  deputed  ten  of  their 
number  to  dine  with  Capt.  McDougall  in  the  new 
gaol.  In  Aug.,  1776,  he  was  appointed  brigadier, 
and  major-general  in  Oct.,  1777.  He  commanded 
in  the  action  at  White  Plains  and  was  engaged 
in  the  battle  of  Germantown.  In  1781  he  was 
elected  a  delegate  to  congress ;  he  was  afterwards 
of  the  senate  of  New  York.  His  only  daughter 
married  John  Lawrence. 

McDOUGAL,  ALEXANDER,  died  March  3, 
1841,  aged  101,  in  Hamilton  county,  Ohio.  He 
was  a  Baptist ;  and  a  soldier  of  the  Revolutionary 
•war. 

McDOWALL,  JOHN  ROBERT,  died  in  New 
York,  in  1836,  aged  35.  He  was  the  founder  of 
the  moral  reform  societies,  and  editor  of  McDow- 
all's  journal  for  the  promotion  of  purity  of 
morals. 

McDOWELL,  SAMUEL,  colonel,  died  near 
Danville,  Ky.,  Oct.  25,  1817,  aged  84;  one  of  the 
first  settlers  of  the  State.  He  was  circuit  judge  ; 
a  man  of  industry  and  integrity,  patriotic  and 
pious.  He  left  more  than  one  hundred  descend 
ants. 

McDOWELL,  JAMES,  governor  of  Virginia, 
died  near  Lexington,  Aug.  23,  1851,  aged  55. 
He  was  a  descendant  of  the  Scotch  and  Irish  of 
Ilockbridge ;  and  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1816. 
He  was  for  years  a  member  of  congress,  and  a 
distinguished  orator.  As  a  friend  of  temperance, 
he  did  not  offer  intoxicating  drink  at  his  table. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  church,  and  one  who 
did  not  neglect  family  prayer.  His  religious  life  j 
commenced  in  the  revival  of  1838,  soon  after  the 
conversion  of  his  wife. 

McDOWELL,  WILLIAM  A.,  D.  D.,  died  at 
Morristown,  N.  J.,  Sept.  18,  1851.  He  lived  in 
Lamington,  and  was  a  learned  theologian,  and 
an  impressive  preacher. 

McDUFFIE,  GEORGE,  governor  of  South 
Carolina,  died  March  11,  1851.  He  was  many 
years  a  member  of  the  house  and  senate  of -the 
United  States,  and  governor  from  1834  to  1836 ; 
a  State  rights  man,  and  very  zealous  for  the  in 
terests  of  slavery.  The  slaves  on  his  estate  were 
sold,  in  1856,  being  two  hundred  and  ten  in  num 
ber,  for  140,000  dollars.  They  were  thus  sold  to  a 
western  planter  for  about  700  dollars  each,  with 
the  condition  that  they  should  not  be  separated. 

McELROY,  WILLIAM  C.,  president  of  Dan 
ville  college,  Va.,  died  in  1837. 

McEWEN,  JOHN,  minister  at  Salem,  S.  C., 
died  in  1833,  aged  34. 

McFARLAND,  ASA,  D.  D.,  died  at  Concord, 
N.  H.,  in  1827.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Dart 
mouth  in  1793;  ordained  at  Concord  in  March, 
1798;  and  continued  in  office  till,  by  reason  of  a 


McLNTIRE. 


567 


palsy,  he  resigned  in  March,  1825.  He  was  many 
years  a  trustee  of  the  college,  and  president  of 
the  State  missionary  society.  He  published  an 
oration,  1802;  historical  view  of  heresies,  1806. 

McFARLAND  (or  McFarlane),  JOHN,  D.  D., 
died  in  Paris,  Ky.,  in  Aug.,  1828.  He  was  of  the 
Presbyterian  church. 

McGEE,  JOHN,  a  Methodist  minister  in  Smith 
county,  Tenn.,  died  in  1836,  aged  71. 

McGREGORE,  JAMES,  first  minister  of  Lon 
donderry,  N.  H.,  died  in  1729,  aged  52.  He  had 
the  care  of  a  Scotch  Presbyterian  society  in  the 
north  of  Ireland.  The  sufferings  of  the  Protest 
ants  in  that  country  and  the  inextinguishable 
desire  of  religious  liberty  impelled  him,  with  a  num 
ber  of  other  ministers  and  a  part  of  their  con 
gregations,  to  seek  an  asylum  in  America.  He 
arrived  at  Boston  with  about  one  hundred  families, 
Oct.  14,  1718.  In  the  following  year  sixteen 
families  settled  on  a  tract  of  good  land  near 
Haverhill,  which  was  called  Nutfield,  and  which 
they  named  Londonderry.  Mr.  McGregore, 
who  since  his  arrival  had  preached  at  Dracut, 
was  called  to  be  their  minister.  He  was  a  wise, 
affectionate,  and  faithful  guide  to  his  people  both 
in  civil  and  religious  concerns.  They  brought 
with  them  every  thing  necessary  for  the  manufac 
ture  of  linen.  They  also  introduced  the  culture 
of  potatoes,  which  were  first  planted  in  the  gar 
den  of  Nathaniel  Walker  of  Andover.  —  Bel- 
knap's  N.  II.  II.  55 — 37,  41. 

McGREGORE,  DAVID,  minister  of  London 
derry,  N.  H.,  son  of  the  preceding,  died  May  30, 
1777,  aged  66,  in  the  42d  year  of  his  ministry. 
He  left  eight  children.  One  of  his  daughters 
married  Col.  Robert  Means,  who  died  in  Amherst 
in  1823,  leaving  two  sons  and  three  daughters, 
who  married  Jeremiah  Mason,  Jesse  Appleton, 
and  Caleb  Ellis.  With  eminent  abilities  he  was 
an  excellent  Evangelical  preacher.  He  was  also 
a  zealous  and  intrepid  assertor  of  the  rights  and 
liberties  of  America,  and  died  in  the  full  persua 
sion  that  the  cause  of  his  country  would  triumph, 
and  that  here  the  church  of  God  would  flourish 
in  its  purity.  He  published  professors  warned 
of  their  danger,  1741 ;  on  the  trial  of  the  spirits, 
in  answer  to  Caldwell,  1742 ;  the  believer's  all 
secured,  1747 ;  on  the  death  of  J.  Moorhead, 
1774. 

McGREGORE,  DAVID,  minister  of  Falmouth, 
Me.,  died  Oct.  18,  1845,  aged  74.  He  was  a  de 
scendant  of  the  minister  of  Londonderry.  He 
graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1799,  and  was  first 
the  minister  of  Bedford,  N.  H.,  then  of  F. 

McGUIN,  SAMUEL,  died  at  Andover,  N.  H., 
Feb.  1,  1845,  aged  110.  He  was  a  soldier  of  the 
Revolution,  and  a  pensioner,  who  was  called  the 
Caithness  veteran. 

McINTIRE,  Mrs.,  died  in  Goflstown,  N.  H., 
in  1811,  aged  106. 


5G8 


McINTOSH. 


McKEAN. 


McINTOSH,  JOHN  MORE,  came  from  Scot 
land  to  Georgia  in  1735,  with  one  hundred  fol 
lowers,  and  settled  at  Darien,  in  Mclntosh  county. 
He  drew  up  a  protest  —  and  was  the  first  signer 
of  it  —  against  the  introduction  of  African  slaves 
into  Georgia.  Had  the  views  of  this  enlightened 
and  benevolent  man  been  regarded,  to  what  a 
comparative  height  of  prosperity  and  dignity 
would  the  State  of  Georgia  have  attained?  Of 
his  sons  and  grandsons,  seven  bore  commissions 
in  the  army  of  the  llcvolution.  —  Cycl.  of  Amer. 
Literature. 

McIXTOSII,  LACHLAX,  general,  an  officer  of 
the  Revolution,  died  at  Savannah  Feb.  20,  1806, 
aged  80.  He  was  one  of  the  early  settlers  of 
Georgia,  and  the  principal  military  officer  of  the 
province.  Sept.  16,  1776,  he  was  appointed 
brigadier-general.  Having  murdered  Mr.  Gwin- 
nett  in  a  duel,  the  event,  instead  of  banishing  him 
from  the  army,  was  the  cause  of  his  removal  to 
the  north.  Having  served  till  the  end  of  the 
war,  he  was  a  member  of  congress  in  1784.  In 
1785  he  was  one  of  the  commissioners  to  treat 
with  the  southern  Indians. 

McIXTOSII,  JOHN,  general,  was  an  officer  of 
the  Georgia  line  in  1775,  and  served  during  the 
war  with  unblemished  honor.  In  1814  he  com 
manded  the  Georgia  division,  which  went  to  Pen- 
sacola.  He  died  at  his  plantation  in  Mclntosh 
county,  Nov.  12,  1826,  aged  about  70.  He  was  a 
sincere  Christian. 

McINTOSH,  WILLIAM,  general,  an  Indian 
chief,  was  one  of  the  three  great  chiefs  of  the 
Creeks ;  the  others  were  Big  Warrior,  and  Little 
Prince,  who  died  in  April,  1828.  —  He  was  about 
six  feet  in  height,  dignified,  generous,  brave,  and 
temperate;  and  the  only  chief  who  could  con 
verse  in  English  with  facility.  About  the  year 
1826  he  was  killed  by  his  tribe  on  the  charge  of 
treachery,  in  bargaining  away  their  territory  to 
the  whites.  A  clu'ef,  who  assisted  in  killing  him, 
made  this  speech  :  "Brothers!  Mclntosh  is  dead. 
He  broke  the  law  of  the  nation, — the  law  which 
he  made  himself.  His  face  was  turned  to  the 
white  men,  who  wish  to  take  our  land  from  us. 
His  back  was  to  his  own  people.  His  ears  were 
shut  to  the  cries  of  our  women  and  children. 
His  heart  was  estranged  from  us.  The  words  of 
his  talk  were  deceitful.  They  came  to  us  like  the 
sickly  breeze,  that  flies  over  the  marsh  of  the 
great  river." 

McINTOSH,  DUNCAN,  a  noble  philanthropist, 
a  native  of  Scotland  and  an  American  citizen, 
died  at  Aux  Caves  in  Nov.,  1820.  At  the  Revo 
lution  in  St.  Domingo  he  was  living  there,  a  mer 
chant  of  immense  wealth  acquired  by  trade ;  he 
might  have  withdrawn,  and  secured  his  property ; 
but  he  remained,  and  sacrificed  his  estate  and 
risked  his  life  in  the  sacred  cause  of  humanity. 
When  four  hundred  thousand  ignorant  slaves  had 


broken  their  chains  and  were  devastating  the 
island  and  thirsting  for  the  blood  of  the  whole 
French  population,  and  when  all  were  flying  for 
safety,  there  was  found  one  man,  who  remained 
as  the  preserver  and  benefactor  of  the  miserable. 
With  his  gold  he  bought  the  victims  out  of  the 
hands  of  the  executioners ;  others  he  rescued  by 
force.  In  defiance  of  the  decree  of  death  against 
those  who  should  conceal  the  French,  he  main 
tained  them  three  months  in  the  places  where 
they  were  concealed.  More  than  once  was  he 
thrown  into  a  dungeon ;  but  on  recovering  his 
freedom  he  engaged  with  new  ardor  in  the  work 
of  benevolence.  During  the  revolutionary  storm, 
of  seven  or  eight  months'  continuance,  he  was 
able,  by  his  indefatigable  exertions,  to  save,  in 
vessels  which  he  freighted  for  that  purpose,  more 
than  nine  hundred  men  and  fifteen  hundred  wo 
men  and  children.  While  the  heart  is  susceptible 
of  the  emotions  of  gratitude  and  admiration  to 
wards  men  of  great  virtues  and  heroic  benevo 
lence,  the  name  of  Mclntosh  will  not  be  forgotten. 
—  Portfolio,  new  series,  I.  285-297. 

McINTOSH,  ANN,  Mrs.,  died  in  Mclntosh 
county,  Georgia,  in  1833,  aged  100.  Her  parents, 
before  her  birth,  came  to  Georgia  with  Gen. 
Oglcthorpe. 

McINTYRE,  JOHN,  a  Presbyterian  minister, 
died  in  Robinson,  S.  C.,  Nov.  17,  1852,  aged  102. 

McJIMSEY,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  died  in  Newburgh, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  27,  1854,  aged  82 :  he  was  of  Craw 
ford,  Orange  county. 

McKEAN,  THOMAS,  governor  of  Pennsylvania, 
a  patriot  of  the  Revolution,  died  June  24,  1817, 
aged  83.  He  was  the  son  of  William  M.,  an 
Irishman,  who  settled  in  New  London,  Penn.;  and 
was  born  March  19,  1734.  He  was  educated  in 
the  excellent  school  of  Dr.  Allison,  at  New  Lon 
don.  Having  studied  law  in  Newcastle,  he  settled 
in  that  county.  He  was  a  member  of  the  legis- 
ture  in  1762;  of  the  congress  of  1765;  and  of 
that  of  1774,  having  his  residence  at  this  period 
at  Philadelphia.  He  remained  in  congress  as  a 
delegate  from  Delaware  from  1774  to  1783;  yet 
was  he  at  the  same  time  chief  justice  of  Pennsyl 
vania  from  1777,  being  claimed  by  both  States. 
He  was  present  in  congress  July  4,  1776,  and 
voted  for  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  and 
signed  it  as  engrossed,  Aug.  2d,  yet  in  the  printed 
journal  his  name  was  omitted.  The  subsequent 
signers,  who  were  not  pres*ent  July  4th,  were  Mr. 
Thornton,  B.  Rush,  G.  Clymer,  J.  Smith,  G.  Tay 
lor,  and  G.  Ross.  As  a  member  of  the  conven 
tion  of  Pennsylvania,  he  urged  the  adoption  of 
the  constitution.  In  1799  he  succeeded  Mr.  Mif- 
flin  as  governor,  and  remained  in  office  till  1808, 
when  he  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Snyder.  In  his 
politics  he  accorded  with  Jefferson.  After  the 
close  of  1808  he  passed  his  days  in  retirement. 
As  chief  justice  for  twenty- two  years  he  was  very 


McKEAN. 


McKINSTRY. 


5G9 


eminent.  His  decisions  were  accurate  and  pro 
found,  lie  once  had  occasion  to  say,  "  No  act 
of  my  public  life  was  ever  done  from  a  corrupt 
motive,  nor  without  a  deliberate  opinion  that  the 
act  was  proper  and  lawful  in  itself." —  Goodrich. 

McKEAN,  JOSEPH,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  professor 
of  rhetoric  and  oratory  at  Harvard  college,  died 
March  17,  1818,  aged  41.  He  was  born  at  Ips 
wich  April  19,  1776.  His  father  was  Wm.  M., 
a  native  of  Glasgow ;  his  mother  was  a  daughter 
of  Dr.  Joseph  Manning  of  Ipswich.  Having 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1794,  he  for  a 
few  years  taught  a  school  in  Ipswich  and  the 
academy  in  Berwick.  In  Nov.,  1797,  he  was  or 
dained  as  the  minister  of  Milton;  his  infirm 
health  induced  him  to  ask  a  dismission,  Oct.  3, 
1804.  He  afterwards  engaged  in  the  business  of 
instruction  at  Boston.  He  was  inaugurated  Oct. 
31,  1809,  as  professor  of  oratory  at  Cambridge, 
in  which  office  he  was  industrious  and  punctual. 
It  was  with  him  a  maxim,  that  what  was  worth 
doing  at  all  was  worth  doing  well.  He  died  at 
Havana,  whither  he  went  for  his  health  in  conse 
quence  of  a  pulmonary  complaint,  trusting  in  the 
mercy  of  God  through  the  merits  of  his  Son. 
His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Maj.  Swasey  of  Ips 
wich.  Prof.  McKean  possessed  a  powerful  mind, 
and  was  an  impressive  orator.  He  was  an  effi 
cient  member  of  the  historical  society.  He  pub 
lished  a  valedictory  sermon,  1804;  two  fast 
sermons  on  friendship  and  patriotism,  1814;  at 
the  ordination  of  J.  B.  Wight,  1815  ;  of  N.  L. 
Frothingham,  1815 ;  on  the  death  of  John  War 
ren,  1815;  at  the  installation  of  Dr.  llichmoncl, 
1817  ;  memoir  of  John  Eliot,  in  hist,  collections; 
addition  to  Wood's  continuation  of  Goldsmith's 
England. 

McKEAN,  JOSEPH  W.,  M.  D.,  died  in  Bos 
ton  in  1839,  aged  39.  He  was  the  son  of  Pro 
fessor  M.,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1819. 
At  the  medical  college  of  Vermont  he  gave  a 
course  of  lectures.  He  M-as  found  dead  in  his 
chair. 

McKEE,  ROBERT,  Episcopal  minister,  died 
at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  in  1840,  aged  41.  , 

McKEEN,  JOSEPH,  D.  D.,  first  president  of 
Bowdoin  college,  died  July  15,  1807,  aged  49. 
He  was  born  at  Londonderry,  N.  II.,  Oct.  15, 
1757.  His  immediate  ancestors  were  from  the 
north  of  Ireland,  though  of  Scotch  descent.  He 
was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  college  in  1774, 
having  evinced  while  in  that  seminary  a  decided 
predilection  for  mathematical  pursuits.  After 
eight  years'  employment  in  a  school  in  his  native 
town,  and  after  being  some  time  an  assistant  in 
the  academy  at  Andover,  he  directed  his  atten 
tion  to  theology,  and  was  ordained  successor  of 
Dr.  Willard,  as  pastor  of  the  church  in  Beverly, 
in  May,  1785.  Here  he  continued  with  reputa 
tion  and  usefulness  seventeen  years.  Being  cho- 
72 


sen  president  of  Bowdoin  college,  which  had 
been  incorporated  eight  years,  but  had  not  yet 
been  carried  into  operation,  he  was  inducted  into 
that  important  office  Sept.  2,  1802.  He  died  of 
the  dropsy,  leaving  the  seminary,  over  which  he 
had  presided,  in  a  very  flourishing  condition. 
His  widow  died  in  1834.  He  possessed  a  strong 
and  discriminating  mind,  his  manners  were  con 
ciliating  though  dignified,  and  his  spirit  mild 
though  firm  and  decided.  He  was  indefatigable 
in  his  exertions  to  promote  the  interests  of  sci 
ence  and  religion.  He  was  respectable  for  his 
learning  and  exemplary  for  his  Christian  virtues, 
being  pious  without  ostentation,  and  adhering  to 
evangelical  truth  without  bigotry  or  superstition. 
He  published  a  sermon  at  the  fast,  1793  ;  at  the 
ordination  of  Rufus  Anderson,  1794;  of  A. 
Moore,  1796  ;  two  discourses  on  the  fast,  1798; 
at  the  election,  1800 ;  at  the  fast,  1801 ;  and  some 
papers  in  the  transactions  of  the  American  acad 
emy  ;  his  inaugural  address,  with  Mr  Jenks' 
eulogy,  1802. 

McKEEN,  JOSEPH,  LL.  D.,  died  in  New 
York  April  12,  1856,  aged  64.  Born  in  Ver 
mont,  he  came  to  New  York  in  1818,  and  was  for 
some  years  a  private  teacher,  then  principal  of 
the  school  in  Mott  street,  then  county  superin 
tendent.  He  also  edited  an  educational  journal, 
and  was  zealously  engaged  in  the  Sunday-school 
cause ;  being  highly  esteemed  for  his  ability,  dili 
gence,  and  efficiency,  and  for  the  amenities  of  his 
character. 

McKEMIE,  FRAXCIS,  the  first  Presbyterian 
preacher  in  the  city  of  New  York,  was  impris 
oned  by  the  governor  and  company,  for  his 
preaching  in  a  private  house  in  Jan.,  1707.  He 
was  confined  two  months  before  he  was  admitted 
to  bail ;  the  costs  amounted  to  200  or  300  dollars. 
The  next  year  Mr.  Anderson  was  settled  in  Wall 
street  church.  —  Amer.  Quar.  Register,  vm.  323. 

McKENDREE,  AViLLUM,  senior  Methodist 
bishop,  died  in  Tennessee  March  5,  1835,  aged  77. 

McKINLEY,  JOHX,  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  United  States,  died  in  1852.  He  was 
born  in  Virginia. 

McKINLEY,  DAXIEL,  D.  D.,  died  at  Cham- 
bcrsburg,  Penn.,  Dec.  7,  1855. 

McKINSTRY,  JOHX,  minister  of  Ellington, 
Conn.,  died  in  1754,  aged  77.  He  was  a  Scotch 
man,  graduated  at  Edinburgh  in  1712.  He  was 
the  pastor  of  Sutton,  Mass.,  from  1720  to  1728 ; 
then  of  Ellington  from  1730  to  1746,  when  he 
resigned  his  place. 

McKINSTRY,  JOHX,  minister  in  Springfield, 
Mass.,  son  of  the  preceding,  died  Nov.  9,  1813, 
aged  nearly  90.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1746 ; 
was  ordained  at  Chicopee,  the  fifth  parish  in 
Springfield,  in  1752  ;  and  was  dismissed  on  ac 
count  of  ill  health  in  1789.  His  successor  was 
Alexander  Phoenix, 


570 


MCKNIGHT. 


McKNIGHT,  CHARLES,  M.  D.,  a  physician, 
of  Irish  descent,  died  jn  1790,  aged  40.  He  was 
born  in  Cranbury,  New  Jersey,  Oct.  10,  1750,  and 
graduated  at  Princeton  college  in  1771.  He 
studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Shippen.  In  the  Rev 
olutionary  war  he  was  the  senior  surgeon  of  the 
flying  hospital  in  the  middle  department.  After 
the  war  he  settled  in  New  York,  where  he  deliv 
ered  lectures  on  anatomy  and  surgery.  His  wife 
was  Mrs.  Litchfield,  daughter  of  John  M.  Scott. 
He  published  a  paper  in  memoirs  of  London 
medical  society,  rv. 

McLEAN,  LAUGHLIN,  Dr.,  a  Scotchman,  came 
to  this  country  about  1740,  and  died  at  an 
advanced  age.  He  lived  in  Wethersfield  and 
Hartford,  and  was  an  ornament  of  his  profes 
sion. 

McLEAN,  ALEXANDER,  a  faithful  missionary 
in  Maine,  died  at  Newcastle  Jan.  11,  1808,  aged 
63.  Born  in  the  island  of  Skye  in  Scotland,  he 
was  educated  at  Aberdeen.  He  came  to  this 
country  in  1770,  and  was  settled  in  Bristol,  Me., 
from  1773  to  about  1798,  when  he  became  a  mis 
sionary,  employed  by  the  society  for  propagating 
the  gospel.  In  its  service  he  toiled  zealously  in 
the  destitute  settlements  of  the  district  of  Maine 
during  the  rest  of  his  life.  He  was  plain  and 
earnest  in  his  preaching,  zealous  for  the  ancient 
doctrines  of  grace.  The  people  of  his  first  charge 
begged  his  body,  and  he  was  buried  at  Bristol. 
They  remembered  with  gratitude  his  labors. 

McLEAN,  JOHN,  a  merchant  of  Boston,  died 
in  Oct.,  1823,  aged  64.  He  once  failed  for  a 
large  sum,  and  was  reduced  to  the  necessity  of 
resorting  to  the  bankrupt  act.  Afterwards,  while 
he  was  in  Italy  for  his  health,  he  engaged  in  such 
commercial  pursuits  as  enabled  him  to  acquire 
a  large  fortune.  Having  thus  the  ability,  he 
honorably  paid  all  his  old  creditors,  although 
they  had  no  legal  claims  upon  him.  In  his  last 
will,  after  providing  for  his  wife,  Ann  Amory,  he 
bequeathed  the  large  sum  of  100,000  dollars  to 
the  Massachusetts  general  hospital  in  Boston ; 
also  50,000  dollars  to  the  hospital  and  to  Harvard 
university,  on  the  death  of  an  individual. 

McLEAN,  FERGUSON,  died  at  Clear  Creek, 
Warren  county,  Ohio,  in  Feb.,  1837,  aged  91. 
He  was  the  father  of  Judge  McLean,  and  a  pion 
eer  in  the  settlement  of  the  Miami  valley, 
removing  to  that  place  in  1797.  His  son  Wil 
liam,  a  member  of  congress,  died  in  1839. 

McLEOD,  ALEXANDER,  D.  ]).,  pastor  of  the 
first  reformed  Presbyterian  church  in  New  York, 
died  Feb.  17,  1833,  aged  58.  He  was  the  son  of 
Rev.  Niel  M.  of  St.  Kilda.  He  came  to  this 
country  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  and  was  educated 
at  Union  college,  Schenectady ;  with  a  minister 
in  the  neighborhood  he  studied  theology ;  settled 
in  early  life  in  New  York,  he  formed  the  clerical 
association  Avith  lu's  brethren,  Livingston,  Linn, 


MCNEIL. 

Abeel,  Rogers,  Miller,  and  Romeyn,  and  Dr.  Ma 
son.  He  married  in  1805  Mary  Anne  Agnew, 
the  daughter  of  one  of  his  elders ;  his  son,  John 
N.  M.,  1).  1).,  succeeded  him.  A  synod  was 
formed,  of  three  presbyteries,  the  northern,  mid 
dle,  and  southern,  in  1809.  His  disease  was  an 
enlargement  of  the  heart  and  dropsy  in  the 
chest.  In  his  last  sickness  he  was  peaceful  and 
happy  ;  he  said,  with  tears,  "  I  have  always  loved 
to  preach  Christ."  He  was  a  powerful  preacher, 
a  man  of  learning  and  wisdom,  and  a  devout 
Christian.  He  published  negro  slavery  unjustifi 
able,  1802  ;  Messiah,  1803;  on  the  ministry,  1808  ; 
catechism,  1807 ;  life  and  power  of  godliness,  a 
series  of  sermons,  1816 ;  he  assisted  Dr.  Mason 
in  the  Christian  magazine,  and  wrote  the  articles 
on  the  atonement ;  lectures  on  the  book  of  Reve 
lations,  1814;  sermons  on  the  war,  1815  ;  sermons 
on  true  godliness ;  articles  for  the  evangelical 
guardian  and  review,  1817-18;  reformation  prin 
ciples  ;  and  other  pieces.  A  large  memoir  of 
him,  by  Dr.  S.  B.  Wylie,  was  published  in  1855, 
with  a  fine  portrait. 

McLEOD,  JOHN,  died  in  Washington  in  1846, 
aged  about  80.  Born  in  Ireland,  he  was  for  forty 
years  a  teacher  in  Washington. 

McMAH ON,  BARTHOLOMEW  A.,  assistant  min 
ister  of  St.  Peter's  church,  New  York,  died  July 
18,  1800,  aged  44.  A  native  of  Ireland,  he  lived 
nearly  twenty  years  in  Italy  ;  but  on  his  return 
was  compelled  to  flee  to  this  country  for  safety. 
In  the  epidemic  of  1799  he  remained  at  his  post, 
ministering  to  the  sick.  He  published  in  Italy 
several  books  in  the  Italian  language. 

McMAIION,  BERNARD,  a  gardener  and  florist, 
founded  in  1809  a  botanic  garden  near  Philadel 
phia,  and  died  in  Sept.,  1816.  He  published  the 
American  gardener's  calendar,  1806. 

McMANUS,  JOHN,  died  at  Brunswick,  Maine, 
in  1843,  aged  83.  He  was  at  the  surrender  of 
Burgoyne,  and  received  at  Cherry  Valley  a  wound 
which  made  him  lame  for  life. 

McMILLAN,  WILLIAM,  D.  D.,  died  at  New 
Athens,  Ohio,  April  11,  1832,  aged  52. 

McMILLAN,  JOHN,  I).  D.,  died  at  Canons- 
burg,  Penn.,  Nov.  16,  1833,  aged  80. 

McMURRAY,  WILLIAM,  D.  D.,  died  at  New 
York  Sept.  24,  1835,  aged  50.  He  was  of  the 
Dutch  church. 

McNAIR,  ALEXANDER,  governor,  died  in  Mis 
souri  in  May,  1826.  lie  was  among  the  first 
American  settlers  in  Missouri,  and  took  the  field 
in  defence  of  the  frontiers  against  the  savages. 
He  held  various  offices,  and  an  important  station 
in  the  Indian  department.  He  died  of  a  pre 
vailing  influenza. 

McNEIL,  HENRY,  general,  died  in  Clinton 
county,  N.  Y.,  May  16,  1844,  aged  81.  He  was 
a  soldier  under  Washington. 

McNEIL,  WILLIAM  G.,  general,  died  in  Brook- 


McNUTT. 


MEGArOLENSIS. 


571 


lyn,  N.  Y.,  in  1853,  aged  51.  Educated  at  West 
Point,  he  devoted  himself  for  years  to  the  pur 
suits  of  an  engineer,  building  railroads  and  the 
dry  dock  at  Brooklyn. 

McNUTT,  ALEXANDER  G.,  governor  of  Missis 
sippi,  died  in  l)e  Soto  county,  in  1848,  aged  47. 
lie  was  born  in  Virginia,  and  graduated  at  Wash 
ington  college.  lie  was  chosen  governor  in  1837 
and  1839.  It  is  mentioned,  to  his  honor,  that 
although  in  earlier  life  he  was  intemperate,  yet 
that  he  corrected  his  vices  and  gained  general 
esteem.  As  a  stump  orator  he  had  no  superior. 

McPHEETEKS,  WILLIAM,  D.  D.,  died  at 
Ilaleigh,  N.  C.,  in  1842,  aged  64.  lie  was  a  theo 
logian,  a  scholar,  and  a  successful  teacher. 

McPIIERSON,  general,  died  in  Philadelphia 
in  1813.  He  fought  under  Lafayette  in  Virginia, 
in  1781. 

McSPARRAN,  JAMES,  D.  D.,  an  eloquent 
Episcopal  minister  in  Rhode  Island,  died  at  his 
house  in  South  Kingston  Dec.  1,  1757.  His 
family  was  Scotch,  of  the  north  of  Ireland.  He 
came  as  a  missionary  to  Narraganset,  as  Kings 
ton  was  called,  in  1721.  There  was  in  1720  no 
Episcopal  church  in  Providence.  Mr.  Gay  was 
his  predecessor,  employed  about  1717  by  the 
society  for  propagating  the  gospel.  He  published 
a  sermon  on  the  Christian  priesthood,  and  a  his 
torical  tract,  entitled,  America  dissected,  1752. — 
Updike's  Hist.  Narrative;  Cycl.  of  Amer.  Lit. 

McVAY,  HUGH,  governor  of  Alabama,  died 
in  1851,  aged  84.  For  thirty  years  he  was  con 
nected  with  the  legislation  of  Alabama. 

McWILLIAMS,  ALEXANDER,  M.  D.,  died  at 
Washington  March  31,  1850,  aged  75.  He  was 
in  the  navy  from  1801  to  180G ;  afterwards  a 
physician  in  Washington ;  the  founder  of  the 
Columbian  institute  ;  a  man  generous  and  worthy. 

MEAC1IAM,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Coventry, 
Conn.,  died  in  1752,  aged  GO.  Born  in  Enfield, 
Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1710,  and 
was  settled  in  1814.  —  Sprcfgue's  Annals. 

MEACIIAM,  J.  B.,  for  thirty  years  a  Baptist 
colored  minister  at  St.  Louis,  died  in  his  pulpit 
Feb.  26,  1854.  He  was  a  man  of  eminent  piety 
and  usefulness. 

MEACIIAM,  JAMES,  member  of  congress,  died 
at  Middlebury,  Vt,  Aug.  23,  1856,  from  conges 
tion  of  the  brain  and  lungs.  He  was  for  a  while 
the  minister  of  New  Haven,  Vt.,  and  a  professor 
in  Middlebury  college.  On  the  announcement 
of  his  death  to  the  house  of  representatives,  they 
adjourned  for  the  day,  neglecting  the  public  busi 
ness,  yet  receiving  their  pay,  amounting  to  2400 
dollars  or  more,  for  doing  nothing.  Such  a  cus 
tom  of  adjournment  for  the  death  of  a  member 
docs  not  exist  in  the  British  house  of  commons. 

MEAD,  JOHN,  general,  died  at  Meadvillc, 
Penn.,in  1816,  aged  64. 

MEAD,  ASA,   minister  of  Brunswick,  Maine, 


died  Oct.  26,  1831,  aged  39.  He  was  born  at 
Meredith,  N.  II.,  in  1792,  and  graduated  at  Dart 
mouth  college  in  1818.  His  father  was  a  Bap 
tist.  He  studied  theology  at  Andover,  was 
ordained  at  Brunswick  in  Dec.,  1822,  and  dis 
missed  in  1829.  After  toiling  for  a  few  months 
as  an  agent  of  the  temperance  and  peace  societies, 
he  was  installed  Aug.  18,  1830,  at  East  Hartford, 
Conn.,  where  he  died  of  the  typhus  fever.  His 
mind  was  vigorous,  and  he  was  conspicuous  for 
industry.  He  always  kept  several  sermons  on 
hand,  which  he  had  never  preached,  and  prepared 
his  discourses  for  the  Sabbath  before  the  end  of 
the  week.  While  on  a  journey  to  Maine  a  short 
time  before  he  died,  he  wrote  five  or  six  sermons. 
He  died  in  peace  and  hope.  His  son,  John  Moo- 
ney,  nearly  five  years  old,  a  child  of  great  promise 
and  undoubted  piety,  died  April  8,  1831.  He 
published  a  discourse  before  the  Cumberland  con 
ference,  1826 ;  a  call  to  the  temperate,  1827 ;  a 
sermon  before  the  Hartford  county  peace  society, 
1831;  a  memoir  of  John  Mooney  Mead,  pp.  92, 
1831. 

MEAD,  STITII,  a  Methodist  minister,  died  in 
Amherst,  Virginia,  in  1834,  aged  67. 

MEAD,  SHADRACII,  Dr.,  died  at  Greenwich, 
Conn.,  Sept.  16,  1856,  aged  86.  He  was  a  grad 
uate  of  Yale  in  1779 ;  and  a  devoted  Christian. 

MEADE,  WILLIAM,  M.  D.,  a  mineralogist, 
died  in  Newburgh,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  19,  1833. 

MEANS,  ROBERT,  colonel,  died  at  Amherst, 
N.  II.,  in  1823,  aged  80.  Born  in  Ireland,  he 
came  to  this  country  in  1796,  and  acquired  a 
large  property  as  a  merchant.  His  wife  was 
Mary,  daughter  of  Rev.  David  McGregore.  His 
sons  were  Thomas,  David  M.,  and  Robert;  and 
of  his  daughters,  Mary  married  Jeremiah  Mason  ; 
Elizabeth  married  Jesse  Appleton ;  and  Nancy 
married  Caleb  Ellis,  also  Amos  Lawrence. 

MEANS,  ROBERT,  died  at  Columbia,  S.  C., 
Jan.  20,  1836.  He  was  the  minister  of  Fairfield 
district.  He  published  several  sermons,  and  an 
essay  on  the  Pentateuch,  in  answer  to  Dr.  Thomas 
Cooper. 

MEEKER,  JOTHAM,  a  missionary  among  the 
Choctaws  for  thirty  years,  died  Jan.  11,  1855,  at 
Ottawa.  He  died  in  peace,  offering  a  prayer, 
clasping  his  hands  across  his  breast,  and  closing 
his  eyes. 

MEETZ,  J.  Y.,  a  minister,  died  at  Lexington 
district,  S.  C.,  in  1833,  aged  76. 

MEGAPOLENSIS,  JOHN,  JR.,  a  minister  of 
the  Dutch  church  in  New  York,  died  in  1669,  or 
before.  He  came  from  Holland  at  the  age  of  39, 
and  took  charge  of  the  Dutch  church  at  Rens- 
selaerswyck,  or  Albany,  in  1642.  He  resigned 
his  charge  in  July,  1649,  and  was  settled  in  New 
Amsterdam,  or  New  York.  In  1652  he  was 
joined  by  a  colleague,  Samuel  Drisius;  and  by 
his  own  son,  Samuel,  M.  D.,  in  1662.  The  inhab- 


572 


MEIGS. 


MELLEN. 


itants  in  New  York  were  fifteen  hundred  in  1664, 
when  the  city  surrendered  to  Col.  Nicolls.  lie 
wrote  an  account  of  the  Mohawk  Indians,  1644. 
A  translation  is  in  Hazard,  I.  517-526. 

MEIGS,  RETURN  JONATHAN,  colonel,  a  hero 
of  the  Revolution,  died  in  1823,  aged  82.  He 
•was  probably  a  descendant  of  John  M.,  who 
lived  in  Weymouth  in  1641 ;  and  was  born 
in  Middletown,  Conn.,  in  1740.  In  1775, 
immediately  after  the  battle  of  Lexington,  he 
marched  a  company  of  light  infantry  to  the 
neighborhood  of  Boston.  With  the  rank  of  ma 
jor,  he  accompanied  Arnold  in  his  march  through 
the  wilderness  of  Maine  in  order  to  attack  Que 
bec.  His  printed  journal  gives  the  best  account 
of  this  expedition.  In  the  assault  on  Quebec  by 
Montgomery  and  Arnold,  at  the  close  of  the  year, 
he  was  made  a  prisoner,  with  Captains  Morgan 
and  Dearborn.  In  1776  he  was  exchanged  and 
returned  home,  and  the  next  year  was  appointed 
colonel.  His  expedition  to  Long  Island  in  May, 
1777,  was  one  of  the  most  brilliant  enterprises 
of  the  war,  for  which  he  received,  Aug.  3,  the 
thanks  of  congress  and  a  sword.  At  the  head 
of  a  few  companies  he  attacked  the  British  troops 
at  Sagg  Harbor  with  fixed  bayonets,  made  ninety 
prisoners,  and  destroyed  twelve  vessels  and  much 
forage,  without  the  loss  of  a  man.  In  1779  he 
commanded  a  regiment  under  Wayne  at  the  cap 
ture  of  Stony  Point,  and  was  honorably  men 
tioned  by  Washington.  After  the  war,  about 
1788  or  1789,  he  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  of 
the  wilderness  of  Ohio.  For  the  first  emigrants 
he  drew  up  a  system  of  regulations,  which  were 
posted  on  a  large  oak  near  the  confluence  of  the 
Ohio  and  Muskingum  rivers,  the  bark  of  the  tree 
being  cut  away  for  the  space  of  the  sheet.  Often 
was  the  venerable  oak  consulted.  He  was  the 
agent  for  Indian  affairs  as  early  as  1816.  He 
died  at  the  Cherokee  agency.  The  true  origin 
of  his  name  is  of  more  interest  than  the  reason 
•why  Mr.  Preserved  Fish  was  so  called.  His 
father  lived  in  Middletown,  Conn.  When  a 
young  man,  seeking  a  companion  for  life,  he 
addressed  a  fair  Quaker  at  Middlefield,  in  his 
neighborhood.  He  was  unsuccessful,  and  repeat 
edly  rejected.  She  said,  "Nay,  Jonathan,  I 
respect  thee  much  ;  but  I  cannot  marry  thee,  for 
'  better  is  a  dinner  of  herbs  with  contentment, 
than  a  stalled  ox  and  contention  therewith.' " 
But  at  length,  as  Jonathan  had  some  spirit  and 
wisdom  as  well  as  love,  he  told  Ruth  plainly  it 
was  his  last  visit.  As  he  slowly  mounted  his 
horse  the  relenting  lady  beckoned  to  him  to  stop, 
saying  sweetly,  "  Return,  Jonathan  !  return,  Jon 
athan  ! "  These,  the  happiest  words  he  ever 
heard,  induced  him  to  call  his  first-born  son 
Return  Jonathan.  His  journal  of  the  expedition 
to  Quebec,  from  Sept.  9,  1775,  to  Jan.  1,  1776,  is 
published  in  American  remembrancer  for  1776; 


in  2   hist.  coll.  II.  227-247 ;  and  a   summary  of 
it  in  Maine  hist.  coll.  I. 

MEIGS,  RETURN  JONATHAN,  governor  of 
Ohio,  son  of  the  preceding,  died  in  1825.  He 
succeeded  Mr.  Huntington  as  governor  in  1810, 
and  remained  in  office  until  he  was  appointed 
postmaster-general,  in  the  place  of  Mr.  Granger, 
in  Feb.,  1814.  He  was  succeeded  by  John  Mc 
Lean  in  1823.  He  died  at  Marietta. 

MEIGS,  JOHN,  major,  died  at  New  Hartford 
in  1826,  aged  75 ;  an  officer  of  the  Revolution,  in 
service  seven  years. 

MELCHER,  JOHN,  died  at  Portsmouth,  N.  II., 
June  9,  1850,  aged  90.  He  was  a  printer.  He 
commenced  the  Portsmouth  Journal  in  1793 ;  he 
printed  the  State  laws  and  many  books. 

MELISH,  JOHN,  a  geographer,  was  a  native  of 
Scotland  ;  came  to  this  country  in  1809  ;  and  died 
at  Philadelphia,  Dec.  30,  1822,  aged  52.  He 
published  travels  in  the  United  States,  and  in 
Great  Britain  and  Canada,  2  vols.  8vo.,  1812;  a 
description  of  the  roads,  etc.,  1814;  traveller's 
directory,  1815;  description  of  the  United  States, 
1816;  universal  school  geography  and  atlas;  the 
necessity  of  protecting  manufactures,  1818;  maps 
of  Pennsylvania  and  of  the  United  States;  infor 
mation  to  emigrants,  1819. 

MELLEN,  JOHN,  minister  of  Sterling,  Mass., 
died  July  4,  1807,  aged  85.  He  was  born  at 
Ilopkinton,  March  25,  1722,  and  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1741.  He  was  ordained 
pastor  of  the  church  in  Lancaster,  now  Sterling, 
Dec.  19,  1744.  His  connection  with  his  society 
was  dissolved  in  consequence  of  disputes,  oc 
casioned  principally  by  his  endeavors  to  maintain 
what  he  considered  the  order  of  the  churches.  In 
1784  he  became  the  minister  of  Hanover,  Mass., 
M'here  he  continued  to  discharge  the  duties  of  the 
sacred  office  until  Feb.,  1805,  when  his  infirmities 
induced  him  to  relinquish  it.  He  soon  removed 
to  Reading,  and  closed  a  long  and  useful  life  in 
the  house  of  his  daughter,  the  relict  of  Caleb 
Prentiss.  His  sons  were  John;  Henry,  a  law-, 
yer  and  poet,  who  died  at  Dover,  N.  H.,  July  31, 
1809,  aged  51;  and  Prentiss,  chief  justice  of 
Maine,  who  was  born  in  1764.  He  was  respect 
able  in  his  profession,  and  many  had  an  affection 
ate  remembrance  of  his  faithful  labors  as  a  min 
ister  of  the  gospel.  He  published  a  sermon  at 
the  ordination  of  J.  Palmer,  1753  ;  at  a  general 
muster,  1756;  on  the  mortal  sickness  among  his 
people,  1756;  on  the  conquest  of  Canada,  1760; 
on  the  death  of  S.  Smith,  1765;  religion  produc 
tive  of  music ;  at  the  ordination  of  Levi  Whit 
man,  1785 ;  on  the  duty  of  making  a  profession 
of  Christianity;  fifteen  discourses  on  doctrinal 
subjects,  with  practical  improvements,  8vo.,  1765. 

MELLEN,  JOHN,  minister  of  Barnstable,  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  July  8,  1752;  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  college  in  1770;  was  ordained 


MELLEN. 

Nov.  12,  1783  ;  and  died  at  Cambridge,  Sept.  19, 
1828,  aged  7(x  One  of  his  daughters  married 
Prof.  Frisbie.  lie  published  a  sermon  on  the 
death  of  I.  Dunster,  1791;  masonic  discourse, 
1793;  at  thanksgiving,  1794  and  1795;  at  a 
dedication,  1795 ;  at  the  election,  1797  ;  Dudlcian 
lecture,  1799  ;  on  the  death  of  Mrs.  Alden,  1797  ; 
of  D.  Davis,  1799. 

MELLEX,  HENRY,  a  poet,  brother  of  Judge 
Mellen,  died  at  Dover,  X.  II.,  July  31,  1809,  aged 
51.  lie  was  born  at  Sterling,  Oct.  24,  1757; 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1784;  and, 
having  studied  law,  settled  at  Dover.  He  wrote 
popular  songs.  A  collection  of  his  poems  was 
published. 

MELLEX,  PRENTISS,  LL.  D.,  chief  justice  of 
Maine,  died  Dec.  31,  1840,  aged  76.  He  was  the 
son  of  Rev.  John  M.,  and  was  born  at  Sterling, 
Mass.,  Oct.  11,  1764;  graduated  at  Cambridge  in 
1784  ;  practised  law  in  Sterling  and  South  Bridge- 
water,  and  removed  to  Biddefbrd,  Me.,  in  1792, 
and  to  Portland  in  1806.  He  was  at  the  head  of 
the  bar  in  Maine.  In  1817  he  was  a  senator  of  the 
United  States;  and  when  Maine  was  formed  into 
a  State,  in  1820,  he  was  appointed  chief  justice. 
In  1834,  at  the  age  of  70,  he  was  disqualified 
by  the  constitution ;  and,  leaving  the  bench,  he 
returned  to  the  bar.  He  was  a  trustee  of  Bow- 
doin  college.  He  died  at  Portland.  His  de 
cisions  may  be  found  in  the  first  eleven  volumes 
of  the  Maine  reports. 

MELLEX,  GRENVILLE,  a  poet,  the  eldest  son 
of  Judge  M.,  died  in  New  York,  Sept.  5,  1841, 
aged  42.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1818, 
and  afterwards  studied  law,  which  he  for  a  while 
practised,  and  then  relinquished.  He  published 
various  poems  and  other  writings ;  in  1833,  the 
chief  collection  of  his  poems,  entitled  the  mar 
tyr's  triumph,  etc.  —  Cyclopedia  of  American 
Literature. 

MELVILLE,  THOMAS,  major,  died  in  Boston 
Sept.  16,  1832,  aged  81.  He  was  the  son  of 
Allan,  of  Boston,  and  grandson  of  Thomas  M., 
minister  of  Leven,  in  Scotland.  His  mother  was 
Jean  Cargill,  of  Londonderry,  N.  H.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Princeton  in  1769,  and  was  a  merchant 
in  Boston,  a  patriot  and  soldier  of  the  Revolution, 
one  of  the  "Boston  tea  party"  in  Dec.,  1773. 
He  served  as  a  major  in  Rhode  Island.  For 
many  years  he  was  the  naval  officer  at  Boston, 
and  surveyor.  He  was  highly  respected  as  a 
citizen  and  Christian.  Of  his  family,  a  daughter, 
who  died  perhaps  half  a  century  ago,  was  engaged 
to  marry  one  of  the  most  eminent  and  venerable 
men  of  Massachusetts  now  living ;  and  his  son 
Thomas,  who  lived  in  Pittsfield,  is  also  dead. 

MERCELX,  THOMAS  F.  RANDOLPH,  a  Metho 
dist  minister,  died  at  Sheffield,  Mass.,  in  Sept., 
1856.  He  published  a  work  of  merit  on  natural 
goodness. 


MERCER. 


573 


MERCER,  JOHN,  published  an  abridgment  of 
the  acts  of  assembly  of  Virginia,  1737. 

MERCER,  HUGH,  brigadier-general,  died 
Jan.  19,  1777,  aged  about  56.  He  was  a  na 
tive  of  Scotland,  and  educated  for  the  profes 
sion  of  medicine.  On  his  emigration  to  this 
country  he  settled  and  married  in  Virginia.  He 
served  with  Washington  in  the  war  against  the 
French  and  Indians,  which  terminated  in  1763, 
and  was  by  him  greatly  esteemed.  He  was  with 
Braddock  in  the  campaign  of  1755.  In  the  ac 
tion  at  fort  Du  Quesne  he  was  wounded,  and,  faint 
with  the  loss  of  blood,  he  lay  down  under  a  fallen 
tree.  One  of  the  pursuing  Indians  jumped  upon 
the  very  tree,  but  did  not  discover  him.  Mercer 
found  a  brook,  at  which  he  refreshed  himself.  In 
his  hunger  he  fed  on  a  rattlesnake,  which  he  had 
killed.  After  pursuing  his  solitary  way  through 
a  wilderness  of  one  hundred  miles,  he  arrived  at 
fort  Cumberland.  At  the  commencement  of  the 
war  of  the  Revolution  he  abandoned  his  exten 
sive  medical  practice  and  entered  the  army.  He 
was  distinguished  in  the  battle  of  Trenton.  In 
the  action  near  Princeton,  Jan.  3,  1777,  he  com 
manded  the  van  of  the  Americans,  composed 
principally  of  southern  militia.  While  exerting 
himself  to  rally  them,  his  horse  was  killed  under 
him.  He  was  surrounded  by  some  British  sol 
diers,  who  refused  him  quarter,  and  stabbed  him 
with  their  bayonets,  and  bruised  his  head  with 
the  butt-end  of  their  muskets,  leaving  him  on  the 
field  as  dead.  He  died  from  his  wounds.  He 
was  buried  at  Philadelphia;  tliirty  thousand  of 
the  inhabitants  followed  him  to  the  grave.  He 
was  a  valuable  officer.  Wilkinson  regarded  him 
as  second  only  to  Washington.  He  was  well 
educated,  polished  in  manners,  gentle  and  diffi 
dent,  yet  in  the  hour  of  peril  ignorant  of  fear, 
patriotic  and  disinterested.  Provision  was  made  by 
congress,  in  1793,  for  the  education  of  his  young 
est  son,  Hugh  Mercer.  His  son,  Col.  John  M., 
who  accompanied  Monroe  to  France  as  secre 
tary,  died  Sept.  30,  1817.—  Marshall,  II.  552; 
Holmes. 

MERCER,  SILAS,  died  in  Georgia  in  1796, 
aged  51.  He  was  a  Baptist  minister,  born  in. 
Xorth  Carolina  in  1745;  about  1776  he  preached 
in  Halifax  county,  and  in  six  years  preached  more 
than  two  thousand  sermons,  more  than  one  a  day. 
At  the  close  of  the  war  he  went  again  to  Georgia, 
where  he  had  previously  lived.  He  published 
tyranny  exposed  and  true  liberty  discovered. 

MERCER,  JOHN,  governor  of  Maryland,  died 
in  1821,  aged  64.  He  was  a  soldier  of  the  Revo 
lution.  In  1782  he  was  elected  a  delegate  to 
congress  from  Virginia;  in  1787  he  was  a  mem 
ber  from  Maryland  of  the  convention  which 
framed  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  and 
also  a  member  of  congress  from  Maryland.  He 
was  governor  from  1801  to  1803,  when  he  was 


574 


MERCER. 


MERWIN. 


succeeded  by  Robert  Bowie.  He  died  at  Phila 
delphia. 

MERCER,  JESSE,  a  Baptist  minister,  died  in 
Georgia  in  1841,  bequeathing  60,000  dollars  to 
Mercer  university,  and  to  the  bible  and  home 
missionary  and  other  charitable  societies. 

MERIAM,  JONAS,  minister  of  Newton,  Mass., 
died  in  1780,  aged  50.  Born  in  Lexington,  he 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1753,  and  was  or 
dained  in  1758.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the 
ordination  of  T.  Smith,  1764;  of  S.  Dean,  1765. 

—  Sprague's  Annals. 

MERRIAM,  MATTHEW,  minister  of  Berwick, 
Me.,  died  in  1797,  aged  about  60.  Born  in  Wal- 
lingford,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1759,  and  was 
ordained  in  1765,  as  the  successor  of  J.  Morse, 
the  first  minister.  J.  Hilliard  was  his  successor. 

MERRICK,  JONATHAN,  minister  in  Branford, 
Conn.,  died  in  1772,  aged  about  67.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  in  1725,  and  was  ordained  in  1727. 

—  Sprague's  Annals. 

MERRILL,  NATHANIEL,  minister  of  Notting 
ham  West  (now  Hudson),  N.  H.,  died  in  1796, 
aged  83.  Born  in  Newbury,  Mass.,  he  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1732  and  was  settled  in  1737. 

MERRILL,  GYLES,  minister  of  Plaistow, 
N.  H.,  died  in  1801,  aged  62.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1759,  and  was  ordained  the  successor 
of  James  Gushing  in  1765.  The  third  parish 
of  Haverhill,  Mass.,  was  annexed  in  1728  to 
Plaistow,  in  N.  H.  He  was  a  sound  scholar  and 
learned  divine,  simple  and  earnest.  His  sons 
were  James  C.  and  Samuel. 

MERRILL,  JOHN,  for  forty  years  a  member 
of  the  Baptist  church  in  Topsham,  Me.,  died  in 
1828,  aged  94.  Born  in  Arundel,  he  came  to  T. 
in  1760,  and  was  the  principal  surveyor  in  Lin 
coln  county.  He  was  a  man  of  judgment  and 
moral  worth. 

MERRILL,  DANIEL,  minister  of  Sedgwick, 
Me.,  died  in  1833,  aged  about  65.  Born  in  Dan- 
vers,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1789;  was 
ordained  in  1793;  became  a  Baptist  in  1804;  was 
immersed  with  eighty  others,  mostly  members  of 
his  church,  May  15,  1805,  when  a  Baptist  church 
was  formed  and  he  was  re-ordaincd.  He  pub 
lished  on  baptism  seven  sermons,  tenth  edition, 
1812;  eight  letters  on  open  communion,  1805; 
letters  occasioned  by  Worcester's  discourses; 
Balaam  disappointed;  thanksgiving  sermon,  1815 ; 
ordination  of  P.  Bond,  1825;  of  J.  Billings,  1826.' 

—  Sprague's  Annals. 

MERRILL,  MOSES,  preacher  to  the  Otoe  In 
dians,  died  in  1840,  aged  36.  The  son  of  Rev. 
Daniel  M.  of  Sedgwick,  Me.,  he  was  six  years  of 
the  Baptist  mission  in  Missouri. 

MERRILL,  NATHANIEL,  minister  of  Lynde- 
borough,  N.  II.,  died  in  1839,  aged  57.  Born  at 
Rowley,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1809,  and 
was  ordained  in  1811. .—  Sprague's  Annals. 


MERRILL,  BENJAMIN,  LL.  D.,  died  in  Salem, 
July  30,  1847,  aged  63.  Born  in  Comvay,  N.  H., 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1804.  He  was  a 
scholar.  As  a  lawyer  he  was  a  partner  in  business 
with  Judge  Putnam  of  Salem.  He  was  a  kind 
and  generous  man,  remembered,  not  by  any  chil 
dren,  but  by  the  partakers  of  his  kindness. 

MERRILL,  DAVID,  died  in  Peacham,  Vt.,  July 
21,  1850,  aged  52.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Dart 
mouth  in  1821,  and  minister  of  Urbana,  O.,  and 
of  Peacham,  a  colleague  of  L.  Worcester.  He 
published  the  famous  "  ox  sermon  "  on  temper 
ance.  The  text  is  Exod.  xxi.  20  —  "  If  the  ox 
were  wont  to  push  with  his  horn  in  time  past, 
and  it  hath  been  testified  to  his  owner,  an;l  he 
hath  not  kept  him  in,  but  that  he  hath  killed  a 
man  or  a  woman ;  the  ox  shall  be  stoned,  and  his 
owner  also  shall  be  put  to  death."  The  ox 
"  goring "  represents  the  effect  of  the  sale  of 
spirituous  liquors,  and  the  permission  to  sell  is 
allowing  the  ox  to  go  abroad,  instead  of  "  keep 
ing  him  in,"  etc. 

MERRILL,  ELiniAL,  died  at  Northwood, 
N.  H.,  Feb.  7,  1853,  aged  98 ;  a  Free-will  Baptist 
minister,  a  native  of  Stratham. 

MERRILL,  JAMES  GUSHING,  a  lawyer  in  Bos 
ton,  died  of  the  palsy,  Oct.  4,  1853,  aged  69.  He 
was  the  son  of  Rev.  Gyles  Merrill  of  Haverhill, 
and  was  born  Sept.  27,  1784,  and  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1807.  He  was  nearly  twenty  years 
a  judge  of  the  police  court.  As  a  scholar  he  was 
very  skilled  in  the  Greek  language.  His  wife 
was  Anna,  a  sister  of  Leverett  Saltonstall. 

MERRILL,  THOMAS  ABBOT,  D.  D.,  died  at 
Middlebury,  Vt,,  April  29,  1855,  aged  75.  He 
was  a  graduate  of  Dartmouth  in  1801,  in  the  class 
of  Daniel  Webster,  holding  a  high  rank  as  a 
scholar.  He  was  a  tutor  both  at  Dartmouth  and 
Middlebury,  and  the  respected  and  useful  sole 
minister  of  Middlebury,  Vt.,  from  1805  to  1842, 
and  senior  pastor  from  1842  till  his  death.  Dur 
ing  his  service  there  were  fifteen  revivals  of  re 
ligion,  and  he  admitted  to  his  church  one  thou 
sand  two  hundred  and  thirty-four  members.  For 
a  long  period  his  church  consisted  of  more  than 
five  hundred  members.  Though  not  distinguished 
as  a  writer  of  sermons,  or  as  a  graceful  speaker, 
he  had  power  in  preaching,  especially  in  his  ex 
temporaneous  labors,  when  he  was  often  bold, 
strong,  and  lofty  in  his  oratory.  He  was  a  cor 
respondent  of  Mr.  Webster,  who  highly  respected 
him. 

MERRILL,  JOHN,  M.  D.,  died  at  Portland, 
June  7,  1855,  aged  73.  Born  in  Comvay,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1804.  He  was  a  skilful 
physician  and  a  good  citizen. 

MERWIN,  NOAH,  minister  of  Torrington, 
Conn.,  died  in  1795,  aged  about  42.  He  was  or 
dained  in  1776;  dismissed  in  1783;  re-settled  in 
Washington,  Conn.,  in  1785. 


MERWIN. 

MERWIX,  J.  B.,  died  at  Danbury,  Vt.,  Sept. 
6,  1851,  aged  77,  the  oldest  minister  in  the  Troy 
Methodist  conference.  He  had  been  fifty-one 
years  a  travelling  preacher. 

MERWIN,  SAMUEL,  a  minister  in  New  Haven, 
died  Sept.  3,  1856,  aged  74.  Born  at  Milford,  he 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1802.  He  studied  divinity 
with  Dr.  Dwight  and  Dr.  Backus  of  Somers,  and 
was  settled  in  1805  over  the  United  society  or 
nortli  church  in  N.  H.,  and  continued  a  faithful 
pastor  twenty-six  years.  He  was  next  for  some 
years  the  pastor  of  Wilton ;  then,  about  the  age 
of  GO,  returned  to  spend  the  remainder  of  his 
days  at  New  Haven.  He  often  preached  in 
the  chapel  of  the  alms-house.  He  died  in  peace. 
He  published  a  half-century  sermon,  which  he 
preached  in  the  north  church  a  few  months  be 
fore  Ms  death.  —  Bacon's  Funeral  Sermon. 

MESSER,  ASA,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  president  of 
Brown  university,  died  Oct.  11,  1836,  aged  67. 
He  graduated  in  1790,  and  was  president  from 
1802  to  1826.  He  was  of  respectable  literary 
and  scientific  attainments.  He  died  as  he  lived, 
a  sincere  Christian.  He  published  an  address  to 
graduates,  1803;  discourse,  1813. 

MESSHED1ER,  FRED.  VAL.,  a  naturalist, 
minister  of  the  Lutheran  church  at  Hanover, 
York  county,  Penn.,  devoted  much  time  to  the 
study  of  the  entomology  of  this  country,  but  was 
not  encouraged.  He  died  about  1814.  He  left 
a  son,  with  similar  intelligence  and  taste.  He 
published  a  catalogue  of  insects  of  Penn.,  1806. 

METCALF,  JOSEPH,  first  minister  of  Fal- 
mouth,  Mass.,  died  May  24,  1723,  aged  41.  He 
was  born  in  Dedham,  the  son  of  Jonathan  and 
Hannah;  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1703  ;  and 
was  ordained  in  1707.  He  was  highly  respected 
and  greatly  lamented.  His  wife  was  Abiel  Adams, 
daughter  of  Rev.  William  Adams  of  Dedham, 
and  grand-daughter  of  Maj.  William  Bradford. 
His  widow  removed  to  Lebanon,  and  married 
Rev.  Isaac  Chauncey.  One  of  his  daughters 
married  Rev.  Jonathan  Lee. 

METCALF,  JONATHAN,  died  at  Lebanon,  Conn. 
March  30,  1739,  aged  62,  the  son  of  Jonathan  of 
Dedham,  and  brother  of  Rev.  Joseph  M.  His 
daughter,  Mary,  married  Rev.  Peter  Pratt  of 
Sharon.  He  was  a  Christian  merchant,  gener 
ous,  a  benefactor  of  the  church. 

METCALF,  WILLIAM,  died  in  Lebanon  June 
15,  1773,  aged  64,  the  son  of  the  preceding.  He 
married  Abigail,  the  daughter  of  Rev.  Timothy 
Edwards  ;  she  died  in  1764.  He  was  a  faithful 
magistrate,  and  a  Christian,  who  patiently  en 
dured  long  and  extreme  pain. 

METCALFE,  THOMAS,  general,  governor  of 
Kentucky,  died  in  Nicholas  county  in  1855,  aged 
75.  Born  in  Virginia,  his  parents  emigrated  to 
Kentucky.  He  served  in  the  war  of  1812,  and 
became  a  member  of  congress ;  was  chosen  gov- 


MIANTUNNOMU. 


575 


emor  in  1827 ;  and  was  a  senator  of  the  United 
States  in  1848.  Once  an  apprentice  to  a  stone 
mason,  he  became  a  man  of  great  eminence  and 
influence,  able,  firm,  equal  to  all  occasions. 

METLIN,  ROBERT,  died  in  Wakefield,  N.  H., 
in  1787,  aged  115.  When  eighty  years  old  he 
walked  from  Portsmouth  to  Boston,  sixty  miles, 
in  one  day,  and  returned  the  next. 

MEYER,  HERMANNUS,  D.  ]).,  minister  of  the 
reformed  Dutch  church,  died  in  1791.  He  was 
invited  from  Holland  to  take  the  charge  of  the 
church  at  Kingston  or  Esopus,  New  York.  Upon 
his  arrival  in  1762,  he  was  received  with  that  re 
spect  and  affection  which  were  due  to  his  charac 
ter.  But  his  preaching  soon  excited  opposition. 
He  was  too  evangelical,  practical,  and  pointed, 
addressing  the  conscience  too  closely  to  suit  the 
taste  of  many  of  his  principal  hearers.  No  plau 
sible  ground  of  opposition,  however,  could  be 
found  until  his  marriage.  The  Dutch  churches 
in  this  country  were  at  this  time  divided  into  two 
parties,  called  the  coetus  and  the  conference  par 
ties,  of  which  the  former  wished  to  establish 
judicatories  with  full  powers  in  America,  and  the 
latter  was  desirous  of  retaining  the  churches  in 
subjection  to  the  classis  of  Amsterdam.  His 
marriage  into  a  leading  family  of  the  ccetus  party, 
and  an  intimate  friendship,  which  soon  succeeded 
with  other  families  and  distinguished  characters 
of  the  same  party,  furnished  his  enemies  with  an 
occasion  of  standing  forth  against  him.  A  num 
ber  of  the  neighboring  ministers  were  invited  to 
attend  and  decide  in  the  dispute,  and  they  pro 
ceeded  to  suspend  him  from  his  ministry  in  that 
place.  He  was  afterwards  settled  at  Pompton, 
in  New  Jersey,  where  he  continued  to  labor  with 
much  diligence,  faithfulness,  and  success  till  his 
death.  He  died  without  ever  being  able  to  effect 
a  reconciliation  with  the  church  at  Kingston, 
greatly  beloved  and  respected  in  all  the  other 
Dutch  churches.  He  was  a  man  of  great  eru 
dition,  of  a  mild  and  humble  temper,  polite  and 
unaffected  in  his  manners,  and  eminently  pious. 
Appointed  by  the  general  synod  of  the  Dutch 
church  a  professor  of  the  oriental  languages,  and 
a  lector  or  assistant  to  the  professor  of  theology, 
as  such  he  rendered  very  important  services  in 
preparing  candidates  for  the  ministry. — Mason's 
Christian's  Magazine,  II.  10-12. 

MIANTUNNOMU  (or  Miantonomoh),  sachem 
of  the  Narragansetts,  was  the  nephew  and  suc 
cessor  of  Canonicus,  and  in  the  old  age  of  the 
latter,  took  upon  him  the  government  in  1636. 
In  the  same  year  he  made  a  treaty  with  the  Eng 
lish  at  Boston.  He  was  the  friend  and  bene 
factor  of  the  settlers  in  Rhode  Island.  In  the 
Pequot  war  of  1637,  several  of  his  chiefs  and 
many  of  his  men  joined  Capt.  Mason.  It  was 
estimated,  at  this  period,  that  he  had  five  thou 
sand  warriors :  probably  the  number  is  much  ex- 


576 


MICHAUX. 


MIDDLETON. 


aggeratcd.  In  1638  he  and  Uncas,  sachem  of 
Mohegan,  and  the  English,  entered  into  an  agree 
ment  at  Hartford.  The  sachems  engaged  not  to 
make  war  upon  each  other  without  first  appealing 
to  the  English.  In  1643  Uncas  attacked  Sequas- 
son,  a  sachem  on  Connecticut  river,  killing  and 
wounding  about  twenty  men,  and  burning  the 
wigwams.  Miantunnomu,  a  kinsman  and  ally  of 
Sequasson,  took  up  the  quarrel;  he  first  com 
plained  of  Uncas  to  the  governor  at  Hartford ; 
he  asked,  whether  any  offence  would  be  taken  if 
he  made  war  upon  Uncas  ?  The  governor  re 
plied,  that  if  Uncas  had  injured  him  and  re 
fused  to  give  satisfaction,  Miantunnomu  would 
be  left  "  to  take  his  course."  This  seems  to  have 
been  submitting  the  affair  to  the  judgment  of  the 
sachem.  He  accordingly  marched  to  Mohegan  at 
the  head  of  eight  hundred  or  one  thousand  men, 
and  on  a  great  plain  in  Norwich  was  defeated  by 
Uncas,  who  had  only  five  or  six  hundred  men, 
and  taken  prisoner.  Uncas  applied  to  the  com 
missioners  of  the  United  Colonies,  Winthrop, 
Winslow,  Eaton,  etc.,  for  advice  as  to  disposing 
of  his  prisoner.  They  decided,  after  enumerating 
several  charges,  that  he  might  be  put  to  death  in 
the  jurisdiction  of  Uncas.  This  decision  in  regard 
to  a  prisoner  in  their  hands,  an  Indian  king,  who 
had  been  their  ally  against  the  Pequots  and  a 
friend  of  the  whites,  was  ungenerous  and  iniqui 
tous,  and  a  stain  upon  the  character  of  the  com 
missioners.  The  prisoner  was  taken  to  a  place 
between  Hartford  and  Windsor,  where  some  of 
Uncas'  men  lived,  and  a  brother  of  Uncas  killed 
him  with  a  hatchet.  This  is  the  account  of  Win 
throp.  Trumbull  says,  on  the  authority  of  a 
manuscript  of  Mr.  Hyde,  that  he  was  put  to  death 
at  Sachem's  Plain,  in  the  easterly  part  of  Nor 
wich,  and  that  a  pile  of  stones  was  placed  upon 
his  grave.  He  was  "  a  goodly  personage,  of  tall 
stature,  subtle  and  cunning  in  his  contrivements, 
as  well  as  haughty  in  his  designs."  His  execu 
tion  by  the  advice  of  the  commissioners  roused 
the  indignation  of  Canonicus  and  Pessacus,  who 
the  next  year  threatened  war,  but  were  induced 
to  enter  into  terms  of  peace.  Probably  this  un 
happy  event  contributed  to  light  up  the  sub 
sequent  dreadful  Avar  of  king  Philip,  who  was 
assisted  by  the  Narragansetts.  It  is  known,  also, 
that  it  fostered  in  the  breasts  of  the  Indians  a 
contempt  of  Christianity.  In  every  respect,  gen 
erosity,  forgiveness,  and  kindness,  as  well  as  jus 
tice,  are  advantageous. 

MICHAUX,  ANDRE,  a  botanist,  died  in  1802. 
He  was  born  in  France  in  1746.  He  married  in 
1769  Cecilia  Claye;  but  she  died  in  1770.  After 
extending  his  botanical  excursions  to  Spain,  and 
spending  two  years  in  Persia,  he  came  to  America 
in  October,  1785.  During  about  nine  years  he 
travelled  over  the  middle,  southern,  and  western 
States,  and  proceeded  to  the  north  to  the  neigh 


borhood  of  Hudson's  bay,  procuring  trees  and 
shrubs  for  the  establishment  at  Rambouillet. 
For  the  preservation  of  his  plants  he  established 
botanical  gardens  at  New  York  and  near  Charles 
ton.  On  his  return  to  Europe  in  1796  he  was 
shipwrecked,  but  saved  most  of  his  collections. 
He  had  sent  sixty  thousand  stocks  to  Rambouil- 
let,  of  which  but  few  had  escaped  the  ravages  of 
the  Revolution.  His  salary  for  seven  years  he 
could  not  obtain,  nor  any  employment  from  gov 
ernment.  In  1800,  however,  he  was  sent  out  on 
an  expedition  to  New  Holland.  He  died  of  a 
fever  at  Madagascar.  He  published  histoire  des 
chenes  de  Amerique  septentrionale,  folio,  Paris, 
thirty-six  plates,  1801;  flora  boreali  —  Ameri 
cana,  2  vols.  8vo.,  Paris,  1803,  fifty-one  plates. 

MICHAUX,  FRANCOIS  ANDRE,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  in  1770.  He  published  the 
beautiful  work,  entitled  the  North  American 
sylva,  5  vols.,  8vo.,  Philadelphia,  1817,  150 
colored  engravings ;  and  voyage  a  1'ouest  de 
monts,  etc.,  1804;  the  same,  translated,  entitled, 
travels  in  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee  :  Lon 
don,  1805. 

MIDDLETON,  PETER,  M.  D.,  a  physician  in 
New  York,  died  in  1781.  He  was  a  native  of 
Scotland.  In  1750  he  assisted  Dr.  Bard  in  the 
first  dissection  in  this  country,  and  in  1767  was 
appointed  professor  of  physiology  and  pathology. 
He  published  a  medical  discourse,  1769  ;  and  a 
letter  on  the  croup,  in  medical  repository,  IX.  — 
Thaclier. 

MIDDLETON,  ARTHUR,  a  patriot  of  the  Rev 
olution,  died  Jan.  1,  1788,  aged  44.  He  was  born 
on  the  banks  of  Ashley  river,  South  Carolina,  in 
1743.  His  father  was  Henry,  president  of  con 
gress.  He  received  an  excellent  education  at 
Westminster  and  Cambridge,  England,  and  then 
travelled  several  years  upon  the  continent.  After 
returning  and  marrying  the  daughter  of  Walter 
Izard,  he  again  travelled  in  Europe.  In  1773  he 
settled  upon  the  banks  of  the  Ashley  river  in 
Carolina.  At  the  commencement  of  the  Revolu 
tion  both  he  and  his  father,  a  man  of  great  wealth, 
entered  zealously  into  the  American  cause.  In 
1775  he  was  one  of  the  secret  committee  of  de 
fence,  and  also  of  the  council  of  safety,  and,  the 
next  year,  on  the  committee  to  prepare  a  consti 
tution.  He  was  also  sent  a  delegate  to  congress 
and  signed  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  but 
resigned  his  seat  at  the  close  of  1777.  In  1779 
he  suffered  in  his  property,  like  others,  by  the 
ravages  of  war.  At  the  capture  of  Charleston  in 
1780,  he  was  taken  prisoner  and  confined  at  St. 
Augustine  nearly  a  year.  At  length,  in  July,  1781, 
he  was  exchanged,  and  proceeded  in  a  cartel  to 
Philadelphia,  lie  was  now  again  appointed  a 
member  to  congress.  He  died  of  an  intermit 
tent  fever.  —  Goodrich. 

MIDDLETON,  HENRY,  president  of  congress 


MIDDLETON. 


MILLEDOLER. 


577 


in  1774,  was  governor  of  South  Carolina  from 
1810  to  1812.  He  was  the  son  of  Arthur,  the 
first  royal  governor  of  South  Carolina. 

MIDDLETON,  HENRY,  governor  of  South 
Carolina  and  minister  to  Russia,  died  in  Charles 
ton  June  14,  1846,  aged  15.  After  being  in  con 
gress  he  was  governor  in  1810,  and  again  went 
to  Washington  in  1814.  Mr.  Monroe  sent  him 
to  Ilussia  in  1820.  He  was  hospitable  and  so 
cial,  of  polished  and  dignified  manners. 

MIDDLETON,  ARTHUR,  grandson  of  A.  M., 
died  at  Naples  June  9,  1853,  aged  about  GO.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1814,  and  married  at 
Rome  the  Countess  Bcnivoglio.  He  was  favora 
bly  known  by  Americans  at  Naples. 

MIEL,  CHARLES,  captain,  a  Revolutionary 
officer,  died  in  Alleghany  county,  Maryland,  in 
1836,  aged  102.  He  served  under  Wolfe  and 
Montgomery  at  Quebec,  and  fought  at  Bunker 
Hill. 

MIFFLLN,  THOMAS,  a  major-general  in  the 
American  army,  and  governor  of  Pennsylvania, 
died  Jan.  20,  1800,  aged  56.  He  was  born  about 
the  year  1744  of  parents  who  were  Quakers,  and 
his  education  was  intrusted  to  the  care  of  Dr. 
Smith,  with  whom  he  was  connected  in  habits  of 
cordial  intimacy  and  friendship  for  more  than 
forty  years.  Active  and  zealous,  he  engaged 
early  in  opposition  to  the  measures  of  the  British 
parliament.  He  was  a  member  of  the  first  con 
gress  in  1774.  He  took  arms  and  was  among 
the  first  officers  commissioned  on  the  organization 
of  the  continental  army,  being  appointed  quarter 
master  general  in  Aug.,  1775.  For  this  offence 
he  was  read  out  of  the  society  of  Quakers.  In 
1777  he  was  very  useful  in  animating  the  militia  ; 
but  he  was  also  suspected  in  this  year  of  being 
unfriendly  to  the  commander-in-chief,  and  of  wish 
ing  to  have  some  other  person  in  his  place.  His 
sanguine  disposition  and  his  activity  might  have 
rendered  him  insensible  to  the  value  of  that  cool 
ness  and  caution,  which  were  essential  to  the 
preservation  of  such  an  army  as  was  then  under 
the  command  of  Washington.  In  1787  he  was 
a  .member  of  the  convention  which  framed  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  his  name 
is  affixed  to  that  instrument.  In  Oct.,  1788,  he 
succeeded  Franklin  as  president  of  the  supreme 
executive  council  of  Pennsylvania,  in  which  sta 
tion  he  continued  till  October,  1790.  In  Septem 
ber,  a  constitution  for  this  State  was  formed  by  a 
convention,  in  which  he  was  president,  and  he 
was  chosen  the  first  governor.  In  1794,  during 
the  insurrection  in  Pennsylvania,  he  employed  to 
the  advantage  of  his  country  the  extraordinary 
powers  of  elocution  with  which  he  was  endowed. 
The  imperfection  of  the  militia  laws  was  compen 
sated  by  his  eloquence.  He  made  a  circuit 
through  the  lower  counties,  and  at  different  pla 
ces  publicly  addressed  the  militia  on  the  crisis  in 
73 


the  affairs  of  their  country,  and  through  his  ani 
mating  exhortations  the  State  furnished  the  quota 
required,  lie  was  succeeded  in  the  office  of  gov 
ernor  by  Mr.  McKcan,  at  the  close  of  the  year 
1799,  and  he  died  at  Lancaster.  He  was  an  ac 
tive  and  zealous  patriot,  who  had  devoted  much 
of  his  life  to  the  public  service.  —  Smith's  Ser 
mon  on  his  Death. 

MIGIIILL,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Scituate, 
died  in  Feb.,  1689,  aged  49.  He  was  the  son  of 
Thomas,  and  was  born  at  Rowley ;  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1663 ;  and  was  ordained  in  1684. 

MIGHILL,  DAVID,  M.  D.,  LL.  D.,  died  at 
Georgetown  in  May,  1851,  aged  65. 

MILES,  JOHN,  minister  of  the  first  Baptist 
church  in  Massachusetts,  was  settled  at  listen 
near  Swansea  in  South  Wales,  from  1649  till  his 
ejectment  in  1662.  He  soon  came  to  this  coun 
try,  and  formed  a  church  at  Rehoboth  in  Bristol 
county,  in  1663.  The  legislature  of  Plymouth 
colony  granted  to  these  Baptists  in  1667  the  town 
of  Swanzey,  to  which  place  they  removed.  He 
died  Feb.  3,  1683.  His  wife  was  Ann,  the  daugh 
ter  of  John  Humphrey.  —  Baylies'  Memoir  of 
Plymouth,  II.  239. 

MILES,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  king's  chapel, 
Boston,  died  in  1729,  aged  about  65.  He  was 
the  son  of  Rev.  J.  M.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1684  ;  went  to  England  and  received  holy  or 
ders  ;  and  became  rector  of  the  chapel  in  Boston 
in  1689. 

MILES,  JOHN,  minister  of  Grafton,  Mass.,  was 
ordained  in  1796  and  dismissed  in  1826.  Born 
in  Westminster,  he  graduated  at  Brown  in  1794. 

MILES,  NOAH,  minister  of  Temple,  N.  II.,  died 
in  Dec.,  1831,  aged  79,  in  the  fiftieth  year  of  his 
ministry.  Born  in  Westminster,  Mass.,  he  grad 
uated  at  Dartmouth  in  1780.  He  published  a 
sermon  on  the  death  of  Washington. 

MILLAR,  JOHN,  first  minister  at  Yarmouth, 
Mass.,  died  as  late  as  1651  or  later.  He  was  first 
an  assistant  to  E.  Rogers  of  Rowley.  He  was  in 
the  ministry  in  England  before  he  came  to 
America. 

MILLEDGE,  JOHN,  governor  of  Georgia,  was 
in  1780  attorney-general,  and  governor  in  1802. 
He  was  afterwards  a  member  of  congress  and  a 
senator  of  the  United  States  from  1806  to  1809. 
He  died  at  his  seat  at  the  Sand  Hills  Feb.  9, 
1818,  aged  64.  He  was  the  principal  founder 
of  the  university  of  Georgia. 

MILLEDOLER,  PHILIP,  D.  D.,  president  of 
Rutgers'  college,  New  Brunswick,  died  at  Staten 
Island  Sept.  22, 1852,  aged  77.  He  was  born  in 
Farmington,  Conn.,  Sept.  22,  1775  ;  his  parents 
were  from  Berne  in  Switzerland.  At  the  age  of 
twenty  he  became  the  minister  of  the  German 
reformed  church  in  New  York,  in  May,  1795, 
preaching  both  in  German  and  in  English. 
From  1810  to  1813  he  was  pastor  of  the  third 


578 


MILLEll. 


MILLER. 


Presbyterian  church  in  Philadelphia.  From  1813 
to  1820  he  was  a  minister  in  Itutgers  street  col 
legiate  Dutch  church,  New  York.  Afterwards  in 
1825  he  became  a  professor  and  president  of 
Rutgers  college,  New  Brunswick,  and  continued 
seventeen  years.  He  lived  at  the  close  of  life  in 
the  family  of  his  daughter.  His  wife,  Margaret, 
the  daughter  of  Gen.  Steele  of  Philadelphia,  died 
the  day  after  him.  At  the  funeral  the  two  coffins 
were  side  by  side  on  a  bier  in  front  of  the  pulpit ; 
the  sermon  was  preached  by  Dr.  Dewitt.  He  was 
an  eminent  and  most  pious  and  useful  minister  of 
the  Dutch  reformed  church ;  was  among  the 
founders  of  the  bible  and  missionary  institutions; 
and  was  the  first  president  of  the  New  York  tract 
society.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  installa 
tion  of  Mr.  llomeyn,  1808;  of  G.  Spring,  1810; 
charge  at  Princeton  seminary,  1812;  address  at 
Columbia  college,  1828. 

MILLER,  JOHN,  minister  of  Brunswick,  Me., 
died  in  1789,  aged  56.  Born  in  Milton,  he  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  in  1752,  and  succeeded  in  1702 
R.  Dunlap,  the  first  minister.  He  was  succeeded 
by  E.  Coffin,  W.  Bailey,  A.  Mead,  and  Dr.  G.  E. 
Adams. 

MILLER,  JOHN,  minister  of  Dover,  Delaware, 
died  in  1791,  aged  68.  He  was  the  son  of  John 
M.,  a  native  of  Scotland,  who  married  and  set 
tled  in  Boston  in  1710,  and  was  born  in  Boston 
Dec.  24,  1722,  and  experienced  the  power  of  re 
ligion  under  the  ministry  of  Dr.  Sewall.  Having 
studied  theology  with  Mr.  Webb,  he  was  ordained 
in  the  old  south  in  April,  1749,  with  a  view  to  his 
establishment  at  Dover,  where  he  was  a  minister  j 
more  than  forty  years,  having  the  charge  also  of 
the  church  at  Smyrna,  twelve  miles  distant. 
Among  his  many  sons,  all  of  whom  engaged  in 
the  learned  professions,  were  Edward  Miller  and 
Samuel  Miller,  late  one  of  the  professors  in  the 
theological  seminary  at  Princeton.  Another  son, 
a  physician  in  the  army,  died  in  1777.  With  a 
sound  mind  he  was  a  good  scholar,  a  faithful 
preacher,  a  great  lover  and  maker  of  peace,  and 
a  centre  of  literary  and  religious  influence. 

MILLER,  EDWARD,  M.  D.,  a  physician  of 
New  York,  third  son  of  the  preceding,  died  March 
17,  1812,  aged  51.  He  was  born  at  Dover,  Del 
aware,  May  9,  1760  ;  his  mother  was  the  daugh 
ter  of  A.  Millington  of  Talbot  county,  Maryland. 
He  was  educated  by  his  father,  and  at  Newark 
academy  under  F.  Allison  and  A.  McDowell. 
Having  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Ridgely,  he 
entered  the  army  as  surgeon's  mate  in  1780,  and 
in  1781  went  as  surgeon  in  an  armed  ship  to 
France.  After  attending  the  lectures  at  Phila 
delphia,  he  commenced  the  practice  in  Frederica, 
but  removed  thence  to  Maryland,  and  in  1786  to 
Dover,  where  he  remained  ten  years.  About 
1793  he  wrote  an  able  letter  to  Dr.  Rush,  assert 
ing  the  domestic  origin  of  the  yellow  fever.  In 


1796,  in  order  to  enjoy  the  society  of  his  only 
surviving  brother,  he  removed  to  New  York, 
where  his  practice  was  extensive,  and  where  he 
projected  and  published,  with  Drs.  Mitchill  and 
Smith,  the  medical  repository,  the  first  number 
of  which  appeared  in  August,  1797.  This  was 
the  first  work  of  the  kind  in  the  United  States  ; 
he  lived  to  see  nearly  fifteen  vols.  completed.  In 
1803  he  was  appointed  resident  physician  of  New 
York.  In  1805  he  drew  up  a  learned  report, 
maintaining  the  domestic  origin  of  the  yellow 
fever.  In  1807  he  was  elected  the  professor  of 
the  practice  of  physic  in  the  university  of  New 
York ;  in  1809  one  of  the  physicians  of  the  hos 
pital.  The  typhus  fever,  succeeding  an  inflamma 
tion  of  the  lungs,  terminated  his  life.  Four  of 
his  brothers,  in  two  of  the  learned  professions, 
died  in  early  life.  He  was  a  distinguished  scholar, 
and,  in  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Rush,  "  inferior  to  no 
physician  in  the  United  States."  He  was  a  man 
of  probity,  and  honor,  and  charity,  with  a  heart 
of  sympathy,  and  courtesy  of  manners.  His 
gratuitous  services  to  the  poor  have  been  seldom 
equalled.  In  his  habits  he  was  remarkably  tem 
perate,  seldom  using  any  drink  but  water,  and 
rejecting  the  use  of  tobacco  in  every  form  as  an 
odious  practice,  and  a  provocative  to  the  love  of 
drinking.  He  was  a  believer  in  Christianity,  and 
devoutly  perused  the  holy  Scriptures.  His  med 
ical  works,  with  a  biographical  sketch  by  his 
brother,  Samuel  Miller,  were  published,  8vo., 
1814.  —  TJtacher,  385-392. 

MILLER,  HENRY,  general,  a  distinguished 
officer  of  the  Revolution,  died  in  1824  in  Carlisle, 
Penn.,  aged  71.  He  was  prothonotary  of  Perry 
county. 

MILLER,  JAMES  W.,  a  poet  and  miscellane 
ous  writer,  died  in  1829. 

MILLER,  JONATHAN,  minister  of  Burlington, 
Conn.,  died  in  1831,  aged  69.  Born  in  Torring- 
ford,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1781,  and  was  or 
dained  in  1782.  He  wrote  much  for  the  evan 
gelical  magazine.  A  few  years  before  his  death 
his  mind  broke  down,  and  he  had  a  colleague. 
He  published  a  concio  ad  clerum,  1812.  T— 
Spragtie's  Annals. 

MILLER,  JOHN,  died  in  Washington,  Pcnn., 
Dec.,  1832,  aged  100.  lie  was  at  the  capture  of 
fort  Du  Quesne,  now  Pittsburg,  in  1758. 

MILLER,  ROBERT,  an  Episcopal  minister,  died 
at  Mary's  Grove,  N.  C.,  in  1834,  aged  74. 

MILLER,  STEPHEN  D.,  governor  of  South 
Carolina,  died  in  Mississippi  while  on  a  visit, 
March  8,  1838.  He  had  been  a  senator  of  the 
United  States. 

MILLER,  JOHN,  governor  of  Missouri,  died 
near  Florisant  in  1846.  He  was  an  officer  in  the 
war  of  1812,  and  a  member  of  congress. 

MILLER,  JONATHAN  P.,  colonel,  died  in  Mont- 
pelier,  Vt,  Feb.  17,  1847,  aged  50.  He  was  an 


MILLER. 


MILLS. 


opposer  of  slavery,  and  he  encouraged  the  Greeks 
in  their  struggle  for  liberty,  carrying  to  them  from 
New  York  a  cargo  of  supplies,  the  distribution  of 
which  he  superintended. 

MILLER,  WILLIAM,  the  so-called  prophet,  died 
in  Hampton,  or  Low  Hampton,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  20, 
1849,  aged  G8.  He  was  born  in  Pittsfield,  Mass.; 
•was  a  captain  in  the  war  of  1812,  and  then  be 
came  a  preacher.  Fixing  upon  1843  as  the 
period  for  the  beginning  of  the  millennium,  he 
preached  on  the  subject  for  ten  years  in  the 
northern  and  middle  States,  perhaps  gaining 
thirty  or  forty  thousand  disciples,  who  soon  dis 
appeared  after  the  year  1843  had  passed  over. 
lie  was  one  of  the  misguided  fanatics,  who,  on 
account  of  their  honest  zeal,  readily  find  followers 
among  the  ignorant. 

MILLER,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  died  at  Prince 
ton,  N.  J.,  Jan.  7,  1850,  aged  80.  He  was  born 
in  Dover,  Delaware.  His  father,  a  native  of  Bos 
ton,  was  a  minister  many  years  in  Dover.  He 
graduated  at  Pennsylvania  university  in  1789 ; 
was  ordained  in  1793  as  pastor  of  the  brick 
church  in  Xew  York ;  and  was  chosen  at  Prince 
ton  theological  seminary  the  professor  of  ecclesi 
astical  history  and  church  government  in  1813. 
He  was  a  man  most  amiable  and  polished  in 
manners,  learned  and  pious,  and  of  great  influ 
ence.  He  published  many  books  :  among  them, 
letters  on  the  Christian  ministry,  1809 ;  on  the 
office  of  ruling  elder ;  on  baptism  ;  lectures  at 
the  seminary,  1827,  1830;  letters  on  clerical  man 
ners  and  habits ;  on  the  eternal  sonship  of  Christ, 
addressed  to  Prof.  Stuart,  1823  ;  on  Unitarian- 
ism  ;  memoirs  of  J.  Rodgers  ;  sermon  to  society 
for  liberating  slaves ;  and  other  single  sermons ; 
retrospect  of  18th  century,  2  vols.,  1803. 

MILLER,  NATHANIEL,  M.  D.,  died  in  Frank 
lin,  Mass.,  June  10,  1850,  aged  79. 

MILLER,  JAMES,  general,  died  in  Temple, 
N.  IL,  July  7,  1851,  aged  76.  Born  in  Peterbo 
rough,  he  was  bred  to  the  law.  He  entered  the 
army  in  1810,  and  was  distinguished  in  the  battles 
of  Chippewa,  Bridgewatcr,  and  Lundy's  lane. 
When  asked  by  his  general,  Riplcy,  if  he  would 
take  the  fort,  he  said,  "  I'll  try,  sir ! "  He  was 
governor  of  Arkansas,  and  collector  many  years 
of  the  port  of  Salem,  Mass. 

MILLER,  ELIJAH,  a  profound  lawyer,  died  at 
Auburn,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  14,  1851,  aged  80.  lie  was 
father-in-law  of  Governor  Seward,  and  the  son  of 
Samuel  M.,  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution. 

MILLER,  WILLIAM  S.,  died  in  New  York 
Nov.  9,  1854,  a  member  of  congress.  He  was 
social  and  hospitable,  had  a  cultivated  mind,  and 
was  a  liberal  patron  of  the  arts. 

MILLER,  MOSES,  the  mountain  pastor,  the 
minister  of  Heath,  Mass.,  died  about  1855,  aged 
nearly  80.  He  was  born  in  Worcester  in  1776, 
and  was  the  grandson  of  a  much  respected  Dea 


con  Miller  of  Dr.  Austin's  church.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Providence  in  1800,  and  was  then  some 
years  a  tutor.  He  was  ordained  in  the  moun 
tain  town  of  Heath  Dec.  26,  1804,  and  was  a 
faithful  pastor  more  than  forty  years.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  to  missionary  society,  1824.  He 
wrote  his  autobiography  while  living  with  his 
children  in  Nunda,  N.  YT.  ;  and  it  was  published 
in  the  Recorder  in  1856. 

MILLS,  GIDEON,  minister  in  Simsbury,  Conn., 
died  in  1772,  aged  56.  Born  at  Windsor,  the 
brother  of  Jedidiah  M.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1737  ;  was  ordained  over  the  first  church  in  Sims- 
bury  in  1744,  and  continued  ten  years.  He  was 
installed  over  the  second  church  in  1761. 

MILLS,  JEDIDIAII,  minister  of  Ilipton,  Conn., 
died  in  1776,  aged  about  76.  Born  in  Wind 
sor,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1722,  and  Avas 
ordained  in  1724.  He  was  a  friend  of  Mr.  White- 
field  and  David  Brainerd.  Mr.  Ely  was  his  col 
league  in  1771.  He  published  a  vindication  of 
gospel  truth,  1747  ;  the  state  of  the  unregencr- 
ate,  1767.  —  Sprayue's  Annals. 

MILLS,  EBEXEZER,  minister  of  Sandisfield, 
Mass.,  died  in  1799,  aged  89.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1738.  He  was  first  settled  in  Granby. 

MILLS,  SAMUEL  J.,  agent  of  the  American 
colonization  society,  died  June  16,  1818,  aged  35. 
He  was  the  son  of  the  minister  of  Torringford, 
Conn.,  and  was  born  April  21,  1783.  At  an 
early  period  he  had  such  a  sense  of  his  sin,  that 
for  two  years  he  regarded  his  existence  as  a 
curse.  In  answer  to  the  prayers  of  his  parents 
he  was  cheered  with  the  Christian  hope.  He 
graduated  at  Williams  college  in  1809.  While 
in  that  seminary  his  mind  was  deeply  impressed 
with  the  importance  of  foreign  missions,  and  he 
endeavored  to  awaken  a  similar  feeling  in  the 
hearts  of  his  fellow  students.  At  the  theological 
seminary  in  Andover  he  united  with  Newell,  Jud- 
son,  Nott,  and  Hall,  in  a  resolution  to  undertake 
a  foreign  mission.  These  young  men  offered 
themselves  as  missionaries  to  the  general  associa 
tion  of  ministers  of  Massachusetts  at  Bradford, 
June  27,  1810.  In  1812  and  1813  he  and  J.  F. 
Schermerhorn  made  a  missionary  tour  in  the 
western  States.  He  was  ordained  with  other 
missionaries  at  Newburyport  June  21,  1815.  He 
made  a  second  tour  with  D.  Smith  in  1814  and 
1815.  He  ascertained  that  in  March,  1815,  not  a 
bible  could  be  found  for  sale  or  to  be  given  away 
in  New  Orleans ;  in  that  city  he  distributed  many 
bibles  in  French  and  English,  and  visited  the 
sick  soldiers.  Finding  that  seventy  or  eighty 
thousand  families  at  the  south  were  destitute  of 
a  bible,  he  suggested  at  the  close  of  his  report 
the  establishment  of  a  national  society  like  that 
of  the  British.  His  efforts  contributed  to  the  es 
tablishment  of  the  society,  May  8,  1816.  The 
plan  of  the  united  foreign  mission  society,  which, 


580 


MILLS. 


MILLS. 


however,  accomplished  but  little,  originated  with 
him,  while  residing  with  Dr.  Griffin  at  Newark, 
as  did  also  the  African  school,  which  existed  a 
few  years  at  Parsippany,  near  Newark.  He 
attended  the  first  meeting  of  the  colonization 
society  Jan.  1,  1817,  which  was  established  by  the 
exertions  of  Dr.  Finley.  Appointed  with  E. 
Burgess,  to  visit  England  and  explore  the  coast 
of  Africa  for  the  society,  he  sailed  in  Nov.,  1817, 
and  in  a  wonderful  manner  escaped  shipwreck 
on  the  coast  of  France.  As  the  ship  was  drifting 
towards  a  ledge  of  rocks,  the  captain  despaired 
of  preservation,  and  jumped  into  the  boat  with 
his  two  sons,  all  of  whom  were  lost.  A  strong 
current  as  the  ship  approached  the  rocks  carried 
her  away  from  them.  He  sailed  from  England 
for  Africa  Feb.  2,  1818,  and  arrived  on  the  coast 
March  12th.  After  a  laborious  inspection  of 
more  than  two  months,  he  embarked  on  his  re 
turn  in  the  brig  Success,  May  22,  1818.  A  severe 
cold,  which  he  took  early  in  June,  was  succeeded 
by  a  fever,  of  which  he  died.  He  was  buried  in 
the  depths  of  the  ocean.  He  was  eminently 
pious  and  benevolent ;  and,  when  the  sea  gives 
up  its  dead,  he  will  rise  to  heavenly  glory.  His 
memoirs  by  Gardiner  Spring  were  published,  8vo., 
1820. 

MILLS,  EDMUXD,  minister  of  Sutton,  Mass., 
the  successor  of  Dr.  Hall,  died  in  1825,  aged  72. 
Born  in  Kent,  Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1775.  He  was  pastor  from  1790  till  his  death, 
a  popular  and  successful  preacher.  He  published 
an  oration  July  4,  1809. 

MILLS,  ELIJAH  HUNT,  a  lawyer  and  member 
of  congress,  died  at  Northampton  May  5,  1829, 
aged  51.  He  graduated  at  Williams  in  1797. 
He  published  an  oration  to  Washington  benevo 
lent  society,  1813. 

MILLS,  THOMAS,  D.  D.,  Episcopal  minister  at 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  died  in  1830,  aged  87. 

MILLS,  SAMUEL,  died  at  Torringford  May  11, 
1833,  aged  89. 

MILLS,  JOSHUA,  Dr.,  died  at  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
in  1843,  aged  46,  an  acceptable  physician. 

MILNOR,  JAMES,  D.D.,  rector  of  St.  George's 
church,  New  York,  died  March  8,  1845,  aged  70. 
A  lawyer  in  Philadelphia,  he  was  a  member  of 
congress  in  1812 ;  afterwards  he  was  thirty  years 
an  eminent  minister  in  New  York  ;  an  able  sup 
porter  of  various  charitable  societies.  He  was  a 
man  of  untiring  and  systematic  industry. 

MILTIMOliE,  JAMES,  minister  of  Belleville 
church,  Newbury,  Mass.,  died  March  23,  1836, 
aged  81.  Born  in  Londonderry,  he  graduated 
at  Dartmouth  in  1774 ;  was  ordained  in  Strat- 
ham,  N.  H.,  in  1786,  and  dismissed  in  1807 ;  was 
installed  at  Newbury  in  1808.  He  published  a 
discourse  on  the  death  of  J.  Murray,  1793 ;  to  a 
musical  choir,  1794 ;  at  a  dedication,  1807.  — 
Sprague's  Annals, 


MILTON,  CHARLES  W.,  minister  at  Newbury- 
port,  died  in  1837,  aged  69 :  installed  in  1791. 

MINER,  JESSE,  a  missionary  at  Green  Bay, 
died  March  22,  1829. 

MINER,  THOMAS,  M.  D.,  died  at  Worcester 
April  23,  1841,  aged  63.  A  graduate  of  Yale  in 
1796,  he  practised  physic  first  at  Middletown, 
Conn.,  his  native  place,  and  was  one  of  the  found 
ers  of  the  medical  institute  of  Yale,  and  of  the 
Connecticut  retreat  for  the  insane.  His  autobi 
ography  was  published  by  Dr.  Williams.  He 
was  a  man  of  integrity  and  of  literary  attain 
ments.  He  published  with  Dr.  Tully  a  work  on 
typhus,  which  excited  much  attention.  —  Wil 
liams''  Med.  Biography. 

MLNNICK,  Mrs.,  died  in  South  Carolina  about 
1805,  aged  108. 

MINNS,  THOMAS,  died  at  Boston  April  4, 
1836,  aged  62.  He  was  the  editor  of  the  New 
England  Palladium  from  1792  to  1828.  He  was 
first  associated  with  A.  Young  in  publishing  the 
Mercury. 

MINOT,  GEORGE  RICHARDS,  a  historian,  died 
Jan.  2,  1802,  aged  43.  He  was  born  in  Boston 
Dec.  28,  1758.  Distinguished  in  early  life  by  the 
love  of  learning,  graceful  modesty,  and  amiable 
manners,  he  was  peculiarly  endeared,  while  at 
school,  to  his  excellent  instructor,  Mr.  Lowell, 
and  in  college  he  secured  the  esteem  of  the  gov 
ernors  of  the  institution  and  the  warmest  attach 
ment  of  his  companions.  He  was  graduated  in 
1778.  Having  pursued  the  study  of  the  law 
under  the  care  of  William  Tudor,  he  began  its 
practice  with  a  high  reputation  and  with  fixed 
principles  and  habits.  But  his  attention  was  im 
mediately  diverted  somewhat  from  his  profession 
by  his  appointment  as  clerk  of  the  house  of  rep 
resentatives  in  1781,  soon  after  the  new  constitu 
tion  had  commenced  its  operation.  While  in  this 
station,  the  duties  of  which  he  discharged  with 
the  greatest  fidelity  and  impartiality,  the  causes 
which  produced  the  insurrection  were  operating, 
and  he  had  an  opportunity  of  being  well  ac 
quainted  with  the  proceedings  of  the  house.  Of 
these  transactions  he  wrote  a  sketch,  which  was 
published  in  the  Boston  magazine  for  1784  and 
1785.  After  the  insurrection  was  suppressed,  he 
wrote  a  history  of  it,  which  was  praised  equally 
for  its  truth,  moderation,  perspicuity,  and  ele 
gance.  Of  the  convention  of  Massachusetts 
which  considered  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States,  he  was  chosen  the  secretary.  In  Jan., 
1792,  he  was  appointed  judge  of  probate  for  the 
county  of  Suffolk,  and  several  years  afterwards 
judge  of  the  municipal  court  in  Boston.  Amidst 
the  violence  of  parties  his  mildness,  candor,  and 
moderation  gained  him  the  respect  of  all.  His 
conversation  was  interesting,  for  his  mind  was 
enriched  with  various  knowledge,  and  there  was 
a  modesty  and  benignity  in  his  character,  which 


MINOT. 


MITCHELL. 


581 


attracted  and  delighted.  Humble  and  devout,  he 
complied  with  the  ordinances  of  Christianity,  and 
trusted  entirely  to  the  mercy  of  God  for  salvation. 
He  published  an  oration  on  the  Boston  massacre, 
March  5,  1782 ;  history  of  the  insurrection  in 
Massachusetts,  8vo.,  1788 ;  an  address  to  the 
charitable  fire  society,  1795;  eulogy  on  Washing 
ton,  1800  ;  a  continuation  of  the  history  of  Mas 
sachusetts  Bay  from  1748  to  1765,  with  an  intro 
ductory  sketch  of  events  from  its  original  settle 
ment.  The  first  volume  of  this  work,  which  is  a 
continuation  of  Hutchinson,  was  published  in 
8vo.,  1798  ;  the  second  volume  was  almost  com 
pleted  at  the  time  of  his  death,  and  it  has  since 
been  published.  The  narrative  is  perspicuous, 
and  the  style  simple  and  pure,  and  a  model  of 
historical  eloquence.  —  Collections  of  Historical 
Society,  vm.  89-109. 

MINOT,  TIMOTHY,  Dr. ,  died  in  Concord,  Mass., 
Aug.  1,  1804,  aged  78.  He  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1747,  and  was  a  respected  physician,  the 
founder  of  the  Middlesex  medical  association. 

MINTO,  WALTER,  LL.  D.,  professor  of  natural 
philosophy  in  the  college  of  New  Jersey,  died 
Oct.  21,  1796,  aged  42.  He  was  born  in  Scotland 
Dec.  3,  1753,  and  educated  at  Edinburgh.  By 
the  persuasion  of  the  Earl  of  Buchan,  he  wrote  a 
book  to  prove  that  the  original  discovery  of  loga 
rithms  was  to  be  attributed  to  Napier,  the  laird 
of  Merchiston.  The  earl  sent  him  to  America 
in  178G,  being  desirous  of  laying  a  foundation  of 
mathematical  science  in  the  land  of  Columbus 
and  of  Washington.  Soon  after  his  arrival  he 
was  chosen  mathematical  professor  in  Princeton 
college.  In  this  situation  he  was  respected  and 
useful.  He  was  a  sincere  Christian  and  a  truly 
learned  man.  Besides  the  book  on  Napier,  he 
published  a  demonstration  of  the  path  of  the  new 
planet;  researches  into  some  parts  of  the  theory 
of  the  planets,  etc.,  8vo.,  1783  ;  and  an  oration 
on  the  progress  and  importance  of  the  mathemat 
ical  sciences,  etc.,  1788. 

MIRANDA,  DON  FRANCISCO,  general,  was  born 
of  a  Spanish  family  at  Caraccas,  of  which  province 
his  grandfather  was  governor.  In  1783  he  visited 
the  United  States,  and  travelled  on  foot  over  a 
part  of  Europe.  In  the  French  Revolution  he 
was  a  major-general  in  the  service  of  France. 
From  the  prison  into  which  he  was  cast,  he  es 
caped  to  England  in  1797.  Having  been  again 
banished  from  France  for  opposing  the  French 
consul  in  1803,  he  resolved  to  emancipate  South 
America  from  the  dominion  of  Spain.  Having 
obtained  secret  assistance  and  encouragement,  he 
sailed  from  New  York  in  1806,  with  a  number  of 
American  volunteers.  At  St.  Domingo  he  char 
tered  two  schooners  ;  they  were  captured  on  the 
coast,  while  he  escaped  in  his  ship.  In  1810  he 
renewed  his  attempt,  but  was  obliged  to  capitu 
late  to  Gen.  Monteverde,  who,  in  disregard  of 


the  agreement,  treated  him  as  a  prisoner.  He 
was  sent  to  Spain,  and  died  after  four  years'  con 
finement  in  the  dungeons  of  the  inquisition  at 
Cadiz. 

MITARK,  sachem  of  Gay  Head  on  Martha's 
Vineyard,  being  converted  to  the  Christian  faith 
by  Mr.  Mayhew,  became  a  preacher.  Of  the 
English  he  was  a  faithful  ally,  and  died  regretted 
by  all  the  islanders,  Jan.  20,  1683.  He  said : 
"  I  have  hope  in  God,  that  when  my  soul  departs 
out  of  this  body,  God  will  send  his  messengers, 
who  shall  conduct  it  to  himself,  to  be  with  Jesus 
Christ,  where  that  everlasting  glory  is." 

MITCHELL,  JONATHAN,  minister  of  Cam 
bridge,  Mass.,  the  son  of  Jonathan  M.,  died  July 
9,  1668,  aged  42.  He  was  born  in  England  in 
1624.  He  was  brought  to  this  country  in  1635, 
by  his  parents,  who  sought  a  refuge  from  ecclesi 
astical  tyranny  in  the  wilderness.  His  father  first 
settled  at  Concord;  afterwards  he  lived  at  Say- 
brook,  Wethersfield,  and  Stamford ;  and  died  in 
1645.  Mr.  Mitchell  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1647,  having  made  great  acquisitions  in 
knowledge,  and  improvements  in  virtue.  Under 
the  ministry  of  Mr.  Shepard  his  mind  was  im 
pressed  by  the  truths  of  religion.  While  at  col 
lege  he  kept  a  diary  in  Latin.  When  he  began 
to  preach,  he  was  invited  to  settle  at  Hartford, 
but  he  was  ordained  at  Cambridge,  as  the  suc 
cessor  of  Mr.  Shepard,  Aug.  21,  1650.  Soon 
after  his  settlement  Pres.  Dunster  embraced  the 
principles  of  Anti-pedobaptism.  This  was  a  pe 
culiar  trial  to  him  ;  but,  though  he  felt  it  to  be  his 
duty  to  combat  the  principles  of  his  former  tutor, 
:  he  did  it  with  such  meekness  of  wisdom  as  not  to 
I  lose  his  friendship,  though  the  controversy  oc- 
'  casioned  his  removal  from  the  college.  In  1662 
he  was  a  member  of  the  synod  which  met  in 
Boston  to  discuss  and  settle  a  question  concern 
ing  church  membership  and  church  discipline, 
and  the  result  was  chiefly  written  by  him.  The 
determination  of  the  question  relating  to  the  bap 
tism  of  the  children  of  those  who  did  not  ap 
proach  the  Lord's  table,  and  the  support  thus 
given  to  what  is  called  the  half-way  covenant,  was 
more  owing  to  him  than  to  any  other  man.  Con 
sidering  baptized  persons  as  members  of  the 
church  and  liable  to  its  discipline,  he  thought 
that  their  children  should  be  admitted  to  baptism. 
He  died  in  the  hope  of  glory.  His  wife  was 
Margaret,  daughter  of  Mr.  Shepard,  his  prede 
cessor.  His  children  were  John ;  Nathaniel  ; 
Samuel,  a  graduate  of  1681 ;  and  Jonathan,  a 
graduate  of  1687.  Mr.  M.  was  eminent  for  piety, 
wisdom,  humility,  and  love.  His  vigorous  powers 
of  mind  were  diligently  cultivated ;  his  memory 
was  very  retentive;  and  he  had  acquired  much 
learning.  lie  wrote  his  sermons  with  care  and 
yet  preached  without  notes,  speaking  with  great 
majesty,  and  attaining  towards  the  close  of  his 


582 


MITCHELL. 


MITCHELL. 


discourses  a  fervency  which  was  most  energetic 
and  impressive.  His  delivery  was  inimitable. 
He  was  frequently  called  to  ecclesiastical  coun 
cils,  and,  possessing  singular  acuteness,  prudence, 
and  moderation,  he  was  well  qualified  to  heal  dif 
ferences.  Attached  to  the  institutions  of  the 
founders  of  New  England,  he  frequently  said, 
that  if  it  should  become  a  general  opinion  that 
all  persons,  orthodox  in  judgment  as  to  matters 
of  faith,  and  not  scandalous  in  life,  should  be  ad 
mitted  to  partake  of  the  Lord's  Supper  without 
any  examination  concerning  the  work  of  saving 
grace  in  their  hearts,  it  would  be  a  real  apostasy 
from  former  principles,  and  a  degeneracy  from 
the  reformation  already  attained.  He  was  faith 
ful  and  zealous  in  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of 
the  sacred  office.  Besides  his  stated  labors  on 
the  Sabbath,  he  preached  a  monthly  lecture  upon 
man's  misery  by  sin,  salvation  by  Christ,  and  holy 
obedience,  which  was  much  attended  by  persons 
from  the  neighboring  towns.  He  published  a 
letter  of  counsel  to  his  brother,  1664 ;  an  election 
sermon,  entitled,  Nehemiah  upon  the  wall  in 
troublesome  times,  1667  ;  a  letter  concerning  the 
subject  of  baptism,  1675;  a  discourse  of  the 
glory  to  which  God  hath  called  believers  by  Jesus 
Christ,  printed  London,  reprinted  Boston,  12mo., 
1721.  —  His  Life,  by  C.  Mather  ;  Magnolia,  IV. 
158-185;  Hist.  Soc.  vn.  23,  27,  47-51. 

MITCHELL,  JOHN,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  a  botanist 
and  physician,  came  from  England  to  Virginia 
about  the  year  1700.  He  died  in  1772.  His 
residence  was  chiefly  at  Urbana,  a  small  town  on 
the  llappahanock,  about  73  miles  from  Richmond. 
He  appears  to  have  been  a  man  of  observation, 
acuteness,  and  enterprise,  as  well  as  learning. 
He  wrote,  in  1743,  an  essay  on  the  causes  of  the 
different  colors  of  people  in  different  climates, 
which  was  published  in  the  philosophical  trans 
actions,  vol.  XLIII.  He  attributes  the  difference 
of  the  human  complexion  to  the  same  causes 
which  have  been  assigned  by  Dr.  Smith,  to  the 
influence  of  climate  and  modes  of  life ;  and  he 
thinks  that  the  whites  have  degenerated  more 
from  the  original  complexion  in  Noah  and  his 
family,  than  the  Indians,  or  even  negroes.  The 
color  of  the  descendants  of  Ham  he  considers  a 
blessing  rather  than  a  curse,  as  without  it  they 
could  not  well  inhabit  Africa.  He  published  also 
an  essay  on  the  preparations  and  uses  of  the 
various  kinds  of  potash,  in  philosophical  trans 
actions,  vol.  XLV. ;  a  letter  concerning  the  force 
of  electrical  cohesion,  in  vol.  LI.  ;  and  a  useful 
work  on  the  general  principles  of  botany,  con 
taining  descriptions  of  a  number  of  new  genera 
of  plants,  4to.  1769.  It  is  believed  that  he  was 
also  the  author  of  the  map  of  North  America, 
published  in  1755,  which  was  accompanied  by  a 
large  pamphlet,  entitled,  the  contest  in  America, 


and  followed  by  another,  entitled  the  present 
state  of  Great  Britain  and  North  America,  1767. 
His  manuscripts  on  the  yellow  fever,  as  it  appeared 
in  Virginia  in  1742,  fell  into  the  hands  of  Dr. 
Franklin,  by  whom  they  were  communicated  to 
Dr.  Rush.  —  Miller's  Retrospect,  I.  318;  II.  367; 
Timelier. 

MITCHELL,  JUSTUS,  minister  of  New  Canaan, 
Conn.,  died  in  1806,  aged  about  50.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  in  1776,  and  was  ordained  in  1781. 
—  Sprague's  Annals. 

MITCHELL,  DAVID,  general,  died  in  Juniata, 
Cumberland  county,  Penn.,  May  25,  1818,  aged 
76.  He  was  a  soldier  in  Bouquet's  campaign,  in 
1764,  and  a  friend  of  the  Indian  chief  Logan. 
With  the  Indians  he  wras  engaged  in  twenty- 
seven  actions.  He  fought  also  during  the  whole 
Revolutionary  war.  For  more  than  twenty  years 
he  was  a  representative  in  the  State  legislature, 
and  twice  an  elector  of  president. 

MITCHELL,  AMMI  R.,  a  physician,  the  son  of 
Judge  David  Mitchell,  died  May  14,  1824,  aged 
62.  He  was  born  at  North  Yarmouth,  Me.,  May 
8,  1762.  Having  studied  physic  at  Portsmouth, 
when,  at  the  close  of  the  war,  the  America,  a 
seventy-four  gun  ship,  was  presented  by  congress 
to  the  king  of  France,  he  accompanied  Dr.  Meau- 
bec,  the  surgeon  of  the  ship,  to  Brest,  where  he 
enjoyed  many  advantages  for  improvement  in 
surgery.  On  his  return  he  settled  at  North  Yar 
mouth,  where  he  had  extensive  practice  through 
life.  He  was  also  an  eminent  Christian ;  for 
twenty-one  years  a  deacon  of  the  church.  He 
was  found  dead  in  the  street,  having  been  thrown 
from  his  gig,  as  he  was  riding.  He  published 
an  eulogy  on  Washington,  1800;  an  address 
on  sacred  music,  1812.  —  Cummings'  Sermon  ; 
ThacJier. 

MITCHELL,  ALFRED,  minister  of  Norwich, 
Conn.,  the  son  of  Judge  Stephen  Mix  M.,  died 
Dec.  19, 1831,  aged  41.  He  was  born  at  Wethers- 
field,  May  22,  1790;  was  graduated  at  Yale  col 
lege  in  1809;  and,  having  studied  theology  at 
Andover,  was  ordained  as  the  successor  of  Mr. 
Hooker  Oct.  27,  1814.  He  was  a  man  of  intel 
lectual  power,  of  firmness  and  zeal,  yet  modest 
and  retiring.  Almost  his  last  words  were,  "The 
will  of  the  Lord  be  done."  He  published  several 
occasional  sermons.  From  the  lines  written  on 
his  death  by  Mrs.  Sigourney,  who  once  attended 
on  his  preaching,  the  following  is  an  extract.  She 
had  heard  that  one  of  his  last  expressions  was, 
"  Am  I  so  near  my  home  ?  " 

"  Pure  spirits  should  not  pass  unmourn'd. 

This  earth  is  poor  without  them.  —  But  a  view 
Of  bettor  climes  broke  o'er  thee,  and  thy  soul 
Hose  o'er  its  stricken  tent  with  outspread  wing 
Of  seraph  rapture  :  for  to  reach  a  home, 
Where  is  no  rootless  hope,  no  vain  desire, 
No  film  o'er  faith's  bright  eye,  for  love  no  blight, 
Is  glorious  gain.  —  Teacher  and  guide,  farewell." 


MITCHELL. 


MONROE. 


583 


MITCHELL,  STEPHEN  Mix,  LL.  D.,  an  emi 
nent  lawyer,  died  in  Wethcrsficld,  Conn.,  Sept. 
30,  1835,  aged  91.  He  was  born  in  "VVethcrsfield 
Dec.  20,  1743,  and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1763.  In  1779  he  was  appointed  associate  judge 
of  the  Hartford  county  court,  and  in  1795  judge 
of  the  superior  court.  From  1807  till  1814  he 
was  chief  justice.  In  1783  and  1785  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  congress,  and  senator  from 
1793  to  1795.  His  State  was  much  indebted  to 
him  for  the  establishment  of  her  title  to  the 
Western  Reserve,  in  Ohio. 

MITCHELL,  DAVID  B.,  general,  governor  of 
Georgia  from  1809  to  1813,  died  at  Milledgeville 
April  22,  1837,  aged  71. 

MITCHELL,  COLBY  C.,  missionary  to  Mosul, 
died  in  June,  1841,  on  his  journey  to  M.,  distant 
five  days' journey.  In  a  few  days  afterwards  Mrs. 
Mitchell  died  at  Mosul. 

MITCHELL,  NAHUM,  judge,  died  at  East 
Bridgewater  Aug.  1,  1853,  aged  84.  He  was  the 
son  of  Gushing  M.,  and  a  graduate  of  1789  in 
the  class  of  Dr.  Kirkland.  He  sustained  various 
offices ;  was  representative  in  congress,  treasurer 
of  the  State,  chief  justice  of  the  court  of  common 
pleas.  He  published  a  history  of  Bridgewater, 
1840 ;  and  with  B.  Brown  he  edited  a  collection 
of  sacred  music. 

MITCHELL,  SAMUEL  LATHAM,  M.  D.,  LL.  D., 
died  in  New  York  Sept.  8,  1831,  aged  67.  His 
father,  Robert,  was  a  Quaker  farmer  on  Long 
Island,  and,  being  adopted  by  his  uncle,  Dr.  S. 
Latham,  he  was  Avell  educated.  After  the  close 
of  the  war  he  studied  medicine  and  natural  his 
tory  in  Edinburgh.  He  was  appointed  professor 
of  chemistry  and  natural  history  in  Columbia 
college.  In  a  discourse  before  the  historical 
society,  he  gave  an  account  of  all  books  on  Ameri 
can  botany.  For  several  years  he  was  a  member 
of  congress  and  a  senator.  His  practice  was  ex 
tensive  ;  he  was  physician  to  the  city  hospital ; 
with  Dr.  Smith  he  edited  fourteen  volumes  of  the- 
medical  repository.  He  published  also  life  of 
Tammany,  the  Indian  chief,  8vo.  1795;  remarks 
on  the  gaseous  oxyde  of  azote,  18mo.  1795;  ob 
servations  on  the  geology  of  America ;  picture  of 
New  York,  12mo.  1807;  description  of  Schooley's 
mountain  in  New  Jersey,  8vo.  1810;  discourse 
before  the  New  York  historical  society,  1813. — 
Williams1  Mcd.  Biotj. 

MIX,  STEPHEN,  minister  of  Wethersfield, 
Conn.,  died  in  1738,  aged  66.  Born  in  New 
Haven,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1690,  and 
was  ordained  in  1694  as  successor  of  J.  Wood- 
bridge.  His  successor  was  J.  Lockwood. 

MONCKTON,  ROBERT,  governor  of  New  York 
from  1762  to  1763,  died  in  England,  as  governor 
of  Portsmouth,  in  1782.  In  1755  he  was  lieut.- 
governor  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  in  the  expedition 


of  Wolfe  against  Quebec,  he  served  as  brigadier- 
general.  He  was  succeeded  by  Sir  H.  Moore  as 
governor  of  New  York. 

MONETTE,  JOHN  W.,  M.  D.,  died  in  Louisiana 
March  1,  1851.  He  was  the  author  of  a  history 
of  the  discovery  and  settlement  of  the  valley  of 
the  Mississippi,  2  vols.,  1848. 

MONIS,  JUDAII,  the  first  Hebrew  instructor  in 
Harvard  college,  died  in  1764,  aged  81.  He  was 
a  native  of  Italy,  and  after  his  arrival  in  this 
country  began  his  instructions  about  the  year 
1720.  Though  a  Jew,  he  embraced  the  Christian 
religion,  and  was  publicly  baptized  at  Cambridge 
in  1722.  After  the  death  of  his  wife  in  1761,  he 
resigned  his  office,  which  he  had  sustained  for 
about  forty  years,  and  retired  to  Northborough. 
In  that  town  he  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life 
in  the  family  of  Rev.  John  Martyn,  who  had  mar 
ried  a  sister  of  his  wife.  He  bequeathed  46 
pounds  to  be  divided  among  seven  of  the  neigh 
boring  ministers,  and  126  pounds  as  a  fund,  the 
interest  of  which  was  to  be  given  to  the  indigent 
Avidows  of  ministers.  He  published  truth,  whole 
truth,  nothing  but  the  truth,  1722;  and  a  He 
brew  grammar,  4to.  1735. 

MONRO,  GEORGE,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  died 
Oct.  11,  1819,  aged  59.  He  was  born  at  New 
castle,  Delaware,  Feb.  22,  1760;  his  father, 
George  M.,  came  from  Scotland.  At  the  close 
of  the  war  he  was  a  surgeon  in  the  army.  On 
the  return  of  peace  he  spent  three  years  in  Lon 
don  and  Edinburgh,  and  profited  by  the  lectures 
of  Cullen,  Gregory,  Black,  Home,  Brown,  and 
Monro.  He  published  at  this  period  a  Latin  dis 
sertation  on  Cynanche,  which  was  commended  by 
Cullen.  In  1786  he  settled  on  his  farm  at  St. 
George's,  Newcastle  county;  in  1793  he  removed 
to  Wilmington,  where  he  passed  the  remainder 
of  his  life  in  extensive  practice  as  a  physician  and 
surgeon.  He  was  an  Infidel  till  about  1800,  when 
he  publicly  acknowledged  his  belief  in  Christian 
ity,  and  joined  the  Presbyterian  church,  and  ever 
afterwards  exhibited  the  virtues  of  an  eminent 
Christian.  In  all  his  habits  he  was  simple.  He 
drank  nothing  but  water.  His  strict  economy 
enabled  him  to  be  extensively  charitable;  his 
charities  prevented  him  from  accumulating  prop 
erty.  Of  uniform  piety,  he  was  punctual  in  at 
tending  upon  every  religious  ordinance.  The 
eternal  welfare  of  his  patients  weighed  upon  his 
heart ;  he  conversed  with  them  on  religion.  His 
bible  was  always  open  before  him ;  he  relished 
no  Jaook,  company,  or  employment,  which  was  not 
spiritual.  He  died  of  ossification  of  the  heart. 
His  wife  was  Jemima,  daughter  of  Col.  John  Haslet, 
who  fell  in  the  battle  of  Princeton.  —  T/iacher. 

MONROE,  JAMES,  president  of  the  United 
States,  died  July  4,  1831,  aged  72.  He  was  born 
in  1758,  on  the  Potomac,  in  Westmoreland  county, 


584 


MONROE. 


Virginia,  on  the  land  of  his  ancestor,  one  of  the 
first  patentees  of  the  province.     His  father  was 
Spcnce,  a  mason.     Having  been  educated  at  Wil 
liam  and  Mary  college,  he  in  1776  entered  as  a 
cadet  in  the  regiment  commanded  by  Col.  Mer 
cer.     Being  appointed  a  lieutenant,  he  joined  the 
army  of  Washington,  and  was  engaged  in  the 
battles  of  Harlem  Heights  and  White  Plains.     In 
the  attack  on  Trenton,  Dec.   26,  1776,  he  was 
wounded  through  the  left  shoulder,  and  for  his 
bravery  was  promoted  to  be  a  captain  of  infantry. 
Being  soon   appointed   aid  to  Lord   Stirling,  he 
served  as  such  in    1777   and  1778,  and  was  en 
gaged  in  the  battles  of  Brandywine,  Gcrmantown, 
and  Monmouth.     In  1778  he  proposed  to  raise  a 
regiment  in  Virginia,  but,  not  being  successful,  he 
engaged  in  the  study  of  the  law  under  Mr.  Jef 
ferson,  yet  rendered  good  military  service  in  the 
repulse   of  invasions.     In   1780  he  was  military 
commissioner  for  Virginia,  and  visited  the  south 
ern  army  under  De  Kalb.     In  1782  he  was  elected 
from  King  George  county  to  the  assembly ;  the 
next  year,  at  the  age  of  twenty-four,  he  was  a 
member  of  congress.     His  enlarged  views  at  this 
period  were  evinced  by  his  proposition,  in  1786, 
which,  however,  was  not  adopted,  to  vest  congress 
with  power  to  regulate  trade  with  all  the  States. 
Having  served  three  years,  he  returned  home  in 
1786.     In  the  mean  time  he  had  married  a  beau 
tiful  young  lady,  whose  person  and  conversation 
had  attracted  much  notice  in  Paris  and  London. 
In  1788  he  was  a  member  of  the  convention  of 
Virginia,  which  considered  the  constitution  of  the 
United   States,  —  an  assembly  of  illustrious  and 
eloquent  men,  never  equalled  in  any  State.    From 
1790  to   1794  he  was  a  senator  of  the  United 
States.     Washington  sent  him  in  1794  as  minister 
plenipotentiary  to  France.     He  was  recalled  in 
1797.     As  he  had  been  severely  censured  in  a 
letter  of  Mr.  Pickering,  the  secretary  of  State, 
of  June    13,    1796,   for   not   vindicating   at   the 
French  court  the  British  treaty,  he  published  on 
his  return  the  whole  of  his  correspondence,  with 
one  hundred  pages  of  preliminary  observations. 
He  was  attached  to  the  republican  party  as  con 
tradistinguished  from  the  federalists.     From  1799 
to  1802  he  was  governor  of  Virginia.     When  Mr. 
Livingston  was  resident  minister  at  Paris,  he  was 
appointed  to  join  him  as  envoy  extraordinary  in 
1802,  for  the  purchase  of  Louisiana.     This  ser 
vice  having  been  performed,  he  repaired  in  1803 
to  London  as  successor  of  Mr.  King,  minister  at 
the   British  court.      In    1805    he   assisted   Mr. 
Charles  Pinckney  in  a  negotiation  in  Spain,  and 
then  returned  to  London,  where  he  remained  two 
or  three  years,  occupied  in  important  duties.    He 
remonstrated  against  the  seizure  of  vessels  undei 
the   orders  in   council.     With  Wm.   Pinkney  he 
negotiated  a  commercial  treaty  with  Great  Britain 
which  Mr.  Jefferson  rejected,  because  it  did  not 


MONTCALM. 

provide  against  impressment.  After  an  absence 
of  five  years,  returning  home  in  1808,  he  passed 
the  two  next  years  on  his  farm  in  Albemarlc 
county.  In  1811  he  was  again  elected  governor 
of  Virginia.  Mr.  Madison  nominated  him  as 
secretary  of  State,  as  successor  of  11.  Smith,  Nov. 
25,  1811,  and  he  remained  in  office  till  1817, 
being  also  secretary  at  war  as  successor  of  J. 
Armstrong,  from  Sept.  27, 1814,  to  March  2,  1815, 
when  Mr.  Crawford  was  appointed.  Being  elected 
the  fifth  president  of  the  United  States,  he  com 
menced  his  administration  March  4,  1817,  and, 
being  subsequently  re-elected,  with  only  one  dis 
senting  vote,  continued  in  his  high  office  eight 
years,  till  1825.  His  wife,  the  daughter  of  Law 
rence  Kortvvright,  died  in  Virginia  at  Oak  Hill, 
his  residence,  in  Loudoun  county,  Sept.  23,  1830. 
He  died  July  4,  1831.  It  was  remarkable  that 
Adams  and  Jefferson  also  died  July  the  fourth, 
]  826.  He  left  no  son  ;  one  daughter  married 
Judge  George  Hay  of  Richmond,  and  was  left  a 
widow  in  Sept.,  1 830 ;  another  married  Samuel 
L.  Gouvcrneur  of  New  York,  at  whose  house  Mr. 
Monroe  died.  He  was  an  attendant  on  the  Epis 
copalian  worship.  Mr.  Monroe  possessed  a  very 
determined  spirit  and  was  distinguished  for  un 
wearied  industry.  There  was  much  energy  in 
the  measures  of  his  administration :  the  army 
and  navy  were  strengthened ;  surveys  and  plans 
of  fortifications  were  made ;  a  cession  of  Florida 
from  Spain  was  obtained  ;  the  independent  States 
of  South  America  Avere  recognized  ;  and  the  bold 
declaration  was  made  to  the  world,  that  an  inter 
ference  of  European  powers  in  respect  to  those 
States  would  not  be  tolerated.  Vigorous  efforts 
were  also  made  for  the  suppression  of  the  slave 
trade;  the  pension  for  the  Revolutionary  soldiers 
was  voted ;  and  the  generous  La  Fayette  received 
from  the  United  States  the  just  acknowledgment 
of  his  services  in  promoting  the  establishment  of 
American  liberty.  Though  in  the  course  of  his 
life  he  had  received  from  the  public  treasury  for 
his  services  358,000  dollars,  he  retired  from  the 
office  of  presidency  deep  in  debt.  He  was,  how 
ever,  at  last  relieved  by  the  adjustment  by  con 
gress  of  his  claims,  founded  chiefly  on  the  dis 
bursements  made  during  the  war. 

MONSON,  ^LxEAS,  Dr.,  died  at  New  Haven 
Aug.  22,  1852,  aged  89,  then  the  oldest  graduate 
of  Yale,  in  1780.  In  the  American  army  he  was 
an  assistant  surgeon.  Afterwards  he  was  a  mer 
chant,  and  president  of  several  banks. 

MONTCALM,  Louis  JOSEPH  DE,  marquis  of 
St.  Veran,  a  distinguished  French  general,  was 
born  of  a  noble  family  at  Candiac  in  1712,  and 
entered  early  in  the  army.  He  commanded  with 
reputation  in  Italy,  Bohemia,  and  Germany.  In 
1756  he  became  a  field-marshal,  and  was  sent  to 
Canada,  where  he  succeeded  Dieskau.  He  soon 
took  Oswego  ;  and  in  1757  fort  William  Henry ; 


MONTEFIORE. 

and  in  1758  he  repulsed  Abercrombie  with  much 
slaughter  from  the  walls  of  Ticonderoga.  When 
Wolfe  in  his  attack  on  Quebec  had  gained  the 
plains  of  Abraham,  Sept.  13,  1759,  Montcalm 
resolved  upon  a  battle,  and  accordingly  marched 
out.  The  commanders  of  the  two  armies  both 
fell,  equally  illustrious  for  bravery,  and  both  occu 
pied  by  the  event  of  the  battle  at  the  moment 
they  were  about  to  exchange  time  for  eternity. 
The  former  rejoiced  that  he  should  die  in  the 
arms  of  victory,  and  the  latter  that  he  should  not 
survive  the  surrender  of  Quebec. —  Wynne,  n. 
125,  141 ;  Marshall,  I.  407,  414,  450,  45G-4G4. 

MONTE  FIOHE,  JOSHUA,  died  in  St.  Albans, 
Vt.,  June  26,  1843,  aged  81.  He  was  a  native  of 
London,  and  had  vigorous  health  all  his  days  ; 
he  never  used  glasses.  He  published  commer 
cial  dictionary,  commercial  precedents,  on  the 
bankrupt  laws,  and  other  works. 

MONTGOMERY,  RICHARD,  a  major-general 
in  the  army  of  the  United  States,  died  Dec.  31, 
1775,  aged  38.  He  was  born  in  the  north  of 
Ireland  in  the  year  1737.  He  possessed  an  ex 
cellent  genius,  which  was  matured  by  a  good 
education.  Entering  the  army  of  Great  Britain, 
he  successfully  fought  her  battles  with  Wolfe  at 
Quebec  in  1759,  and  on  the  very  spot  where  he 
was  doomed  to  fall,  when  fighting  against  her 
under  the  banners  of  freedom.  After  his  return 
to  England  he  quitted  his  regiment  in  1772, 
though  in  a  fair  way  to  preferment.  He  had  im 
bibed  an  attachment  to  America,  viewing  it  as  the 
rising  seat  of  arts  and  freedom.  After  his  arri 
val  in  this  country  he  purchased  an  estate  in  New 
York  about  a  hundred  miles  from  the  city,  and 
married  a  daughter  of  Judge  Livingston.  He 
now  considered  himself  as  an  American.  When 
the  struggle  with  Great  Britain  commenced,  as 
he  was  known  to  have  an  ardent  attachment  to 
liberty,  and  had  expressed  his  readiness  to  draw 
his  sword  on  the  side  of  the  colonies,  the  com 
mand  of  the  continental  forces  in  the  northern 
department  was  intrusted  to  him  and  General 
Schuyler  in  the  fall  of  1775.  By  the  indisposition 
of  Schuyler  the  chief  command  devolved  upon 
him  in  October.  He  reduced  fort  Chamblee,  and, 
November  3d,  captured  St.  Johns.  On  the  12th 
he  took  Montreal.  In  December  he  joined  Ar 
nold  and  marched  to  Quebec.  The  city  was  be 
sieged,  and  on  the  last  day  of  the  year  it  was 
determined  to  make  an  assault.  The  several 
divisions  were  accordingly  put  in  motion  in  the 
midst  of  a  heavy  fall  of  snow,  which  concealed 
them  from  the  enemy.  Montgomery  advanced 
at  the  head  of  the  New  York  troops  along  the 
St.  Lawrence,  and,  approaching  one  of  the  bar 
riers,  he  was  pushing  forwards,  when  one  of  the 
guns  of  the  battery  was  discharged,  and  he  was 
killed  with  his  two  aids.  This  was  the  only  gun 
that  was  fired,  for  the  enemy  had  been  struck 
74 


MONTGOMERY. 


585 


with  consternation,  and  all  but  one  or  two  had 
fled.  But  this  event  probably  prevented  the  cap 
ture  of  Quebec.  When  he  fell,  Montgomery  was 
in  a  narrow  passage,  and  his  body  rolled  upon 
the  ice  which  formed  by  the  side  of  the  river. 
After  it  was  found  the  next  morning  among  the 
slain,  it  was  buried  by  a  few  soldiers  without  any 
marks  of  distinction.  In  his  person  he  was  tall 
and  slender,  genteel  and  graceful.  He  was  a 
man  of  great  military  talents,  whose  measures 
were  taken  with  judgment  and  executed  with 
vigor.  With  undisciplined  troops,  who  were  jeal 
ous  of  him  in  the  extreme,  he  yet  inspired  them 
with  his  own  enthusiasm.  He  shared  with  them 
in  all  their  hardships,  and  thus  prevented  their 
complaints.  His  industry  could  not  be  wearied, 
nor  his  vigilance  imposed  upon,  nor  his  courage 
intimidated.  Above  the  pride  of  opinion,  when 
a  measure  was  adopted  by  the  majority,  though 
contrary  to  his  own  judgment,  he  gave  it  his  full 
support.  By  the  direction  of  congress,  a  monu 
ment  of  white  marble  of  the  most  beautiful  sim 
plicity,  with  emblematical  devices,  was  executed 
by  Mr.  Cassiers  at  Paris,  and  it  is  erected  to  his 
memory  in  front  of  St.  Paul's  church,  New  York. 
His  remains,  in  consequence  of  an  act  of  the  leg 
islature  of  New  York,  were  taken  up  by  his 
nephew,  Col.  L.  Livingston,  in  June,  1818,  —  the 
place  of  burial  being  pointed  out  by  an  old  sol 
dier,  who  attended  the  funeral  forty-two  years 
before,  —  and  conveyed  to  New  York,  where  they 
were  again  committed  to  the  dust  in  St.  Paul's 
church  with  the  highest  civil  and  military  honors. 
His  widow  was  then  alive.  His  life  was  writ 
ten  by  Armstrong.  —  Smith's  Oration  on  Ms 
Death;  Marshall,  II.  302-311;  Warren,  I.  259- 
268,  431. 

MONTGOMERY,  JAMES,  D.  D.,  an  Episcopal 
minister  at  Philadelphia,  died  in  1834,  aged  46. 

MONTGOMERY,  WILLIAM  B.,  missionary 
among  the  Osages,  died  of  the  cholera  at  the 
Hopeficld  settlement  Aug.  17,  1834.  A  native 
of  Danville,  Penn.,  he  was  in  the  first  family  sent 
by  the  united  foreign  missionary  society  to  the 
Osages  of  the  Missouri,  proceeding  by  the  way 
of  the  great  rivers  from  Pittsburg  in  1821.  He 
died  triumphantly,  saying,  "  Can  it  be,  that  in 
less  than  twenty-four  hours  I  shall  be  walking 
the  streets  of  the  New  Jerusalem  ?  I  know  in 
whom  I  have  believed."  His  wife,  Harriet  Wool- 
ley  of  New* York,  died  Sept.  5,  1834.  He  had 
reduced  the  Osage  language  to  writing,  and  trans 
lated  various  portions  of  Scripture.  Plis  book 
was  printed  at  Boston  about  the  time  of  his  death. 

MONTGOMERY,  GEORGE  W.,  died  at  Wash 
ington,  being  a  clerk  in  the  department  of  State, 
June,  1841.  Born  in  Spain  of  an  Irish  family, 
he  came  early  to  this  country,  and  died  in  the 
prime  of  life.  He  published  an  historical  novel, 
Bernardo  del  Carpeo,  and  translated  into  Spanish 


586 


MOODY. 


MOODY. 


Irving's  conquest  of  Granada.  He  also  published 
a  narrative  of  a  journey  to  Guatemala,  and  vari 
ous  pieces  in  the  journals. 

MOODY,  JOSHUA,  minister  of  Portsmouth, 
N.  II.,  died  July  4,  1697,  aged  64.  He  was  born 
in  England  in  1633.  His  father,  William,  one 
of  the  early  settlers  of  Newbury,  came  to  this 
country  in  1631.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1653.  He  began  to  preach  at  Ports 
mouth  about  the  year  1658,  but  was  not  ordained 
till  1671.  In  the  year  1683,  when  Cranfield  was 
governor,  one  of  the  members  of  Mr.  Moocly's 
church  was  guilty  of  perjury  in  relation  to  a  ves 
sel  sent  out  of  the  harbor  ;  but  he  found  means 
to  settle  the  affair  with  the  governor  and  collec 
tor.  The  faithful  minister  of  the  gospel  however 
believed  that  a  regard  to  the  purity  and  reputa 
tion  of  the  church  rendered  it  necessary  that  a 
notorious  offence  should  be  the  subject  of  eccle 
siastical  discipline.  The  governor,  when  called 
upon,  refused  to  furnish  the  evidence  of  the  man's 
perjury,  and  even  threatened  Mr.  Moody  if  he 
proceeded.  But  the  servant  of  Jesus  Christ  was 
not  to  be  intimidated.  He  preached  against  false 
swearing ;  he  called  the  offender  to  an  account ; 
and  even  obliged  him  to  make  a  public  confes 
sion.  Cranfield,  in  revenge,  issued  an  order  re 
quiring  the  ministers  to  admit  all  persons  of 
suitable  years  and  not  vicious,  to  the  Lord's  Sup 
per,  from  the  first  of  January,  1684,  under  the 
penalty  of  the  statutes  of  uniformity.  He  at  the 
same  time  signified  to  Mr.  Moody  his  intention 
of  partaking  the  Supper  on  the  next  Sunday,  and 
requiring  him  to  administer  it  according  to  the 
liturgy.  As  Mr.  Moody  refused  to  administer 
the  ordinance  to  an  unworthy  applicant,  a  prose 
cution  was  immediately  commenced  against  him, 
and  he  was  sentenced  to  six  months'  imprison 
ment  without  bail  or  mainprize.  Two  of  the 
judges,  who  dissented  from  this  sentence,  were 
removed  from  their  offices.  At  length,  by  the 
interposition  of  friends,  he  obtained  a  release, 
though  under  a  strict  charge  to  preach  no  more 
within  the  province.  He  then  accepted  of  an  in 
vitation  from  the  first  church  in  Boston  to  be  an 
assistant  minister,  and  was  so  highly  esteemed 
that  upon  the  death  of  President  Rogers  he  was 
invited  to  take  the  oversight  of  the  college  ;  but 
he  declined.  In  the  days  of  the  witchcraft  de 
lusion,  in  1692,  he  manfully  resisted  the  unjust 
and  violent  measures  towards  the  imagined  of 
fenders.  Particularly  when  Philip  English,  a 
merchant  of  Salem,  was  accused,  with  his  wife, 
and  both  were  imprisoned  in  Boston.  Just  before 
the  appointed  time  of  trial  Mr.  Moody  preached 
from  the  text,  "  If  they  persecute  you  in  one  city, 
flee  to  another,"  and  provided  for  their  flight  to 
New  York,  by  which  means  they  escaped  a  trial 
and  probable  condemnation.  His  zeal  against 
this  wretched  delusion  occasioned,  however,  his 


'  dismission  from  the  church  where  he  was  preach- 
I  ing.  In  the  following  year  he  returned  to  Ports- 
|  mouth,  where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  in  use 
fulness  and  peace.  On  the  approach  of  his  last 
sickness,  he  went  for  advice  to  Boston,  where  he 
died.  His  son,  Samuel,  a  graduate  of  1689,  was 
a  preacher  at  New  Castle,  N.  II.  He  was  suc 
ceeded  by  Mr.  Rogers.  Though  he  was  deeply 
impressed  with  his  unworthiness  of  the  divine 
mercy  ;  yet  he  indulged  the  hope  of  glory,  and 
was  desirous  of  entering  into  the  presence  of  the 
Redeemer,  whom  he  had  served  in  his  gospel. 
He  wrote  upwards  of  four  thousand  sermons. 
He  published  a  practical  discourse  concerning 
the  choice  benefit  of  communion  with  God  in  his 
house,  being  the  sum  of  several  sermons,  12mo., 
1685 ;  reprinted,  1746  ;  an  election  sermon, 
1692.  —  C.  Mather's  Funeral  Sermon;  Mag 
nolia,  iv.  192-199. 

MOODY,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  York  in  the 
district  of  Maine,  died  Nov.  13/1747,  aged  70. 
[  He  was  the  son  of  Caleb  M.  in  Newbury,  and 
grandson  of  William  M. ;  was  born  Jan.  4,  1676, 
and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1697.  He 
was  ordained  Dec.  29,  1700,  as  successor  of  Shu- 
bael  Dummer,  who  was  killed  by  the  Indians,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Lyman.  His  son,  Joseph 
Moody,  the  first  minister  of  the  north  church  in 
York,  died  March  20,  1753,  aged  52,  leaving  a 
son,  Samuel,  who  after  being  thirty  years  the  dis 
tinguished  preceptor  of  Dummer  academy,  died 
at  Exeter  Dec.  17,  1795,  aged  69.  He  had  many 
eccentricities  in  his  conduct ;  but  he  was  eminent 
for  piety,  and  was  a  remarkably  useful  minister 
of  the  gospel.  In  his  younger  years  he  often 
preached  beyond  the  limits  of  his  own  parish, 
and  wherever  he  went,  the  people  hung  upon  his 
lips.  In  one  of  his  excursions  he  went  as  far  as 
Providence,  where  his  exertions  were  the  means 
of  laying  the  foundation  of  a  church.  Though  a 
zealous  friend  to  the  revival  of  religion  which 
occurred  throughout  the  country  a  short  time 
before  his  death,  yet  he  gave  no  countenance  to 
separations.  Such  was  the  sanctity  of  his  char 
acter,  that  it  impressed  the  irreligious  with  awe. 
To  piety  he  united  uncommon  benevolence. 
While  with  importunate  earnestness  he  pleaded 
the  cause  of  the  poor,  he  was  very  charitable 
himself.  It  was  by  his  own  choice,  that  he  de 
rived  his  support  from  a  free  contribution,  rather 
than  a  fixed  salary  in  the  usual  way.  In  one  of 
his  sermons,  he  mentions  that  he  had  been  sup 
ported  twenty  years  in  a  way  most  pleasing  to 
him,  and  had  been  under  no  necessity  of  spend 
ing  one  hour  in  a  week  in  care  for  the  world. 
Yet  he  was  sometimes  reduced  almost  to  want, 
though  his  confidence  in  the  kind  providence  of 
God  never  failed  him.  Some  remarkable  in 
stances  of  answers  to  his  prayers,  and  of  corre 
spondences  between  the  event  and  his  faith,  are 


MOODY. 

not  yet  forgotten  in  York.  The  hour  of  dinner 
once  came,  and  his  table  was  un  supplied  with 
provisions ;  but  he  insisted  upon  having  the  cloth 
laid,  saying  to  his  wife,  he  was  confident  that  they 
should  be  furnished  by  the  bounty  of  God.  At 
this  moment  some  one  rapped  at  the  door,  and 
presented  a  ready  cooked  dinner.  It  was  sent 
by  persons  who  on  that  day  had  made  an  enter 
tainment,  and  who  knew  the  poverty  of  Mr. 
Moody.  He  was  an  irritable  man,  though  he 
was  constantly  watchful  against  this  infirmity. 
He  once  went  into  a  tavern,  and  among  a  number 
of  gamblers  found  a  member  of  'his  church.  In 
his  indignation  he  seized  hold  of  him,  and  cast 
him  out  at  the  door.  In  one  of  his  sermons  the 
doctrine,  which  he  drew  from  his  text,  and  which 
was  the  foundation  of  his  discourse,  was  this  : 
"  When  you  know  not  what  to  do,  you  must  not 
do  you  know  not  what."  He  published  the  dole 
ful  state  of  the  damned,  especially  of  such  as  go 
to  hell  from  under  the  gospel,  1710  ;  Judas  hung 
up  in  chains,  1714;  election  sermon,  1721;  a 
summary  account  of  the  life  and  death  of  Joseph 
Quasson,  an  Indian.  —  Sullivan's  Maine,  238 ; 
a  Funeral  Sermon  on  Moody. 

MOODY,  SAMUEL,  Dr.,  died  at  Brunswick, 
Me.,  in  1758,  while  in  command  of  fort  George. 
He  was  the  son  of  Rev.  S.  M.  of  Newcastle.  He 
was  at  first  a  surgeon  in  the  army  in  1722,  and 
lived  at  Portland. 

MOODY,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  the  north  church 
in  York,  Me.,  died  in  1753,  aged  53.  The  son  of 
Rev.  Samuel  M.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1718;  and  then  for  years  was  register  of  deeds 
and  judge  of  a  court.  He  became  the  minister 
of  a  new  church  about  1732  ;  but  after  the  death 
of  his  wife  he  fell  into  a  deep  melancholy,  and 
wore  a  handkerchief  over  his  face,  for  which  rea 
son  he  was  called  Handkerchief  Moody.  Yet  in 
all  his  gloom  he  had  some  gleams  of  wit.  He 
boarded  with  his  deacon,  who  was  of  a  hasty  tem 
per,  and  who  one  day  asked  him  to  pray  for  a 
neighbor,  chargeable  with  some  fault,  "  who  had 
got  terribly  out  of  the  way."  Mr.  Moody  asked, 
whether  he  might  not  possibly  share  in  the  blame  ? 
"  No,  no,  no,"  cried  the  deacon.  "  If  I  thought 
I  did,  I  would  take  my  horse  and  ride  fifty  miles 
on  end." —  "  Ah,"  said  Mr.  M.,  "  I  believe,  Dea 
con  Bragdon,  it  would  take  a  pretty  good  horse 
to  outride  the  devil ! "  Mr.  M.  was  respected  for 
his  abilities  and  Christian  virtues.  He  published 
several  religious  tracts.  —  Sprague's  Annals ; 
Sketches  of  the  Moody  Family. 

MOODY,  JOSHUA,  a  minister  and  teacher,  died 
at  Newburyport  in  1768,  aged  82.  Born  in  Sal 
isbury,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1707, 
and  was  soon  ordained  as  a  preacher  for  the  Isle 
of  Shoals  ;  which  place  he  left  in  1733,  and  set- 
tied  as  a  schoolmaster  at  Hampton,  then  at 
Njwburyport.  Once,  as  a  fishing  shallop  had 


MOODY. 


587 


been  lost  in  a  northeast  storm  in  Ipswich  bay,  he 
endeavored  to  impress  this  event  upon  his  sea 
faring  hearers  at  the  Shoals  in  this  way  :  "  Sup 
pose,  my  brethren,  any  of  you  should  be  taken 
short  in  the  bay  in  a  northeast  storm,  your  hearts 
trembling  with  fear,  and  nothing  but  death  before 
you  ;  whither  would  your  thoughts  turn,  and  what 
would  you  do  ?"— "  What  would  I  do  ?  "  replied 
one  of  the  hardy  seamen,  "  why,  I  would  in 
stantly  hoist  the  foresail  and  scud  away  for 
Squam." 

MOODY,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  Newmarket, 
N.  H.,  died  hi  1778,  aged  73.  Born  in  Byfield 
parish,  Newbury,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1727,  and  was  settled  in  1730. 

MOODY,  SAMUEL,  an  eminent  teacher,  died 
in  Dec.,  1795,  aged  G9.  He  was  the  son  of  Rev. 
J.  Moody  of  York,  born  in  1726,  graduated  in 
1746,  and  commenced  the  business  of  teaching 
in  York,  but  was  soon  called  to  take  charge  of 
the  academy  in  Newbury,  founded  by  Governor 
Dummer.  His  fame  as  a  teacher  drew  many 
pupils,  and  he  toiled  successfully  nearly  thirty 
years,  till  his  infirmities  caused  him  to  retire 
from  his  field  of  labor.  Many  distinguished  men 
were  the  pupils  of  Master  Moody.  He  was  con 
scientious,  faithful,  a  man  of  piety  and  religion.  — 
C.  C.  P.  Moody 's  Sketches  oftlie  Moody  Family^. 

MOODY,  BENJAMIN,  a  very  eminent  Christian, 
adorned  with  all  the  virtues,  died  at  Newburyport 
in  1802,  aged  81.  His  character  was  described 
by  his  pastor,  Dr.  Dana,  in  a  funeral  sermon. 

MOODY,  SILAS,  minister  of  Arundel,  Maine, 
died  in  1816,  aged  74.  He  was  of  the  fourth 
descent  from  William,  who  came  from  England ; 
born  in  Newbury,  the  son  of  William ;  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1771  ;  and  was  ordained  at  Arun 
del,  now  Kennebunkport,  in  1771.  He  was  an 
excellent  minister.  He  published  a  sermon  on 
the  death  of  Washington. 

MOODY,  AMOS,  minister  of  Pelham,  N.  H., 
died  in  1819,  aged  79.  Born  in  Newbury,  Mass., 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1759  ;  was  settled  in 
1765;  and  dismissed  in  1792.  Dr.  Church  was 
his  successor. 

MOODY,  PAUL,  a  memorable  man  in  the  his 
tory  of  cotton-spinning,  died  at  Lowell  in  1831, 
aged  52.  He  was  the  son  of  Paul  of  Byfield. 
lie  had  the  charge  of  the  Waltham  cotton  com 
pany  about  1813  or  1814,  and  made  several  im 
portant  inventions,  as  the  dead  spindle,  the 
governor,  and  others.  About  1824  he  was  trans 
ferred  as  superintendent  to  Lowell.  —  Sketches 
of  the  Moody  Family. 

MOODY,  LEMUEL,  captain,  died  at  Portland, 
Maine,  August  11,  1846,  aged  79;  his  father 
came  from  Newbury.  He  was  active  in  erecting 
the  observatory.  He  published  in  1825  a  valua 
ble  chart  of  Casco  bay. 

MOODY,  ANSON,  M.  D.,  worthy  of  honorable 


588 


MOOERS. 


MOORE. 


remembrance,  died  in  New  Haven  Feb.  11,  1855, 
aged  63  ;  a  victim  to  the  ship  fever,  contracted  in 
the  faithful  discharge  of  his  duty. 

MOOERS,  BENJAMIN,  general,  died  at  Platts- 
burgh  Feb.  20,  1838,  aged  80.  He  was  a  soldier 
of  the  Revolution,  and  settled  in  the  wilderness 
of  New  York  in  1783.  He  held  the  rank  of 
major-general,  and  commanded  at  the  siege  of 
Pittsburgh. 

MOOR,  MoRDECAl,  died  in  Clinton,  Maine,  in 
1840,  aged  103.  He  served  in  the  French  Avar. 

MOORE,  JAMES,  governor  of  South  Carolina 
in  1700  to  1703,  and  in  1719,  undertook  an  un 
successful  and  costly  expedition  against  Florida. 
The  expense  occasioned  the  first  issue  of  paper 
money  under  the  name  of  bills  of  credit. 

MOORE,  ALEXANDER,  Dr.,  died  at  Borden- 
town,  N.  J.,  Aug.  30,  1785,  aged  74.  He  had 
been  nearly  forty  years  in  practice,  a  man  of  skill 
and  of  a  cheerful  temper. 

MOORE,  ABRAHAM,  minister  in  Newbury, 
Mass.,  died  in  1801,  aged  33.  Born  in  London 
derry,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1789,  and 
was  ordained  in  1796. 

MOORE,  HANNAH,  died  in  Effingham  county, 
Virginia,  May  25,  1802,  aged  111  years. 

MOORE,  JOHN,  colonel,  died  at  Noi-ridgc- 
wock,  Maine,  in  1809,  aged  77.  lie  commanded 
on  the  left  of  the  troops  at  the  battle  of  Bunker 
Hill. 

MOORE,  ALFRED,  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
of  the  United  States,  died  at  Belfont,  N.  C.,  in 
1810,  aged  55.  He  was  a  native  of  North  Caro 
lina  and  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution.  He  was  a 
captain  in  a  Carolina  regiment  at  the  age  of 
nineteen,  and  sacrificed  a  great  portion  of  his 
ample  fortune  in  the  cause  of  his  country.  After 
the  peace  he  studied  law,  and  in  his  profession 
was  the  rival  of  Davie  and  acquired  a  large  for 
tune.  He  succeeded  Mr.  Iredcll  as  judge  in 
1800,  but  resigned  the  office  in  1805. 

MOORE,  BENJAMIN,  D.  D.,  bishop  of  New 
York,  died  at  Greenwich  Feb.  27,  1816,  aged  67. 
He  was  born  at  Newtown,  Long  Island,  Oct.  16, 
1748,  and  educated  at  King's  college,  New  York. 
His  father  was  Samuel  M.,  a  farmer.  He  was 
chosen  the  rector  of. Trinity  church  in  1800;  was 
president  of  Columbia  college  from  1801  to  1811 ; 
and  was  for  some  years  a  bishop.  He  was  suc 
ceeded  by  Bishop  Hobart.  He  published  a  ser 
mon  before  the  convention,  1804 ;  on  disobedience, 
in  American  preacher,  vol.  I. ;  iniquity  its  own 
accuser,  in  vol.  II. 

MOORE,  WILLIAM,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  brother 
of  the  preceding,  died  in  1824,  aged  70.  He 
was  born  at  Newtown,  Long  Island,  in  1754.  In 
1778  he  went  to  Europe  for  his  medical  education. 
For  more  than  forty  years  he  was  in  extensive 
practice  in  New  York,  and  highly  respected  for 


his  virtues  and  religion.  He  published  various 
papers  in  the  American  medical  register,  the 
repository,  and  in  the  New  York  journal.  — 
Thacher. 

MOORE,  JACOB  BAILEY,  Dr.,  a  surgeon  in 
the  army,  died  in  1813,  aged  40.  He  was  of 
a  Scotch  family,  who  settled  at  Georgetown,  Me.; 
his  father  was  a  physician  and  a  surgeon  in  a  na 
tional  vessel.  He  followed  his  father's  profession 
in  Andover,  N.  H.,  from  1796  until  the  war  of 
1812,  when  he  entered  the  army.  He  was  skilled 
in  music,  and  wrote  songs.  Some  of  his  musical 
compositions  are  in  Ilolyoke's  repository.  —  Cycl. 
of  Amer.  Lit. 

MOORE,  JONATHAN,  third  minister  of  Roches 
ter,  Mass.,  died  in  1814,  aged  75.  Born  at  Ox 
ford,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1761; 
was  settled  in  1768 ;  and  resigned  in  1792.  Dr. 
Cobb  was  settled  in  1799. 

MOORE,  ZEPHANIAH  SWIFT,  D.  D.,  president 
of  Williams  college  and  first  president  of  Amherst 
college,  died  June  30,  1823,  aged  52.  He  was 
born  at  Palmer,  Mass.,  Nov.  20,  1770 ;  was  grad 
uated  at  Dartmouth  college  in  1793  ;  and  was 
the  minister  of  Leicester  from  1798  till  1811, 
when  he  was  appointed  professor  of  languages  in 
Dartmouth  college.  In  September,  1815,  he  was 
chosen  president  of  Williams  college.  Having 
co-operated  in  the  ineffectual  attempt  to  remove 
this  college  to  Hampshire  county,  his  situation 
was  rendered  unpleasant  at  Williamstown  ;  so 
that  when  the  collegiate  seminary  was  established 
at  Amherst  in  1821,  and  before  it  was  incorpo 
rated  as  a  college,  he  was  invited  to  preside  over 
it.  He  died  of  the  cholera  at  Amherst.  His  wife 
was  the  daughter  of  Thomas  Drury  of  Ward. 
He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Mr. 
Cotton  at  Palmer,  1811;  at  the  election,  1818; 
at  ordination  of  L.  P.  Bates,  1823. 

MOORE,  ELIZABETH,  Mrs.,  died  in  Pitt  county, 
North  Carolina,  in  1833,  aged  100. 

MOORE,  HUGH,  a  printer,  died  at  Amhcrst, 
N.  II.,  in  1837,  aged  28.  He  was  editor  of  the 
Burlington  Sentinel.  —  Cycl.  of  Amer.  Lit. 

MOORE,  HENRY  E.,  son  of  Dr.  Jacob  B.  M., 
died  at  East  Cambridge,  Nass.,  in  1841,  aged  38. 
He  served  as  a  printer  with  Isaac  Hill ;  published 
in  1825  the  Grafton  Journal,  at  Plymouth,  N.  II. ; 
and  then  soon  devoted  his  whole  attention  to 
music.  He  published  the  musical  catechism ; 
collection  of  instrumental  music ;  also  of  church 
music ;  the  choir ;  the  northern  harp  ;  anthems, 
etc. 

MOORE,  JAMES,  M.  D.,Rev.,  of  Grand  Bassa 
in  Africa,  died  on  his  Avay  to  the  United  States 
in  1851.  A  slave  in  America,  by  his  industry  he 
was  enabled  to  purchase  himself  and  family. 
Living  with  a  physician  in  Washington,  he  ac 
quired  much  knowledge  of  medicines  and  was 


MOORE. 

assistant  physician  to  the  African  colony.  lie 
was  a  member  of  the  Methodist  church  and  a 
preacher. 

MOORE,  JACOB  B.,  printer  and  editor,  died 
Sept.  1,  1853,  aged  56.  He  was  the  son  of  Dr. 
Moore  of  Andover,  N.  II.  In  1818  and  after 
wards  he  was  a  partner  with  Isaac  Hill  at  Con 
cord,  in  the  printing  and  bookselling  business. 
He  became  an  able  political  writer,  and  gave 
much  attention  to  the  history  and  antiquities  of 
New  England,  assisting  Mr.  J.  Farmer  in  his 
works.  He  established  the  New  Hampshire 
Statesman.  Receiving  an  appointment  in  the 
general  post-office  department,  he  removed  to 
Washington.  Afterwards  he  was  at  New  York, 
librarian  of  the  historical  society.  On  the  elec 
tion  of  President  Taylor  he  was  sent  to  California 
in  charge  of  the  post-office  department.  By  his 
great  labors  his  health  was  broken  down,  and 
twice  was  he  obliged  to  return  to  New  England. 
He  died  at  Bellows  Falls,  Vt.  The  present  libra 
rian  of  the  New  York  historical  society  is  his  son. 
His  sister  married  Dr.  Thomas  Brown,  who  died 
of  the  cholera  at  Manchester  in  August,  1849, 
himself  a  leader  in  the  temperance  cause.  Mr. 
M.  was  a  man  of  great  intelligence  and  industry, 
and  of  great  urbanity  of  manners.  He  published 
a  history  of  Andover,  and  of  Concord ;  and,  with 
Dr.  Farmer,  historical  collections,  and  a  gazetteer 
of  New  Hampshire;  the  laws  of  trade  in  the 
United  States,  1840.  —  Cycl.  ofAmer.  Lit. 

MOORE,  SAMUEL,  died  at  Albion,  Maine,  Oct. 
21,  1854,  aged  nearly  106. 

MOORE,  DAVID,  D.  D.,  died  at  Richmond, 
New  York,  Sept.  30,  1856,  aged  69,  rector  for 
forty-eight  years  of  St.  Andrews  church,  Staten 
Island.  lie  was  the  eldest  son  of  Richard  Chan- 
ning  Moore,  D.  D.,  late  bishop  of  Virginia. 

MOORHEAD,  JOHN,  minister  in  Boston,  died 
Dec.  2,  1773,  aged  70.  He  was  born  near  Bel 
fast  in  Ireland  about  the  year  1703,  and  com 
pleted  his  education  at  one  of  the  universities  of 
Scotland.  He  arrived  at  Boston  in  1729  or  1730, 
being  invited  to  become  the  minister  of  some 
emigrants  from  the  north  of  Ireland,  who  had 
sought  in  that  town  the  peaceable  enjoyment  of 
civil  and  religious  liberty.  The  first  meeting  for 
the  election  of  elders  was  held  July  14,  1730, 
and  the  church  was  formed  according  to  the 
model  of  the  Presbyterian  church  of  Scotland. 
He  devoted  himself  entirely  to  his  benevolent 
work,  and  such  was  the  success  of  his  labors,  and 
the  accession  of  foreign  Protestants,  that  the 
communicants  in  1736  were  about  two  hundred 
and  fifty.  His  successor  was  Robert  Annan.  He 
visited  once  or  twice  in  the  year  all  the  families 
of  his  congregation,  for  the  purpose  of  imparting 
religious  instruction,  and  he  concluded  his  visit 
with  prayer,  which  he  always  performed  upon  his 
knees.  Keeping  the  great  object  of  the  ministry 


MORGAN. 


589 


continually  in  view,  he  was  unwearied  in  his  en 
deavors  to  promote  the  edification  and  salvation 
of  his  people.  His  mind  was  not  destitute  of 
strength,  his  imagination  was  lively,  and  his  man 
ner  was  solemn,  affectionate,  and  pathetic.  — 
Panoplist,  II.  393-396. 

MOREHEAD,  JAMES  T.,  governor  of  Ken 
tucky,  died  at  Covington  Dec.  28,  1854,  aged  58. 
He  was  a  lawyer,  and  held  various  offices ;  was 
governor  in  1834,  and  an  eminent  senator  of  the 
United  States  from  1841  to  1847. 

MORELL,  WILLIAM,  a  poet,  accompanied  Rob 
ert  Gorges  to  this  country  in  Sept.,  1633,  with  a 
commission  to  superintend  the  ecclesiastical  con 
cerns  of  New  England.  But,  as  Gorges  failed  in 
his  plan  of  a  general  government,  Morell  had  no 
opportunity  to  act  under  his  commission.  He 
lived  about  a  year  at  Weymouth  and  Plymouth, 
and  then  returned.  The  result  of  his  observa 
tions  on  the  country,  the  Indians,  etc.,  he  wrought 
into  a  poem,  which  he  published  in  Latin  and 
English.  It  is  printed  in  the  historical  collec 
tions,  I.  The  following  is  a  specimen : 

"  A  grand  child  to  earth's  paradise  is  born, 
Well  limb'd,  well  uerv'd,  fair,  rich,  sweet,  yet  forlorn; 
Thou  blest  director,  so  direct  my  verse 
That  it  may  win  her  people,  friends,  commerce; 
Whilst  her  sweet  air,  rich  soil,  blest  seas,  my  pen 
Shall  blaze,  and  tell  the  natures  of  her  men." 

MORELL,  GEORGE,  chief  justice  of  Michigan, 
died  at  Detroit  in  1845,  aged  59.  Born  in  Lenox, 
Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Williams'  college. 

MOREY,  GEORGE,  died  in  Aug.,  1829,  aged 
79,  in  the  46th  year  of  his  ministry,  at  Walpole, 
Mass.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1776. 

MOREY,  SAMUEL,  M.  D.,  died  in  Norton, 
Mass.,  in  1836,  aged  79,  an  excellent  physician. 
He  was  a  graduate  of  Yale  in  1777,  and  a  sur 
geon  in  the  army ;  at  last,  for  his  services  he  re 
ceived  a  pension. 

MORGAN,  ABEL,  Baptist  minister  of  Pen- 
nepek,  Penn.,  was  born  in  Wales  in  1637,  and 
came  to  this  country  in  1711.  He  died  Dec.  16, 
1722.  He  compiled  a  folio  concordance  to  the 
Welch  Bible,  printed  at  Philadelphia ;  and  also 
translated  "  century  confession  "  into  Welch,  with 
additions. — Benedict,  I.  583. 

MORGAN,  JOHN,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  a  learned 
physician,  died  in  1789,  aged  53.  He  was  born 
in  Philadelphia  in  1735.  When  he  had  com 
pleted  the  study  of  physic  under  the  care  of  Dr. 
Redman,  he  entered  into  the  service  of  his  coun 
try  as  a  surgeon  and  lieutenant  with  the  provin 
cial  troops  in  the  last  war  which  was  carried  on 
against  the  French  in  America.  He  acquired 
both  skill  and  reputation  as  a  surgeon  in  the 
army.  In  the  year  1760  he  went  to  Europe  to 
prosecute  his  studies  in  medicine.  After  attend 
ing  the  lectures  of  William  Hunter,  he  spent  two 
years  at  Edinburgh,  where  he  received  the  in- 


590 


MORGAN. 


MORGAN. 


structions  of  Monro,  Cullen,  Rutherford,  Whyt, 
and  Hope.  lie  then  published  an  elaborate 
thesis  upon  the  formation  of  pus,  and  was  ad 
mitted  to  the  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine. 
From  Edinburgh  he  went  to  Paris.  lie  also  vis 
ited  Holland  and  Italy.  During  his  absence  he 
concerted  with  Dr.  Shippen  the  plan  of  a  medical 
school  in  Philadelphia,  and  on  his  arrival  in  1765 
was  immediately  elected  professor  of  the  theory 
and  practice  of  medicine  in  the  college  of  that 
city.  He  soon  delivered  his  plan  for  connecting 
a  medical  school  with  the  college.  In  17G9  he 
saw  the  fruits  of  his  labors,  for  in  that  year  five 
young  gentlemen  received  the  first  honors  in 
medicine  that  were  conferred  in  America.  He 
was  active  in  establishing  the  American  philo 
sophical  society  in  17G9.  In  1773  he  went  to 
Jamaica  to  solicit  benefactions  for  the  advance 
ment  of  general  literature  in  the  college.  In 
Oct.,  1775,  he  was  appointed  by  congress  director 
general  and  physician-in-chief  to  the  general  hos 
pital  of  the  American  army,  in  the  place  of  Dr. 
Church.  He  immediately  repaired  to  Cambridge  ; 
but  in  1777  he  was  removed  from  his  office  with 
out  an  opportunity  to  vindicate  himself.  The  dis 
sensions  between  the  surgeons  of  the  general 
hospital  and  of  the  regiments,  and  other  circum 
stances,  gave  rise  to  calumnies  against  him. 
After  his  removal  he  presented  himself  before  a 
committee  of  congress,  appointed  by  his  request, 
and  was  honorably  acquitted.  His  successor  in 
the  professor's  chair  was  Dr.  Rush.  He  published 
tentamen  modicum  de  puris  confectione,  17G3;  a 
discourse  upon  the  institution  of  medical  schools 
in  America,  1765 ;  four  dissertations  on  the  re 
ciprocal  advantages  of  a  perpetual  union  between 
Great  Britain  and  her  American  colonies,  1766 ; 
a  recommendation  of  inoculation,  1776;  a  vindi 
cation  of  his  public  character  in  the  station  of 
director-general.  —  Rush's  Address,  etc. ;  Ameri 
can  Museum,  vi.  353-355. 

MORGAN,  DANIEL,  brigadier-general,  a  dis 
tinguished  officer  of  the  Revolution,  died  July  6, 
1802,  aged  65.  He  was  born  in  New  Jersey  in 
1737.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  emigrated  to 
Virginia,  in  1755,  and  being  without  property, 
dependent  on  his  daily  labor,  he  obtained  em 
ployment  from  farmer  Roberts  of  Berkeley  co., 
now  Jefferson.  Afterwards  he  was  engaged  to 
drive  a  wagon  for  J.  Ashley,  who  lived  on  Shenan- 
doah  river,  in  Frederic  county.  At  last  he  be 
came  the  owner  of  a  wagon  and  horses,  and  was 
employed  by  J.  Ballantine  on  Occoquan  creek. 
A  British  writer  mentioned  it  as  a  matter  of 
reproach,  that  Gen.  Morgan  was  once  a  wag 
oner.  He  shared  in  the  perils  of  Braddock's 
expedition  against  the  Indians,  probably  as  a 
wagoner,  and  was  wounded  by  a  bullet  through 
his  neck  and  cheek.  It  is  said,  also,-that  in  this 
campaign  he  was  unjustly  punished  on  the  charge 


of  contumely  to  an  officer,  and  received  five  hun 
dred  lashes.  From  the  age  of  twenty  to  that  of 
thirty  he  was  dissipated,  a  frequenter  of  tippling 
and  gambling  houses,  and  often  engaged  in  pugi 
listic  combats,  at  Berrystown,  a  small  village  in 
Frederic  county.  From  this  degradation  he  rose 
to  usefulness  and  honor  as  a  soldier.  In  civil  life 
he  might  also  have  been  distinguished,  had  he 
sought  to  educate  himself.  The  profits  of  his 
business  as  a  wagoner  enabled  him  to  buy  a  tract 
of  land  in  Frederic,  on  which  he  built  a  house, 
and  where  he  lived  at  the  commencement  of  the 
Revolutionary  war.  Soon  after  the  battle  of 
Lexington  he  was  appointed  a  captain  by  con 
gress,  June  22,  1775,  and  directed  to  raise  a 
company  of  riflemen  and  march  to  Boston.  Re 
cruiting  very  soon  ninety-six  men,  he  arrived  at 
Boston  after  a  march  of  twenty-one  days.  In 
Sept.,  he  was  detached  in  the  expedition  against 
Quebec,  and  marched  with  Arnold  through  the 
wilderness  of  Maine.  In  the  attack  on  the  city 
of  Quebec,  Dec.  31,  1775,  he  was  with  the  party 
which  attacked  on  the  northerly  side,  along  the 
St.  Charles.  Arnold  being  wounded,  Morgan 
and  his  riflemen  assaulted  the  battery  of  two  guns 
at  the  west  angle  of  the  town,  in  a  street  called, 
not  Saint  des  Matelots,  as  Marshall  says,  but 
Sault  au  Matelot,  or  sailor's  leap ;  and,  firing  into 
the  embrasures,  and  mounting  the  barricade  by 
ladders,  soon  carried  the  battery.  Col.  Green, 
who  commanded,  marched  about  daylight  to  at 
tack  the  second  barrier,  which  was  just  around 
the  angle  of  the  town.  But  this  attack  was  in 
effectual,  , as  the  enemy  fired  from  the  stone  houses 
on  each  side  of  the  street  as  well  as  from  the 
port-holes,  besides  pouring  over  grape-shot  from 
a  cannon  on  a  high  platform  within  the  barrier. 
In  the  rear  also  there  was  a  strong  force  to  pre 
vent  their  retreat.  Morgan  and  the  survivors 
were  taken  prisoners.  After  his  exchange  he  re 
joined  the  army,  and  was  appointed  to  the  com 
mand  of  a  regiment.  Being  sent  to  the  assistance 
of  Gen.  Gates,  he  contributed  to  the  capture  of 
Burgoyne,  though  Gates  neglected  to  speak  of 
his  merit.  He  afterwards  served  under  Gates 
and  Greene  in  the  campaign  at  the  south.  With 
admirable  skill  and  bravery  he  defeated  Tarleton 
in  the  battle  of  the  Cowpens,  Jan.  17,  1781,  tak 
ing  upwards  of  five  hundred  prisoners.  For  this 
action  congress  voted  him  a  golden  medal.  Soon 
afterwards  he  retired  from  the  army,  and  returned 
to  his  farm.  In  the  whiskey  insurrection  in  1794, 
Washington  summoned  him  to  command  the 
militia  of  Virginia.  He  afterwards  was  elected  a 
member  of  congress.  In  July,  1799,  he  pub 
lished  an  address  to  his  constituents,  vindicating 
the  administration  of  Mr.  Adams.  His  health 
declining,  he  removed  from  his  residence,  called 
Saratoga,  to  a  farm  near  Berrysville,  and  after  a 
few  years  to  Winchester.  Gen.  Lee  says,  that  no 


MORGAN. 

mrm  hotter  loved  this  world,  and  no  man  more 
reluctantly  quitted  it.  In  his  last  years  he  mani 
fested  great  penitence  for  the  follies  of  his  early 
life,  and  became  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian 
church  of  Winchester.  lie  died  after  a  long 
and  distressing  sickness.  His  son  was  a  captain 
in  the  northern  army  in  1812.  —  He  was  stout 
and  active,  six  feet  in  height,  fitted  for  the  toils 
of  war.  In  his  military  command  he  was  indul 
gent.  His  manners  were  plain,  and  his  conver 
sation  grave  and  sententious.  Reflecting  deeply, 
his  judgment  was  solid,  and  what  he  undertook 
he  executed  with  unshaken  courage  and  perse 
verance.  J.  Graham's  life  of  Morgan  was  pub 
lished  in  1856. 

MORGAN,  WILLIAM,  doctor,  died  at  Charles 
ton,  S.  C.,  in  July,  1809. 

MORGAN,  SOLOMON,  minister  in  Canaan, 
Conn.,  died  in  1809,  aged  59.  Born  in  Canter 
bury,  he  was  not  educated  at  college.  lie  was 
ordained  in  1799,  over  the  second  parish;  was 
dismissed  in  1804;  and  had  a  lingering  sickness. 

MORGAN,  JOHN,  general,  a  soldier  of  the 
Revolution,  died  at  Philadelphia  in  May,  1817. 
Major-general  James  Morgan  died  at  South  Am- 
boy,  N.  J.,  in  1822,  aged  G6. 

MORGAN,  WILLIAM,  captain,  a  victim  of  free 
masonry,  died  Sept.  19,  1826.  He  was  born  in 
Culpepper  co.,  Va.,  about  1775.  He  fought  in  the 
battle  of  New  Orleans  under  Gen.  Jackson,  Jan.  8, 
1815.  In  Oct.,  1819,  he  married  Lucinda  Pendle- 
ton  of  Richmond,  Va.  In  1821  he  removed  to  York, 
Upper  Canada,  where  he  commenced  the  business 
of  a  brewer;  but,  his  buildings  being  destroyed 
by  fire,  he  removed  to  Rochester,  and  then  to 
Batavia,  in  the  State  of  New  York.  His  trade 
was  that  of  a  mason.  Having  resolved  to  pub 
lish  a  book,  disclosing  the  ridiculous  secrets  of 
free-masonry,  and  his  intentions  being  known,  the 
free-masons  resolved  to  suppress  the  book,  and  to 
punish  him  for  his  anti-masonic  conduct.  lie 
was  first  thrown  into  prison  at  Canandaigua  for. 
an  alleged  debt ;  a  free-mason  paid  the  debt,  and, 
taking  him  out  of  the  prison,  placed  him  in  a 
carriage  at  the  door,  Sept.  11,  1826;  and,  thus 
attended  and  guarded  by  a  sufficient  number  of 
free-masons,  he  was  conveyed  eighty  or  ninety 
miles  to  Fort  Niagara,  commanded  by  Col.  King, 
a  free-mason.  After  being  confined  a  few  days, 
he  was  removed  from  the  fort,  and  has  never  been 
seen  since  that  time.  The  evidence  elicited  has 
put  it  beyond  a  doubt  that  he  was  murdered  by 
free-masons  in  the  night,  and  his  body  was  prob 
ably  sunk  in  the  Niagara  river.  This  murder 
was  the  consequence  of  the  masonic  oaths,  the 
result  of  the  principles  of  free-masonry;  and 
many  masons,  in  various  places,  have  justified  the 
deed.  Capt.  Morgan  was  a  royal  arch  mason, 
being  the  seventh  degree,  and  he  had  taken  seven 
oaths,  binding  himself  not  to  reveal  any  of  the 


MORGAN. 


591 


secrets  of  masonry,  under  penalty  of  "having  his 
throat  cut  across,  his  tongue  torn  out  by  the 
roots,"  and  having  "  his  left  breast  torn  open,  his 
heart  and  vitals  taken  from  thence  and  thrown 
over  his  left  shoulder,"  and  other  penalties  of 
similar  horror.  In  the  execution  of  these  penal 
ties  Morgan  was  doubtless  murdered  by  free 
masons.  Such  an  event  as  the  abduction  and 
murder  of  a  fellow  citizen  for  merely  exposing 
the  imposture  of  free-masonry,  which  he  had  en 
gaged  to  keep  secret,  naturally  aroused  the  indig 
nant  spirit  of  the  people  of  this  country,  especially 
as  free-masonry,  too  strong  for  the  laws,  still  pro 
tected  the  murderers.  Richard  Rush,  the  min 
ister  to  London  and  secretary  of  the  treasury  in 
the  administration  of  J.  Q.  Adams,  in  his  letter 
of  March  2,  1832,  says,  "A  fellow  citizen  in  New 
York  has  been  murdered  by  a  large  and  daring 
confederacy  of  free-masons,  for  telling  their  se 
crets.  The  spirit  that  led  to  this  deed  has 
proved  itself  able  to  rescue  the  murderers  from 
punishment;  for  masonic  witnesses  would  not 
testify  against  brother  masons,  nor  would  masonic 
jurymen  convict  them,  although  jurymen  not 
masonic  were  satisfied  of  their  guilt.  This  is 
enough.  It  shows  the  lodge  to  be  too  strong  for 
the  law.  Can  there  be  a  greater  reproach  to  the 
Republic  ?  "  "  It  has  been  demonstrated,  that 
evil-minded  men,  or  those  of  weak  understand 
ings,  committed  murder  under  color  of  these 
oaths."  "  Masonry  works  in  the  dark.  Such 
an  institution  is  dangerous.  It  ought  not  to  be 
allowed  to  exist  in  a  well-governed  country." 
The  writer  of  this  article  published  the  following 
remark  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago :  "  Whether 
the  institution  of  masonry,  with  its  false  preten 
sions  to  antiquity,  its  mummeries,  its  ridiculous 
secrets,  its  horrible  oaths,  and  shocking  blas 
phemies,  all  exposed  to  full  light,  and  red  with 
the  blood  of  its  victim,  can  yet  sustain  itself  in 
this  land  of  laws,  and  of  morals,  and  of  Chris 
tianity,  assailed  by  two  hundred  and  thirty  news 
papers  established  for  the  special  purpose  of 
overthrowing  the  institution,  and  with  ten  thou 
sands  of  intelligent,  patriotic,  and  indignant  men 
frowning  upon  it,  remains  to  be  seen."  In  the 
result  the  institution  has  disappeared  :  recent  at 
tempts  have  been  made  to  revive  it. 

MORGAN,  ASAPII,  minister  of  St.  Albans,  Vt., 
died  in  1828,  in  the  21th  year  of  his  ministry. 

MORGAN,  AsiiURY,  a  Methodist  minister, 
died  at  Charleston,  S.  C.,  in  1828,  aged  30. 

MORGAN,  CHARLES  W.,  commodore,  died  in 
command  of  the  navy-yard  in  Washington,  Jan. 
5,  1853.  Born  in  Virginia,  a  nephew  of  Gen. 
Morgan,  he  entered  the  navy  in  1808,  and  was 
distinguished  in  the  Constitution.  In  1849  he 
commanded  the  naval  forces  in  the  Mediterranean, 
and  remained  on  that  station  three  years. 

MORRILL,  MOSES,  minister  of  Biddeford,  Me., 


592 


MORRILL. 


MORRIS. 


died  in  1778,  aged  56.  Born  in  Salisbury,  Mass., 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1737,  and  was  settled 
in  1742.  He  succeeded  S.  Willard,  the  first  min 
ister. 

MORRILL,  ISAAC,  minister  of  Wilmington, 
Mass.,  died  in  1793,  aged  75,  having  been  a  faith 
ful  pastor  52  years.  Born  in  Salisbury,  he  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1737.  He  published  a  sermon 
to  Capt.  O.sgood  and  his  company,  1755. 

MORRILL,  ISAAC,  a  respected  physician,  died 
at  Natick,  Mass.,  in  1839,  aged  92. 

MORRILL,  THOMAS,  a  Methodist  minister, 
died  at  Elizabethtown  in  July,  1839,  aged  90.  He 
was  a  major  of  the  militia  in  the  Revolutionary 
war,  but  after  1785  was  a  man  of  peace. 

MORRILL,  DAVID  L.,  LL.  D.,  governor  of 
New  Hampshire,  died  at  Concord  Feb.  4,  1849, 
aged  77.  Born  in  Epping,  from  1802  to  1811  he 
was  a  minister  of  Goffstown,  N.  II.,  but  was  after 
wards  in  political  life.  He  was  a  senator  of  the 
United  States  from  1816  to  1822,  and  governor 
from  1824  to  1826.  He  published  a  sermon  on 
the  death  of  Lieut.  Roby,  1812. 

MORRIS,  LEWIS,  governor  of  New  Jersey, 
died  May  14,  1746,  aged  about  73.  He  was  the 
son  of  Richard  M.,  an  officer  in  the  time  of  Crom 
well,  who,  at  the  Restoration,  came  to  New  York, 
and,  obtaining  a  grant  of  some  thousand  acres 
of  land  in  Westchester  county,  died  in  1673. 
He  was  born  a  short  time  before  the  death  of  his 
father,  and  was  adopted  by  his  uncle.  Once, 
through  fear  of  his  resentment,  he  strolled  into 
Virginia,  and  thence  to  the  West  Indies.  On  his 
return,  however,  he  was  received  with  joy.  He 
was  for  several  years  chief  justice  of  New  York. 
He  was  the  second  councillor  of  New  Jersey, 
named  in  Cornbury's  commission  in  1702,  and 
continued,  with  several  suspensions,  till  1738, 
when  he  was  appointed  the  first  governor  of  New 
Jersey  as  a  separate  province  from  New  York. 
He  directed  his  body  to  be  buried  at  Morrisania, 
N.  Y.,  in  a  plain  coffin,  without  covering  or  lining 
with  cloth  ;  he  prohibited  rings  and  scarfs  from 
being  given  at  his  funeral ;  he  wished  no  man  to 
be  paid  for  preaching  a  funeral  sermon  upon  him, 
though  if  any  man,  churchman  or  dissenter,  min 
ister  or  not,  was  inclined  to  say  any  thing  on  the 
occasion,  he  should  not  object.  He  prohibited 
any  mourning  dress  to  be  worn  on  his  account, 
as  he  should  die  when  divine  providence  should 
call  him  away,  and  was  unwilling  that  his  friends 
should  be  at  the  expense,  which  was  owing  only 
to  the  common  folly  of  mankind.  One  of  his 
sons  was  a  judge  of  the  court  of  vice  admiralty; 
another,  Robert,  was  chief  justice  of  New  Jersey, 
and  judge  of  the  district  court,  and  died  June  2, 
1815,  aged  71;  and  a  third  was  lieutenant-gov 
ernor  of  Pennsylvania.  He  was  a  man  of  letters, 
and,  though  a  little  whimsical  in  his  temper,  was 
grave  in  his  manners  and  of  a  most  penetrating 


mind.  No  man  equalled  him  in  the  knowledge 
of  the  law  and  in  the  arts  of  intrigue.  Acute  in 
controversy,  when  he  had  advanced  an  argument 
he  would  not  yield  it,  unless  it  was  disproved  by 
demonstration  almost  mathematical.  —  Smith's 
New  Jersey,  428-435 ;  Smith's  New  York,  125, 
126. 

MORRIS,  ROBERT  HUNTER,  chief  justice  of 
New  Jersey,  the  son  of  the  preceding,  was  for 
near  twenty-six  years  one  of  the  council  of  that 
colony,  and  was  also  lieutenant-governor  of  Penn 
sylvania  from  Oct.,  1754,  to  Aug.,  1756.  The 
office  of  chief  justice  he  resigned  in  the  fall  of 
1757,  and  he  died  Feb.  20,  1764.  His  vigorous 
powers  of  mind  were  improved  by  a  liberal  edu 
cation.  As  a  judge  he  was  impartial  and  upright. 
Insisting  upon  strict  adherence  to  the  forms  of 
the  courts,  he  reduced  the  pleadings  to  precision 
and  method.  His  address  was  easy,  and  there 
was  a  commanding  influence  in  his  manners.  He 
was  free  from  avarice;  generous  and  manly, 
though  sometimes  inconsiderate  in  the  relations 
of  life;  often  singular,  sometimes  whimsical,  al 
ways  opinionated,  and  mostly  inflexible.  —  Smith's 
New  Jersey,  438,  439. 

MORRIS,  LEWIS,  major-general,  grandson  of 
Gov.  Lewis  M.,  died  Jan.  22,  1798,  aged  71.  He 
was  born  at  the  manor  of  Morrisania,  N.Y.,  in  1726. 
He  was  the  eldest  of  four  brothers :  Staats  was 
an  officer  in  the  British  service  and  a  member  of 
parliament;  Richard  was  judge  of  the  rice-ad 
miralty  court,  New  York,  chief  justice,  and  died 
in  April,  1810;  and  Gouverneur  was  a  member 
of  congress.  After  graduating  at  Yale  college  in 
1746,  he  settled  down  in  domestic  life  at  Mor 
risania,  having  married  a  Miss  Walton,  and  being 
devoted  to  agricultural  pursuits.  In  May,  1775, 
he  was  a  member  of  congress,  and  no  one  was 
more  zealous  for  the  interests  of  his  country. 
He  was  sent  to  Pittsburg  to  detach  the  western 
Indians  from  the  British.  Disregarding  his  pri 
vate  interest,  he  voted  for  the'  Declaration  of  In 
dependence,  although  British  ships  were  lying 
within  cannon-shot  of  his  house.  His  beautiful 
manor  of  Morrisania  was  soon  desolated;  his 
woodland  of  one  thousand  acres  was  destroyed; 
and  his  family  driven  into  exile.  He  retired  from 
congress  in  1777,  and  was  afterwards  general  of 
the  militia.  Three  of  his  sons  served  their  coun 
try  :  one  as  the  aid  of  Sullivan  and  in  the  family 
of  Greene ;  another  as  the  aid  of  Lee  ;  and  a  tliird 
as  lieut.  of  artillery.  One  of  these,  I  suppose, 
was  Colonel  Lewis  M.,  who  died  at  Morrisania  in 
Nov.,  1824,  aged  70. 

MORRIS,  ROBERT,  superintendent  of  the 
finances  of  the  United  States,  died  at  Philadel 
phia  May  8,  1806,  aged  71.  He  was  born  in 
Lancashire,  England,  in  June,  1734 ;  when  he 
was  at  the  age  of  thirteen  his  father  brought  him 
to  this  country.  About  1749  he  was  placed  in 


MORRIS. 

the  counting-house  of  Charles  Willing,  an  emi 
nent  merchant  of  Philadelphia,  after  whose  death 
he  was  taken  into  partnership  by  his  son,  Thomas 
Willing.  The  partnership  lasted  from  1754  to 
1793,  a  period  of  thirty-nine  years.  At  the  be 
ginning  of  the  Revolution  the  house  of  Willing 
and  Morris  was  more  extensively  engaged  in 
commerce  than  any  other  house  in  Philadelphia. 
His  enterprise  and  credit  have  seldom  been 
equalled.  In  177G  he  was  a  member  of  congress 
from  Pennsylvania,  and  his  name  is  affixed  to  the 
Declaration  of  Independence.  In  the  beginning 
of  1781  he  was  intrusted  with  the  management 
of  the  finances,  and  the  services  which,  in  this 
station,  he  rendered  to  his  country,  were  of  incal 
culable  value,  being  assisted  by  his  partner,  Gou- 
verneur  Morris.  He  pledged  himself  personally 
and  extensively  for  articles  of  the  most  absolute 
necessity  to  the  army.  It  was  owing  in  a  great 
degree  to  him  that  the  decisive  operations  of  the 
campaign  of  1781  were  not  impeded,  or  com 
pletely  defeated,  from  the  want  of  supplies.  He 
proposed  the  plan  of  a  national  bank,  the  capital 
to  be  formed  by  individual  subscription,  and  it 
was  incorporated  on  the  last  day  of  1781.  The 
army  depended  principally  upon  Pennsylvania  for 
flour,  and  he  himself  raised  the  whole  supplies  of 
this  State  on  the  engagement  of  being  reimbursed 
by  the  taxes  which  had  been  imposed  by  law.  In 
1782  he  had  to  struggle  with  the  greatest  difficul 
ties,  for,  with  the  most  judicious  and  rigid  econ 
omy,  the  public  resources  failed,  and  against  him 
were  the  complaints  of  unsatisfied  claimants 
directed.  He  resigned  his  office  after  holding  it 
about  three  years.  In  his  old  age  he  engaged  in 
land  speculations,  by  which  he  lost  his  fortune, 
and  in  his  last  years  he  was  confined  in  prison 
for  debt.  Surely  those  laws  which  send  a  man  to 
prison  for  misfortune,  and  not  for  crime,  will  at 
last  come  to  be  regarded  as  discreditable  to  a 
civilized  community.  His  wife  was  the  sister  of 
Bishop  White.  A  part  of  his  laborious  corre 
spondence  is  published  in  the  Diplomatic  corre 
spondence,  by  J.  Sparks. — Marshall,  rv.  457-460, 
557,  565. 

MORRIS,  RICHAED,  chief  justice  of  New  York, 
died  at  Westchester  in  April,  1810. 

MORRIS,  ROBERT,  judge,  died  at  New  Bruns 
wick,  N.  J.,  May  2, 1815,  aged  70.  He  was  chief 
justice  of  New  Jersey  during  the  war;  and  was 
succeeded  by  Brearley.  Washington  appointed 
him  district  judge,  which  post  he  held  till  his 
death. 

MORRIS,  GOUVERNEUR,  minister  of  the  United 
States  to  France,  the  youngest  son  of  Lewis 
Morris  by  a  second  marriage,  died  Nov.  6,  1816, 
aged  64.  He  was  born  at  Morrisania,  near  New 
York,  Jan.  31,  1752,  and  was  graduated  at  King's 
college  in  1768.  Having  studied  with  William 
Smith,  he  was  chosen  in  May,  1775,  a  member  of 
75 


MORRIS. 


593 


the  provincial  congress,  and  he  served  zealously 
in  the  same  body  in  subsequent  years ;  in  Oct., 
1777,  he  was  a  member  of  the  continental  con 
gress.  In  1780  he  removed  to  Philadelphia. 
Being  thrown  from  his  carriage  in  the  street,  the 
bones  of  his  leg  were  so  fractured  as  to  render 
amputation  necessary.  The  loss  was  supplied  by 
a  "  rough  stick,"  which  he  never  changed  for  a 
handsome  leg.  In  July,  1781,  he  was  an  assist 
ant  to  Robert  Morris  in  the  superintendence  of 
the  finances,  and  after  the  war  engaged  with  him 
in  commercial  enterprises.  They  were  not  con 
nected  by  blood.  In  Dec.,  1786,  he  purchased 
from  his  brother,  a  lieutenant-general  in  the  Brit 
ish  service,  the  estate  of  Morrisania,  and  soon 
made  it  his  abode.  In  the  next  year  he  was  a 
member  for  Pennsylvania  of  the  convention 
which  framed  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States.  He  proposed  a  senate  for  life.  From 
1788  to  1792  he  resided  chiefly  in  Paris,  engaged 
in  selling  lands  and  in  money  speculations.  In 
1792  he  was  appointed  a  minister  plenipotentiary 
to  France,  and  held  this  place  till  Oct.,  1794. 
Afterwards  he  travelled  on  the  continent.  Re 
turning  to  this  country  in  the  autumn  of  1798, 
he  was  chosen  a  senator  of  the  United  States  in 
1800,  to  fill  a  vacancy  till  1803.  In  the  contest 
for  the  presidency  he  preferred  Jefferson  to  Burr. 
The  project  of  the  great  canal  of  New  York  was 
promoted  by  his  efforts.  He  died  at  Morrisania. 
His  wife,  whom  he  married  in  1816,  was  Miss 
Randolph  of  Virginia.  He  lived  in  hospitality, 
and  was  admired  for  his  various  knowledge  and 
his  copious  and  eloquent  conversation ;  yet  he 
was  sometimes  overbearing  and  indiscreet.  He 
delivered  two  months  before  his  death  an  address 
to  the  historical  society,  in  which  he  points  out 
the  superiority  of  scriptural  history  to  all  other 
history.  He  regarded  religious  principle  as  ne 
cessary  to  national  independence  and  peace. 
"  There  must  be  something  more  to  hope  than 
pleasure,  wealth,  and  power.  Something  more 
to  fear  than  poverty  and  pain.  Something  after 
death  more  terrible  than  death.  There  must  be 
religion.  When  that  ligament  is  torn,  society  is 
disjointed  and  its  members  perish."  This  final 
testimony  in  favor  of  Scripture  is  the  more  im 
portant,  as  Mr.  Jefferson  represents  that  he  did 
not  believe  in  Christianity.  He  published  obser 
vations  on  the  American  Revolution,  1779;  ad 
dress  against  the  abolition  of  the  bank  of  North 
America,  1785  ;  an  eulogy  on  Washington ;  an 
eulogy  on  Hamilton ;  an  eulogy  on  G.  Clinton ; 
an  oration  before  the  New  York  historical  so 
ciety,  1812;  oration  on  the  restoration  of  the 
Bourbons  in  France,  1814;  inaugural  discourse 
as  president  of  the  New  York  historical  society, 
Sept.  4,  1816.  His  life,  with  selections  from  his 
correspondence,  etc.,  was  published  by  Jared 
Sparks  in  3  vols.,  8vo.,  1832. 


594 


MORRIS. 


MORSE. 


MORRIS,  JAMES,  an  eminent  teacher  in  Conn., 
died  in  Waynesborough,  Ga.,  in  1820,  aged  about 
65.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1775,  and  was  an 
officer  in  the  Revolutionary  war.  Afterwards,  in 
his  native  village  of  South  Farms,  in  the  town  of 
Litchfield,  Conn.,  he  founded  and  conducted  a 
very  flourishing  academy  for  the  youths  of  both 
sexes.  —  Dwight's  Travels. 

MORRIS,  JACOB,  general,  died  in  Butternuts, 
Otsego  co.,  New  York,  Dec.  13,  1843,  aged  89, 
aid  of  Gen.  Lee  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 
He  was  the  son  of  Gen.  Lewis  Morris,  and  the 
patriarch  of  a  numerous  family. 

MORRIS,  CHARLES,  commodore,  died  at  Wash 
ington  Jan.  27,  1856,  aged  70,  senior  officer  in 
the  navy,  regarded  as  the  ablest  naval  commander 
in  the  world.  A  native  of  Connecticut,  he  entered 
the  navy  in  1799,  served  under  Preble  against  the 
Barbary  States,  and  was  with  Decatur  at  his 
destruction  of  the  frigate  Philadelphia  from  under 
the  guns  of  Tripoli.  In  the  war  of  1812  he  was 
first  lieutenant  in  the  Constitution.  At  the  cap 
ture  of  the  Guerriere  he  was  shot  through  the 
body.  During  the  many  years  of  peace  his  ad 
vice  and  services  were  very  important  at  Wash 
ington.  He  was  chief  of  the  ordnance  bureau. 

MORRISON,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  Peter 
borough,  N.  H.,  died  in  1782,  aged  40.  Born  in 
Scotland,  educated  at  Edinburgh,  he  was  settled 
in  1766,  and  dismissed  in  1775. 

MORRISON,  NORMAN,  Dr.,  died  in  Connec 
ticut  in  1791,  aged  71.  He  was  born  in  Scot 
land  ;  educated  at  Edinburgh ;  came  to  this 
country  about  1740 ;  first  lived  two  years  at 
Wethersfield,  then  settled  at  Hartford,  where  his 
reputation  ever  stood  high  for  science  and  skill. 
He  instructed  pupils.  He  died  at  the  house  of 
his  pupil,  Dr.  Farnsworth,  of  Wethersfield.  The 
following  anecdote  is  related :  A  patient  wished 
him  to  consult  an  ignorant  Dr.  Andrus,  who  was 
conversant  with  the  Farmington  Indians,  and  had 
learned  their  skill  in  herbs.  He  agreed,  but  sent 
him  a  note  requesting  a  meeting,  written  in  Latin. 
Dr.  A.  could  make  nothing  of  it.  However,  he 
carried  it  to  Rector  Williams,  who  translated  it. 
The  Yankee  was  not  to  be  outwitted ;  so  he  sent 
back  an  answer  written  in  the  Indian  tongue, 
which  it  was  beyond  the  power  of  Dr.  Morrison 
to  decipher.  —  Williams'  Med.  Biog. 

MORRISON,  WILLIAM,  D.  D.,  minister  of 
Londonderry,  N.  H.,  a  native  of  Scotland,  suc 
ceeded  David  McGregore,  and  was  ordained  in 
the  west  parish  of  L.,  Feb.  12,  1783.  He  died 
March  9,  1818,  aged  G9,  and  was  succeeded  Jan. 
16,  1822,  by  Daniel  Dana,  subsequently  settled 
in  Newburyport.  He  was  an  eminently  pious 
and  useful  minister.  He  published  a  sermon 
at  the  election,  1792 ;  installation  of  J.  Giles, 
1803;  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  J.  Walker, 
1812. 


MORROW,  JEREMIAH,  governor,  died  in  Ohio 
March  22,  1852,  aged  82.  A  native  of  Pennsyl 
vania,  he  removed  to  the  Northwest  Territory  in 
1795  ;  he  assisted  in  forming  the  constitution  of 
Ohio  in  1802,  and  was  the  first  member  of  con 
gress,  then  a  senator  from  1813  to  1819.  He 
was  also  governor  from  1822  to  1826,  and  subse 
quently  canal  commissioner  and  representative  in 
congress.  In  all  trusts  he  was  distinguished  for 
good  sense  and  integrity. 

MORSE,  EBENEZER,  first  minister  of  Boylston, 
Mass.,  died  Jan.  3, 1802,  aged  84.  Born  in  Med- 
field,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1737;  was  or 
dained  in  1743 ;  and  resigned  in  1775. 

MORSE,  JEDIDIAII,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Charles- 
town,  Mass.,  died  June  9,  1826,  aged  65.  He 
was  a  native  of  Woodstock,  Conn.,  and  a  de 
scendant  of  Anthony  M.  who  lived  in  Newbury, 
Mass.,  in  1636.  He  was  born  in  1761 ;  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  college  in  1783  ;  and  was  installed 
April  30,  1789.  His  predecessors  were  James, 
Symmes,  Harvard,  Allen,  the  Shepards,  Morton, 
Bradstreet,  Stevens,  Abbot,  Prentice,  and  Paine. 
About  1821  he  was  dismissed  and  Mr.  Fay  was 
settled  as  his  successor.  He  died  at  New  Haven. 
His  wife  was  Miss  Breeze  of  New  Jersey,  a  grand 
daughter  of  Pres.  Finley,  and  was  eminent  for 
her  intelligence  and  virtues;  she  died  May  28, 
1828,  aged  61.  One  of  his  sons  is  distinguished 
as  a  painter,  and  is  known  the  world  over  by 
his  electric  telegraph ;  and  two  are  the  editors 
of  the  New  York  Observer.  Dr.  Morse  estab 
lished  the  publication  of  the  Panoplist,  and 
was  for  some  time  its  principal  editor,  until  it 
was  committed  to  Mr.  Evarts.  His  zeal  for 
the  orthodox  faith  caused  him  to  be  much  en 
gaged  in  controversy,  particularly  in  regard  to 
the  election  of  the  Hollis  professor  of  divinity  at 
Harvard  college.  He  deserves  the  title  of  the 
American  geographer.  He  first  published  geog 
raphy  made  easy,  1784,  and  American  geography, 
8vo.,  1789.  In  1793  it  appeared  in  two  vols.  and 
in  many  subsequent  editions.  He  published  also 
the  American  gazetteer,  1797  and  1804.  He 
published  also  thanksgiving  sermons,  1795,  1798, 
1799;  fast  sermons,  1798,  1799,  1812;  on  the 
death  of  R.  Carey,  1790;  of  Thos.  Russell,  1796; 
of  James  Russell,  1798;  of  George  Washington, 
1800;  of  Mary  Russell,  1806;  masonic  sermon, 
1798 ;  address  to  the  Andover  students,  1799 ; 
before  the  humane  society;  at  the  artillery 
election,  1803 ;  history  of  New  England,  with  E. 
Parish,  1804;  true  reasons  on  which  the  elec 
tion  of  a  professor  of  divinity  was  opposed,  1805  ; 
at  the  African  meeting-house,  1808;  at  the  or 
dination  of  H.  May,  1803;  of  J.  Huntington, 
1808;  before  the  asylum,  1807;  before  the  society 
for  propagating  the  gospel,  1810 ;  at  the  conven 
tion,  1812;  before  a  moral  association,  1813;  ap 
peal  to  the  public  on  the  controversy  concerning 


MORSE. 


MORTON. 


595 


Harvard  college,  1814 ;  at  the  annual  meeting  of 
the  commissioners  for  foreign  missions,  1821 ;  re 
port  on  Indian  affairs,  being  a  narrative  of  a  tour 
made  in  1820,  8vo. — Budington's  History  of 
Charlestown. 

MORSE,  NATHANIEL  S.,  Dr.,  died  in  Sutton 
March  17,  1835,  aged  84;  an  eminent  physician 
and  Christian. 

MORSE,  Mrs.,  widow  of  Asa  M.,  died  in  Bel- 
chertown  Oct.  3,  1843,  aged  99.  She  had  seven 
children,  sixty-two  grandchildren,  one  hundred 
and  forty-four  great-grandchildren,  and  ten 
great-great-grandchildren. 

MORSE,  STEPHEN,  a  soldier  who  bled  in  the 
war  of  the  Revolution,  died  at  Ilaverhill,  N.  II., 
in  1843,  aged  88.  Of  his  twelve  sons,  all  but  one 
lived  to  manhood. 

MORSE,  JOHN,  minister  of  Green  River,  Co 
lumbia  county,  died  in  Otsego  county,  N.  Y.,  Jan. 
3,  1844,  aged  80.  Born  in  Medway,  he  gradu 
ated  at  Providence  ;  studied  theology  with  Mr. 
Sandford  of  M.,  whose  daughter  he  married. 
From  1792  he  was  minister  at  Green  River 
twenty-three  years,  and  then  twelve  at  Otsego. 
In  both  places  his  labors  were  much  blessed.  He 
was  a  sound  theologian,  a  faithful  preacher. 
Among  his  last  words  he  said  :  "  I  long  to  depart, 
that  I  may  be  with  Christ." 

MORSS,  JAMES,  Episcopal  minister  in  New- 
buryport,  died  April  26,  1842,  aged  62 ;  a  grad 
uate  of  1800,  nearly  thirty-nine  years  in  the 
ministry. 

MORTON,  THOMAS,  an  early  settler  in  New 
England,  and  a  disturber  of  the  public  peace, 
died  about  1646.  He  was  a  lawyer  in  England, 
and  came  first  to  this  country  in  June,  1622,  with 
Weston's  company,  who  made  a  temporary  set 
tlement  at  Weymouth.  He  arrived  again  with 
Capt.  Wollaston  in  162,3,  and  settled  at  Mount 
Wollaston,  now  Braintree.  Here  the  company, 
which  did  not  consist  of  persons  influenced  by 
any  religious  considerations,  "  fell  to  great  licen 
tiousness  of  life,  in  all  profaneness,  and  the  said 
Morton  became  lord  of  misrule."  He  supplied 
the  Indians  with  arms,  that  they  might  hunt  for 
him;  and  in  this  way,  as  well  as  by  his  injustice, 
endangered  the  existence  of  the  religious  settle 
ments.  On  May  day,  1626,  a  new  name  was 
given  to  Pasonagessit,  or  Mount  Wollaston,  that 
of  "  Ma-re  Mount,"  commonly  written  Merry 
Mount,  on  which  occasion  there  was  a  revel.  A 
pine  tree  eighty  feet  in  length,  with  a  pair  of 
buck's  horns  nailed  near  the  top,  was  brought  to 
the  place,  with  drums,  guns,  and  pistols,  and 
raised  up  ;  a  barrel  of  beer  and  a  case  of  bottles 
were  provided  ;  and  the  company  danced  around 
the  May-pole  hand  in  hand,  while  one  filled  out 
the  liquor  and  all  joined  in  a  licentious  song; 
which,  says  Morton,  was  "  lamentable  to  the  pre 
cise  separatists  at  Plymouth."  The  magistrates,  at 


the  common  request  of  different  plantations,  after 
ineffectual  remonstrances  with  Morton,  sent  Capt. 
Standish  to  suppress  the  pestilent  establishment. 
Morton  was  taken  prisoner  and  transported  to 
England  ;  but  the  next  year  he  returned,  and  he 
was  again  seized  by  the  governor  of  Massachu 
setts  and  transported,  and  his  house  was  demol 
ished,  "  that  it  might  be  no  longer  a  roost  for 
such  unclean  birds."  He  came  again  to  tin's  coun 
try  in  1643,  and  after  being  arrested  and  impris 
oned  a  year  for  his  scandalous  book,  was  dis 
missed  with  a  fine  in  1644.  His  age  saved  him 
from  corporal  punishment.  He  died  in  poverty 
at  Agamenticus.  He  published  New  English  Ca 
naan,  containing  account  of  the  natives,  a  de 
scription  of  the  country,  and  the  tenets  and  prac 
tice  of  the  church,  4to.,  1632.  The  same  work 
has  the  imprint,  Amsterdam,  1637,  pp.  188.  It 
professes  to  be  written  upon  ten  years'  knowledge. 
As  a  specimen  of  his  skill  in  natural  history,  he 
says,  that  the  humming-bird  "  lives  upon  the  bee, 
which  he  catcheth  among  the  flowers.  Flowers 
he  cannot  feed  upon  by  reason  of  his  sharp  bill." 
He  describes  the  principal  persons  under  fictitious 
names ;  Mr.  Endicott  is  Capt.  Littleworth,  Win- 
throp  is  Joshua  Temperwell,  Standish  is  Capt. 
Shrimp.  He  relates  that  at  Wessagusset  a  young 
man  stole  corn,  and  was  tried  by  Edward  John 
son,  a  special  judge,  and  sentenced  to  death ; 
when  it  was  proposed  to  put  the  young  men's 
clothes  on  an  old,  impotent,  sickly  man,  that  was 
about  to  die,  and  hang  him  instead  of  the  young 
man  ;  and  "  so  they  did."  Such  is  my  memoran 
dum  after  examining  the  book  many  years  ago ; 
Mr.  Savage,  however,  says,  that  he  states  that  the 
proposal  "  was  not  agreed  to."  In  either  case, 
this  was  the  origin  of  the  story  in  Hudibras.  — 
Prince,  76-80;  Hutclunson,  I.  8,  31,  32. 

MORTON,  CHARLES,  minister  of  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  died  April  11,  1698,  aged  71.  He  was 
born  in  England  about  the  year  1626,  and  edu 
cated  at  Oxford,  of  which  college  he  was  fellow. 
He  was  at  first  a  royalist  and  zealous  for  the 
church  of  England ;  but,  observing  in  the  civil 
wars  that  the  most  debauched  generally  attached 
themselves  to  the  king  in  opposition  to  the  more 
virtuous  part  of  the  nation,  he  was  led  to  attend 
more  to  the  controversy  between  the  Prelatists 
and  the  Puritans.  At  length  he  became  a  Puri 
tan  himself.  He  began  his  ministry  at  Blisland. 
After  his  ejectment  by  the  act  of  uniformity  in 
1662,  he  preached  privately  to  a  few  people  till 
the  fire  of  London,  in  1666,  after  which  event  he 
removed  to  that  city  and  established  an  academy 
at  Newington  Green.  Among  his  pupils  was  De 
Foe,  the  author  of  Robinson  Crusoe.  Many 
young  ministers  were  educated  by  him.  After 
about  twenty  years  continuance  in  an  employ 
ment  for  which  he  was  eminently  qualified,  he 
was  so  infested  by  processes  from  the  bishop's 


596 


MORTON. 


MOULTON. 


court  that  he  was  obliged  to  desist  from  it.  He 
came  to  New  England  in  July,  1686,  and  was  in 
stalled  pastor  of  the  church  in  Charlestown,  Nov. 
5,  1686.  Here  he  continued  till  his  death.  He 
was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Bradstreet.  He  was  emi 
nent  in  every  kind  of  learning.  Having  a  gentle 
and  benignant  temper,  he  was  endeared  to  all 
his  acquaintance.  He  wrote  a  number  of  trea 
tises,  but  they  are  chiefly  compendious,  for  he 
was  an  enemy  to  large  volumes,  often  quoting 
the  adage,  a  great  book  is  a  great  evil.  In  Cal- 
amy's  Continuation  there  is  a  copy  of  his  advice 
to  those  of  his  pupils  who  were  designed  for  the 
ministry.  Two  of  his  manuscripts  are  still  pre 
served  in  this  country;  the  one  in  the  library 
of  the  Massachusetts  historical  society,  entitled, 
compendium  physical  ex  authoribus  extractum ; 
and  the  other  in  the  library  of  Bowdoin  college, 
entitled,  a  complete  system  of  natural  philosophy 
in  general  and  special.  He  published  the  little 
peace-maker;  foolish  pride  the  make-bate,  1674; 
the  gaming  humor  considered  and  reproved; 
the  way  of  good  men  for  wise  men  to  walk  in  ; 
season  birds,  an  inquiry  into  the  sense  of  Jeremiah 
VIII.  7  ;  meditations  on  the  first  fourteen  chapters 
of  Exodus,  etc.  ;  the  spirit  of  man,  meditations 
on  1  Thess.  V.  23  ;  of  commonplaces  or  memo 
rial  books  ;  a  discourse  on  improving  the  country 
of  Cornwall,  a  part  of  which,  on  sea-sand  for  ma 
nure,  is  printed  in  the  philosophical  transactions, 
April,  1675 ;  considerations  on  the  new  river ; 
letter  to  a  friend  to  prove  money  not  so  necessary 
as  imagined ;  the  ark,  its  loss  and  recovery. 

MO11TON,  NATHANIEL,  secretary  of  Plymouth 
colony,  died  June  28,  1685,  aged  73.  He  was 
born  in  England,  and  was  the  son  of  George  M., 
who  came  to  this  country  in  July,  1623,  and  died 
at  Plymouth  in  June,  1624,  leaving  a  widow,  the 
sister  of  Governor  Bradford,  and  four  sons ;  from 
John,  one  of  these,  descended  Marcus  M.,  and 
from  Ephraim  descended  Perez  M.,  distinguished 
men,  in  the  State  of  Massachusetts.  Mr.  M.  was 
appointed  in  1645  clerk  or  secretary  of  the  colony 
court,  and  continued  in  office  forty  years,  till  his 
death.  He  wrote  in  1680  a  brief  ecclesiastical 
history  of  the  church  at  Plymouth,  in  the  records 
of  the  church,  which  is  preserved  by  Hazard ; 
and  New  England's  memorial,  or  a  brief  relation 
of  the  most  memorable  and  remarkable  passages 
of  the  providence  of  God,  manifested  to  the  plant 
ers  of  New  England,  4to.,  1669.  This  work, 
which  is  confined  very  much  to  Plymouth  colony, 
was  compiled  principally  from  manuscripts  of  his 
uncle,  William  Bradford,  extending  from  the  year 
1620  to  1646,  and  he  had  access  also  to  the 
journals  of  Edward  Winslow.  This  work  has 
been  of  great  service  to  succeeding  historians. 
A  second  edition  was  printed  in  1721;  a  fifth, 
with  notes  by  Judge  Davis,  1826;  a  sixth,  with 
notes,  by  the  Congregational  board,  1855. 


MORTON,  JOHN,  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution, 
died  in  1777,  aged  55.  He  was  a  native  of  Ches 
ter  county,  Penn.,  now  Delaware.  In  1764  he 
was  appointed  a  member  of  the  assembly  of  Penn 
sylvania,  and  afterwards  a  judge  of  the  superior 
court.  Elected  a  member  of  congress  in  1774,  he 
in  1776  voted  in  favor  of  the  Declaration  of  In 
dependence.  Had  he  voted  on  the  other  side, 
the  voice  of  Pennsylvania  would  have  been  against 
the  declaration,  as  the  other  delegates  were 
equally  divided  on  the  subject.  Of  the  committee 
on  the  system  of  confederation  he  was  the  chair 
man.  He  left  three  sons  and  five  daughters. 
He  was  a  professor  of  religion  and  a  benevolent 
and  excellent  man.  —  Goodrich. 

MORTON,  JACOB,  general,  a  man  of  promi 
nence  in  the  city  of  New  York,  died  in  1836. 

MORTON,  PEREZ,  attorney-general  of  Massa 
chusetts,  died  at  Dorchester  in  1837,  aged  87. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1771. 

MORTON,  SAMUEL  GEORGE,  Dr.,  died  in  Phil 
adelphia  in  1851,  aged  52.  He  was  for  thirty 
years  a  member  of  the  academy  of  natural  scien 
ces,  of  which  he  was  president.  He  had  a  mu 
seum  of  crania,  the  most  extensive  in  the  world, 
lie  published  crania  Americana,  and  crania  Egyp- 
tiaca  ;  a  work  on  consumption  ;  and  other  works. 
After  his  death  his  types  of  mankind  was  pub 
lished,  with  a  memoir.  —  Cycl.  of  Amer.  Lit. 

MOSELEY,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Hampton, 
Conn.,  died  in  1791,  aged  82,  in  the  fifty-seventh 
year  of  his  ministry.  Born  in  Dorchester,  Mass., 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1729.  He  was  an 
accomplished  gentleman  and  scholar,  a  strict  dis 
ciplinarian,  a  faithful  preacher.  —  Cogswell's  Ser 
mon. 

MOSELEY,  ABNER,  a  physician  in  Wethers- 
field,  Conn.,  died  in  1811,  aged  45.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  in  1786,  and  studied  with  his  uncle, 
Dr.  Thomas  M.  of  East  Haddam,  president  of 
the  Connecticut  medical  society.  —  Thacher. 

MOSELY,  SAMUEL,  a  missionary,  died  at  May- 
hew  in  the  Choctaw  nation  Sept.  11,  1824,  aged 
33.  His  theological  studies  had  been  completed 
at  Andover  three  years  previously.  He  was  a 
graduate  of  Middlebury  in  1818.  His  wife  sur 
vived  him.  In  great  peace  he  requested  her  to 
weep  no  more  for  him. 

MOSHER,  HANNAH,  Mrs.,  died  at  Galloway, 
New  York,  in  1835,  aged  100. 

MOSS,  REUBEN,  minister  of  Ware,  Mass., 
died  in  1809,  aged  about  42.  Born  in  Cheshire, 
Conn.,  he  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1787,  and 
was  ordained  in  1792.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

MOULTON,  JEREMIAH,  colonel,  died  at  York, 
July  20,  1765,  aged  77.  He  was  born  at  York, 
Maine,  in  1688,  and  was  taken  prisoner  by  the 
Indians  Jan.  22,  1692,  old  style,  when  York  was 
destroyed  by  the  Indians.  He  was  released,  with 
other  children,  in  gratitude  for  the  humanity  of 


MOULTRIE. 


MOURT. 


597 


Col.  Church,  who  in  one  of  his  expeditions  had 
released  several  Indian  prisoners,  old  women  and 
children.  The  savages  were  not  ungrateful  for 
acts  of  kindness.  In  August,  1724,  he  and  Capt. 
Harmon,  with  two  hundred  and  eight  men  and 
three  Mohawk  Indians,  marched  against  the  In 
dian  settlement  at  Xorridgewock,  in  consequence 
of  attacks  upon  the  frontiers.  There  being  four 
companies,  the  other  commanders  were  Capt. 
Bourne  and  Lieut.  Bean.  They  left  llichmond 
fort  Aug.  8,  old  style,  or  Aug.  19;  the  next  day 
arrived  at  Taconic,  where  they  left  their  boats 
and  a  guard  of  forty  men.  August  21,  they 
marched  by  land,  and  in  the  evening  fired  upon 
two  Indians,  who  proved  to  be  the  daughter  and 
wife  of  Bomaseen  ;  the  former  was  killed ;  the 
latter  taken  prisoner.  Aug.  23,  they  approached 
the  village  ;  Harmon  with  eighty  men  marching 
circuitously  by  the  fields,  and  Moulton  with  eighty 
men  directly  upon  Norridgewock,  which  he  sur 
prised.  The  Indians,  consisting  of  about  sixty 
warriors,  were  defeated,  and  the  chapel  and  vil 
lage  destroyed.  Father  Ralle  was  killed  in  a 
wigwam,  and  twenty-six  Indians,  among  whom 
were  Bomaseen,  and  his  son-in-law,  Mog,  also 
Job,  Canabesett,  and  Wissememet,  all  noted  war 
riors.  One  of  the  Mohawks  was  killed,  but  none 
of  the  whites.  Harmon  carried  the  scalps  to 
Boston,  and,  being  chief  in  command,  was  made  a 
lieutenant-colonel  for  the  exploit  of  Moulton,  who 
obtained  no  reward.  At  the  reduction  of  Louis- 
bourg,  in  1745,  he  commanded  a  regiment,  and 
was  afterwards  sheriff  of  the  county,  councillor, 
and  judge  of  the  common  pleas  and  of  probate. 
His  son  and  grandson  were  sheriffs. 

MOULTRIE,  JOHN,  an  eminent  physician  of 
South  Carolina,  was  a  native  of  Europe,  and  came 
to  Charleston  about  the  year  1733.  For  forty 
years  he  was  at  the  head  of  his  profession.  He 
died  about  the  year  1773,  universally  lamented. 
He  was  the  idol  of  his  patients.  So  great  was 
the  confidence  reposed  in  his  judgment,  that 
those  who  were  usually  attended  by  him  prefer 
red  his  advice  and  assistance,  even  on  the  festive 
evening  of  St.  Andrew's  day,  to  the  advice  of  any 
other  professional  man  in  his  most  collected  mo 
ments.  He  possessed  excellent  talents  for  obser 
vation,  and  was  very  sagacious  in  finding  out  the 
hidden  causes  of  diseases  and  in  adapting  reme 
dies  for  their  removal.  On  account  of  his  death, 
a  number  of  the  ladies  of  Charleston  went  into 
mourning. 

MOULTRIE,  JOHN,  M.  D.,  son  of  the  preced 
ing,  and  eminent  for  literature  and  medical  sci 
ence,  was  the  first  Carolinian  who  obtained  a 
medical  degree  from  the  university  of  Edinburgh, 
where,  in  1749,  he  defended  a  thesis  de  febre  flava. 
He  was  afterwards  lieutenant-governor  of  East 
Florida.  —  Ra?usay's  Review  of  Medicine,  43 ; 
Miller,  II.  364. 


MOULTRIE,  WILLIAM,  governor  of  South 
Carolina,  and  a  major-general  in  the  American 
war,  died  in  Charleston  Sept.  27,  1805,  aged  75. 
He  was  devoted  to  the  service  of  his  country  from 
an  early  period  of  his  life.  In  the  Cherokee  war, 
in  1760,  he  was  a  volunteer  under  the  command 
of  Governor  Littleton.  He  was  afterwards  in 
another  expedition  under  Col.  Montgomery.  He 
then  commanded  a  company  in  a  third  expedition 
in  1761,  which  humbled  the  Cherokees,  and 
brought  them  to  terms  of  peace.  He  was  among 
the  foremost  at  the  commencement  of  the  Rev 
olution  to  assert  the  liberties  of  his  country,  and 
he  braved  every  danger  to  redress  her  wrongs. 
His  manly  firmness,  intrepid  zeal,  and  cheerful 
exposure  of  every  thing  he  possessed,  added 
weight  to  his  counsels,  and  induced  others  to 
join  him.  In  the  beginning  of  the  war  he  was 
colonel  of  the  second  regiment  of  South  Carolina. 
His  defence  of  Sullivan's  Island,  with  three  hun 
dred  and  forty-four  regulars  and  a  few  militia, 
and  his  repulse  of  the  British  in  their  attack  upon 
the  fort,  June  28,  1776,  gained  him  honor.  In 
consequence  of  his  good  conduct,  he  received  the 
unanimous  thanks  of  congress,  and  in  compliment 
to  him,  the  fort  was  from  that  time  called  fort 
Moultrie.  In  1779  he  gained  a  victory  over  the 
British  in  the  battle  near  Beaufort.  In  1780  he 
was  second  in  command  in  Charleston  during  the 
siege.  After  the  city  surrendered  he  was  sent  to 
Philadelphia.  In  1782  he  returned  with  his 
countrymen,  and  was  repeatedly  chosen  governor 
of  the  State,  till  the  infirmities  of  age  induced 
him  to  withdraw  to  the  peaceful  retreat  of  do 
mestic  life.  The  glory  of  his  honorable  services 
was  surpassed  by  his  disinterestedness  and  integ 
rity.  An  attempt  was  once  made  on  the  part  of 
the  British  to  bribe  him,  and  he  was  thought  to 
be  more  open  to  corruption,  as  he  had  suffered 
much  in  his  private  fortune.  But,  resolving  to 
share  the  fate  of  his  country,  he  spurned  the 
offers  of  indemnification  and  preferment  which 
were  made  him.  He  was  an  unassuming,  easy, 
and  affable  companion,  cheerful  and  sincere  in  his 
friendships.  He  published  memoirs  of  the  Amer 
ican  Revolution,  so  far  as  it  related  to  North  and 
South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  2  vols.  8vo.,  1802. 
This  work  is  principally  a  collection  of  letters, 
written  by  civil  and  military  officers  in  the  time 
of  the  war.  —  Ilollingshead's  Discourse. 

MOUNTAIN,  JACOB,  first  Episcopal  bishop  of 
Quebec,  was  consecrated  about  the  year  1794, 
and  died  at  Marchmont,  near  Quebec,  June  19, 
1825,  aged  75.  He  was  succeeded  by  Dr. 
Stewart. 

MOURT,  GEORGE,  published  a  relation  or 
journal  of  the  beginning  and  proceedings  of  the 
English  plantation,  settled  at  Plymouth  in  Now 
England  by  certain  English  adventurers,  both 
merchants  and  others,  London,  1622.  This  was 


598 


MOXON. 


MUNN. 


abridged  byPurchas  and  republished  in  historical 
collections,  Till.  203-239.  The  parts  of  the 
original  relation  which  are  omitted  in  the  abridg 
ment,  are  published  in  2  hist.  coll.  IX.  26-74. 
This  relation,  probably  written  by  different  per 
sons,  includes  a  journey  to  Packanokik,  the  hab 
itation  of  the  great  king,  Massassoit.  Concerning 
Mourt  himself  nothing  is  known ;  it  is  supposed 
that  he  was  one  of  the  merchant  adventurers. 

MOXON,  GEORGE,  first  minister  of  Spring 
field,  Mass.,  was  born  at  Wakefield,  in  Yorkshire, 
England,  and  educated  at  Cambridge.  Coming 
to  this  country  as  a  preacher  in  1637,  he  was  in 
that  year  settled  at  Springfield,  where  he  re 
mained  until  1652,  when  he  returned  to  England. 
He  preached  in  different  places  till  disabled  by 
age  and  the  palsy.  He  died  at  Congleton  Sept. 
15,  1687,  aged  84.  He  was  succeeded  by  Mr. 
Glover.  His  son,  George,  was  ejected  from  a 
parish  in  Essex  in  1662.  Some  sermons  on  self- 
denial  were  prepared  for  the  press,  but  not 
printed. 

MOXUS,  an  Indian  chief  of  distinction  at  Nor- 
ridgewock,  in  Maine,  about  1690,  was  concerned, 
in  1702,  in  a  treacherous  but  unsuccessful  assault 
on  Maj.  March  at  Casco. 

MUHLENBERG,  HEXRY  MELCHIOR,  D.  I)., 
the  founder  of  the  German  Lutheran  church  in 
the  United  States,  was  born  at  Eimbeck,  in  Han 
over,  Germany,  in  1711,  and  came  to  Philadel 
phia,  where  he  was  the  pastor  of  a  German 
Lutheran  church  forty-five  years,  and  distin 
guished  for  his  piety  and  learning.  He  died  in 
1787,  aged  76.  His  three  sons,  Peter,  Frederick, 
and  Henry,  were  distinguished  men :  Frederic 
Augustus,  treasurer  of  the  State,  president  of  the 
convention  which  ratified  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States,  member  of  congress  and  speaker 
of  the  house  in  1793,  died  at  Lancaster  June  4, 
1801,  aged  51. 

MUHLENBERG,  PETER,  major-general  in  the 
army  of  the  Revolution,  son  of  the  preceding, 
died  Oct.  1,  1807,  aged  62.  In  obedience  to  the 
wishes  of  his  father  he  studied  divinity,  and  offi 
ciated  as  an  Episcopal  clergyman  in  Virginia  until 
1776,  when  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  con 
vention.  He  soon  entered  the  military  service  in 
command  of  a  regiment.  In  conducting  a  storm 
ing  party  at  Yorktown,  he  and  all  his  men  were 
wounded.  In  Feb.,  1777,  he  was  appointed  brig 
adier-general,  and  major-general  at  the  close  of 
the  war.  In  1801  he  was  appointed  a  senator  of 
the  United  States  from  Pennsylvania,  and  in  1802 
collector  of  the  port  of  Philadelphia,  in  which 
office  he  continued  till  his  death. 

MUHLENBERG,  HENRY  ERXST,  D.  D.,  a 
botanist,  the  son  of  Rev.  Henry  M.  M.,  died 
May  23,  1815,  aged  61.  He  was  born  in  New 
Providence,  Montgomery  county,  Penn.,  Nov.  17, 
1753.  In  1763  he  was  sent  to  Halle  with  his 


two  elder  brothers  to  finish  his  education.  On 
his  return  in  1770  he  was  ordained,  at  the  early 
age  of  17,  and  in  1774  appointed  one  of  the 
assistants  of  his  father  in  the  Philadelphia  con 
gregation.  In  1780  he  accepted  a  call  from  Lan 
caster,  where  he  lived  about  thirty-five  years  in 
the  exemplary  discharge  of  the  duties  of  his 
office.  He  died  of  the  apoplexy.  While  he  was 
a  learned  theologian  and  well  acquainted  with 
the  ancient  languages,  and  skilful  also  in  medi 
cine,  chemistry,  and  mineralogy,  he  was  particu 
larly  distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of  botany. 
He  was  induced  first  to  cultivate  this  science  in 
1777,  when  he  was  driven  from  Philadelphia  in 
consequence  of  its  being  occupied  by  the  British. 
From  this  time  he  corresponded  with  many 
learned  botanists  in  Europe  and  America.  Of 
many  learned  societies  he  was  a  member.  His 
herbarium  was  purchased  and  presented  to  the 
Amer.  philos.  society.  lie  published  catalogus 
plantarum  Amer.  septent.  1813;  descriptio  ube- 
rior  graminium,  etc.,  1816.  He  left  flora  Lan- 
castriensis  in  manuscript.  —  Encyc.  Americana. 

MU1R,  JAMES,  minister  at  Alexandria,  Va.f 
died  in  Aug.,  1820.  He  published  the  virtuous 
woman,  a  sermon  in  the  American  preacher,  II. ; 
address  to  a  public  society,  1814. 

MULLIKEN,  ISAAC,  Dr.,  of  Townsend,  Mass., 
died  in  1837,  aged  85,  a  fellow  of  the  medical 
society. 

MUNFORD,  WILLIAM,  a  poet,  died  in  Rich 
mond,  Va.,  June  21,  1825,  aged  49.  His  father, 
Col.  Robert,  was  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution, 
whose  poems  were  published  in  1798.  The  son 
was  educated  at  William  and  Mary  college ; 
studied  law ;  was  many  years  a  member  of  the 
house  of  delegates  ;  then  was  appointed  clerk 
till  his  death.  He  translated  the  whole  of  Ho 
mer's  Iliad  into  blank  verse  :  the  work  was  pub 
lished  in  two  vols.,  1846,  at  Boston.  He  published 
also  an  early  volume  of  poems  and  prose  writings. 
—  Cycl.  of  Amer.  Lit. 

MUNGER,  Mrs.,  wife  of  S.  B.  Munger,  mis 
sionary  in  India,  died  at  sea  March  12,  1846,  aged 
45.  Her  body  was  committed  to  the  Indian 
ocean  in  lat.  37°.  Her  name  was  Maria  An 
drews,  of  Middlebury,  Vt.  She  arrived  at  Bom 
bay  with  her  husband  in  Sept.,  1834.  For  several 
years  she  devoted  herself  to  her  missionary  work  ; 
but  ill  health  compelled  her  to  visit  her  native 
country  in  1842.  It  was  on  her  return  to  India  that 
she  died  in  great  peace.  Her  heart  of  benevolence 
was  turned  towards  India;  for  India  were  her 
cares,  watchings,  teachings,  prayers,  and  tears,  in 
much  weakness  and  painfulness.  She  could  not 
lose  her  reward. 

MUNN,  LOUISA,  wife  of  Bethuel  Munn,  mis 
sionary  at  the  Sandwich  islands,  died  Aug.  25, 
1841,  aged  3.2.  She  sailed  with  Mrs.  Castle. 
She  was  the  daughter  of  Deacon  Eli  Clark  of 


MUNSON. 

Skaneatclcs.  She  was  a  diligent  teacher;  her 
character  was  marked  by  humility,  patience,  and 
love  to  the  Redeemer. 

MUXSOX,  SAMUKL,  minister  of  Lenox,  Mass., 
died  in  1814,  aged  about  72.  He  was  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1763;  was  ordained  in  1770;  and  dis 
missed  in  1792. 

MUNSOX,  AENEAS,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  died 
in  New  Haven  June  16,  1826,  aged  nearly  92. 
He  was  born  in  New  Haven,  June  24,  1734; 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1753 ;  and,  having 
been  a  tutor,  was  a  chaplain  in  the  army  in  1755 
on  Long  Island.  Ill  health  induced  him  to  study 
medicine  with  John  Darly  of  Easthampton.  He 
practised  physic  at  Bedford  in  1756,  and  removed 
in  1760  to  New  Haven.  For  more  than  half  a 
century  he  had  a  high  reputation  as  a  physician, 
and  was  in  the  practice  seventy  years.  Of  the 
medical  society  of  Connecticut  he  was  the  presi 
dent.  He  was  a  man  of  piety  from  an  early 
period  of  his  life.  At  the  bedside  of  his  patients 
he  was  accustomed  to  commend  them  to  God  in 
prayer.  It  was  with  joyous  Christian  hope  that 
this  venerable  old  man  went  down  to  the  dead. 
—  Thaclicr. 

MUXSOX,  SAMUEL,  a  missionary,  died  June 
28,  1834,  aged  about  28.  He  was  born  in  New 
Sharon,  Me.,  and  graduated  at  Bowdoin  college 
in  1829;  at  Andover  seminary  in  1832.  He  em 
barked  in  1833  with  Mr.  Henry  Lyman  for  the 
East,  —  both  accompanied  by  their  wives, — and 
both  were  murdered  by  the  Battahs,  as  they  were 
travelling  in  Sumatra.  His  wife  was  Abigail 
Johnson,  of  Brunswick,  Me.  In  1856  there  was 
published  a  memoir  of  H.  Lyman,  which  gives 
an  account  of  the  circumstances  of  the  deaths  of 
these  friends.  Mr.  L.  was  shot ;  Mr.  M.  was  run 
through  the  body. 

MUXSOX,  ISRAEL,  died  at  Boston  Feb.  3, 
1844,  aged  78.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Yrale  in 
1787,  a  native  of  Xew  Haven  ;  a  physician,  then 
a  respected  merchant  in  Boston,  a  liberal  bene 
factor  of  several  literary  and  charitable  institu 
tions. 

MURDOCK,  JONATHAN,  minister  of  Bozrah, 
Conn.,  died  in  1813,  aged  66.  Born  at  or  near 
Saybrook,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1766  ;  was  for 
some  years  the  minister  of  Rye,  N.  Y. ;  and  was 
settled  at  Bozrah  in  1786. 

MURDOCK,  THOMAS  JEWETT,  minister  in 
Canterbury,  Conn.,  died  in  1827,  aged  about  35. 
Born  in  Norwich,  Vt.,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
in  1812,  and  was  tutor  three  years  ;  was  ordained 
over  the  chapel  church  in  Portland,  Me.,  in  1819, 
and  dismissed  in  1821 ;  and  was  installed  at  Can 
terbury  in  1822.  —  Spraguc's  Annals. 

MURDOCK,  JAMES,  D.  D.,  died  at  his  son's 
house  in  Columbus,  Miss.,  Aug.  10,  1856,  aged  80 
years.  He  had  long  been  known  as  a  teacher, 
professor,  and  eminently  learned  man.  Born  at 


MURRAY. 


599 


"Westbrook,  Conn.,  he  descended  from  thj  Pro 
testant  Scotch-Irish.  His  father  emigrated  from 
Ireland  about  1700,  and  lived  at  W.  fifty  years. 
It  was  in  a  very  eminent  class,  that  of  1797,  that 
he  graduated  at  Yale  under  Dr.  Dwight.  In  his 
class  are  the  names  of  Baldwin,  Bcecher,  Day, 
Foot,  George  Griffin,  Staples,  and  Seymour.  He 
was  ordained  the  minister  of  Princeton,  Mass.,  in 
1802,  and  was  successful  in  his  pious  labors.  In 
1815  he  was  appointed  professor  of  languages  at 
Burlington;  and  in  1819  professor  of  ecclesiasti 
cal  history  at  Andover,  and  assistant  professor  of 
eloquence.  He  resigned  in  1829,  and  passed  the 
remainder  of  his  life  in  learned  industry  at  Xew 
Haven.  At  an  early  period  he  made  himself 
familiar  with  Hebrew,  so  as  to  read  from  the 
Hebrew  bible  into  English  at  family  worship. 
At  Burlington  he  acquired  the  German.  All  his 
writings  evince  his  learning.  In  consequence  of 
his  sermon  on  "  the  nature  of  the  atonement," 
some  zealous  writers  were  led  to  call  in  question 
his  soundness  in  the  faith ;  but  he  rested  his  opin 
ions  not  on  old  creeds,  but  on  the  obvious  teach 
ing  of  Scripture,  and  he  did  not  feel  himself  bound 
to  adhere  to  antiquated  terms,  if,  as  he  thought, 
they  ceased  to  communicate  the  truth.  He  was 
not  an  unbeliever  in  the  atoning  sacrifice  and 
mediatorship  of  Christ.  Relying  on  his  media 
tion,  he  calmly  awaited  the  approach  of  death. 

Besides  his  sermon  on  the  atonement,  he  pub 
lished  a  sermon  at  the  installation  of  W.  Bas- 
com,  1815;  a  translation  of  Mosheim's  institutes 
of  ecclesiastical  history,  1832,  and  recently  a  new 
edition  ;  a  translation  of  Mosheim's  commentaries 
on  the  affairs  of  Christians,  1851;  a  translation 
of  Muenscher's  elements  of  dogmatic  history, 
1830;  sketches  of  modern  philosophy,  1842;  a 
translation  of  the  Syriac  new  testament,  1851 ; 
the  Congregational  catechism,  1844. 

MURPHY,  JOHN,  died  in  Fauquier  co.,  Va.,  in 
1838,  aged  105.  He  was  born  in  Ireland. 

MURRAY7,  JOSEPH,  a  friend  of  literature,  was 
a  native,  it  is  believed,  of  Great  Britain,  and 
educated  in  that  country.  He  was  one  of  his 
majesty's  council  and  attorney-general  for  the 
province  of  New  Y'ork.  He  left  the  whole  of 
his  estate,  consisting  of  books,  lands,  and  other 
property,  in  value  to  the  amount  of  about  25,000 
dollars,  to  King's  college.  —  Miller,  II.  357. 

MURRAY7,  JOHN,  a  Presbyterian  minister,  died 
at  Newburyport,  Mass.,  in  1793,  aged  50.  Born 
in  Ireland,  educated  at  Edinburgh,  in  his  twentieth 
year  he  came  to  America  as  a  preacher ;  and  was 
settled  first  in  Philadelphia,  then  in  Boothbay, 
Maine,  from  1767  to  1779;  then  in  Newburyport. 
He  had  a  high  degree  of  popular  eloquence. 
Once,  when  recruits  were  wanted  in  the  Avar,  he 
was  invited  to  the  meeting-house,  attended  by  a 
regiment  under  arms,  to  try  the  effect  of  his 
oratory  on  the  project  of  enlisting  a  full  compauy 


coo 


MURRAY. 


of  officers  and  men  for  an  emergency.  Within 
two  hours  after  his  address  the  company  was 
filled ;  and  in  a  few  days  marched  to  strengthen 
our  weak  army.  He  by  his  letters  induced  Mr. 
Milton  to  visit  X.,  where  he  founded  a  new  church. 
His  last  words  were : 

"  Come,  Lord  Jesus,  come  quickly! 
He  is  come,  he  is  come,  he  is  come !  " 

He  published  a  sermon  on  the  origin  of  evil ; 
the  last  solemn  scene ;  appeal  in  behalf  of  the 
oppressed,  1768;  at  a  fast,  1779;  a  voice  from 
the  wilderness ;  tyranny's  grave  destroyed,  at 
thanksgiving,  1783 ;  justification  by  imputed 
righteousness,  in  three  sermons ;  origin  of  evil ; 
on  death  of  Jona.  Payons ;  of  R.  Cross ;  of  llev. 
J.  Prince,  1791;  at  thanksgiving,  1795.  —  Mil- 
timore's  Sermon. 

MURRAY,  WILLIAM  VAXS,  minister  of  the 
United  States  to  the  Batavian  Republic,  died  Dec. 
11,  1803,  aged  41.  He  was  born  in  Maryland  in 
the  year  1761  or  1762.  After  the  peace  of  1783 
he  went  to  London,  and  resided  three  years  as  a 
student  in  the  Temple.  At  an  age  when  the 
passions  are  generally  unrestrained,  with  a  con 
stitution  of  exquisite  sensibility,  and  in  the  midst 
of  a  splendid  and  luxurious  metropolis,  he  re 
tained  the  resolution  and  the  firmness  to  devote 
his  time  and  attention  to  those  objects  which 
were  to  mark  the  usefulness  of  his  future  life. 
The  observations  of  Dr.  Price,  of  Mr.  Turgot, 
and  of  the  Abbe  de  Mably,  on  the  constitutions 
and  laws  of  the  United  States,  being  published 
during  his  residence  in  England,  he  studied  them 
with  persevering  and  honest  research,  and  gave 
the  public  result  of  his  reflections  in  a  pamphlet, 
which  was  favorably  received.  In  the  summer  of 
1784,  during  a  vacation,  he  made  an  excursion  of 
about  six  weeks  to  Holland ;  and  during  this 
short  time,  in  which  he  travelled  over  that  coun 
try,  he  was  most  assiduous  in  the  use  of  his  pen. 
The  minutes,  which  he  then  took,  he  afterwards 
digested  and  methodized  into  a  regular  work. 
The  intelligence  of  the  death  of  his  father,  to 
whom  he  was  most  affectionately  attached,  reach 
ing  him  at  a  time  when  his  health  was  precarious, 
he  sunk  under  the  affliction,  and  did  not  rise  from 
his  bed  for  six  weeks.  After  a  tedious  convales 
cence  of  several  months  he  returned  to  his  native 
country.  He  immediately  engaged  in  the  prac 
tice  of  the  law ;  but  the  voice  of  his  country  soon 
called  him  to  her  councils.  He  was  first  elected 
a  member  of  the  legislature  of  Maryland,  and  at 
three  successive  elections,  from  1791  to  1797,  to  a 
seat  in  the  house  of  representatives  of  the  United 
States.  This  station  he  filled  with  distinguished 
honor.  His  eloquence  in  debate  placed  him  in 
the  same  rank  with  Madison  and  Ames,  Giles  and 
Dexter.  A  regard  to  his  fortune,  which  was  not 
affluent,  at  length  induced  him,  in  1797,  to  de- 


MURRAY. 

cline  being  a  candidate  for  re-election  to  congress. 
But  his  merit  and  talents  had  not  escaped  the 
discerning  eye  of  Washington,  Avho  in  one  of  the 
last  acts  of  his  administration  appointed  Mr. 
Murray  as  minister  of  the  United  States  to  the 
Batavian  Republic.  This  station  had  been  occu 
pied  about  three  years  by  John  Q.  Adams,  who 
now  received  a  commission  as  minister  plenipo 
tentiary  at  Lisbon.  Mr.  Murray  arrived  at  the 
Hague  at  a  very  critical  period  of  affairs,  for  the 
misunderstanding  between  the  United  States  and 
France  was  approaching  to  a  rupture,  and  the  in 
fluence  of  the  latter  over  the  Batavian  councils 
was  uncontrolled.  But  by  a  judicious  mixture  of 
firmness,  of  address,  and  of  conciliation,  he  suc 
ceeded  in  preserving  uninterrupted  harmony  be- 

;  tween    the    American     and     Batavian    nations. 

|  With  Mr.  Ellsworth  and  Mr.  Davie,  he  assisted 
in  making  the  treaty,  which  was  signed  at  Paris 
Sept.  30,  1800,  and  which  has  contributed  in  a 
great  degree  to  the  prosperity  of  America.  Im 
mediately  after  signing  that  instrument  he  returned 
to  his  station  as  minister  resident  at  the  Hague, 
where  he  remained  till  his  return  to  the  United 
States  in  Dec.,  1801,  it  having  been  judged  un 
necessary  to  continue  the  expense  of  supporting 
that  mission.  From  this  period  he  lived  in  re 
tirement  at  his  seat  in  Cambridge,  on  the  eastern 
shore  of  Maryland.  In  private  life  he  was  re 
markably  pleasing  in  his  manners,  and  at  once 

1  amusing  and  instructive  in  his  conversation. 
With  a  mind  of  incessant  activity  he  united  the 
fancy  of  a  poet.  He  had  a  strong  and  genuine 

,  relish  for  the  fine  arts,  a  refined  and  delicate  taste 
for  literature,  and  a  persevering  fondness  for  the 
pursuits  of  science.  The  keenness  of  his  sensi 
bility  and  the  rapidity  of  his  conceptions  gave  him 

!  a  sense  of  decorum  which  seemed  almost  in 
tuitive.  His  facility  in  writing  was  proportioned 

j  to  the  vivacity  of  his  mind.     His  letters,  by  their 

!  elegance,  their  simplicity,  their  poignant  wit,  and 
unbounded  variety  of  style,  might  serve  as  models 
of  epistolary  correspondence. 

MURRAY,  JOHN,  first  Universalist  minister  in 
Boston,  died  Sept.  3,  1815,  aged  74.  He  was 
born  at  Alton,  Hampshire  county,  England,  about 
1741.  His  father  was  an  Episcopalian;  his 
mother  a  Presbyterian.  They  removed  from 
Alton  to  Ireland.  In  early  life  he  believed  the 
doctrine  of  election;  then  he  became  a  Metho 
dist  preacher  in  Mr.  Wesley's  connection ;  and 
afterwards  he  was  attached  to  Mr.  Whitefield. 
Repairing  to  London,  he  soon  forgot  the  charac 
ter  of  a  minister.  Good  company,  music,  danc 
ing,  Vauxhall,  and  the  play-houses  intoxicated 
him.  He  says,  "I  plunged  into  a  vortex  of 
pleasure."  Visiting  a  young  lady  to  convert  her 
from  the  error  of  Universalism,  the  following  was 
the  argumentation.  She  asked,  What  is  an  unbe 
liever  damned  for  not  believing?  He  replied, 


MURRAY. 


MURRAY. 


GOl 


For  not  believing  that  Jesus  Christ  is  his  complete 
Saviour.  She  again  asked,  Must  the  unbeliever 
believe  that  Jesus  Christ  is  his  Saviour  ?  Must 
he  believe  a  lie  ?  Is  Christ  the  Saviour  of  the 
unbeliever?  By  this  argument  he  was  over 
whelmed.  His  own  erroneous  definition  of  faith 
was  indeed  refuted  by  the  questions  of  the  lady  ; 
but,  instead  of  abandoning  that  error,  and  re 
garding  Christ  as  the  Saviour  only  of  them  who 
believe,  he  was  led  to  regard  him  as  the  actual 
Saviour  of  all  men,  believers  or  unbelievers. 
Having  lost  his  wife  and  child,  he  came  to  America 
in  poverty  in  Sept.,  1770.  He  preached  at  Bruns 
wick,  Xew  Jersey,  Newport,  and  Providence,  and 
first  in  Boston  Oct.  30,  1773 ;  afterwards  in  New- 
buryport  and  New  London,  in  New  York  and 
Pennsylvania.  In  May,  1775,  he  was  a  chaplain 
in  a  Rhode  Island  regiment.  After  preaching  in 
Gloucester,  he  was  established  in  Boston  about 
the  year  1785,  and  passed  the  remainder  of  his 
life  there.  After  six  years  of  helplessness  he 
died  in  peace.  His  widow,  Judith,  sister  of  Gov. 
Sargent,  of  Mississippi,  a  native  of  Cape  Ann, 
died  at  Natchez  June  6  1820,  aged  69;  she  wrote 
the  repository  and  gleaner,  3  vols.,  1798,  first 
published  in  Massachusetts  magazine,  with  the 
signature  of  Constantia ;  she  wrote  also  poetical 
essays,  signed  Honora  Martesia,  in  Boston  weekly 
magazine.  Mr.  M.  was  a  Trinitarian.  He  re 
garded  Winchester  as  a  believer  in  purgatorial 
satisfaction,  and  as  teaching  that  every  man  is  his 
own  saviour.  He  believed  that  myriads  of  men 
would  rise  to  the  resurrection  of  damnation,  and 
would  call  on  the  rocks  to  hide  them  from  the 
wrath  of  the  Lamb;  yet  he  seems  to  have  con 
sidered  that  damnation  as  ending  at  the  judgment 
day,  when  the  judge  would  separate  all  men  from 
sin  and  death  and  from  the  evil  angels.  He  sup 
posed  that  in  the  day  of  judgment  the  devil  and 
his  angels  would  be  placed,  as  the  goats,  on  the 
left  hand  of  the  judge,  and  all  men  on  the  right 
hand,  —  in  most  obvious  contradiction  to  the 
Scripture,  which  says  that  "  all  nations  "  will  be 
gathered  to  be  separated.  This  amounts  in  fact 
to  a  denial  of  the  future  judgment.  But  since 
his  death  Mr.  Balfour  has  explicitly  maintained 
that  there  will  be  no  future  reckoning  day.  At 
last  this  error  of  denying  a  future  judgment,  and 
thus  subverting  the  moral  government  of  God, 
appeared  so  great  and  perilous  to  a  number  of 
Universalist  ministers,  who  assert  a  future  retri 
bution,  and  the  punishment,  though  not  everlast 
ing,  of  the  wicked,  that  in  Aug.,  1831,  they 
announced  their  full  and  entire  separation  from 
the  denomination  of  Universalists,  and  the  estab 
lishment  of  a  religious  community  by  the  name 
of  the  "  Massachusetts  Association  of  Universal 
Restorationists."  Mr.  Murray  published  letters 
and  sketches  of  sermons,  3  vols.  His  life,  by 
himself,  was  published  in  1816. 
76 


MURRAY,  Joirx,  a  philanthropist,  a  brother 
of  Lindley  Murray,  died  Aug.  4,  1819,  aged  61. 
He  was  born  in  New  York,  and  after  acquiring  a 
fortune  as  a  merchant,  retired  from  business,  and 
devoted  his  income  and  toils  to  enterprises  of  be 
nevolence,  lie  was  a  Quaker.  The  society  for 
the  manumission  of  slaves  was  promoted  by  his 
efforts,  and  he  assisted  in  founding  and  support 
ing  most  of  the  benevolent  institutions  of  New 
York,  and  was  liberal  in  his  benefactions.  He 
exerted  himself  to  effect  the  repeal  of  the  crim 
inal  code  and  to  establish  the  penitentiary  sys 
tem.  For  thirty-five  years  he  was  a  governor  of 
the  New  York  hospital.  Such  men  of  beneficence 
deserve  to  be  held  in  lasting  honor. 

MURRAY,  ALEXANDER,  commodore,  died  Oct. 
6,  1821,  aged  66.  He  was  born  in  Chestertown, 
Maryland,  in  1755.  His  father  was  a  physician  ; 
his  grandfather,  banished  from  Scotland  for  ad 
hering  to  the  cause  of  the  pretender  in  1715,  set 
tled  at  Barbadocs.  As  a  lieutenant  and  captain 
in-  the  army  he  fought  in  the  battles  of  White 
Plains,  Flatbush,  and  New  York,  and  served  till 
the  close  of  1777.  He  afterwards  took  the  com 
mand  of  a  letter  of  marque.  Twice  was  he  taken 
prisoner,  the  second  time  in  the  frigate  Trum- 
bull ;  he  afterwards  served  in  the  Alliance  under 
Barry  until  the  close  of  the  war.  He  then  suc 
cessively  commanded  the  Insurgent  and  the  Con 
stellation,  and  went  with  a  squadron  to  the 
Mediterranean  to  protect  our  trade  against  the 
Barbary  States.  He,  at  last,  commanded  the 
navy  yard  at  Philadelphia,  and  died  near  Ger- 
mantown.  To  great  firmness  and  resolution  he 
united  a  mild  and  serene  temper. 

MURRAY,  JAMES,  major,  a  military  adven 
turer,  died  in  1806,  aged  41.  He  was  born  in 
Rhode  Island  about  1765;  his  name  was  Lilli- 
bi-idge,  which  he  changed  to  Murray.  In  conse 
quence  of  a  quarrel  with  his  family,  he  went  to 
sea  in  early  life ;  in  1790  he  arrived  at  Tranque- 
bar,  on  the  coast  of  Coromandel,  and,  joining  the 
Mahrattas,  who  were  at  war  with  the  British,  he 
encountered  in  their  service,  during  fifteen  years, 
every  kind  of  peril  and  hardship.  Having  dis 
pleased  Holkar,  the  chief,  by  preserving  the  lives 
of  British  officers,  he  abandoned  his  service,  and, 
raising  a  large  force,  occupied  as  a  sovereign  a 
large  district.  At  length  he  went  over  to  the 
British  with  seven  thousand  native  cavalry,  the 
command  of  which  he  retained.  At  the  close  of 
the  war,  having  acquired  a  large  fortune,  he  de 
termined  to  return  to  America.  A  few  days  be 
fore  he  proposed  to  set  sail  he  made  a  splendid 
entertainment  in  Calcutta.  After  dinner,  for  the 
entertainment  of  his  guests,  he  mounted  a  favor 
ite  Arabian  horse,  to  leap  over  the  table  at  which 
they  sat,  —  a  feat  which  he  had  often  performed. 
But  the  horse,  having  his  feet  entangled  in  the 
carpet,  threw  his  rider,  who  in  a  few  days  died  of 


602 


MURRAY. 


the  injury.  Thus  died,  the  victim  of  his  vanity, 
the  best  horseman  in  India,  the  soldier,  unrivalled 
in  the  use  of  the  broadsword,  who  had  fought  in 
many  battles. 

MURRAY,  LINDLEY,  a  grammarian,  died  near 
York,  England,  in  1826,  aged  81.  He  was  born 
of  Quaker  parents,  near  Lancaster,  Pa.  He  be 
came  both  a  lawyer  and  a  merchant.  He  pub 
lished  English  grammar,  and  exercises,  and  key, 
etc.,  and  power  of  religion ;  on  reading  the  Scrip 
tures. 

MURRAY,  WILLIAM,  died  near  Jonesborough, 
Tenn.,  in  1836,  aged  111.  He  was  born  in  Mary 
land. 

MURRAY,  WILLIAM  C.,  a  leading  merchant 
of  Charleston,  S.  C.,  died  in  1856,  aged  49. 

MUSSEY,  B.  B.,  an  enterprising  and  success 
ful  bookseller  in  Boston,  died  Jan.  12,  1857,  aged 
52.  Born  in  Bradford,  Vt.,  he  came  to  Boston 
as  a  book  auctioneer,  and  became  a  bookseller  in 
Cornhill,  accumulating  a  large  fortune.  Attached 
to  the  doctrine  of  the  Universalists,  he  was  a 
liberal  donor  to  Tufts'  college;  and  his  bounty 
was  not  limited  to  his  own  sect.  In  politics  he 
•was  an  honest  and  generous  member  of  the  Re 
publican  party. 

MUTER,  GEORGE,  chief  justice  of  Kentucky, 
died  May  9,  1811.  He  was  a  soldier  of  the 
Revolution.  He  was  appointed  in  1777  lieuten 
ant-colonel  of  the  regiment  of  artillery,  under 
Col.  Marshall,  in  Virginia. 

MUZZY,  Mrs.,  missionary  to  Madura,  died 
Dec.  3,  1846,  aged  38.  She  was  the  wife  of  C. 
F.  Muzzy,  missionary :  her  name  was  Samantha 
B.  Robbins,  of  Wardsborough,  Vt.  She  had 
toiled  ten  years  in  the  missionary  service ;  at  the 
time  of  her  death  there  was  great  attention  to 
religion  in  the  boarding-school  under  her  care. 
Multitudes  of  the  natives  mourned  her  loss;  six 
or  eight  hundred  attended  her  funeral. 

NANCREDE,  JOSEPH,  died  in  Paris  Dec.  15, 
1841,  aged  81.  He  came  to  America  in  the 
army  of  Rochambeau,  and  was  wounded  at  York- 
town.  He  lived  in  Philadelphia  and  many  years 
in  Boston  as  a  bookseller ;  he  was  also,  about 
1800,  a  teacher  of  the  French  language  at  Har 
vard  college.  He  edited  a  French  reader, 
L'Abeillc  Framboise,  1792;  and  other  books. 

NASH,  FRANCIS,  brigadier-general,  a  soldier 
of  the  Revolution,  was  a  captain  in  North  Caro 
lina  in  1771,  when  he  distinguished  himself  by 
his  firmness  and  bravery  in  an  action  with  the 
insurgents.  In  the  Revolutionary  war  he  was  ap 
pointed  a  colonel  by  the  convention  of  North 
Carolina  in  Sept.,  1775,  and  brigadier-general  in 
the  continental  army  in  Feb.,  1777.  In  the  battle 
of  Germantown,  Oct.  4,  1777,  he  was  mortally 
wounded  at  the  head  of  his  brigade,  which,  with 
Maxwell's,  formed  a  corps  de  reserve  under  Lord 
Stirling. 


NEIGHBORS. 

NASH,  JUDAII,  first  minister  of  Montague, 
Mass.,  died  Feb.  19,  1805,  aged  76,  after  a  min 
istry  of  52  years.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1748. 

NASH,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  West  Boylston, 
Mass.,  died  in  1829,  aged  59.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1791. 

NASH,  JONATHAN,  first  minister  of  Middle- 
field,  Mass.,  died  in  1834,  aged  69.  Born  in 
South  Hadley,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in 
1789 ;  was  settled  in  1792 ;  and  resigned  in  1832. 
He  published  a  sermon  at  end  of  21st  year  of  his 
ministry. 

NASH,  ANSEL,  minister  of  Windsor,  Conn., 
died  in  1851,  aged  62.  He  was  born  in  Hart 
ford,  Vt. ;  graduated  at  Williams  in  1809;  was 
minister  of  Tolland,  Conn.,  from  1812  to  1831, 
when  he  was  settled  at  Wintonbury  in  Windsor. 

NASON,  REUBEN,  minister  of  Freeport,  Me., 
died  Jan.  15, 1835,  aged  56.  Born  in  Dover,  N.  H., 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  the  large  class  of 
1802;  was  ordained  Feb.  7,  1810,  and  dismissed 
in  1815;  afterwards  he  was  employed  as  a  teacher. 
He  published  an  account  of  Freeport  in  historical 
collections,  second  series,  vol.  IV.  —  Sprue/lie's 
Annals. 

NEAL,  DANIEL,  Congregational  minister  in 
London,  died  in  1743,  aged  65.  He  published  a 
history  of  New  England,  in  two  vols.,  London, 
1720  ;  also,  a  history  of  the  puritans,  in  four  vols. 
Concerning  his  history  of  New  England,  Dr. 
Watts  wrote  a  letter  to  Dr.  C.  Mather  in  1720, 
which  is  in  historical  collections,  first  series, 
vol.  v.  He  hoped  that  Neal's  account  of  perse 
cution  would  do  good. 

NEAL,  JOSEPH  C.,  died  at  Philadelphia  July 
18,  1847,  aged  40.  Born  at  Greenland,  N.  H., 
his  father  had  been  a  teacher  at  Philadelphia,  and 
was  a  preacher  at  G.  Mr.  N.  was  early  an  editor, 
first  of  the  Pennsylvania!!,  begun  in  1831,  then  in 
1844  of  Saturday's  Gazette.  He  was  a  writer  of 
humor,  a  good  descviber  of  the  loafer.  He 
published  illustrated  volumes,  entitled  charcoal 
sketches. —  CycL  of  Amer.  Lit. 

NEALE,  LEONARD,  Catholic  archbishop  of 
Baltimore,  died  at  Washington  June  18,  1817, 
aged  70 ;  the  successor  of  Dr.  John  Carroll. 

NEALE,  CHARLES,  a  Catholic  minister,  super 
intendent  of  the  Jesuits  in  the  United  States, 
died  at  Mount  Carmel,  Maryland,  April  27,  1823, 
aged  74.  He  had  been  appointed  for  the  third 
time  to  his  station. 

NECKERE,  LEON  DE,  D.  D.,  Catholic  bishop 
of  New  Orleans,  died  in  Sept.,  1833. 

NEFF,  MARY,  the  brave  woman,  a  prisoner 
with  the  Indians,  who,  with  Hannah  Duston  and 
a  boy,  killed  their  Indian  masters  and  gained 
their  freedom,  bringing  home  with  them  ten  In 
dian  scalps.  This  was  in  1697. 

NEIGHBORS,  Mr.,  died  in  Laurens,  S.  C.,  in 


NELSON. 

1798,  aged  114.  His  wife  died  aged  109.  They 
were  both  from  Pennsylvania,  and  had  been  mar 
ried  eighty  years. — Ramsay's  S.  C.,  II.  421. 

NELSON,  PHILIP,  an  early  fanatic  or  impos 
tor,  died  in  1691.  He  was  the  son  of  Thomas, 
and  came  to  New  England  with  his  father  in 
1638,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1654,  the  only 
graduate  of  that  year.  lie  made  trouble  in  the 
church  of  Rowley,  by  pretending  to  cure  a  deaf 
and  dumb  boy,  in  imitation  of  Jesus  Christ,  by 
saying  Ephphatha.  The  ministers  were  called 
together  and  interrogated  him ;  but  "  there  he 
stood,"  as  say  the  records,  "  like  a  deaf  and  dumb 
boy,  as  he  was."  It  is  not  stated  whether  this 
inquiry  cured  the  impostor  of  his  pretence,  or  his 
dupes  of  their  folly. 

NELSON,  Jonx,  a  patriot  in  1689,  was  the 
leader  of  the  soldiers  who  made  Gov.  Andros  of 
Massachusets,  prisoner.  In  the  opinion  of  Hutch- 
inson  he  was  not  raised  to  merited  office  by  the 
people,  because  he  was  an  Episcopalian.  While 
on  a  trading  voyage  he  was  captured  and  carried 
to  Quebec,  and  confined  two  years.  His  provi 
dential  release  was  as  follows :  A  gentleman,  who 
called  at  his  grate,  asked  him  what  service  he 
could  render  him  ;  and  kindly  sent  a  letter  which 
Mr.  N.  had  written,  to  his  friend,  Sir  P.  Temple, 
in  England,  who  procured  his  freedom.  He  after 
wards  fell  into  the  Bastile  at  Paris. 

NELSON,  THOMAS,  governor  of  Virginia,  a 
patriot  of  the  Revolution,  died  Jan.  4,  1789,  aged 
50.  He  was  born  at  York,  being  the  eldest  son 
of  Wm.  N.,  a  rich  merchant.  At  the  age  of 
fourteen  he  was  sent  to  England  for  his  educa 
tion.  At  the  university  of  Cambridge  Beilby 
Porteus  was  his  tutor.  In  1761  he  returned  to 
this  country.  Being  a  member  of  the  general 
convention  of  Virginia  in  1775,  he  introduced  a 
resolution  for  organizing  a  military  force.  la 
Aug.,  1775,  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  con 
gress  ;  in  the  next  year  he  signed  the  declaration 
of  independence ;  but  ill  health  in  1777  induced 
him  to  resign  his  seat.  He  was  soon  appointed 
brigadier-general  and  commander-in-chief  of  the 
forces  of  the  colony.  He  also  aided  the  cause  of 
his  country  by  his  property.  In  1781  he  suc 
ceeded  Mr.  Jefferson  as  governor  of  Virginia. 
His  efforts  in  the  prosecution  of  the  war  were 
very  important,  and  were  particularly  noticed  by 
Gen.  Washington  after  the  capture  of  York,  in 
his  general  orders,  Oct.  20,  1781.  In  about  a 
month  afterwards  his  ill  health  caused  him  to  re 
sign  the  office  of  chief  magistrate.  An  act  was 
passed,  Dec.  31st,  to  legalize  certain  acts  of  his 
administration,  which,  owing  to  peculiar  circum 
stances,  were  done  without  the  advice  of  the 
council.  He  died  at  his  estate  in  Hanover.  His 
wife  was  the  daughter  of  Philip  Grymes  of  Bran 
don.  He  had  four  brothers,  zealous  iriends  of 
the  Revolution;  of  these,  the  last,  Robert  N., 


NETTLETON. 


G03 


died  at  Malvern  Hills  in  Aug.,  1818,  aged  66.  As 
a  soldier  he  was  active  and  intrepid.  Most  ar 
dently  was  he  attached  to  civil  and  religious  lib 
erty.  He  was  refined  in  manners,  social,  and 
benevolent.  —  Goodrich  ;  Eucy.  Amer. ;  Dwighfs 
Sketches. 

NELSON,  WILLIAM,  chancellor,  died  at  Wil- 
liamsburg,  Virginia,  July  10,  1813  ;  professor  of 
law  in  the  college  of  William  and  Mary. 

NELSON,  ROGER,  general,  a  soldier  and  pat 
riot  of  the  Revolution,  was  for  many  years  a  dis 
tinguished  member  of  congress  from  Maryland. 
He  died  at  Fredericktown  June  7,  1815,  at  an 
advanced  age. 

NELSON,  JOSEPH,  LL.D.,  the  blind  professor 
of  Latin  and  Greek  in  Rutgers  college,  New 
York,  died  in  1830.  He  succeeded  Dr.  Brownlee, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  McClelland.  So  great 
were  the  powers  of  his  memory,  that  he  was  an 
excellent  teacher.  —  Cyclopedia  of  American 
Literature. 

NELSON,  HUGH,  American  minister  to  Spain, 
died  in  Albemarle  county,  Virginia,  March  18, 
1836.  He  was  speaker  of  the  house,  judge  of 
the  general  court,  and  member  of  congress  from 
1811  to  1823. 

NELSON,  JEREMIAH,  died  at  Newburyport  in 
1838,  aged  60 ;  a  man  much  respected.  He  was 
a  member  of  congress  from  1805  to  1807,  and 
from  1815  to  1823. 

NELSON,  DAVID,  a  physician  and  minister, 
died  near  Quincy,  Illinois,  Oct.  17,  1844,  aged 
about  51,  a  native  of  East  Tennessee.  He  had 
an  epileptic  illness  of  several  years.  Though  his 
parents  were  pious,  yet  through  the  influence  of 
irreligious  companions  he  became  a  sceptic.  Hav 
ing  studied  medicine,  he  entered  upon  a  profita 
ble  practice  ;  but,  after  a  while,  as  he  thoroughly 
investigated  the  subject  of  religion,  he  was  con 
vinced  of  the  truth  of  the  gospel,  and  embraced 
with  a  sincere  and  earnest  spirit  the  profession 
of  a  minister,  and  for  the  remainder  of  his  life 
devoted  himself  to  this  method  of  doing  good, 
preaching  in  wide  circuits.  He  did  not  deal  so 
much  in  argument  and  reasoning  as  in  anecdote 
and  analagous  illustration.  His  work  on  the 
cause  and  cure  of  Infidelity  was  published  by  the 
tract  society,  1841.  He  gives  in  it  his  own  reli 
gious  history.  —  N.  T.  Observer,  Jan.  4,  1845. 

NELSON,  LEVI,  minister  of  Lisbon,  Conn., 
died  Dec.  17,  1855,  aged  76,  in  the  fifty-second 
year  of  his  ministry.  He  was  born  in  Milford, 
Mass.,  and  was  a  faithful,  useful  minister,  with 
scarcely  any  interruption  in  his  long  labors.  He 
preached  five  thousand  and  one  hundred  different 
sermons.  His  death  was  calm  and  serene.  He 
bequeathed  1000  dollars  to  his  parish,  provided 
they  did  not  settle  as  his  successor  a  man  em 
bracing  what  was  called  the  New  Haven  theology. 

NETTLETON,  ASAJIEL,  D.  D.,  a  remarkable 


604 


NEUFVILLE. 


NEWELL. 


evangelist  or  itinerant  preacher,  died  at  East 
Windsor,  Conn.,  May  16,  1844,  aged  60.  Born 
in  Killingworth,  the  son  of  a  farmer  in  rather 
humble  circumstances,  he  was  compelled  to  toil 
in  order  to  provide  for  his  education.  lie  grad 
uated  at  the  age  of  twenty-five  at  Yale  in  1809. 
He  wished  to  be  a  foreign  missionary ;  but  he 
was  led  to  a  different  field  of  labor.  For  ten 
years,  from  1812  to  1822,  he  was  constantly  em 
ployed  as  an  evangelist ;  and  revivals  everywhere 
attended  his  preaching  ;  as  in  thirty-two  towns 
of  Connecticut;  in  Pittsfield,  Lenox,  Lee,  and 
Wilbraham  of  Massachusetts ;  and  in  Saratoga, 
Ballston,  Malta,  Milton,  Schenectady,  and  Nas 
sau  of  New  York.  In  some  of  these  towns  a 
hundred  or  more  of  persons  were  through  his 
labors  added  to  the  church.  He  usually  preached 
three  times  on  the  Sabbath  and  several  times 
during  the  week.  A  long  illness  of  typhus  fever 
now  occurred  at  the  house  of  his  friend,  Rev.  Mr. 
Parmelee  of  Bolton,  who  caught  the  disease  and 
died  of  it.  When  his  health  was  restored,  he 
resumed  his  toils.  He  preached  in  Albany,  in 
New  York,  and  in  Virginia.  In  1831  he  went  to 
Great  Britain.  When  the  theological  institute 
was  founded  at  East  Windsor,  in  1833,  he  was 
invited  to  a  professorship,  which  he  did  not  ac 
cept  ;  but  he  resided  in  East  Windsor,  and  gave 
lectures.  Dr.  N.  had  great  discernment,  judg 
ment,  and  skill  in  promoting  the  cause  of  religion. 
He  was  solemn  and  earnest,  and  he  presented 
important  truths  most  clearly;  but  he  was  not 
endowed  with  a  glowing  fancy.  Yet,  in  describ 
ing  the  condition  of  sinners,  he  ended  with  the 
words,  "  lost,  lost,  lost,"  with  wonderful  effect.  He 
was  never  married.  He  published  village  hymns. 
—  Sprague's  Annals. 

NEUFVILLE,  EDWARD,  D.  D.,  long  the  rec 
tor  of  Christ  church  in  Savannah,  died  Jan.  1, 
1851.  He  was  a  native  of  Newport,  II.  I. 

NEVELING,  GILBERT  W.,  pastor  of  the  Ger 
man  reformed  church  at  Amville,  N.  J.,  died  in 
1844,  aged  93.  In  the  Revolutionary  war  he 
preached  to  the  battalions  in  New  Jersey  in  the 
cause  of  freedom. 

NEVILLE,  PRESLEY,  general,  died  near  Ne 
ville,  Ohio,  in  1818,  aged  62.  Born  in  Virginia, 
he  graduated  at  the  university  of  Philadelphia, 
and  entered  the  army  at  the  age  of  nineteen. 
He  served  several  campaigns  as  the  aid  of  Lafay 
ette.  He  was  a  prisoner  from  the  surrender  of 
Charleston  to  the  close  of  the  war.  The  battles 
in  which  he  fought  were  those  of  Princeton, 
Trenton,  Germantown,  Brandywine,  and  Mon- 
mouth.  In  the  latter  his  horse  was  killed  under 
him. 

NEVINS,  WILLIAM,  D.  D.,  died  at  Baltimore 
Sept.  14,  1835,  aged  37.  He  was  settled  about 
1820. 

NEVINS,    RUSSELL   II.,  died  in  New  York 


Nov.  27,  1853 ;  long  a  broker  and  banker.  A 
member  of  Mercer  street  church,  he  devoted  his 
last  years  to  benevolent  labors.  The  New  York 
hospital  shared  his  liberality. 

NEWBY,  Mrs.,  died  in  Laurens,  South  Caro 
lina,  after  1800,  aged  112.  —  Ramsay. 

NEWELL,  TIMOTHY,  one  of  the  selectmen  of 
Boston,  kept  a  diary  in  1775  and  1776,  when  the 
city  was  shut  up.  It  is  published  in  historical 
collections,  4th  series,  vol.  I. 

NEWELL,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Bristol,  once 
a  part  of  Farmington,  Conn.,  died  in  1789,  aged 
about  70.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1739,  and 
was  settled  in  1747,  and  was  succeeded  by  G.  H. 
Cowles. 

NEWELL,  ABEL,  minister  of  Goshen,  Conn., 
died  in  1813,  aged  about  84.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1751. 

NEWELL,  SAMUEL,  a  missionary  at  Bombay, 
died  May  30,  1821,  aged  about  35.  He  was  born 
at  Durham,  Maine,  and  was  graduated  at  Har 
vard  college  in  1807,  and  studied  theology  at 
Andover.  With  Judson,  Nott,  and  Mills,  he 
offered  himself  as  a  missionary  to  the  general 
association  of  ministers  at  Bradford,  June  27, 
1810  ;  was  ordained  at  Salem  with  Hall,  Judson, 
Nott,  and  Rice,  Feb.  6,  1812 ;  and  sailed  on  the 
19th  for  Calcutta.  On  his  arrival  he  was  ordered 
by  the  Bengal  government  to  leave  the  country. 
Proceeding  first  to  the  Isle  of  France,  he  suffered 
the  affliction  of  losing  his  wife  and  child :  he 
afterwards  went  to  Ceylon,  and  was  useful  in  pre 
paring  the  way  for  the  subsequent  mission  in  that 
island.  He  afterwards  joined  Mr.  Hall  at  Bom 
bay,  and  in  1817  was  joined  by  Mr.  Graves  and 
Mr.  Nichols.  He  continued  at  Bombay  a  faithful 
laborer  in  the  service  of  Jesus  Christ  until  his 
death.  He  was  seized  with  the  epidemic,  spas 
modic  cholera,  in  the  morning  of  May  29th,  and 
died  without  being  able  to  say  any  thing  of  his 
hopes,  at  one  o'clock  the  next  morning.  The 
same  disease  in  four  years  had  swept  over  India, 
Burmah,  and  the  Asiatic  islands,  and  hurried  mil 
lions  to  the  tomb ;  in  1832  it  prevailed  in  London 
and  Paris.  A  few  days  before  his  death  he  visited 
at  Tannah  many  of  the  sick  and  dying,  from 
whom  probably  he  took  the  disease,  as  it  was 
deemed  somewhat  contagious.  At  that  time 
from  sixty  to  one  hundred  were  dying  daily  in 
Bombay.  Mr.  Newell  was  very  modest  and  hum 
ble,  possessed  great  tenderness  of  feeling,  and 
was  entirely  devoted  to  the  arduous  and  impor 
tant  labors  of  a  missionary.  He  wrote,  with  Mr. 
Hall,  the  conversion  of  the  world,  or  the  claims 
of  six  hundred  millions,  etc.,  2d  edit.,  1818. — 
Sprague's  Annals. 

NEWELL,  HARRIET,  the  wife  of  the  preced 
ing,  the  daughter  of  Moses  Atwood  of  Haver- 
hill,  Mass.,  died  Nov.  30,  1812,  aged  19.  She 
was  born  Oct.  10,  1793,  and  received  an  excellent 


NEWELL. 


NEWMAN. 


605 


education.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  she  made  a  pro 
fession  of  religion.  She  sailed  with  her  husband 
from  Calcutta  for  the  Isle  of  France,  Aug.  4,  1812  ; 
about  three  weeks  before  her  arrival  she  became 
the  mother  of  a  daughter,  who  died  on  the  fifth 
day,  Oct.  13,  and  was  buried  in  the  ocean.  In  a 
few  weeks  Mrs.  Newell  died  of  the  consumption 
at  the  Isle  of  France.  She  departed  in  the  peace 
and  triumph  of  an  eminent  Christian.  In  writing 
to  her  mother,  Mr.  Newell  said  :  "  Come,  then, 
let  us  mingle  our  griefs  and  weep  together  ;  for 
she  was  dear  to  us  both;  and  she  too  is  gone. 
Yes,  Harriet,  your  lovely  daughter,  is  gone,  and 
you  will  see  her  face  no  more  !  Harriet,  my  own 
dear  Harriet,  tl*e  wife  of  my  youth  and  the  desire 
of  my  eyes,  has  bid  me  a  last  farewell,  and  left 
me  to  mourn  and  weep !  Yes,  she  is  gone.  I 
wiped  the  cold  sweat  of  death  from  her  pale, 
emaciated  face.  O  Harriet,  Harriet !  for  thou 
wast  very  dear  to  me,  —  thy  last  sigh  tore  my 
heart  asunder,  and  dissolved  the  charm  which 
tied  me  to  the  earth."  Her  mother,  Mary 
Atwood,  died  July  4,  1853,  aged  84 ;  her  father 
died  in  1808.  Her  life,  written  by  Dr.  Woods, 
has  passed  through  many  editions.  The  cause 
of  missions  was  greatly  promoted  by  the  delinea 
tion  of  her  character  and  the  description  of  her 
sufferings. 

NEWELL,  JONATHAN,  minister  in  Stow,  Mass., 
died  in  1830,  aged  81.  Born  in  Needham,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1770.  John  Gardner, 
his  predecessor,  died  at  the  age  of  80.  His  suc 
cessor,  John  L.  Sibley,  was  settled  in  1829.  He 
published  a  sermon,  1783;  review  of  fifty  years, 
1825. 

NEWELL,  HEPZIBAH,  Mrs.,  died  in  Monson, 
Mass.,  Sept.  22,  1834,  aged  103. 

NEWELL,  ISRAEL,  died  in  Durham,  Maine, 
in  1846,  aged  51,  a  graduate  of  Bowdoin  in  1819. 
For  thirteen  years  from  1822  he  was  the  princi 
pal  of  Kimball  union  academy,  Plainfield,  N.  II., 
teaching  more  than  twelve  hundred  youth  and 
fitting  two  hundred  for  college.  He  was  a 
preacher.  His  wife  was  E.  M.  Whittlesey  of 
Cornish.  —  Mirror,  Feb.  19. 

NEWHALL,  TIMOTHY,  general,  died  at  Stur- 
bridge,  Mass.,  Feb.  5,  1819,  aged  76.  Born  in 
Needham  in  1742,  he  was  at  first  a  mechanic, 
then  a  merchant  and  farmer.  He  entered  the 
army  as  brigade-major,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of 
colonel.  In  Shay's  rebellion  he  was  also  called 
into  active  service ;  he  was  also  a  senator  and 
councillor.  Of  a  noble  person  and  dignified  man 
ners,  he  was  also  a  most  agreaable  companion. 
One  daughter  married  Dr.  Ephraim  Allen  of 
Salem,  N.  Y.,  and  another  married  Judge  C.  J. 
Savage  of  New  York.  —  Washburn's  Sketch  of 
Leicester  Academy. 

NEWMAN,  FRANCIS,  governor  of  New  Haven 


from  1658  till  his  death  in  1661,  was  an  agent  to 
seek  redress  in  1653  from  Stuyvesant,  the  Dutch 
governor  at  Manhadoes,  and  was  secretary  under 
Eaton.  He  was  a  man  of  benevolence  and  piety. 

NEWMAN,  SAMUEL,  first  minister  of  Iteho- 
both,  Mass.,  died  July  5,  1663,  aged  63.  He  was 
born  at  Banbury,  Eng.,  in  1600,  and  was  educated 
at  Oxford.  He  came  to  this  country  in  1636. 
After  his  arrival  he  spent  a  year  and  a  half  at 
Dorchester,  and  then,  becoming  the  pastor  of  the 
church  at  Weymouth,  continued  there  about  five 
years.  In  1644  he  removed  with  a  part  of  his 
church  and  settled  at  Rehoboth,  now  Seekonk. 
While  he  was  indefatigable  in  his  study  of  the 
Scriptures,  and  animated  and  zealous  in  his 
preaching,  he  was  also  hospitable,  charitable,  and 
pious.  In  his  last  illness  he  sent  for  one  of  his 
deacons,  and,  after  requesting  him  to  make  a 
prayer,  said  :  "  And  now,  ye  angels  of  the  Lord, 
come  and  do  your  duty."  He  then  immediately 
expired.  His  daughter,  Hope,  married  Rev.  G. 
Shove.  He  compiled  a  concordance  of  the  Scrip 
tures,  which  was  published  in  London  in  a  thick 
folio,  5th  edit.,  1720.  While  he  was  at  Rehoboth 
he  revised  it,  using  pine  knots  in  the  night  in 
stead  of  candles.  It  passes  under  the  name  of 
the  Cambridge  concordance.  —  Magnolia,  HI. 
113-116. 

NEWMAN,  ANTIPAS,  second  minister  of  Wen- 
ham,  Mass.,  died  in  1672.  The  son  of  Rev.  Sam 
uel  N.,  he  began  to  preach  at  Wenham  in  1657  ; 
was  ordained  in  1663 ;  and  married  in  1668, 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Gov.  Winthrop.  She 
afterwards  married  Z.  Endicott  of  Salem.  — 
Farmer  ;  Sprague  ;  Miss  Caulkins. 

NEWMAN,  NOAH,  the  successor  of  his  father, 
Samuel  N.,  as  the  minister  of  Rehoboth,  died 
April  16,  1676.  He  was  settled  in  March,  1668. 
His  wife  was  Joanna,  daughter  of  Rev.  Henry 
Flynt.  After  his  death  the  people  voted  to  give 
his  widow  15  pounds  and  wood  ;  a  very  creditable 
act.  To  his  successor,  Mr.  Angier,  they  offered 
40  pounds  a  year,  of  which  10  was  to  be  money, 
with  a  prospect  of  augmentation.  —  Baylies' 
Plymouth. 

NEWMAN,  JOHN,  minister  of  Edgartown, 
Mass.,  died  in  1763.  He  was  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1740;  was  ordained  in  1747,  and  dis 
missed  in  1758.  The  sermon  at  his  ordination, 
by  T.  Balch,  was  published.  His  predecessors 
were  Mayhew,  Dunham,  and  Wiswall. 

NEWMAN,  SAMUEL  P.,  professor  of  rhetoric 
and  oratory  at  Bowdoin  college,  died  Feb.  10, 
1842,  aged  45.  He  was  the  son  of  Mark  New 
man  of  Andover,  now  living  aged  84,  whose 
father  lived  in  Ipswich,  and  died  aged  above  90. 
He  was  graduated  at  Bowdoin  college  in  1816. 
He  was  the  first  professor  in  his  department  from 
1824  to  1839.  Then  he  took  charge  of  the  State 


GOG 


NEWMAN. 


NICHOLS. 


normal  school  at  Barre,  Mass.  But  disease  soon 
cut  him  down  in  the  midst  of  life.  He  published 
a  system  of  rhetoric,  and  a  treatise  on  political 
economy. 

NEWMAN,  MARK  II.,  hrother  of  Professor 
N.,  died  in  Brooklyn,  Dec.  22,  1852^  aged  47. 
His  wife,  Mary  Dickinson  of  Amherst,  Mass., 
died  the  same  year,  aged  43.  He  was  a  pub 
lisher  in  New  York,  a  man  of  enterprise  and 
success  in  business,  and  a  Christian  held  in  high 
esteem. 

NEWMARCH,  JOHN,  minister  of  Kittery,  Me., 
died  Jan.  15, 1754,  aged  about  80.  He  was  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  in  1690.  He  lived  at  Kittery 
point,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Piscataqua,  opposite 
Portsmouth,  in  1699,  and  had  land  as  the  min 
ister,  but  a  church  was  not  gathered  until  1714, 
when  he  was  ordained,  Nov.  4th.  Col.  Pepperell, 
the  father  of  Sir  William  P.,  was  a  member  of 
his  church  at  its  organization,  consisting  of  eight 
een  men  and  twenty-five  women.  Mr.  Stevens 
in  1751  became  his  colleague,  on  account  of  his 
infirmity.  — •  Sprague's  Annals. 

NEWTON,  ROGER,  the  first  minister  of  Far- 
mington,  Conn.,  died  June  6,  1683,  aged  about 
63.  He  was  born  in  England,  and  ordained  the 
first  minister  of  Farmington  about  Oct.  13,  1652, 
and  removed  to  Milford  in  1660.  He  died  greatly 
lamented.  His  wife  was  Mary,  the  eldest  daugh 
ter  of  Rev.  Thomas  Hooker.  To  her  eldest  child 
Governor  Hopkins  bequeathed  30  pounds,  out  of 
respect,  perhaps,  to  her  father.  His  daughter, 
Sarah,  married  Rev.  John  Wilson  of  Medfield.  — 
Sprague's  Annals ;  Farmer. 

NEWTON,  ROGER,  colonel  and  judge,  died 
at  Milford,  Conn.,  in  1771,  aged  86.  He  was 
distinguished  in  the  expeditions  of  1709  and  1710. 
These  lines  are  a  part  of  his  epitaph  : 

"  Newton,  as  steel  inflexible  from  right 
In  faith,  in  law,  in  equity,  in  fight." 

NEWTON,  CHRISTOPHER,  Episcopal  minister 
of  Stratford,  Conn.,  died  in  1787,  aged  about  70. 
He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1740. 

NEWTON,  ROGER,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Green 
field,  Mass.,  died  Dec.  10,  1816,  aged  79.  He 
was  born  at  Durham,  Conn.,  May  23,  1737  ;  was 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1758 ;  was  ordained 
Nov.  18,  1761,  and  had  Gamaliel  S.  Olds  as  his 
colleague  for  a  few  years.  His  wife  was  Abigail 
Hall  of  Middletown.  His  son,  Roger,  educated 
at  Yale  college  and  a  tutor,  died  Aug.  19,  1789. 
He  was  a  faithful,  useful  minister,  prudent  and 
courteous  and  amiable  in  all  the  relations  of  life. 

NEWTON,  Mrs.,  the  wife  of  Samuel  N.,  mis 
sionary  to  the  Osages,  died  at  Shawneetown,  111., 
May  9,  1821.  She  was  taken  ill  while  descend 
ing  the  Ohio  in  a  boat.  Her  end  was  peace. 

NEWTON,  MRS.,  wife  of  Samuel  N.,  mission 
ary  to  the  Arkansas  Cherokees,  died  at  the  forks 


of  Illinois  in  1835,  aged  33.  Born  in  Rockawaj 
N.  J.,  she  joined  the  mission  among  the  Osaget, 
in  1820,  as  the  wife  of  J.  Scely.  In  1827,  after 
her  marriage  with  Mr.  Newton,  they  were  trans 
ferred  to  the  missionary  field,  where  she  died. 
She  had  been  fourteen  years  in  the  service.  She 
died  in  peace  and  triumph. 

NEWTON,  THOMAS,  for  thirty  years  a  mem 
ber  of  congress  from  Virginia,  died  at  Norfolk  in 
1847,  aged  78. 

NIBLET,  SOLOMON,  died  Oct.  15,  1815,  in 
Laurens  district,  South  Carolina,  aged  143.  Born 
in  England,  he  emigrated  to  Maryland,  and 
thence  in  1765  to  South  Carolina.  He  never  lost 
his  teeth  nor  eye-sight.  The  public  journal, 
which  states  these  facts,  also  says,  that  a  few  days 
before  his  death  he  joined  a  hunting  party  and 
killed  a  deer.  Whether  in  this  account  there  is 
some  mistake  or  some  invention,  there  are  no 
means  at  hand  of  deciding. 

NICENS,  DAVID,  a  Baptist  colored  minister, 
died  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Sept.  14,  1838,  aged  43. 

NICHOLAS,  WILSON  CARY,  governor  of  Vir 
ginia,  died  at  Milton  Oct.  10,  1820.  He  was  an 
officer  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  and  a  mem 
ber  of  the  convention  which  ratified  the  constitu 
tion  of  the  United  States.  He  was  for  years  a 
distinguished  member  of  the  house  of  represent 
atives  and  of  the  senate  of  the  United  States, 
being  chosen  senator  from  Virginia  in  Dec.,  1799, 
in  the  place  of  Henry  Tazewell,  deceased.  He 
ably  supported  the  measures  of  Jefferson's  admin 
istration.  Accepting  the  office  of  collector  of  the 
ports  of  Norfolk  and  Portsmouth  in  1804,  he  re 
signed  his  seat  in  the  senate.  He  was  afterwards 
a  member  of  the  house;  but  he  resigned  his  seat 
in  1809.  In  1814  he  succeeded  James  Barbour 
as  governor,  and  was  succeeded  by  Col.  James 
Preston  in  1817.  He  published  a  letter  to  his 
constituents,  1809. 

NICHOLET,  CHARLES,  came  from  Virginia  to 
Salem  in  1672,  and  was  assistant  minister  to  Mr. 
Higginson.  He  was  invited  to  settle  for  lii'e  ;  but 
a  difficulty  sprung  up  as  to  the  manner  of  his 
support,  whether  by  voluntary  contribution  or 
otherwise,  and  he  removed  to  Lynn  in  1674,  but 
went  to  England  in  1676. 

NICHOLS,  MOSES,  a  physician  and  colonel, 
distinguished  in  the  battle  of  Bennington,  Aug. 
17,  1777,  died  at  Amherst,  N.  II.,  in  May,  1790, 
aged  49.  He  commanded  the  troops  sent  by 
Stark  to  the  rear  of  the  enemy's  left  wing.  He 
held  at  last  the  rank  of  brigadier-general  of  the 
militia.  He  practised  many  years  as  a  physician, 
and  held  various  offices.  His  son,  Moses,  a  phy 
sician  and  judge,  lived  in  Canada. 

NICHOLS,  Joiix,  missionary  to  Bombay,  was 
ordained  at  Boston  with  the  missionaries,  Swift, 
Graves,  Parsons,  and  Buttrick,  Aug.  2,  1817,  and 
sailed  for  Bombay,  with  his  wife  and  Allen  Graves 


NICHOLS. 

and  his  wife,  and  Philomela  Thurston,  Sept.  5, 
1817,  and  arrived  Feb.  23,  1818.  After  toiling 
in  his  benevolent  work  nearly  seven  years,  he  died 
of  a  fever  at  Bombay,  Dec.  10,  1824. 

NICHOLS,  PIIIXEAS,  deacon,  died  at  Haver- 
hill,  Mass.,  in  1838,  aged  98.  He  was  at  the  cap 
ture  of  Louisbourg  in  1758,  and  took  an  active 
part  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 

NICHOLSON,  JAMES,  a  naval  officer,  died 
Sept.  2,  1804  or  1806,  aged  68.  He  descended 
from  ancestors  who  were  the  early  settlers  of 
Maryland,  was  born  in  Chestertown  in  1737,  and 
was  trained  to  the  sea  with  two  brothers,  who 
were  afterwards  commanders  in  the  navy.  Hav- 1 
ing  married,  he  resided  in  the  city  of  New  York 
from  1763  till  1771,  when  he  returned  to  the 
eastern  shore  of  Maryland.  In  1776  he  was  put 
in  command  of  the  Maryland  ship-of-war,  the 
Defence,  in  which  in  March  he  recaptured  several 
vessels  which  the  British  had  taken.  In  1778  he 
was  intrusted  with  the  command  of  the  Trumbull, 
a  frigate  of  thirty-two  guns,  in  which,  June  2, 
1780,  he  fought  a  severe  battle  of  three  hours 
with  the  "VVyatt,  losing  about  thirty  men,  when 
the  vessels  parted.  He  was  afterwards  captured 
and  carried  into  New  York,  where  he  continued 
to  live  after  his  release  at  the  close  of  the  Avar. 
During  the  controversy  concerning  Jay's  treaty, 
he  was  at  the  head  of  the  opponents  to  it  in  New 
York.  In  1801  he  succeeded  Mr.  Clarkson  as 
commissioner  of  loans  for  the  State  of  New  York. 
He  died  near  New  York.  His  three  daughters 
married  Albert  Gallatin,  William  Few,  and  John 
Montgomery,  a  member  of  congress  and  mayor 
of  Baltimore :  it  is  remarkable,  that  Mr.  Mont 
gomery  and  Col.  Few  were  buried  on  the  same 
day,  in  1828. 

NICHOLSON,  SAMUEL,  commodore  in  the 
American  navy,  and  probably  brother  of  the 
preceding,  died  at  Charlestown,  Mass.,  in  1811, 
aged  69. 

NICHOLSON,  JOSEPH  HOPPER,  chief  judge 
of  the  sixth  judicial  district,  and  a  judge  of  the 
court  of  appeals  of  Maryland,  died  March  4, 
1817,  aged  47  years.  His  talents  were  invigor 
ated  by  a  good  education.  For  many  years  he 
was  a  conspicuous  member  of  congress.  He  was 
appointed  a  judge  in  1805.  On  the  bench  his 
dignity,  integrity,  and  abilities  commanded  re 
spect.  In  private  life  he  was  amiable  and  be 
loved.  He  was  succeeded  by  Walter  Dorsey. 

NICHOLSON,  JESSE,  a  Methodist  minister, 
died  at  Portsmouth,  Va.,  in  1834,  aged  74. 

NICHOLSON,  JOHN  B.,  commodore,  died  at 
Washington  Nov.  9,  1846.  He  was  a  midship 
man  in  1805 ;  was  in  the  United  States  when  she 
captured  the  Macedonian,  and  in  the  Peacock  in 
the  engagement  with  the  Epervier. 

NICOLL,  JOHN,  M.  D.,  a  physician  in  New 
York,  died  Oct.  2,  1743,  aged  63.  He  was  a  na- 


NILES. 


607 


tive  of  Scotland,  and  was  educated  at  Edinburgh. 
Retaining  the  highest  attachment  to  the  doctrine, 
constitution,  and  discipline  of  the  church  of  Scot 
land,  after  his  arrival  in  this  country  he  was  one 
of  the  principal  founders  and  benefactors  of  the 
first  Presbyterian  church  in  New  York,  which  was 
established  in  1719.  He  spent  a  considerable 
part  of  his  estate  in  erecting  a  house  of  worship. 
As  a  physician  he  was  unwearied  in  his  attention 
to  his  patients.  The  poor  he  cheerfully  visited 
without  the  prospect  of  reward.  His  life  was 
distinguished  for  benevolence  and  piety. 

NICOLLET,  J.  N.,  an  eminent  mathematician 
and  astronomer,  died  in  Washington  Sept.  11, 
1843,  aged  about  48.  He  was  born  at  or  near 
Sallenches  in  Savoy,  between  Geneva  and  Mont 
Blanc.  He  was  a  favorite  pupil  of  La  Place  in 
Paris.  For  the  last  ten  years  he  lived  in  this 
country,  engaged  in  researches,  chiefly  in  the  em 
ployment  of  the  government.  He  explored  the 
regions  beyond  the  Mississippi  and  the  Missouri, 
and  completed  a  map  and  partly  prepared  a  re 
port.  He  wrote  various  books,  treatises,  and 
memoirs.  —  Boston  Advertiser,  September  20, 
1843. 

NICOLL S,  RICHARD,  colonel,  first  English 
governor  of  New  York,  was  commissioned  in 
1664,  with  Carr,  Cartwright,  and  Maverick,  to 
determine  complaints  and  appeals  in  all  causes, 
military,  criminal,  and  civil,  throughout  New 
England.  Nicolls  proceeded  to  Manhattan  and 
obliged  Stuyvesant,  the  Dutch  governor,  to  capit 
ulate  Aug.  27,  1664,  and  gave  to  New  Amster 
dam  the  name  of  New  York.  Sept.  14th,  fort 
Orange  was  captured,  and  called  Albany.  He 
established  a  regular  government  at  New  York. 
The  purchase  of  lands  from  the  Indians  on  Long 
Island  was  prohibited,  except  with  a  license  from 
the  governor.  In  1667  he  retired  from  the  gov 
ernment  with  honor,  and  was  succeeded  by  Love 
lace,  who  purchased  Staten  Island  from  the 
natives. 

NILES,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Braintree,  Mass., 
died  May  1,  1762,  aged  88.  He  was  a  descend 
ant  of  John  Niles,  who  lived  in  Braintree  from 
1639  till  his  death,  in  Feb.,  1694;  was  born  on 
Block  Island  May  1,  1674,  and  graduated  at  Har 
vard  college  in  1699.  He  afterwards  preached 
for  some  time  in  Rhode  Island,  in  a  district  called 
Ministerial  Lands,  from  1702  to  1710.  In  1710 
he  removed  from  Kingston  to  Braintree,  where 
he  was  ordained  minister  of  the  second  church 
May  23,  1711.  In  1759,  sixty  years  after  he  re 
ceived  the  first  honors  of  the  college,  he  took  the 
degree  of  master  of  arts.  His  first  wife,  a  daugh 
ter  of  P.  Thacher  of  Milton,  died  in  1716;  his 
second,  Ann  Coddington,  died  in  1732.  He  pub 
lished  a  brief  and  sorrowful  account  of  the  present 
churches  in  New  England,  1745;  -vindication  of 
divers  important  doctrines,  8vo.,  1752;  Scripture 


608 


NILES. 


NINIGIIETT. 


doctrine  of  original  sin,  in  answer  to  Taylor,  8vo., 
1757.  His  history  of  the  Indian  and  French 
wars  is  in  historical  collections,  third  series,  vol. 
VI.,  making  one  hundred  and  twenty-four  pages, 
and  unfinished. —  Sprague's  Annals. 

NILES,  THOMAS,  first  minister  of  Rumney, 
N.  II.,  died  about  1788,  aged  about  50.  Born  in 
East  Haddam,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1758. 
He  was  settled  in  17G7  and  dismissed  in  1788. 

NILES,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Abington,  Mass., 
died  Jan.  16,  1814?  aged  70.  He  was  the  son  of 
Mr.  Samuel  X.,  who  was  distinguished  in  public 
life  ;  was  born  in  Braintree  in  1743,  and  graduated 
at  Princeton  college  in  1769.  He  was  ordained 
Sept.  25,  1771;  his  predecessors  were  Samuel 
Brown,  Avho  died  in  1749,  and  Ezekiel  Dodge, 
who  died  in  1770.  After  suffering  from  the  palsy 
about  two  years,  he  died  Jan.  16,  1814,  aged  69. 
His  successor  was  Holland  Weeks.  His  wife  was 
a  daughter  of  his  predecessor,  E.  Dodge.  He 
was  a  faithful,  useful  minister,  and  a  man  of  a 
vigorous  mind,  inclined  to  metaphysical  investi 
gations.  He  published  some  remarks  on  a  ser 
mon  by  John  Reed,  1813  ;  a  sermon  on  the  death 
of  Washington,  1800 ;  before  missionary  society, 
1801.  —  Panoplist,  X. ;  Sprayue's  Annals. 

NILES,  SAMUEL,  died  at  Lebanon,  Conn.,  May, 
1804,  aged  93.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  in 
1731,  and  was  a  councillor  of  Massachusetts  and 
a  justice  of  common  pleas  for  Suffolk. 

NILES,  JOHN,  a  minister,  died  at  Bath,  Steu- 
ben  county,  N.  Y.,  in  1812,  aged  about  35.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1797. 

NILES,  NATHANIEL,  judge,  died  in  West  Fair- 
lee,  Vt,  in  Nov.,  1828,  aged  87.  He  was  the 
brother  of  Rev.  Samuel  N.  of  Abington,  and  was 
born  in  South  Kingston,  R.  I. ;  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1769.  He  was  for  a  time  a  student 
of  medicine  and  law,  and  then  of  theology  under 
Dr.  Bellamy,  and  preached  in  various  places,  but 
was  never  settled.  He  resided  in  Norwich,  Conn., 
where  he  married  a  daughter  of  Elijah  Lothrop, 
a  man  of  Avealth.  Here  he  invented  a  method 
of  making  wire  from  bar  iron,  by  water  power, — 
the  first  invention  of  the  kind.  He  also  erected 
a  woollen  card  manufactory.  Purchasing  land  in 
Vermont,  he  was  the  first  settler  in  West  Fairlee. 
He  became  speaker  of  the  house  and  judge  of 
the  supreme  court;  also,  a  member  of  congress; 
and  six  times  an  elector  of  president.  He  was  a 
metaphysician,  a  defender  of  the  taste  scheme. 
For  twelve  years  he  preached  in  his  own  house. 
He  wrote  the  American  hero,  a  celebrated  sap- 
phic  ode  on  the  Avar,  which  was  set  to  music,  and 
was  the  war-song  of  the  Revolution.  It  begins 
with  the  lines, 

"  Why  should  vain  mortals  tremble  at  the  sight  of 
Death  and  destruction  in  the  field  of  battle?  " 

It  is  in  the  New  York  Observer,  Aug.  21,  1851 ; 
also  in  the  cyclopedia  of  American  literature. 


He  published  four  discourses  on  secret  prayer, 
1773;  two  on  confession  and  forgiveness  ;  two  on 
God  the  fountain  of  good,  1777 ;  on  vain  amuse 
ments  ;  a  letter  on  the  power  of  sinners  to  make 
new  hearts,  1809.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

NILES,  HEZEKIAH,  died  at  Wilmington,  Del., 
April  2,  1839,  aged  62.  For  twenty-five  years 
he  was  the  editor  of  Niles'  Weekly  Register,  at 
Baltimore.  In  his  character  he  was  esteemed. 
He  published  his  Register  in  twelve  volumes 
from  1812  to  1817  ;  in  twelve  volumes  from  1817 
to  1823;  in  eight  volumes  from  1823  to  1827. 

NILES,  GEORGE,  died  in  Shaftsbury,  Vt.,  May 
19,  1846,  aged  105  yrs.  and  9  mos.  He  served  in 
the  French  and  Indian  war  at  the  age  of  16. 

NILES,  WILLIAM  WATSON,  a  minister,  died  at 
La  Porte,  Indiana,  in  1854,  aged  57,  a  graduate 
of  Dartmouth  in  1820. 

NILES,  JOHN  M.,  died  at  Hartford  May  31, 
1856,  aged  68;  he  was  a  senator  of  the  United 
States  eleven  years,  and  the  efficient  postmaster- 
general  under  President  Van  Burcn.  He  died  of 
a  cancer  on  his  cheek.  He  had  no  children.  He 
published  the  life  of  Perry. 

NINIGRETT,  sachem  of  Niantick,  or  Nehan- 
tick,  or  Nayantick,  was  one  of  the  Narragansett 
chiefs  at  the  settlement  of  Rhode  Island  by  the 
whites.  His  name  is  variously  written,  Ninegret, 
Nincgrad,  Ninicrete,  Ninicraft,  Nynigrett.  He 
was  the  uncle  of  Miantunnomu ;  but  in  the  war 
of  the  latter  with  the  Pequots  in  1632  he  did  not 
participate.  However,  he  assisted  the  English  in 
the  Pequot  war  of  1637,  his  country  being  in  the 
line  of  march,  and  when  the  division  of  the  two 
hundred  surviving  Pequots  was  made  among  the 
conquerors,  he  received  twenty  and  Miantunnomu 
eighty.  The  commissioners  of  the  United  Colo 
nies,  Sept.  20,  1653,  determined  to  make  war 
with  him,  and  ordered  two  hundred  and  fifty  sol 
diers  to  be  immediately  raised.  He  was  suspected 
of  joining  in  a  plot  with  the  Dutch  for  the  de 
struction  of  the  English  colonies,  for  he  had  spent 
the  preceding  winter  at  Manhadoes  with  Stuyve- 
sant,  the  Dutch  governor,  and  had  visited  the 
western  Indians.  The  commissioner  from  Massa 
chusetts  Avas  opposed  to  the  war,  and,  as  that 
colony  did  not  concur  in  the  measure,  it  AA'as  not 
prosecuted.  In  the  mean  while  Ninigrett  Avaged 
his  AArar  Avith  the  Long  Island  Indians  ;  and,  re 
fusing  to  appear  at  Hartford,  Avar  Avas  again  de 
termined  on  in  Sept.,  1654.  Maj.  S.  Willard 
marched  from  Massachusetts  into  the  Narragan 
sett  country  to  demand  the  Pequots  under  Nini 
grett,  and  tribute  ;  he  brought  off  one  hundred 
Pequots,  but  Ninigrett  had  fled.  His  country 
,  was  not  laid  Avaste,  probably  from  the  forbearance 
of  Massachusetts,  averse  to  the  war.  Oct.  13, 
!  1660,  he  and  Scuttup  and  other  chiefs  mortgaged 
their  territory  to  II.  Atherton  and  his  partners, 
and  delivered  possession  by  turf  and  tAvig  at  Pet- 


NISBET. 

tequamscot  in  1662.  lie  did  not  join  in  Philip's 
•war,  and  in  consequence  his  tribe  escaped  the 
ruin  which  came  upon  the  other  tribes.  The 
time  of  his  death  is  not  known.  In  1761  the 
number  of  his  tribe  was  two  hundred  and  forty- 
eight;  and  there  was  a  sachem  Ninigrett,  proba 
bly  his  descendant. 

NIS13ET,  CHARLES,  D.  D.,  first  president  of 
Dickinson  college,  Penn.,  died  Jan.  17,  1804,  aged 
66.  He  was  born  in  Scotland,  educated  in  Edin 
burgh,  and  was  for  many  years  minister  of  Mont- 
rose.  During  the  struggle  between  Great  Britain 
and  her  colonies,  such  was  his  attachment  to  lib 
erty  that  he  dared  to  lift  up  his  voice  in  favor  of 
America.  When  Dickinson  college  was  founded 
at  Carlisle  in  1783,  he  was  chosen  its  principal, 
though  he  did  not  arrive  in  this  country  and  enter 
upon  the  duties  of  the  office  till  1785.  His 
successors  were  Atwater,  Mason,  and  Neill.  His 
imagination  was  lively  and  fertile,  and  his  under 
standing  equally  acute  and  vigorous.  He  pos 
sessed  a  memory  tenacious  almost  beyond  belief, 
a  solid  judgment,  and  a  correct  taste.  He  could 
repeat  with  great  facility  all  the  beautiful  and 
striking  passages  of  the  classic  authors.  He  was 
acquainted  both  Avith  the  ancient  learned  lan 
guages,  and  with  the  modern  languages  of  Europe. 
His  lectures  in  the  college,  which  were  designed 
to  communicate  the  elements  of  knowledge,  were 
plain  and  simple,  but  rich  in  solid  learning.  In 
private  life  he  was  a  most  entertaining  companion, 
for  his  humor  was  excellent  and  exhaustless.  His 
penetrating  mind  perceived  relations  and  con 
nections  among  things  which  escaped  almost 
every  other,  and  he  was  constantly  enlivening 
conversation  with  flashes  of  wit.  He  was  master 
of  the  lively  anecdote,  the  smart  repartee,  the 
keen  irony,  and  the  delicate  rebuke.  His  remarks 
on  men  were  often  severe  and  cutting,  for,  being 
himself  upright,  he  had  a  rooted  abhorrence  of 
deceit  and  chicanery  in  others.  His  independ 
ent  mind  scorned  the  idea  of  procuring  favor  or- 
insuring  popularity  by  any  means  inconsistent 
with  the  most  dignified  and  virtuous  sentiments, 
and  he  had  no  respect  for  the  man  who,  to  obtain 
the  one  or  the  other,  would  cringe  to  the  multi 
tude.  His  manners  were  gentle,  unassuming, 
simple,  and  in  the  common  affairs  and  traffic  of 
this  world  he  was  a  very  child.  His  temper  was 
cheerful,  his  morals  unimpeached,  his  piety  un 
questioned.  As  the  principal  of  a  college,  as  a 
minister  of  the  gospel,  as  a  true  patriot,  as  a  good 
man,  he  has  not  often  been  surpassed.  His  posthu 
mous  works  were  published  about  1806 ;  his 
memoirs,  by  Dr.  Miller,  were  published  in  1840. 
—  Ci/cl.  of  Arner.  Literature. 

NITSCHMAN,  DAVID,  died  in  Bethlehem  April 
14,  1758,  aged  81.  He  felled  the  first  tree  at  B. 
and  built  the  first  house. 

NIXON,  JOHN,  brigadier-general,  a  soldier  of 


NOBLE. 


GOO 


the  Revolution,  died  March  24,  1815,  aged  90. 
lie  was  born  at  Framingham,  Mass.,  March  4, 
1725.  He  was  present  as  a  soldier  at  the  siege 
of  Louisburg  in  1745.  After  serving  in  the  army 
and  navy  seven  years,  he  returned  to  his  native 
place.  But  he  soon  again  entered  the  army  as  a 
captain.  He  fought  in  the  attack  on  Ticonderoga, 
when  Abercrombie  was  defeated,  and  in  the  bat 
tle  of  lake  George.  Afterwards  falling  into  an 
ambuscade,  he  cut  his  way  through  the  enemy  and 
escaped,  but  with  the  loss  of  nearly  all  his  party. 
In  the  Revolutionary  war,  at  the  head  of  a  com 
pany  of  minute-men,  he  met  the  enemy  in  the 
battle  of  Lexington ;  and  in  that  of  Bunker  Hill 
he  was  distinguished  by  his  bravery  at  the  head 
of  a  regiment,  and  received  a  severe  wound,  from 
which  he  never  entirely  recovered.  He  was  made 
a  brigadier-general  in  Aug.,  1776.  Washington 
intrusted  him  with  the  command  on  Governor's 
Island,  near  New  York.  He  was  with  Gates  in 
1777.  In  the  battle  of  Stillwater  a  cannon-ball 
passed  so  near  his  head  as  to  impair  permanently 
the  sight  of  one  eye  and  his  hearing  in  one  ear. 
In  bad  health,  he  resigned  his  commission  in  1780. 
He  removed  to  Middlebury,  Vt,  in  1803,  and 
lived  with  his  children.  His  brother,  Col.  N.,  an 
officer  of  the  Revolution,  was  drowned  in  a  voy 
age  to  the  district  of  Maine.  For  many  years 
before  his  death  he  was  a  member  of  a  Congre 
gational  church.  He  was  respected  and  esteemed 
in  the  various  relations  of  life. 

NOAH,  an  Indian  preacher  of  good  character, 
lived  in  1698  at  Nantucket,  where  there  were  then 
two  Indian  churches  and  five  congregations.  The 
other  preachers  were  Muckamuck,  Asherman, 
Quequenah,  Netowah,  Peter  Hayt,  Wunnohson, 
Spotso,  and  Codpogannut. 

NOAH,  MORDECAI  MAJJASSEII,  major,  died  of 
apoplexy  in  New  York,  March  22,  1851,  aged  65. 
Born  in  Philadelphia,  he  was  an  apprentice,  and 
in  early  life  went  to  Charleston.  He  was  consul 
to  Morocco  from  1813  to  1816.  On  his  return 
he  established  the  National  Advocate,  and  after 
wards  the  New  York  Enquirer,  which  was  merged 
in  the  Courier  and  Enquirer ;  and  then  the  Even 
ing  Star,  merged  in  the  Times  and  Star.  He 
also  published  a  weekly  paper,  the  Times.  He 
was  surveyor  of  the  port,  and  sheriff.  He  pub 
lished  travels  in  England,  France,  Spain,  and  the 
Barbary  States,  1819;  on  the  restoration  of  the 
Jews,  1845. 

NOBLE,  OLIVER,  minister  in  Newbury,  Mass., 
died  in  1792,  aged  56.  Born  in  Hebron,  Conn., 
he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1757 ;  was  ordained  at 
Coventry,  Conn.,  as  successor  of  J.  Meacham  in 
1759;  was  dismissed  in  1761;  settled  in  New 
bury  from  1762  to  1783;  and  then  in  Newcastle, 
N.  H.,  from  1784  till  his  death.  He  published  a 
discourse  on  church  music,  1774;  on  Boston 
massacre,  1775. 


G10 


NOBLE. 


NOIUUS. 


NOBLE,  GIDEON,  minister  of  Willington, 
Conn.,  died  in  1792,  aged  about  60.  He  was 
born  in  Westfield,  Mass.,  and  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1755. 

NOBLE,  JOHN,  deacon,  a  man  of  benevolence, 
died  in  Portsmouth,  N.  II.,  in  1801,  aged  67,  leav 
ing  two  bridge-shares  to  the  parish  poor. 

NOBLE,  DAVID,  judge,  an  early  settler  of 
"William stown,  Mass.,  died  March  4,  1803,  aged 
58.  He  was  a  lawyer,  and  a  prosperous  mer 
chant. 

NOBLE,  SETH,  died  in  Ohio  in  1807,  aged  64. 
He  was  the  son  of  Thomas  of  Westfield,  and 
minister  of  Montgomery,  Mass.,  from  1801  to 
1806.  At  an  earlier  period  he  preached  in  Ban- 
gor,  Me.,  before  the  town  obtained  an  incorpora 
tion  ;  to  procure  which  he  carried  their  petition 
to  Boston.  They  asked  that  the  name  of  the 
place  might  be  Lonfield ;  but,  as  he  admired  the 
tune  of  Bangor,  he  struck  out  that  word  and  in 
serted  Bangor;  and  such  was  the  music-loving 
origin  of  the  name  of  the  city  of  the  Penobscot, 
which  was  incorporated  in  1791.  In  1792  it  had 
only  169  inhabitants.  —  Holland's  Hist.  II.  100. 

NOBLE,  OBADIAH,  first  minister  of  Orford, 
N.  H.,  died  in  Vermont  Feb.  19,  1829,  aged  90. 
Born  in  Sheffield,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Prince 
ton  in  1763;  was  settled  in  1771;  and  dismissed 
in  1777. 

NOBLE,  CALVIN,  minister  of  Chelsea,  Vt., 
died  in  1834,  aged  56.  He  was  a  graduate  of 
Middlebury  in  the  fourth  class,  in  1805. 

NOBLE,  PATRICK,  governor  of  South  Carolina, 
died  in  Abbeville  district  in  1840,  aged  53.  He 
graduated  at  Princeton  in  1806;  was  a  lawyer,  a 
member  of  the  legislature,  and  governor  in  1838; 
as  his  term  of  office  was  not  expired,  the  legisla 
ture  chose  a  lieutenant-governor.  He  was  intel 
ligent,  and  of  an  amiable  and  irreproachable 
character,  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian  church. 

—  Boston  Chronicle  and  Patriot,  April  22,  1840. 
NODDLE,  WILLIAM,  took  the  freeman's  oath 

at  Boston,  in  1631.  From  him  Noddle's  Island 
was  named. 

NOEL,  SILAS  M.,  D.  D.,  a  Baptist  minister, 
died  at  Lexington,  Ivy.,  in  1839,  aged  55. 

NORCliOSS,  NATHANIEL,  a  preacher  at  Lan 
caster,  became  a  freeman  in  Massachusetts,  in 
1643.  He  was  a  first  settler  of  Nashaway,  as 
Lancaster  was  called  in  that  year ;  and  in  the 
next  he  became  the  minister,  but  in  one  or  two 
years  returned  to  England.  He  was  ejected  from 
his  living  at  Walsingham  after  the  Restoration. 

—  Felt's  Eccl.  History. 
NORDHEIMER,   ISAAC,  Dr.,   died  in    New 

York  in  1842,  professor  of  Hebrew  and  teacher 
of  German  in  Union  theological  seminary. 

NORMANDIE,  JOHN  ABRAHAM  DE,  a  physi 
cian,  formerly  of  Bristol,  Penn.,  died  at  Bellefield, 
near  Trenton,  N.  J.,  Sept.  22,  1805,  aged  85. 


NORPJS,  EDWARD,  minister  of  Salem,  had 
been  a  preacher  before  he  arrived  in  this  country 
in  1639;  he  and  liis  wife  Eleanor  first  joined  the 
church  in  Boston;  he  was  ordained  at  Salem 
March  18, 1640,  as  a  colleague  with  Hugh  Peters ; 
and  died  April  10,  1659,  aged  about  70,  having 
been  'sole  pastor  eighteen  years.  His  church  did 
not  adopt  the  platform  of  1648;  nor  did  they 
use  the  New  England  psalms  instead  of  Ains- 
worth's  till  some  years  after  his  death.  Mr.  Nor- 
ris  was  tolerant,  and  did  not  join  in  the  persecution 
of  the  Gortonists  and  Anabaptists.  In  1651  and 
1654,  when  one  person  was  executed  for  witch 
craft  in  Boston  and  several  others  in  the  colony, 
he  withstood  the  delusion  of  the  times.  Yet,  with 
his  excellent  disposition  and  enlarged  views,  he 
urged,  by  his  writings,  the  prosecution  of  the  Avar 
against  the  Dutch,  which  the  commissioners  of 
the  United  Colonies  had  recommended  in  1653, 
but  which  was  deemed  inexpedient  by  the  gov 
ernment  of  Massachusetts.  If  they  did  not  go 
to  war,  he  thought  the  curse  upon  Meroz  would 
be  deserved.  In  this  he  erred  in  spirit  and  judg 
ment.  He  lived  in  Gloucestershire  in  England, 
and  was  a  teacher  as  well  as  minister.  He  pub 
lished  in  London  a  treatise  on  asking  for  temporal 
blessings,  and  other  tracts  against  Boye  and  Trask. 
—  Felt's  Ecd.  JIist.,381. 

NOERIS,  JOHN,  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
theological  seminary  in  Andover,  died  Dec.  22, 
1808,  aged  57.  He  was  for  many  years  a  re 
spectable  merchant  in  Salem,  Mass.  March  21, 
1808,  he  gave  10,000  dollars  towards  establishing 
the  institution  at  Andover.  This  was  a  day  of 
unequalled  munificence,  for  on  the  same  day 
Messrs.  Brown  and  Bartlett,  merchants  of  New- 
buryport,  gave  towards  the  same  object,  the 
former  10,000  and  the  latter  20,000  dollars.  Mr. 
Norris  lived  to  see  the  seminary  opened  on  Sept. 
28th.  His  widow,  Mary  Norris,  died  at  Salem  in 
1811,  bequeathing  30,000  dollars  to  the  theologi 
cal  seminary  at  Andover,  and  the  same  sum  to 
trustees  for  the  benefit  of  foreign  missions  to  the 
heathen.  In  such  esteem  was  he  held  by  his 
fellow  citizens,  that  he  wan  for  several  years 
elected  a  member  of  the  senate  of  Massachusetts. 
Obtaining  through  the  divine  blessing  upon  his 
industry  an  ample  fortune,  he  considered  himself 
as  the  steward  of  God,  and  his  abundant  liberality 
flowed  in  various  channels.  Though  his  extreme 
self-diffidence  prevented  him  from  making  a  pub 
lic  profession  of  religion,  yet  his  house  was  a 
house  of  prayer,  in  which  the  morning  and  even 
ing  sacrifice  ascended  to  the  mercy-seat,  and  he 
was  constant  in  his  attendance  on  public  worship. 
Being  asked  by  a  friend  whether  he  did  not  en 
tertain  a  hope  that  he  was  a  Christian,  he  replied 
in  a  solemn  manner,  "  I  would  not  relinquish  my 
hope  that  I  am  a  child  of  God,  for  a  thousand 
worlds." 


NORRIS. 


NORTON. 


611 


NORRIS,  Phcbe,  died  at  Birmingham,  Pa.,  in 
1811,  aged  109.  She  had  been  maintained  as  a 
pauper  the  last  fifty  years. 

NORRIS,  JOHN,  a  Methodist  minister,  died  at 
Windsor,  O.,  in  1840,  aged  74. 

NORRIS,  ISAAC,  chief  justice  of  Pennsylvania, 
died  at  Germantown  June  3,  1735.  lie  was  a 
Quaker,  and  a  highly  respected  and  useful  man. 
His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Gov.  Lloyd. 

NORRIS,  THOMAS  F.,  editor  of  the  Olive 
Branch,  died  at  Somerville,  Mass.,  Dec.  21,  1853. 

NORRIS,  EDWARD,  an  ancient  schoolmaster 
of  Salem,  son  of  Rev.  Edward  N.,  died  in  1684, 
aged  69.  He  was  a  member  of  the  church  in 
1639,  and  a  teacher  from  1640  to  1671. — Farm 
er's  Register. 

NORSWORTHY,  THOMAS,  died  at  Salem,  in 
Dec.,  1856,  aged  99.  He  had  been  married  six 
times  and  was  the  father  of  thirty-three  children. 

NORTH,  JOSEPH,  died  in  Augusta,  Me.,  in 
April,  1815,  aged  85. 

NORTH,  WILLIAM,  general,  died  at  New  York 
Jan.  4,  1836,  aged  83.  He  was  aid  to  Baron 
Steuben  in  the  Revolutionary  war,  and  afterwards 
adjutant-general;  a  man  of  unstained  integrity, 
and  highly  respected.  He  was  buried  at  Duanes- 
burgh. 

NORTH,  CALEB,  colonel,  died  at  Coventry,  Pa., 
Nov.  7,  1840,  aged  88.  An  officer  in  the  Revo 
lutionary  war,  he  was  afterwards  a  merchant  of 
Philadelphia,  high  sheriff,  and  president  of  the 
Cincinnati. 

NORTH,  MILO  L.,  M.  D.,  died  at  Saratoga 
Springs  in  1856.  For  many  years  he  Avas  a  dis 
tinguished  physician  at  the  Springs,  and  was  a 
man  of  skill,  of  honor,  and  of  Christian  piety. 

NORTON,  Jonx,  minister  in  Boston,  died  April 
5,  1663,  aged  55.  He  was  born  at  Starford  in 
Hertfordshire,  England,  May  6,  1606,  and  was 
educated  at  the  university  of  Cambridge.  A 
lecture  was  at  this  time  supported  at  Starford  by 
a  number  of  pious  ministers,  and  through  their 
labors  Mr.N.,  who  was  himself  a  preacher,  though 
like  many  others  ignorant  of  his  own  character 
and  unacquainted  with  the  truth  as  it  is  in  Jesus, 
was  impressed  with  a  sense  of  his  sin,  and  by  the 
agency  of  the  Holy  Spirit  was  brought  to  re 
pentance.  The  view  of  his  own  heart  and  life, 
compared  with  the  holy  law  of  God,  almost  over 
whelmed  him  with  despair;  but  at  length  the 
promises  of  the  gospel  administered  to  him  inex 
pressible  joy.  His  attention  had  been  hitherto 
occupied  in  literary  and  scientific  pursuits,  but  he 
now  devoted  himself  exclusively  to  the  study  of 
theology,  and,  being  by  his  own  experience  ac 
quainted  with  repentance,  and  faith,  and  holiness, 
he  preached  upon  these  subjects  with  zeal  and 
effect.  He  soon  became  eminent.  Unable  to 
submit  to  the  impositions  of  the  establishment,  he 
embarked  for  New  England  in  1634,  but  a  violent 


storm  obliged  him  to  return.  In  the  following 
year  he  sailed  again  for  this  country,  and  arrived 
at  Plymouth  in  October,  in  company  with  Mr. 
Winslow.  lie  preached  in  this  town  during  most 
of  the  winter,  and  was  earnestly  invited  to  take 
the  charge  of  the  church ;  but  the  state  of  things 
in  the  colony  did  not  please  him.  Early  in  1636 
he  removed  to  Boston,  where  he  was  highly  re 
spected,  being  consulted  by  the  magistrates  in 
some  of  their  most  difficult  affairs.  Before  the 
close  of  the  year  he  accepted  an  invitation  to  set 
tle  in  Ipswich,  where  a  church  had  been  gathered 
in  1634.  In  1639  Mr.  Rogers  was  established  as 
his  colleague.  While  minister  of  Ipswich  he 
wrote  a  number  of  books,  which  procured  him  a 
high  reputation.  He  assisted  in  forming  the 
Cambridge  platform,  which  was  adopted  in  1648. 
After  the  death  of  Mr.  Cotton  at  the  close  of 
1652,  the  church  in  Boston  applied  to  Mr.  Nor 
ton  to  become  their  minister.  He  accordingly 
preached  in  that  town  for  some  time,  with  the 
consent  of  his  people ;  but,  after  the  death  of  Mr. 
Rogers  in  1655,  they  reclaimed  him.  Though  a 
number  of  councils,  called  upon  the  occasion,  ad 
vised  his  removal  to  Boston,  the  inhabitants  of 
Ipswich  declined  giving  him  a  dismission.  At 
length  the  governor  and  magistrates  were  under 
the  necessity  of  summoning  a  council,  whose  ad 
vice  or  result  was  followed,  as  it  was  considered 
as  partaking  more  of  the  nature  of  authority. 
From  this  period  he  was  the  minister  of  Boston, 
and  was  eminently  useful.  After  the  restoration 
of  Charles  II.  it  was  thought  necessary  to  address 
him.  Mr.  Norton  and  Simon  Bradstreet  were 
accordingly  appointed  the  agents  of  Massachu 
setts  for  that  purpose.  They  sailed  for  England 
in  Feb.,  1662,  and  returned  in  September,  bring 
ing  with  them  a  letter  from  the  king,  in  which  he 
promised  to  confirm  the  charter,  but  required  that 
the  administration  of  justice  should  be  in  his 
name,  and  that  all  persons  of  good  and  honest 
lives  should  be  admitted  to  the  sacrament  of  the 
Lord's  supper,  and  their  children  to  baptism. 
The  agents,  who  had  faithfully  endeavored  to 
serve  the  colony,  on  their  return  met  with  a  cold 
reception,  and  the  smothered  grief  of  Mr.  Nor 
ton,  on  account  of  the  ill  treatment  wliich  he  re 
ceived,  it  is  thought,  hastened  his  end.  He  died 
suddenly.  He  left  no  children.  Mr.  Davenport 
succeeded  him  in  the  ministry. 

Mr.  Norton  was  an  eminent  scholar  and  divine. 
In  controversy  he  was  very  acute,  for  his  powerful 
talents  had  been  cultivated  by  an  excellent  edu 
cation,  and  he  was  familiar  with  the  subtleties  of 
the  schoolmen.  The  doctrines,  for  which  he  con 
tended,  were  the  following :  that  there  is  one 
God  subsisting  in  three  persons  ;  that  the  will  of 
God  is  the  cause  of  all  causes,  and  second  causes 
the  effects  of  the  first  cause  ;  that  the  will  of  man 
is  an  instrument  disposed  and  determined  unto 


612 


NORTON. 


NORTON. 


its  action  according  unto  the  decree  of  God,  being 
as  much  subordinate  to  it  as  the  axe  is  to  the 
hand  of  the  hewer;  that  man,  even  in  violating 
God's  commands,  fulfils  God's  decree ;  that  the 
infallible  ordering  of  the  existence  of  sin  for  a 
better  end,  and  the  forbidding  of  sin,  are  not  at 
all  inconsistent,  but  fall  under  the  compass  of  the 
same  one  volition  of  God,  which  cannot  be  resisted 
or  defeated ;  that  God  is  not  the  author  of  sin, 
and  yet  that  he  does  not  merely  permit  it,  since 
he  has  decreed  it ;  that  the  reprobates  freely 
commit  such  a  measure  of  sin,  as  fits  them  for 
the  intended  measure  of  wrath ;  that  man  is  a 
free  agent,  having  a  real  efficiency,  though  sub 
ordinate  to  the  first  cause,  which  determines  the 
second  in  its  operation  ;  that  all  mankind  par 
ticipated  in  Adam's  sin  and  also  have  it  imputed 
to  them ;  that  original  sin  is  the  hereditary  and 
habitual  contrariety  and  enmity  of  the  nature  of 
man  against  the  whole  will  of  God ;  that  God  has 
elected  whom  in  his  wisdom  and  mercy  he  pleased 
to  eternal  life ;  that  the  conversion  of  these  is 
the  effect  of  God's  Spirit;  that  good  works  are 
necessary  as  the  way  to  salvation,  but  not  as  the 
cause ;  that  the  only  meritorious  cause  of  salva 
tion  is  the  active  and  passive  obedience  of  Jesus 
Christ,  which  is  imputed  unto  those  who  believe, 
and  is  received  by  faith  alone ;  that  only  the  elect 
believe  in  the  Redeemer ;  that  their  belief  or  faith 
is  the  effect  of  special,  absolute,  irresistible  grace ; 
and  that  the  will  is  passive,  not  having  the  nature 
of  a  free  agent,  in  the  first  reception  of  grace. 
His  sermons  were  written  with  great  care,  and  in 
his  extemporary  devotional  performances  there 
was  a  variety  and  fulness  and  fervor  seldom 
equalled.  A  good  man  of  Ipswich  used  fre 
quently  to  walk  to  Boston,  a  distance  of  about 
thirty  miles,  to  attend  the  Thursday  lecture,  and 
would  say,  that  it  was  worth  a  great  journey  to 
unite  in  one  of  Mr.  Norton's  prayers.  His  ex 
ample,  according  to  Dr.  Mather,  was  so  much 
followed,  that  some  young  ministers  were  able 
to  continue  their  addresses  to  God  for  more  than 
an  hour  with  great  propriety ;  and  without  weary 
ing  those  who  joined  with  them.  In  his  natural 
temper  Mr.  Norton  was  somewhat  irascible,  but, 
being  taught  by  the  grace  of  God  to  govern  his 
passions,  his  renewed  heart  rendered  him  meek, 
courteous,  and  amiable.  Still,  a  mistaken  zeal  for 
the  truth  made  him,  as  it  made  his  contempora 
ries,  friendly  to  persecution.  He  was  convinced 
that  some  difference  of  sentiment  must  be  per 
mitted,  and  wished  that  an  erroneous  conscience 
should  be  treated  with  tenderness  ;  but  when  the 
fundamental  doctrines  of  Christianity  were  de 
nied,  or  errors  were  supported  by  a  contumacious 
will,  especially  if  they  produced  disturbance  in 
the  State,  then  he  thought  it  indispensably  neces 
sary  to  be  acquainted,  to  use  his  own  words, 
"  with  the  holy  tactics  of  the  civil  sword."  The 


disuse  of  this  instrument,  in  his  opinion,  gave  op 
portunity  for  the  rise  of  the  man  of  sin ;  the 
abuse  of  it  maintained  him ;  but  the  good  use 
of  it  would  tend  to  destroy  him.  With  these 
sentiments  he  probably  encouraged  the  magis 
trates  in  their  persecution  of  the  Quakers,  who 
in  return  represented  to  the  king  and  parliament, 
that  "  John  Norton,  chief  priest  in  Boston,  by  the 
immediate  power  of  the  Lord  was  smitten  and 
died." 

Mr.  Norton  wrote  in  Latin  a  letter  to  the  fa 
mous  John  Dury,  which  was  signed  by  forty-three 
other  ministers.  A  translation  of  it  may  be 
found  in  S.  Mather's  apology.  In  1645  he  drew 
up  at  the  request  of  the  ministers  of  New  Eng 
land  an  answer  to  a  number  of  questions  relating 
to  church  government,  which  were  sent  over  by 
Apollonius  under  the  direction  of  the  divines  of 
Zealand.  This  was  the  first  Latin  book  ever 
written  in  this  country.  It  was  published  with 
the  title  of  responsio  ad  totum  qucestionum  syllo- 
gen  a  clariss.  viro  dom.  Gul.  Apollonio  proposi- 
tam,  ad  componendas  controversias  in  Anglia, 
London,  8vo.,  1648.  He  published  also  a  discus 
sion  of  the  sufferings  of  Christ,  and  the  questions 
about  his  righteousness,  active  and  passive,  and 
the  imputation  thereof,  in  answer  to  a  dialogue  of 
Mr.  Pinchin,  12mo.,  1653  ;  this  was  written  by 
the  direction  of  the  general  court ;  the  orthodox 
evangelist,  or  a  treatise  wherein  many  great  evan 
gelical  truths  are  briefly  discussed,  4to.,  1654  ; 
election  sermon,  1657  ;  the  life  of  Mr.  Cotton, 
1658 ;  the  heart  of  New  England  rent  by  the 
blasphemies  of  the  present  generation,  a  treatise 
concerning  the  doctrine  of  the  Quakers,  by  the 
desire  of  the  general  court,  8vo.,  1660 ;  election 
sermon,  1661;  a  catechism;  three  choice  and 
profitable  sermons  on  several  texts,  being  the  last 
sermons  which  he  preached  at  the  election,  at 
the  Thursday  lecture,  and  on  the  Sabbath,  1664. 

—  Mather's  Life  of  Norton ;  Sprague's  Annals. 
NORTON,  JOHN,  the  second  minister  of  Hing- 

ham,  Mass.,  died  Oct.  3,  1716,  aged  66.  He  was 
the  nephew  of  Rev.  John  N.  of  Boston,  and  the 
son  of  William  of  Ipswich.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1671,  and  was  ordained  Nov.  27, 
1678.  He  published  the  election  sermon,  1708. 

—  Lincoln's  Hist.  Hingham. 

NORTON,  JOHN,  minister  of  Easthampton  in 
Chatham,  Conn.,  died  in  1778,  aged  about  61. 
He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1737,  and  was  settled 
in  1748. 

NORTON,  SETH,  minister  of  Windsor,  Conn., 
died  in  1762,  aged  about  32.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1751. 

NORTON,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  Bernards- 
ton,  Mass.,  died  March  24,  1778,  aged  62.  Born 
in  Berlin,  Conn.,  ho  graduated  at  Yale  in  1737  ; 
was  settled  in  1737  ;  but  resigned  in  1741.  He 
was  afterwards  minister  in  Middlctown,  Conn. 


NORTON. 

His  predecessors  were  Russell,  Bartlctt,  Eells, 
and  Bowers. 

NORTON,  JOHN,  an  Indian  chief  of  the  Six 
Nations,  about  the  year  1807  translated  the  Gos 
pel  of  John  into  Mohawk.  The  work  was  printed 
in  London,  at  the  expense  of  the  bible  society, 
and  distributed  among  the  Mohawks  on  Grand 
river  in  Canada.  Norton's  Indian  name  was 
Tryoninhokaraven.  His  father  was  an  Indian; 
his  mother  was  of  Scotland.  He  was  educated 
at  an  English  school. 

NORTON,  ICHABOD,  colonel,  died  at  Granby, 
Conn.,  in  1825,  aged  90.  He  was  a  soldier  in 
the  French  and  Revolutionary  wars. 

NORTON,  MOLLY,  widow,  died  in  Chester, 
N.  II.,  in  1840,  aged  100 ;  formerly  of  Green 
land,  N.  H. 

NORTON,  ELIAS,  Dr.,  died  in  Addison,  Me., 
June  15,  1846,  aged  99.  He  was  surgeon's  mate 
in  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 

NORTON,  HERMAN,  secretary  of  the  foreign 
Christian  union,  died  in  1850,  aged  50.  He  was 
born  at  New  Hartford,  N.  Y.,  in  1800,  and  grad 
uated  at  Hamilton  college  in  1823.  In  1831  he 
was  pastor  of  the  Union  church  in  Prince  street, 
New  York.  In  1837  he  was  pastor  of  a  church 
in  Cincinnati ;  and  in  1843  was  secretary  of  the 
American  Protestant  society.  In  1849  he  was 
associated  with  Dr.  Baird.  His  widow  was  a 
daughter  of  Rev.  Dr.  Flint  of  Hartford.  He  had 
recently  insured  his  life  for  2500  dollars.  He 
was  faithful,  benignant,  and  a  man  of  faith. 

NORTON,  JOHN  P.,  professor  of  agricultural 
chemistry  at  Yale  college,  died  at  Farmington, 
Conn.,  Sept.  5,  1851,  aged  30. 

NORTON,  ASAIIEL  STRONG,  D.  D.,  died  at 
Clinton,  N.  Y.,  May  10,  1853,  aged  87.  Born  in 
Farmington,  Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1790, 
and  was  settled  the  first  minister  of  C.  in  1793. 
Among  the  members  of  his  ordaining  council 
were  Mr.  Kirkland  and  Mr.  Sergeant,  missiona 
ries  to  the  Indians.  For  forty  years  he  exerted 
an  important  influence  in  western  New  York, 
when  he  was  induced  to  resign  in  consequence  of 
the  new  measures,  so  called,  which  had  affected 
the  quietude  of  his  church.  Yet,  living  on  his 
farm,  he  officiated  often  as  a  minister,  when  his 
services  were  wanted.  He  was  one  of  the  found 
ers  of  Hamilton  college  at  Clinton.  His  wife 
was  Mary  C.  Pitkin,  the  daughter  of  Rev.  T.  Pit- 
kin  of  Farmington.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

NORTON,  ANDREWS,  1).  D.,  died  at  Newport 
Sept.  18, 1853,  aged  67.  His  residence  was  Cam 
bridge,  where  he  graduated  in  1804,  was  teacher 
of  theology  from  1813  to  1819,  and  Dexter  pro 
fessor  of  sacred  literature  from  1819  to  1830 ; 
also  librarian  from  1813  to  1821.  He  was  a  son 
of  Samuel  N.  of  Hingham,  a  descendant  of  Rev. 
John  N.,  who  was  a  nephew  of  the  celebrated 


NOURSE. 


G13 


John  N.  of  Ipswich  and  Boston.  He  married  a 
daughter  of  Samuel  Eliot  of  Boston.  He  pub 
lished  evidences  of  the  genuineness  of  the  gos 
pels  ;  a  discourse  on  religious  education,  1818; 
inaugural,  1819 ;  review  of  trustees'  address, 
1823  ;  of  character  and  writings  of  Byron,  1825  ; 
of  Channing's  sermon,  1826 ;  of  Mrs.  Hemans' 
forest  sanctuary ;  address  at  the  funeral  of  Mr. 
Frisbie,  1822;  memoirs  of  Frisbie;  thoughts  on 
true  and  false  religion,  1820 ;  remarks  on  a  re 
port  of  overseers,  1824 ;  speech  before  overseers, 
1825. 

NOTT,  ABRAHAM,  died  in  Saybrook  Jan.  24, 
1756,  aged  about  60;  the  first  pastor  of  the  second 
church  in  Pettipaug,  or  Pautapaug,  now  Essex. 
His  father  and  grandfather  both  had  the  name 
of  John,  and  lived  in  Wethersfield.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  in  1720.  His  wife  was  Phebe  Tap 
ping,  probably  the  daughter  of  John  T.  of  South 
ampton,  L.  I.  He  was  the  grandfather  of  two 
memorable  men,  Rev.  Samuel  and  Rev.  Eliphalet 
Nott. 

NOTT,  HENRY  JUNITJS,  died  with  his  wife  in 
the  wreck  of  the  steamer,  the  Home,  off  the  coast 
of  North  Carolina,  Oct.  18,  1837,  aged  40.  He 
was  the  son  of  Judge  Abraham  Nott  of  South 
Carolina,  and  was  graduated  at  South  Carolina 
college,  and  practised  law  till  1821,  when  he  de 
voted  himself  to  literature.  On  his  return  he 
was  appointed  in  1824  professor  of  belles  lettres 
in  his  college.  He  published  novelties  of  a 
traveller,  2  vols.,  1834;  and  various  articles  in 
the  southern  quarterly.  —  Cycl.  of  Amer.  Lit. 

NOTT,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  the  son  of  Stephen, 
and  grandson  of  Rev.  Abraham  Nott,  died  in 
Franklin,  Conn.,  May  26,  1852,  aged  98.  He 
was  born  in  Saybrook  Jan.  23,  1754 ;  was  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  in  1780  ;  and  was  settled  in  Norwich, 
West  Farms,  now  Franklin,  March  13,  1782,  so 
that  he  was  a  pastor  of  his  flock  seventy  years. 
He  died  in  consequence  of  a  burn,  his  gown 
having  caught  fire  from  a  stove.  He  had  a 
colleague  from  1849  to  1851.  His  eldest  son, 
Samuel,  was  a  missionary  to  the  east.  Two  of 
his  daughters  married  ministers,  Eli  Hyde  and 
John  Hyde  ;  the  former,  a  graduate  of  Yale  in 
1803,  was  the  minister  of  Hampden  and  Preston 
in  Connecticut,  and  of  North  Wilbraham,  Mass., 
and  died  in  1848,  aged  72.  He  published  a  ser 
mon  at  the  ordination  of  A.  Hooker,  1812 ;  of 
J.  Aver,  1825  ;  on  the  death  of  J.  Hunt;  two  on 
the  death  of  J.  Gurley,  1812 ;  of  Mr.  Williams ; 
of  J.  Benedict,  1816;  of  Mr.  C.  Welch;  of  Z. 
Ely,  1824;  of  A.  Lee,  1832;  at  the  election, 
1809;  to  a  foreign  mission  society,  1814;  half- 
century  sermon,  1832 ;  on  the  60th  anniversary 
of  his  ordination,  1842.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

NOURSE,  PETER,  minister  of  Ellsworth,  Me., 
died  at  Phippsburg  March  25,  1840,  aged  64. 


614 


NOURSE. 


NOYES. 


Born  in  Stow,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1802, 
and  Avas  librarian  from  1805  to  1808.  He  was 
minister  in  Ellsworth  from  1812  to  1835. 

NOURSE,  JOSEPH,  died  near  Georgetown, 
D.  C.,  Sept.  1,  1841,  aged  87.  He  was  born  in 
London  in  1754  ;  emigrated  to  Virginia  in  17G9; 
and  entered  the  Revolutionary  army  in  1776.  He 
was  register  of  the  treasury  from  1789  to  1829, 
and  vice-president  of  the  American  bible  society. 
He  was  held  in  high  esteem  and  respect. 

NOWELL,  INCREASE,  secretary  of  the  Massa 
chusetts  colony,  died  Nov.  1,  1655.  He  was 
chosen  an  assistant  in  England  in  1629,  and  came 
to  this  country  with  Winthrop  in  the  Arabella, 
1630.  He  was  chosen  ruling  elder  August  27th, 
but  resigned  the  office  in  1632,  being  convinced 
that  the  offices  of  ruler  in  the  church  and  state 
were  incompatible.  Of  the  church  in  Charles- 
town  he  was  one  of  the  founders  in  1632,  having 
been  dismissed  from  Boston.  In  1634  he  was 
one  of  the  commissioners  for  military  affairs. 
He  was  secretary  from  1644  to  1649.  In  1649 
he  entered  into  the  association  against  wearing 
long  hair.  He  died  in  poverty.  The  name  of 
his  wife  was'Parnell,  to  whom  one  thousand  acres 
of  land  on  Cocheco  river,  New  Hampshire,  were 
granted,  probably  as  a  public  acknowledgment  of 
his  faithful  services.  He  left  several  sons,  of 
whom  Samuel,  a  graduate  of  1653,  was  a  preacher, 
an  assistant  from  1680  to  1686,  and  an  adherent 
of  the  old  charter ;  and  Alexander,  who  gradu 
ated  in  1664,  was  the  author  of  several  almanacs. 

NOWELL,  SAMUEL,  died  at  Cambridge  or 
Boston  in  1688,  aged  about  55.  He  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1653.  He  was  a  chaplain  under 
Gen.  Winslow  in  the  Indian  battle  Dec.  19,  1674, 
and  evinced  the  greatest  courage  while  "  the  balls 
whistled  around  him."  He  was  afterwards  a 
magistrate  and  treasurer  of  the  college. 

NOWEQ.UA,  an  Indian,  the  brother  of  Uncas, 
in  1645  with  one  hundred  and  thirty  Mohegans 
plundered  the  Nopnut  Indians  of  ten  copper  ket 
tles,  fathoms  of  wampum,  hempen  baskets,  and 
bear  skins.  The  next  year  he  committed  outra 
ges  on  Fisher's  Island.  The  commissioners  re 
quired  Uncas  "  to  regulate  and  continue  his 
brother  in  a  righteous  and  peaceable  frame." 

NOYES,  JAMES,  one  of  the  first  ministers  of 
Newbury,  Mass.,  died  Oct.  22,  1656,  aged  47. 
He  was  born  in  Wiltshire,  England,  in  1608,  and 
was  for  some  time  a  student  in  the  university  of 
Oxford.  After  he  began  to  preach,  as  he  could 
not  conscientiously  comply  with  the  ceremonies 
of  the  established  church,  he  accompanied  his 
friend,  Mr.  Parker,  to  New  England  in  1634. 
They  arrived  in  the  month  of  May.  Mr.  Noyes 
preached  about  a  year  at  Mystic,  now  Medford, 
when  he  was  invited  to  become  the  minister  of 
Watertown  ;  but,  as  he  preferred  a  settlement 
with  Mr.  Parker,  who  had  removed  from  Agga- 


wam  to  Newbury,  he  was  established  as  his  col 
league  in  1635,  having  the  title  of  teacher.  He 
continued  to  discharge  with  faithfulness  the  duties 
of  his  office  more  than  twenty  years.  A  long 
sickness  he  bore  with  patience  and  cheerfulness. 
He  left  six  sons.  Mr.  Noyes  and  Mr.  Parker 
were  the  most  cordial  and  intimate  friends.  In 
England  they  instructed  in  the  same  school ;  they 
came  to  this  country  in  the  same  ship ;  they  were 
ministers  in  the  same  church ;  and,  as  Mr.  Par 
ker  had  no  family,  they  lived  in  the  same  house. 
Mr.  Noyes  was  very  much  beloved  by  his  people, 
for  he  was  humble,  gentle,  and  constantly  desir 
ous  of  doing  them  good.  He  wras  the  implaca 
ble  enemy  of  heresy  and  scliism.  Though  he 
could  never  submit  to  the  ceremonies  of  the  Eng 
lish  church,  he  was  not  so  averse  to  Episcopacy 
itself.  He  did  not  approve  of  a  governing  vote 
in  the  fraternity,  and  he  thought  that  ecclesiastical 
councils  should  have  the  power  of  inflicting  cen 
sures  upon  particular  churches.  He  was  emi 
nently  skilled  in  Greek,  and  he  had  read  the 
fathers  and  the  schoolmen.  His  memory  was 
tenacious,  his  invention  rich,  and  his  judgment 
profound.  While  his  manners  were  so  amiable, 
and  his  disposition  so  truly  benevolent  and  affec 
tionate,  that  no  one  was  ever  acquainted  with 
him  who  did  not  desire  his  friendship  and  society ; 
he  yet  was  resolute  and  determined  in  his  defence 
of  the  truth.  He  was  considered  as  one  of  the 
most  eminent  men  in  his  day.  He  published  the 
temple  measured,  or  a  brief  survey  of  the  temple 
mystical,  which  is  the  instituted  church  of  Christ, 
London,  4to.,  1647  ;  a  catechism,  which  was  re 
printed  in  1797  ;  Moses  and  Aaron,  or  the  rights 
of  church  and  state,  contained  in  two  disputa 
tions,  the  former  concerning  the  church,  the  lat 
ter  asserting  the  sacredness  of  the  persons  of 
kings  against  king-killing,  1661.  This  was  pub 
lished  by  Mr.  Woodbridge  of  England.  —  Ma 
ther's  Magnolia,  ill.  145-148;  Hist.  Coll.  Til. 
242. 

NOYES,  JAMES,  the  first  minister  of  Stoning- 
ton,  Conn.,  the  second  son  of  the  preceding,  died 
Dec.  30,  1719,  aged  nearly  81.  He  was  born 
March  11,  1640,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  col 
lege  in  1659,  being  educated  at  the  expense  of 
his  uncle,  Mr.  Parker.  In  the  year  1664  he 
began  to  preach  at  Stonington,  where  he  was 
ordained  Sept.  10,  1674.  He  gave  religious 
instruction  to  this  people  fifty-five  years.  He  was 
a  distinguished  preacher,  carrying  an  uncommon 
fervor  and  heavenly  zeal  into  all  his  public  per 
formances.  His  ordinary  conversation  breathed 
the  spirit  of  the  Avorld  to  which  he  was  endeavor 
ing  to  guide  his  fellow  men.  In  ecclesiastical 
controversies  he  was  eminently  useful.  Being  a 
friend  of  literature,  he  was  one  of  the  first  trus 
tees  of  Yale  college.  He  was  also  a  councillor 
in  civil  affairs  at  some  critical  periods.  As  a  phy- 


NOYES. 


NOYES. 


C15 


sician  he  was  much  consulted,  and  he  gave  away 
annually  the  amount  of  his  salary  in  medicines. 
But  he  most  delighted  in  his  ministerial  work,  for 
his  tenderness  and  faithfulness  in  which  he  was 
highly  esteemed  and  beloved. 

NOYES,  NICHOLAS,  minister  of  Salem,  Mass., 
died  Dec.  13,  1717,  aged  nearly  70.  lie  was  the 
son  of  Nicholas  N.  and  the  nephew  of  Mr.  Noyes 
of  Ncwbury ;  was  born  in  that  town  Dec.  22, 1647. 
He  was  educated  at  the  expense  of  his  uncle,  Mr. 
Parker,  receiving  the  first  honors  of  Harvard  col 
lege  in  1667.  After  having  preached  thirteen 
years  in  Haddam,  he  removed  to  Salem,  where 
lie  was  ordained  as  colleague  with  Mr.  Higginson 
Nov.  14,  1683.  George  Curwin  was  settled  with 
him  in  1714,  but  died  in  1717.  Mr.  Noyes  was 
never  married.  Acquainted  with  all  the  litera 
ture  of  the  times,  and  having  uncommon  talents 
for  his  sacred  work,  his  death  was  deeply  and 
generally  lamented.  He  was  entertaining  and 
useful  in  conversation,  of  eminent  sanctity  and 
virtue,  and  always  solicitous  for  the  welfare  of  his 
people.  But  with  all  his  good  qualities  he  un 
happily  believed  the  reality  of  witchcraft,  and  had 
some  influence  in  promoting  those  legal  inquiries 
in  1692,  which  reflect  so  much  disgrace  upon  the 
age.  He  afterwards,  however,  publicly  confessed 
his  error  without  offering  any  excuse  for  himself, 
or  concealing  any  circumstance;  and  he  visited 
and  blessed  the  survivors,  whom  he  had  injured, 
asking  always  their  forgiveness.  Such  conduct 
reflects  the  highest  honor  upon  his  character.  A 
letter  of  his  containing  an  account  of  James 
Noyes  is  preserved  in  Mather's  magnalia.  He 
published  the  election  sermon,  1698  ;  and  a  poem 
on  the  death  of  Joseph  Green  of  Salem  village, 
1715.—  Coll.  Hist.  Society,  vi.  264,  267,273, 
286. 

NOYES,  OLIVER,  Dr.,  died  in  Boston  in  1721, 
aged  about  48.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
169<3.  He  was  a  representative  of  Boston, 
strongly  attached  to  the  popular  party,  and  highly 
esteemed  by  the  people. 

NOYES,  MOSES,  the  first  minister  of  Lyme, 
Conn.,  died  Nov.  10,  1729,  aged  nearly  86.  He 
•was  the  son  of  llev.  James  N.  of  Newbury,  and 
born  Dec.  6,  1643 ;  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
16.39 ;  was  ordained  in  1693,  having  preached 
there  twenty-seven  years  before  the  church  was 
formed. 

NOYES,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  died  June  14, 1761,  aged  72.  He  was  the 
son  of  James  N.  of  Stonington ;  was  graduated 
in  1709  at  Yale  college,  where  he  was  a  tutor 
from  1710  to  1715 ;  and  was  one  of  the  corpora 
tion  for  many  years.  Ordained  as  the  successor 
of  Mr.  Pierpont  July  4,  1716,  the  church  was 
happy  under  his  ministry  till  1742,  when  a  sepa 
ration  was  made.  Many  of  his  church  were  dis 
trustful  of  the  correctness  of  his  sentiments,  and 


displeased  with  his  zeal  against  religious  revivals. 
The  church  had  been  independent,  but  in  Jan., 
1742,  he  caused  them  to  adopt  the  Saybrook  plat 
form.  Those  who  withdrew  were  formed  into  a 
new  church,  and  finally  settled  Samuel  Bird  at 
Whitehaven,  Oct.  3,  1751.  Of  the  ecclesiastical 
council  on  this  occasion  were  Wheclock,  Bellamy, 
Graham,  Pomeroy,  and  Hopkins.  Mr.  Whittle- 
sey  was  settled  in  1758  as  the  colleague  of  Mr. 
Noyes.  —  Dana's  Centen,  Discourses. 

NOYES,  JOHN,  the  son  of  llcv.  Joseph  N., 
died  greatly  lamented  in  1767,  aged  about  34. 
He  was  a  graduate  of  1753  and  became  a  preacher; 
but  from  ill  health  was  not  settled  in  the  minis 
try.  His  sons  John  and  James  were  ministers. 
His  widow,  Mary,  the  daughter  of  llev.  Joseph 
Fish  of  Stonington,  married  in  1775  General 
Gold  S.  Silliman  of  Fairfield,  and  thus  she  was 
the  mother  of  Professor  Benjamin  Silliman.  — 
Sprague's  Annals. 

NOYES,  EDMUND,  minister  of  Salisbury,  Mass., 
died  in  1809,  aged  about  84.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1747.  He  succeeded  S.  Webster. 

NOYES,  NATHANIEL,  minister  of  South  Hamp 
ton,  N.  II.,  died  at  Newbury  in  1810,  aged  75. 
The  son  of  Deacon  Parker  Noyes  of  Newbury, 
he  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1759;  was  ordained 
in  1763  ;  and  dismissed  in  1800.  For  fifty  years 
he  preached  constantly  and  faithfully  without  be 
ing  confined  one  Sabbath  by  sickness.  His  last 
text  was,  "  Now  lettest  thou  thy  servant  depart 
in  peace,  for  mine  eyes  have  seen  thy  salvation." 
—  Panoplist,  Jan.,  1811. 

NOYES,  MATTHEW,  minister  of  Northford,  in 
Branford,  Conn.,  died  in  1839,  aged  about  74. 
Born  in  Lyme,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1785,  and 
was  ordained  in  1790.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
college  corporation. 

NOYES,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Ncedham,  Mass., 
died  in  1837,  aged  69.  He  was  born  at  Acton; 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1795  ;  and  was  ordained 
over  the  second  church  in  Needham  in  1799,  and 
was  a  faithful  minister  thirty-four  years. 

NOYES,  NATHAN,  M.  D.,  died  in  Newbury- 
port  in  1842 ;  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1796. 

NOYES,  JAMES,  died  Feb.  18,  1844,  aged  79; 
the  minister  of  Wallingford,  Conn.  He  was  born 
in  Fairfield,  and  graduated  at  Yale  in  1782. 

NOYES,  JOHN,  died  in  Weston,  Conn.,  May 
15,  1846,  aged  84.  He  was  the  son  of  John,  and 
grandson  of  Itev.  James  N.  of  New  Haven.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1779  ;  was  ordained  pastor 
at  Norfield,  then  a  parish  of  the  town  of  Fair- 
field,  May  31,  1786.  His  wife  was  the  daughter 
of  Samuel  Sherwood,  his  predecessor,  who  grad 
uated  in  1749,  and  died  in  1783.  He  published 
a  half-century  sermon,  1836. 

NOYES,  DANIEL,  deacon,  died  at  Andover, 
April  8,  1852,  aged  60 ;  a  man  always  ready  to 
every  good  work.  He  was  of  the  firm  of  May- 


616 


NOYES. 


OBBATINEWAT. 


nard  and  Noyes,  Boston,  druggists ;  whose  ink 
has  made  its  mark  the  world  over.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  prudential  committee  of  the  Amer 
ican  board  of  missions. 

NOYES,  ELI,  D.  D.,  died  at  Lafayette,  Indi 
ana,  Sept.  10,  1854.  He  was  a  Freewill  Bap 
tist,  a  man  of  learning,  and  six  years  a  missionary 
at  Orissa  in  India.  He  published  a  Hebrew 
grammar. 

NOYES,  JOSIAH,  M.  D.,  died  at  Clinton,  New 
York,  Nov.  1,  1853.  Born  in  New  Hampshire, 
he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1801,  a  classmate 
of  Webster,  concerning  whose  college  life  he 
wrote  a  memorial.  He  was  a  professor  in  Ham 
ilton  college. 

NUNNENUNTENO,  a  Narragansett  Indian 
sachem,  was  taken  prisoner  and  put  to  death  in 
1676  on  the  Pawcatuck  river,  near  Stonington. 
He  was  a  blood-stained  chief.  Two  Indians  were 
employed  to  shoot  him ;  when  his  head  was  cut 
off  and  carried  to  Hartford. 

NURSE,  REBECCA,  wife  of  Francis  of  Salem 
village,  was  hung  as  a  witch  July  19,  1692.  She 
had  four  sons  and  four  daughters.  The  year  in 
which  this  poor  woman  was  hung  Avas  memora 
ble  for  witchcraft  in  Essex  county,  Mass.  Before 
the  close  of  September,  1692,  nineteen  persons 
were  hung ;  and  one,  Giles  Cory,  was  pressed  to 
death  on  the  charge  of  witchcraft.  More  than  a 
hundred  women,  many  of  fair  characters  and 
reputable  families  in  Salem,  Beverly,  Andover, 
Billerica,  and  other  towns,  were  apprehended  and 
generally  committed  to  prison.  The  evidence 
was  of  such  kind  as  this  :  when  the  accused  were 
before  the  magistrate,  with  the  possessed  or 
"  afflicted "  children  as  witnesses,  and  were  di 
rected  to  look  upon  the  afflicted,  these  children 
cried  out  and  fell  into  a  fit ;  and  this  was  proof. 
And  then  the  old  women  were  blinded,  and  or 
dered  to  touch  the  afflicted,  and  at  their  touch 
they  came  out  of  their  pretended  fits.  In  Eng 
land,  about  eight  years  previously,  many  more 
persons  suffered  for  witchcraft  under  such  an  em 
inent  judge  as  Sir  Matthew  Hale.  The  spiritu 
alism  of  the  present  day,  dealing  with  the  invisi 
ble  world,  may  have  as  little  evidence  to  support 
it  as  the  witchcraft  of  1692  ;  but  its  adherents 
are  no  less  the  victims  of  a  miserable  delusion. 

NUTTING,  JOHN,  died  May  20,  1790,  aged  97. 
The  son  of  Jonathan  of  Cambridge,  he  graduated 
in  1712,  and  was  a  school-master  at  Salem  thirty- 
seven  years.  He  was  also  custom-house  officer 
at  Salem. 

NYE,  SAMUEL,  Dr.,  died  at  Salisbury,  Mass., 
in  June,  1834,  aged  85 ;  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in 
1771. 

OAKES,  URIAN,  president  of  Harvard  college, 
died  July  25,  1681,  aged  49.  He  was  born  in 
England  about  the  year  1631,  and  was  brought 
to  America  in  his  childhood.  A  sweetness  of 


disposition  exhibited  itself  early  and  remained 
with  him  through  life.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1649.  While  very  young  and 
small  he  published  at  Cambridge  a  set  of  astro 
nomical  calculations  with  this  apposite  motto  : 

Parvum  parva  decent  sed  iuest  sua  gratia  pairis. 

He  soon  went  to  England,  and  was  settled  in 
the  ministry  at  Titchfield  in  Hampshire.  Being 
silenced  in  1662  with  the  other  nonconforming 
ministers,  he  found  an  asylum  in  a  respectable 
family,  and  afterwards  preached  in  another  con 
gregation.  Such  was  his  celebrity  for  learning 
and  piety,  that  the  church  and  society  of  Cam 
bridge,  on  the  decease  of  Mr.  Mitchell  in  1668, 
sent  a  messenger  to  England  to  invite  him  to  be 
come  their  minister.  He  accepted  the  invitation, 
but  through  various  circumstances  did  not  com 
mence  his  labors  in  Cambridge  till  Nov.  8,  1671. 
Being  placed  at  the  head  of  Harvard  college  after 
the  death  of  Dr.  Hoar,  he  commenced  the  duties 
of  this  office  April  7,  1675,  still  however  retain 
ing  the  pastoral  care  of  his  flock.  But,  Feb.  2, 
1680,  the  corporation  appointed  him  president, 
and  persuaded  him  to  be  inaugurated,  and  to 
devote  himself  exclusively  to  this  object.  He  was 
succeeded  by  Mr.  Rogers  in  the  college,  and  by 
Mr.  Gookin  in  the  church  of  Cambridge.  He  was 
a  man  of  extensive  erudition  and  distinguished  use 
fulness.  He  excelled  equally  as  a  scholar,  as  a 
divine,  and  as  a  Christian.  By  his  contempora 
ries  he  was  considered  as  one  of  the  most  re 
splendent  lights  that  ever  shone  in  this  part  of 
the  world.  He  was  very  humble  with  all  his 
greatness,  like  the  full  ear  of  corn,  which  hangs 
near  the  ground.  In  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Mather, 
America  never  had  a  greater  master  of  the  true, 
pure  Ciceronian  Latin,  of  his  skill  in  which  lan 
guage  an  extract  from  one  of  his  commencement 
orations  is  preserved  as  a  specimen  in  the  Mag- 
nalia.  He  published  an  artillery  election  sermon, 
entitled,  the  unconquerable,  all  conquering,  and 
more  than  conquering  Christian  soldier,  1672 ; 
election  sermon,  1673 ;  a  sermon  at  Cambridge 
on  the  choice  of  their  military  officers;  a  fist 
sermon ;  a  long  elegy  on  the  death  of  Rev.  Mr. 
Shepard  of  Charlcstown,  1677.  This  is  pathetic 
and  replete  with  imagery. — Holmes'1  Hist,  of 
Cambridge ;  Sprague's  Annals. 

OAKES,  THOMAS,  Dr.,  of  Boston,  the  brother 
of  Pres.  O.,  died  in  Wellfiect  in  1719,  aged  75. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1662 ;  was  a  repre 
sentative  in  1689 ;  and  went  to  England  as  an 
agent  for  Massachusetts,  and  aided  in  the  new 
charter.  John  Dunton  describes  him:  "He  is 
an  eminent  physician  and  a  religious  man;  at  his 
first  coming  to  a  patient  he  persuades  him  to  put 
his  trust  in  God,  the  fountain  of  health." 

OBBATIXEWAT,  an  Indian  sachem,  subject 
to  Massassoit,  who  lived  at  the  bottom  of  Massa- 


OBOOK1AII. 


OCCOM. 


chusctts  bay.  He  was  in  constant  fear  of  the 
Tarentines,  or  Eastern  Indians. 

OBOOKIAH,  HENRY,  a  native  of  Hawaii  or 
Owhyhce,  died  in  Cornwall,  Conn.,  Feb.  17,  1818, 
a"-ed  26.  He  was  brought  to  New  Haven  in  1809, 
by  Capt.  Brintnal,  from  the  Sandwich  Islands  ; 
and  benevolent  friends  educated  him  for  several 
years  under  Mr.  Mills  of  Torringford,  and  at 
Andover,  Mass.,  and  with  Mr.  Morris  of  Litch- 
field.  Next  the  ministers  of  Litchfield  county 
took  him  under  their  care,  and  he  was  placed,  in 
1817,  in  the  Cornwall  mission  school.  There,  in 
the  midst  of  companions  from  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  and  of  pupils  from  various  countries,  East 
Indians  and  American  Indians,  he  was  smitten 
by  a  fever,  and  the  hopes  resting  on  him  were 
blasted.  It  was  a  mystery  of  Providence.  lie 
was,  however,  the  cause  of  the  establishment  of 
the  missionary  school,  in  which,  in  1820,  the  num 
ber  of  pupils  was  twenty-nine.  He  had  trans 
lated  Genesis  into  his  native  language.  His 
memoirs  were  published  1818. 

O'BRIEX,  JEREMIAH,  collector  of  the  customs 
at  Machias,  Me.,  died  in  1818,  aged  78.  He  was 
a  Revolutionary  patriot.  May  12,  1775,  at  the 
head  of  thirty-two  men,  with  muskets,  he  captured 
the  British  schooner  Margaretta,  completely 
armed  with  swivels,  hand-grenades  etc.,  and  hav 
ing  thirty-five  men,  nearly  half  of  which  were 
killed  and  wounded.  This  was  the  first  British 
flag  which  struck  to  America.  He  was  a  worthy 
man,  a  benefactor  of  the  poor. 

O'BIIIEN,  RICHARD,  consul-general  of  the 
United  States  to  the  Barbary  Powers,  died  in 
1824,  aged  72.  He  was  in  early  life  an  active 
seaman  ;  then  a  successful  adventurer  in  the  pri 
vateering  exploits  of  the  Revolution ;  afterwards 
a  brave  commander  in  the  regular  naval  service. 
Falling  into  the  hands  of  the  barbarians  of  Africa, 
he  was  a  slave  in  Algiers.  After  being  released 
from  slavery,  he  was  appointed  consul-general. 
In  his  last  years  he  was  a  farmer  and  a  member 
of  the  legislature  of  Pennsylvania.  He  died  at 
Washington  city. 

OCCUISII,  PHILIP,  a  worthy  Christian  Indian, 
died  at  Niantic,  in  Lymc,  Conn.,  "  in  the  sure 
hope  of  ever  being  with  the  Lord,"  March  20, 
1789,  aged  71.  His  wife  Sarah  died  two  years 
before,  saying,  "  she  saw  heaven  opened  to  receive 
her."  Their  gravestones  are  standing  in  a  grave 
yard  of  the  Niantic  or  Nchantic  Indians,  in  the 
east  part  of  Lyme,  on  the  west  shore  of  a  little 
bay  at  the  mouth  of  the  Niantic  river,  a  few  miles 
from  New  London.  The  sachem  of  the  tribe  was 
Wequash.  Their  faithful  missionary  at  an  early 
period  was  Mr.  Griswold,  the  ancestor  of  many 
of  that  name  in  Connecticut.  —  Boston  Recorder, 
Jan.  8,  1857. 

OCCOM,  SAMSON,  an  Indian  preacher,  died  in 
July,  1792,  aged  69.  He  was  born  at  Mohegan, 
78 


on  Thames  river,  near  Norwich,  Conn.,  about  the 
year  1723.  His  parents,  like  the  other  Indians, 
led  a  wandering  life,  depending  chiefly  upon 
hunting  and  fishing  for  subsistence.  Not  one 
then  cultivated  the  land,  and  all  dwelt  in  wig 
wams.  None  of  them  could  read.  When  Oc- 
com  was  a  boy,  Mr.  Jewett,  the  minister  of  New 
London,  now  Montville,  was  accustomed  to  preach 
once  a  fortnight  at  Mohegan.  One  man  went 
among  the  Indians  to  teach  them  to  read.  Dur 
ing  the  religious  excitement,  about  1739  and  1740, 
several  ministers  visited  these  Indians,  and  the 
Indians  repaired  to  the  neighboring  churches. 
Occom  at  this  period  became  the  subject  of  re 
ligious  impressions,  and  was  in  distress  of  mind 
for  six  months.  He  then  found  consolation. 
From  this  time  he  was  desirous  of  becoming  the 
teacher  of  his  tribe.  He  could  read  by  spelling, 
and  in  a  year  or  two  learned  to  read  the  Bible. 
At  the  age  of  nineteen  he  went  to  the  Indian 
school  of  Mr.  Wheelock  of  Lebanon,  and  re 
mained  with  him  four  years.  He  afterwards,  in 
1748,  kept  a  school  in  New  London;  but  soon 
went  to  Montauk  on  Long  Island,  where  he  taught 
a  school  among  the  Indians  ten  or  eleven  years, 
at  the  same  time  being  the  religious  teacher  of 
the  Indians  in  their  own  language,  and  preaching 
also  to  the  Skenecock  or  Yenecock  Indians,  dis 
tant  thirty  miles.  During  a  revival  among  the 
Montauks  many  became  Christians.  He  lived  in 
a  house  covered  with  mats,  changing  his  abode 
twice  a  year,  to  be  near  the  planting-ground  in 
the  summer  and  the  wood  in  the  winter.  Amongst 
his  various  toils  for  subsistence,  he  was  expert 
with  his  fish-hook  and  gun ;  he  bound  old  books 
for  East  Hampton  people,  made  wooden  spoons, 
stocked  guns,  and  made  cedar  pails,  piggins,  and 
churns.  He  was  ordained  by  the  Suffolk  Pres 
bytery  Aug.  29,  1759,  and  was  from  this  time  a 
regular  member  of  the  Presbytery.  In  1766  Mr. 
Wheelock  sent  him  to  England  with  Mr.  Whit- 
akcr,  the  minister  of  Norwich,  to  promote  the 
interests  of  Moor's  Indian  charity  school.  He 
was  the  first  Indian  preacher  who  visited  Eng 
land.  The  houses  in  which  he  preached  were 
thronged.  Between  Feb.  16,  1766,  and  July  22, 
1767,  he  preached  in  various  parts  of  the  king 
dom  between  three  and  four  hundred  sermons. 
Large  charitable  donations  were  obtained,  and  the 
school  was  soon  transplanted  to  Hanover,  N.  H., 
and  connected  with  Dartmouth  college.  After 
his  return,  Occom  sometimes  resided  at  Mohegau, 
and  was  often  employed  in  missionary  labors 
among  distant  Indians.  In  1786  he  removed  to 
Brothcrton,  near  Utica,  N.  Y.,  in  the  neighbor 
hood  of  the  Stockbridge  Indians,  who  were  of 
the  Mohegan  root,  and  who  had  formerly  been 
under  the  instruction  of  Mr.  Sergeant  and  Mr. 
Edwards.  A  few  of  the  Mohegans  and  other 
Indians  of  Connecticut,  Long  Island,  and  Rhode 


61 
t 


ODIORXE. 


OGDEX. 


Island  removed  about  the  same  lime.  The  Onei- 
das  gave  them  a  tract  of  land.  In  the  last  years 
of  his  life  he  resided  with  the  Indians  at  New 
Stockbridge,  near  Brotherton,  where  he  died. 
Upwards  of  three  hundred  Indians  attended  his 
funeral.  lie  had  two  sisters,  Lucy  Tantequiggen 
and  Sally  Maminash.  The  flattering  attentions 
which  he  received  in  England  might  have 
awakened  some  emotions  of  pride,  and  occa 
sioned  some  discontent  with  his  previous  narrow 
circumstances.  In  a  few  instances  he  was  be 
trayed  into  excess  and  intemperance ;  but  then 
he  humbled  himself  and  reformed.  lie  did  not, 
like  many  white  men,  destroy  himself  by  strong 
drink.  Dr.  Dwight  says:  "I  heard  Mr.  Occom 
twice.  His  discourses,  though  not  proofs  of  su 
perior  talents,  were  decent ;  and  his  utterance  in 
some  degree  eloquent.  His  character  at  times 
labored  under  some  imputations.  Yet  there  is 
good  reason  to  believe  that  most,  if  not  all,  of 
them  were  unfounded ;  and  there  is  satisfactory 
evidence  that  he  was  a  man  of  piety."  J.  John 
son  was  another  Indian  preacher  of  the  same 
tribe.  An  account  of  the  Montauk  Indians,  writ 
ten  by  Occom,  is  preserved  in  the  historical  col 
lections.  He  says  that  they  had  a  multitude  of 
gods.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  execution 
of  Moses  Paul,  an  Indian,  at  New  Haven,  Sept.  2, 
1772  ;  as  Paul's  crime  resulted  from  drunkenness, 
he  said  in  this  sermon,  that  he  never  heard  of 
"  drunken  devils."  —  DuelVs  Ord.  Sermon;  Hist. 
Coll.  IV.  G8;  v.  13;  IX.  89,  90;  X.  105;  Dwight, 
il.  112. 

ODIORNE,  THOMAS,  died  in  Boston  in  1851, 
aged  about  70.  He  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in 
1791.  His  ancestor  John  was  of  Portsmouth  in 
1660.  He  published  poems,  1792. 

ODLIN,  ELISIIA,  minister  of  Amesbury,  Mass., 
died  in  1752,  aged  41.  Born  in  Exeter,  he  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1731,  and  was  settled  in  1744. 
His  predecessors  M'ere  E.  March  and  T.  Wells, 
the  first  minister. 

ODLIN,  JOHN,  minister  of  Exeter,  N.  H.,  died 
in  1754,  aged  72.  He  was  the  son  of  Elisha  of 
Boston,  and  grandson  of  John,  one  of  the  first  set 
tlers  of  Boston.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1702, 
and  was  ordained  in  1706.  His  son,  Elisha,  a 
graduate  of  1731,  was  minister  of  Amesbury. 
His  son  John,  a  physician,  died  at  Concord  about 
1790,  aged  72.  He  published  a  sermon,  1742. 

ODLIN,  WOODBRIDGE,  son  of  the  preceding 
and  his  successor,  died  in  March,  1776,  aged  57, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Isaac  Mansfield.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1738,  and  was  ordained 
in  1743.  By  his  mother  he  was  descended  from 
J.  Woodbridge  of  Andover. 

OFFLEY,  DAVID  W.,  consul  of  the  United 
States  in  Smyrna,  Asia  Minor,  died  there  in  1846. 

OGA-NA-YA,  a  Cherokee  Indian  and  Baptist 


minister  of  great  ability  and  usefulness,  died  at 
Jefferson  city,  Mo.,  Sept.  6,  1852. 

OGDEN,  JACOB,  a  physician,  died  in  1779,  aged 
58.  He  was  born  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  in  1721.  and 
commenced  the  practice  of  medicine  at  Jamaica, 
L.  I.,  where  he  lived  in  high  reputation  as  a  phy 
sician  nearly  forty  years.  His  death  was  occa 
sioned  by  an  injury,  received  in  consequence  of  a 
fright  of  his  horse.  He  published  letters  on  the 
malignant  sore-throat  distemper  in  1769  and  1774. 
He  recommended  the  use  of  mercury.  Perhaps 
he  was  the  first  to  introduce  in  that  disorder  the 
mercurial  treatment.  —  Thacher. 

OGDEN,  MATTHIAS,  died  at  Elizabethtown, 
N.  J.,  in  1791.  He  was  a  brigadier  in  the  army 
of  the  United  States,  took  an  early  and  a  decided 
part  in  the  contest  with  Great  Britain.  He  joined 
the  army  at  Cambridge,  and  such  was  his  zeal 
and  resolution,  that  he  accompanied  Arnold  in 
penetrating  through  the  wilderness  to  Canada  in 
1775.  He  was  engaged  in  the  attack  upon  Que 
bec,  and  was  carried  wounded  from  the  place  of 
engagement.  On  his  return  from  this  expedition 
he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  a  regiment, 
in  which  station  he  continued  until  the  conclusion 
of  the  war.  On  the  occurrence  of  peace  he  was 
honored  by  congress  with  a  commission  of  briga 
dier-general.  He  was  distinguished  for  his  lib 
erality  and  philanthropy.  He  was  generous, 
amiable,  and  endeared  to  his  friends. 

OGDEN,  JOHX  COSENS,  died  at  Chestertown, 
Maryland,  in  1800.  A  native  of  New  Jersey,  a 
graduate  of  Princeton  in  1770,  he  was  ordained 
by  Bishop  Seabury,  and  succeeded  Mr.  Browne 
in  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  from  1786  to  1793,  after 
which  time  he  was  subject  in  a  degree  to  mental 
derangement.  He  resided  after  1770  fifteen  years 
in  New  Haven.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of 
Gen.  Wooster;  his  son,  Aaron,  survived  him. 
He  published  election  sermon,  1790;  a  masonic 
sermon ;  address  at  the  opening  of  an  academy ; 
letters  occasioned  by  correspondence  between 
him  and  Dr.  Macclintock ;  excursion  to  Bethle 
hem,  1800. 

OGDEN,  DAVID  B.,  an  eminent  lawyer,  died 
at  New  York,  July  15,  1849,  aged  80.  He  came 
from  New  Jersey  to  New  York  in  1802.  He  was 
the  associate  of  great  lawyers,  as  Spencer,  Van 
Ness,  Wells,  Emmet ;  his  chief  practice  was  in 
the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States.  He 
was  a  man  of  simple  manners  and  of  great  kind 
ness. 

OGDEN,  AARON,  governor  of  New  Jersey  in 
1812,  died  at  Jersey  city,  April  19,  1839,  aged 
83.  He  served  as  an  officer  during  the  Revolu 
tionary  war;  for  many  years  he  practised  law 
with  reputation ;  and  was  senator  of  the  United 
States  in  1801-1803. 

OGDEN,  UZAL,  D.  D.,  died  at  Newark,  N.  J., 


OGILVIE. 

in  Nov..  1822,  ngcd  70  or  79.  Tic  was  rector  of 
Trini1  y  church.  1  IP  published  a  masonic  sermon, 
17s»;  and  the  reward  of  iniquity. 

OGILVIE.  JOHN,  ]>.  1).,  minister  in  New  York, 
was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1748,  and  was 
for  some  time,  nominally,  a  missionary  to  the 
Indians  on  the  Mohawk,  and  had  a  salary  as 
such,  but  resided  chiefly  as  a  preacher  at  Albany ; 
he  was  afterwards  .assistant  minister  of  Trinity 
church,  New  York,  where  he  died  Xov.  26,  177-i, 
aged  51.  His  appearance,  address,  and  manners 
were  prepossessing  and  interesting ;  he  had  good 
abilities  and  was  exemplary  in  his  life.  He  left 
300  pounds  to  a  charity  school,  and  other  bene 
factions. 

OGILVIE,  JAMES,  an  orator,  died  Sept.  18, 
1820,  aged  45.  He  was  a  native  of  Scotland. 
His  father,  Rev.  Dr.  O.,  who  died  in  1814,  was  a 
branch  of  the  noble  family  of  Finlater.  From 
the  age  of  eighteen  to  thirty-five  he  had  the 
charge  of  an  academy  at  Milton,  Albemarle  co., 
Virginia.  He  relinquished  his  school  in  1807, 
and  delivered  in  the  principal  cities  lectures  as 
models  of  oratory.  It  was  a  hazardous  but  suc 
cessful  undertaking.  He  received  much  applause ; 
and  for  that  he  hungered.  However,  although 
his  gestures  were  very  graceful,  there  was  a  mon 
otony  in  his  voice.  He  wanted  the  fire  and  vehe 
mence  of  passion.  Returning  to  Europe,  he  was 
very  unsuccessful  in  his  lectures  in  London  and 
Edinburgh,  and  was  overwhelmed  with  disap 
pointment.  In  1820  he  succeeded  to  the  lordship 
of  Finlater,  but  died  soon  at  Aberdeen.  It  was 
reported  that  he  killed  himself.  He  was  in 
America  addicted  to  the  use  of  opium  for  the 
purpose  of  exhilaration.  He  published  philosoph 
ical  essays,  1816. 

OGILVY,  JOHN,  published  in  London  a  history 
of  America,  folio,  1670. 

OGLE,  SAMUEL,  governor  of  Maryland  from 
1737  to  1742,  and  from  1747  to  his  death,  died 
in  1751. 

OGLE,  BENJAMIN,  governor  of  Maryland  from 
1798  to  1801,  died  at  Annapolis  July  6,  1809, 
aged  60. 

OGLETHORPE,  JAMES,  the  founder  of  Geor 
gia,  died  in  Aug.,  1785,  aged  97.  He  was  born 
in  England  about  the  year  1688.  Entering  the 
army  at  an  early  age,  he  served  under  Prince 
Eugene,  to  whom  he  became  secretary  and  aide- 
de-camp.  On  the  restoration  of  peace  he  was 
returned  a  member  of  parliament,  and  distin 
guished  himself  as  a  useful  senator  by  proposing 
several  regulations  for  the  benefit  of  trade,  and  a 
reform  in  the  prisons.  His  philanthropy  is  com 
memorated  in  Thomson's  seasons.  His  benevo 
lence  led  him  in  1732  to  become  one  of  the 
Trustees  of  Georgia,  a  colony,  the  design  of  whose 
settlement  was  principally  to  rescue  many  of  the 
inhabitants  of  Great  Britain  from  the  miseries  of 


OGLETHORPE. 


619 


poverty,  to  open  an  asylum  for  the  persecuted 
Protestants  of  Europe,  and  to  carry  to  the  natives 
the  blessings  of  Christianity.     In  the  prosecution 
of  this  design  Mr.  Oglethorpe  embarked  in  Xov. 
with   a  number  of   emigrants,  and,  arriving   at 
Carolina  in  the  middle  of  Jan.,  1733,  proceeded 
immediately  to  Savannah  river,  and  laid  the  foun 
dation   of   the   town    of    Savannah.      He   made 
treaties  with  the  Indians,  and  crossed  the  Atlantic 
several  times  to  promote  the  interests  of  the  col 
ony.     Being  appointed  general  and  commander- 
in-chief  of  his  majesty's  forces  in  South  Carolina 
and  Georgia,  he  brought  from  England  in  1738, 
a  regiment  of  six  hundred  men  to  protect  the 
southern  frontiers  from  the  Spaniards.     A  mutiny 
was  soon  excited  in  his  camp,  and  a  daring  at 
tempt  was  made  to  assassinate  him ;  but  his  life 
Avas  wonderfully  preserved  through  the  care  of 
that  Providence  which  controls  all  earthly  agents, 
and  superintends  every  event.     After  the  com 
mencement  of  the  war  between  Great   Britain 
and  Spain  in  1739,  he  visited  the  Indians,  to  se 
cure  their  friendship,  and  in   1740  he  went  into 
Florida  on  an  unsuccessful  expedition  against  St. 
Augustine.      As    the    Spaniards    laid    claim   to 
Georgia,  three  thousand  men,  a  part  of  whom 
were  from  Havana,  were  sent  in   1742  to  drive 
Oglethorpe  from  the  frontiers.     When  this  force 
proceeded  up  the  Alatamaha,  passing  fort   St. 
Simon's  without  injury,  he  was  obliged  to  retreat 
to  Frederica.     He  had  but  about  seven  hundred 
men,  besides  Indians.     Yet,  with  a  part  of  these 
he  approached  within  two  miles  of  the  enemy's 
camp,  with  the  design  of  attacking  them  by  sur 
prise,  when  a  French  soldier  of  his  party  fired 
his  musket  and  ran  into  the  Spanish  lines.     His 
situation  was  now  very  critical,  for  he  knew  that 
the  deserter  would  make  known  his  weakness. 
Returning,  however,  to   Frederica,   he   had   re 
course  to  the  following  expedient.     He  wrote  a 
letter  to  the  deserter,  desiring  him  to  acquaint 
the  Spaniards  with  the  defenceless  state  of  Fred- 
erica,  and  to  urge  them  to  the  attack ;  if  he  could 
not  effect  this  object,  he  directed  him  to  use  all 
his  arts  to  persuade  them  to  stay  three  days  at 
fort  Simon's,  as  within  that  time  he  should  have 
a  reinforcement  of  two  thousand  land  forces,  with 
six  ships  of  war,  cautioning  him  at  the  same  time 
not  to  drop  a  hint  of  Admiral  Vernon's  meditated 
attack  upon  St.  Augustine.     A  Spanish  prisoner 
was  intrusted  with  this  letter  under  promise  of 
delivering  it  to  the  deserter.     But  he  gave  it,  as 
was  expected  and  intended,  to  the  commander-in- 
chief,  who  instantly  put  the  deserter  in  irons.     In 
the  perplexity  occasioned  by  tin's  letter,  while  the 
enemy  was  deliberating  what  measure  to  adopt, 
three  ships  of  force,  which  the  governor  of  South 
Carolina  had  sent  to  Oglethorpe's  aid,  appeared 
off  the  coast.     The  Spanish  commander  wos  now 
convinced,  beyond  all  question,  that  the  letter,  in- 


620 


O'HARA. 


stead  of  being  a  stratagem,  contained  serious 
instructions  to  a  spy,  and  in  this  moment  of  con 
sternation  set  fire  to  the  fort,  and  embarked  so 
precipitately  as  to  leave  behind  him  a  number  of 
cannon  with  a  quantity  of*  military  stores.  Thus, 
by  an  event  beyond  human  foresight  or  control, 
by  the  correspondence  between  the  artful  sug 
gestions  of  a  military  genius  and  the  blowing  of 
the  winds,  was  the  ^nfant  colony  providentially 
saved  from  destruction,  and  Oglethorpe  retrieved 
his  reputation  and  gained  the  character  of  an  able 
general.  He  now  returned  to  England,  and  never 
again  revisited  Georgia.  In  1745  he  was  pro 
moted  to  the  rank  of  major-general,  and  was  sent 
against  the  rebels,  but  did  not  overtake  them,  for 
which  he  was  tried  by  a  court  martial  and  hon 
orably  acquitted.  After  the  return  of  Gage  to 
England  in  1775,  the  command  of  the  British 
army  in  America  was  offered  to  General  Ogle 
thorpe.  He  professed  his  readiness  to  accept 
the  appointment,  if  the  ministry  would  authorize 
him  to  assure  the  colonies  that  justice  would  be 
done  them ;  but  the  command  was  given  to  Sir 
William  Howe.  Upon  his  tomb,  in  Cranham 
church,  Essex,  is  the  following  inscription  : 

"  Religion  watches  o'er  his  urn, 
And  all  the  virtues  bending  mourn. 
Humanity,  with  languid  eye, 
Melting  for  others'  misery ; 
Prudence,  whoso  hands  a  measure  hold ; 
And  Temperance,  with  a  rein  of  gold ; 
Fidelity's  transparent  vest, 
And  Fortitude  in  armor  drest ; 
Wisdom's  gray  locks  and  Freedom  join 
The  moral  train  to  bless  his  shrine, 
And,  pensive,  all  around  his  ashes  holy 
Their  last  sad  honors  pay  in  order  melancholy." 

His  life  was  written  by  Rev.  Dr.  Harris.  —  Mar 
shall,  I.  318-344;  Thompson's  Seasons,  Winter, 
359-388. 

O'HARA,  JAMES,  one  of  the  founders  of  Pitts- 
burg,  Penn.,  died  Dec.  19,  1819,  aged  66.  lie 
was  born  in  Ireland  in  1754,  and  came  to  America 
in  1772,  without  friends  or  capital.  Engaging  in 
the  Indian  trade,  he  became  qualified  for  employ 
ment  by  the  government  in  frequent  missions  to 
the  Indian  tribes.  Under  Gen.  Wayne  he  was 
very  useful  to  the  army  as  quartermaster-general. 
Duly  estimating  the  fine  locality  of  Pittsburg, 
he  early  purchased  there  an  extensive  real  estate 
and  laid  the  foundation  of  a  princely  fortune. 
The  first  glass  works  and  brewery  were  estab 
lished  by  him.  Mary  Carson,  his  daughter,  mar 
ried  in  1823  Wm.  Croghan.  His  intelh'gence  and 
wit  gave  a  charm  to  his  conversation ;  he  was 
most  hospitable,  liberal,  and  beneficent.  The 
citizens  mourned  him  as  a  father. 

OJEDA,  DON  ALONZO  DE,  a  follower  of  Colum 
bus  in  his  second  voyage,  was  celebrated  for  his 
personal  endowments  and  daring  spirit.  Of  small 
size,  he  yet  had  great  strength  and  activity,  was 
expert  in  all  kinds  of  weapons,  most  adventurous 


OLDHAM. 

and  fierce  in  fight.  Once,  when  Queen  Isabella 
was  in  the  tower  of  a  church  at  Seville,  he  walked 
out  on  a  beam  which  projected  twenty  feet  from 
the  tower  at  a  dizzy  height.  In  Jan.,  1494,  he 
explored  the  interior  of  Ilispaniola.  After  being 
besieged  in  a  fortress  by  Caonabo,  he  treacher 
ously  seized  the  Carib  chieftain.  In  the  same 
spirit  of  inhumanity  he  made  up  his  Cavalgada, 
or  droves  of  slaves,  carrying  the  unhappy  natives 
to  Cadiz,  and  selling  them  in  the  slave-market. 
He  was  afterwards  governor  of  New  Andalusia 
at  Darien,  but  he  failed  about  1513  in  his  attempt 
to  establish  a  colony  there.  In  his  voyage  to 
Paria  in  1499  he  was  accompanied  by  Amerigo. 
—  Irving' s  Columbus. 

OLCOTT,  BULKLEY,  minister  of  Charlestown, 
N.  H.,  died  in  1793,  aged  59.  Born  in  Bolton, 
Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1758,  and  was 
settled  in  1761.  J.  Crosby  was  his  successor  in 
1810.  He  published  a  masonic  sermon,  1781. 

OLCOTT,  ALLEN,  minister  of  Farmington, 
Conn.,  died  in  1811,  aged  about  63.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  in  1768  ;  was  settled  in  1786,  and 
dismissed  in  1792.  He  was  born  in  East  Hart 
ford.  J.  Washburn  and  N.  Parker  succeeded 
him. 

OLCOTT,  SIMEON,  chief  justice  of  New  Hamp 
shire,  died  in  1815,  aged  78.  He  was  graduated 
at  Yale  college  in  1761,  and  commenced  .the 
practice  of  the  law  at  Charlestown,  N.  H.  He 
was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the  court  of  com 
mon  pleas  Dec.  25,  1784,  a  judge  of  the  superior 
court  Jan.  25,  1790,  chief  justice  March  28,  1795, 
and,  from  1801  to  1805,  a  senator  of  the  United 
States,  in  the  place  of  Mr.  Livermore,  who  had 
resigned. 

OLCOTT,  MILLS,  died  at  Hanover,  N.  H.,  JuJy 
11,  1845,  aged  71.  He  was  the  son  of  Gen.  Peter 
O.  of  Norwich,  Vt.,  who  removed  from  Bolton, 
Conn.,  in  1773,  and  was  lieutenant-governor. 
His  mother  was  Sarah  Mills  of  Waterbury.  He 
graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1790;  practised  law 
in  Hanover ;  was  secretary,  treasurer,  and  trustee 
of  the  college;  and  a  member  of  the  Hartford 
convention.  Becoming  a  member  of  the  church 
in  1820,  he  was  president  of  Grafton  county  bible 
society.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Col.  Asa 
Porter  of  Haverhill,  N.  H.  He  had  nine  chil 
dren.  Of  his  daughters,  Catharine  married  Jo 
seph  Bell,  and  Helen  married  Rufus  Choate  of 
Boston,  Jane  married  W.  T.  Hcydock  of  Lowell, 
Sarah  married  W.  H.  Duncan  of  Hanover,  and 
Mary  married  Charles  E.  Thompson  of  Haver- 
hill. 

OLDHAM,  JOHN,  a  disturber  of  the  church  at 
Plymouth,  arrived  in  the  Ann,  in  1623,  and  was 
associated  with  Lyford  in  1624.  They  set  up  a 
separate  worship  on  the  Sabbath,  and  intended 
to  alter,  probably  to  assume,  the  government.  He' 
lived  after  he  left  Plymouth  at  Hull  and  Cape  Ann, 


OLDMIXON. 

and  was  the  representative  of  Watertown  in  1634, 
so  that  he  recovered  his  lost  credit.  He  had  a 
spirit  of  adventure,  and  with  Samuel  Hall  and 
two  others  travelled,  in  1G33,  from  Dorchester 
through  the  wilderness  to  a  place  on  the  Connec 
ticut  river,  called  by  the  Indians  Mattaneaug, 
now  Windsor.  The  sachem  welcomed  them. 
This  led  to  the  settlement.  Afterwards,  in  1636, 
as  he  went  in  his  barque  to  trade  with  the  Indians, 
and  lay  at  anchor  at  Block  Island,  the  Indians 
boarded  his  vessel  and  murdered  him.  This 
event  led  to  the  Pequot  war.  John  Endicot  con 
ducted  the  first  expedition,  and  burned  all  the 
wigwams  on  Block  Island.  According  to  the 
account  of  Lion  Gardiner,  Oldham,  when  he  was 
killed,  had  with  him  50  pounds  in  gold  coins, 
•which  the  Indians,  punching  holes  through  them, 
wore  upon  their  necks  for  ornaments.  —  Stone's 
Uncas. 

OLDMIXON,  Joiix/died  in  England  in  1742, 
aged  69.  He  published,  among  other  works,  the 
British  empire  in  America,  2d  ed.,  2  vols.,  1741. 

OLDS,  GAMALIEL  S.,  died  at  Circleville,  O., 
June  13,  1848,  aged  71.  Born  in  Granville, 
Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Williams  in  1801,  and 
•was  a  tutor  several  years.  In  1806  he  was  chosen 
professor  of  mathematics,  which  office  he  held 
till  1808,  when  he  began  the  study  of  theology. 
In  1813  he  was  ordained  a  colleague  with  Dr. 
Newton  of  Greenfield,  and  remained  three  years. 
From  1819  to  1821  he  was  professor  of  mathe 
matics  in  the  University  of  Vermont,  and  from 
1821  to  1825  in  Amherst  college,  and  afterwards 
in  the  university  of  Georgia.  He  went  to  Ohio 
in  1841,  and  discharged  the  duties  of  a  minister 
till  his  death.  On  his  return  from  Bloomfield, 
whither  he  had  been  to  preach,  his  frightened 
horse  threw  him  from  his  vehicle  down  a  bank, 
and  he  was  so  wounded  that  in  a  few  days  he 
died ;  and  he  departed  in  peace.  His  wife  and 
children  were  all  soon  dead.  He  published  in 
augural  oration,  1806;  eight  sermons  on  Episco 
pacy  and  Presbyterian  parity,  1815;  a  statement 
of  facts  as  to  professor  at  Middlebury,  1818. 

OLIN,  GIDEON,  judge,  died  at  Shaftsbury,  Vt., 
in  1822.  Born  in  llhode  Island,  he  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  State  of  Vermont,  speaker  of 
the  house,  judge  of  a  county  court,  and  a  mem 
ber  of  congress. 

OLIN,  STEPHEN,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  president  of 
the  Wesleyan  university,  died  in  Middletown 
Aug.  16,  1851,  aged  54.  Born  in  Leicester,  Vt., 
he  graduated  at  Middlebury  in  1820,  and  entered 
the  Methodist  ministry  in  1824;  he  then  spent 
two  years  in  Charleston,  S.  C.  In  1833  he  was 
president  of  the  college  at  Macon,  Georgia,  and 
thence  went  to  Middletown  as  the  successor  of 
Pres.  Fisk.  In  1837  he  travelled  in  Europe  for 
his  health.  He  was  over  six  feet  in  height,  of  a 
large  frame,  with  a  voice  of  great  power  and 


OLIVER. 


621 


compass;  but  his  gestures  were  stiff.  He  pub 
lished  various  sermons,  lectures,  and  discourses, 
and  also  travels  in  the  East,  in  2  vols.  His  life 
and  letters  were  published  in  1853.  —  Cyclopedia 
of  Amer.  Literature. 

OLIVER,  THOMAS,  an  elder  of  the  church  in 
Boston,  died  in  1657.  He  arrived  in  1631.  His 
sons,  John,  James,  Peter,  and  Samuel,  were  noted 
and  useful  men  in  Boston.  John  died  in  1646, 
aged  29,  leaving  five  children.  According  to 
Winthrop,  he  was  greatly  lamented  for  the  sweet 
ness  of  his  disposition  and  his  public  usefulness, 
being  an  expert  soldier,  an  excellent  surveyor  of 
land,  a  good  scholar;  and  he  had  been  an  able 
preacher  for  four  years. 

OLIVER,  PETER,  son  of  Thomas,  and  an  emi 
nent  merchant  in  Boston,  died  in  1670.  He  was 
admitted  a  freeman  in  1640,  and  was  captain  of 
the  artillery  company  in  1669.  Of  his  sons,  Peter 
graduated  in  1675 ;  James  graduated  in  1650, 
was  a  physician  in  Cambridge,  and  died  in  1703; 
and  Daniel  died  in  1732,  aged  68,  being  the  father 
of  lieutenant-governor  Andrew  Oliver  and  of 
chief  justice  Peter  Oliver. 

OLIVER,  JAMES,  Dr.,  died  at  Cambridge  April 
8,  1703,  aged  43.  He  was  a  skilful  physician, 
and  eminent  for  his  virtues. 

OLIVER,  DANIEL,  a  member  of  the  council  of 
Mass.,  the  son  of  Peter,  a  merchant,  and  grand 
son  of  Elder  Thomas  O.,  was  born  in  1664,  and 
died  in  Boston  in  July,  1732,  aged  68.  He  was 
distinguished  for  piety,  humility,  and  charity  from 
his  youth.  He  always  rose  early  to  read  the 
sacred  volume  and  pour  out  his  heart  unto  God. 
Though  mercantile  business  claimed  much  of  his 
attention,  yet  he  devoted  Saturday  afternoon  to 
visiting  the  sick  in  his  neighborhood.  He  was 
an  overseer  of  the  poor,  and  he  maintained,  at 
his  own  expense,  a  school  which  received  thirty 
of  their  children.  He  built  for  this  purpose  a 
house  which  cost  600  pounds,  and  in  his  will  he 
directed  it  to  be  devoted  to  the  instruction  of  the 
poor  forever.  He  contributed  largely  to  the  pro 
motion  of  the  gospel  among  the  ignorant  and 
vicious.  —  Prince's  Fun.  Sermon. 

OLIVER,  ANDREW,  lieutenant-governor  of 
Massachusetts,  son  of  the  preceding,  died  at  Bos 
ton  March  3,  1774,  aged  67.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1724.  While  he  was  secre 
tary  of  the  province,  he  was  appointed  distributor 
of  stamps  in  1765,  but  the  Boston  mob  demol 
ished  his  office,  August  14,  and  compelled  him 
to  resign.  He  sustained  the  office  of  lieutenant- 
governor  from  1770  till  1774,  during  the  admin 
istration  of  his  brother-in-law,  Mr.  Hutchinson. 
No  man  was  more  disposed  to  promote  the  de 
signs  of  the  British  ministry.  His  letters,  which 
were  sent  over  by  Dr.  Franklin  in  1772,  disclosed 
his  subserviency  to  the  British  ministry,  and  the 
disclosure  embittered  his  remaining  days.  He 


622 


OLIVER. 


OLMSTED. 


was  hungry  for  office  and  honor.  Yet  in  private 
life  he  was  respected.  He  was  succeeded  as 
lieutenant-governor  by  Thomas  Oliver,  of  a  differ 
ent  family,  who  died  in  England  in  July,  1816, 
aged  82. 

OLIVER,  PETER,  LL.  D.,  chief  justice  of  Mas 
sachusetts,  the  brother  of  the  preceding,  died  at 
Birmingham,  England,  in  Oct.,  1791,  aged  79. 
He  was  born  in  1713,  and  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1730.  He  was  appointed  a  judge  of 
the  superior  court,  Sept.  15,  1756.  His  place  of 
residence  was  Middleborough,  and  he  had  not 
been  educated  to  the  law.  In  the  year  1774, 
when  the  general  court  called  upon  him,  as  they 
called  upon  the  other  judges,  to  receive  the  grant 
for  his  services,  as  usual,  from  the  treasury  of  the 
province,  and  to  engage  to  receive  no  pay  or 
emolument  except  from  the  assembly,  he  peremp 
torily  refused.  In  consequence  of  this  refusal 
the  house  voted  articles  of  impeachment  in  Feb 
ruary,  accusing  him  of  high  crimes  and  misde 
meanors.  His  son,  Peter,  died  at  Shrewsbury, 
England,  in  1822,  aged  81.  He  published 'a 
speech  on  the  death  of  Isaac  Lathrop,  1750 ; 
poem  on  the  death  of  Secretary  Willard ;  scripture 
lexicon,  1787. —  Warren,!.  119;  Gordon,  l.  345. 

OLIVER,  THOMAS  FITCH,  Episcopal  minister, 
first  of  Marblehead,  then  of  Providence,  died  in 
1797,  aged  about  42.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1775.  W.  Harris  succeeded  him  at  M.  He 
published  a  masonic  discourse,  1784. 

OLIVER,  ANDREW,  judge  of  the  court  of 
common  pleas  for  Essex,  the  son  of  Lieut.-Gov. 
Andrew  O.,  was  born  in  1731 ;  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1749  ;  and  died  at  Salem  early 
in  Dec.,  1799,  aged  68.  He  was  distinguished 
for  his  attachment  to  literature  and  science.  Of 
the  American  academy  he  was  one  of  the  original 
members.  He  published  an  essay  on  comets,  in 
1772  ;  and  theory  of  lightning  and  water-spouts, 
in  American  transactions. 

OLIVER,  ROBERT,  colonel,  died  at  Waterford 
in  May,  1810,  aged  72,  an  excellent  Christian. 
Living  at  Barre,  Mass.,  at  the  time  of  the  Revo 
lution,  he  was  an  officer  in  the  army ;  afterwards 
he  lived  at  Conway.  In  1789  he  erected  at  Wa 
terford  the  first  mills  in  Ohio.  He  sustained 
various  civil  offices. 

OLIVER,  THOMAS,  lieutenant-governor  of 
Massachusetts,  died  in  England  in  July,  1816, 
aged  82.  He  was  a  native  of  Dorchester,  and  a 
descendant  of  Elder  Thomas  O.  He  was  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  college  in  1753.  After  the  death 
of  Lieutenant-Governor  Andrew  O.  in  1774,  he 
was  nominated  as  his  successor  by  the  advice  of 
Mr.  Ilutchinson,  though  not  related  to  him.  He 
was  a  scholar,  and  affable  and  gentlemanly,  and 
in  the  possession  of  a  good  fortune,  residing  in 
an  elegant  mansion,  which  he  had  built  at  Cam 
bridge.  Probably  Mr.  Hutchinson  thought  his 


influence  would  be  important.  In  the  Revolu 
tion  he  went  to  England,  and  lived  at  Bristol. 
He  wrote  in  the  pietas  et  gratulatio,  a  short  Eng 
lish  poem.  —  Eliot. 

OLIVER,  NATHANIEL  K.  G.,  died  at  sea  in 
the  ship  Potomac,  of  which  he  was  secretary, 
May  1,  1832,  aged  42.  The  son  of  Rev.  Daniel 
O.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1809,  and  was 
for  years  the  useful  teacher  of  a  public  school  in 
Boston.  Ill  health  induced  him  to  take  a  voyage 
to  the  east  in  the  ship  in  which  he  died.  IleAvas 
a  distinguished  scholar,  a  man  of  exemplary  vir 
tues. 

OLIVER,  ROBERT,  an  eminent  merchant  of 
Baltimore,  died  in  1834,  aged  77. 

OLIVER,  BENJAMIN  LYNDE,  M.  D.,  died  at 
Salem  May  14,  1835.  He  was  a  native  of  Bos 
ton,  and  grandson  of  Lieutenant-Governor  Oliver. 
He  was  respected  for  his  talents,  learning,  and 
philanthropy.  He  published  hints  on  the  pur 
suit  of  happiness,  1818. 

OLIVER,  DANIEL,  a  minister  in  Beverly,  died 
in  Roxbury  Sept.  14,  1840,  aged  88.  Born  in 
Boston,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1785  ;  was 
the  pastor  of  the  upper  parish  of  Beverly  from 
1787  to  1797 ;  in  later  years  was  not  the  minister 
of  any  church.  His  wife,  of  the  name  of  Kem- 
ble,  was  the  sister  of  the  wife  of  Caleb  Bingham. 
He  published  nine  discourses  on  baptism,  1806. 

OLIVER,  DANIEL,  M.  D.,  LL.  D.,  died  at  Cam 
bridge  June  1, 1842,  aged  54 ;  professor  of  the  the 
ory  and  practice  of  physic  and  of  intellectual  phi 
losophy  in  Dartmouth  college.  He  was  born  in 
Marblehead  Sept.  9,  1787,  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1806,  and  was  for  several  years  the  associate 
of  Dr.  Mussey  in  Salem.  From  1820  to  1837 
he  lived  at  Hanover ;  afterwards  at  Cambridge. 
He  lectured  at  Cincinnati  in  1841  and  1842.  An 
exemplary  member  of  the  Episcopal  church,  of 
which  his  father  was  a  minister,  he  died  in  peace. 
He  was  a  man  of  mild  deportment,  gentlemanly, 
of  a  pure  character ;  an  accomplished  classical 
scholar,  skilled  in  various  languages,  having  also 
a  fine  taste  for  music.  He  published  first  lines 
of  physiology  in  1835,  and  a  2d  edition  in  1840. 
—  Williams'  Med.  Biog. 

OLIVER,  WILLIAM,  died  in  Dorchester  in 
1847,  leaving  his  whole  property,  about  100,000 
dollars,  to  be  divided  between  the  Perkins  insti 
tution  for  the  blind  and  the  McLean  asylum  for 
the  insane. 

OLMSTEAD,  JARED,  missionary  among  the 
Choctaws,  died  at  Norwalk  Sept.  19,  1843,  aged 
32.  He  was  born  in  Ridgeficld,  Conn.,  and  en 
tered  on  his  work  in  1 836,  at  first  a  teacher  at 
Whcelock,  then  a  preacher  at  Norwalk.  He  had 
the  confidence  and  love  of  the  Indians. 

OLMSTED,  GIDEON,  died  at  East  Hartford 
Feb.  7,  1845,  aged  96.  In  1776  in  a  privateer 
he  was  captured  and  carried  to  Jamaica,  and 


OLMSTED. 


OUR. 


623 


thence  ordered  to  a  prison  ship  in  New  York  ; 
but  lie  and  three  others  rose  on  the  crew  and 
captured  the  vessel. 

OLMSTED,  DENNISON,  JUN.,  professor  of 
chemistry  at  Yale  college,  died  Aug.,  1846. 

OLNEY,  JEIIEMIAH,  colonel,  died  at  Provi 
dence  in  1812,  aged  63.  lie  was  collector  of  the 
customs  at  P. 

OLNEY,  THOMAS,  minister  of  the  Baptist 
church  in  Providence,  died  June  11,  1722,  aged 
91.  He  was  born  in  Hertford,  England,  in  1631. 
It  is  supposed  he  was  the  son  of  Thomas  O.,  who 
went  with  Roger  Williams  from  Boston  to  Provi 
dence,  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  first 
Baptist  church  in  this  country. 

OLNEY,  STEPHEN,  captain,  died  at  Provi 
dence  Dec.,  1832,  aged  77.  He  fought  in  various 
battles  and  was  twice  wounded.  —  Host.  Patriot, 
Dec.  5. 

OLNEY,  GIDEON  W.,  Episcopal  minister  at 
Portland,  Maine,  died  in  Feb.,  1838,  aged  44. 

OLYPHANT,  DAVID  W.  C.,  a  merchant  of 
New  York,  died  in  Cairo,  Egypt,  on  his  return 
from  China,  June  10,  1851.  Living  in  China  for 
years,  he  redeemed  the  promise  made  thirty  years 
before  in  a  letter  to  Dr.  Morrison,  that  he  would 
do  what  he  could  for  Christian  missions.  The 
missionaries  found  him  a  friend  and  counsellor. 
He  was  also  liberal  in  giving  to  them  in  his  ships 
passages  free  of  charge.  To  the  mission  house 
in  New  York,  he  presented  a  thousand  select 
Chinese  volumes.  —  Observer,  July  24. 

ONDAYAKA,  died  near  Oncida  castle  Sept. 
20,  1839,  aged  90 ;  head  chief  of  the  Onondagas. 

ORDWAY,  NEHEMIAII,  died  in  Pembroke, 
N.  H.,  June,  1836,  aged  93.  Born  in  Amesbury, 
a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1764,  he  was  ordained 
at  Middleton,  N.  H.,  in  1778;  then  was  pastor  at 
Haverhill  from  1789  to  1794. 

ORNE,  JOSEPH,  Dr.,  died  in  Salem  Jan.  28, 
1786,  aged  36.  lie  was  born  in  Salem;  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1765  ;  studied  with  Dr.  Hoi- 
yoke  ;  and  practised  physic  a  few  years  in  Bev 
erly,  then  in  Salem.  He  was  an  associate  of  the 
academy  of  arts  and  sciences,  and  wrote  for  the 
medical  society.  Dr.  Ilolyoke  regarded  him  as 
one  of  the  best  poets  our  country  had  produced. 
He  introduced  the  cow  parsnep  as  a  cure  of  the 
epilepsy.  —  Thacker's  Med.  Bioy. 

OEONO,  chief  of  the  Penobscot  tribe  of  In 
dians,  died  at  Oldtown,  an  island  in  Penobscot 
river,  three  leagues  above  tide  water,  Feb.  5, 
1801,  aged  113  years.  lie  cultivated  among  his 
subjects  the  principles  of  peace,  temperance,  and 
religion.  In  the  time  of  the  war  with  Great 
Britain  he  formed  a  treaty  with  the  American 
government,  and  faithfully  adhered  to  it.  His 
people  profess  the  Roman  Catholic  religion  and 
have  a  church.  He  retained  his  mental  faculties 


to  an  unusual  degree  in  his  old  age.  His  hair 
had  long  been  of  a  milky  white,  and  this  vener 
able  chief  had  lived  to  hunt  in  three  different 
centuries.  His  wife,  Madam  Orono,  died  in  Jan., 
1809,  aged  115.  A  notice  of  him  by  W.  1).  AVil- 
liamson  is  in  hist.  coll.  3d  series,  vol.  VIII.  His 
father  was  a  Frenchman  ;  his  mother  half  French. 
His  eyes  were  blue,  his  hair  brown,  not  black,  in 
early  life.  He  understood  both  the  French  and 
Indian  languages.  He  succeeded  Osson  as  chief, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Aitteon,  who  died  about 
1811.  His  son,  John  Aitteon,  succeeded  in  1816. 
John  Neptune  was  associated  with  him  as  lieu 
tenant-governor. 

ORR,  HUGH,  an  enterprising  manufacturer, 
died  in  Dec.,  1798,  aged  81.  He  was  born  Jan. 
13,  1717,  in  Scotland,  and  was  educated  a  gun 
smith.  About  1738  he  settled  at  Bridgewater, 
Mass.,  where  he  first  erected  a  trip-hammer  and 
manufactured  scythes  and  other  tools.  About 
1748  he  made  five  hundred  muskets  for  the  State. 
In  the  war  of  the  Revolution  he  cast  iron  and 
brass  cannon,  from  3  to  42-pounders,  and  can 
non  balls.  He  also  invented  a  machine  for 
cleaning  flaxsecd,  which  he  exported  to  Scotland, 
and  constructed  a  machine  for  the  manufacture 
of  cotton.  So  highly  was  he  esteemed  by  his 
fellow  citizens,  that  he  was  for  some  years  elected 
a  senator.  His  widow,  Mary,  died  in  1804,  aged 
80.  His  son,  Robert,  was  armorer  at  Spring 
field.  Dr.  Hector  Orr  of  Bridgewater  was  his 
grandson. 

ORR,  JOHN,  died  at  Topsham,  Maine,  in  Oct.,. 
1799,  aged  103. 

ORR,  JOHN,  an  officer  in  the  Revolution,  died 
at  Bedford,  Mass.,  in  1822,  aged  75.  He  served 
under  Gen.  Stark  in  the  battle  of  Bennington, 
and  was  severely  wounded,  a  ball  entering  just 
above  the  knee  joint  and  lodging  in  the  bone. 
In  consequence  of  this  he  had  a  stiff  knee  and 
was  a  cripple,  and  subject  to  indescribable  suffer 
ings  for  life.  For  many  years  he  was  a  repre 
sentative  and  senator  of  New  Hampshire.  His 
mind  was  vigorous;  his  judgment  sound;  and 
his  Christian  character  exemplary.  His  son, 
Benjamin  Orr,  a  distinguished  lawyer,  died  at 
Brunswick,  Maine,  in  Sept.,  1828;  his  son,  Isaac 
Orr,  was  the  secretary  of  the  African  education 
society  at  Washington ;  his  daughter  was  the 
wife  of  Samuel  A.  Worcester,  the  missionary, 
whom  the  Georgians  held  a  prisoner  in  their  pen 
itentiary  in  disregard  of  the  solemn  decision  of 
the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States. 

ORR,  BENJAMIN,  died  at  Brunswick,  Me.,  in 
1828,  aged  about  50.  The  son  of  John  Orr  of 
Bedford,  N.  II.,  a  patriot,  who  died  in  1822,  he 
graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1798,  and  settled  as 
a  lawyer  at  Brunswick,  holding  a>  high  rank  in 
liis  profession.  He  was  a  member  of  congress. 


624 


ORR. 


OSBORN. 


His  son,  John  Orr,  is  a  minister  in  Alfred,  Maine. 
He  published  an  oration  on  the  death  of  Wash 
ington,  1800. 

ORR,  ALEXANDER  D.,  died  at  Paris,  Ky.,  in 
1835.  He  was  a  representative  in  congress  from 
1792  to  1797. 

ORR,  ROBERT  G.,  minister  of  Paterson,  N.  J., 
died  in  1837,  aged  49. 

ORR,  ISAAC,  died  at  Amherst,  Mass.,  April 
28,  1844,  aged  50.  Born  in  Bedford,  X.  II.,  the 
son  of  John  Orr,  a  civilian  and  patriot  of  the  Rev 
olution,  who  was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Bcn- 
nington  and  made  a  cripple,  —  he  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1818,  distinguished  as  a  scholar;  after 
wards  he  was  a  teacher  in  the  asylum  for  the 
deaf  and  dumb  at  Hartford.  He  also  was  a 
preacher  and  missionary  in  Washington  city.  He 
labored  for  the  colonization  society.  As  a  man 
of  integrity  and  of  pure  character  he  was  much 
esteemed.  He  was  the  inventor  of  the  air-tight 
stove.  He  wrote  a  multitude  of  communications 
for  the  papers,  journals,  and  scientific  magazines, 
among  them  forty-five  letters  of  Hampden  in 
the  Commercial  Advertiser,  and  eighty  letters  of 
Timoleon  in  the  Boston  Courier.  He  left  a  com 
mentary  on  Daniel  and  the  Revelation. 

ORR,  HECTOR,  M.  D.,  died  at  East  Bridge- 
water,  Mass.,  April  29,  1855,  aged  86.  The  same 
was  his  native  town.  He  was  the  son  of  Colonel 
Robert  Orr  ;  and  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1792. 
He  published  history  of  free-masonry,  a  discourse, 
1797  ;  oration,  1801. 

ORR,  JOHN  SAYERS,  the  "  angel  Gabriel,"  as 
he  called  himself,  died  in  prison  at  Demarara,  in 
185G,  aged  35.  His  crime  in  D.  was  stirring  up 
an  insurrection  of  the  blacks.  Born  in  England, 
he  spent  many  years  in  this  country.  He  thought, 
or  pretended  to  think,  that  he  was  the  angel  Ga 
briel,  and  with  a  small  horn  he  called  together 
his  audience  in  the  streets  or  on  the  wharves  of 
New  York  and  other  places,  thinking  he  had  a 
commission  to  preach  against  the  Catholics. 

OSBORX,  JOHN,  a  physician  and  poet,  died 
May  31,  1753,  aged  40.  He  was  born  at  Sand 
wich,  Mass.,  in  1713.  His  father,  a  native  of 
Ireland,  was  the  minister  of  Eastham  from  1718 
to  1737,  and  died  at  Boston,  aged  above  90.  He 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1735.  Un 
certain  for  a  time  what  profession  to  pursue,  he 
directed  his  thoughts  towards  theology,  and  pro 
ceeded  so  far  as  to  read  before  the  association  of 
ministers,  with  the  design  of  being  licensed  to 
preach,  a  sermon  which  was  not  perfectly  ortho 
dox.  Having  afterwards  resolved  upon  the  study 
of  medicine,  he  removed  to  Middletown,  Conn. 
But  little  is  known  concerning  him  after  this 
period.  In  1753  he  wrote  to  a  sister  that  he 
had  lingered  almost  two  years  a  life  not  worth 
having.  One  of  his  sons  was  a  physician  in  Mid 
dletown.  His  manners  were  open,  plain,  and 


agreeable,  and  his  temper  cheerful  and  mild. 
His  elegy  on  the  death  of  a  young  sister  is  pre 
served  in  the  Boston  mirror.  His  whaling  song 
has  been  sung  by  whalers.  It  is  published  in 
cyclopedia  of  American  literature.  —  Tkacher's 
Medical  Biography. 

OSBORX,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Eastham, 
Mass.,  died  in  Boston,  between  90  and  100  years 
of  age.  He  came  from  Ireland  ;  was  ordained 
in  1718;  the  next  year  his  church  divided  into 
two  churches.  He  was  dismissed  in  1737  for  be 
ing  an  Arminian.  He  removed  to  Boston,  and 
there  taught  a  private  school  ten  years  or  more, 
lie  taught  the  Cape  Cod  people  the  use  of  peat. 
He  published  his  case  and  complaint,  1743. 

OSBORX,  SYLVANUS,  minister  of  East  Green 
wich,  Conn.,  died  in  1771,  aged  about  forty.  He 
was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1754,  and  was 
ordained  in  1757. 

OSBORX,  SARAH,  died  at  Xewport,  R.  I.,  in 
1796,  aged  82 ;  a  woman  of  distinguished  piety. 

OSBORX,  BENJAMIN,  minister  of  Timnouth, 
Vt ,  died  in  1818,  aged  70.  Born  in  Litchfield, 
Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1775,  and 
was  pastor  at  T.  from  1780  to  1787. 

OSBORX,  JOHN,  a  physician,  son  of  John, 
was  born  March  17,  1741,  and  after  practising 
physic  more  than  sixty  years  at  Middletown,  died 
in  June,  1825,  aged  84.  He  was  with  the  army 
at  Ticonderoga  in  1758.  He  was  skilful  as  a 
chemist,  and  had  the  best  medical  library  in  the 
State.  He  published  before  the  Revolution  La 
Condamine's  treatise  on  inoculation,  with  an  ap 
pendix. —  Tliacher. 

OSBORX,  JOHN  C.,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  the 
eldest  son  of  the  preceding,  died  March  5,  1819, 
aged  52.  He  was  born  in  Sept.,  1766,  and 
studied  medicine  with  his  father.  He  practised 
physic  at  Xewbern,  Xorth  Carolina,  from  1787 
till  1807,  when  he  removed  to  the  city  of  Xew 
York,  where  he  was  appointed  professor  of  medi 
cine  in  Columbia  college,  and  afterwards  professor 
of  obstetrics  in  the  college  of  physicians  and  sur 
geons.  He  died  of  a  pulmonary  disorder  at  St. 
Croix.  He  had  a  taste  for  painting,  and  such 
skill  in  poetry  that  Barlow's  vision  of  Columbus 
was  submitted  to  him  and  Alsop  for  revision 
before  it  was  published.  —  Tkacker. 

OSBORX,  SELLECK,  a  poet,  died  at  Philadel 
phia  Oct.  1,  1826,  aged  43.  He  was  brought  up 
a  printer.  He  was  born  in  Trumbull,  Conn., 
and  conducted  a  paper  at  Litchfield,  about  1808, 
and  was  imprisoned  for  a  libel,  —  a  circumstance 
which  excited  much  sympathy  among  his  repub 
lican  friends.  He  afterwards  edited  a  paper  in 
Boston,  and  the  American  Watchman  at  Wil 
mington,  Delaware.  He  published  a  volume  of 
poems,  Boston,  1823.  —  Spec,  of  Amer.  Poetry, 
II.  145. 

OSBORX,  SYLVESTER,  major,  died  in  Danvers 


OSBORNE. 


OSGOOD. 


025 


Oct.  2,  1845,  aged  87.  lie  was  with  G.  Foster 
in  the  battle  of  Lexington  in  177,3. 

OSBOltXK,  J.  C  ,  Mrs.,  died  March  5,  1819, 
aged  11,3.  Her  husband  died  a  few  years  before 
her,  aged  110.  —  Jamison. 

OSEOLA,  or  Powell,  a  Scminole  Indian  chief, 
died  of  a  diaease  of  the  throat  at  fort  Moultrie, 
near  Charleston,  Jan.  31,  1838,  aged  about  35. 
lie  was  the  master  spirit  of  a  long  and  desperate 
war ;  cool,  subtle,  determined  in  his  hostility  to 
the  whites,  he  had  a  wonderful  ascendency  over 
the  Indians. 

OSGOOD,  JOHN,  died  at  Andover,  Mass.,  in 
165 1,  aged  56.  lie  came  from  Andover,  Eng 
land  ;  was  admitted  freeman  at  Xewbury  in  1G39 ; 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  church  at  An 
dover  in  1645,  and  the  first  representative  in 
1651.  He  had  sons  John,  Stephen,  Christopher, 
and  Thomas.  His  posterity  is  numerous.  Mary, 
the  wife  of  his  son  John,  was  accused  of  witch 
craft  in  1G92,  and  it  was  only  by  confessing  the 
crime  that  she  saved  her  life.  She  afterwards 
made  a  recantation.  Twenty-five  of  the  name  of 
Oliver  had  graduated  in  the  New  England  col 
leges  before  1829. 

OSGOOD,  JAMES,  minister  of  Wenham,  Mass., 
died  in  1745,  aged  about  41.  lie  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1724. 

OSGOOD,  Joux,  minister  of  Midway,  Georgia, 
was  born  in  Dorchester,  South  Carolina ;  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  college  in  1733;  and  was  ordained 
at  Dorchester  March  24,  1735.  He  followed  in 
1754  a  part  of  his  society  to  a  new  settlement, 
about  thirty  miles  from  Savannah,  called  Midway, 
where  he  remained  till  his  death,  Aug.  2,  1773. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Moses  Allen,  Abiel  Holmes 
from  Nov.,  1785,  to  June  21,  1791,  and  Cyrus 
Guildersleeve,  Dec.  14,  1791.  He  was  the  father, 
friend,  and  shepherd  of  his  flock,  and  by  them 
was  greatly  beloved  and  lamented. 

OSGOOD,  JOSEPH,  Dr.,  died  at  Andover, 
Mass.,  Jan.,  1797,  aged  78.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1737,  and  was  an  eminent  physician, 
and  for  thirty  years  a  deacon  of  the  first  church. 

OSGOOD,  SAMUEL,  postmaster-general  of  the 
United  States,  died  Aug.  12,  1813,  aged  65.  He 
was  a  descendant  of  John  O.,  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  church  at  Andover  in  Oct.,  1645  ;  was 
born  in  Andover,  Mass.,  Feb.  14,  1748,  being  the 
son  of  Peter  O.  and  Sarah  Johnson  ;  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1770.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  Revolution  he  was  a  member 
of  the  board  of  war,  and  for  some  years  a  mem 
ber  of  the  legislature.  In  1775  and  1776  he  was 
an  aid  to  Gen.  Ward.  In  1781  he  was  appointed 
a  member  of  Congress.  In  1785  the  congress 
appointed  him  first  commissioner  of  the  treasury. 
Alter  the  commencement  of  our  present  govern 
ment,  Washington  selected  him  in  1789  as  post 
master-general,  after  Mr.  Hazard ;  an  office  which 
7'J 


he  held  two  years,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Mr. 
Pickering.  In  1801  he  was  supervisor  of  New 
York,  and  in  1803  appointed  naval  officer  for  the 
port  of  New  York,  where  he  died.  He  was  an 
elder  of  one  of  the  churches  in  New  York. 
Though  he  cherished  the  hope  that  he  became 
religious  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  yet  he  had  many 
days  of  doubt  and  melancholy,  and  suffered  keen 
remorse  for  doing  so  little  in  the  cause  of  his 
Master.  He  published  a  work  on  chronology; 
remarks  on  Daniel  and  Revelation  ;  a  letter  on 
Episcopacy,  1807  ;  three  letters  on  different  sub 
jects,  addressed  to  J.  B.  Itomeyn,  J.  Osgood,  and 
A.  Armstrong. 

OSGOOD,  JONATHAN,  minister  of  Gardner, 
Mass.,  died  in  1821,  aged  60,  in  the  twenty-first 
year  of  his  ministry.  Born  at  Westford,  he 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1789. 

OSGOOD,  DAVID,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Med- 
ford,  Mass.,  died  Dec.  12,  1822,  aged  74.  Born 
in  Andover,  he  was  the  son  of  Isaac  Osgood,  a 
pious  farmer  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the 
town,  near  the  borders  of  Tewksbury,  at  whose 
house,  in  a  place  of  retirement,  James  Otis  was 
a  boarder,  when  at  the  door  a  flash  of  lightning 
struck  him  dead.  This  ancient  house  now  stands. 
A  print  of  it  is  in  the  memoir  of  Otis  and  in  cyclo 
paedia  of  American  literature.  Dr.  Osgood  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1771,  and  or 
dained  Sept.  14,  1774.  His  ministry  was  of 
nearly  fifty  years.  His  wife  was  Hannah  Breed 
of  Charlestown.  He  was  one  of  the  most  dis 
tinguished  preachers  of  Massachusetts.  His  style 
was  perspicuous,  energetic,  and  elegant.  In  his 
delivery  he  was  accustomed  to  raise  his  voice  oc 
casionally  to  a  high  pitch.  Those  who  heard  him 
preach,  may  remember  that  now  and  then  he 
took  off  his  spectacles  and  laid  them  on  the 
cushion,  or  held  them  in  one  hand,  and  then  with 
an  altered  voice  he  would  say,  "  My  brethren," 
and  would  pour  forth  elaborate  sentences  of  great 
energy  and  pathos.  Sometimes  he  committed 
whole  sermons  to  memory,  especially  on  public 
occasions.  With  great  care  he  wrote  out  all  his 
sermons.  His  best  ones  he  often  preached.  Once 
in  his  plainness  he  said  to  a  young  preacher : 
"  Yrou  had  gotten  your  sermons  by  heart ;  I  do 
so  sometimes,  but  never  unless  I  am  sure  I  have 
a  good  sermon,  worth  the  labor ;  yours  were  not 
worth  committing."  His  prayers  were  also  studied; 
and  some  of  them  he  committed  to  memory. 
Timothy  Bigelow  once  had  the  courage  to  ask 
him  the  congruity  of  the  imagery  in  the  sentence  : 
'•  Hide  forth,  king  Jesus,  triumphant  on  the  word 
of  truth;  make  it  like  a  sword  to  pierce,  and  like 
a  hammer  to  break  in  pieces,  and  dissolve  the 
hard  and  stony  heart  into  godly  sorrow  for  sin." 
Once,  in  his  preaching  at  Cambridge,  he  gave  a 
home  thrust  to  President  Kirkland,  which  caused 
much  talk  among  the  students.  Having  quoted 


G26 


OSGOOD. 


OTIS. 


some  texts  to  prove  the  divinity  of  Christ,  he 
turned  round  and  looked  to  the  left  wall,  where 
the  president  and  some  professors  were  sitting, 
and  said  with  energy,  "  What  will  our  Socinian 
brethren  say  to  this?"  One,  who  sometimes 
heard  him  in  the  pulpit,  remembers  well  his  odd 
habit  of  looking  around  the  congregation  while 
he  was  in  prayer.  Although  he  was  a  learned 
man  and  a  laborious  writer,  yet  as  a  minister  he 
might  have  been  more  useful  had  he  lived  less  in 
his  study  and  mere  among  his  people,  whom  he 
seldom  visited.  It  may  be  doubted  whether  his 
usefulness  as  a  minister  was  not  impaired  by  the 
zeal  with  which  he  engaged  in  the  political  con 
troversies  of  his  day.  lie  was  a  federalist  of  the 
Hamilton  school,  and  he  sometimes  preached 
sermons  of  bitter  invective  against  men  of  differ 
ent  politics.  Quotations  from  them  are  given 
by  Mr.  Carey  in  his  olive  branch.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  at  the  installation  of  P.  Thacher, 
1785;  at  the  artillery  election,  1788;  at  the 
thanksgiving,  1783,  1794,  and  February  and  No 
vember,  1795  ;  on  the  death  of  a  child,  1797  ;  of 
Washington,  1800 ;  of  J.  Iloby,  1803 ;  at  the 
fast,  and  convention,  1798 ;  the  devil  let  loose, 
etc.,  a  fast  sermon,  1799 ;  at  the  ordination  of 
Leonard  Woods,  1800;  of  C.  Francis,  1819;  at 
the  Dudleian  lecture,  1802 ;  the  validity  of  bap 
tism  by  sprinkling,  and  the  right  of  infants,  etc., 
1804 ;  at  the  election,  1809  ;  a  discourse  at  Cam 
bridge,  in  the  hearing  of  the  university,  1810 ; 
solemn  protest  against  the  declaration  of  war, 
1812.  A  volume  of  his  sermons  was  published, 
8vo.,  1824.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

OSGOOD,  GEORGE,  Dr.,  died  at  Andover, 
Mass.,  in  1823,  aged  Go. 

OSGOOD,  EMORY,  a  Baptist  minister,  died  at 
Utica,  Sept.  12,  1824,  aged  47.  He  was  superin 
tendent  of  the  Oneida  mission,  and  had  been 
pastor  of  Henderson  in  Jefferson  county. 

OSGOOD,  FRANCES  S.,  the  wife  of  S.  S.  Os- 
good,  a  painter,  died  at  Hingham,  Mass.,  May 
12,  1850,  aged  about  38.  .  Her  father,  Joseph 
Locke,  was  a  merchant  of  Boston.  She  early 
wrote  poetry  with  the  signature  of  Florence. 
Being  in  England  with  her  husband,  she  pub 
lished  in  London  a  wreath  of  wild  flowers  from 
New  England,  1839;  and  the  happy  release,  a 
play.  She  edited  at  New  York  in  1841  the 
poetry  of  flowers  ;  and  in  1847  the  floral  offering. 
She  died  of  the  consumption.  —  Cycl.  of  Amer. 
Literature. 

OSGOOD,  TIIADDEUS,  died  at  Glasgow,  Scot 
land,  Jan.  19,  1852,  aged  about  70.  Born  in 
Methuen,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in 
1803,  and  began  the  study  of  theology  with  Dr. 
Lathrop  of  West  Springfield.  He  began  to 
preach  in  1804.  An  invitation  to  settle  was  de 
clined,  and  he  chose  to  act  as  a  missionary  in 
New  York  and  Canada.  In  1812  he  went  to 


England,  and  for  the  support  of  a  school  in 
Quebec  collected  9,000  dollars,  which  was  placed 
in  the  hands  of  a  committee.  He  fitted  up  the 
old  theatre,  in  which  two .  hundred  boys  were 
taught  to  read  extracts  from  the  bible.  The 
Catholics  and  Episcopalians  also  set  up  schools, 
which  have  ever  since  been  continued.  In  1825 
he  went  to  England  and  collected  5,000  dollars 
for  a  society  to  promote  education  and  industry. 
In  1837  he  caused  a  society  to  be  formed  in 
Canada  to  supply  bibles  to  seamen  and  emigrants, 
and  to  aid  in  education.  He  toiled  through 
life  as  a  preacher,  a  distributor  of  tracts,  and  a 
founder  of  Sabbath  schools.  Mr.  O.  had  some 
skill  in  controversy.  He  once  attended  Ilobert 
Owen's  Infidel  meeting  in  London,  with  liberty 
himself  to  speak.  He  said  to  him,  "  You  deny 
the  future,  and  you  cut  yourself  off  from  the  hap 
piness  derived  from  the  anticipation  of  future 
good."  —  "  No,"  replied  Owen,  "  I  believe  matter 
will  exist."  —  "And  so,"  returned  Mr.  Osgood, 
"  your  happiness  is  to  hope  that  a  clod  of  clay, 
called  Ilobert  Owen,  will  rise  up  as  a  goose,  a 
jackass,  or  a  cabbage-head." 

OSO01T,  ZACIIARY,  an  Indian  preacher  at  Gay 
Head,  Martha's  Vineyard,  was  one  of  the  Indian 
ministers  on  the  island,  when  certain  commis 
sioners  visited  Mashpee  in  1767.  He  preached 
before  them  at  Mashpee,  being  there  agreeably 
to  a  good  annual  custom  of  a  meeting  for  com 
munion  of  the  island  and  continental  Indians. 
Solomon  Bryant,  the  pastor,  prayed ;  both  per 
forming  "  with  apparent  solemnity  and  devotion." 

OSSON,  an  Indian  chief  on  the  Penobscot,  suc 
ceeded  Tomer,  who  followed  Orono,  and  died 
about  1775,  aged  about  100.  He  was  wise  and 
influential.  The  government  of  Massachusetts 
made  him  a  justice  of  the  peace. 

OSTEANDEIl,  DANIEL,  died  at  Plattskill, 
New  York,  in  1843,  quite  aged  ;  a  Methodist  min 
ister,  who  had  completed  the  fiftieth  year  of  his 
ministry. 

OTIS,  RICHARD,  of  Dover,  N.  II.,  was  killed 
by  the  Indians  with  Major  Waldron,  June  27, 
1G89.  His  descendants  remain  in  New  Hamp 
shire. 

OTIS,  Joiix,  colonel  and  judge,  died  Sept. 
23,  1727,  aged  70.  He  was  born  at  Hingham, 
Mass.,  in  1657,  and  was  the  eldest  son  of  John 
O.,  who  lived  in  Hingham  in  1636,  and  removed 
about  1662  to  Scituate,  where  he  died  in  1684, 
aged  64.  His  father's  name  was  also  John,  who 
was  born  in  Barnstable,  England,  in  1581,  emi 
grated  with  Hobart  to  llingham  in  1635  and 
lived  at  Otis'  Hill,  and  died  at  Weymouth  in 
1657,  aged  76.  He  settled,  when  a  young  man, 
in  Barnstable,  of  which  town  he  Avas  for  twenty 
years  the  representative.  He  was  a  councillor 
from  1706  for  twenty-one  years,  and  was  also  for 
many  years  commander  of  the  militia  of  Barn- 


OTIS. 


OTIS. 


G27 


stable  county,  chief  justice  of  the  court  of  com 
mon  pleas,  and  judge  of  probate.  Joseph  O., 
justice  of  peace  at  Plymouth  in  1747,  was  per 
haps  his  brother.  His  son  John,  a  representa 
tive  of  Barnstable  and  member  of  the  council 
from  1747  till  his  death,  died  in  May,  1758. 
Col.  Otis  had  fine  talents,  the  power  of  wit  and 
humor,  and  an  intimate  knowledge  of  mankind. 
He  was  also  an  eminent  Christian,  strict  and  ex 
emplary  in  the  performance  of  religious  duties. 
—  Eliot. 

OTIS,  JOSEPH,  died  in  New  London  in  1754, 
aged  90.  He  was  of  the  second  church  under 
Mr.  Hillhouse.  When  the  meeting-house  was 
built,  he  was  the  owner  of  one  of  the  four  pews 
of  the  highest  honor ;  which  were  on  each  side 
of  the  pulpit  and  of  the  opposite  door.  He 
came  from  Scituate  and  lived  in  the  north  parish, 
where  he  owned  a  large  quantity  of  land.  —  Miss 
Caulkins'  Hist,  of  New  London. 

OTIS,  JAMES,  colonel  and  judge,  died  in 
Nov.,  1778.  He  was  the  son  of  Colonel  John. 
Without  the  advantages  of  a  collegiate  education, 
he  yet  was  distinguished  for  his  intellectual  pow 
ers  and  his  knowledge  of  law.  Gov.  Shirley 
promised  him,  that,  upon  a  vacancy  in  the  supe 
rior  court,  he  should  be  appointed  judge ;  but 
he  did  not  fulfil  his  promise.  On  the  death  of 
the  Chief  Justice  Scwail  in  17GO,  Col.  Otis,  then 
speaker  of  the  house,  applied  to  Gov.  Bernard 
for  the  appointment  of  associate  judge,  and  his 
son,  James,  seconded  the  request.  But  Mr. 
Hutchinson  was  nominated.  To  this  disappoint 
ment  Mr.  Hutchinson  attributes  the  flaming 
patriotism  of  the  father  and  the  son.  He  says  : 
"  From  this  time  they  were  at  the  head  of  every 
measure  in  opposition.  From  so  small  a  spark 
a  great  fire  seems  to  have  been  kindled."  In 
order  to  conciliate  this  family,  Gov.  Bernard,  as, 
by  the  demise  of  the  king  in  1760,  all  civil  and 
military  offices  must  be  renewed,  proposed  to 
Col.  Otis  to  give  him  the  principal  offices  in  the 
county  of  Barnstable,  with  the  right  of  nominat 
ing  many  of  his  relations  and  friends.  Accord 
ingly  Col.  Otis  was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the 
county  court  and  judge  of  probate.  Soon  after 
wards  Mr.  Otis,  the  son,  supported  the  grant  of 
the  island  of  Mount  Desert  to  the  governor.  It 
seems,  however,  that  the  reconciliation  was  not 
of  long  continuance.  Col.  Otis  maintained  the 
rights  of  the  colonies  ;  and  the  governor,  in  his 
speech  in  1766,  asks  :  "  Shall  this  fine  country 
be  ruined,  because  every  person  in  the  govern 
ment  has  not  been  gratified  with  honors  or  offices 
according  to  the  full  of  his  pretensions  ?  Shall 
the  private  interests,  passions,  or  resentments  of 
a  few  men  deprive  this  whole  people  of  the  great 
and  manifold  advantages  which  the  favor  and  in 
dulgence  of  their  sovereign  and  his  parliament 
are  even  now  providing  for  them  ?  "  Hutchin 


son  says,  that  the  reference  is  to  Col.  Otis  ;  but 
this  is  ascribing  a  great  deal  to  one  family.  When 
chosen  a  councillor,  he  was  repeatedly  rejected 
by  the  governor.  His  wife  was  Mary  Allyne  of 
Wethersfield,  Conn.,  a  native  of  Plymouth,  the 
daughter  of  Joseph  Allyne  and  Mary  Dotcn,  who 
removed  to  W.  His  three  sons  were  men  of  dis 
tinction.  His  daughter  married  Gen.  James 
Warren. 

OTIS,  JAMES,  a  distinguished  patriot  and 
statesman,  the  son  of  the  preceding,  died  May 
23,  1783,  aged  58.  He  was  born  at  Great 
Marshes,  or  West  Barnstable,  Feb.  5,  1725,  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1743.  After 
pursuing  the  study  of  the  law  under  Mr.  Gridley, 
the  first  lawyer  and  civilian  of  his  time,  at  the 
age  of  twenty-one  he  began  the  practice  at  Ply 
mouth.  In  about  two  years  he  removed  from 
this  town  to  Boston,  where  he  'soon  gained  so 
high  a  reputation  for  integrity  and  talents,  that 
his  services  were  required  in  the  most  important 
causes.  It  will  be  seen,  under  the  account  of  his 
father,  that  Mr.  Hutchinson  ascribes  his  zeal  for 
colonial  rights  to  resentment.  Dr.  Eliot  also 
says,  that  in  1775  he  heard  Judge  Trowbridge 
remark,  that  Mr.  Otis,  in  his  resentment,  had 
said,  "  That  he  would  set  the  province  in  flames, 
if  he  perished  by  the  fire ;  "  and  he  doubted  not 
the  war  would  have  been  delayed  for  years,  if 
Mr.  Ilutchinson  had  not  been  appointed  chief 
justice.  But,  allowing  the  resentment  at  the 
time,  one  would  think  the  accommodation  of  the 
father  as  to  office  was  pretty  ample.  Besides, 
new  questions  had  sprung  up,  and  the  force  of 
circumstances  would  easily  render  such  a  mind 
as  that  of  James  Otis  earnest  in  the  defence  of 
the  rights  of  the  colony.  In  1761  he  distin 
guished  himself  by  pleading  against  the  writs  of 
assistance,  which  the  officers  of  the  customs  had 
applied  for  to  the  judges  of  the  supreme  court. 
His  antagonist  was  Mr.  Gridley.  Of  his  speech 
John  Adams  said  :  "  Otis  was  a  flame  of  fire ; 
with  a  promptitude  of  classical  allusions,  a  depth 
of  research,  a  rapid  summary  of  historical  events 
and  dates,  a  profusion  of  legal  authorities,  a  pro 
phetic  glance  of  his  eyes  into  futurity,  and  a 
rapid  torrent  of  impetuous  eloquence,  he  hurried 
away  all  before  him.  American  independence 
was  then  and  there  born.  Every  man  of  an  im 
mense  crowded  audience  appeared  to  me  to  go 
away,  as  I  did,  ready  to  take  up  arms  against 
writs  of  assistance."  Judgment  was  suspended 
in  order  to  get  information  from  England  ;  at 
the  next  term  writs  were  ordered  to  be  issued  on 
application  to  the  chief  justice  by  the  surveyor^ 
general  of  the  customs.  Yet  they  were  never 
executed.  He  was,  in  this  or  the  following  year, 
chosen  a  member  of  the  legislature,  in  \\  hicli 
body  the  powers  of  his  eloquence,  the  keenness 
of  his  wit,  the  force  of  his  arguments,  and  re- 


628 


OTIS. 


OTIS. 


sources  of  his  intellect  gave  him  a  most  com 
manding  influence.  When  the  arbitrary  claims 
of  Great  Britain  were  advanced,  he  warmly  en 
gaged  in  defence  of  the  colonies,  and  was  the 
first  champion  of  American  freedom,  who  had 
the  courage  to  affix  his  name  to  a  production 
that  stood  forth  against  the  pretensions  of  the 
parent  State.  He  was  a  member  of  the  congress 
which  was  held  at  New  York  in  1765,  in  which 
year  his  rights  of  the  colonies  vindicated,  a 
pamphlet,  occasioned  by  the  stamp  act,  and  which 
was  considered  as  a  masterpiece  both  of  good 
writing  and  of  argument,  was  published  in  Lon 
don.  For  the  boldness  of  his  opinions  he  was 
threatened  with  an  arrest ;  yet  he  continued  to 
support  the  rights  of  his  fellow  citizens.  lie 
resigned  the  office  of  judge  advocate  in  1767, 
and  renounced  all  employment  under  an  admin 
istration  which  had  encroached  upon  the  liberties 
of  his  country.  His  warm  passions  sometimes 
betrayed  him  into  unguarded  epithets,  that  gave 
his  enemies  an  advantage,  without  benefit  to  the 
cause  which  lay  nearest  his  heart.  Being  vilified 
in  the  public  papers,  he  in  return  published  some 
severe  strictures  on  the  conduct  of  the  commis 
sioners  of  the  customs,  and  others  of  the  minis 
terial  party. 

A  short  time  afterwards,  on  the  evening  of 
Sept.  5,  1769,  he  met  John  Robinson,  one  of  the 
commissioners,  in  a  public  room,  and  an  affray 
followed,  in  which  he  was  assaulted  by  a  number 
of  ruffians,  who  left  him  and  a  young  gentleman, 
who  interposed  in  his  defence,  covered  with 
wounds.  The  wounds  were  not  mortal;  but  his 
usefulness  was  destroyed,  for  his  reason  was 
shaken  from  its  throne,  and  the  great  man  in 
ruins  lived  several  years  the  grief  of  his  friends. 
In  an  interval  of  his  reason  he  forgave  the  men 
who  had  done  him  an  irreparable  injury,  and  re 
linquished  the  sum  of  2000  pounds  which  Mr. 
Robinson  had  been  by  a  civil  process  adjudged  to 
pay,  on  his  signing  a  humble  acknowledgment. 
He  lived  to  see,  but  not  fully  to  enjoy,  the  inde 
pendence  of  America,  an  event  towards  which  his 
efforts  had  greatly  contributed.  At  length,  as  he 
was  leaning  on  his  cane  at  the  door  of  Mr.  Isaac 
Osgood's  house  in  Andover,  he  was  struck  by  a 
flash  of  lightning ;  his  soul  was  instantly  liberated 
from  its  shattered  tenement,  and  sent  into  eter 
nity.  His  wife  was  Ruth  Cunningham  of  Boston. 
President  Adams,  then  minister  in  France,  wrote 
respecting  him  :  "  It  was  with  very  afflicting  sen 
timents  I  learned  the  death  of  Mr.  Otis,  my 
worthy  master.  Extraordinary  in  death  as  in 
life,  he  has  left  a  character  that  will  never  die, 
while  the  memory  of  the  American  Revolution 
remains ;  whose  foundation  he  laid  with  an  en 
ergy  and  with  those  masterly  abilities  which  no 
other  man  possessed."  He  was  highly  distin 
guished  by  genius,  eloquence,  and  learning,  and 


no  American  perhaps  had  possessed  more  exten 
sive  information.  Besides  his  legal  and  political 
knowledge,  he  Avas  a  complete  master  of  classical 
literature.  He  published  rudiments  of  Latin 
prosody,  with  a  dissertation  on  letters,  and  the 
power  of  harmony  in  prosaic  composition,  12mo., 
1760,  which  has  been  considered  the  most  clear 
and  most  masterly  treatise  on  the  subject;  vindi 
cation  of  the  conduct  of  the  house  of  representa 
tives  of  Massachusetts  in  1762;  the  rights  of  the 
British  colonies  asserted,  1764;  considerations 
on  behalf  of  the  colonists,  1765.  His  life  by 
William  Tudor  was  published,  8vo.,  1823.— War 
ren,  I.  47,  85-89 ;  Monthly  Anthology,  v.  222- 
226. 

OTIS,  JOSEPH,  general,  brother  of  the  pre 
ceding,  a  Revolutionary  patriot,  died  Sept.  23, 
1810,  aged  82.  He  was  born  in  1728,  and  was 
for  many  years  a  clerk  of  the  court  of  common 
pleas,  a  member  of  the  legislature,  and  brigadier- 
general  of  the  militia.  Washington  appointed 
him  collector  for  the  district  of  Barnstable,  an 
office  which  he  held  for  many  years.  His  resi 
dence  was  at  the  parish  of  Barnstable,  called 
Great  Marshes.  He  died  in  the  peace  of  the 
Christian,  leaving  four  sons  and  two  daughters. 
His  daughter  Maria,  wife  of  Rev.  Philip  Colby 
of  Micldleborough,  a  lady  of  many  attractions 
and  accomplishments  and  eminent  piety,  died 
May  20,  1821,  aged  33.  His  son  William,  clerk 
in  the  land  office  at  Washington,  died  in  1837, 
aged  53.  His  son  John,  collector  at  Barnstable, 
died  in  1854,  aged  80. 

OTIS,  SAMUEL  ALLYXE,  secretary  of  the  sen 
ate  of  the  United  States,  brother  of  the  preced 
ing,  died  April  22,  1814,  aged  73.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1759,  and  settled 
as  a  merchant  in  Boston.  In  1776  he  was  chosen 
a  representative,  and  afterwards  was  a  member 
of  the  convention  which  framed  the  constitution 
of  Massachusetts.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
board  of  war.  In  1787  he  was  one  of  the  com 
missioners  to  negotiate  with  the  insurgents.  In 
1788  he  was  elected  a  member  of  congress,  and, 
after  the  adoption  of  the  constitution,  secretary 
of  the  senate,  an  office  which  he  held,  amidst  the 
collision  of  parties,  with  exemplary  fidelity  and 
amenity  of  manners,  without  the  absence  of  one 
day,  more  than  thirty  years,  till  his  death  at 
Washington.  His  first  wife  was  the  daughter  of 
Harrison  Gray,  treasurer  of  Massachusetts ;  his 
second  was  the  widow  of  Edward  Gray.  His 
son,  Samuel  Allyne  Otis,  died  at  Newburyport  in 
1814,  aged  44.  Another  son  was  Harrison  Gray 
Otis  of  Boston. 

OTIS,  GEORGE,  died  in  1828,  aged  about  33. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1815,  and  was  tutor 
and  professor  of  Latin.  lie  was  an  Episcopal 
preacher,  lie  published  perfectibility;  address 
to  humane  society  at  Newburyport,  1818;  sermon 


OTIS. 


OVEKBAUGH. 


629 


at  Cambridge  at  the  re-opening  of  the  Episcopal 
church,  18126. 

OTIS.  GALKN,  Dr.,  died  at  Woolwich,  Me.,  Aug. 
16,  1S:!6,  aged  73. 

OTIS,  CrsmxG,  M.  I).,  died  at  South  Scituate 
in  1837,  aged  about  70.  He  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1789;  and  was  much  respected  as  a  man 
and  a  physician. 

OTIS,  ISAAC,  captain,  died  at  Otisville,  N.  Y., 
in  1838,  aged  87.  Born  in  Massachusetts,  he 
served  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution  five  years. 

OTIS,  HARRISON  GRAY,  died  at  Boston  Oct. 
28,  1818,  aged  83.  The  son  of  Samuel  Allyne 
Otis,  he  was  graduated  in  1783.  In  politics  he 
was  associated  with  Ames,  Lowell,  Parsons,  Cabot, 
and  Gore.  He  was  a  member  of  congress  in 
1797  and  for  eight  years,  and  in  Massachusetts 
was  the  speaker  of  the  house,  and  the  president 
of  the  senate  ;  he  was  also  judge  and  mayor  of 
the  city.  Of  the  Hartford  convention  he  was  a 
member.  From  1817  to  1822  he  was  a  senator 
of  the  United  States.  For  the  last  twenty  years 
he  lived  retired.  For  a  graceful  eloquence  he 
was  unequalled,  as  well  as  for  the  interest  of  his 
conversation.  His  wife  was  Sally,  the  daughter 
of  William  Foster,  a  merchant.  He  had  eleven 
children  :  among  them  Sophia  Harrison,  who 
married  Andrew  Ritchie  ;  William  Foster,  a  grad 
uate  of  1821  ;  and  Allyne,  a  graduate  of  1825. 
He  published  oration  July  4,  1788;  letter  to  W. 
Heath,  1798;  eulogy  on  Hamilton,  1804;  speech 
on  restricting  slavery  in  Missouri,  1820  ;  on  the 
sedition  law ;  letters  in  defence  of  the  Hartford 
convention,  1824 ;  address  in  Boston ;  speech  in 
Boston,  1830. 

OTIS,  JOSEPH,  died  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  March 
11,  1851,  aged  85.  He  had  lived  many  years  in 
New  York,  and  was  a  man  of  great  excellence  of 
character  and  eminent  piety.  Among  his  bene- 
fac;ions  to  the  church  and  people  with  which  he 
was  connected  in  Norwich,  is  a  beautiful  library 
building,  well  filled  with  valuable  books,  also 
given  by  him.  He  also  bequeathed  3750  dollars 
to  the  free  academy  in  Norwich. 

OTTERBINE,  WILLIAM,  died  at  Baltimore 
Nov.,  1813,  aged  89.  He  was  sixty  years  a  min 
ister,  forty  years  at  Baltimore. 

OTTO,  JOHN  C.,  died  at  Philadelphia  June  30, 
1845,  aged  70;  clinical  lecturer  in  the  Phila 
delphia  hospital.  For  his  skill,  philanthropy, 
and  pure  character,  he  enjoyed  the  confidence  of 
his  fellow  citizens  for  half  a  century.  He  was  the 
son  of  Dr.  Bodo  Otto,  an  eminent  physician  of 
New  Jersey,  and  an  officer  in  the  Revolutionary 
army. 

'  OUSAMEQUIN,  one  of  the  names  of  Massas- 
soit,  the  sachem  of  Packonokik,  or  Pocanaukett, 
or  Bristol.  His  deed,  to  Myles  Standish  and 
others  of  Bridgewater,  is  dated  March  23,  1649, 
giving  seven  miles  square  for  seven  coats,  nine 


hatchets,  eight  hoes,  twenty  knives,  four  moose 
skins,  and  ten  yards  and  a  half  of  cotton.  His 
mark  was  possibly  intended  to  represent  a  fish. 
OUTEIN,  NANCY  C.,  Mrs.,  died  in  Gloucester, 
Mass.,  in  1814,  aged  36,  a  lady  of  distinguished 
talent,  of  piety,  benevolence,  and  usefulness.  A 
sermon  describing  her  character  was  published, 
which  was  preached  by  Dr.  Dana  of  Newbury- 
port,  before  the  Gloucester  female  society  for  pro 
moting  Christian  knowledge.  According  to  him, 
she  had  a  mind  of  tht  first  order,  richly  endowed 
with  highly  polished  manners,  and  bowed  most 
humbly  at  the  foot  of  the  cross,  and  toiling  un 
wearied  for  the  poor,  the  ignorant,  the  wretched, 
carrying  to  them,  as  far  as  possible,  the  means  of 
knowledge  and  comfort,  so  that  as  she  departed 
many  were  ready  to  exclaim : 

"  How  blessings  brighten  as  they  take  their  flight!  " 

Such  an  example  may  do  great  good  years  a^ei 
her  departure.  What  dazzling  princess,  shining 
only  in  the  outward  splendors  of  a  court,  can 
bear  any  comparison  with  her  ?  What  treasures 
are  given  us  in  many  hundreds  of  such  excellent 
women,  scattered  through  our  towns  and  villages  ? 

OVANDO,  DON  NICOLAS  DE,  governor  of  His- 
paniola,  was  chosen  in  1501  to  succeed  Bobadilla, 
whose  hunger  for  gold  had  caused  the  greatest 
miseries  and  disorders  in  the  island.  He  arrived 
in  April,  1502.  In  June  he  refused  to  afford  a 
shelter  to  the  squadron  of  Columbus  in  the  har 
bor,  and  afterwards  treated  him  with  great  neg 
lect  when  he  was  in  distress  in  Jamaica.  Under 
the  color  of  hiring  the  natives  to  labor,  with  the 
benevolent  design  also  of  teaching  them  Chris 
tianity,  the  chiefs  were  ordered  to  furnish  a  cer 
tain  number  of  natives  for  six  or  eight  months, 
who  were  subjected  to  severe  toil,  under  the  lash, 
with  scanty  food,  and  with  no  teaching  but  the 
ceremony  of  baptism.  The  indignant  Indians, 
who  fled  to  the  mountains,  were  hunted  like  wild 
beasts.  Such  was  Ovando's  method  of  promoting 
Christianity !  He  was  indeed  an  unprincipled 
tyrant,  greedy  after  lucre,  and  his  name  is  infa 
mous.  Once  he  seized  treacherously  several  of 
the  caciques  of  Anacaona,  and,  after  torturing 
them,  set  fire  to  the  house  and  consumed  them, 
and  then  sent  the  princess,  Anacaona,  in  chains  to 
San  Domingo,  and  caused  her  to  be  hung.  His 
various  atrocities  and  horrible  cruelties  cannot 
here  be  described.  Yet  such  is  the  man  whom 
the  Spanish  represent  as  an  enemy  to  avarice  and 
venerable  for  his  regard  to  justice.  It  is  no  won 
der  that  the  curses  of  Heaven  have  descended  on 
the  Spanish  empire,  chargeable  with  the  blood 
by  which  the  new  world  Avas  drenched.  He  was 
superseded  by  Don  Diego  Columbus  in  1509,  but 
was  permitted  to  retain  his  wealth,  which  he 
wrung  from  the  natives.  —  Irving's  Columbus. 

OVEKBAUGH,  PETER,  died  at  Poughket-psie, 


630 


OVIEDO. 


PACKARD. 


N.  Y.,  in  1842,  for  many  years  the  respected  pas 
tor  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  church  of  Flatbush. 

OVIEDO,  GONZALO  FERNANDEZ  DE,  historio 
grapher  of  the  Indies,  was  born  in  Madrid  in 
1478 ;  in  1513  he  was  sent  out  to  the  new  world 
to  superintend  the  gold  founderies,  and  was  alcaid 
of  the  fortress  of  St.  Domingo  in  1535  ;  and  died 
at  Valladolid  in  1557,  aged  79.  He  had  lived 
thirty-four  years  in  the  colonies.  He  published  a 
chronicle  of  the  Indies,  in  fifty  books,  1535  and 
1547.  A  part  of  the  work  is  yet  unpublished.  — 
Irving's  Columbus. 

OWANECO,  or  Neco,  an  Indian  sachem,  the 
son  and  successor  of  Uncas,  died  in  1710.  He 
with  his  father  signed,  June  6,  1659,  a  deed  of 
the  town  of  Norwich,  Conn.,  nine  miles  square, 
for  70  pounds  in  money.  His  mark  was  the 
figure  of  a  bird.  He  also  signed  a  deed  of  the 
use  of  certain  lands  to  the  Mohegans,  March  6, 
1693-4.  Cesar  and  Ben  Uncas  were  his  sons. 

OWEN,  GRIFFITH,  an  eminent  physician  of 
Philadelphia,  died  in  1717.  He  was  among  the 
early  settlers,  and  a  Quaker  and  preacher  highly 
esteemed.  He  held  several  stations  in  the  civil 
department.  —  Proud,  II.  99. 

OWEN,  JOHN,  minister  of  Groton,  Conn.,  suc 
cessor  of  E.  Woodbridge,  died  June  14,  1753, 
aged  54.  Born  in  Braintree,  he  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1723,  and  was  ordained  in  1727.  His 
first  wife  was  Anna  Morgan ;  his  second,  the 
widow  of  Rev.  J.  Hillhouse.  His  only  son  was 
the  teacher  of  the  grammar  school  of  New  Lon 
don,  and  town  clerk;  but  has  no  memorial  stone. 
His  gravestone  remains  at  Pequonnuck,  with  the 
good  words, 

"  God's  faithful  Seer." 

He  was  a  man  of  a  liberal  mind,  an  advocate  of 
toleration.  —  Miss  Caulkins'  History  of  New 
London. 

OWEN,  ABRAHAM,  colonel,  aid  to  Gen.  Har 
rison,  was  killed  in  battle  with  the  Indians,  near 
the  Prophet's  town,  on  the  Wabash,Nov.  7,  1811. 
The  killed,  and  those  who  died  of  their  wounds 
received  at  Tippecanoe,  were  sixty-two  in  number. 

OWEN,  DANIEL,  died  at  Gloucester,  R.  I.,  in 
1812,  aged  81.  lie  had  been  lieutenant-governor. 

OWEN,  JOHN,  governor  of  North  Carolina  in 
1830  and  1831,  died  at  Pittsborough  in  1841, 
greatly  respected  for  his  talents  and  worth. 

OWENS,  JOHN,  died  at  Carroll,  N.  Y.,  Feb. 
24,  1843,  aged  107  ;  a  soldier  in  the  French  and 
Revolutionary  wars. 

OXENBIUDGE,  JOHN,  minister  in  Boston, 
died  Dec.  28,  1674,  aged  65.  He  was  born  in 
England  Jan.  30,  1609,  and  was  educated  at  Ox 
ford,  where  he  was  for  some  time  a  tutor.  Be 
coming  a  preacher,  soon  after  the  year  1634  he 
went  to  Bermuda,  and  took  the  charge  of  a  church. 
In  1641  or  1642  he  returned  to  England,  and 


was  fellow  of  Eaton  college.  In  1662  he  was 
induced,  in  consequence  of  the  act  of  uniformity, 
to  go  to  Surinam  and  thence  to  Barbadoes.  He 
came  to  New  England  in  1669,  and  was  settled 
pastor  of  the  first  church  as  colleague  with  Mr. 
Allen,  April  10,  1670.  He  was  a  celebrated 
divine,  and  one  of  the  most  popular  preachers  of 
his  time.  He  published  a  double  watchword,  or 
the  duty  of  watching  and  watching  in  duty,  1661  ; 
a  proposition  for  propagating  the  gospel  by 
Christian  colonies  in  the  continent  of  Guiana ; 
election  sermon,  1671;  seasonable  seeking  of 
God. —  Wood's  Ath.  Oxon.,  n.  536,537;  Mag- 
nalia,  III.  321;  Spr ague's  Annals. 

PACA,  WILLIAM,  governor  of  Maryland,  died 
in  1799,  aged  59.  He  was  the  son  of  John  P.,  a 
gentleman  of  large  estate  in  Harford  county, 
was  born  Oct.  31,  1740.  Having  been  educated 
at  the  college  of  Philadelphia,  he  practised  law 
at  Annapolis.  He  was  appointed  a  member  of 
congress  with  Samuel  Chase  in  1774,  and  con 
tinued  in  that  body  till  the  close  of  1778.  He 
signed  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  From 
1778  to  1780  he  was  chief  justice  of  Maryland; 
then  chief  judge  of  the  court  of  appeals  in  ad 
miralty  cases;  he  was  governor  in  1782,  and 
again  in  1786;  in  1789  he  was  appointed  the 
judge  of  the  district  court  of  the  United  States. 
His  first  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Samuel  Chew. 
He  was  a  man  of  vigorous  intellect  and  polished 
address,  of  integrity,  patriotism,  and  moral  worth. 

PACKARD,  ELIJAH,  minister  in  Plymouth, 
died  in  1766,  aged  about  36.  Born  in  Bridge- 
water,  he  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1750,  "and 
settled  over  the  second  church  in  1753,  succeed 
ing  J.  Ellis,  the  first  minister,  and  followed  by  J. 
Hovey. 

PACKARD,  WINSLOW,  first  minister  of  Wil 
mington,  Vt.,  died  in  1784,  aged  33.  Born  in 
Bridgewater,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
in  1777,  and  was  settled  in  1781. 

PACKARD,  ASA,  died  at  Lancaster,  Mass., 
March  20,  1843,  aged  84.  Born  in  Bridgewater, 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1783.  He  was  thirty- 
seven  years  the  minister  of  Marlborough,  being 
ordained  in  1785.  Afterwards  he  assisted  in 
forming  the  evangelical  church  in  Lancaster. 
Being  a  soldier  in  early  life,  he  bore  a  British 
bullet  in  his  body  sixty  or  seventy  years. 

PACKARD,  HEZEKIAH,  D.  D.,  died  at  Salem 
April  25,  1849,  aged  87.  He  was  a  brother  of 
the  preceding,  and  a  soldier  under  Washington 
at  the  siege  of  Boston.  He  graduated  in  1787 
in  the  class  of  J.  Q.  Adams.  For  many  years 
he  was  the  minister  of  Wiscasset,  Me.  Two  of 
his  sons  were  professors  at  Bowdoin,  and  in  the 
Episcopal  theological  seminary  of  Virginia.  He 
published  thanksgiving  sermon,  1795;  fast  ser 
mons,  1799;  at  ordination  of  A.  Beattie,  1797; 
of  T.  Cochran,  1805 ;  Christian's  manual. 


PACKARD. 

PACKARD,  TiiEorun.rs,  D.  D.,  died  Sept. 
17,  1855,  aged  86.  He  was  a  native  of  North 
Bridgewater,  and  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in 
179G;  was  ordained  at  Shelburne,  Mass.,  in  1799, 
but  relinquished  his  pastoral  duties  in  1842. 
About  thirty  young  men  studied  theology  -with 
him,  among  them  Pliny  Fisk  and  Dr.  Fisk.  He 
was  a  trustee  of  Williams  and  Amherst  colleges. 
His  son,  Theophilus,  afterwards  of  Mouiit  Pleas 
ant,  Iowa,  was  his  colleague  for  twenty-five  years 
from  1828.  Perhaps  it  ought  to  be  mentioned 
as  a  monitory  fact,  that  in  his  old  age  he  was  a 
firm  believer  in  the  spiritual  visions  or  commu 
nications  of  a  young  woman  of  his  acquaintance, 
which  seemed  to  be  of  no  value  even  to  those 
who  believed  them.  Some  accounted  for  his 
easy  faith  from  his  habit  of  intense  thought  on 
every  subject  of  inquiry.  He  published  a  sermon 
at  ordination  of  J.  W.  Cannon;  two  on  the 
divinity  of  Christ,  1808;  before  a  missionary  so 
ciety;  on  slander,  1815 ;  the  life  of  his  son,  J.  T. 
Packard,  1820. —  Sprague's  Annals. 

PACKARD,  LEVI,  minister  of  Spencer,  Mass., 
died  at  Stafford  Springs,  Conn.,  Jan.  11,  1857, 
aged  63.  He  was  twenty-seven  years  at  Spencer. 

PADDOCK,  JUDAH,  published  a  narrative  of 
the  shipwreck  of  the  ship  Oswego  on  the  south 
coast  of  Africa,  1818. 

PADILLA,  A.  D.,  published  historia  de  la 
provincia  de  Santiago  de  Mexico  ;  folio,  Madrid, 
1596. 

PAGE,  JOHN,  governor  of  Virginia,  died  at 
Richmond  Oct.  11,  1808,  aged  64.  From  his 
youth  he  was  a  man  of  pure  and  unblemished 
life.  He  was  a  patriot,  a  statesman,  a  philosopher, 
and  a  Christian.  From  the  commencement  of 
the  American  Revolution  to  the  last  hour  of  his 
life  he  exhibited  a  firm,  inflexible,  unremitting, 
and  ardent  attachment  to  his  country,  and  Jie 
rendered  her  very  important  services.  He  was 
one  of  the  first  representatives  from  Virginia 
under  the  present  constitution.  In  1800  he  was- 
chosen  one  of  the  electors  of  president.  In  Dec., 
1802,  he  was  chosen  governor  of  Virginia  in  the 
place  of  Mr.  Monroe,  and  was  succeeded  by  Mr. 
Cabell  in  1805.  His  residence  was  at  Rosewell. 
His  conduct  was  marked  by  uprightness  in  all  the 
vicissitudes  of  life,  in  the  prosperous  and  calami 
tous  times  through  which  he  had  passed,  in 
seasons  of  gladness  and  of  affliction.  He  pub 
lished  addresses  to  the  people,  1796  and  1799. 

PAGE,  HARLAN,  died  at  New  York  in  Sept., 
1834,  aged  43.  A  religious  tract,  widely  circu 
lated,  describes  his  character. 

PAGE,  BENJAMIN,  M.  D.,  died  at  Hallowell, 
Me.,  Jan.  25,  1844,  aged  73.  A  native  of  Exeter, 
he  studied  with  Dr.  Kittredge  of  Andover.  He 
was  a  skilful  physician,  and  a  Christian. 

PAIGE,   REED,  minister  of  Hancock,  N.  II., 


1'AIXK. 


631 


died  in  1815,  aged  52.  Born  in  Hardwick,  Mass., 
he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1786,  and  was  or-  - 
dained  in  1791.  He  was  a  good  preacher  and 
useful  minister.  He  published  a  sermon  at  ordi 
nation  of  J.  P.  Fisher,  1796 ;  of  J.  Robinson,  1803  ; 
at  election,  1805;  at  a  fast,  1812;  at  Lynde- 
borough,  1815;  oration  4th  of  July. 

PAINE,  THOMAS,  died  in  Boston  in  1757,  aged 
about  60.  A  graduate  of  1717,  he  married 
Eunice,  the  daughter  of  Rev.  Samuel  Treat  of 
Eastham,  by  his  second  wife  Abigail,  daughter  of 
Rev.  S.  Willard;  and  was  ordained  atWeymouth 
Aug.  19,  1719,  and  preached  his  own  ordination 
sermon,  which  was  published.  After  a  ministry 
of  nine  or  more  years  he  relinquished  his  office 
and  engaged  in  commerce  in  Boston :  the  reasons 
for  this  course  are  not  known.  His  sentiments 
seem  to  have  been  entirely  evangelical.  He  was 
the  father  of  Judge  II.  T.  Paine.  He  published 
— besides  the  sermon  mentioned — a  Thursday 
lecture  on  original  sin,  1724;  on  the  doctrine  of 
earthquakes,  1728. 

PAINE,  ELISHA,  a  Separatist  minister,  died  in 
1775,  aged  84.  He  was  a  lawyer  in  Canterbury, 
when,  during  a  revival  in  Windham  under  the 
ministry  of  Sol.  Whiting  in  1721,  he  became 
pious.  About  1742  he  deemed  it  his  duty  to 
preach,  and  for  his  unlicensed  preaching  he 
was  imprisoned.  He  was  the  uncle  of  John  and 
Ebenezer  Cleaveland,  who  were  expelled  from 
Yale  college  for  attending  on  his  preaching  in  a 
vacation ;  they  were  afterwards  very  worthy  min 
isters  at  Gloucester  and  Ipswich.  A  majority  of 
the  church  of  Canterbury  followed  Mr.  Paine  and 
his  brother  Solomon ;  the  latter  was  ordained 
over  the  church,  which  built  a  new  meeting-house. 
The  bigotry  of  the  State  government  and  of  the 
Saybrook  platform  ministers  spread  the  separa 
tion  widely ;  churches  sprang  up  also  in  Marsh- 
field,  Windham,  Coventry,  Killingly,  Plainfield, 
Voluntown,  Preston,  Lisbon,  Franklin,  Colches 
ter,  Norwich,  Lcdyard,  North  Stonington,  Gro- 
ton,  New  London,  Montville,  Lyme,  Suffield, 
!  Windsor,  Wethersfield,  and  Middletown.  For 
rearing  the  teachers,  a  transient  school,  called  the 
'•  Shepherd's  Tent,"  was  presided  over  at  New 
London  by  Rev.  Timo.  Allen. 

Mr.  E.  Paine  became  pastor  of  a  church  in 
Bridgehampton,  L.  I.,  in  1752 ;  and  there  con 
tinued  a  minister  till  his  death.  His  brother, 
Solomon,  died  about  1754;  he  published  a  short 
view  of  the  constitution  of  the  church.  The 
Separatists  held  a  general  meeting  in  1781,  and 
for  twenty  years  afterwards.  But  some  became 
Baptists,  and  they  died  away,  as  the  causes  of 
separation,  as  to  doctrines,  ceased  to  exist. 

PAINE,  TIMOTHY,  died  at  Worcester  in  1793, 
aged  63.  Born  in  Bristol,  R.  I.,  he  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1748,  and  held  various  offices,  as 


632 


PAINE. 


PAIXE. 


clerk,   register  of  deeds,  and   councillor.     Mild 
v   and  affable,  he  had  good  sense  and  solid  talents. 
—  Lincoln's  History  of  Worcester. 

PAINE,  JOSHUA,  minister  of  Sturbridge,  Mass., 
died  Dec.  28,  1799,  aged  65.  A  native  of  Pom- 
fret,  Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1759,  and 
succeeded  C.  Rice  in  1761.  He  was  a  patriot  of 
the  He  volution,  and  gave  up  a  portion  of  his 
salary  for  the  relief  of  his  people,  and  made  a 
special  contribution  of  a  barrel  of  gunpowder  to 
aid  the  struggle  for  liberty.  Upon  a  salary  of 
222  dollars  he  educated  two  sons  at  college,  one 
of  whom  was  a  minister,  —  doubtless  Joshua,  a 
graduate  of  Harvard  in  1784,  minister  of  Charles- 
town  from  1787  till  his  death,  in  1788,  aged  24. 
— Washburn's  Hist.  Leicester  Academy. 

PAINE,  THOMAS,  a  political  writer  and  Deist, 
died  at  New  York  June  8,  1809,  aged  72.  He 
was  born  in  Norfolk,  England,  in  1737  ;  his  father, 
a  Quaker,  was  a  stay-maker.  He  followed  the 
same  business ;  and  then  became  an  exciseman 
in  Sussex,  but  was  dismissed  for  misconduct.  He 
.  came  to  Philadelphia  in  1774,  and  in  Jan.,  1775, 
he  was  employed  by  Mr.  Aitken  to  edit  the 
Pennsylvania  magazine.  After  the  war  com 
menced,  he,  at  the  suggestion  of  Dr.  Rush,  wrote 
his  celebrated  pamphlet  of  common  sense,  recom 
mending  independence.  For  this  tract  the  legis 
lature  of  Pennsylvania  voted  him  500  pounds. 
He  was  also  elected  by  congress  in  April,  1777, 
clerk  to  the  committee  on  foreign  affairs ;  he 
chose  to  call  himself  "  secretary  for  foreign  affairs." 
At  this  period  he  wrote  the  crisis.  For  divulging 
some  official  secrets  he  lost  his  office  in  Jan., 
1779.  In  1780  he  was  clerk  of  the  assembly  of 
Pennsylvania;  in  1785  congress  voted  him  3,000 
dollars,  and  the  State  of  New  York  gave  him 
five  hundred  acres  of  land,  the  confiscated  estate 
of  Davol,  a  royalist,  at  New  Rochelle.  There 
was  on  it  a  stone  house,  one  hundred  and  twenty 
by  twenty-eight  feet.  In  1787  he  went  to  Paris 
and  London.  In  answer  to  Burke's  reflections 
on  the  French  Revolution,  he  wrote  his  rights  of 
man.  In  Sept.,  1792,  he  Avas  a  member  from 
Calais  of  the  national  convention  of  France. 
Voting  against  the  sentence  on  the  king,  he 
offended  the  Jacobins,  and,  in  Dec.,  1793,  was 
thrown  into  prison  for  eleven  months.  He  had 
written  the  first  part  of  his  age  of  reason  against 
Christianity  and  committed  it  to  Joel  Barlow; 
the  second  part  was  published  in  1795,  after  his 
release.  At  this  period  he  was  habitually  drunk. 
He  returned  to  America  in  Oct.,  1802,  bringing 
with  him  as  a  companion  the  wife  of  De  Bonne- 
ville,  a  French  bookseller,  having  separated  from 
his  second  wife.  His  political  writings  have  sim 
plicity,  force,  and  pungency.  But  he  died  in  con 
tempt  and  misery.  His  disgusting  vices,  his 
intemperance,  and  profligacy,  and  irreligion  made 
him  an  outcast  from  all  respectable  society.  He 


is  represented  as  irritable,  vain,  cowardly,  filthy, 
envious,  malignant,  dishonest,  and  drunken.  In 
the  distress  of  his  last  sickness  he  frequently 
called  out,  "  Lord  Jesus  !  help  me."  Dr.  Mauley 
asked  him  whether,  from  his  calling  so  often  upon 
the  Saviour,  it  was  to  be  inferred  that  he  believed 
the  gospel.  He  replied,  at  last,  "  I  have  no 
wish  to  believe  on  that  subject."  Mr.  Cheetham 
published  an  account  of  his  life.  His  writings 
were  published  in  1vol.,  1792.  —  North  Amer. 
Review,  1845. 

PAINE,  ROBERT  TREAT,  LL.  D.,  a  judge  of 
Massachusetts,  died  at  Boston  May  11,  1814, 
aged  83.  He  was  born  in  Boston  March  11, 
1731;  his  father,  Thomas  P.,  was  ordained  the 
minister  of  Weymouth  Aug.  19,  1719,  but  in 
consequence  of  ill-health  had  been  dismissed ;  his 
mother  was  the  daughter  of  Samuel  Treat  and 
grand-daughter  of  Samuel  Willard.  Having 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1749,  he  studied 
theology,  and  in  1755  acted  as  a  chaplain  in  the 
army.  He  was  induced  to  go  to  Europe  for  mer 
cantile  objects,  and  to  provide  for  the  support  of 
his  father ;  on  his  return  he  studied  law,  and  set 
tled  about  1759  at  Taunton,  where  he  became 
distinguished  in  his  profession.  In  1770,  in  the 
absence  of  the  attorney-general,  he  conducted 
the  prosecution  of  Capt.  Preston  for  the  Boston 
massacre.  About  the  year  1780  he  removed  to 
Boston.  Being  a  delegate  to  the  first  congress, 
which  assembled  Sept.  5,  1774,  he  signed  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  and  continued  in 
that  body  an  efficient  patriot  until,  on  the  adop 
tion  of  the  Massachusetts  constitution,  he  was 
appointed  attorney-general.  He  was  a  judge  of 
the  superior  court  from  1790  till  his  resignation, 
in  consequence  of  his  deafness,  in  1804,  at  the 
age  of  73.  His  wife  was  a  sister  of  Gen.  Cobb. 
He  had  a  high  rank  as  a  lawyer.  He  had  an 
inflexible  regard  to  order  and  justice.  His  ap 
pearance  on  the  bench  was  stern  and  ungainly, 
and  in  his  manner  there  was  an  unpopular  se 
verity;  yet,  by  his  talents,  integrity,  and  learning, 
he  rendered  good  service  to  his  country  in  the 
various  stations  in  which  he  was  placed.  He  was 
a  firm  believer  in  Christianity,  and  died  in  peace. 

PAINE,  ROBERT  TREAT,  a  poet,  son  of  the 
preceding,  died  at  Boston  Nov.  14,  1811,  aged 
37.  He  was  born  at  Taunton,  Dec.  9,  1773. 
While  a  member  of  Harvard  college  he  was  ir 
regular  and  subject  to  discipline.  At  the  time  of 
his  graduation  in  1792,  he  delivered  a  poem. 
Being  placed  as  a  clerk  to  a  merchant,  instead  of 
applying  himself  to  business,  he  penned  stanzas. 
He  was  also  often  attracted  to  the  theatre.  At 
this  period  the  law  against  theatrical  perform 
ances  was  abrogated  in  Massachusetts.  On  the 
opening  of  the  brick  theatre  in  1793,  he  obtained 
a  medal  for  the  prologue.  In  Oct.,  1794,  he 
commenced  a  newspaper,  the  Federal  Orrery; 


PALMER. 


633 


but  indolence,  the  theatre,  and  temptations  to 
pleasure,  made  him  neglect  it,  and  it  sunk  into 
disregard,  and  was  relinquished  in  1790.  His 
satire  drew  upon  himself  personal  chastisement. 
In  179,5  he  married  Miss  Baker,  an  actress,  who 
withdrew  from  the  stage ;  this  marriage  caused  a 
separation  between  him  and  his  father,  and  his 
removal  from  his  father's  house.  His  poem,  de 
livered  at  Cambridge  in  1795,  called  the  inven 
tion  of  letters,  brought  him  a  profit  of  1500 
dollars:  and  in  1797,  his  ruling  passion,  1200. 
He  now  was  appointed  master  of  ceremonies  at 
the  theatre,  with  a  salary.  His  song  of  Adams 
and  liberty,  in  1798,  yielded  him  750  dollars  — 
more  than  11  dollars  for  each  line.  There  is  one 
stanza  in  it,  which,  for  its  high  poetry,  deserves 
preservation : 

l;  Should  the  tempest  of  war  o'ershadow  our  land, 

Its  bolts  could  ne'er  rend  Freedom's  temple  asunder ; 
For,  unmov'd,  at  its  portal  would  Washington  stand, 
And  repulse  with  his  breast  the  assaults  of  the  thunder. 
His  sword  from  the  sleep 
Of  its  scabbard  would  leap, 

And  conduct  with  its  point  every  flash  to  the  deep. 
For  ne'er  shall  the  sons  of  Columbia  be  slaves, 
While  the  earth  bears  a  plant,  or  the  sea  rolls  its  waves." 

When  at  this  time  his  name,  which  had  been 
Thomas,  was  by  act  of  the  legislature  changed  to 
Hobert  T.,  he  remarked,  that  now  he  had  a  Chris 
tian  name,  alluding  to  the  name  of  Paine,  the 
Infidel.  By  the  advice  of  his  friends  he  studied 
law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1802.  At 
first  he  was  patronized ;  but,  after  neglecting  his 
profession  a  few  years,  he  gave  up  his  office.  His 
dissipated  habits  broke  down  his  health  and  re 
duced  him  to  want.  Indolence  and  the  theatre, 
wine  and  women  ruined  him.  There  is  nothing 
of  simple,  natural  beauty  in  any  of  the  writings 
of  Mr.  Paine.  His  prose  is  in  bad  taste,  and  his 
poetry  is  entirely  unworthy  of  the  commendation 
bestowed  upon  it  by  his  contemporaries.  But, 
had  he  written  the  most  beautiful  poetry,  it  would 
have  been  worthless,  associated  with  his  own  im? 
moral  character.  No  poet  has  power  over  the 
heart,  if  known  to  be  a  gamester,  and  intemper 
ate,  and  a  profiigate  lover  of  pleasure.  The 
virtuous  and  ennobling  sentiments  found  in  the 
poems  of  Cowper  and  Montgomery  have  tenfold 
power,  because  known  to  have  come  from  the 
hearts  of  virtuous,  good  men.  His  works,  with  a 
biography  by  Charles  Prentiss,  were  published, 
8vo.,  1812.  —  Spec.  Amer.  Poet,  II.  93;  Cyd.  of 
Amer.  Lit. 

PAINE,  WILLIAM,  M.  T).,  died  it  is  supposed 
in  New  York,  in  1833,  aged  83.  He  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1768.  His  name  stands  the  second 
in  a  class  of  more  than  forty,  when  the  names 
were  arranged  according  to  the  dignity  of  families. 

PAINE,  EmvARD,  general,  died  at  Painesviile, 

Ohio,  Oct.,  1841,  aged  96.     He  was  an  officer  of 

the  Revolution,  and  one  of  the  earliest  set  tiers 

80 


of  the  northern  part  of  Ohio.  In  the  Avar  he  led 
on  the  first  company  that  broke  ground  at  Dor 
chester  Heights,  near  Boston. 

PAINE,  ELIJAH,  judge,  died  at  Williamstown, 
Vt,  April  21,  1842,  aged  85.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1781,  and  was  a  senator  of  the  United 
States  from  1795  to  1801.  J.  Adams  appointed 
him  a  judge  of  the  district  court  of  Vermont. 
Of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  society  at  Cambridge  he 
was  the  first  president.  As  a  judge  and  citizen 
he  was  much  respected  and  esteemed. 

PAIXE,  ELIJAH,  died  at  Ashfield,  Mass.,  Aug. 
3,  1846,  aged  86.  In  early  life  he  served  his 
country ;  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1789,  and 
studied  law;  he  was  a  State  senator  in  1816;  a 
deacon  of  the  church  thirty  years;  a  faithful, 
useful  Christian.  Three  sons  were  ministers, — 
Elijah  of  West  Boylston,  William  P.  of  Holden, 
and  John  C.  of  llehoboth. 

PAINE,  ELIJAH,  judge,  son  of  Judge  E.  Paine, 
died  in  New  York  Oct.  6,  1853,  aged  about  59. 
He  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1814,  and  prac 
tised  law  in  New  York,  where  he  -was  a  judge. 
He  published  reports  of  the  circuit  court ;  and  a 
work  on  practice,  with  Mr.  Duer. 

PAINE,  CHARLES,  governor  of  Vermont,  the 
son  of  Judge  E.  Paine,  died  in  1853,  aged  54. 
He  was  born  at  Williamstown,  Vt,  April  15,  1799, 
graduated  in  1820,  and  was  a  manufacturer  many 
years,  then  president  of  the  Vermont  central 
railroad  corporation.  He  was  governor  two  years 
from  1841.  His  residence  was  Northfield;  but 
he  died  in  Waco,  Texas.  He  had  been  engaged 
in  exploring  a  route  for  a  Pacific  railroad. 

PALLOTE,  JOSEPH,  died  at  Canterbury,  N.  H., 
in  1823,  aged  105. 

PALFRAY,  WARWICK,  JUN.,  died  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  in  1838,  aged  51.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  senate  of  Massachusetts,  and  had  edited  for 
thirty-three  years  the  Essex  Register. 

PALFREY,  WILLIAM,  colonel,  a  patriot  of  the 
Revolution,  was  aide-de-camp  to  Washington, 
when  he  was  in  the  neighborhood  of  Washing 
ton,  and  was  also  paymaster-general.  His  son, 
John  Palfrey,  a  Boston  and  New  Orleans  mer 
chant,  and  then  a  planter,  died  at  St.  Martinsville 
in  1843,  aged  76.  And  his  son  is  Rev.  Dr.  John 
G.  Palfrey,  who  inherited  slaves  from  liim  and 
set  them  free. 

PALMER,  SOLOMON,  Episcopal  minister  in 
Connecticut,  died  in  1771,  aged  about  62.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1729 ;  succeeded  Mr.  Pun- 
derson  in  New  Haven  from  1763  to  1766 ;  and 
then  removed  to  Litchfield.  Mr.  Hubbard  fol 
lowed  him  at  New  Haven. 

PALMER,  JOSKPII,  minister  of  Norton,  Mass., 
died  in  1791,  aged  61.  Born  in  Cambridge,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1747,  and  was  ordained 
in  1753. 

PALMER,  ELHIU,  a  preacher  of  Deism,  died 


PALMER. 


PARK. 


at  Philadelphia  in  1806,  aged  42.  He  was  gradu 
ated  at  Dartmouth  college  in  1787.  He  was  the 
head  of  the  Columbian  illuminati,  a  deistical 
company  at  New  York,  established  about  1801, 
consisting  of  ninety-five  members.  Its  professed 
aim  was  to  promote  "  moral  science"  against  re 
ligious  and  political  imposture.  The  Temple  of 
Reason  was  a  weekly  paper,  of  which  the  prin 
cipal  editor  was  one  Driscoll,  an  Irishman,  who 
had  been  a  Romish  priest,  and  who  removed  with 
his  paper  to  Philadelphia.  Mr.  P.  delivered  lec 
tures,  or  preached,  against  Christianity.  But, 
according  to  Mr.  Chccthain,  he  was  "  in  the  small 
circle  of  his  church  more  priestly,  more  fulmi 
nating,"  than  Laud  and  Gardiner  of  England; 
"  professing  to*  adore  reason,  he  was  in  a  rage  if 
any  body  reasoned  with  him."  He  was  blind 
from  his  youth.  He  published  an  oration,  July 
4,  1797;  the  principles  of  nature,  1802. 

PALMER,  GEORGE,  a  free  man  of  color,  died 
in  Georgia  in  1812,  aged  121. 

PALMER,  STEPHEN,  minister  of  Needham, 
Mass.,  died  in  1821,  aged  55.  Born  in  Norton, 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1789,  and  was  or 
dained  in  1792.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the 
death  of  C.  Whiting;  of  T.  Thacher,  1812;  at 
ordination  of  I.  Braman,  1797  ;  a  century  sermon, 
1811. —  Sprague's  Annals. 

PALMER,  DAVID,  M.  D.,  of  Woodstock,  Vt., 
president  of  the  Vermont  medical  college  in  W., 
died  at  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  in  1840.  He  was  highly 
respected  for  his  talents,  acquirements,  and  char 
acter.  His  death  was  occasioned  by  imprudence 
in  conducting  some  chemical  experiment. 

PALMER,  JOB,  died  at  Charleston,  S.  C.,  in 
1845,  aged  97  years  and  5  months,  a  Revolution 
ary  patriot.  Born  in  Ealmouth,  Mass.,  in  early 
life  he  settled  at  C. 

PALMER,  BENJAMIN  M.,  D.  D.,  died  at 
Charleston  in  Oct.,  1847,  at  an  advanced  age.  His 
widow  died  within  a  few  days  afterwards.  He 
was  settled  at  C.  in  1817,  and  was  eminently 
faithful  and  useful  as  a  minister. 

PALMER,  DAVID,  minister  of  Townsend,  Mass., 
died  Feb.  15,  1849,  aged  80.  Born  inWindham, 
Conn.,  his  father  John  was  there  a  minister.  At 
Dartmouth  he  graduated  in  1797  ;  he  was  or 
dained  at  T.  Jan.  1,  1800,  and  dismissed  in  1830. 
He  was  frank,  social,  agreeable,  and  successful  as 
a  minister.  Some  of  Iris  sermons  were  printed. 

PARIS,  MKS.,  wife  of  J.  I).  Paris,  missionary 
to  the  Sandwich  Islands,  died  at  Hilo  Feb.  18, 
1847,  aged  39.  She  was  the  daughter  of  John 
Grant  of  Albany.  When  living  at  Johnstown  she 
became  a  Christian  at  the  age  of  13  :  her  parents 
afterwards  lived  in  New  York.  She  embarked 
with  her  husband  in  1840,  and  settled  at  Kau  in 
Hawaii.  Notwithstanding  her  desire  to  live  for 
the  benefit  of  her  children,  who  needed  a  moth 
er's  care,  she  bowed  in  quiet  submission  and  firm 


trust.  When  the  dark  valley  was  spoken  of,  she 
said :  "  What  does  that  mean  ?  I  do  not  under 
stand  it.  I  look  upon  death  very  differently." 
"  What  are  all  the  dark  valleys  and  rivers,  if 
Jesus  is  with  us  ?  " 

PARISH,  ARIEL,  minister  of  Manchester, 
Mass.,  died  in  1794,  aged  30.  Born  in  Lebanon, 
Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1788,  and 
was  ordained  1792. 

PARISH,  ELIJAH,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Byfield, 
Mass.,  was  born  in  Lebanon,  Conn.,  Nov.  7,  1762, 
and  graduated  at  Dartmouth  college  in  1785.  He 
was  ordained  in  1787.  After  being  the  minister 
of  B.  nearly  forty  years,  he  died  Oct.  14,  1825, 
aged  62.  Some  of  his  violent  political  sermons 
are  quoted  by  Mr.  Carey  in  his  olive  branch. 
He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  J.  Cleave- 
land,  1799  ;  at  the  ordination  of  A.  Parish,  1792; 
of  N.  Waldo,  1806;  of  D.  Thurston,  1807;  of, 
N.  Merrill,  1812 ;  of  D.  Smith  and  C.  Kingsbury 
and  of  E.  Pilsbury,  1815 ;  at  Hanover,  1801  ; 
orations,  1799  and -1800;  on  missions,  1807;  be 
fore  a  charitable  society,  1808  ;  at  a  thanksgiving, 
1804  ;  do.  1807  ;  at  Hanover,  1806  ;  at  fasts,-1808, 
1812,  1813 ;  before  the  society  for  propagating 
the  gospel;  before  convention,  1821;  eulogy  on 
J.  Hubbard,  1810  ;  history  of  New  England,  with 
Dr.  Morse,  1804 ;  with  Dr.  McClure,  memoirs  of 
Eleazer  Wheelock,  8vo.,  1811;  gazetteer  of  the 
eastern  continent ;  modern  geography  ;  gazetteer 
of  the  Bible.  A  volume  of  his  sermons  was  pub 
lished  after  his  death.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

PARISH,  JASPER,  died  at  Canandaigua  in  July, 
1836,  aged  69.  An  emigrant  with  his  parents 
from  Windham,  Conn.,  to  Lucerne  county,  Pa., 
he  was  captured  in  1778,  at  the  age  of  eleven,  by 
the  Delaware  Indians,  and  was  seven  years  a 
prisoner  among  the  Six  Nations.  Being  released 
in  1784,  his  misfortune  proved  of  the  highest  ad 
vantage  to  him,  for,  speaking  five  Indian  lan 
guages,  he  was  employed  under  Washington  as 
interpreter  and  sub-agent,  and  remained  in  office 
thirty  years.  From  1792  he  resided  in  Canan 
daigua,  N.  Y.,  being  respected  as  a  husband, 
father,  and  citizen. 

PARISH,  II.,  died  at  New  York,  in  1856.  He 
bequeathed  50,000  dollars  in  charity :  to  the 
American  bible  society  10,000  dollars ;  the  New 
York  orphan  asylum  10,000  ;  St.  Luke's  hospital 
10,000  ;  New  York  eye  infirmary  20,000. 

PARK,  THOMAS,  an  officer  in  the  Revolution 
ary  war,  died  at  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  in  1838,  aged  91. 

PARK,  CALVIN,  D.  D.,  died  at  Stoughton, 
Mass.,  Jan.  5,  1847,  aged  72.  Born  in  North- 
bridge,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Brown  university, 
1797 ;  and  was  a  tutor  and  professor  of  moral 
philosophy  for  twenty-five  years.  As  an  evange 
list  he  was  ordained  in  1815.  He  became  the 
minister  of  Stoughton,  Mass.,  in  Dec.,  1826,  but 
resigned  his  office  in  1840.  He  was  known  as  a 


PARK. 

great  lover  of  truth,  and  as  one  fond  of  and  ca 
pable  of  teaching ;  as  a  man  of  intellect  and  sound 
learning,  of  refined  taste  and  a  warm  heart.  He 
was  buried  at  Wrentham  by  the  side  of  his  de 
ceased  wife,  Abigail  Ware  of  W.  He  was  the 
father  of  Professor  Park  of  Andover.  —  Storrs' 
Funeral  Sermon ;  Sprague's  Annals. 

PAIIK,  JASON,  first  minister  of  Barry,  Michi 
gan,  died  May  11,  1849,  aged  70.  He  was  born 
in  Canterbury,  Conn.  Having  studied  theology 
with  Dr.  Strong  of  Hartford,  he  was  sixteen  years 
from  1816  the  minister  of  Southbridgc,  Mass. 
Removing  to  the  West,  he  organized  in  1833  the 
church  of  Barry,  the  first  in  the  county,  and  la 
bored  with  them  faithfully  for  the  remainder  of 
his  life.  He  was  benevolent,  upright,  conscien 
tious  ;  a  friend  of  missions.  He  left  children  to 
deplore  his  loss.  The  general  association  passed 
a  commendatory  vote,  on  the  death  of  the  first 
of  their  body. 

PARK,  JOHN,  died  at  Worcester  in  March, 
1802,  aged  77.  Born  in  Windham,  N.  H.,  a 
graduate  of  Dartmouth  in  1791,  for  many  years 
he  was  a  distinguished  politician,  and  was  the  ed 
itor  of  the  Boston  Repertory.  He  was  the  father 
of  J.  C.  Park. 

PARKE,  JOHN,  a  poet,  died,  probably  in  Vir 
ginia,  after  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  war. 
Bom  in  Delaware  about  1750,  he  was  in  1768  in 
the  college  of  Pennsylvania.  He  served  in  the 
army,  and  was  at  Boston  and  Valley  Forge.  Af 
ter  the  peace  he  lived  in  Philadelphia.  He  pub 
lished  the  works  of  Horace  translated  into  English 
verse,  with  original  poems  by  a  native,  etc.,  1786. 
The  odes  are  inscribed  each  to  an  American 
worthy.  —  Cycl.  of  Amer.  Lit. 

PARKE,  BENJAMIN,  judge,  died  at  Salem, 
Ind.,  in  1835,  aged  57.  Born  in  New  Jersey,  he 
was  appointed  by  Jefferson  judge  of  the  United 
States  court  for  Indiana  about  1801,  and  was 
respected  in  his  office.  He  had  been  a  delegate 
to  congress  from  1805  to  1808. 

PARKER,  THOMAS,  first  minister  of  Newbury, 
Mass.,  died  in  April,  1677,  aged  81.  He  was  the 
only  son  of  Robert  Parker,  who  was  driven  out 
of  England  for  Puritanism  in  the  reign  of  Eliza 
beth  ;  was  born  in  1595.  After  having  been  for 
some  time  a  student  at  Oxford,  he  pursued  his 
studies  in  Ireland  under  Dr.  Usher.  Thence  he 
went  to  Holland,  where  he  enjoyed  the  assistance 
of  Dr.  Ames.  He  returned  to  Newbury  in  Eng 
land,  where  he  preached  and  was  the  instructor 
of  a  school.  He  came  to  this  country  with  a 
number  of  Christian  friends  in  May,  1634,  and 
immediately  went  to  Aggawam,  or  Ipswich,  Mass., 
where  he  continued  about  a  year  as  an  assistant 
to  Mr.  Ward.  In  1635  he  commenced  the  set 
tlement  of  Newbury,  and  was  chosen  pastor  and 
Mr.  Noyes  teacher.  He  left  behind  him  the 
character  of  aia  eminent  scholar,  and  of  a  most 


PARKER. 


G35 


pious  and  benevolent  Christian.  Through  his  in 
cessant  application  he  became  blind  several  years 
before  his  death.  Under  this  heavy  calamity  he 
was  patient  and  cheerful,  and  used  to  say,  in  refer 
ence  to  his  darkened  eyes,  "  they  will  be  restored 
shortly  in  the  resurrection."  Having  never  been 
married,  he  yet  with  parental  affection  gave  sev 
eral  young  gentlemen  the  advantages  of  a  public 
education.  In  his  views  of  church  government 
he  differed  from  the  Congregationalism  of  New 
England,  in  consequence  of  which  his  church  was 
unhappily  divided.  A  bitter  controversy  lasted 
for  years,  an  account  of  which,  in  forty  pages,  is 
in  Coffin's  history  of  Newbury.  Some  theses  de 
traductione  pcccatoris  ad  vitam,  written  by  him 
at  an  early  age,  were  printed  with  some  works  of 
Dr.  Ames.  He  also  published  a  letter  to  a  mem 
ber  of  the  Westminster  assembly,  on  the  govern 
ment  in  the  churches  of  England,  1644 ;  the 
prophecies  of  Daniel  expounded,  4to.,  1646;  a 
letter  to  his  sister,  Mrs.  Avery,  on  her  opinions, 
1649.  —  Magnolia,  ill.,  143-145,  147. 

PARKER,  THOMAS,  first  minister  of  Dracut, 
Mass.,  died  in  1765,  aged  64.  Born  in  Cam 
bridge,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1718,  and  be 
gan  to  preach  at  D. 

PARKER,  JAMES,  a  printer  in  New  York,  died 
in  1770.  He  was  born  in  Woodbridge,  New  Jer 
sey,  and  began  business  about  1742.  He  pub 
lished  the  Post-Boy,  and  in  1752  a  periodical 
work,  The  Reflector.  A  private  journal  of 
Moses  Allen,  while  at  college  at  Princeton  in 
1769,  mentions  that  "  the  printer  Parker's  daugh 
ter,  in  New  York,  famous  for  sense  and  beauty, 
challenged  a  gentleman  for  some  indecency, 
wounded  him,  and  came  off  victorious." 

PARKER,  JONATHAN,  second  minister  of 
Plympton,  Mass.,  died  in  1776,  aged  71.  Born 
in  Barnstable,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1725, 
and  was  settled  in  1731,  the  successor  of  J.  Cush- 
man.  He  was  followed  by  E.  Sampson. 

PARKER,  NEHEMIAH,  first  minister  of  Hnb- 
bardston,  Mass.,  died  in  1801,  aged  59.  Born  in 
Shrewsbury,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1763; 
was  settled  in  1770,  and  resigned  in  1800. 

PARKER,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  bishop  of  Mass.,  died 
Dec.  6,  1804,  aged  59.  He  was  born  at  Ports 
mouth,  N.  H.,  in  1745,  and  was  graduated  at  Har 
vard  college  in  1764.  He  was  afterwards  nine 
years  an  instructor  of  youth  in  Newburyport  and 
other  towns.  In  1773  he  was  ordained  by  the 
bishop  of  London,  and,  May  19,  1774,  was  estab 
lished  as  assistant  minister  at  Trinity  church, 
Boston,  of  which  he  became  the  rector  in  1779. 
During  the  Revolutionary  war  the  other  Episcopal 
clergymen  quitted  the  country,  but  he  remained 
at  his  post,  and  his  church  was  saved  from  dis 
persion.  After  the  death  of  Bishop  Bass  he  was 
elected  his  successor ;  but  he  was  at  the  head  of 
the  Episcopal  churches  but  a  few  mouths.  He 


636 


PARKER. 


PABKMAN. 


died  suddenly  at  Boston.  Distinguished  foi  his 
benevolence,  he  was  in  a  peculiar  manner  the 
friend  of  the  poor,  who  in  his  death  mourned  the 
loss  of  a  father.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the 
election,  1793 ;  before  the  asylum,  1803 ;  and 
some  other  occasional  discourses. 

PARKER,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Provincetown, 
Mass.,  died  in  1811,  aged  70,  in  the  38th  year  of 
his  ministry.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1768. 

PARKER,  ISAAC,  LL.  D.,  chief  justice  of  Mass., 
died  May  26, 1830,  aged  nearly  62.  He  was  born  in 
Boston  June  17,  1768,  and  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1786.  His  father  was  a  merchant,  who 
met  with  reverses  of  fortune  in  his  business.  He 
commenced  the  practice  of  law  at  Castine,  in  the 
district  of  Maine,  and  was  elected  a  member  of 
congress.  Adams  appointed  him  marshal  for  the 
district  of  Maine  ;  an  office  which  he  held  till  the 
accession  of  Mr.  Jefferson  to  the  presidency  in 
1801.  Afterwards  he  removed  to  Portland.  In 
1806  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court,  and  in  1814  chief  justice,  as  the  successor 
of  Mr.  Sewall,  of  which  office  he  with  high  repu 
tation  and  faithfulness  discharged  the  duties  six 
teen  years.  In  1820  he  was  president  of  the 
Massachusetts  convention  for  the  revision  of  the 
constitution.  For  several  years  he  was  professor 
of  law  in  Harvard  University.  His  father  and 
several  of  his  ancestors  had  died  of  the  apoplexy. 
He  died  poor,  but  the  citizens  of  Boston  made 
provision  for  his  family.  On  Sunday,  July  25, 

1830,  he  was  suddenly  attacked  with  the   apo 
plexy,  of  which  he  died  the  next  morning.     His 
successor  was   Lemuel   Shaw.      He  was  a   dis 
tinguished  scholar  and  friend  of  literature.     For 
eleven  years  he  was  a  trustee  of  Bowdoin  college, 
and  for  twenty  years  an  overseer  of  Harvard  col 
lege.     He  was  a  man  of  great  moral  worth,  and 
a  firm   believer  in   the  Christian  religion.     He 
published  a  sketch  of  the  character  of  Judge  Par 
sons,  1813;  of  Judge  Sewall;  of  S.  How,  1828; 
oration  on  Washington,  1800.  — Ann.  Reg.,  1830- 

1831,  p.  272-276. 

PARKER,  NATHAN, D.  D.,  died  at  Portsmouth 
Nov.  8,  1833,  aged  51.  He  was  a  graduate  of 
Harvard  in  1803.  He  published  New  Hampshire 
election  sermon,  1819;  a  dedication  sermon  at 
Portsmouth,  1826. 

PARKER,  S.  E.,  general,  died  in  Northamp 
ton  county,  Va.,  in  1836.  He  was  an  eminent 
lawyer,  and  a  member  of  congress  from  1819  to 
1821. 

PARKER,  RICHAKD  E.,  judge  of  various 
courts,  died  in  Virginia  in  1840,  aged  about  63. 
He  was  aLo  a  senator  of  the  United  States. 

PARKER,  JOHN,  a  merchant,  died  in  Boston 
May  29,  1840,  aged  83. 

PARKER,  BENJAMIN,  M.  D.,  died  in  1845, 
aged  about  84.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in 


1781.  He  was  a  physician  in  Bradford,  Mass., 
till  in  1819  he  removed  to  some  other  State. 

PARKER,  BENJAMIN,  first  minister  of  the 
east  church  in  Haverhill,  Mass.,  died  Nov.  29, 
1790,  aged  76.  Born  in  Bradford,  he  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1737,  and  was  ordained  in  1734. 
He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Edward 
Barnard,  1774. 

PARKER,  DANIEL,  brigadier-general,  died  at 
Washington  April  5,  1846.  He  was  a  native  of 
Massachusetts.  He  was  adjutant  and  inspector- 
general,  and  chief  clerk  in  the  war  department. 
He  published  army  register,  1816. 

PARKER,  EDWARD  L.,  minister  of  London 
derry,  N.  H.,  died  in  1850,  aged  about  64.  He 
graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1807,  and  was  settled 
in  the  original  or  east  parish  in  1810.  He  pub 
lished  a  century  sermon  at  L.,  1819  ;  at  Ordination 
of  A.  Cross,  1824. 

PARKER,  JOHN  A.,  died  at  New  Bedford 
Dec.  30,  1853,  a  rich  merchant,  at  an  advanced 
age. 

PARKER,  FREEMAN,  first  minister  of  Dres 
den,  Me.,  died  in  1854,  aged  about  78.  He  was 
born  in  Barnstable,  Mass.,  July  13,  1776 ;  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1797 ;  and  ordained 
Sept.  2,  1801.  After  twenty-five  years  he  re 
signed  and  removed  to  Wiscasset.  Though  blind 
for  more  than  forty  years,  he  still  preached.  His 
last  discourse  was  delivered  at  Dresden  on  the 
fiftieth  anniversary  of  his  settlement. 

PARKER,  GEORGE  PHILLIPS,  died  in  New 
York  Jan.  19,  1856,  aged  62.  He  was  the  son 
of  John  Parker  of  Boston,  and  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1812.  For  some  years  he  was  engaged 
in  the  temperance  cause,  to  which,  from  his  ample 
means,  he  liberally  contributed. 

PARKHURST,  BENJAMIN,  died  Dec.  15,  1842, 
aged  97.  He  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Roy- 
alton,  Vt.  :  his  parents  died  at  the  age  of  97  ; 
his  grandfather  died  at  the  age  of  100  ;  his  grand 
mother,  at  the  age  of  104. 

PARKHURST,  PHINEHAS,  Dr.,  died  at  Leba 
non,  N.  H.,  Oct.  16,  1844,  aged  85.  He  was 
born  in  Plainfield,  Conn.  His  father  removed 
to  Royalton,  Vt.,  and  was  killed  in  an  attack  of 
the  Indians  from  Canada,  Oct.  16,  1780.  Dr.  P. 
was  long  a  physician  and  prominent  citizen  of 
Lebanon. 

PARKMAN,  EBENEZER,  first  minister  of  West- 
borough,  Mass.,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col 
lege  in  1721,  and  was  ordained  Oct.  28,  1724,  the 
day  on  which  the  church  was  gathered.  After 
continuing  his  ministerial  labors  near  sixty  years, 
he  died  Dec.  9,  1782,  aged  79.  His  wife  was  a 
daughter  of  Rob.  Brcck  ;  Samuel  P.,  who  died  in 
Boston  in  June,  1824,  aged  72,  was  a  descendant. 
A  short  account  of  Westborough,  written  by  him, 
is  printed  in  the  historical  collections.  He  pub- 


PARKMAN. 

lished  reformers  and  intercessors,  1752  ;  a  con 
vention  sermon,  1761. 

PARKMAX,  GEORGE,  M.  D.,  died  in  1849, 
aged  about  58.  The  son  of  Samuel  P.,  he  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  in  1809,  and  was  a  physician 
and  a  man  of  large  property  in  Boston.  He  was 
murdered  by  Dr.  Webster  in  the  medical  build 
ing,  and  his  body  partly  consumed,  when  the 
crime  was  discovered.  The  motive  to  its  com 
mission  was  the  wish  to  avoid  the  payment  of  a 
debt,  lie  published  a  treatise  on  insanity,  1817. 

PARKMAN,  FRANCIS,  D.  D.,  son  of  Samuel 
P.,  died  in  Boston,  Nov.  12,  1852,  aged  G4.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1807.  He  was  the  pas 
tor  of  the  new  north  church  from  1813  to  1849. 
He  published  century  sermon,  1814 ;  on  the 
death  of  J.  Lathrop ;  at  ordination  of  J.  Park- 
man,  1837  ;  offering  of  sympathy  on  the  revolu 
tion  in  France,  1830. 

PARKS,  WILLIAM,  printer  of  the  Virginia 
Gazette,  died  in  1750. 

PARMELE,  ELISHA,  first  minister  of  Lee, 
Mass.,  died  in  1784,  aged  about  26.  Born  in 
Goshen,  Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1778, 
and  was  settled  in  1783.  His  successor  was  A. 
Hyde. 

PARMELEE,  PHILANDER,  minister  of  Bolton, 
Conn.,  died  in  1822,  aged  39.  Born  in  North 
Killingworth,  he  graduated  in  1809 ;  was  minis 
ter  of  Victor,  N.  Y.,  five  years ;  and  settled  at  B. 
in  1815.  He  was  an  earnest,  useful  minister.  — 
Sprague's  Annals. 

PARMELEE,  MOSES,  minister  of  Stockholm, 
N.  Y.,  was  found  dead  in  his  bed  after  an  eve 
ning  lecture  in  1838,  aged  50.  Born  in  Pitts- 
ford,  Vt.,  he  was  first  the  minister  of  South  Gran- 
ville,  N.  Y.,  in  1816.  His  character  was  pure  ; 
his  temperament  ardent,  and  this  gave  unction 
and  pathos  to  his  address.  His  brother  Simeon 
was  the  minister  of  Westford,  Vt. 

PARRIS,  SAMUEL,  the  first  minister  of  Dan- 
vers,  Mass.,  died  after  1711  ;  if  in  1713,  he  was 
aged  60.  He  was  born  in  London  in  1653 ; 
studied  at  Harvard  college ;  and  was  ordained  at 
Salem  village,  now  Danvers,  Nov.  15,  1689.  In 
1692  the  Salem  witchcraft  delusion  commenced 
in  his  family.  His  daughter,  about  twelve  years 
of  age,  and  his  niece,  Abigail  Williams,  eleven  or 
twelve  years  old,  pretended  to  be  bewitched,  and 
accused  Tituba,  an  Indian  woman  living  in  the 
family,  of  bewitching  them.  Mr.  Parris  beat  her 
and  compelled  her  to  confess  herself  a  witch. 
Indian  John,  Tituba's  husband,  for  his  own  safety, 
turned  accuser  of  others.  The  "  afflicted "  per 
sons  increased  ;  the  "  accused  "  also  increased 
rapidly.  More  than  one  hundred  women  were 
apprehended,  and  most  of  them  committed  to 
prison.  Even  the  wife  of  Gov.  Phipps  was  ac 
cused.  Aug.  19,  1692,  George  Burroughs  and 
four  others  were  executed ;  in  all  nineteen  were 


PARRISH. 


637 


hung,  and  Gyles  Corey  pressed  to  death  for  not 
pleading.  There  had  before  been  executed  for 
witchcraft  Margaret  Jones  of  Charlestown,  in 
June,  1648;  then  a  woman  in  Dorchester,  and 
another  in  Cambridge;  then  in  Boston  in  1055 
Mrs.  Hibbins,  wife  of  an  assistant ;  in  1662  Mrs. 
Greensmith  and  her  husband  5  in  1663  Mary 
Johnson  ;  in  1688  Mrs.  Glover  of  Boston.  This 
delusion  at  Salem  lasted  sixteen  months.  As  Mr. 
Parris  had  been  a  zealous  prosecutor,  his  church, 
in  April,  1693,  brought  charges  against  him  ;  and 
at  last,  although  he  acknowledged  his  error,  he 
was  dismissed  in  June,  1696.  He  removed  to 
Concord.  In  1711  he  preached  six  months  in 
Dunstable. 

PARRIS,  MARTIN,  minister  of  Marshfield, 
Mass.,  died  in  1839,  aged  72.  Born  in  Pem 
broke,  he  graduated  at  Brown  university  in  1790  ; 
was  settled  at  Marshfield  in  1871,  succeeding  W 
Shaw. 

PARRIS,  SAMUEL,  died  at  Washington  Sept. 
10, 1847,  aged  92.  A  native  of  Pembroke,  Mass., 
he  was  at  Bunker  Hill  in  1775,  and  was  an  offi 
cer  of  the  Revolution.  He  settled  at  Hebron, 
Maine,  and  was  a  judge  of  the  common  pleas, 
and  one  of  the  electors  of  president  at  Madison's 
second  term.  He  was  the  father  of  Gov.  A.  K. 
Parris. 

PARRIS,  ALBION  K.,  governor  of  Maine,  died  in 
Portland  inFeb.,  1857,  aged  about  71.  Born  in  Au 
burn,  Oxford  county,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
in  1806,  and  was  in  public  life  nearly  forty  years. 
He  was  a  member  of  congress  from  1815  to  1818; 
the  first  United  States  district  judge  for  Maine; 
was  governor  five  years  from  1821  to  1826  ;  was 
senator  of  the  United  States  in  1828;  and  judge 
of  the  supreme  court  of  Maine  from  1828  to  1836, 
when  he  was  appointed  second  comptroller  of  the 
treasury,  and  removed  to  Washington,  retaining 
tin's  office  till  1851,  when  he  returned  to  Portland, 
of  which  city  he  was  the  mayor  in  1852. —  Bos- 
ion  Advertiser. 

PARRISH,  JOHN,  died  at  Baltimore  in  1807, 
one  of  the  oldest  ministers  of  the  society  of 
Friends.  He  succeeded  Benezet  in  pleading  the 
cause  of  the  African  race.  He  published  remarks 
on  the  slavery  of  the  black  people,  1806. 

PARRISII,  JOSEPH,  M.  D.,  died  at  Philadel 
phia  March  18,  1840,  aged  60.  He  was  a  most 
eminent  physician,  a  professor  in  the  university, 
and  a  man  of  benevolence  and  many  virtues.  He 
was  brought  up  in  the  principles  and  habits  of  the 
Quakers,  and  sought  to  be  guided  by  an  inward 
divinely-given  principle.  He  ever  recommended 
cool  air,  exercise,  and  cool  drinks.  His  medical 
degree  he  received  in  1805.  He  gave  popular 
lectures  on  chemistry  in  1807.  In  the  prevalence 
of  the  typhus  epidemic  in  1812,  he  successfully 
substituted  a  stimulant  practice  for  the  prevalent 
contrary  one.  He  was  chosen  in  1816  surgeon  to 


G38 


PARROTT. 


PARSOXS. 


the  hospital.  ITc  had  for  years  many  medical 
pupils,  lie  died  in  peace.  His  character  is  de 
lineated  fully  in  Williams'  book.  His  beloved 
wife  was  the  daughter  of  John  Cox,  an  esteemed 
preacher  in  the  society  of  Friends.  lie  wrote 
many  papers  for  the  journals.  —  Wood's  Memoir  ; 
Williams'  Med.  Biog. 

PARROTT,  JOHN  F.,  a  senator  of  the  United 
States  1819-1825,  died  in  Greenland,  N.  II.,  July 
9,  1836. 

PARSONS,  JOSEPH,  cornet,  the  first  of  the 
name  in  Northampton,  the  ancestor  of  many  fam 
ilies,  died  in  1(383.  He  came  from  England  in 
1630  or  soon  afterwards.  He  came  to  Springfield 
at  its  first  settlement  about  1636,  and  married  in 
1616  Mary,  the  daughter  of  Thomas  Bliss  of 
Windsor.  He,  it  is  believed,  was  the  son  of 
Thomas  Parsons  of  Great  Milton,  or  Great  Tor- 
rington  near  Exeter,  who  married  Catherine,  the 
daughter  of  Alderman  Radcliff  of  London,  and 
was  knighted  by  King  Charles  I.  The  three 
eagles,  with  wings  outspread,  on  his  coat  of 
arms,  might  well  be  regarded  as  indicating  the 
flight  of  his  sons  to  the  distant  new  world  ;  for 
Deacon  Benjamin,  another  of  his  sons,  came  with 
Joseph.  After  living  at  Windsor  and  Springfield 
about  twenty  years,  he  in  1655  was  among  the 
first  settlers  of  Northampton.  But  in  1679  he 
returned  to  Springfield,  where  he  died,  probably 
of  the  age  of  70.  His  widow  died  in  1712.  His 
brother  Benjamin  had  a  son  Ebenezer,  who  was 
the  father  of  Jonathan,  born  in  West  Springfield 
in  1705.  Joseph  had  ten  children  ;  among  them 
Joseph,  John,  Samuel,  settled  at  Durham,  Conn., 
Ebenezer,  killed  by  the  Indians  in  1675,  Josiah, 
and  David. 

PARSONS,  JosErn,  died  in  Northampton  in 
1729,  aged  82.  The  son  of  Joseph,  he  was  born 
at  Springfield  in  1647.  His  wife  was  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Elder  Strong ;  and  his  daughter 
Elizabeth  married  Eleazar  Strong,  and  their 
daughter  Elizabeth  married  Rev.  Dr.  Lathrop. 
His  other  children  were  Joseph,  John,  Ebenezer, 
David,  Josiah,  Daniel,  Moses,  Abigail,  and  Noah. 

PARSONS,  DAVID,  the  minister  of  Maiden  and 
Leicester,  Mass.,  died  in  1737,  aged  about  52. 
The  son  of  Joseph  of  Northampton,  he  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1705,  in  the  class  of  President  Hoi- 
yoke  ;  was  settled  first  at  Maiden  in  1705,  then 
at  Leicester  in  1721 ;  and  resigned  in  1735.  His 
successor  was  D.  Goddard. 

PARSONS,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Salisbury, 
Mass.,  died  March  13, 1740,  aged  69.  He  was  the 
son  of  Joseph  of  Northampton,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1697,  and  was  installed  over  the  second 
church  of  S.  in  1718.  He  had  been  previously  at 
Lebanon,  Conn.,  from  1700  to  1708.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  at  ordination  of  J.  Blunt,  1733. 

PARSONS,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Bradford, 
Mass.,  died  in  1765,  aged  62,  in  the  39th  year  of 


his  ministry.  lie  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1720. 
He  published  sermon  at  ordination  of  S.  Web 
ster,  1741;  at  artillery  election,  1744;  election 
sermon,  1759. 

PARSONS,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Brookfield, 
Mass.,  died  in  1771,  aged  38.  Born  in  Bradford, 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1752,  and  was  or 
dained  in  1757. 

PARSONS,  JONATHAN,  minister  in  Newbury- 
port,  Mass.,  died  July  19,  1776,  aged  70.  He 
was  born  at  West  Springfield,  Mass.,  Nov.  30, 
1705,  and  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1729, 
having  given  indications  of  an  uncommon  genius. 
He  was  ordained  in  1730  minister  of  Lyme, 
Conn.,  where  he  continued  several  years.  The 
last  thirty  years  of  his  life  were  spent  at  Ncw- 
buryport,  in  one  of  the  largest  congregations  iu 
America.  His  labors  were  incessant,  and  lie 
sometimes  sunk  under  his  exertions.  During  his 
last  sickness  he  enjoyed  the  peace  of  a  Christian. 
lie  expressed  his  unwavering  assurance  of  an  in 
terest  in  the  favor  of  God  through  the  Redeemer. 
He  was  a  Presbyterian.  As  a  preacher  he  was 
eminently  useful.  During  some  of  the  first  years 
of  his  ministry  his  style  was  remarkably  correct 
and  elegant;  but  after  a  course  of  years,  when 
his  attention  was  occupied  by  things  of  greater 
importance,  his  manner  of  writing  was  less  pol 
ished,  though  perhaps  it  lost  nothing  of  its  pa 
thos  and  energy.  In  his  preaching  he  dwelt  much 
and  with  earnestness  upon  the  doctrines  of  grace, 
knowing  it  to  be  the  design  of  the  Christian  re 
ligion  to  humble  the  pride  of  man  and  to  exalt 
the  grace  of  God.  He  labored  to  guard  his  peo 
ple  both  against  the  giddy  wildness  of  enthusiasm, 
and  the  licentious  tenets  of  antinomian  delusion. 
His  invention  was  fruitful,  his  imagination  rich, 
his  voice  clear  and  commanding,  varying  with 
every  varying  passion,  now  forcible,  majestic,  ter 
rifying,  and  now  soft,  and  persuasive,  and  melt 
ing.  His  zealous  and  indefatigable  exertions 
were  not  in  vain.  During  his  ministry  at  Lyme, 
at  a  period  of  uncommon  effusion  of  God's  Spirit 
of  grace,  he  indulged  the  belief  that  near  two 
hundred  of  his  people  were  renewed  in  the  dis 
positions  of  their  minds,  and  enlightened  by  the 
truth  as  it  is  in  Jesus  ;  and  his  labors  at  Ncw- 
buryport  were  attended  by  a  happy  revival  of 
religion.  lie  was  eminent  as  a  scholar,  for  he 
was  familiar  with  the  classics,  and  he  was  skilled 
in  the  Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew  languages.  He 
was  accounted  a  dexterous  and  masterly  reasoner. 
His  church  is  now  called  the  old  south  church  of 
of  Newburyport ;  it  has  been  thoroughly  repaired 
and  ornamented.  In  a  vault  beneath  the  pulpit 
—  a  low  vault,  yet  accessible  and  often  visited  — 
rest  the  remains  of  Mr.  Parsons,  Mr.  Whitefield, 
a  Mr.  Prince  ;  three  preachers,  Mr.  Whiteficld's 
coffin  being  in  the  centre.  Mr.  Parsons'  firi-t 
wife,  and  the  mother  of  all  his  children,  was 


PARSONS. 

Phebe  Griswold,  sister  of  Governor  M.  Griswold, 
a  woman  of  fervent  piety  and  uncommon  talents. 
When  his  engagements  were  pressing,  she  some 
times  wrote  his  sermons  for  him.  One  of  his 
daughters  was  the  mother  of  Simon  Greenleaf. 
He  published  a  sermon  at  Boston  lecture,  1742  ; 
good  news  from  a  far  country,  in  seven  discourses, 
1756 ;  observations,  etc.,  1757  ;  manna  gathered 
in  the  morning,  1761  ;  infant  baptism  from  heaven, 
in  two  discourses,  1765  ;  a  sermon  on  the  death 
of  G.  Whitefield,  1770 ;  freedom  from  civil  and 
ecclesiastical  tyranny  the  purchase  of  Christ, 
1774  ;  sixty  sermons  on  various  subjects,  in  two 
volumes,  8vo.,  1780.  —  SearVs  Sermon  on  his 
death. 

PARSONS,  MOSES,  minister  of  Byfield,  Mass., 
died  Dec.  14,  1783,  aged  67.  He  was  born  June 
20,  1716,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1736.  lie  devoted  a  number  of  years  to  the 
labors  of  a  grammar  school,  and,  while  the  re 
spect  and  the  affection  of  his  pupils  were  pre 
served  by  mingled  dignity  and  mildness,  he 
endeavored  to  impress  them  with  religious  truth, 
and  to  give  them  that  instruction  which  might 
save  their  souls  from  death.  He  was  ordained 
June  20,  1744.  The  Maker  of  the  human  frame 
gave  him  a  most  graceful  and  commanding  pres 
ence,  a  quick  conception,  a  fertile  invention,  an 
easy  flow  of  thought  and  expression,  a  correct 
judgment,  a  resolute  temper,  and  a  large  share  of 
the  kind  and  tender  sensibilities.  These,  ex 
panded  by  a  liberal  education,  polished  by  a  large 
acquaintance  with  mankind,  and  sanctified  by  di 
vine  grace,  made  him  eminent  as  the  gentleman 
and  Christian,  the  divine  and  the  preacher.  When 
he  had  once  deliberately  fixed  his  opinion  or  his 
purpose,  no  opposition  could  shake  him.  He  al 
ways  carried  the  dignity  and  decorum  of  the 
Christian  minister  into  his  most  cheerful  hours, 
and,  though  he  often  indulged  his  pleasant  humor 
among  his  friends,  yet  he  never  degraded  himself 
by  the  puerile  jest,  the  boisterous  laugh,  or  by 
vain,  indelicate  mirth.  He  usually  mingled  with 
his  sprightly  sallies  some  useful  lesson  of  a  moral 
nature.  lie  knew  how  to  be  familiar  without 
meanness,  sociable  without  loquacity,  cheerful 
without  levity,  grave  without  moroseness,  pious 
without  enthusiasm,  superstition,  or  ostentation, 
zealous  against  error  and  vice  without  ill-natured 
bitterness,  affable  to  all  without  the  least  sacrifice 
of  his  ministerial  dignity.  There  was  a  generous 
openness  in  his  language  and  behavior,  and  one 
could  almost  discern  his  heart  in  his  frank,  honest 
countenance.  He  was  influenced  by  enlarged 
benevolence.  He  was  a  zealous  advocate  of  the 
civil  and  religious  interests  of  his  beloved  Amer 
ica.  Eminent  as  a  preacher,  he  yet  greatly  ex 
celled  in  the  gift  of  prayer.  His  last  hours  were 
brightened  with  the  hopes  of  the  gospel.  He 


PARSONS. 


C39 


anticipated  i.he  joy  of  dwelling  in  the  presence  of 
that  divine  Saviour,  whom  he  had  served  in  his 
church  below.  His  wife  was  the  daughter  of  Eb- 
enezer  Davis  of  Gloucester,  whose  mother  was 
the  great  grand-daughter  of  John  Robinson,  of 
whom,  therefore,  Mr.  Parsons'  son,  Chief  Justice 
Parsons,  was  a  descendant.  He  published  the  elec 
tion  sermon,  1772;  at  the  ordination  of  J.  Dana, 
1765;  of  O.  Parsons,  1773. —  Tappan's  Sermon 
on  his  death ;  Frisbie's  Oration;  Spr ague's  An 
nals. 

PARSONS,  DAVID,  the  first  minister  of  Am- 
herst,  Mass.,  died  Jan.  1,  1781,  aged  68.  The 
son  of  Rev.  David  P.  of  Maiden,  he  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1729,  and  was  ordained  Nov.  2, 
1739.  His  wife  was  Eunice  Weed  of  Wethers- 
field,  and  he  had  nine  children. 

PARSONS,  SAMUEL,  second  minister  of  Rye 
N.  II.,  died  in  1789,  aged  77,  in  the  fifty-third 
year  of  his  ministry.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1730,  and  succeeded  Nathaniel  Morrill  in  17C6, 
ten  years  after  the  church  was  founded.  He  was 
respected  and  beloved.  He  admitted  into  the 
church  two  hundred  and  six  persons,  and  bap 
tised  six  or  seven  hundred. 

PARSONS,  SAMUEL  HOLDEN,  major-general, 
was  drowned  in  descending  the  rapids  of  the  Big 
Beaver  river,  O.,  Nov.  17,  1789,  aged  52.  He 
was  born  in  Lyme,  Conn.,  and  was  the  son  of  Rev. 
Jonathan  P.,  who  removed  from  Lyme  to  New- 
buryport.  His  mother  was  the  sister  of  Gov.  M. 
Griswold.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1756. 
He  settled  as  a  lawyer  in  Lyme,  and  there  mar 
ried  the  daughter  of  Richard  Mather,  a  descend 
ant  of  Rev.  R.  M. ;  he  removed  to  New  London. 
He  sustained  various  public  offices.  With  him 
originated  the  first  suggestion  of  assembling  a 
congress,  in  a  letter  of  March  3,  1773,  to  John 
Adams,  "  an  annual  meeting  of  commissioners 
from  the  colonies  to  consult  on  their  general  wel 
fare  ; "  a  fact  most  honorable  to  him.  He  and 
others  formed  the  design,  which  was  executed  by 
Ethan  Allen,  of  capturing  the  forts.  As  colonel 
he  was  in  the  battle  of  Long  Island,  and  in  1776 
was  made  brigadier-general.  Dr.  Hildreth  de 
scribes  his  many  important  services  during  the 
war.  He  was  one  of  the  board  for  the  trial  of 
Andre.  After  the  war  he  resumed  the  practice  of 
the  law  in  Middletown.  In  1786  he  was  a  com 
missioner  to  negotiate  with  the  Indians;  and  by  a 
treaty  the  land  on  which  Cincinnati  stands  was 
acquired.  In  1787  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of 
the  Northwestern  Territory ;  in  1789,  chief 
judge.  In  the  same  year  he  visited  the  Wyan- 
dots,  to  arrange  with  them  for  holding  a  treaty, 
and  on  his  return  was  drowned.  His  son  is  S. 
H.  Parsons  of  Hartford.  lie  published  a  piece 
describing  the  discoveries  in  the  western  country, 
iuAmer.  Acad.,  vol.  II.  —  Hildretk's  Biog.  Mem. 


PARSONS. 


PARSONS. 


PARSONS,  OBADIAH,  minister  of  Gloucester, 
Mass.,  died  in  1801,  aged  55.  Born  in  G.,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1768,  and  was  ordained 
in  1772,  and  dismissed  in  1779.  From  1784  to 
1790  he  was  the  minister  of  Lynn  ;  then  a  teacher 
in  G.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

PARSONS,  PHEBE,  memorable  for  her  piety, 
died  Jan.  5,  1805,  aged  nearly  74.  She  lived  in 
Northampton,  and  was  the  wife  of  Noah  Parsons; 
but  she  died  while  on  a  visit  to  her  son  in  West- 
hampton.  Her  name  was  Phebe  Bartlett,  and  of 
her  conversion  at  the  age  of  5  or  6  years,  Pres. 
Edwards  gives  an  account  in  his  "  Narrative."  — 
Life  of  Justin  Edwards,  p.  11. 

PARSONS,  THEOPHILUS,  LL.  D.,  chief  justice 
of  Massachusetts,  the  son  of  the  preceding,  died 
in  Boston  Oct.  30,  1813,  aged  63.  He  was  born 
Feb.  24,  1750.  His  early  education  was  at  Dum- 
mer  academy  under  Master  Moody.  After  grad 
uating  at  Harvard  college  in  1769,  he  studied  law 
with  Judge  Bradbury  of  Falmouth,  now  Portland, 
and  kept  the  grammar  school.  When  the  town 
was  burnt  by  the  British,  he  returned  to  his  fath 
er's,  and  soon  opened  an  office  in  Newburyport. 
In  1779  he  was  a  member  of  the  convention 
which  framed  the  constitution  of  Massachusetts; 
he  was  also  in  1789  a  member  of  the  State  con 
vention  which  adopted  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States.  He  removed  to  Boston  in  1800, 
well  skilled  in  the  civil  law  and  the  law  of  nations- 
After  an  extensive  practice  of  thirty-five  years  he 
succeeded  Chief  Justice  Dana  in  1806.  He  was 
himself  succeeded  by  Judge  Sewall.  His  wife 
was  a  daughter  of  Benjamin  Greenleaf ;  he  left 
three  sons  and  four  daughters.  He  was  of  large 
size,  broad,  and  corpulent,  with  a  sallow  complex 
ion,  and  heavy  appearance.  His  eyes  were  blue, 
tinged  with  hazel-gray,  sunk  in  his  head,  but 
sometimes  twinkling  bright.  His  high,  smooth 
forehead  was  partly  covered  with  a  reddish  skull 
cap,  which  he  wore,  having  been  bald  at  the  age 
of  thirty.  A  bandanna  handkerchief  often  pro 
tected  his  neck  from  the  chilly  winds,  which  were 
his  abhorrence.  He  was  not  more  remarkable 
for  his  deep  learning,  than  for  the  keenness  of  his 
wit,  His  repartees  were  often  very  cutting.  Not 
only  was  he  a  profound  lawyer,  but  an  excellent 
classical  scholar  and  a  skilful  mathematician.  His 
political  influence,  in  the  party  divisions  of  his 
day,  was  very  great.  He  was  a  most  determined 
federalist.  Of  his  belief  in  Christianity  he  made 
a  public  profession  in  his  last  years,  joining  the 
church  in  Boston  of  which  Dr.  Kirkland  was  the 
pastor.  The  first  six  volumes  of  the  Massachu 
setts  reports  contain  many  of  his  judicial  decis 
ions.  In  the  opinion  of  Judge  Parker,  had  he 
lived  in  England  he  would  have  been  made  lord 
chancellor  or  lord  chief  justice.  — Parker's  Sketch ; 
Knapp's  Biog.  Sketches,  37-77. 

PARSONS,  LEVI,  a  missionary  to  Palestine, 


died  Feb.  10,  1822,  aged  29.  He  was  the  son 
of  Justin  P.,  a  minister;  was  born  in  Goshen, 
Mass.,  July  18,  1792.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he 
became  a  Christian  convert ;  but  his  graces  were 
revived  while  he  was  a  member  of  college,  and 
he  became  earnestly  desirous  to  be  a  missionary. 
During  three  revivals  of  religion  his  efforts  were 
useful.  He  was  graduated  at  Middlebury  in 
1814,  and  studied  theology  at  Anelover.  After 
being  ordained  in  Sept.,  1817,  he  was  an  agent  of 
the  board  of  missions.  In  Nov.,  1819,  he  sailed 
with  Mr.  Fisk  for  Palestine,  and  arrived  at  Smyr 
na  in  Jan.,  1820;  after  passing  half  a  year  at 
Scio,  he  proceeded  to  Jerusalem,  where  he  re 
mained  from  Feb.  to  May,  1821.  On  his  return 
to  Smyrna  he  was  seized  with  a  distressing  mal 
ady  at  Syra.  In  December  he  went  with  Mr. 
Fisk  to  Alexandria,  where  he  died  in  great  peace 
and  triumph.  He  was  a  good  scholar,  and  very 
amiable  and  interesting  in  his  manners  and  de 
voted  to  his  benevolent  work.  His  life  was  writ 
ten  by  his  brother-in-law,  D.  O.  Morton,  1824. 
He  published  a  sermon,  1819.  —  Sprague's  An 
nals. 

PARSONS,  DAVID,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Am- 
herst,  Mass.,  died  at  Wethersfield,  Conn.,  May 
18,  1823,  aged  74.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1771,  and  succeeded  his  father  as  the  minister  of 
A.,  Oct.  2,  1782.  In  1795  he  declined  the  ap 
pointment  of  professor  of  divinity  at  Yale  col 
lege.  During  his  ministry  there  were  several  re 
vivals.  In  one,  in  the  year  1816,  one  hundred 
persons  were  added  to  his  church.  He  had  a 
zeal  for  education,  which  led  him  to  promote  the 
establishment  of  an  academy,  which  was  followed 
by  the  college.  He  was  dismissed  at  his  request 
in  1819;  D.  A.  Clark  was  his  successor.  His 
widow,  daughter  of  E.  Williams  of  Wethersfield, 
died  in  1850,  aged  86.  As  he  read  his  sermons 
he  had  but  little  action  in  the  pulpit ;  yet  his  de 
livery  was  not  dull.  He  had  remarkable  social 
qualities.  He  sometimes  lamented  his  propensity 
to  facetiousness,  for  which  he  once  offered  to  his 
brother-in-law,  Dr.  Howard  of  Springfield,  the 
poor  excuse,  "  Grace  does  not  cure  squint  eyes.'' 
He  restrained  himself  in  the  pulpit :  he  might 
have  laid  restraints  upon  himself  out  of  it.  He 
published  the  election  sermon,  1788 ;  at  the  ordi 
nation  of  J.  L.  Pomeroy,  1795.  —  Holland's  His 
tory  of  Hampshire ;  Sprague's  Annals. 

PARSONS,  ELIJAH,  minister  of  East  Had  dam, 
Conn.,  died  in  1827,  aged  about  80.  Born  in 
Northampton,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1768,  and  was  ordained  in  1772.  He  was  a  fel 
low  of  the  college. 

PARSONS,  SILAS,  minister  at  Niagara,  N.  Y., 
died  in  1839,  aged  78. 

PARSONS,  ENOCH,  the  son  of  Gen.  S.  H. 
Parsons,  died  at  Hartford  about  1839,  aged  per 
haps  60.  He  was  president  of  the  U.  S.  branch 


PARSONS. 


PATTEN. 


G41 


bank  at  II. ;  a  man  of  earnest  whig  character  in 
his  politics.  His  son  is  Samuel  II.  Parsons  of 
Middlctown. 

PARSONS,  THOMAS  W.,  M.  D.,  died  in  Bos 
ton  in  1854.  lie  received  his  medical  degree  in 
1818. 

PARSONS,  ANDREW,  died  in  Corunna,  Mich., 
in  1855.  He  was  lieutenant-governor  in  1853, 
and  in  the  same  year  was  governor  by  Gov.  Mc- 
Clelland's  becoming  secretary  of  the  interior. 

PARTRIDGE,  GEORGE,  died  in  Duxbury,  Mass., 
July  7,  1828,  aged  88.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1762;  and  was  a  delegate  to  congress,  and  a 
representative  after  the  adoption  of  the  constitu 
tion,  from  1779  to  1791. 

PARTRIDGE,  RALPH,  first  minister  of  Dux- 
bury,  Mass.,  died  in  1658,  having  been  a  preacher 
forty-nine  years.  He  was  born  in  England  and 
became  a  minister  of  the  established  church; 
but  by  the  severity  of  the  bishops  he  was  hunted, 
as  C.  Mather  says,  like  a  partridge  upon  the 
mountains,  till  at  last  he  resolved  to  get  out  of 
their  reach  by  taking  his  flight  into  New  Eng 
land.  He  arrived  at  Boston  Nov.  14,  1636,  and 
was  soon  settled  at  Duxbury.  He  was  appointed 
with  Mr.  Mather  and  Mr.  Cotton  to  prepare  a 
model  of  church  government  for  the  considera 
tion  of  the  synod  of  Cambridge  in  1648.  He 
was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Holmes.  His  daughter 
Elizabeth  married  Rev.  T.  Thatcher,  and  her  son, 
Ralph  T.,  was  settled  at  Martha's  Vineyard  in 
1697.  In  the  inventory  of  his  property,  four 
hundred  volumes  of  books  are  mentioned,  and 
between  one  hundred  and  two  hundred  acres  of 
land.  Such  was  his  humility  and  self-denial,  that, 
when  most  of  the  ministers  of  Plymouth  colony 
left  their  places  for  want  of  a  suitable  mainten 
ance,  he  was  one  of  the  few  who  remained  with 
their  people.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

PARTRIDGE,  SAMUEL,  colonel,  probably  the 
son  of  AVilliam,  died  in  Hatfield,  Mass.,  in  1740, 
aged  96.  Another  Col.  S.  P.,  probably  his  son 
or  grandson,  died  in  1799,  aged  92. 

PARTRIDGE,  OLIVER,  a  member  of  the  first 
colonial  congress  in  1765,  died  at  Hatfield,  Mass., 
July  21,  1792,  aged  80.  He  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1730 ;  and  was  the  son  of  Edward  of 
Hatfield,  who  was  the  son  of  Samuel,  the  son  of 
William,  one  of  the  early  settlers  on  the  Connec 
ticut  river,  who  came  from  Berwick-on-Tweed, 
and  died  in  Hadley.  His  widow,  Anna,  died  in 
1802,  aged  85.  His  fellow  delegates  to  congress 
were  James  Otis  and  Timothy  Ruggles. 

PARTRIDGE,  OLIVER,  Dr.,  died  in  Stock- 
bridge  in  1850,  aged  99.  He  was  born  in  Hat- 
field  April  15,  1751.  As  a  physician,  unmarried, 
he  lived  from  his  twentieth  year  forty-three  years 
in  the  family  of  "Dr.  Sergeant,  they  harmoni 
ously  visiting  each  other's  patients.  He  was 
81 


skilful  in  diseases  of  children ;  at  the  age  of  97 
he  still  was  in  practice. 

PARTRIDGE,  ALDEN,  captain,  died  in  Nor 
wich,  Vt.,  his  native  place,  Jan.  16,  1854,  aged 
about  70.  For  nearly  fifty  years  he  was  a  teacher 
in  all  the  branches  of  military  knowledge.  At 
first  he  was  principal  of  the  West  Point  academy ; 
then  of  an  institution  of  his  own  at  Norwich,  Vt. 
and  Middletown,  Conn.,  at  Portsmouth,  Va.,  and 
in  his  last  years  at  Brandywine  Springs,  where 
his  school-house  was  burnt.  His  fatal  illness  was 
very  brief,  lasting  only  twenty-four  hours.  His 
character  was  marked  with  indomitable  persever 
ance,  and  zeal  for  the  promotion  of  military  sci 
ence.  He  lectured  in  many  places  on  military 
affairs.  He  published  an  excursion,  1822 ;  lec 
ture  on  education  ;  on  national  defence. 

PASCALIS,  FELIX  A.  O.,  M.  D.,  a  physician 
of  New  York,  died  in  1833,  aged  72. 

PASSACONAWAY,  an  Indian  sagamore, 
called  the  Merrimac  sachem,  and  the  great  saga 
more  of  Pannukog,  or  Pe:;acook,  died  in  1660. 
About  the  year  1644  he  held  control  over  all  the 
Indians  in  New  Hampshire  south  of  the  northern 
extremity  of  lake  Winnepisseogee.  To  him  the 
sachems  of  Squamscot,  Newichwannock,  Paw- 
tucket,  and  some  tribes  in  Massachusetts  ac 
knowledged  subjection.  He  was  a  chief  of 
moderation,  yet  of  sagacity  and  cunning.  He 
had  great  reputation  as  a  powow,  or  sorcerer. 
The  Indians  believed  that  he  could  make  water 
burn,  and  trees  dance,  and  that  he  could  meta 
morphose  himself  into  flame  ;  that  from  the  skin 
of  a  serpent  he  could  produce  a  living  one,  and 
change  the  ashes  of  a  leaf  into  a  green  leaf.  At 
a  great  dance  and  feast  in  1660,  he  made  his 
farewell  speech  to  his  people,  and  exhorted  them 
to  live  in  peace  with  the  English,  acknowledging 
that  he  had  tried  his  arts  as  a  powow  against 
them  in  vain.  In  the  war  of  1675,  "Wonolanset, 
his  son  and  successor,  withdrew  his  people  to 
some  remote  place,  that  he  might  not  partici 
pate  in  the  quarrel.  —  Pelfs  Hist.  New  Eng. 

PATTEN,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Hartford, 
Conn.,  died  Jan.  16,  1775,  aged  36.  He  was  a 
grandson  of  William  P.,  who  lived  in  Cambridge 
from  1645  till  1668 ;  was  born  at  Billerica  in 
March,  1738,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col 
lege  in  1754.  He  succeeded  J.  Cotton  as  the 
minister  of  Halifax,  Mass.,  in  Feb.,  1758;  but 
was  dismissed  by  reason  of  ill  health  in  1768. 
He  was  afterwards  the  minister  of  the  south 
church  in  Hartford,  as  the  colleague  of  E.  Whit 
man,  about  seven  years.  After  languishing  two 
years,  and  losing  his  voice,  he  died  in  his  father's 
family  at  Roxbury.  He  was  an  eminently  elo 
quent,  popular,  and  faithful  preacher.  Leaving 
a  wife  and  six  children  with  little  property,  he 
committed  them  in  faith  to  the  God  of  the  widow 


G42 


PATTEN. 


PATTERSON. 


and  fatherless.  His  widow,  the  daughter  of  Pres 
ident  Eleazar  Wheelock,  eminent  for  her  piety, 
died  at  Hartford  Dec.  5,  1831,  aged  91.  —  2  Coll. 
Hist.  Soc.,  iv.  282. 

PATTEN,  GEORGE  JAFFREY,  an  eminent 
teacher  in  Hartford,  died  March  17,  1830,  aged 
about  56.  He  was  the  son  of  Rev.  Wm.  Patten 
and  Ruth  Wheelock ;  and,  as  his  father  died 
when  he  was  a  child,  it  was  by  the  aid  of  his 
brother  that  he  was  educated.  He  graduated  at 
Providence  in  1792;  then  taught  a  grammar 
school  in  Hartford  six  years ;  and  was  subse 
quently  engaged  five  years  in  commercial  affairs. 
At  length  he  established  in  conjunction  with  his 
sisters  an  independent  school,  to  which  he  de 
voted  the  remainder  of  his  life,  thirty-two  years. 
It  was  a  school  of  great  distinction  and  useful 
ness  ;  he  had  under  his  care  three  thousand 
youth  of  both  sexes.  Very  many  he  prepared 
for  college.  All  the  virtues  of  a  son  and  a 
brother  were  his.  Only  a  year  or  two  did  his 
aged  mother  survive  him.  Mr.  Patten  was  evan 
gelical  in  his  religious  sentiments,  and  he  cher 
ished  a  hope  that  he  was  a  Christian  convert ; 
but  in  his  diffidence  he  never  made  a  public  pro 
fession  of  his  faith.  Yet  he  was  a  man  of  prayer 
in  private  and  in  the  family. 

PATTEN,  WILLIAM,  D.  D.,  died  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  March  9,  1839,  aged  76.  He  was  the 
son  of  Rev.  William  Patten  ;  was  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  in  1780  ;  and  settled  as  successor  of 
Mr.  Stiles  in  1786  at  Newport,  where  he  preached 
for  forty-eight  years.  He  married  Hannah  Hurl- 
but  of  New  London  ;  she  died  at  Brooklyn  Aug. 
30,  1855,  aged  86.  To  the  praise  of  her  benev 
olence,  it  is  said  that  she  set  up  at  Newport,  forty 
years  previously,  the  first  ragged  school  in  this 
country,  aided  by  Mrs.  Floride  Calhoun  of  South 
Carolina.  Her  children  were  William,  a  lawyer 
of  Providence ;  Joseph  of  New  York;  George  W., 
a  captain  in  the  army ;  Ruth,  married  to  F.  W. 
Hotchkiss  of  Hartford  ;  Mary  Anna,  married  to 
C.  S.  Halsted  of  Brooklyn ;  and  others.  Dr. 
Patten  was  a  distinguished  theologian,  but  meek 
and  lowly  in  heart,  most  kind  and  benevolent. 
He  died  after  a  short  illness,  in  which  he  suffered 
little  pain.  He  published  a  sermon  after  his  or 
dination,  1786  ;  on  the  slave  trade,  1792 ;  Chris 
tianity  the  true  theology,  against  Paine,  1795; 
on  the  death  of  President  Stiles,  1795  ;  of  Dr. 
Isaac  Senter,  1799 ;  before  the  African  benevo 
lent  society,  1808.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

PATTEN,  RUTH,  Miss,  died  in  Hartford  March 
1,  1850,  aged  86,  daughter  of  Rev.  Wm.  Patten, 
and  sister  of  Rev.  Dr.  Wm.  Patten  of  Newport, 
and  grand-daughter  of  Rev.  Dr.  E.  Wheelock ;  a 
woman  of  an  eminent  Christian  character  and 
highly  useful.  Her  sister  Mary,  also  an  excellent 
woman,  who  had  always  been  her  companion,  fol 


lowed  her  in  a  few  days,  dying  April  19,  1850, 
aged  83. 

PATTERSON,  WILLIAM,  governor  of  New 
Jersey,  and  associate  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
of  the  United  States,  died  Sept.  9,  1806,  aged 
about  63.  He  was  a  native  of  New  Jersey,  and 
was  graduated  at  the  college  in  that  State  in 
1763.  He  was  a  member  of  the  convention  in 
1787  which  framed  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States,  and  his  name  is  affixed  to  that  instrument. 
When  the  new  government  commenced  its  opera 
tions  in  1789,  he  was  a  member  of  the  senate 
from  New  Jersey.  He  was  chosen  governor  in 
1790  as  successor  of  Mr.  Livingston.  While  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States 
he  died  at  Albany.  In  this  office  he  was  suc 
ceeded  by  Brockholst  Livingston.  He  was  an 
able  statesman,  an  upright  judge,  and  a  disinter 
ested  friend  of  his  country.  He  endured  the 
sufferings  of  a  lingering  and  distressing  disease 
with  exemplary  patience.  When  he  saw  that 
death  was  at  hand,  he  sent  for  a  minister  to  re 
ceive  from  him  the  sacrament.  The  judge  ob 
served,  that  it  had  been  for  some  time  past  his 
intention  to  receive  that  sacred  rite,  but  that 
some  casualty  or  other  had  always  prevented 
him.  He  did  not  wish,  however,  to  leave  the 
world  before  he  had  fulfilled  his  duty.  When 
the  minister  mentioned  the  qualifications  which 
are  required  of  those  who  partake  of  that  holy 
ordinance,  he  acquiesced  in  them  all,  and  re 
marked,  at  the  same  time,  that  he  had  always 
been  a  believer  in  the  truths  of  Christianity  ;  that 
the  only  point  on  which  he  had  ever  entertained 
any  doubt,  was  the  divinity  of  the  Saviour;  but 
he  had  long  since  examined  that  subject,  and 
satisfied  his  mind  upon  it ;  that  he  had  now  no 
hesitation  in  professing  his  belief  in  all  the  doc 
trines  of  our  religion.  He  then  received  the 
communion  with  the  utmost  devotion.  When 
the  minister,  as  he  retired,  expressed  his  appre 
hension  that  they  should  not  meet  again,  he 
replied,  "  Yes,  I  trust  we  shall ;  we  shall  meet 
again  in  heaven."  —  Clarke's  Fun.  Ser. 

PATTERSON,  ROBERT,  LL.  D.,  president  of 
the  American  philosophical  society,  died  July  22, 
1824,  aged  81.  He  was  born  in  the  north  of 
Ireland  May  30,  1743.  In  1768  he  emigrated 
to  Philadelphia.  In  1774  he  was  appointed  prin 
cipal  of  the  academy  at  Wilmington,  Delaware. 
In  the  Revolutionary  Avar  he  acted  as  brigade 
major.  In  1779  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
mathematics  in  the  university  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  then  vice-provost.  He  was  succeeded,  by  his 
son  of  the  same  name  in  1814.  In  1805  he  was 
appointed  director  of  the  mint  of  the  United 
States.  In  1819  he  was  chosen  president  of  the 
American  peace  society.  In  the  transactions  of 
the  philosophical  society  he  published  many  pa- 


PATTERSON. 


PAYSON. 


G43 


pers.  A  remarkable  trait  of  his  character  was 
his  fervent  piety.  It  influenced  all  his  conduct 
from  his  youth.  He  was  an  elder  of  the  Scotch 
Presbyterian  church  nearly  half  a  century. 

PATTERSON,  GEORGE,  M.  D.,  a  Baptist  min 
ister,  died  at  Cincinnati  in  Dec.,  1831,  aged  44, 
the  pastor  of  the  church  in  Race  street. 

PATTERSON,  JOSEPH,  minister  at  Pittsburg, 
Penn.,  died  in  1832. 

PATTERSON,  WILLIAM,  a  distinguished  mer 
chant,  died  in  Baltimore  in  1835,  aged  85. 

PATTERSON,  JAMES,  died  in  Philadelphia 
Nov.  24,  1837,  aged  50.  Settled  in  the  Northern 
Liberties  in  1814,  in  his  brief  ministry  one  thou 
sand  six  hundred  and  ninety  persons  were  re 
ceived  into  his  church  ;  and  there  were  hundreds 
of  converts  as  he  preached  elsewhere,  the  labors 
of  no  preacher  since  the  days  of  Whitefield  hav 
ing  been  more  blessed.  Under  his  patronage 
sixty  young  men  became  ministers.  He  pub 
lished  many  useful  tracts. 

PATTERSON,  DANIEL  T.,  died  at  Washing 
ton  in  1839.  He  was  a  captain  in  the  navy,  and 
commander  of  the  navy  yard  at  W. 

PATTERSON,  ROBERT  M.,  Dr.,  director  of 
the  United  States  mint,  died  at  Philadelphia  in 
1854.  He  was  president  of  the  American  philo 
sophical  society,  and  had  been  a  professor  in  the 
universities  of  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia. 

PATTISON,  GRANVILLE  SHARPS,  M.  D.,  died 
at  New  York  Nov.  12,  1851,  aged  60,  professor 
of  anatomy  in  the  university. 

PAUGUS,  sachem  of  Pigwawkett,  was  killed 
near  the  pond  in  Fryeburg,  Me.,  in  Lovewell's 
fight,  April  18,  1725.  A  man  by  the  name  of 
Chamberlain  shot  him. 

PAUL,  SILAS,  an  Indian  Baptist  preacher  at 
Gayhead  on  Martha's  Vineyard,  was  ordained  in 
1763  and  died  in  1787.  His  inscription  on  a 
gravestone  there  is  as  follows  :  "  Yeuuh'  Wohhok' 
Sipsin'  Sil'  Paul'  Nohtobeyontok'  Aged  49  :  years' 
Nuppoop'  Tab'  August'  24th  1787."  The  corre 
sponding  English  is  this  :  Here,  the  body,  lies, 
Silas  Paul,  an  ordained  preacher,  died,  then  or  in. 

PAUL,  THOMAS,  African,  Baptist  minister  of 
blacks  in  Boston,  died  April  13,  1831,  aged  54. 
A  few  days  before  him  died  another  African  min 
ister,  Richard  Allen,  of  Philadelphia,  aged  70. 

PAUL,  NATHANIEL,  a  colored  Baptist  minis 
ter,  died  in  Albany  about  1842.  His  widow,  a 
white  English  woman,  died  in  Northampton, 
Mass.,  in  1853,  aged  60,  or  more.  She  was  sup 
ported  by  private  charity.  He  was  a  mulatto, 
light  colored.  She  loved  him. 

PAULDING,  JOHN,  one  of  the  captors  of 
Major  Andre,  died  in  1818,  aged  59.  He  was 
three  times  a  prisoner  with  the  enemy  in  New 
York ;  twice  he  escaped,  the  second  time  only 
four  days  before  Andre  was  taken ;  from  his  third 
imprisonment  he  was  released  by  the  peace. 


The  watch,  horse,  saddle  and  bridle  of  Andre, 
with  80  dollars  in  continental  bills,  were  retained 
as  lawful  prize,  being  the  property  of  an  enemy, 
and  were  sold  and  the  money  divided  among  the 
three  captors  and  four  others  of  the  party,  who 
were  keeping  a  look-out  half  a  mile  distant.  Col. 
Wm.  S.  Smith  purchased  the  watch  for  30  guin 
eas.  Judge  Benson  states,  that  the  watch  was 
sent  from  a  person  unknown  to  Lieut.-Governor 
Elliot  in  New  York,  and  by  him  sent  to  the 
family  of  Major  Andre.  Paulding  and  his  com 
panions,  Van  Wart  and  Williams,  received  from 
congress  a  silver  medal,  on  one  side  of  which 
was  a  shield,  inscribed  "  FIDELITY,"  and  on  the 
other  the  motto,  "  VINCIT  AMOR  PATRLE;" 
also  an  annuity  of  two  hundred  dollars.  He  died 
at  Yorktown,  or  Staatsburg.  The  corporation  of 
New  York  in  1827,  erected  a  marble  monument 
to  his  memory  in  the  church-yard,  two  miles  from 
Peekskill  village,  Westchester  county. 

PAWLING,  ALBERT,  colonel,  died  in  Troy 
Nov.  10,  1837,  aged  88.  As  an  officer  of  the 
Revolution  he  was  engaged  in  various  battles. 
lie  was  the  first  sheriff  of  Rensselaer  county, 
New  York,  and  first  mayor  of  the  city  of  Troy. 

PAYNE,  WILLIAM,  captain,  died  in  Clinton, 
Virginia,  in  1837,  aged  83.  He  commanded  the 
Falmouth  blues  several  years  in  the  war ;  also  a 
company  of  volunteers  at  the  siege  of  Yorktown. 

PAYNE,  JOHN  HOWARD,  consul  at  Tunis,  died 
in  1852.  He  was  the  author  of  the  song,  "  Home, 
sweet  home,"  and  of  dramatic  pieces  and  poems. 

PAYSON,  EDWARD,  minister  of  Rowley,  Mass., 
died  in  1732,  aged  75.  The  son  of  Edward  of 
Roxbury;  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1677,  and 
was  ordained  in  1682.  His  sons  were  Samuel, 
Eliot,  Stephen,  Jonathan,  David,  and  Phillips. 
He  published  two  sermons  on  awful  providences, 
1728. 

PAYSON,  PHILLIPS,  minister  of  Walpole, 
Mass.,  died  in  1778,  aged  74.  Born  in  Dorches 
ter,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1724,  and  was 
ordained  1730;  and  at  his  death  was  in  the  forty- 
eighth  year  of  his  ministry,  highly  respected.  He 
published  two  fast  sermons  on  the  war  with 
Spain,  1741. 

PAYSON,  PHILLIPS,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Chel 
sea,  Mass.,  died  Jan.  11,  1801,  aged  64.  He  was 
a  descendant  of  Edward  P.,  who  lived  in  Rox 
bury  in  1649,  the  grandson  of  Edward  P.,  the 
fifth  minister  of  Rowley,  and  the  son  of  Phillips 
P.,  minister  of  Walpole  ;  was  born  Jan.  18,  1736. 
lie  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1754. 
From  the  time  of  his  ordination,  Oct.  26,  1757, 
he  continued  to  discharge  the  duties  of  the  sacred 
office  with  zeal  and  fidelity  till  his  death.  He 
was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Tuckerman.  During  the 
struggle,  which  terminated  in  the  independence 
of  America,  Dr.  Payson  boldly  advocated  the 
cause  of  his  country.  As  a  classical  scholar  he 


644 


PAYSON. 


PEABODY. 


rose  to  distinction,  and  many  young  men  re 
ceived  the  rudiments  of  their  education  under 
him.  His  acquaintance  with  astronomy  and 
natural  philosophy  is  evinced  by  his  tracts  in  the 
transactions  of  the  American  academy  of  arts 
and  sciences.  As  a  minister  he  was  the  friend 
and  father  of  his  people,  and  he  preached  with 
energy  of  diction  and  pathos  of  delivery.  He 
published  an  election  sermon,  1778;  at  the  ordi 
nation  of  his  brother,  John  P.  of  Fitchburg,  1768 ; 
of  his  brother,  Seth  Payson  of  Rindge,  1782  ;  on 
the  battle  of  Lexington  ;  on  the  death  of  Wash 
ington,  1800.  —  Barnard's  Fun.  Ser. 

PAYSON,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  Fitchburg, 
died  in  1 804,  aged  59.  The  brother  of  Dr.  Phillips 
P.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1764,  and  was 
ordained  in  1768.  His  successor  was  S.  Wor 
cester. 

PAYSON,  SETH,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Rindge, 
N.  H.,  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  Sept. 
19,  1758 ;  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1777  ;  ordained  Dec.  4,  1782  ;  and  died  Feb.  26, 
1820,  aged  61.  His  widow,  Grata,  died  in  1827. 
He  possessed  superior  abilities,  and  was  a  plain, 
faithful,  and  useful  preacher.  He  was  a  trustee 
of  Dartmouth  college  and  a  member  of  the  Amer 
ican  foreign  mission  society.  He  published  proofs 
of  illuminism,  an  abstract  of  Robinson  and  Bar- 
ruel,  12mo.,  1802 ;  two  fast  sermons,  1805 ;  on 
the  death  of  S.  Waters,  1802;  of  J.  Gushing, 
1806;  of  L.  Pillsbury,  1819;  at  the  ordination  of 
E.  Hill,  1790;  of  J.  Brown,  1795;  of  J.  Con 
verse,  1806 ;  of  E.  Payson,  1808 ;  of  J.  Wright, 
1812;  before  the  Social  lodge;  election  sermon, 
1799.  —  Spr -ague's  Annals. 

PAYSON,  EDWARD,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Port 
land,  Maine,  the  son  of  the  preceding,  died  Oct. 
22,  1827,  aged  44.  He  was  born  July  25,  1783  ; 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1803;  and 
for  three  years  was  the  teacher  of  an  academy  at 
Portland.  At  this  period  the  death  of  a  brother 
had  a  favorable  influence  on  his  religious  charac 
ter,  and  he  engaged  with  a  pious  zeal,  which 
continued  through  life,  in  the  cause  of  Jesus 
Christ.  He  was  ordained  as  the  colleague  of  Mr. 
Kellogg,  Dec.  16,  1807 ;  he  afterwards  became 
the  sole  pastor  of  a  new  church.  His  successor 
was  Dr.  Tyler.  In  his  distressing  sickness  he 
displayed  in  the  most  interesting  and  impressive 
manner  the  power  of  Christian  faith.  Smitten 
down  in  the  midst  of  his  days  and  usefulness,  he 
was  entirely  resigned  to  the  divine  will,  for  he 
perceived  distinctly,  that  the  infinite  wisdom  of 
God  could  not  err  in  the  direction  of  events,  and 
it  was  his  joy  that  God  reigneth.  His  mind 
rose  over  bodily  pain,  and  in  the  strong  visions 
of  eternity  he  seemed  almost  to  lose  the  sense  of 
suffering.  His  wife  was  Ann  Louisa  Shipman  of 
New  Haven.  She  died  at  Williamstown  Nov. 
17,  1848,  aged  64.  One  of  his  daughters  is 


the  wife  of  Professor  Hopkins  of  Williams  col 
lege,  and  is  known  by  her  valuable  writings. 
During  about  twenty  years  he  was  exclu 
sively  devoted  to  the  work  of  the  ministry, 
with  increasing  usefulness,  being  the  instrument 
of  the  conversion  to  the  Christian  faith  of  some 
hundreds  of  his  hearers.  He  repeatedly  declined 
invitations  to  remove  to  Boston  and  New  York. 
Among  his  uncommon  intellectual  powers  a  rich 
fancy  was  the  most  conspicuous.  Without  any 
of  the  graces  of  the  orator,  his  preaching  had 
the  eloquence  of  truth  and  feeling.  In  his  prayers 
especially  there  was  a  solemnity,  fulness,  origin 
ality,  variety,  pathos,  and  sublimity,  seldom 
equalled.  Some  of  his  discourses,  on  which  he 
bestowed  labor,  exhibit  a  polished  taste  and  much 
grace  and  beauty  of  language.  His  eloquent 
address  to  the  bible  society  has  been  published 
as  one  of  the  tracts  of  the  American  tract  society. 
He  published  a  discourse  on  the  worth  of  the 
bible ;  an  address  to  seamen ;  and  a  thanksgiv 
ing  sermon.  A  memoir  of  his  life,  by  Asa  Cum- 
mings,  was  published,  2d  edit.,  1830;  a  volume 
of  sermons,  8vo.,  1828 ;  another  volume,  12mo., 
1831. 

PAYSON,  PHILLIPS,  died  in  Fayetteville,  N.  Y., 
Feb.  16,  1856,  after  an  illness  of  four  days,  aged 
60.  Born  in  llindge,  the  son  of  Dr.  S.  Payson, 
he  studied  theology  at  Andover,  and  was  some 
years  the  minister  of  Leominster,  and  then  else 
where  ;  but  for  a  few  of  his  last  years  he  had  not 
strength  to  preach.  He  was  a  scholar,  a  diligent 
inquirer  after  truth,  an  earnest,  faithful  man.  Be 
fore  his  death  he  had  the  joy  of  seeing  the  last 
of  six  children  converted  to  Christ,  as  he  hoped. 
His  end  was  peace. 

PEABODY,  OLIVER,  minister  of  Natick,  Mass., 
and  missionary  to  the  Indians,  died  in  peace  Feb. 
2,  1752,  aged  53.  He  was  born  in  Boxford  in 
1698,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1721. 
He  was  the  son  of  William  and  grandson  of  Fran 
cis,  who  came  over  in  the  ship  Planter  in  1635. 
He  was  pious  in  early  life,  and  while  in  college 
was  preparing  for  the  ministry.  Employed  by 
the  commissioners  for  propagating  the  gospel,  be 
preached  first  at  Natick  Aug.  6,  1721;  there 
were  then  but  two  families  of  white  people  in  the 
town.  The  Indian  church,  which  the  apostolic 
Eliot  had  founded,  was  now  extinct,  the  Indian 
preacher,  Daniel  Tahhowompait,  having  died  in 
1716;  and  all  records  were  lost.  A  new  church 
was  formed  Dec.  3,  1729,  consisting  of  three  In 
dians  and  five  white  persons,  and  he  was  ordained 
at  Cambridge  Dec.  17th.  Through  his  influence 
many  of  the  Indians  were  induced  to  abandon 
their  savage  mode  of  living  and  to  attend  to  hus 
bandry  as  the  means  of  subsistence ;  he  had  the 
happiness  to  see  many  of  the  Indian  families  with 
comfortable  houses,  cultivated  fields,  and  flourish 
ing  orchards.  But  -his  chief  aim  was  to  teach 


PEABODY. 


PEABODY. 


645 


tliom  the  religion  of  Jesus  Christ.  There  were 
added  to  the  church  in  the  first  year  twenty-two 
persons,  several  of  whom  were  Indians ;  in  July, 
17-13,  he  stated  that  in  the  two  preceding  years 
about  fifty  had  been  received  into  the  church. 
Against  the  vice  of  intemperance  among  the  In 
dians  he  set  himself  with  great  zeal  and  much 
success.  During  his  residence  at  Natick  he  bap 
tized  one  hundred  and  eighty-nine  Indians,  and 
four  hundred  and  twenty-two  whites;  and  he  re 
ceived  to  the  church  thirty-five  Indians  and  thirty 
whites  ;  and  there  died  two  hundred  and  fifty-six 
Indians,  of  whom  one  was  1 10  years  old.  Dur 
ing  one  season  he  went  on  a  mission  to  the  Mo- 
hegans.  -  Gov.  Belcher  was  especially  his  friend. 
His  wife  was  Hannah,  daughter  of  Hev.  Joseph 
Baxter  of  Medfield.  His  eldest  son,  Oliver, 
ordained  at  Roxbury  in  Nov.,  1750,  died  in  May, 
1702;  he  had  eleven  other  children.  His  suc 
cessor  at  Natick  was  Stephen  Badger,  under 
whom  the  Indians  degenerated,  and  the  Indian 
church  again  became  almost  extinct.  After  Mr. 
B.,  the  ministers  were  Freeman,  Sears,  and  Mar 
tin  Moore.  Mr.  Peabody  was  eminently  pious 
and  greatly  beloved  and  lamented.  He  pub 
lished  artillery  election  sermon,  1732  ;  on  a  good 
and  bad  hope  of  salvation,  1742.  —  Panopl.  VII. 
49-56  ;  S prague's  Annals. 

PEABODY,  STEPHEN,  minister  of  Atkinson, 
N.  II.,  died  in  1819,  aged  78.  He  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  in  17C9.  It  is  said,  that  while  he  was 
a  chaplain  in  the  army  he  had  occasion  to  ad 
minister  reproof  for  profaneness  to  Cols.  Cilley 
and  Poor.  Declining  from  strict  Orthodoxy,  he 
was  regarded  by  some  as  a  Unitarian.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  at  ordination  of  J.  Webster, 
1799;  of  M.  Dow,  1801 ;  election  sermon,  1797. 

PEABODY,  NATHANIEL,  a  physician  and  Rev 
olutionary  patriot,  died  June  27,  1823,  aged  82. 
He  was  born  at  Topsfield,  Mass.,  March  1,  1741 ; 
his  father,  the  son  of  Jacob  P.,  was  a  physician, 
removed  to  Leominsterin  1745  and  died  in  1759', 
his  mother,  Susanna,  was  the  daughter  of  John 
Rogers,  minister  for  fifty  years  of  Boxford,  who 
was  the  son  of  Jeremiah  of  Salem.  Having 
studied  with  his  father,  he  settled  at  Atkinson, 
N.  II.,  and  had  extensive  practice.  In  Oct.,  1774, 
he  was  appointed  a  lieutenant-colonel,  and  in 
Dec.  he  accompanied  Langdon,  Bartlett,  and  Sul 
livan  in  the  capture  of  fort  William  and  Mary  at 
Newcastle.  As  a  member  of  the  legislature  his 
patriotic  services  were  important.  In  1778  he 
was  adjutant-general  of  the  militia,  with  the  rank 
of  colonel.  Being  appointed  a  delegate  to  con 
gress,  he  took  his  seat  June  22,  1779,  and  was  a 
very  useful  member.  In  1780  he  was,  with  Philip 
Schuyler  and  J.  Matthews,  on  the  committee  of 
congress  to  repair  to  head-quarters,  for  the  gen 
eral  improvement  of  the  military  system.  It  was 
a  laborious  service;  his  zeal  and  labors  were 


commended  by  Greene,  R.  II.  Lee,  and  others. 
In  the  autumn  he  resigned  his  seat.  In  subse 
quent  years  he  was  a  representative,  senator,  and 
councillor;  in  1793  he  was  appointed  a  major- 
general  of  the  militia.  During  several  of  the 
last  years  of  his  life  he  was  for  debt  confined  to 
the  limits  of  the  prison  at  Exeter,  where  he  died. 
This  old  Revolutionary  patriot,  and  Robert  Mor 
ris,  whose  financial  operations  contributed  in  a 
very  high  degree  to  the  success  of  Washington 
and  the  establishment  of  American  independence, 
both  died  in  prison,  not  for  crime,  but  debt. 
When  will  laws,  which  are  remnants  of  a  bar 
barous  age,  be  repealed? — Gen.  Peabody  left  no 
child ;  his  aged  widow  survived  him.  He  was  a 
man  of  humor  and  wit.  In  his  politics  he  was  a 
decided  republican.  Notwithstanding  his  patriot 
ism  and  public  services,  he  had  some  faults ;  he 
was  vain  and  obstinate,  and  in  middle  life  fond 
of  dress  and  parade.  Being  a  good  horseman,  he 
expended  much  money  in  the  purchase  of  elegant 
horses,  and  travelled  with  a  servant.  If  there  is 
no  excuse  for  his  extravagance,  yet  he  asserted 
that  his  misfortunes  were  owing  to  his  losses  by 
suretyship,  and  the  misconduct  of  his  agents  and 
pretended  friends. — Farmer's  Collect,  ill.  1-16; 
Thacher. 

PEABODY,  OLIVER,  judge,  died  at  Exeter, 
N.  II.,  Aug.  3,  1831,  aged  79.  He  was  born  at 
Andover,  Mass.,  Aug.  22,  1752,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1773.  Having  studied  law, 
he  about  1788  settled  at  Exeter,  N.  II.  He  was 
judge  of  probate  from  1790  till  1793;  treasurer 
of  the  State  from  1794  to  1805 ;  sheriff  of  the 
county  from  1805  to  1810  ;  judge  of  the  common 
pleas  from  1813  to  1816;  and  repeatedly  a  sen 
ator.  Three  times  he  was  an  elector  of  president 
and  vice-president.  In  all  his  stations  he  ac 
quitted  himself  with  dignity  and  integrity.  His 
two  sons,  twins,  Oliver  Wm.  Bourn  P.,  and  Wm. 
Bourn  Oliver  P.,  a  lawyer  and  a  minister,  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  college  in  1816. 

PEABODY,  DAVID,  professor  of  oratory  and 
belles  lettres  at  Dartmouth,  died  Oct.  15,  1839, 
aged  about  31.  He  was  born  at  Topsfield,  Mass., 
graduated  at  D.  in  1828,  and  was  for  a  few  years 
a  minister  in  Lynn,  and  in  Worcester  as  the  suc 
cessor  of  Mr.  Abbott.  He  was  in  office  in  college 
only  one  year.  Few  young  men  have  died  of  so 
high  promise  and  so  greatly  respected  for  scholar 
ship  and  character,  for  his  intellectual  powers  and 
warm  affections,  for  his  skill  and  eloquence  as  a 
faithful  preacher  of  the  gospel.  His  widow, 
whose  name  was  Maria  Br'gham,  was  for  some 
years  previous  to  her  second  marriage  the  emi 
nent  conductor  of  a  female  school  in  Hanover. 
Pres.  Lord  published  a  sermon  on  his  death.  He 
published  a  fast  sermon  at  Worcester,  1836. 

PEABODY,  JOSEPH,  a  rich  merchant  of  Salem, 
died  Jan.  5,  1844,  aged  86.  He  had  built  and 


646 


PEABODY. 


PECK. 


freighted  eighty-three  ships,  which  made  thirty- 
eight  voyages  to  Calcutta  ;  seventeen  to  Canton  ; 
thirty-two  to  Sumatra ;  forty-seven  to  St.  Peters 
burg  ;  ten  to  other  ports  in  the  north  ;  and  twenty 
to  the  Mediterranean.  He  was  never  involved  in 
litigation.  —  Hunt's  Mer.  Mag. 

PEABODY,  WILLIAM  B.  O.,  D.  D.,  Unitarian 
minister  in  Springfield,  Mass.,  died  May  28,  1847, 
aged  57.  He  was  a  native  of  Exeter,  and  a 
graduate  of  Harvard  in  1816.  Mr.  Simmons 
was  his  successor.  He  published  the  lives  of  Wil 
son,  C.  Mather,  and  D.  Brainerd ;  and  a  report 
on  ornithology.  —  Holland's  History. 

PEABODY,  OLIVER  W.  B.,  minister  in  Bur 
lington,  Vt.,  twin  brother  of  the  preceding,  died 
July  5,  1848 ;  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1816. 
He  published  the  life  of  Putnam. 

PEABODY,  WILLIAM  A.,  died  at  Amherst, 
Mass.,  Feb.  27,  1850,  aged  34.  He  was  profes 
sor  of  Latin  and  Greek  in  Amherst  college,  late 
minister  in  East  Randolph.  His  wife  was  a 
daughter  of  Rev.  Dr.  Codman. 

PEABODY,  EPHRAIM,  D.  D.,  minister  of 
King's  chapel,  Boston,  died  Nov.  28,  1856,  aged 
49.  He  graduated  at  Bowdoin  college  in  1827. 
He  was  settled  at  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  in  1838. 

PEAK,  JOHN,  Baptist  minister  in  Newbury- 
port,  was  born  in  Walpole,  N.  H. ;  was  settled  at 
N.  in  1809;  and  resigned  in  1818.  His  church 
in  Liberty  street  was  burnt  in  the  great  fire  of 
1811,  and  rebuilt  in  Congress  street. 

PEALE,  CHARLES  WILSON,  the  founder  of  the 
Philadelphia  museum,  died  in  1827,  aged  85. 
He  was  born  at  Charlestown,  Md.,  in  1741,  and 
was  apprenticed  to  a  saddler  at  Annapolis.  He 
became  also  a  silver-smith,  watch-maker,  and  car 
ver  ;  he  was  a  portrait-painter,  a  naturalist  and 
preserver  of  animals,  a  skilful  dentist,  and  the 
inventor  of  various  machines.  Carrying  a  hand 
some  saddle  to  Hesselius,  a  portrait-painter  in 
his  neighborhood,  he  begged  him  to  explain  to 
him  the  mystery  of  putting  colors  on  canvas. 
Repairing  to  England,  he  studied  under  Mr. 
West  in  1770  and  1771.  After  his  return  he 
was  for  about  fifteen  years  the  only  portrait- 
painter  in  North  America.  In  the  war  he  was  at 
the  head  of  a  company  in  the  battles  of  Trenton 
and  Germantown.  At  Philadelphia  he  opened  a 
picture  gallery,  in  which  were  the  portraits  of 
many  officers  of  the  army.  Opening  a  museum, 
he  procured  an  almost  entire  skeleton  of  a  mam 
moth  from  Ulster  county,  N.  Y.,  at  an  expense 
of  5,000  dollars.  His  museum  at  length  became 
extensive.  lie  delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on 
natural  history ;  and  zealously  supported  the 
academy  of  fine  arts.  His  life  was  a  life  of  toil 
and  temperance.  His  sons  were  distinguished  as 
painters,  llaphaelle  P.,  the  eldest,  died  at  Phila 
delphia  in  March,  1825,  aged  52. — Encyclopedia 
Americana. 


PEARCE,  ELIZABETH,  Mrs.,  died  in  Johnson 
county,  N.  C.,  in  1833,  aged  about  111. 

PEARCE,  WILLIAM,  one  of  the  "  tea  party  "  in 
the  Revolution,  died  at  Boston  in  1840,  aged  94. 

PEARCE,  DUTEE  J.,  died  at  Newport,  R.  I., 
May  9,  1849,  aged  60.  He  was  a  distinguished 
lawyer;  a  member  of  congress  from  1825  to 
1837  ;  attorney-general  of  the  State,  and  United 
States'  district  attorney. 

PEARSON,  ELIPHALET,  LL.  D.,  professor  of 
Hebrew  and  oriental  languages  at  Harvard  col 
lege,  died  in  Sept.,  1826,  aged  74.  He  was  a  de 
scendant  of  John  P.,  who  came  from  England  and 
settled  at  Rowley  in  1647,  and  died  Nov.  2,  1697, 
aged  82.  Born  in  1752,  he  graduated  in  1773  at 
Harvard  college,  where  he  was  a  distinguished 
professor  from  1786  to  1806;  and  after  his  re 
moval  from  Cambridge,  the  first  professor  of 
sacred  literature  in  the  theological  seminary  at 
Andover  from  1808  to  1809,  when  he  was  suc 
ceeded  by  Moses  Stuart.  He  died  at  Greenland, 
N.  H.,  at  the  house  of  his  son-in-law,  Rev.  Mr. 
Abbot.  His  first  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Prcs. 
Holyoke  ;  his  second,  a  daughter  of  Henry  Brom- 
field  of  Harvard.  This  town  was  his  last  place 
of  residence :  it  was  on  a  visit  to  Greenland  that 
he  died.  He  left  a  valuable  course  of  lectures  on 
language,  delivered  at  Cambridge.  Dr.  Pearson, 
besides  teaching  Hebrew  at  Cambridge,  was  also 
a  lecturer  on  grammar  and  the  teacher  of  rhetoric, 
in  which  capacity  his  taste  and  skill  and  seventy 
of  criticism  had  a  most  beneficial  effect  on  the 
style  of  composition  at  the  college.  He  was  a 
learned  and  able  instructor.  At  the  opening  of 
the  seminary,  Sept.  28,  1808,  he  Avas  ordained  as 
a  preacher.  He  published  a  lecture  on  the  death 
of  Pres.  Willard,  1804;  a  discourse  before  the 
society  for  promoting  Christian  knowledge,  1811 ; 
on  the  death  of  Madam  Phillips,  1812;  at  the 
ordination  of  E.  Abbot,  1813 ;  before  the  educa 
tion  society,  1815.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

PEARSON,  ABIEL,  M.  D.,  died  at  Andover, 
Mass.,  in  1827,  aged  71.  He  graduated  at  Dart 
mouth  in  1779. 

PEASE,  LORENZO  W.,  missionary,  died  at 
Larnica  in  Cyprus,  Aug.  28,  1839,  aged  30. 
Born  in  Hinsdale,  Mass.,  he  graduated  in  1828, 
and  at  Auburn  seminary  in  1833,  and  went  to 
Larnica  in  1835.  His  wife,  Lucinda  Leonard, 
was  born  in  War  eh  am. 

PEASE,  CALVIN,  judge,  died  at  Warren,  Ohio, 
Sept,  17,  1839,  aged  63.  He  was  one  uf  the 
earliest  settlers,  and  took  an  active  part  in  form 
ing  and  administering  the  government  of  Ohio. 
Eor  many  years  he  was  one  of  the  judges  of  the 
supreme  court  of  Ohio.  A  man  of  talents  and 
integrity,  he  was  greatly  respected. 

PECK,  ROBKRT,  one  of  the  first  ministers  of 
Ilingham,  was  ordained  Nov.  28,  1638,  but  sailed 
for  England  in  1641. 


PECK. 

PECK,  JEREMIAH,  minister    of    Waterbury, 
Conn.,  died  in  1699.     He  studied  at  Cambridge, 
and  at  a  late  period  of  his  life  was  settled  in  1689  J 
as  the  first  minister  at  Mattatuck  or  Waterbury.  i 
He  is  called  Mr.  P.,  senior,  of  Greenwich  ;  but  it 
does  not  appear  that  he  was  the  minister  of  G. 
There  were  thirty  families,  and  one  hundred  and 
fifty  inhabitants.     Mr.   Southmayd  was  his  suc 
cessor. 

PECK,  S.,  minister  of  Rehoboth,  Mass.,  died 
in  Dec.,  1788,  aged  82. 

PECK,-  WILLIAM  DANDRIDGE,  professor  of 
natural  history  at  Harvard  college,  died  at  Cam 
bridge,  Oct.  3,  1822,  aged  59.  He  was  born  in 
Boston  May  8,  1763.  His  father,  John  P.,  an  in 
genious  shipwright,  at  the  seige  of  Boston  in 
1776  removed  to  Braintree,  and  afterwards  to 
Kittery,  Me.  After  he  was  graduated,  in  1782,  he 
passed  a  few  years  in  the  counting-house  of  Mr. 
Russell,  a  merchant,  in  Boston ;  and  then  re 
paired  to  his  father's  house,  where  he  spent 
twenty  years  of  his  life,  secluded  from  the  world, 
but  occupied  in  the  pursuits  of  natural  history. 
Whatever  he  attempted  to  study,  he  studied  pro 
foundly.  It  was  chiefly  for  his  benefit,  that  some 
of  his  friends  promoted  a  subscription  for  a  pro 
fessorship  of  natural  history  at  Cambridge.  He 
was  elected  the  first  professor  March  27,  1805, 
and  subsequently  spent  three  years  in  Europe. 
He  left  one  son ;  his  wife  was  Harriet,  the  daugh 
ter  of  Rev.  Timothy  Ililliard.  Mr.  P.,  like  his 
father,  was  a  most  ingenious  artist ;  he  made  a  mi 
croscope,  and  the  most  delicate  instruments,  for 
which  he  had  occasion.  He  found  amusement  at 
the  lathe  after  he  had  lost  the  use  of  one  of  his 
hands  by  the  palsy.  At  the  age  of  thirty  he  was 
baptized  by  Bishop  Bass,  as  he  preferred  the  wor 
ship  of  the  Episcopal  church.  He  published  an 
account  of  the  sea-serpent  in  memoirs  of  Amer 
ican  Academy,  iv.,  and  a  few  other  articles.  —  2 
Hist.  Coll.  x.  161. 

PECK,  GEORGE,  colonel,  died  at  Eastport, 
Me.,  March,  1834,  aged  97.  He  was  an  officer  in 
the  war  of  the  Revolution. 

PECK,  JAMES  II.,  judge  of  U.  S.  district 
court  for  Missouri,  died  in  1836.  He  was  born 
in  Tennessee  ;  a  man  of  integrity  and  ability. 

PECK,  EVERARD,  died  at  Rochester,  N.  Y., 
in  1854,  aged  63.  He  was  an  early  settler  of  R., 
and  a  useful  citizen.  He  was  a  bookseller  and 
publisher.  In  1816  he  published  the  Telegraph. 

PECKER,  JAMES,  a  physician  in  Boston,  died 
in  1794,  aged  70.  A  son  of  Dr.  James  P.,  of 
Ilaverhill,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1743. 
Dr.  Rand  successfully  removed  from  him  a  stone 
in  the  bladder,  with  which  he  had  been  afflicted. 

PEET,  JOSIAII,  minister  of  Norridgewock,  Me., 
died  Eeb.  17,  1852,  aged  71.  Born  in  Bethle 
hem,  Conn.,  he  was  the  son  of  Benjamin;  his 
mother  was^  Elizabeth  Hendee,  niece  of  Dr.  E. 


PEIRCE 


647 


Wheelock.  He  graduated  at  Middlebury  in  1 808, 
and  was  ordained  in  1814.  He  was  a  laborious, 
faithful,  excellent  minister ;  and  he  toiled  in  the 
new  towns  around  him  as  a  missionary.  —  Ilath- 
awai/'s  Sermon. 

PEET,  STEPHEN,  died  in  Chicago  March  21, 
1855,  aged  58.  Born  in  Sandgate,  Vt.,  his  pa 
rents  removed  to  Lee,  where  he  became  pious  at 
the  age  of  sixteen,  and  to  Ohio.  In  1823  he 
graduated  at  Yale,  and  was  soon  settled  at  Euclid, 
near  Cleveland,  which  was  then  a  small  village ; 
he  remained  there  seven  years,  much  blessed  in 
his  labors,  wherever  he  preached.  At  Hudson, 
Ohio,  by  one  sermon  many  were  converted,  and 
among  the  converts  were  five  lawyers.  After  this 
he  was  devoted  to  the  cause  of  the  lake  seamen, 
being  chaplain  at  Buffalo,  and  editing  the  Bethel 
Magazine  and  Buffalo  Spectator.  In  1837  he  be 
came  the  minister  of  Green  Bay;  the  bell  for  his 
meeting-house,  the  first  in  Wisconsin,  was  given 
by  J.  J.  Astor.  He  next,  in  the  employment  of 
the  Home  missionary  society,  explored  Wisconsin, 
and  assisted  in  founding  Beloit  college  and  thirty 
churches.  Then  he  settled  as  the  minister  of 
Milwaukie  ;  he  afterwards  took  charge  of  an  in 
stitute  at  Batavia  in  Illinois,  and  then  was  the 
agent  of  an  association  in  Michigan,  which  pro 
posed  to  found  a  'theological  seminary.  He  was 
buried  at  Beloit.  His  piety,  zeal,  and  energy 
made  him  one  of  the  greatest  benefactors  of  Wis 
consin. 

PEIRCE,  WILLIAM,  an  early  settler  of  Boston, 
arrived  in  the  Griffin  with  Cotton,  Hooker,  and 
two  hundred  passengers,  in  1633.  He  was  a 
selectman,  and  died  in  1661  or  1669,  for  in  those 
years  one  of  the  name  died. —  Savage  ;  Farmer. 

PEIRCE,  WILLIAM,  was  a  distinguished  ship 
master  at  an  early  period  in  New  England.  He 
repeatedly  crossed  the  Atlantic.  He  was  master 
of  the  Ann  in  1623 ;  afterwards  of  the  May 
flower,  and  the  Lyon.  It  was  by  his  aid,  in 
his  vessel,  that  Bradford  detected,  by  opening 
their  letters,  the  designs  of  Lyford  and  Oldham. 
In  1830  he  was  at  Salem,  and  visited  the  Arabella 
as  that  vessel  came  in  sight.  Our  fathers  called 
him  "  the  Palinurus  of  our  seas."  He  was  cast 
away  in  Virginia  in  1633,  and  suffered  great  loss, 
as  did  also  Winthrop,  in  beaver  and  fish  by  him 
owned  ;  in  writing  to  whom  he  says,  piously,  "  a 
happy  loss  if  our  souls  may  gain."  In  1638  he 
carried  Pcquot  captive  Indians  for  sale  to  the 
West  Indies,  and  he  brought  back  from  Tortugas 
negro  slaves :  this  was  the  first  slave  traffic  in 
New  England,  disgraceful  and  infamous  in  both 
its  branches,  carrying  out  red  and  bringing  home 
black  slaves.  He  was  killed  at  Providence,  one  of 
the  Bahama  Islands,  in  1641. —  Savage;  Felt's 
Hist,  of  N.  E. 

PEIRCE,  NATHANIEL,  published  an  account  of 
his  clangers  at  sea,  1756. 


648 


PEIRCE. 


PEMBERTON. 


PEIRCE,  BENJAMIN,  librarian  of  Harvard  col- 
lego,  died  in  1831,  aged  about  50.  He  graduated 
in  1801,  and  was  librarian  from  1826  to  his  death. 
Mr.  Folsom  preceded  him,  and  Dr.  Harris  fol 
lowed  him.  He  published  a  history  of  Harvard 
college  in  1833. 

PEIRSON,  ABEL  LA  WHENCE,  M.  D.,  was  killed 
by  railroad  disaster  at  Xorwalk  bridge  May  6, 
1853,  aged  57.  A  graduate  of  Harvard  of  1812, 
he  settled  at  Salem,  and  was  eminent  in  his  pro 
fession,  and  a  man  of  scientific  attainments.  He 
was  the  son  of  Samuel  P.  of  Biddeford.  His  life 
and  other  lives  were  lost  by  reason  of  careless 
ness  as  to  necessary  signals  on  the  railroad. 

PELHAM,  HERBERT,  one  of  the  fathers  of 
Mass.,  was  an  assistant  from  1645  to  1649, 
and  a  commissioner  of  the  united  colonies  of  New 
England,  in  making  a  treaty  with  the  Narragan- 
sett  and  Niantick  Indians  in  1G45.  His  name,  as 
affixed  to  the  treaty,  stands  next  to  Gov.  Win- 
throp's.  Among  the  Indians  present  were  Pesse- 
cus,  Meekesano,  Asumsequen,  and  Pummash. 
Pelham  lived  but  a  few  years  in  America.  In 
1650  he  had  returned  to  England,  where  he  died 
about  1676.  The  colony  of  Massachusetts  in 
trusted  him  with  some  of  their  important  matters. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  society  for  promoting 
the  gospel  among  the  Indians.  Edward,  his  son, 
graduated  at  Harvard,  1673. 

PEMBERTON,  THOMAS,  Dr.,  died  in  Boston 
July  26,  1693. 

PEMBERTON,  EBEXEZER,  minister  in  Boston, 
the  son  of  James  P.,  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
old  south  church,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col 
lege  in  1691,  and  was  afterwards  a  tutor  in  that 
seminary.  He  died  Feb.  13,  1717,  aged  44.  His 
wife,  Mary  Clark,  survived  him,  and  married 
Henry  Lloyd,  the  father  of  Dr.  Lloyd.  He  left 
one  son  and  three  daughters.  He  was  a  very  emi 
nent  preacher.  He  wrote  in  a  style  strong,  argu 
mentative,  and  eloquent.  With  great  powers  of 
mind  and  extensive  learning,  he  united  a  zeal 
which  flamed.  His  passions,  when  excited,  were 
impetuous  and  violent ;  but  when  free  from  the 
excitement  of  any  unpleasant  circumstance,  he 
was  mild  and  soft.  The  talent  of  reasoning 
he  possessed  in  a  high  degree ;  and  he  was  a 
master  of  speech.  He  was  a  faithful  servant  of 
Jesus  Christ,  preaching  the  gospel  with  zeal,  and 
exhibiting  in  Ms  life  the  Christian  virtues.  In 
prayer  he  was  copious  and  fervent.  His  sermons 
were  illuminating,  practical,  and  pathetic,  and  de 
livered  with  very  uncommon  fervor.  Towards  the 
close  of  his  life  he  was  afflicted  with  much  pain ; 
but  under  his  weakness  and  infirmity  he  was  ena 
bled  to  do  much  for  the  honor  of  his  Master  and 
the  good  of  his  brethren.  His  election  sermon, 
preached  1710,  entitled  the  divine  original  and 
dignity  of  government  asserted  and  an  advanta 
geous  prospect  of  the  ruler's  mortality  recom 


mended,  is  much  and  justly  celebrated.  It  is 
reprinted  in  a  volume  of  sermons,  which  was 
published  in  1727.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

PEMBERTON,  EBENEZER,  D.  I).,  minister  in 
Boston,  the  son  of  the  preceding,  died  Sept.  9, 
1777,  aged  72.  lie  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col 
lege  in  1721.  After  he  began  to  preach,  he  was  in 
vited  in  April,  1727,  by  the  Presbyterian  church  in 
New  York  to  succeed  Mr.  Anderson,  the  first  min 
ister,  with  the  request  that  he  would  be  ordained  in 
Boston.  This  ceremony  was  accordingly  per 
formed  Aug.  9th.  Through  his  benevolent  exer 
tions  the  congregation  was  greatly  increased,  so 
as  to  be  able  to  build  an  edifice  of  stone  in  1748. 
In  1750  A.  Cumming,  afterwards  minister  in  Bos 
ton,  was  settled  as  his  colleague ;  but  both  were 
dismissed  about  the  year  1753,  the  former  on  ac 
count  of  indisposition,  and  Mr.  Pcmberton  through 
trifling  contentions,  kindled  by  ignorance  and  big 
otry.  He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Bostwick.  Be 
ing  installed  minister  of  the  new  brick  church  in 
Boston,  March  6,  1754,  as  successor  of  Mr.  Wei- 
steed,  he  continued  in  that  place  till  his  death. 
Dr.  Lathrop's  society,  whose  meeting-house  had 
been  destroyed  by  the  British,  united  with  Mr. 
Pemberton's  in  1779.  He  was  a  man  of  a  devo 
tional  spirit,  who  was  zealous  and  respectable  in 
his  ministerial  work.  He  published  a  sermon  be 
fore  the  synod,  1731  ;  before  the  commissioners 
of  the  synod,  1735  ;  sermons  on  several  subjects, 
8vo.,  1738;  practical  discourses  on  various  texts, 
12mo.,  Boston,  1741 ;  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Nicoll, 
1743;  of  Mr.  Whitefield,  1770;  at  the  ordina 
tion  of  Mr.  Brainerd,  1744;  of  J.  Story,  1771  ; 
artillery  election  sermon,  1756;  election  sermon, 
1757  ;  salvation  by  grace  through  faith  illustrated 
and  confirmed,  in  eight  sermons,  8vo.,  1774. — 
Smith's  N.  Y.,  192,  193  ;  Coll.  Hist.  Society,  ill. 
261. 

PEMBERTON,  THOMAS,  eminent  for  his  ac 
quaintance  with  American  history,  was  born  in 
Boston  in  1728,  and  for  many  years  pursued  the 
mercantile  employment.  He  died  July  5,  1807, 
aged  79,  having  lived  a  bachelor,  devoting  regu 
larly  a  part  of  each  day  to  his  studies  and  to  vis 
iting  his  friends.  He  contributed  almost  a  ninth 
part  to  the  collections  of  the  historical  society. 
Of  this  institution  he  Avas  a  member,  and  he  be 
queathed  to  it  all  his  manuscripts.  He  wrote  a 
Massachusetts  chronology  of  the  eighteenth  cen 
tury,  containing  the  remarkable  events  of  every 
year,  biographical  notices  of  eminent  men,  etc.,  in 
five  MS.  volumes.  This  work  was  used  by  Dr. 
Holmes  in  compiling  his  annals.  His  MS.  memo 
randa,  historical  and  biographical,  make  about 
fifteen  volumes.  His  historical  journal  of  the  Avar 
is  in  historical  collections,  II. 

PEMBERTON,  EBENEZER,  LL.  D.,  died  in 
Boston  June  25,  1835,  aged  89.  He  was  a  grad 
uate  of  Princeton  college  in  1765,  a  tutor;  and 


PEMRY. 

he  was  addressed  by  Madison  in  a  Latin  address, 
valedictory  and  complimentary  on  the  part  of  his 
class  to  their  teacher.  His  life  was  devoted  to 
teaching,  not  only  in  Nassau  hall,  but  in  Plainfield, 
Conn.,  in  Phillips'  academy  in  Andover,  and  in 
Billerica ;  and  no  teacher  had  a  higher  character 
for  scholarship,  manners,  eloquence,  and  piety. 
His  last  twenty  years  were  years  of  infirmity. 

He  was  elegant  and  dignified  in  his  appearance, 
his  manners,  and  utterance.  By  his  law  every 
scholar  was  to  be  in  his  seat  when  the  academy 
bell  stopped.  He  then  entered  and  bowed  to  all, 
the  scholars  standing  at  their  seats  and  returning 
his  bow.  He  then  ascended  to  his  desk,  opened 
the  bible,  and  made  a  short  prayer.  Then  each 
scholar,  rising  in  his  turn,  read  a  verse  in  the  Old 
Testament  in  the  morning,  and  he  read  from  the 
New  at  night  j  then  he  made  the  long  prayer. 
His  attitude,  look,  voice,  and  gestures  were  those 
of  the  orator.  On  Saturdays  he  read  from  Watts 
and  Doddridge.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

PEMRY,  SARAH,  Mrs.,  died  in  Spartansburgh, 
S.  C.,  in  1816,  aged  103. 

PENDLETON,  EDMUND,  a  distinguished  states 
man  of  Virginia,  died  at  Richmond  Oct.  26,  1803, 
aged  82.  He  was  a  member  of  the  first  congress 
in  1774,  and  was  again  appointed  at  the  next 
choice,  but  in  Aug.,  1775,  he  declined  a  third 
election  on  account  of  his  ill  health.  He  was  for 
many  years  one  of  the  judges  of  the  court  of  ap 
peals  of  Virginia,  with  Blair  and  Wythe,  and  was 
its  president  at  the  time  of  his  death.  In  1787 
he  was  appointed  president  of  the  convention  of 
Virginia,  which  met  to  consider  the  constitution 
of  the  United  States,  and  all  the  weight  of  his 
character  and  talents  aided  its  adoption.  After 
the  government  was  organized,  he  was  in  1789 
appointed  by  Washington  district  judge  for  Vir 
ginia,  but,  as  he  declined  this  office,  Cyrus  Griffin 
was  appointed  in  his  place.  In  1798,  when  the 
difficulties  between  this  country  and  France  ap 
proached  almost  to  a  rupture,  the  venerable 
patriarch,  as  the  late  President  Adams  calls  him, 
published  a  pamphlet,  protesting  against  a  war 
with  a  sister  republic. 

PENIIALLOW,  SAMUEL,  judge,  historian  of 
Indian  wars,  was  born  in  Cornwall,  England,  July 
2,  1665  ;  came  to  this  country  in  1G86  ;  and  set 
tled  at  Portsmouth,  where  he  was  a  judge  of  the 
superior  court  in  1714,  and  chief  justice  from 
1717  till  his  death.  He  died  Dec.  2,  1726,  aged 
61.  His  wife  was  Mary,  daughter  of  President 
Cutt.  He  published  a  narrative  of  the  wars  of 
New  England  with  the  Eastern  Indians  from  1703 
to  1726,  printed  1726;  reprinted  in  N.  II.  histor 
ical  coll.,  I. 

PENN,  WILLIAM,  the  founder  of  Pennsylvania, 

died  July  30,  1718,  aged  73.     He  was  born  in 

London  Oct.  14,  1644,  and  in  the  fifteenth  year 

of  his  age  entered  as  a  gentleman  commoner  of 

82 


PENN. 


649 


a  college  in  Oxford.  His  genius  was  bright  and 
his  imagination  lively.  Being  impressed  by  the 
preaching  of  an  itinerant  Quaker,  he,  with  a  num 
ber  of  other  students,  withdrew  from  the  estab 
lished  worship,  and  held  meetings  by  themselves. 
He  was  fined  for  the  sin  of  nonconformity ;  but 
this  only  confirmed  him  in  his  principles.  He 
was  then  expelled,  in  the  sixteenth  year  of  his 
age.  Next  followed  the  discipline  of  his  father, 
which  was  also  ineffectual  to  reclaim  him.  Being 
sent  to  France  for  the  refinement  of  his  manners, 
he  passed  two  years  in  that  country,  learned  its 
language,  and  acquired  its  politeness.  He  then 
studied  law  in  Lincoln's  Inn  till  the  plague  broke 
out  in  1665.  He  was  sent  to  Ireland  in  1666  to 
manage  an  estate  of  his  father ;  but  he  there  as 
sociated  himself  with  the  Quakers,  and  in  conse 
quence  he  was  recalled.  He  could  not  be  per 
suaded  to  take  off  his  hat  in  the  presence  of  the 
king,  or  his  father.  For  this  inflexibility  he  was 
turned  out  of  doors  ;  upon  which  he  commenced 
the  toils  of  an  itinerant  preacher,  and  gained 
many  proselytes.  Though  sometimes  imprisoned, 
he  was  persevering,  and  such  was  his  integrity 
and  patience  that  his  father  became  reconciled  to 
him.  In  1668  he  published  a  book  entitled  the 
sandy  foundation  shaken,  for  which  he  was  im 
prisoned  seven  months.  In  vindication  of  the 
principles  of  this  book,  he  wrote  during  his  con 
finement  his  innocency  with  her  open  face,  and 
also  his  famous  work,  no  cross  no  crown.  In 
1670  he  was  apprehended  for  preaching  in  the 
street,  and  was  tried  at  the  old  Bailey,  where  he 
pleaded  his  own  cause  with  the  magnanimity  of  a 
hero.  The  jury  returned  their  verdict  "  not 
guilty."  On  the  death  of  his  father  he  received 
a  plentiful  estate  ;  but  he  continued  to  preach,  to 
write,  and  to  travel  as  before.  He  was  shut  up  in 
the  Tower  and  in  Newgate.  On  his  release  he 
preached  in  Holland  and  Germany.  It  was  ow 
ing  to  his  exertions,  in  conjunction  with  Barclay 
and  Keith,  that  the  fraternity  was  formed  into 
order.  Some  debts  being  due  to  his  father,  at 
the  time  of  his  death,  from  the  crown,  and  as 
there  was  no  prospect  of  payment  very  soon  in 
any  other  mode,  Penn  solicited  a  grant  of  lands 
in  America,  and  in  1681  obtained  a  charter  of 
Pennsylvania.  The  colony  was  planted  in  the 
same  year,  though  before  this  time  some  Dutch 
and  Swedes  had  settled  in  the  province.  In  1682 
Penn  himself  arrived,  and  established  a  govern 
ment,  allowing  perfect  liberty  of  conscience.  He 
made  honest  purchases  of  the  Indians,  and 
treated  them  with  great  tenderness.  He  formed 
a  plan  of  a  capital  city  and  called  it  Philadelphia. 
Two  years  after  it  was  founded  it  contained  2,000 
inhabitants.  In  1684  Mr.  Penn  returned  to 
England.  One  great  motive  for  his  return  was 
to  exert  his  influence  in  favor  of  his  suffering 
brethren  in  Great  Britain.  He  exerted  it  with 


650 


PENN. 


PEPPERRELL. 


success,  and  1,300  Quakers,  who  had  been  confined 
in  prison,  were  set  at  liberty.  While  he  remained 
in  England  he  was  suspected  of  being  a  Papist, 
and  an  enemy  to  his  country,  and  was  several 
times  arrested.  But  he  continued  his  preaching 
and  increased  his  controversial  writings.  In  1699, 
after  fifteen  years'  absence,  the  American  Lycur- 
gus  revisited  his  province.  Having  made  some 
alteration  in  the  government,  he  sailed  again  for 
England  in  1701.  He  resumed  his  favorite  em 
ployment,  and  continued  it  for  a  number  of  years. 
In  1712  he  was  seized  by  a  paralytic  disorder,  of 
which  he  died.  Notwithstanding  his  large  pater 
nal  inheritance,  he  was  continually  subject  to  the 
importunity  of  his  creditors,  and  obliged  to  mort 
gage  his  estate.  His  death  prevented  his  surren 
dering  his  province  to  the  crown.  His  posterity 
held  it  till  the  Revolution,  his  last  surviving  son, 
Thomas  Penn,  dying  in  1775.  Mr.  Penn  was  a 
man  of  great  abilities,  of  quick  thought  and  ready 
utterance,  of  mildness  of  disposition  and  exten 
sive  charity.  He  was  learned  without  vanity, 
facetious  in  conversation,  yet  weighty  and  serious, 
of  an  extraordinary  greatness  of  mind,  yet  void 
of  the  stain  of  ambition.  He  published  a  multi 
tude  of  tracts,  large  and  small.  The  following  is 
the  title  of  his  principal  works  ;  no  cross  no  crown, 
or  several  sober  reasons  against  hat  honor,  titular 
respects,  you  to  a  single  person,  etc.,  4to.,  1GG9  ; 
serious  apology  for  the  people  called  Quakers, 
against  Jeremy  Taylor,  4to.,  1669  ;  the  spirit  of 
truth  vindicated,  in  answer  to  a  Socinian,  4to., 
1672  ;  Quakerism  a  new  nickname  for  old  Christ 
ianity,  8vo.,  1672 ;  reason  against  railing,  and 
truth  against  fiction,  8vo.,  1673 ;  the  Christian 
Quaker  and  his  divine  testimony  vindicated, 
folio,  1674.  His  select  works  have  lately  been 
published,  in  five  volumes,  Svo.  —  Belknap's  Amer. 
Hiog.  II.  381-450. 

PENN,  THOMAS,  son  of  Wm.  Penn,  died  at 
Stoke,  in  England,  in  1775.  His  wife  was  the 
daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Pomfret.  He  had  four 
children.  John,  a  minor,  succeeded  his  father, 
and  died  in  1834,  aged  75.  He  published  critical 
and  dramatic  works,  two  vols.,  1798;  and  poems, 
two  vols.  Grenville  wrote  a  life  of  his  great 
grandfather,  Admiral  Penn.  Hichard  was  a 
member  of  parliament,  a  man  of  classical  attain 
ments,  and  wonderful  memory.  Sophia  married 
William  Stuart,  archbishop  of  Armagh. 

PENN,  Jonx,  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution,  the 
son  of  Moses  P.,  died  in  Sept.,  1788,  aged  47. 
He  was  born  in  Virginia  May  17,  1741.  His 
early  education  was  greatly  neglected ;  he  went 
to  school  only  two  or  three  years.  At  the  age  of 
18,  on  the  death  of  his  father,  he  inherited  a  com 
petent  fortune.  Instead  of  plunging  into  vicious 
excesses,  he  resolved  to  acquire  knowledge  and 
study  law.  The  library  of  his  relative,  Edmund 
Pendleton,  was  opened  to  him.  lie  became  a 


self-taught  lawyer,  a  distinguished  advocate.  In 
1774  he  removed  to  North  Carolina.  Being  a 
member  of  congress  from  1775  to  1779,he  signed 
the  Declaration  of  Independence. —  Goodrich. 

PENNINGTON,  Jonx,  a  physician  of  Phila 
delphia,  died  in  1793.  Had  he  lived  a  few  years 
longer,  he  would  have  been  very  eminent,  in  the 
opinion  of  Dr.  Hush.  lie  published  chemical 
and  economical  essays,  8vo.,  1790. 

PEPPERRELL,  WILLIAM,  colonel,  the  father 
of  Sir  William  P.,  died  at  Kittery,  now  in  Maine. 
Feb.  15,  1734,  aged  about  80.  Born  in  Wales,  he 
was  apprenticed  to  the  captain  of  a  fishing 
schooner,  employed  on  the  coast  of  New  England. 
At  the  age  of  22  he  settled  at  the  Isle  of  Shoals, 
near  Kittery  Point,  to  which  place  he  removed, 
and  where  he  found  his  wife,  Margery  Bray,  the 
daughter  of  a  man  of  property,  who  came  from 
Plymouth,  England.  His  business  was  various  : 
the  most  lucrative  was  the  fisheries ;  shipbuilding 
was  also  profitable.  Mr.  Newmarch  was  his  minis 
ter;  and,  when  the  church  was  formed  in  1714, 
he  and  his  wife  and  several  of  his  daughters  with 
their  husbands  were  members.  He  had  two 
sons  and  six  daughters.  As  Andrew  died  about 
1713,  he  left  his  estate  chiefly  to  William.  His 
daughter  Mary  married  first  John  Frost,  and 
had  many  children  ;  then  married  Rev.  Benjamin 
Colman ;  then  Judge  Prescott  of  Danvers.  Jo 
anna  married  Dr.  George  Jackson.  His  widow 
died  in  1741,  aged  80,  a  woman  of  piety  and 
exemplary  virtues.  She  had  the  means  of  doing 
good,  and  her  charities  were  constant ;  and 
her  name  should  never  be  forgotten.  She  died  in 
Christian  peace.  —  Parsons'  Life  of  Pepperrell. 

PEPPERRELL,  SIR  WILLIAM,  lieutenant- 
general,  died  at  Kittery,  Maine,  July  6, 1759,  aged 
63.  He  was  born  at  Kittery  Point,  now  Maine, 
1696,  and  was  bred  a  merchant.  His  brother  was 
now  deceased.  One  of  his  sisters  married  John 
Newmarch.  About  the  year  1727  he  was  chosen 
one  of  his  majesty's  council,  and  was  annually 
re-elected  thirty-two  years  till  his  death.  Living 
in  a  country  exposed  to  a  ferocious  enemy,  he  was 
well  fitted  for  the  situation  in  which  he  wns 
placed,  for  it  pleased  God  to  give  him  a  vigorous 
frame,  and  a  mind  of  a  firm  texture,  and  of  great 
calmness  in  danger.  He  rose  to  the  highest  mil 
itary  honors  which  his  country  could  bestow  upon 
him.  When  the  expedition  against  Louisburg 
was  contemplated,  he  was  commissioned  by  the 
governors  of  New  England  to  command  the 
troops.  He  invested  the  city  in  the  beginning  of 
May,  1745.  He  was  aided  by  Commodore  War 
ren.  Articles  of  capitulation  were  signed  June 
16.  There  was  a  remarkable  series  of  provi 
dences  in  the  whole  affair,  and  Mr.  Peppcrrell 
ascribed  his  unparalleled  success  to  the  God  of 
armies.  The  king,  in  reward  of  'his  services,  con 
ferred  upon  him  the  dignity  of  a  baronet  of  Great 


PEPPERRELL 


PERC1VAL. 


651 


Britain,  an  honor  never  before  nor  since  conferred 
on  a  native  of  New  England.  He  was  appointed 
lieutenant-general  in  Feb.,  1759.  He  married, 
March  16,  1723,  Mary  Hirst,  the  daughter  of 
Grove  Hirst  of  Boston,  and  the  grand-daughter 
of  Judge  Sewall.  When  he  first  saw  her  in  1722 
at  the  house  of  her  relative,  Rev.  Samuel  Moody 
of  York,  his  visit  was  very  unwelcome  to  Joseph, 
the  son  of  Mr.  M.,  who  in  his  journal  has  re 
corded  that  he  was  bewildered  by  the  attractions 
of  the  young  lady.  It  is  no  wonder  that  the  pre 
tensions  of  the  schoolmaster  could  not  rival  those 
of  Col.  P.,  the  heir  of  a  man  of  wealth,  who  also 
conducted  the  affair  with  much  skill,  making 
presents  of  gold  rings,  and  a  large  hoop,  and 
other  articles  of  dress,  thus  awakening  a  little 
vanity,  which  drew  upon  Miss  Hirst,  who  in  the 
preceding  year  had  made  a  profession  of  religion, 
the  remonstrances  of  her  sober  friends.  He  had 
two  children,  a  daughter  and  a  son ;  but  it 
pleased  God  to  afflict  him  by  the  death  of  his 
son  Andrew  in  1751,  at  the  age  of  25.  In  the 
depth  of  his  sorrow  and  the  severity  of  his  trial, 
he  doubtless  shared  the  tender  sympathy  of  his 
friends.  The  following  letter,  written  the  day 
before  the  death  of  his  son,  exhibits  the  an 
guish  of  the  parental  heart,  and  shows  how 
worthless,  compared  with  other  blessings  of 
Providence,  are  high  honors  and  distinctions  : 

"  Dear  Christian  Friends,  —  The  great,  but 
holy,  just,  and  good  God  is  come  out  against  us 
in  his  holy  anger.  O  may  it  be  fatherly  anger ! 
He  is  bringing  our  sins  to  remembrance,  and 
seems  to  be  slaying  our  only  son.  O  pray !  pray ! 
pray  for  us,  that  the  Lord  would  keep  us  from 
dishonoring  his  great  name  in  our  distress  and 
anguish  of  soul,  that  he  would  support  us  under 
and  carry  us  through,  what  he  shall,  in  his  sover 
eign  pleasure,  bring  upon  us ;  and,  if  it  be  his 
blessed  will,  that  our  child  may  be  yet  spared  to 
us,  and  sanctilied,  and  made  a  blessing.  Pity  us  ! 
O  our  friends,  and  cry  mightily  to  God  for  us. 
"  We  are  your  distressed  friends, 

"  WM.  PKPPERRELL,    - 
"  MARY  PEPPERRELL. 

"Dear  Cousin  Gerrish, —  Let  our  case  be  known 
to  Christian  friends  along  the  road,  and  carry  this 
letter,  as  soon  as  you  get  to  town,  to  one  of  the 
ministers  to  whom  it  is  directed. 

"KiTTERY,  Feb.  28,  1750. 

"  To  the   Rev.   Dr.   Bewail,    Mr.   Prince,  Mr.  Foxcroft,   Dr. 
Chauncy,  etc.,  etc.,  etc.,  at  Boston." 

He  had  a  high  relish  for  the  pleasures  of  society, 
and  was  the  life  and  spirit  of  every  company. 
Though  not  without  his  faults,  he  yet  respected 
the  Christian  character.  He  became  in  1734  a 
member  of  the  church  of  which  his  father  was 
one  of  the  founders  in  1714.  During  his  last 
sickness  he  spoke  with  gratitude  of  the  goodness 
of  God,  which  he  had  experienced,  and  of  his 
own  imperfections  and  sins ;  he  admired  the  plan 
of  salvation  made  known  in  the  gospel ;  knowing 
his  dependence  upon  the  grace  of  God,  he  sought 


the  influences  of  the  Holy  Spirit ;  and,  as  he  ever 
professed  a  belief  of  the  transcendent  dignity  and 
glory  of  the  great  Saviour  of  mankind,  of  the 
fulness  of  his  merits,  and  the  atoning  virtue  of 
his  obedience  and  sufferings,  when  he  was  just 
entering  the  eternal  world  he  commended  his 
soul  into  the  hands  of  this  Redeemer.  His  life, 
by  Usher  Parsons,  was  published  in  1855,  —  a 
book  of  great  interest.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
wealth.  He  owned  in  Saco  5,500  acres,  being 
the  site  of  that  populous  town;  and  then  his 
possessions  were  large  in  Portsmouth,  Hamp 
ton,  Berwick,  and  other  towns.  His  will  was 
drawn  up  with  great  care ;  but  he  gave  in  it  little 
to  educational  and  charitable  purposes.  He  had 
been  liberal  to  his  parish  and  church,  and  to  New 
Jersey  college.  He  had  an  only  daughter  and 
surviving  child,  Elizabeth,  who  married  Col. 
Nathaniel  Sparhawk ;  their  descendants  were 
numerous.  Their  son,  William  P.  Sparhawk, 
was  made  the  heir  of  Sir  William  on  condition 
of  dropping  the  name  of  Sparhawk.  He  grad 
uated  at  Cambridge  in  1766,  and  became  baronet 
Sir  William  Pepperrell,  in  1774.  But,  espousing 
the  British  side  in  the  controversy,  all  his  vast 
property  was  confiscated  and  swept  away.  Col. 
Cutts  purchased  most  of  the  lands  in  Saco.  In 
England  he  was  treated  with  respect,  and  received 
500  pounds  per  annum  from  the  British  govern 
ment;  he  died  in  London  in  1816,  aged  70.  The 
descendants  of  Col.  Sparhawk  are  numerous, 
bearing  his  name,  and  among  others  the  names 
of  Spooner,  Jarvis,  and  Cutts.  Lady  P.,  the 
widow  of  Sir  William,  built  her  a  house  near  her 
daughter's,  at  Kittery,  and  survived  her  husband 
thirty  years,  dying  in  1789.  —  Stevens1  Fun.  Ser 
mon  ;  Parsons'  Life  of  P. 

PERCIVAL,  JAMES  G.,  M.  D.,  a  poet,  died  at 
Hazelgrove,  Illinois,  April  25,  1856,  aged  60. 
Born  in  Berlin,  Conn.,  he  graduated  at  the  age  of 
twenty  at  Yale  in  1815.  He  was,  in  1824,  as 
sistant  surgeon  in  the  army,  and  professor  of 
chemistry  at  West  Point;  but  soon  resigned  and 
removed  to  Boston.  Dr.  Noah  Webster  em 
ployed  him  two  years  as  assistant  in  editing  his 
quarto  English  dictionary.  He  became  now  a 
resident  of  New  Haven.  By  the  governor  of 
Connecticut  he  was  appointed  State  geologist: 
and  finally  he  became,  in  1854,  the  State  geolo 
gist  of  Wisconsin.  He  was  a  bachelor  and  lived 
a  recluse.  His  poetry  was  regarded  as  poetry 
of  tenderness  and  melancholy  sweetness.  He 
speaks  thus  of  New  England,  in  a  short  poem  of 
that  title : 

"  Hail  to  the  land  whereon  we  tread, 

Our  fondest  boast ; 
The  sepulchre  of  mighty  dead, 
The  truest  hearts  that  ever  bled, 
\Vho  sleep  in  Glory's  brightest  bed, 

A  fearless  host : 

No  slave  is  here ;  our  unchain' J  feet 
Walk  freely  as  the  waves  that  beat 

Our  coast." 


652 


PERCY. 


PERKINS. 


He  published  Prometheus,  a  poem,  in  1821 ;  a 
miscellaneous  volume  of  poetry  and  prose,  called 
Clio,  in  1822 ;  a  third  vol.,  1827 ;  dream  of  day 
and  other  poems,  1843;  report  on  the  geology 
of  Conn.,  1842;  Malte  Brun's  geography,  trans 
lated  by  him,  1843. 

PERCY,  WILLIAM,  D.  D.,  Episcopal  minister 
in  Charleston,  S.  C.,  rector  of  St.  Paul's,  died  in 
London  in  1819,  aged  75.  He  was  a  zealous 
preacher  of  the  Calvinistic  doctrines. 

PERINE,  WILLIAM,  died  in  Dansville,  N.  Y., 
in  1847,  aged  92,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution. 
He  became  a  Christian  at  the  age  of  76. 

PERKINS,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Gloucester 
and  Topsficld,  Mass.,  died  in  1682,  aged  75.  He 
came  from  London,  and  succeeded  R.  Blinman 
at  G.  in  1650,  and  in  1655  removed  to  Topsfield, 
•where  he  succeeded  Wm.  Knight,  who  also  came 
from  London. 

PERKINS,  WILLIAM,  remarkable  for  longevity, 
was  born  in  the  west  of  England,  and  died  at 
New  Market,  N.  1L,  in  1732,  aged  116  years.  — 
£elknap's  N.  IT.,  in.  252. 

PERKINS,  DANIEL,  second  minister  of  West 
Bridgewater,  died  in  1782,  aged  86.  Born  in 
Topsfield,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1717,  and 
was  settled  as  successor  of  J.  Keith  in  1721.  His 
successor  was  J.  Reed.  He  was  a  useful  and 
much  respected  man. 

PERKINS,  JOSEPH,  Dr.,  of  Norwich,  Conn., 
died  in  1794,  aged  90.  Born  in  N.,  he  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1727.,  He  was  eminent  as  a  physician 
and  surgeon,  practising  till  near  the  close  of  life. 
He  had  brilliant  talents,  and  was  a  man  of  science 
and  of  un  dissembled  piety.  Thacher  describes 
a  remarkable  operation  of  his  for  the  hernia.  — 
Thacker's  Med.  Biog. 

PERKINS,  ELISHA,  a  physician,  the  inventor 
of  the  tractors,  died  in  Sept.,  1799,  aged  59.  He 
was  the  son  of  Dr.  Joseph  P.,  a  distinguished 
physician  of  Norwich,  Conn.,  who  died  in  1794, 
aged  90;  —  he  was  born  in  Jan.,  1740.  Having 
studied  with  his  father,  he  settled  in  Plainfield, 
Conn.,  and  had  extensive  practice.  His  habits 
were  social;  his  mind  active  and  inquisitive. 
About  the  year  1796  he  invented  the  tractors, 
which  are  two  instruments,  one  of  steel  and  the 
other  of  brass,  pointed  at  one  end.  Cures  were 
effected  by  drawing  the  points  for  a  few  minutes 
over  the  part  of  the  body  diseased.  Thus  the 
head-ache,  the  tooth-ache,  rheumatic  and  other 
pains  were  removed.  A  patent  was  obtained. 
The  fame  of  Perkinism  extended  to  Europe. 
The  son  of  Dr.  P.  went  to  London,  where  a  Per- 
kinean  institution  was  created  for  the  benefit  of 
the  poor,  of  which  Lord  Rivers  was  president. 
The  published  cases  of  cures  amounted  to  five 
thousand,  certified  by  eight  professors,  forty  physi 
cians  and  surgeons,  and  thirty  clergymen.  Yet 


it  was  not  long  before  the  tractors  sunk  into  neg 
lect.  Dr.  P.  invented  an  antiseptic  medicine,  and 
repaired  to  New  York  to  test  its  efficacy  against 
the  yellow  fever ;  but  he  took  the  disease  from 
the  sick  and  died  of  it.  —  T/tacJicr. 

PERKINS,  BEXJAMLX  DOUGLASS,  a  bookseller 
of  New  York,  the  son  of  Dr.  Elisha  P.,  died  in 
New  York  in  1810,  aged  about  36.  He  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1794.  He  visited  England  in  the  ser 
vice  of  his  father's  tractors,  and  was  there  several 
years.  He  was  a  man  of  a  fine  appearance  and 
of  a  high  character ;  was  discreet,  frank,  and  hon 
orable  ;  of  exemplary  morals,  and  earnest  in  re 
ligion.  As  a  bookseller,  he  was  of  the  respect 
able  firm  of  Collins  and  Perkins.  As  to  the 
tractors,  his  father  claimed  that  the  metallic  com 
position  of  them  was  important,  and  that  was  a 
secret.  But  they  seemed  to  be  only  steel  and 
brass.  Having  had  myself  for  a  great  many 
years  a  pair  of  them,  if  they  have  ever  relieved 
pain,  I  have  found  them  also  useful  in  picking 
walnuts.  —  Tliaclier's  Med.  Biog. 

PERKINS,  JAMES,  a  benefactor  of  Harvard 
college  and  of  the  Boston  Athenaeum,  died  at 
Roxbury  Aug.  1,  1822,  aged  61.  He  was  born 
in  Boston  in  1761,  and  was  the  son  of  James  P. 
Educated  as  a  merchant  in  the  counting-house  of 
the  Messrs.  Shattucks,  he  settled  in  St.  Domingo  ; 
but  was  driven  away  by  the  Revolution  in  that 
island.  On  his  return  he  engaged  in  business 
with  his  brother,  Col.  Thos.  Handasyd  P.,  and 
conducted  an  extensive  trade  to  the  northwest 
coast  and  to  China.  His  wife  was  the  daughter 
of  Timothy  Paine  of  Worcester.  He  was  an  up 
right  merchant.  One  of  his  last  acts  of  liberality 
was  the  gift  to  the  Boston  athenaeum  of  the 
house  lately  occupied  by  the  institution, —  an 
estate  which  was  valued  at  18,000  dollars.  He 
also  in  his  will  bequeathed  20,000  dollars  to  Har 
vard  college.  His  fine  portrait  is  preserved  in 
the  athenaeum. 

PERKINS,  ELIPHAZ,  Dr.,  died  at  Athens, 
Ohio,  in  1828,  aged  75.  A  native  of  Norwich, 
Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1776.  He  re 
moved  to  A.  in  1800,  and  was  an  excellent  physi 
cian  and  patron  of  learning.  He  was  treasurer 
of  the  Ohio  university.  He  died  in  the  peace  of 
the  Christian  faith,  of  which  he  had  long  been  a 
professor.  His  descendants  are  numerous  and 
respectable.  —  Ilildretk's  Biog.  Memoirs. 

PERKINS,  ALFRED  ELIJAH,  M.  D.,  died  in 
Norwich,  Conn.,  in  1834,  aged  about  24.  Born 
in  Norwich,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1830.  He 
left  10,000  dollars  to  the  library  of  Yale ;  3,000 
to  the  home  missionary  society;  1,000  to  the 
colonization  society;  and  500  to  Sabbath  schools. 

PERKINS,  NATHAN,  D.  D.,  died  at  West 
Hartford,  Conn.,  Jan.  18,  1838,  aged  88,  in  the 
66th  year  of  his  ministry  at  West  Hartford.  He 


PERKINS. 


PERKINS. 


G53 


•was  born  in  Norwich  May  12, 1749 ;  was  graduated 
at  Princeton  in  1770;  and  ordained  in  1772,  con 
tinuing  to  perform  his  ministerial  duties  until  two 
years  before  his  death.  Many  theological  stu 
dents  were  under  his  care.  His  wife,  Catharine, 
was  a  daughter  of  Rev.  T.  Pitkin  of  Farmington. 
His  predecessor  was  N.  Hooker,  who  died  in 
1772,  aged  only  32. 

Dr.  P.  had  a  good  inheritance,  and  a  salary  of 
100  pounds ;  under  his  own  management  his 
affairs  went  on  well,  but,  intrusting  them  to 
another,  he  was  impoverished.  lie  died  under 
his  own  mortgaged  roof.  He  resolved,  if  he  died 
poor,  he  would  die  a  generous  man.  He  had 
great  influence  with  his  people;  his  kindness 
triumphed  over  opposers.  It  has  been  said  he 
had  family  pride,  an  aspiring  spirit,  an  emulation 
for  influence ;  that  he  wished  every  thing  con 
nected  with  him  to  be  rich,  elegant,  accomplished. 
If  so,  his  final  poverty  may  have  been  a  useful 
reproof  and  admonition.  Yet  his  urbanity,  his 
determination  to  be  a  perfect  gentleman,  an  ex 
emplary  Christian,  a  winning  minister,  are  not  to 
be  ascribed  to  pride  and  ambition.  He  was  a 
successful  minister ;  he  spoke  of  six  extensive 
revivals  among  his  people.  In  early  life  he  spent 
the  whole  of  Saturday  in  committing  his  sermons 
to  memory.  Dr.  Sprague  has  published  an  in 
teresting  letter  concerning  him,  written  by  Rev. 
Daniel  Waldo,  now  chaplain  in  congress,  aged 
9-i.  He  published  a  volume  of  sermons,  1795  ; 
election  sermon,  1808;  at  the  ordination  of  S. 
Wolcott,  1786 ;  of  II.  N.  Woodruff,  1790 ;  of  AV.  F. 
Miller,  1792 ;  C.  Chapin,  1794 ;  J.  Brace,  1807 ;  E. 
G.  Welles,  1808 ;  E.  Mason  and  N.Perkins,  1810; 
a  fast  sermon,  1812;  at  the  funeral  of  T.  Pitkin, 
of  N.  Strong ;  account  of  a  great  revival ;  on  his 
fiftieth  anniversary ;  on  his  sixtieth ;  letters  of 
gratitude ;  many  pieces  in  the  Connecticut  evan 
gelical  magazine.  —  Sprague's  Annals ;  Puritan 
llecorder,  Oct.  25,  1855. 

PERKINS,  NATIIAX,  minister  of  the  second 
church  in  Amherst,  Mass.,  died  of  the  croup  in 
March,  1842,  aged  65.  The  son  of  Rev.  Dr. 
Nathan  P.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1795,  and 
was  for  some  years  a  magistrate  and  farmer.  He 
was  ordained  Oct.  10,  1810.  He  was  a  man  of 
respectable  talents,  prudent,  kind,  affectionate, 
cheerful,  a  persuasive  preacher,  and  good  pastor. 
He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  E. 
Moody,  1818;  on  the  death  of  Dr.  S.  Coleman. 
—  Sprague's  Annals. 

PERKINS,  ABRAHAM,  died  in  Ipswich  in  1842, 
aged  96,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution. 

PERKINS,  SIMON,  general,  died  in  Warren, 
Ohio,  Nov.  19,  1844,  aged  73.  He  was  born  in 
Norwich,  Conn.  At  the  age  of  twenty-four  he 
was  employed  in  the  survey  of  new  lands  in  New 
York;  afterwards  in  the  western  reserve.  He 


settled  in  Warren  in  1801.  His  services  were 
important  in  the  Avar  of  1812  ;  his  skill  as  a  finan 
cier  caused  him  to  be  appointed  a  commissioner 
of  the  canal  fund. 

PERKINS,  CYRUS,  M.  D.,  died  at  Rossville, 
Staten  Island,  April  23,  1849,  aged  70;  a  dis 
tinguished  physician  and  surgeon.  He  was  a 
native  of  Bridgewater ;  a  graduate  of  Dartmouth 
in  1800;  professor  of  anatomy  and  surgery  at 
Dartmouth  from  1810  to  1819;  and  afterwards  a 
resident  in  New  York.  He  was  a  physician  of 
great  skill,  an  excellent  medical  teacher,  a  man 
of  kind  and  generous  feelings,  enjoying  the  con 
fidence  and  attachment  of  his  friends  and  ac 
quaintances.  He  married  Mary,  daughter  of 
Prof.  J.  Smith,  who  survived  him.  He  published 
an  eulogy  on  W.  II.  Woodward,  Hanover,  1818. 

PERKINS,  JAMES  H.,  a  literary  man,  died  at 
Cincinnati  in  1849,  aged  39.  He  was  the  son  of 
Samuel  G.  Perkins  of  Boston,  the  nephew  of 
Thomas  H.  P.  He  was  educated  as  a  merchant 
and  also  studied  law ;  but  at  last  devoted  himself 
wholly  to  literature.  Settling  at  Cincinnati,  he 
edited  various  papers,  and  wrote  many  articles 
for  the  North  American  Review.  He  was  presi 
dent  of  a  historical  society  in  1844,  and  wrote 
annals  of  the  west.  He  engaged  also  in  various 
projects  of  reform  and  charity.  In  a  state  of  de 
pression  he  threw  himself  into  the  Ohio,  and 
was  drowned.  —  Cyclopedia  of  American  Liter 
ature. 

PERKINS,  JACOB,  an  inventor,  died  in  Lon 
don  July  30,  1849,  aged  83.  Born  in  Newbury- 
port  July  9,  1766,  he  early  displayed  a  mechanical 
genius.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  his  master,  a  gold 
smith,  died ;  but  he  carried  on  the  business. 
Gold  beads,  worn  by  the  old  and  young,  he  made 
in  the  best  style,  as  well  as  plated  shoe-buckles. 
He  made  dies  at  twenty-one  for  the  mint;  at 
twenty-four  he  invented  the  nail-machine  for  cut 
ting  and  heading  nails  at  once.  He  invented 
steel  plates  for  bank-notes,  which,  as  was  sup 
posed,  could  not  be  counterfeited.  The  miscon 
duct  of  men,  with  whom  he  was  associated  in 
business,  left  him  overwhelmed  with  debt.  For 
several  years  he  lived  in  England. 

PERKINS,  ERASTUS,  died  at  Norwich  city, 
Oct.  18,  1853,  aged  101  years  and  8  months. 
lie  descended  from  Jabez,  who,  with  his  brother 
Joseph,  came  from  Ipswich  in  1695,  and  pur 
chased  eight  hundred  acres  in  Lisbon  for  70 
pounds,  near  the  junction  of  Quinebourg  and  She- 
tucket  rivers.  The  descendants  of  Jabez  were  : 
Jabcz,  born  June  3,  1699 ;  next,  Jabez,  born  1728, 
married  Anne  Lathrop  ;  this  last  was  the  father 
of  Erastus,  who  was  born  Feb.  17,  1752.  He 
was  a  soldier ;  and  he  was  engaged  in  commer 
cial  business.  For  many  years  he  was  the  in 
spector  of  customs  at  Norwich.  Others  of  his 


654 


PERKINS. 


PERRY. 


name  reached  a  great  age.  Dr.  Joseph  Perkins 
died  at  X.  in  1794,  aged  90. 

PERKINS,  THOMAS  HAXDASYD,  colonel,  died 
in  Brookline  in  Jan.,  1854,  aged  89,  being  born 
in  Boston  in  King,  now  State  street,  Dec.  15, 
1764.  As  a  merchant  he  acquired  a  fortune  of 
2,000,000  dollars.  He  had  an  early  partnership 
in  business  with  his  brother  James,  in  the  trade 
of  the  northwest  coast,  Canton,  and  Calcutta. 
He  was  a  man  of  public  spirit  and  great  liberal 
ity;  several  splendid  charitable  institutions  were 
founded  by  his  munificence.  The  Perkins  blind 
asylum,  the  mercantile  library  association,  and 
the  Boston  athcnfoum  shared  largely  in  his 
bounty.  In  1842  he  made  a  speech  in  laying  the 
corner-stone  of  the  merchant's  exchange.  A 
company  of  the  blind  pupils  of  the  asylum  at 
tended  his  funeral.  —  Life,  by  T,  G.  Gary. 

PERKINS,  GEORGE  WILLIAM,  died  at  Chicago 
Nov.  15,  185G,  aged  about  52.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1824;  was  minister  of  Meriden,  Conn., 
many  years,  and  had  but  recently  gone  to  Chi 
cago.  He  was  a  preacher  of  distinction ;  his  zeal 
against  slavery  never  grew  cold. 

PERLEY,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Moultonbo- 
rough,  N.  II.,  died  in  1831,  aged  89.  Born  in 
Ipswich,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  17G3;  was 
minister  of  Seabrook,  N.  II.,  from  17G5  to  1775; 
and  was  settled  at  M.  in  1778,  and  at  length  dis 
missed. — Sprague's  Annals. 

PERLEY,  HUMPHREY  CLARK,  minister  of 
Methuen,  Mass.,  died  in  1838,  aged  76.  Born  in 
Boxi'ord,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1791 ; 
was  settled  from  1795  to  1815;  then  in  Beverly, 
second  church,  from  1818  to  1821. 

PERREIN,  JEAN,  eminent  for  his  acquaintance 
with  natural  history,  died  at  New  York  in  1805, 
aged  54.  He  was  a  native  of  France,  and  a 
member  of  the  society  of  sciences  and  belles  let- 
tres  of  Bordeaux.  With  a  view  to  the  acquisition 
and  diffusion  of  knowledge  in  botany  and  other 
departments  of  natural  history,  he  travelled 
through  Africa  and  most  of  the  West  India 
islands.  To  complete  his  collection  of  birds, 
plants,  etc.,  he  came  to  New  York,  where  he 
spent  several  months ;  but  he  was  cut  down  in 
the  midst  of  his  labors.  In  Sonninni's  edition 
of  Buflbn's  natural  history,  credit  is  given  to  Per- 
rein  as  the  author  of  many  of  the  most  valuable 
communications  contained  in  that  work. 

PERRINE,  MATTHEW  LA  RUE,  D.  D.,  profes 
sor  of  ecclesiastical  history  at  Auburn,  N.  Y., 
died  Feb.  12,  1836,  aged  59.  Born  in  Mon- 
mouth,  N.  J.,  he  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1797, 
and  settled  as  the  pastor  of  Battle  Hill  in  1802. 
In  1811  he  became  the  first  pastor  of  Spring 
street  church,  N.  Y.  He  died  in  peace  and  hope. 
In  his  various  relations  in  life  he  was  wiae  and 
faithful. 


PERRY,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  East  Windsor, 
Conn.,  died  in  1783,  aged  50.  Born  in  Shevburn, 
Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1752;  in  1755 
he  was  settled  as  a  colleague  witli  Mr.  Edwards, 
who  lived  till  1758.  He  published  a  sermon  on 
the  death  of  R.  Wolcott,  17G3;  of  N.  Hooker, 
1771;  election  sermon,  1775. — Sprayue's  Annals. 

PERRY,  JOSHUA,  minister  in  Hamden,  Conn., 
died  in  Burlington  in  1812,  aged  about  57.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1775. 

PERRY,  DAVID,  minister  of  Richmond,  Mass., 
died  in  1817.  aged  70.  Born  in  Huntington, 
Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1772,  and  was 
minister  of  Harwinton,  Conn.,  from  1774  to  1784, 
and  installed  at  Richmond  in  1784.  —  Spra'jue's 
Annals. 

PERRY,  OLIVER  HAZARD,  a  naval  commander, 
died  Aug.  23,  1820,  aged  35.  He  was  born  at 
Kingston,  near  Newport,  R.  I.,  in  Aug.,  1785  ; 
he  was  the  sen  of  Christopher  R.  P.,  a  naval 
patriot  of  the  Revolution,  and  collector  of  New 
port,  who  died  in  May,  1818;  and  grandson  of 
Judge  Freeman  P.,  who  died  in  Oct.,  1813,  aged 
82.  His  earliest  ancestor  in  America  was  Ed 
mund  P.,  a  Quaker.  Having  served  as  a  mid 
shipman  in  the  Mediterranean,  he  was  in  1812 
advanced  to  be  master-commandant.  In  1813 
he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  squad 
ron  on  Lake  Erie.  Sept.  10,  he  achieved  a  com 
plete  victory  over  the  enemy  under  Com.  Barclay, 
after  an  action  of  three  hours,  capturing  the  whole 
squadron.  In  1815  he  proceeded  to  the  Mediter 
ranean  in  command  of  the  Java;  in  June,  1819, 
he  proceeded  to  the  West  Indies  in  the  ship  John 
Adams.  He  died  of  the  yellow  fever  at  Port 
Spain,  Trinidad.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Dr. 
Mason,  and  niece  of  Christopher  Champlin  of 
Newport;  he  left  four  sons  and  one  daughter. 
lie  once  unhappily  was  engaged  in  a  duel.  Under 
a  sense  of  a  supposed  injury,  he  personally  as 
saulted  Capt.  Heath  of  the  marines  on  board  of 
his  ship.  A  court  martial  censured  both.  Capt. 
H.  however  challenged  him,  and  a  duel  was 
fought  on  the  Jersey  shore  in  Oct.,  1818,  though 
Perry  refused  to  fire.  The  contemptible  code  of 
honor  must  explain  how  the  opportunity  of  shoot 
ing  off  a  pistol  at  Perry  could  soothe  into  quiet 
ness  the  irritated  feelings  of  the  captain  of 
marines.  Had  the  commodore  refused  thus  to 
stand  as  a  mark  to  be  fired  at,  instead  of  violat 
ing  the  laws  of  his  country,  he  would  have  been 
honored  for  a  manly  courage,  which  restrained  him 
from  doing  wrong.  Our  rulers,  whose  business  it 
is  to  execute  the  laws  of  the  people,  ought  to  have 
struck  both  their  names  from  the  rolls  of  the  navy. 

PERRY,  BAXTER,  minister  of  Lyme,  N.  II., 
died  in  1829,  aged  37. 

PERRY,  JOSEPH,  minister  in  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  died  in  1829,  aged  50. 


PERRY. 


PETEItS. 


G55 


PERRY,  Jos.  M.  S.,  missionary  to  Ceylon,  died 
Marck  10,  1837,  aged  30,  of  the  cholera  :  his  wife 
died  of  the  same  disorder,  March  13.  He  was 
the  son  of  Rev.  Mr.  Perry,  of  Sharon,  Conn., 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1827,  and  was  settled  in  the 
ministry  at  Mcndon.  His  wife,  Harriet  J.  La- 
throp,  a  native  of  Norwich,  was  the  sister  of  Mrs. 
Winslow  and  Mrs.  Cherry,  missionaries.  Among 
her  last  utterances  were  the  words,  "  Sweet  peace ! 
sweet  peace  !" 

PERRY,  ALFRED,  M.  D.,  died  at  Stockbridgc, 
Mass.,  in  1838,  aged  57.  The  son  of  Rev.  David 
Perry,  he  graduated  at  Williams  college  in  1803. 

PERRY,  JAMES,  a  Methodist  minister,  died  at 
Plainfield,  Vt.,  in  1840,  aged  82. 

PERRY,  ELNATIIAN,  captain,  died  at  Rush. 
N.  Y.,  June,  1849,  aged  90.  lie  entered  the  army 
at  fifteen,  and  fought  at  Bennington,  Saratoga, 
and  Eutaw. 

PESSACUS,  a  Narragansett  sagamore,  who, 
with  other  sagamores  and  a  Niantick  deputy,  made 
a  treaty  in  1045,  at  Boston,  with  the  commission 
ers  of  the  four  colonies  of  Massachusetts,  Rhode 
Island,  Connecticut  and  New  Haven.  Pummash 
was  another  of  the  seven  Indian  signers.  Pessa- 
cus  was  the  successor  of  Miantunnomu.  — Felfs 
Hist,  of  Neiv  E nt/land. 

PETERS,  THOMAS,  the  first  minister  of  Say- 
brook,  the  brother  of  Hugh  P.,  was  a  minister  in 
Cornwall,  England,  who  was  driven  away  in  the 
civil  wars,  and  came  to  this  country  with  Fen- 
wick,  arriving  at  New  Haven  in  July,  1G39,  and 
settled  at  Saybrook  about  1641.  Winthrop  mar 
ried  his  niece,  a  daughter  of  Hugh  Peters.  Gov. 
Winthrop,  of  Mass.,  speaks  of  his  own  brother 
and  sister.  Peters.  This  perhaps  is  to  be  ex 
plained  by  supposing,  as  the  wife  of  Thos.  Peters 
was  in  America,  that  she  was  Gov.  Winthrop's 
sister.  Samuel  Peters  descended  from  William 
P.,  a  brother  of  Thomas,  who  settled  near  Boston 
in  1634.  A  letter  of  T.  P.,  written  at  Pcquot,  or 
Saybrook,  to  Gov.  W.,  is  published  by  Mr.  Sav 
age,  dated  1645.  Of  his  death  there  is  no  note. 
Being  invited  to  return  to  his  people  in  England, 
he  sailed  from  Boston  in  Dec.,  1646. 

PETERS,  HUGH,  minister  of  Salem,  Mass., 
died  Oct.  16,  1660,  aged  61.  He  was  born  at 
Fowey  in  Cornwall,  in  1599,  and  was  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  the 
degree  of  master  of  arts  in  1622.  He  was  li 
censed  by  the  Bishop  of  London,  and  preached 
in  the  city  with  great  popularity  and  success. 
Meeting  with  some  trouble  on  account  of  his  non 
conformity,  he  went  into  Holland,  where  he  re 
mained  five  or  six  years.  He  arrived  in  America 
with  Richard  Mather  in  Aug.,  1635.  He  took 
the  charge  of  the  church  in  Salem,  Dec.  21, 1636, 
disclaiming  the  errors  of  Mr.  Williams,  who  had 
been  minister  before  him,  uud  cxcorn mimic atiu 


his  adherents.  During  his  five  years'  ministry, 
one  hundred  and  sixty  persons  joined  his  commu 
nion.  He  did  not  confine  his  attention  to  reli 
gious  concerns,  but  took  an  interest  in  mercantile 
and  civil  affairs.  He  assisted  in  reforming  the 
police  of  the  town  ;  he  suggested  the  plan  of  the 
fishery,  and  of  the  coasting  and  foreign  voyages  ; 
he  procured  carpenters,  and  engaged  in  trade 
with  great  success.  His  zeal  in  worldly  concerns 
was  probably  the  cause  of  his  suppressing  in 
Salem  the  weekly  and  occasional  lectures,  by 
which  the  good  men  of  that  day  were  nourished 
up  unto  eternal  life.  Being  considered  as  a  suit 
able  person  to  send  to  England  to  procure  an 
alteration  in  the  laws  of  excise  and  trade,  he  was 
appointed  for  this  purpose,  with  Mr.  Welde  and 
Mr.  Ilibbins,  by  the  general  court,  and  sailed  Aug. 
3,  1641.  He  never  returned  to  America.  Dur 
ing  the  civil  wars  in  England  he  supported  the 
cause  of  the  parliament,  and  contributed  much 
aid  to  it  by  his  preaching.  Burnet  says  that  he 
pressed  the  king's  condemnation  with  the  rude 
ness  of  an  inquisitor  ;  but  Mr.  Peters  in  his  leg 
acy  declares  that  he  opposed  it.  He  was 
appointed  by  Cromwell  one  of  the  licensers  of 
ministers,  and  also  a  commissioner  for  amending 
the  laws,  though  utterly  disqualified  for  the  busi 
ness.  After  the  restoration,  he  was  tried  for 
conspiring  with  Cromwell  and  compassing  the 
king's  death,  and  was  executed.  His  wife  was 
the  widow  of  Colonel  Read  :  her  daughter  mar 
ried  John  Winthrop  of  Conn.  His  own  daughter, 
Elizabeth,  was  baptized  in  1640.  She  married  a 
Mr.  Barker ;  and  was  a  widow,  and  living  at 
Deptford,  England,  in  1709.  For  her  he  wrote 
his  legacy  in  1660.  He  was  charged  by  his  ene 
mies  with  great  vices  ;  but  it  is  not  probable  that 
the  charges  were  well  founded.  He  was,  how 
ever,  weak,  ignorant,  and  carried  away  by  his 
zeal.  If  he  had  confined  himself  to  the  proper 
duties  of  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  and  had  not 
"engaged  in  parties,  nor  become  the  tool  of  the 
ambitious,  nor  exerted  himself  to  stimulate  the 
furious  passions  of  men,  he  would  have  been  use 
ful  and  respected,  and  might  have  died  in  peace. 
Though  he  was  ignorant,  he  possessed  a  native 
and  peculiar  vigor.  lie  had  the  power  of  associ 
ating  his  thoughts  in  such  a  manner,  as  to  prevent 
them  from  being  easily  forgotten.  His  coarse 
and  familiar  images  never  failed  to  answer  his 
purposes,  and  his  vulgar  yet  striking  eloquence 
gained  him  thousands  of  hearers  in  London. 
Specimens  of  his  curious  sermons  are  to  be  found 
in  the  trials  of  the  regicides.  In  an  engraving 
prefixed  he  is  placed  in  the  pulpit  with  a  multi 
tude  before  him ;  his  hour  glass  is  turned,  and  he 
says,  "  Come,  my  good  fellows,  I  know  you  like 
another  glass."  His  verses  for  his  daughter  were 
entitled  "  my  wishes."  One  stanza  is  this  : 


656 


PETERS. 


PETTENGILL. 


"I  wish  you  neither  poverty,  nor  riches, 

But  godliness,  so  gainful,  with  content; 
No  painted  pomp,  nor  glory  that  bewitches  ; 

A  blameless  life  is  the  best  monument : 
And  such  a  soul,  that  soars  above  the  sky, 
Well  pleas'd  to  live,  but  better  pleas'd  to  die." 

The  "rules"  which  he  sent   to   his  daughter 
from  prison  were  these  : 


"  Let  thy  Thoughts 
Talk 
Words 
Manners 
Diet 
Apparel 
Will 
Sleep 
Prayers 
Recreation 
Memory 


be  Divine,  awful,  godly. 

"  Little,  honest,  true. 

"  Profitable,  holy,  charitable. 

"  Grave,  courteous,  cheerful. 

"  Temperate,  convenient,  frugal. 

"  Sober,  neat,  comely. 

"  Constant,  obedient,  ready. 

"  Moderate,  quiet,  seasonable. 

"  Short,  devout,  often,  fervent. 

"  Lawful,  brief,  seldom. 

"  Of  death,  punishment,  glory." 


He  published  a  sermon  before  both  houses  of 
parliament  in  1646;  last  report  of  the  English 
wars  ;  a  word  to  the  army,  1647  ;  good  work  for 
a  good  magistrate,  or  short  way  to  great  quiet, 
1651  (in  this  work  he  proposed  the  extirpation 
of  the  whole  system  of  laws,  and  recommended 
that  the  old  records  in  the  tower  should  be 
burned  as  records  of  tyranny,  and  that  they  should 
begin  anew)  ;  brief  aen  den  Vader  la  Chaize ;  a 
dying  father's  legacy  to  his  only  child,  8vo.,  1660 
and  1717.  This  has  been  spoken  of  with  respect. 
It  is  preserved  in  the  New  England  library  estab 
lished  by  Mr.  Prince  of  Boston.  —  Young's  Life 
of  Peters ;  Sprague's  Annals  ;  Cycl.  Amer.  Lit. 

PETERS,  ANDREW,  first  minister  of  Middle- 
ton,  Mass.,  died  in  1756,  aged  55.  Born  in  An- 
dover,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1723,  and  was 
settled  in  1729.  His  successor  was  E.  Smith. 

PETERS,  JOHN,  died  in  Adams,  Mass.,  Sept. 
10,  1807,  aged  107,  retaining  to  the  last  all  his 
faculties. 

PETERS,  SAMUEL  A.,  LL.  D.,  an  Episcopal 
minister,  died  at  New  York,  April  19,  1826,  aged 
90,  and  was  buried  at  Hebron.  He  was  born  at 
Hebron,  Conn.,  Dec.  12,  1735 ;  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1757 ;  took  the  charge  of  the 
churches  at  Hartford  and  Hebron  in  1762,  but, 
being  a  Tory,  he  in  1774  went  to  England,  where 
he  resided  till  1805,  when  he  returned  to  this  coun 
try.  In  1817  and  1818  he  made  a  journey  to  the 
West  as  far  as  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  claiming 
a  large  territory  under  Carver.  He  published  a 
history  of  Connecticut,  8vo.,  1781.  It  is  embar 
rassed  in  its  authority  by  a  number  of  fables. 
Rev.  Dr.  Bacon,  in  his  historical  discourses,  calls 
it  "  that  most  unscrupulous  and  malicious  of  lying 
narratives,  Peters'  history  of  Connecticut." — Cycl. 
Amer.  Lit. 

PETERS,  RICHARD,  judge  of  the  district  court 
of  the  United  States,  died  Aug.  21,  1828,  aged 
84.  He  was  born  at  Philadelphia  in  June,  1744, 
the  son,  as  I  suppose,  of  Richard  Peters,  D.  D., 
an  Episcopal  minister,  who  died  in  1775.  He  en 
tered  successfully  upon  the  practice  of  the  law. 


Congress  appointed  him,  June  13, 1776,  secretary 
of  the  board  of  war.  On  resigning  that  post  he 
was  appointed  in  December,  1781,  a  member  of 
congress ;  and,  in  1789,  judge  of  the  district 
court,  in  which  office  he  continued  thirty-six  years, 
till  his  death  at  Blockley,  near  Philadelphia.  Of 
the  admiralty  law  of  the  United  States  he  may 
be  deemed  the  founder.  His  decisions  are  pre 
served  in  Peters'  reports.  He  was  a  practical 
farmer.  In  1797  he  published  a  pamphlet  on  the 
use  of  gypsum,  which  introduced  the  culture  of 
clover,  and  effected  a  beneficial  change  in  hus 
bandry.  His  various  communications  appeared 
in  the  memoirs  of  the  Philadelphia  agricultural 
society. 

PETERS,  JOHN  F.,  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Connecticut,  died  at  Hartford  in  1834, 
aged  69. 

PETERS,  ABSALOM,  general,  died  in  New 
York,  March  29,  1840,  aged  86.  Born  in  He 
bron,  Conn.,  he  descended  from  William  of  Bos 
ton,  the  brother  of  Hugh  Peters.  His  great 
grandfather  was  John  of  Anclover ;  his  grand 
father  was  John,  his  father  Colonel  John,  both  of 
Hebron.  He  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1780. 
He  settled  as  a  farmer  at  Wentworth,  N.  Y.  In 
the  war  he  rendered  services  to  his  country,  and 
he  sustained  various  offices.  His  first  wife  was 
Mary  Rogers,  a  descendant  of  John  Rogers  the 
martyr.  After  his  second  marriage,  in  1821,  to 
the  widow  of  Rev.  John  Gurley,  he  removed  to 
Lebanon,  Conn.,  and  lived  near  his  paternal  home. 
He  died  at  the  house  of  his  son,  John  R.  P. 
Another  son  is  Rev.  Dr.  Absalom  Peters. 

PETERS,  SAMUEL  A.,  judge,  died  at  Colches 
ter,  Conn.,  Dec.  19,  1854,  aged  85.  He  was  one 
of  the  oldest  lawyers  in  Conn.,  and  a  judge  of 
New  London  county  court. 

PETERS,  EDWARD  D.,  a  successful  merchant 
of  Boston,  died  suddenly  of  apoplexy  at  his  house 
in  Jamaica  Plain,  Oct.  20,  1856,  aged  70.  He 
was  a  native  of  Blue  Hill,  Me.  ;  a  man  respected 
for  his  integrity.  He  left  four  sons,  active  mer 
chants  in  Boston. 

PETERSON,  SIMEON,  a  Freewill  Baptist  min 
ister,  died  at  Hermon,  N.  Y.,  in  1837,  aged  40. 

PETERSON,  JOHN  D.,  minister  of  a  German 
Lutheran  church,  died  in  Upper  Canada  in  1848, 
aged  91.  Born  in  Bremen,  he  was  pastor  at  Ilar- 
risburg,  Pa.,  from  1803  to  1819,  when  he  became 
pastor  of  Markham  and  Vaughan  in  Upper  Can 
ada.  He  was  faithful  and  zealous  in  his  office  un 
til  his  labors  were  interrupted  by  infirmity. 

PETTENGILL,  AMOS,  died  at  Salem  'Bridge, 
Conn.,  Aug.  17,  1830.  aged  50.  Born  at  Salem, 
N.  H.,  he  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1805.  He 
was  a  minister  for  five  years  at  Champlain,  N.  Y., 
till  1812,  and  was  installed  at  Litchfield  South 
Farms,  Conn.,  in  1816.  After  an  unquiet  period 
of  six  years  he  removed  to  a  more  pleasant 


PHELPS. 

abode,  to  Salem,  Conn.,  now  Naugatuck,  for  his 
seven  last  years.  He  was  a  respected  and  useful 
minister.  A  memoir  of  him,  l>_,  L.  Hart,  is  among 
the  volumes  of  Massachusetts  Sabbath  school  so 
ciety.  He  rendered  service  as  a  teacher  and  in 
other  ways  to  the  cause  of  education.  He  pub 
lished  a  view  of  the  heavens,  for  schools,  1826  ;  a 
rotary  celestial  map ;  the  spirit  of  Methodism, 
1829  ;  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  J.  Johnson  ; 
and  other  discourses.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

PHELPS,  AMOS  A.,  minister  in  Boston,  died 
at  Roxbury,  July  30,  1847,  aged  42.  Born  in 
Simsbury,  Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1826  ; 
was  minister  of  Hopkinton  two  years  ;  then  pas 
tor  of  Pine  street  church  in  Boston  from  1832  to 
1834.  Then  he  engaged  in  the  service  of  the 
anti-slavery  society,  and  was  general  agent,  and 
edited  the  Emancipator ;  in  1839  he  became  the 
minister  of  the  Marlborough  chapel  free  church  ; 
in  1842  he  was  pastor  of  the  Maverick  church, 
East  Boston,  and  afterwards  secretary  of  the 
anti-slavery  society  at  New  York.  He  published 
lectures  on  slavery,  1834;  book  of  the  Sabbath, 
1841  ;  letters  toDrs.  Bacon  and  Stowe  ;  and  sev 
eral  pamphlets  relating  to  slavery.  —  Sprague's 
Annals. 

PIIELPS,  DUDLEY,  minister  of  Groton,  Mass., 
died  Sept.  24,  1849,  aged  51.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1823,  and  was  settled  first  at  Haverhill  in 
1828 ;  then  at  Groton  in  1836.  He  published  a 
temperance  address  at  Haverhill,  1830. 

PIIELPS,  JOHN,  judge,  died  April  14,  1849. 
He  drafted  the  constitution  of  Vermont ;  which 
State  he  left,  1837,  to  assist  his  wife,  Mrs.  Lincoln 
Phelps,  in  conducting  Patapsco  female  institution. 

PHELPS,  DAVENPORT,  Episcopal  minister, 
died  at  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  before  1816,  aged  about 
60.  His  father  was  Alexander  Phelps  of  Conn.  ; 
his  mother  was  the  daughter  of  Rev.  Dr.  Eleazar 
Wheelock. 

PHELPS,  BENAIAH,  first  minister  of  Man 
chester,  Conn.,  died  in  1817,  aged  about  76.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1761 ;  was  settled  about 
1780  ;  and  removed  to  Nova  Scotia  about  1795. 

PHELPS,  ELISIIA,  died  at  Simsbury,  Conn.,  in 
1847,  aged  67.  Born  in  S.,  he  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1800,  and  was  a  member  of  congress  from 
1819  to  1821,  and  from  1825  to  1829. 

PHELPS,  OLIVER,  died  near  Buffalo,  in  West 
Canada,  May  4,  1851,  aged  71,  a  man  of  distinc 
tion  in  western  New  York.  He  was  born  in  1779 
in  Simsbury,  Conn.,  of  a  humble  family.  In  com 
pany  with  Nathaniel  Gorham  he  purchased  the 
Genesee  country  in  New  York,  and  thus  became 
a  man  of  wealth.  He  lived  much  at  Canandai- 
gua,  and  also  at  St.  Catharine's,  in  Canada  West. 
In  the  Welland  canal  he  was  much  interested. 
At  Ludlowville  he  built  the  Presbyterian  church 
almost  at  his  own  expense.  His  religious  charac 
ter  is  highly  commended.  He  was  a  member  of 
83 


PHILIP 


657 


the  church,  a  man  of  prayer,  and  who  loved  to 
meet  with  his  fellow  Christians.  A  few  days  be 
fore  his  death  he  visited  the  place  of  his  birth  :  it 
was  on  his  return  that  he  died  before  he  reached 
his  home.  In  his  memorandum  book  he  made, 
near  the  place  of  his  birth,  this  very  interesting 
entry :  "  Here,  on  the  top  of  this  mountain, 
near  my  father's  place,  on  the  19th  of  August, 
1799,  —  on  this  same  spot  where  I  now  stand, — 
did  God  open  my  eyes  to  behold  the  glory  of  the 
Lamb.  Fifty-one  years  last  August  here  I  bowed 
in  prayer  and  praise  to  God  for  plucking  me  as  a 
brand  from  the  burning.  And  here  again,  on 
this  23d  of  April,  1851,  have  I  bowed  the  knee  in 
prayer  and  praise,  that  his  love  and  grace  are 
still  the  same."  Let  our  rich  and  great  men  pon 
der  on  these  words.  —  Observer,  Aug.  7,  1851. 

PIIELPS,  ELIZABETH,  died  at  Andover,  Nov. 
30,  1852,  aged  36.  She  was  daughter  of  Prof. 
Stuart  and  the  wife  of  Prof.  Phelps.  She  wrote 
an  interesting  book,  entitled  sunny-side,  and 
much  else  which  is  instructive  and  useful. 

PIIELPS,  ANSON  G.,  died  in  New  York,  Nov. 
30,  1853,  aged  74.  A  native  of  Canton,  Conn., 
he  resided  in  New  York,  a  merchant  and  manu 
facturer.  He  was  a  member  of  the  American 
board  of  missions,  and  was  president  of  the  New 
York  colonization  society,  —  a  man  of  benevo 
lence  and  piety.  Of  his  property  of  two  mil 
lions  and  a  half  of  dollars,  he  left  more  than  half 
a  million  to  benevolent  purposes  :  besides  other 
bequests  to  twenty-two  grandchildren,  he  gave  to 
each  5,000  dollars,  the  interest  of  which  to  be  an 
nually  devoted  to  religious  charity.  The  asylum 
for  the  blind  shared  his  bounty. 

PIIELPS,  SAMUEL  S.,  judge,  died  in  Middle- 
bury,  Vt.,  March  25,  1855,  aged  61.  Born  in 
Litchfield,  a  graduate  of  Yale  in  1811,  he  for  a 
while  served  in  the  army,  then  settled  as  a  lawyer 
in  M.  He  was  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court, 
and  a  senator  of  the  United  States  from  1839 
to  1851. 

PHILBRICK,  ABIGAIL,  Mrs.,  died  at  Deerfield, 
N.  H.,  May  22,  1841,  aged  103. 

PHILIP,  sachem  of  Pokanoket,  well  known  by 
the  name  of  King  Philip,  died  Aug.  12, 1676.  He 
was  the  youngest  son  of  Massassoit,  and  succeed 
ed  his  brother  Alexander  in  1657.  In  1662  he 
renewed  the  friendship  which  had  subsisted  with 
the  English,  and  engaged  not  to  dispose  of  any 
lands  without  their  knowledge  or  appointment. 
In  1675  he  commenced  the  war  which  desolated 
New  England.  It  is  said  that  he  was  pressed 
into  the  war  by  the  importunity  of  his  young 
warriors.  As  he  foresaw  the  loss  of  his  territory 
and  the  extinction  of  his  tribe,  if  the  English 
settlements  were  permitted  to  extend  and  in 
crease  without  interruption,  he  was  determined  to 
make  one  mighty  effort  to  prevent  these  calami 
ties.  He  in  consequence  lighted  up  the  flame  of 


G58 


PHILLIPS. 


war  in  various  parts  of  the  country.  The  first 
attack  was  made  Sunday,  June  20.  After  doing 
much  mischief,  as  he  was  endeavoring  to  escape 
from  Captain  Church,  who  had  pursued  him  into 
a  swamp,  he  was  killed.  The  name  of  the  Indian 
soldier  who  killed  him  was  Alderman.  By 
Church's  order,  Philip  was  beheaded  and  quar 
tered  !  Thus,  after  deeds  of  heroism,  fell  King 
Philip  of  Mount  Hope  in  Rhode  Island.  Mr. 
Eliot  once  preached  before  him,  when  he  took 
hold  of  a  button  of  the  good  man's  coat,  and  said 
to  him,  "  I  do  not  value  the  gospel  any  more  than 
that."  —  Drake's  Ind.  Biog. ;  Baylies. 

PHILLIPS,  GEORGE,  first  minister  of  Water- 
town,  Mass.,  died  July  1,  1644.  He  was  born  in 
the  county  of  Norfolk,  England,  and  was  educated 
at  the  university  of  Cambridge,  where  he  gained 
a  high  reputation  for  learning.  Having,  as  he 
believed,  been  made  a  partaker  of  the  Divine  na 
ture  through  the  renewing  agency  of  the  Holy 
Spirit,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  ministry  of  the 
gospel,  and  was  settled  at  Boxford  in  Essex.  But, 
becoming  a  nonconformist  to  the  ceremonies  of 
the  established  church,  he  came  to  New  England 
with  Governor  Winthrop  in  the  Arabella,  and  ar 
rived  at  Salem  in  June,  1630.  He  immediately, 
with  Sir  Richard  Saltonstall  and  others,  com 
menced  a  plantation  at  Watertown.  A  church 
was  formed  July  30th,  when  about  forty  members 
signed  a  covenant,  'binding  themselves  to  cleave 
unto  the  word  of  God,  and  "  the  true  sense  and 
meaning  thereof."  A  confession  of  faith  was  af 
terwards  added.  The  salary  settled  upon  the 
minister  was  30  pounds  a  year.  He  was  suc 
ceeded  by  Mr.  Sherman.  He  was  much  lamented 
by  his  church,  who  expressed  their  respect  to  his 
memory  by  educating  his  eldest  son,  Samuel 
Phillips,  who  was  afterwards  minister  of  Rowley, 
and  eminently  useful. 

Mr.  Phillips  was  well  skilled  in  the  original 
languages  in  which  the  bible  was  written,  and 
such  was  his  attachment  to  the  word  of  God,  that 
he  used  to  read  it  through  six  times  in  every  year, 
and  he  always  found  in  it  something  new.  As 
a  preacher  he  was  very  faithful,  and  many  were 
converted  by  means  of  his  labors.  Though  very 
humble  and  modest,  he  was  an  able  disputant. 
He  published  a  judicious  work,  entitled,  a  reply 
to  a  confutation  of  some  grounds  for  infants' 
baptism,  as  also  concerning  the  form  of  a  church, 
put  forth  against  me  by  one  Thomas  Lamb  ;  to 
which  is  added,  a  discourse  of  the  verity  and  va 
lidity  of  infants'  baptism,  1645.  —  Mather's  Mag 
nolia,  in.  82-84,  162. 

PHILLIPS,  WILLIAM,  major,  lived  in  Saco, 
Maine,  in  1659  ;  his  house  was  assaulted  by  the 
Indians  Sept.  18,  1675,  and  afterwards  burnt  by 
them. 

PHILLIPS,  SAMUEL,  an  early  bookseller  in 
Boston,  was  spoken  of  by  John  Dunton  of  Lon- 


PHILLIPS. 

don,  in  1686,  who  then  \isited  B.,  as  very  thriv 
ing,  as  "  young  and  witty,  and  the  most  beautiful 
man  in  the  town  of  Boston." 

PHILLIPS,  SAMUEL,  sen  of  Rev.  George  P. 
was  the  minister  of  Rowley,  Mass.,  and  died 
April -22,  1696,  aged  71.  He  was  born  in  Box- 
ford,  England,  in  1625,  and  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1690,  being  educated  at  the  expense  of 
the  church  of  Watertown;  an  honorable  testi 
mony  of  their  gratitude  to  his  father.  He  was 
settled  as  the  colleague  of  Mr.  Rogers.  His 
widow,  Sarah,  daughter  of  Samuel  Applcton  of 
Ipswich,  died  in  1713,  aged  86.  His  son,  Samuel, 
a  goldsmith  of  Salem,  married  Mary,  daughter 
of  Rev.  John  Emerson  of  Gloucester,  and  was 
the  father  of  Rev.  Samuel  Phillips  of  Andovcr. 

PHILLIPS,  JOHN,  colonel,  of  Charlestown, 
died  March  20,  1725,  aged  93.  He  was  judge 
of  admiralty,  and  treasurer  of  the  province. 

PHILLIPS,  GEORGE,  minister  of  Brookhaven, 
L.  I.,  died  in  1739,  aged  75.  The  son  of  Rev. 
Samuel  P.  of  Rowley,  he  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1686,  and  preached  a  few  years  at  Jamaica, 
L.  I.,  before  he  was  settled  at  B.,  in  1702.  Though  * 
a  good  man,  it  is  thought  that  he  was  too  much 
addicted  to  facetiousness  and  wit. 

PHILLIPS,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Andover, 
Mass.,  died  June  5,  1771,  aged  81.  He  was  the 
grandson  of  Samuel  P.,  minister  of  Rowley,  and 
the  son  of  Samuel  P.,  a  goldsmith  of  Salem.  He 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1708  ;  began 
to  preach  in  the  south  and  new  parish  of  Andover 
April  30,  1710;  and  was  ordained  Oct.  17th.  He 
continued  faithfully  to  discharge  the  duties  of  the 
sacred  office  for  sixty  years  till  his  death.  Being 
sincerely  attached  to  those  views  of  religious 
truth  which  were  embraced  by  the  first  fathers 
of  New  England,  he  could  not  quietly  see  the 
efforts  that  were  made  to  pervert  the  faith,  which 
he  was  persuaded  was  once  delivered  to  the 
saints.  He  exerted  himself  both  by  his  preach 
ing  and  his  writings  to  guard  his  people  against 
the  intrusion  of  error.  He  contended  that  all 
mankind  come  into  the  world  depraved  in  conse 
quence  of  Adam's  sin,  and  liable  to  punishment ; 
that  men  could  as  easily  create  themselves  anew, 
as  believe  in  Christ  by  a  power  inherent  in  them 
selves  ;  that  God  from  eternity  had  elected  those 
whom  he  would  save,  and  on  whom  he  would  be 
stow  his  efficacious  grace  to  prepare  them  for 
salvation  ;  that  men  were  justified  on  account  of 
the  righteousness  of  Christ,  received  by  faith, 
and  immediately  upon  believing ;  and  that  none, 
who  were  once  in  a  state  of  justification,  would 
finally  be  lost.  He  published  elegy  on  Noyes 
and  Corwin  ;  a  word  in  season,  or  the  duty  of  a 
people  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  a  glori 
ous  God,  1727  ;  advice  to  a  child,  1729;  the  his 
tory  of  the  Saviour ;  the  orthodox  Christian,  or 
a  child  well  instructed,  1738;  a  minister's  address 


PHILLIPS. 

to  his  people,  1739;  artillery  election  sermon, 
17-11  ;  living  water  to  be  had  for  asking;  election 
sermon,  1700  ;  the  sinner's  refusal  to  come  unto 
Christ  reproved  ;  the  necessity  of  God's  drawing 
in  order  to  men's  coming  unto  Christ ;  convention 
sermon,  1753;  at  the  ordination  of  N.  Holt;  at 
the  instalment  of  S.  Chandler,  1759 ;  seasonable 
advice  to  a  young  neighbor,  17G1 ;  address  to 
young  people,  in  a  dialogue  ;  a  sermon  to  young 
people,  1763  >  on  justification,  17GC;  sin  of  sui 
cide  contrary  to  nature,  1767. 

PHILLIPS,  JOHN,  LL.  D.,  founder  of  the 
academy  in  Exeter,  N.  II.,  the  son  of  the  pre 
ceding,  died  in  April,  1795,  aged  76.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1785.  He  was 
for  several  years  a  member  of  the  council  of  New 
Hampshire.  April  21,  1778,  he  with  his  brother, 
Samuel  Phillips  of  Andover,  founded  and  liberally 
endowed  the  academy  in  that  town,  which  was 
incorporated  in  1780.  In  1789  he  further  gave 
to  this  institution  20,000  dollars.  The  academy, 
called  Phillips'  Exeter  academy,  of  which  he  was 
the  sole  founder,  was  incorporated  in  1781  with 
a  fund  of  15,000  pounds.  He  bequeathed  to  this 
academy  two-thirds  of  all  his  estate,  and  one- 
third  of  the  residue  to  the  seminary  at  Andover, 
particularly  for  the  benefit  of  pious  youth.  To 
this  object  his  brother,  William  Phillips  of  Bos 
ton,  also  bequeathed  4,000  dollars.  —  Morse's 
Geog.  :  Holmes'  Annals,  II.  404 ;  Constitution 
of  Tlieo.  8 em. 

PHILLIPS,  SAMUEL,  LL.  D.,  lieutenant-gov 
ernor  of  Massachusetts,  died  Feb.  10,  1802,  aged 
50.  lie  was  the  grandson  of  Samuel  P.,  minis 
ter  of  Andover.  His  father,  Samuel  P.,  one  of 
the  councillors  of  Massachusetts,  died  at  Andover 
Aug.  21,  1790,  aged  76.  Mr.  Phillips  was  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  college  in  1771.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  provincial  congress  in  1775,  and 
of  the  house  of  representatives  till  the  year  1780, 
when  he  assisted  in  framing  the  constitution  of 
Massachusetts.  On  its  adoption  he  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  senate,  and  was  its  president 
from  1785  to  1801.  Being  appointed  justice  of 
the  court  of  common  pleas  for  Essex  in  1781,  he 
held  this  office  till  1797,  when  his  declining  health 
induced  his  resignation.  He  was  chosen  lieut.- 
governor  in  1801.  His  widow,  Phoebe,  died  Oct. 
31,  1812,  aged  69.  His  son,  John,  died  in  Sept., 
1820.  While  he  possessed  a  sound  judgment 
and  an  ardent,  persevering  spirit,  his  integrity 
and  patriotism  gained  him  the  confidence  of  his 
fcllow-cilizens.  Such  was  his  superiority  to  the 
pride  of  wealth  and  of  power,  and  such  his  be 
nevolence  and  humility,  that,  when  honored  with 
public  applause  and  raised  to  eminence,  he  would 
frequently  spend  the  interval  between  the  morn 
ing  and  evening  services  of  the  Sabbath  in  the 
house  of  God  for  the  purpose  of  reading  some 
pious  book  to  those  whose  distant  habitations 


PHILLIPS. 


G59 


prevented  them  from  returning  home.  He  was 
careful  to  impart  religious  instruction  to  his 
family,  and  he  led  its  daily  devotions  with  hu 
mility,  fervor,  and  eloquence.  He  appeared  to 
be  continually  governed  by  love  to  the  Supreme 
Being,  and  by  the  desire  of  imitating  his  benev 
olence  and  doing  good.  His  deep  views  of  evan 
gelical  doctrine  and  duty,  of  human  depravity 
and  mediatorial  mercy,  formed  his  heart  to  hu 
mility,  condescension,  and  kindness,  and  led  him 
continually  to  depend  on  the  grace  of  God 
through  the  atonement  of  his  Son.  He  projected 
the  academy  at  Andover,  and  was  much  con 
cerned  in  establishing  that  as  well  as  the  acad 
emy  at  Exeter,  which  were  founded  by  his  father 
and  uncle.  To  these  institutions  he  was  a  dis 
tinguished  benefactor.  His  exertions  to  effect 
their  establishment  bring  him  the  highest  honor, 
for  he  was  the  natural  heir  of  the  founders.  He 
bequeathed  1000  dollars,  one  sixth  part  of  the 
interest  of  which  he  directed  annually  to  be 
added  to  the  principal,  and  the  remainder  to  be 
expended  in  the  purchase  of  bibles,  and  -other 
books,  to  be  distributed  among  poor  and  pious 
Christians  in  other  towns,  and  also  among  the 
inhabitants  of  places  where  the  means  of  religious 
knowledge  are  very  sparingly  enjoyed.  After 
his  death,  his  widow,  Phoebe  Phillips,  and  his 
son,  John  Phillips  of  Andover,  evinced  the  same 
attachment  to  the  interests  of  learning  and  reli 
gion  by  uniting  with  Samuel  Abbot,  and  three 
others  of  a  most  liberal  and  benevolent  spirit,  in 
founding  the  theological  seminary  in  Andover, 
which  was  opened  in  September,  1818.  On  their 
part  they  engaged  to  erect  two  separate  buildings 
for  the  accommodation  of  fifty  students,  and  for 
public  rooms.  By  such  acts  of  most  honorable 
munificence  has  the  family,  Avhich  bears  the  name 
of  Phillips,  proved  to  the  world  that  the  blessing 
of  wealth  may  fall  into  hands  which  shall  employ 
it  for  the  best  of  purposes.  —  Tappan'sFun.  Ser. 
PHILLIPS,  WILLIAM,  lieutenant-governor  of 
Massachusetts,  the  grandson  of  llev.  Samuel  P. 
of  Andover,  died  May  26,  1817,  aged  77.  He 
was  the  son  of  Deacon  William  P.,  a  merchant  of 
Boston,  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution,  and  a  bene 
factor  of  Andover  academy  by  the  bequest  of 
5000  dollars,  who  died  Jan.  15,  1804,  aged  81 ; 
his  mother  was  Abigail,  the  daughter  of  Edward 
Bromfield.  He  was  born  April  10,  1750,  being 
an  only  son.  His  feeble  health  prevented  his 
receiving  a  public  education.  He  engaged  in 
mercantile  pursuits  with  his  father,  on  whose 
death  a  large  fortune  came  into  his  hands.  In 
1772  he  made  a  profession  of  religion ;  in  1794 
he  was  chosen  a  deacon  of  the  old  south  church, 
and  he  officiated  until  his  death.  For  several 
years,  while  Strong  and  Brooks  were  governors, 
lie  was  the  lieutenant-governor  of  the  State. 
His  wife,  Miriam,  the  daughter  of  Jonathan 


660 


PHILLIPS. 


PIIIPPS. 


Mason,  died  May  7,  1823,  aged  69.  He  had 
seven  children ;  Jonathan  of  Boston  inherited 
about  half  a  million  of  dollars.  Abigail  Brom- 
field  married  Rev.  E.  Burgess  of  Dcdham.  His 
daughter,  Miriam,  the  wife  of  Samuel  H.  W alley, 
died  March  2G,  1827 ;  his  son,  Dea.  Edward  P., 
died  Nov.  3,  1826.  Deacon  Phillips  was  an  ac 
tive  member  of  many  charitable  societies.  Dur 
ing  the  last  three  weeks  of  his  life  he  contributed 
5,000  dollars  to  various  objects.  For  a  series  of 
years  his  charities  had  been  from  8  to  11,000 
dollai-s  annually.  Many  widows  and  fatherless 
children  were  by  him  rescued  from  want.  He 
bequeathed  to  Phillips  academy  15,000  dollars ; 
to  the  theological  institution  at  Andover,  10,000 
dollars ;  to  the  society  for  propagating  the  gospel 
among  the  Indians,  the  Massachusetts  bible  so 
ciety,  the  foreign  mission  board,  the  Congrega 
tional  society,  the  education  society,  and  the 
Massachusetts  general  hospital,  each  5,000  dol 
lars  ;  to  the  medical  dispensary,  3,000  dollars ; 
to  the  female  asylum,  and  the  asylum  for  boys, 
each  2,000  dollars ;  in  all,  62,000  dollars. 

PHILLIPS,  JOHN,  the  first  mayor  of  Boston, 
died  May  29,  1823,  aged  52.  He  was  the  son 
of  William  P.,  a  merchant  of  Boston,  who  died 
in  1772,  and  grandson  of  Col.  John  P.,  also  a 
merchant  in  Boston,  and  brother  of  Rev.  Samuel 
P.  of  Andover;  and  was  born  Nov.  26,  1770.  His 
mother,  Margaret,  a  daughter  of  Col.  Jacob  Wen 
dell,  took  the  charge  of  his  early  education. 
After  graduating  at  Harvard  college  in  1788,  he 
studied  law  and  settled  in  Boston.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  senate  nineteen  years,  during  the 
last  ten  of  which  he  was  the  president.  In  1809 
he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  common  pleas. 
When  the  city  government  was  established  in 
1822,  he  was  elected  the  first  mayor,  in  which 
office  his  course  was  conciliatory  and  judicious. 
For  nine  years  he  was  one  of  the  corporation  of 
the  college.  He  died  suddenly  of  an  affection  of 
the  heart.  He  had  presided  in  the  senate  the 
preceding  day.  His  wife  was  Sally,  the  daughter 
of  Thomas  Walley.  Five  sons  and  three  daugh 
ters  survived  him.  He  was  a  man  of  sound 
judgment,  of  simple  manners,  of  pure  character, 
and  of  religion. 

PHILLIPS,  ALONZO,  died  at  Newburyport  in 
April,  1838,  aged  50.  A  graduate  of  Middlebury 
in  1815,  he  was  sixteen  years  from  1820  the  min 
ister  of  Princeton,  Mass. ;  faithful  and  successful. 
An  extract  from  Dimmick's  funeral  sermon  is  in 
Boston  Recorder,  May  1 1. 

PHILLIPS,  TIMOTHY,  captain,  a  soldier  of 
the  Revolution,  died  at  Bradford,  Mass.,  in  1840, 
aged  82. 

PHILLIPS,  JAMES,  died  in  Chenango  county, 
New  York,  in  1841,  aged  90.  At  the  age  of  88 
he  made  a  profession  of  religion  at  Greenville. 

PHINNEY,  ELIAS,  died  at  Lexington  in  July, 


1849,  aged  69,  clerk  of  court  and  an  excellent 
farmer.  He  kept  the  stock  of  the  agricultural 
society,  and  was  enthusiastic  in  his  devotion  to 
agriculture.  A  multitude  of  friends  experienced 
his  hospitality.  He  published  an  address,  1830. 

PHINNEY,  STURGIS,  M.  D.,  died  in  1841. 
He  removed  from  New  Bedford  to  New  York  in 
1825. 

PHIPS,  WILLIAM,  first  minister  of  Douglass, 
Mass.,  died  in  Oxford  in  1798,  aged  about  72. 
Born  in  Sherborn ;  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1746;  was  settled  at  D.  the  next  year;  and  re 
signed  in  1765.  He  was  succeeded  by  I.  Stone. 
He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  J.  Camp 
bell,  1761. 

PIIIPPS,  JAMES,  came  from  Bristol,  England, 
and  settled  near  Pemaquid,  Bristol,  Me.,  before 
1649.  He  had  reason  to  be  satisfied  with  the 
number  of  his  children,  as  he  had  twenty-six  by 
the  same  wife,  twenty-one  of  them  sons. — 
farmer. 

PHIPPS,  SIR  WILLIAM,  governor  of  Massa 
chusetts,  died  in  1695,  aged  44.  He  was  born 
at  Pemaquid,  now  Bristol,  Maine,  Feb.  2,  1651. 
His  father,  James  P.,  was  a  gunsmith  in  humble 
circumstances,  and  his  mother  had  twenty-six 
children,  of  whom  twenty-one  were  sons.  After 
living  in  the  wilderness  till  he  was  eighteen 
years  of  age,  he  bound  himself  as  an  apprentice 
to  a  ship-carpenter  for  four  years,  at  the  expira- 
tien  of  which  time  he  went  to  Boston,  where  he 
learned  to  read  and  write.  Determining  to  seek 
his  fortune  upon  the  sea,  after  a  variety  of  ad 
ventures  he  discovered  a  Spanish  wreck  on  the 
coast  of  Hispaniola,  and  fished  up  plate,  and 
pearls,  and  jewels,  amounting  in  value  to  300,- 
000  pounds  sterling,  with  which  he  sailed  to 
England  in  1687.  Such  was  his  honesty,  and 
so  liberal  was  he  to  his  seamen,  that  his  own 
share  amounted  only  to  16,000  pounds.  He 
was  at  this  time  made  a  knight  by  King  James. 
Returning  to  Boston,  he  was  in  1690  ad 
mitted  a  member  of  the  north  church,  being 
baptized  and  professing  repentance  of  his  sins. 
In  the  same  year  he  commanded  an  expedi 
tion  against  Port  Royal,  which  place  he  cap 
tured.  When  the  new  charter  of  Massachusetts 
was  obtained,  he  was  nominated  by  Dr.  Mather 
as  the  governor.  In  this  capacity  he  arrived  at 
Boston  May  14,  1692.  He  soon  put  a  stop  to 
prosecutions  for  witchcraft.  In  August  he  sailed 
with  about  four  hundred  and  fifty  men  to  Pema 
quid,  where  he  built  a  fort.  In  1694,  in  a  dispute 
with  the  collector  of  the  port,  Sir  William  was 
so  far  carried  away  by  the  passion  of  the  moment 
as  to  have  recourse  to  blows  to  settle  the  con 
troversy.  He  was  soon  afterwards  removed,  and 
he  sailed  in  November  for  England,  where  he 
received  assurances  of  being  restored;  but, being 
seized  by  a  malignant  fever,  he  died  of  it.  He 


PIIIPPS. 


PICKERING. 


GG1 


was  succeeded  by  the  Earl  of  Bellamont.  Sir 
William,  though  his  origin  was  very  humble,  was 
not  elated  by  the  great  change  in  his  circum 
stances.  He  was  a  man  of  uncommon  enter 
prise  and  industry,  of  an  excellent  disposition, 
though  he  tlid  not  always  retain  the  command  of 
himself,  and  of  perfect  honesty  and  integrity. 
He  exerted  himself  to  promote  the  interests  of 
New  England.  —  Magnolia,  n.  37-75. 

PIIIPPS,  DAVID,  died  at  New  Haven  in  1825, 
aged  80.  He  was  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution 
and  an  officer  of  the  navy. 

PIKE  BUS,  WILLIAM,  a  Methodist  minister, 
died  at  New  York  in  1832,  aged  77. 

PIIYL,  Mr.,  a  native  of  Switzerland,  died  in 
New  Jersey  in  1810,  or  Jan.,  1811.  He  died  in 
a  cave  in  which  he  had  lived  twenty-six  years. 

PIIYSICK,  PHILIP  SING,  M.  D.,  died  at 
Philadelphia  Dec.  15,  1837,  aged  69.  He  was  a 
very  eminent  physician  and  surgeon,  and  profes 
sor  of  anatomy  and  surgery  in  the  university  of 
Pennsylvania.  His  father,  an  Englishman,  had 
the  charge  of  the  estates  of  the  Penn  family. 
He  graduated  at  the  university  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1785.  In  1789  he  studied  with  John  Hunt  in 
London,  and  in  1790  was  appointed  for  one  year 
surgeon  to  St.  George's  hospital.  In  1792  he 
took  his  medical  degree  at  Edinburgh.  He  soon 
rose  to  distinction  in  his  profession.  He  has 
been  called  the  father  of  American  surgery.  He 
introduced  the  use  of  blisters  to  cure  gangrene. 
He  performed  the  operation  of  lithotomy  on 
Judge  Marshall.  His  own  disease  was  hydro- 
thorax,  which  was  attended  with  great  agony. 
For  years  he  had  studied  religion,  and  every 
morning  read  a  portion  of  Scripture.  Dr.  De- 
lancy  was  his  friend  and  pastor.  His  beloved 
wife  was  Elizabeth  Emlen,  the  gifted,  talented 
daughter  of  one  of  the  most  distinguished  Qua 
ker  preachers.  His  countenance,  as  exhibited  by 
a  lithograph  in  Williams'  book,  is  one  of  great 
dignity  and  beauty.  —  Dr.  Randolph's  Memoir; 
Williams'  Med.  Diog. 

PICKENS,  ANDREW,  governor  of  South  Car 
olina  in  1816,  died  at  Pontotoc,  Miss.,  in  1838. 

PICKENS,  ANDREW,  major-general,  a  soldier 
of  the  Revolution,  died  Aug.  11,  1817,  aged  nearly 
80.  He  commenced  his  military  career  in  the 
Indian  war  with  the  Cherokees  in  1760.  In  1779 
at  the  head  of  three  hundred  men  he  defeated  a 
party  of  Royalists  on  the  western  frontier  of 
South  Carolina.  For  his  bravery  in  the  battle 
of  Cowpens,  when  he  commanded  the  Southern 
militia,  he  received  a  sword  from  congress.  At 
the  battle  of  Eutaw  Springs  he  was  severely 
wounded.  In  1782  he  compelled  the  Cherokees 
to  sue  for  peace.  After  the  war  he  was  a  member 
of  congress.  In  1802  he  was  a  commissioner  to 
treat  with  the  Choctaws.  He  died  at  Tumasscc, 
Pendleton  district,  South  Carolina.  He  was  a 


disinterested  patriot,  and  a  skilful  and  brave  sol 
dier.  He  was  also  gentle,  beneficent,  and  hos 
pitable.  From  early  life  he  was  a  professor  of 
religion  and  an  influential  member  of  the  church. 

PICKER,  NATHANIEL,  minister  of  Scituate, 
Mass.,  died  in  1723,  aged  37.  Born  in  Dorches 
ter,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1703  ;  was  set 
tled  in  1707  ;  and  was  succeeded  by  S.  Bourne. 

PICKERING,  TIMOTHY,  secretary  of  State  of 
the  United  States,  died  at  Salem,  Mass.,  Jan.  29, 
1829,  aged  82.  He  was  a  descendant  of  John 
P.,  a  carpenter,  who  came  to  New  England  in 
1630,  and  died  at  Salem  in  1657;  was  born  at  Sa 
lem,  Mass.,  July  17, 1746,  and  graduated  in  1763. 
As  soon  as  he  heard  of  the  affair  at  Lexington, 
on  the  morning  of  April  19,  1775,  being  colonel 
of  a  regiment,  he  marched  the  same  day  with  the 
Salem  militia  to  Medford,  in  order  to  intercept 
the  enemy ;  but  was  not  in  season  to  participate 
in  the  fight.  In  1775  he  was  appointed  judge 
of  the  court  of  common  pleas  for  Essex,  and  of 
the  maritime  court  for  the  district  including  Bos 
ton  "and  Salem.  In  the  fall  of  1776  he  took  the 
command  of  the  Essex  regiment  of  seven  hun 
dred  men,  and  performed  duty  under  Washing 
ton  in  New  Jersey.  In  1777  he  accepted  the  ap 
pointment  of  adjutant-general  and  marched  with 
the  army  to  Pennsylvania.  He  was  by  the  side 
of  Washington  in  the  battle  of  Brandywine,  Sept. 
14  ;  and  he  was  present  also  in  that  of  German- 
town,  Oct.  4th.  Congress  soon  elected  him  a 
member  of  the  board  of  war,  with  Gates  and 
Mifflin.  The  arrangement  of  the  staff  depart 
ment  was  also  intrusted  to  him  and  Mifflin.  In 
August,  1780,  he  succeeded  Greene  as  quarter 
master-general,  and  discharged  most  faithfully  its 
arduous  and  complicated  duties.  From  1790  to 
1794  he  was  employed  in  various  negotiations 
with  the  Indian  tribes,  being  also  postmaster- 
general  from  1791  to  1794,  when  he  was  ap 
pointed  secretary  of  war  as  the  successor  of  Knox. 
In  August,  1795,  lie  had  the  temporary  charge  of 
the  department  of  State  on  the  resignation  of 
Randolph,  and  in  December  received  the  ap 
pointment  of  secretary  of  State,  which  he  held 
till  May,  1800,  when  he  was  removed  by  Presi 
dent  Adams,  as  he  was  an  adherent  of  Hamilton 
in  his  opposition  to  the  policy  of  the  president. 
Being  in  debt  for  new  lands,  he  plunged  into  the 
back  woods  of  Pennsylvania,  with  his  son  and  a 
few  laborers,  and  cleared  several  acres  and  built 
a  log  hut  for  his  family.  The  liberality  of  some 
friends  in  Massachusetts,  in  purchasing  his  lands, 
enabled  him  to  return  to  his  native  State,  and  to 
become  the  owner  of  a  small  farm  in  Essex, 
which  he  cultivated  with  his  own  hands.  From 
1803  to  1811  he  was  a  senator  of  the  United 
States;  from  1814  to  1817  he  was  also  a  repre 
sentative  in  congress.  In  consequence  of  the 
activity  of  his  life,  he  had  little  leisure  for  literary 


662 


HOLERING. 


PIERCE. 


pursuits ;  yet  the  productions  of  his  pen  do  him 
great  credit  as  a  writer  of  elegance  and  vigor. 
In  public  life  he  was  disinterested,  faithful,  and 
energetic.  His  morals  were  pure,  and  from  early 
life  he  was  a  professor  of  religion.  His  feelings 
•were  strong,  and  some  of  his  political  controver 
sies  were  vehement,  He  published  a  letter  to 
Gov.  Sullivan  on  the  embargo,  and  addresses  to 
the  people,  1808 ;  review  of  the  correspondence 
between  J.  Adams  and  W.  Cunningham,  1824. 

PICKERING,  HENRY,  son  of  Col.  Timothy 
P.,  died  in  New  York  in  1838,  aged  57.  He  was 
a  merchant  in  Salem,  and  acquired  a  moderate 
fortune,  of  which  he  made  a  liberal  and  benevo 
lent  use.  But  his  losses  of  property  induced  him 
to  remove  to  New  York.  He  wrote  poetry.  — 
Cycl.  of  Amer.  Lit. 

PICKERING,  JOHN,  LL.  D.,  died  in  Boston 
May  5,  1846,  aged  69.  He  was  a  son  of  Timothy 
P.,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1796.  He  be 
gan  the  study  of  law  in  Philadelphia,  where  his 
father  lived  as  secretary  of  State ;  but  soon  ac 
companied  W.  Smith,  minister  to  Lisbon,  as  his 
secretary.  There  he  prosecuted  his  studies,  es 
pecially  in  various  languages,  as  he  did  also  in 
London,  when  secretary  to  Rufus  King.  lie  re 
turned  in  1801,  and  lived  at  Salem.  In  1829  he 
was  appointed  city  solicitor  in  Boston,  where  he 
then  lived.  He  was  several  years  a  State  sen 
ator.  There  were  few  so  eminent  in  scholarship 
as  he ;  none  so  skilled  in  the  modern  and  Indian 
languages.  He  was  familiar  with  seven  languages 
besides  Greek  and  Latin,  and  well  acquainted 
with  four  others,  and  explored  with  some  care 
ten  or  fifteen  others.  His  memoir  is  in  historical 
collections,  third  scries,  vol.  X.,  with  a  history 
of  his  writings,  the  principal  of  which  are  vocabu 
lary  of  words  peculiar  to  America,  1815;  essay 
on  the  orthography  of  the  Indian  languages,  in 
memoirs  of  American  academy,  1820  ;  Greek  and 
English  lexicon,  1826 ;  Indian  languages,  in  cyclo 
pedia  Amer. ;  revised  statutes  of  Massachusetts, 
1813;  eulogy  on  Dr.  Bowditch ;  lecture  on  the 
uncertainty  of  the  law ;  on  the  pronunciation  of 
the  Greek,  in  memoirs  of  American  academy : 
also  articles  in  various  reviews  and  magazines. 
He  was  tall,  of  commanding  presence,  yet  be 
nignant  and  courteous.  With  a  small,  well- 
formed  mouth,  he  had  a  Roman  nose,  and  a 
serene  and  ample  forehead. 

PICKERING,  GEORGE,  died  in  Waltham  Dec. 
8,  1846,  aged  77,  for  fifty-seven  years  an  itinerant 
Methodist  minister. 

PICKERING,  THEOPHILUS,  minister  of  Ips 
wich,  Mass.,  Chebacco  parish,  died  in  1747,  aged 
47.  The  son  of  John  P.  of  Salem,  he  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1719.  In  1725  he  was  invited  to 
assist  Mr.  Wise ;  in  1727  he  was  ordained.  In 
1747  J.  Cleaveland  was  settled  over  a  new  church, 
the  supporters  of  which  were  attached  to  Mr. 


Whitcficld.  Some  pamphlets  were  published  in 
consequence  of  this  settlement.  Mr.  P.  wrote 
also  letters  to  N.  and  I).  Rogers,  1742;  a  letter 
to  Mr.  Whitefield,  1745;  bad  omen  to  the 
churches,  1747.  —  Spragve's  Annals. 

PICKMAN,  THOMAS,  Dr.,  died  at  Salem  in 
1817,  aged  43.  The  son  of  Benjamin,  he  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  in  1791,  and  studied  physic 
with  Dr.  Holyoke.  He  had  judgment,  decision, 
and  skill ;  was  social,  and  endowed  with  a  literary 
taste. —  Thaclier's  Med.  Biog. 

PICKMAN,  BENJAMIN,  died  at  Salem  in  Aug., 
1843,  aged  80.  A  graduate  of  1784,  he  was  a 
merchant,  and  sustained  various  public  offices; 
was  a  member  of  the  senate  and  council;  of  con 
gress  in  1809;  of  the  convention  of  1620.  He 
published  an  oration  on  the  birthday  of  Wash 
ington. 

PICKMAN,  DUDLEY  L.,  died  at  Salem,  Mass., 
in  1846,  aged  67.  He  was  a  man  of  intelligence, 
highly  respected. 

PIDGIN,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Minot,  Me., 
died  at  Portland  in  1848,  aged  nearly  77.  Born 
in  Newbury,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1794  ; 
settled  at  Hampton,  N.  H.,  in  1796,  and  at  Minot, 
Me.,  from  1811  to  1819. 

PIERCE,  ROBERT,  an  early  settler  of  Dorches 
ter  in  1640.  His  widow,  Ann,  died  1695,  aged 
about  104  years. 

PIERCE,  MICHAEL,  captain,  of  Scituate  in 
1647,  was  slain  in  Philip's  war,  March,  1676,  with 
fifty  English  and  tAventy  Cape  Cod  Indians,  near 
Providence. 

PIERCE,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Scarborough, 
Me.,  died  in  1775,  aged  37.  Born  in  Newbury, 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1759,  and  was  or 
dained  in  1762. 

PIERCE,  BENJAMIN,  governor  of  New  Hamp 
shire,  died  at  Ilillsborough,  N.  H.,  April  1,  1839, 
aged  81.  He  was  a  descendant  of  Nathaniel 
Pierce  of  Woburn,  and  son  of  Benjamin  of 
Chelmsford,  and  was  born  Dec.  25,  1757.  He 
risked  his  life  in  the  cause  of  human  freedom. 
He  fought  in  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  and  con 
tinued  in  the  army  during  the  war,  rising  from 
the  rank  of  a  common  soldier  to  be  major  by 
brevet.  For  many  years  from  1789  he  was  the 
representative  of  Ilillsborougli,  to  which  town  he 
went  in  poverty  and  built  a  log  house.  In  1805 
he  was  brigadier-general ;  in  1809  sheriff,  in  which 
office  he  liberated  the  prisoners  by  paying  fur 
them  300  or  400  dollars.  Among  them  was  an 
old  companion  in  arms,  Capt.  Moses  Brewer,  who 
had  been  shut  up  four  years  for  debt.  In  1827 
and  1829  he  was  governor.  He  died  in  conse 
quence  of  a  paralytic  affection.  His  daughter, 
by  his  first  wife,  born  in  1788,  married  Gen.  John 
McNeil.  His  second  wife  was  Anna  Keudrick  of 
Amhcrst,  by  whom  he  had  eight  children,  one  of 
whom  was  the  president  of  the  United  States, 


PIERCE. 

•who  was  born  Nov.  23,  1804;  all  the  others  are 
deceased  except  Henry  D.  Pierce,  a  drover  and 
farmer  in  Ilillsborough.  Nancy  married  Gen. 
Solomon  McNeil  of  llillsborough ;  and  Harriet 
married  Hugh  Jameson  of  Boston,  both  of  whom 
died  in  1837. 

PIERCE,  MARY  E.,  Miss,  missionary  to  Siam, 
died  Sept.  22,  1844,  aged  28.  Born  at  Butter 
nuts,  N.  Y.,  she  embarked  at  Boston  in  July, 
1839,  and  occupied  her  field  of  labor  at  Bangkok 
till  her  death.  Mr.  Johnson  spoke  of  her  as 
having  a  frame  of  mind  calm  and  heavenly  in  the 
view  of  her  departure,  and  as  an  ornament  to  re 
ligion. 

PIERCE,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Brookline, 
died  Aug.  24,  1819,  aged  76.  He  was  born  in 
Dorchester  July  14,  1773,  the  son  of  a  farmer, 
and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1793.  He 
was  then  preceptor  two  years  in  the  English  de 
partment  at  Leicester  academy,  from  whose  select 
library  of  moral  and  religious  books,  presented 
by  Gov.  Gill,  he  derived  great  advantage  in  prose 
cuting  his  purpose  to  become  a  minister.  His 
salary  was  200  dollars  the  first  year,  and  250  the 
next ;  but  then  the  cost  of  board  was  less  than  a 
dollar  a  week.  He  wore  a  cocked  or  three-cor 
nered  hat ;  his  hair  queued  with  a  black  ribbon 
half-way  down  his  back ;  he  also  had  silver  knee- 
buckles,  and  large  plated  shoe-buckles  covering 
half  his  instep.  He  and  the  principal  occupied 
the  same  bed,  with  the  addition  sometimes  of  a 
college  friend.  Afterwards  he  was  a  tutor  in 
Harvard  college.  March  15,  1797,  he  was  or 
dained  at  Brookline,  and  remained  the  pastor  for 
the  remainder  of  his  life,  having  a  colleague  for 
a  few  of  his  last  years.  He  resigned  in  July  the 
office  of  secretary  of  the  overseers  of  Harvard 
college,  held  for  thirty  years.  He  had  preached 
the  Thursday  lecture  in  Boston  one  hundred 
times,  and  attended  the  lecture  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  seventy-four  times.  The  large  and 
beautiful  organ  in  his  church  was  exhibited  on 
Saturday  before  his  death,  when  the  sick  pastor 
was  carried  into  the  church,  where  he  indulged 
his  great  love  of  sacred  music  by  listening  to  the 
notes  which  were  awakened;  he  then  read  the 
doxology,  which  was  sung  in  chorus  by  the  entire 
audience.  At  his  funeral,  the  arrangements  for 
which  had  been  made  by  Dr.  P.  himself,  the 
meeting-house  was  not  dressed  in  mournin 
The  preacher  said,  that  his  last  words  to  one 
about  to  make  a  prayer  with  the  dying  man, 
were:  "  Ask  that  I  receive 'with  submission  the 
will  of  my  Father."  He  had  also  said,  "  Repeat 
to  my  friends  around  my  remains  the  words  of 
Christ,  '  I  am  the  resurrection  and  the  life,'  and 
say,  that  my  faith  and  hope  are  these,  —  that  I  do 
not  feel  that  I  shall  ever  die,  but  only  press  on 
to  a  higher  life."  He  left  many  volumes  of  his 
private  journal.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the 


TIERPONT. 


G63 


ordination  of  S.  Clark,  1817;  Dudleian  lecture, 
1821  ;  a  sketch  of  Brookline  in  historical  collec- 
ions,  2d  scries,  vol.  II. 

PIERCE,  RICHARD,  second  minister  of  New 
Bedford,  Mass.,  died  in  1749,  aged  49.  He  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  in  i724,  and  was  settled  in 
1735.  His  predecessor  was  Samuel  Hunt;  his 
two  next  successors,  Mr.  Cheevcr  and  Samuel 
West. 

PIERCE,  SARAH,  Miss,  died  at  Litchficld  Jan. 
19,  1852,  aged  84.  She  was  a  celebrated  teacher, 
long  at  the  head  of  a  well-known  female  school 
in  Litchfield. 

PIERCE,  SUSAN,  wife  of  Epaminondas  J. 
Pierce,  missionary  to  Gaboon  in  Africa,  died  sud 
denly  Feb.  24,  1855,  expressing  her  confidence 
in  the  Saviour. 

PIERPONT,  BENJAMIN,  minister  in  South 
Carolina,  died  near  Charleston  in  1G98,  aged 
about  30.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1G89,  and  emigrated  from  near  Boston  with  a 
select  company  in  1G91,  to  found  an  independent 
church  in  South  Carolina.  Mr.  Adams  succeeded 
him. 

PIERPONT,  JONATHAN,  minister  of  Reading, 
Mass.,  died  in  1709,  aged  about  44.  Born  in 
Roxbury,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1685,  and 
was  settled  in  1689.  His  predecessor  was  John 
Brock. 

PIERPONT,  JAMES,  fourth  minister  of  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  died  in  Nov.,  1714,  aged  53.  He 
was  the  son  of  John  P.,  of  Roxbury,  Mass.,  who 
died  in  1690,  and  grandson  of  James  P.,  who 
came  from  England  and  died  at  Ipswich.  He 
was  born  in  1661 ;  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1681 ;  and  was  ordained  July  2,  1G85.  His 
predecessors  were  Davenport,  Hook,  and  Street. 
One  of  the  first  persons  he  received  into  his 
church  was  an  old  man  called  James  Daniels,  but 
who  was  John  Dixwell,  one  of  King  Charles' 
judges.  lie  was  succeeded  by  J.  Noycs.  He 
married  Abigail  Davenport,  a  grand-daughter  of 
his  predecessor,  Oct.  27,  1691.  But  she  died 
Feb.  3,  of  consumption,  occasioned  by  exposure 
to  cold  on  the  Sabbath  after  her  wedding,  going 
to  meeting  in  her  bridal  dress.  lie  married 
Sarah  Ilaynes,  May  30,  1694,  a  grand-daughter 
of  Gov.  II.  She  died  Oct.  7,  1690.  He  married 
Mary  Hooker,  July  26,  1698,  a  grand-daughter 
of  the  first  pastor  of  Hartford.  She  was  the 
motheu  of  Sarah,  the  wife  of  Pres.  Edwards,  and 
lived  till  Nov.,  1740.  He  was  a  man  of  uncom 
mon  prudence,  amiable  manners,  and  exemplary 
piety.  The  articles  of  discipline,  adopted  with 
the  Saybrook  platform  in  1708,  were  drawn  up 
by  him.  He  published  false  hopes  of  heaven, 
a  sermon,  1712. —  Sprague's  Annals. 

PIERPONT,  SAMUEL,  the  minister  of  Lyme, 
Conn.,  died  March  15,  1723,  aged  only  22.  The 
son  of  Rev.  James  P.  of  New  Haven,  and  Mary 


PIERPONT. 


PIKE. 


Hooker,  he  graduated  in  1718,  and  was  ordained 
Dec.  12,  1722.  In  crossing  the  river  from  Say- 
brook  with  an  Indian  waterman,  the  canoe  upset 
and  he  was  drowned.  His  body  was  found  April 
28th,  at  Fisher's  Island,  and  buried  there.  He 
had  an  extraordinary  gift,  and  was  a  Boanerges 
in  his  preaching.  Great  hopes  rested  on  him. 

PIERPOXT,  JAMES,  died  at  South  Farms,  in 
Litchfield,  in  1840,  aged  79;  a  most  worthy  and 
esteemed  citizen. 

PIERREPONT,  JAMES  HENRY,  M.  D.,  died  at 
Portsmouth  in  Jan.,  1839,  aged  70.  The  son  of 
William  P.,  of  Springfield,  he  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1789,  and  studied  medicine  with  Dr. 
Spring.  He  had  lived  since  1801  in  P.,  and  was 
a  physician  of  character  and  eminence.  —  Bur- 
rough's  Disc,  on  his  Death ;  Williams'  Med.  Uiog. 

PIERSOX,  ABRAHAM,  first  minister  of  South 
ampton  on  Long  Island,  died  Aug.  9,  1678,  aged 
70.  Born  in  Yorkshire,  E.,  he  graduated  at  the 
university  of  Cambridge  in  1G32  ;  and  he  preached 
some  time  in  or  near  Newark,  before  he  came  to 
Boston,  in  1639.  In  1640  a  number  of  the 
inhabitants  of  Lynn  formed  the  resolution  to  re 
move  to  Long  Island,  and  invited  him  to  accom 
pany  them.  Having  first  formed  a  church,  they 
went  and  settled  Southampton.  These  planters 
constituted  a  government  by  themselves.  When 
it  was  found  necessary  to  divide  the  church,  Mr. 
Pierson  passed  over  to  the  main  land,  and  became 
the  first  minister  of  Branford,  Conn.,  in  1644. 
He  continued  here  till  1665,  when  he  removed  to 
New  Jersey.  He  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  of 
Newark  in  1667,  and  was  the  first  minister  of 
that  town.  His  son,  Abraham,  was  his  colleague. 
His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Rev.  J.  Wheel 
wright  ;  he  had  eight  children.  His  son  sur 
vived  him ;  and  his  successors  were  Prudden, 
Wakcrman,  Bowers,  Webb,  and  Burr.  He  was 
a  man  of  piety  and  learning.  Having  studied  the 
Indian  language,  he  preached  to  the  natives  of 
Long  Island  and  in  the  several  plantations  of 
New  Haven  colony.  — Magnolia,  III.  95  ;  Trum- 
buWs  Conn.  I.  289,  521  ;  Sprague's  Annals. 

PIERSON,  ABRAHAM,  first  president  of  Yale 
college,  the  son  of  the  preceding,  died  May  5, 
1707,  aged  about  60.  He  was  graduated  at  Har 
vard  college  in  1668 ;  ordained  as  colleague  with 
his  father  at  Newark  March  4,  1672  ;  removed  to 
Connecticut  in  1692,  and  was  installed  the  min 
ister  of  Killingworth  in  1694.  On  the  establish 
ment  of  the  college  at  Saybrook  in  1701,  he  was 
chosen  rector,  and  the  students  attended  upon 
his  instructions  at  Killingworth,  although  the 
commencements  were  held  at  Saybrook.  His 
son,  John,  a  graduate  at  Yale  college  of  1711, 
was  the  minister  of  Wood  bridge,  N.  J.  He  was 
an  excellent  scholar,  a  great  divine,  a  faithful 
preacher,  and  wise  and  judicious  in  all  his  con 
duct.  Mr.  Andrew  of  Milibrd  was  chosen  rector 


pro  tempore  after  his  death,  but  a  new  president 
was  not  appointed  till  17 19,  M'hen  Mr.  Cutler 
was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  college.  lie  wrote 
a  system  of  natural  philosophy,  which  was  studied 
in  the  college  for  many  years.  He  published 
election  sermon,  1700.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

PIERSON,  JOSIAH,  died  at  Bergen,  N.  Y., 
March  7,  1 846,  aged  64.  He  was  a  minister  who 
did  much  in  the  establishment  of  churches  in 
Western  New  York.  He  was  born  in  Killing- 
worth,  Conn.,  a  descendant  of  A.  Pierson.  When 
not  a  preacher  he  was  a  member  of  the  church 
in  Bergen  in  1808,  the  first  church  west  of  the 
Genesee,  except  the  Scotch  church  at  Caledonia. 
In  1817  he  began  to  preach. 

PEIRSON,  ABEL  L.,  M.  D.,  a  very  distinguished 
surgeon  and  physician  of  Salem,  Mass.;  was  killed 
on  the  railroad  at  Norwalk,  Conn.,  May  5,  1853, 
aged  59.  He  was  born  in  Saco,  Me.,  July  4, 
1793,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1812. 

PIERSON,  SrsAX,  died  at  Bridgehampton, 
L.  I.,  Feb.  24,  1854,  aged  71.  For  more  than 
fifty  years  she  kept  her  bed.  Her  bible  was 
always  in  her  hands.  She  was  an  eminent  Chris 
tian. —  N.  Y.  Observer,  May  18. 

PIKE,  JOHN,  a  settler  of  Newbury  in  1635, 
died  at  Salisbury,  Mass.,  in  1654.  His  son  John 
was  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Woodbridge,  N.  J., 
in  1669.  Gen.  Z.  M.  Pike  was  a  descendant. 
His  son  Joseph  was  killed  by  the  Indians  in  1694. 

PIKE,  ROBERT,  major,  son  of  John  P.,  died  in 
Newbury  Dec.  12,  1706,  aged  90.  He  was  born 
in  England  in  1616.  He  was  assistant  and  coun 
cillor,  a  man  highly  useful  and  respected. 

PIKE,  JOHN,  minister  of  Dover,  N.  II.,  died 
March  10, 1710,  aged  56.  The  son  of  Major  Rob 
ert,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1675,  and  was 
ordained  the  successor  of  John  Rayner  in  1681. 

PIKE,  JAMES,  first  minister  of  Somersworth, 
N.  II.,  died  March  19,  1792,  aged  89,  in  the  sixty- 
second  year  of  his  ministry.  The  son  of  Joseph, 
of  Newbury,  who  was  killed  by  the  Indians,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1725,  and  was  ordained 
in  1730.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the  duty  of 
ospel  ministers,  1751. 

PIKE,  NICHOLAS,  the  son  of  Rev.  James  P., 
was  a  descendant  of  John  P.,  who  lived  in  New 
bury  in  1635.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1766,  and  died  at  Newburyport  Dec. 
9,  1819,  aged  76.  He  published  a  system  of 
arithmetic,  8vo.,  1788,  which  was  long  in  general 
use  in  New  England. 

PIKE,  ZEBULOX  MONTGOMERY,  brigadier-gen 
eral,  died  April  27,  1813,  aged  34.  He  was  a 
descendant  of  John  P.,  who  lived  in  Newbury, 
Mass.,  in  1635,  and  whose  son,  John,  removed  to 
Woodbridge,  N.  J.,  in  1669.  He  was  born  at 
Lamberton,  N.  J.,  Jan.  5,  1779,  and  was  the  son 
of  Zebulon  P.,  brevet  colonel  in  the  service  of  the 
United  States.  He  acquired  a  knowledge  of 


PIKE. 

mathematics  and  of  the  Latin,  French,  and  Span 
ish  languages.  After  the  purchase  of  Louisiana 
Mr.  Jefferson  appointed  him  in  1805  to  explore 
the  sources  of  the  Mississippi.  Soon  after  his 
return  he  was  sent  on  a  similar  expedition  into 
the  interior  of  Louisiana.  On  the  Itio  Del  Norte 
he  was  seized  by  a  Spanish  force  and  lost  his 
papers.  He  returned  in  1807.  Being  appointed 
a  brigadier-general  in  the  late  war,  he  commanded 
the  land  forces  in  the  attack  upon  York,  Upper 
Canada.  In  the  explosion  of  the  British  maga 
zine  he  was  struck  by  a  large  stone,  and  died  in  a 
few  hours  on  board  the  commodore's  ship.  When 
the  British  standard  was  brought  to  him,  he 
caused  it  to  be  placed  under  his  head.  His  wife 
was  Miss  Brown  of  Cincinnati ;  his  only  daughter 
married,  in  1819,  J.  C.  S.  Harrison  of  Ohio.  He 
was  one  of  the  most  accomplished  officers  of  the 
army.  He  published  an  account  of  his  expedi 
tions  to  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi,  etc.,  8vo., 
1810. 

PIKE,  HARRIET,  died  in  Albany  in  Sept.,  1845, 
aged  19.  Her  name  was  Williams ;  she  had  been 
married  to  N.  Pike  eleven  weeks.  She  was  ac 
complished  and  pious.  As  the  teacher  of  a  Sab 
bath  school,  she  often  led  her  young  charge  in 
fervent  prayer. 

"  She  is  gone ! 
The  young,  the  beautiful,  the  blest: 

Gone  to  her  rest, 

Where  shadows  ne'er  gather,  nor  sorrows  come, 
To  darken  the  sky  of  the  spirit's  home." 

PILLSBURY,  LEVI,  minister  of  Winchendon, 
Mass.,  died  in  1819,  aged  47.  Born  at  Dracut, 
he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1798,  and  was  or 
dained  in  1801. 

PINCKXEY,  CHARLES  COTESWORTH,  major- 
general,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  died  at 
Charleston  Aug.  16,  1825,  aged  about  79.  lie 
was  the  son  of  Chief  Justice  Pinckney  of  South 
Carolina,  and  was  born  in  1746.  Sent  to  Eng 
land  for  his  education,  at  Westminster  he  held  a 
high  rank;  he  afterwards  removed  to  Oxford, 
and  thence  to  the  Temple  as  a  student  in  law.  On 
his  return  to  Carolina  in  1769  he  engaged  suc 
cessfully  in  the  legal  profession.  In  a  few  years 
the  encroachments  of  Great  Britain  on  American 
liberty  induced  him  to  take  up  arms  in  the  de 
fence  of  his  country,  and  in  resistance  to  oppres 
sion.  At  first  a  captain,  he  was  speedily  promoted 
to  the  command  of  the  first  regiment  of  infantry. 
When  the  danger  of  immediate  invasion  passed 
over,  he  joined  the  northern  army  and  was  ap 
pointed  aide-de-camp  to  Washington.  In  this 
capacity  he  distinguished  himself  at  the  battles 
of  Brandywinc  and  Germantown.  Returning  to 
the  south,  he  was  intrusted  with  the  defence  of 
the  fort  on  Sullivan's  Island ;  but  as  the  enemy 
passed  the  island  into  the  port,  he  hastened  into 
the  city  to  defend  the  lines.  When  at  length  a 
84 


PINCKNEY. 


6G5 


council  of  war  was  called  to  deliberate  on  the 
surrender  of  the  place,   as  the  garrison  was  re 
duced  to  extremity,  and  resistance  in  an  unwalled 
city  to  a  superior  army  would  be  unavailing,  Mr. 
Pinckney  gave  his  decided  opinion  in  favor  of  the 
most  obstinate  resistance,  hoping  at  least  to  crip 
ple  the  enemy,  and  thus  benefit  other  parts  of  the 
United  States.     His  opinion,  though  seconded  by 
the  gallant   Laurens,  was  overruled.     The   city 
was  surrendered,  and  he  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
British  as  a  prisoner  of  war.     His  confinement 
was  rigorous,  in  order  to  crush  his  spirit  and  in 
timidate  others.     He  was  even  denied  the  con 
solation  of  attending  the  remains  of  an  only  son 
to  the  tomb.     In  his  principles  and   devotion  to 
his  country  he  was  unmoved  by  this  severity,  and 
unmoved  also  by  flattering  promises.     After  the 
peace  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  con 
vention   which   formed    the  constitution   of  the 
United  States,  to  which  he  was  very  instrumental 
in    promoting    the    assent   of    South    Carolina. 
Washington,  when  chosen  president,  offered  him 
a  seat  on  the  bench  of  the  supreme  court ;  but 
he  declined  it.     He  was  also  offered  the  place  of 
secretary  of  war  in  1795  on  the  resignation  of 
Knox,  and  in  the  same  year  that  of  secretary  of 
State  on  the  dismissal  of  Edmund  Randolph.    In 
1796  he  accepted  the  appointment  of  minister  to 
France  as  successor  of  Mr.  Monroe.     The  French 
directory  refused  to  receive  him ;  but  he  remained 
at  Paris  till  Feb.,  1797,  when  he  was  ordered  to 
quit  the  French  territory.     He  removed  to  Am 
sterdam.     In  a  short  time  John  Marshall  and 
Elbridge  Gerry  were  united  with  him  as  commis 
sioners   to   France.      When   some  unaccredited 
agents  demanded  a  loan  as  a  pre-requisite  to  a 
treaty,  Mr.  Pinckney  replied,  "  Millions  for  de 
fence,  but  not  a  cent  for  tribute."    After  a  short, 
unsuccessful  negotiation,  passports  were  given  to 
Pinckney  and  Marshall,  while  Gerry  was  invited 
to  remain.     On  his  return,  Mr.  Pinckney  was  by 
Washington,  the  commander-in-chief,  nominated 
a  major-general  in  the  army  which  was  raised  in 
consequence  of  the  difficulties  with  France.     Al 
though  his  rank  was  inferior  to  that  of  Hamilton, 
who  was  his  junior  in  the  Revolutionary  war,  and 
some  friends  urged  him  to  resent  this  injustice, 
he  replied  with  a  very  commendable  spirit,  al 
though  not  of  pride  :  "  I  am  confident  that  Gen. 
Washington  had  sufficient  reasons  for  this  prefer 
ence.     Let  us  first  dispose  of  our  enemies;  we 
shall  then  have  leisure  to  settle  the  question  of 
rank."     In  1800  Mr.  Adams  and  he  were  candi 
dates  for  the  offices  of  president  and  vice-presi 
dent  of  the  United  States,  against  Jefferson  and 
Burr.     At  this  period  the  offices  were  not  dis 
criminated  in  the  votes,  but  the  person  having 
the  largest  number  of  votes  was  to  be  the  presi 
dent.     Gen.  Hamilton,   in    his  celebrated   letter 
against   Mr.    Adams,  endeavored   to   secure  the 


6G6 


PIXCKXEY. 


PIXKNEY. 


election  of  Gen.  Pinckney  as  president;  but 
neither  was  elected.  His  wife,  Mary,  died  Jan. 
4,  1812,  aged  CO.  He  was  connected  with  various 
benevolent  societies.  Of  the  Charleston  bible 
society  he  was  the  president.  In  a  letter,  written 
in  1804,  he  reprobates  the  barbarous  practice  of 
duelling.  There  was  a  frankness  in  his  manners 
which  attracted  confidence.  Although  at  the 
head  of  a  party  in  politics,  he  was  free  from  the 
vindictive  passions  of  party.  "  Heligious  and 
moral  principles  presided  over  all  his  faculties 
and  pursuits,  and  gave  a  dignity  to  his  character. 
An  ardent  youth  and  a  vigorous  manhood  were 
succeeded  by  a  serene  and  cheerful  old  age,  and 
the  reverence  and  love  of  the  whole  city  attended 
him  to  the  tomb." —  Ann.  Beg.,  1823. 

PINCKXEY,  THOMAS,  general,  governor  of 
South  Carolina,  the  brother  of  the  preceding, 
died  Xov.  2,  1828.  He  was  distinguished  by  his 
patriotic  zeal  and  his  military  talents  in  the  war 
of  the  Revolution.  With  the  rank  of  major,  he 
was  the  aid  of  General  Gates.  Having  his  leg 
shattered  by  a  musket  ball,  he  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  enemy  in  Aug.,  1780.  He  succeeded 
Moultrie  as  governor  in  1787,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Charles  Pinckney  in  1789.  He  was  minister 
to  London  in  the  administration  of  Washington, 
and  returned  in  Dec.,  1796.  In  1796  he  was  can 
didate  with  John  Adams  in  the  votes  for  presi 
dent  and  vice-president,  and  he  had  the  votes  of 
his  own  State  and  fifty-eight  other  votes,  but  was 
not  chosen  ;  the  next  federal  candidate  with  John 
Adams  in  1800  was  his  brother,  Charles  Cotes- 
worth  P.  In  1800  he  was  a  member  of  congress. 
For  his  social  virtues  he  was  highly  esteemed. 
He  died  after  a  lingering  and  painful  illness. 
His  wife  died  in  1796.  His  two  wives  were  daugh 
ters  of  Jacob  and  Rebecca  Motte,  whose  third 
daughter  married  Colonel  William  Allston.  His 
daughter,  Harriet,  the  wife  of  Colonel  Francis  Iv. 
Huger,  died  at  Philadelphia  in  Dec.,  1824. 

PIXCKXEY,  CHARLES,  governor  of  South  Car 
olina,  died  Oct.  29,  1804,  aged  66.  He  was  born 
in  1758.  His  education  was  private.  He  was  a 
patriot  in  the  Revolutionary  struggle.  In  1787 
he  was  a  delegate  to  the  convention  which  framed 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States.  He  pro 
posed  that  the  president  should  hold  his  office 
seven  years,  and  then  be  ineligible.  The  evils  of 
the  present  system  will  probably  lead  to  the 
adoption  of  a  single  term.  He  succeeded  Thos. 
Pinckney  as  governor  in  1789,  and  continued  in 
office  till  1792  ;  he  was  again  governor  from  1796 
to  1798  ;  and  again  as  the  successor  of  P.  Hamil 
ton  from  1806  to  1808,  when  he  was  succeeded 
by  J.  Drayton.  In  the  year  1798  he  was  a  sen 
ator  of  the  United  States,  and  afterwards  ambas 
sador  at  the  court  of  Spain  from  1801  or  1802  till 
1805,  in  the  administration  of  Mr.  Jefferson.  He 


possessed  amenity  of  manners,  great  colloquial 
powers,  and  fervid  eloquence. 

PIXE,  ROBERT  E.,  an  eminent  historical  and 
portrait  painter,  died  in  Philadelphia  in  Xov., 
1788. 

PIXKXEY,  WILLIAM,  a  distinguished  lawyer, 
ambassador  to  England,  died  Feb.  25,  1822,  aged 
57.  He  was  born  at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  March 
17,  1764.  His  father,  a  native  of  the  north  of 
England,  adhered  to  the  British  cause  in  the 
Revolution.  He  regarded  himself  as  related  to 
the  South  Carolina  Pinckneys.  His  education 
was  imperfect.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1786,  and  soon  acquired  distinction  in  his  profes 
sion.  From  Harford  county  he  was  a  delegate 
to  the  convention  which  ratified  the  constitution 
of  the  United  States.  As  a  member  of  the  legis 
lature  in  1789,  he  eloquently  resisted  a  proposed 
law  to  prevent  the  emancipation  of  slaves.  In 
1796  he  was  appointed  a  commissioner  under 
Jay's  treaty,  and  repaired  with  his  family  to  Lon 
don,  where  he  resided  eight  years  ;  his  associates 
were  Gore  and  Trumbull.  On  his  return  in  1804 
he  engaged  anew  in  the  practice  of  the  law,  which 
he  had  diligently  studied  during  his  residence  in 
London.  In  1806  he  went  as  minister  to  Eng 
land,  and  with  Mr.  Monroe  negotiated  a  treaty, 
which  Mr.  Jefferson  rejected.  After  a  residence 
as  minister  for  five  years,  he  found  that  he  was 
expending  not  only  his  salary  but  his  own  small 
capital,  and  therefore  solicited  a  recall.  He  ar 
rived  in  June,  1811,  and  settled  at  Baltimore.  In 
December  he  was  appointed  attorney-general  of 
the  United  States  by  Mr.  Madison.  He  approved 
of  the  war  of  1812.  Commanding  a  volunteer 
corps  for  the  defence  of  Baltimore,  he  marched  to 
Bladensburg,  in  the  action  at  which  place  he  was 
severely  wounded.  After  continuing  his  arduous 
labors  at  the  bar  for  several  years,  he  was  in 
duced,  as  he  wanted  relaxation,  in  March,  1816, 
to  accept  the  appointment  of  minister  to  the 
courts  of  Xaples  and  Russia.  He,  in  consequence, 
resigned  a  seat  which  he  then,  held  in  congress. 
From  Italy  he  proceeded  to  Vienna,  and  thence 
to  St.  Petersburg.  He  returned  in  1818.  He 
took  his  seat  in  the  senate  of  the  United  States, 
Jan.  4,  1820.  On  the  Missouri  question,  he 
deemed  it  unconstitutional  to  make  the  exclusion 
of  slaves  a  condition  of  admission  into  the  Union. 
He  was  taken  ill  at  Washington  Feb.  17,  and 
was  for  the  most  part  delirious  till  his  death. 
His  wife  was  Ann  Maria  Rodgers,  the  daughter 
of  John  It.,  of  Havre  de  Grace,  and  sister  of 
Commodore  11.  Probably  there  was  no  lawyer 
in  this  country  of  so  great  eminence  as  Mr.  P., 
for  combined  legal  science  and  eloquence.  He 
had  a  fine  countenance,  and  elegant  manners,  and 
to  his  dress  was  particularly  attentive.  In  the 
supremacy  of  his  powers  and  fame,  and  in  the 


PINKNEY. 


PLATT. 


6G7 


midst  of  his  utmost  efforts  to  maintain  them,  he 
was  summoned  suddenly  to  the  retributions  of 
eternity  ;  a  tremendous  warning  to  the  great  men 
around  him.  An  account  of  his  life  and  writings 
was  published  by  Henry  Wheaton,  8vo.,  1826. 

PIXKXEY,  EDWARD  COATE,  a  poet,  the  son  of 
William  Pinkney,  died  at  Baltimore  in  1828, 
aged  25.  He  was  born  in  London  in  1802.  At 
the  age  of  14  or  15  he  was  appointed  a  midship 
man  in  the  navy,  in  which  post  he  continued  nine 
years,  visiting  various  parts  of  the  globe.  On  the 
death  of  his  father  in  1822,  he  devoted  himself 
to  the  study  of  the  law.  He  also  edited  the  Bal 
timore  Marylander,  an  administration  paper. 
He  published  in  1825  a  volume  of  poems,  which 
is  highly  commended  by  the  North  American 
Review. 

PINXEO,  BEZALEEL,  D.  D.,  died  at  Milford, 
Conn.,  Sept.  15,  1849,  aged  80,  a  descendant  of 
the  Huguenots.  During  a  ministry  of  fifty-three 
years  there  were  in  his  town  seven  revivals ; 
seven  hundred  and  sixteen  persons  joined  the 
church  ;  and  at  his  death  there  were  five  hundred 
and  twenty  members,  all  of  whom  but  three  he 
had  admitted.  He  had  followed  eleven  hundred 
of  his  flock  to  the  grave. 

PIXXEY,  BUTLER,  a  minister,  died  in  Bloom- 
field,  Conn.,  in  1850,  aged  87. 

PIXSOX,  SARAH,  widow  of  Simeon  P.,  a  Rev 
olutionary  soldier,  died  in  Scituate  Dec.  22,  1851, 
aged  103. 

PIXTARD,  JOHN,  died  in  New  York,  June  21, 
1844,  aged  85  ;  an  eminent  merchant,  vice-presi 
dent  of  the  American  bible  society. 

PINTARD,  LEWIS,  died  at  Princeton,  N.  J., 
March  25,  1818,  aged  85.  He  was  of  a  family 
which  fled  from  France  on  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Xantes. 

PIPER,  ASA,  minister  of  Wakefield,  N.  H., 
died  iu  1835,  aged  78.  He  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1778. 

PIPER,  SUSANNAH,  Mrs.,  died  at  Baltimore, 
Jan.  24,  1841,  aged  107. 

PIPOX,  JOHN,  minister  of  Taunton,  Mass., 
died  in  1821,  aged  about  50.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1792,  and  was  ordained  in  1800.  He 
published  a  masonic  discourse,  1811. 

PITCHER,  NATHANIEL,  minister  of  Scituate, 
Mass.,  died  in  1723,  aged  about  40.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1703. 

PITKIX,  WILLIAM,  came  from  Middlesex,  Eng 
land,  and  settled  in  East  Hartford,  Conn.,  in 
1059,  and  died  in  1694.  He  was  a  lawyer  and 
king's  attorney,  and  a  farmer ;  and  was  distin 
guished  for  his  talents  and  virtues.  His  sister, 
an  accomplished  woman,  married  to  Simon  Wol- 
cott,  was  the  mother  of  the  first  Governor  W. 
A  William  Pitkin,  many  years  a  magistrate,  "  a 
grout  aud  good,  mau,"  died  in  1723. 


PITKIX,  WILLIAM,  governor  of  Connecticut, 
died  in  East  Hartford,  1769.  He  was  lieutenant- 
governor  and  ex  ojflcio  chief  justice  from  1754  to 
1766,  and  governor  three  years.  The  William  P. 
who  was  chief  justice  in  1713  was  perhaps  his 
father.  He  was  a  man  of  strong  mind  and  in 
tegrity.  His  son,  Major  William  P.,  died  in 
1789.  He  went  with  the  Connecticut  forces 
against  Canada,  under  Abercrombie,  in  1758,  and 
was  a  gallant  officer.  In  the  Revolutionary  war 
he  was  a  member  of  the  council. 

PITKIX",  TIMOTHY,  minister  of  Farmington, 
Conn.,  died  in  1812,  aged  85.  The  son  of  Gov 
ernor  P.,  he  was  born  at  East  Hartford,  and 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1747.  After  serving  as  a 
tutor,  he  was  ordained  in  1752,  and  dismissed  on 
account  of  ill  health  in  1785.  He  was  long  a 
member  of  the  corporation  of  the  college.  — 
Sprague's  Annals. 

PITKIN,  TIMOTHY,  died  at  New  Haven,  Dec. 
18,  1847,  aged  82.  The  son  of  Rev.  Timothy  P., 
he  was  graduated  in  1785.  By  profession  he  was 
a  lawyer,  and  for  fourteen  years,  from  1805,  a 
member  of  congress.  He  published  a  statistical 
view  of  the  commerce  of  the  United  States  in 
1816,  rcpublished  in  1835 ;  he  published  also  po 
litical  and  civil  history  of  the  United  States  from 
1763  to  the  close  of  Washington's  administration. 

PITKIN,  EDWARD,  M.  D.,  died  in  East  Hart 
ford,  April  11,  1851,  aged  82. 

PITMAN,  CHARLES,  D.  D.,  died  in  New  York, 
Jan.  14,  1854;  many  years  an  eminent  minister 
of  the  Methodist  church. 

PLAISTED,  ICHABOD,  minister  in  Rochester, 
Mass.,  died  in  1831,  aged  35.  Born  in  Gardiner, 
Me.,  he  graduated  at  Bowdoin  college  in  1821, 
and  was  settled  over  the  third  church  in  R.  in 
1827. 

PLANT,  MATTHIAS,  Episcopal  minister  in  New- 
bury,  Mass.,  died  in  1753,  aged  52.  Born  in 
England,  he  graduated  at  Jesus  college,  Cam 
bridge,  and  was  settled  at  N.  in  1722.  His 
church  was  called  Queen  Anne's  chapel.  His  two 
predecessors  were  Mr.  Lampton  and  Henry  Lu 
cas,  both  from  England.  Dr.  Bass,  the  first 
Episcopal  minister  of  Newburyport,  was  settled 
in  1752.  A  singular  letter  of  his  is  printed.  — 
Coffin's  Hist.  Newbury. 

PLANTE,  MARIE  LOUISE,  died  in  Cuthbert, 
L.  C.,  in  July,  1832,  aged  117.  Many  Plantes 
sprung  from  her. 

PLATT,  JONAS  K.,  M.  D.,  professor  of  surgery 
in  the  university  of  Vermont,  died  at  Plattsburg 
in  1824. 

PLATT,  JONAS,  LL.  D.,  judge,  died  in  Peru, 
Clinton  county,  N.  Y.,  in  1834.  He  had  been  a 
member  of  congress,  and  was  a  judge  of  the  su 
preme  court  of  New  York. 

PLATT,  EBENEZER,  judge,  died  in  New  York 


668 


PLATT. 


POCAIIONTAS. 


in  1 839,  aged  85.  lie  lived  fifty  years  in  Ilun- 
tington,  L.  I.  He  was  the  father  of  Mrs.  Phebe 
Rogers,  the  mother  of  Rev.  Dr.  E.  P.  Rogers. 

PLATT,  ELIPHAZ  A.,  minister  of  East  Palmy 
ra,  N.  Y.,  died  suddenly,  Sept.  16, 1854,  aged  46. 
He  was  faithful,  and  his  labors  for  thirteen  years 
were  successful.  He  received  one  hundred  and 
seventy-one  persons  into  the  church. 

PLEASANTON,  STEPHEN,  died  in  Washing 
ton  in  1855.  He  was  the  sixth  auditor  of  the 
treasury  for  fifty  years,  and  during  the  adminis 
tration  of  twelve  presidents. 

PLEASANTS,  JAMES,  governor  of  Virginia, 
died  in  Goochland  county,  Nov.  9,  1836,  aged  67. 
He  was  a  member  of  congress  from  1811  to  1819, 
and  senator  from  1819  to  1822,  and  governor 
from  1822  to  1825.  He  was  a  man  of  rare  mod 
esty,  respected  and  esteemed  for  his  private  vir 
tues  and  public  worth. 

PLEASANTS,  JOHN  II.,  the  son  of  Governor 
P.,  died  at  Richmond,  Feb.  27, 1846,  aged  39.  Af 
ter  editing  the  Richmond  Whig  twenty-two  years, 
he  fell,  as  a  fool  dieth,  in  a  duel  with  Thomas 
Ritchie,  Jun.  A  hundred  others,  who  have  fallen 
in  our  country  in  like  folly,  depravity,  and  mad 
ness,  could  be  enumerated ;  yet  no  murderer  in 
private  combat  has  yet  been  hung  in  our  country. 
Does  not  the  stain  of  blood  in  this  respect  rest 
upon  our  guilty  land  ? 

PLESSIS,  J.  O.,  Catholic  bishop  of  Quebec, 
died  Dec.  4,  1825.  He  was  taken  suddenly  ill, 
fell  back  in  his  chair,  and  expired. 

PLIMLEY,  HENRY,  died  at  Trenton,  N.  J.,  in 
1842,  aged  98.  In  the  war  he  fought  at  Trenton, 
Fort  Stanwix,  Whitehall,  and  Yorktown,  and  was 
severely  wounded. 

PLUMBE,  WILLIAM,  died  June  2,  1843,  aged 
94.  A  graduate  of  Yale  in  1769,  he  was  a  chap 
lain  in  the  army  :  he  lived  to  be  the  oldest  grad 
uate. 

PLUMER,  JOHN,  a  worthy  magistrate  of  Ro 
chester,  N.  II.,  died  Nov.  19,  1815,  aged  95. 
Governor  Wentworth  appointed  him  a  judge  of 
the  court  of  common  pleas.  He  aimed  to  pro 
mote  the  amicable  settlement  of  disputes,  and 
was  a  peace-maker,  greatly  respected. 

PLUMER,  WILLIAM,  governor  of  New  Hamp 
shire,  died  at  Epping,  Dec.  23,  1850,  aged  91. 
He  was  born  at  Newbury,  Mass.,  June  25,  1759, 
and  removed  to  Epping  in  1768,  where  he  lived 
till  his  death.  He  practiced  law  from  1787  till 
1809,  was  often  in  the  legislature,  and  was  a  mem 
ber  of  the  convention  which  framed  the  constitu 
tion  of  New  Hampshire.  In  1802  he  was  chosen 
senator  of  the  United  States ;  and  he  was  gover 
nor  in  1812,  1816-1818.  His  last  public  employ 
ment  was  that  of  elector  of  president  in  1820. 
Then  for  nearly  thirty  years  he  was  occupied  in 
literary  pursuits.  He  published  papers  with  the 
signature  of  Cincinnatus.  He  wrote  well,  though 


he  had  not  been  favored  with  a  public  education, 
and  knew  no  language  but  the  English.  His  ear 
liest  ancestor  in  this  country  was  Francis  of  Bos 
ton,  in  1634,  who  died  in  Newbury.  The  others 
descending  were  Samuel,  Sylvanus,  Samuel,  Sam 
uel,  the  father  of  the  governor,  married  to  Mary 
Dole  in  1755.  Governor  P.  married  Sarah  Fow 
ler  of  the  Ipswich  family ;  she  died  in  1852,  aged 
90.  His  brother,  Colonel  Daniel  Plumer,  died  in 
1852,  aged  81.  His  sister  married  Colonel  Daniel 
Cilley  of  Epsom.  He  published  appeal  to  the 
old  whigs,  1805  ;  address  to  the  clergy,  1814. 

PLUMER,  WILLIAM,  son  of  Governor  P.,  died 
at  Epping,  N.  H.,  Sept.  18,  1854,  aged  65.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1809,  and  was  a  mem 
ber  of  congress  from  1819  to  1825.  He  opposed 
the  Missouri  compromise.  He  was  a  man  of  taste 
and  had  an  attachment  to  historical  researches. 
His  library  was  large.  He  published  two  small 
volumes  of  poems ;  address  to  agricultural  so 
ciety. 

PLUMMER,  CAROLINE,  Miss,  died  in  Salem, 
May  15,  1854,  bequeathing  15,000  dollars  to  Har 
vard  college  to  found  a  professorship  of  Chris 
tian  morals ;  30,000  dollars  to  the  Salem  athe 
naeum  ;  and  30,000  dollars  to  found  a  farm  school. 

PLYMPTON,  SYLVANUS,  Dr.,  died  at  Woburn 
in  1837,  aged  79.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1780. 

POCAHONTAS,  daughter  of  Powhatan,  em 
peror  of  the  Indians  of  Virginia,  died  in  1617, 
aged  22.  She  was  born  about  the  year  1595. 
When  Captain  Smith  was  taken  prisoner  in  1607, 
and  it  was  determined  that  he  should  be  put  to 
death,  his  head  was  placed  upon  two  large  stones 
at  the  feet  of  Powhatan,  that  a  number  of  In 
dians,  who  stood  ready  with  lifted  clubs,  might 
beat  out  his  brains.  At  this  moment  Pocah6"ntas 
rushed  to  the  spot  and  placed  her  own  head  upon 
his.  From  regard  to  his  daughter,  the  savage 
king  spared  his  life.  In  1609,  when  but  fourteen 
years  of  age,  she  went  to  James  Town  in  a  dreary 
night,  and  unfolded  to  Captain  Smith  a  plot  which 
the  Indians  had  formed  for  the  extermination  of 
the  English,  and  thus  at  the  hazard  of  her  life 
saved  them  from  destruction.  In  1612,  after 
Captain  Smith  left  the  colony,  she  was  for  a  bribe 
of  a  copper  kettle  betrayed  into  the  hands  of 
Captain  Argal,  and  retained  a  prisoner,  that  better 
terms  of  peace  might  be  made  with  her  father. 
He  offered  five  hundred  bushels  of  corn  for  his 
daughter ;  but,  before  this  negotiation  was  com 
pleted,  a  different  and  more  interesting  one  had 
commenced.  A  mutual  attachment  had  sprung 
up  between  her  and  John  Rolfe,  an  Englishman 
of  good  character,  and  with  the  consent  of  Pow 
hatan  they  were  married.  This  event  restored 
peace,  and  secured  it  for  many  years.  Pocahon- 
tas  soon  made  a  profession  of  Christianity  and 
was  baptized.  In  1616  she  accompanied  her  hus- 


TOE. 


POLK. 


669 


band  to  England,  where  she  was  received  with 
distinction  at  court.  It  is  said  that  King  James 
expressed  great  indignation  that  one  of  his  sub 
jects  should  dare  to  marry  into  a  royal  family. 
As  she  was  about  to  embark  for  Virginia,  she  died 
at  Gravesend.  She  is  represented  as  a  pious 
Christian.  She  left  one  son,  Thomas  Rolfe  ;  and 
from  his  daughter  descended  some  respectable 
families  in  Virginia. —  Beverly  ;  Keith;  Stitli. 

POE,  EDGAR  ALLAN,  a  dissolute,  fantastic  wri 
ter,  died  at  Baltimore  in  consequence  of  fits  of 
intoxication,  in  1849,  aged  38.  His  grandfather, 
David,  of  Maryland,  served  honorably  in  the 
army  of  the  llevolution.  His  father,  David,  mar 
ried  an  English  actress,  and  went  himself  upon 
the  stage.  This,  their  son,  was  born  in  Baltimore. 
A  generous  merchant,  John  Allan,  adopted  him 
and  provided  for  his  education.  But  his  course 
of  life  in  college  and  afterwards  was  dissolute  and 
disgraceful.  His  patron  refused  to  pay  his  fre 
quent  drafts  for  gambling  debts,  and  would  no 
longer  keep  the  ungrateful  and  profligate  young 
man  in  his  house.  He  was  now  thrown  upon  the 
labors  of  his  pen,  in  prose  and  verse,  for  subsist 
ence.  With  an  indignant  spirit  must  all  virtuous 
and  good  men  think  of  the  degradation  of  our 
literature,  by  its  falling  at  times  into  the  hands  of 
unprincipled  men,  who  produce  nothing  of  true 
value  and  worth  reading;  nothing  to  enlighten 
by  great  truths,  nothing  to  animate  to  noble  acts 
of  virtue.  Nor  in  fact  can  any  great  utterances 
be  incitements  to  virtue,  when  we  know  that  they 
are  not  sincere,  but  come  from  characters  vile 
and  contemptible.  Poe's  miscellaneous  works 
were  published,  in  four  volumes,  1856.  The  wild 
nautical  story  of  Pym  occupies  half  the  last  vol 
ume. —  Cijcl.  of  Amer.  Lit. 

POGGATACUT,  great  sachem  of  Pamanack 
or  Long  Island,  died  in  1651,  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  brother  Wyandanch. 

POHLMAN,  WILLIAM  J.,  missionary  at  Amoy, 
died  January  5,  1849,  being  drowned  in  leaving 
a  wrecked  schooner,  in  which  he  was  proceeding 
to  Amoy.  The  small  boat  was  upset  by  the  rush, 
and  all  who  could  not  swim  were  drowned.  He 
was  a  devoted  and  successful  missionary. 

POHLMAN,  Mrs.,  wife  of  William  J.  Pohl- 
man,  missionary  to  Borneo,  died  at  Amoy  Sept. 
30,  1845,  aged  34.  Her  name  was  Theodosia  R. 
Scuddcr  of  Freehold,  N.  J.,  living  in  New  York 
at  the  time  of  her  marriage.  She  embarked  in 
1838.  Her  companion,  Mrs.  Doty,  died  in  a  few 
days  after  Mrs.  P.'s  death. 

POINDEXTEH,  GEORGE,  died  at  Jackson  in 
1853 ;  the  second  governor  of  Mississippi.  He 
was  a  member  of  congress  as  delegate  of  the 
Territory,  and  then  as  representative  of  the  State, 
and  a  senator  from  1831  to  1835.  In  1811  he 
murdered,  in  a  duel,  Abijah  Hunt,  in  Mississippi 
Territory ;  and  thus  his  dishonored  name  must  be 


added  to  the  list  of  "honorable  murderers." 
Does  not  the  unavenged  blood  of  the  murdered 
in  private  combat  call  for  vengeance  upon  our 
guilty  land  ? 

POINSETT,  JOEL  R.,  died  Dec.  14,  1851,  at 
Statesburg,  S.  C.,  aged  72.  He  was  born  in 
Charleston,  of  a  Huguenot  family.  He  travelled 
in  Europe,  Asia,  and  Spanish  America.  In  1825 
he  was  minister  to  Mexico,  and  secretary  of  war 
under  Mr.  Van  Buren.  He  labored  for  the  pre 
servation  of  the  Union  against  the  movements  in 
his  own  State.  He  published  notes  on  Mexico, 
made  in  1812,  with  a  sketch  of  the  Revolution. 
—  Cycl.  of  Am.  Lit. 

POLI1EMUS,  HEXRY,  a  useful  minister  of 
the  Dutch  church,  died  in  Ulster  county,  N.  Y., 
Nov.  2,  1815,  aged  4Q.  His  last  two  years  he 
was  the  pastor  at  Shawangunk  in  Ulster. 

POLITIS,  PETER,  a  colored  man,  died  in  New 
York  in  1820,  aged  103  :  he  was  present  at  the 
capture  of  Louisburg  in  1745. 

POLK,  WILLIAM,  colonel,  died  at  Raleigh, 
N.  C.,  Jan.  14,  1834,  aged  75.  He  was  among 
the  small  band  of  patriots  who  declared  indepen 
dence  in  Mecklenburgh  county,  N.  C.,  May  20, 
1775.  He  was  present  at  the  battles  of  Camden, 
Eutaw  Springs,  Brandywine,  and  Germantown. 
At  the  close  of  the  war  he  held  the  rank  of  lieu 
tenant-colonel,  and  was  the  last  surviving  officer 
of  the  N.  C.  line. 

POLK,  JAMES  Kxox,  president  of  the  United 
States,  died  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  June  15,  1849, 
aged  53.  An  ancestor,  Pollock,  emigrated  from 
Ireland.  Mr.  Polk  was  born  Nov.  2,  1795,  in 
Mecklenburg  county,  N.  C. ;  his  father,  in  1806, 
with  ten  children,  removed  to  Tennessee,  in  the 
valley  of  Duck  river,  a  branch  of  the  Cumberland. 
He  graduated  at  the  university  of  North  Carolina 
in  1815.  In  1825  he  was  a  member  of  congress, 
of  which  body  he  was  speaker  in  1835  and  1837. 
He  was  chosen  governor  in  1839,  for  tAvo  years. 
In  Dec.,  1844,  the  electors  chose  him  president, 
the  votes  being  for  him  170,  for  Clay  105.  Dur 
ing  his  administration  the  Oregon  question  was 
settled,  Texas  annexed,  the  Mexican  war  waged, 
and  New  Mexico  and  California  acquired.  In 
his  private  life  he  was  without  reproach.  Whether 
owing  to  education  or  to  the  influence  of  a  pious, 
admirable  wife,  his  arrangements  in  travelling 
never  interfered  with  the  Sabbath.  He  regularly 
attended  church.  Dr.  Edgar  attended  him  in  his 
last  sickness.  He  acknowledged  his  unworthi- 
ness  before  God,  and  said,  he  had  too  long  de 
layed  to  devote  himself  to  the  service  of  Christ 
to  expect  his  mercy  on  a  deathbed.  Afterwards 
he  professed  to  have  obtained  pardon  and  purifi 
cation  through  the  blood  of  Christ ;  and  after  he 
received  the  sacraments  never  expressed  the 
slightest  doubt,  but  died  in  the  assurance  of  a 
glorious  immortality. 


670 


POLKE. 


POND. 


POLKE,  WILLIAM,  died  at  Fort  Wayne,  Ind., 
in  1843,  aged  68.  Born  in  Virginia,  he  emigrated 
to  Kentucky  in  1782.  Captured  by  the  Indians, 
he  was  kept  a  year  at  Detroit.  In  1808  he  set 
tled  in  Indiana ;  in  1811  was  wounded  at  the  bat 
tle  of  Tippecanoe.  He  held  various  offices ;  was 
register  of  the  U.  S.  land  office ;  and  was  esteemed 
and  beloved. 

POMEROY,  SETH,  minister  of  Greenfield,  in 
Fail-field,  Conn.,  died  in  1770,  aged  about  37,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Dwight.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1753. 

POMEROY,  MEDAD,  deacon,  the  ancestor  of 
many  families  of  the  name,  died  at  Northampton, 
in  1716,  having  ten  or  more  children.  He  was 
the  son  of  Eltweed  Pomeroy  of  Dorchester  and 
Windsor,  who  died  in  1662.  He  married  Expe 
rience  Woodward,  and  also  Abigail,  the  widow 
of  Rev.  Mr.  Chauncy  of  Hatfield.  Ebenezer, 
his  son  by  his  first  wife,  was  the  father  of  Seth. 

POMEROY,  SETH,  brigadier-general,  died  at 
Peckskill,  while  in  the  service,  in  Feb.,  1777. 
He  lived  in  Northampton,  and  was  the  son  of 
Ebenezer  and  grandson  of  Deacon  Medad  P. 
In  the  French  war  he  was  an  intrepid  soldier  un 
der  Sir  William  Johnson.  He  was  present  at  the 
defeat  of  Dieskau.  In  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill 
he  was  a  volunteer;  and  he  lamented  that  he, 
"  old  and  useless,"  had  not  fallen  instead  of  War 
ren.  He  died  of  the  pleurisy.  He  was  an  inge 
nious  mechanic  and  manufacturer  of  arms,  and  a 
most  zealous  and  devoted  friend  of  his  country. 
His  five  sons  were  Quartus,  Asahel,  Lemuel,  Seth, 
and  Medad. 

POMEROY,  BENJAMIN,  D.  D.,  minister  of 
Hebron,  Conn.,  died  at  Hebron  Dec.  22,  1784, 
aged  80.  He  was  a  descendant  of  Eltweed  P., 
who  settled  in  Windsor  in  1633  ;  was  born  in  Suf- 
field ;  and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1733. 
He  was  ordained  in  Dec.,  173,3.  During  the 
revival,  in  the  time  of  Mr,  Whitefield,  he 
preached  with  great  zeal  and  power.  For  preach 
ing  in  disregard  of  the  laws  of  Connecticut,  he 
was  deprived  of  his  stated  salary  for  seven  years. 
He  was  also  once  arrested  and  brought  before 
the  assembly  with  Mr.  Davenport.  In  his  patri 
otic  spirit  he  served  as  a  chaplain  in  the  French 
and  Revolutionary  wars.  With  great  zeal,  he 
had  a  vein  of  wit  and  sarcasm.  He  was  perse 
vering,  just,  polite,  generous,  charitable,  frank. 
In  the  fervor  and  pathos  of  his  preaching  he  was 
unequalled.  Rev.  Dr.  Sprague  has  published  a 
letter  concerning  him,  written  by  a  native  of  He 
bron,  Rev.  John  Sawyer-  pf  Garland,  Maine,  in 
Aug.,  1855,  when  he  wanted  but  two  months  of 
being  one  hundred  years  old.  In  early  life  he 
was  a  hearer  of  Dr.  P.  He  says :  "  I  have  a  dis 
tinct  recollection  of  his  solemn  and  earnest  mail' 
ner  in  the  pulpit,  and  of  seeing  the  tears  flow 
down  his  cheeks,  while  he  was  exhorting  sinners 


to  be  reconciled  to  God."  His  wife  was  Abagail, 
the  sister  of  Dr.  E.  Wheelock;  his  daughter, 
Hannah,  married  Dr.  McClure.  Mr.  Peters  rep 
resents  him  as  an  excellent  scholar,  an  exemplary 
gentleman,  and  a  thundering  preacher.  Dr. 
Trumbull  describes  him  as  a  man  of  real  genius, 
and  as  among  the  best  preachers  of  his  day.  — 
Sprague's  Annals. 

POMEROY,  JONATHAN  LAW,  minister  of 
Worthington,  Mass.,  died  at  West  Springfield,  in 
1836,  aged  about  67.  He  was  minister  from  1794 
to  1832.  He  bequeathed  to  the  American  colo 
nization,  education,  home  missionary,  and  bible 
societies  1,000  dollars  each,  and  made  them 
residuary  legatees  after  the  death  of  his  wife,  who 
soon  died,  to  the  supposed  amount  of  20,000  dol 
lars.  He  also  gave  his  brother,  Col.  Seth  P.,  J. 
Boardman,  his  wife's  brother,  and  Miss  M.  Bil 
lings,  5,000  dollars  each.  His  library  he  gave  to 
Rev.  T.  Shipman,  of  Southbury.  He  published  a 
sermon  on  death  of  O.  Pomeroy,  1799  ;  of  J.  Wil 
bur,  1816;  to  a  missionary  society,  1806;  reply 
to  a  Unitarian  pamphlet,  1822;  sermons,  1826. 

POMEROY,  SAMUEL  WYLLIS,  died  at  Pome 
roy,  Meigs  county,  Ohio,  in  1841,  aged  77;  an 
emigrant  from  Brighton,  Mass.,  where  he  was  a 
respected  citizen. 

POMEROY,  JOHN,  Dr.,  died  at  Burlington, 
Vt,,  Feb.  19,  1844,  aged  80.  Born  in  Middle- 
borough,  Mass.,  he  was  first  a  soldier ;  then  set 
tled  in  B.  as  a  physician,  in  1792,  and  in  1797, 
after  occupying  a  log  house,  built  there  the  first 
brick  house.  He  was  a  leading  physician  and 
surgeon  for  forty  years,  and  was  professor  of  anat 
omy  and  surgery  in  the  university. 

POMEROY,  TIIADDEUS,  Dr.,  died  at  Stock- 
bridge,  Mass.,  in  1847,  aged  82.  He  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1786. 

POMEROY,  LEMUEL,  died  in  Pittsfield,  Mass., 
in  1849,  aged  71.  He  was  the  son  of  Lemuel  and 
grandson  of  Gen.  Seth  Pomeroy  of  Northamp 
ton.  He  was  long  engaged  in  very  extensive 
business  in  iron  works.  His  widow,  an  excellent 
woman,  died  in  1852,  aged  70. 

POMPONOHO,  chief  of  the  Titicut  Indians, 
sold  lands  to  the  people  of  Bridgewater,  north  of 
the  Titicut  river,  by  deed,  in  1672.  His  father 
and  grandfather  lived  there  before  him. 

POND,  ENOCH,  minister  of  Ashford,  Conn., 
died  in  1807,  aged  50.  Born  at  Wrentham, 
Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Brown  university  in  1777. 
He  was  one  year  in  the  army;  then  taught  mu 
sic  and  one  of  the  schools  in  Boston ;  and  was 
ordained  in  1789.  During  a  revival  in  1798, 
there  were  added  to  his  church  eighty  members. 
He  was  a  good  man  and  affable,  a  scholar,  and 
an  acceptable  preacher.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

POND,  JULIA  ANN,  wile  of  Dr.  E.  Pond,  died 
at  Bangor,  Sept.  7,  1838,  aged  41.  A  native  of 
Northford,  Conn.,  and  a  sister  of  the  Rev.  J. 


POND. 


POPE. 


671 


Maltby,  she  was  an  early  Christian  convert,  and  a 
consistent,  earnest,  prayerful  Christian,  an  exam 
ple  to  those  around  her. 

POND,  CORDELIA  E.,  wife  of  S.  W.  Pond, 
missionary  to  the  Dakotas,  died  at  Washington, 
Conn.,  Feb.  6,  1852.  She  was  an  eminent  Chris 
tian,  pleasant,  retiring,  trustful.  She  gave  faith 
ful  dying  exhortations. 

PONTE,  LORENZO  L.  DA,  died  at  New 
York  in  1840,  professor  of  Italian  language  and 
history  in  the  university  of  New  York. 

PONTIAC,  chief  of  the  Sauks  or  Sacs,  a  war 
like  tribe  of  Indians  on  the  Des  Moines  and  Mis 
sissippi,  was  killed  in  a  time  of  peace  by  the 
Kaskaskias  and  others.  A  desolating  revenge 
was  the  consequence.  F.  Parkman,  Jr.,  pub 
lished  a  history  of  the  conspiracy  of  Pontiac  in 
1851. 

POOLE,  ELIZABETH,  Miss,  died  at  Taunton, 
Mass.,  May  21,  1G54,  aged  65.  She  was  of  a 
good  family  in  Taunton,  England  ;  but  she  left 
her  friends  and  prospects  in  the  prime  of  her  life, 
that  she  might  enjoy  freedom  of  conscience  in  a 
wilderness.  She  resided  first  at  Dorchester. 
Then,  in  1G37,  she  commenced  a  settlement  at 
Cohasset,  now  Taunton.  She  did  good  with  her 
wealth.  At  the  entrance  of  the  new  and  beauti 
ful  cemetery,  after  the  style  of  Mount  Auburn 
near  Boston,  the  ladies  of  Taunton  have  erected 
a  graceful  monument  "in  honor  of  Elizabeth 
Poole."  —  Felt's  Hist,  of  N.  E. 

POOLE,  WILLIAM,  of  Dorchester,  died  in 
1672.  He  was  town  clerk  about  forty  years,  and 
often  a  schoolmaster. 

POOR,  ENOCH,  brigadier-general,  died  in  New 
Jersey,  Sept.  8,  1780,  aged  43.  He  \vas  a  descen 
dant  of  Daniel,  who  died  in  Andover,  Mass.,  in 
1713,  aged  84. 

POOR,  DANIEL  N.,  M.  D.,  died  in  Newbury, 
Mass.,  in  1837,  aged  78.  Born  in  N.,  he  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  in  1777. 

POOR,  DANIEL,  D.D.,  missionary  to  Ceylon,  died 
at  Manepy,  Feb.  3,  1855,  aged  65.  Mr.  Meigs'  let 
ter,  who  was  his  fellow  laborer  nearly  forty  years, 
giving  an  account  of  his  death,  is  in  Missionary 
Herald.  Born  in  Danvers,  Mass.,  in  June,  1789, 
he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1811  ;  studied  the 
ology  at  Andover  ;  was  ordained  at  Newburyport 
June  21,  1815,  with  Mills,  Warren,  Richards, 
Bushnell,  and  Meigs.  He  lived  at  Colombo,  in 
Ceylon,  from  1816  to  1823,  when  he  took  charge 
of  the  seminary  at  Batticotta.  In  1836  he  re 
moved  to  Madura,  in  1841  to  Jaffna.  In  1849 
and  1850  he  was  in  his  native  land.  From  1851 
till  his  death  he  resided  at  Manepy.  He  was  an 
able,  devoted,  respected  missionary,  and  he  died 
in  triumph:  his  last  words  were  "Joy!  joy  !  hal 
lelujah!"  He  was  buried  at  Tillipally,  near  his 
first  wife,  an  excellent  missionary,  Susan  Bulfinch, 
of  Salem,  who  died  in  1821,  and  near  Mr.  Rich 


ards,  who  died  in  1822.  He  was  divided  in  death 
from  Dr.  Scudder  only  twenty-one  days.  Meigs 
and  Spaulding  survived  him.  He  was  taken  sick 
of  the  cholera  on  Friday  and  died  the  next  day. 
His  second  wife  was  Ann  Knight  from  England. 
—  Spro {/lie's  Annals. 

POPE,  JOHN,  Dr.,  died  in  Boston  in  May, 
1796,  aged  55. 

POPE,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Spencer,  Mass., 
died  March  8,  1826,  aged  79.  He  had  a  palsy 
for  eight  years.  His  widow  reached  the  age  of 
100,  Dec.  16,  1854,  retaining  her  powers  of  mind 
and  body,  excepting  sight ;  and,  it  is  thought,  is 
still  alive,  in  1857.  Born  in  Pomfret,  now  Brook 
lyn,  he  was  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1770.  He 
was  ordained  July  17,  1773.  He  was  a  man  of 
literary  acquirements,  and  secretary  of  the  trus 
tees  of  Leicester  academy.  Professor  Shurtleff 
of  Dartmouth  married  his  daughter.  He  was 
wise,  courteous,  faithful :  his  life  was  honorable 
and  useful. 

POPE,  NATHANIEL,  judge,  died  at  St.  Louis, 
Missouri,  in  1850,  aged  66.  He  was  a  member  of 
congress,  and  a  judge  of  the  district  of  Illinois. 

POPE,  LEMUEL,  president  of  a  Boston  in 
surance  company,  died  Aug.  3,  1851,  at  Iloxbury, 
aged  74.  He  was  for  many  years  a  merchant, 
much  respected. 

POPHAM,  GEORGE,  president  of  the  first 
company  of  settlers  in  New  England,  sailed  from 
Plymouth,  England,  the  last  of  May,  1607,  with 
two  ships  and  one  hundred  men,  and  all  necessary 
supplies.  Capt.  Popham  had  the  command  of 
one  ship,  and  Raleigh  Gilbert,  nephew  of  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh,  of  the  other.  On  the  llth  of 
August  they  fell  in  with  the  island  of  Monhegan, 
a  few  miles  from  the  coast  of  Maine,  and  soon 
afterwards  landed  at  the  mouth  of  the  Sagadahoc 
or  Kennebec  river,  "  on  a  western  peninsula," 
and  not  on  Parker's  Island,  as  Gov.  Sullivan  sup 
posed.  A  sermon  was  delivered ;  the  patent  and 
laws  were  read  ;  and  a  store-house  built,  with  a 
fort,  which  was  called  fort  St.  George.  The 
ships  sailed  on  their  return  Dec.  5th,  leaving  a 
colony  of  45  persons ;  Popham  being  president 
and  Gilbert  admiral.  The  next  year  supplies 
were  brought  them  ;  but  intelligence  being  re 
ceived  at  the  same  time  of  the  death  of  Sir  John 
Popham  and  Sir  John  Gilbert,  and  the  president 
Popham  being  also  deceased,  the  colony  deter 
mined  to  return  in  the  ships.  The  winter  had 
been  severe,  and  the  stores  had  been  lost  by  fire. 
Smith  says,  the  country  was  esteemed  a  cold,  bar 
ren,  mountainous,  rocky  desert;  and  that  this 
colony  "  found  nothing  but  extreme  extremities." 

POPE,  JOSEPH,  an  ingenious  mechanic,  died 
at  Hallowell,  Maine,  in  Aug.,  1826,  aged  72.  He 
constructed  a  large  and  admirable  orrery,  which 
was  purchased  by  Harvard  college,  and  he  in 
vented  a  threshing-machine. 


672 


POPKIN. 


PORTER. 


POPKIN,  JOHN  SNELLING,  D.  D.,  died  at 
Cambridge,  March  2,  1852,  aged  80.  Born  in 
Boston  June  19,  1771,  he  was  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1792,  ordained  over  the  Federal  street 
church  in  Boston  July  10,  1799,  and  dismissed  in 
1802.  In  Newbury  he  was  a  minister  from  1804 
to  1815,  when  he  became  professor  of  Greek  at 
Cambridge.  From  1826  to  1833  he  was  Eliot 
professor  of  Greek  literature.  For  the  rest  of 
his  life  he  resided  in  Cambridge.  In  1844  and 
subsequently  he  had  sudden  attacks  of  disease, 
which  impaired  his  memory.  At  last  he  had  a 
fatal  disease  of  the  heart.  As  a  preacher  his  dis 
courses  were  sound,  well-written,  and  useful; 
but  he  was  not  an  orator.  In  his  religious  views 
he  was  not  Unitarian  but  Evangelical.  To  a  lady, 
who  asked  him  if  he  was  a  Hopkinsian,  he  re 
plied,  "Madam,  I  am  a  Popkinsian."  His  ser 
mon  on  the  death  of  Washington  contains  passa 
ges  of  eloquence.  He  was  never  married.  It  is 
said  that,  fifty  years  after  he  was  susceptible  of 
attachment,  he,  contrary  to  the  habit  of  his  life, 
followed  a  venerable  deceased  lady  to  the  grave. 
Whatever  was  in  his  memory,  he  never  spoke  of 
it.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  J. 
Kimball ;  on  the  death  of  Washington ;  on  the 
memory  of  the  righteous  ;  to  recommend  justice 
and  charity ;  on  leaving  the  old  meeting-house ; 
on  the  dedication  of  the  new,  1806;  on  the  sea 
sons,  time,  and  eternity ;  at  the  thanksgiving, 
1813;  thanksgiving  for  peace,  1815;  on  an 
affliction ;  two  sermons  before  his  removal  to 
Cambridge,  1815  ;  three  lectures  on  liberal  edu 
cation,  1836.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

POPMUXNUCK,  ISAAC,  an  Indian,  deacon  of 
the  church  at  Marshpee,  died  in  1758,  aged  about 
80.  He  was  an  Indian  magistrate  of  great  repu 
tation,  the  grandson  of  Popmunnuck,  the  sachem 
in  1648.  His  brother  Josiah,  a  schoolmaster, 
died  in  1770,  aged  about  85. 

PORTER,  AARON,  first  minister  of  Medfield, 
Mass.,  died  in  1722,  aged  about  34.  Born  in 
Iladley,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1708,  and 
was  settled  in  1713.  His  next  successors  were  E. 
Turell  and  D.  Osgood. 

PORTER,  MOSES,  captain,  of  Hadley,  died 
Sept.  8,  1755,  slain  by  the  Indians  while  on  a 
morning  scout  near  Ticonderoga. 

PORTER,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Sherborn, 
Mass.,  died  in  1758,  aged  49.  Born  in  Hadley, 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1730,  and  was  set 
tled  in  1734.  His  predecessors  were  D.  Gookin 
and  D.  Baker.  He  published  a  sermon  at  ordi 
nation  of  W.  Phipps,  1748 ;  of  J.  Perry,  1755. 

PORTER,  AARON,  Dr.,  died  at  Portland  at  an 
advanced  age.  He  came  from  Boxford,  Mass., 
and  settled  in  Biddcford  in  1773 ;  he  removed  to 
Portland  in  1810.  His  wife,  whom  he  married 
in  1777,  was  Pauline,  daughter  of  Richard  King 
of  Scarborough. 


PORTER,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  Xorth  Bridge- 
water,  Mass.,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1736,  and  ordained  in  Oct.,  1740.  He  died  in 
the'  hope  of  the  Christian  March  12,  1802,  aged 
86.  He  was  a  man. of  respectable  talents,  of 
great  prudence,  and  of  a  blameless  life.  As  a 
preacher  he  dwelt  with  earnestness  upon  the 
great  doctrines  of  the  gospel.  A  crucified  Re 
deemer  was  his  frequent  theme.  Avoiding  dry 
and  barren  speculations,  he  aimed  to  impart  in 
struction,  and  to  render  men  holy.  His  faithful 
labors  were  not  in  vain,  for  at  different  periods  it 
pleased  God  by  the  influence  of  his  Spirit  to  ren 
der  them  the  means  of  converting  many,  who 
were  chosen  in  Jesus  Christ.  He  received  four 
hundred  and  sixty-four  into  the  church.  At  a 
donation  visit  in  1769,  there  met  at  his  house 
ninety-seven  young  ladies,  who  presented  his  wife 
with  four  hundred  and  seventy-four  skeins  of 
yarn,  cotton,  linen,  woollen,  by  them  spun,  all 
dressed  in  homespun.  He  preached  on  "  this 
woman  was  full  of  good  works,"  Oct.  9.  He  had 
as  colleague,  for  a  short  time,  Asa  Meach.  After 
him  the  pastor  was  Daniel  Iluntington,  more  than 
twenty  years.  Mr.  Porter  had  three  sons,  grad 
uates  at  Cambridge  in  the  same  class  in  1777,  one 
of  whom  was  Dr.  E.  Porter  of  Roxbury.  He 
published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Silas 
Brett,  Freetown ;  the  absurdity  and  blasphemy 
of  substituting  the  personal  righteousness  of  men 
in  the  room  of  the  surety  righteousness  of  Christ 
in  the  article  of  justification  before  God,  1749; 
reply  to  Mr.  Bryant's  remarks  on  the  above  ser 
mon,  1751. 

PORTER,  NEHEMIAH,  minister  of  Ashfield, 
Mass.,  died  Feb.  29,  1820,  aged  99  years  and  11 
months.  He  was  born  in  Ipswich  March  20,  or 
April  2,  1720;  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1745  ;  and  was  ordained  Jan.  3,  1750,  at  Che- 
bacco,  now  Essex,  but  was  dismissed  in  1766. 
He  was  installed  at  Ashfield  Dec.  21,  1774.  In 
June,  1819,  at  the  age  of  99,  he  assisted  in  ordain 
ing  his  colleague,  Thomas  Shepard ;  he  ascended 
the  pulpit  stairs  without  aid,  made  the  conse 
crating  prayer,  and  gave  a  charge  to  the  people. 
By  his  first  wife,  the  daughter  of  Rev.  Mr.  Chip- 
man  of  Beverly,  he  had  ten  children,  and  two 
hundred  and  thirty  descendants.  He  published 
a  discourse  July  4,  1811. 

PORTER,  SAMUEL,  Dr.,  died  at  Williams- 
burgh  Jan.,  1822,  aged  67. 

PORTER,  MOSES,  general,  died  at  Cambridge, 
in  April,  1822,  aged  65.  A  native  of  Danvers,  he 
was  an  officer  of  artillery  in  the  battle  of  Bunker 
Hill;  he  was  also  in  the  battles  of  Brandyvvine 
and  Trenton;  he  was  with  Wayne  in  1794,  and 
commanded  at  the  capture  of  fort  George  in 
1813.  He  was  upright  and  honorable,  dignified, 
a  rigid  disciplinarian. 

PORTER,  EXPERIENCE,  minister  of  Belchertown, 


PORTER. 


POUTER. 


GTS 


Mass.,  died  in  1828,  aged  46.  Born  in  Lebanon, 
N.  II.,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1803 ;  was 
minister  of  Winchester,  N.  II.,  from  1807  to  1810; 
then  of  B.  from  1814  to  1825.  He  followed  J. 
Forward,  and  was  succeeded  by  Lyman  Coleman. 
He  died  of  a  consumption.  During  his  ministry 
there  were  extensive  revivals  of  religion,  as  the 
result  of  which,  one  hundred  and  seven  were 
added  to  the  church  in  1812  and  1813,  and  two 
hundred  and  eight  in  1818  and  1819;  as  many 
during  his  ministry  as  for  eighty  years  before. 

PORTER,  MICAH,  a  minister,  died  in  Plain- 
field,  N.  II.,  in  1829,  aged  81. 

PORTER,  WILLIAM  A.,  professor  of  moral 
philosophy  and  rhetoric  in  Williams  college,  died 
in  1830,  aged  31.  He  graduated  at  Williams  in 
1818,  and  was  appointed  Professor  in  1827. 

PORTER,  THOMAS,  died  in  Granville,  N.  Y., 
in  1833,  aged  90.  He  was  a  soldier  of  1755  ; 
the  father  of  Professor  P.  of  Andover. 

PORTER,  EUPHALET,  1).  D.,  died  at  Roxbury 
Dec.  7,  1833,  aged  74.  A  graduate  of  1777,  he 
spent  his  life  in  the  ministry  at  Roxbury.  He 
published  various  discourses ;  a  fast  sermon,  1798; 
on  the  death  of  Gov.  Sumner,  1799 ;  new  year's 
sermon,  1801;  century  sermon  ;  before  the  hu 
mane  society,  1802;  at  the  ordination  of  J.  G. 
Palfrey,  1818. 

PORTER,  EBENEZER,  D.  D.,  president  of  the 
theological  seminary  at  Andover,  died  April  8, 
1834,  aged  61.  He  was  the  son  of  Thomas  P.  of 
Cornwall,  Conn.,  and  a  descendant  of  the  sixth 
generation  from  Thomas  of  Hartford,  who  re 
moved  to  Farmington,  and  died  in  1697.  He 
graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1792,  and  was  or 
dained  at  Judea  society  in  Washington,  Conn., 
Sept.  7,  1796,  the  successor  of  Noah  Merwin, 
whose  daughter  Lucy  he  married.  After  fifteen 
years  of  toil  there,  he  was  invited  to  Andover  in 
1811,  as  Bartlett  professor  of  pulpit  eloquence, 
and  there  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life,  being 
chosen  president  in  1827.  He  published  many, 
single  sermons ;  among  them,  at  the  ordination 
of  J.  W.  Putnam  and  A.  Mitchell,  1815;  of  T. 
J.  Murdock,  1819;  on  the  fatal  effects  of  ardent 
spirits,  1811;  at  the  fast,  1816,  1823;  at  dedica 
tion  of  the  new  edifice,  1818;  to  the  education 
society,  1820;  to  the  pastoral  association,  1827; 
to  the  society  to  give  the  gospel  to  the  Indians ; 
on  God's  immortality,  1829;  two  sermons  at  the 
fast,  1831.  He  also  published  the  preacher's 
manual ;  a  lecture  on  the  analysis  of  vocal  in 
flections  ;  principles  of  rhetorical  delivery ;  the 
rhetorical  reader,  1831  ;  a  lecture  on  progress  in 
study;  lectures  on  homiletics,  preaching,  and 
public  prayer,  1834.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

PORTER,  GEORGE  B.,  governor  of  the  Terri 
tory  of  Michigan,  died  at  Detroit  in  1834. 

PORTER,  NATHANIEL,  deacon,  of  Lebanon, 
85 


N.  H.,  died  at  an  advanced  age,  about  1830  or 
later.  He  gave  12,000  dollars,  almost  all  his 
property,  to  three  charitable  societies,  for  foreign 
and  home  missions  and  education. 

PORTER,  RACHEL,  widow,  died  in  Worthing- 
ton  June,  1834,  aged  93.  When  above  90  she 
received  for  knitting  six  pair  of  mittens  a  pre 
mium,  which  she  gave  to  the  bible  society,  to 
which  she  had  before  given  1,000  dollars. 

PORTER,  ISRAEL,  died  at  Cambridge  May  28, 
1837,  aged  93,  a  respected  citizen. 

PORTER,  NATHANIEL,  D.  D.,  died  in  Con- 
way,  N.  II.,  Nov.  1 1, 1837,  aged  92.  Born  in  Tops- 
field,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1768. 
He  had  been  a  farmer  until  of  the  age  of  18. 
In  1773  he  was  ordained  at  New  Durham,  N.  H. ; 
in  1778  he  became  the  first  minister  of  Conway, 
and  continued  such  more  than  thirty  years.  In 
his  politics  a  zealous  federalist,  one  of  his  ser 
mons  on  the  fourth  of  July  displeased  his  people 
and  caused  his  dismission.  Subsequently  he 
preached  in  the  neighboring  town  of  Fryeburg, 
even  after  he  became  blind,  and  after  he  was 
eighty  years  old.  When  unable  to  preach,  he 
would  make  the  public  prayer,  sometimes  of  the 
length  of  forty  minutes,  with  great  propriety. 
He  was  very  poor :  he  used  his  scythe  on  his 
own  small  farm.  He  had  scarcely  twenty  vol 
umes  of  valuable  books.  Yet  he  was  respected 
as  a  theologian,  a  moderate  Calvinist.  For  the 
last  twenty-five  years  living  with  a  second  wife, 
who  had  property,  he  had  a  comfortable  subsist 
ence.  Two  of  his  sons  were  masters  of  vessels, 
and  perished  at  sea.  He  published  two  sermons 
on  infidelity;  on  the  death  of  Washington;  be 
fore  the  legislature  of  New  Hampshire,  1804;  at 
the  opening  of  an  academy,  1806;  on  the  fourth 
of  July,  1811.  —  Sprayue's  Annals. 

PORTER,  ELIJAH,  Dr.,  died  at  Waterford, 
N.  Y.,  Jan.,  1841,  aged  67,  one  of  the  most  dis 
tinguished  physicians  in  Saratoga  county. 

PORTER,  SAMUEL,  died  at  Hadley  April  23, 
1841,  aged  76  ;  judge  of  the  court  of  sessions. 

PORTER,  DAVID,  commodore,  died  March  3, 
1843,  aged  63.  Born  in  Boston,  he  was  a  mid 
shipman  under  Truxton;  he  also  sailed  under 
Barron  and  Stewart.  In  an  engagement  with  a 
corsair  he  was  wounded.  With  Bainbridge  he 
was  captured  in  the  Philadelphia  in  the  harbor  of 
Tripoli,  in  1803.  After  five  years  he  returned. 
From  New  York  he  sailed  in  the  Essex  July  3, 
1812,  and  soon  captured  the  Alert;  he  also  cap 
tured  a  vessel  with  11,000  pounds  on  board ;  and, 
doubling  Cape  Horn,  he  took  many  whaling  ves 
sels  ;  but  he  was  taken  by  the  Phoebe  and  Cherub 
in  the  harbor  of  Valparaiso,  March  28,  1814.  He 
published  a  narrative  of  his  cruise  in  the  Essex, 
in  two  vols. 

PORTER,  ALEXANDER  J.,  senator  of  the  United 


G74 


PORTER. 


POTTER. 


States,  diet!  in  Louisiana  Jan.  13,  1844,  aged  58. 
He  was  a  native  of  Ireland ;  a  judge  in  Louisiana, 
of  talents,  learning,  taste,  and  popular  manners. 

PORTER,  HUNTINGTOX,  D.  D.,  minister  of 
Rye,  N.  H.,  died  at  Lynn  March  7,  1844,  aged 
89.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1777,  and  was 
ordained  as  colleague  of  S.  Parsons  in  1784. 
From  that  time  for  thirty-eight  years  only  eighty- 
four  persons  were  received  into  the  church.  The 
sea-coast  of  Rye  is  perilous  :  forty  or  fifty  per 
sons,  who  have  perished,  have  been  taken  up  and 
decently  buried.  He  published  a  century  ser 
mon,  1801;  a  funeral  sermon;  a  new  year's  ser 
mon,  1801  ;  on  a  remarkable  sickness,  1803. 

PORTER,  PETER  B.,  general,  died  at  Niagara 
Falls  March  20,  1844,  aged  71.  Born  in  Salis 
bury,  Conn.,  he  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1791. 
He  was  a  useful  officer  of  the  army  in  the  war  of 
1812.  For  a  time  he  was  secretary  of  war.  His 
name  is  associated  with  important  events  in  west 
ern  New  York. 

PORTER,  ISAAC,  minister  of  Granby,  Conn., 
died  in  1844,  aged  about  76.  Born  in  Farming- 
ton,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1788. 

PORTER,  FIDELIA,  died  at  New  York  Jan. 
22,  1847,  aged  76.  She  was  the  sister  of  Pres. 
Dwight,  and  married  Jonathan  E.  Porter  of  Had- 
ley ;  she  afterwards  lived  in  New  Haven  and 
New  York.  She  was  an  intelligent  Christian,  of 
active  benevolence.  She  toiled  much  for  the 
benefit  of  seamen.  —  N.  Y.  Observer,  March  13. 

PORTER,  WILLIAM,  Dr.,  a  descendant  of 
Pres.  Edwards,  died  at  Hadlcy,  Mass.,  Nov.  6, 
1848,  aged  83.  He  was  a  venerable  member  of 
the  church,  and  one  of  the  most  respected  of  the 
citizens  of  Iladley. 

PORTER,  DAVID,  D.  D.,  died  at  Catskill  Jan. 
7,  1851,  aged  89;  his  elder,  S.  L.  Penfield,  died 
the  same  day.  Born  in  Hebron,  Conn.,  he  was 
nearly  a  year  in  the  army,  and  then  went  to  col 
lege,  and  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1784. 
For  fourteen  years  he  was  the  minister  of  Spen- 
certown;  then  of  Catskill  from  1803  to  1831, 
when,  after  eminent  usefulness,  at  the  age  of  70 
he  resigned.  The  last  sermon  which  he  preached 
to  his  people  was  the  fifty-sixth  anniversary  of 
his  ordination,  Sept.  24,  1843,  on  the  text,  "The 
time  is  short."  His  wife  was  Sarah,  the  daughter 
of  Mr.  Collins,  the  minister  of  Lanesborough ; 
and  his  daughter  Laura,  the  wife  of  Mr.  Hill, 
treasurer  of  the  American  board  of  missions,  died 
in  1852.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  installa 
tion  of  D.  Marsh,  1801  ;  of  R.  Williams,  1812; 
of  J.  T.  Benedict,  1816;  at  ordination  of  J.  H. 
Hotchkin,  1803 ;  of  J.  De  Witt  and  of  O.  Lyman, 
1813. 

PORTER,  MOSES,  died  at  Iladley  May  22, 
1854,  aged  85,  a  grandson  of  Pres.  Edwards. 
He  was  a  Christian  in  early  life,  and  a  consistent, 
earnest  Christian  all  his  days ;  he  also  held  va 


rious  commissions,  civil  and  military.  He  visited 
the  sick  and  prayed  with  them;  and  his  hand 
was  open  in  charity.  To  no  man  in  the  county 
was  committed  the  trust  of  administering  on  so 
many  estates.  His  death  was  very  sudden. 

PORTER,  AMASA,  a  minister,  died  at  New 
Haven  in  1856,  aged  85.  He  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1793. 

PORTERFIELD,  ROBERT,  general,  died  in 
Augusta  county,  Va.,  Feb.  13,  1843,  aged  90. 
He  was  a  captain  in  the  Revolutionary  war,  and  a 
brigadier  in  that  of  1812;  a  man  highly  es 
teemed. 

POST,  WRIGHT,  M.  D.,  died  at  Throg's  Neck, 
near  New  York,  in  1828,  aged  62.  He  was  born 
at  North  Hempstead,  Long  Island,  in  1766. 
From  1784  to  1786  he  studied  medicine  in  Lon 
don.  In  1792  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
surgery  in  Columbia  college.  He  once  tied  the 
femoral  artery  and  thus  cured  a  disease  of  it,  for 
which  his  patient  paid  him  an  annual  visit  of 
gratitude  for  thirty  years.  He  was  a  physician 
of  great  eminence.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Episcopal  church,  a  strict  attendant  on  religious 
worship.  His  eldest  son,  Edward,  was  a  physi 
cian,  who  died  in  1816,  aged  24,  having  studied 
in  England  and  France,  and  travelled  in  Switzer 
land  and  Italy.  —  Williams'  Med.  Biog. 

POTTER,  NATHANIEL,  minister  of  Brookline, 
died  in  1768,  aged  about  35.  Born  in  Elizabeth- 
town,  he  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1753;  was 
settled  as  successor  of  C.  Brown  in  1755,  and 
was  dismissed  in  1759.  His  successor  was  J. 
Jackson.  He  published  a  discourse,  Jan.  1,  1758. 

POTTER,  JARED,  M.  D.,  died  at  Wallingford, 
Conn.,  in  1810,  aged  67.  Born  at  East  Haven, 
he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1760,  and  practised  in 
his  native  town  till  his  removal  to  W.,  in  1772. 
He  was  an  excellent  physician,  and  he  kept  a 
medical  school.  He  loved  also  to  discuss  ques 
tions  of  theology  and  politics.  He  was  frank 
and  colloquial.  Dr.  James  Potter,  a  kinsman, 
also  eminent,  was  of  New  F airfield.  —  r£kacher's 
Med.  Biog. 

POTTER,  ISAIAH,  minister  of  Lebanon,  N.  H., 
died  in  1817,  aged  about  70.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1767,  and  was  settled  at  L.  in  1772.  He 
published  a  masonic  sermon  at  Hanover,  1802. 

POTTER,  ELISHA  R.,  died  at  South  Kings 
ton,  R.  I.,  in  1835.  For  forty  years  he  was  a 
man  of  character  and  influence  in  the  State.  He 
was  a  member  of  congress  in  1796,  and  from 
1809  to  1815. 

POTTER,  MERCY,  Mrs.,  died  at  Philadelphia 
Aug.  21,  1841,  aged  103. 

POTTER,  NATHANIEL,  M.  D.,  died  in  Balti 
more  in  1843,  aged  73.  Born  in  Maryland,  he 
was  an  eminent  physician,  and  for  thirty  years 
professor  of  the  theory  and  practice  of  physic  in 
the  university  of  Md.  —  Williams'  Med.  Biog. 


POTTS. 


PRATT. 


G75 


POTTS,  GEORGE  C.,  minister  at  Philadelphia, 
died  in  1838,  aged  63. 

POTTS,  WILLIAM  S.,  D.  D.,  a  minister  in  St. 
Louis,  died  in  April,  1852.  He  was  a  native  of 
New  Jersey.  He  was  a  minister  of  high  charac 
ter  and  influence.  For  a  short  time,  about  1837, 
he  was  president  of  Marion  college.  By  mar 
riage  he  was  connected  with  Colonel  Benton's 
family. 

POTWINE,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Scantic,  in 
East  Windsor,  Conn.,  died  in  1802,  aged  about 
71.  The  son  of  John  P.  of  Boston,  he  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1751,  and  was  ordained  in  1754.  S. 
Bartlett  succeeded  him. 

POULSON,  ZACHARIAII,  died  in  Philadel 
phia,  August,  1844,  aged  82  ;  long  the  proprietor 
of  Poulson's  Advertiser,  a  profitable  paper.  He 
was  a  Quaker. 

POWER,  JAMES,  D.  D.,  died  at  Greensburg, 
Penn.,  in  1830,  aged  85.  He  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  17G6. 

POWERS,  PETER,  minister  in  Connecticut 
and  Vermont,  died  at  Deer  Isle,  Maine,  in  1799, 
aged  about  71.  The  first  boy  born  in  Ilollis, 
N.  II.,  in  1728,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1754; 
was  ordained  in  1756  at  Newent  society,  Nor 
wich,  Conn.,  and  dismissed  in  1766  from  inade 
quate  support ;  then  was  pastor  of  llaverhill, 
N.  II.,  and  Xewbury,  Vt.,  till  1784.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  D.  Bayley,  1772. 
— -  Sprague's  Annals. 

POWERS,  JosiAH  W.,  a  minister,  died  in 
Putnam,  Ohio,  in  1840,  aged  41.  He  was  in  the 
employment  of  the  American  bible  society.  His 
wile  was  the  widow  of  Capt.  Brewster,  of  the  ship 
Topaz,  who  on  his  return  from  Calcutta  was  cap 
tured  and  murdered  with  his  crew  by  pirates,  and 
his  ship  burnt. 

POWERS,  GRANT,  minister  of  Goshen,  Conn., 
died  in  1841,  aged  56.  He  was  born  in  Hollis, 
N.  II.,  in  1784;  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1810; 
and  was  several  years  minister  of  llaverhill,  N.  II, 
He  was  afterwards  settled  at  Goshen,  Conn.,  in 
1829.  He  was  much  esteemed  for  his  talents 
and  virtues.  He  published  a  sermon  at  ordina 
tion  of  J.  I).  Farnsworth ;  an  essay  on  the  influ 
ence  of  the  imagination  on  the  nervous  system, 
contributing  to  a  false  hope  in  religion  ;  a  cen 
tennial  address  at  Hollis,  1830. 

POWERS,  Mrs.,  wife  of  P.  O.  Powers,  mis 
sionary  at  Broosa,  Turkey,  died  at  Phillipston, 
Mass.,  Feb.  15,  1842,  aged  37.  Her  name  was 
Harriet  Goulding  of  Phillipston,  but  born  at  Pax- 
ton.  Her  return  was  caused  by  ill  health.  She 
died  in  great  peace. 

POWHATAN,  emperor  of  the  Indians  in  Vir 
ginia,  at  the  time  of  the  settlement  of  that 
colony  in  1607,  was  the  most  powerful  of  the 
Indian  kings.  He  was  deeply  versed  in  all  the 
savage  arts  of  government  and  policy,  and  was 


insidious,  crafty,  and  cruel.  After  the  marriage 
of  his  daughter  to  Mr.  Rolfe,  he  remained  faith 
ful  to  the  English.  He  died  April,  1618. 

POWNALL,  THOMAS,  governor  of  Massachu 
setts,  died  Feb.  25,  1805,  aged  83.  He  was  ap 
pointed  to  the  office  in  1757,  in  the  place  of  Mr. 
Shirley.  His  measures  were  accommodated  with 
great  address  to  the  state  of  the  people,  and  he 
had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  the  British  arms  tri 
umphant  in  Canada ;  but,  as  he  did  not  give  his 
confidence  to  Mr.  Hutchinson  and  his  party,  and 
as  many  slanders  were  propagated  respecting 
him  among  the  people,  he  solicited  to  be  recalled. 
In  1760,  when  Sir  Francis  Bernard  was  removed 
to  Massachusetts,  he  succeeded  him  in  New  Jer 
sey,  as  lieutenant-governor.  He  was  soon  ap 
pointed  governor  of  South  Carolina ;  but  from 
this  station  he  was  in  about  a  year  recalled,  at  his 
own  request.  In  1768  he  was  chosen  a  member 
of  parliament,  and  he  strenuously  opposed  the 
measures  of  the  administration  against  the  colo 
nies.  He  declared  that  the  people  of  America 
were  universally,  unitedly,  and  unalterably  re 
solved  never  to  submit  to  any  internal  tax,  im 
posed  by  any  legislature  in  which  they  were  not 
represented.  He  retired  from  Parliament  in 
1780,  and  died  at  Bath,  retaining  his  faculties  in 
perfect  vigor  in  his  last  days.  His  speeches  in 
parliament  were  all  published  in  Almon's  parlia 
mentary  register,  and  he  assisted  Mr.  Almon  in 
his  American  remembrancer,  in  twenty  volumes. 
He  published  principles  of  polity,  1752  ;  admin 
istration  of  the  colonies,  1764,  of  which  there 
were  afterwards  several  editions  with  improve 
ments,  and  part  II.,  1774  ;  the  interest  and  duty 
of  the  State  in  East  India  affairs,  1773  ;  memoir 
on  drainage,  1775;  description  of  North  America, 
with  Evans'  map,  improved ;  letter  to  Adam 
Smith  on  his  inquiry  into  the  wealth  of  nations, 
1776 ;  a  memorial  to  the  sovereigns  of  Europe 
on  the  state  of  affairs  between  the  old  and  new 
world,  1780;  two  memorials,  1782;  a  memorial 
to  the  sovereigns  of  America ;  on  the  study  of 
antiquities,  1783;  notices  and  descriptions  of  an 
tiquities  of  the  provincia  Romana  of  Gaul ;  intel 
lectual  physics ;  an  essay  on  being ;  a  treatise  on 
old  age. 

PRATT,  JOHN,  Dr.,  lived  in  Newton,  Mass., 
in  1635.  The  assistants  called  him  to  account 
for  an  injurious  letter  sent  to  England.  Mr. 
Felt  gives  an  account  of  his  ingenious  apology. 

—  Pelfs  Hist,  of  New  Eng. 

PRATT,  JOHN,  an  experienced  surgeon,  was 
admitted  into  Mr.  Hooker's  church  at  Cambridge 
in  1634.  He  sailed  for  England  with  his  wife, 
and  was  lost  in  Dec.,  1644,  on  the  coast  of  Spain. 

—  Farmer. 

PRATT,  PETER,  an  eminent  lawyer,  died  at 
New  London  in  Nov.,  1730.  Two  of  his  daugh 
ters  were  drowned  in  a  creek  at  Lyme  in  Sep- 


676 


PRATT. 


PREBLE. 


tember.  He  published  the  prey  taken  from  the 
strong,  the  recovery  of  one  from  the  Quaker 
errors. 

PRATT,  PETER,  first  minister  of  Sharon,  Conn., 
died  in  1780,  aged  about  64.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1736.  He  was  settled  in  1740 ;  his  two 
next  successors  were  J.  Searle  and  C.  M.  Smith. 

PRATT,  BENJAMIN,  chief  justice  of  New  York, 
died  Jan.  5,  1763,  aged  53.  He  was  born  in 
Boston  in  1709  of  poor  parents,  and  bred  to  a 
mechanical  employment ;  but  the  misfortune  of 
losing  a  limb  was  a  great  blessing  to  him,  and 
made  him  a  scholar  and  a  man  of  eminence. 
He  graduated  in  1737  at  Harvard  college,  and  in 
the  catalogue  his  name,  in  a  class  of  thirty-four, 
is  the  lowest,  the  names  then  being  placed  ac 
cording  to  the  dignity  of  parentage  ;  yet  his  is 
the  only  name  in  the  class  which  attained  the 
dignity  of  being  printed  in  capitals.  Thus  the 
lowest  is  the  most  honorable ;  the  most  degraded 
is  the  most  dignified.  He  rose  to  distinction  as 
a  lawyer.  He  was  a  representative  of  Boston 
from  1757  to  1759,  and  ably  supported  the  rights 
of  the  colonies.  When  Governor  Pownall,  by 
whom  he  was  highly  esteemed,  was  about  to  leave 
the  province,  he  voted  to  send  him  away  honor 
ably  and  safely  in  the  province  ship,  designed 
for  the  protection  of  the  trade.  This  circum 
stance  lost  Mr.  Pratt  the  favor  of  the  merchants 
and  mechanics  of  Boston  ;  they  in  1760  chose  in 
his  stead  another  representative,  who,  it  is  said, 
•was  skilful  to  ferment  the  populace  against  his 
rival.  Truly  it  is  not  an  easy  thing,  consistently 
with  independence  and  honor,  to  retain  amidst 
various  exciting  influences  the  popular  good  will. 
Mr.  Pratt,  however,  was  not  forgotten  by  Gov. 
Pownall,  who  procured  for  him  the  appointment 
of  chief  justice  of  New  York,  in  which  station, 
though  he  retained  it  but  a  short  time,  he  was 
admired  for  his  penetration,  learning,  and  elo 
quence.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Judge  Auch- 
muty ;  he  left  a  son  and  daughter ;  the  descend 
ants  of  the  latter  live  in  Boston.  Judge  Pratt 
was  a  writer  of  poetry,  a  specimen  of  which  is 
preserved  by  Mr.  Knapp.  He  also  collected 
materials  for  a  history  of  New  England.  No  man 
in  his  day  wrote  in  a  better  style.  —  Knapp 's 
Biog.  Sketches,  163-174. 

PRATT,  EPHRAIM,  died  in  Shutesbury,  Mass., 
May  22,  1804,  aged  116.  The  grandson  of  John 
P.,  of  Plymouth  in  1620,  he  was  born  at  Sudbury 
Nov.  1,  1687.  At  the  age  of  twenty-one  he  mar 
ried  Martha  Wheelock,  and  before  his  death  he 
could  number  among  his  descendants  about  fifteen 
hundred  persons.  In  the  year  1801  four  of  his 
sons  were  living,  the  eldest  of  whom  was  ninety 
years  of  age,  and  the  youngest  82.  Michael 
Pratt,  his  son,  died  at  S.  in  December,  1826,  aged 
103  years.  He  was  always  remarkable  for  tem 
perance.  For  the  last  sixty  years  he  had  tasted 


no  wine  nor  any  distilled  spirits,  and  he  was 
never  intoxicated  in  his  life.  His  drink  was  wa 
ter,  small  beer,  and  cider.  Living  mostly  on 
bread  and  milk,  for  forty  years  before  his  death 
he  did  not  eat  any  animal  food.  Such  Avas  his 
uniform  health,  that  before  1801  he  had  never 
consulted  a  physician.  He  swung  a  scythe  101 
years. 

PRATT,  LEVI,  minister  of  Medford,  Mass., 
died  in  1837,  aged  36.  He  graduated  at  Am- 
herst  in  1826. 

PRATT,  HORACE  S.,  professor  of  rhetoric  in 
the  university  of  Alabama,  died  at  Tuscaloosa  in 
1840,  aged  45.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1817. 

PRATT,  BENJAMIN,  deacon,  died  in  Reading, 
Mass.,  in  1843,  aged  84.  He  fought  at  Bunker 
Hill  in  1775;  and  he  died  during  the  celebration 
at  Bunker  Hill  in  1843. 

PRATT,  ALLEN,  second  minister  of  West 
moreland,  N.  II.,  died  in  1843,  aged  77.  Born 
in  East  Bridgewater,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1785.  He  succeeded  W.  Goddard,  who  was  or 
dained  in  1764  ;  he  was  settled  in  1790,  and  over 
a  second  church  in  1827. 

PRATZ,  LE  PAGE  DU,  published  histoire  de 
Louisiane,  3  vols.,  12mov  1758. 

PRAY,  RUTULIUS  II.,  died  at  Pearlington,  Miss., 
in  1840,  aged  45,  judge  of  the  high  court  of 
errors.  He  was  an  eminent  lawyer  and  an  up 
right  judge. 

PREBLE,  EDWARD,  commodore  in  the  Amer 
ican  navy,  died  Aug.  25,  1807,  aged  46.  He  was 
a  descendant  of  Abraham  P.,  who  lived  in  Scitu- 
ate  in  1637  and  removed  to  Kittery  ;  was  the  son 
of  Brigadier-General  Jedidiah  P.,  who  died  at 
Portland,  Me.,  in  March,  1784,  aged  77,  and  was 
born  in  August,  1761.  About  the  year  1779  he 
served  as  a  midshipman  under  Captain  Williams, 
and  in  a  short  time  was  promoted  to  a  lieuten 
ancy  on  board  the  sloop-of-war  commanded  by 
Capt.  Little,  with  whom  he  continued  till  the 
peace  in  1783.  In  this  station  he  performed  a 
brilliant  action.  He  boarded  and  captured  with 
a  few  men  a  vessel  of  more  than  equal  force  lying 
in  the  harbor  of  Penobscot,  under  a  furious  can 
nonade  from  the  battery  and  an  incessant  fire  of 
the  troops.  In  1801  he  had  the  command  of 
the  frigate  Essex,  in  which  he  performed  a  voyage 
to  the  East  Indies  for  the  protection  of  our  trade. 
In  1803  he  was  appointed  commodore  with  a 
squadron  of  seven  sail,  and  he  soon  made  his 
passage  to  the  Mediterranean  with  the  design  of 
humbling  the  Tripolitan  barbarians.  He  first 
took  such  measures  with  regard  to  the  Emperor 
of  Morocco  as  led  to  a  peace.  He  next,  after 
the  loss  of  the  frigate  Philadelphia,  procured  a 
number  of  gun-boats  of  the  King  of  Naples,  and 
proceeded  to  the  attack  of  Tripoli.  The  Phila 
delphia  was  burned  by  Decatur,  but  the  place 
was  not  taken.  The  bravery  exhibited  had,  how- 


PREBLE. 


PRENTISS. 


677 


ever,  its  effect,  for  a  peace  was  afterwards  ob 
tained  on  honorable  terms.  Such  was  the  good 
conduct  of  Commodore  Treble,  that  it  extorted 
praise  from  the  Bashaw  of  Tripoli,  and  even  the 
Pope  of  Home  declared  that  he  had  done  more 
towards  humbling  the  anti-christian  barbarians  on 
that  coast,  than  all  the  Christian  States  had  ever 
done. 

PREBLE,  ENOCH,  captain,  died  at  Portland 
Sept.  28,  1842,  aged  79.  lie  was  many  years 
president  of  the  marine  society,  and  a  respected 
citizen,  —  the  son  of  Brigadier-General  Jedidiah 
P.,  and  the  brother  of  Commodore  Edward 
Preble. 

PREBLE,  HARRIET,  Miss,  died  in  Alleghany 
city,  Feb.  5,  1854,  niece  of  Commodore  Preble, 
and  sister  of  Mrs.  Thos.  Barlow.  She  was  born 
and  educated  in  Paris,  enjoying  all  the  advantages 
of  wealth,  skilled  in  French,  English,  and  Italian 
literature.  She  lived  in  America  perhaps  twenty 
years.  At  first  an  unbeliever  in  the  bible,  she 
was  converted  to  the  Christian  faith  by  reading 
Wilson's  evidences.  She  read  also  carefully  Dick's 
and  Dwight's  theology,  and  other  works.  To  a 
friend  she  lamented  the  time  spent  on  literature 
to  the  neglect  of  God's  book,  which  utters  all-im 
portant  truth.  She  and  her  mother  joined  the 
Presbyterian  church.  Her  memoirs  were  pub 
lished  by  Prof.  R.  H.  Lee. 

PRENTICE,  JOHN,  minister  of  Lancaster, 
Mass.,  died  in  1746,  aged  66.  Born  in  Newton, 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1700,  and  was  or 
dained  in  1708.  He  married  a  daughter  of  Rev. 
John  Mellen  of  Chockset  or  Sterling.  His  pre 
decessors  were  Joseph  Rawlandson,  from  1660  to 
1678 ;  John  Whiting,  from  1690  to  1697.  His 
successors  were  Timothy  Harrington,  Nathaniel 
Thayer.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death 
of  Rev.  R.  Breck,  1731;  before  a  court,  1731; 
the  election  sermon,  1735. 

PRENTICE,  SOLOMON,  first  minister  of  Graf- 
ton,  Mass.,  died  in  1773,  aged  about  91.  lie 
graduated  in  Harvard  in  1727  ;  was  settled  in 
1731 ;  and  dismissed  in  1747 ;  he  was  next  pas 
tor  of  Easton  from  1747  to  1754. 

PRENTICE,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Charles- 
town,  Mass.,  died  in  1782,  aged  80.  Born  in 
Cambridge,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1726 ; 
was  ordained  at  Arundel,  Me.,  in  1730,  but  the 
church  was  dispersed  in  the  Indian  war  of  1737. 
He  then  was  the  minister  of  Charlestown ;  but 
when  that  town  was  burned  by  the  British  in 
1775,  he  retired  to  Cambridge ;  but  after  three 
years  resumed  his  labors.  He  published  a  ser 
mon  at  thanksgiving  for  the  reduction  of  Cape 
Breton,  1745;  at  a  fast;  on  the  earthquake, 
1756 ;  on  the  death  of  Mrs.  A.  Cary,  1755.  — 
Sprague's  Annals. 

PRENTICE,  CALEB,  minister  of  Reading, 
Mass.,  died  in  1803,  aged  56.  Born  in  Cam 


bridge,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1765,  and  was 
settled  in  1769.  His  predecessor  was  W.  Hobby; 
his  successor,  R.  Emerson. 

PRENTICE,  CHARLES,  minister  of  South  Ca 
naan,  Conn.,  died  in  1838,  aged  59.  Born  in 
Bethlehem,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1802.  He 
published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  C.  T. 
Prentice,  1836. 

PRENTISS,  THOMAS,  captain,  of  Cambridge 
village  or  Newton,  died  in  1710,  aged  88.  He 
was  a  freeman  in  1652.  lie  did  good  service  in 
Philip's  war,  commanding  a  company  of  troops. — 
Farmer. 

PRENTISS,  THOMAS,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Med- 
field,  died  in  1814,  aged  66.  Born  in  Holliston, 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1766  ;  he  was  settled 
in  1770.  His  predecessors  were  John  Wilson, 
Joseph  Baxter,  and  J.  Townsend.  His  wife  was 
a  daughter  of  John  Scollay,  clerk  of  Boston  forty 
years ;  his  daughter,  Mary,  was  the  wife  of  Rev. 
Rufus  Hurlbut  of  Sudbury.  His  four  sons  were 
educated  at  Cambridge.  He  was  a  man  of  char 
acter,  and  influence,  and  of  zeal  to  do  good.  He 
was  a  leader  in  the  temperance  reform  :  he  made 
successful  efforts  to  establish  in  M.  a  large  pub 
lic  library.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordi 
nation  of  S.  Wright,  1785  ;  of  P.  Clarke,  1793  ; 
of  T.  Mason,  1799 ;  on  the  death  of  J.  Haven, 
1803 ;  on  the  duty  of  brethren  ;  on  American  in 
dependence  ;  on  idleness  ;  religion  and  morality  ; 
Christians  cautioned  ;  on  strengthening  evil  doers  ; 
fast  sermon;  to  society  for  Christian  knowledge. — 
Sprague's  Annals. 

PRENTISS,  THOMAS,  Unitarian  minister  in 
Charlestown,  Mass.,  died  in  1817,  in  the  year  of 
his  settlement,  aged  25.  The  son  of  Rev.  Dr.  P. 
of  Medfield,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1811. 
It  is  an  almost  unparalleled  instance  of  the  early 
death  of  a  minister.  Yet  J.  Paine,  pastor  of  the 
same  church,  died  in  1788,  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
four,  after  having  been  the  pastor  a  little  more 
than  one  year. 

PRENTISS,  SAMUEL,  Dr.,  died  in  Northfield, 
Mass.,  in  1818,  aged  59.  He  was  the  son  of 
Colonel  Samuel  P.,  of  the  Revolutionary  army, 
and  was  born  in  Stonington,  Conn.  He  studied 
with  Dr.  Philip  Turner  of  Norwich,  an  excellent 
surgeon,  and  served  in  the  war ;  then  settled  at 
Worcester,  whence  he  removed  to  Northfield ; 
and  there  his  practice  as  a  surgeon  was  extensive 
for  twenty  years.  Of  his  four  sons,  Samuel  was 
a  judge  in  Vermont,  and  John  II.  of  Coopers- 
town  was  twice  a  member  of  congress.  —  Wil 
liams'  Med.  Biog. 

PRENTISS,  CHARLES,  an  editor,  died  at  Brim- 
field,  Mass.,  in  1820.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1795.  He  edited  a  paper  in  Baltimore,  and 
the  Washington  Federalist ;  and  had  reputation 
for  his  writings.  He  published  a  poem  at  Brook- 
field,  also  a  satire,  and  New  England  freedom ; 


678 


PRENTISS. 


PRESCOTT. 


poems,  1813  ;  trial  of  Calvin  and  Hopkins,  1819; 
history  of  United  States,  12mo. ;  life  of  Eaton ; 
the  thistle. 

PHEXTISS,  JOSHUA,  died  at  Marblehead  in 
1837,  aged  93,  an  officer  of  the  Revolution. 

PHEXTISS,  SERGEANT  S.,  died  near  Natchez, 
July  1,  1850,  aged  40.  Born  in  Portland,  the 
brother  of  Ilev.  Dr.  P.  of  New  York,  he  gradu 
ated  at  Bowdoin  college  in  1826.  He  went  to 
the  West  and  became  a  distinguished  lawyer  at 
Vicksburg.  Gaining  a  suit  involving  a  valuable 
portion  of  the  city,  he  won  not  only  a  high  rep 
utation  but  a  grand  fee,  which  made  him  a  very 
rich  man.  He  was  of  brilliant  eloquence  as  a 
stump  orator,  and  also  in  congress.  Becoming 
embarrassed  in  his  affairs,  he  removed  to  New 
Orleans.  He  was  admired  for  his  talents  and 
brilliant  imagination,  and  for  his  social  qualities 
and  virtues  endeared  to  his  friends.  A  memoir, 
edited  by  his  brother,  was  published  by  Scribner, 
New  York,  2  vols.,  1855. 

PRENTISS,  NATHANIEL  SHEPHERD,  a  phy 
sician,  died  at  West  Cambridge  in  1853,  aged  87. 
He  was  born  in  Cambridge  Aug.  7,  1766,  was 
graduated  in  1787,  and  practised  twelve  years  in 
Marlborough.  He  was  afterwards  the  teacher  of 
the  Latin  school  in  Roxbury  eight  years,  and  was 
town  clerk  thirty  years.  He  was  a  benefactor  of 
the  athenseum  of  R. 

PRENTISS,  SAMUEL,  LL.  D.,  judge  of  the 
district  court  of  Vermont,  died  at  Montpelier 
Jan.  15,  1857.  The  son  of  Dr.  Samuel  P.,  he 
was  many  years  a  senator  of  the  United  States, 
and  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Vermont. 

PRESCOTT,  BENJAMIN,  a  councillor,  died  at 
Groton,  Mass.,  in  1738,  aged  42.  He  was  de 
scended  from  John,  who  lived  in  Watertown  in 
1641.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Thomas  Oliver 
of  Cambridge,  a  member  of  the  council.  His 
sons  were  distinguished  men,  Oliver,  James,  and 
William. 

PRESCOTT,  BENJAMIN,  minister  of  Danvers, 
died  May  28,  1777,  aged  89.  The  son  of  Jona 
than  of  Concord,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1709;  was  ordained  in  1713;  and  resigned  his 
charge  in  1756.  He  published  a  letter  to  the 
Salem  church,  1735  ;  one  to  J.  Gee,  1743 ;  to 
George  Whitefield,  1745  ;  on  the  controversy  be 
tween  Britain  and  the  colonies,  1768.  — Sprague's 
Annals. 

PRESCOTT,  WILLIAM,  colonel,  a  soldier  of 
the  Revolution,  died  Oct.  13,  1795,  aged  70.  He 
was  born  at  Groton,  Mass.,  in  1725  ;  his  father 
was  Benjamin  P.,  a  councillor ;  his  mother  was  a 
daughter  of  Thomas  Oliver,  also  a  councillor. 
He  inherited  a  large  estate,  and  resided  at  Pep- 
perell.  Under  Winslow  he  assisted  in  the  con 
quest  of  Nova  Scotia.  His  military  talents  being 
of  a  high  order,  he  was  intrusted  with  the  com 
mand  of  the  troops  who  threw  up  the  fortifica 


tion  at  Bunker  Hill  ip  the  evening  of  June  16, 
1775.  In  the  battle  of  the  17th  he  was  greatly 
distinguished.  Colonel  Swett  has  described  his 
exertions  on  that  day.  He  accompanied  Wash 
ington  to  New  York,  and  he  served  with  Gates  in 
the  capture  of  Burgoyne.  His  brother  James,  a 
councillor,  high  sheriff  of  Middlesex,  and  chief 
justice  of  the  common  pleas,  died  Feb.  15,  1800. 

PRESCOTT,  OLIVER,  M.  I).,  a  physician, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  died  Nov.  17,  1804, 
aged  73.  He  was  born  April  27,  1731,  and  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  college  in  1750.  Dr.  Thacher 
relates,  that  he  was  accustomed  to  sleep  on  horse 
back,  while  his  horse  proceeded  at  the  usual  pace. 
He  was  not  only  a  physician  of  great  eminence 
and  usefulness,  but  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution, 
being  about  1776  brigadier-general  of  the  militia, 
and  as  such  rendering  important  services,  while  the 
British  occupied  Boston.  From  1777  to  1779  he 
was  a  member  of  the  council,  during  which  pe 
riod  there  was  no  governor  nor  lieutenant-gover 
nor.  From  1779  till  his  death  he  was  judge  of 
probate.  He  died  at  Groton  of  a  dropsy  in  the 
chest.  His  son,  James,  succeeded  him  as  judge 
of  probate.  One  of  his  daughters  married  Tim 
othy  Bigelow.  He  was  tall  and  corpulent.  The 
versatility  of  his  powers  was  remarkable.  He 
early  made  a  profession  of  religion,  and  was  al 
ways  an  influential  member  of  the  church  at 
Groton.  —  Thacher. 

PRESCOTT,  ABEL,  Dr.,  died  in  Concord,  Mass., 
in  1805,  aged  88.  He  had  been  an  eminent  phy 
sician. 

PRESCOTT,  OLIVER,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  son 
of  Dr.  Oliver  P.,  was  born  April  4,  1762  ;  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1783  ;  studied 
physic  with  Dr.  Lloyd,  and  settled  at  Groton, 
where  he  had  extensive  practice.  In  1811  he 
removed  to  Newburyport,  where  he  died  of  the 
typhus  fever,  Sept.  26,  1827,  aged  65.  He  was 
an  eminent  physician,  and  he  early  made  a  pro 
fession  of  his  Christian  faith.  He  published  va 
rious  articles  in  the  New  England  journal  of 
medicine ;  also  a  dissertation  on  ergot,  which 
was  reprinted  in  London,  and  in  France  and 
Germany. —  Thacher. 

PRESCOTT,  WILLIAM,  M.  D.,  died  in  Lynn 
in  1844,  aged  about  81.  He  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1783. 

PRESCOTT,  WILLIAM,  judge,  died  in  Boston 
Dec.  8,  1844,  aged  82.  He  was  born  in  Pepper- 
ell,  descended  from  ancestors  who  came  to 
America  about  1640.  His  father,  Col.  Wm.  Prcs- 
cott,  commanded  at  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill. 
Prepared  for  college  by  Master  Moody,  he  grad 
uated  in  1783.  For  two  years  he  taught  school 
in  Beverly,  and  there  studied  law  with  Mr.  Dane. 
At  Salem  he  married  the  daughter  of  Mr.  I  lick- 
ling,  consul  at  St.  Michael's.  Such  was  his  emi 
nence  as  a  lawyer,  that  he  was  twice  offered  a  seat 


PRESCOTT. 

on  the  bench  of  the  supreme  court.  From  Sa 
lem  he  removed  to  Boston  in  1808.  In  1814  he 
was  a  member  of  the  Hartford  convention.  For 
a  year  he  was  judge  of  the  court  of  common 
pleas.  After  forty  years  he  retired  from  practice, 
being  then  at  the  head  of  the  bar  in  Massachu 
setts.  For  the  last  sixteen  years  he  lived  quietly 
in  retirement.  His  widow,  the  mother  of  Mr. 
Prescott  the  historian,  died  in  Boston  May  17, 
1852,  aged  84. 

PllESCOTT,  AARON,  a  lawyer  of  peculiar  and 
memorable  benevolence,  died  in  llandolph,  Mass., 
Nov.  24,  1851,  aged  G4.  Born  in  Westford,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1814.  He  was  hon 
est  and  exemplary.  He  had  no  son ;  yet  the 
education  of  youth  engrossed  his  thoughts.  He 
purchased  a  large  and  valuable  library  for  chil 
dren  and  youth,  and  kept  it  at  his  office ;  and, 
acting  as  librarian,  loaned  the  books  gratuitously. 
—  Boston  Advertiser,  Dec.  3,  1851. 

PllESCOTT,  JOSEPH,  Dr.,  died  at  Halifax, 
N.  S.,  in  1852,  aged  90.  He  was  a  physician  in 
the  Revolutionary  army. 

PHESTON,  JOHN,  Dr.,  the  first  physician  of 
New  Ipswich,  N.  II.,  died  in  1803,  aged  64.  lie 
was  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution  ;  a  member  of  the 
general  court,  and  a  magistrate ;  and  eminent  in 
his  profession.  Perhaps  his  son  was  Dr.  John 
Preston,  a  graduate  of  Dartmouth  in  1791,  and 
who  died  in  1828. 

PRESTON,  FRANCIS,  general,  died  at  Colum 
bia,  S.  C.,  in  1835,  aged  70.  He  was  in  congress 
from  1793  to  1797. 

PRESTON,  WILLIAM,  died  at  Rumney,  N.  II., 
in  1842,  aged  87;  a  Revolutionary  pensioner,  one 
of  the  first  settlers  of  the  town,  and  its  represent 
ative  in  the  general  court. 

PRESTON,  JAMES  P.,  colonel,  governor  of  Va., 
died  at  Smithfield  in  1843,  aged  68.  Wounded 
at  Chrystler's  field  in  the  war  of  1812,  he  was 
maimed  for  life. 

PRESTON,  AMARIAH,  Dr.,  a  remarkable  man, 
died  at  the  house  of  his  son  in  Lexington,  Mass., 
Oct.  29,  1853,  aged  nearly  95.  His  father  died 
at  the  age  of  95  in  Connecticut.  Pie  was  born 
in  Uxbridge,  and  enlisted  in  the  army  in  1777 
for  three  years ;  then  studied  medicine  with  Dr. 
Jabe/  Brown  of  Wilmington ;  afterwards  practised 
physic  forty  years  in  Bedford.  In  his  old  age,  in 
consequence  of  an  indorsement,  he  lost  his  house 
and  all  his  property ;  his  wife  died,  and  other  af 
flictions  came  upon  him.  His  business  failed; 
and  in  1832  he  removed  to  Plymouth,  where  his 
son  Dr.  Ilervcy  N.  Preston  lived.  But  his  son 
died  in  1837,  when,  in  poverty,  the  old  man  of 
eighty  resolved  to  commence  life  anew.  Selling 
some  furniture,  he  provided  for  his  board  for  one 
month,  and  entered  again  upon  the  medical  prac 
tice,  which  soon  became  lucrative,  so  that  he  laid 
up  3,000  or  4,000  dollars,  and  again  retired. 


PRICE. 


079 


Such  enterprise  in  an  old  man  has  seldom  been  wit 
nessed  ;  even  in  his  last  years  he  worked  with  his 
hands,  being  an  ingenious  mechanic.  As  a  Chris 
tian  he  was  eminent ;  a  zealous  professor  during 
the  ministry  of  Mr.  Stearns  in  Bedford,  he  died 
a  member  of  the  church  in  Plymouth.  To  a 
friend  he  said :  "  You  mean  to  be  a  good  man, 
but  you  are  deluded ;  you  can  never  get  to  heaven 
except  through  the  blood  of  Christ;  you  must 
have  repentance  and  you  must  have  faith."  His 
own  end  was  peace. 

PRESTON,  WILLARD,  D.  D.,  president  of 
Vermont  university,  died  at  Savannah  suddenly 
of  a  paralysis  of  the  heart,  April  26,  1856,  aged 
nearly  71.  Born  in  Uxbridge,  he  graduated  at 
Brown  university  in  1806,  and  practised  law  in 
Providence.  He  was  then  the  minister  of  the 
third  church  in  P.  from  1816  to  1820  ;  next  of  St. 
Albans,  and  president  of  the  university.  He 
removed  to  Georgia  in  1829.  In  1831  lie  became 
pastor  of  an  Independent  church  in  Savannah,  in 
which  office  he  continued  till  his  death.  He  was 
a  faithful  and  excellent  minister.  Fearlessly  he 
remained  with  his  people  during  the  scourge  of 
the  yellow  fever  in  1854,  visiting  the  sick  and 
afflicted, —  even  the  dark  night  saw  him  with  a 
lantern  in  his  hand  on  his  errand  of  mercy. 
Ministers  of  various  denominations  attended  his 
funeral.  He  published  a  farewell  sermon  at  St. 
Albans,  1815;  a  sermon  at  Brooklyn,  1817. 

PRICE,  ROGER,  Episcopal  minister  in  Boston, 
was  rector  of  King's  chapel  from  1729  to  1746. 
S.  Myles  was  his  predecessor ;  Dr.  II.  Caner  suc 
ceeded  him. 

PRICE,  RICHARD,  D.  D.,  a  friend  of  American 
liberty,  was  born  in  Wales,  Feb.  22,  1723,  the  son 
of  a  Calvinistic  minister.  He  was  educated  at  an 
academy  near  London.  In  1757  he  became  the 
pastor  of  a  dissenting  congregation  at  Ncwington 
Green,  and  in  1769  the  pastor  at  Hackney.  In 
his  religious  sentiments  he  was  an  Arian.  He 
died  March  19,  1791,  aged  67.  His  nephew, 
AVilliam  Morgan,  wrote  his  life  and  described  his 
excellent  character.  lie  published  a  review  of 
the  principal  questions  in  morals  ;  four  disserta 
tions  ;  observations  on  annuities,  etc. ;  discussion 
concerning  materialism  and  necessity,  in  a  corre 
spondence  with  Dr.  Priestley ;  two  volumes  of 
sermons.  His  works,  which  procured  for  him 
great  respect  in  America,  were  observations  on 
civil  liberty  and  the  justice  of  the  war  with 
America,  1776;  additional  observations,  1777; 
importance  of  the  American  Revolution  and  the 
means  of  making  it  useful  to  the  world,  1784. 

PRICE,  JONATHAN  D.,  a  physician  and  a  Bap 
tist  missionary  to  Burmah,  died  Feb.  14,  1828. 
He  was  ordained  in  Philadelphia  May  20,  1821. 
lie  arrived  early  in  the  next  year  at  Rangoon, 
where  his  wife  died  May  2d.  When  lus  medical 
character  was  known  at  court,  he  was  ordered  by 


G80 


PRICE. 


PRIESTLEY. 


the  king  to  repair  to  Ava,  where  he  was  intro 
duced  to  the  king,  who  gave  him  a  house.  When 
the  British  invaded  Burmah,  he  and  Mr.  Judson 
were  thrown  into  prison,  June  8,  1824.  He  was 
confined  and  subject  to  dreadful  sufferings  till 
Feb.  or  March,  182G,  when  he  was  released,  and 
employed  to  negotiate  a  treaty  with  the  British, 
who  had  advanced  near  to  the  capital.  After  the 
war  he  resided  at  Ava,  in  the  favor  of  the  em 
peror  ;  he  engaged  in  the  tuition  of  several  schol 
ars;  and  by  his  lectures  hoped  to  shake  the 
foundation  of  Boodhism.  But  he  fell  a  victim  to 
a  pulmonary  consumption. 

PIUCE,  JOHX,  a  minister,  died  in  Talbot  co., 
Maryland,  in  1831,  aged  75. 

PRICE,  C.  M.,  general,  died  at  Jackson,  Miss., 
Dec.  20,  1850.  He  was  ten  years  editor  of  the 
Missisippian. 

PRIDGEN,  WILLIAM,  died  in  Bladen  county, 
N.  C.,  Oct.  14,  1845,  aged  123.  He  was  a  soldier 
of  the  Revolution,  and  a  pensioner.  His  sight 
had  been  lost  for  a  few  years,  but  he  retained  his 
mental  faculties.  He  left  one  son. 

PRIEST,  DEGORY,  one  of  the  first  Plymouth 
pilgrims,  died  Jan.  1,  1621. 

PRIESTLEY,  JOSEPH,  D.  D.,  an  eminent 
philosopher  and  voluminous  writer,  died  Eeb. 
6,  1804,  aged  70.  He  was  born  at  Fieldhead,  in 
Yorkshire,  England,  March  24,  1733.  His  father 
was  a  cloth-dresser.  At  the  age  of  nineteen  he 
had  acquired  in  the  schools  to  which  he  had  been 
sent,  and  by  the  aid  of  private  instruction,  a  good 
knowledge  of  Greek,  Latin,  and  Hebrew,  French, 
Italian,  and  German ;  he  had  also  begun  to  read 
Arabic,  and  learned  Chaldee  and  Syriac.  With 
these  attainments  and  others  in  mathematics, 
natural  philosophy,  and  morals,  he  entered  the 
academy  of  Daventry  under  Dr.  Ashworth  in 
1752,  with  a  view  to  the  Christian  ministry.  Here 
he  spent  three  years.  The  students  were  referred 
to  books  on  both  sides  of  every  question,  and  re 
quired  to  abridge  the  most  important  works. 
The  tutors,  Mr.  Ashworth  and  Mr.  Clark,  being 
of  different  opinions,  and  the  students  being 
divided,  subjects  of  dispute  were  continually  dis 
cussed.  He  had  been  educated  in  Calvinism, 
and  in  early  life  he  suffered  great  distress  from 
not  finding  satisfactory  evidence  of  the  renova 
tion  of  his  mind  by  the  Spirit  of  God.  He  had 
a  great  aversion  to  plays  and  romances.  He  at 
tended  a  weekly  meeting  of  young  men  for  con 
versation  and  prayer.  But,  before  he  went  to  the 
academy,  he  became  an  Arminian,  though  he  re 
tained  the  doctrine  of  the  trinity  and  of  the 
atonement.  At  the  academy  he  embraced  Ari- 
anism.  Perusing  Hartley's  metaphysical  works, 
he  was  fixed  in  the  belief  of  the  doctrine  of  ne 
cessity.  In  1755  he  became  assistant  minister  to 
the  Independent  congregation  of  Needham  Mar 
ket  in  Suffolk,  upon  a  salary  of  forty  pounds  a 


year.  Falling  under  the  suspicion  of  Ariar.ism, 
he  became  in  1758  pastor  of  a  congregation  at 
Nantwich  in  Cheshire,  where  he  remained  three 
years,  being  not  only  minister  but  schoolmaster. 
In  1761  he  removed  to  Warrington  as  tutor  in 
the  belles  lettres  in  the  academy  there.  In  1767 
he  accepted  the  pastoral  office  at  Leeds.  Here, 
by  reading  Lardner's  letter  on  the  Logos,  he  be 
came  a  Socinian.  In  1773  he  went  to  live  with 
the  Marquis  of  Lansdowne  as  librarian,  or  literary 
companion,  with  a  salary  of  250  pounds  a  year. 
During  a  connection  of  seven  years  with  his  lord 
ship  he  visited  in  his  company  France,  Holland, 
and  some  parts  of  Germany.  He  then  became 
minister  of  Birmingham.  At  length,  when  sev 
eral  of  his  friends  celebrated  the  French  revolu 
tion,  July  14,  1791,  a  mob  collected  and  set  fire 
to  the  dissenting  meeting-houses,  and  several 
dwelling-houses  of  dissenters,  and  among  others 
to  that  of  Dr.  Priestley.  lie  lost  his  library,  and 
was  forced  to  take  refuge  in  the  metropolis.  He 
was  chosen  to  succeed  Dr.  Price  at  Hackney,  and 
was  a  lecturer  in  the  dissenting  college  of  that 
place.  But,  the  public  aversion  to  him  being 
strong,  and  his  sons  emigrating  to  the  United 
States,  he  followed  them  in  April,  1794.  He 
settled  at  Northumberland,  a  town  of  Pennsyl 
vania,  about  one  hundred  and  thirty  miles  north 
west  of  Philadelphia.  In  this  city  for  two  or 
three  winters  after  his  arrival  he  delivered  lec 
tures  on  the  evidences  of  Christianity.  He  died 
in  calmness,  and  in  the  full  vigor  of  his  mind. 
He  dictated  some  alterations  in  his  manuscripts 
half  an  hour  before  his  death.  He  was  amiable 
and  affectionate  in  the  intercourse  of  private  and 
domestic  life.  Few  men  in  modern  times  have 
written  so  much,  or  with  such  facility ;  yet  he 
seldom  spent  more  than  six  or  eight  hours  in  a 
day  in  any  labor  which  required  much  mental  ex 
ertion.  A  habit  of  regularity  extended  itself  to 
all  his  studies.  He  never  read  a  book  without 
determining  in  his  own  mind  when  he  would 
finish  it ;  and  at  the  beginning  of  every  year  he 
arranged  the  plan  of  his  literary  pursuits  and 
scientific  researches.  He  labored  under  a  great 
defect,  which,  however,  was  not  a  very  consider 
able  impediment  to  his  progress.  He  sometimes 
lost  all  ideas  both  of  persons  and  things,  with 
which  he  had  been  conversant.  He  always  did 
immediately  what  he  had  to  perform.  Though 
he  rose  early  and  dispatched  his  more  serious 
pursuits  in  the  morning ;  yet  he  was  as  well 
qualified  for  mental  exertion  at  one  time  of  the 
day  as  at  another.  All  seasons  were  equal  to 
him,  early  or  late,  before  dinner  or  after.  He 
could  also  write  without  inconvenience  by  the 
parlor  fire  with  his  wife  and  children  about  him, 
and  occasionally  talking  to  them.  In  his  family 
he  ever  maintained  the  worship  of  God.  As  a 
schoolmaster  and  professor  he  was  indefatigable. 


PRIESTLEY. 

With  respect  to  his  religious  sentiments  Us 
mind  underwent  a  number  of  revolutions ;  but  he 
died  in  the  Socinian  faith,  which  he  had  many 
years  supported.  He  possesses  a  high  reputa 
tion  as  a  philosopher,  particularly  as  a  chemist. 
Commencing  his  chemical  career  in  1772,  he  did 
more  for  chemistry  in  two  years  than  had  been 
done  by  any  of  his  predecessors.  He  discovered 
the  existence  of  vital  or  dephlogisticated  air,  the 
oxygen  gas  of  the  French  nomenclature,  and 
other  kinds  of  aeriform  fluids.  He  always  ad 
hered  to  the  old  doctrine  of  Stahl  respecting 
phlogiston,  though  the  whole  scientific  world  had 
rejected  it.  But  his  versatile  mind  could  not  be 
confined  to  one  subject.  He  was  not  only  a 
chemist,  but  an  eminent  metaphysician.  He  was 
a  materialist  and  necessarian.  He  maintained 
that  all  volitions  are  the  necessary  result  of  pre 
vious  circumstances,  the  will  being  always  gov 
erned  by  motives ;  and  yet  he  opposed  the  Cal- 
vinistic  doctrine  of  predestination.  The  basis  of 
his  necessarian  theory  was  Hartley's  observations 
on  man.  The  chart  of  history  used  in  France 
was  much  improved  by  him,  and  he  invented 
the  chart  of  biography,  which  is  very  useful.  Of 
his  numerous  publications  the  following  are  the 
principal:  a  treatise  on  English  grammar,  17G1; 
on  the  doctrine  of  remission  ;  history  of  elec 
tricity,  17G7;  history  of  vision,  light,  and  colors  ; 
introduction  to  perspective,  1770 ;  harmony  of 
the  evangelists ;  address  to  masters  of  families 
on  prayer ;  experiments  on  air,  4  vols. ;  obser 
vations  on  education  ;  lectures  on  oratory  and 
criticism ;  institutes  of  natural  and  revealed  re 
ligion  ;  a  reply  to  the  Scotch  metaphysicians, 
Reid,  Oswald,  and  Bcattie  ;  disquisitions  on  mat 
ter  and  spirit,  1777  ;  history  of  the  corruptions 
of  Christianity ;  letters  to  Bishop  Newcome  on 
the  duration  of  Christ's  ministry;  correspondence 
with  Dr.  Horseley ;  history  of  early  opinions 
concerning  Jesus  Christ,  4  vols.,  1786 ;  lectures 
on  history  and  general  policy  ;  answers  to  Paine 
and  Volney ;  several  pieces  on  the  doctrine  of 
necessity,  in  the  controversy  with  Dr.  Price  ;  dis 
courses  on  the  evidences  of  revealed  religion, 
3  vols. ;  letters  to  a  philosophical  unbeliever ; 
discourses  on  various  subjects.  He  also  wrote 
many  defences  of  Unitarianism  and  contributed 
largely  to  the  theological  repository.  After  his 
arrival  in  this  country  he  published  a  comparison 
of  the  institutions  of  the  Mosaic  religion  with 
those  of  the  Hindoos  ;  Jesus  and  Socrates  com 
pared  ;  several  tracts  against  Dr.  Linn,  who  wrote 
against  the  preceding  pamphlet;  notes  on  the 
Scriptures,  4  vols.  ;  history  of  the  Christian 
church,  6  vols.  ;  several  pamphlets  on  philo 
sophical  subjects,  and  in  defence  of  the  doctrine 
of  phlogiston.  Dr.  Priestley's  life  was  published 
in  1806  in  two  volumes.  The  memoirs  were 
written  by  himself  to  the  year  1787,  and  a  short 
8G 


PRINCE. 


G81 


continuation   by   his   own  hand  brings   them  to 
179,3. 

PRIME,  EIJEXKZEK,  minister  of  Huntington, 
Long  Island,  sixty  years,  died  in  1779,  aged  79. 
He  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1718.  He  was 
the  grandfather  of  X.  S.  Prime. 

PRIME,  NATHANIEL  SCUDDER,  D.  D.,  died  at 
Mamaroneck,  near  New  York,  March  27,  1856, 
aged  70.  He  was  buried  at  the  cemetery  of  the 
evergreens.  He  was  a  native  of  Iluntington, 
L.  I.,  where  his  father,  Benjamin  Young  Prime, 
M.  D.,  was  a  very  distinguished  physician  and 
scholar.  For  fourteen  years  he  was  the  minister 
of  the  church  of  Cambridge,  N.  Y.  His  sister, 
relict  of  S.  J.  Wetmore,  died  May  20, 1841,  aged 
77,  in  New  York.  Dr.  P.  had  the  happiness  of 
being  the  father  of  worthy  sons,  two  of  them 
ministers  and  one  the  principal  editor  of  the  New 
York  Observer  ;  one  a  physician  ;  and  one  a  law 
yer  now  travelling  in  the  east ;  and  a  daughter 
married  to  A.  P.  Cummings,  one  of  the  editors 
of  the  New  York  Observer.  He  published  the 
history  of  Long  Island,  an  elaborate  work. 

PRIME,  NATHANIEL,  an  eminent  merchant  in 
New  York,  of  the  house  of  Prime,  Ward,  King 
and  Co.,  died  on  the  shore  of  East  River  in  1840. 

PRINCE,  THOMAS,  governor  of  Plymouth 
colony,  died  at  Plymouth  March  29,  1673,  aged 
72.  He  was  a  native  of  England,  and  arrived  at 
Plymouth  in  1621;  he  wrote  his  name  Prence. 
He  was  first  chosen  governor  in  1634.  Being 
appointed  an  assistant  the  next  year,  he  con 
tinued  in  this  office,  except  in  the  year  1638, 
when  he  was  chosen  governor,  till  the  death  of 
Mr.  Bradford  in  16J7.  At  this  time,  as  a  dispo 
sition  prevailed  in  the  colony  to  discountenance 
regular  ministers  by  giving  the  preference  to  the 
gifts  of  the  private  brethren,  it  was  thought  that 
his  re-election  to  the  office  of  governor  would 
prevent  the  church  from  being  overwhelmed  with 
ignorance,  and  it  proved  highly  beneficial  to  the 
interests  of  religion.  He  was  governor  from 
16*37  to  1672.  He  had  been  living  at  Nauset  or 
Eastham,  of  which  town  he  was  one  of  the  first 
planters  in  1644 ;  but  after  being  chosen  gov 
ernor  he  removed  to  Plymouth.  He  was  suc 
ceeded  by  Mr.  Winslow.  His  second  wife,  mar 
ried  in  163o,  was  Mary  Collier,  whose  sister  Eliza 
beth  married  Constant  Southworth ;  his  third 
wife  was  Mary,  the  widow  of  Samuel  Freeman, 
whom  he  married  in  1662.  lie  was  a  man  of 
great  worth  and  piety,  and  eminently  qualified 
for  his  station.  Strict  in  his  religious  opinions, 
he  zealously  opposed  those  whom  he  believed  to 
be  heretics,  particularly  the  Quakers.  As  a 
magistrate,  such  was  his  care  to  be  impartial,  that 
if  any  person  who  had  a  cause  in  court  sent  a 
present  to  his  family  during  his  absence,  he  im 
mediately  on  being  informed  of  it  returned  its 
value  in  money.  Though  his  abilities  had  not 


682 


PRINCE. 


PRINCE. 


been  much  improved  by  education,  he  was  the 
friend  of  learning.  In  opposition  to  the  clamors 
of  the  ignorant  he  procured  revenues  for  the  sup 
port  of  grammar  schools  in  the  colony.  —  Mag- 
nalia,  II.  6,  7. 

PRINCE,  THOMAS,  minister  in  Boston,  died 
Oct.  22,  1758,  aged  71.  He  was  the  fourth  son 
of  Samuel  Prince  of  Sandwich,  and  grandson  of 
Elder  John  Prince  of  Hull,  who  came  to  this 
country  in  1633,  and  was  the  son  of  Rev.  John 
P.  of  East  Sheftbrd  in  Berkshire.  He  was  born 
at  Sandwich  -May  15,  1687,  and  was  graduated  I 
at  Harvard  college  in  1707.  Having  determined  j 
to  visit  Europe,  he  sailed  for  England  April  1, 
1709.  For  some  years  he  preached  at  Combs  in 
Suffolk,  where  he  was  earnestly  invited  to  con 
tinue,  but  his  attachment  to  his  native  country 
was  too  strong  to  be  resisted.  He  arrived  at 
Boston  July  20,  1717,  and  was  ordained  pastor 
of  the  old  south  church,  as  colleague  with  Dr. 
Sewall,  his  classmate,  Oct.  1,  1718.  In  this  sta 
tion  his  fine  genius,  improved  by  diligent  study, 
polished  by  an  extensive  acquaintance  with  man 
kind,  and  employed  to  the  noblest  purposes  of 
life,  rendered  him  an  ornament  to  his  profession, 
and  a  rich  blessing  to  the  church.  In  his  last 
sickness  he  expressed  a  deep  sense  of  his  sinful- 
ness,  and  a  desire  of  better  evidence  that  he  was 
fit  to  dwell  in  heaven.  When  his  speech  failed 
him,  as  he  was  asked  whether  he  was  submissive 
to  the  Divine  will,  and  could  commit  his  soul  to 
the  care  of  Jesus,  he  lifted  up  his  hand  to  express 
his  resignation,  and  confidence  in  the  Saviour. 
From  his  youth  he  had  been  influenced  by  the 
fear  of  God.  He  was  an  eminent  preacher,  for 
his  sermons  were  rich  in  thought,  perspicuous 
and  devotional,  and  he  inculcated  the  doctrines 
and  duties  of  religion  as  one  who  felt  their  im 
portance.  The  original  languages,  in  which  the 
Scriptures  were  written,  were  familiar  to  him.  In 
the  opinion  of  Dr.  Chauncy  no  one  in  New  Eng 
land  had  more  learning,  except  Cotton  Mather. 
Firmly  attached  to  the  faith  once  delivered  to 
the  saints,  he  was  zealous  for  the  honor  of  his 
Divine  Master.  He  was  anxious  to  preserve  suit 
able  discipline  in  the  church,  that  those  who  had 
been  guilty  of  open  sins  might  be  reclaimed, 
and  that  the  name  of  Christian  might  be  pre 
served  from  reproach.  He  mourned  over  the 
degeneracy  of  the  New  England  churches  both 
in  doctrine  and  practice.  When  Mr.  Whitefield 
visited  this  country  in  1740,  Mr.  Prince  received 
him  with  open  arms,  and  was  always  his  friend. 
He  always  respected  that  Christian  benevolence, 
which  animated  the  eloquent  itinerant ;  and  he 
was  grateful  for  those  labors  which  were  so  emi 
nently  useful  to  his  people  and  the  town  of  Bos 
ton.  In  private  life  he  was  amiable  and  exem 
plary.  It  was  his  constant  endeavor  to  imitate 
the  perfect  example  of  his  Master  and  Lord. 


He  was  ready  to  forgive  injuries,  and  return  good 
for  evil.  By  the  grace  of  God  he  was  enabled 
to  preserve  a  calmness  of  mind  under  very  trying 
events.  When  heavy  afflictions  were  laid  upon 
him,  he  displayed  exemplary  submission  to  the 
will  of  God.  Though  he  was  a  learned  man,  and 
was  uncommonly  diligent  in  study,  yet  he  relished 
the  comforts  and  faithfully  discharged  the  duties 
of  domestic  life.  It  was  no  small  part  of  his 
labor  to  impress  on  his  children  a  sense  of  reli 
gion,  and  he  had  the  happiness  of  seeing  all  his 
offspring  walking  in  the  truth.  His  wife,  Debo 
rah  Denny,  survived  him,  and  died  June  1,  1766. 
The  only  child  who  survived  him  was  Sarah,  who 
in  1759  married  Mr.  Gill,  afterwards  lieutenant- 
governor,  and  died  without  children  in  August, 
1771. 

Mr.  Prince  began  in  1703,  while  at  college,  and 
continued  more  than  fifty  years,  a  collection  of 
public  and  private  papers  relating  to  the  civil  and 
religious  history  of  New  England.  His  collec 
tion  of  manuscripts  he  left  to  the  care  of  the  old 
south  church;  and  they  were  deposited  in  an 
apartment  of  the  meeting-house,  with  a  valuable 
library  of  books  which  he  had  established,  under 
the  name  of  the  New  England  library.  But  the 
manuscripts  were  principally  destroyed  by  the 
British  during  the  war,  and  thus  many  impor 
tant  facts  relating  to  the  history  of  this  country 
are  irrecoverably  lost.  The  books  yet  remain, 
and  have  been  deposited  in  the  historical  library. 
He  published  an  account  of  the  first  appearance 
of  the  aurora  borealis  ;  a  sermon  at  thanksgiving, 
1717;  at  his  own  ordination,  1718;  an  account 
of  the  English  ministers  at  Martha's  Vineyard, 
annexed  to  Mayhew's  Indian  converts,  1727 ; 
election  sermon,  1730;  on  the  day  of  prayer  for 
the  choice  of  a  minister,  1732;  on  the  death  of 
George  I.,  1727  ;  of  Cotton  Mather,  and  Samuel 
Prince,  his  father,  1728;  a  sermon  on  the  arrival 
of  the  governor,  1728;  on  the  death  of  Samuel 
Sewall,  1730  ;  Daniel  Oliver  and  Daniel  Oliver, 
Jun.,  1732;  Mrs.  Oliver,  1735;  Mary  Belcher, 
1736;  Nathaniel  Williams,  1738;  Mrs.  Deborah 
Prince,  1744;  Thomas  Gushing,  1746;  Martha 
Stoddard,  1748;  the  Prince  of  Wales,  1751; 
Hannah  Fayerweather,  1755  ;  Edward  Bromfield 
and  Josiah  Willard,  1756;  a  chronological  his 
tory  of  New  England  in  the  form  of  annals, 
12mo.,  1736,  and  three  numbers  of  the  second 
volume  in  1755.  In  this  work  it  was  his  inten 
tion  to  give  a  summary  account  of  transactions 
and  occurrences  relating  to  this  country,  from  the 
discovery  of  Gosnold  in  1602  to  the  arrival  of 
Governor  Belcher  in  1730,  but  he  brought  the 
history  down  only  to  1633.  He  spent  much  time 
upon  the  introductory  epitome,  which  begins  at 
the  creation.  Had  he  confined  himself  to  New 
England,  and  finished  his  work,  it  would  have 
been  of  incalculable  value.  He  published  also  an 


PRINCE. 


PROUDFIT. 


G83 


account  of  the  revival  of  religion  in  Boston,  in 
the  Christian  history,  1744;  a  sermon  on  the  bat 
tle  near  Culloden,  and  the  destruction  of  the 
Marquis  D'Anville's  squadron  ;  a  thanksgiving 
sermon  on  the  taking  of  Louisburg,  1746  j  a 
thanksgiving  sermon  for  reviving  rains,  after  the 
distressing  drought,  1749 ;  the  New  England 
psalm-book  revised  and  improved,  1758.  After 
his  death,  Dr.  John  Erskine  of  Edinburgh  pub 
lished  from  his  manuscripts  six  sermons,  the  last 
of  which  was  occasioned  by  the  death  of  his  son, 
Thomas  Prince.  — Wisner's  Hist,  of  Old  South  ; 
Sprat/iie's  Annals. 

PRINCE,  THOMAS,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  Feb.  27,  1722;  graduated  at  Harvard  col 
lege  in  1740  ;  and  died  in  October,  1748,  aged 
26.  lie  died  in  Christian  peace,  as  did  also  his 
three  sisters,  Deborah,  1744;  Mercy,  1752  ;  Mrs. 
Sarah  Gill,  1771.  The  dying  exercises  of  Debo 
rah  and  devout  meditations  of  Mrs.  Gill  were 
published  at  Edinburgh,  178,3.  Mr.  P.  published 
the  Christian  history,  a  periodical  account  of  re 
ligion,  beginning  March  5,  1743,  in  2  vols.,  8vo., 
1744-1745. 

PRINCE,  NATHAN,  a  distinguished  scholar, 
the  brother  of  Rev.  Thomas  P.,  died  July  25, 
1748,  aged  about  50.  He  was  graduated  at  Har 
vard  college  in  1718.  He  was  chosen  tutor  in 
1723,  and  fellow  in  1737;  but  he  was  removed 
in  1742.  He  in  consequence  published  an  ac 
count  of  the  constitution  and  government  of  Har 
vard  college  from  its  first  foundation  in  1636  to 
the  year  1742,  in  which  he  endeavored  to  prove 
that  the  general  court  had  the  sole  power  of 
dismissing  members  of  the  corporation,  and  are 
the  only  visitors  of  the  college.  In  this  work  he 
also  complains  of  the  management  of  the  treasury, 
and  reprobates  the  injustice  which  he  believes 
was  done  in  arranging  the  students  in  the  classes, 
and  their  names  in  the  catalogue,  according  to 
the  dignity  or  worth  of  their  connections.  He 
had  before  his  removal  refused  to  assist  in  this 
arrangement.  The  alphabetical  disposition  of 
the  names  was  not  made  till  1773.  Mr.  Prince 
once  had  a  deep-rooted  aversion  to  the  Episcopal 
church ;  but  after  his  dismission  he  took  orders. 
He  died  at  Italian  in  the  West  Indies,  where  he 
was  a  minister.  He  was  a  greater  mathematician 
and  philosopher,  and  a  much  better  classical 
scholar  and  logician  than  his  brother ;  and  is 
ranked  among  the  great  men  of  this  country. 
He  published,  besides  the  book  mentioned,  an 
essay  to  solve  the  difficulties  attending  the  ac 
counts  of  the  resurrection,  1734. 

PRINCE,  JOHN,  LL.  I).,  died  in  Salem  June 
7,  1836,  aged  85.  Born  in  Boston  July  22, 1751, 
he  graduated  in  1776,  and  was  ordained  as  the 
minister  of  the  first  church  in  Salem  in  1779,  so 
that  he  was  pastor  more  than  fifty-six  years.  lie 
possessed  an  uncommon  knowledge  of  natural 


and  mechanical  philosophy.  He  made  improve 
ments  in  the  air-pump.  A  memoir  by  C.  W.  Up- 
ham  is  in  hist,  coll.,  3d  series,  vol.  5.  He  be 
queathed  a  library  of  four  hundred  and  fifty  vols. 
to  the  use  of  the  ministers  of  his  church.  He 
published  a  fast  sermon,  1798;  to  charitable  so 
ciety,  1806  ;  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Barnard,  1814; 
before  the  bible  society,  1816. 

PRINCE,  OLIVER  H.,  died  Oct.  9,  1837  ;  lost 
with  one  hundred  others  in  the  wreck  of  the 
steamboat  Home,  near  Ocracocke.  He  had  been 
a  member  of  the  United  States  senate  from  Geor 
gia.  He  was  at  Boston  during  the  summer,  edit 
ing  the  laws  of  Georgia,  then  in  the  press. 

PRINCE,  WILLIAM,  died  at  Flushing,  N.Y., 
April  6,  1842,  aged  76.  As  the  enterprising  pro 
prietor  of  a  botanic  garden  and  nursery,  he  was 
long  a  public  benefactor. 

PRINCELY,  PHILIP,  died  at  Northampton 
Sept.  9,  1855,  aged  110.  He  was  born  in  Ireland 
in  1745,  and  came  to  N.  about  1780.  Till  the 
last  three  years  he  had  voted  at  the  town  meet 
ings.  '  He  left  a  son  in  N. 

PRIOLEAU,  ELIAS,  a  minister,  the  founder 
of  a  very  respectable  family  in  South  Carolina, 
came  to  this  country  soon  after  the  revocation  of 
the  edict  of  Nantes  in  1685.  He  was  the  grand 
son  of  Anthonie  P.,  elected  doge  of  Venice  in 
1618.  A  theologian  of  the  name  of  P.  died  in 
1734.  Samuel  P.  died  in  1792,  aged  74.  Dr.  P. 
was  a  grandson,  living  in  1809.  Among  the  other 
French  names  in  South  Carolina,  were  Bordeaux, 
Du  Pont,  Gaillard,  Huger,  Legare,  Laurens,  Mar 
ion,  and  Simons. 

PRITCIIARD,  BENJAMIN  B.,  the  Kent  giant, 
died  in  Montgomery  county,  N.  Y.,  June  30, 
1835.  His  weight  -was  five  hundred  and  twenty- 
five  pounds. 

PROCTOR,  JOHNSON,  captain,  a  Revolution 
ary  patriot,  died  at  Danvers  Nov.  11,  1851,  aged 
86.  He  was  a  man  of  industry  and  integrity. 
-For  his  last  ten  years  he  was  blind. 

PROUD,  ROBERT,  a  historian,  died  July  7, 
1813,  aged  85.  He  was  born  in  Yorkshire,  Eng 
land,  May  10, 1728,  and  in  January,  1759,  arrived 
at  Philadelphia,  where  he  lived  half  a  century. 
For  many  years  he  was  a  teacher  in  a  school  of 
the  Quakers.  In  the  Revolution  he  was  a  de 
cided  Royalist.  About  the  year  1791  he  devoted 
himself  to  writing  his  history,  the  publication  of 
which  was  attended  with  pecuniary  loss.  He  was 
tall ;  his  nose  was  Roman,  with  "  most  impend 
ing  brows.  Domine  Proud  wore  a  curled  gray 
wig,  and  a  half-cocked  ancient  hat.  He  was  the 
model  of  a  gentleman." 

PROUDFIT,  ALEXANDER,  D.  D.,  died  at  his 
son's  house  in  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  April  17, 
1843,  aged  75.  He  was  for  many  years  the  faith 
ful  and  successful  pastor  of  the  church  in  Salem, 
N.  Y.,  being  a  colleague  with  his  father  from  1794 


G84 


PROUDFOOT. 


PUNCHARD. 


to  1802.  He  was  afterwards  the  secretary  of  the 
New  York  colonization  society.  He  was  an  emi 
nently  pious,  faithful,  and  useful  minister.  His 
works  are  instructive,  and  written  in  a  fervent 
style  of  piety.  He  published  a  sermon  at  ordi 
nation  of  II.  Davis,  1810;  before  American 
board,  1822;  at  installation  of  J.  Proudfit,  1828; 
ruin  and  recovery  of  man,  12mo.,  1806 ;  theolo 
gical  works,  4  vols.,  12mo.,  1815.  —  Observer, 
June  10. 

PROUDFOOT,  WILLIAM,  died  at  London, 
Canada  West,  Jan.  16,  1851,  aged  63,  professor 
of  theology  in  the  Presbyterian  church. 

PROVOOST,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  bishop  of  New 
York,  died  in  New  York  in  1815,  aged  73.  He 
graduated  at  Columbia  college  in  the  first  class 
in  1758.  His  name  is  sometimes  written  Provost, 
and  Prevost. 

PRUDDEN,  PETEK,  the  first  minister  of  Mil- 
ford,  Conn.,  died  in  1656,  aged  56.  He  was  born 
in  Herefordshire,  England ;  arrived  in  company 
of  J.  Davenport  in  1637;  resided  for  some  time 
at  Dedham ;  and  was  settled  at  M.  in  1640.  His 
four  next  successors  were  R.  Newton,  S.  Andrew, 
S.  Whittlcsey,  S.  Wales., —  Farmer. 

PRUDDEX,  JOHN,  supposed  to  have  been  the 
son  of  Peter,  died  in  1725,  aged  79.  He  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  in  1668 ;  was  settled  as  min 
ister  of  Jamaica,  L.  I.,  in  1670,  and  thence 
removed  to  NeM'ark,  N.  J.,  in  1692,  but  resigned 
his  charge  in  1699. 

PRUDDEN,  JOB,  the  minister  of  "Milford, 
Conn.,  died  in  1774,  aged  about  51.  He  was  the 
pastor  of  the  second  church.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1743. 

PRUDDEN,  NEHEMIAH,  minister  of  Enfield, 
Conn.,  died  in  1815,  aged  65.  Born  in  Milford, 
he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1775,  and  was  ordained 
in  1782.  His  predecessors  were  N.  Collins,  P. 
Reynolds,  and  E.  Potter ;  his  successor  was  F. 
L.  Robbins.  He  published  a  treatise  on  marry 
ing  a  sister  of  a  deceased  wife,  1811 ;  a  sermon 
to  a  missionary  society,  1815.  —  Sprague's  An 
nals. 

PUFFER,  REUBEN,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Berlin, 
Mass.,  died  April  9,  1829,  aged  73.  Born  in 
Sudbury,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1778.  In 
1781  he  was  ordained  in  Bolton,  south  parish, 
now  Berlin.  He  died  of  a  rheumatic  fever.  It 
is  remarkable  that  he  had  prepared  in  advance, 
for  preaching,  about  fifty  sermons.  By  his  first 
wife  he  had  thirteen  children ;  and  one  child  by 
his  second  wife.  He  was  a  man  of  dignity  and 
of  suavity,  acceptable  as  a  preacher,  orthodox  in 
his  faith.  When  he  preached  the  Dudleian  lec 
ture  at  Cambridge,  the  students  generously  pub 
lished  it  in  a  manner  to  furnish  a  sum  of  money 
to  the  preacher,  who  was  a  poor  man  with  a  large 
family,  living  on  a  salary  of  80  pounds.  He 
published  the  election  sermon,  1803 ;  Dudleian 


lecture,  1808;  convention  sermon,  1811 ;  address 
on  fourth  of  July ;  two  sermons  on  leaving  the 
old  and  entering  the  new  meeting-house.  — 
Sprague's  Annals. 

PULASKI,  count,  brigadier-general  in  the 
army  of  the  United  States,  died  October  11,  1779. 
He  was  a  Polander  of  high  birth,  who  with  a 
few  men  in  1771  carried  off  King  Stanislaus  from 
the  middle  of  his  capital,  though  surrounded  with 
a  numerous  body  of  guards  and  a  Russian  army. 
The  king  soon  escaped  and  declared  Pulaski  an 
outlaw.  After  his  arrival  in  this  country  he 
offered  his  services  to  congress,  and  was  honored 
with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general.  He  discov 
ered  the  greatest  intrepidity  in  an  engagement 
with  a  party  of  the  British  near  Charleston  in 
May,  1779.  In  the  assault  upon  Savannah,  Oct. 
9th,  by  Gen.  Lincoln  and  Count  D'Estaing, 
Pulaski  Avas  wounded  at  the  head  of  two  hundred 
horsemen,  as  he  was  galloping  into  the  town  with 
the  intention  of  charging  in  the  rear.  Congress 
resolved  that  a  monument  should  be  erected  to 
his  memory. 

PUMIIAM,  sachem  of  Shawpmet,  near  Provi 
dence,  put  himself  in  1643  under  the  government 
of  Massachusetts,  in  order  to  escape  the  tyranny 
of  Miantonomo.  The  government  of  Massachu 
setts  made  a  grant  of  land  to  settlers  from  Brain- 
tree,  being  a  part  of  the  territory  relinquished  by 
Pumham.  — Felts  Hist,  of  New  England. 

PUNCHARD,  JOHN,  deacon,  died  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  Feb.  13,  1857,  aged  nearly  94  years.  He 
was  born  April  12,  1763,  in  Salem,  where  all  his 
paternal  ancestors  were  born  and  lived,  back  to 
William,  who  emigrated  to  that  town  previous  to 
1669.  His  father  was  James,  a  shipmaster  and  a 
patriot.  He  was  himself  a  volunteer  soldier  of 
the  Revolution,  and  was  probably  the  last  sur 
vivor  of  a  regiment  stationed  at  West  Point  at 
the  time  of  Arnold's  defection,  and  was  on  duty 
at  head-quarters  on  the  memorable  night  after 
Andre  was  brought  in  a  prisoner.  At  the  expi 
ration  of  his  term  of  service  he  settled  in  Salem 
as  a  mechanic ;  but  by  his  industry,  intelligence, 
and  integrity  gradually  raised  himself  to  positions 
of  trust  and  importance  in  his  native  town, 
county,  and  State.  He  was-a  member  of  the 
Tabernacle  church  in  Salem  seventy-four  years, 
and  one  of  its  deacons  and  its  clerk  for  about 
forty  years.  The  succession  of  ministers  in  this 
church  has  been  as  follows:  From  1774  to  1834, 
N.  Whitaker,  J.  Spaulding,  S.  Worcester,  E. 
Cornelius,  J.  P.  Cleaveland,  and  S.  M.  Worces 
ter.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Massa 
chusetts  missionary  society,  and  its  treasurer  about 
thirty  years.  He  encouraged  the  various  enter 
prises  of  benevolence.  He  was  a  man  of  wisdom 
and  energy,  of  integrity  and  trustworthiness, 
and  of  unslacked  zeal  in  doing  good,  sustaining  a 
high  Christian  character,  venerated  and  beloved 


PUNDERSON. 


PUTNAM. 


G85 


in  old  age.  As  the  great  aim  of  his  long  life  was 
to  promote  God's  glory  in  human  happiness,  es 
pecially  that  happiness  which  is  imperishable  as 
springing  from  the  reception  of  Divine  truth  into 
the  heart,  who  is  there  among  the  prosperous 
merchants,  great  scholars,  and  illustrious  jurists 
and  statesmen,  the  boast  of  Salem,  that  can  stand 
higher  in  the  estimate  of  infinite  reason  and 
goodness,  than  this  humble,  zealous,  unwearied 
Christian  ?  Rev.  George  Punchard,  the  author 
of  two  valuable  books,  a  view  of  congregational- 
ism  and  a  history  of  Congregationalism,  is  his 
son. 

PUNDERSON,  EBENEZER,  Episcopal  minister 
in  New  Haven,  died  in  1764,  aged  about  58.  He 
was  graduated  at  Yale  in  172G;  was  settled  over 
a  new  precinct  in  Groton,  Conn.,  from  1729  to 
1736;  had  the  charge  of  the  Episcopal  society  in 
New  Haven  from  1755  to  1762;  and  then  re 
moved  to  Rye.  He  was  succeeded  by  S.  Palmer. 

PUNDERSON,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Hunting- 
ton,  Conn.,  died  in  1848,  aged  about  64.  Born 
in  New  Haven,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1804; 
was  the  minister  of  the  second  church  in  Pitts- 
field,  Mass.,  from  1809  to  1817;  and  was  in 
stalled  at  H.  in  1818. 

PURCHAS,  SAMUEL,  a  minister  in  London, 
died  about  1628,  aged  51.  He  published  his 
pilgrimage,  or  relations  of  the  world,  five  vols., 
fol.,  London,  1641,  etc.  It  is  a  rare  and  valuable 
collection  and  abridgment  of  travels. 

PURCHASE,  THOMAS,  the  owner  of  Pejep- 
scott,  Me.,  settled  there  in  the  third  year  of 
Charles  I.,  and  lived  there  till  the  war  just  before 
1683.  His  deed  was  from  the  council  of  Ply 
mouth  in  England,  given  to  him  and  George 
"Way  of  Dorchester,  E.  His  heirs  sold  to  Rich 
ard  Wharton  of  Boston. 

PURKITT,  HENRY,  colonel,  died  in  Boston 
March  3,  1846,  aged  91.  He  was  a  Revolution 
ary  soldier,  and  assisted  in  the  destruction  of 
tea  in  Boston. 

PURSH,  FREDERIC,  a  botanist,  was  born  at 
Tobolski  in  Siberia,  and  educated  at  Dresden. 
He  resided  in  this  country  from  1799  to  1811, 
employed  in  various  excursions  by  Mr.  Hamilton 
of  Philadelphia  and  Dr.  Hosack  of  New  York. 
Ongoing  to  England  in  1811  with  a  collection 
of  plants,  he  was  patronized  by  Smith  and  Banks, 
who  opened  to  him  their  botanical  stores.  After 
publishing  his  book  in  1814,  he  returned  to 
America,  and,  while  engaged  in  collecting  mate 
rials  for  a  Canadian  flora,  died  at  Montreal  June 
11,  1820,  aged  46.  He  published  a  valuable 
work,  flora  Americ*  septentrionalis,  or  the 
plants  of  North  America,  London,  8vo.,  1814. 

PURVIANCE,  JOHN,  died  in  Baltimore  in 
1854,  aged  81,  nearly  thirty  years  a  judge  of  the 
county  court. 

PUSHMATAHA,   a   Choctaw  chief,  died    at 


Washington  in  1824.  To  his  Indian  companions 
he  said :  "  I  shall  die,  but  you  will  return  to  your 
brethren.  As  you  go  along  the  paths  you  will 
see  the  flowers  and  hear  the  birds ;  but  Pushma- 
taha  will  see  them  and  hear  them  no  more. 
When  you  come  to  your  home,  they  will  ask  you, 
Where  is  Pushmatciha?  and  you  will  say  to  them, 
He  is  no  more.  They  will  hear  the  tidings  like 
the  sound  of  the  fall  of  a  mighty  oak  in  the  still 
ness  of  the  wood." 

PUTNAM,  DAXIEL,  first  minister  of  Reading, 
Mass.,  died  in  1759,  aged  62.  Born  in  Danvers, 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1717,  and  was  settled 
in  1720.  His  successor  was  E.  Stone. 

PUTNAM,  ISRAEL,  major-general  in  the  army 
of  the  United  States,  died  at  Brooklyn,  Conn., 
May  29,  1790,  aged  72.  He  was  a  descendant, 
like  all  of  the  name  in  New  England,  from  John 
Putnam,  who  came  from  Buckinghamshire  to 
Salem  in  1634  with  three  sons,  Thomas,  Na 
thaniel,  and  John.  He  was  born  in  Salem,  Mass., 
Jan.  7,  1718.  His  mind  was  vigorous,  but  it  was 
never  cultivated.  In  running,  leaping,  and  wrest 
ling  he  almost  always  bore  away  the  prize.  In 
1739  he  removed  to  Pomfret,  Conn.,  where  he 
cultivated  a  considerable  tract  of  land.  He  had 
however  to  encounter  many  difficulties,  and 
among  his  troubles  the  depredations  of  wolves 
upon  his  sheepfold  were  not  the  least.  In  one 
night  seventy  fine  sheep  and  goats  were  killed. 
A  she  wolf  being  considered  as  the  principal 
cause  of  the  havoc,  Mr.  Putnam  entered  into  a 
combination  with  a  number  of  his  neighbors  to 
hunt  alternately,  till  they  should  destroy  her. 
At  length  the  hounds  drove  her  into  her  den  in 
Pomfret,  and  several  persons  soon  collected  with 
guns,  straw,  fire,  and  sulphur,  to  attack  the  com 
mon  enemy.  But  the  dogs  were  afraid  to  ap 
proach  her,  and  the  fumes  of  brimstone  could  not 
force  her  from  her  cavern.  It  was  now  ten 
o'clock  at  night.  Mr.  Putnam  proposed  to  his 
black  servant  to  descend  into  the  cave  and  shoot 
the  wolf;  but,  as  the  negro  declined,  he  resolved 
to  do  it  himself.  Having  divested  himself  of  his 
coat  and  waistcoat,  and  having  a  long  rope  fast 
ened  round  his  legs,  by  which  he  might  be  pulled 
back  at  a  concerted  signal,  he  entered  the  cavern 
head  foremost  with  a  blazing  torch,  made  of  strips 
of  birch  bark,  in  his  hand.  He  descended  fifteen 
feet,  passed  along  horizontally  ten  feet,  and  then 
began  the  gradual  ascent,  which  is  sixteen  feet  in 
length.  He  slowly  proceeded  on  his  hands  and 
knees  in  an  abode  which  was  silent  as  the  house 
of  death.  Cautiously  glancing  forwards  he  dis 
covered  the  glaring  eyeballs  of  the  wolf,  who 
started  at  the  sight  of  his  torch,  gnashed  her 
teeth,  and  gave  a  sullen  growl.  He  immediately 
kicked  the  rope,  and  was  drawn  out  with  a 
friendly  celerity  and  violence  which  not  a  little 
bruised  him.  Loading  his  gun  with  nine  buck- 


686 


PUTNAM. 


PUTNAM. 


shot,  and  carrying  it  in  one  hand,  while  he  held 
the  torch  with  the  other,  he  descended  a  second 
time.  As  he  approached  the  wolf,  she  howled, 
rolled  her  eyes,  snapped  her  teeth,  dropped  her 
head  between  her  legs,  and  was  evidently  on  the 
point  of  springing  at  him.  At  this  moment  he 
fired  at  her  head,  and  soon  found  himself  drawn 
out  of  the  cave.  Having  refreshed  himself  he 
again  descended,  and  seizing  the  wolf  by  her 
ears,  kicked  the  rope,  and  his  companions  above 
with  no  small  exultation  dragged  them  both  out 
together.  During  the  French  war  he  was  ap 
pointed  to  command  a  company  of  the  first 
troops  which  were  raised  in  Connecticut  in  1755. 
He  rendered  much  service  to  the  army  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Crown  Point.  In  1756,  while 
near  Ticonderoga,  he  was  repeatedly  in  the  most 
imminent  danger.  He  escaped  in  an  adventure 
of  one  night  with  twelve  bullet-holes  in  his  blan 
ket.  In  August  he  was  sent  out  with  several 
hundred  men  to  watch  the  motions  of  the  enemy. 
Being  ambuscaded  by  a  party  of  equal  numbers, 
a  general  but  irregular  action  took  place.  He 
had  discharged  his  fusee  several  times,  but  at 
length  it  missed  fire,  while  its  muzzle  was  pre 
sented  to  the  breast  of  a  savage.  The  warrior 
with  his  lifted  hatchet  and  a  tremendous  war- 
whoop  compelled  him  to  surrender,  and  then 
bound  him  to  a  tree.  In  the  course  of  the  action 
the  parties  changed  their  position,  so  as  to  bring 
this  tree  directly  between  them.  The  balls  flew 
by  him  incessantly ;  many  struck  the  tree,  and 
some  passed  through  his  clothes.  The  enemy 
now  gained  possession  of  the  ground,  but,  being 
afterwards  driven  from  the  field,  they  carried 
their  prisoner  with  them.  At  night  he  was 
stript,  and  a  fire  was  kindled  to  roast  him  alive ; 
but  a  French  officer  saved  him.  The  next  day 
he  arrived  at  Ticonderoga,  and  thence  he  was 
carried  to  Montreal.  About  the  year  1759  he 
was  exchanged  through  the  ingenuity  of  his  fel 
low-prisoner,  Col.  Schuyler.  After  the  peace  he 
returned  to  his  farm.  He  was  ploughing  in  his 
field  in  1775,  when  he  heard  the  news  of  the 
battle  of  Lexington.  He  immediately  unyoked 
his  team,  left  his  plough  on  the  spot,  and  without 
changing  his  clothes  set  off  for  Cambridge.  He 
soon  went  to  Connecticut,  levied  a  regiment,  and 
repaired  again  to  the  camp.  In  a  little  time  he 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  major-general.  In 
the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill  he  exhibited  his  usual 
intrepidity.  He  directed  the  men  to  reserve 
their  fire  till  the  enemy  was  very  near,  reminded 
them  of  their  skill,  and  told  them  to  take  good 
aim.  They  did  so,  and  the  execution  was  terrible. 
After  the  retreat  he  made  a  stand  at  Winter  Hill 
and  drove  back  the  enemy  under  cover  of  their 
ships.  When  the  army  was  organized  by  Gen. 
W  ashington  at  Cambridge,  Putnam  was  appointed 


to  command  the  reserve.  In  Aug..  1776,  he  was 
stationed  at  Brooklyn,  on  Long  Island.  After 
the  defeat  of  our  army  he  went  to  New  York,' 
and  was  very  serviceable  in  the  city,  and  neigh 
borhood.  In  October  or  November  he  was  sent 
to  Philadelphia  to  fortify  that  city.  In  Jan., 
1777,  he  was  directed  to  take  post  at  Princeton, 
where  he  continued  until  spring.  At  this  place 
a  sick  prisoner,  a  captain,  requested  that  a  friend 
in  the  British  army  at  Brunswick  might  be  sent 
for  to  assist  him  in  making  his  will.  Putnam  was 
perplexed.  He  had  but  fifty  men  under  his  com 
mand,  and  he  did  not  wish  to  have  his  weakness 
known  ;  yet  he  was  unwilling  to  deny  the  request. 
He  however  sent  a  flag  of  truce,  and  directed  the 
officer  to  be  brought  in  the  night.  In  the  even 
ing  lights  were  placed  in  all  the  college  windows, 
and  in  every  apartment  of  the  vacant  houses 
throughout  the  town.  The  officer  on  his  return 
reported  that  General  Putnam's  army  could  not 
consist  of  less  than  four  or  five  thousand  men. 
In  the  spring  he  was  appointed  to  the  command 
of  a  separate  army  in  the  highlands  of  New  York. 
One  Palmer,  a  lieutenant  in  the  tory  new  levies, 
was  detected  in  the  camp ;  Gov.  Tryon  reclaimed 
him  as  a  British  officer,  threatening  vengeance  if 
he  was  not  restored.  Gen.  Putnam  wrote  the 
following  pithy  reply :  "  Sir,  —  Nathan  Palmer,  a 
lieutenant  in  your  king's  service,  was  taken  in  my 
camp  as  a  spy  ;  he  was  condemned  as  a  spy ;  and 
he  shall  be  hanged  as  a  spy.  P.  S.  Afternoon. 
He  is  hanged."  After  fhe  loss  of  Fort  Mont 
gomery,  the  commander-in-chief  determined  to 
build  another  fortification,  and  he  directed  Put 
nam  to  fix  upon  a  spot.  To  him  belongs  the 
praise  of  having  chosen  West  Point.  The  cam 
paign  of  1779,  which  was  principally  spent  in 
strengthening  the  works  at  this  place,  finished 
the  military  career  of  Putnam.  A  paralytic  af 
fection  impaired  the  activity  of  his  body,  and  he 
passed  the  remainder  of  his  days  in  retirement, 
retaining  his  relish  for  enjoyment,  his  strength  of 
memory,  and  all  the  faculties  of  his  mind.  His 
only  surviving  daughter,  Mrs.  Mary  Waldo,  died 
at  Conway,  N.  H.,  Nov.,  1825,  aged  72  years. 
His  son,  Col.  Israel  P.,  died  at  Belprc,  Ohio,  in 
March,  1812.  Peter  Schuyler  P.,  his  seventh  son, 
died  at  Williamstown,  Mass.,  in  1827,  aged  63. 
Geri.  P.  was  exemplary  in  the  various  relations 
of  life,  a  constant  attendant  on  public  worship, 
and  a  worshipper  of  God  in  his  house.  For 
many  years  he  was  a  professor  of  religion.  In 
his  last  years  he  professed  a  deep  sense  of  sin, 
yet  a  strong  hope  of  salvation  through  the  lic- 
deemer  of  sinners.  —  Humphrey's  Life  of  P. 

PUTNAM,  AMOS,  Dr.,  died  at  Danvers,  Mass., 
July  26,  1807,  aged  85. 

PUTNAM,  AAUON,  minister  of  Pomfret,  Conn., 
died  in  1813,  aged  79.  The  son  of  Ilev.  Daniel 


PUTNAM. 

P.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1752;  was  or 
dained  in  1756;  resigned  his  pastoral  charge  in 
1802. 

PUTNAM,  RUFUS,  general,  a  soldier  of  the 
Revolution,  and  the  father  of  the  western  coun 
try,  died  at  Marietta,  Ohio,  May  1,  1824,  aged  86. 
He  was  born  at  Sutton,  Mass.,  in  1738,  and  was 
a  wheelwright.  He  first  settled  in  Brookfield  :  in 
1782  he  bought  and  removed  to  a  confiscated 
estate  of  Col.  Murray  in  Rutland.  He  engaged 
in  the  war  of  1756,  and  in  the  Revolutionary 
struggle  took  an  active  part.  At  the  commence 
ment  of  hostilities  he  commanded  a  regiment ; 
and  during  the  war  was  an  engineer.  His  com 
mission  as  brigadier  in  the  army  of  the  United 
States  is  dated  Jan.  7,  1783.  On  the  return  of 
the  peace  he  retired  to  his  farm.  For  several 
years  he  was  a  member  of  the  legislature.  In 
1786  and  1787  he  was  engaged  in  organizing  the 
Ohio  company  for  the  purpose  of  settling  the 
Northwest  Territory.  The  affairs  of  the  company 
•were  intrusted  to  him.  April  7,  1788  lib  planted 
himself  with  about  forty  others  in  the  wilderness 
on  the  west  bank  of  the  Ohio,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Muskingum,  and  called  their  settlement  Ma 
rietta.  He  lived  to  see  Ohio  a  flourishing  State, 
having  nearly  seventy  counties  and  a  population 
of  700,000  souls.  In  1789  Washington  ap 
pointed  him  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the 
Northwest  Territory ;  and  in  1791  he  was  ap 
pointed  a  brigadier-general  under  Wayne;  in 
1795  surveyor-general  of  the  United  States,  which 
office  he  held  till  some  years  after  the  accession 
of  Mr.  Jefferson  to  the  presidency.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  framed  the  con 
stitution  of  Ohio.  He  was  liberal,  generous, 
hospitable,  a  philanthropist,  and  a  Christian.  Of 
the  Revolutionary  army  he  was  the  last  surviving 
general  officer,  except  Lafayette.  Mr.  Robbins 
became  his  esteemed  pastor  in  180C.  With  oth 
ers  he  in  1812  formed  the  first  bible  society  west 
of  the  mountains.  In  Sabbath  schools  and  mis 
sionary  societies  he  was  deeply  interested.  In 
his  old  age,  in  all  kinds  of  weather,  he  attended 
public  worship  as  long  as  he  could  walk.  His 
end  was  full  of  hope  and  heavenly  consolation. 
His  wife,  with  whom  he  lived  fifty-five  years,  was 
Persis  Rice  of  Westborough :  by  her  he  had 
many  children.  He  was  nearly  six  feet  tall,  stout, 
and  commanding,  of  strong  features,  with  a  calm, 
resolute  expression  :  one  of  his  eyes  had  an  out 
ward  cast,  from  an  injury  in  childhood :  his  man 
ner  abrupt  and  decisive.  A  long  account  of  his 
life  is  in  Ilildreth's  biographical  memoirs. 

PUTNAM,  AARON  WALDO,  the  son  of  Col. 
Israel  P.,  died  of  the  epidemic  in  Ohio,  in  1822, 
aged  45.  Born  in  Pomfret,  Conn.,  he  went  to 
Ohio  in  1788,  with  his  father;  he  encountered  at 
Belpre  the  perils  of  the  early  settlers.  His  elder 
son,  William  Pitt,  lived  on  the  homestead  in 


PYNCIION. 


G87 


1852  ;  and  five  other  children  were  living,  ranked 
with  the  most  respectable  citizens. —  I!i/<l/'ct!i. 

PUTNAM,  JESSK,  regarded  as  the  father  of 
the  merchants  of  Boston,  died  April  14,  1837, 
aged  83  years.  He  is  one  of  the  many  who  re 
pose  beneath  a  monumental  stone  at  Mount 
Auburn. 

PUTNAM,  SAMUEL,  judge,  LL.  D.,  died  in 
Somerville,  Mass.,  July  3,  1853,  aged  85.  Born 
in  Danvers  in  1768,  he  graduated  at  Cambridge 
in  1787.  As  a  lawyer  he  lived  in  Salem.  He 
was  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  from  1814  to 
1842;  and  was  held  in  high  respect. 

PUTNAM,  WILLIAM  RUFUS,  died  at  Marietta 
Jan.  1,  1855,  aged  83.  A  son  of  Gen.  Rufus 
P.,  he  settled  in  M.  in  1803,  and  was  highly  es 
teemed  ;  was  a  legislator  and  a  useful  man. 

PUTNAM,  DAVID,  died  at  Marietta  March 
31,  1856,  aged  87.  He  was  the  son  of  Col.  Israel 
and  grandson  of  Gen.  Israel  Putnam,  and  was 
born  in  Pomfret,  Conn.,  Feb.  24,  1769.  He  was 
the  last  survivor  of  the  family  of  Col.  Israel  Put 
nam. 

PYNCIION,  WILLIAM,  died  at  Wraisbury  on 
the  Thames,  in  Buckinghamshire,  in  Oct.,  1662, 
a^ed  71  or  73.  He  came  from  Springfield,  Essex 
county,  England,  in  1630,  to  Roxbury,and  thence 
went  to  Springfield  with  Moxon,  as  one  of  the 
first  settlers,  about  1637,  in  which  year  the  court  at 
Hartford  contracted  with  him  for  500  bushels  of 
corn,  in  which  contract  he  failed.  He  published 
in  England,  in  1650,  the  meritorious  price  of 
Christ's  redemption,  which  displeased  the  author 
ities  of  Massachusetts,  who  employed  Norton  to 
answer  him.  The  book  was  burnt  on  the  com 
mon,  by  order  of  the  court,  and  he  was  deposed 
from  the  magistracy  and  recanted.  He  went  to 
England  in  1652,  and  a  new  edition  was  pub 
lished  in  1655.  He  taught,  that  Christ  did  not 
bear  hell-torments  for  us,  and  that  he  bore  not 
our  sins  by  imputation.  Vane  was  his  friend. 
-His  descendants  -have  been  numerous.  His  son, 
Col.  John  P.,  died  in  1703,  aged  82;  his  grand 
son,  Col.  John  P.,  died  in  1721,  aged  74;  his 
great-grandson,  Col.  John,  died  in  1742,  nged  68. 
His  daughters  married  II.  Smith  and  E.  Holyoke, 
of  Springfield,  and  Wm.  Davies  of  Boston.  Be 
sides  the  book  referred  to,  he  published  on  the 
Sabbath,  4to.,  1654. 

PYNCIION,  JOHN,  colonel,  son  of  William 
Pynchon,  was  a  man  of  distinction,  for  more 
than  fifty  years  a  magistrate  of  Springfield,  and 
a  chief  promoter  of  the  settlement  of  Northamp 
ton  in  1654.  He  died  Jan.  17,  1703,  aged  76 
years.  His  wife  was  Amy,  daughter  of  Governor 
Wyllis,  whom  he  married  at  Hartford  Oct.  30, 
1645.  In  the  Indian  war  there  were  burnt,  Oct.  5, 
1675,  twenty-nine  dwelling  houses  with  barns ; 
but  Maj.  Pynchon's  house  escaped  destruction. 
Few  lives  were  lost,  as  a  friendly  Indian  gave  no- 


G88 


PYNCHON. 


QUINCY. 


tice  of  the  proposed  attack.  The  minister,  Mr. 
Glover,  lost  his  valuable  library  with  his  house. 

PYNCHON,  JOSEPH,  Dr.,  died  in  Boston,  un 
married.  He  was  the  brother  of  John,  born  in 
1646  ;  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1664 ;  was  the 
representative  of  Springfield  in  1681  and  1682. 

PYNCHON,  JOHN,  the  son  of  John,  died  at 
Springfield,  in  1721,  aged  73.  His  wife,  Marga 
ret,  was  a  daughter  of  Rev.  W.  Hubbard.  He 
was  clerk  of  court  and  register  of  deeds.  He 
had  sons,  John  and  William,  born  at  Ipswich. 

PYNCHON,  CHARLES,  a  distinguished  phy 
sician  of  Springfield,  Mass.,  died  before  1789. 
He  was  probably  the  son  of  John,  who  died  in 
1721. 

QUADEQUINA,  an  Indian  sachem,  accom 
panied  his  brother,  Massassoit,  in  his  first  visit  to 
the  pilgrims  at  Plymouth,  Thursday,  March  22, 
1621,  about  three  months  after  their  landing.  lie 
received  as  presents,  "a  knife,  a  jewel  to  hang 
in  his  ear,  and  withal  a  pot  of  strong  water,  a 
good  quantity  of  biscuit,  and  some  butter." 

QUANNOPIN,aNarragansett  sagamore,  bought 
Mrs.  Rowlandson  of  the  Indians,  who  made  her 
prisoner  in  1676;  and  by  his  means  she  was  re 
stored  to  her  friends.  The  20  pounds  he  received 
for  her  freedom  were  raised  by  Mr.  Usher  and 
the  ladies  of  Boston. 

QUANONCHET,  prince  or  sachem  of  the 
Narragansetts,  was  captured  by  Capt.  Denison  in 
the  Indian  war  of  1676,  and  was  beheaded  by 
the  Indians  of  his  company.  The  result  of  the 
fight  was  very  extraordinary.  Capt.  I),  had  in 
his  command  sixty-six  volunteers  and  one  hundred 
friendly  Indians,  and  he  slew  seventy-six  of  the 
enemy  without  the  loss  of  a  man  on  his  side. 

QUASON,  or  QUOSSEN,  SAMUEL,  was  in 
1762  sachem  of  the  Monymoyk  or  Monamoy 
Indians  in  Chatham,  on  Cape  Cod,  only  thirty  in 
number.  At  an  earlier  period,  in  1698,  John 
"  Quossen,"  was  one  of  the  rulers  over  fourteen 
houses  at  "  Monimoy,"  as  the  names  were  then 
printed  :  John  Cosens  was  preacher  and  school 
master. 

QUASSON,  JOSEPH,  an  Indian,  of  whose  life 
and  death  "  Father  Moody "  of  York  published 
an  account. 

QUINCY,  EDMUND,  a  judge  of  the  superior 
court  of  Massachusetts,  died  Feb.  23,  1738,  aged 
56.  He  was  born  at  Braintrcc  Oct.  24,  1681. 
His  grandfather,  Edmund  Quincy,  came  to  Bos 
ton  with  John  Cotton  in  1633,  and  became  a  pro 
prietor  of  lands  at  Mount  Wollaston  or  Brain- 
tree  in  1635,  and  died  soon  afterwards,  aged  33. 
His  father,  Lieut.-Col.  Edmund  Quincy,  died  Jan. 
7,  1698.  His  mother,  Elizabeth,  was  the  daugh 
ter  of  Maj.-Gen.  Gookin.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1699,  and  afterwards  sustained 
several  important  offices,  the  duties  of  which  he 
discharged  with  ability  and  faithfulness.  He  was 


a  judge  of  the  superior  court  from  1718  till  a 
short  time  before  his  death.  Being  sent  as  an 
agent  to  London  for  the  purpose  of  settling  the 
boundary  line  between  Massachusetts  and  New 
Hampshire,  he  died  in  that  city  of  the  small  pox. 
His  wife  was  the  daughter  of  Josiah  Flint.  He 
left  two  sons,  Edmund  and  Josiah;  and  two 
daughters,  Mrs.  Wendell  and  Mrs.  Jackson. 
The  general  court  made  a  donation  to  his  heirs  of 
one  thousand  acres  of  land  in  Lenox,  Berkshire 
county,  and  erected  a  monument  at  Bunhill-fields, 
London.  His  uncommon  powers  of  reasoning 
and  of  eloquence  were  joined  to  the  Christian 
virtues.  As  a  member  of  the  council,  he,  for 
twenty  years,  had  great  influence  in  giving  direc 
tion  to  the  proceedings  of  government.  In  his 
family  it  gave  him  pleasure  to  worship  the  God 
of  all  the  families  of  the  earth,  and  to  impart  to 
his  children  religious  instruction.  —  Memoirs  of 
J.  Quincy,  3. 

QUINCY,  Jonx,  colonel,  the  son  of  Daniel 
Quincy,  died  July  13,  1767,  aged  78.  He  was 
the  grandson  of  Lieut.-Col.  Edmund  Quincy,  by 
his  first  wife,  Joanna  Hull,  daughter  of  Mr.  Hull, 
an  assistant  preacher  with  Thomas  Thacher  in 
Boston,  and  was  born  in  1689.  Having  graduated 
in  1708,  he  was  early  employed  in  public  life,  be 
ing  appointed  a  major  in  the  militia,  and  colonel 
on  the  resignation  of  his  uncle,  Judge  Edmund 
Quincy.  For  forty  years  without  interruption  he 
was  a  representative  and  a  member  of  the  coun 
cil.  He  was  long  the  speaker  of  the  house.  He 
discharged  the  duties  of  his  various  offices  with 
fidelity,  honor,  and  acceptance,  carefully  avoid 
ing  all  temptations  to  unfaithfulness,  and  retaining 
a  high  sense  of  accountableness  to  God.  His 
ample  fortune  did  not  corrupt  him.  He  was  just 
and  devout,  adorning  by  his  holy  conduct  and 
attendance  to  the  ordinances  of  the  gospel  the 
Christian  profession,  and  being  exemplary  in  the 
relations  of  private  life.  When  that  part  of 
Braintree  in  which  the  Quincy  farms  lay,  was 
incorporated,  the  general  court,  in  honorable  re 
membrance  of  his  long  and  faithful  services,  gave 
it  the  name  of  Quincy.  He  left  an  only  sen, 
Norton  Quincy,  an  amiable  and  virtuous  man, 
who  died  without  issue.  His  daughter  married 
Rev.  William  Smith  of  Weymouth,  and  was  the 
mother  of  Mrs.  Cranch  and  of  the  wife  of  John 
Adams.  His  paternal  estate,  Mount  Wollaston, 
became  the  property  of  his  great-grandson,  John 
Quincy  Adams,  president  of  the  United  States. 

QUINCY,  EDMUND,  the  son  of  Judge  Edmund 
Q.,  died  July  4,  1788,  aged  85.  He  was  born 
in  Braintree  in  1703  and  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1722.  For  many  years  he  was  a  mer 
chant  in  Boston ;  he  afterwards  lived  on  the 
paternal  estate.  His  fourth  daughter,  Esther, 
married  Jonathan  Sewall ;  she  was  the  worthy 
wife  of  an  eminent  man.  Another  daughter 


QUINCY. 


QUINCY. 


C8D 


married  Gov.  Hancock.  He  published  a  treatise 
on  hemp  husbandry,  1765. 

QUINCY,  JOSIAII,  jun.,  an  eminent  patriot, 
died  April  26,  1775,  aged  31.  He  was  the  grand 
son  of  Judge  Quincy ;  his  father,  Josiah,  a  mer 
chant  in  Boston  and  a  zealous  friend  of  his 
country,  died  at  Braintree  in  1784,  aged  75.  He 
was  born  Feb.  23,  1744.  While  at  college  he 
•was  distinguished  for  unwearied  industry,  for  the 
eager  thirst  for  learning,  and  for  a  refined  taste. 
With  unblemished  reputation,  he  was  graduated 
in  1763.  His  legal  studies  were  pursued  for  two 
years  under  the  care  of  Oxenbridge  Thacher,  of 
Boston,  an  eminent  lawyer.  On  commencing  his 
profession,  his  talents,  diligence,  and  fidelity 
secured  to  him  an  extensive  and  profitable  prac 
tice.  At  this  period  he  wrote  several  manuscript 
volumes  of  "reports"  of  decisions  in  the  supreme 
court,  in  which  are  preserved  abstracts  of  the 
arguments  of  Auchmuty,  Thacher,  Gridley,  Otis, 
Adams,  and  other  lawyers.  The  circumstances 
of  the  times  soon  directed  his  attention  and  all 
the  energies  of  a  very  sensitive  mind  to  the  politi 
cal  condition  of  his  country.  In  opposition  to 
the  measures  of  the  British  government  he  began 
to  write  political  essays  as  early  as  1767.  In  the 
next  year,  after  the  landing  of  two  British  regi 
ments  at  Boston,  he  made  a  most  forcible  appeal 
to  the  patriotism  of  his  countrymen  in  a  piece 
signed  "  Plyperion."  Of  the  boldness  of  his 
views  a  judgment  may  be  formed  from  his  lan 
guage  in  1768:  "Did  the  blood  of  the  ancient 
Britons  swell  our  veins,  did  the  spirit  of  our  fore 
fathers  inhabit  our  breasts  ;  should  we  hesitate  a 
moment  in  preferring  death  to  a  miserable  exist 
ence  in  bondage  ?" — and  from  his  declaration  in 
1770,  "  I  wish  to  see  my  countrymen  break  off 
—  off  forever  !  —  all  social  intercourse  with  those 
whose  commerce  contaminates,  whose  luxuries 
poison,  whose  avarice  is  insatiable,  and  whose 
unnatural  oppressions  are  not  to  be  borne." 

After  what  is  called  "  the  Boston  massacre," 
March  5,  1770,  when  five  citizens  were  killed  by 
the  British  troops,  Mr.  Quincy,  with  John  Adams, 
dei'cnded  the  prisoners,  Capt.  Preston  and  eight 
soldiers.  To  undertake  their  defence  against  the 
remonstrance  of  his  father  and  in  resistance  to 
the  strong  tide  of  popular  indignation  required  a 
strong  love  of  justice  and  a  fixed  purpose  of  soul. 
With  great  ability  he  plead  their  cause,  and  the 
defence  was  closed  by  Mr.  Adams.  In  the  re 
sult  Capt.  Preston  and  six  soldiers  were  acquitted, 
and  two  were  convicted  of  manslaughter  only. 
This  administration  of  justice  in  the  midst  of  an 
excited  and  furious  people  was  an  event  most 
honorable  to  Mr.  Quincy  and  to  the  American 
cause.  In  1771  and  1772  he  continued  his  pro 
fessional  and  political  labors  with  accustomed  in 
dustry  and  zeal ;  but  in  Feb.,  1773,  a  pulmonary 
complaint  compelled  him  to  seek  the  renewal  of 


his  health  or  the  preservation  of  his  life  by  a 
voyage  to  Carolina.  In  Charleston  he  formed  an 
acquaintance  with  the  eminent  lawyers  and  pat 
riots  of  the  day,  who  received  him  with  wonted 
southern  hospitality,  —  with  Bee,  Parsons,  Simp 
son,  Scott,  Charles  C.  Pinckney,  llutledge,  Lynch, 
and  others.  He  returned  by  land  to  New  York. 
In  Philadelphia  he  met  with  J.  Dickinson,  J. 
Heed,  J.  Ingersoll,  Dr.  Shippen,  Chief  Justice 
Allen,  and  his  sons,  and  Mr.  Galloway.  His 
journal  of  this  tour  is  found  in  his  Life,  published 
by  his  son.  After  an  absence  of  three  or  four 
months  he  reached  home,  and  soon  wrote  the  bold 
essays  under  the  title  of  Marchmont  Nedham. 
His  chief  political  work,  observations  on  the  act 
of  parliament,  commonly  called  "  the  Boston 
port  bill,"  with  thoughts  on  civil  society  and 
standing  armies,  was  published  in  May,  1774. 

By  the  advice  of  his  political  friends,  and  in 
the  hope  of  rendering  eminent  service  to  his 
country  by  counteracting  Hutchinson,  and  in 
other  ways,  he  relinquished  his  professional  busi 
ness  and  embarked  at  Salem  privately  for  Lon 
don,  Sept.  28,  1774.  His  voyage  was  serviceable 
to  his  health.  At  London  he  had  a  conference 
on  American  affairs  with  Lord  North,  and  ex 
plained  to  him  his  views  with  great  freedom  ;  but 
the  British  minister  seemed  anxious  to  intimidate 
one  who  could  not  be  reached  in  that  way, by  allud 
ing  to  the  power  of  Great  Britain,  and  her  determi 
nation  to  exert  it  to  effect  the  submission  of  the 
colonies.  He  visited  also  Lord  Dartmouth  and 
Lord  Shelburne,  and  consulted  much  with  Dr. 
Franklin,  Governor  Pownall,  Dr.  Price,  Sheriff 
William  Lee,  Arthur  Lee,  and  other  friends  of 
America.  He  also  occasionally  attended  the  sit 
ting  of  parliament.  It  was  at  this  period  that 
Lord  Camden  said,  "  Were  I  an  American,  I  would 
resist  to  the  last  drop  of  my  blood."  Colonel 
Barrc,  who  once  travelled  through  this  country, 
assured  him  that  such  was  the  ignorance  of  the 
English,  that  two-thirds  of  them  on  his  return 
imagined  the  Americans  were  all  negroes  ! 
While  in  England,  Dr.  Warren  wrote  to  him, 
Nov.  21st,  "It  is  the  united  voice  of  America  to 
preserve  their  freedom  or  lose  their  lives  in  de 
fence  of  it."  He  attended  the  debates  in  the 
house  of  Lords,  Jan.  20,  1775,  and  on  that  day 
had  the  high  satisfaction  of  hearing  the  celebrated 
speech  of  Lord  Chatham  against  the  ministry 
and  in  defence  of  America,  of  which  he  drew  up 
an  interesting  report.  "  His  language,  voice,  and 
gestures,"  said  Mr.  Q.,  "  were  more  pathetic  than 
I  ever  saw  or  heard  before,  at  the  bar  or  senate. 
He  seemed  like  an  old  Itoman  senator,  rising 
with  the  dignity  of  age,  yet  speaking  with  the  fire 
of  youth.  The  illustrious  sage  stretched  forth 
his  hand  with  the  decent  solemnity  of  a  Paul,  and, 
rising  with  his  subject,  he  smote  his  breast  with 
the  energy  and  grace  of  a  Demosthenes."  In 


GOO 


QUIXCY. 


this  speech  Chatham  said :  "  For  genuine  saga 
city,  for  singular  moderation,  for  solid  wisdom, 
manly  spirit,  sublime  sentiments,  and  simplicity 
of  language,  for  every  thing  respectable  and  hon 
orable,  the  congress  of  Philadelphia  shine  un 
rivalled.  This  wise  people  speak  out.  They  do 
not  hold  the  language  of  slaves ;  they  tell  you 
what  they  mean.  They  do  not  ask  you  to  repeal 
your  laws  as  a  favor ;  they  claim  it  a  right, —  they 
demand  it.  They  tell  you,  they  will  not  submit 
to  them ;  and  I  tell  you,  the  acts  must  be  re 
pealed  ;  they  will  be  repealed ;  you  cannot  enforce 
them."  Lord  Camden  followed  Chatham  on  the 
side  of  America,  and  equalled  him  in  every  thing, 
"  excepting  his  fire  and  pathos.  In  learning,  per 
spicuity,  and  pure  eloquence,  probably  no  one 
ever  surpassed  Lord  Camden."  He  exclaimed : 
"  This  I  will  say,  not  only  as  a  statesman,  poli 
tician,  and  philosopher,  but  as  a  common  lawyer, 
—  my  lords,  you  have  no  right  to  tax  America. 
I  have  searched  the  matter  ;  I  repeat  it,  you  have 
no  right  to  tax  America.  The  natural  rights  of 
man  and  the  immutable  laws  of  nature  are  all 
with  that  people."  "  Kings,  lords,  and  commons 
may  become  tyrants  as  well  as  others ;  tyranny 
in  one  or  more  is  the  same ;  it  is  as  lawful  to  re 
sist  the  tyranny  of  many  as  of  one.  When  Mr. 
Selden  was  asked,  in  what  law  book  you  might 
find  the  law  for  resisting  tyranny,  he  replied,  '  It 
has  always  been  the  custom  of  England,'  and 
"  the  custom  of  England"  is  the  law  of  the  land.' 
Supported  by  such  authorities  and  by  conference 
•with  a  multitude  of  the  friends  of  America,  and 
despairing  of  any  change  of  measures  without  a 
previous  struggle,  Mr.  Quincy,  by  the  advice  of 
many  friends  to  his  country,  determined  to  return, 
probably  in  order  by  verbal  communications  to 
arouse  his  fellow  citizens  to  the  mighty  contest. 
Indeed,  as  early  as  Dec.  14,  1774,  he  wrote: 
"  Let  me  tell  you  one  very  serious  truth,  in  which 
we  are  all  agreed,  your  countrymen  must  seal 
their  cause  with  their  blood."  While  in  London 
he  was  in  active  correspondence  with  Dickinson, 
Heed,  and  other  patriots.  He  embarked  for  Bos 
ton  March  16,  1775,  with  a  bad  cough  and  de 
clining  health.  In  his  last  interview  Dr.  Franklin 
said,  that  ."New  England  alone  could  hold  out 
for  ages  against  Great  Britain,  and,  if  they  were 
firm  and  united,  in  seven  years  would  conquer 
them."  After  being  at  sea  a  few  weeks,  he  be 
came  convinced  that  his  fate  was  inevitable.  He 
had  but  one  desire,  that  he  might  live  long 
enough  to  have  an  interview  with  Samuel  Adams 
or  Joseph  Warren.  In  the  last  letter,  which  he 
dictated  April  21,  he  explained  the  reasons  of  his 
proceeding  to  America  so  early,  against  his  own 
inclinations  and  prospects  as  to  health.  He  had 
ascertained  the  sentiments  of  many  learned  and 
respectable  friends  of  America  in  regard  to  the 
course  of  conduct  exacted  by  the  existing  crisis. 


RADCL1FF. 

"  To  commit  their  sentiments  to  writing  was 
neither  practicable  nor  prudent  at  this  time.  To 
the  bosom  of  a  friend  they  could  intrust  what 
might  be  of  great  advantage  to  my  country.  To 
me  that  trust  was  committed,  and  I  was,  immedi 
ately  upon  my  arrival,  to  assemble  certain  per 
sons,  to  whom  I  was  to  communicate  my  trust, 
and,  had  God  spared  my  life,  it  seems  it  would 
have  been  of  great  service  to  my  country." 
"  Had  Providence  been  pleased  that  I  should 
have  reached  America  six  days  ago,  I  should  have 
been  able  to  converse  with  my  friends.  I  am 
persuaded  that  this  voyage  and  passage  are  the 
instruments  to  put  an  end  to  my  being.  His 
holy  will  be  done !  "  Such  were  his  last  recorded 
words.  Perhaps  the  battle  of  Lexington  had 
rendered  his  communications  unnecessary.  He 
died  when  the  vessel  was  in  sight  of  land.  The 
ship,  in  a  few  hours,  entered  the  harbor  of  Glou 
cester,  Cape  Ann.  His  wife,  the  sister  of  the 
late  Deacon  Wm.  Phillips,  who  survived  him 
twenty-three  years,  being  at  this  time  with  her 
child  and  parents  at  their  place  of  refuge  at  Nor 
wich,  Connecticut,  the  funeral  rites  were  per 
formed  by  the  inhabitants  of  Gloucester.  His 
remains  were  afterwards  removed  to  Braintree. 
It  was  the  strong  passion  of  Mr.  Quincy's  soul  to 
become,  by  reason  of  his  patriotic  labors,  immor 
tal  in  the  hearts  of  his  countrymen.  A  just  mon 
ument  to  his  memory  has  been  raised  in  his  Life, 
written  by  his  son.  Amidst  the  miserable  aban 
donment  of  principle,  honor,  and  country,  from 
the  most  selfish  motives,  presented  frequently  to 
the  eje  of  every  modern  observer  of  public  men, 
it  is  refreshing  to  behold  the  noble,  daring,  truly 
patriotic  zeal  of  such  a  man  as  Josiah  Quincy. 
His  son,  Josiah  Q.,  late  president  of  Harvard 
college,  published  his  memoir,  1855 ;  to  which  is 
added  the  celebrated  piece,  observations  on  the 
Boston  port  bill,  etc.,  first  printed  in  1774. 

QUINCY,  SAMUEL,  died  in  Boston  in  1789, 
aged  about  55.  The  son  of  Colonel  Josiah,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1754.  In  his  politics  he 
differed  from  the  other  Quincys.  He  was  ap 
pointed  solicitor-general,  when  Jonathan  Sewall, 
who  married  his  cousin,  was  attorney-general. 
He  left  Massachusetts  with  the  loyalists  and  died 
in  the  West  Indies. 

QUINCY,  Rev.  Mr.,  born  in  Boston,  was  as 
sistant  minister  of  St.  Philip's  church  in  Charles 
ton,  S.  C.  He  published  a  volume  of  sermons 
about  1750. 

QUOY,  JOHN,  an  Indian  sachem  at  Sandwich 
in  1698.  He  was  one  of  three  rulers  over  three 
hundred  and  forty-eight  Indians,  who  had  a  meet 
ing-house,  and  Ralph  Jones,  a  sober  man,  one  of 
their  preachers. 

RADCLIFF,  JACOB,  judge,  died  in  Albany 
June  25,  1823,  aged  62.  He  was  a  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  New  York.  His  wife  was  Juli- 


RADCL1FFE. 

ana,  the  daughter  of  Rev.  C.  M.  Smith  of  Sha 
ron,  Conn. 

RADCLIFFE,  ROBERT,  the  founder  of  the 
first  Episcopal  church  in  New  England,  estab 
lished  in  Boston  in  1686,  the  church  which  after 
wards  built  King's  chapel  in  Tremont  street.  Of 
the  time  of  his  death  nothing  has  been  ascer 
tained. 

RAE,  LrzERNE,  died  in  Hartford  Sept.  16, 
1854,  aged  43.  A  graduate  of  Yale  in  1831,  he 
became  a  teacher  in  the  asylum  for  the  deaf  and 
dumb  ;  he  also  engaged  in  various  literary  labors. 
He  edited  the  religious  herald,  and  six  vols.  of 
the  annals  of  the  deaf  and  dumb.  He  had  col 
lected  materials  for  a  history  of  New  England. 

RAFINESQUE,  S.  C.  S.,  professor,  died  at 
Philadelphia  in  1840,  aged  56.  His  father  was  a 
Levant  merchant  of  Versailles.  He  was  born  at 
Galata,  a  suburb  of  Constantinople.  At  the  age 
of  16  he  was  sent  to  Philadelphia  with  his  brother : 
he  cultivated  a  taste  for  botany  and  natural  his 
tory.  From  1805  he  spent  ten  years  in  Sicily  ; 
but  in  sailing  for  New  York  in  1815,  with  his  col 
lections,  the  result  of  many  years'  labor,  he  was 
wrecked  on  Long  Island,  and  lost  all  his  treasures, 
books,  manuscripts,  and  drawings.  Dr.  Mitchell 
befriended  him.  He  made  a  scientific  tour  to  the 
West,  and  was  appointed  professor  of  botany  at 
Lexington  university.  He  again  travelled,  lec 
tured,  and  settled  at  Philadelphia.  He  published 
in  Italy  various  works  in  1810  and  1814  ;  also  ad 
dress  on  botany  and  zoology,  1816  ;  florula  Ludo- 
viciana  from  the  French,  1817;  ichthyologia 
Ohiensis  ;  annals  of  Kentucky,  1824 ;  Atlantic 
journal,  begun  in  Philadelphia  in  1832;  life  and 
travels,  1836.  —  Cycl.  of  Amer.  Lit. 

RAGUEY,  CONDY,  died  in  Philadelphia  in 
1842,  aged  58,  president  of  the  chamber  of  com 
merce.  He  was  the  author  of  several  works  on 
political  economy. 

HALLE,  SEBASTIEX,  a  missionary  among  the 
Indians  of  North  America,  died  Aug.  23,  1724. 
lie  was  a  French  Jesuit,  and  arrived  at  Quebec  in 
Oct.,  1689.  After  travelling  in  the  interior  sev 
eral  years,  he  went  to  Norridgewock  on  the  Ken- 
nebec  river,  where  he  tarried  twenty-six  years  till 
his  death.  Being  considered  as  the  inveterate 
enemy  of  the  English,  and  as  stimulating  the  In 
dians  to  their  frequent  depredations,  Captains 
Harmon  and  Moulton  were  sent  in  1724  against 
the  village  in  which  he  lived.  They  surprised  it 
August  23d,  and  killed  Ralle,  and  about  thirty 
Indians,  all  of  whose  scalps  were  brought  away 
by  Harmon.  The  Jesuit  was  found  in  a  wigwam, 
and  he  defended  himself  with  intrepid  courage. 
He  was  in  the  67th  year  of  his  age.  By  his  con 
descending  deportment  and  address  he  acquired 
an  astonishing  influence  over  the  Indians.  Such 
was  his  faithfulness  to  the  political  interests  of 
France,  that  lie  even  made  the  offices  of  devotion 


RAMSAY. 


G91 


serve  as  an  incentive  to  savage  ferocity ;  for  he 
kept  a  flag,  on  which  was  depicted  a  cross  sur 
rounded  with  bows  and  arrows,  and  he  raised  it 
at  the  door  of  his  little  church,  when  he  gave  ab 
solution  previously  to  the  commencement  of  any 
warlike  enterprise.  He  was  a  man  of  good  sense 
and  learning,  and  was  particularly  skilful  in  Latin, 
which  he  wrote  with  great  purity.  He  spoke  the 
Abnakis  language,  which  was  the  language  of  the 
Norridgewocks,  and  was  acquainted  with  the  Hu 
ron,  Outawis,  and  Illinois.  In  his  preaching  he 
was  vehement  and  pathetic.  For  the  last  nine 
teen  years  his  health  was  feeble,  as  his  limbs  had 
been  broken  by  a  fall.  An  ineffectual  attempt 
was  made  to  seize  him  in  1722 ;  but  some  of  his 
papers  were  secured,  and  among  them  a  diction 
ary  of  the  Abnakis  language,  which  is  now  in  the 
library  of  Harvard  college.  It  is  a  quarto  vol 
ume  of  five  hundred  pages.  Two  of  his  letters 
of  considerable  length  are  preserved  in  the  lettres 
edifiantes. 

RALPH,  JAMES,  died  at  Chiswick,  Eng.,  in 
1762-.  Born  in  Philadelphia,  he  lived  in  England 
thirty-two  years ;  he  was  a  poet,  and  wrote  on 
politics  and  history. 

RALSTON,  ROBERT,  died  at  Philadelphia  Aug. 
11,  1836,  aged  74.  He  was  long  a  successful 
merchant,  and  was  a  philanthropist  and  Christian, 
a  promoter  of  benevolent  and  charitable  objects. 
His  daughter  married  first  Ebenezer  Rockwood 
of  Massachusetts,  and  next  Rev.  Dr.  Vcrmilye  of 
New  York. 

RALSTON,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  died  in  Carroll, 
Pa.,  Sept.  25,  1851,  aged  96.  He  had  been  in 
the  ministry  seventy  years. 

RAMAGE,  ADAM,  died  in  Philadelphia  July  9, 
1850,  aged  80.  He  was  the  inventor  of  the  Ram- 
age  printing  press,  by  a  change  of  shape  in  the 
screw  ;  said  still  to  be  very  useful  in  certain  cases. 

RAMSAY,  DAVID,  M.  D.,  a  physician  and  his 
torian,  died  in  Charleston,  S.  C.,  May  8,  1815, 
aged  69.  He  was  the  youngest  son  of  James  R., 
an  Irish  emigrant  and  farmer,  and  was  born  in 
Lancaster  county,  Pa.,  April  2,  1749,  and  was 
graduated  at  Princeton  college  in  1765.  Two 
brothers  also  received  a  public  education.  He 
settled  in  the  practice  of  physic  at  Charleston, 
where  he  was  eminent  in  his  profession.  During 
the  war  he  was  a  determined  whig  and  a  leading 
member  of  the  legislature ;  he  was  also  a  surgeon 
in  the  army.  With  thirty-seven  other  citizens  he 
was  seized  by  the  British  Aug.  27,  1780,  and 
transported  to  St.  Augustine,  where  he  was  de 
tained  nearly  a  year.  From  1782  to  1786  he  was 
a  respected  member  of  congress,  being  for  one 
year  the  president.  He  was  subsequently  for 
many  years  a  member  of  the  legislature  of  South 
Carolina,  and  president  of  the  senate.  His  death 
was  occasioned  by  a  wound,  received  from  an  in 
sane  man,  named  Wm.  Linning,  who  shot  him  in 


692 


RAMSAY. 


HAND. 


the  back  with  a  large  pistol,  loaded  with  three 
balls.  He  suffered  excruciating  pain  about  thirty 
hours.  Linning,  some  years  before,  had  been 
brought  into  court  for  an  attempt  to  murder,  and, 
indignant  because  Dr.  R.  expressed  the  opinion 
that  he  was  deranged,  had  declared  his  purpose 
to  take  his  life.  His  first  wife  was  the  daughter 
of  President  Witherspoon  ;  she  died  of  the  scar 
let  fever,  soon  after  the  birth  of  a  son,  in  1784. 
His  second  wife  was  the  daughter  of  Henry  Lau- 
rens.  He  left  four  sons  and  four  daughters. 
His  son,  Dr.  John  W.  R.,  died  in  July,  1813, 
aged  29.  His  daughter,  Sabina  Elliot,  married 
Henry  L.  Pinckney.  Dr.  11.  was  for  many 
years  a  member  of  the  Independent  or  Congre 
gational  church  of  Charleston,  and  he  died 
in  the  peace  of  the  Christian.  His  life  was  de 
voted  to  benevolent  and  patriotic  labors.  In  his 
zealous  anticipations  of  public  improvements  he 
was  led  to  invest  his  property  in  projects,  by  the 
failure  of  which  he  lost  his  private  fortune.  He 
was  a  man  of  unwearied  industry,  and  most  eco 
nomical  of  time,  usually  sleeping  only  four  hours. 
In  every  relation  of  life  he  was  exemplary.  His 
historical  writings  are  valuable.  He  published  a 
history  of  the  He  volution  in  South  Carolina,  2 
vols.  8vo.,  1785  ;  history  of  the  American  Revo 
lution,  2  vols.,  1789 ;  review  of  the  improvements, 
etc.,  of  medicine,  1800  ;  the  life  of  Washington, 
1801  ;  medical  register,  1802  ;  oration  on  the  ac 
quisition  of  Louisiana,  1804 ;  history  of  South 
Carolina,  2  vols.,  1809,  with  valuable  public  docu 
ments  annexed ;  a  biographical  chart ;  memoirs 
of  Martha  L.  Ramsay,  1811  ;  eulogium  on  Dr. 
Rush,  1813;  history  of  the  United  States,  3  vols., 
181G;  universal  history  Americanized,  8  vols. 

RAMSAY,  MARTHA  LAURENS,  the  wife  of  the 
preceding,  died  June  10,  1811,  aged  51.  The 
daughter  of  Henry  Laurens,  she  was  born  Nov. 
3,  1759.  After  passing  ten  years  in  England  and 
France  she  returned  to  this  country,  and  was 
married  in  Jan.,  1787.  She  was  the  mother  of 
eleven  children,  eight  of  whom  survived  her. 
She  was  a  woman  of  talents,  learning,  and  piety. 
She  fitted  her  sons  for  college.  One  of  her  Sun 
day  employments  was  reading  the  New  Testament 
in  Greek  with  her  sons,  and  in  French  with  her 
daughters.  When,  in  the  absence  of  her  hus 
band,  she  was  the  head  of  her  family,  she  daily 
prayed  with  them  and  read  the  Scriptures.  Of 
her  benevolence,  the  following  is  an  instance  : 
When  in  France  she  received  from  her  father  a 
present  of  500  guineas.  With  a  part  of  this 
sum  she  purchased  and  distributed  French  testa 
ments,  and  established  a  school  at  Vigan.  Me 
moirs  of  her  life,  with  extracts  from  her  writings, 
were  published  by  her  husband,  2d  ed.,  1812. 

RAMSAY,  ALEXANDER,  M.  D.,  an  anatomist, 
was  a  native  of  England,  but  resided  for  many 
years  in  this  country  as  a  lecturer  on  anatomy 


and  physiology.  He  died  at  Parsonsfield,  Maine, 
Nov.  24,  1824,  aged  about  70.  He  had.  been  bit 
ten  two  years '  before  by  a  rattlesnake ;  and  he 
supposed  that  his  last  sickness  was  the  conse 
quence  of  the  poison,  producing  an  altered  state 
of  the  lymphatics  of  his  lungs.  He  was  a  very 
skilful  anatomist.  He  published  anatomy  of  the 
heart,  cranium,  and  brain,  with  a  series  of  plates, 
2d  ed.,  Edinburgh,  1813. 

RAMSAY,  WILLIAM,  captain,  died  in  Boon 
county,  Mo.,  May  24, 1845,  aged  104.  He  served 
during  the  whole  of  the  Revolutionary  Avar,  and 
was  an  Indian  fighter  in  Kentucky.  He  removed 
to  Missouri  in  1802. 

RAMSEY,  Mrs.,  wife  of  William  R.,  mission 
ary,  died  at  Bombay  June  11,  1834,  aged  29. 
Her  name  was  Mary  Wire,  of  Philadelphia. 

RAMSEY,  JAMES,  D.  D.,  died  at  Frankfort, 
Pa.,  March  G,  1855,  aged  84. 

RAND,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Kingston,  Mass., 
died  in  1779,  aged  within  a  week  of  80.  Born 
in  Charlestown,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1721, 
in  the  class  of  Drs.  Chauncy  and  Pemberton.  He 
was  the  minister  of  Sunderland  from  1724  to 
i  1745,  and  of  Kingston  from  1746  to  1779,  in  all 
I  about  fifty-five  years  in  the  ministry.  He  was  a 
man  of  eminence.  He  published  a  sermon  on 
preaching  Christ,  1736;  at  ordination  of  D.  Par 
sons,  1739;  of  A.  Hill;  of  A.  Williams;  at  the 
convention,  1757. —  Sprague's  Annals. 

RAND,  ISAAC,  M.  D.,  vice-president  of  the 
medical  society,  died  in  Charlestown,  Mass.,  in 
1790,  aged  71.  He  studied  medicine  with  Dr. 
Thomas  Greaves  of  C.,  his  native  town.  In  1775 
he  had  a  small  pox  hospital  in  Cambridge.  With 
out  a  college  education,  lie  was  respectable  for 
his  attainments  and  was  held  in  high  esteem. 

RAND,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  Lyndeborough, 
N.  H.,  died  in  Bedford  in  1805,  aged  78.  Born 
'•  in  Charlestown,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1743,  and  was  pastor  from  1757  to  1762.  lie 
was  college  librarian.  There  being  no  meeting 
house  when  he  was  settled,  he  was  ordained  Dec. 
3d  in  a  barn. 

RAND,  ISAAC,  M.  D,',  a  physician,  died  in  Bos 
ton  Sept.  11,  1822,  aged  79.  The  son  of  Dr. 
Isaac  R.  of  Charlestown,  Mass.,  he  was  born 
April  27,  1743,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1761,  in  which  year  he  and  Samuel  Williams 
accompanied  Professor  Winthrop  to  Newfound 
land,  to  observe  the  transit  of  Venus.  In  1764  he 
settled  as  a  physician  in  Boston,  and  rose  to  emi 
nence.  In  the  Revolution  he  was  a  royalist,  but, 
taking  no  active  part  in  politics,  he  was  not  mo 
lested.  He  remained  in  Boston  while  it  was  pos 
sessed  by  the  enemy.  From  1798  to  1804  he  was 
president  of  the  Massachusetts  medical  society. 
He  was  for  many  years  a  professor  of  religion. 
Such  was  his  charity  to  the  poor,  that  he  gave 
them  not  only  his  services,  but  his  money.  For 


RAND. 

years  several  families  were  supported  by  his  boun 
ty.  His  manners  were  dignified  and  courtly.  He 
published  a  tract  on  hydrocephalus  interims,  and 
a  discourse  on  the  use  of  the  warm  bath  and  fox 
glove  in  phthisis.  —  Thaclicr. 

HANI),  BENJAMIN,  LL.  I).,  died  in  Boston 
April  26,  1852,  aged  G7.  Born  in  "Wcston,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1808,  and  was  a  distin 
guished  member  of  the  Boston  bar. 

11ANDALL,  RICHARD,  M.  D.,  governor  of 
Liberia,  died  April  19, 1829.  He  was  born  in  An 
napolis,  studied  physic  in  Philadelphia,  was  sur 
geon's  mate  in  the  navy,  and  in  1825  commenced 
the  practice  in  Washington.  He  was  one  of  the 
managers  of  the  colonization  society,  and  in  1828, 
after  the  death  of  Mr.  Ashmun,  was  appointed 
governor  of  Liberia.  He  accepted  the  perilous 
office  ;  but  soon  died. 

RANDALL,  STEPHEN,  Dr.,  died  at  North  Prov 
idence  March  15,  1843,  aged  81. 

RANDALL,  JOHN,  M.  D.,  an  esteemed  phy 
sician  in  Boston,  died  Dec.  20,  1843,  aged  67. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1802. 

RANDALL,  ARCHIBALD,  judge,  died  at  Phila 
delphia  May  30,  1846,  aged  46.  He  was  a  judge 
of  the  United  States  district  court. 

RANDALL,  ABRAHAM,  died  at  Stow,  Mass., 
March  3,  1852,  aged  80.  Born  in  Stow,  he  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  in  1798,  was  settled  at  Man 
chester  in  1802,  and  dismissed  in  1808.  He  then 
returned  to  his  native  town. 

RANDOLPH,  EDWARD,  a  man  worthy  of  in 
famy  in  New  England,  was  sent  over  to  inquire 
into  the  state  of  the  colonies  in  1676.  In  his 
zeal  for  Episcopacy  he  wished  to  destroy  the  New 
England  churches,  and  was  the  cause  of  the  tak 
ing  away  of  the  Massachusetts  charter.  He  was 
conjoined  with  Governor  Andros.  He  died  in 
the  West  Indies.  —  Eliot. 

RANDOLPH,  PEYTON,  first  president  of  con 
gress,  died  Oct.  22,  1775,  aged  52.  He  was  a 
native  of  Virginia,  of  which  colony  he  was  attor 
ney-general  as  early  as  1756.  In  this  year  he 
formed  a  company  of  one  hundred  gentlemen, 
who  engaged  as  volunteers  against  the  Indians. 
He  was  afterwards  speaker  of  the  house  of  bur 
gesses.  Being  appointed  one  of  the  deputies  to 
the  first  congress  in  1774,  he  was,  Sept.  5,  elected 
its  president.  He  was  also  chosen  president  of 
the  second  congress,  May  10,  1775,  but  on  the 
24th,  as  ho  was  obliged  to  return  to  Virginia,  Mr. 
Hancock  was  placed  in  the  chair.  Mr.  Randolph 
afterwards  took  his  seat  again  in  congress.  He 
died  at  Philadelphia  of  an  apoplectic  stroke. 

RANDOLPH,  EDMUND,  governor  of  Virginia, 
died  Sept.  12,  1813.  He  was  the  only  son  of 
John  11.,  attorney-general,  who,  being  a  loyalist, 
left  the  country  at  the  beginning  of  the  Revolu 
tion  with  Lord  Dunmore.  He  was  bred  under 
his  father  to  the  law,  but  refused  to  accompany 


RATHBUN. 


G93 


him  to  England.  After  seeing  a  little  military 
service  in  the  suite  of  Washington,  he  applied 
himself  to  the  profession  of  the  law,  and  was  ap 
pointed  attorney-general.  He  was  governor  after 
Patrick  Henry  from  1786  to  1788,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  Beverly  Randolph.  In  1790  Wash 
ington  appointed  him  attorney-general  of  the 
United  States;  and  in  1794  he  succeeded  Mr. 
Jefferson  as  secretary  of  State,  but  in  consequence 
of  some  difficulties  with  the  administration  he  re 
signed  Aug.  19,  1795.  In  his  private  affairs  he 
was  much  embarrassed.  He  died  in  Frederic 
county,  Va.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Robert 
Carter  Nicholas,  treasurer  under  the  royal  gov 
ernment  ;  and  by  her  he  had  several  children. 
He  published  a  vindication  of  his  resignation, 
1795. 

RANDOLPH,  THOMAS  M.,  colonel,  governor 
of  Virginia,  died  at  Monticcllo  June  20,  1828. 
His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Mr.  Jefferson.  Other 
governors  of  the  name  were  Edmund,  from  1786 
to  1788  ;  and  Beverly,  from  1788  to  1791. 

RANDOLPH,  MARTHA,  died  in  Albemarle 
county,  Virginia,  Oct.  10,  1836,  aged  upwards  of 
70 ;  the  last  survivor  of  the  daughters  of  Thomas 
Jefferson.  She  was  the  widow  of  Governor 
Thomas  M.  Randolph,  and  a  woman  of  eminent 
talents  and  virtues. 

RANKINS,  CATHARINE,  died  at  Braynefield, 
Caroline  county,  Miss., Oct.,  1833,  aged  109;  born 
near  Port  Royal,  Virginia. 

RANTOUL,  ROBERT,  JUN.,  senator  of  the 
United  States,  died  at  Washington  Aug.  7,  1852, 
aged  46.  He  was  born  at  Beverly,  Mass.,  Aug. 
13,  1805,  and  graduated  in  1826,  delivering  the 
valedictory  poem.  After  being  admitted  to  the 
bar  he  became  a  resident  of  Gloucester  in  1833, 
of  which  town  he  was  a  representative.  As  chair 
man  of  a  committee  he  drew  up  several  reports 
in  favor  of  the  abolition  of  the  punishment  of 
death  in  all  cases.  It  is,  perhaps,  as  much  owing 
to  him  as  to  any  man,  that  so  many  have  come 
to  disregard  the  ancient  Divine  injunction  to  pun 
ish  the  murderer  with  death, —  an  infliction  neces 
sary  to  the  safety  of  human  society.  He  was  on 
the  democratic  side  in  politics.  In  1843  he  was 
collector  in  Boston ;  in  1845  he  was  appointed 
district  attorney  for  four  years.  In  1851  he  was 
chosen  senator  to  supply  for  a  few  days  the  va 
cancy  occasioned  by  the  resignation  of  Mr.  Web 
ster.  In  November  he  was  chosen  a  member  of 
congress  by  the  united  votes  of  the  democratic 
and  free-soil  parties.  His  speeches  and  writings 
have  been  collected  in  one  volume. 

RAPP,  FREDERIC,  died  in  July,  1834,  aged 
59 ;  the  leader  of  the  Harmonists,  so  called,  at 
Economy,  their  seat  in  Pennsylvania.  George 
Rapp,  the  founder  of  the  society,  a  German,  died 
in  1847,  aged  92. 

RATHBUN,  VALENTINE,   was   born  in  Ston- 


694 


llATHBUN. 


RAY. 


ington  in  1723,  and  was  by  trade  a  clothier.  He 
formed  a  Baptist  church  in  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  in 
1772,  and  was  their  pastor;  it  was  a  large  church 
in  1780.  He  now  joined  the  Shakers  in  the 
neighboring  town  of  Hancock,  with  a  large  part 
of  his  church ;  and  also  Mr.  Johnson,  Presbyte 
rian  minister  of  New  Lebanon.  In  about  three 
months,  however,  he  left  them,  and  wrote  Rath- 
bun's  hints  against  their  delusions,  a  tract,  of 
which  five  editions  were  soon  published.  His 
brother,  Daniel  Rathbun,  remained  with  them 
four  years ;  then  withdrew  and  published  a  more 
full  account  of  their  madness,  in  1785.  The 
Baptist  church  once  under  his  care  becoming  ex 
tinct,  a  new  one  was  formed  in  Pittsfield,  of  which 
John  Francis  was  the  minister  from  1806  to  his 
death  in  1813. 

RATHBUN,  BENJAMIN,  died  in  Springfield, 
New  York,  in  1854,  bequeathing  12,000  dollars 
to  the  bible  and  other  societies. 

RAUCH,  CHRISTIAN  HENRY,  a  Moravian  mis 
sionary,  arrived  at  New  York,  July,  1740,  and 
proceeded  thence  to  Shekomeko,  an  Iiidian  vil 
lage  bordering  on  Connecticut,  near  the  Stissik 
mountain.  He  was  successful  in  his  labors.  He 
baptized  the  three  first  Indians  Feb.  22,  1742, 
and  twenty-six  more  before  the  end  of  the  year. 
Some  of  his  brethren  were  maltreated  by  inter 
ested  whites,  opposed  to  the  civilization  of  the 
Indians,  particularly  at  New  Milford  and  Peckipsi, 
now  called  Poughkeepsie.  —  Ileckewelder's  Nar. 

R-AUCH,  F.  A.,  minister  at  Mercersburg,  Penn., 
died  March  2,  1841. 

RAVENSCROFT,  JOHN  S.,  D.  D.,  bishop  of 
North  Carolina,  died  at  Raleigh  March  5,  1830, 
aged  57.  He  was  the  author  of  sermons. 

RAWDON,  Earl  of,  or  Francis  Rawdon  Hast 
ings,  Marquess  of  Hastings,  died  on  board  ship 
Revenge  near  Naples,  Nov.  28,  1826,  aged  73. 
In  1778  he  was  adjutant-general  of  the  British 
army  in  America.  At  the  battle  of  Camden,  Aug. 
16,  1780,  he  commanded  one  wing  of  the  army. 
Severe  illness  induced  him  to  return  to  England. 
In  1793  he  was  major-general ;  in  1803  com- 
mander-in-chief  in  Scotland ;  in  1812  governor- 
general  of  British  India;  in  1824  governor  of 
Malta.  His  wife  was  Flora  Muir  Campbell ;  as 
he  was  about  to  die  he  requested  that  his  right 
hand  might  be  cut  off  and  preserved  till  the 
death  of  his  wife,  to  be  interred  in  the  same  coffin 
with  her.  It  was  cut  off.  Whether  she  pre 
served  it  is  not  stated. 

RAWLE,  WILLIAM,  died  April  12,  1836,  aged 
77.  He  was  one  of  the  first  lawyers  of  Phila 
delphia,  an  eminent  jurist,  respected  for  his  vari 
ous  learning,  and  an  honor  to  his  profession  for 
fifty  years.  He  published  an  address  to  the  ag 
ricultural  society,  1819;  a  view  of  the  constitu 
tion  of  the  United  States,  2d  edition,  1829  ;  dis 
course  on  law,  1832. 


RAWSON,  EDWARD,  secretary  of  Massachu 
setts  colony  above  forty  years,  died  at  Dorchester 
in  1694,  aged  about  60.  lie  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1653  ;  his  name  is  printed  in  italics  as  a 
minister.  His  son  Grindall,  born  in  1658,  mar 
ried  Susan,  daughter  of  Rev.  John  Wilson  of 
Medficld,  and  had  eight  sons  and  five  daughters. 

RAWSON,  GRINDALL,  minister  of  Mcndon, 
Mass.,  died  Feb.  6,  1715,  aged  56.  He  was  the 
son  of  Secretary  Edward;  was  graduated  at  Har 
vard  college  in  1678,  and  was  ordained  successor 
of  Mr.  Emerson  about  the  year  1680,  when  there 
were  but  about  twenty  families  in  the  town.  Such 
]  was  his  benevolence,  that  he  studied  the  Indian 
language  that  he  might  be  able  to  preach  the 
gospel  of  salvation  to  the  Indians  in  Mendon. 
He  usually  preached  to  them  in  their  own  tongue 
every  Sunday  evening.  His  discouragements 
were  great,  for  he  had  but  little  success ;  but  he 
persevered  in  his  humane  exertions.  He  was 
highly  respected  for  his  talents,  piety,  and  be 
nevolence.  He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Dorr. 
When  on  his  sick  bed,  as  he  was  reminded  of  his 
faithfulness  in  the  service  of  God,  he  replied : 
"  O,  the  great  imperfection  I  have  been  guilty  of! 
How  little  have  I  done  for  God  ! "  lie  continued : 
"  If  it  were  not  for  the  imperfection  of  the  saints, 
there  would  be  no  need  of  a  Saviour.  In  the 
Lord  Jehovah  I  have  righteousness  and  strength." 
The  last  words  which  he  uttered  were  :  "  Come, 
Lord  Jesus,  come  quickly."  He  published  the 
election  sermon,  1709.  —  C.  Mather's  Death  of 
Good  Men. 

RAWSON,  GRINDALL,  first  minister  of  South 
Hadley,  and  of  Hadlymein  East  Iladdam,  Conn., 
died  in  1777,  aged  69.  The  son  of  Rev.  G.  R. 
of  Mendon,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1728. 
He  was  the  first  minister  of  South  Hadley,  Mass., 
from  1733  to  1741  ;  then  of  Hadlyme,  and  re 
mained  pastor  until  in  1745  he  was  dismissed. 

RAWSON,  GRINDALL,  minister  of  Yarmouth, 
Mass.,  died  in  1794,  aged  73.  The  cousin  of  the 
preceding,  born  in  Milton,  he  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1741 ;  was  from  1751  to  1754  the 
minister  of  Ware ;  and  was  pastor  at  Yarmouth 
from  1755  to  1760.  —  Sprayue's  Annals. 

RAWSON,  JAMES,  D.  I).,  died  in  Hungan's 
parish,  Virginia,  Aug.  26,  1854. 

RAY,  WILLIAM,  a  poet,  died  at  Auburn,  N.  Y., 
in  1827,  aged  56.  He  was  born  in  Salisbury, 
Conn.,  and  had  but  little  education.  After  several 
ineffectual  attempts  to  provide  for  his  family, 
he  sailed  to  the  Mediterranean  in  1803  on  board 
the  frigate  Philadelphia,  which  struck  upon  a  rock 
near  Tripoli,  and  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Tripo- 
litans.  He  was  a  slave  for  a  year  and  a  half,  and 
his  sufferings  were  great.  In  1809  he  settled  in 
Essex  county,  N.  Y.  ;  but  was  unsuccessful  in 
trade.  In  the  war  of  1812  he  was  a  major  in  the 
detached  militia.  He  afterwards  lived  in  Onon- 


RAY. 


RED  JACKET. 


C95 


daga.     His  volume  of  poems   was   published  in 
1821.     In  the  exordium  he  says  : 

l;  When  you're  captured  by  a  Turk, 
Sit  down  aud  write  a  bettor  work." 

—  Spec.  Amer.  Poetry,  II.  137. 

RAY,  JOSEPH,  M.  D.,  died  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
April  17,  18,35,  aged  48.  He  was  an  eminent 
teacher  in  various  places,  and  president  of  the 
Woodward  high  school.  He  published  three 
treatises  on  arithmetic,  and  two  on  algebra,  in 
good  repute  at  the  west. 

RAYMOND,  WILLIAM,  captain,  commanded 
a  company  of  young  men  of  Beverly  in  the  ex 
pedition  to  Canada  in  1690 ;  to  him  and  them  a 
township  of  land  was  given  in  reward  of  their 
services.  Their  pastor,  Mr.  Hale,  was  chaplain. 

—  R.  EantouUs  Memoir  of  Hale,  in   coll.  hist. 
soc.  3d  series,  vol.  7. 

RAYXER,  JOHN,  or  Reyner,  died  at  Dover, 
N.  II.,  in  April,  1069,  probably  as  old  as  70  years. 
He  had  his  degree  at  Magdalen  college,  Cam 
bridge,  in  1625.  He  began  to  preach  at  Ply 
mouth  about  March,  1635,  and  was  successor  of 
R.  Smith  as  the  teacher  from  1636  to  1654, 
when  he  left  the  town  in  consequence  of  the  dim 
inution  of  his  church  by  emigration  and  of  pre 
judices  against  a  learned  ministry.  He  was 
installed  at  Dover  in  1657.  He  manifested  the 
Christian  virtues  and  was  an  able  and  faithful 
preacher.  The  instruction  of  children  occupied 
much  of  his  attention.  He  married  Frances 
Clark  of  Boston  about  1642. 

RAYNER,  JOHN,  minister  of  Dover,  N.  II., 
died  in  Eraintree  Dec.  21,  1676,  aged  34.  The 
son  of  J.  Rayncr,  born  in  Plymouth ;  he  gradu 
ated  in  1663,  and  settled  in  1671,  the  successor 
of  his  father. 

READ,  GEORGE,  chief  justice  of  Delaware, 
died  in  1798,  aged  64.  He  Avas  a  patriot  of  the 
Revolution,  was  of  Irish  descent,  and  born  in 
Maryland  in  1734.  After  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  he  relinquished  to  his  brothers  his  right 
to  two  shares  of  his  father's  estate.  He  was  at 
torney-general  of  the  three  lower  counties  from 
1763  till  1775.  In  August,  1774,  he  was  chosen 
a  member  of  congress  and  continued  in  that  body 
during  the  Revolutionary  war.  Though  he  voted 
against  the  declaration  of  independence,  thinking 
it  premature,  yet  he  signed  the  instrument,  and 
was  truly  a  friend  of  his  country.  He  presided 
in  the  convention  which  formed  the  first  consti 
tution  of  Delaware,  and  was  a  member  of  that 
which  formed  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States.  He  was  also  a  senator  of  the  United 
States,  and  chief  justice  from  1793  till  his  death. 
He  was  a  distinguished  judge,  and  in  private  life 
respectable  and  estimable.  —  Goodrich. 

READ,  CLEMENT,  minister  in  Charlotte  county, 
Virginia,  died  in  1841,  aged  71. 


READ,  LEIGH,  brigadier-general,  died  at  Tal 
lahassee,  Florida,  in  1841,  aged  31;  a  brave  officer 
in  the  Scminole  war  in  1836. 

READ,  JOHN,  a  great  lawyer  in  Massachu 
setts,  died  Feb.  7,  1749,  aged  about  72.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1697.  lie  was  a  man 
of  talents  and  integrity,  and  a  friend  of  the  peo 
ple.  He  was  a  representative  of  Boston  and  a 
councillor.  The  next  age  was  fond  of  quoting 
his  opinions  and  sayings.  —  Eliot. 

READ,  Jonx,  M.  D.,  died  at  Philadelphia  in 
November,  1792. 

READ,  COLLINSOX,  published  abridgment  of 
the  LIAVS  of  Pennsylvania,  1804. 

READ,  D.,  published  American  singing  book, 
also  a  new  collection  of  psalm  tunes,  Dedham, 
1805. 

READ,  THOMAS,  D.  D.,  died  at  Wilmington, 
Delaware,  in  1823.  He  was  many  years  an  ex 
cellent  preacher  in  the  Presbyterian  church.  As 
he  received  an  honorary  degree  at  Princeton  in 
1772,  he  was  probably  aged  75  or  more  at  his 
death. —  Rev.  T.  R.  died  in  Montgomery  county, 
Maryland,  Jan.  5,  1838,  aged  90,  nearly  forty 
years  rector  of  Prince  George's  parish. 

READ,  WILLIAM,  doctor,  died  at  Charleston, 
S.  C.,  April  20,  1845,  aged  91.  He  had  the  rank 
of  lieutenant-colonel,  and  was  of  Washington's 
staff  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 

READ,  NATHAN,  judge,  died  in  Hallowell, 
Maine,  Jan.  20,  1849,  aged  89.  He  graduated 
in  1781,  and  soon  opened  a  school  in  Salem  for 
young  ladies,  and  he  became  noted  for  his  me 
chanical  science  and  inventions.  He  was  a  mem 
ber  of  congress  from  Essex  county  in  1801.  He 
emigrated  to  Maine.  Of  the  American  academy 
he  was  a  member.  Such  were  his  high  inventive 
powers,  that  before  Fulton  he  applied  steam  to 
navigation,  but  with  paddles  instead  of  wheels. 

READING,  THOMAS,  a  distinguished  patriot 
of  the  Revolution,  died  near  Flemington,  N.  J., 
in  1814,  aged  81.  He  was  religious  from  youth; 
in  dying  he  said,  "  I  am  now  ready  to  be  offered." 

REAM,  JEREMIAH,  a  preacher  in  Sumter  dis 
trict,  South  Carolina,  after  he  was  ninety  years 
old  ;  died  after  1797,  aged  100.  —  Ramsay. 

REDFIELD,  WILLIAM  C.,  died  in  New  York 
Feb.  12,  1857,  aged  68.  Born  in  Middletown, 
Conn.,  he  came  to  New  York  in  1825.  He  was 
a  man  of  science  and  zealously  promoted  steam 
navigation.  In  1828  he  published  a  paper  on  a 
route  of  a  great  western  railway.  He  began 
early  to  study  the  theory  of  storms.  His  writ 
ings  on  meteorology  appeared  in  the  American 
journal  of  science,  and  in  the  nautical  magazines 
and  journals.  lie  gave  much  attention  also  to 
geology. 

RED  JACKET,  chief  of  the  Seneca  Indians, 
:lied  near  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  20,  1830,  aged  80. 
His  Indian  name  was  Sagryuwhahad,  Keeper 


696 


REDLON. 


REED. 


Awake.  He  had  always  strenuously  opposed  the 
introduction  of  Christianity,  of  schools,  and  of  the 
arts  of  civilized  life  among  his  people.  Before 
his  death  he  was  restored  to  his  dignity  of  chief, 
from  which  he  had  been  deposed  a  few  years  for 
his  intemperance  and  other  vices.  His  people 
were  divided  into  the  Christian  party  and  the 
heathen  party.  He  died  a  pagan ;  requesting 
his  wife  to  put  into  his  hand  when  he  was  about 
to  die  a  vial  of  water,  that,  as  the  devil  might  at 
tempt  to  take  his  soul,  he  might  thus  be  secure. 
This  expedient  might  have  been  the  result  of  a 
dream,  or  of  the  Catholic  practice  of  sprinkling 
with  holy  water. 

REDLON,  SARAH,  died  at  Buxton,  Maine, 
Dec.  26,  1856,  aged  100;  the  widow  of  Ebenezer 
R.,  a  Revolutionary  soldier.  She  retained  her 
faculties  in  old  age.  The  mother  of  eleven  chil 
dren,  her  descendants  were  two  hundred  and 
seventy-three. 

REDMAN,  JOHN,  M.  D.,  first  president  of 
the  college  of  physicians  of  Philadelphia,  died 
March  19,  1808,  aged  86.  He  was  born  in  that 
city  Feb.  27,  1722.  After  finishing  his  prepara 
tory  education  in  Mr.  Tennent's  academy,  he 
entered  upon  the  study  of  physic  with  John 
Kcarsely,  then  one  of  the  most  respectable  physi 
cians  of  Philadelphia.  When  he  commenced  the 
practice  of  his  profession  he  went  to  Bermuda, 
where  he  continued  for  several  years.  Thence 
he  proceeded  to  Europe  for  the  purpose  of  per 
fecting  his  acquaintance  with  medicine.  He  lived 
one  year  in  Edinburgh ;  he  attended  lectures, 
dissections,  and  the  hospitals  in  Paris;  he  was 
graduated  at  Leyden  in  July,  1748;  and,  after 
passing  some  time  at  Gray's  hospital,  he  returned 
to  America,  and  settled  in  his  native  city,  where 
he  soon  gained  great  and  deserved  celebrity.  In 
the  evening  of  his  life  he  withdrew  from  the  labors 
of  his  profession  ;  but  it  was  only  to  engage  in 
business  of  another  kind.  In  the  year  1784  he 
was  elected  an  elder  of  the  second  Presbyterian 
church,  and  the  benevolent  duties  of  this  office 
employed  him  and  gave  him  delight.  The  death 
of  his  younger  daughter  in  1806  was  soon  suc 
ceeded  by  the  death  of  his  wife,  with  whom  he 
had  lived  nearly  sixty  years.  lie  himself  soon 
died  of  the  apoplexy,  lie  was  below  the  middle 
stature ;  his  complexion  was  dark  and  his  eyes 
animated.  In  the  former  part  of  his  life  he  pos 
sessed  an  irritable  temper,  but  his  anger  was 
transient,  and  he  was  known  to  make  acknow 
ledgments  to  his  pupils  and  servants  for  a  hasty 
expression.  He  was  a  decided  friend  to  deple 
tion  in  all  the  violent  diseases  of  our  country. 
He  bled  freely  in  the  yellow  fever  of  1762,  and 
threw  the  weight  of  his  venerable  name  into  the 
scale  of  the  .same  remedy  in  the  year  1793.  In 
the  diseases  of  old  age  he  considered  small  and 
frequent  bleedings  as  the  first  of  remedies.  He 


entertained  a  high  opinion  of  mercury  in  all 
chronic  diseases,  and  he  gave  it  in  the  natural 
small  pox,  with  the  view  of  touching  the  salivary 
glands  about  the  turn  of  the  pock.  He  intro 
duced  the  use  of  turbith  mineral  as  an  emetic  in 
the  gangrenous  sore  throat  of  1764.  Towards 
the  close  of  his  life  he  read  the  later  medical 
writers,  and  embraced  'with  avidity  some  of  the 
modern  opinions  and  modes  of  practice.  In  a 
sick  room  his  talents  were  peculiar.  He  sus 
pended  pain  by  his  soothing  manner,  or  chased 
it  away  by  his  conversation,  which  was  occasion 
ally  facetious  and  full  of  anecdotes,  or  serious  and 
instructing.  He  was  remarkably  attached  to  all 
the  members  of  his  family.  At  the  funeral  of 
his  brother,  Joseph  R.,  in  1779,  after  the  com 
pany  were  assembled,  he  rose  from  his  seat,  and, 
grasping  the  lifeless  hand  of  his  brother,  said : 
"  I  declare  in  the  presence  of  God  and  of  this 
company,  that  in  the  whole  course  of  our  lives 
no  angry  word  nor  look  has  ever  passed  between 
this  dear  brother  and  me."  He  then  kneeled 
down  by  the  side  of  his  coffin,  and  implored  the 
favor  of  God  to  his  widow  and  children.  He  was 
an  eminent  Christian.  While  he  was  not  ashamed 
of  the  gospel  of  Christ,  he  thought  humbly  of 
himself,  and  lamented  his  slender  attainments  in 
religion.  His  piety  was  accompanied  by  benevo 
lence  and  charity.  lie  gave  liberally  to  the  poor. 
Such  was  the  cheerfulness  of  his  temper,  that 
upon  serious  subjects  he  was  never  gloomy.  He 
spoke  often  of  death,  and  of  the  scenes  which 
await  the  soul  after  its  separation  from  the  body, 
with  perfect  composure.  He  published  an  inau 
gural  dissertation  on  abortion,  1748;  and  a  de 
fence  of  inoculation,  1759. 

REDMAN,  JOSEPH,  Dr.,  died  at  Bordentown, 
X  J.,  in  1818:  he  had  lived  in  Philadelphia. 

REDWOOD,  ABRAHAM,  a  friend  of  learning, 
died  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  in  1788,  aged  78.  He 
was  a  Quaker,  and  came  from  Antigua  to  New 
port.  In  1730  a  number  of  gentlemen  formed  a 
society  for  the  promotion  of  knowledge  and  vir 
tue.  The  establishment  of  a  library  being 
deemed  important,  Mr.  Redwood  gave  500 
pounds  sterling  for  the  purpose.  In  consequence 
an  incorporation  was  obtained  for  the  company  of 
the  Redwood  library ;  Mr.  Collins  gave  a  lot  of 
land;  and  wealthy  citizens  subscribed  5,000 
pounds.  The  building  was  finished  in  1750. 
The  British  troops  in  the  war  carried  away  some 
of  the  finest  works  ;  but  the  library  now  contains 
six  or  seven  thousand  volumes. —  Ci/cl.  o/'Amcr. 
Lit. 

REED,  JOHN,  an  eminent  lawyer  of  Danbury, 
Conn.,  settled  there  perhaps  before  the  beginning 
of  the  last  century.  He  was  as  singular  as  he 
was  learned.  Anecdotes  of  him  may  yet  be  pre 
served  in  D. 

REED,  JOSEPH,  general,  president  of  Pcnn- 


HEED. 


HEED. 


G97 


sylvania,  died  March  4,  1785,  aged  43.  He  was 
bom  in  Now  Jersey  Aug.  27,  1741,  and  gradu 
ated  at  Princeton  in  1757.  He  studied  law  with 
11.  Stockton  ;  also  at  the  Temple  in  London.  On 
his  return  he  resided  in  Philadelphia,  where  he 
was  one  of  the  committee  of  correspondence  in 
1774  and  president  of  the  convention.  He 
accompanied  AVashington  to  Cambridge  in  July, 
1775,  and  as  his  aid  and  secretary  remained  with 
him  during  the  campaign.  In  the  campaign  of 
177G  he  was  adjutant-general,  and  proved  him 
self  a  brave,  active,  and  useful  officer.  By  direc 
tion  of  Washington,  he  cooperated  in  the  affair 
of  Princeton,  Jby  attacking  the  neighboring  British 
posts.  In  the  spring  of  1777  he  was  appointed 
a  general  officer  in  the  cavalry,  but  declined  the 
station,  though  he  still  attended  the  army.  lie 
was  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Germantown.  In 
1777  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  congress.  In 
May,  1778,  when  he  was  a  member  of  congress, 
the  three  commissioners  from  England  arrived  in 
America.  Gov.  Johnstone,  one  of  them,  ad 
dressed  private  letters  to  F.  Dana,  R.  Morris, 
and  Mr  Reed  to  secure  their  influence  towards 
the  restoration  of  harmony,  giving  to  the  two 
latter  intimations  of  honors  and  emoluments. 
But  he  addressed  himself  to  men  who  were  firm 
in  their  attachment  to  America.  Mr.  Reed  had 
a  yet  severer  trial,  for  direct  propositions  were 
made  to  him  in  June,  through  the  agency  of  an 
accomplished  American  lady,  known  to  be  Mrs. 
Ferguson,  wife  of  Henry  Hugh  F.,  a  Scotchman, 
who  joined  the  British.  She  assured  him,  as  from 
Gov.  Johnstone,  that  10,000  pounds  sterling  and 
the  best  office  in  the  gift  of  the  crown  in  America 
should  be  at  his  disposal,  if  he  could  effect  a  re 
union  of  the  two  countries.  He  replied,  that 
"  He  was  not  worth  purchasing ;  but,  such  as  he 
was,  the  king  of  Great  Britain  was  not  rich 
enough  to  do  it."  In  Oct.,  1778,  he  was  chosen 
president  of  Pennsylvania,  and  he  continued  in 
this  office  till  Oct.,  1781.  During  his  adminis 
tration  violent  parties  sprung  up  from  various 
causes,  as  the  paper  currency,  opposition  to  the 
State  constitution,  and  personal  ambition,  and  he 
was  rudely  assailed,  as  many  other  illustrious 
men  have  been,  in  the  public  papers,  the  vehicles 
of  passion  and  slander.  Yet  he  remained  in  of 
fice  so  long  as  he  was  eligible ;  and  then  returned 
to  the  profession  of  the  law.  He  was  content  to 
rest  the  merits  of  his  administration  on  the 
arrangements  for  establishing  the  university,  for 
the  gradual  abolition  of  slavery,  and  the  demo 
lition  of  proprietary  power.  lie  ever  enjoyed  the 
confidence  of  AVashington  and  Greene.  In  1784 
he  visited  England  for  his  health.  His  wife  was 
the  daughter  of  Dennis  De  Berdt,  an  eminent 
merchant  of  London  and  agent  for  Massachu 
setts  ;  his  son,  Jos.  R.,  was  a  respected  citizen  of 
Philadelphia;  his  youngest  son,  Gco.  W.  It.,  edu 


cated  at  Princeton,  served  under  Decatur  in  1804  ; 
commanded  the  Vixen  brig-of-war  in  the  war  of 
1812;  and  died  a  prisoner  in  England.  Gen.  R. 
was  pure  in  morals  and  polished  in  manners.  He 
published  remarks  on  Johnstone's  speech,  with 
papers  relative  to  his  propositions,  etc.,  1779; 
remarks  on  a  publication  in  the  Gazetteer,  with 
an  address  to  the  people  on  the  many  libels,  etc., 
1783.  This  was  addressed  to  Gen.  Cadwalladcr, 
who  replied.  —  Marshall,  III.  529,  544  ;  Rogers. 

REED,  SOLOMON,  minister  of  Middleborough, 
Mass.,  died  in  1785,  aged  68.  Born  in  Abiugton, 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1739  ;  was  ordained 
minister  of  Framingham  in  1747  ;  and  installed 
at  M.  in  1757.  Of  his  sons,  John  was  a  Unitarian 
minister ;  Solomon,  the  minister  of  Petersham,  died 
in  1 808,  aged  55  ;  and  Samuel,  the  minister  of  War 
wick,  died  in  1812,  aged  57.  —  Sprar/ue's  Annals. 

REED,  SOLOMON,  minister  of  Petersham,  Mass., 
died  in  1808,  aged  55.  Born  in  Middleborough, 
he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1775,  and  was  pastor 
from  1780  to  1800. 

REED,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Warwick,  Mass., 
died  in  1812,  aged  57.  Born  in  Middleborough, 
he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1778,  and  was  set 
tled  in  1779. 

REED,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  minister  of  West  Bridge- 
water,  Mass.,  died  Feb.  17,  1831,  aged  80.  He 
was  the  son  of  Solomon  R.,  minister  of  Middle- 
borough  ;  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1772, 
and  ordained  as  colleague  with  D.  Perkins  June 
7,  1780.  He  and  his  two  predecessors,  D.  Per 
kins  and  J.  Keith,  occupied  one  hundred  and 
sixty-seven  years ;  that  is,  Mr.  Keith  from  1664 
to  1719,  Mr.  Perkins  from  1721  to  1782,  and  Dr. 
R.  from  1780  to  1831.  He  was  a  member  of 
congress.  He  published  a  convention  sermon, 
1807 ;  before  the  Plymouth  association,  1810 ;  a 
treatise  on  baptism,  12mo. 

REED,  WILLIAM,  a  missionary,  died  on  his 
return  from  India  in  1834. 

REED,  AUGUSTUS  B.,  minister  of  Ware,  Mass., 
died  in  1838,  aged  38.  He  graduated  at  Provi 
dence  in  1821. 

REED,  NELSON,  died  at  Baltimore  in  1840, 
aged  88 ;  the  oldest  Methodist  minister  in  the 
United  States. 

REED,  JOSEPH,  died  in  Bordentown,  N.  J., 
Jan.  7,  1843,  aged  95.  He  was  a  soldier  of  the 
Revolution :  his  father  was  one  of  the  first  set 
tlers  in  the  region  in  which  he  lived. 

REED,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  died  at  Poughkeepsie, 
N.  Y.,  July  6,  1845,  aged  68. 

REED,  ISAAC  G.,  colonel,  died  in  Waldobor- 
ough  Feb.  26,  1847,  aged  63.  His  father,  Isaac, 
was  a  graduate  of  Cambridge  ;  his  mother,  Mary, 
was  the  daughter  of  Isaac  Gardner,  who  was 
slain  April  19,  1775.  He  graduated  at  Cam 
bridge  in  1803,  studied  law,  and  settled  in  W. 
lie  was  a  legislator  of  Massachusetts  and  Maine, 


698 


REED. 


REILAY. 


a  member  of  the  Maine  convention,  and  he  de 
signed  and  prepared  the  State  seal.  He  was  a 
worthy  Christian  professor,  and  died  in  peace. 

REED,  CALEB,  a  graduate  of  1817,  was  the 
son  of  Rev.  John  Reed,  and  died  in  Boston  Oct. 
14,  1854,  aged  57.  He  published  a  small  work, 

—  the  general  principles  of  English  grammar,  — 
1821.     For  more  than  twenty  years  he  was  editor 
of  the  New  Jerusalem  magazine,  and  a  believer 
in  the  strange  notions  of  the  Swedenborgian  so 
ciety. 

REED,  WILLIAM,  died  at  Marblehead,  sud 
denly,  Feb.  18,  1837,  aged  60,  while  attending 
the  meeting  of  the  Sunday  school  children.  He 
was  an  eminent  merchant,  and  of  a  benevolent 
and  religious  character.  He  was  a  member  of 
congress  from  1811  to  1815;  was  president  of 
the  Sabbath  school  union  of  Massachusetts,  and 
of  the  American  tract  society,  and  a  member  of 
the  board  of  visitors  of  the  theological  seminary 
at  Andover,  and  of  the  trustees  of  Dartmouth 
college.  He  left  68,000  dollars  to  benevolent 
objects;  of  which  17,000  were  to  Dartmouth  col 
lege,  10,000  to  Amherst,  10,000  to  the  American 
board  of  missions,  9,000  and  7,000  to  the  two 
churches  of  Marblehead,  and  5,000  to  increase 
the  library  of  Andover  seminary. 

REED,  HENRY,  professor  of  English  litera 
ture  in  the  university  of  Pennsylvania,  perished 
on  his  return  from  Europe  in  the  steamer  Arctic, 
Sept.  27,  1854,  aged  46.  He  was  a  grandson  of 
the  patriot  Joseph  Reed,  and  graduated  at  the 
university  in  1825.  His  wife  was  Elizabeth  W. 
Bronson,  a  grand-daughter  of  Bishop  White.  He 
studied  law,  and  was  an  eminent  scholar  and 
teacher.  He  edited  a  dictionary,  and  Arnold's 
lectures  on  history ;  he  wrote  essays  and  reviews, 
and  a  life  of  General  Reed.  Since  his  death,  his 
brother,  W.  B.  Reed,  has  published  his  lectures 
on  English  literature,  from  Chaucer  to  Tennyson. 

—  Cycl.  of  Amer.  Lit. 

REED,  HANNAH,  widow  of  William  Reed, 
died  at  Marblehead  May  16,  1855,  aged  about  77. 
Her  maiden  name  was  Hooper,  of  one  of  the 
principal  families  of  M.  Her  house  was  the  seat 
of  hospitality,  and  she  was  always  engaged  in 
works  of  charity.  In  attending  distant  meetings 
of  the  American  board  of  missions,  she  some 
times  took  with  her,  at  her  own  expense,  half  a 
dozen  female  companions.  She  was  a  most  ac 
complished  lady  and  eminent  Christian. 

REESE,  THOMAS,  D.  D.,  minister  in  South 
Carolina,  was  graduated  at  the  college  of  New 
Jersey  in  1768,  and  was  for  several  years  settled 
over  the  Presbyterian  church  at  Salem,  S.  C.  He 
died  at  Charleston  in  Aug.,  1796.  He  published 
an  essay  on  the  influence  of  religion  in  civil  soci 
ety,  1788 ;  death  of  Christians  is  gain,  in  Ameri 
can  preacher,  I. ;  and  the  character  of  Haman,  in 
ibid.  vol.  n. 


REESIDE,  JAMES,  long  a  famous  mail  con 
tractor,  called  "  the  land  admiral,"  died  at  Phila 
delphia  in  1842. 

REEVE,  EZRA,  minister  of  Holland,  Mass, 
died  in  1818,  aged  85.  Born  on  Long  Island,  he 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1757,  and  was  settled  in 
1785. 

REEVE,  TAPPING,  chief  justice  of  Connecticut, 
died  at  Litchfield  Dec.  13,  1823,  aged  79.  He 
was  the  son  of  Abner  R.,  minister  of  Brookha- 
ven,  L.  I,  was  born  in  Oct.,  1744;  was  graduated 
in  1763  at  Princeton  college ;  and  entered  upon 
the  profession  of  the  law  at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  in 
1772.  He  was  a  patriot  in  the  time  of  the  Revo 
lution.  He  was  a  judge  of  the  superior  court 
from  1798  till  he  was  70  years  old.  In  1792  he 
commenced  a  law  school,  and  continued  to  give 
lectures  to  students  at  law  nearly  thirty  years  till 
1820.  His  pupils  were  numerous.  His  first 
wife,  the  daughter  of  Pres.  Burr,  was  in  feeble 
health,  demanding  his  care,  for  twenty  years. 
His  only  child,  Aaron  Burr  R.,  died  Sept.  1, 
1809,  aged  28.  He  was  not  only  a  profound  law 
yer,  but  also  an  eminent  Christian.  Much  of  his 
time  was  employed  in  devotion.  He  was  accus 
tomed  to  pray  particularly  for  the  conversion  of 
individuals  among  his  acquaintance.  His  chari 
ties  were  extensive.  His  minister  said  of  him  : 
"  I  have  never  known  a  man  who  loved  so  many 
persons  with  such  ardor,  and  was  himself  beloved 
by  so  many."  He  published  a  tract  on  the  do 
mestic  relations,  1816.  —  Beecher's  Fun.  Sermon. 

REID,  GEORGE,  general,  died  in  Londonderry, 
N.  II.,  in  1815,  aged  81.  He  was  a  colonel  in 
the  war,  in  1780;  in  1785  was  brigadier-general 
of  the  militia;  in  1791  sheriff  of  Rockingham. 

REID,  JOHN,  major,  aid  to  General  Jackson, 
died  .in  1816.  He  was  born  in  Campbell  county, 
Va.,  and  was  the  son  of  Major  Nathan  Reid,  a 
hero  of  the  Revolution.  Educated  at  Lexington, 
Rockbridge  county,  he  settled  as  a  lawyer  in  Ten 
nessee,  and  afterwards  in  New  Orleans,  where  his 
practice  was  very  profitable.  Becoming  aid  to 
Jackson,  he  manifested  a  commendable  humanity 
in  the  war  with  the  Creeks.  He  was  an  able  of 
ficer.  He  died  at  the  house  of  his  father,  of  the 
typhoid  pneumonia.  —  National  Register,  vol.  I. 

REID,  ROBERT  R.,  governor  of  Florida,  died 
near  Tallahassee  in  1841,  aged  51.  Born  in 
South  Carolina,  he  was  a  member  of  congress 
from  Georgia,  and  a  judge  of  the  superior  court. 
Mr.  Van  Buren  appointed  him  governor  in  1839. 
He  was  a  scholar  and  jurist,  and  of  a  kindly 
temper. 

REID,  JARED,  minister  of  Belchertown,  Mass., 
died  in  1854,  aged  about  58.  Born  in  Colchester, 
Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1817,  and  was  set 
tled  in  1833,  as  the  successor  of  L.  Coleman. 

REILAY,  JOHN,  captain,  died  in  Troy,  N.  Y., 
in  1838,  aged  104. 


REINKER. 


REYNOLDS. 


GOO 


REIXKER,  ABRAHAM,  a  Moravian  minister, 
died  at  Litiz.  Pa.,  in  1833,  aged  78. 

REMINGTON,  JONATHAN,  judge  of  the  su 
preme  court  of  Massachusetts,  died  at  Cambridge 
Sept.  30,  1745,  aged  about  70.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1696,  and  was  the  second  tutor  from 
1707  to  1711.  II.  Flynt  was  the  first. 

RENSIIAW,  JAMES,  commodore  in  the  navy 
of  the  United  States,  diad  at  Washington  in  May, 
1846,  aged  62. 

REVEL,  JOHN,  one  of  the  five  first  underta 
kers  of  New  England,  and  an  assistant  in  1629, 
returned  to  England  in  1630  or  1631.  The 
other  four  were  "Winthrop,  Dudley,  Johnson,  and 
Saltonstall.  —  Eliot. 

REVERE,  PAUL,  colonel,  a  patriot  and  a 
most  ingenious  artist,  died  in  Boston  in  May, 
1818,  aged  83.  He  was  born  in  B.  in  December, 
1734,  or  Jan.  1,  1735,  new  style.  The  name  was 
written  Rivoire  by  his  ancestors  in  France.  His 
grandfather,  a  Huguenot,  emigrated  from  St. 
Foy  to  Guernsey  Island.  His  father,  when  a  boy, 
was  sent  to  Boston  to  learn  the  trade  of  a  gold 
smith;  married  there,  and  Paul  was  his  eldest 
son.  He  was  brought  up  to  his  father's  trade ; 
was  skilful  with  the  graver ;  and  having  a  taste 
for  drawing,  executed  all  the  engravings  on  silver 
plate.  In  the  war  of  17(56  he  was  a  lieutenant  of 
artillery  in  the  army,  and  was  stationed  at  fort 
Edward  on  Lake  George.  On  his  return  he 
married  and  settled  down  for  life  as  a  goldsmith, 
deeply  interested  in  various  mechanical  and  man 
ufacturing  arts.  He  studied  mechanics  as  a  sci 
ence.  In  the  art  of  engraving  on  copper  he  was 
self-instructed.  One  of  his  first  productions  was 
an  engraved  portrait  of  his  friend  Dr.  Mayhew, 
•whose  ministry,  to  the  grief  of  his  father,  he  was 
disposed  to  attend ;  another  was  a  representation 
of  the  repeal  of  the  stamp  act  in  1766.  Another 
was  of  great  note.  The  house  of  representatives 
had  issued,  in  1768,  a  circular  to  the  other  prov 
inces  on  the  alarming  claims  of  the  mother  coun 
try.  Gov.  Bernard  required  them  to  rescind  it ; 
but  for  compliance  there  were  only  seventeen 
votes,  while  ninety-two  stood  firm.  The  seven- 
enteen  rescinders,  as  they  were  called,  were 
treated  with  great  contempt.  Mr.  Revere  lent 
his  art  to  the  side  of  the  people.  The  design 
was  a  pair  of  open  shark's  jaws,  with  flames  issu 
ing,  and  the  devil  with  a  pitchfork  driving  the  re 
scinders  into  the  "  warm  place,"  as  it  was  called. 
The  foremost  of  them,  supposed  to  be  Mr.  Rug- 
gles  of  Worcester,  seeming  reluctant,  a  special 
winged  agent,  with  his  fork,  is  flying  towards  him, 
saying,  "Push  on,  Tim."  In  1770  he  published 
an  engraved  print  of  the  massacre  in  King  street 
March  5,  1770,  of  which  a  lithograph  has  been 
republished.  In  the  same  year  he  was  one  of  the 
grand  jury,  which  refused  to  act,  in  consequence 
of  an  act  of  parliament  making  the  judges  inde 


pendent  of  the  people.  One  man  only,  Mr. 
Pratt  of  Chelsea,  hesitated;  but  he,  when  the 
chief  justice  told  him  it  was  unimportant  whether 
the  crown  or  the  province  paid  the  salaries,  re 
joined,  "  I  won't  sarve"  This  was  the  last  grand 
jury  of  the  crown.  In  1775  he  engraved  the 
plates  for  the  Massachusetts  paper  money  ;  and 
the  provincial  congress  sent  him  to  Philadelphia 
to  visit  the  only  powder-mill,  to  learn  the  art  of 
making  powder.  On  his  return  he  set  up  a  mill. 
He  was  employed  on  other  confidential  business. 
He  was  one  of  those  who  planned  the  destruction 
of  the  tea  in  Boston  harbor.  He  belonged  to  a 
club  of  patriotic  young  men,  concerning  whose 
operations  a  letter  of  his  is  in  print.  He  became 
a  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  regiment  for  the  de 
fence  of  the  State.  The  trunnions  of  the  cannon 
being  broken  oft'  by  the  British  as  they  left  castle 
William,  Washington  called  on  Mr.  Revere  to 
render  them  useful,  which  he  did  by  a  new  car 
riage.  After  the  peace  he  erected  an  air-furnace 
and  cast  church  bells  and  brass  cannon.  His 
mills  were  at  Canton,  near  Boston.  He  was  first 
president  of  the  charitable  mechanic  association, 
and  a  liberal  supporter  of  various  benevolent  in 
stitutions.  He  prospered  and  educated  a  large 
family  of  children,  who  venerated  the  memory  of 
such  a  father.  His  large  house  was  in  Bonnet 
street.  His  son,  Joseph  W.  Revere,  lives  in  Bos 
ton.  His  youngest  son  was  Dr.  John  Revere. 
His  letter,  referred  to,  relating  to  the  affairs  of 
1775,  is  in  historical  collections,  vol.  V.  Notices 
of  him  are  in  New  England  magazine,  and  in 
annals  of  Massachusetts  mechanic  association, 
1853.  The  magazine  has  a  fine  lithograph  of 
him  from  a  painting  by  Stuart. — N.E.Mag., 
m.  305. 

REVERE,  JOHN,  M.  D.,  died  at  New  York 
April  29,  1847,  aged  60.  He  was  a  professor  in 
the  medical  school  of  the  university  of  New  York ; 
also  in  Jefferson  college, Philadelphia;  a  graduate 
of  Harvard  in  1807. 

REXFORD,  ELIJAH,  the  first  minister  of 
Monroe,  Conn.,  died  in  1807,  aged  about  66. 
He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1763;  was  settled  in 
1766  ;  and  was  succeeded  by  Chauncey  G.  Lee 
in  1821. 

REYNOLDS,  Methodist  bishop  in  Canada, 
died  at  Hamilton,  Canada  West,  Jan.  17,  1857, 
aged  71.  He  was  born  at  Clynehill,  near  Hud 
son,  N.  Y.,  and  had  been  a  preacher  fifty  years. 
His  last  sermon  was  from  this  text :  "  For  there 
shall  be  no  night  there." 

REYNOLDS, PETES, minister  of  Enfield,  Conn., 

died  May  11,   1768,  aged  67.     Born  in  Bristol, 

R.  I.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1720,  and  was  in 

|  the  ministry  at  E.  42  years.     The  poetic  inscrip- 

j  tion  on  his  monument  is  preserved.     He  pr.b- 

lished  the  election  sermon,  1757.  —  Barber's  Hist- 

Coll.  of  Conn. 


700 


REYNOLDS. 


RICH. 


REYNOLDS,  JOSEPH,  died  at  Whitehall,  N.  Y., 
Sept.  16,  1840,  aged  100;  a  Revolutionary  officer, 
a  pensioner  as  a  lieutenant  in  the  United  States 
army. 

REYNOLDS,  THOMAS,  governor  of  Missouri, 
killed  himself  at  Jefferson  city  Feb.  9,  1844,  aged 
51.  It  is  said  he  assigned  as  a  reason  for  his 
crime  the  violence  of  his  political  enemies :  was 
he  a  madman  ?  A  native  of  Kentucky,  he  be 
came  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Illinois, 
and  afterwards  judge  and  governor  of  Missouri. 

REYNOLDS,  FREEGEACE,  minister  of  Wil 
mington,  Mass.,  died  in  Dec.,  1854,  aged  88. 
Born  in  Somers,  the  son  of  a  physician,  he  grad 
uated  at  Yale  in  1787,  and  was  ordained  in  1795. 
After  thirty-five  years  he  removed  to  Leverett, 
where  he  was  pastor  seven  years,  but  returned  in 
1839  to  W.,  where  he  died.  He  was  a  plain, 
evangelical  preacher. 

REYNOLDS,  J.  A.,  Catholic  bishop,  died  at 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  March  6,  1855,  aged  56. 

REYNOLDS,  MICAJAH,  colonel,  died  at  New 
ark  in  August,  1856.  He  left  11,000  dollars  to 
Baptist  missionary  and  bible  societies  and  other 
charities. 

RHEES,  MORGAN  J.,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  Bap 
tist  minister,  died  at  Williamsburg,  N.  Y.,  Jan. 
15,  1853,  aged  49.  He  lived  much  in  Philadel 
phia,  and  was  at  first  a  lawyer.  His  sermons 
were  well  studied,  without  useless  verbiage,  short, 
and  impassioned;  and  remembered. 

RHOADES,  FOSTER,  died  in  Pensacola  Nov. 
17,  1846.  As  the  United  States  naval  constructor 
he  built  some  of  our  most  beautiful  ships  of  war ; 
he  also  built  vessels  for  the  Turkish  navy.  He 
was  esteemed  for  his  virtues. 

RICE,  CALEB,  first  minister  of  Sturbridge, 
Mass.,  died  in  1759,  aged  46.  Born  in  Hingham, 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1730,  and  was  settled 
in  1736.  Some  of  his  successors  were  O.  Lane, 
A.  Bond,  and  J.  S.  Clark. 

RICE,  ASAPII,  minister  of  Westminster,  Mass., 
died  in  1816,  aged  83.  Born  in  Hardwick,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1762,  and  was  ordained 
in  1765.  In  1762  he  went  on  a  mission  with  Dr. 
Forbes  to  the  Oneida  Indians,  with  the  care  of 
whom  he  was  left.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

RICE,  DAVID,  supposed  to  have  been  the  first 
Presbyterian  minister  in  Kentucky,  died,  it  is 
thought,  about  1815  or  1820.  He  commenced 
his  labors  when  the  country  was  a  wilderness,  in 
habited  chiefly  by  Indians.  In  this  year,  1857,  it 
is  proposed  to  remove  his  remains  to  Louisville, 
Ky.,  and  to  erect  a  monument  to  his  memory. 

RICE,  JACOB,  first  minister  of  Hcnniker,  N.  II., 
died  in  Maine  in  1824,  aged  84.  Born  in  North- 
borough,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1765, 
and  was  pastor  from  1769  to  1782.  M.  Sawyer 
succeeded  him. 


RICE,  TILLEY,  Dr.,  died  in  Brookfield,  Mass., 
in  1824,  aged  66. 

RICE,  JOHN  II.,  D.  D.,  professor  in  the  Union 
theological  school  in  Prince  Edward  county,  Va., 
was  for  many  years  a  distinguished  minister  in 
that  State.  The  theological  seminary  was  estab 
lished  in  1824.  He  died  Sept.  3,  1831,  aged  52. 
Memoirs  of  his  life  were  published  by  Mr.  Max 
well.  A  paper  of  "  resolutions "  was  found  in 
his  pocket-book,  among  which  were  the  follow 
ing :  "Never  spare  person,  property,  or  reputa 
tion,  if  I  can  do  good ;  necessary  that  I  should 
die  poor.  Endeavor  to  feel  kindly  to  every  one ; 
never  indulge  anger,  envy,  jealousy  towards  any 
human  being.  Endeavor  to  a'ct  so  as  to  advance 
the  present  comfort,  the  intellectual  improvement, 
and  the  purity  and  moral  good  of  all  my  fellow 
men."  He  was  for  some  years  the  editor  of  the 
Virginia  evangelical  and  literary  magazine.  He 
published  memoirs  of  S.  Davies ;  an  illustration 
of  the  Presbyterian  church  in  Virginia,  1816;  on 
the  qualifications  for  the  minister,  in  the  quarterly 
register;  a  discourse  before  the  foreign  board  of 
missions,  1828. 

RICE,  LUTHER,  missionary,  died  Oct.  25,  1836, 
aged  about  46.  He  was  born  in  Northborough, 
Mass.,  and  graduated  at  Williams  college  in 
1810.  He  sailed  as  a  missionary  of  the  American 
board  to  India  in  1812;  but  afterwards  becoming 
a  Baptist,  he  returned  to  this  country  and  was 
actively  employed  in  promoting  missions  among 
his  brethren,  the  Baptists.  He  died  in  Edgefield 
district,  S.  C.  Columbia  college  was  chiefly 
founded  by  his  efforts  in  the  District  of  Columbia. 

RICE,  BENJAMIN,  minister  of  Winchendon, 
Mass.,  died  in  1847,  aged  63.  He  was  a  grad 
uate  of  Brown  university  in  1808. 

RICE,  HENRY -GARDNER,  a  merchant  in  Bos 
ton,  died  March  26,  1853,  aged  69.  The  son  of 
Dr.  Tilley  R.  of  Brookfield,  born  Feb.  18,  1784, 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  the  large  class  of 
1802.  He  was  a  man  of  amiable,  respectable 
character. 

RICE,  BENJAMIN  HOLT,  D.  D.,  died  in  Prince 
Edward  county,  Va.,  Feb.  or  March  17,  1856, 
being  struck  with  the  palsy  as  he  was  preaching 
in  his  own  pulpit.  He  was  a  minister  of  dis 
tinction  ;  and  a  younger  brother,  it  is  believed, 
of  Dr.  John  Holt  Rice.  His  title  of  D.  D.  was 
given  him  by  Princeton  college  in  1832  ;  and  he 
was  for  years  a  minister  in  the  town  of  Prince 
ton. 

RICH,  OBADIAH,  died  in  London  Jan.  20,  1850. 
He  was  a  member  of  various  learned  societies. 
He  was  American  consul  at  Valencia.  In  Lon 
don  he  did  good  service  to  literature  as  a  diligent 
collector  of  rare  books  and  manuscripts,  espe 
cially  relating  to  America.  He  published  manu 
scripts  and  books  relating  to  America,  1827 ; 


RICH. 


IUCIIARDSON. 


701 


bibliotheca  Americana  nova,  London,  1835,  and 
by  Harper,  X.  Y. 

RICH,  EZEKIEL,  minister  at  Deep  River,  Conn., 
died  in  18.54,  aged  71.  He  was  educated  at  An- 
dover,  and  was  many  jcars  the  minister  of 
Troy,  X.  H. 

RICHARD,  GARRIEL,  a  Catholic  priest,  died  in 
Detroit  in  1832,  aged  68;  a  man  of  learning. 
Born  in  France,  he  came  to  America  during  the 
French  Revolution  ;  was  a  missionary  to  Illinois; 
went  to  Detroit  in  1798,  and  was  a  member  of 
cor  gross  in  1823. 

RICHARDS,  JOHN,  minister  of  North  Guil- 
ford,  Conn.,  died  in  1811,  aged  about  86.  Born 
in  Waterbury,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1745  ;  was 
pastor  from  1748  to  1765,  when  he  removed  to 
Vermont. 

RICHARDS,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  Piermont, 
N.  II.,  died  in  1814,  aged  84.  Born  in  Water- 
bury,  Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1745,  and 
was  pastor  from  1776  to  1802. 

RICHARDS,  JAMES,  a  missionary,  died  at 
Ceylon  Aug.  3,  1822,  aged  28.  He  was  born  in 
Abington,  Mass.,  Feb.  23,  1784;  his  parents, 
while  he  was  young,  removed  to  Plainfield.  lit 
graduated  at  Williams  college  in  1809,  being 
there  the  associate  of  Mills.  Having  studied 
theology  at  Andover  and  medicine  at  Philadel 
phia,  he  embarked  for  Ceylon  in  Oct.,  1815.  Of 
a  pulmonary  disorder,  which  interrupted  his  mis 
sionary  labors,  he  at  last  died.  His  widow,  Sarah 
Bardwell  of  Goshen,  a  sister  of  Mr.  Bardwell, 
the  missionary,  married  Rev.  Joseph  Knight,  and 
died  at  Nellore  April  26,  1825.  He  was  emi 
nently  pious  and  died  in  peace.  —  Miss.  Herald, 
XIX.  241-247;  Rprayue's  Annals. 

RICHARDS,  JAMES,  D.  D.,  professor  of  theol 
ogy  at  Auburn,  died  Aug.  2,  1843,  aged  75.  Born 
in  Canaan,  Conn.,  he  was  ordained  over  the  first 
Presbyterian  church  in  Morristown,  N.  J.,  1794; 
installed  at  Newark,  1809;  was  professor  of 
theology  from  1823  to  his  death.  He  was  a  de 
scendant  from  Samuel  R.,  who  came  from  Wales 
and  lived  near  Stamford.  His  mother  was  Ruth 
Hanford,  a  woman  of  intellect  and  piety.  He 
had  an  honorary  degree  at  Yale  in  1794;  and 
was  a  man  eminently  useful  in  the  various  labors 
of  a  minister  and  Christian  teacher.  His  lec 
tures,  with  a  sketch  of  his  life,  by  S.  H.  Gridley, 
were  published  by  I)odd,  New  York,  in  1846, 
with  a  portrait.  His  lectures  relate  to  the  will, 
the  depravity  of  man,  the  atonement,  election, 
justification,  ability,  and  other  subjects.  Dr. 
Sprague  published  a  sermon  and  an  essay  on  his 
character  in  1849.  He  published  an  address  at 
the  funeral  of  Sarah  Cummings,  1812  ;  several  ser 
mons,  1836;  sinners'  inability  to  come  to  Christ. 

RICHARDS,  WILLIAM,  missionary  at  the 
Sandwich  Islands,  died  at  Honolulu  Nov.  7,  1847, 
aged  54.  He  was  minister  of  public  instruction 


:  in  the  service  of  the  king.  Born  in  Plainfield, 
j  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Williams  college  in  1819, 
'  at  Andover  in  1822,  and  embarked  Nov.  19,  and 
j  arrived  in  April,  1823.  His  residence  was  at 
Lahaina.  He  toiled  as  a  most  faithful  missionary 
till  183S;  being  among  the  first  as  a  preacher  and 
translator,  no  one  shared  more  highly  in  the  af 
fections  of  the  Hawaiian  people.  II is  wife  was 
Clarissa  Lyman  of  Northampton.  In  1838  he 
entered  upon  his  secular  career  as  adviser  of  the 
king,  and  introducer  of  law  and  order.  He  went 
on  a  successful  embassy  in  1842  to  the  United 
States,  to  Great  Britain,  and  France,  to  vindicate 
the  rights  of  the  Sandwich  Islands.  He  returned 
from  his  embassy  March  23,  1845,  and  was  ap 
pointed  by  the  king  his  minister  of  public  in 
struction  in  1846.  He  did  great  service  in  regard 
to  the  publication  of  the  laws  in  English  and 
Hawaiian.  He  was  a  man  of  a  kind,  noble,  and 
disinterested  mind.  He  left  nothing  for  his  wife 
and  seven  or  eight  children.  His  widow  lived  in 
New  Haven  in  1856;  a  daughter  married  Pro 
fessor  Clark  of  Amhcrst  college.  —  New  York 
Observer,  March  18,  1848;  Sprague's  Annals. 

RICHARDS,  WILLIAM  L.,  a  missionary,  son 
of  Rev.  Wm.  11.,  died  on  his  return  from  China, 
and  was  buried  in  the  ocean  off  St.  Helena  June 
5,  1851,  aged  about  25.  Pres.  Brown  of  Jeffer 
son  college  adopted  and  educated  him.  He 
studied  theology  at  the  Union  seminary,  New 
York;  and  in  1847  went  as  a  missionary  to 
China,  where  in  three  years  he  acquired  a  good 
knowledge  of  the  Chinese,  and  had  begun  to 
preach  in  it,  when  illness  interrupted  his  labors. 
—  Sprague's  Annals. 

RICHARDSON,  JOILX,  minister  of  Newbury, 
Mass.,  died  in  1696,  aged  49.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1666,  and  was  ordained  in  1675.  He 
was  the  son  of  Amos  11.  of  Stonington,  Conn.  — 
Farmer's  Register. 

RICHARDSON,  ABIJAH,  Dr.,  died  in  Medway, 
Mass.,  in  1822,  aged  70. 

RICHARDSON,  WILLIAM,  colonel,  a  distin 
guished  officer  in  the  Revolution,  died  in  Caroline 
county,  Md.,  in  1825,  aged  90.  He  was  treas 
urer  of  the  eastern  shore. 

RICHARDSON,  WILLIAM  M.,  LL.  D.,  died 
at  Chester,  N.  H.,  March  23,  1838,  aged  64.  He 
was  chief  justice  of  New  Hampshire.  He  was 
born  in  Pelham,  N.  H.,  Jan.  4,  1774,  and  grad 
uated  at  Cambridge  in  1797.  He  was  preceptor 
of  the  academy  at  Groton,  and  also  practised  law 
there,  and  was  a  member  of  congress  from  1811 
to  1814,  in  which  last  year  he  removed  to  Ports 
mouth.  From  1816  for  twenty-two  years  he  was 
chief  justice;  and  was  highly  respected  and  es 
teemed.  He  was  the  author  of  the  New  Hamp 
shire  justice,  and  of  the  town  officer.  A  large 
part  of  the  matter  in  four  volumes  of  reports  was 
prepared  by  him. 


702 


RICHARDSON. 


RIXGGOLD. 


RICHARDSON,  WILLIAM,  died  at  Bath,  Me., 
Dec.  22,  1846,  aged  GO;  a  prosperous  merchant, 
a  man  of  liberal  charities,  and  a  Christian.  He 
bequeathed  10,000  dollars  to  the  Maine  mission 
ary  society. 

RICHARDSON,  JOHN  J.,  judge,  died  in  South 
Carolina  in  1850.  He  was  a  member  of  congress. 

RICHMOND,  EDWARD,  D.  D.,  minister  of 
Stoughton  from  1792  to  1817,  died  in  Boston 
April  10,  1842,  aged  75.  Born  in  Middleborough, 
he  graduated  at  Brown  university  in  1789.  lie 
was  pastor  in  Dorchester  from  1817  to  1833 ;  then 
lived  several  years  in  Braintree.  He  was  re 
garded  as  an  Arminian,  and  in  his  last  days  as  a 
Unitarian.  He  published  a  sermon  at  ordination 
of  S.  Wordsworth;  to  a  masonic  lodge,  1801;  to 
Derby  academy,  1807;  at  last  meeting  in  old 
house,  1808;  at  ordination  of  C.  Briggs,  1819. — 
Sprague's  Annals. 

R1CHSONVILLE,  a  principal  chief  of  the 
Miami  Indians,  died  Aug.  13,  1841,  aged  80,  on 
St.  Mary's  river,  near  Fort  Wayne,  Indiana.  He 
left  200,000  dollars  in  specie  and  a  large  landed 
estate. 

RIDDEL,  WILLIAM,  a  minister,  who  preached 
in  various  places  in  New  England,  died  Oct.  24, 
1829,  aged  82.  Born  in  Coleraine,  he  graduated 
at  Dartmouth  in  1793;  was  pastor  at  Bristol, 
Me.,  from  1796  to  1804;  lived  in  Townsend  and 
Whitingham,  Vt. ;  in  Bernardston,  Hadlcy,  and 
South  Deerfield.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of 
Rev.  S.  Hopkins  of  Hadlcy.  He  was  the  father 
of  Rev.  Samuel  II.  Riddel. —  Sprague's  Annals. 

RIDDEL,  JOHN,  D.  I).,  minister  of  the  Dutch 
church  at  Robinson's  Run,  Pa.,  died  in  1829, 
aged  70. 

RIDDLE,  JAMES,  judge,  died  at  Chambers- 
burg,  Pa.,  Feb.  5,  1837,  aged  82.  He  graduated 
at  Princeton  in  1779,  and  was  a  tutor.  He  was 
a  lawyer  of  respectable  talents,  of  learning  and 
worth ;  and  a  judge  of  the  high  court  of  errors 
and  appeals. 

RIDGE,  JOHN,  an  Indian,  died  June  10,  1839, 
aged  about  38,  murdered  by  Indians.  He  was  a 
Cherokee,  educated  at  the  Indian  school  at  Corn 
wall,  Conn.,  and  there  married  Miss  Gold,  of  a 
respectable  family,  lie  was  an  attorney  among 
the  Cherokees,  and  president  of  the  senate  of 
that  Indian  nation. 

RIDGELY,  CHARLES,  a  physician,  died  Aug. 
25, 1785,  aged  47.  The  son  of  Nicholas  R.  of  Do 
ver,  Delaware,  he  was  born  Jan.  26,  1738.  Hav 
ing  studied  medicine  in  Philadelphia,  he  settled 
in  Dover  in  1758,  and  there  passed  his  life  in  ex 
tensive  practice  and  high  reputation.  He  was 
often  also  a  member  of  the  legislature,  and  a 
judge  in  several  courts.  By  his  first  wife  his  son 
was  Nicholas  II.,  chancellor  of  Delaware  ;  by  his 
second  wife  his  son  was  Henry  Moore  11.,  a  sen 
ator  of  the  United  States ;  his  daughter,  Mary, 


married  Dr.  Wm.  W.  Morris,  of  Dover.  He 
was  a  man  of  intelligence,  judgment,  and  learn 
ing,  and  amiable  in  the  relations  of  life.  Of  the 
Episcopal  church  he  was  an  exemplary  member. 
To  the  religious  education  of  his  children  he  was 
very  attentive,  deeming  merely  intellectual  cul 
ture  without  the  discipline  of  the  passions  and  of 
the  heart  of  little  value.  To  his  children  and  all 
around  him  he  recommended  the  diligent  study 
of  the  Scriptures. —  Thaclter. 

RIDGELY,  HENRY  MOORE,  died  in  Dover, 
Del.,  in  1847,  aged  69.  lie  was  an  eminent  law 
yer  ;  twice  chosen  a  member  of  congress ;  and  a 
j  senator  of  the  United  States  in  1827. 

RIDGELY,  CHARLES  G.,  commodore,  died  at 
I  Baltimore  in  1848,  aged  63.  Born  at  B.,  he  en 
tered  the  navy  in  1799,  and  was  at  the  battle  of 
Tripoli  with  Preblc. 

RIDGEWAY,  JACOB,  died  at  Philadelphia, 
April  30,  1843,  aged  74  ;  said  to  be  worth  6,000,- 
000  dollars.  How  a  man  of  immense  Avcalth 
ought  to  dispose  of  his  money  is  an  important 
question  for  him  to  settle. 

RIEDESEL,  FREDERICA,  baroness,  died  at 
Berlin,  Prussia,  in  1808,  aged  62.  At  the  age  of 
sixteen  she  married  Lieutenant-Colonel  Ricdesel, 
who,  in  1777,  commanded  the  Brunswick  troops 
in  the  English  service  in  America.  She  accom 
panied  him,  and  returned  to  Europe  in  1783. 
He  died  in  1808.  Her  adventures  in  America 
were  published  by  her  son-in-law,  Count  de  Reuss, 
entitled  voyage  to  America,  or  letters  of  Madame 
Von  Ricdesel,  translated,  New  York,  1827. 

RIGDALE,  JOHN,  came  over  with  his  wife  in 
the  Mayflower  in  1620,  and  died  in  the  first  sick 
ness  at  Plymouth  in  1621. 

RIGHTER,  CHESTER  N,  a  minister,  agent  of 
the  American  bible  society,  died  at  Diarbeker, 
Turkey,  in  Dec.,  1856,  aged  about  30.  He  grad 
uated  at  Yale  in  1846.  He  had  been  on  an  ex 
tended  tour  among  the  missionary  stations  in 
Turkey  when  he  was  taken  sick.  Among  his 
last  words  were  often  these,  "  God  is  good  ! " 

HIKER,  RICHARD,  recorder  of  New  York  for 
nearly  thirty  years,  died  in  1842,  aged  69. 

RILEY,  JAMES,  captain,  died  at  sea  March  15, 
1840,  aged  63.  He  was  of  Middlctown,  Conn.  ; 
and  published  a  narrative  of  sufferings  in  North 
Africa,  on  the  coast  of  which  he  was  wrecked. 
As  to  his  rescue  from  a  horrible  captivity  two 
names  should  be  mentioned  with  honor :  William 
Wiltshire,  a  native  of  London,  a  merchant  in 
Mogadore,  who  paid  1200  dollars  for  his  redemp 
tion  and  that  of  some  of  his  companions  ;  and 
Horatio  Sprague,  an  American  merchant  at  Gib 
raltar,  who  paid  at  once  Riley's  draft  to  W.  for 
that  sum. 

RINGGOLD,  SAMUEL,  major,  was  killed  iu 
battle  in  Texas,  May  8,  1846,  aged  50.  He  was 
the  son  of  General  Samuel  It.  of  Maryland ;  his 


RIPLEY. 


RIPLEY- 


.03 


mother  was  a  daughter  of  General  Cadwalladcr. 
lie  graduated  at  West  Point;  he  entered  the 
army  as  a  lieutenant  of  artillery  in  1818.  He 
served  in  Florida ;  and  organized  the  Hying  ar 
tillery.  By  a  cannon-ball  was  he  killed  with  his 
horse.  He  was  an  officer  of  distinction. 

HIPLEY,  DAVID,  first  minister  of  Abington  in 
Pomfret,  Conn.,  died  in  1785,  aged  about  56. 
Graduated  at  Yale  in  1749,  he  was  settled  in 
1753.  He  was  the  brother  of  Dr.  II.  Ilipley. 

RIPLEY,  SYLVAXUS,  first  professor  of  divinity 
in  Dartmouth  college,  died  in  1787,  aged  about 
37.  lie  was  a  graduate  of  the  first  class  in  1771, 
and  was  early  ordained  as  a  missionary  among 
the  Indians.  lie  returned  from  a  mission  in 
Sept.,  1772,  bringing  with  him  ten  Indian  boys 
from  Cahgnawaga  and  the  tribe  at  Loretto,  to  be 
educated  in  Moor's  school,  of  which  he  was  the 
preceptor  from  1775  to  1779.  lie  was  appointed 
professor  of  divinity  in  1782,  and  was  a  preacher 
to  the  church  connected  with  the  college.  He 
died,  in  consequence  of  an  injury  received  while 
riding  in  a  sleigh.  His  widow,  Abigail,  the  daugh 
ter  of  President  E.  Wheelock,  died  at  Fryeburg, 
Maine,  in  April,  1818;  his  daughter,  the  wife  of 
Judah  Dana,  died  also  in  Fryeburg  ;  his  son,  Gen 
eral  Eleazer  W.  It.,  was  distinguished  on  the 
Canadian  frontier  in  the  war  of  1812;  his  son, 
General  James  W.  It.,  was  the  collector  at  Pas- 
samaquoddy,  Maine. 

ItlPLEY,  WILLIAM  B.,  minister  in  Goshen,  of 
Lebanon,  Conn.,  died  in  1822,  aged  about  56.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1786  ;  was  settled  at  Ball- 
ston,  N.  Y. ;  then  in  1798  at  Goshen,  and  was 
succeeded  by  E.  Itipley  in  1823. 

IUPLEY,  UEZEKIAII,  D.  I).,  minister  at  Green's 
Farms,  Fairfield,  Conn.,  died  in  1831,  aged  88. 
He  was  descended  from  Governor  Bradford  of 
Plymouth,  whose  daughter  married  his  grand 
father  Ilipley.  His  father  was  David  R.  of  Wind- 
ham,  Conn.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1763  ;  was 
ordained  at  Green's  Farms  in  Fairfield  in  1767. 
His  predecessor,  D.  Buckingham,  graduated  in 
1735,  and  was  pastor  from  1742  to  1756.  In 
1821  he  resigned  his  charge:  T.  F.  Daniels  was 
installed  in  his  place  in  1829, — Dr.  It.,  in  his  87th 
year,  giving  the  charge.  His  son,  W.  B.  Ripley, 
minister  of  Goshen  in  Lebanon,  a  graduate  of 
1786,  died  in  1822.  He  was  an  excellent  minis 
ter,  and  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution  ;  a  man  of  a 
commanding  presence,  tall,  and  athletic. — 
Spr ague's  Annals. 

RIPLEY,  DOROTHEA,  died  in  Mecklenburg 
county,  Va.,  in  Jan.,  1832,  aged  65.  Born  in 
Whitby,  England,  she  early  joined  the  Metho 
dists,  but  left  them,  as  they  did  not  encourage 
her  purpose  of  becoming  a  preacher ;  the  Qua 
kers  refused  to  receive  her  as  a  member.  Yet 
she  preached  all  her  life,  crossing  the  Atlantic  in 
her  travels  nineteen  times,  addressing  hundreds 


of  thousands  of  people.     Of  the  usefulness  of 
her  labors  nothing  is  known. 

RIPLEY,  JAMES  W.,  general,  the  brother  of 
General  E.  W.  Ripley,  died  at  Fryeburg,  Me.» 
June  2,  1835.  lie  was  a  member  of  congress 
from  1827  to  1831,  and  collector  of  the  "United. 
States  at  Eastport.  His  mother,  Abigail,  died  in 
1818  ;  his  brother,  John  Phillips  R.,  in  1810. 

RIPLEY,  ELEAZAR  WIIF.ELOCK,  brigadier-gen 
eral,  son  of  Professor  Ripley  of  Dartmouth,  died 
in  New  Orleans  March  2,  1839,  aged  about  57. 
He  was  the  nephew  of  President  John  Whcelock, 
and  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1800.  Hav 
ing  studied  law,  he  commenced  the  practice  on 
the  Kennebcc  in  Maine,  and  thence  removed  to 
Portland.  As  a  member  of  the  legislature  of 
Massachusetts  he  was  speaker  of  the  house  about 
1811.  At  the  beginning  of  the  war  of  1812  he 
entered  the  army.  At  the  battle  of  Bridge  water, 
after  Scott  was  wounded,  he  succeeded  to  the  com 
mand  of  the  troops  engaged,  and  was  regarded 
as  the  saviour  of  the  army.  It  was  in  answer  to 
him  that  Miller  said,  "  I'll  try,  sir."  After  the 
war  he  was  an  eminent  lawyer  in  New  Orleans, 
and  a  member  of  the  twenty-fifth  congress.  His 
wife,  who  died  before  him,  was  Love  Allen,  the 
daughter  of  Rev.  Thomas  Allen  of  Pitt-field. 
She  nursed  him  on  the  frontier  after  his  severe 
wound,  being  shot  through  the  neck  at  the  sortie 
from  fort  Erie.  Congress,  by  resolution,  Nov.  3, 
1814,  presented  him  with  a  medal,  containing  a 
bust  of  General  Ripley,  and  on  the  reverse  Victory 
holding  up  a  tablet  among  the  branches  of  a 
palm  tree,  inscribed  with  "Niagara,  Chippewa, 
Erie."  He  published  oration  July  4,  1805. 

RIPLEY,  DAVID  B.,  minister  of  Maiiborough, 
Conn.,  died  in  Illinois  Sept.  4,  1839,  aged  about 
61.  Born  in  Pomfret,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1798;  was  minister  from  1807  for  twenty  years, 
and  was  succeeded  in  1828  by  Chauncey  Lee.  He 
afterwards  was  the  minister  of  Endor  in  Illinois, 
where  he  died. 

RIPLEY,  EZRA,  D.  D.,  died  at  Concord,  Mass., 
Sept.  21,  1841,  aged  90.  He  was  born  in  Wood 
stock,  Conn.,  May  1,  1751  ;  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1776  ;  arid  was  ordained  Nov.  7,  1778. 
He  preached  for  the  last  time  May  1,  1841,  his 
ninetieth  birth-clay.  His  son,  Samuel,  minister 
of  Waltham,  died  in  1847,  aged  64;  a  graduate 
of  1804,  and  settled  1809.  He  published  a  ser 
mon  at  ordination  of  AV.  Emerson,  1792  ;  of  R. 
Messenger,  1798  ;  on  repair  of  meeting-house  ; 
at  execution  of  Samuel  Smith,  1799 ;  masonic 
sermon,  1802  ;  at  ordination  of  S.  Ripley,  1809  ; 
of  W.  Frothingham,  1819  ;  of  E.  Q.  Sewall,  1820  ; 
at  funeral  of  Ab.  Adams,  1813;  history  of  the 
fight  at  Concord,  1827 ;  half-century  sermon, 
1828. 

RIPLEY,  ERASTUS,  minister  of  Meriden,  Conn., 
died  Nov.  17,  1843,  aged  73.  He  graduated  at 


RITCHIE. 


PJTTENIIOUSE. 


Yale  in  1795,  and  -was  minister  of  Brookficld, 
Conn.,  from  1801  to  1802.  He  was  in  M.  from 
1803  to  1822.  lie  removed  to  Goshen  in  Leba 
non  in  1823. 

IUTCTIIE,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Needham, 
Mass.,  died  in  1842,  aged  about  60.  Born  at 
Peterborough,  N.  H.,  he  graduated  at  Dart 
mouth  in  1804,  and  succeeded  S.  Palmer  in  1821. 

RITCHIE,  THOMAS,  the  editor  of  the  Rich 
mond  Enquirer,  died  May  21,  1854.  He  was  a 
native  of  Essex  county,  Virginia.  For  a  long 
period  he  wielded  a  great  political  influence  in  his 
native  State.  In  his  last  years  he  went  to  Wash 
ington  to  relieve  his  poverty  by  the  aid  of  the 
public  printing.  His  father,  Thomas  II.,  died  a 
few  weeks  after  him,  July  3,  1854,  aged  76. 

RITTENIIOUSE,  DAVID,  LL.  D.,  F.  R.  S., 
an  eminent  philosopher,  died  June  26,  1796,  aged 
64,  at  Philadelphia.  He  was  descended  from  an 
cestors  who  emigrated  from  Holland,  and  was 
born  in  Germantown,  Penn.,  April  8,  1732.  The 
early  part  of  his  life  was  spent  in  agricultural 
employments ;  and  his  plough,  the  fences,  and 
even  the  stones  of  the  field  were  marked  with 
figures,  which  denoted  a  talent  for  mathematical 
studies.  A  delicate  constitution  rendering  him 
unfit  for  the  labors  of  husbandry,  he  devoted  him 
self  to  learning  the  trade  of  a  clock  and  mathe 
matical  instrument  maker.  In  these  arts  he  was 
his  own  instructor.  During  his  residence  with 
his  father  in  the  country  he  made  himself  master 
of  Newton's  principia,  which  he  read  in  the  Eng 
lish  translation  of  Mott.  In  this  retired  situ 
ation,  while  working  at  his  trade,  he  planned  and 
executed  an  orrery,  by  which  he  represented  the 
revolutions  of  the  heavenly  bodies  more  com 
pletely  than  had  ever  before  been  done.  This 
masterpiece  of  mechanism  was  purchased  by  the 
college  of  New  Jersey.  A  second  was  made  by 
him,  after  the  same  model,  for  the  use  of  the  col 
lege  of  Philadelphia.  In  1770  he  was  induced, 
by  the  urgent  request  of  some  friends  who  knew 
his  merit,  to  exchange  his  beloved  retirement  for 
a  residence  in  Philadelphia.  In  this  city  he  con 
tinued  his  employment  for  several  years ;  and 
his  clocks  had  a  high  reputation,  and  his  math 
ematical  instruments  were  thought  superior  to 
those  imported  from  Europe.  His  first  commu 
nication  to  the  philosophical  society  of  Philadel 
phia,  of  which  he  was  elected  a  member,  was  a 
calculation  of  the  transit  of  Venus,  as  it  was  to 
happen  June  3,  1769.  He  was  one  of  those  ap 
pointed  to  observe  it  in  the  township  of  Norriton. 
This  phenomenon  had  never  been  seen  but  twice 
before  by  any  inhabitant  of  our  earth,  and  would 
never  be  seen  again  by  any  person  then  living. 
The  day  arrived,  and  there  was  no  cloud  in  the 
horizon  ;  the  observers  waited  for  the  predicted 
moment  of  observation ;  it  came,  and  in  the  in 
stant  of  contact  between  the  planet  and  sun,  an 


emotion  of  joy  so  powerful  was  excited  in  the 
breast  of  Mr.  Rittenhouse,  that  he  fainted.  Nov. 
9th  he  observed  the  transit  of  Mercury.  An  ac 
count  of  these  observations  was  published  in  the 
transactions  of  the  society.  In  1775  he  was  ap 
pointed  one  of  the  commissioners  for  settling  a 
territorial  dispute  between  Pennsylvania  and  Vir 
ginia  ;  and  to  his  talents,  moderation,  and  firm 
ness  was  ascribed  in  a  great  degree  its  satisfactory 
adjustment  in  1785.  He  assisted  in  determining 
the  western  limits  of  Pennsylvania  in  1784,  and 
the  northern  line  of  the  same  State  in  1786.  He 
was  also  called  upon  to  assist  in  fixing  the  boun 
dary  line  between  Massachusetts  and  New  York 
in  1787.  In  his  excursions  through  the  wilder 
ness  he  carried  with  him  his  habits  of  inquiry  and 
observation.  In  1791  he  was  chosen  president  of 
the  philosophical  society,  as  successor  to  Di1. 
Franklin,  and  was  annually  re-elected  till  his 
death.  His  unassuming  dignity  secured  to  him 
respect.  Soon  after  he  accepted  the  president's 
chair  he  made  to  the  society  a  donation  of  300 
ponnds.  He  held  the  office  of  treasurer  of  Penn 
sylvania  by  an  annual  vote  of  the  legislature  from 
1777  to  1789.  In  this  period  he  declined  pur 
chasing  the  smallest  portion  of  the  public  debt 
of  the  State,  lest  his  integrity  should  be  im 
peached.  In  1792  he  accepted  the  office  of  di 
rector  of  the  mint  of  the  United  States,  but  his 
ill  state  of  health  induced  him  to  resign  it  in 
1795.  In  his  last  illness,  which  was  acute  and 
short,  he  retained  the  usual  patience  and  benevo 
lence  of  his  temper.  He  died  in  the  full  belief 
of  the  Christian  religion,  and  in  the  .anticipation 
of  clearer  discoveries  of  the  perfections  of  God  in 
the  eternal  world.  He  was  a  man  of  extensive 
knowledge.  From  the  French,  German,  and 
Dutch  languages  he  derived  the  discoveries  of 
foreign  nations.  In  his  political  sentiments  he 
was  a  republican  ;  he  was  taught  by  his  father  to 
admire  an  elective  and  representative  govern 
ment  ;  he  early  predicted  the  immense  increase 
of  talents  and  knowledge,  which  would  be  infused 
into  the  American  mind  by  our  republican  con 
stitutions  ;  and  he  anticipated  the  blessed  effects 
of  our  Revolution  in  sowing  the  seeds  of  a  new 
order  of  things  in  other  parts  of  the  world.  He 
believed  political  as  well  as  moral  evil  to  be  in 
truders  into  the  society  of  man.  In  the  more 
limited  circles  of  private  life  he  commanded  es 
teem  and  affection.  His  house  and  his  manner 
of  living  exhibited  the  taste  of  a  philosopher,  the 
simplicity  of  a  republican,  and  the  temper  of  a 
Christian.  He  possessed  rare  modesty.  His  re 
searches  into  natural  philosophy  gave  him  just 
ideas  of  the  Divine  perfections,  for  his  mind  was 
not  pre-occupied  in  early  life  with  the  fictions  of 
ancient  poets  and  the  vices  of  the  heathen  gods. 
But  he  did  not  confine  himself  to  the  instructions 
of  nature;  he  believed  the  Christian  revelation. 


RIVINGTON. 

He  observed  as  an  argument  in  favor  of  its  truth, 
that  the  miracles  of  our  Saviour  differed  from  all 
pretended  miracles  in  being  entirely  of  a  benevo 
lent  nature.  The  testimony  of  a  man  possessed 
of  so  exalted  an  understanding  outweighs  the  de 
clamation  of  thousands.  He  published  an  ora 
tion,  delivered  before  the  philosophical  society, 
1775,  the  subject  of  which  is  the  history  of  as 
tronomy  ;  and  a  few  memoirs  on  mathematical  and 
astronomical  subjects,  in  the  first  four  volumes  of 
the  transactions  of  the  society.  Dr.  Hush  deliv 
ered  an  eulogium  on  him,  and  memoirs  of  his 
life  were  published  by  W.  Barton,  8vo.,  1813. 

RIVINGTON,  JAMES,  died  in  New  York  in 
1802,  aged  77.  Born  in  Great  Britain,  he  was 
many  years  an  eminent  printer  and  bookseller  in 
New  York  ;  he  was  king's  printer  in  1777.  Hav 
ing  failed  as  a  bookseller  in  England,  he  came  to 
America  in  1700.  He  commenced  the  New  York 
Gazetteer  in  1773.  In  1777  he  called  his  paper 
the  New  York  Royal  Gazette.  He  remained  after 
the  Avar,  and  his  paper  became  Rivington's  New 
York  Gazette.  That  he  lived  undisturbed  by  the 
patriots  is  explained  by  his  being  known  to  have 
been  a  spy  employed  by  Washington. —  Cycl.  of 
Amer.  Lit. 

ROANE,  SPENCER,  judge,  died  Sept.  4,  1822, 
aged  GO.  He  was  born  in  Essex,  Va.,  April  4, 
1762,  and  thoroughly  studied  law  with  Mr. 
Wythe,  and  in  Philadelphia.  He  was  early  elect 
ed  a  member  of  the  assembly  ;  then  of  the  coun 
cil,  and  senate.  In  1789  he  was  appointed  a 
judge  of  the  general  court,  and  in  1794,  at  the 
age  of  33,  a  judge  of  the  court  of  errors  in  the 
place  of  Mr.  Tazewell,  who  resigned.  In  1819 
he  was  one  of  the  commissioners  for  locating  the 
university.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Patrick 
Henry.  In  his  politics  he  was  a  republican,  an 
adherent  of  Mr.  Jeiferson.  He  published  in  the 
Richmond  Enquirer  several  essays,  signed  Alger 
non  Sydney,  asserting  the  supremacy  of  the  State 
in  a  question  of  conflicting  authority  between  Vir 
ginia  and  the  United  States. 

ROANE,  WILLIAM  II.,  died  May  11, 1845,  aged 
57,  at  Tree  Hill,  near  Richmond,  Va.  He  was  a 
senator  of  the  United  States,  and  an  ardent  poli 
tician.  He  was  also  of  an  affectionate  disposition, 
and  had  the  love'  of  many  friends. 

ROBBINS,  PHILEMON,  minister  of  Branford, 
Conn.,  died  in  1781,  aged  about  71.  He  was  the 
grandson  of  Nathaniel  It.,  who  came  from  Scot 
land  in  1670,  and  died  at  C'harlestown,  Mass.,  in 
1719;  and  the  son  of  Nathaniel,  who  died  in 
1741.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1729,  and 
was  settled  in  1732  a  successor  of  S.  Russell. 
Sympathizing  with  Mr.  Whiteficld  in  1740,  and 
venturing  to  preach  in  a  neighboring  parish  with 
out  the  minister's  consent,  he  was  deposed  from 
office ;  but  he  contemned  the  injustice  of  the  law, 
and  continued  his  labors :  his  next  text  was,  "Woe 
89 


ROBBINS. 


705 


is  me,  if  I  preach  not  the  gospel."  In  the  end 
he  triumphed.  His  second  wife  was  widow  Jane 
Mills,  whom  he  married  in  1778,  the  mother  of 
S.  J.  Mills  of  Torringford.  He  published  an  ac 
count  of  ecclesiastical  proceedings,  1743  ;  a  nar 
rative,  1747 ;  defence  of  it,  1748 ;  at  ordination 
of  his  son,  C.  Robbins,  1760  ;  of  his  son,  A.  R. 
Robbing,  1761. —  Sprague's  Annals. 

ROBBINS,  NATHANIEL,  minister  of  Milton, 
Mass.,  died  May  19,  1795,  aged  68.  Born  in 
Lexington,  he  graduated  in  1747,  and  in  1750 
succeeded  at  Milton  John  Taylor,  remarkable  for 
his  scholarship  and  manners.  He  was  a  prudent, 
useful  minister.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the 
ordination  of  P.  Thacher,  1770;  of  B.  Wads- 
worth,  1773;  at  election,  1770;  at  artillery  elec 
tion,  1772  ;  on  the  Lexington  tragedy,  1777. 

ROBBINS,  CHANDLER,  I).  IX,  minister  of  Ply 
mouth,  Mass.,  died  June  30,  1799,  aged  60.  He 
was  the  son  of  Philemon  R..  minister  of  Branford, 
Conn.  ;  was  born  Aug.  24,  1738;  and  was  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  college  in  1756.  Jan.  30,  1760,  he 
was  ordained  at  Plymouth  as  successor  of  Mr. 
Leonard.  Here  he  continued  till  his  death.  His 
wife  was  Jane  Prince,  daughter  of  a  physician  in 
Boston.  His  son,  Samuel  Prince  R.,  minister  of 
Marietta,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1798,  died  in 
1823,  aged  45.  He  was  succeeded  by  James 
Kendall.  He  was  a  man  of  eminent  talents,  and 
he  discharged  the  duties  of  a  minister  of  the  gos 
pel  with  unabating  zeal  and  fidelity.  Searching 
the  Scriptures  for  religious  truth,  and  coinciding 
in  the  result  of  his  investigations  with  the  senti 
ments  of  the  founders  of  the  first  church  in  New 
England,  he  inculcated  the  doctrines  of  the  gos 
pel  with  energy  and  fervor.  He  was  unwearied  in 
his  endeavors  to  impress  the  thoughtless,  and  to 
render  sinful  men,  holy.  In  private  and  social 
life  he  was  amiable  and  exemplary.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Mrs.  E.  Watson, 
1767  ;  of  Mrs.  Hovey ;  at  the  ordination  of  L. 
Le  Baron,  1772  ;  of  E.  Gillet,  1795  ;  of  W.  Cot 
ton,  1797  ;  on  the  French  Revolution,  1793  ;  cen 
tury  sermon  at  Kingston,  for  E.  Cobb,  1794;  a 
reply  to  J.  Cotton ;  some  brief  remarks  on  a 
piece  by  J.  Cotton  in  answer  to  the  preceding, 
1774  ;  election  sermon,  1791  ;  at  the  convention  ; 
on  the  landing  of  our  forefathers,  1793;  before 
the  humane  society,  1796. — Shaic's  Sermon  on 
his  death  ;  Sprague's  Annals. 

ROBBINS,  CHARLES,  published  the  Colum 
bian  Harmony,  Portland,  1805. 

ROBBIXS,  AMMI  RUHAMAH,  first  minister  of 
Norfolk,  Conn.,  died  Oct.  31,  1813,  aged  73,  in  the 
fifty-third  year  of  his  ministry.  He  was  the  son 
of  Rev.  Philemon  Robbins  of  Branford,  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  in  1760,  and  married  Elizabeth  Le 
Baron  of  Plymouth,  a  descendant  of  Governor 
Bradford.  In  1776  he  was  a  chaplain  in  the  army 
in  its  retreat  from  Canada.  He  was  a  faithful 


706 


ROBBLNS. 


ROBINSON. 


minister  and  a  good  preacher  and  teacher.  He 
preached  more  than  six  thousand  five  hun 
dred  sermons.  His  funeral  sermon  was  pub 
lished  by  C.  Lee.  His  r,on,  James  W.  Robbins, 
a  man  of  great  worth,  died  at  Lenox  in  1847, 
aged  61.  Another  son  was  Rev.  Dr.  Thomas 
Robbins.  He  published  a  sermon  at  ordination 
of  J.  Knapp,  1772;  at  election,  1789;  calamity 
among  the  wicked,  1797  ;  a  half-century  sermon, 

1811.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

ROBBIXS,  SAMUEL  PRINCE,  son  of  Rev.  C. 
Robbins,  and  minister  of  Marietta,  Ohio,  died  in 
August,  1823,  aged  about  45.  He  died  of  an 
epidemic  fever,  which  prevailed  along  the  waters 
of  the  Ohio.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in 
1798,  and  studied  theology  with  Dr.  Hyde  of 
Lee.  His  wife  was  a  grand-daughter  of  Gen.  R. 
Putnam.  —  Hildrefh. 

ROBBINS,  EDWARD  II.,  lieutenant-governor 
of  Massachusetts,  died  in  Milton  in  1829,  aged 
about  74.  He  was  the  son  of  Rev.  Nathaniel  R. 
of  Milton,  and  a  graduate  of  1775.  lie  was 
speaker  of  the  house  and  judge  of  probate.  Of 
his  children,  Sarah  Lydia  married  Judge  Howe, 
and  Anne  Jean  married  Judge  Lyman  of  North 
ampton.  His  son,  Dr.  Robbins,  a  graduate  of 

1812,  died  in  1850. 

ROBBINS,  ASHUR,  LL.  D.,  died  at  Newport, 
R.  I,  Feb.  25,  1845,  aged  88.  Born  in  "Wethers- 
field,  he  was  a  graduate  of  Yale  in  1782.  For 
fourteen  years  he  was  a  senator  of  the  United 
States.  His  deep  learning,  his  scholarship  and 
forcible  eloquence  made  him  conspicuous  in  the 
senate.  He  had  the  misfortune  to  fall  upon  the 
ice  twro  months  before  his  death,  and  this  was 
the  cause  of  it.  He  published  address  on  domes 
tic  industry,  1822;  oration  July  4,  1827;  speech 
on  domestic  industry,  1832. 

ROBBINS,  ISAAC,  a  minister,  died  at  Alexan 
dria  in  May,  184G,  aged  77.  He  was  the  son  of 
Rev.  Chandler  R. 

ROBBINS,  SAMUEL  H.,  M.  D.,  died  in  Boston 
Jan.  10,  1850,  aged  58. 

ROBBINS,  PETER  OILMAN,  M.  D.,  died  at 
Roxbury,  Mass.,  May  18,  1852,  aged  73.  He 
was  the  son  of  Rev.  Chandler  R.,  and  a  man  of 
worth,  a  beloved  physician. 

ROBBINS,  THOMAS,  D.  D.,  secretary  of  the 
Connecticut  historical  society,  died  in  Colebrook 
Sept.  13,  1856,  aged  79.  Born  in  Norfolk,  Conn., 
he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1796,  and  was  minister 
of  East  AVindsor  from  1809  to  1827;  then  of 
Stratford  from  1830  to  1831 ;  then  of  Mattapoi- 
set  in  Rochester,  Mass.,  the  successor  of  L.  Le 
Baron.  For  years  he  lived  in  Hartford  and  was 
librarian  of  the  historical  society,  to  which  he  be 
queathed  his  very  valuable  library.  His  mental 
powers  failed  him  in  his  last  days.  He  published 
a  century  sermon  delivered  at  Danbury  Jan.  1, 
1801;  a  fast  sermon,  1815  ;  at  installation  of  E. 


L.Clark,  1820;  to  military  at  Hartford,  1822; 
on  the  death  of  E.  B.  Cook,  1823. 

ROBERTS,  NATHANIEL,  first  minister  of 
Torrington,  Conn.,  died  in  1776,  aged  about  G6. 
Graduated  at  Yale  in  1732,  he  was  settled  in 
1741.  He  was  followed  by  A.  Gillet  and  W.  K. 
Gould. 

ROBERTS,  WILLIAM,  published  an  account 
of  the  discovery  and  natural  history  of  Florida, 
4to.,  1763. 

ROBERTS,  CHARLES,  remarkable  for  longev 
ity,  died  in  Berkeley  county,  Virginia,  Feb.  17, 
1796,  aged  116.  He  was  a  native  of  Oxfordshire, 
England,  but  had  resided  in  America  about  eighty 
years.  During  his  long  life  he  never  knew  sick 
ness. 

ROBERTS,  JOSEPH,  died  at  Weston  in  1811, 
aged  91.  A  native  of  Boston,  he  graduated  in 
1741,  and  was  minister  of  Leicester  from  1754  to 
1762. 

ROBERTS,  JOHN,  major,  died  in  Rappahan- 
nock  county,  Virginia,  in  1843,  aged  85.  He  was 
a  major  in  the  Revolutionary  war,  and  many 
years  a  member  of  the  legislature. 

ROBERTS,  ROBERT  R.,  died  in  Indiana  March 
26,  1843,  aged  67;  a  venerable  Methodist  bishop. 
Born  in  Frederick  county,  Maryland,  he  was  con 
secrated  bishop  in  1816;  and  was  benevolent, 
zealous,  and  useful. 

ROBERTSON,  GEORGE,  Congregational  min 
ister  in  Amelia  county,  Virginia,  died  March  8, 
1838,  aged  79. 

ROBERTSON,  ALEXANDER,  an  artist,  a  painter, 
died  in  New  York  May  27,  1841,  nged  69.  He 
was  secretary  of  the  academy  of  fine  arts. 

ROBIE,  THOMAS,  eminent  for  science  and 
scholarship,  died  in  1729.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1708,  and  was  a  tutor  from  1714  to 
1723,  and  librarian.  He  wrote  much  in  the 
magazines  and  papers.  He  published  a  discourse 
to  the  students,  the  knowledge  of  Christ  supe 
rior  to  all  other  knowledge,  1721.  —  Eliot. 

ROBIN,  a  sachem  of  a  remnant  of  the  Pe- 
quots,  who  lived  at  Mystic  in  Connecticut,  and 
afterwards  at  Mashantucket.  He  died  in  1692. 
His  Indian  name  was  Cassasinamon,  which  Miss 
Caulkins  thinks  is  rather  spicy,  —  cassia,  cinna 
mon.  —  Miss  Caulkins'  New  London. 

ROBIN,  MARIE,  a  colored  woman,  died  at 
New  Orleans  in  1839,  aged  107. 

ROBINSON,  JOHN,  minister  of  the  English 
church  at  Leyden,  a  part  of  which  first  settled 
New  England  in  1620,  died  Feb.  19,  1625,  old 
style,  or  March  1,  new  style.  He  was  born  in 
Great  Britain  in  1575,  and  educated  at  Cambridge. 
After  holding  for  some  time  a  benefice  near 
Yarmouth  in  Norfolk,  when  a  society  of  Dissenters 
was  formed  in  the  north  of  England  about  the 
year  1602,  he  was  chosen  their  pastor  with  Clif 
ton.  Persecution  drove  his  congregation  into 


ROBINSON. 

Holland  in  1608,  and  he  soon  followed  them. 
At  Amsterdam,  where  they  found  emigrants  of 
the  same  religious  sentiments,  they  remained 
about  a  year ;  but  as  the  minister,  J.  Smith,  was 
unsteady  in  his  opinions,  Mr.  llobinson  proposed 
a  removal  to  Leyden.  Here  they  continued 
eleven  years,  and  their  numbers  so  increased  that 
they  had  in  the  church  three  hundred  communi 
cants.  They  were  distinguished  for  perfect  har 
mony  among  themselves  and  for  friendly  inter 
course  with  the  Dutch.  Mr.  llobinson,  when  he 
first  went  into  Holland,  was  a  most  rigid  Sepa 
ratist  from  the  Church  of  England  ;  but  by  con 
versation  with  Dr.  Ames  and  R.  Parker  he  was 
convinced  of  his  error  and  became  more  moder 
ate,  though  he  condemned  the  use  of  the  liturgy 
and  the  indiscriminate  admission  to  the  sacra 
ments.  In  1613,  Episcopius,  one  of  the  profes 
sors  of  the  university  of  Leyden,  the  successor 
of  Arminius,  and  of  the  same  doctrine  with  him, 
published  some  theses,  which  he  engaged  to  de 
fend  against  all  opposers.  Mr.  Robinson,  being 
earnestly  requested  to  accept  the  challenge  by 
Polyander,  the  other  professor,  who  was  a  Calvin- 
ist,  held  the  disputation  in  the  presence  of  a 
numerous  assemby,  and  completely  foiled  Episco 
pius,  his  antagonist.  In  1617,  when  another  re 
moval  was  contemplated,  Mr.  Robinson  entered 
zealously  into  the  plan  of  making  a  settlement 
in  America.  His  church  was  liable  to  be  cor 
rupted  by  the  loose  habits  of  the  Dutch,  and  he 
wished  it  to  be  planted  in  a  country  where  it 
might  subsist  in  purity.  The  first  settlers  of 
Plymouth  in  1620,  who  took  with  them  Mr.  Brcw- 
ster,  the  ruling  elder,  were  the  members  of  his 
church,  and  it  was  his  intention  to  follow  them 
with  the  majority  that  remained;  but  various  dis 
appointments  prevented.  A  part  of  his  church 
and  his  widow  and  children  came  to  New  Eng 
land  in  1630.  Isaac  and  John  were  his  sons. 
He  was  a  man  of  good  genius,  quick  penetration, 
ready  wit,  great  modesty,  integrity,  and  candor. 
His  classical  learning  and  acuteness  in  disputa 
tion  were  acknowledged  by  his  opponents.  He 
was  also  discerning  and  prudent  in  civil  affairs. 
In  his  principles  of  church  government  he  was 
himself  an  Independent  or  Congregationalist,  be 
ing  of  opinion  that  every  church  is  to  consist  only 
of  such  as  appear  to  believe  in  and  obey  Christ ; 
that  the  members  have  a  right  to  choose  their 
own  officers,  which  are  pastors  or  teaching  elders, 
ruling  elders,  and  deacons ;  that  elders,  being 
ordained,  have  no  power  but  by  consent  of  the 
brethren  ;  that  all  elders  and  churches  are  equal ; 
and  that  only  the  children  of  communicants  are 
to  be  admitted  to  baptism.  He  celebrated  the 
Supper  every  Lord's  day.  In  his  farewell  ad 
dress  to  the  first  emigrants  to  New  England,  he 
said  to  them  :  "  If  God  reveal  any  thing  to  you 
by  any  other  instrument  of  his,  be  as  ready  to 


ROBIXSON. 


707 


receive  it  as  ever  you  were  to  receive  any  truth 
by  my  ministry ;  for  I  am  verily  persuaded,  I 
am  very  confident,  that  the  Lord  has  more  truth 
yet  to  break  forth  out  of  his  holy  word.  For  my 
part,  I  cannot  sufficiently  bewail  the  condition  of 
the  reformed  churches,  who  are  come  to  a  period 
in  religion,  and  will  go  at  present  no  further 
than  the  instruments  of  their  reformation.  The 
Lutherans  cannot  be  drawn  to  go  beyond  what 
Luther  saw ;  whatever  part  of  his  will  our  good 
God  has  revealed  to  Calvin,  they  will  rather  die 
than  embrace  it.  And  the  Calvinists,  you  see, 
stick  fast  where  they  were  left  by  that  great  man 
of  God,  who  yet  saw  not  all  things."  He  pub 
lished,  1.  a  justification  of  separation  from  the 
Church  of  England,  1610;  2.  of  religious  com 
munion,  1614 ;  3.  apologia  justa  et  necessara, 
1619,  (translated  into  English,  1644) ;  4.  a  de 
fence  of  the  doctrine  propounded  by  the  synod 
of  Dort,  1624 ;  5.  a  treatise  of  the  lawfulness  of 
learning  of  the  ministers  in  the  Church  of  Eng 
land,  1634 ;  6.  essays  or  observations,  Divine  and 
moral  1628  (second  edition,  1638).  His  col 
lected  works  were  published  by  the  Cong.  Board 
of  Publication,  Boston,  in  3  vols.,  1851.  —  Bel- 
knap's  Amer.  Biog.,  II.  151-178. 

ROBINSON,  ISAAC,  the  son  of  John  Robin 
son,  died  at  or  near  Cape  Ann,  aged  92.  He 
was  at  Duxbury,  1635  ;  of  Scituate  in  1636,  and 
of  Barnstable  in  1639.  He  bought  land  at 
Island  Creek,  Duxbury.  His  wife  was  a  sister  of 
Elder  Faunce.  His  brother  Abraham,  not  John 
as  by  one  account,  lived  also  on  the  Cape  Ann 
side  of  the  bay,  and  died  in  1645,  and  was  the 
father  of  Abraham,  living  in  1730,  who  died  at 
the  age  of  102.  He  left  a  family  of  twelve  chil 
dren,  one  of  whom  was  Andrew,  from  whom  Mrs. 
President  Webber  descended.  To  Isaac's  daugh 
ter,  Mercy,  Captain  Standish  bequeathed  three 
pounds ;  of  whom  he  said,  "  Whom  I  tenderly 
love  for  her  grandfather's  sake."  Isaac's  children 
were  baptized  at  Barnstable:  John  in  1640;  Is 
rael  in  1651,  Jacob  in  1652  ;  daughters  Fear  and 
Mercy,  and  a  child,  whose  name  is  lost,  in  1642, 
—  Deane's  Scituate;  Deane's  Bradford. 

ROBINSON,  Joiix,  minister  of  Duxbury, 
Mass.,  died  in  Lebanon,  Conn.,  in  1745,  aged  70. 
He  was  the  son  of  James  of  Dorchester,  grand 
son  of  "William  R.  of  Roxbury  in  1636 ;  was 
born  in  D.  in  March,  1671  ;  was  graduated  in 
1695;  and  settled  in  1702;  dismissed  in  1738, 
when  he  removed  to  Lebanon,  Conn.,  where  he 
had  two  daughters  married ;  Betty  to  Rev.  J. 
Eliot,  and  Faith  to  Governor  J.  Trumbull.  He 
was  a  man  of  talents,  eccentric,  impetuous,  rough. 
J.  Wiswall  preceded,  S.  Veazie  succeeded  him. 
His  wife,  Hannah,  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Wiswall, 
was  drowned  with  his  daughter  Mary  near  Nan- 
tasket  beach  in  1722;  her  body  was  found  on 
Cape  Cod  and  buried  at  Herring  Cove.  He  left 


708 


ROBINSON. 


HOBY. 


a  large  estate :  lands  and  money  to  John ;  2000 
pounds  to  Ichabod,  a  merchant ;  400  pounds  to 
Althea.  John  and  William,  ministers,  were  the 
sons  of  Ichabod ;  and  Althea  married  Rev.  Daniel 
Ripley  of  Abington  in  Pomfret.  —  Sprague's 
Annals. 

ROBINSON,  MOSES,  LL.  D.,  second  governor 
of  Vermont,  died  at  Bennington  May  26,  1813, 
aged  72.  He  succeeded  Mr.  Chittenden  in  1789, 
and  was  succeeded  by  him  in  1790.  He  was  af 
terwards  a  senator  of  the  United  States,  in  the 
administration  of  Mr.  Adams.  His  politics  were 
republican ;  he  was^opposed  to  Jay's  treaty.  His 
son,  Moses  R.,  died  at  Bennington  in  Jan.,  1825, 
aged  61. 

ROBINSON,  JONATHAN,  chief  justice  of  Ver 
mont,  the  brother  of  the  preceding,  died  at  Ben 
nington  Nov.  3,  1819,  aged  64.  He  was  chosen 
chief  justice  in  1801,  in  the  place  of  Mr.  Smith, 
and  succeeded  him  also  in  1806  as  a  senator  in 
congress.  He  was  also  a  senator  in  1815. 

ROBINSON,  AYlLLiAM,  first  minister  of  South- 
ington,  Conn.,  died  Aug.  15,  1825,  his  birth-day, 
aged  71.  Born  in  Lebanon,  the  son  of  Ichabod, 
a  merchant,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1773;  he 
was  pastor  from  1780  to  1821,  forty-one  years; 
and  was  succeeded  by  D.  L.  Ogden.  His  wife, 
Naomi  Wolcott  of  East  Windsor,  died  of  the 
small  pox  in  1782,  aged  27.  His  second  wife 
was  Sophia  Moseley  of  Westfield,  Mass.,  who 
soon  died.  His  third  wife  was  Anna  Mills  of 
Simsbury.  Ilis  fourth,  in  1790,  was  Elizabeth 
Norton  of  Farmington ;  and  by  her  he  had  six 
children,  one  of  whom  is  Professor  Edward  Rob 
inson,  D.  D.,  of  New  York.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

ROBINSON,  CHARLES  S.,  minister  of  St. 
Charles,  Missouri,  died  in  1828,  aged  34.  Born 
in  Massachusetts,  he  graduated  at  Andover  theo 
logical  seminary  in  1819. 

ROBINSON,  JOHN,  minister  of  Westborough, 
Mass.,  from  1789  to  1807,  died  in  Lebanon,  Conn., 
his  native  place,  suddenly,  in  1832,  aged  71.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1750.  He  was  the  son  of 
Ichabod,  and  grandson  of  Rev.  John  R.  of  Dux- 
bury.  He  succeeded  E.  Parkman,  and  was  suc 
ceeded  by  E.  Rockwood. 

ROBINSON,  PETER,  associate  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  Delaware,  died  in  1836. 

ROBINSON,  JAMES,  died  at  Ottawa,  Illinois, 
in  1843,  aged  50;  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court, 
a  man  of  integrity  and  courteousness.  He  was 
twelve  years  a  senator  of  the  United  States. 

ROBINSON,  DAVID,  general,  died  in  Ben 
nington  Dec.  10,  1843,  aged  89.  He  was  born 
in  Hardwick,  Mass.,  Nov.  11,  1754,  and  came  to 
Vermont  with  his  father  Samuel  in  1761,  to  live 
in  a  log  hut  in  the  centre  of  the  present  town 
of  B.  There  he  lived  82  years.  Capt.  Stephen 
was  another  early  settler,  whose  daughter  he 
married.  Temperate  and  active,  he  encouraged 


all  public  institutions,  civil  and  religious.  He 
early  became  a  member  of  the  church. 

ROBINSON,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  died  in  Cabarrus 
county,  North  Carolina,  Dec.  14, 1843,  aged  about 
80,  having  been  long  a  distinguished  and  useful 
minister. 

ROBINSON,  WILLIAM,  Dr.,  died  in  Stoning- 
ton,  Mass.,  Dec.  28,  1845,  aged  81 ;  a  successful 
practitioner  in  the  town  for  fifty-seven  years, 
much  respected.  He  was  a  soldier  of  the  Revo 
lution. 

ROBINSON,  CHARLES,  missionary  to  Siam, 
died  at  sea  on  his  return,  March  3, 1847,  aged  45, 
one  week  after  leaving  St.  Helena.  Mrs.  R.,  with 
four  children,  arrived  at  New  Bedford  April  16. 
Born  in  Lenox,  Mass.,  at  the  age  of  fifteen  he 
made  a  profession  of  religion  ;  he  graduated  at 
Williams  college  in  1829,  and  embarked  June 
10,  1833,  with  his  wife,  and  Munson  and  Lyman 
and  their  wives,  for  Batavia.  He  proceeded  to 
Bangkok.  Ill  health  removed  him  from  Siam 
in  Nov.,  1845.  He  died  in  peace,  and  his  body 
was  committed  to  the  mighty  deep.  His  wife 
was  Maria  Church  of  Riga,  N.  Y. 

ROBINSON,  M.  M.,  died  in  Louisiana,  May, 
1850;  a  lawyer.  He  published  sixteen  volumes 
of  reports,  evincing  great  labor  and  fidelity, 
with  marginal  notes,  which  are  models  of  exact 
ness. 

ROBINSON,  ELI  P.,  captain,  died  in  Wind- 
ham,  Greene  county,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  14,  1851,  aged 
71.  He  served  in  the  northern  army  in  1812  at 
the  head  of  volunteers  ;  and  was  both  an  ardent 
patriot  and  an  exemplary  Christian,  embracing 
the  faith  of  his  ancestor,  John  R.  of  Leyden. 

ROBINSON,  ISAAC,  D.  D.,  minister  'of  Stod- 
dard,  N.  II.,  died  July  9,  1854,  aged  75,  in  the 
52d  year  of  his  ministry.  Born  in  Hudson, 
N.  H.,  he  improved  his  few  literary  advantages, 
and  was  settled  in  1803.  He  preached  one  week 
before  his  death.  On  the  day  of  his  death  he  said, 
"  If  it  be  the  will  of  the  Lord,  may  my  earthly 
labors  end  on  this  Sabbath."  He  was  distinguished 
as  a  scholar  and  theologian.  He  published  a 
tract  on  Universalism ;  sermon  on  the  death  of 
S.  Payson ;  on  the  divinity  of  Christ ;  and  answer 
to  T.  R.  Sullivan's  strictures.  — Spr ague's  Annals. 

ROBINSON,  TRACT,  died  at  Binghamton, 
N.  Y.,  Dec.  7,  1855,  aged  77.  Born  in  Wind- 
ham,  Conn.,  he  removed  to  Chenango  valley  in 
1800,  to  B.  in  1810,  when  in  that  place  was  only 
a  squad  of  cabins.  He  was  a  physician,  post 
master,  judge,  and  a  warden  in  Christ's  church ; 
and  died  greatly  lamented. 

ROBINSON,  JOHN,  died  in  Brookline,  Jan. 
13, 1855  aged  91  years.  He  was  long  a  deacon  of 
the  church  under  the  care  of  Dr.  John  Pierce. 

ROBY,  JOSKPII,  minister  of  Lynn,  Mass., 
died  Jan.  31,  1803,  aged  79.  Born  in  Boston,  he 
graduated  in  1742,  and  was  ordained  in  1752,  as 


ROBY. 


HODGERS. 


709 


Buccossor  of  Mr.  Chcever,  and  continued  his  la 
bors  fifty  years.  lie  was  a  faithful  minister  and 
an  excellent  Christian,  lie  published  a  fast  ser 
mon,  1781,  and  1794. 

HOBY,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Harrison,  Me., 
died  in  1836,  aged  76.  He  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1779. 

ItOCIIAMBEAU,  JEAN  BAPTISTE  DONATIEN 
DE  VlMEUR,  count,  marshal  of  France,  died  in 
1807,  aged  82.  He  was  born  in  1725.  After 
much  military  service,  he  was  appointed  lieuten 
ant-general,  and  in  1780  sent  with  an  army  of 
6,000  men  to  the  assistance  of  the  United  States 
in  the  war  with  Great  Britain.  In  the  siege  at 
Yorktown  he  rendered  important  services,  for  which 
he  received  the  present  of  two  cannon  taken  from 
Cornwallis.  In  the  Revolution  he  narrowly  es 
caped  suffering  death  under  the  tyranny  of  Ro 
bespierre,  la  1803  Bonaparte  gave  him  a  pen 
sion  and  the  grand  cross  of  the  legion  of  honor. 
His  memoirs  were  published,  8vo.,  1809. — Encyc. 
Amer. 

ROCHESTER,  NATHANIEL,  colonel,  died  at 
Rochester,  N.  Y.,  May  17,  1831,  aged  79.  He 
was  an  officer  of  the  Revolution :  the  town  of  R. 
was  named  after  him. 

ROCHESTER,  WILLIAM  B.,  judge,  of  Buf 
falo,  was  lost  off  the  coast  of  North  Carolina 
June  15,  1838,  with  many  others,  by  the  explo 
sion  of  the  steamboat  Pulaski.  He  was  a  mem 
ber  of  congress  from  1821  to  1823,  and  was  much 
respected. 

ROCKWELL,  WILLIAM,  ancestor  of  the 
Rockwells  in  this  country,  came  from  Plymouth, 
England,  with  Warham  and  Maverick,  in  1630. 
He  was  of  the  church  in  Dorchester  and  removed 
to  Windsor.  He  was  a  deacon :  and  had  sons 
John  and  Samuel. 

ROCKWELL,  ALPHA,  deacon,  died  in  Win 
chester,  Conn.,  June  1,  1818,  aged  50.  His  name 
•was  given  him,  Alpha,  the  first  letter  of  the 
Greek  alphabet,  because  he  was  the  first  child 
born  in  the  town  of  Colebrook.  He  became 
pious  at  the  age  of  17.  He  died  in  great  peace 
and  triumph.  His  excellent  character,  and  his 
zeal  to  do  good  to  all  around  him,  are  described 
in  Mr.  Beach's  sermon  at  his  funeral,  extracts 
from  which  are  in  the  Boston  Recorder  of  July  7. 

ROCKWELL,  LATHROP,  minister  of  Lyme, 
Conn.,  died  in  1828,  aged  about  60.  He  grad 
uated  at  Dartmouth  in  1789,  and  was  ordained 
in  1790  as  successor  of  S.  Johnson,  and  was  suc 
ceeded  by  C.  Colton. 

ROCKWELL,  JAMES  OTIS,  died  in  Provi 
dence  in  1831,  aged  24.  Born  in  Lebanon,  Conn., 
he  was  self-educated,  became  a  printer,  and  took 
the  charge  of  the  Providence  Patriot  for  his  last 
two  years.  He  wrote  many  pieces  of  poetry, 
•with  the  imperfections  of  an  undisciplined  genius. 
—  Ci/cL  of  Amer.  Lit. 


ROCKWELL,  MARTIN,  died  in  Colebrook, 
Conn.,  Dec.  11, 1851,  aged  80,  the  youngest  and 
last  survivor  of  the  brothers  of  that  name,  who 
as  men  of  business,  philanthropists,  and  Chris 
tians  did  no  dishonor  to  their  Puritan  ancestry. 

ROCKWELL,  SAMUEL,  died  at  Holland  Pa 
tent,  Oncida  county,  N.  Y.,  May  27,  1855,  aged 
104. 

ROCKWOOD,  EBENEZER,  M.  D.,  died  at 
Wilton,  N.  II.,  in  1830,  aged  87.  He  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1773;  and  was  highly  re 
spected.  His  widow,  Mary,  died  at  the  house  of 
her  son-in-law,  Rev.  Leonard  Swett,  in  Ilollis,  in 
1848,  aged  94.  His  son,  Ebenezer  Rockwood,  a 
lawyer  of  high  promise,  a  graduate  of  1802,  died 
at  Charlestown,  Mass.,  May  8,  1815,  aged  only 
32.  He  married  the  daughter  of  Ebenezer  Haz 
ard  of  Philadelphia. 

RODGERS,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  minister  in  New 
York,  died  May  7,  1811,  aged  83.  He  was  born 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  Aug.  2,  1727.  His  parents 
having  removed  to  Plu'ladelphia,  he  was  educated 
for  the  ministry  by  Mr.  Blair.  It  was  by  means 
of  the  preaching  of  Mr.  Whitefield  that  his 
mind  was  impressed  by  religious  truth.  He  was 
ordained  March  16,  1749,  at  St.  George's,  Dela 
ware,  where  his  labors  were  very  useful  until 
July,  1765,  when  the  synod  sent  him  to  New 
York.  Upon  the  death  of  Mr.  Bostwick  he  be 
came  colleague  pastor  in  the  church  in  Wall 
street,  then  the  only  Presbyterian  church  in  the 
city.  He  died  in  the  triumph  of  the  believer. 
His  widow  died  March  15,  1812,  aged  87.  He 
was  the  intimate  friend  of  Pres.  Davies,  after 
whose  death  the  mother  of  Pres.  D.  resided  in 
his  family.  As  a  preacher  he  was  energetic, 
zealous,  and  faithful.  For  his  excellent  character 
he  was  highly  respected.  Several  of  his  sermons 
are  found  in  the  American  preacher.  His  life 
was  written  by  Samuel  Miller. 

RODGERS,  GEOKGE  W.,  captain,  command 
ing  a  squadron  on  the  S.  A.  station,  died  at  Bue 
nos  Ayres  March  21, 1832,  aged  45;  a  brother  of 
Com.  John  R. 

RODGERS,  JOHN,  commodore,  died  at  Phila 
delphia  Aug.  1,  1838,  aged  about  73  years;  the 
senior  commander  in  the  navy.  He  had  been 
fifteen  months  in  the  naval  asylum,  most  of  the 
time  closely  confined  as  a  confirmed  lunatic.  He 
was  born  in  Maryland,  and  educated  for  the  nau 
tical  profession,  and  had  high  qualifications.  In 
1803  he  commanded  the  New  York  and  the  John 
Adams  in  the  Mediterranean  :  he  assisted  Preble. 
As  commander  of  the  marines  he  defended  Bal 
timore  in  the  war  of  1812. 

RODGERS,  J.  KEARNEY,  M.  D.,  died  at  New 
York  Nov.  9,  1851,  aged  58 ;  surgeon  in  the  hos 
pital,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  eye  and  ear  infir 
mary.  He  was  the  son  of  Dr.  J.  R.  B.  Rodgers, 
and  grandson  of  Rev.  Dr.  11.  He  was  an  emi- 


710 


RODMAN. 


ROGERS. 


nent  surgeon,  and  was  once  successful  in  tying  the 
subclavian  vein.  He  -was  not  a  writer,  but  a  skil 
ful  and  honest  practitioner.  —  N.  Y.  Observer, 
Nov.  27. 

RODMAN,  JOHN,  Dr.,  a  Quaker,  lived  on 
Block  Island  in  July,  1G89,  when  three  French 
privateers  took  possession  of  the  island  and  plun 
dered  the  people.  One  of  the  ruffians  insulted 
his  wife :  when  he  interposed  for  her  protection 
the  villain  threatened  to  shoot  him  with  his  pistol. 
Opening  his  breast,  the  Dr.  said,  "  Thee  maycst 
do  it  if  thou  pleasest,  but  thou  shalt  not  abuse 
my  wife."  His  two  slaves  joined  the  privateer's 
men.  A  slave  of  Simon  Ray,  an  aged  inhabitant, 
was  killed  by  them. 

RODMAN,  SAMUEL,  a  merchant,  died  at  New 
Bedford  Dec.  30,  1835,  aged  83. 

RODNEY,  CJESAR,  president  of  Delaware, 
died  in  1783.  He  was  the  descendant  of  an  an 
cient  English  family,  the  son  of  William  R.  ;  was 
born  in  Dover,  Delaware,  about  1730.  He  inher 
ited  a  large  real  estate.  In  1765  he  was  a  mem 
ber  of  congress  at  New  York.  He  early  resisted 
the  tyrannical  claims  of  Great  Britain.  Being  a 
member  of  the  congress  of  1774,  he  was  placed 
on  several  important  committees.  He  voted  for 
the  Declaration  of  Independence  in  1776.  His 
colleagues,  M'Kean  and  Read,  being  divided  in 
opinion,  his  vote  determined  the  vote  of  the  State. 
Indeed,  Mr.  M'Kean  sent  an  express  for  him,  as 
he  was  then  absent,  and  he  entered  the  hall  with 
his  spurs  on  his  boots  just  before  the  great  ques 
tion  was  put.  After  the  first  constitution  of 
Delaware  was  adopted,  he  was  the  president  of 
the  State  from  1778  till  1782,  when  he  was  suc 
ceeded  by  John  Dickinson;  during  this  difficult 
period  his  energy  afforded  efficient  aid  to  Wash 
ington  in  the  prosecution  of  the  war.  A  cancer 
on  his  face,  which  for  many  years  had  afflicted 
him,  was  the  cause  of  his  death.  He  was  a  man 
of  patriotic  feeling  and  generous  character.  — 
OoodricJi. 

ROE,  AZEL,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Woodbridge, 
N.  J.,  died  Dec.  2, 1815,  aged  77.  He  graduated 
at  Princeton  in  1756,  and  was  the  pastor  fifty-six 
years.  Mr.  McDowell  preached  his  funeral  ser 
mon. 

ROESE,  WILLIAM,  died  in  Maryland  in  1813, 
aged  108. 

ROGERS,  THOMAS,  one  of  the  passengers  in 
the  Mayflower,  arrived  at  Plymouth  in  1620,  and 
died  in  the  first  sickness,  about  April,  1621.  His 
son  Joseph  survived,  and  other  children  came 
over.  His  descendants  were  numerous. 

ROGERS,  NATHANIEL,  minister  of  Ipswich, 
Mass.,  died  July  3,  1655,  aged  57.  He  was  the 
son  of  Rev.  John  Rogers  and  Elizabeth  Gold, 
of  Dedham,  in  England,  and  a  grandson  of  John 
Rogers  the  martyr.  lie  was  born  in  1598,  and 
was  educated  at  Enmnuel  college,  Cambridge. 


The  evils  to  which  his  Puritan  principles  exposed 
him  induced  him  to  come  to  New  England.  He 
sailed  June  1,  1636;  but  did  not  cast  anchor  in 
Massachusetts  bay  till  Nov.  16.  In  the  following 
year  he  was  a  member  of  the  synod,  together  with 
Mr.  Partridge,  who  came  in  the  same  vessel.  lie 
was  settled  in  the  place  of  Mr.  Ward,  as  colleague 
with  Mr.  Norton  at  Ipswich,  Feb.  20,  1639.  His 
son,  John,  was  president  of  Harvard  college  ;  his 
only  daughter  married  Rev.  William  Hubbard. 
As  a  preacher  he  possessed  a  lively  eloquence, 
which  charmed  his  hearers.  Though  one  of  the 
greatest  men  among  the  first  settlers  of  New 
England,  he  was  very  humble,  modest,  and  re 
served.  He  published  a  letter  to  a  member  of 
the  house  of  commons  in  1643,  in  which  he  pleads 
for  a  reformation  of  church  affairs,  and  he  left  in 
manuscript  a  vindication  of  the  Congregational 
church  government,  in  Latin.  —  Mag.  III.  104, 
108 ;  Sprague's  Annals. 

ROGERS,  EZEKIEL,  first  minister  of  Rowley, 
Mass.,  died  Jan.  23,  1661,  aged  70.  He  was  a 
cousin  of  the  preceding  ;  was  born  in  England  in 
1500,  the  son  of  Richard  Rogers  of  Wethersficld. 
After  being  educated  at  Cambridge,  he  became 
the  chaplain  of  Sir  Francis  Barrington.  His 
preaching  was  in  a  strain  of  oratory  which  de 
lighted  his  hearers.  lie  afterwards  received  the 
benefice  of  Rowley,  where  his  benevolent  labors 
were  attended  with  great  success.  At  length  his 
nonconformity  obliged  him  to  seek  a  refuge  from 
persecution  in  New  England,  where  he  arrived  in 
1638,  bringing  with  him  a  number  of  respectable 
families.  He  commenced  the  plantation  at  Row 
ley  in  April,  1639,  and  Dec.  3  was  ordained. 
He  died  after  a  lingering  sickness.  His  third 
wife  was  the  daughter  of  John  Wilson.  His 
library  he  bequeathed  to  Harvard  college,  and 
his  house  and  lands  to  the  town  for  the  support 
of  the  ministry.  In  the  latter  part  of  his  life  it 
pleased  God  to  overwhelm  him  with  calamities. 
A  fall  from  his  horse  deprived  him  of  the  use  of 
his  right  hand ;  much  of  his  property  was  con 
sumed  by  fire  ;  and  he  buried  two  wives  and  all 
his  children.  He  was  pious,  zealous,  and  perse 
vering.  His  feeble  health  induced  him  when  in 
England  to  study  the  science  of  medicine. 
Though  his  strong  passions  sometimes  misled 
him,  yet  he  was  so  humble  as  readily  to  acknow 
ledge  his  error.  He  preached  the  election  ser 
mon  in  1643,  in  which  he  vehemently  exhorted 
his  hearers  never  to  choose  the  same  man  gover 
nor  for  two  successive  years  ;  but  his  exhortation 
was  disregarded,  for  Mr.  Winthrop  was  re-elected. 
—  Ma gn alia,  HI.  101-104;  Sprayue's  Annals. 

ROGERS,  Jonx,  president  of  Harvard  col 
lege,  died  July  2,  1684,  aged  53.  He  was  grad 
uated  at  this  seminary  in  1649.  He  was  the  son 
of  N.  Rogers,  with  whom  he  preached  some  time 
as  an  assistant  at  Ipswich,  but  at  length  his  incli- 


ROGERS. 


ROGERS. 


711 


nation  to  the  study  of  physic  withdrew  his  atten 
tion  from  theology.  After  the  death  of  President 
Oakes  he  was  elected  his  successor  in  April,  1682, 
and  was  installed  Aug.  12,  1683.  He  died  sud 
denly  the  day  after  commencement,  and  was  suc 
ceeded  by  Increase  Mather.  He  was  remarkable 
for  the  sweetness  of  his  temper,  and  he  united  to 
unfeigned  piety  the  accomplishments  of  the  gen 
tleman.  His  wife  was  Elizabeth  Dennison  ;  his 
daughter  married  President  Lcverett;  his  son, 
Daniel,  a  physician  in  Ipswich,  died  in  a  snow 
storm  on  Hampton  beach,  Dec.  1,  1722,  leaving 
a  son,  Daniel,  the  minister  of  Littleton ;  his  son, 
Nathaniel,  was  the  minister  of  Portsmouth  ;  his 
son,  John,  the  minister  of  Ipswich,  who  left  three 
sons,  who  were  ministers,  —  John  of  Kitten*,  who 
died  Oct.  16,  1773,  aged  82 ;  Nathaniel  of  Ips 
wich,  a  colleague  ;  and  Daniel  of  Exeter.  John 
11.,  the  minister  of  Gloucester,  who  died  Oct.  4, 
1782,  aged  63,  was  the  son  of  J.  II.  of  Kittery, 
or  Eliot.  Truly  this  was  a  family  of  ministers. — 
Magn.  iv.  130;  Sprague's  Annals. 

ROGERS,  JOHN,  the  founder  of  the  small  sect 
of  the  Rogerenes  in  New  London  county,  Conn., 
was  the  son  of  James,  who  died  in  1688,  a  re 
spectable  Quaker  or  seventh-day  man.  It  was  a 
provision  in  his  will,  "  There  shall  be  no  lawing 
among  my  children  ;"  he  required  them  to  decide 
any  difference  by  lot.  But  they  were  regardless 
of  his  injunction.  He  married  Elizabeth,  daugh 
ter  of  M.  Griswold  of  Lyme  ;  she  obtained  a  di 
vorce,  and  married  Peter  Pratt.  His  son,  John, 
was  a  disciple  :  he  was  the  father  of  twenty  chil 
dren.  The  fanatics  of  this  family  worked  on  the 
Sabbath,  and  sometimes  disturbed  the  worship  of 
others,  and  drew  upon  themselves  various  penal 
ties.  Once  J.  R.  sent  in  a  wig  as  his  contribution 
for  the  support  of  a  wiggcd  ministry ;  but  he  la 
mented  his  folly.  The  sect  is  not  yet  quite  ex 
tinct.  John,  the  second,  died  in  1721,  aged  73, 
and  was  buried  on  the  Mamacock  farm,  on  the 
river  Thames.  He  published  the  midnight  cry 
and  other  books.  —  Miss  Caulkins1  History  of 
New  London. 

ROGERS,  DANIEL,  a  physician  in  Ipswich, 
Mass.,  died  in  a  snow-storm  on  Hampton  beach, 
Dec.  1,  1722,  aged  about  56.  He  was  the  son  of 
President  J.  Rogers,  and  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1686. 

ROGERS,  NATHANIEL,  minister  of  Portsmouth, 
N.  H.,  died  Oct.  3,  1723,  aged  about  06.  The 
son  of  President  Rogers,  he  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1687,  and  was  ordained  in  1699.  In  con 
sequence  of  building  a  meeting-house  the  church 
was  divided  into  two  churches.  His  sons  were 
Nathaniel,  who  was  the  father  of  Judge  R.  of 
Exeter,  and  Daniel,  who  was  a  councillor.  — 
Eliot. 

ROGERS,  JOHN,  minister  of  Ipswich,  died 
Dec.  28,  1745,  aged  79,  in  the  56th  vear  of  his 


ministry.  He  graduated  in  1684,  and  was  or 
dained  in  1692.  Wiggles  worth  preached  a  ser 
mon  on  his  death.  His  son,  Daniel,  was  the 
minister  of  Exeter.  He  was  himself  the  son  of 
President  John,  a  preacher,  whose  ancestors  were 
ministers  in  this  ascending  order  :  Nathaniel  of 
Ipswich,  Jt)hn  of  Dedham,  England,  who  was  the 
grandson  of  John,  the  martyr  of  Smithfield,  Feb., 
1555.  He  published  death  the  wages  of  sin, 
1701 ;  election  sermon,  1706  ;  on  death  of  J. 
Appleton,  1739 ;  an  account  of  a  revival  in  the 
Christian  history. 

ROGERS,  JOHN,  minister  of  Boxford,  Mass., 
died  in  1755,  aged  about  72.  Born  in  Salem,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1705,  and  was  pastor 
from  1709  to  about  1743  ;  and  was  succeeded  by 
E.  Holyoke. 

ROGERS,  JOHN,  minister  of  Kittery,  Me.,  died 
in  1773,  aged  81.  The  son  of  Rev.  John  R.  of 
Ipswich,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1711,  and 
was  ordained  in  1721.  His  parish  became  the 
town  of  Eliot  in  1810. 

ROGERS,  NATHANIEL,  son  of  Rev.  John  of 
Ipswich,  and  his  colleague,  died  May  10,  1775, 
aged  72,  having  been  pastor  nearly  fifty  years. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1724.  He  was  a 
man  of  eminent  learning  and  goodness.  The 
pastors  of  Ipswich  were  of  the  name  of  Rogers 
for  more  than  one  hundred  years.  The  family 
descended  from  Rogers  the  martyr,  the  grand 
father  of  Mr.  Rogers  of  Dcdhnm,  England,  whose 
son,  Nathaniel,  came  to  New  England.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  J.  Appleton, 
1739  ;  at  the  ordination  of  J.  Treadwell ;  on  the 
death  of  S.  Williams,  1763. 

ROGERS,  ROBERT,  major,  the  son  of  James 
R.,  an  Irishman,  an  early  settler  of  Dunbarton, 
N.  II.,  commanded  a  company  in  the  war  of  1755, 
and  "  Rogers'  Rangers  "  were  celebrated  for  their 
exploits.  March  13,  1758,  with  one  hundred  and 
seventy  men  he  fought  one  hundred  French  and 
six  hundred  Indians  ;  after  losing  one  hundred 
men  and  killing  one  hundred  and  fifty  he  retreat 
ed.  In  1759  he  was  sent  by  Amherst  from  Crown 
Point  to  destroy  the  Indian  village  of  St.  Fran 
cis,  which  service  was  performed ;  two  hundred 
Indians  were  killed.  Obliged  to  return  by  the 
way  of  the  Connecticut  river,  the  party  suffered 
great  hardships.  After  serving  in  the  Cherokee 
war  he  was  appointed  in  1766  governor  of  Mich- 
illimackinac.  Accused  of  a  plot  for  plundering 
the  fort  and  joining  the  French,  he  was  sent  in 
irons  to  Montreal  and  tried  by  a  court  martial. 
In  1769  he  went  to  England  and  was  presented 
to  the  king  ;  but  was  soon  imprisoned  for  debt. 
In  the  war  of  the  Revolution  he  joined  the  ene 
my,  and,  while  commanding  a  corps  at  an  out 
post  near  Mamaroneck,  narrowly  escaped  being 
taken  prisoner  Oct.  21,  1776,  by  a  party  sent  out 
by  Lord  Stirling.  He  soon  went  to  England. 


712 


ROGERS. 


ROLFE. 


His  name  is  included  in  the  act  of  New  Hamp 
shire  against  tories,  of  Nov.  19,  1778.  His 
father  was  shot  in  the  woods,  being  mistaken  for 
a  bear ;  his  brother,  Captain  James  It.,  died  at 
Louisburg ;  his  brother,  Richard,  was  slain  in 
1756.  He  published  a  concise  account  of  North 
America,  London,  1765  ;  journals  of  the  French 
war,  1765 ;  this  was  republished,  entitled,  remi- 
niscenses  of  the  French  war,  with  the  life  of 
Stark,  12mo.,  Concord,  1831. 

ROGERS,  JOHN,  minister  of  Gloucester.  Mass., 
died  Oct.  4,  1782,  aged  65.  Born  in  Kittery, 
Me.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1739,  and  was 
settled  in  1744. 

ROGERS,  DANIEL,  minister  of  Littleton,  Mass., 
died  in  1782,  aged  76.  He  was  the  son  of  Dr. 
Daniel  R. ;  graduated  in  1725  ;  and  was  ordained 
in  1732.  He  was  a  man  of  talents  and  research, 
and  courtly  in  his  manners.  — Eliot. 

ROGERS,  DANIEL,  first  minister  of  the  second 
church  in  Exeter,  N.  II.,  died  Dec.  9,  1785,  aged 
78.  The  son  of  Rev.  J.  R.,  he  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1725  ;  was  tutor  from  1732  to  1741 ;  and 
was  settled  Aug.  31,  1748. 

ROGERS,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  Leominster, 
Mass.,  died  in  Oct.,  1789,  aged  about  80,  and  was 
succeeded  by  F.  Gardner.  Born  in  Boxford,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1732,  and  was  settled 
Sept.  4,  1743;  resigned  in  1757.  He  published 
three  sermons,  1756. 

ROGERS,  SUSANNAH,  published  an  account  of 
Lovewell's  fight. 

ROGERS,  CLARK,  the  first  minister  of  Han 
cock,  Mass.,  died  Jan.  14,  1806,  aged  76,  in  the 
thirty-fourth  year  of  his  ministry.  He  was  a 
Baptist.  His  sons,  Samuel  and  William,  were 
also  distinguished  ministers. 

ROGERS,  HEZEKIAII,  major,  of  the  war  de 
partment,  died  at  Washington  Sept.  4,  1810,  aged 
57.  He  was  a  gallant  officer  in  the  Revolution 
ary  army  ;  a  man  of  worth.  In  great  suffering, 
the  gospel,  which  he  had  early  embraced,  sus 
tained  him. 

ROGERS,  SARAH,  born  without  hands,  died  at 
Philadelphia  in  Oct.,  1813.  She  could  paint, 
holding  the  brush  in  her  mouth. 

ROGERS,  WILLIAM,  I).  D.,  a  minister  in 
Philadelphia,  died  April  24,  1824,  aged  72.  He 
was  born  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  July  22,  1751, 
and  was  the  first  student  at  the  college  of  R.  I., 
graduating  in  1769.  In  May,  1771,  he  was  or 
dained  over  the  first  Baptist  church  in  Philadel 
phia.  During  five  years  he  was  a  chaplain  in  the 
army.  In  1789  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
belles  lettres  in  the  college  of  Philadelphia,  which 
office  he  resigned  in  1812.  He  published  a  ser 
mon  on  the  death  of  Rev.  O.  Hart,  1796. 

ROGERS,  MEDAD,  minister  of  New  Fail-field, 
Conn.,  died  in  1824,  aged  about  68.  He  gradu 


ated  at  Yale  in  1777,  and  was  settled  in  1786. 
A.  O.  Stansbury  was  his  successor. 

ROGERS,  ADAM,  died  in  Mansfield,  Conn.,  in 
Nov.,  1834,  aged  103. 

ROGERS,  ROBERT,  colonel,  died  at  Newport 
Aug.  5,  1835,  aged  78,  an  officer  in  the  Revolu 
tionary  army.  He  was  a  graduate  in  1775  of 
Providence  college.  For  many  years  he  was  at 
the  head  of  a  classical  school,  and'  librarian  of  the 
Redwood  library.  He  was  a  highly  respected 
member  of  the  Baptist  church. 

ROGERS,  NATHAN,  died  at  Bridgehampton, 
L.  I.,  in  1844,  aged  57.  He  was  an  artist  of  merit 
and  reputation,  a  member  of  the  national  acade 
my  of  design.  He  lent  his  aid  to  institutions  of 
morals  and  charity. 

ROGERS,  JOHN,  chief  of  the  Western  Chero- 
kees,  died  at  Van  Buren  July  4,  1846,  aged  70. 

ROGERS,  TIMOTHY  F.,  minister  of  Bernards- 
ton,  Mass.,  died  in  1847,  aged  66.  Born  in 
Tewksbury,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1802, 
and  was  settled  in  1809.  The  church,  of  which 
he  was  the  fourth  pastor,  was  formed  at  Deer- 
field  in  1741,  when  John  Norton  was  ordained 
over  what  was  called  Fall  Town.  He  published 
dedication  sermon,  1825. 

ROGERS,  PETER,  died  at  Waterloo,  III.,  in 
1849,  aged  99  ;  a  minister.  He  was  one  of  Wash 
ington's  life  guards. 

ROGERS,  J.  SMYTH,  M.  D.,  died  at  New  York 
March  30,  1851,  aged  57.  He  was  a  man  of  ed 
ucation  and  accomplishments ;  professor  of  chem 
istry  and  mineralogy  in  Trinity  college,  Hartford. 

ROGERS,  WILLIAM  M.,  minister  in  Boston, 
died  Aug.  11,  1851,  aged  nearly  45.  He  was 
born  in  the  island  of  Aklerney,  near  the  coast  of 
France  ;  his  brother,  an  officer,  was  killed  in  the 
battle  of  the  Nile.  Left  Avithout  parents,  he  Avas 
sent  to  this  country  and  became  a  member  of  Dr. 
Codman's  church,  Dorchester.  He  graduated  in 
1827.  For  five  years  he  was  the  minister  of 
ToAvnsend ;  then  of  Franklin-street  church  in 
Boston  in  1835,  removed  to  Winter  street  in 
1841.  He  Avas  buried  at  Leominster.  He  took 
a  great  interest  in  the  Avelfare  of  seamen,  and 
Avas  a  Arery  popular  and  useful  minister. 

ROGERS,  JAMES  B.,  M.  D.,  died  at  Philadel 
phia  June  15,  1852.  He  Avas  professor  of  chem 
istry  in  the  university  of  Pennsylvania. 

ROGERSON,  ROBERT,  second  minister  of 
Rehoboth,  Mass.,  died  in  1799,  aged  77.  He  Avas 
born  in  Portsmouth,  England,  and  succeeded  D. 
Turner  July  2,  1751.  O.  Thompson  succeeded 
him. 

ROLFE,  BENJAMIN,  second  minister  of  Haver- 
liill,  Mass.,  Avas  slain  by  the  Indians  Aug.  29, 
1708,  aged  45.  The  son  of  Benj.  R.  of  NCAA'- 
bury,  he  Avas  born  Sept.  13,  1662  ;  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1684  ;  began  to  preach  at  II. 


ROLFE. 


HOSE. 


713 


in  1689,  and  was  ordained  in  Jan.,  1G94.  The 
Indians  and  French  from  Canada  made  their  at 
tack  on  llaverhill  on  Sunday,  and  with  him  his 
wife  and  one  child  were  also  killed.  Two  daugh 
ters  were  preserved  by  Ilagar,  the  maid  servant, 
who  covered  them  with  tubs  in  the  cellar  ;  one  of 
whom  married  Samuel  Chcckley,  minister  of  Bos 
ton.  The  door  of  the  parsonage  house,  pierced 
with  bullet-holes,  was  nailed  up  as  a  memorial  in 
the  porch  of  the  meeting-house. 

ROLFE,  BENJAMIN,  first  minister  of  Parsons- 
field,  Me.,  died  in  1817,  aged  about  62.  Born  in 
Newbury,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1777  ;  was 
settled  in  1795  ;  and  dismissed  in  1815. 

ROLFE,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Groton,  Conn., 
died  in  1837,  aged  about  70.  His  widow,  Judith, 
died  at  Canterbury  in  1849,  aged  75.  He  was 
born  in  Plaistow ;  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in 
1799  ;  and  was  pastor  from  1803  to  1828. 

ROMEYN,  THEODORIC  DIRCK,  D.  D.,  minister 
of  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  died  April  16,  1804,  aged 
60.  lie  was  the  son  of  Nicholas  R. ;  was  born 
Jan.  12,  1744,  at  New  Barbadoes,  New  Jersey. 
His  early  studies  were  directed  by  his  brother, 
Thomas  It.,  then  a  minister  in  Delaware.  He  grad 
uated  at  Princeton  in  1765  ;  was  ordained  by  the 
Coetus  over  the  Dutch  church  in  Ulster  county 
May  14,  1766,  and  afterwards  installed  at  Hack- 
ensack,  where  he  remained  until  his  removal  to 
Schenectady  in  Nov.,  1784.  In  1797  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  theology  in  the  Dutch 
church.  The  establishment  of  the  college  at 
Schenectady  is  principally  to  be  ascribed  to  his 
efforts.  His  colleague,  Mr.  Meyer,  represents 
him  as  a  son  of  thunder  in  the  pulpit.  He  was 
highly  instrumental  in  promoting  the  independ 
ence  of  the  Dutch  churches,  or  their  separation 
from  the  jurisdiction  of  Holland. 

ROMEYN,  JEREMIAH,  minister  of  Woodstock, 
Ulster  county,  N.  Y.,  died  July  17,  1818,  aged  49. 
He  was  a  professor  of  Hebrew  in  the  Reformed 
Dutch  church. 

ROMEYN,  Jonx  B.,  D.  D.,  minister  in  New 
York,  died  Feb.  22,  1825,  aged  46.  He  was  the 
only  son  of  the  minister  of  Schenectady ;  was 
born  in  1778 ;  graduated  at  Columbia  college  in 
1795  ;  and  was  settled  in  1799  as  the  pastor  of 
the  Dutch  church  in  Rhinebeck.  In  1803  he 
succeeded  Dr.  Clarkson  at  Schenectady ;  in  1804 
he  succeeded  Dr.  Nott  at  Albany ;  and  in  1808  was 
removed  to  the  Presbyterian  church  in  Cedar 
street,  New  York,  of  which  he  was  the  first  min 
ister.  His  sermons  were  published,  2  vols.  8vo., 
1816. 

ROMEYN,  JAMES  V.  C.,  minister  at  Hacken- 
sack,  N.  J.,  died  June  27,  1840,  aged  74. 

RONALDSON,  JAMES,  died  at  Philadelphia 
March  31,  1841.     A  native  of  Scotland,  he  was  a 
type-founder    and    horticulturist.     The   beautiful 
90 


cemetery,  bearing  iiis  name,  was  established  by 
him.  He  was  upright,  frugal,  honest. 

ROOT,  JESSE,  judge,  a  patriot  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  died  March  29,  1822,  aged  85.  He  was  the 
son  of  Ebenczcr  R.,  and  grandson  of  Thomas  R., 
both  of  whom  removed  from  Northampton  to 
Coventry,  Conn.  ;  was  born  in  Jan.,  1737  ;  his 
mother  was  Sarah  Strong,  daughter  of  Joseph 
S.,  also  from  Northampton.  Having  graduated 
at  Princeton  college  in  1756,  he  preached  about 
three  years,  and  then  in  consequence  of  the  cir 
cumstances  of  his  family  was  induced  to  study 
law.  In  1763  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  Re 
siding  at  Hartford,  early  in  1777  he  raised  a  com 
pany  and  marched  to  join  the  army  of  Washington, 
and  was  made  a  lieutenant-colonel.  From  May, 
1779,  till  the  close  of  the  war,  he  was  a  member 
of  congress.  In  1789  he  was  appointed  a  judge 
of  the  superior  court,  and  was  chief  justice  from 
1796  till  his  resignation  in  1807,  on  reaching  the 
age  of  70.  As  a  judge  he  was  learned  and  dig 
nified.  He  was  through  life  a  man  of  exemplary 
piety.  To  the  great  doctrines  of  the  gospel  he 
was  ever  strongly  attached ;  and  he  abounded  in 
acts  of  charity.  At  the  age  of  85  he  was  accus 
tomed  to  attend  prayer  meetings  and  religious 
conferences.  In  the  evening  of  his  death  he  said, 
"  I  set  out  on  a  pleasant  journey  in  the  morning, 
and  I  shall  get  through  to-night." 

ROOT,  OLIVER,  colonel,  died  in  Pittsfield  May 
2,  1826,  aged  85.  He  served  in  the  French  war; 
was  present  at  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne ;  and 
was  with  Colonel  Brown,  when  he  was  killed, 
skilfully  conducting  the  retreat.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  worth,  highly  respected. 

ROOT,  ERASTUS,  general,  died  in  New  York 
Dec.  24,  1846,  aged  73.  Born  in  Hebron,  he 
graduated  at  Dartmouth.  As  a  lawyer  he  settled 
at  Delhi.  He  served  in  public  life  as  representa 
tive,  senator,  and  lieutenant-governor,  and  as  a 
senator  of  the  United  States.  He  was  a  political 
disciple  of  G.  Clinton.  Tall  and  stout,  he  was 
bold,  frank,  zealous,  and  trustworthy. 

ROPER,  JOHN,  was  killed  by  the  Indians  at 
Lancaster  in  1676,  aged  about  55.  He  was  a 
freeman  of  Dedham  in  1641.  His  first  wife  was 
killed  in  1675.  His  second  wife,  a  daughter,  and 
his  son,  EphraSm,  were  killed  in  1697. 

ROPES,  GEORGE,  an  early  settler  of  Salem, 
Mass.,  in  1637,  died  in  1670,  leaving  sons,  John 
and  George,  whose  descendants  have  been  nu 
merous  and  respectable. 

ROPES,  BENJAMIN,  a  brave  officer  in  the  war  of 
1812,  died  at  Salem  July  29,  1845,  aged  71.  He 
was  in  the  battles  on  the  Niagara  river  in  Canada. 

ROSE,  AQUILA,  a  poet  of  Philadelphia,  is 
spoken  of  by  Franklin.  His  poems  on  several 
occasions  were  published  by  his  son,  Joseph,  in 
1740.  —  CijcL  of  Amcr.  Lit. 


714 


HOSE. 


ROWLAND. 


ROSE,  TIMOTHY,  an  early  settler  of  Granville, 
Ohio,  died  Nov.  16,  1815,  aged  50.  He  was  born 
inGranville,Mass.,  June  1,  1762,  and  was  a  soldier 
in  early  life,  afterwards  a  deacon.  He  conducted 
a  colony  to  Ohio  ;  and  Granville  has  now  a  col 
lege  and  two  academies,  and  about  a  quarter  of 
the  inhabitants  are  professors  of  religion.  He 
was  a  judge,  and  he  left  a  character  worthy  of 
remembrance  for  enterprise,  and  benevolent,  use 
ful  labors. 

ROSE,  DANIEL,  M.  D.,  died  at  Thomaston, 
Me.,  Oct.  25,  1833,  aged  62.  He  was  warden  of 
the  State  prison,  and  agent  for  the  sale  of  lands. 

ROSE,  ISRAEL  G.,  minister  of  Chesterfield, 
Mass.,  died  Feb.  6,  1842,  aged  43.  Born  in  Cov 
entry,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1821,  and  was  first 
the  minister  of  Canterbury,  also  of  Wilbraham. 

ROSS,  GEORGE,  judge,  a  patriot  of  the  Revo 
lution,  died  in  July,  1779,  aged  49.  He  was  the 
son  of  an  Episcopal  minister  at  New  Castle,  Del 
aware,  and  was  born  in  1730.  Having  studied 
law  with  his  brother  in  Philadelphia,  he  settled  in 
Lancaster.  Being  a  member  of  congress  from 
1774  to  1777,  he  signed  the  Declaration  of  Inde 
pendence.  For  his  public  services  the  people  of 
the  county  voted  him  150  pounds  out  of  the 
treasury;  but  he  declined  to  receive  it,  deeming 
it  the  duty  of  a  representative  of  the  people  to 
promote  the  public  welfare  without  expecting 
pecuniary  rewards.  In  April,  1779,  he  was  ap 
pointed  a  judge  of  the  court  of  admiralty.  He 
died  of  a  sudden  attack  of  the  gout.  While  he 
was  a  patriotic  citizen  and  a  learned  and  skilful 
lawyer,  he  was  also  kind  and  affectionate  at  home. 
• —  Goodrich. 

ROSS,  ROBERT,  minister  of  Bridgeport,  Conn., 
died  in  1799,  aged  about  60.  He  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1751,  and  was  settled  in  1760.  S. 
Blatchford  was  his  successor  in  1797. 

ROSS,  ALEXANDER,  died  in  New  Hampshire 
in  September,  1818,  aged  120.  —  N.  II.  Patriot, 
Sept.  29. 

ROSS,  WILLIAM,  general,  died  at  Wilkesbarre 
Aug.  9,  1842,  aged  82  ;  an  early  settler  from  New 
London  county,  a  man  of  great  wealth,  the  father 
of  William  S.  Ross,  of  the  senate  of  Pennsylva 
nia. 

ROSS,  JAMES,  died  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Nov.  27, 
1847,  aged  85  :  a  senator  of  the  United  States 
from  1794  to  1803. 

ROSS,  EDWARD  C.,  LL.  D.,  died  at  New  York 
May  16,  1851 ;  professor  of  mathematics  in  the 
free  academy. 

ROSSETER,  BRYAN,  Dr.,  was  an  early  settler 
of  Guilford,  Conn.,  in  1650.  He  purchased  Dr. 
Desborow's  house  and  lands  when  he  returned  to 
England.  His  son  Josiah  was  a  magistrate  :  one 
of  his  daughters  married  Rev.  John  Cotton  of 
Plymouth.  It  is  supposed  that  he  was  a  freeman 


in  Massachusetts  in  1631,  and  removed  to  Wind 
sor  in  1640,  by  mistake  called  Bray  Rosseter. 

ROSSETER,  EBENEZER,  third  minister  of 
Stonington,  Conn.,  died  in  1762,  aged  about  64. 
He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1718,  and  succeeded  J. 
Noyes  in  1722,  and  was  dismissed  in  1730. 

ROSSETER,  ASHUR,  second  minister  of  Pres 
ton,  Conn.,  died  in  1791,  aged  about  60.  Gradu 
ated  at  Yale  in  1742,  he  succeeded  S.  Treat  in 
1744. 

ROSSITER,  EDWARD,  an  assistant  in  Massa 
chusetts  in  1629,  came  from  England,  but  died 
in  1630.  He  was  a  man  wealthy,  grave,  and 
pious,  whose  loss  was  deeply  felt.  —  Eliot. 

ROTCH,  WILLIAM,  died  at  New  Bedford  in 
May,  1828,  aged  93. 

ROUSE,  PETER  P.,  minister  of  the  reformed 
Dutch  church  in  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  died  in 
1832,  aged  37. 

ROWAN,  STEPHEN  N.,  D.  D.,  died  in  New 
York  in  1835,  aged  49.  Born  in  Salem,  N.  Y., 
he  graduated  at  Union  college,  and  was  the  min 
ister  of  the  eighth  Presbyterian  church  in  New 
York  from  1819  to  1830.  He  was  succeeded  by 
II .  Hunter,  who  died  before  him  in  1834. 

ROWAN,  JOHN,  died  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  July 
13,  1843,  aged  70.  He  was  born  in  Pennsylva 
nia.  He  held  many  offices,  from  1804,  when  he 
was  secretary  of  Kentucky,  till  he  was  elected  to 
the  senate  of  the  United  States  in  1824.  His 
literary  attainments  Avere  great  and  his  eloquence 
persuasive  and  commanding. 

ROWLAND,  DAVID  SHERMAN,  minister  of 
Plainfield  and  Windsor,  Conn.,  died  in  1794, 
aged  74.  Graduated  at  Yale  in  1743,  he  suc 
ceeded  J.  Coit  in  1748  ;  was  dismissed  in  1761  ; 
settled  at  Windsor,  1776,  and  dismissed  in  1789; 
and  was  succeeded  by  H.  A.  Rowland  in  1790, 
probably  his  son.  He  published  a  farewell  ser 
mon,  1761 ;  on  the  repeal  of  the  stamp  act,  1766 ; 
on  his  installation,  1776  ;  before  the  ministers  of 
Rhode  Island,  1772  ;  on  death  of  Rev.  II.  Bissell, 
1783. 

ROWLAND,  HENRY  A.,  minister  of  Windsor, 
Conn.,  died  Nov.  28,  1835,  aged  71.  A  graduate 
of  Dartmouth  in  1785,  he  succeeded,  in  1790, 
D.  S.  Rowland,  probably  his  father.  By  his  wife 
Frances,  the  daughter  of  Moses  Bliss  of  Spring 
field,  he  had  eight  children.  Her  mother  was 
Abigail  Metcalf,  the  daughter  of  William  of  Leb 
anon,  who  married  Abigail,  daughter  of  Rev. 
Timothy  Edwards. 

ROWLAND,  WILLIAM  FREDERIC,  minister 
of  Exeter,  N.  H.,  died  in  1843,  aged  about  80. 
Born  in  Plainfield,  Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Dart 
mouth  in  1784,  and  was  settled  in  1790.  He 
published  New  Hampshire  election  sermons, 
1796  and  1809. 

ROWLAND,  THOMAS,  major,  died  at  Detroit 


HOWL  AND  SON. 


RUGGLES. 


715 


in  1849,  a  brave  soldier  in  the  war  of  1812.  For 
a  time  he  commanded  the  post  at  Detroit. 

ROWLANDSON,  JOSEPH,  first  minister  of 
Lancaster,  Muss.,  died  at  Wethersfield,  Conn., 
Nov.  24,  1678,  aged  about  44.  He  was  born  in 
England.  His  father,  Thomas,  came  from  Ips 
wich  to  Lancaster,  and  died  in  1657.  He  was  a 
solitary  graduate  of  1652  at  Cambridge ;  was  or 
dained,  after  preaching  some  years  in  the  place, 
in  1660,  at  Lancaster,  which  town  was  destroyed 
by  the  Indians  Feb.  10,  1676,  when  his  wife  and 
children  were  carried  away  captives.  He  was  at 
that  time  in  Boston.  He  next  succeeded,  in  1677, 
Mr.  Bulkley,  at  Wethersfield,  and  was  succeeded 
by  J.  Woodbridgc.  His  son  Joseph  died  in  W. 
in  1712;  and  his  son  Wilson  died  in  1735.  A 
fast  sermon,  preached  Nov.  21,  1678,  was  pub 
lished  in  1682.  His  wife,  Mary,  published  an  ac 
count  of  her  captivity  :  5th  ed.,  1828. 

ROWLEY,  THOMAS,  died  at  Cold  Spring, 
Westhaven,  Vt,  in  August,  1796,  aged  75.  He 
was  a  patriot  and  poet,  and  was  called  "the 
Green  Mountain  patriarch."  He  was  an  early 
settler  in  Vermont,  and  an  associate  in  council 
and  in  the  field,  of  Allen  and  Warner.  He  was 
a  magistrate  in  Rutland  county.  His  popular 
poetical  writings  appeared  in  various  publications. 

ROWSON,  SUSANXA,  died  in  Boston  in  1824, 
aged  62.  She  was  the  daughter  of  William 
Haswell,  a  British  naval  officer,  who  was  wrecked 
in  1769,  on  Lowell's  Island,  and  then  lived  at 
Nantasket  wuh  his  daughter.  He  returned  to 
England  ;  and  there  she  married  William  Rowson, 
the  leader  of  a  musical  military  band.  She  came 
to  America  with  her  husband  in  1793,  under  a 
theatrical  engagement;  and  was  for  years  use 
fully  employed  in  the  education  of  youth  in  Mcd- 
ford,  Newton,  and  Boston.  She  published  novels 
and  plays,  Charlotte  Temple,  etc. ;  poems,  1804  ; 
geography  and  history,  1806  ;  biblical  dialogues, 
1822.  —  Encye.  of  Amer.  Lit. 

ROY  ALL,  AXXE,  a  notorious  woman  for  some 
years,  died  in  1854.  Born  in  Virginia,  she 
was  kidnapped  by  the  Indians  and  detained  fif 
teen  years ;  she  then  married  Capt.  R.,  and  lived 
in  Alabama.  She  established  papers  in  Wash 
ington,  Paul  Pry  and  the  Huntress.  From  sim 
ple  men  she  extorted  money  by  her  personalities 
or  threats.  She  published  sketches,  1826;  the 
Teanesseean,  1827;  the  black  book,  1828. 

ROYCE,  SAMUEL,  died  of  the  pestilence,  near 
Alexandria,  on  Red  river,  Louisiana,  in  October, 
1819,  aged  28.  His  name  is  unknown  upon  the 
earth  ;  but  it  will  stand  high  in  the  roll  of  heaven, 
where  the  names  of  great  statesmen  and  con 
querors  will  not  be  found.  His  family  friends 
lived  in  Clinton,  N.  Y.  He  graduated  at  Sche- 
nectady  in  1813.  Determined  to  devote  himself 
to  the  benefit  of  the  new  settlements  of  the 
south,  which  were  in  a  spiritual  desolation,  he 


was  licensed  by  the  presbytery  of  Mississippi, 
consisting  of  four  members,  in  1816,  and  soon  re 
paired  to  A.,  employed  by  the  Connecticut  mis 
sionary  society.  He  went  where  no  Protestant 
preacher  ever  went.  He  said  :  "  I  am  fond  of 
going  foremost  with  the  standard  of  Christ. 
There  is  not  one  religious  person  in  the  place." 
But  he  soon  fell,  in  all  the  fervor  of  his  self-sacri 
ficing  zeal. 

RUDD,  ABIGAIL,  died  in  Bozrah,  Norwich, 
Conn.,  in  1857,  aged  99.  Her  name  was  Allen. 
She  was  married  in  1780,  and  had  a  pension  for 
her  husband's  Revolutionary  services.  She  could 
repeat  the  whole  of  Milton's  paradise  lost,  and 
much  of  the  bible.  Retaining  her  faculties  to 
the  last,  she  died  in  peace  and  hope. 

RUDE,  WILLIAM,  died  at  Cumberland,  R.  L, 
Oct.  24,  1845,  aged  97.  He  fought  at  Bunker 
Hill  and  White  Plains. 

RUGGLES,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Guilford, 
Conn.,  succeeded  J.  Eliot  and  died  in  1728,  aged 
about  58  or  63.  Born  in  Roxbury,  Mass.,  the 
son  of  John,  a  representative,  he  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1690,  and  was  ordained  in  1695. 
One  account  says  he  was  born  in  1655,  which  is 
probably  a  mistake  for  1665,  as  it  would  render 
his  age  35  at  the  time  of  his  graduation.  His 
son  Thomas  succeeded  him  in  1729,  and  died  in 
1770,  aged  about  60  :  he  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1723. 

RUGGLES,  SAMUEL,  the  second  minister  of 
Billerica,  Mass.,  died  in  1749,  aged  68.  Born  in 
Roxbury,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1702,  and 
was  ordained  in  1708,  succeeding  S.  Whiting. 

RUGGLES,  TIMOTHY,  minister  of  Rochester, 
Mass.,  died  in  1768,  aged  84.  Born  in  Roxbury, 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1707,  and  succeeded 
S.  Arnold  in  1710. 

RUGGLES,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Guilford, 
Conn.,  died  in  1770.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1723;  succeeded  his  father,  T.  R.,  in  1729  ;  and 
from  1746  was  one  of  the  fellows  of  the  college. 
He  published  the  usefulness  of  soldiers,  1736; 
a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Dr.  J.  Eliot,  1763. 

RUGGLES,  BEXJAMIN,  minister  of  New  Brain- 
tree,  Mass.,  died  in  1782,  aged  82.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1721;  was  ordained  at  Mid- 
dleborough  in  1724;  installed  at  N.  B.  in  1754; 
and  received  D.  Foster  as  a  colleague  in  1778. 
—  Sprague's  Annals. 

RUGGLES,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Cheshire, 
Conn.,  died  in  1836,  aged  about  52.  Born  in 
Guilford,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1805,  and  was 
pastor  from  1809  to  1811. 

RUGGLES,  DAVID,  Dr.,  a  colored  man,  died 
at  Northampton  Dec.  16,  1849,  aged  40.  He 
established  a  water-cure ;  and  was  so  much  of  a 
bewildered  man  or  impostor,  as  to  claim  the  skill 
of  determining  diseases  by  the  greater  or  less  ra 
pidity  of  perspiration,  ascertained  by  feeling  the 


716 


RUMP. 


RUSSELL. 


skin.  On  the  same  spot  on  Mill  river,  two  miles 
from  the  centre  of  the  town,  has  grown  up  the 
large  water-cure  of  Dr.  Munde,  from  Germany. 

RUMP,  FREDERIC,  a  Revolutionary  pen 
sioner,  died  at  Urbana,  Ohio,  Nov.  9,  1841,  aged 
106.  A  German,  he  served  in  the  American  war. 
He  was  twice  married  and  had  eighteen  children. 

RUMSEY,  JAMES,  resided  in  Berkeley  county, 
Va.,  and  died  in  Philadelphia.  In  1782  he  in 
vented  a  method  of  employing  steam  in  naviga 
tion,  for  which  he  obtained  a  patent  in  Virginia  in 
1787.  In  1784  he  published  a  treatise  on  the 
subject,  in  controversy  with  J.  Fitch,  who  claimed 
a  similar  invention.  His  method  did  not  succeed 
in  experiments  made  in  this  country  and  in  Eng 
land.  He  died  while  employed  in  describing  his 
invention. 

RUNNELS,  HARMAN,  colonel,  died  near  Mon- 
ticello,  Miss.,  in  1841,  aged  about  90  ;  a  soldier  of 
the  Revolution,  a  legislator  of  Georgia  and  Mis 
sissippi. 

RUSH,  BENJAMIN,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  died 
April  19,  1813,  aged  G7.  He  descended  from 
ancestors  who  early  emigrated  from  England  to 
Pennsylvania.  He  was  born  at  Byberry,  four 
teen  miles  northeast  of  Philadelphia,  Dec.  24, 
1745.  After  the  death  of  his  father,  his  mother 
sent  him  to  the  academy  of  his  uncle,  Dr.  Finley, 
in  Nottingham,  Maryland,  where  he  lived  eight 
years  and  became  deeply  impressed  with  moral 
and  religious  sentiments.  Having  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1760,  he  studied  physic  with  Red 
man  and  Shippen,  and  also  at  Edinburgh  from 
1766  to  1768.  He  returned  to  Philadelphia  in 
1769,  and  was  elected  the  professor  of  chem 
istry  in  the  college  ;  in  1791  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  medicine.  In  his  practice  he  re 
lied  much  on  the  lancet  and  on  cathartic  medi 
cines.  In  the  yellow  fever  of  1793,  when  4,044 
persons  died,  he  successfully  resorted  to  his  favor 
ite  remedies.  Being  a  member  of  congress  in 
1776,  his  name  is  affixed  to  the  declaration  of 
independence.  In  1777  he  was  appointed  physi 
cian-general  of  the  hospital  in  the  middle  mili 
tary  department ;  in  1787  he  was  a  member  of 
the  convention  for  adopting  the  constitution  of 
the  United  States ;  and  for  the  last  fourteen  years 
of  his  life  treasurer  of  the  United  States  mint. 
He  was  president  of  the  society  for  the  abolition 
of  slavery;  vice-president  of  the  Philadelphia 
bible  society ;  and  connected  also  with  many 
other  charitable  and  literary  societies.  His  short 
inquiry  into  the  effect  of  ardent  spirits  upon  the 
human  body  and  mind  was  a  most  valuable  trea 
tise  and  one  of  the  earliest  productions  on  the 
subject  of  temperance.  He  also  wrote  against 
the  use  of  tobacco,  describing  the  effect  of  its  ha 
bitual  use  on  health,  morals,  and  property.  His 
zeal  for  the  interests  of  learning  induced  him  to 
be  one  of  the  founders  of  Dickinson  college  at 


Carlisle ;  he  also  eloquently  advocated  -  the  uni 
versal  establishment  of  free  schools.  He  died  of 
the  pleurisy,  after  an  illness  of  five  days.  His 
wife  was  Julia,  the  daughter  of  Richard  Stockton. 
Nine  children  survived  him.  Richard  Rush,  his 
son,  was  secretary  of  the  treasury  in  the  admin 
istration  of  John  Q.  Adams.  In  1811  the  em 
peror  of  Russia  sent  him  a  gold  ring,  as  a  testi 
mony  of  respect  for  his  medical  character.  Dr. 
Rush  was  one  of  the  most  eminent  physicians 
and  most  learned  medical  writers  of  our  coun 
try.  His  writings  contain  many  expressions 
of  piety.  It  was  his  usual  practice  at  the  close 
of  each  day  to  read  to  his  collected  family  a 
chapter  in  the  bible,  and  to  address  God  in 
prayer.  His  character  is  fully  described  in 
Thacher's  medical  biography,  where  may  be  found 
a  list  of  the  subjects  of  his  various  writings.  His 
medical  works  are  in  six  volumes.  He  published 
also  a  volume  of  essays,  literary,  moral,  and  phi 
losophical,  1798.  —  Tliaclicr,  II.  29-71. 

RUSH,  JACOB,  LL.  D.,  judge,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  in  1746 ;  graduated  at 
Princeton  college  in  1765 ;  and  was  for  many 
years  president  of  the  court  of  common  pleas  for 
Philadelphia,  where  he  died  Jan.  5,  1820,  aged 
74.  In  the  controversy  between  Dickinson  and 
Reed,  he  was  a  writer  on  the  side  of  the  for 
mer.  He  published  his  charges  on  moral  and 
religious  subjects,  1803. 

RUSSELL,  JOHN,  a  Weddcrdop'd  shoemaker 
of  Woburn,  after  the  result  of  the  synod  of  1639, 
published  a  brief  narrative  concerning  the  first 
gathering  of  a  church  of  Christ  in  gospel  order 
at  Boston,  —  in  favor  of  the  anabaptists.  Hub- 
bard  says :  "  Surely  he  was  not  well  aware  of  the 
old  adage,  '  Ne  sutor  ultra  crepidam,'  or  else  he 
would  not  have  made  such  botching  work."  But 
this  witticism  proves  nothing.  Mr.  Russell  might 
have  had  just  cause  of  complaint  of  persecution. 

RUSSELL,  RICHARD,  died  in  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  in  1676,  aged  64.  He  came  from  Here 
fordshire,  Eng.,  in  1640  ;  and  was  speaker  of  the 
house,  assistant,  and  treasurer  of  the  colony. 
Among  his  descendants,  of  the  fifth  generation, 
was  Judge  Chambers  Russell  of  the  supreme 
court,  the  son  of  Daniel,  a  graduate  of  1731, 
who  died  in  1767,  aged  53  ;  also  Thomas  Russell, 
and  Margaret,  who  married  John  Codman  and 
was  the  mother  of  Rev.  Dr.  Codman. 

RUSSELL,  JOHN,  the  first  minister  of  the 
Baptist  church  in  Boston,  was  settled  July  28, 
1679,  and  died  Dec.  24,  1680.  The  Russells  of 
Providence  descended  from  him.  He  might  have 
been  the  son  of  John,  a  freeman  of  Woburn  in 
1640,  and  a  Baptist,  who  died  in  1676. 

RUSSELL,  JOHN,  the  first  minister  of  "VVeth- 
ersfield,  Conn.,  and  of  Hadley,  Mass.,  died  in  II. 
Dec.  10,  1692,  aged  65.  He  was  the  son  of 
John,  who  lived  in  Cambridge  and  in  Connecti- 


RUSSELL. 


RUSSELL. 


717 


cut ;  and  was  born  in  England.  He  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1045.  He  was  succeeded  at  Wcth- 
ersfield  by  G.  Bulkley.  lie  came  to  Hadley  in 
1(559 ;  in  his  house  the  regicides,  Goffe  and 
Whalley,  were  concealed  from  1664  for  fifteen  or 
sixteen  years.  His  son,  Samuel,  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1681  ;  was  ordained  at  Branford, 
Conn.,  in  1687  ;  and  died  in  1731,  aged  71.  His 
elder  son,  Jonathan,  was  the  minister  of  Barn- 
stable.  It  is  supposed  the  remittances  to  his 
English  boarders  enabled  the  poor  country  min 
ister  to  educate  his  sons. 

RUSSELL,  JONATHAN,  minister  of  Barnsta- 
ble,  Mass.,  died  Feb.  21,  1711,  aged  55.  He 
was  the  son  of  John  11.,  first  minister  of  Weth- 
ersfield,  then  of  Hadley.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1675,  and  ordained  Sept.  19,  1683. 
His  successor,  from  1712  to  1758,  was  Jonathan 
R.,  his  son,  a  graduate  of  Yale  in  1708.  He  was 
a  minister  of  distinction.  Dr.  John  II.  of  Barn- 
stable,  a  graduate  of  1704,  is  supposed  to  have 
been  his  son.  He  published  the  election  sermon, 
1704. 

RUSSELL,  NOADIAII,  minister  in  Middle- 
town,  Conn.,  died  Dec.  3,  1713,  aged  54.  He 
was  the  son  of  William,  who  came  from  Eng 
land  and  died  at  New  Haven  in  1664;  he  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1681  ;  was  a  schoolmas 
ter  at  Ipswich  ;  was  ordained  Oct.  24,  1688.  He 
was  one  of  the  twelve  who  founded  Yale  college 
in  1712,  for  which  act  he  deserves  to  be  held  in 
honorable  remembrance.  Nathaniel  Collins  was 
his  predecessor,  settled  Nov.  4,  1688  ;  and  his 
successor  was  his  son,  William  Russell,  ordained 
June  1,  1715,  died  June  1,  1761.  From  him  de 
scended  Samuel  and  E.  Augustus  Russell,  living 
in  1854.  Rev.  Mr.  X.  R.,  by  his  wife,  Mary 
Hamlin,  had  nine  children.  Some  poetic  effu 
sions  on  his  death  were  reprinted  in  the  Sentinel 
and  Witness  of  Feb.  7,  1854,  the  longest  of 
which  was  written  by  Rev.  N.  Collins  of  Enfield, 
born  in  M.  June  13,  1677,  graduated  at  Harvard 
1697.  His  diary  is  in  N.  E.  hist,  register  for 
Jan.,  1853. 

RUSSELL,  SAMUEL,  second  minister  of  Bran- 
ford,  Conn.,  died  in  1731,  aged  70.  He  suc 
ceeded  A.  Pierson  in  1687.  The  son  of  Rev.  J. 
R.  of  Hadley,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1681. 
He  was  first  the  minister  of  Deerfield,  Mass. 
His  wife  was  the  daughter  of  Major  John  Whit 
ing.  He  published  election  sermon,  1699. 

RUSSELL,  SAMUEL,  first  minister  of  North 
Guilford,  Conn.,  died  in  1746,  aged  about  41. 
Born  in  Branford,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1712. 

RUSSELL,  WILLIAM,  forty-six  years  minister 
of  Middlctown,  Conn.,  died  in  1761,  aged  about 
70.  lie  graduated  at  Yale  in  1709;  was  tutor 
and  trustee;  was  ordained  in  1715  as  successor 
of  his  father,  Noadiah  Russell,  the  second  pastor 


from  1688  to  1713,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in 
1681.  He  was  succeeded  by  E.  Huntington. 
lie  published  election  sermon,  1730. 

RUSSELL,  DANIEL,  first  minister  of  Stepney, 
in  Wethersfield,  Conn.,  died  in  1764,  aged  about 
57.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1724,  and  was  set 
tled  in  1727.  C.  Chapin  was  one  of  his  succes 
sors. 

RUSSELL,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Windsor, 
Conn.,  died  in  1774,  aged  about  50.  The  son  of 
Rev.  William  of  MiddletoAvn,  he  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1745.  In  a  class  of  twenty-seven  his 
name  stands  the  first,  when  the  names  were  ar 
ranged  according  to  family  rank.  He  was  tutor 
from  1748  to  1750.  He  was  settled  in  1751. 
D.  S.  Rowland  succeeded  him. 

RUSSELL,  NOADIAII,  minister  of  Thompson, 
in  the  parish  of  Killingly,  Conn.,  died  in  1795, 
ngcd  65.  The  son  of  Rev.  William  R.  of  Mid- 
dletown,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1750,  and  was 
ordained  in  1757,  and  was  pastor  nearly  thir 
ty-eight  years.  He  and  his  predecessor,  Marston 
Cabot,  both  died  of  the  apoplexy. 

RUSSELL,  THOMAS,  died  in  Boston  April  8, 
1796,  aged  55.  He  was  the  son  of  James  R., 
and  a  descendant  of  Richard,  born  in  Charles- 
town  in  1740.  A  successful  and  wealthy  mer 
chant,  he  was  abundant  in  charitable  distributions 
and  good  works.  The  amount  of  his  annual 
gifts  most  men  would  regard  as  a  fortune.  Of 
the  gospel  he  was  not  ashamed,  but  made  a  public 
profession  of  his  love  to  the  Saviour  of  sinners. 
Dr.  Moise  published  a  sermon  on  his  death. 

RUSSELL,  JAMES,  a  councillor  of  Massachu 
setts,  was  the  descendant  of  Richard  R.,  who 
settled  in  Charlestown  in  1640  and  was  treasurer 
of  the  colony.  He  was  born  in  C.  Aug.  1C,  1715, 
and  died  April  24,  1798,  aged  82.  He  discharged 
the  duties  of  a  judge,  and  of  other  public  offices, 
which  he  sustained,  with  the  greatest  fidelity.  To 
the  poor  he  was  a  steady  and  liberal  friend.  He 
respected  the  institutions  of  the  gospel,  and, 
while  his  family  and  his  closet  witnessed  his  con 
stant  devotions,  his  life  adorned  the  religion  which 
he  professed.  In  his  last  illness  he  was  supported 
and  consoled  by  the  truths  of  the  gospel.  He 
was  the  father  of  Thomas  Russell. 

RUSSELL,  WILLIAM,  colonel,  died  in  Fay- 
ette  county,  Ky.,  in  July,  1825,  aged  about  66. 
At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  entered  the  army  of 
the  Revolution  as  a  soldier,  and  rose  to  the  rank 
of  captain  :  in  all  subsequent  wars  he  also  served 
about  twenty  campaigns. 

RUSSELL,  JONATHAN,  commissioner  of  the 
United  States  at  Ghent,  died  Feb.  16,  1832,  aged 
60. 

RUSSELL,  H.,  widow,  died  in  Nantucket  in 
April,  1836,  aged  99,  the  oldest  person  in  N. 

RUSSELL,  BENJAMIN,  major,  died  in  Boston 
Jan.  4,  1845,  aged  83.  A  soldier  of  the  Revolu- 


718 


RUSSWURM. 


tion,  a  practical  printer,  he  edited  for  about  forty 
years  the  Centinel,  a  semi-weekly  paper  at  Cos- 
ton  of  great  influence,  the  frequent  contributors  to 
which  were  Ames,  Lowell,  Cabot,  Iligginson,  and 
Pickering.  The  first  number  was  issued  March 
24, 1784.  He  was  a  man  cheerful  and  benevolent. 
He  knew  how  to  consult  in  his  paper  the  taste  of 
the  people.  "  The  Centinel  was  always  as  rich 
in  deaths  as  a  church-yard,  and  in  marriages  as 
prolific  as  an  asparagus  bed,"  —  "  the  gate  to  ter 
restrial  immortality  of  all  the  people  of  New 
England  who  died  during  its  continuance." 

RUSSWURM,  JOHN  BROWN,  governor,  died 
in  Africa  in  1851,  aged  52.  lie  was  a  colored 
man,  a  graduate  of  Bowdoin  college  in  1826,  and 
governor  of  Liberia  by  the  appointment  of  the 
American  colonization  society. 

RUST,  HENRY,  first  minister  of  Stratham, 
N.  H.,  died  in  1749,  aged  62.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1707,  and  was  ordained  in  1718. 

RUTER,  MARTIN,  D.  D.,  died  May  16,  1838, 
aged  53.  He  was  born  at  Charlestown,  Mass., 
April  3,  1785  ;  and,  with  little  education,  was 
licensed  to  preach.  He  studied  with  diligence 
while  a  preacher.  He  was  president  of  Augusta 
college,  in  Kentucky,  from  1827  to  1832,  and  of 
Alleghany  college,  at  Meadville,  Pa.,  from  1834 
to  1837.  Then  he  superintended  a  mission  to 
Texas,  where  he  died. 

RUTGERS,  HENRY,  colonel,  a  patriot  of  the 
Revolution,  died  in  Feb.,  1830,  aged  84.  He 
fought  at  Brooklyn  heights.  The  British  occupied 
his  house  as  a  hospital  and  barracks.  In  1807 
he  delivered  an  address  on  laying  the  corner 
stone  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  church  in  Orchard 
street.  He  was  a  respected,  useful  citizen  of  New 
York  ;  in  his  politics  a  decided  partisan,  but  never 
engaging  in  any  important  measure  without  mak 
ing  it  a  special  subject  of  prayer.  It  were  well 
if  politicians  would  follow  his  example;  there 
would  then  be  likely  to  be  in  their  movements 
less  of  greedy  selfishness  and  vindictive  passion, 
and  more  of  disinterestedness  and  of  virtuous 
calmness.  Being  very  rich,  Col.  Rutgers  was 
abundant  in  his  charities  for  almost  all  public 
objects  and  towards  numerous  individuals.  He 
expended  for  others  an  immense  sum.  In  one 
instance  he  received  a  note,  in  which  the  writer, 
then  at  the  door,  begged  his  assistance,  intimating 
that  in  the  failure  of  it  he  should  kill  himself. 
He  conversed  with  the  young  man,  and  found 
that  he  had  ruined  himself  by  gambling.  But 
he  cautiously  interposed,  and  saved  him  from  the 
meditated  crime,  and  rescued  him  from  misery ; 
and  the  same  young  man  became  respectable  and 
pious.  —  McMurray's  Sermon. 

RUTIIRAUFF,  J.,  minister  of  the  German 
Reformed  church,  Greencastle,  Pa.,  died  Dec.  15, 
1837,  aged  73. 

RUTLEDGE,  JOHN,  chief  justice  of  the  United 


RUTLEDGE. 

States,  died  in  July,  1800.  He  was  the  son  of 
Dr.  John  R.,  who,  with  his  brother  Andrew,  a 
lawyer,  emigrated  from  Ireland  to  Charleston 
about  1735.  Having  studied  law  at  the  Temple, 
he  returned  to  Charleston  in  1761,  and  soon 
proved  himself  an  able  lawyer  and  accomplished 
orator.  He  took  an  early  and  distinguished  part  in 
support  of  the  liberties  of  his  country,  at  the  com 
mencement  of  the  American  Revolution.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  first  congress  in  1774.  When 
the  temporary  constitution  of  South  Carolina  was 
established  in  March,  1776,  he  was  appointed  the 
president  and  commandcr-in-chief  of  the  colony. 
He  continued  in  this  station  till  the  adoption  of 
the  new  constitution  in  March,  1778,  to  which  he 
refused  to  give  his  assent.  He  was  opposed  to  it, 
because  it  annihilated  the  council,  reducing  the 
legislative  authority  from  three  to  two  branches, 
and  was  too  democratic  in  its  features.  In  1779, 
however,  he  was  chosen  governor,  with  the  au 
thority,  in  conjunction  with  the  council,  to  do 
whatever  the  public  safety  required.  He  soon 
took  the  field  at  the  head  of  the  militia.  All  the 
energies  of  the  State  were  called  forth.  During 
the  siege  of  Charleston,  at  the  request  of  Gen.  Lin 
coln,  he  left  the  city,  that  the  executive  authority 
might  be  preserved,  though  the  capital  should 
fall.  Having  called  a  general  assembly  in  Janu 
ary,  1782,  he  addressed  them  in  a  speech,  in  which 
he  depicted  the  perfidy,  rapine,  and  cruelty  \vhich 
stained  the  British  arms.  In  1784  he  was  a 
judge  of  the  court  of  chancery  ;  in  1789  a  judge 
of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States  ;  in 
1791  chief  justice  of  South  Carolina;  and  in  1796 
chief  justice  of  the  United  States.  He  was  a 
man  of  eminent  talents,  patriotism,  decision,  and 
firmness.  His  son,  Gen.  John  R.,  a  distinguished 
member  of  congress,  died  at  Philadelphia  Sept. 
1,  1819,  aged  53. 

RUTLEDGE,  EDWARD,  governor  of  South 
Carolina,  brother  of  the  preceding,  died  Jan.  23, 
1800,  aged  50.  He  was  born  in  Charleston  in 
Xov.,  1749.  In  1769  he  M'cnt  to  England  to 
complete  his  legal  education  at  the  Temple,  and 
returned  in  1773.  In  his  practice  he  would  not 
engage  in  a  cause  which  he  did  not  believe  to  be 
just.  His  powers  of  persuasion  were  not  cm- 
ployed  to  support  iniquity  or  to  shield  oppression. 
Being  a  member  of 'congress  from  1774  to  1777, 
he  signed  the  declaration  of  independence.  lie 
had  much  of  the  esteem  and  confidence  of  Wash 
ington  .  He  commanded  a  company  of  the  militia 
in  1779,  when  the  British  were  driven  from  Port 
Royal  Island.  Being  taken  a  prisoner  in  1780, 
he  was  sent  with  others  to  St.  Augustine  and  de 
tained  nearly  a  year.  After  he  was  exchanged 
he  resided  near  Philadelphia  till  the  evacuation 
of  Charleston  by  the  enemy  in  Dec.,  1782.  After 
an  exile  of  almost  three  years,  he  returned  and 
resumed  his  profession.  In  1798  he  was  elected 


HUTLEDGE. 


SALTONSTALL. 


governor.  In  person  he  was  above  the  middle 
height,  rather  corpulent,  of  a  fair  complexion, 
and  a  pleasing  countenance.  His  constitution 
was  broken  down  by  hereditary  gout.  By  his 
wife,  the  daughter  of  Henry  Middleton,  he  had  a 
son,  Major  Henry  M.  R.  of  Tennessee,  and  a 
daughter.  He  had  great  address  in  moderating 
those  collisions  which  often  produce  duels.  His  elo 
quence  was  less  vehement  than  that  of  his  brother 
John,  but  more  insinuating  and  conciliatory. 

RUTLEDGE,  EDWARD,  died  at  Savannah  in 
1832;  he  was  president  elect  of  Transylvania 
university.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1817;  and 
was  professor  of  moral  philosophy  in  the  univer 
sity  of  Pennsylvania. 

RUXTON,  GEORGE  F.,  died  at  St.  Louis  of 
dysentery,  Sept.  29,  1848,  aged  88;  he  was  a 
lieutenant  in  the  British  army.  He  wrote  the 
series  in  Blackwood,  of  life  in  the  far  west,  and 
was  the  author  of  adventures  in  Mexico  and  the 
Ilocky  Mountains. 

ItYALLS,  HENRY,  died  at  Darien,  Georgia, 
Sept.  12,  1838,  aged  110.  A  soldier  of  the  Rev 
olution,  he  retained  his  faculties  to  the  last. 

RYLAND,  WILLIAM,  chaplain  of  the  navy, 
died  at  Washington  Jan.,  1846,  aged  77. 

SAFFORD,  DANIEL,  died  in  Boston  Feb.  3, 
1856,  aged  63;  a  deacon  of  Mt.  Vernon  church. 
He  was  for  many  years  a  successful  mechanic, 
a  gentleman  of  princely  beneficence,  of  remarka 
ble  courtesy,  kindness  and  cheerfulness  of  dis 
position,  and  a  devout  and  consistent  Christian. 
The  members  of  the  church  were,  at  the  time 
of  his  death,  upwards  of  seven  hundred  in  num 
ber. 

SAGE,  SYLVESTER,  minister  of  Westminster, 
Vermont,  died  in  1841,  aged  74.  Born  in  Had- 
dam,  Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1787,  and 
was  the  pastor  of  Westminster  till  his  death,  ex 
cepting  that  from  1807  to  1809  he  was  colleague 
with  Mr.  Weld  of  Braintrec,  Mass.  He  pub 
lished  farewell  .sermon  at  Braintree,  1809. 

SALES,  FRANCIS,  died  at  Cambridge  Feb.  16, 
1854,  aged  82.  lie  was  instructor  in  the  Span 
ish  language,  lie  published  Spanish  grammar  ; 
colmena  Espanola,  182<3  ;  Cadalso,  1827  ;  selec- 
cion  de  obras  maestras  dramaticas,  1828. 

SALLE,  ROBERT  DE  LA,  embarked  at  Rochelle 
July  14,  1678,  and  reached  Quebec  in  September. 
Proceeding  up  the  St.  La\vrenee,  he  laid  the 
foundation  of  fort  Niagara  in  the  same  year.  In 
1679  he  passed  up  the  Niagara  river,  the  falls 
of  which  he  estimated  at  six  hundred  feet !  He 
proceeded  to  Michillimackinac,  and  the  Sault  de 
St.  Marie.  He  visited  the  lake  of  the  Illinois 
and  Green  Bay,  and  built  a  fort  on  the  St.  Joseph 
of  lake  Michigan  ;  and  another,  called  Crevc- 
cocur,  in  the  midst  of  the  tribes  of  the  Illinois. 
In  trailicking  with  the  Indians  he  found  abun 


dance  of  Indian  corn.  He  sent  out  persons  to 
explore  the  Mississippi ;  and  returned  to  fort 
Frontenac  on  lake  Ontario  in  1680.  In  the  fol 
lowing  year  he  prosecuted  his  discoveries.  In 
April,  1683,  he  was  at  the  mouth  of  the  Missis 
sippi.  Returning  by  the  way  of  the  lakes  to 
Quebec  and  France,  he  was  again  sent  out  by 
the  king  with  four  ships  and  two  hundred  men. 
Leaving  Rochelle  in  July,  1684,  he  proceeded  to 
the  gulf  of  Mexico.  In  Feb.,  1685,  he  built  a 
fort  in  the  bay  of  St.  Louis,  and  founded  a  set 
tlement ;  but  was  at  last,  in  1687  or  1688,  assas 
sinated  by  one  of  his  own  party.  An  account 
of  his  discoveries  was  published  by  the  Chevalier 
Tonti ;  an  account  is  also  in  New  York  hist,  coll., 
vol.  II. 

SALTER,  RICHARD,  D.  I).,  second  minister 
of  Mansfield,  Conn.,  died  in  1789,  aged  65.  Born 
in  Boston,  the  son  of  John,  a  merchant,  he  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  at  the  age  of  sixteen.  He  then 
studied  both  medicine  and  theology.  In  1744 
he  succeeded  E.  Williams.  His  successors  were 
E.  Gridley,  J.  Sherman,  S.  P.  Williams.  He  had 
in  his  church  great  difficulty  on  account  of  the 
Separatists  ;  of  the  members,  twenty-four  were 
excommunicated.  He  gave  by  deed  a  farm  to 
Yale  college,  worth  2000  dollars,  to  promote  the 
study  of  the  Hebrew  and  other  languages.  His 
wife  was  Mary,  the  daughter  of  E.  Williams ;  but 
his  three  children  died  in  infancy.  His  second 
wife  was  a  daughter  of  Rev.  Solomon  Williams. 
His  health  failed  him  in  his  last  two  years.  He 
was  a  very  great  smoker  of  tobacco ;  whether 
that  habit  injured  his  health  is  not  known.  He 
was  a  man  of  a  dignified  and  commanding  ap 
pearance,  of  a  powerful  intellect,  and  of  power 
ful  passions,  not  always  laid  under  restraint.  In 
his  preaching  his  morning  sermon  was  usually 
doctrinal ;  in  the  afternoon  he  presented  the 
practical  bearings  of  the  subject.  He  published 
the  election  sermon,  1768.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

SALTONSTALL,  RICHARD,  Sir,  one  of  the 
fathers  of  the  Massachusetts  colonv,  died  in  En"-- 

*  O 

land  about  1658;  and  from  him  descended  those 
of  the  name  in  New  England.  He  came  over  in 
the  Arabella  with  Governor  Winthrop  in  1630. 
With  Mr.  Phillips  he  commenced  the  settlement 
of  Watertown ;  but,  discouraged,  he  returned  to 
England  the  next  year,  leaving  two  sons  behind. 
A  liberal  Puritan,  he  was  through  life  a  friend  of 
the  colony  ;  he  was  also  a  patentee  of  Connecti 
cut.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  John  Hampden. 
SALTONSTALL,  RICHARD,  son  of  the  pre 
ceding,  died  in  England  in  1694,  aged  84.  lie 
settled  at  Ipswich,  and  was  an  assistant  in  1637. 
He  entered  his  protest  against  the  introduction 
of  negro  slavery.  A  friend  of  Whalley  and  Goffe, 
he  gave  them  in  1672  fifty  pounds.  He  visited 
England  several  times.  His  son  Nathaniel,  a 


720 


SALTOXSTALL. 


SAMPSON. 


giaduate  of  1659,  settled  in  Haverhill  on  an  es 
tate  known  as  the  Saltonstall  seat;  and  died  in 
1707. 

SALTOXSTALL,  GURDON,  governor  of  Con 
necticut,  died  Sept,  24,  1724,  aged  58.  He  was 
born  in  Haverhill,  Mass.,  March  27,  1666,  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1684.  His 
father  was  Col.  Nathan,  the  son  of  Richard  of 
Watertown,  who  was  the  son  of  Sir  Richard  S. 
He  was  ordained  Nov.  25,  1691,  minister  of  New 
London,  where  he  continued  for  several  years, 
highly  esteemed.  In  1707,  by  the  advice  of  the 
clergy,  he  was  persuaded  to  undertake  the  chief 
direction  of  the  civil  affairs  of  the  colony,  and  he 
was  annually  chosen  governor  till  his  death.  He 
was  both  a  profound  divine  and  a  consummate 
Statesman.  The  complexion  of  the  Saybrook 
platform  was  owing  to  his  desire  of  bringing  the 
mode  of  church  government  somewhat  nearer  to 
the  Presbyterian  form.  To  a  quick  perception 
and  a  glowing  imagination  he  united  correctness 
of  judgment.  The  majesty  of  his  eye  and  de 
portment  was  softened  by  the  features  of  benevo 
lence.  As  an  orator,  the  music  of  his  voice,  the 
force  of  his  argument,  the  beauty  of  his  allusions, 
the  ease  of  his  transitions,  and  the  fulness  of  his 
diction  gave  him  a  high  rank.  His  temper  was 
warm  ;  but  he  had  been  taught  the  art  of  self- 
command,  for  he  was  a  Christian.  His  widow, 
Mary,  the  daughter  of  William  Whittingham  and 
the  relict  of  Wm.  Clark,  died  in  Jan.,  1730.  She 
was  distinguished  for  her  intelligence,  wit,  wis 
dom,  and  piety.  To  Harvard  college  she  be 
queathed  1000  pounds,  for  two  students  designed 
for  the  ministry. 

SALTONSTALL,  RICHARD,  judge,  grandson 
of  Nathaniel,  died  in  Massachusetts  in  1756,  aged 
53  ;  a  graduate  of  1722.  In  1736  he  was  made 
a  judge  of  the  supreme  court.  He  was  affable 
and  polished,  liberal  to  the  poor,  and  generously 
hospitable.  His  third  wife  was  Mary,  daughter 
of  E.  Ccoke  of  Boston,  the  mother  of  Dr.  Na 
thaniel  S.  He  left  three  sons,  and  two  daugh 
ters,  married  to  Col.  George  Watson  of  Plymouth, 
and  to  Moses  Badger,  Episcopal  minister  in  Pro 
vidence. 

SALTONSTALL,  NATHANIEL,  a  physician,  a 
descendant  of  Richard,  and  brother  of  Gur- 
don  S.,  was  the  son  of  Richard  S.,  a  judge  of 
the  supreme  court  of  Massachusetts,  and  was 
born  at  Haverhill  Feb.  10,  1746.  He  was  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  college  in  1766,  and  died  at 
Haverhill  May  15,  1815,  aged  69.  His  maternal 
ancestor  was  Governor  Leverett.  While  his 
brothers  were  royalists,  Dr.  S.  was  a  whig  of 
the  Revolution.  He  was  an  intelligent,  skilful, 
humane  physician,  a  friend  of  science  and  reli 
gion,  and  highly  respected  by  his  fellow  citizens. 
—  Thacher ;  2  Hist.  Coll.  IV. 

SALTONSTALL,  LEVERETT,  LL.  D.,  died  in 


Salem  May  8,  1845,  aged  nearly  62.  The  son 
of  Dr.  Nathaniel  S.  of  Haverhill,  he  graduated 
in  the  large  class  of  1802,  and  practised  law  in 
Salem.  He  was  a  learned  and  faithful  and  hon 
est  lawyer,  a  member  of  congress,  and  connected 
with  various  literary  and  charitable  societies. 
His  care  for  the  poor  was  such  that  he  stored 
his  cellar  with  reference  to  their  wants  in  the  win 
ter.  In  his  will  he  was  a  benefactor  of  Harvard 
college  and  of  Exeter  academy.  He  published  a 
historical  sketch  of  Haverhill.  A  memoir  of  him 
is  in  hist,  coll.,  3d  series,  vol.  IX. 

SAMPLEMAN,  GEORGE,  died  in  Clark  county, 
Ohio,  Jan.,  1843,  aged  110;  born  in  Germany 
June  24,  1732. 

SAMPSON,  EZRA,  died  in  New  York  in  1823, 
aged  74.  Born  in  Middleborough,  the  son  of 
Uriah,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1773,  and  was 
ordained  at  Plymouth  in  1776,  as  colleague  with 
J.  Parker.  In  the  first  campaign  he  was  a  chap 
lain  in  the  army  at  Cambridge.  Being  dismissed 
in  1796,  he  removed  to  Hudson,  devoting  him 
self  to  literature,  and  preaching  occasionally. 
His  last  years  were  spent  with  his  sons  in  New 
York.  He  died  in  peace.  He  and  Dr.  Harry 
Croswcll  published  the  newspaper,  the  Balance. 
He  published  a  sermon  to  soldiers,  1775  ;  beau 
ties  of  the  bible,  1802 ;  the  historical  dictionary, 
1804;  the  sham  patriot  unmasked;  the  brief 
remarker.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

SAMPSON,  DEBORAH,  several  years  a  woman 
soldier,  died  about  1830.  Born  in  1758  in  Ply 
mouth  county,  she  was  the  child  of  poor  and  un 
happy  parents.  Yet  she  made  every  effort  to 
acquire  some  education.  She  shared  the  patriotic 
feeling  of  the  Revolution.  By  keeping  school 
she  gained  twelve  dollars,  with  which  she  pur 
chased  fustian,  which  she  made  into  a  suit  of 
men's  clothes,  and  joined  the  army  as  a  man  in 
October,  1778.  For  three  years  she  performed 
all  the  duties  of  a  soldier  without  the  discovery 
of  her  sex,  under  the  name  of  Robert  Shirtliffe. 
While  sick  of  a  fever,  Dr.  Binney  of  Philadelphia 
made  the  discovery.  When  she  was  recovered, 
he  sent  her  with  a  note  to  Washington,  disclos 
ing  the  fact,  Washington  said  not  a  word,  but 
gave  her  a  discharge  and  a  sum  of  money.  As 
her  conduct  had  been  irreproachable,  she  mar 
ried  Benjamin  Gannett  of  Sharon,  a  respectable 
farmer,  and  became  the  mother  of  three  children  ; 
the  eldest  in  1805  was  aged  19.  She  claimed 
of  the  court  in  Dedham  in  1820  a  reward  for  her 
services.  Her  husband  died  in  February,  1837, 
aged  80. 

SAMPSON,  WILLIAM  C.,  missionary  to  Bom 
bay,  died  Dec.  22,  1835.  Born  in  Kingston, 
U.  C.,  he  went  to  B.  in  1833.  His  wife  was 
Mary  L.  Barker  of  Augusta,  N.  Y. 

SAMPSON,  WILLIAM,  died  at  New  York  Dec. 
27,  1836,  aged  73.  He  was  an  eminent  counsel- 


SAMPSON. 


SANGER. 


721 


lor  at  law,  a  native  of  Ireland.  He  published  a 
report  on  a  trial  for  libel,  1807;  speech  on  the 
trial  of  James  Cheetham,  1810;  trial  of  journey 
men  cordwaincrs  ;  is  a  whale  a  fish  ?  being  a  re 
port,  etc.,  1819  ;  discourse  before  the  New  York 
historical  society,  1824. 

SAMPSON,  "FRANCIS  S.,  D.  D.,  died  before 
1806  ;  he  was  many  years  a  teacher  of  the  o\d 
school  theological  seminary  in  Virginia,  and  had 
reputation  as  a  scholar.  His  critical  commentary 
on  the  epistle  to  the  Hebrews  was  published,  ed 
ited  by  Dr.  Dabney,  in  1856. 

SAMSON,  DANIEL,  died  in  Barre,  N.  Y.,  May 
28,  1842,  aged  83.  He  was  a  soldier  of  the  Rev 
olution,  and  for  fifty-seven  years  a  professor  of 
religion  and  eminent  Christian,  of  rare  humility, 
simplicity,  and  benevolence.  Before  he  removed 
to  B.  he  lived  in  Cornwall,  Vt. 

SANDEMAN,  ROBERT,  the  founder  of  the 
sect  of  Sandemanians,  died  at  Danbury,  Conn., 
April  2,  1771,  aged  53.  He  was  born  at  Perth 
in  Scotland,  and  educated  at  St.  Andrews.  Hav 
ing  married  a  daughter  of  Mr.  Glass,  he  became 
one  of  his  followers.  lie  represented  faith  as 
the  mere  operation  of  intellect,  and  maintained 
that  men  were  justified  without  holiness,  merely 
on  speculative  belief.  This  faith,  however,  he 
contended  would  always,  wherever  it  existed, 
produce  the  Christian  virtues  ;  so  that  his  system 
cannot  be  charged  with  opening  a  door  to  licen 
tiousness.  In  1762  he  went  to  London  and  es 
tablished  a  congregation.  He  came  to  America 
in  October,  1764,  and  from  Boston  he  went  to 
Danbury.  In  that  town  he  gathered  a  church 
in  July,  1765.  He  published  an  answer  to  Iler- 
vey's  Theron  and  Aspasio,  in  2  vols.,  8vo.,  1757. 
This  work  is  ingenious,  though  it  exhibits  a  great 
deal  of  asperity.  Mr.  Ilervey  himself  acknow 
ledged  that  the  author  had  pointed  out  some 
errors  in  his  writings,  and  had  the  most  exalted 
views  of  Divine  grace. 

SANDERS,  DANIEL  CLARK,  president  of  Ver 
mont  university,  died  suddenly  in  Medfield  in 
1850,  aged  82.  Born  in  Sturbridge,  he  gradu 
ated  at  Cambridge  in  1788;  was  ordained  atVer- 
genues  in  1794  ;  and  chosen  president  of  the 
university  of  Vermont  in  1801.  He  resigned  in 
1813,  during  the  war,  and  was  installed  at  Med 
field  in  1818,  and  dismissed  in  1829.  For  fifty 
years  he  kept  a  meteorological  journal.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  M.  Russell,  1805; 
a  history  of  the  Indians,  1812. 

SANDERS,  MOSES  C.,  died  in  Peru,  Ohio, 
May  18,  1856,  aged  66.  A  native  of  Massachu 
setts,  he  removed  to  Ohio  in  1818,  and  was  an 
eminent  physician  and  surgeon.  He  was  for 
years  an  Infidel,  but  in  1837  he  became  a  Chris 
tian.  Practising  physic  in  a  new  country,  some 
times  he  was  guided  to  his  patients  through 
pathless  forests  by  a  pocket  compass. 
91 


SANDERSON,  ALYAN,  minister  of  Ashfield, 
Mass.,  died  in  1817,  aged  36.  Born  in  Whatcly, 
he  graduated  at  Williams  college  in  1802.  After 
a  mission  in  Maine,  he  was  settled  in  A.,  the  suc 
cessor  of  Nehemiah  Porter.  Being  dismissed  in 
ill  health  in  1814,  he  established  a  grammar 
school.  He  was  a  faithful  minister,  gentle,  cour 
teous,  an  example  of  Christian  goodness.  Having 
none  in  his  house  to  provide  for,  he  bequeathed 
400  dollars  to  his  religious  society,  500  dollars 
for  missions,  and  1500  or  2000  dollars  to  his 
school. 

SANDERSON,  JOHN,  died  at  Philadelphia  in 
1844,  aged  61.  He  was  the  author  of  the  biog 
raphy  of  the  signers  of  the  declaration  of  inde 
pendence,  in  several  volumes,  and  also  of  the 
American  in  Paris,  and  sketches  of  Paris.  —  Cycl. 
of  Amer.  I  At. 

SANDFORI),  PETER  P.,  D.  I).,  a  Methodist 
minister,  died  at  Tarrytown,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  14,  1857, 
aged  76.  1  le  for  some  time  labored  in  the  city 
of  New  York,  and  was  highly  esteemed. 

SANDS,  ROBERT  C.,  died  at  New  York  Dec. 
16,  1832,  aged  33.  A  graduate  of  Columbia 
college  in  1815  ;  he  was  a  man  of  genius  and  an 
elegant  writer.  He  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
Commercial  Advertiser.  He  published  Yamoydcn, 
a  poem,  written  principally  by  him;  notice  of 
Cortes  ;  life  of  Paul  Jones. — Cyclojjedia  of  Amer 
ican  Literature. 

SANFORD,  DAVID,  minister  of  Medway,  Mass., 
died  in  1810,  aged  73.  Bora  in  Milford,  Conn., 
his  father,  an  admirer  of  the  character  and  preach 
ing  of  David  Braincrd,  gave  his  son  the  name  of 
David.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1755 ;  lived 
some  years  in  Great  Barrington  under  the  teach 
ing  of  Dr.  Hopkins  ;  and  was  settled  in  1773,  so 
that  he  was  in  the  ministry  about  thirty-seven 
years.  Among  his  people  were  extensive  reviv 
als  in  1784  and  1785.  The  sermon  at  his  fu 
neral  Avas  preached  by  Dr.  Emmons,  and  is  in  his 
works,  vol.  I.,  p.  330.  There  was  probably  much 
of  bluntness  and  straight-forwardness  in  his 
preaching.  Mr.  Bellamy  and  he  married  sisters. 
An  anecdote,  as  to  the  difference  between  his  and 
Bellamy's  preaching,  may  be  found  under  the 
name  of  Bellamy.  He  published  a  dissertation 
on  the  law  to  Adam  ;  also  on  the  scene  in  the 
garden,  1810.  —  Spraytie's  Annals. 

SANFORD,  NATHAX,  died  on  Long  Island 
October,  1838.  He  was  a  senator  of  the  United 
States  from  1815  to  1821,  and  from  1825  to 
1830,  and  chancellor  of  New  York  two  years. 

SANFORD,  JOSHUA,  died  in  Dublin,  N.  H., 
Dec.  12,  1856,  aged  103  years  and  8  months. 
He  had  a  strong  frame,  took  much  exercise,  and 
was  temperate  in  all  things. 

SANGER,  ZEDEKIAII,  minister  in  South 
Bridgewater,  died  Nov.  17,  1820,  aged  72.  Born 
in  Sherborn  in  1748,  he  was  a  descendant  of 


722 


SAEGEANT. 


SAWYER. 


Richard  S.,  a  blacksmith,  who  removed  from  Sucl- 
bury  to  Watertown,  and  died  in  1691 ;  whose  son 
Richard,  born  in  1667,  married  Elizabeth  Morse ; 
and  his  son  Richard,  born  1706,  married  Deborah 
Rider,  and  died  1786,  his  eighth  child  being 
Zedekiah.  Mr.  S.  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1771, 
and  was  ordained  at  Duxbury  July  3,  1776,  and 
dismissed  in  1786.  He  was  settled  at  Bridge- 
water  Dec.  17,  1788,  as  colleague  of  John  Shaw. 
His  wife  was  Irene  Freeman.  His  children  were 
Richard,  born  1778;  Joseph,  in  1781;  Caroline, 
1782,  married  Rev.  Samuel  Clark ;  Zedekiah, 
in  1784;  Samuel  F. ;  Rev.  Ralph,  graduated  in 
1808,  married  Charlotte  Kingman,  settled  at  Do 
ver;  and  several  daughters.  lie  was  a  scholar 
and  learned  divine.  Young  men  he  prepared 
for  college,  and  he  had  students  in  divinity.  His 
successor  at  Duxbury  was  Dr.  J.  Allyn. 

SARGEANT,  NATHANIEL  PEASLEE,  chief  jus 
tice  of  the  supreme  court  of  Massachusetts,  died 
at  Ilaverhill  in  October,  1791^ aged  60.  The  son 
of  Christopher  S.  of  Methuen,  he  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1750.  In  1776  he  was  ap 
pointed,  a  judge  of  the  superior  court,  and  chief 
justice  in  December,  1789. 

SARGENT,  JOHN,  colonel,  was  the  first  child 
born  in  Vermont.  The  time  of  his  death  has 
not  been  ascertained ;  but  his  widow  died  at 
Brattleboro  in  July,  1822,  aged  87. 

SARTI,  Signor,  died  in  Boston  Sept.,  1850  ; 
manufacturer  of  fine  anatomical  figures  in  wax. 
He  was  a  native  of  Florence. 

SATTERLEE,  A.  B.,  Baptist  missionary  to 
Akyab,  Arrican,  died  July  1,  1856,  of  cholera. 
A  graduate  of  Brown,  he  had  been  in  service  but 
a  few  years,  and  was  highly  respected. 

SAUBERT,  XAVIER,  Dr.,  died  Jan.  20, 1836; 
called  the  fire  king.  In  making  experiments  with 
phosphoric  ether,  or  prussic  acid,  it  exploded  and 
killed  him. 

SAUNDERS,  PRINCE,  a  colored  man,  attor 
ney-general  of  Hayti,  was  born  at  Thetford,  Vt. 
He  was  well  educated.  About  1806  he  taught  a 
free  colored  school  in  Colchester,  Conn.,  and  af 
terwards  in  Boston.  Going  to  Hayti,  Christophe 
employed  him  to  improve  the  state  of  education 
in  his  dominions,  for  which  purpose  he  was  sent 
to  England.  His  Christian  name,  Prince,  being 
mistaken  for  his  just  title  of  dignity,  he  was 
conversant  with  the  nobility.  Returning  from 
Hayti  to  this  country,  he  studied  divinity  and 
preached  at  Philadelphia.  But  he  went  again 
to  Hayti,  where  he  died,  as  attorney-general,  in 
February,  1839.  He  published  several  tracts, 
one  concerning  Hayti. 

SAUSAMAN,  JOHN,  was  the  son  of  an  Indian 
convert.  He  was  cunning  and  plausible,  well 
skilled  in  the  English  language,  and  employed 
as  a  school-master  at  Natick.  Upon  some  misde 


meanor  he  left  the  English,  and  became  secretary 
of  King  Philip  in  1672.  He  was  prevailed  upon 
by  the  solicitations  of  Mr.  Eliot  to  return  to  Na 
tick  ;  he  was  baptized,  and  became  an  Indian 
preacher,  well  gifted.  He  discovered  a  plot 
against  the  English,  and  communicated  it  to 
Gov.  Winslow.  Not  long  afterwards  he  was 
murdered  by  three  of  Philip's  men,  and  his  body 
was  put  under  the  ice  in  Assawampset  pond. 
His  murderers  were  seized  and  executed  at  Ply 
mouth  in  1675. 

SAVAGE,  THOMAS,  major,  the  ancestor  of  the 
families  of  Savages  in  New  England,  died  Feb.  14, 
1682,  aged  74.  He  came  over  from  England  as 
early  as  1635,  and  was  representative  of  Boston, 
Hingham,  and  Andover,  and  speaker  of  the  house. 
He  commanded  the  troops  in  the  early  part  of 
Philip's  war  in  1675.  He  married  Faith,  the 
daughter  of  William  and  the  celebrated  Ann 
Hutchinson;  and  from  them  descended  James 
Savage  of  Boston,  the  learned  antiquarian,  who 
still  lives  in  a  good  old  age.  The  generations 
and  families  are  as  folloivs:  1.  Major  Thomas 
Savage  and  Faith  Huntington ;  2.  Lieut.-Colonel 
Abijah  Savage  and  Hannah  Tyng;  3.  Licut,- 
Colonel  Thomas  Savage  and  Elizabeth  Scottow  ; 
4.  Lieut.-Colonel  Habijah  Savage,  who  died  in 
1746,  aged  71;  5.  the  father  of  Mr.  S.,  whose 
name  does  not  occur  ;  6.  James  Savage  of  Bos 
ton,  born  in  1784.  If  he  bears  no  military  title, 
yet  he  knows  how  to  wield  the  pen  instead  of 
the  sword. 

SAVAGE,  EDWARD,  a  painter,  died  at  Prince 
ton,  Mass.,  in  1817,  aged  56.  He  was  born  at 
P.  in  1761.  He  was  at  first  a  goldsmith.  After 
studying  for  a  while  under  West  in  London,  he 
repaired  to  Italy.  Before  he  went  abroad  he 
painted  the  Washington  family,  and,  finding  no 
engraver,  engraved  the  picture  himself.  Of  this 
print,  it  is  said  that  he  sold  nine  thousand  copies 
at  nine  dollars  each.  He  was  a  man  of  good 
talents;  but  his  attention  was  too  much  divided 
among  different  pursuits  to  allow  of  his  attain 
ing  the  highest  eminence  as  a  painter.  He  com 
menced  a  museum  in  New  York,  and  brought  it 
to  Boston  ;  where  it  became  a  part  of  the  old 
.New  England  museum.  —  Knapp's  Lect. 

SAVAGE,  MARY,  died  at  Woolwich,  Maine, 
in  1825,  aged  102. 

SAVAGE,  SAMUEL,  M.  I).,  an  eminent  phy 
sician  of  Barnstable,  Mass.,  died  in  1831,  aged 
83.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1766. 

SAVAGE,  SARAH,  Miss,  died  at  Salem,  Mass., 
in  1837,  aged  52,  a  lady  worthy  and  refined.  She 
wrote  factory  girl,  and  other  works. 

SAWYER,  MICAJAH,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  the 
son  of  a  physician,  was  born  at  Newbury,  Mass., 
July  15,  1737  ;  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1756;  and,  after  practising  physic  more  than 


SAWYER. 


SCHUYLER. 


fifty  years  in  Newburyport,  died  Sept.  29,  1815, 
aged  77.     He  was  an  eminent  physician  and  a 
9       man  of  pure  morals  and  religion.  —  TJiacltcr. 

SAWYER,  ELIZABKTII,  died  in  Bolton,  Mass., 
in  1815,  aged  105,  retaining  her  faculties  to  the 
last.  Her  descendants  were  three  or  four  hun 
dred. 

SAXTOX,  or  SEXTON,  GILES,  minister  of 
Scituate,  Mass.,  as  early  as  1630.  He  came  from 
Yorkshire.  He  was  admitted  freeman  in  1631. 
It  is  said  he  returned  to  England,  and  that  on 
the  voyage  he  cried  out,  in  a  perilous  hour,  "  O, 
who  is  now  for  heaven  ?  Who  is  bound  for 
heaven." —  Felt's  Hist.  New  Eng. 

SAY,  THOMAS,  died  Oct.  10,  1834,  aged  46,  at 
New  Harmony,  Ind.  He  was  a  merchant.  He 
made  abundant  contributions  to  science.  His  writ 
ings  on  insects,  on  fresh-water  and  land-shells,  on 
univalves,  etc.,  are  in  the  American  philosophical 
transactions.  He  published  American  entomol 
ogy,  3  vols.,  1824  and  1828  ;  explanation  of  terms, 
1825.  —  Cycl.  of  Amer.  Lit. 

SCAMMELL,  ALEXANDER,  colonel,  a  soldier 
of  the  Revolution,  died  Oct.  6,  1781,  aged  about 
33.  He  was  born  in  Mendon,  now  Milford,  Mass., 
and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1769.  He 
studied  law  with  Gen.  Sullivan  ;  assisted  Capt. 
Holland  in  surveys  for  his  map  of  New  Hamp 
shire;  and  in  1775  was  appointed  brigade-major, 
and  in  1776  colonel.  In  the  battle  of  Saratoga 
in  1777  he  was  wounded.  About  1780  he  was 
adjutant-general  of  the  American  armies,  and 
deservedly  popular.  At  the  siege  of  Yorktown, 
being  officer  of  the  day,  Sept.  30,  1781,  while  re- 
connoitering  he  was  surprised  by  a  party  of  the 
enemy's  horse,  and  after  being  taken  prisoner 
was  inhumanly  wounded.  Being  conveyed  to 
Williamsburg,  he  died  of  his  wound.  General 
Brooks  and  General  Dearborn  each  named  a  son 
after  their  friend. 

SCAMMELL,  JOHN,  Dr.,  died  at  Bellingham 
March  9,  1845,  aged  83.  His  father  and  grand 
father  were  physicians  before  him.  He  served  a 
short  time  in  the  Revolutionary  war. 

SCHAEFFER,  F.  G.,  D.  D.,  died  in  Phila 
delphia  in  March,  1831,  aged  38;  pastor  in  the 
Lutheran  church,  professor  of  German  in  Colum 
bian  college. 

SCIIAEFFER,  FREDERIC  DAVID,  D.  D.,  died 
at  Frederic,  Md.,  Jan.  27,  1836,  aged  77.  He 
had  been  pastor  of  a  German  Lutheran  church 
in  Philadelphia ;  and  was  a  man  of  learning, 
skilled  in  languages  ;  a  native  of  Germany. 

SCIIERMERHORN,  II.  O.,  died  at  Utica 
Sept.  22,  1854,  aged  36.  He  was  seized  with  his 
last  sickness  on  his  return  to  New  York  from 
a  wedding  tour  to  Niagara.  A  distinguished 
scholar,  he  settled  as  a  minister  first  at  Ticonde- 
roga,  then  in  New  York  city.  His  labors  were 
great  and  incessant.  He  increased  a  Sabbath- 


school  from  forty  to  six  hundred  scholars.  His 
wife  was  a  daughter  of  Sheldon  Martin. 

SCHNEIDER,  Mrs.,  wife  of  Rev.  B.  S.,  mis 
sionary  to  the  Armenians,  died  Sept.  28,  1856,  at 
Aintab,  aged  47. 

SCIIOLEY,  CATHERINE,  Mrs.,  died  in  Scioto, 
Ohio,  July  5,  1855,  of  neuralgia ;  the  largest 
woman  in  the  world,  who  was  exhibited  by  Col. 
Wood.  He  had  her  life  insured  for  25,000  dol 
lars. 

SCIIOOLCRAFT,  LAWRENCE,  colonel,  died 
at  Verona,  N.  Y.,  June  7,  1840,  aged  80;  a  sol 
dier  of  the  Revolution,  a  man  much  respected. 

SCIIOONMAKER,  JACOB,  D.  D.,  died  at  Ja 
maica,  L.  I.,  in  1856,  aged  74.  His  father  was 
minister  at  Aquackanock  over  forty  years  ;  his 
grandfather  was  the  first  minister  at  Jamaica. 
Dr.  S.  was  pastor  both  of  Ncwtown  and  Jamaica 
till  1849.  The  old  dominie  preached  his  fare 
well  discourse  in  1850,  assisted  by  his  friend,  Dr. 
Brodhead,  at  the  Lord's  Supper. 

SCIIOOP,  JOHN,  a  Mohican  Indian,  died  at 
Bethlehem  in  1746  ;  a  convert,  baptized  in  1742. 

SCIIUREMAN,  JOHN,  D.  I).,  professor  in 
the  theological  college  of  New  Brunswick,  N.  J., 
died  in  1818,  aged  39.  He  had  been  a  minister 
of  the  Dutch  church  in  the  city  of  New  York. 

SCIIUYLER,  PETER,  mayor  of  the  city  of 
Albany,  was  much  distinguished  for  his  patriot 
ism,  and  for  the  influence  which  he  possessed 
over  the  Indians.  In  the  year  1691  he  headed  a 
party  of  three  hundred  Mohawks,  and  with  about 
the  same  number  of  English,  made  a  bold  attack 
upon  the  French  settlements  at  the  north  end  of 
lake  Champlain.  He  slew  three  hundred  of  the 
enemy.  Such  was  the  authority  of  Col.  Schuyler 
with  the  five  nations,  that  whatever  Quider  (for 
so  they  called  him,  as  they  could  not  pronounce 
Peter)  recommended,  had  the  force  of  law.  In 
1710  he  went  to  England  at  his  own  expense, 
taking  with  him  five  Indian  chiefs,  for  the  pur 
pose  of  exciting  the  government  to  vigorous 
measures  against  the  French  in  Canada.  The 
chief  command  in  New  York  devolved  upon  him 
as  the  eldest  member  of  the  council  in  1719; 
but  in  the  following  year  Governor  Burnet  arrived. 
He  often  warned  the  New  England  colonies  of 
expeditions  meditated  against  them  by  the  French 
and  Indians. —  Smith's  New  York,  66-152. 

SCHUYLER,  PHILIP,  a  major-general  in  the 
Revolutionary  war,  died  at  Albany  Nov.  18,  1804, 
aged  72.  He  received  his  appointment  from 
congress,  June  19,  1775.  He  was  directed  to 
proceed  from  New  York  to  Ticonderoga,  to  se 
cure  the  lakes,  and  to  make  preparations  for 
entering  Canada.  Being  taken  sick  in  Septem 
ber,  the  command  devolved  on  Montgomery.  On 
his  recovery  he  devoted  himself  zealously  to  the 
management  of  the  affairs  in  the  northern  de 
partment.  The  superintendence  of  the  Indian 


724 


SCHWEINITZ. 


SCUDDER. 


concerns  claimed  much  of  his  attention.  On  tlic 
approach  of  Burgoyne  in  1777,  he  made  every 
exertion  to  obstruct  his  progress  ;  but,  the  evacu 
ation  of  Ticonderoga  by  St.  Clair  occasioning 
unreasonable  jealousies  in  regard  to  Schuyler  in 
New  England,  he  was  in  August  superseded  by 
Gates,  and  congress  directed  an  inquiry  to  be 
made  into  his  conduct.  It  was  a  matter  of  ex 
treme  chagrin  to  him  to  be  recalled  at  the  mo 
ment  when  he  was  about  to  face  the  enemy.  He 
afterwards,  though  not  in  the  regular  service, 
rendered  important  services  to  his  country  in  the 
military  transactions  of  New  York.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  old  congress,  and  when  the  pres 
ent  government  of  the  United  States  commenced 
its  operations  in  1789,  he  was  appointed  with 
Ilufus  King  a  senator  from  his  native  State.  In 
1797  he  was  again  appointed  a  senator  in  the 
place  of  Aaron  Burr.  His  daughter  married 
Gen.  Hamilton.  Another  daughter  married  John 
B.  Church,  an  Englishman,  contractor  for  the 
French  army  in  the  Revolutionary  war,  and  after 
wards  member  of  parliament,  who  died  April, 
1818 ;  she  died  in  1814.  Distinguished  by 
strength  of  intellect  and  upright  intentions,  he 
was  wise  in  the  contrivance,  and  enterprising  and 
persevering  in  the  execution  of  plans  of  public 
utility.  In  private  life  he  was  dignified,  but  cour 
teous,  a  pleasing  and  instructive  companion,  af 
fectionate  in  his  domestic  relations,  and  just  in 
all  his  dealings.  —  Marshall,  n.  237,  301-306; 
III.  3,  4,  226-258,  273  ;  IV.  449. 

SCHWEINITZ,  Louis  DAVID  DE,  died  at  Beth 
lehem,  Pa.,  Feb.  8,  1834,  aged  52.  He  was  a 
minister  among  the  Moravians,  their  second  head ; 
and  was  the  author  of  several  valuable  works  on 
botany. 

SCOBY,  WILLIAM,  one  of  the  first  planters 
of  Londonderry,  N.  H.,  died  in  that  town  at  the 
age  of  104.  He  came  over  from  Ireland  with 
Mr.  Macgrcgore.  These  planters  lived  on  an  av 
erage  to  eighty  years,  some  to  ninety,  and  others 
to  one  hundred. 

SCOTT,  CHARLES,  brigadier-general,  governor 
of  Kentucky,  died  Oct.  22,  1807,  aged  74.  He 
was  a  Virginia  soldier  of  the  Revolution.  His 
commission  of  brigadier  is  dated  April  2,  1777. 
He  was  governor  from  1808  to  1812,  when  he 
was  succeeded  by  Shelby. 

SCOTT,  JONATHAN,  minister  of  Minot,  Me., 
died  in  1819,  aged  75.  He  was  installed  in  1796. 
His  successor  was  Elijah  Jones,  whose  labors 
were  very  successful.  He  was  first  a  minister  in 
Yarmouth,  Nova  Scotia ;  then  in  Poland,  Me. ; 
and  about  twenty-three  years  in  Minot.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  on  death  of  S.  Foxcroft ;  before 
missionary  society,  1808.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

SCOTT,  JOHN,  a  lawyer  and  judge,  died  in 
Virginia  in  1850,  aged  68. 


SCOTT,  DANIEL,  died  at  Philadelphia  June  26, 
1856  ;  many  years  pastor  of  the  colored  church. 

SCOTTOW,  JOSHUA,  captain,  died  in  Boston 
in  1698,  aged  about  80.  His  daughter,  Elizabeth, 
married  Colonel  Thomas  Savage,  an  ancestor  of 
the  learned  antiquarian,  James  Savage,  who  will 
soon,  it  is  said,  tell  the  New  England  people 
more  than  any  one  else  can  tell  them  of  their 
ancestors.  He  published  a  narrative  of  planting 
of  Massachusetts  colony,  etc.,  1694 ;  old  men's 
tears  for  their  own  declensions,  1691. 

SCREVEN,  WILLIAM,  died  at  Georgetown, 
S.  C.,  in  1713,  aged  84.  A  native  of  England, 
born  in  1629,  he  came  to  Massachusetts,  whence 
as  an  unwelcome  Baptist  minister  he  removed  to 
Piscataway,  where  he  married  a  Miss  Cutts. 
Thence  he  went  to  Cooper's  river,  S.  C.,  in  1683, 
and  formed  a  church.  His  successors,  Baptist 
ministers  at  Charleston,  were  Fry,  White,  Tilly, 
Simons,  Chanler,  Bedgewood,  Hart,  down  to  1780. 
The  late  Col.  Thomas  Screven  and  Rev.  Charles 
0.  Screven  were  his  descendants.  He  published 
ornament  for  church  members.  — Ramsay. 

SCREVEN,  THOMAS,  brigadier-general,  died 
in  1778.  He  was  a  descendant  of  William  S. 
He  commanded  the  militia  when  Georgia  was  in 
vaded  by  East  Florida  in  Nov.,  1778.  While  a 
party  of  the  enemy  was  marching  from  Sunbury 
towards  Savannah,  he  had  repeated  skirmishes 
with  them  at  the  head  of  a  hundred  militia.  In 
an  engagement  at  Midway,  the  place  of  his  resi 
dence,  he  was  wounded  by  a  musket  ball,  and 
fell  from  his  horse.  Several  of  the  British  im 
mediately  came  up,  and,  upbraiding  him  with  the 
manner  in  which  a  Captain  Moore  had  been 
killed,  discharged  their  pieces  at  him.  He  died 
soon  after  of  his  wounds.  Few  officers  had  done 
more  for  their  country,  and  few  men  were  more 
esteemed  and  beloved  for  their  virtues  in  private 
life. 

SCREVEN,  CHARLES  ODINGSELLS,  D.  D.,  died 
at  New  York  July  2,  1830,  aged  57.  He  was  of 
Sunbury,  Georgia.  Born  at  Midway,  Liberty 
county,  at  the  age  of  thirteen  he  was  baptized  by 
Dr.  Furman  of  Charleston  ;  graduated  at  Provi 
dence  in  1795  ;  and  became  the  minister  of  the 
Baptist  church  in  Sunbury  in  1803.  He  was  a 
faithful  and  successful  minister. 

SCUDDER,  Jonx,  died  at  New  York  in  1821 ; 
proprietor  of  the  American  museum. 

SCUDDER,  JOK\,  M.  D.,  missionary  in  Ma 
dras,  died  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  at  Wynberg, 
Jan.  13,  1855,  of  apoplexy,  aged  61.  His  ven 
erable  mother,  Mary,  aged  more  than  80,  survived 
him.  He  was  born  in  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.  ; 
but  his  parents  removed  to  Freehold,  where  he 
was  brought  up.  He  was  graduated  in  1811,  and 
went  to  Tillipally  in  Dec.,  1819,  as  a  missionary 
physician,  but  was  soon  ordained.  For  sixteen 


SCUDDER. 


SEARLE. 


725 


years  he  labored  at  the  station  of  Pandeteripo  in 
Ceylon.  In  1836  he  and  Mr.  Winslow  were 
transplanted  to  the  city  of  Madras,  where  it  was 
purposed  to  use  a  religious  press  in  the  Tamul 
language.  From  1843  to  1847  he  was  in  the 
United  States,  promoting  the  cause  of  missions 
by  visiting  the  churches,  everywhere  most  im 
pressively  addressing  the  children.  He  was  edu 
cated  in  the  Dutch  Reformed  church,  of  which 
he  was  the  first  missionary,  and  to  which  he  was  ever 
attached.  By  his  wife,  Harriet,  he  had  fourteen 
children,  of  whom  seven  sons  and  two  daughters 
survived  him.  Six  of  the  sons  devoted  them 
selves  to  foreign  missions,  three  of  whom  were, 
at  the  time  of  his  death,  in  the  field  in  India,  at 
Arcot,  seventy  miles  from  Madras.  His  appeal 
to  the  youth  in  behalf  of  the  heathen  was  pub 
lished  in  1846;  he  wrote  also  a  tract,  provision 
for  passing  over  Jordan. 

SCUDDER,  KATHARINE,  wife  of  W.  W.  Scud- 
der,  missionary  at  Arcot,  died  of  the  cholera 
March  11,  1849;  she  had  been  less  than  two 
years  in  India.  She  had  no  regret,  and  no  fears. 
Her  Saviour  was  with  her.  She  died  on  board  a 
vessel,  anchored  near  the  continent,  and  was 
buried  in  a  grove  of  thorn  trees,  which  looks  out 
upon  the  ocean.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Thos. 
Hastings  of  New  York. 

SCUDDER,  Mrs.,  wife  of  Dr.  Scudder,  mis 
sionary  at  Madras,  died  Nov.  19,  1849,  aged  54. 
She  had  been  connected  with  missions  thirty 
years.  Her  name  was  Harriet  Waterbury,  of 
New  York.  She  was  married  in  1816,  and  sailed 
in  1819  for  India,  with  the  wives  of  Messrs.  Wins- 
low,  Spaulding,  and  Woodward.  From  Ceylon 
she  removed  to  Madras  in  1836.  For  several 
years  before  1846  she  and  her  husband  were  in 
America.  Just  before  she  died  she  exclaimed, 
"Glorious  heaven!  glorious  salvation!" 

SEABURY,  SAMUEL,  D.  ]).,  first  bishop  of 
the  Episcopal  church  in  the  United  States,  died 
Feb.  25,  1796,  aged  68.  He  was  the  son  of  Mr. 
Seabury,  Congregational  minister  at  Groton,  and 
afterwards  Episcopal  minister  at  New  London, 
and  was  born  in  1728.  After  being  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1751,  he  went  to  Scotland  for  the 
purpose  of  studying  medicine  ;  but,  his  attention 
being  soon  directed  to  theology,  he  took  orders  in 
London  in  1753.  On  his  return  to  this  country 
he  was  settled  in  the  ministry  at  Brunswick  in 
New  Jersey.  In  the  beginning  of  1757  he  re 
moved  to  Jamaica  on  Long  Island  ;  and  thence 
in  Dec.,  1766,  to  West  Chester.  In  this  place  he 
remained  till  the  commencement  of  the  war, 
when  he  went  into  the  city  of  New  York.  At 
the  return  of  peace  he  settled  in  New  London. 
In  1784  he  went  to  England  to  obtain  consecra 
tion  as  bishop  of  the  Episcopal  church  of  Connec 
ticut,  but,  meeting  with  some  obstruction  to  the 
accomplishment  of  his  wishes,  he  went  to  Scot 


land,  where,  Nov.  14th,  he  was  consecrated  by 
three  nonjuring  bishops.  After  this  period  he 
discharged  for  a  number  of  years  at  New  London 
the  duties  of  his  office  in  an  exemplary  manner. 
He  published  the  duty  of  considering  our  ways, 
1789 ;  a  discourse  at  the  ordination  of  R.  Fowle, 
1791  ;  and  two  volumes  of  sermons,  which  evince 
a  vigorous  and  well-informed  mind.  After  his 
death  a  supplementary  volume  was  published  in 
1798. 

SEAMAN,  VALENTINE,  M.  D.,  died  in  New 
York  in  June,  1817,  aged  47.  He  was  the  son 
of  Samuel  and  descendant  of  Captain  John,  who 
settled  at  Hempstead,  L.  I.,  about  1660.  He  was 
of  the  society  of  Friends,  and  adhered  to  it.  He 
studied  with  Dr.  Nicholas  Romeyn,  and  in  Phila 
delphia,  and  was  an  eminent  physician.  For  the 
good  of  the  African  race  he  toiled  much,  being  a 
member  of  the  manumission  society. — Williams' 
Med.  Biog. 

SEAMANS,  JOB,  a  Baptist  minister  in  New 
London,  Conn.,  died  in  1830,  aged  82.  Born  in 
Swanzey,  Mass.,  he  was  first  a  minister  in  Attle- 
borough,  Mass.,  and  removed  to  New  London  in 
1788,  when  the  Baptist  church  was  formed. 

SEAMANS,  AARON,  a  Baptist  minister,  died 
at  Marion,  Iowa,  Oct.  1,  1856,  aged  87.  Born 
in  Rehoboth,  his  father  removed  to  Cheshire, 
Mass.,  and  there  became  religious  under  the 
preaching  of  Elder  Leland.  For  about  forty 
years  he  was  the  pastor  of  the  Baptist  church  in 
Northville,  N.  Y.  In  1842  he  removed  to  Iowa. 
His  life  was  useful ;  his  end  peace. 

SEARLE,  JOHN,  the  second  minister  of  Sha 
ron,  Conn.,  died  in  Stoneham,  Mass.,  in  1787, 
aged  about  64.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1745, 
and  was  succeeded  by  C.  M.  Smith  in  1755,  and 
removed  to  Stoneham,  where  he  was  pastor  from 
1758  to  1776.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  or 
dination  of  S.  Peabody.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

SEARLE,  JONATHAN,  first  minister  of  Mason, 
N.  II.,  died  in  1812,  aged  68.  Born  in  Rowley, 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1764 ;  was  pastor 
from  1772  to  1781. 

SEARLE,  JONATHAN,  first  minister  of  Salis 
bury,  N.  II.,  died  in  Dec.,  1819,  aged  74.  Born 
in  Rowley,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1765,  and 
was  pastor  from  1773  to  1791,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Thomas  A^rorcestel•. 

SEARLE,  THOMAS  C.,  the  minister  of  Madi 
son,  Ind.,  died  Oct.  10,  1821,  aged  about  32. 
Born  in  Rowley,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in 
1812,  and  studied  theology  at  Princeton.  He 
was  a  preacher  of  talents  and  eloquence.  His 
zeal  for  the  advancement  of  religion  in  the  West 
induced  him  in  1819  to  emigrate  from  his  beloved 
New  England.  Probably  not  more  than  one  or 
two  Presbyterian  ministers  had  been  settled  in 
Indiana  before  him.  He  opened  an  academy  in 
Madison,  and  preached  incessantly.  His  great 


726 


SEARS. 


SEEGER. 


labors  brought  on  a  fatal  fever.  His  widow,  An 
nette,  a  woman  of  rare  excellence  of  character, 
the  daughter  of  Professor  B.  Woodward  of  Dart 
mouth,  died  Nov.  27,  1824,  aged  34. 

SEARS,  JOSHUA,  a  merchant  of  Boston,  died 
in  Feb.,  1857,  leaving  property  to  the  amount  of 
1,600,000  dollars.  He  bequeathed  15,000  dollars 
to  the  town  of  Yarmouth,  his  birth-place,  to  es 
tablish  a  nautical  school ;  8,000  dollars  to  the 
seamen's  friend  society  of  Boston  ;  and  legacies 
to  his  brothers  and  other  relatives  to  the  amount 
of  107,000  dollars.  The  remainder,  nearly  a 
million  and  a  half,  is  left  to  his  son  of  three  years 
of  age,  whose  guardian  is  Alpheus  Hardy.  The 
boy,  on  reaching  twenty-one  years,  is  to  receive 
30,000  dollars  ;  then  4,000  dollars  a  year  for  three 
years ;  then  6,000  dollars  a  year  till  he  reaches 
the  age  of  thirty ;  and  10,000  dollars  a  year  af 
terwards.  It  is  said,  Mr.  S.  has  given  to  the 
poor  of  the  town  of  Yarmouth  within  a  few 
years  40,000  dollars.  Had  he  given  his  son 
100,000  dollars  or  half  a  million,  and  left  one 
million  for  great  charities,  and  especially  to 
spread  abroad  the  revealed  truth  of  that  God 
who  intrusted  him  with  his  wealth,  all  enlightened 
Christian  men  would  have  approved  of  his  be 
quest.  Y'et  what  other  rich  man  has  had  the 
pleasure  of  distributing  with  his  own  hands 
40,000  dollars  among  the  poor  of  his  native 
village  ? 

SEAVY,  HAXXAII,  widow,  died  at  Kennebunk 
Port  in  1821,  aged  101. 

SECCOMBE,  JOHX,  first  minister  of  Harvard, 
Mass.,  died  in  Chester,  Nova  Scotia,  in  Jan.,  1793, 
aged  about  85.  Born  in  Medford,  he  graduated 
at  Cambridge  in  1728 ;  was  from  1733  to  1757 
the  minister  of  Harvard  ;  thence  before  1772  he 
removed  to  Chester.  He  was  a  descendant  of 
Richard,  of  Lynn  from  1660  to  1694.  He  wrote 
Father  Abbey's  will,  a  short  humorous  poem  ; 
and  published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Abigail 
Belcher,  1772  ;  also  at  ordination  of  Bruin  R. 
Comingoe  over  the  Dutch  congregation  at  Lunen- 
burg,  preached  at  Halifax,  1770,  the  first  in  Nova 
Scotia  on  such  an  occasion. 

SECCOMBE,  JOSEPH,  died  in  1760,  aged  54. 
He  was  a  brother  of  the  preceding,  a  graduate  of 
1731,  and  was  installed  at  Kingston,  N.  H.,  in 
1737.  He  published  ways  of  pleasure  and  paths 
of  peace  ;  rehearsal  of  the  operations  of  Christ 
as  God,  1740  ;  and  a  sermon  to  a  fishing  party,  a 
discourse  written  at  sea. 

SEEBER,  HENRY,  died  in  German  Flats  May 
15,  1845,  aged  104.  He  was  born  in  Indian  Cas 
tle,  and  served  in  the  French  and  subsequent 
wars.  At  Oriskany  he  received  three  wounds, 
and  bore  a  ball  in  his  body  to  his  death.  He 
lived  to  see  the  sixth  generation,  and  left  two 
hundred  and  thirteen  descendants. 

SEDGWICK,  ROBERT,  general,  died  in   Ja 


maica  May  24,  1656.  His  widow  married  Rev. 
Thomas  Allen.  He  was  an  early  settler  of 
Charlc£town,  Mass.,  a  man  of  distinction,  the 
head  of  the  families  of  Sedgwicks  in  this  country. 
He  engaged  in  the  service  of  Cromwell,  and  com 
manded  an  expedition,  designed  against  the  Dutch 
at  New  York ;  but,  as  peace  was  made,  he  sailed 
from  Boston  against  the  French  and  captured  St. 
John's  and  Port  Royal.  He  was  an  enterprising 
man,  a  merchant ;  and,  though  far  from  an  intol 
erant  spirit,  he  was  religious.  His  letters  to 
Cromwell  are  in  Thurloe's  state  papers.  —  Cood- 
win,  p.  175. 

SEDGWICK,  THEODORE,  LL.  I).,  judge,  died 
Jan.  24,  1813,  aged  66.  Born  at  West  Hartford, 
Conn.,  in  May,  1746,  he  was  a  descendant  of 
Robert  S.,  an  early  settler  and  distinguished  mil 
itary  officer  of  Massachusetts,  residing  at  Charles- 
town.  His  father,  Benjamin  S.,  relinquished 
mercantile  business,  removed  to  Cornwall,  and  at 
his  death  left  a  widow  and  six  children.  Of  these, 
Theodore  S.  was  the  youngest  son.  He  settled 
as  a  lawyer  at  Sheffield,  then  at  Stockbridge  in 
1785.  In  the  war  of  the  Revolution  he  was  an 
aid  to  General  Thomas  in  1776  in  the  expedition 
to  Canada ;  and  in  the  Shays  rebellion  he  exert 
ed  himself  most  zealously  in  its  suppression.  In 
1785  and  1786  he  was  a  member  of  congress  ; 
also  from  1789  to  1796.  From  1796  to  1798  he 
was  a  senator  of  the  United  States.  In  1799  he 
was  a  member  of  the  house  and  was  chosen 
speaker.  From  1802  till  his  death  he  was  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Massachusetts. 
lie  died  at  Boston,  and  was  buried  at  Stockbridge. 
His  daughter,  Catherine  S.,  is  known  by  her  vari 
ous  writings.  His  life  was  active  and  useful.  As 
his  attachments  and  aversions  were  strong,  he 
was  zealous  as  a  politician  ;  in  his  manners  he 
was  dignified,  and  his  habits  were  social.  He 
was  a  communicant  in  the  church  of  Dr.  Chan- 
ning  at  Boston. 

SEDGWICK,  THEODORE,  the  oldest  son  of 
Judge  Sedgwick,  a  lawyer  of  Albany,  and  then  a 
resident  of  Stockbridge  for  the  last  twelve  or 
more  years,  died  of  the  apoplexy  at  Pittsfield, 
while  attending  a  political  meeting,  Nov.  7,  1839, 
aged  about  60.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1798. 
His  three  brothers,  men  much  respected,  are  also 
deceased.  Henry  D.,  a  lawyer  of  New  York,  a 
graduate  of  Williams  in  1804,  died  in  1831,  aged 
45  ;  Robert,  a  lawyer  of  New  York,  died  at  Sa 
chem's  Head  in  1841,  aged  54 ;  and  Charles,  a 
lawyer,  and  for  many  years  clerk  of  the  Berk 
shire  courts,  died  at  Lenox  in  1856,  aged  64, 
highly  esteemed  for  his  social  qualities  and  active 
benevolence,  and  greatly  lamented  by  his  numer 
ous  friends. 

SEEGER,  CHARLES  L.,  a  distinguished  phy 
sician,  died  in  Northampton  in  May,  1848,  aged 
85.  He  was  a  native  of  Germany,  and  had  been 


SEIXAS. 


SEVER. 


727 


settled  in  N.  nearly  half  a  century.  He  pub 
lished  oration  July  4,  1810  ;  lecture  on  the  chol 
era,  1832. 

SEIXAS,  GEISHOUR,  minister  of  the  Jewish 
congregation  in  the  city  of  New  York,  died  in 
181(3,  aged  70,  in  the  fiftieth  year  of  his  min 
istry. 

SELDEN,  DUDLEY,  an  eminent  lawyer  of  New 
York,  died  in  Paris,  France,  in  1855. 

SELWIN,  or  SELYNS,  HENRY,  died  in  1700. 
He  was  installed  as  the  minister  of  the  Dutch 
church  in  Brooklyn  Sept.  3,  1660.  He  resided 
at  'N'ew  Amsterdam.  He  addressed  a  Latin  poem 
to  C.  Mather,  dated  1697,  which  is  prefixed  to  the 
Magnolia. 

SEMMES,  THOMAS,  Dr.,  an  eminent  physician 
of  Alexandria,  Va.,  died  about  1833,  aged  about 
54.  In  the  cholera  of  1832  he  was  very  assidu 
ous  in  his  labors.  —  Williams'  Med.  Biog. 

SEMPLE,  ROBERT  B.,  D.  D.,  died  in  "Virginia 
Dec.,  1831.  He  had  been  a  preacher  forty-two 
years,  and  was  president  of  the  Baptist  mission 
ary  convention.  He  published  a  history  of  the 
Baptists  in  Va.,  1809. 

SEXTER,  ISAAC,  M.  D.,  an  eminent  physician 
of  Xewport,  11.  I.,  died  in  Dec.,  1799,  aged  44. 
He  was  born  in  N.  H.,  and  studied  with  Dr. 
Thomas  Moffatt  of  Newport.  He  was  a  surgeon 
in  the  Revolutionary  war,  and  accompanied  Ar 
nold  in  his  expedition  to  Quebec,  of  which  he 
prepared  an  account  for  the  press.  After  the  war 
he  practised  for  a  time  in  Pawtucket ;  then  settled 
at  Newport.  His  wife  was  Miss  Arnold  of  Paw- 
tucket.  He  wrote  for  periodicals  in  America  and 
Europe.  —  Thacher's  Med.  Biog. 

SERGEANT,  JOHN,  missionary  among  the  In 
dians,  died  at  Stockbridge  July  27,  1749,  aged  38. 
He  was  born  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  in  1710,  and  was 
graduated  in  1729  at  Yale  college,  where  he  was 
afterwards  a  tutor  for  four  years.  In  Oct.,  1734, 
he  went  to  Houssatonnoc,  an  Indian  village  in 
the  western  part  of  Massachusetts,  and  began  to 
preach  to  the  Indians.  That  he  might  be  en 
abled  to  administer  to  them  the  Christian  ordi 
nances  he  was  ordained  at  Deerfield  Aug.  31,  \ 
173-3.  Jonathan  Edwards  succeeded  him.  Mrs. 
Sergeant  was  a  sister  of  Colonel  Ephraim  Wil 
liams,  the  daughter  of  Mr.  E.  Williams,  one  of 
the  first  settlers  of  Stockbridge.  Parsons  in  his 
life  of  Pepperrell  speaks  of  a  faction,  composed 
by  her  husband,  Brigadier  Dwight,  and  the  Wil- 
liamses,  for  displacing  Jonathan  Edwards  from 
his  charge  of  the  Houssatonnoc  Indian  mission  ; 
and  he  publishes  a  letter  of  Secretary  Willard  to 
Sir  William,  written  in  1753,  in  favor  of  Edwards.  ! 
Mrs.  Dwight  was  a  teacher  of  the  Indian  girls. 
His  son,  Dr.  Erastus  S.,  died  at  Stockbridge  in 
Nov.,  1814,  aged  72 ;  his  son,  John  S.,  sixty 
years  a  missionary  to  the  Indians  at  New  Stock- 
bridge,  N.  Y.,  died  Sept.  8,  1824,  aged  77.  He 


was  supported  in  part  by  the  commissioners  of  the 
society  for  propagating  the  gospel,  and  in  part  by 
individuals  in  England,  whose  munificence  reached 
him  through  the  hands  of  Dr.  Colman  of  Boston. 
He  had  baptized  one  hundred  and  twenty-nine 
Indians,  and  forty-two  were  communicants  at  the 
time  of  his  death.  With  great  labor  he  trans 
lated  the  whole  of  the  New  Testament,  excepting 
the  Revelation,  into  the  Indian  language,  and  sev 
eral  parts  of  the  Old  Testament.  In  his  life  he 
was  just,  kind,  and  benevolent.  The  Iloussaton- 
noc  or  Stockbridge  Indians  emigrated  to  New 
Stockbridge  in  the  State  of  New  York,  and  were 
for  many  years  under  the  care  of  his  son.  He 
published  a  letter  to  Dr.  Colman  on  the  educa 
tion  of  the  children  of  the  Indians,  and  a  sermon 
on  the  causes  and  danger  of  delusions  in  religion, 
1743.  —  Hopkins'  Memoirs  of  Houss.  Indians; 
Panoplist,  II. ;  Spr ague's  Annals. 

SERGEANT,  ERASTUS,  a  physician  in  Stock- 
bridge,  Mass.,  died  in  1814,  aged  72.  He  was 
the  son  of  Rev.  John  S.  ;  studied  two  years  in 
Princeton  college,  then  studied  physic  with  his 
uncle,  Dr.  Thomas  Williams  of  Deerfield;  and 
commenced  the  practice  in  his  native  town  in 
1765.  He  was  a  skilful  surgeon  as  well  as  phy 
sician  ;  his  business  extended  to  the  neighboring 
towns.  He  was  sedate,  kind,  benevolent,  adorned 
with  the  Christian  graces.  For  many  years  he 
was  a  deacon  of  the  church.  In  the  war  he  was  a 
major  in  the  garrison  at  Lake  Champlain  in  1777. 
He  died  of  a  pulmonary  disease.  At  dinner  he 
was  taken  with  bleeding  and  died  immediately. 
It  is  remarkable,  that  though  neither  parent  had 
a  clouded  reason,  five  of  his  children  were  in 
sane.  His  son,  Erastus,  a  physician  in  Lee,  died 
in  1832,  aged  about  60;  a  graduate  of  Dartmouth 
in  1792. 

SERGEANT,  JOHN,  died  in  Philadelphia  Nov. 
23,  1852,  aged  nearly  73.  He  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1795.  For  more  than  half  a  cen 
tury  he  was  honored  for  his  great  ability  as  a  law 
yer  ;  he  was  also  distinguished  in  congress.  In 
1832  he  Avas  whig  candidate  for  vice-president, 
Mr.  Clay  for  president.  He  was  a  worthy  mem 
ber  of  the  Episcopal  church.  His  father,  Jona- 
athan  Dickinson  Sergeant,  was  a  grandson  of 
President  Dickinson,  and  son  of  Jonathan  Ser 
geant.  He  was  a  patriot  in  the  Revolution,  and 
was  the  first  attorney-general  of  the  State.  He 
died  a  victim  to  the  yellow  fever  in  1793.  His 
mother  was  a  daughter  of  Rev.  Dr.  Elihu  Spen 
cer.  His  sister,  Sarah,  married  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel 
Miller,  and  lived  with  him  nearly  fifty  years.  He 
published  a  eulogy  on  Adams  and  Jefferson  ;  and 
a  speech  on  the  Missouri  question,  1820. 

SEVER,  NICHOLAS,  minister  of  Dover,  N.  H., 
died  in  Massachusetts  in  1764,  aged  84.  Born  in 
Roxbury,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1701,  and 
was  tutor  and  fellow;  he  was  settled  in  1711. 


728 


SEVERANCE. 


SEWALL. 


The  ministers  before  him  were  Maud,  Rayner, 
Pike  ;  and  after  him  J.  Gushing,  J.  Belknap,  II. 
Gray,  etc. 

SEVERANCE,  LUTHER,  died  in  Augusta,  Me., 
Jan.  25,  1855 ;  editor  of  the  Kennebec  Journal. 
He  was  a  member  of  congress,  and  a  commis 
sioner  to  the  Sandwich  Islands. 

SEVIEIl,  JOHN,  governor  of  Tennessee,  died 
in  October,  1815.  lie  was  a  soldier  of  the  Rev 
olution,  and  was  distinguished  in  the  battle  at 
King's  Mountain  with  Colonel  Ferguson  in  1780. 
He  and  Colonel  Shelby  projected  and  executed 
the  enterprise,  for  which  the  legislature  of  North 
Carolina  in  1813  voted  him  a  sword.  In  1789  he 
commanded  the  forces  which  defeated  the  Creek 
and  Cherokee  Indians.  He  was  a  general  in  the 
provisional  army,  and  in  1798  governor  of  Ten 
nessee. 

SEVIER,  AMBROSE  H.,  colonel,  died  in  the 
last  hour  of  1848,  aged  49.  Born  in  the  moun-x 
tains  of  East  Tennessee,  he  settled  in  Arkansas, 
and  was  long  a  delegate  to  congress,  first  in  1827, 
and  a  member  of  the  senate  of  the  United  States. 
Among  his  last  services  he  perfected  a  treaty  of 
peace  with  the  republic  of  Mexico.  He  held  pub 
lic  stations  for  a  quarter  of  a  century.  He  was 
sincere,  straight-forward,  zealous,  faithful  to  his 
principles,  energetic,  honorable. 

SEWALL,  SAMUEL,  chief  justice  of  the  su 
preme  court  of  Massachusetts,  died  Jan.  1,  1730, 
aged  77.  He  was  born  at  Bishop-Stoke,  Eng 
land,  March  28,  1652.  His  father,  Henry,  had 
before  this  time  been  in  America,  and  in  1G34  be 
gan  the  settlement  of  Newbury.  He  finally  es 
tablished  himself  in  this  country  in  1661,  when 
his  son  was  nine  years  old.  In  his  childhood 
Judge  Sewall  was  under  the  instruction  of  Mr. 
Parker  of  Newbury.  He  was  graduated  at  Har 
vard  college  in  1671,  and  afterwards  preached  for 
a  short  time.  In  1688  he  went  to  England.  In 
1692  he  was  appointed  in  the  new  charter  one  of 
the  council,  in  which  station  he  continued  till 
1725.  He  was  made  one  of  the  judges  in  1692, 
and  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  in  1718. 
This  office,  as  well  as  that  of  judge  of  probate 
for  Suffolk,  he  resigned  in  1728,  on  account  of  in 
firmities.  His  brothers  were  John  and  Stephen. 
His  wife,  Hf.nnah,  was  the  only  child  of  John 
Hull.  His  daughter,  Elizabeth,  married  Grove 
Hirst,  and  lier  daughter  married  Sir  William 
Pepperell ;  his  daughter,  Mary,  married  S.  Ger- 
rish,  and  Judith  married  Wm.  Cooper  in  1720, 
but  died  in  the  same  year.  By  his  wife  he  re 
ceived  a  large  fortune,  30,000  pounds  in  six 
pences,  which  he  employed  for  the  glory  of  God 
and  the  advantage  of  men.  Eminent  for  piety, 
wisdom,  and  learning,  in  all  the  relations  of  life 
he  exhibited  the  Christian  virtues,  and  secured 
universal  respect.  For  a  long  course  of  years  he 
was  a  member  of  the  old  south  church,  and  one 


of  its  greatest  ornaments.  He  was  constant  in 
his  attendance  upon  public  worship,  keeping  his 
bible  before  him  to  try  every  doctrine.  He  read 
the  sacred  volume  every  morning  and  evening  in 
his  family,  and  his  prayers  with  his  household  as 
cended  to  heaven.  A  friend  to  every  follower  of 
Christ,  he  was  liberal,  hospitable,  and  benevolent. 
For  the  praying  Indians  at  Natick  he  at  his  own 
expense  built  a  house  of  worship ;  jmd  he  uni 
formly,  as  a  member  of  the  council  and  of  the 
society  for  propagating  the  gospel,  exerted  him 
self  for  the  benefit  of  his  copper-colored  brethren. 
He  deeply  felt  also  for  the  enslaved  negroes. 
Between  1700  and  1710  he  published  the  sell 
ing  of  Joseph,  in  which  he  advocated  their 
rights.  He  was  critically  acquainted  with  the 
Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew  languages.  In  his 
last  sickness  he  was  resigned,  patient,  and  com 
posed,  placing  his  whole  dependence  for  salvation 
upon  the  Redeemer.  He  left  behind  him  several 
volumes  of  copies  of  letters,  and  a  diary  in  three 
volumes,  which  embraces  about  forty  years. 
From  this  it  appears,  that  as  one  of  the  judges 
at  the  trial  of  the  Salem  witches  in  1692,  he  con 
curred  in  the  sentence  of  condemnation  ;  but  he 
afterwards  of  his  own  accord  made  a  confession 
of  his  error.  It  was  read  by  his  minister,  Mr. 
Willard,  on  a  day  of  public  fast,  and  is  preserved 
in  his  diary.  He  published  an  answer  to  queries 
respecting  America,  1690 ;  proposals,  touching 
the  accomplishment  of  the  prophecies,  4to.,  1713; 
a  description  of  the  new  heavens  and  earth,  4to., 
2d  edit.,  1727.  —  Prince's  Fun.  Serm. 

SEWALL,  JOSEPH,  1).  D.,  minister  in  Boston, 
the  son  of  the  preceding,  died  June  27,  1769,  aged 
80.  He  was  born  Aug.  26,  1688,  and  was  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  college  in  1707.  Having  evinced 
a  serious  disposition  from  his  earliest  days,  he 
now  directed  his  attention  to  the  study  of  theol 
ogy.  Though  a  member  of  one  of  the  first  fam 
ilies  in  the  country,  he  sought  no  worldly  object, 
it  being  his  supreme  desire  to  serve  God  in  the 
gospel  of  his  Son.  He  was  ordained  the  minis 
ter  of  the  old  south  church  in  Boston,  as  colleague 
with  Mr.  Pemberton,  Sept.  16,  1713.  After  sur 
viving  three  colleagues,  Pemberton,  Prince,  and 
Gumming,  he  died  in  the  fifty-sixth  year  of  his 
ministry.  His  colleague,  Samuel  Blair,  was  dis 
missed  in  October  of  the  same  year,  and  in  1771 
John  Bacon  and  John  Hunt  were  ordained  minis 
ters  of  this  church.  Dr.  Sewall  possessed  re 
spectable  abilities,  and  was  well  acquainted  with 
classical  learning.  In  1724  he  was  chosen  presi 
dent  of  Harvard  college,  but  such  was  his  humil 
ity  and  the  elevation  of  his  views,  that  he  de 
clined  the  appointment,  wishing  rather  to  continue 
in  the  office  of  a  minister  of  the  gospel.  His 
chief  glory  was  the  love  of  God  and  the  zeal  to 
do  good,  for  which  he  was  conspicuous  among 
his  brethren.  Few  ministers  have  ever  lived 


SEW  ALL. 

with  such  uniform  reference  to  the  great  end  of 
their  office.  Deeply  interested  himself  in  the 
truths  of  religion,  he  reached  the  hearts  of  his 
hearers ;  and  sometimes  his  voice  was  so  modu 
lated  by  his  feelings,  and  elevated  with  zeal,  as 
irresistibly  to  seize  the  attention.  Though  he 
was  deliberate  and  cautious,  he  was  courageous  in 
withstanding  error.  lie  could  sacrifice  every 
thing  for  peace  but  duty,  and  truth,  and  holiness. 
During  his  last  illness,  which  continued  for  a 
number  of  months,  he  was  remarkable  for  his 
submission  and  patience.  While  he  acknow 
ledged  himself  to  be  an  unprofitable  servant,  he 
looked  to  the  atoning  sacrifice  of  Christ  for  par 
don,  lie  spoke  of  dying  with  cheerfulness. 
Sometimes  he  was  heard  to  say  with  great  pathos, 
"  Come,  Lord  Jesus,  come  quickly."  At  length 
he  died  as  one  who  was  assured  of  a  happy  im 
mortality.  He  married,  Oct.  29,  1713,  Elizabeth 
Wallcy,  who  died  before  him.  Only  one  child 
survived  him,  his  son,  Samuel,  who  was  a  deacon 
in  the  church  from  17G3  to  1771.  He  published 
a  sermon  on  family  religion,  171G;  on  the  death 
of  Wait  Winthrop,  1717;  of  King  George  I., 
Thomas  Lewis,  and  Samuel  Hirst,  1727  ;  of  his 
father,  1730  ;  Benjamin  Wadsworth,  1737  ;  Jo- 
siah  Willard,  1756  ;  Thomas  Prince,  1758;  Alex 
ander  Gumming,  17G3 ;  a  caveat  against  covet- 
ousness,  1718;  election  sermon,  1724;  on  a  day 
of  prayer  for  the  rising  generation,  1728;  at  the 
ordination  of  three  missionaries,  1733 ;  fast  ser 
mon  before  the  general  court,  1740 ;  sermon  at 
Thursday  lecture  ;  the  Holy  Spirit  convincing  the 
world  of  sin,  of  righteousness,  and  of  judgment, 
four  sermons,  1741 ;  on  a  day  of  prayer;  on  the 
love  of  our  neighbor,  1742;  sermon  on  Revela 
tion  Y.  11,  12,  1745;  on  the  reduction  of  Ha 
vana,  1 762.  —  Cliauncy's  Fun.  Scrm. ;  Wisner's 
Hist.,  98. 

SEWALL,  STEP-HEX,  chief  justice  of  the  supe 
rior  court  of  Massachusetts,  died  in  1760,  aged 
57.  The  nephew  of  Samuel  Sewall,  he  was  the 
son  of  Major  Stephen  Sewall  of  Salem.  His 
mother  was  Margaret,  the  daughter  of  Jonathan 
Mitchell.  He.  t»as  born  in  Dec.,  1702,  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1721.  Having 
instructed  a  school  in  Marblehead  for  several 
years,  he  began  to  preach  with  great  acceptance. 
In  1728  he  was  chosen  a  tutor  in  the  college,  and 
he  filled  this  office  till  1739,  when  he  was  called 
to  take  a  seat  on  the  bench  of  the  superior  court. 
On  the  death  of  Chief  Justice  Dudley  in  1752  he 
was  appointed  to  succeed  him,  though  not  the 
senior  judge.  He  was  also  soon  elected  a  mem 
ber  of  the  council,  and  continued  such  till  his 
death,  though  it  was  with  difficulty  that  he  could 
be  prevailed  upon  to  accept  the  appointment,  as 
he  questioned  the  propriety  of  sustaining  at  the 
same  time  the  two  offices.  His  estate  was  insol 
vent.  He  was  distinguished  for  genius  and  learn- 
92 


SEWALL. 


729 


ing.  He  united  an  uncommon  degree  of  quickness 
of  apprehension  with  a  deeply  penetrating  and 
capacious  mind.  As  a  tutor,  he  proved  that 
there  was  a  perfect  consistency  between  the  most 
vigorous  and  resolute  exertion  of  authority  and 
the  most  gentle  and  complacent  manners.  Though 
he  was  a  very  humble  and  modest  man  he  sup 
ported  the  dignity  of  a  judge.  He  \vas  an  ex 
emplary  Christian,  and  while  he  constantly 
attended  upon  the  institutions  of  the  gospel,  he 
offered  up  sacrifices  to  the  Lord  in  his  own  house, 
though,  as  he  was  never  married,  his  family  can 
not  be  supposed  to  have  had  the  deepest  interest 
in  his  affections.  His  charity  to  those  in  want 
was  so  great  that  it  has  been  thought  excessive. 
He  had  a  deep  reverence  of  the  Supreme  Being, 
and  often  spoke  with  approbation  of  the  circum 
stance  in  the  character  of  Sir  Matthew  Hale,  that  he 
never  mentioned  the  name  of  God  without  making 
a  pause  in  his  discourse.  —  Maylicw's  Fun.  Serm. 

SEWALL,  STEPHEN,  first  Hancock  professor 
of  Hebrew  in  Harvard  college,  died  July  23, 
1804,  aged  70.  He  descended  from  Henry  S.  of 
Newbury,  by  his  second  son,  John.  He  was  born 
at  York,  Maine,  in  April,  1734,  and  was  gradu 
ated  in  1761.  He  succeeded  Mr.  Monis  in  1762. 
Hebrew  had  sunk  into  contempt  in  the  hands  of 
Mr.  Monis,  but  it  was  now  brought  into  honor. 
AVhen  Mr.  Hancock  founded  the  professorship  of 
Hebrew,  he  was  inaugurated  June  17,  1765,  and 
continued  in  office  above  twenty  years.  He  took 
an  early  part  in  the  Revolution.  After  he  lost 
his  professorship,  he  led  a  very  retired  life  till 
his  death.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Professor 
Wigglesworth.  His  lectures  proved  him  to  have 
possessed  an  elegant  taste.  He  published  a  He 
brew  grammar,  8vo.,  1763;  oratio  funebris  in 
obitum  D.  Edvardi  Holyoke,  1769  ;  an  oration  on 
the  death  of  Professor  Winthrop,  1779  ;  transla 
tion  of  the  first  book  of  Young's  night  thoughts 
in  Latin,  1780  ;  carmina  sacra,  qua?  Latine  Gra> 
ceque  condidit  America,  1789 ;  the  scripture  ac 
count  of  the  Schechinah,  1794;  the  scripture 
history,  relating  to  the  overthrow  of  Sodom  and 
Gomorrah,  and  to  the  origin  of  the  salt  sea,  or 
lake  of  Sodom,  1796.  He  wrote  a  Chaldee  and 
English  dictionary,  which  is  in  the  library  of 
Harvard  college. 

SEWALL,  JONATHAN,  attorney-general  of 
Massachusetts,  died  at  Halifax  in  1796.  A  de 
scendant  of  Henry  S.,  he  was  the  nephew  of 
Chief  Justice  Stephen  S.  Having  lost  his  parents 
in  early  life,  he  Avas  educated  by  the  charity  of 
his  friends,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1748;  taught  school  in  Salem  till  1756;  then 
studied  law  with  Judge  Chambers  Itusscll  of 
Lincoln  ;  and  commenced  the  practice  in  Charles- 
town.  About  1767  he  was  appointed  attorney- 
general.  Being  a  tory  in  the  Revolution,  he 
retired  from  this  country  in  1775,  and  resided  in 


730 


SEWALL. 


Bristol.  In  1788  he  went  to  Halifax.  His  wife 
was  Esther,  daughter  of  Edmund  Quincy  of 
Quincy.  One  of  his  sons  was  attorney-general 
and  the  other  chief  justice  of  Canada.  He  had 
an  insinuating  eloquence,  was  an  acute  and  learned 
lawyer,  and  one  of  the  finest  writers  of  his  day 
in  New  England.  He  wrote  various  political  pa 
pers,  the  chief  of  which,  signed  Massachusetten- 
sis,  were  answered  by  J.  Adams,  under  whose 
name  an  account  of  them  is  given. 

SEWALL,  DAVID,  LL.  D.,  judge,  died  Oct. 
22,  1825,  aged  90.  He  was  a  descendant  of 
John,  the  second  son  of  Henry  S.,  who  lived  in 
Newbury  in  1634  ;  was  born  at  York,  Maine,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1755,  being  a 
classmate  and  friend  of  John  Adams.  In  1777 
he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
of  Massachusetts;  and  in  1789 judge  of  the  dis 
trict  court  of  the  United  States.  He  died  at 
York.  He  was  an  honest  lawyer ;  a  learned  and 
upright  judge;  a  sincere  patriot;  and  an  exem 
plary  Christian. 

SEWALL,  JONATHAN  MITCHELL,  a  poet,  was 
born  in  York  in  1749.  Being  adopted  by  his 
uncle,  Chief  Justice  Stephen  S.,  he  studied  law, 
and  in  1774  was  register  of  probate  for  Grafton 
county,  N.  II.  He  afterwards  removed  to  Ports 
mouth,  where  he  died  March  29,  1808,  aged  59. 
His  ode  of  war  and  Washington  was  celebrated, 
and  was  sung  in  the  llevolutionary  war.  A  volume 
of  his  poems  was  published,  1801.  —  Spec.  Amcr. 
Poet.  I.  198.  . 

SEWALL,  SAMUEL,  LL.  D.,  chief  justice  of 
Massachusetts,  died  June  8,  1814,  aged  56.  He 
was  the  grandson  of  Joseph  S.,  the  minister  of 
Boston  ;  was  born  in  Boston  Dec.  11,  1757;  his 
mother  was  a  daughter  of  Edmund  Quincy.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1776.  He  set 
tled  at  Marblehead,  and  in  1797  was  a  member 
of  congress  ;  in  1800  he  was  placed  upon  the 
bench  of  the  supreme  court  of  Massachusetts. 
After  the  death  of  Judge  Parsons  in  1813,  he  was 
appointed  chief  justice.  He  died  suddenly  at 
Wiscasset,  and  was  succeeded  by  Chief  Justice 
Parker.  The  gentlemen  of  the  bar  erected  a 
monument  to  his  memory.  His  sons,  Samuel 
and  Edmund  Q.,  were  ministers  of  Burlington 
and  Danvers.  — Knapp's  Biog.,  219-231. 

SEWALL,  DANIEL,  died  at  Kennebunk,  Me., 
Oct.  14,  1842,  aged  87.  Born  in  York,  the 
brother  of  Jotham,  he  Avas  early  devoted  to  farm 
ing  and  mechanics,  yet  found  time  to  study 
much,  and  became  skilled  in  mathematics  and 
natural  philosophy.  After  being  a  while  in  the 
army,  he  became  a  teacher.  He  was  register  of 
probate  from  1783  to  1820;  then  postmaster,  and 
clerk  of  the  supreme  court.  He  held  various 
other  offices.  No  one  doubted  that  he  was  a 
man  of  integrity  and  faithfulness.  He  was  the 
brother  of  Gen.  S. 


SEWALL. 

SEWALL,  THOMAS,  M.  D.,  died  in  Washing 
ton  April  10,  1845,  aged  58.  Born  in  Augusta, 
Me.,  he  studied  medicine  in  Boston.  Erom 
Essex  he  removed  to  Washington  in  1820.  In 
1821  he  was  appointed  professor  of  anatomy  in 
the  medical  college,  and  retained  this  place  till 
his  death.  He  belonged  to  the  Methodist  church, 
and  was  never  ashamed  of  the  religion  of  Christ. 
A  weekly  prayer-meeting  of  pious  members  of 
congress  was  held  at  his  house.  He  published  a 
lecture,  1825;  an  essay  on  phrenology;  and  a 
learned  tract  on  temperance,  which  was  translated 
into  German  and  circulated  in  Europe;  also 
charge,  1827  ;  a  sketch  of  Dr.  Godman,  1830.  — 
N.  Y.  Observer,  April  19,  1845. 

SEWALL,  HENRY,  general,  died  in  Augusta, 
Me.,  in  Sept.,  1845,  aged  93.  Born  in  York  in 
1752,  the  brother  of  Jotham,  he  learned  to  be  a 
mason  of  his  father.  He  joined  the  army  in 
1775  and  continued  in  it  till  the  peace.  When 
the  church  was  formed  in  Hallowell  in  1791  he 
united  with  it,  and  was  its  deacon.  He  was 
useful,  benevolent,  and  honored,  during  his  long 
life,  being  an  eminent  Christian. 

SEWALL,  DUMMER,  died  at  Chesterville,Me., 
in  1846,  aged  85.  He  was  a  patriot  of  the  Rev 
olution  and  a  pensioner.  He  went  to  C.  in  1782, 
when  it  was  an  unbroken  wilderness. 

SEWALL,  JOTHAM,  died  at  Chesterville,  Me., 
Oct.  3,  1850,  aged  90.  He  was  the  son  of  Henry, 
a  mason,  the  brother  of  Prof.  Stephen  S.  He 
was  born  in  York  Jan.  1,  1760  :  in  the  early  part 
of  his  life  he  was  a  mechanic.  For  many  years 
he  was  employed  as  a  missionary  by  societies  in 
Massachusetts  and  Maine  ;  and  he  was  widely 
useful.  His  memoirs,  by  his  son,  were  published 
in  1853.  He  was  rigidly  temperate  :  for  forty 
years  he  had  used  neither  tea  nor  coffee.  Bread 
and  milk  and  fruits  were  his  diet.  He  had  thir 
teen  children.  As  an  uneducated  preacher  he 
had  remarkable  power,  with  a  voice  of  great 
depth,  and  a  heart  of  great  tenderness.  He  was 
nearly  forty  years  old  when  he  began  to  preach ; 
yet  he  preached  in  fourteen  States,  in  four  hun 
dred  and  thirteen  different  plaees,  and  twelve 
thousand  five  hundred  and  ninety-three  limes. 
Once,  as  he  was  the  preacher  at  Brunswick,  he 
said  to  President  Appleton,  "  You  have  one  fault ; 
when  you  would  be  earnest  in  the  pulpit  or  out, 
you  open  your  eyes  so  wide  as  to  show  the  white, 
which  is  a  little  unpleasant."  The  reply  was, 
"Very  well."  After  preaching  himself,  Mr.  S. 
asked  for  the  president's  friendly  criticism,  the 
text  being  "  A  golden  bell  and  a  pomegranate," 
Exod.  XXVIII.  34,  in  the  description  of  the  priest's 
robe;  the  doctrine  deduced  being,  that  good  fruit 
should  attend  a  sounding  profession.  Dr.  A.  re 
plied  :  "  Your  sermon,  Mr.  S.,  was  valuable,  but 
not  the  less  so  because  it  had  no  connection  with 
your  text."  —  tiprague's  Annals. 


SEWALL. 


SHAW. 


731 


SEWALL,  HENRY,  minister  of  Bethel  and  of 
other  towns,  died  at  Sangerville,  Me.,  in  1850, 
aged  78.  Born  in  Bath,  he  began  to  preach  as  a 
missionary  in  1808;  he  was  settled  in  1812  in 
Hebron  and  West  Minot,  and  about  1820  in 
Bethel ;  in  1828  he  removed  to  Sangerville  and 
was  the  minister  about  sixteen  years.  He  was  a 
faithful  preacher  ;  but  he  was  obliged  to  toil  with 
his  own  hands  for  the  support  of  his  family. 

SEWARD,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  North  Kil- 
lingworth,  Conn.,  died  in  1782,  aged  about  70. 
He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1734. 

SEWELL,  JONATHAN,  LL.  D.,  judge,  died  at 
Quebec  Nov.  12,  1839,  aged  73.  He  was  chief 
justice  of  Lower  Canada. 

SEYBERT,  ADAM,  M.  D.,  died  at  Paris  May 
2,  1825,  aged  52.  Born  and  educated  in  Phila 
delphia,  in  1793  he  went  to  Europe  and  studied 
at  Paris,  London,  Edinburgh,  and  Gottingen, 
devoting  especial  attention  to  chemistry  and  min 
eralogy.  On  his  return  to  Philadelphia  he 
brought  a  good  cabinet.  For  eight  years  he  was 
a  member  of  congress.  From  1819  to  1821  he 
travelled  in  Europe  ;  and  made  a  third  voyage  in 
1824.  He  bequeathed  1,000  dollars  for  educating 
the  deaf  and  dumb,  and  500  dollars  to  the  or 
phan  asylum.  He  published  statistical  annals  of 
the  United  States  from  1789  to  1818,  4to. 

SIIAFER,  JOSEPH  L.,  D.D.,  died  at  Newton, 
N.  J.,  Nov.  12,  1853,  aged  G6.  A  graduate  of 
Princeton  in  1808,  he  was  settled  in  1812.  His 
labors  were  greatly  blessed ;  in  all  he  received 
into  his  church  six  hundred  members.  He  toiled 
successfully  for  the  establishment  of  an  academy. 
His  character  was  that  of  great  excellence.  He 
was  gentle  ;  but  faithful,  bold,  and  energetic  as  a 
preacher. 

SIIALER,  WILLIAM,  died  at  Havana  March 
29, 1833,  of  the  cholera,  aged  55.  He  was  Amer 
ican  consul  at  H.  He  was  long  consul-general 
at  Algiers.  He  had  no  family.  He  published 
sketch  of  Algiers,  1826 ;  on  the  language,  etc., 
of  the  Berbers  in  Africa,  in  Am.  phil.  trans.,  new 
series,  vol.  II. 

SHANKLIN,  ANN,  Mrs.,  died  at  the  house  of 
her  grandson,  George  W.  Dunlop,  Washington, 
Dec.  5,  1850,  aged  116. 

SHANKLIN,  J.  A.,  an  Episcopalian  minister, 
died  in  Charleston,  S.  C.,  in  1856. 

SHARP,  DANIEL,  D.  D.,  a  Baptist  minister  of 
Boston,  died  June  23,  1853,  aged  69.  Born  in 
Yorkshire,  England,  he  came  to  New  York  as  a 
merchant  at  the  age  of  19.  As  a  Baptist  minis 
ter  he  was  first  settled  in  Newark,  N.  J. ;  in 
Charles  street,  Boston,  he  was  installed  April  29, 
1812.  For  his  piety  and  useful  labors  forty-one 
years  he  was  held  in  general  and  high  respect  in 
Boston. 

SHATTUCK,  BENJAMIN,  first  minister  of  Lit 
tleton,  Mass.,  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1709, 


and  was  pastor  from  1717  to  1730,  and  was  suc 
ceeded  by  D.  Rogers.  The  time  of  his  death  is 
not  known.  His  wife  was  a  grand-daughter  of 
John  Sherman  of  Watertown.  —  Thaclier. 

SHATTUCK,  BENJAMIN,  Dr.,  a  distinguished 
physician  of  Templeton,  Mass.,  died  in  1794,  aged 
52.  He  was  grandson  of  Benjamin,  the  first 
minister  of  Littleton.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1765.  His  wife  was  Lucy  Barren,  the  daugh 
ter  of  a  brave  man,  who  fell  in  Johnson's  fight  in 
1755.  —  Thacher's  Med.  Biog. 

SHATTUCK,  GEORGE  C.,  M.D.,  died  in  Bos 
ton  March  18,  1854,  aged  70.  He  was  the  son  of 
Dr.  Benjamin  Shattuck  of  Templeton,  who  mar 
ried  Lucy  Barren,  and  died  in  1794,  aged  52,  and 
who  was  the  grandson  of  Benjamin  Shattuck,  the 
first  minister  of  Littleton.  He  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  in  1803,  and  was  president  of  the 
Massachusetts  medical  society.  He  published 
three  dissertations,  1808. 

SHAVER,  JOHN,  died  at  Burlington,  Boone 
county,  Ky.,  April  22,  1851,  aged  116. 

SHAW,  OAKES,  minister  of  Barnstable,  died 
Feb.  11,  1807,  aged  about  70.  Born  at  Bridge- 
water,  the  son  of  Rev.  John  Shaw,  he  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1758.  He  was  settled  as  the  min 
ister  of  Great  Marshes,  West  Barnstable,  Oct. 
1,  1760  :  the  sermon  was  by  John  Shaw.  A 
grateful  monument  was  erected  by  his  people, 
whom  he  faithfully  served  for  forty-six  yeai's,  com 
memorating  his  talents,  piety,  zeal,  constancy, 
his  sincerity  and  kind  affections,  and  his  many  vir 
tues.  James  Otis  was  born  in  his  parish.  Mr.  S. 
was  the  father  of  Lemuel  Shaw,  the  venerable 
chief  justice  of  Massachusetts,  at  whose  house  in 
Boston  his  widow  died  in  1839,  aged  94.  He 
had  a  brother,  who  was  a  minister  in  Haverhill. 
—  Burr's  Sermon  ;  Panoplist,  ill.  p.  43-45. 

SHAW,  JOHN,  a  physician  and  poet,  died  Jan. 
10,  1809,  aged  30.  He  was  born  at  Annapolis, 
May  4,  1778  ;  graduated  at  the  college  there  in 
1795 ;  and  in  1800  proceeded  to  the  Mediterra 
nean  in  the  frigate  Philadelphia.  At  Tunis  he 
was  the  secretary  of  Consul  Eaton.  In  the  next 
year  he  pursued  his  medical  studies  at  Edinburgh, 
and  in  1803  accompanied  Lord  Selkirk  to  Canada. 
Settling  afterwards  at  Baltimore,  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  chemistry.  He  died  while  on  a 
voyage  for  his  health.  His  poems  were  published 
in  one  vol.  12mo.,  1810. 

SHAW,  JOHN,  second  minister  of  Bridgewa- 
ter,  Mass.,  died  in  1791,  aged  about  84,  in  the 
sixtieth  year  of  his  ministry.  Born  in  East 
Bridgewater,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1729, 
and  was  ordained  in  1731.  He  succeeded  Ben 
jamin  Allen,  who  was  settled  in  1718;  and  was 
succeeded  by  Z.  Sanger.  Nunketest  was  the 
Indian  name  of  the  town.  He  published  a  ser 
mon  at  ordination  of  M.  Taft,  1752  ;  of  Oali.es 
Shaw,  1760. 


732 


SHAW. 


SHEPARD. 


SHAW,  WILLIAM,  D.  D.,  died  at  Marshfield, 
Mass.,  July  1,  1816,  aged  73.  The  son  of  Rev. 
John  S.,  and  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1762,  he 
was  ordained  April  2,  1766,  the  successor  of 
Thomas  Brown.  His  own  successors  have  been 
M.  Parris  and  Seneca  White,  who  was  installed 
in  1838.  Mr.  S.  was  the  brother  of  Rev.  Oakes 
Shaw.  He  published  a  sermon  at  ordination  of 
J.  C.  Shaw,  1793;  on  the  death  of  C.  Ilobbins, 
D.D.,  at  Plymouth,  1799. 

SHAW,  ICHABOD,  an  ingenious  artist,  of  Ply 
mouth,  Mass.,  died  in  1822,  aged  87  ;  a  descendant 
of  John,  an  early  settler.  He  venerated  the  pil 
grim  fathers,  and  his  manners  were  simple  like 
theirs. 

SHAW,  JEREMIAH,  minister  of  Moultonbor- 
ough,  X.  II.,  died  in  1834,  aged  88.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1767. 

SHAW,  PHILANDER,  minister  of  Eastham, 
died  Dec.  10,  1841,  aged  72.  The  son  of  Rev. 
William  S.  of  Marshfield,  he  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1792,  and  was  ordained  in  1797.  He 
published  a  sermon  preached  at  Welfleet,  1803. 

SHAW,  JOHN,  died  in  Woolwich,  Me.,  June 
6,  1843,  aged  91 ;  a  soldier  during  the  Revolution 
ary  Avar,  a  man  held  in  esteem. 

SHAW,  ROBERT  G.,  fifty-six  years  a  merchant 
in  Boston,  died  May  3,  1803,  aged  78.  He  was 
president  of  the  eye  and  ear  infirmary. 

SHAYS,  DANIEL,  captain,  the  leader  of  the 
rebels  in  Massachusetts,  in  1787,  was  a  captain  in 
the  Revolutionary  war.  In  the  rebellion  he  ap 
peared  at  Springfield  at  the  head  of  two  thou 
sand  men,  and  attempted  to  seize  the  arsenal; 
but  his  forces  were  dispersed  by  Gen.  Shepherd. 
He  next  assembled  a  force  at  Pclham ;  but  in 
Feb.,  1787,  Gen.  Lincoln  by  a  forced  inarch  sur 
prised  the  rebels  and  took  one  hundred  and  fifty 
prisoners,  and  put  an  end  to  the  insurrection. 
Such  was  the  lenity  of  the  government,  that  not 
a  man  was  executed.  Even  Shays,  after  hiding 
himself  a  year  or  two  in  Vermont,  obtained  a 
pardon.  He  removed  to  Sparta,  in  New  York. 
In  his  old  age  he  had  a  pension  of  20  dol 
lars  a  month  for  his  Revolutionary  services.  He 
died  Sept.  29,  1825,  aged  85.  The  clemency 
which  he  experienced,  and  which  is  honorable  to 
Massachusetts,  made  him  a  good  citizen. 

SHEAFE,  SAMSON,  died  in  1772,  aged  91. 
The  son  of  Samson  of  Newcastle,  N.  H.,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1702,  and  was  a  coun 
cillor  of  N.  H. 

SHEDD,  WILLIAM,  a  minister  for  only  a  year 
of  Abington,  Mass.,  died  in  1830,  aged  32. 
Born  in  Mount  Vernon,  N.  H.,  he  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  in  1819,  was  ordained  as  an  evange 
list  in  1823,  and  at  New  Orleans  toiled  for  the 
benefit  of  seamen  ;  and  by  a  voyage  to  England 
obtained  aid  for  founding  the  Mariner's  church 
jn  New  Orleans.  He  wrote  for  the  Spirit  of  the 


Pilgrims,  Canonicus,  and  a  review  of  Stuart  on 
the  Hebrews. 

SIIEFTALL,  LEVI,  a  respected  Jew,  died  at 
Savannah  in  Jan.,  1809,  at  an  advanced  age.  He 
had  some  agency  for  the  U.  S. 

SHELBY,  ISAAC,  colonel,  the  first  governor  of 
Kentucky,  died  in  Lincoln  county  in  1826,  aged 
75.  He  was  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution  and  dis 
tinguished  himself  in  the  battle  of  King's  Moun 
tain  ;  also  on  the  Thames,  in  Upper  Canada,  in 
the  war  of  1812.  He  was  governor  from  1792 
to  1796,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Garrand;  he 
also  succeeded  Scott  in  1812,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Madison  in  1816.  He  lost  the  use  of  his 
right  arm  by  palsy  in  1820 ;  and  died  of  apo 
plexy. 

SHELDON,  DAMEL,  general,  died  at  New 
port,  R.  I.,'  in  1822  or  1823,  aged  71.  He  was  a 
patriot  of  the  Revolution,  and  many  years  major- 
general  of  the  militia. 

SHELDON,  DANIEL,  Dr.,  an  eminent  physi 
cian  of  Litchficld,  Conn.,  died  in  1840,  aged  89. 
Born  in  Hartford,  he  studied  with  the  eccentric 
Dr.  Seth  Bird  of  L.,  and  first  practised  in  Wood- 
bury,  having  for  his  partner  Dr.  Seth  Hastings, 
father  of  the  celebrated  musician.  He  succeeded 
Dr.  Lemuel  Hopkins  in  L.,  on  his  removal  to 
Hartford.  —  Williams'  Mcd.  Eiog. 

SHELDON,  NOAH,  minister  of  Stockbridge, 
Mass.,  died  in  1856,  aged  68.  He  graduated  at 
Williams  college  in  1815. 

SHELDON,  SAMUEL,  deacon,  died  at  Suffield 
August  1,  1856,  aged  99,  in  consequence  of  be 
ing  thrown  from  his  wagon. 

SHEPARD,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  died  Aug.  25,  1649,  aged  44.  He  was 
born  near  Northampton,  England,  Nov.  5,  1605, 
and  was  educated  at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge. 
While  in  this  seminary  it  pleased  God  in  infinite 
mercy  to  awaken  him  from  his  natural  state  of 
thoughtlessness  and  sin,  to  convince  him  that  he 
had  been  entirely  selfish  in  his  desires  and  con 
duct,  to  inspire  him  with  holy  principles,  and  to 
render  him  a  humble  disciple  of  Jesus  Christ. 
He  met  afterwards  with  many  kinds  of  tempta 
tions  ;  but,  as  he  said,  he  was  never  tempted  to 
Arminianism,  his  own  experience  so  perfectly 
confuting  the  freedom  of  the  will.  After  he  left 
the  university  he  was  eminently  useful  as  a 
preacher.  His  Puritan  principles  exposing  him 
to  persecution,  he  narrowly  escaped  the  pursui 
vants,  and  arrived  at  Boston  in  this  country 
Oct.  3,  1635.  After  the  removal  of  Mr.  Hooker 
and  Mr.  Stone  to  Connecticut,  he  formed  a  church 
at  Cambridge,  and  took  the  charge  of  it  Feb.  1, 
1636.  Here  he  continued  till  his  death.  He 
was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Mitchell.  As  a  preacher 
of  evangelical  truth  and  as  a  writer  on  experi 
mental  religion,  he  was  one  of  the  most  distin 
guished  men  of  his  time.  It  was  on  account  of 


SIIEPARD. 

the  energy  of  his  preaching,  and  his  vigilance  in 
detecting  and  zeal  in  opposing  the  errors  of  the 
day,  that  when  the  foundation  of  a  college  was  to 
be  laid,  Cambridge,  rather  than  any  other  place, 
was  pitched  upon  as  the  scat  of  the  seminary. 
He  was  the  patron  of  learning  and  essentially  pro 
moted  its  interests.  He  was  distinguished  for 
his  humility  and  piety.  Under  heavy  afflictions 
he  acknowledged  that  he  deserved  nothing  but 
misery,  and  bowed  submissive  to  the  Divine  will. 
He  usually  wrote  his  sermons  so  early  for  the 
Sabbath,  that  he  could  devote  a  part  of  Saturday 
to  prepare  his  heart  for  the  solemn  and  affection 
ate  discharge  of  the  duties  of  the  following  day. 
lie  published  thesis  sabbaticaD ;  a  letter,  entitled 
New  England's^  lamentation  for  Old  England's 
errors,  1645;  cautions  against  spiritual  drunken 
ness,  a  sermon  ;  subjection  to  Christ  ih  all  his  or 
dinances  the  best  means  to  preserve  our  liberty, 
to  which  is  added  a  treatise  on  ineffectual  hearing 
of  the  word  ;  the  sincere  convert ;  the  sound  be 
liever,  a  treatise  on  evangelical  conversion  ;  sing 
ing  of  psalms  a  gospel  ordinance  ;  the  clear  sun 
shine  of  the  gospel  upon  the  Indians,  4to.,  1648 ; 
a  treatise  of  liturgies,  power  of  the  keys,  and 
matter  of  the  visible  church,  in  answer  to  Mr. 
Ball,  4to.,  1653  ;  the  evangelical  call ;  select  cases 
resolved  and  first  principles  of  the  oracles  of 
God ;  these  were  republished,  together  with  med 
itations  and  spiritual  experiences,  extracted  from 
his  private  diary,  by  Mr.  Prince  of  Boston,  1747  ; 
of  the  right  use  of  liberty ;  reply  to  Gauden, 
1661  ;  the  parable  of  the  ten  virgins;  the  church- 
membership  of  children  and  their  right  to  bap 
tism,  1663;  the  saint's  jewel  and  the  soul's  imita 
tion  of  Jesus  Christ,  two  sermons  ;  the  four  last 
things,  4to.  —  Mather's  Magnalia,  III.  84-93; 
Sprague's  Annals. 

SHEPARD,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Rowley, 
Mass.,  died  in  1668,  aged  27.  The  son  of  Rev. 
Thomas  S.  of  Cambridge,  he  graduated  in  1658, 
and  was  ordained  in  1665  as  colleague  with  Mr. 
Phillips.  His  wife  was  Dorothy,  daughter  of 
Rev.  II.  Flint. 

SIIEPARD,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Charles- 
town,  Mass.,  the  son  of  Rev.  Thomas,  was  born 
in  London  April  5,  1635;  was  graduated  at  Har 
vard  college  in  1653 ;  and  ordained  April  13, 
1659,  as  colleague  to  Mr.  Symmes.  After  a  min 
istry  of  eighteen  years  he  died  of  the  small  pox 
Dec.  22,  1677,  aged  42.  President  Oakes  in  a 
Latin  oration  represents  Mr.  Shepard  as  distin 
guished  for  his  erudition,  prudence,  modesty,  and 
integrity,  as  a  strenuous  defender  of  the  ortho 
dox  faith,  and  as  holding  the  first  rank  among 
the  ministers  of  his  day.  He  published  the  elec 
tion  sermon,  1672.  In  Mather's  Magnalia  there 
is  preserved  a  paper  of  excellent  instructions  to 
his  son,  a  student  at  college,  who  afterwards  suc 
ceeded  him  at  Charlcstown  in  1680,  but  died 


SHEPARD. 


733 


in  1685.  —  Magnalia,  IV.,  189-202;   Oakcs'  El- 

e9y- 

SHEPARD,  JEREMIAH,  minister  of  Lynn, 
Mass.,  died  in  1720,  aged  72,  in  the  forty-second 
year  of  his  ministry.  The  son  of  Rev.  Thomas 
of  Cambridge,  he  graduated  in  1669.  He  first 
preached  for  a  time  in  Rowley  and  Ipswich.  He 
was  faithful,  courageous,  zealous,  active  ;  of  a 
free,  generous  spirit  and  cheerful  conversation. 
He  published  a  Sort  of  believers  never  saved, 
1711;  election  sermon,  1715.  t 

SHEPARD,  MASE,  D.  1).,  minister  of  Little 
Compton,  11.  I.,  died  Feb.  14,  1821,  aged  63. 
Born  in  Norton,  he  was  a  descendant  of  Thomas, 
who  died  in  Milton,  1719.  He  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  in  1785,  and  was  settled  in  Septem 
ber,  1787.  He  was  a  distinguished  and  success 
ful  preacher ;  a  man  of  commanding  presence 
and  powerful  voice,  addressing  the  people  with  a 
warm  heart,  without  any  notes.  In  his  conversa 
tion  and  conduct  he  won  the  affections  of  all. 
His  chosen  theme  in  preaching  was  the  sovereign 
mercy  of  God.  In  one  of  several  revivals  of  re 
ligion,  he  received  in  one  year  one  hundred  and 
twenty  persons  into  his  church.  He  was  the 
father  of  Prof.  Charles  U.  Shepard.  —  Sprague's 
Annals. 

SHEPARD,  STEPHEX,  missionary  printer  at 
the  Sandwich  Islands,  died  July  6,  1834,  at  Hon 
olulu.  Born  in  Johnstown,  N.  Y.,  he  embarked 
at  Boston  Nov.,  1827,  to  succeed  Mr.  Loomis  as 
printer  soon  after  the  printing  of  Luke  was  com 
menced.  He  was  anxious  to  give  the  Scriptures 
to  the  islanders;  but  ill  health  took  him  off  from 
his  labors  in  1831.  His  death  was  peaceful  and 
joyful,  his  mind  resting  on  the  promises  of  the  bible. 

SHEPARD,  THOMAS  W.,  died  at  Northamp 
ton,  Mass.,  in  1843,  aged  49.  He  was  postmaster, 
and  publisher  of  the  Hampshire  Gazette. 

SHEPARD,  Mr.,  died  near  Cleveland,  about 
1846,  aged  118. 

SIIEPARD,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  minister  of 
Lenox,  Mass.,  died  Jan.  4, 1846,  aged  72.  Born 
in  Chatham,  now  Portland,  Conn.,  the  son  of 
Daniel,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1793.  He  lived 
at  Lenox  more  than  half  a  century.  His  brother, 
Deacon  Daniel  S.,  died  in  Portland,  Conn.,  in 
1850,  aged  96.  He  published  the  election  ser 
mon,  1806  ;  at  execution  of  E.  Wheeler;  on  fif 
tieth  anniversary  of  his  ordination,  1845.  — 
Sprague's  Annals. 

SIIEPARD,  MICHAEL,  died  in  Salem,  Mass., 
Oct.  10,  1856.  He  had  been  forty-three  years  a 
member  of  the  first  Baptist  church  and  a  very 
exemplary  Christian.  Among  his  ways  of  doing 
good  was  the  gift  of  thousands  of  dollars  to  the 
Newton  theological  institution  and  to  a  missionary 
society.  He  managed  most  wisely  the  property 
of  many  widows  and  orphans,  securing  their 
warmest  gratitude ;  and  he  was  liberal  to  the 


734 


SHEPHERD. 


poor.    He  was  ever  devout ;  and  he  entered  into  ' 
rest,  trusting   for   salvation   in  the   Lord   Jesus 
Christ. 

SHEPHERD,  SAMUEL  N.,  son  of  Rev.  Samuel 
S.,  and  the  minister  of  Madison,  Conn.,  died 
Sept.  30,  1856,  aged  57,  having  been  a  successful 
pastor  thirty-one  years,  highly  esteemed.  He 
was  a  graduate  of  Williams  college  in  1821.  In 
good  health,  he  was  seized  with  illness  in  the 
morning  and  died  in  the  afternoon. 

SHEPHERD,  LEVI,  Dr.,  died  at  Northampton, 
Mass.,  in  1805.  He  was  the  father  of  Thomas, 
postmaster,  who  died  in  1846,  aged  68. 

SHEPHERD,  WILLIAM,  general,  died  at 
Westfield  Nov.  11,  1817,  aged  nearly  80,  being 
born  Dec.  1,  1737.  He  was  the  son  of  Deacon 
John  S.  ;  entering  the  army  at  the  age  of  17,  he 
was  six  years  a  captain  under  Amherst,  from 
1759,  and  was  in  various  battles,  as  of  fort  Wil 
liam  Henry,  Crown  Point,  etc.  He  married  Sa 
rah  Dewey,  who  was  fifty-seven  years  his  wife. 
Entering  the  army  of  the  Revolution  as  a  lieu 
tenant-colonel,  he  was  in  1783  a  brigadier-general. 
He  fought  in  twenty- two  battles.  He  was  major- 
general  of  the  militia.  From  1797  he  was  a 
member  of  congress  for  six  years.  A  virtuous, 
good  man,  he  was  thirty-four  years  a  professor  of 
religion  and  a  constant  attendant  upon  public 
worship.  His  house  was  a  house  of  prayer. 

SHEPPARD,  MOSES,  a  retired  merchant  of 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  died  Jan.  31,  1857.  He  left 
600,000  dollars  as  a  fund  for  an  insane  asylum. 

SHEPLEY,  JOHX,  a  lawyer,  died  at  Saco, 
Me.,  1857,  aged  about  70.  There  was  a  John 
Shepley  in  Salem,  in  1630,  who  might  have  been 
the  ancestor  of  men  of  the  name  in  New  Eng 
land.  He  once  lived  in  Fitchburg,  Mass.,  and 
was  a  member  of  the  legislature.  Removing  to 
Maine,  he  was  a  law-partner  of  his  brother, 
Chief  Justice  Ether  Shepley.  He  was  reporter 
of  the  supreme  court  four  years. 

SHERMAN,  JOHX,  minister  of  Watertown, 
Mass.,  died  Aug.  8,  1675,  aged  71.  He  was  born 
in  England  in  1613,  and  educated  at  Cambridge. 
His  Puritan  principles  induced  him  to  come  to 
this  country  in  1634.  After  being  a  short  time 
an  assistant  to  Mr.  Phillips  at  Watertown,  he  re 
moved  to  Connecticut,  where  he  preached  occa 
sionally.  But  after  the  death  of  Mr.  Phillips  in 
1644,  he  returned  to  Watertown,  and  was  minis- 
ier  in  that  place  till  his  death.  He  was  succeeded 
by  John  Bailey.  Besides  being  a  distinguished 
divine,  Mr.  Sherman  was  an  eminent  mathema 
tician,  and  published  a  number  of  almanacs,  to 
which  pious  reflections  were  added.  Though  he 
was  a  very  humble  man,  in  his  preaching  there 
was  an  unaffected  loftiness  of  style,  and  his  dis 
courses  were  enriched  with  figures  of  oratory. 
He  was  twice  married,  having  by  his  first  wife  six 


SHERMAN. 

children,  and  twenty  by   his  last.  —  MagnaUa, 
m.  162-165. 

SHERMAN,  JOSIAH,  minister  of  Woburn, 
Mass.,  died  in  1789,  aged  about  55.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Princeton  in  1754.  He  was  the  brother 
of  Roger  Sherman  of  Connecticut.  His  prede 
cessors  were  T.  Carter,  Jabez  Fox,  John  Fox,  E. 
Jackson. 

SHERMAN,  ROGER,  senator  of  the  United 
States,  died  July  23,  1793,  aged  72.  He  was  a 
descendant  of  Capt.  John  S.,  who  lived  in  Wa 
tertown,  Mass.,  in  1637,  and  was  a  representative 
in  1663 ;  he  was  born  at  Newton,  Mass.,  April 
19,  1721.  His  father,  William  S.,  a  farmer,  could 
give  him  no  advantages  for  education,  excepting 
those  of  a  common  school.  Yet  was  he  eager  in 
the  pursuit  of  knowledge.  Apprenticed  to  a 
shoemaker,  he  often  had  a  book  open  before  him 
while  at  work  on  his  seat.  The  care  of  a  numer 
ous  family  devolved  on  him  on  the  death  of  his 
father  in  1741.  He  kindly  provided  for  his  mother, 
and  assisted  two  brothers,  afterwards  ministers, 
to  obtain  an  education.  He  removed  in  1743  to 
New  Milford,  Conn.,  carrying  his  tools  upon  his 
back.  He  soon  relinquished  his  trade  and  be 
came  the  partner  of  an  elder  brother,  a  country 
merchant  at  New  Milford.  In  1745  he  was  ap 
pointed  county  surveyor.  Having  acquired  a 
competent  knowledge  of  the  law,  he  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1754.  In  the  following  year  he  was 
appointed  a  justice  of  the  peace  ;  he  was  also 
chosen  a  representative  in  the  legislature,  and  a 
deacon  in  the  church.  Removing  to  New  Haven 
in  1761,  he  was  in  1766  chosen  an  assistant  of 
the  colony,  and  appointed  a  judge  of  the  superior 
court,  which  office  he  held  for  twenty-three  years. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  first  congress  in  1774, 
and  continued  a  member  nineteen  years  till  his 
death.  He  was  one  of  those  who  signed  the 
act  of  independence  in  1776.  During  the  war 
he  was  a  member  of  the  governor's  council 
of  safety.  After  the  adoption  of  the  consti 
tution  of  the  United  States,  of  the  convention 
for  framing  which  he  was  a  conspicuous  mem 
ber,  he  was  elected  a  representative  to  con 
gress.  Being  chosen  a  senator  in  1791,  he  con 
tinued  in  this  station  till  his  death.  By  two  wives 
he  had  fifteen  children.  Jeremiah  Evarts  mar 
ried  a  daughter.  His  son,  Roger,  died  March  5, 
1856,  aged  88,  the  oldest  man  in  New  Haven. 
His  talents  were  solid  and  useful ;  his  judgment 
unfailing.  Mr.  Macon  said  of  him :  "  Roger 
Sherman  had  more  common  sense  than  any  man 
I  ever  knew."  Mr.  Jefferson  pointed  him  out  as 
a  man  "  who  never  said  a  foolish  thing  in  his 
life."  He  was  eminently  a  self-taught  man.  Few 
young  men  can  reach  the  political  distinction  of 
Roger  Sherman  ;  all  may  possess  his  integrity, 
and  industry,  and  love  of  science  and  truth. 


SHERMAN. 


SHIRLEY. 


735 


Having  made  a  public  profession  of  religion  at 
the  age  of  twenty-one,  he  was  never  ashamed  to 
advocate  the  peculiar  doctrines  of  the  gospel, 
which  arc  often  so  unwelcome  to  men  of  worldly 
eminence.  His  sentiments  were  derived  from  the 
word  of  God  and  not  from  the  exertions  of  his 
own  reason.  In  the  relations  of  private  life  he 
secured  esteem  and  affection.  —  Goodrich. 

SHERMAN,  NATHANIEL,  minister  of  Mount 
Carmel,  Conn.,  died  in  1797,  aged  74.  Born  in 
Newton,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Princeton  in 
1753  ;  was  pastor  at  Bedford  from  1756  to  1767  ; 
and  was  installed  at  M.  C.  in  1768. 

SHERMAN,  JOHN,  minister  of  Mansfield, 
died  at  Trenton,  N.  Y.,  in  1828,  aged  about  54. 
A  grandson  of  Roger  Sherman,  and  a  graduate 
of  Yale  in  1792,  he  was  settled  in  1797  in  the 
south  parish  of  M.  Soon  in  a  revival  many  were 
added  to  his  church.  In  his  religious  opinions 
he  became  anti-trinitarian,  first  adopting  Watts' 
scheme,  then  becoming  an  Arian,  next  a  Socinian. 
He  was  dismissed  by  a  ministerial  council  in  1805. 
Tie  published  one  God  in  one  person  only, 
which  was  answered  by  D.  Dow ;  also  statement 
of  his  difficulties.  Judge  Vanderkemp  answered 
Mr.  Dow ;  and  Mr.  Welsh  answered  the  state 
ment. 

SHERMAN,  DAVID  A.,  died  in  Racine  county, 
Wisconsin,  Dec.  4,  1843,  aged  63.  Born  in  New- 
Haven,  he  graduated  in  1802,  and  was  six  years 
a  tutor  in  the  college;  afterwards  he  was  the 
president  of  a  college  in  East  Tennessee,  and  a 
missionary  in  Wisconsin. 

SHERMAN,  ROGER  MINOTT,  judge,  died  in 
Fairfield,  Conn.,  Dec.  30,  1844,  aged  71.  He 
was  born  in  Woburn,  Mass. ;  the  son  of  Rev. 
Josiah  and  the  nephew  of  Roger  Sherman,  and 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1792.  As  a  lawyer  he  was 
eminent  in  Norwalk  and  Fairfield.  He  was  a 
judge  of  the  superior  court  from  1840  to  1842. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Hartford  convention  in 
1814.  He  united  the  embellishments  of  litera 
ture  and  science  and  the  graces  of  Christianity. 
His  wife  was  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Dr.  William 
Gould  of  Branford  and  New  Haven. 

SHERMAN,  JOSEPH,  LL.  D.,  president  of 
Jackson  college,  Tenn.,  died  in  1849,  aged  49; 
a  graduate  of  Bowdoin  in  1826. 

SHERAVOOD,  RET-BEN,  D.  D.,  an  Episcopa 
lian  minister,  died  at  Hyde  Park,  N.  Y.,  in  1856, 
aged  67. 

SHEW,  JOEL,  died  at  Oyster  Bay,  Long  Isl 
and,  Oct.  6,  1855.  An  eminent  water-cure  doctor, 
he  died  of  the  dropsy. 

SHINE,  DANIEL,  a  Methodist  minister,  died 
at  Louisburg,  N.  C.,  in  1829,  aged  62. 

SIIIPHERD,  JOHN  J.,  died  Sept.  16,  1846, 
at  Walton,  Michigan,  aged  42.  He  had  been  a 
minister  at  Elyria.  He  was  the  projector  and 
founder  of  Oberlin  institute  and  colony. 


SHIPMAN,  NATHANIEL,  judge,  died  in  Nor 
wich,  Conn.,  July  14,  1853,  aged  89;  a  much  re 
spected  citizen.  He  became  a  member  of  the 
church  seven  years  before  his  death,  and  ho  died 
in  peace.  His  only  son,  T.  L.  Shipman,  was  then 
a  minister  of  Jewett  city. 

SHIPPEN,  EDWARD,  one  of  the  first  settlers 
of  Pennsylvania,  was  a  native  of  England,  and  a 
member  of  the  society  of  Friends.  He  came  to 
Massachusetts  to  avoid  persecution,  and  settled 
at  Boston  as  early  as  1669,  but  persecution  drove 
him  thence  to  Pennsylvania,  in  which  colony  he 
was  speaker  of  the  house  of  assembly,  and  mem 
ber  of  the  governor's  council.  He  was  also  the 
first  mayor  of  Philadelphia.  His  descendants 
have  been  persons  of  distinction  to  the  present 
day.  —  Miller,  II.  340. 

SHIPPEN,  WILLIAM,  Dr.,  a  physician  of 
Philadelphia,  died  in  1801,  aged  89.  He  was 
born  in  P. ;  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
college  of  New  Jersey,  and  a  valuable  member 
for  seventy  years  of  the  Presbyterian  church.  — 
Thaclier's  Med.  liiog. 

SHIPPEN,  EDWARD,  LL.  D.,  chief  justice  of 
Pennsylvania,  a  descendant  of  Edward  S.,  re 
ceived  this  appointment  in  1799,  but  resigned  it 
in  Feb.,  1806.  He  died  April  15, 1806,  aged  77. 

SHIPPEN,  WILLIAM,  M.  D.,  first  professor 
of  anatomy  in  (he  university  of  Pennsylvania,  died 
at  Germantown  July  11,  1808,  aged  74.  He  was 
a  descendant  of  Edward  S.,  and  was  graduated 
at  the  college  in  New  Jersey  in  1754.  The  son 
of  Dr.  William  S.,  after  studying  medicine  for 
some  time  in  Philadelphia,  he  completed  his 
medical  education  at  Edinburgh.  After  his  re 
turn  he  commenced  in  1764  a  course  of  lectures 
on  anatomy  at  Philadelphia,  which  were  the  first 
ever  pronounced  in  the  new  world.  Being  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  medical  school,  he  was  ap 
pointed  professor  of  anatomy  in  1765.  He  had 
to  struggle  with  many  difficulties,  and  his  life  was 
sometimes  endangered  by  a  mob  in  consequence 
of  his  dissections.  But  he  lived  to  see  the  insti 
tution  divided  into  five  branches,  all  of  which 
were  supplied  with  able  professors,  his  own  pu 
pils,  and  become  a  rival  to  the  medical  school  at 
Edinburgh.  Instead  of  the  ten  students,  whom 
he  first  addressed,  he  lived  to  address  two  hun 
dred  and  fifty.  About  the  year  1777  he  was  ap 
pointed  director-general  of  the  medical  depart 
ment  in  the  army  of  the  United  States,  in  the 
place  of  Dr.  Morgan.  The  death  of  an  only  son 
in  1798  caused  an  almost  entire  abandonment  of 
his  duties  as  a  practitioner  and  lecturer ;  but  he 
partially  recovered  his  spirits  and  delivered  a 
course  of  lectures  in  1807.  As  a  demonstrator 
of  anatomy  and  a  physician  he  was  very  distin 
guished.  He  resigned  his  professorship  in  1806 
into  the  hands  of  his  colleague,  Dr.  Wistar. 

SHIRLEY,  WILLIAM,  governor  of  Massachu- 


736 


SHORT. 


SHUTE. 


setts,  died  at  Roxbury  in  1771,  aged  60  or  70. 
He  was  a  native  of  England,  and  was  bred  to 
the  law.  After  his  arrival  at  Boston  about  the 
year  1733,  he  practised  in  his  profession  till  he 
received  his  commission  as  governor  in  1741,  in 
the  place  of  Mr.  Belcher.  He  planned  the  suc 
cessful  expedition  against  Cape  Breton  in  1745  ; 
but,  while  his  enterprising  spirit  deserves  com 
mendation,  some  of  his  schemes  did  not  indicate 
much  skill  in  the  arts  of  navigation  and  war.  He 
went  to  England  in  1745,  leaving  Spencer  Phipps, 
the  lieutenant-governor,  commander-in-chief,  but 
returned  in  1753.  In  1754  he  held  a  treaty  with 
the  eastern  Indians,  and  explored  the  Kennebec, 
erecting  two  or  three  forts.  In  1755,  being  com 
mander-in-chief  of  the  British  forces  in  America, 
he  planned  an  expedition  against  Niagara,  and 
proceeded  himself  as  far  as  Oswego.  In  June, 
1756,  he  was  superseded  in  the  command  of  the 
army  by  Abercrombie.  He  embarked  for  Eng 
land  in  September,  and  was  succeeded  by  Mr. 
Pownall.  After  having  been  for  a  number  of 
years  governor  of  one  of  the  Bahama  islands,  he 
returned  to  Massachusetts.  Though  he  held  sev 
eral  of  the  most  lucrative  offices  within  the  gift 
of  the  crown  in  America,  yet  he  left  no  property 
to  his  children.  The  abolition  of  the  paper  cur 
rency  was  owing  in  a  great  degree  to  his  firmness 
and  perseverance.  His  penetration  and  unre 
mitting  industry  gained  him  a  high  reputation. 
But  it  Avas  thought,  that,  as  a  military  officer,  he 
was  not  sufficiently  active  in  seizing  the  moment 
for  success.  During  his  administration  England 
learned  the  importance  of  this  country,  and  the 
colonists  learned  to  fight,  and  thus  were  trained 
for  the  mighty  contest  which  in  a  few  years  com 
menced.  His  instructions  to  Pepperell,  with  a 
full  account  of  the  expedition  against  Louir.burg, 
are  preserved  in  the  first  volume  of  the  historical 
collections.  He  published  Electra,  a  tragedy,  and 
birth  of  Hercules,  a  masque,  1765. 

SHORT,  WILLIAM,  died  in  Philadelphia  Dec. 
5,  1850,  aged  91.  A  native  of  Virginia,  a  class 
mate  at  college  with  Judge  Marshall,  in  1774  he 
was  secretary  of  legation  under  Jefferson  to 
France.  Under  the  present  constitution  he  was 
the  first  citizen  nominated  to  a  public  office,  hold 
ing  a  commission  from  Washington  as  charge  to 
the  French  republic;  and  by  him  was  appointed 
minister  at  the  Hague,  and  to  Spain.  His  State 
papers  were  written  with  great  research  and  clear 
ness. 

SHOSIIAXIM,  the  last  sachem  of  the  Nash- 
away  Indians,  joined  Philip  in  his  war.  He  was 
taken  prisoner  and  executed  at  Boston. 

SHOVE,  GEORGE,  minister  of  Taunton,  died 
in  1687,  aged  about  42.  Born  in  Dorchester,  he 
was  ordained  in  1G65. 

SHOVE,  SETH,  the  first  minister  of  Danbury, 
Conn.,  died  in  1735,  aged  about  68.  He  was  the 


son  of  Rev.  George  S. ;  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1687  ;  and  was  settled  in  1697. 

SHREVE,  HENRY  M.,  died  in  St.  Louis  March 
6,  1851 ;  for  forty  years  identified  with  western 
navigation.  He  invented  the  steam  snagboat, 
and  was  superintendent  of  western  river  improve 
ments. —  Democratic  Review. 

SHUBRICK,  IRVINE,  lieutenant  in  the  navy, 
died  at  Philadelphia  in  1849,  aged  52.  He  was 
a  native  of  South  Carolina,  and  was  distinguished 
in  various  actions  in  the  war  of  1812. 

SHUCK,  ELIZA  G.,  wife  of  J.  L.  Shuck,  Bap 
tist  missionary  in  China,  died  in  1851,  aged  28. 

SHULTZ,  JOHN  A.,  governor  of  Pennsylvania, 
died  in  Lancaster  in  1852,  aged  80.  He  was 
chosen  governor  in  1823  and  1826. 

SHURTLEFF,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Ports 
mouth,  died  May  9,  1747,  aged  about  60.  Born 
in  Plymouth,  Mass.,  he  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1707;  ordained  at  New  Castle  in  1712,  and  re 
moved  in  1732  ;  installed  in  the  south  parish  of 
Portsmouth  Feb.  21,1733,  as  successor  of  Mr. 
Emerson  ;  he  was  followed  by  Job  Strong.  He 
was  a  faithful  minister.  In  1742  there  were 
added  to  his  church  sixty-three  persons.  He 
published  these  sermons :  at  the  ordination  of 
N.  Merrill,  1726;  on  the  sufferings  of  ship 
wrecked  mariners  ;  at  ordination  of  N.  Goohin ; 
on  the  execution  of  two  persons,  1739  ;  at  a  lec 
ture  in  Boston,  1741 ;  account  of  the  revival  at 
Portsmouth  in  Christian  history ;  a  letter  to  his 
brethren  refusing  to  admit  Whitcfield  into  their 
pulpits. 

SHURTLEFF,  BENJAMIN,  M.  D.,  died  at 
Boston  April  12,  1847,  aged  71.  A  graduate  of 
Brown  university  in  1796,  he  was  a  physician  in 
extensive  and  successful  practice. 

SHUTE,  SAMUEL,  governor  of  Massachusetts, 
died  in  1742,  aged  80.  He  was  the  son  of  mi 
eminent  citizen  of  London.  His  mother  was  the 
daughter  of  Mr.  Caryl,  a  dissenting  minister  of 
distinction.  His  early  education  was  under  the 
care  of  Charles  Morton.  From  London  he  was 
sent  to  Leyden,  and  afterwards  he  entered  the 
army  of  King  William,  served  under  Marlbo- 
rough,  and  became  a  lieutenant-colonel.  He  was 
wounded  in  one  of  the  principal  battles  in  Fbn- 
ders.  Arriving  at  Boston  as  governor  Oct.  4, 
1716,  in  the  place  of  Dudley,  he  continued  in 
office  a  little  more  than  six  years.  Ho  embarked 
Jan.  1,  1723,  on  his  return  to  England,  with  com 
plaints  against  the  province.  Governor  Burnet 
succeeded  him.  During  his  administration  be 
maintained  a  warm  controversy  with  the  house 
of  representatives.  lie  endeavored  in  vain  to 
procure  a  fixed  salary,  an  object  which  Dudley 
had  sought  without  effect.  His  right  of  ncgallv- 
ing  the  speaker  was  denied,  and  his  powers  r.s 
commander-in-chief  were  assumed  by  the  houcc. 
In  consequence  of  his  complaints  an  explanatory 


SHUTE. 


SKEXONDOU. 


737 


charter  was  procured  in  1724,  which  confirmed 
the  governor  in  the  rights  for  which  he  had  con 
tended.  He  died  in  England.  —  Hutchinson,  n. 
215-217,  238;  Minot,  I.  Gl. 

SHUTE,  DANIEL,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Hingham, 
Mass.,  died  Aug.  30,  1802,  aged  80.  He  was 
born  July  19,  1722,  and  was  graduated  at  Har 
vard  college  in  1743.  He  was  ordained  pastor 
of  the  second  church  in  II.,  Dec.  10,  1746.  By 
the  failure  of  his  sight  being  under  the  necessity 
of  quitting  his  public  labors,  Mr.  Whitney  was 
ordained  his  colleague  Jan.  1,  1800.  Under  the 
infirmities  of  age  he  was  serene  and  patient.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  convention  which  formed 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States.  He  pub 
lished  artillery  election  sermon,  17G7  ;  election 
sermon,  1768;  on  the  death  of  E.  Gay,  1787. 

SIBLEY,  MARK  II.,  judge,  died  at  Canandai- 
gua  Sept.  8,  1852,  aged  56.  Born  in  Great  Bar- 
rington,  he  settled  in  1814  as  a  lawyer  inC.  He 
sustained  various  offices  ;  was  eloquent,  and  had 
rare  colloquial  powers. 

SICCARY,  Dr.,  died  in  Virginia.  Mr.  Jeffer 
son  says  he  introduced  the  tomato  plant.  He 
maintained  that  by  eating  in  sufficient  abundance 
of  the  plant  one  need  not  die.  He  did  not  eat 
enough,  according  to  his  theory;  for  he  died, 
though  in  a  good  old  age.  He  was  a  Portu 
guese  Jew. 

SIGNAY,  JOSEPH,  Catholic  archbishop  of  Que 
bec,  died  Oct.  3,  1850,  aged  71.  He  was  made 
bishop  in  1833,  and  archbishop  in  1844. 

SILLIMAN,  ROBERT,  minister  in  Saybrook, 
Conn.,  died  in  1786,  aged  about  70.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  in  1737.  He  was  the  first  minister 
of  New  Canaan,  about  1770,  and  went  to  S.  in 
1774. 

SILLIMAN,  GERSHOM,  a  Baptist  elder,  died 
in  Illinois  in  1857,  aged  73.  He  was  born  in 
Weston,  Conn.,  and  was  one  of  the  fathers  of  the 
Baptist  church  in  the  west. 

SILSBEE,  NATHANIEL,  died  at  Salem  July  1, 
1850,  aged  77.  He  was  a  successful  merchant, 
and  sustained  various  offices  ;  he  was  a  senator 
of  the  U.  S.  from  1826  to  1835. 

SIMMONS,  GEORGE  F.,dicd  in  Concord,  Mass., 
Sept.  5,  1855,  aged  41,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in 
1832;  and  much  of  a  martyr  to  his  opinions  and 
utterances  concerning  slavery.  He  was  ordained 
in  1838  as  an  evangelist  in  Boston,  and  soon  was 
a  minister  in  Mobile  ;  but,  offending  the  slave 
holders  by  a  sermon,  he  was  obliged  to  flee,  con 
cealed  in  a  vessel,  —  such  are  the  selfish  bigotry 
and  ruffian  tyranny  of  southern  slave-masters. 
He  next  was  a  minister  in  Waltham,  a  colleague 
with  his  father-in-law,  Mr.  Ripley;  and  after 
wards  in  Springfield,  as  the  successor  of  W.  B.  O. 
Peabody  ;  but  both  places  he  was  compelled  to 
leave  on  account  of  his  anti-slavery  pulpit  utter 
ances.  He  next  was  settled  in  Albany;  his  ill- 
93 


health  carried  him  to  Concord,  the  place  of  his 
death. 

SIMMONS,  CHARLES,  died  at  North  Wren- 
tham  May  12,  1856,  aged  58.  He  was  a  minis 
ter,  and  known  as  the  author  of  Scripture  manual, 
and  also  of  a  laconic  manual. 

SIMONDS,  BENJAMIN,  colonel,  died  at  Wil- 
liamstown  April  11,  1807,  aged  81.  He  was  an 
early  settler,  a  soldier  at  the  age  of  twenty,  a 
man  of  enterprise  and  wealth. 

SIMPKINS,  JOHN,  minister  of  Brewster,  died 
at  Boston  Feb.  28,  1843,  aged  75.  A  son  of 
Deacon  John  S.  of  Boston,  he  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1786,  and  in  1791  was  ordained  at  Har 
wich,  now  Brewster,  as  successor  of  J.  Dunster, 
who  was  pastor  forty-three  years.  He  was  a 
good  scholar  and  divine,  evangelical  but  liberal. 
For  some  years  he  was  in  poor  health  and  had 
retired  from  the  ministry. 

SIMPSON,  SAMSON,  a  Jew,  died  at  New  York 
in  1857,  leaving  50,000  dollars,  the  interest  to  be 
applied  to  meliorate  the  condition  of  the  Jews  at 
Jerusalem,  by  promoting  education  and  skill  in 
various  arts. 

SIMS,  EDWARD  D.,  died  suddenly  April  15, 
1845.  He  was  professor  of  English  literature  in 
the  university  of  Alabama ;  and  a  member  of  the 
Methodist  church. 

SITGREAVES,  JOHN,  district  judge  of  North 
Carolina,  was  an  officer  in  the  Revolutionary  war, 
and  a  member  of  congress  after  the  peace.  He 
died  at  Halifax,  N.  C.,  in  March,  1802. 

SKELTON,  SAMUEL,  one  of  the  first  minis 
ters  of  Salem,  Mass.,  died  Aug.  2, 1634.  He  was 
a  preacher  in  Lincolnshire,  England,  and,  being 
persecuted  for  his  nonconformity,  came  to  this 
country  in  June,  1629,  and  was  ordained  with 
Mr.  Higginson  at  Salem  August  6th.  After  the 
death  of  his  colleague  he  had  for  his  assistant 
Roger  Williams.  Though  strict  in  discipline,  he 
was  a  friend  to  the  utmost  equality  of  privileges 
in  church  and  State.  His  fears  of  the  assump 
tion  of  authority  by  the  clergy  made  him  jealous 
of  the  ministers,  who  used  to  hold  a  meeting  once 
a  fortnight  for  mutual  improvement.  —  Magna- 
lia,  I.  16  ;  III.  74,  76 ;  Savage's  Wintlirop,  I.  26, 
31;  Morton,  82-86;  Prince,  183-191;  Neal,I. 
140,  157  ;  Hist.  Coll.  VI.  244. 

SKEXONDOU,  an  Indian  chief, died  atOneida, 
New  York,  in  1816,  aged  106  or  110.  In  his 
youth  he  was  very  savage  and  addicted  to  drunk 
enness.  In  1755  he  was  present  at  a  treaty  made 
at  Albany.  At  night  lie  was  drunk,  and  in  the 
morning  he  found  himself  in  the  street,  stripped 
of  his  ornaments  and  clothing.  Indignant  at  his 
own  folly,  he  resolved  that  he  would  never  again 
deliver  himself  over  to  the  power  of  strong  water. 
Through  the  instructions  of  Mr.  Kirkland,  a  mis 
sionary,  he  lived  a  reformed  man  for  more  than 
sixty  years.  He  died  in  Christian  hope.  From 


738 


SKINNER. 


SMIBERT. 


attachment  to  Mr.  Kirkland,  he  had  often  ex 
pressed  a  desire  to  be  buried  near  his  minister, 
that  he  might,  as  he  said,  "  Go  up  with  him  at 
the  great  resurrection."  At  the  approach  of 
death,  after  listening  to  the  prayers,  which  were 
read  at  his  bedside  by  his  great-grand-daughter, 
he  repeated  his  request.  Accordingly  his  corpse 
was  conveyed  to  the  village  of  Clinton,  where  he 
Avas  buried,  March  13,  with  distinction;  an  ad 
dress  being  made  to  the  Indians  by  Dr.  Backus, 
president  of  Hamilton  college,  and  interpreted 
by  Judge  Dean  of  Westmoreland.  After  the 
funeral  the  only  surviving  son  of  Skenondou  re 
turned  thanks  for  the  respect  shown  to  his  father. 
In  person  he  was  tall  and  brawny,  but  well  made. 
His  countenance  expressed  the  dignity  of  an  In 
dian  chief.  He  was  a  brave  and  intrepid  warrior 
in  youth,  and  an  able  counsellor  in  age.  He 
watched  the  Canadian  invasions  with  the  cunning 
of  the  fox,  and  repelled  them  with  the  agility  and 
fierceness  of  the  mountain  cat.  To  his  vigilance 
the  inhabitants  of  German  Flats  on  the  Mohawk 
were  indebted  for  preservation  from  massacre. 
His  influence  brought  his  tribe  to  our  assistance 
in  the  war  of  the  Revolution.  Among  the  Indian 
tribes  he  was  called  "  the  white  man's  friend." 
For  several  years  he  kept  his  dress  for  the  grave 
prepared,  lie  often  went  to  Clinton  to  die,  that 
his  body  might  lie  near  his  Christian  teacher.  A 
short  time  before  his  death,  he  said  to  a  friend  by 
an  interpreter :  "  I  am  an  aged  hemlock ;  the 
winds  of  an  hundred  winters  have  whistled  through 
my  branches ;  I  am  dead  at  the  top.  The  gener 
ation  to  which  I  belonged  have  run  away  and 
left  me ;  why  I  live,  the  Great  Good  Spirit  only 
knows.  Pray  to  my  Jesus,  that  I  may  have  pa 
tience  to  wait  for  my  appointed  time  to  die." 

SKIXNEIl,  RICHARD,  governor  of  Vermont, 
died  at  Manchester  May  23,  1833,  aged  55.  lie 
was  born  at  Litchfiejd,  Conn.,  in  1778;  removed 
to  Manchester  in  1800  ;  was  a  member  of  con 
gress  in  1813;  judge  of  the  supreme  court  in 
181G;  chief  justice  in  1817;  and  governor  in 
1820-1822.  He  was  again  chief  justice  from 
1824  to  1829.  For  his  private  worth  and  his 
public  services  he  was  much  respected. 

SKINNER,  DANIEL,  died  in  Corinth,  Me.,  in 
1841,  aged  98.  Born  in  Mansfield,  he  served  in 
the  French  war.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Free 
will  Baptist  church,  an  exemplary  Christian.  The 
thought,  that  all  temporal  as  well  as  spiritual  good 
came  through  the  sufferings  of  Christ,  deeply  and 
long  affected  him. 

SKINNER,  JOHN,  Dr.,  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  in  1850,  aged  85. 

SKINNER,  JOHN  S.,  colonel,  died  at  Balti 
more  in  1851,  aged  about  70.  He  was  postmas 
ter  twenty  years.  He  was  a  writer  on  agricul 
ture  ;  and  editor  of  the  Plough,  the  Loom,  and 
the  Anvil. 


SKINNER,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Colchester, 
Conn.,  died  in  17G2,  aged  about  52.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1732.  He  published  a  ser 
mon  on  the  death  of  his  wife,  1745. 

SKINNER,  ICIIABOD  LORD,  died  at  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  Jan.  29,  1852,  aged  about  80.  He  grad 
uated  at  Yale  in  1793. 

SKINNER,  EZEKIEI,  M.  D.,  a  Baptist  minis 
ter  in  Ashford  and  Westport,  Conn.,  died  in  1855, 
aged  78.  He  made  three  voyages  to  Africa  for 
the  benefit  of  the  Baptist  mission  and  the  colony. 

SLATER,  SAMUEL,  died  at  Webster,  Mass., 
April  20,  1835,  aged  67.  He  was  the  father  of 
cotton  manufactures  of  the  United  States.  The 
first  manufactory  built  in  this  country  was  built 
by  him  in  Pawtucket,  R.  I.  He  acquired  a  great 
estate.  —  Life  by  J.  L.  Slake. 

SLATER,  JOHN,  died  at  Slaterville,  R.  I.,  June 
3,  1843,  aged  67.  The  beautiful  village  of  his 
name  was  built  up  under  his  direction.  He  left, 
besides  that,  an  immense  estate. 

SLUYTER,  RICHARD,  minister  of  the  Dutch 
church  of  Claverack,  N.  Y.,  died  in  1843,  aged  55. 
In  1815  he  was  settled  as  colleague  with  Mr. 
Gebhard  over  the  churches  of  C.  and  Hillsdale. 
He  was  born  in  Nassau.  In  his  church  were  re 
vivals  in  1821-1823,  1833, 1835,  1838,  1842.  He 
received  into  the  communion  eleven  hundred 
souls. 

SMALL,  ISAAC,  died  at  Canterbury,  N.  II.,  in 

1821,  aged    101;  his   widow,   Hannah,  died   in 

1822,  aged  102. 

SMALLEY,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Berlin, 
Conn.,  died  June  1,  1820,  aged  nearly  86.  He 
was  born  in  Lebanon  Crank,  now  Columbia, 
Conn.,  in  1734,  the  son  of  Benjamin.  His  pa 
rents,  especially  his  mother,  led  him  in  the  path 
of  piety.  He  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1756, 
and  was  ordained  April  19,  1758.  He  was  a  dis 
tinguished  theologian  and  a  faithful  and  success 
ful  preacher.  He  published  sermons  on  natural 
and  moral  inability,  1760 ;  eternal  salvation  not 
a  just  debt,  against  John  Murray,  1785 ;  concio 
ad  clerum ;  at  the  election,  1800;  sermons  on 
connected  subjects,  1803;  sermons,  2  vols. — 
Sprague's  Annals. 

SMALLWOOD,  WILLIAM,  general,  governor 
of  Maryland,  died  in  1792.  lie  was  appointed 
a  brigadier  in  1776,  and  major-general  Sept.  15, 
1780.  In  the  defeat  on  Long  Island  in  August, 
his  brigade  suffered  most  severely.  Among  the 
two  hundred  and  fifty  men  whom  he  lost,  were 
many  from  the  first  families  of  Maryland.  He 
was  in  the  battle  of  Camdcn  and  ui  that  of  Ger- 
mantown  in  1777.  In  1785  he  was  a  delegate  to 
congress.  He  succeeded  Paca  as  governor  in 
1785,  and  was  succeeded  by  Howard  in  1788. 

SMIBERT,  JOHN,  an  eminent  portrait-painter, 
died  in  1751,  aged  67.  He  was  born  in  Edin 
burgh  in  1684.  After  serving  his  time  as  a  house- 


SMITH. 

painter,  he  repaired  to  London,  and  thence  to 
Italy,  where  he  spent  three  years  in  copying  Ra 
phael,  Titian,  Vandyck, .  and  Itubcns.  lie  was 
induced  in  1728  to  come  to  this  country  ;  he  set 
tled  in  Boston,  where  he  married  a  woman  with 
a  considerable  fortune,  whom  he  left  with  two 
children  at  his  death.  His  son,  Nathaniel,  a 
painter  of  great  promise,  died  in  early  life.  The 
gazette  of  May  5,  17*57,  speaks  of  his  death.  He 
painted  Mr.  Lovcll,  his  schoolmaster.  Many  of 
the  portraits  of  Mr.  S.  are  regarded  as  good 
paintings.  His  head  of  Cardinal  Bentivoglio,  and 
of  Dr.  Mayhew,  have  been  commended.  At  Yale 
college  his  large  painting  of  Dean  Berkeley  and 
his  family  is  preserved.  Smibert  himself  is  one 
of  the  figures,  with  an  expressive  countenance. 

SMITH,  JOHN,  the  father  of  the  colony  of 
Virginia,  died  in  London  in  1631,  aged  51.  He 
was  born  in  Lincolnshire,  England,  in  1579.  He 
early  discovered  a  romantic  genius,  and  delighted 
in  daring  and  extravagant  actions.  At  the  age 
of  thirteen  he  sold  his  books  and  satchel  to  raise 
money  in  order  to  convey  himself  privately  to  sea, 
but  was  prevented.  Being  an  apprentice  to  a 
merchant  he  quitted  his  master  at  the  age  of  fif 
teen,  and  went  to  France  and  the  low  countries. 
After  his  return  he  studied  military  history  and 
tactics,  and,  having  recovered  a  part  of  the  estate 
which  his  father  left  him,  he  was  enabled  to  set 
out  again  on  his  travels  at  the  age  of  seventeen, 
in  a  better  condition  than  before.  Having  em 
barked  at  Marseilles  for  Italy  with  some  pilgrims, 
a  tempest  obliged  them  to  anchor  near  a  small 
island  off  Nice.  As  his  companions  attributed 
their  unfavorable  voyage  to  the  presence  of  Smith, 
they  threw  the  heretic  into  the  sea  ;  but  by  swim 
ming  he  was  enabled  to  reach  the  shore.  After 
going  to  Alexandria,  he  entered  into  the  service 
of  the  emperor  of  Austria  against  the  Turks.  By 
his  exploits  he  soon  obtained  the  command  of  two 
hundred  and  fifty  horsemen.  At  the  siege  of 
llegal  the  Ottomans  sent  a  challenge,  purporting 
that  the  lord  T urbisha,  to  divert  the  ladies,  would 
fight  any  captain  of  the  Christian  troops.  Smith 
accepted  it,  and,  meeting  his  antagonist  on  horse 
back  in  view  of  the  ladies  on  the  battlements, 
killed  him  and  bore  away  his  head.  A  second 
antagonist  met  the  same  fate.  Smith  then  re 
quested,  that,  if  the  ladies  wished  for  more  diver 
sion,  another  champion  might  appear.  His  head 
was  added  to  the  number  of  the  others,  though 
Smith  narrowly  escaped  losing  his  own.  He  was 
afterwards  taken  prisoner  ;  but  by  killing  his  ty 
rannical  master  he  escaped  into  Kussia.  When 
he  returned  to  England,  he  formed  the  resolu 
tion  to  seek  adventures  in  North  America.  Hav 
ing  persuaded  a  number  of  gentlemen  in  1GOG  to 
obtain  a  patent  of  south  Virginia,  he  engaged  in 
the  expedition,  which  was  fitted  out  under  the 
command  of  Christopher  Newport,  and  arrived 


SMITH. 


739 


with  the  first  emigrants,  who  made  a  permanent 
settlement,  in  the  Chesapeake,  April  26,  1607.  A 
colony  was  begun  at  Jamestown,  and  the  govern 
ment  was  in  the  hands  of  a  council,  of  which 
Smith  was  a  member.  When  Newport  returned, 
more  than  one  hundred  persons  were  left  in  Vir 
ginia.  They  would  have  perished  with  hunger 
but  for  the  exertions  of  Smith  in  procuring  corn 
of  the  Indians.  When  he  could  not  effect  his 
object  by  purchase,  he  resorted  to  force.  He 
once  seized  the  Indian  idol,  Okec,  made  of  skins 
stuffed  with  moss,  for  the  redemption  of  which  as 
much  corn  was  brought,  to  him  as  he  required. 
While  exploring  the  Chickahominy  river  he  was 
taken  prisoner,  after  having  killed  Avith  his  own 
hand  three  of  the  enemy.  He  was  carried  to  the 
emperor  Powhatan,  who  received  him,  clothed  in 
a  robe  of  raccoon  skins,  and  seated  on  a  kind  of 
throne,  with  two  beautiful  girls,  his  daughters, 
near  him.  After  a  long  consultation  two  large 
stones  were  brought  in,  and  his  head  was  laid 
upon  one  of  them.  At  this  moment,  when  the 
war-clubs  were  lifted  to  dispatch  him,  Pocahontas, 
the  king's  favorite  daughter,  shielded  him  from 
the  blows,  and  by  her  entreaties  saved  his  life. 
He  was  sent  to  Jamestown,  where,  by  his  resolu 
tion,  address,  and  industry,  he  prevented  the 
abandonment  of  the  plantation.  In  1608  he  ex 
plored  the  whole  country  from  Cape  Henry  to 
the  river  Susquehannah,  sailing  about  three  thou 
sand  miles.  On  his  return  he  drew  a  map  of  the 
bay  and  rivers,  from  which  subsequent  maps  have 
been  chiefly  copied.  In  this  year,  when  he  was 
president  of  the  council,  by  his  severity  and  his 
example  he  rendered  the  colonists  exceedingly 
industrious.  It  happened,  however,  that  the  blis 
tered  hands  of  several  young  gentlemen,  who 
had  known  better  times  in  England,  called  forth 
frequent  expressions  of  impatience  and  profane- 
ness.  Smith  caused  the  number  of  every  man's 
oaths  to  be  noted  daily,  and  at  night  as  many 
cans  of  water  to  be  poured  inside  his  sleeve. 
This  discipline  so  lessened  the  number  of  oaths, 
that  scarcely  one  was  heard  in  a  week,  and  it 
perfectly  restored  the  subjects  of  it  to  good  hu 
mor.  In  1609,  being  much  injured  by  an  explo 
sion  of  gunpowder,  he  returned  to  England  for 
the  benefit  of  medical  assistance.  In  1614  he 
ranged  the  coast  of  what  was  then  called  north 
Virginia,  from  Penobscot  to  Cape  Cod,  in  an  open 
boat  with  eight  men.  On  his  return  he  formed  a 
map  of  the  country,  and  desired  Prince  Charles, 
afterwards  the  royal  martyr,  to  give  it  a  name. 
By  him  it  was  for  the  first  time  called  New  Eng 
land.  For  all  his  services  and  sufferings  he 
never  received  any  recompense.  He  published 
the  sixth  voyage  made  to  Virginia,  1606 ;  the  first 
voyage  to  New  England  with  the  old  and  now 
names,  1614;  a  relation  of  his  second  voyage, 
1615  ;  description  of  New  England,  1617  ;  New 


740 


SMITH. 


England's  trials,  declaring  the  success  of  twenty- 
six  ships,  employed  thither  within  these  six  years, 
etc.,  1620 ;  the  general  history  of  Virginia,  New 
England,  pnd  the  Summer  Isles,  with  the  names 
of  the  adventurers,  etc.,  from  1584  to  1626,  also 
the  maps  and  descriptions  of  all  those  countries 
in  six  books,  folio,  1627  ;  his  friend,  Mr.  Purchas, 
had  published  in  his  pilgrims  most  of  the  narra 
tive  part  before  ;  the  true  travels,  adventures,  and 
observations  of  Captain  John  Smith  in  Europe, 
Asia,  Africa,  and  America,  from  1603  to  1629, 
folio,  1630 ;  2d  edit.',  2  vols.,  8vo.,  Richmond, 
1819  ;  this  is  preserved  entire  in  Churchill's  col 
lections  ;  advertisements  for  the  inexpcriencefl 
planters  of  New  England,  4to.,  1630.  —  Smith's 
Travels ;  Belknap's  Amer.  Biog.,  i.  240-319. 

SMITH,  RALPH,  the  first  ordained  minister  of 
Plymouth,  Mass.,  died  at  Boston  in  1662.  He 
was  pastor  from  1629  to  1633.  Elder  Brewster 
had  previously  officiated  as  the  religious  teacher, 
although  he  did  not  administer  the  ordinances. 
He  graduated  at  Cambridge,  England,  in  1613, 
and  John  Rayner  succeeded  him  at  Plymouth. 
In  1645  he  was  called  to  preach  in  Manchester, 
Cape  Ann.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

SMITH,  HEXRY,  minister  of  Wethersfield, 
Conn.,  died  in  1648,  aged  91.  He  was  born  in 
1557,  the  first  of  fifteen  children. 

SMITH,  JOSEPH,  of  Hartford,  Conn.,  married 
in  1656  Lydin,  daughter  of  Rev.  E.  Huit,  and 
was  the  father  of  Joseph,  who  removed  to  Hadley 
in  1680,  and  was  the  ancestor  of  Rev.  Ethan 
Smith.  There  lived  in  Iladley  about  the  same 
time  Philip  Smith,  a  representative  and  deacon, 
and  Samuel,  also  a  representative.  Whether 
they  were  brothers  of  Joseph  is  not  known. 

SMITH,  CALEB,  minister  of  Orange,  N.  Y., 
died  Oct.  22,  1762,  aged  38.  Born  on  Long  Is 
land,  he  was  educated  at  Yale  ;  ordained  Nov.  30, 
1748;  married  Martha,  daughter  of  Jonathan 
Dickinson.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death 
of  Aaron  Burr. 

SMITH,  CHARLES  JEFFERY,  died  on  Long  Is 
land  Aug.  10,  1770,  aged  29.  He  was  found 
dead,  his  gun  by  his  side.  He  had  gone  out  a 
gunning  ;  his  gun  was  so  placed,  as  if  he  had  shot 
himself.  Some  believed  he  was  murdered.  By 
some  his  death  was  ascribed  to  suicide ;  but  his 
friends  knew  that  he  was  subject  to  a  violent  pain 
in  his  breast,  passing  to  his  head,  and  by  some  it 
was  thought  his  death  was  occasioned  by  this  dis- 
.  ease.  He  was  ordained  as  a  missionary  at  Lebanon 
June  30,  1763.  He  was  eminent  for  his  gifts  and 
graces,  extensively  known,  and  very  useful,  espe 
cially  at  the  South.  He  died  in  the  prime  of  life. 
Mr.  Buell,  who  was  his  intimate  friend,  published 
a  sermon  on  his  death,  relating  to  the  mysterious 
events  of  providence.  He  was  the  only  son,  and 
inherited  the  estate  of  his  father,  who  lived  at 
Brookhaven,  L.  I.,  and  died  in  1748.  His  estate 


SMITH. 

in  Long  Island,  in  lands  and  money,  amounted  to 
six  or  seven  thousand  pounds.  After  being  for  a 
time  with  the  Indians,  he  labored  for  the  instruc 
tion  of  slaves  in  Virginia;  and,  having  purchased 
property  in  that  State,  he  returned  to  Long  Is 
land  to  settle  up  his  affairs.  He  published  a 
sermon  on  regeneration,  1766. 

SMITH,  SAMUEL,  a  historian,  was  a  native  of 
Burlington,  N.  J.,  in  which  place  he  died  in  1776. 
He  published  a  history  of  New  Jersey  from  its 
settlement  to  1721,8vo.,  1755,  which  is  a  judicious 
compilation. 

SMITH,  WILLIAM,  chief  justice  of  the  prov 
ince  of  New  York,  the  son  of  William  S.,  an 
eminent  lawyer  and  judge  of  the  supreme  court, 
who  died  Nov.  22,  1769,  aged  73,  was  graduated 
at  Yale  college  in  1745.  In  the  Revolution  he 
was  a  tory,  and  afterwards  chief  justice  of  Canada. 
He  published  a  history  of  the  province  of  New 
York,  from  the  first  discovery  to  the  year  1732, 
4to.,  1757;  2d  ed.,  1814.  A  continuation  from 
1732  to  1762  was  written  by  his  son,  William  S. 

SMITH,  JOSIAH,  minister  in  South  Carolina, 
died  in  1781,  aged  76.  He  was  the  first  native 
of  that  province  who  received  a  literary  degree. 
He  was  born  in  Charleston  in  1704,  being  the 
grandson  of  Gov.  Thomas  Smith,  and  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1725.  He  was  ordained 
in  Boston  as  minister  for  Bermuda  July  11,  1726, 
and  afterwards  became  minister  of  Cainhoy,  and 
pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  church  in  Charleston. 
Having  become  a  prisoner  of  war  at  Charleston, 
he  was  sent  on  parole  in  1781  to  Philadelphia, 
where  he  died.  He  maintained,  in  the  early  part 
of  his  ministry,  a  learned  disputation  with  Hugh 
Eisher  on  the  right  of  private  judgment.  He 
published  a  sermon  at  his  own  ordination ;  the 
Spirit  of  God  a  holy  fire,  1727  ;  the  duty  of  pa 
rents  to  instruct  their  children,  1727  ;  the  young 
man  warned;  Solomon's  caution  against  the  cup, 
1729 ;  human  impositions  proved  unscriptural ; 
answer  to  a  sermon  of  Hugh  Fisher ;  the  divine 
right  of  private  judgment,  1730;  on  the  preach 
ing  of  Mr.  Whitefield,  1740;  on  the  death  of 
Hannah  Dart,  1742  ;  letters  to  W.  Cooper,  1743 ; 
Jesus  persecuted  in  his  disciples ;  zeal  for  God 
encouraged  and  guarded,  1745;  a  volume  of 
sermons,  8vo.,  1752;  the  church  of  Ephesus 
arraigned,  the  substance  of  five  short  sermons 
contracted  into  one,  1765.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

SMITH,  AARON,  minister  of  Marlborough, 
Mass.,  died  in  1781,  aged  about  67.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1735 ;  was  ordained  in  1740  ; 
was  dismissed  for  ill  health  in  1778. 

SMITH,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Weymouth, 
died  in  1783,  aged  77.  Born  in  Charlestown,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1725,  and  was  settled  in 
1734.  Among  his  predecessors  were  J.  Hull  and 
T.  and  P.  Thacher.  His  successor  was  J.  Nor 
ton.  His  wife  was  Elizabeth,  the  daughter  of 


SMITH. 


SMITH. 


741 


Col.  John  Quincy  of  Mount  "\Vollaston  in  Brain- 
tree.  She  died  in  1775,  aged  53.  He  was  the 
son  of  Daniel,  who  married  Anna  Shepard,  the 
daughter  of  Ilev.  Thomas  S.  His  daughters 
married  distinguished  men.  He  had  three 
daughters  ;  Mary,  who  married  Ilichard  Cranch ; 
Abigail,  who  married  John  Adams ;  and  Eliza 
beth,  who  married  first  Ilev.  John  Shaw,  and 
then  Ilev.  Mr.  Peabody.  The  following  family 
anecdotes  are  repeated :  that  Mr.  Cranch  and 
Mr.  Adams  were  suitors  of  Mary,  and  that  the 
former,  who  was  in  good  business,  was  preferred 
by  Mary  and  the  family,  the  father  preaching  on 
the  marriage  from  this  text,  "  Mary  hath  chosen 
that  good  part,  which  shall  not  be  taken  away." 
In  the  course  of  time,  Abigail,  who  had  a  strong 
and  cultivated  mind,  was  married  to  John  Adams, 
and,  as  the  father  asked  her  what  text  he  should 
preach  from,  she  replied,  "  And  John  came,  nei 
ther  eating  nor  drinking,  and  ye  say,  he  hath  a 
devil."  She  lived  to  see  her  chosen  one  chosen  by 
the  people  the  president  of  the  United  States. 

SMITH,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Pembroke,  Mass., 
died  in  1788,  aged  83.  Born  in  Barnstable,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1724,  and  succeeded  in 
1754  Daniel  Lewis,  the  first*minister,  who  was 
ordained  in  1707. 

SMITH,  ROBERT,  D.  D.,  minister  in  Pennsyl 
vania,  died  about  1785,  aged  62.  He  was  born 
of  Scotch  parents  in  Londonderry,  Ireland,  about 
the  year  1723,  and  was  brought  to  this  country 
about  the  year  1730.  At  the  age  of  about  sev 
enteen  years  he  became  the  subject  of  that  Divine 
influence,  which  so  eminently  accompanied  and 
blessed  the  preaching  of  Mr.  "Whiteficld  during 
his  first  visit  to  America.  His  classical  and  theo 
logical  studies  he  pursued  under  the  instruction 
of  Samuel  Blair.  In  1751  he  was  settled  in  the 
Presbyterian  church  at  Pequca  in  Pennsylvania, 
in  which  station  he  continued  to  officiate  with  re 
putation  and  usefulness  till  his  death.  His  wife, 
the  sister  of  Mr.  Blair,  was  intelligent  and  pious ; 
in  his  absence,  she  conducted  the  family  worship. 
Two  sons  were  physicians  and  three  ministers. 
He  was  one  of  the  most  able  theologians,  the 
most  profound  casuists,  and  the  most  successful 
preachers  of  his  age.  Soon  after  his  settlement 
he  founded  a  school  at  Pequea.  Many  young 
men,  who  have  since  filled  very  honorable  sta 
tions  in  church  and  state,  received  in  it  their  clas 
sical  education.  It  was  his  care  to  instil  with  the 
elements  of  literature  the  principles  of  a  pure 
and  ardent  piety.  In  the  American  preacher, 
vol.  IV.,  there  are  published  three  of  his  sermons, 
entitled,  the  nature  of  saving  faith;  the  excel 
lency  of  saving  faith;  practical  uses  from  the 
nature  and  excellency  of.  saving  faith. 

SMITH,  THOMAS,  first  minister  of  Portland, 
Me.,  died  May  23,  1795,  aged  93.  He  was  the 
son  of  Thomas  S.,  merchant  of  Boston;  was  born 


March  21,  1702,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1720.  In  1725  he  went  to  Falmouth, 
now  Portland,  as  chaplain  to  the  troops  stationed 
there,  and  preacher  to  the  inhabitants.  He  was 
ordained  March  8,  1727,  the  day  on  which  a 
church  was  gathered.  Though  he  received  for 
his  colleague  Mr.  Deane  in  1767,  he  preached  till 
the  close  of  1784,  and  officiated  in  public  prayer 
till  within  a  year  and  a  half  of  his  death.  He 
renounced  all  self-dependence,  and  placed  his 
hope  in  the  mercy  of  God  through  the  merits  of 
the  Redeemer.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the 
ordination  of  Solomon  Lombard  at  Gorham,  and 
a  sermon  to  seafaring  men.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

SMITH,  ELIHU  HUBBARD,  a  physician,  died 
of  the  yellow  fever  in  1798,  aged  27.  He  was 
born  at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  and  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1786.  After  pursuing  a  regular 
course  of  medical  studies  under  the  direction  of 
his  father,  he  commenced  the  practice  at  Weth- 
ersfield  in  1792,  but  removed  to  Xew  York  in 
1793.  In  1797  he  commenced  the  medical  repos 
itory  in  conjunction  with  Drs.  Mitchell  and  Miller. 
At  his  early  age  he  had  explored  a  vast  extent 
of  medical  learning.  His  writings  display  singu 
lar  acuteness,  great  force  of  reasoning,  and  the 
talent  of  accurate  and  extensive  observation. 
Besides  his  medical  productions  in  the  repository, 
he  published  Edwin  and  Angelina,  or  the  ban 
ditti,  an  opera  in  three  acts,  1797. 

SMITH,  JOHN  BLAIR,  first  president  of  Union 
college  at  Schenectady,  the  son  of  Dr.  Robert  S., 
died  Aug.  22,  1799,  aged  43.  In  early  life  he 
exhibited  marks  of  uncommon  energy  of  mind. 
He  was  the  subject  of  many  pious  prayers,  and 
those  prayers  were  heard  in  heaven.  When  he 
was  about  fourteen  years  of  age,  it  pleased  God 
to  excite  among  the  youth  in  the  academy  at 
Pequea  a  serious  attention  to  religion.  His  mind 
was  at  this  period  deeply  impressed  by  the  truths 
of  the  gospel ;  he  was  renewed  by  the  agency  of 
the  Holy  Spirit ;  and  in  a  short  time  he  avowed 
himself  a  disciple  of  Jesus.  From  the  year  1773, 
when  he  was  graduated  at  the  college  of  New 
Jersey,  he  devoted  himself  almost  entirely  to 
theological  studies,  under  the  direction  of  his 
brother,  Samuel  S.  Smith,  at  that  time  president 
of  Hampden  Sidney  college  in  Virginia.  In 
1779  he  was  settled  over  a  church  in  Virginia, 
and  at  the  same  time  he  succeeded  his  brother  as 
principal  of  the  seminary.  Here  he  was  emi 
nently  honored  by  the  Great  Head  of  the  church 
in  being  made  instrumental  in  promoting  a  gen 
eral  religious  solicitude  and  reformation  among 
the  people  of  his  charge  and  of  the  neighborhood. 
As  he  was  now  called  to  extraordinary  exertions, 
he  generally  preached  once  at  least  every  day, 
and  in  the  evenings  he  was  commonly  engaged  in 
religious  conversation.  His  engagements  inter 
fering  with  the  attention  due  to  the  college,  he 


742 


SMITH. 


SMITH. 


resigned  this  part  of  his  charge,  that  he  might 
give  himself  wholly  to  the  work  of  the  Christian 
ministry.  His  zeal  was  rewarded  by  the  success 
which  attended  his  labors  ;  but,  as  his  health  was 
enfeebled,  he  was  persuaded  to  accept  an  invita 
tion  from  the  third  Presbyterian  church  in  Phil 
adelphia,  where  he  was  installed  in  Dec.,  1791. 
When  Union  college  was  founded  in  1795,  he 
presided  over  it  for  three  years  with  high  reputa 
tion.  But,  amidst  his  literary  occupations,  the 
duties  of  the  sacred  office  most  warmly  interested 
him.  He  improved  every  opportunity  for  preach 
ing  the  gospel  of  his  Redeemer.  Being  again 
invited  to  his  former  charge  in  Philadelphia,  he 
returned  to  that  city  in  May,  1799.  His  succes 
sor  in  the  care  of  the  college  was  Dr.  Edwards. 
In  a  short  time  he  was  seized  with  the  yellow 
fever,  of  which  he  died  in  resignation  and  joyful 
hope. 

SMITH,  ROBERT,  D.  D.,  first  bishop  of  the 
Episcopal  churches  in  South  Carolina,  was  conse 
crated  bishop  in  1795,  and  died  at  Charleston  in 
Nov.,  1801,  aged  72.  He  had  for  forty-seven 
years  discharged  the  duties  of  a  minister  of  St. 
Philip's  church. 

SMITH,  WILLIAM,  D.  D.,  first  provost  of  the 
college  in  Philadelphia,  died  May  14,  1803,  aged 
7G.  He  was  a  native  of  Scotland,  received  his 
education  at  the  university  of  Aberdeen,  where 
he  was  graduated  in  1747.  After  being  employed 
as  a  private  tutor  in  the  family  of  Gov.  Martin  on 
Long  Island,  he  was  invited  to  take  the  charge 
of  the  college  in  Philadelphia,  and  he  accepted 
the  invitation.  After  revisiting  England,  and  re 
ceiving  regular  ordination  in  the  Episcopal  church 
in  Dec.,  1753,  he  returned  to  America,  and  in 
May,  1754,  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  infant 
seminary.  His  popular  talents  and  taste  in  polite 
literature  contributed  greatly  to  raise  the  charac 
ter  of  the  college.  He  was  principally  assisted  by 
Dr.  Allison.  After  being  for  many  years  a  distin 
guished  preacher  and  writer,  and  rendering  im 
portant  service  to  the  literary  interests  of  Amer 
ica,  he  died  at  Philadelphia.  He  published  a 
sermon  to  freemasons,  1755  ;  discourses  on  several 
public  occasions  during  the  war,  1759,  and  2d 
edit.,  with  sermons  added,  1763;  concerning  the 
conversion  of  the  heathen  in  America,  1760;  an 
account  of  the  charitable  corporation  for  the 
widows  of  clergymen,  1769;  an  oration  before 
the  American  philosophical  society,  1773;  on  the 
present  crisis  of  American  affairs,  1775;  an  ora 
tion  in  memory  of  Montgomery,  1776;  on  tem 
poral  and  spiritual  salvation,  1790 ;  eulogium  on 
Franklin,  1792.  His  works  were  published  in 
two  vols.,  8vo.,  1803. 

SMITH,  JAMES,  colonel,  a  patriot  of  the  Revo 
lution,  died  in  1806,  aged  about  92.  He  was  a 
native  of  Ireland.  He  settled  as  a  lawyer  and  a 
surveyor  in  York,  Penn.  He  raised  in  1774  the 


first  volunteer  company  in  the  State  for  the  pur 
pose  of  resisting  Great  Britain.  In  1776  he  was 
a  member  of  congress  and  signed  the  declaration 
of  independence.  In  Nov.,  1778,  he  resumed  his 
professional  pursuits.  For  many  years  he  was 
a  professor  of  religion. 

SMITH,  COTTON  MATHER,  minister  of  Sharon, 
Conn.,  died  Nov.  27,  1806,  aged  75.  The  son  of 
Samuel  of  Suffield,  who  was  grandson  of  Rev. 
Henry  Smith,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1751 ;  was 
ordained  at  Sharon  Aug.  28,  1755  ;  and  continued 
fifty-one  years.  He  succeeded  J.  Searle  and  was 
succeeded  by  D.  L.  Perry.  He  was  an  excejlent 
minister,  a  man  of  eminent  virtues.  Several  of 
his  contemporary  neighboring  brethren  attained 
a  great  age,  as  Lee  of  Salisbury,  Farrand  of  Ca 
naan,  Champion  of  Litchfield,  and  Mills  of  Tor- 
ringford.  He  was  the  father  of  Gov.  Smith.  His 
wife  was  Temperance,  the  widow  of  Dr.  Moses 
Gale  of  Goshen,  N.  Y.,  daughter  of  Rev.  W. 
Worthington.  She  died  at  the  house  of  her  son- 
in-law,  Judge  Jacob  Radcliff  of  Albany,  in  18CO. 
—  Spr  ague's  Annals. 

SMITH,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  professor  of  languages 
at  Dartmouth  college,  died  at  Hanover  in  May, 

1809,  aged  56.     He  was  born  at  Byfield,  Mass., 
Dec.  21,  1752,  and  was  graduated  in   1778  at 
Dartmouth,  where  he  was  a  tutor  from  1774  to 
1778,  and  professor  from  1778  till  his  death.     He 
was  a  preacher,  as  well  as  a  teacher  of  the  ancient 
languages.     His  daughter,  Sarah,  who  had  a  fine 
taste  for  poetry,  and  of  whom  a  memoir  is  given 
in  the  panoplist,  IX.  385,  died  Aug.   17,  1812, 
aged   23.     He   published   a  dedication    sermon, 
1795;  Hebrew  grammar,  1803;  Greek  grammar, 
1809;  Latin  grammar,  3d  edit.,  1812;  a  sermon 
at  dedication,  Hanover,  1796;  at  ordination   of 
T.  Eastman,  1801.  —  Spr ague's  Annals. 

SMITH,  ISRAEL,  governor  of  Vermont,  died  in 

1810,  aged   51.     lie   was   born   in    Connecticut 
April  4,  1759,  and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1781.     He  studied  law  with  his  brother  at  Ben- 
nington.     He  lived  first  at  Rupert,  then  at  Rut 
land.     In  1791  he  was  elected  one  of  the  first  rep 
resentatives  from  Vermont,  and  continued  in  that 
body  till   1797,  when  M.  Lyon  was  elected.     At 
this  period  he  was  chosen  by  the  legislature  chief 
justice;  but  in   1798,  in  the  prevalence  of  feder 
alism,  another  was  elected.     From  Dec.,  1801,  till 
1803  he  was  a  member  of  congress.     From  1803 
to  1807   he  was  a  senator  of  the  U.  S.     In   1807 
he  was  chosen  governor,  but  ere  his  term  of  ofiice 
ended  his  nervous  system  became  so  impaired  as 
to  terminate  in  derangement.     He  died  at  his 
residence  in  Rutland.     His  diffidence  was  allied 
to  bashfulness.     He  was  a  man  of  strict  integrity, 
with  a  metaphysical  turn  of  mind.     On  the  trial 
of  Judge  Chase  he  voted  to  acquit  him  on  every 
article ;  on  that  of  Judge  Pickering  he  voted  to 
convict  him. 


SMITH. 


SMITH. 


743 


SMITH,  WILLIAM  LOUGHTON,  LL.  D.,  ambas 
sador  to  Spain,  died  in  South  Carolina  in  1812. 
He  was  elected  in  1789  a  member  of  congress 
from  South  Carolina,  and  with  great  ability  sup 
ported  the  administrations  of  Washington  and 
Adams.  In  1797  he  was  appointed  minister  to 
Portugal,  and  in  1800  to  Spain;  but  the  next 
year,  on  the  accession  of  Mr.  Jefferson,  his  func 
tions  ceased.  He  published  an  oration  July  4, 
1796;  a  comparative  view  of  the  constitutions  of 
the  States  and  of  the  U.  S.,  1797;  a  pamphlet 
against  the  pretensions  of  Mr.  Jefferson  to  the 
presidency;  essays  signed  Phocion.  His  speeches 
and  letter  to  his  constituents  were  republished, 
London,  1795. 

SMITH,  ISAAC,  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
of  New  Jersey,  died  in  1807,  aged  67.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  college  in  that  State  in  1755, 
and  afterwards  commenced  the  practice  of  physic. 
From  the  beginning  of  the  troubles  with  Great 
Britain  he  was  distinguished  for  his  patriotic  ser 
vices  in  the  cause  of  his  country.  In  1776  he 
commanded  a  regiment,  and  during  the  periods 
of  gloom  and  dismay  he  was  firm  and  persever 
ing.  He  associated  valor  with  discretion,  the 
disciplined  spirit  of  the  soldier" with  the  sagacity 
of  the  statesman.  Soon  after  the  termination  of 
the  struggle,  he  received  his  appointment  as 
judge,  and  for  eighteen  years  discharged  the 
arduous  duties  of  that  station.  After  the  present 
constitution  of  the  U.  S.  was  formed,  he  was  a 
member  of  the  house  of  representatives,  and  was 
esteemed  by  Washington  and  Adams.  Endowed 
with  fine  talents,  and  having  enjoyed  a  classical 
education,  he  united  the  character  of  a  Christian, 
scholar,  soldier,  and  gentleman.  He  died  in 
hope  of  mercy  through  the  Redeemer.  —  Port 
folio,  new  series,  I.  135,  136. 

SMITH,  SAMUEL  STANHOPE,  D.  D.,  president 
of  Princeton  college,  died  Aug.  21,  1819,  aged 
69.  He  was  the  son  of  Robert  Smith,  D.  I).; 
was  born  at  Pcquea,  town  of  Salisbury,  Lancaster 
county,  Penn.,  March  16,  1750  ;  and  graduated 
in  1769  at  Princeton,  where  he  was  afterwards 
two  years  a  tutor.  Being  an  eloquent  and  popu 
lar  preacher  in  Virginia,  Hampdeh  Sidney  college 
was  instituted  with  the  design  that  he  should  be 
come  its  president.  After  beiiig  at  the  head  of 
that  college  a  few  years,  he  was  appointed  in  1779 
professor  of  moral  philosophy  at  Princeton ;  and 
was  succeeded  in  Virginia  by  his  brother,  John  S. 
In  the  absence  of  Dr.  Witherspoon  as  a  member 
of  congress,  much  of  the  care  of  the  college  de 
volved  upon  him ;  and  after  his  death  in  1794  he 
was  elected  his  successor.  In  consequence  of  his 
infirmities  he  resigned  his  office  in  1812.  He  was 
succeeded  by  Dr.  Green.  His  wife  was  a  daugh 
ter  of  Dr.  Witherspoon;  his  daughter  married 
J.  M.  Pintard,  consul  at  Madeira.  He  published 


a  sermon  on  the  death  of  R.  Stockton,  1781 ;  an 
essay  on  the  causes  of  the  variety  of  the  com 
plexion  and  figure  of  the  human  species,  1788; 
in  which  he  ascribed  all  the  variety  to  climate, 
the  state  of  society,  and  the  manner  of  living ; 
sermons,  8vo.,  1801 ;  lectures  on  the  evidences  of 
the  Christian  religion,  12mo.,  1809;  on  the  love 
of  praise,  1810;  a  continuation  of  Ramsay's  his 
tory  of  the  U.  S.,  from  1808  to  1817;  lectures 
on  moral  and  political  philosophy ;  the  principles 
of  natural  and  revealed  religion. 

SMITH,  JOHN,  the  second  minister  of  Dighton, 
Mass.,  died  in  Kentucky,  about  1815  or  1820, 
aged  about  70  or  75.  Born  in  Plainfield,  Conn., 
he  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1770;  was  settled 
in  1772  as  the  colleague  of  N.  Fisher ;  and  was 
dismissed  in  Dec.,  1801.  The  sermon  at  his  ordi 
nation,  by  Levi  Hart  of  Preston,  was  printed  by 
S.  Southwick,  Newport.  In  1802  he  removed  as 
a  missionary  to  the  neighborhood  of  Canandaigua, 
N.  Y.  In  his  liberality  he  gave  a  deed  of  six 
thousand  acres  of  land  to  found  a  seminary  of 
learning  in  C.  Afterwards  he  was  a  missionary 
and  settled  on  a  farm  in  Athens  township,  Bloom- 
field,  Lycoming  co.,  Penn.,  where  he  remained 
till  1811  or  1812.  He  next  removed  to  Kentucky, 
where  his  son  Francis  was  a  lawyer,  at  Shep- 
herdsville,  Nelson  county ;  and  there  he  acted  for 
a  time  as  a  missionary.  Francis  removed  to 
Monmouth,  111.,  and  died  highly  respected  in 
1838,  aged  72,  leaving  a  large  family.  Other 
sons  were  John,  a  lawyer  in  Washington ;  Lem 
uel,  a  farmer  now  living  near  Alton,  111. ;  Henry, 
a  merchant  of  Portland,  Me.,  who  died  in  1853, 
and  whose  son  is  Rev.  Dr.  Henry  B.  Smith,  now 
professor  of  theology  in  Union  theological  semi 
nary,  in  the  city  of  New  York. 

SMITH,  GEORGE  WILLIAM,  governor  of  Vir 
ginia,  was  elected  as  successor  of  Mr.  Monroe  in 
1811.  Being  one  of  the  attendants  at  the  thea 
tre  in  Richmond  in  the  evening  of  Dec.  26,  1811, 
when  it  took  fire,  he  lost  his  life  with  Mr.  Vena- 
ble  and  seventy  others. 

SMITH,  ISAAC,  the  first  minister  of  Gilmanton, 
N1.  H.,  died  in  1817,  aged  72.  Born  in  Sterling, 
Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1770,  and 
was  settled  Nov.  30,  1774.  L.  A.  Spofford  was 
his  successor. 

SMITH,  EDWARD  DARRELL,  M.  D.,  professor 
of  chemistry  and  mineralogy  in  the  college  of  So. 
Carolina,  died  near  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  Aug.  17, 
1819.  He  translated  Desault's  surgical  works, 
two  vols.,8vo.,  1814. 

SMITH,  DAXIEL,  died  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  in 
1822,  aged  33.  Born  in  Bennington,  Vt.,  he 
graduated  at  Middlebury  in  1810;  studied  theol 
ogy  at  Andover ;  and  went  with  Mills  in  an  ex 
ploring  tour  to  the  southwest,  lie  was  a  mis 
sionary  in  Natchez  from  1816  to  1820,  when  he 


744 


SMITH. 


removed  to  L.  He  had  intellect,  and  taste,  and 
piety,  and  was  an  excellent  preacher. —  Sprague's 
Annals. 

SMITH,  NATHANIEL,  judge,  died  at  Wood- 
bury,  Conn.,  March  9,  1822,  aged  60.  He  was 
born  Jan.  6,  1762,  and  with  few  advantages  foi 
education  rose  to  distinction.  He  practised  law 
in  his  native  town.  In  1795  he  was  a  member  ol 
congress:  from  1806  till  1819  he  was  a  judge  of 
the  supreme  court.  He  was  learned  in  the  law ; 
his  mind  was  acute  and  powerful;  and  he  wa 
respected  for  his  integrity  and  piety. 

SMITH,  EBENEZER,  a  Baptist  minister,  died  in 
Fredonia,  N.  Y.,  in  1824,  aged  89.  Two  persons, 
who  heard  him  preach  his  first  sermon  in  1753, 
heard  him  after  seventy  years  preach  his  last  in 
1823,  in  a  place  five  hundred  miles  distant  from 
the  place  where  they  heard  the  first  sermon,  — 
such  is  the  tide  of  emigration  in  our  country. 

SMITH,  JONATHAN,  died  at  Hadley  in  1829, 
aged  80.  lie  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1768,  and 
was  a  preacher  on  Martha's  Vineyard  forty  years. 
SMITH,  ISAAC,  died  in  Boston  in  1829,  aged 
79 ;  chaplain  to  the  alms-house.  He  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1767,  and  was  tutor  and  librarian. 
SMITH,  NATHAN,  M.  D.,  professor  in  the  med 
ical  schools  of  Dartmouth,  Yale,  and  Bowdoin 
colleges,  died  at  New  Haven  Jan.  26,  1829,  aged 
66.  He  was  born  in  Rehoboth,  Mass.,  Sept.  30, 
1762.  As  his  parents  removed  to  Chester,  Vt, 
he  was  brought  up  as  a  farmer  at  the  foot  of  the 
Green  Mountains.  At  the  age  of  twenty-four  he 
began  the  study  of  physic.  After  practising  a 
few  years  at  Cornish  he  projected  a  medical  insti 
tution  at  Dartmouth  college.  Being  chosen  a 
professor,  he  went  to  Europe  in  1796  for  his  im 
provement  in  science.  In  1798  the  school  was 
opened ;  for  twelve  years  he  lectured  on  the  vari 
ous  branches  usually  taught ;  in  1810  Dr.  Cyrus 
Perkins  was  appointed  professor  of  anatomy.  In 
1813  he  was  chosen  "professor  of  the  theory  and 
practice  of  physic  and  surgery  at  Yale  college, 
and  removed  from  Hanover  to  New  Haven.  In 
1821  he  was  the  first  lecturer  in  the  medical 
school  of  Maine  at  Bowdoin  college,  and  he  lec 
tured  there  for  five  years.  His  son,  Nathan 
Ryno  Smith,  is  a  distinguished  physician  and 
professor  at  Baltimore.  Dr.  S.  was  eminent 
both  as  a  physician  and  surgeon,  and  had  prac 
ticed  more  extensively  in  New  England  than  any 
other  man.  His  manners  were  pleasing  and  in 
teresting  ;  in  his  friendships  he  was  steady ;  and 
he  was  beloved  by  his  numerous  pupils.  His 
works,  entitled  medical  and  surgical  memoirs, 
were  published,  8vo.,  1831.  —  Williams'  Med. 
Biog. 

SMITH,    GUY,    a    minister,   died   in  Wilkes 
county,  Geo.,  Aug.,  1830,  aged  73. 

SMITH,  JOHN,  D.  I).,   professor  of  theology 
in  the  theological  seminary  at  Bangor,  Me.,  died 


SMITH. 

in  1831,  aged  65.  He  was  born  in  Belchertown, 
Mass.,  in  1766;  graduated  at  Dartmouth  col 
lege  in  1794;  and,  having  studied  theology  with 
Dr.  Emmons,  was  ordained  at  Salem,  N.  II.,  in 
1797.  After  twenty  years  he  was  dismissed  and 
settled  at  Wenham,  Mass.  In  1819  he  succeeded 
A.  Wines  as  professor  of  theology  at  Bangor, 
where  he  died  in  Christian  peace.  His  successor 
was  Ilev.  Mr.  Pond.  He  published  a  treatise  on 
baptism  ;  two  fast  sermons  ;  on  the  peace,  1815  ; 
to  the  senior  class,  1822  ;  to  missionary  society, 
1830;  at  ordination  of  S.  H.  Peckham.— 
Sprague's  Annals. 

SMITH,  JOHN  M.,  professor  of  languages  in 
the  Wesleyan  college  in  Middletown,  Conn.,  died 
in  1832,  aged  37.  He  was  a  Methodist  minister. 

SMITH,  PETER  THACHER,  died  in  Oct.,  1826, 
aged  95.  The  son  of  Rev.  Thomas,  he  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  in  1753  ;  was  ordained  at  Wind- 
ham,  N.  H.,  in  1762  ;  and  dismissed  in  1790. 

SMITH,  PRESERVED,  minister  of  Howe,  died 
in  1834,  aged  75.  Born  in  Ashfield,  he  gradu 
ated  at  Brown  in  1786,  and  was  pastor  from  1787 
to  1832,  excepting  the  interval  between  1804  and 
1812,  in  which  time  he  was  settled  in  Mendon. 
He  published  masonic  sermon,  1798;  farewell 
sermon,  1804. 

SMITH,  NATHAN,  a  senator,  brother  of  Judge 
Nathaniel,  died  suddenly  at  Washington,  Dec.  6, 
1835,  aged  68.  He  was  born  in  Woodbury,  Conn., 
in  1770.  He  commenced  the  practice  of  law  in 
New  Haven,  where  he  made  his  home  till  his 
death.  None  understood  law  better  than  he  : 
such  was  his  regard  for  the  right,  that  he  would 
not  undertake  a  cause  obviously  unjust.  He  was 
U.  S.  attorney  for  Connecticut;  in  1833  he  was 
elected  to  the  Senate.  He  was  of  the  demo 
cratic  party. 

SMITH,  CHARLES,  LL.  D.,  judge,  died  at 
Philadelphia  March  18,  1836,  at  an  advanced 
age.  He  arranged  and  published  the  laws  of 
Pennsylvania. 

SMITH,  SARAH  LANMAN,  the  wife  of  the  mis 
sionary  to  Syria,  Dr.  Eli  Smith,  died  at  Boujah,  a 
village  near  Smyrna,  Sept.  30,  1836,  aged  34. 
She  had  been  three  years  in  the  east.  She  was 
the  daughter  of  Deacon  Jabez  Huntington  of 
Norwich,  Conn.  Her  mother,  an  excellent  Chris 
tian,  had  the  name  of  Lanman.  Born  in  1802, 
he  became  early  pious.  In  1830  and  1831  she 
and  Sarah  Breed  established  and  conducted  a 
Sabbath  school  among  the  Mohegan  Indians,  the 
remnants  of  the  tribe  of  Samson  Occom,  at  Mo- 
legan  or  Montville,  five  miles  distant.  In  1833 
she  married  Rev.  Eli  Smith,  and  sailed  from  Bos- 
,on  in  September.  She  arrived  at  Malta  in  No 
vember  and  at  Alexandria  in  December.  Her 
)rief  but  useful  missionary  labors  were  chiefly  at 
Beirut.  In  1836,  in  ill  health,  on  a  voyage  to 
Smyrna,  she  was  wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Asia 


SMITH. 


SMITH. 


745 


Minor,  but  escaped  in  a  boat.  Her  private  jour 
nals  were  lost.  She  survived  only  a  few  woeks. 
She  died  at  the  house  of  Mr.  Adger,  and  was 
buried  in  the  cemetery  of  Boujah,  a  village  four 
or  five  miles  from  Smyrna.  Just  before  her 
death  she  said,  "  Tell  my  friends,  I  would  not  for 
all  the  world  lay  my  remains  anywhere  but  here, 
on  missionary  ground."  Her  last  words  were, 
"  Lord  Jesus,  receive  my  spirit !  "  An  interest 
ing  memoir  of  her  life  was  published  by  Dr.  E. 
W.  Hooker,  in  1839. 

SMITH,  THOMAS  G.,  a  minister  in  the  Dutch 
Jleformed  church,  died  at  Tarrytown,  N.  Y.,  April 
10.  1837, aged  79. 

SMITH,  PETER,  judge  of  Madison  county, 
died  at  Schenectady  of  apoplexy  in  1837.  lie 
was  enterprising  and  wealthy;  the  father  of  Ger- 
rit  Smith. 

SMITH,  SAMUEL,  general,  died  at  Baltimore 
April  25,  1839,  aged  86.  He  was  a  merchant, 
and  held  various  public  offices.  He  was  in  the 
house  or  senate  from  1793  to  1833.  He  had  re 
turned  from  a  ride,  and  was  found  dead  on  the 
sofa.  He  had  been  mayor  of  the  city;  and  was 
a  soldier  of  the  Revolution. 

SMITH,  ISAAC,  Dr.,  an  eminent  physician  of 
Chatham,  Conn.,  died  in  Christian  faith  and  hope 
in  1839,  aged  67.  —  Williams'  Med.  Biog. 

SMITH,  JOHN,  major,  died  at  Hadley,  Mass., 
in  1840,  aged  88.  He  was  a  patriot  of  the  Rev 
olution,  an  officer  of  the  Mass.  line. 

SMITH,  SIBYL  WORTHINGTON,  died  in  Had 
ley,  Mass.,  perhaps  about  1830  or  1840,  aged 
102.  ^he  was  the  widow  of  Deacon  Elijah 
Smith  of  Belchertown,  who  died  about  1769, 
when  his  son,  Rev.  Ethan  S.,  was  seven  years 
old.  Deacon  Jacob  Smith^of  Hadley  was  her 
son. 

SMITH,  JEREMIAH,  LL.  D.,  governor  of  N.  II., 
died  in  1842,  aged  about  62.  He  was  born  at 
Peterborough,  N.  IT.,  and  graduated  at  Rutgers' 
college,  X.  J.,  in  1790.  He  was  a  representative 
in  congress  from  1791  to  1797.  He  was  gov 
ernor  in  1809,  and  was  for  several  years  chief 
justice  of  the  superior  court,  residing  at  Exeter. 
He  died  at  Dover.  lie  was  highly  respected  as 
a  statesman  and  jurist,  as  a  lawyer  and  judge; 
and  was  of  a  good  literary  taste.  His  extraor 
dinary  mental  powers  were  unimpaired  in  his 
old  age.  His  life  was  written  by  J.  II.  Morri 
son,  1845. 

SMITH,  MARIA  WARD,  wife  of  the  mission 
ary,  Eli  Smith,  died  at  Beirut  May  27,  1842, 
aged  23.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Moses  Cha- 
pin  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  and  embarked  on  her 
mission  a  year  before  death.  She  said,  she  was 
not  sorry  she  had  come  to  Syria,  though  but  to 
die.  On  her  sick  bed  she  received  a  letter,  an 
nouncing  the  conversion  of  brothers  for  whom  she 
had  earnestly  prayed. 
94 


SMITH,  ROBERT,  died  at  Baltimore  Nov.  26, 
1842,  aged  80.  He  was  a  volunteer  soldier  in 
the  Revolutionary  war  ;  appointed  by  Jefferson 
secretary  of  the  navy,  and  by  Madison  secretary 
of  State,  in  which  office  he  continued  one  year. 

SMITH,  JOSEPH,  the  founder  of  the  Mor 
mons,  died  June  27,  1844.  He  was  born  in 
Vermont  in  1805  :  in  his  boyhood  his  parents  re 
moved  to  Palmyra,  N.  Y.  After  the  age  of 
twenty  he  began  his  imposture.  He  pretended 
to  have  received  golden  plates  from  an  angel : 
these,  with  the  help  of  O.  Cowdery,  he  says  he 
translated,  and  thus  made  the  book  of  Mormon. 
He  lived  in  Kirtland,  Ohio ;  and  thence  removed 
to  Illinois.  His  book  was  made  up  of  a  manu 
script  story  of  Mr.  Spaulding,  written  in  1809, 
which  fell  into  Smith's  hands.  About  1843  he 
had  as  many  as  ten  thousand  followers.  Such  is 
the  amazing  madness  of  men.  In  consequence 
of  a  dispute  of  two  rival  newspapers,  Joseph  was 
cast  into  prison,  and  a  mob  murdered  him  and 
his  brother  Hiram,  June  27,  1844.  The  next 
prophet  was  Brigham  Young,  by  whom  the  Mor 
mons  were  removed  to  Utah,  the  central  wilder 
ness  of  the  west,  where  it  was  thought  he  had 
convened  100,000  followers  and  slaves  in  1855. 
Young  is  a  shameless  impostor.  He  has  seventy 
young  women  enslaved  as  his  wives  ;  and  his  dis 
ciples  choose  as  many  wives  as  they  can  feed. 
Doubtless,  if  common  sense  is  not  entirely  lost  in 
these  women,  they  will  make  a  revolt  and  over 
throw  the  atrocious  tyranny  which  keeps  them 
as  prostitutes. 

SMITH,  ELI,  died  in  Northford,  formerly 
a  part  of  Branford,  Conn.,  July  7,  1845,  aged 
79 ;  a  humble,  devoted  Christian.  He  could 
count  twenty-five  persons,  who  became  converts, 
while  members  of  his  family.  His  son,  Rev.  Dr. 
Eli  Smith,  the  missionary  in  Syria,  visited  him 
in  his  sickness. 

SMITH,  SAMUEL  H.,  died  at  Washington 
Nov.  1,  1845,  aged  19.  He  edited  a  paper,  the 
New  World,  in  Philadelphia  in  1796,  and  at  Wash 
ington,  when  it  became  the  seat  of  government, 
he  established  the  National  Intelligencer,  which 
he  edited  till  1810.  He  was  a  friend  of  Jeffer 
son,  Madison,  and  Monroe. 

SMITH,  OLIVER,  died  at  Hatfield  Dec.  22, 
1845,  aged  80  ;  leaving  an  estate  of  half  a  mil 
lion  of  dollars,  of  which  20,000  dollars  was  for 
the  establishment  of  an  agricultural  school  in 
Northampton,  and  360,000  dollars  to  eight  towns 
for  orphan  and  poor  children,  and  10,000  dollars 
to  the  colonization  society. 

SMITH,  JOHN  COTTON,  LL.  D.,  governor  of 
Connecticut,  died  at  Sharon  Dec.  7,  1845,  aged 
80.  He  was  born  in  Sharon  Feb.  12,  1765. 
Graduating  at  Yale  in  1783,  he  settled  in  his  na 
tive  town  as  a  lawyer.  For  several  terms  he  was 
a  member  of  congress,  but  resigned  in  1806.  In 


746 


SMITH. 


SMITH. 


1809  he  was  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court,  and 
governor  from  1813  to  1817.  He  was  also  pres 
ident  of  the  American  board  of  commissioners, 
and  of  the  American  bible  society.  He  was  tall 
and  .slender,  and  graceful;  of  dignified  manners, 
yet  courteous  and  persuasive.  At  this  period 
some  may  be  glad  to  learn  what  was  his  dress. 
He  wore  breeches,  black  silk  stockings  and  shoe- 
buckles  ;  his  hair  powdered,  turned  back,  with  a 
queue,  and  a  friz  over  his  ears.  His  boots,  when 
he  appeared  in  them,  were  white-topped.  He 
was  a  zealous  federalist  in  nis  political  principles  ; 
and  an  exemplary  Christian  professor,  a  man  of 
piety  and  benevolence.  —  Goodrich's  Recollec 
tions. 

SMITH,  SUSAN,  widow  of  Prof.  John  Smith, 
died  at  Hanover  Dec.  20,  1845,  aged  82.  She 
was  his  second  wife,  the  daughter  of  Col.  David 
Mason  of  Boston  and  Springfield.  She  wrote  a 
memoir  of  her  husband.  She  had  a  strong  and 
well-furnished  mind,  and  was  a  woman  of  benevo 
lence  and  earnest  piety  and  great  usefulness. 

SMITH,  DANIEL,  minister  of  Stamford,  Conn., 
died  in  1846,  aged  78.  Born  in  New  Canaan,  he 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1791,  and  was  ordained  in 
1793. 

SMITH,  AMASA,  a  minister  in  Maine,  died  at 
Cumberland  in  1847,  aged  91.  One  minister, 
still  older,  in  Maine,  Mr.  Sawyer,  survived  him, 
and  now  lives,  1857,  aged  101.  He  was  born  in 
Belchertown,  Mass.,  the  brother  of  Rev.  Eli  S. 
He  was  first  settled  at  Turner,  then  in  Cumber 
land,  in  1806,  remaining  fourteen  years ;  then 
was  elsewhere  a  preacher. 

SMITH,  ELI,  minister  of  Hollis,  N.  H.,  died 
in  1847,  aged  86.  Born  in  Belchertown,  he 
graduated  at  Brown  university  in  1792,  and  was 
pastor  from  1793  to  1830. 

SMITH,  JOSEPH,  died  at  Mercer,  Penn.,  July 
31,  1849,  aged  84.  Born  in  the  county  of  Derry, 
Ireland,  in  1765,  at  the  age  of  nine  his  parents 
brought  him  to  this  country.  His  ancestors  were 
pious,  and  he  early  became  pious.  His  trade 
was  that  of  a  millwright.  He  settled  at  M.  in 
1800,  and  was  an  elder  of  the  new-formed  church  ; 
and  was  an  eminent  Christian  :  a  son  was  a  min 
ister.  A  long  account  of  him  by  Dr.  W.  S. 
Plumer  is  in  the  N.  Y.  Observer  March  16,  1850. 
He  became  a  Hebrew  scholar  :  the  bible  was  his1 
constant  companion. 

SMITH,  ETHAN,  minister  of  Hopkinton,N.  II., 
a  descendant  of  llev.  Henry  S.,  of  "Wethersfield, 
died  Aug.  29,  1849,  aged  86.  He  died  at  the 
house  of  his  son-in-law,  Rev.  W.  II.  Sanford,  of 
Boylston.  He  was  born  in  Belchertown  Dec.  19, 
1762,  the  son  of  Deacon  Elijah ;  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  in  1790;  was  a  minister  at  Ilaverhill, 
N.  H.,  nine  years,  and  then  from  March  12,  1800, 
for  eighteen  years  at  Hopkinton,  N.  II.  He  also 
lived  some  years  at  Hebron,  N.  Y.,  Poultney,  Vt., 


and  Hanover,  Mass.  He  was  descended  from 
Rev.  E.  Iluit.  His  mother  died  at  Hadley  aged 
102.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Rev.  D.  San- 
ford.  On  the  Sabbath  before  his  last  illness  he 
preached  with  animation.  His  last  words  were, 
"  Joy  and  peace  in  believing."  He  published  a 
dissertation  on  the  prophecies ;  view  of  the  Trin 
ity,  in  answer  to  N.  Worcester ;  lectures  on  bap 
tism;  key  to  the  figurative  language  of  the 
bible ;  memoirs  of  Mrs.  Bailey ;  key  to  the  Reve 
lation  ;  prophetical  catechism  ;  a  tract  to  prove 
the  Indians  to  be  descendants  of  the  ten  tribes  ; 
two  sermons  on  episcopacy;  farewell  sermon  ;  one 
at  Hopkinton  ;  two  sermons  on  vain  excuses  of 
man ;  on  the  moral  perfections  of  God ;  on  the 
daughter  of  Zion ;  on  the  death  of  Mrs.  Harris ; 
at  the  ordinations  of  S.  Martindale  and  H. 
Smith.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

SMITH,  WATERS,  M.  D.,  died  in  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  19,  1850.  He  was  surgeon  of  the 
U.  S.  naval  hospital,  one  of  the  oldest  and  most 
skilful  surgeons  in  the  navy. 

SMITH,  AZARIAH,  M.  D.,  missionary  at  Ain- 
tab,  died  June  3,  1851,  aged  34.  Born  at  Man- 
lius,  N.  Y.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1837, 
and  studied  both  physic  and  theology.  He  was 
ordained  in  1842,  and  embarked  for  Western 
Asia  in  November.  He  married  in  1848;  his 
wife,  Corinth  I.  Smith,  survived  him.  He  was  a 
man  of  skill  as  a  physician,  of  eminent  piety,  of 
unwearied  diligence,  self-denying,  and  liberal,  en 
tirely  consecrated  to  his  work. 

SMITH,  DANIEL,  died  in  Kingston.  N.  Y., 
in  June,  1852,  aged  about  45  ;  an  eminent  Meth 
odist  minister,  formerly  in  New  York  city.  He 
was  the  author  of  several  excellent  books  for 
youth  and  Sunday  school  libraries. 

SMITH,  JOHN  R.,  died  at  Salem,  N.  C.,  Dec. 
16,  1852,  aged  68.  As  a  preacher  in  the  United 
Brethren's  church  he  spent  years  among  the  In 
dians  in  Canada  and  the  Cherokees. 

SMITH,  JUNIUS,  died  in  Astoria,  N.  Y.,  Jan. 
23,  1853,  aged  72.  Born  in  Plymouth,  Conn.,  he 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1802  :  for  many  years  he 
lived  in  London  as  a  merchant.  He  devoted 
much  of  his  life  to  two  objects,  steam  navigation 
and  the  introduction  of  the  tea  plant  into  this 
country.  He  cultivated  it  at  Greenville,  S.  C. 
He  published  oration,  July  4,  1804. 

SMITH,  TiiEorniLUS,  minister  of  New  Ca 
naan,  died  Aug.  29,  1853,  aged  53.  lie  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  in  1824,  and  was  a  scholar,  skilled 
in  biblical  literature,  a  man  of  sound  judgment, 
a  diligent  preacher  and  faithful  pastor. 

SMITH,  WILLIAM  MOORE,  published  poems 
written  in  Pcnn.,  1785.  His  son,  Richard  P. 
Smith,  died  near  Philadelphia  in  1854.  He  pub 
lished  novels,  stories,  and  plays.  — Cycl.  of  Amer. 
Lit. 

SMITH,  S.  LISLE,  one  of  the  most  brilliant 


SMITH. 


SMITH. 


747 


orators  of  the  west,  died  at  Chicago  July  30, 
1854. 

SMITH,  JONATHAN,  Baptist  minister  at  Chic- 
opee,  died  at  Hartford  Jan.  2,  1855,  aged  94. 
Born  in  Norton,  he  was  a  Revolutionary  soldier 
three  years :  he  was  present  when  the  British 
evacuated  Boston.  He  then  became  a  Baptist 
minister  and  labored  seventy  years  in  preaching 
the  gospel.  His  residence  was  Chicopee. 

SMITH,  HOBERT,  an  Episcopal  missionary, 
died  at  Cavalia,  West  Africa,  May  25,  1855,  aged 
30.  He  was  a  native  of  Tennessee,  a  graduate 
of  Yale,  and  a  theological  student  of  Alexandria. 

SMITH,  JACOB  J.,  died  at  Cleves,  O.,  Dec. 
12,  1855,  aged  101. 

SMITH,  WORTHINGTON,  D.  D.,  president  of 
the  university  of  Vermont,  died  at  St.  Albans 
Feb.  13,  1856,  aged  62.  He  was  born  in  Hadley, 
the  son  of  Deacon  Seth  Smith.  He  graduated 
at  Williams  college.  As  a  minister  and  as  the 
head  of  the  college  he  was  highly  respected. 

SMITH,  ELI,  D.  D.,  the  eminent  missionary 
to  Syria,  died  at  Beirut,  in  Syria,  of  a  cancer  of 
the  stomach,  Jan.  11,  1857,  aged  55.  He  was 
born  in  1801,  the  son  of  Eli  Smith  of  Branford, 
Conn.,  Northford  society,  about  ten  miles  from 
New  Haven  ;  a  village  remarkable  for  the  num 
ber  it  has  furnished  of  educated  youth.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1823,  and  at  Ando- 
ver  theological  seminary  in  1826.  In  the  same 
year  he  embarked  as  a  missionary  of  the  Ameri 
can  board  for  Malta  ;  went  to  Cairo ;  crossed  the 
desert  to  Syria  in  Feb.,  1827;  was  at  Beirut  till 
182S,  when  he  returned  to  Malta  and  had  care 
of  the  press.  In  1830  and  1831  he  and  Dr. 
D  wight  made  an  exploring  tour  in  Armenia,  oc 
cupying  almost  a  year.  They  were  at  Tebreez  in 
Persia  in  Jan.,  1831.  They  returned  to  Con 
stantinople  in  May  ;  to  Malta  in  July.  He  made 
also  two  exploring  tours  with  Dr.  Robinson.  Af 
ter  an  absence  of  six  years  he  visited  this  country 
in  1832,  and  published  his  researches  in  Armenia. 
In  1833  he  married  Miss  Sarah  Lanman  Hunting- 
ton,  the  daughter  of  Deacon  Jabez  Huntington 
of  Norwich,  Conn.,  and  sailed  for  Malta  in  that 
year.  He  soon  settled  down  at  Beirut.  She 
gave  him  important  aid  in  his  labors;  but  she 
died  in  1836  at  Boujah,  a  village  near  Smyrna, 
and  there  was  buried.  Her  memoir  was  writ 
ten  by  Dr.  Hooker.  In  1838  he  and  Professor 
Ilqbinson  made  an  exploring  tour  in  the  east. 
In  1839  he  superintended  the  casting  of  Arabic 
types  in  Leipsic.  Dr.  Smith  married  for  his  sec 
ond  wife  Miss  Chapin,  the  daughter  of  General 
Chapin  of  Rochester,  N.  Y. ;  but  she,  too,  after  a 
few  years  was  taken  away  and  was  buried  at  Bei 
rut.  In  the  course  of  time  he  sought  another 
companion  in  America,  and  was  married  in  Oct., 
1846,  to  Miss  Hetty  S.  Butler  of  Northampton, 
Mass.,  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Daniel  Butler;  and 


she  now  is  left  a  desolate  widow  at  her  beautiful 
and  late  happy  abode  at  Beirut  on  the  shore  of 
the  Mediterranean.  He  left  a  son  by  his  second 
wife  and  four  children  by  his  last,  two  sons  and 
two  daughters.  From  the  beginning  of  his  mis 
sionary  life  it  was  the  great  object  of  Dr.  Smith 
to  make  himself  skilled  in  the  Arabic  language, 
so  as  to  be  able  to  translate  into  it,  as  now  spo 
ken  in  the  east,  God's  holy  book  ;  and  in  his  work 
he  had  made  very  considerable  progress,  having 
it  is  believed  translated  the  Pentateuch  and  New 
Testament ;  the  Psalms  and  the  lesser  Prophets ; 
and  Isaiah.  It  must  be  for  his  future  biographer 
to  describe  the  variety  and  extent  of  his  efforts  in 
accomplishing  the  object  dear  to  the  missionary 
of  the  cross,  —  that  of  communicating  to  the  mis 
guided  and  uninstructed  the  knoAvledge  of  Jesus 
Christ,  the  Son  of  God,  the  Mediator  between 
God  and  man,  the  Saviour  of  all  them  that  be 
lieve.  The  memorable  fact  that  this  son  of 
America  sleeps  in  distant  Syria,  at  the  foot  of 
Mount  Lebanon,  whither  he  went  from  the  new 
world  to  carry  back  the  triumphs  of  the  cross  to 
the  old  world,  to  Syria,  and  Egypt,  and  Persia, 
and  to  gladden  Jerusalem  with  the  doctrine  of 
redemption,  —  this  fact  compels  the  remark,  that 
the  glory  of  this  zealous  missionary  casts  con 
tempt  on  the  fame  of  Alexander,  the  great  war 
rior  ;  for  this  mighty  conqueror  spread  only  dis 
may  and  terror,  desolation  and  death  over  the 
wide  east ;  but  the  missionary  sought  to  spread 
over  the  same  region  the  beams  of  eternal  truth, 
the  principles  of  virtue,  the  elements  of  happi 
ness,  the  hopes  of  bliss  beyond  the  grave,  and 
the  sure  possession  of  ineffable  joy,  of  immortal 
glory.  He  was  buried  the  day  after  his  death, 
the  services  being  performed  in  the  American 
chapel,  the  consuls  of  the  Protestant  nations  be 
ing  present,  and  a  crowded  congregation  of 
afflicted  natives.  Rev.  Mr.  Calhoun  made  an 
address  in  English,  and  Rev.  Mr.  Ford  in  Ara 
bic.  His  body  was  then  placed  in  its  grave  in 
the  neighboring  Protestant  burying-ground,  un 
der  the  shade  of  the  cypress,  next  to  the  grave  of 
his  second  wife,  near  the  graves  of  the  eminent 
missionaries,  Pliny  Fisk  and  George  B.  Whiting. 
Will  not  theirs  be  the  resurrection  of  the  just  ? 
As  to  some  of  the  labors  of  Dr.  Smith,  in  super 
intending  the  casting  of  Arabic  types  in  Germany, 
he  made  an  improvement  in  the  form  of  the  let 
ters,  rendering  them  more  distinct  and  agreeable, 
nearer  to  the  style  of  writing  than  to  the  old 
characters,  to  the  great  satisfaction  of  the  natives 
and  of  the  learned  in  Europe.  In  his  great  labor 
of  translating  he  had  the  assistance  of  Professor 
Bistany  and  of  other  natives;  and  thus  he  toiled 
incessantly  for  eight  years.  Happily  he  had  fin 
ished  the  New  Testament  and  other  parts  of  the 
Bible ;  it  must  be  for  another  to  complete  the 
work  of  giving  the  whole  Word  of  God  to  six 


748 


SNELLING. 


SOUTHWICK. 


millions  of  the  human  family.  A  friend  at  Bei 
rut  wrote  a  few  days  after  his  death  a  letter  con 
cerning  him,  in  which  he  said  :  "  The  precision 
and  logical  order  of  his  mind  were  its  prominent 
features.  lie  had  not  the  vehemence  and  warmth 
which  enter  into  high  oratory ;  while  there  was  a 
seriousness,  a  force  of  argument,  a  tenderness, 
and  apparent  conscientiousness,  whose  influence 
was  far  better  and  more  enduring.  His  field  of 
knowledge  was  wide,  his  scholarship  ripe,  and  his 
modesty  equal  to  his  attainments.  But  his 
moral  qualities  were  his  chiefest  glory.  He  had 
subjected  his  whole  nature  to  reason,  and  his  rea 
son  to  the  teachings  of  God.  The  study  of  that 
blessed  book,  which  was  constantly  before  him, 
brought  him  into  contact  with  the  pure  and  the 
heavenly,  and  seemed  to  bathe  his  spirit  with 
holy  influences.  A  scholar,  and  largely  ac 
quainted  with  the  world,  he  was  still  a  very  child 
in  simplicity,  loving  all,  laboring  for  all,  and  not 
ashamed  of  the  most  humble  service.  His  faith 
in  the  Divine  goodness  seemed  never  to  forsake 
him.  With  collectedness  and  serenity  he  met 
the  darkest  adversities  in  life,  and  smiled  as  he 
advanced  to  the  dominions  of  death.  When  near 
his  end  he  said  that  he  felt  that  he  was  a  great 
sinner,  but  there  was  a  greater  Saviour ;  that  he 
had  no  righteousness  of  his  own,  and  relied  en 
tirely  on  the  blood  of  Christ ;  that  for  aught  he 
knew  he  had  more  friends  in  heaven  than  re 
maining  on  the  earth,  and  soon  he  should  be 
with  them  and  all  the  holy  in  the  presence  of 
God.  I  heard  the  grave-clods  fall  upon  the  cof 
fin  of  that  accomplished  scholar  and  meek,  guile 
less,  devoted  Christian  ;  and  never  did  they  sound 
more  harshly.  And  yet,  truly  interpreted,  they 
were  the  notes  of  triumph,  such  only  as  the  dead 
can  give,  when  they  pass  into  the  regions  of  im 
mortality  :  '  O  death  !  where  is  thy  sting  ?  O 
grave  !  where  is  thy  victory  ?  '  "  He  published 
researches  in  Armenia,  2  vols.,  1832  ;  missionary 
sermons  and  addresses,  1834.  —  Jour.  Commerce, 
Feb.  27. 

SNELLIXG,  WILLIAM,  an  early  physician  of 
Newbury,  Mass.,  came  from  Devon,  England, 
and  removed  to  Boston  in  1654,  and  there  died. 

SNEYD,  SAMUEL  S.,  a  Methodist  minister, 
died  at  Philadelphia  in  1840,  aged  47. 

SNIDEIl,  ANDREW,  died  at  Intercourse,  Lan-» 
caster  county,  Pa.,  Nov.  1,  1845,  aged  112;  a 
soldier  of  the  Revolution. 

SNODGRASS,  JAMES,  died  in  1846,  aged  82  ; 
minister  of  West  Hanover,  Penn.,  father  of  Rev. 
Dr.  S.  of  New  York. 

SNOW,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Providence,  R.  L, 
died  April  10,  1803,  aged  89.  He  was  the  son 
of  Joseph,  and  was  born  in  P.  and  settled  in  1743. 
Among  his  successors  were  J.  Wilson,  Cyrus  Ma 
son,  Mark  Tucker  in  the  second  church,  of  which 
he  was  the  first  pastor,  from  1743  to  1793.  He 


was  also  the  first  pastor  of  the  third  church  from 
1793,  in  which  T.  Williams  and  W.Preston  were 
his  successors. 

SNOW,  ELISIIA,  a  Baptist  minister,  died  in 
Thomaston,  Me.,  in  1832,  aged  92. 

SNOWDEN,  SAMUEL  FINLEY,  died  in  Brown- 
ville,  N.  Y.,  May  21,  1845,  aged  77.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  son  of  Isaac  S.,  whose  seven  sons 
were  educated  at  Princeton,  he  was  pastor  in 
Princeton,  N.  J. ;  then  in  Newr  Hartford,  N.  Y. ; 
then  of  Sackett's  Harbor. 

SNYDER,  SIMON,  governor  of  Pennsylvania, 
died  in  Nov.,  1819.  He  succeeded  Gov.  McKean 
in  1808. 

SOMERJ3Y,  ANTHONY,  an  early  schoolmaster 
of  Newbury,  Mass.,  died  in  1686,  aged  76.  He 
came  from  Lincolnshire,  England,  in  1639. 

SOMMER,  LUTHER,  minister  of  Scoharie, 
N.  Y.,  died  after  Sept.,  1786,  then  aged  76  ;  in  that 
month  he  suddenly  recovered  his  sight  after  being 
blind  seventeen  years.  He  awaked  in  the  morn 
ing,  and  looked  out  and  saw  distinctly  ;  and  went 
to  church  without  his  usual  guide. 

SOUTIIALL,  DANIEL,  a  Methodist  minister, 
died  at  Washington,  Dist,  Col.,  Oct.  15,  1830, 
aged  67. 

SOUTHARD,  SAMUEL  L.,  governor  of  New 
Jersey,  died  June  26,  1842,  aged  55.  He  was 
born  June  9,  1787,  at  Baskenridge,  and  gradu 
ated  at  Princeton  in  1804.  In  1815  he  became  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court.  He  was  a  senator 
of  the  United  States  in  1823,  and  in  the  same 
year  secretary  of  the  navy  :  attorney-general  of 
New  Jersey  in  1 829,  governor  in  1832,  and  again 
a  senator  in  1833  and  1838.  Of  the  senate  he 
was  the  president  in  1841.  His  wife  was  a  Miss 
Harrow.  He  was  distinguished  for  talents  and 
eloquence,  and  for  his  private  virtues.  He  pub 
lished  reports  in  the  supreme  court  of  New  Jer 
sey,  1819;  an  eulogy  on  Chief  Justice  Ewing, 
1832. 

SOUTHMAYD,  JOHN,  minister  of  Water- 
bury,  Conn.,  died  in  1755,  aged  about  80.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1697,  and  was  pastor 
from  1705  to  1735.  J.  Peck  was  the  first  minis 
ter  from  1669  to  1699. 

SOUTIIMAYD,  DANIEL  S.,  first  minister  of 
the  Trinitarian  church  in  Concord,  Mass.,  died 
in  1837,  aged  35.  Born  in  Castleton,  Vt.,  he 
graduated  at  Middlcbury  college  in  1822,  and 
was  settled  in  1827,  and  resigned  in  1832,  and 
was  succeeded  by  J.  Wilder.  He  then  was  an 
editor  in  Lowell  and  in  New  York.  He  died  in 
Texas.  lie  published  sermon  on  the  advance 
ment  of  gospel  truth,  1830. 

SOUTH  WICK,  SOLOMON,  died  at  Albany  in 
1839,  aged  about  65.  He  was  a  native  of  Rhode 
Island.  After  being  a  journeyman  printer  he 
established  and  edited  the  Albany  Register,  a 
leading  democratic  paper;  but,  quarreling  with 


SOUTHWORTH. 

his  party,  it  died  in  1817.  He  established  other 
papers,  the  Christian  Visitant,  and  the  Plough 
Boy;  in  1827  he  established  an  anti-masonic 
paper.  He  was  even  a  candidate  for  governor : 
his  thirty  thousand  votes  gave  Mr.  Van  Buren  a 
plurality  over  Smith  Thompson.  Tie  experienced 
reverses  and  misfortunes,  and  his  political  dreams 
vanished.  From  an  Infidol  becoming  a  Chris 
tian,  he  connected  himself  with  the  Methodist 
church.  For  years  he  was  a  public  lecturer  on 
temperance,  biblical  literature,  and  self-education, 
thus  obtaining  a  precarious  support. 

SOUTHWORTH,  THOMAS,  a  younger  brother 
of  Constant  S.,  was  born  in  1016  and  died  Dec. 
8,  1669,  aged  53.  He  was  selected  to  succeed 
Elder  Brewster  ;  but  his  father-in-law,  Gov.  Brad 
ford,  wished  him  to  enter  upon  civil  affairs.  He 
was  a  commissioner  of  the  United  Colonies  from 
16,39  for  several  years,  and  governor  in  1664  of 
the  colony's  territory  in  Maine,  and  was  highly 
esteemed  for  his  good  judgment  and  piety.  He 
married  his  cousin,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Rev. 
John  Ruyner  ;  and  his  only  child,  Eli/a,  married 
Joseph,  son  of  the  pilgrim  John  Howland.  Mrs. 
Rayner  then  was  the  sister  of  Mrs.  Bradford,  as 
was  also  the  wife  of  T)r.  Samuel  Fuller,  and  the 
wife  of  William  Wright  of  Plymouth.  Their 
name  was  Carpenter :  their  unmarried  sister, 
Mary  Carpenter,  a  godly  woman,  died  at  Ply 
mouth  March  19,  1720,  aged  90.  It  appears  also 
that  J.  Cooper  of  Scituate  in  1634  called  Olive 
Bradford  his  sister  ;  so  that  probably  his  wife  was 
another  sister  of  the  Carpenter  family. 

SOUTIIWORTII,  CONSTANT,  died  at  Duxbury 
in  1687,  aged  about  72.  He  was  born  in  Eng 
land,  the  son  of  Alice  S.,  who  married  Gov.  Brad 
ford  when  he  was  about  eight  years  old.  He  came 
over  in  1628  when  he  was  thirteen  years  old. 
The  Plymouth  company  paid  ten  pounds  for  his 
passage,  and  for  diet  eleven  weeks  at  one  shil 
ling  and  eight  pence  per  week.  His  father's 
name  is  not  known  ;  but  it  was  probably  Edward. 
Southworth  was  a  Basset-Lowe  family  in  Eng 
land.  There  was.  an  Edward  in  1614,  the  son  of 
Robert,  the  son  of  Richard,  the  son  of  Aymond. 
There  was  also  a  Thomas  at  Clarkborough  and  a 
William  at  Ilcyton.  Robert  about  1604  con 
sorted  with  the  Puritans.  Constant's  oldest  and 
youngest  sons  were  called  Edward  and  William. 
He  married  Elizabeth,  the  daughter  of  William 
Collier,  and  sustained  various  offices,  civil  and 
military.  In  Philip's  war  he  was  commissary- 
general  and  accompanied  the  army.  Captain  B. 
Church  married  his  daughter  Alice.  Two  of  his 
eons  were  with  Church  in  his  expeditions.  He 
left  three  sons,  Edward,  Nathaniel,  and  William. 
The  first  occupied  the  homestead ;  the  sons  of, 
the  two  last  lived  in  Tiverton.  In  his  estate  of 
360  pounds  was  included  an  Indian  boy  at  10 
pounds.  His  daughter  Mercy  married  Samuel 


SPARHAWK. 


749 


Freeman  ;  Mary  married  Daniel  Alden.  Eliza 
beth  had  bequeathed  to  her  two  beds  and  furni 
ture,  "  provided  she  do  not  marry  William 
Fobbcs;  but  if  she  do,  then  to  have  five  shil 
lings."  Like  most  other  young  ladies,  she  chose 
to  decide  the  question  of  a  husband  for  herself. 
She  accepted  the  five  shillings.  Mr.  Fobes  lived 
in  Duxbury  and  Little  Compton  :  his  son  John 
died  in  Bridgevater  in  1661.  Mr.  S.'s  son  Ed 
ward  had  a  son  Thomas,  whose  son  Jcdidiah  was 
a  deacon  of  the  church  in  North  Yarmouth,  Me. ; 
and  his  son,  Deacon  John,  died  in  1814,  aged  81. 
From  the  daughters  of  this  family  there  were 
many  descendants. 

SPAIGHT,  RICHARD  D.,  governor  of  N.  C., 
a  miserable,  unprincipled  duellist,  died  as  a  fool 
dieth,  in  1802.  On  account  of  some  insult  given 
or  received  in  a  political  dispute,  he  set  himself  up 
as  a  mark  to  be  shot  at  by  John  Stanley,  and  was 
killed.  Stanley  was  convicted  and  sentenced  to 
death  for  murder,  but  obtained  a  pardon. 

SPALDING,  SAMSON,  the  first  minister  of 
Tewksbury,  Mass.,  died  in  1796,  aged  86  ;  in  the 
sixtieth  year  of  his  ministry.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1732,  and  was  settled  in  1737.  T.  T. 
Barton  was  settled  in  1792  ;  J.  Coggin  in  1806. 

SPALDIXG,  LYMAN,  M.  D.,  died  at  Ports 
mouth  Oct.  31,  1821,  aged  46.  His  death  was 
caused  by  a  wound  in  the  head.  He  was  born  in 
Cornish,  N.  H.,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1797.  He  settled  at  Portsmouth.  In  1812,  be 
ing  appointed  president  of  the  college  of  physi 
cians  at  Fail-field,  N.  Y.,  and  professor  of  anat 
omy  and  surgery,  he  removed  to  the  city  of  New 
York.  He  was  a  skilful  physician  and  surgeon. 
With  him  originated  the  plan  of  a  pharmaco 
poeia  of  U.  S.  He  published  'a  nomenclature  of 
chemistry,  1799;  inaugural  address,  1813;  his 
tory  of  scutellaria ;  reflections  on  yellow  fever, 
1819.  —  TJiaclier's  Mcd.  Biog. 

SPALDING,  JOSHUA,  minister  in  Salem,  Mass., 
died  at  Newburg,  or  South-East,  N.  Y.,  in  1825, 
aged  65.  About  1780,  at  the  age  of  twenty,  he 
was  settled  over  the  Tabernacle  church  in  S., 
Avhere  he  continued  till  1802  ;  then  for  three  years 
he  was  in  New  Jersey.  Returning  to  Salem,  he 
preached  in  the  Branch  church  till  1813,  when  he 
removed  to  South-East  in  New  York.  For  four 
years  he  lingered  under  an  attack  of  the  palsy. 
For  forty  years  he  was  a  zealous,  devoted  minis 
ter.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  execution  of 
Coombs,  1787  ;  defence,  1802;  at  opening  of  the 
Branch  church ;  the  Lord's  songs,  1805 ;  to  a 
charitable  society,  1808. 

SPARHAWK,  JOHN,  minister  of  Bristol,  R.  I., 
died  in  1718,  aged  46.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1689,  and  was  ordained  1695.  His  son  was 
the  minister  of  Salem,  Mass.,  and  died  in  1755, 
aged  41.  A  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1731,  he  was 
ordained  in  1736. 


750 


SPARHAWK. 


SPENCER. 


SPARHAWK,  GEORGE,  a  physician,  died  at 
Walpole,  N.  H.,  Feb.  12,  1847,  aged  90.  Born 
in  Brighton,  he  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1777. 

SPARLING,  HULDAH,  Mrs.,  died  at  Oswego 
in  March  or  April,  1852,  aged  110.  She  was 
born  at  Walpack,  N.  J.,  and  was  wounded  by  the 
Indians  in  the  old  French  war. 

SPAULDING,  JOSIAH,  minister  of  Buckland, 
Mass.,  died  in  1823,  aged  72.  Uc  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1778;  was  first  the  minister  of  Plainfield, 
Conn.,  and  was  installed  at  B.  in  1794.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  on  inability,  1782;  Universalism 
confounds  and  destroys  itself,  1805. 

SPAULDING,  THADDEUS,  a  patriot  of  the 
Revolution,  and  an  eminent  Christian,  died  in 
Townsend  Feb.  10,  1836,  aged  78  :  his  wife,  Olive 
Blood,  died  Feb.  19,  aged  70.  His  son,  Dr. 
Thaddeus  Spaulding,  died  at  South  Reading  in 
1844,  aged  52;  a  good  physician,  and  useful  civ 
ilian,  and  respected  Christian.  —  Thacher. 

SPAULDING,  EPHRAIM,  missionary  at  the 
Sandwich  Islands,  died  in  Westborough  June  28, 
1840.  Born  in  Ludlow,  Vt.,  he  graduated  at 
Middle-bury  in  1828.  From  1831,  for  several 
years,  he  was  a  missionary;  but  a  bleeding  at  his 
lungs  compelled  his  return.  —  Anderson's  Serm. 

SPEECE,  CO.XRAD,  D.  D.,  died  in  Staunton, 
Va.,  in  1836 ;  a  Presbyterian  minister.  His  de 
gree  was  given  by  Princeton  in  1820. 

SPENCE,  JOHN,  M.  D.,  died  in  Dumfries,  Va., 
in  1829,  aged  63 ;  a  native  of  Scotland.  He 
zealously  promoted  the  vaccine  inoculation ;  he 
wrote  for  the  journals.  —  Williams''  Med.  Biog. 

SPENCER,  JOSEPH,  a  surgeon,  died  in  the 
early  part  of  this  century  at  Vienna,  Wood 
county,  Va.,  leaving  six  sons  and  five  daughters. 
He  was  the  son  of  Gen.  Spencer ;  was  a  surgeon 
in  the  army  of  the  Revolution  ;  and  in  1794  emi 
grated  from  New  York  to  Ohio,  and,  with  Col. 
Abner  Lord,  purchased  a  tract  of  land,  lying  five 
miles  on  the  river  at  Marietta.  His  daughters 
married  Gen.  Cass  of  Detroit,  Gen.  Hunt  of 
Maumee,  Rev.  Matthew  Wallace  of  Indiana. 
Another  was  Mrs.  Martha  Brainerd  Wilson,  who 
died  at  Marietta  in  1852,  aged  69,  and  who  was 
born  at  Lebanon,  Conn. 

SPENCER,  ELIIIU,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Eliza- 
bethtown  and  Trenton,  N.  J.,  died  in  1784.  He 
was  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1746.  A  native  of 
East  Haddam,  he  was  a  descendant  of  Jared,who 
lived  in  Cambridge  in  1634,  then  in  Lynn,  Hart 
ford,  and  Iladdam,  where  he  died  in  1685.  His 
daughter  married  Jonathan  D.  Sergeant,  who 
died  in  1793,  leaving  ten  children,  of  whom  the 
eminent  John  Sergeant  was  one. 

SPENCER,  JOSEPH,  major-general  in  the  army 
of  the  Revolution,  died  in  1789,  aged  75.  He 
received  this  appointment  in  Aug.,  1776;  he  had 
been  previously  a  brigadier,  and  in  the  war  of 
1758  had  served  as  a  major  and  colonel.  He 


was  with  the  army  in  the  expedition  to  Rhode 
Island  and  in  the  retreat  in  1778.  On  his  resig 
nation  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  congress.  He 
died  at  East  Haddam,  the  place  of  his  birth. 
His  father  was  Isaac ;  his  wife  was  Martha,  the 
sister  of  David  Brainerd.  His  brother,  Elihu  S., 
D.  D.,  successively  minister  of  Jamaica,  L.  I., 
and  of  Trenton,  N.  J.,  died  Dec.  27,  1784.  His 
nephew,  Oliver  S.,  son  of  Capt.  Samuel  S.,  mar 
ried  a  daughter  of  Robert  Ogden  ;  commanded  a 
regiment  in  the  battle  of  Princeton ;  and  after 
the  war  was  judge  of  probate  in  Ohio,  where  he 
died  Jan.  22,  1811. 

SPENCER,  SAMUEL,  LL.  D.,  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  N.  C.,  died  in  1793,  aged  about 
54.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1759. 

SPENCER,  JACOB,  died  in  Washington,  N.  J., 
Oct.  13,  1836,  aged  nearly  100.  He  had  seven 
wives,  and  left  one  child. 

SPENCER,  AMBROSE,  chief  justice,  a  descend 
ant  of  William  S.,  of  Cambridge  and  Hartford  at 
their  settlement,  died  at  Lyons,  N.  J.,  March  13, 
1848,  aged  82.  He  was  born  in  Salisbury,  Conn. 
His  father,  Philip,  a  mechanic  and  farmer,  edu 
cated  his  two  sons  in  Yale  and  Harvard  ;  at  Har 
vard  they  graduated  in  1783.  He  studied  law  in 
part  with  J.  Canfield  of  Sharon,  whose  daughter, 
Laura,  he  married,  and  settled  in  Hudson.  He 
was  attorney-general  in  1802,  and  a  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  in  1819.  A  federalist  at  first,  he 
early  joined  the  republicans  and  was  the  warm 
friend  of  De  Witt  Clinton,  two  of  whose  sisters 
he  married  for  his  second  and  third  wives.  In 
1823  he  retired  from  the  bench  and  resumed  the 
practice  of  the  law.  From  the  neighborhood  of 
Albany  he  removed  to  Lyons  in  1839,  there  living 
in  his  calm  old  age,  yet  presiding  at  the  whig 
national  convention  at  Baltimore  in  1844,  which 
nominated  Clay  and  Frelinghuysen  for  president 
and  vice-president. 

SPENCER,  WILLIAM  A.,  captain  in  the  navy, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  died  in  New  York  March 
3,  1854,  aged  61.  He  fought  in  the  battle  of 
lake  Champlain  under  McDonough.  He  married 
two  daughters  of  Peter  Lorillard  of  N.  Y. 

SPENCER,  ICIIABOD  SMITH,  D.  D.,  minister 
in  Brooklyn,  died  Nov.  23,  1854,  aged  57.  He 
was  born  in  Rupert,  Vermont,  Feb.  23,  1797,  and 
studied  at  Salem  academy,  N.  Y.  He  graduated 
at  Union  college  in  1822.  While  teaching  school 
at  Schencctady  and  Canandaigua,  he  studied  the 
ology.  He  was'  first  settled  in  the  ministry  at 
Northampton,  Sept.  11,  1828,  as  colleague  with 
Mr.  Williams,  and  toiled  there  with  great  success 
between  three  and  four  years,  the  additions  to 
the  church  being  two  hundred.  He  was  dismissed 
March  12,  1832,  and  became  the  first  pastor  of 
the  second  Presbyterian  church  in  Brooklyn, 
where  he  remained  till  his  death.  At  his  funeral 
Dr.  Spring  preached  the  sermon ;  the  bearers 


SPENCER. 


SPRAGUE. 


751 


•were  ministers  with  scarfs,  of  the  Reformed  Dutch, 
Congregational,  Methodist,  Baptist,  Episcopal, 
and  Presbyterian  denominations.  He  had  been 
ill  for  two  years ;  his  sufferings  for  the  last  three 
weeks  were  great.  He  had  a  disease  of  the  kid 
neys  and  ulceration  of  the  bladder.  When  asked, 
"  Is  it  peace  with  you  ?  "  he  replied,  "  It  is  all 
peace."  He  was  a  faithful  and  very  successful 
minister,  giving  himself  wholly  to  his  proper 
work.  He  published  two  volumes  of  pastoral 
sketches,  and  various  single  sermons.  His  ser 
mons,  with  a  sketch  of  his  life,  were  published 
by  J.  M.  Sherwood,  with  a  portrait,  in  2  vols., 
1855. 

SPEXCER,  ELIPIIALET  M.,  minister  of  Carroll, 
N.  Y.,  died  March  26,  1855,  aged  68,  a  member 
of  the  Otsego  Presbytery.  He  was  born  in  Great 
Barrington,  Mass.,  and  was  a  brother  of  Joshua 
S.  of  Utica. 

SPENCER,  JOHN  C.,  son  of  Judge  Ambrose 
S.,  died  of  the  consumption  at  Albany,  May  17, 
1855,  aged  67.  He  was  a  member  of  congress 
from  Ontario  in  1816;  secretary  of  war  in  1841-4; 
and  secretary  of  the  treasury.  He  lived  in  Can- 
andaigua  till  1845,  when  he  removed  to  Albany. 
He  was  a  successful  lawyer,  and  held  various 
offices  in  public  life.  By  his  revision  of  the  stat 
utes  of  New  York  he  gained  high  reputation. 
He  was  a  man  of  intellect  and  intense  energy. 
He  belonged  to  the  anti-masonic  party,  when  Mr. 
Van  Bur  en  was  governor. 

SPENCER,  GEORGE,  died  at  Clinton,  Iowa, 
Aug.  20,  1856,  aged  60.  He  lived  in  Utica,  and 
was  for  years  principal  of  the  academy ;  but  ill 
health  compelled  him  to  abandon  his  literary 
pursuits,  lie  was  secretary  of  the  railroad  to 
Binghamton  ;  and  he  invented  a  car  ventilator. 
He  was  serene  and  resigned  in  suffering.  He 
went  to  Iowa  for  his  health.  He  published  an 
introduction  to  Latin,  and  an  elaborate  English 
grammar. 

SPOONER,  EPHRAIM,  deacon,  a  venerable, 
much  esteemed  citizen  of  Plymouth,  Mass.,  died 
Sunday,  March  22,  1818,  aged  82.  He  was  a 
merchant  and  a  judge,  a  representative  and  coun 
cillor.  He  was  most  courteous,  and  he  performed 
all  the  acts  of  kindness  promised  by  his  man 
ners.  In  the  Revolution  he  was  a  zealous  patriot. 
For  thirty-four  years  he  was  a  faithful  deacon  of 
the  church.  His  wife,  Elizabeth  Shurtleff,  died 
a  month  before  him ;  he  departed  in  peace.  His 
sons,  James  and  Ebenezer,  survived  him.  — 
Thaclier's  Plymouth. 

SPOONER,  WILLIAM,  M.  D.,  died  in  Boston, 
his  native  town,  in  1836,  aged  nearly  76.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1778.  He  studied  with 
Dr.  Danforth,  and  then  served  as  a  surgeon  in  a 
ship-of-war.  He  afterwards  studied  at  Edinburgh 
under  Cullcn,  Monro,  and  Black.  In  1786  he 


settled  in  Boston,  where  he  obtained  a  good 
share  of  medical  practice.  He  was  benevolent 
and  public-spirited,  and  in  his  manners  affable 
and'  courteous.  His  eldest  son.  William  Jones  S., 
a  lawyer  of  Boston,  died  in  1824  ;  the  author  of 
a  phi  beta  kappa  oration,  whose  memoir  is  in  the 
hist,  coll.,  vol.  X. —  Williams'  Med.  Biog. 

SPOTSO,  DANIEL,  Avas  an  Indian  teacher  at 
Nantucket  in  1698.  There  were  then  on  the 
island  two  churches,  five  congregations,  and  five 
hundred  Indians.  Some  of  the  other  preachers 
were  Job  Mukemuk,  John  Asherman,  Netowah, 
Wunnohson,  and  Noah. 

SPRAGUE,  RICHARD,  o  plain,  an  early  set 
tler  of  Charlestown,  Mass.,  died  in  1668,  aged 
63,  bequeathing  about  30  pounds  to  the  church. 
He  and  his  brothers  Ralph  and  William  began 
the  settlement  of  C.  in  1628,  two  years  before 
Winthrop  and  his  company  arrived  in  the  Ara 
bella.  His  son,  Captain  Richard,  died  in  1703, 
bequeathing  a  parsonage-house  and  lands  to  the 
church.  William  removed  to  Hingham.  II. 
Sprague  of  Hingham  published  an  account  of  the 
Spragues  in  1828. —  Budington's  Hist,  of  Charles- 
town. 

SPRAGUE,  JOHN,  a  physician  in  Newbury- 
port,  died  in  1784,  aged  73.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1730. 

SPRAGUE,  JOHN,  M.  D.,  a  physician  in  Bos 
ton,  died  in  1797,  aged  84.  He  was  graduated 
in  1737;  married  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Lewis  Dal- 
Honde,  a  French  physician;  and  had  extensive, 
profitable  practice.  He  retired  to  Dedham  with 
a  second  wife,  a  lady  of  fortune.  In  1779  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  constitutional 
convention.  —  Tkacher. 

SPRAGUE,  EDWARD,  minister  of  Dublin, 
N.  II.,  died  in  1817,  aged  78.  He  Avas  the  son 
of  Dr.  Sprague,  an  eminent  physician  of  Dedham, 
and  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1770.  He  was  or 
dained  at  Dublin  before  1780.  Coming  into  pos 
session,  by  inheritance,  of  a  large  estate,  which  he 
sold  for  50,000  dollars,  the  consequence  was  in 
jurious  by  reason  of  his  foolish  expenses.  He 
died  from  wounds  by  the  upsetting  of  his  car 
riage.  He  left  his  estate  to  his  parish. 

SPRAGUE,  DEBORAH,  wife  of  Seth  Sprague, 
died  at  Duxbury  Nov.  2,  1843,  aged  82.  She 
lived  with  her  husband  sixty-four  years,  and  was 
the  mother  of  fifteen  cliildren,  all  of  whom  lived 
to  have  families  ;  in  all,  her  descendants  at  the 
time  of  her  death  were  one  hundred  and  seventy- 
seven. 

SPRAGUE,  SAMUEL,  died  in  Boston  June  20, 
1844,  aged  90  ;  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution.  He 
was  an  enterprising  and  successful  mechanic, 
many  public  buildings  being  the  monuments  of 
his  skill  and  labor.  He  lived  happy  with  his  wife 
and  children,  and  respected  and  esteemed  by  his 


752 


SPRAGUE. 


SPROAT. 


many  friends.  The  name  of  his  son,  Charles 
Sprague,  skilled  in  the  construction  of  good  verse, 
is  well  known. 

SPllAGUE,  SETH,  the  son  of  Phineas  of  Dux- 
bury,  was  born  July  4,  1760,  and  died  July  8, 
1847,  aged  87.  A  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  he 
settled  in  Duxbury  in  husbandry  and  other  busi 
ness,  and  was  long  a  magistrate  and  senator.  He 
was  a  democrat  in  politics.  In  various  moral  re 
forms  he  took  an  early  part.  He  was  the  father 
of  many  children,  one  of  whom  is  Peleg,  born 
April  27,  1793,  judge  of  the  U.  S.  district  court. 

SPRAGUE,  TIMOTHY  D.,  editor  of  the  literary 
magazine  at  Andover,  Conn.,  died  in  Oct.,  1849, 
aged  30.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1845. 

SPRAGUE,  JOSEPH  E.,  sheriff  of  Essex,  died 
of  apoplexy  at  Salem  Feb.  22,  1852,  aged  69. 
Born  in  S.,  the  son  of  Dr.  William  Stearns,  he 
assumed  the  name  of  his  grandfather  Sprague, 
and  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1804.  A  member 
of  the  Essex  bar,  he  was  an  active  politician  of 
the  Jefferson  school.  lie  was  clerk  of  court, 
postmaster,  and  high  sheriff.  He  published  ora 
tions,  July  4,  1810,  and  1813. 

SPRAGUE,  WILLIAM,  governor  of  Rhode 
Island,  died  in  Providence  Oct.  19,  1856,  aged 
56.  He  was  the  son  of  William  of  Cranston; 
was  a  representative  to  Congress  in  1835;  gov 
ernor  in  1838;  senator  of  the  United  States  in 
1842.  He  was  connected  with  the  largest  cotton 
manufactory  in  the  State.  He  had  talent  and 
judgment,  firmness  and  integrity,  and  in  his  hab 
its  was  plain  and  abstemious. 

SPRING,  ALPHKUS,  minister  of  Eliot,  Maine, 
died  in  1791,  aged  about  46.  He  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1766,  and  was  settled  in  1768.  John 
Rogers,  the  first  minister,  was  settled  in  1721. 

SPRING,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Newbu- 
ryport,  Mass.,  died  March  4,  1819,  aged  73.  He 
was  born  in  Northbridge  Feb.  27,  1746,  and  grad 
uated  at  Princeton  college  in  1771.  He  was  the 
only  chaplain  in  Arnold's  detachment,  which  pen 
etrated  through  the  wilderness  of  Maine  to  Que 
bec  in  1775.  On  his  return  in  1776  he  left  the 
army.  He  was  ordained  Aug.  6,  1777.  His  wife 
was  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Hopkins,  minister  of  Ilad- 
ley  ;  his  two  sons  were  ministers  in  New  York 
and  in  Hartford,  Conn.  Besides  his  labors  as 
minister,  Dr.  Spring  performed  various  other 
important  public  services  ;  he  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Massachusetts  missionary  society 
in  1799,  and  its  president;  he  assisted  also  in 
founding  the  theological  seminary  at  Andover, 
and  the  American  board  of  commissioners  for 
foreign  missions,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the  pru 
dential  committee.  In  his  theological  views  he 
accorded  with  Drs.  Hopkins,  Bellamy,  and  West, 
who  were  his  teachers.  He  was  distinguished 
for  metaphysical  acuteness.  He  published  friendly 
dialogue  on  the  nature  of  duty,  1784;  disquisi 


tion  and  strictures  on  Rev.  D.  Tappan's  letters 
to  Philalethes,  1789;  thanksgiving  sermon,  1794; 
a  missionary  sermon,  1802  ;  at  the  ordination  of 
B.  Bell,  1784;  of  C.  Coffin,  1804;  of  S.  Walker, 
1805;  inauguration  of  E.  D.  Griffin;  at  three 
thanksgivings ;  on  the  death  of  Washington  ;  of 
T.Thompson;  of  N.  Noyes,  1810;  on  sinners 
coming  to  Christ  immediately,  1780 ;  on  family 
prayer;  to  missionary  society,  1802;  to  humane 
society,  1807  ;  on  agency  of  God  and  man  in  sal 
vation,  1807;  to  benevolent  society,  1818;  on 
the  duel  between  Hamilton  and  Burr,  1804;  two 
discourses  on  Christ's  self-existence,  1805;  two 
fast  sermons,  1809,  which  occasioned  a  letter  from 
Mr.  Aikin ;  before  the  American  foreign  mission 
society,  1818.  —  Spragne's  Annals. 

SPRING,  MARSHALL,  M.  D.,  a  physician, 
died  in  Jan.,  1818,  aged  75.  He  was  born  in 
Watertown,  Mass.  ;  graduated  at  Harvard  col 
lege  in  1762;  and  settled  at  Waltham,  where  he 
had  extensive  practice.  He  disapproved  of  the 
resistance  to  Great  Britain,  and  was  a  tory ;  yet 
in  1801  he  was  a  democrat,  or  an  adherent  of 
Mr.  Jefferson.  To  his  son  he  left  a  fortune  of  be 
tween  two  and  three  hundred  thousand  dollars  ; 
but  bequeathed  nothing  to  religious  or  charita 
ble  institutions.  He  had  a  high  reputation  for 
medical  skill.  Many  resorted  to  him  as  to  an 
oracle.  He  was  a  man  of  keenness  of  wit.  — 
Timelier. 

SPROAT,  JAMES,  D.  D.,  minister  in  Philadel 
phia,  died  in  1793,  aged  71.  He  was  born  at 
Scituate,  Mass.,  April  11,  1722,  and  was  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  college  in  1741.  While  a  member 
of  this  seminary  he  heard  a  sermon  by  Gilbert 
Tennent,  which  made  the  most  permanent  im 
pressions  upon  his  mind.  He  was  ordained  Aug. 
23,  1743,  a  minister  in  Guilford,  where  he  was 
highly  popular  and  very  useful.  Thence  he  re 
moved  to  Philadelphia,  and  succeeded  Mr.  Ten 
nent  at  the  close  of  the  year  1768.  Here  he 
continued  till  his  death.  Dr.  Green,  his  colleague, 
survived  him.  The  manner  of  his  funeral  showed 
the  high  esteem  in  which  he  was  held.  It  was  at 
the  time  when  the  yellow  fever  made  such  ravages 
in  the  city,  and  when  even  two  or  three  mourning 
friends  were  seldom  seen  attending  a  corpse  to  the 
grave.  About  fifty  persons  followed  him,  and 
some  religious  negroes  voluntarily  offered  them 
selves  to  carry  the  bier.  He  was  a  respectable 
divine,  and  in  his  preaching  he  loved  to  dwell  on 
the  peculiar  doctrines  of  the  gospel.  His  life 
exhibited  a  most  amiable  view  of  the  influence  of 
religion.  The  copious  extracts  from  his  diary  in 
the  assembly's  magazine  evince  his  piety  and  sub 
mission  to  the  will  of  God  under  the  heaviest 
afflictions,  and  give  an  affecting  account  of  the 
distress  occasioned  by  the  yellow  fever. 

SPROAT,  EBENEZER,  colonel,  died  at  Marietta 
suddenly  in  Feb.,  1805,  aged  53.  He  was  the 


SPURZIIEIM. 


STANDISH. 


753 


son  of  Col.  Ebenezer  S.  of  Middleborough,  Mass. 
In  the  war  he  had  the  rank  of  major;  and  was 
noble  in  appearance,  six  feet  four  inches  high, 
with  a  model  form.  He  loved  his  fellow-soldiers, 
and  he  loved  a  joke.  Once  three  soldiers  dined 
on  poor  fare  at  his  mother's  inn  :  when  the  bill 
was  asked  for,  he  went  to  his  mother,  and  in 
quired  "  How  much  it  was  worth  to  pick  those 
bones  ?"  She  said,  "  A  shilling."  He  returned, 
and  from  the  money-drawer  paid  each  man  a  shil 
ling,  much  to  their  satisfaction.  He  was  appointed 
a  surveyor  of  lands  in  Ohio.  The  Indians  called 
him  Hetuck  or  Big  Buckeye;  hence  the  name  of 
Buckeye  to  the  natives  of  Ohio.  He  was  sheriff 
fourteen  years  of  the  county  of  Washington.  — 
Jlildrcth's  Biog.  Memoirs. 

SPURZIIEIM,  JOHN  CASPAR,  M.  D.,  died  at 
Boston  Nov.  10,  1832,  aged  55.  He  was  born 
near  Treves  on  the  Moselle  in  Germany,  and  be 
came  acquainted  with  Dr.  Gall  in  1800,  and 
became  his  fellow-laborer.  After  lecturing  in 
Europe  he  came  to  America,  and  commenced 
some  courses  of  lectures  on  phrenology  Sept.  17, 
and  soon  died  after  an  illness,  by  the  typhus  fever, 
of  three  weeks. 

SQUANTO,  a  noted  Indian  at  Plymouth,  called 
also  Sisquantum  and  Tisquantum,  was  a  native  of 
Plymouth,  and  joined  the  Pilgrims  as  their  inter 
preter  in  1621.  He  had  been  carried  off  in  1614 
with  seven  other  Indians  by  Thomas  Hunt,  and 
sold  as  a  slave  at  20  pounds  in  Malaga.  His 
services  were  important.  He  taught  the  people 
how  to  plant  corn  and  catch  fish.  He  died  in 
Dec.,  1622. 

SQUAW,  SACHEM,  queen  of  the  Indians  in 
New  England,  was  the  wife  of  Webbacowitts, 
who  was  a  powah  or  powwow,  and  king  in  right 
of  his  wife.  She  submitted  to  the  jurisdiction  of 
Massachusetts  in  1644. 

STAGEY,  WILLIAM,  colonel,  died  in  Marietta 
in  1804.  A  native  of  Massachusetss,  he  was  a 
patriot  soldier,  lie  was  taken  prisoner  by  the 
tories  and  Indians  at  Cherry  Valley,  and  was  a 
prisoner  four  years.  In  1789  he  emigrated  from 
New  Salem  to  Marietta.  —  Ilildrdh. 

STAGEY,  JOSEPH,  the  first  minister  of  Kings 
ton,  died  in  1741,  aged  47.  Born  in  Cambridge, 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1719,  and  was  set 
tled  in  1720.  His  successors  were  Maccarty, 
]laml,  and  Willis.  He  was  very  abstemious,  and 
took  delight  in  fishing  and  fowling ;  but  diligent 
in  his  ministerial  duties  and  of  eminent  piety. 
This  parish  was  set  off  from  Plymouth,  and  Major 
John  Bradford  gave  him  two  acres  of  land,  on 
which  he  built  his  house. 

STAFFORD,  WARD,  minister  in  New  York, 
died  in  18.31,  aged  about  60.  Born  in  Washing 
ton,  N.  H.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1812;  and 
was  settled  over  the  Bowery  church,  which  place 
he  resigned  in  1828.  He  was  afterwards  settled 
95 


at  Youngstown,  Ohio.  His  successors  at  New 
York  were  J.  S.  Christmas  and  Dr.  Woodbridge. 
STANDISII,  MILES,  the  hero  of  New  England, 
died  in  Duxbury,  Mass.,  Oct.  3,  1656,  aged  about 
72.  He  was  born  in  Lancashire  about  the  year 
1584.  After  having  served  for  some  time  in  the 
army  in  the  Netherlands,  he  settled  with  Mr. 
Robinson's  congregation  at  Leyden.  Though  not 
a  member  of  the  church,  he  embarked  with  the 
company  that  came  to  New  England  in  1620,  and 
was  chosen  captain  or  chief  military  commander 
at  Plymouth.  In  every  hazardous  enterprise,  he 
was  foremost;  he  was  resolute  and  daring;  and 
often,  when  in  great  danger,  was  guarded  by  the 
providence  of  God.  His  wife,  Rose,  died  Jan.  29, 
1621.  His  second  wife  was  Barbara^  His  chil 
dren  were  Alexander,  Miles,  Josiah,  and  Lora ; 
also  Charles  and  John,  who  died  early.  Alex 
ander  married  Sarah  Alden,  and  left  children; 
Miles  married  Sarah  Winslow,  and  lived  in  Bos 
ton  ;  Josiah,  captain,  lived  in  Norwich  or  Preston, 
Conn.,  and  had  nine  children.  Lora  died  before 
her  father.  Her  sampler  is  preserved  in  Pil 
grim's  hall,  Plymouth,  as  follows  : 

"Lora  Standish  is  my  name. 
Lord,  guide  my  heart  that  I 
May  doe  thy  will.     Also  fill 
My  hands  with  such  convenient  skill, 
As  may  conduce  to  virtue  void  of  shame ; 
And  I  will  give  the  glory  to  thy  name." 

In  1623  he  was  sent  to  Wessagusset  or  Wey- 
mouth,  to  protect  the  settlers  there  from  a  con 
spiracy  of  the  Indians,  which  Massassoit  had 
disclosed.  Having  chosen  eight  men,  he  went  to 
the  plantation  under  pretence  of  trade,  and  he 
found  it  in  a  most  perilous  condition.  The  people, 
by  their  unjust  and  disorderly  conduct,  had  made 
themselves  contemptible  in  the  eyes  of  the  In 
dians.  To  give  the  savages  satisfaction  on  account 
of  corn  which  had  been  stolen,  they  pretended  to 
hang  the  thief,  but  hung  in  his  stead  a  poor,  de- 
crepid  old  man.  After  Standish  arrived  at  Wey- 
mouth  he  was  insulted  and  threatened  by  the 
Indians,  who  had  been  named  as  conspirators. 
Taking  an  opportunity,  when  a  number  of  them 
were  together,  he  killed  five,  without  losing  any 
of  his  men.  He  himself  seized  Pecksuot,  a  bold 
chief,  snatched  his  knife  from  his  neck,  and  killed 
him  with  it.  The  terror  with  which  this  enter 
prise  filled  the  savages  was  of  great  advantage  to 
the  colonists.  When  the  report  of  this  transac 
tion  was  carried  to  Holland,  Mr.  Robinson,  in  his 
next  letter  to  the  governor,  exclaimed,  "  O  that 
you  had  converted  some,  before  you  killed  any  ! " 
Captain  Standish  was  one  of  the  magistrates  or 
assistants  as  long  as  he  lived.  At  Duxbury  he 
had  a  tract  of  land,  known  by  the  name  of  "  Cap 
tain's  hill."  Mr.  Hubbard  says  of  him  :  "  A  little 
chimney  is  soon  fired ;  so  was  the  Plymouth  cap 
tain,  a  man  of  a  very  small  stature,  yet  of  a  very 
hot  and  angry  temper.  He  had  been  bred  a 


754 


STANDISH. 


STARR. 


soldier  in  the  low  countries,  and  never  entered 
into  the  school  of  Christ,  or  of  John  the  Baptist." 
It  does  not  appear,  however,  that  in  his  military 
expeditions  he  exceeded  his  orders.  Morton  says, 
that  he  fell  asleep  in  the  Lord.  —  Belknap's 
Amer.  Biog.  I.  310-336. 

STANDISH,  WILLIAM,  a  descendant  of  Miles 
S.,  died  in  Pembroke,  Mass.,  in  November,  1828, 
aged  93. 

STANFORD,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  a  Baptist  minister, 
died  in  New  York  Jan.  14,  1834,  aged  80. 

STANFORD,  JOSHUA,  died  in  Dublin,  N.  H., 
Dec.  12,  1856,  aged  103  years  and  8  months. 

STANLEY,  JOHN,  an  eminent  lawyer  of  North 
Carolina,  died  in  1833.  He  was  a  member  of 
congress. 

STANLEY,  ANTHONY  D.,  died  in  East  Hart 
ford  March  16, 1853,  aged  42,  professor  of  mathe 
matics  in  Yale  college,  where  he  was  graduated 
in  1830.  He  published  a  treatise  on  spherical 
trigonometry,  an  edition  of  Day's  algebra,  and  a 
set  of  mathematical  tables;  and  left  projected 
labors  unfinished. 

STANTON,  EDWARD,  died  in  Stonington  in 
1832,  aged  7 1 ;  a  defender  of  fort  Griswold.  Shot 
through  the  body,  Col.  Van  Buskirk  gave  him  a 
silk  cap  to  place  in  the  wound,  and  gave  him  a 
cup  of  water,  —  the  only  acts  of  kindness  that 
day  :  honor  to  the  name  of  this  British  officer. 
S.  kept  the  cap  till  his  death. 

STANTON,  HENRY,  brigadier-general,  died  at 
fort  Hamilton  Aug.  2,  1856,  aged  about  70.  He 
was  of  the  quartermaster's  department. 

STANWIX,  colonel,  commanded  a  consider 
able  force  in  1757,  designed  for  the  protection  of 
the  western  frontiers.  In  1758  he  erected  a  fort 
on  the  north  side  of  the  Mohawk,  at  the  carrying- 
place  to  Wood  creek,  and  called  it  fort  Stanwix. 
It  was  designed  in  part  for  the  security  of  the 
friendly  Indians.  He  then  had  the  rank  of  brig 
adier-general. 

STAR,  COMFORT,  a  minister  in  England,  died 
at  Leeds  in  Sussex  in  1711,  aged  86.  His  father, 
of  the  same  name,  a  physician,  came  from  Ash- 
ford,  E.,  and  lived  in  Cambridge  in  1634 ;  then  in 
Duxbury;  last  in  Boston,  where  he  died  in  1660. 
Born  in  Ashford,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  the 
fifth  class  in  1647,  and  was  a  tutor  and  fellow. 
Returning  to  E.,  he  was  a  minister  in  Cumber 
land  till  deprived  by  the  act  of  uniformity ;  then 
at  Leeds. 

STARK,  JOHN,  major-general,  died  May  8, 
1822,  aged  93.  He  was  the  son  of  Archibald  S., 
a  native  of  Glasgow,  who  married  in  Ireland  ; 
was  born  at  Londonderry,  N.  H.,  Aug.  28,  1728. 
In  1736  his  father  removed  to  Derryfield,  now 
Manchester,  on  the  Merrimac.  While  on  a  hunt 
ing  expedition,  he  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  St. 
Francis  Indians  in  1752,  but  was  soon  redeemed 
at  an  expense  of  103  dollars,  paid  by  Mr.  Wheel 


wright  of  Boston.  To  raise  this  money,  he  re 
paired  on  another  hunting  expedition  to  the  An- 
droscoggin.  He  afterwards  served  in  a  company 
of  rangers  with  Rogers,  being  made  a  captain  in 
1756.  On  hearing  of  the  battle  of  Lexington,  he 
repaired  to  Cambridge,  and,  receiving  a  colonel's 
commission,  enlisted  in  the  same  day  eight  hun 
dred  men.  He  fought  in  the  battle  of  Breed's 
hill,  June  17,  1775,  his  regiment  forming  the  left 
of  the  line,  and  repulsing  three  times,  by  their 
deadly  fire,  the  veteran  Welsh  fusileers,  who  had 
fought  at  Minden.  His  only  defence  was  a  rail- 
fence,  covered  with  hay  to  resemble  a  breastwork. 
In  May,  1776,  he  proceeded  from  New  York  to 
Canada.  In  the  attack  on  Trenton  he  com 
manded  the  van  of  the  right  wing.  He  was  also 
engaged  in  the  battle  of  Princeton.  Displeased 
at  being  neglected  in  a  list  of  promotions,  he 
resigned  his  commission  in  March,  1777,  and  re 
tired  to  his  farm.  In  order  to  impede  the  prog 
ress  of  Burgoyne,  he  proposed  to  the  council  of 
New  Hampshire  to  raise  a  body  of  troops,  and 
fall  upon  his  rear.  In  the  battle  of  Bennington, 
so  called,  though  fought  six  miles  northwest  from 
B.,  in  the  borders  of  New  York,  Saturday,  Aug. 
16,  1777,  he  defeated  Col.  Baum,  killing  two  hun 
dred  and  seven,  and  making  seven  hundred  and 
fifty  prisoners.  The  place  was  near  Van  Schaack's 
mills,  on  a  branch  of  the  Hoosuck,  called  by  Dr. 
Holmes  Walloon  creek;  by  others  Walloom- 
sack,  and  Walloomschaick,  and  Looms-chork. 
This  event  awakened  confidence,  and  led  to  the 
capture  of  Burgoyne.  Of  those  who  fought  in 
this  battle,  the  names  of  T.  Allen,  J.  Orr,  and 
others,  are  recorded  in  this  volume.  In  Septem 
ber  he  enlisted  a  new  and  larger  force,  and  joined 
Gates.  In  1778  and  1779  he  served  in  Rhode 
Island,  and  in  1780  in  New  Jersey.  In  1781  he 
had  the  command  of  the  northern  department  at 
Saratoga.  At  the  close  of  the  war,  he  bade  adieu 
to  public  employment?.  In  1818  congress  voted 
him  a  pension  of  60  dollars  per  month.  John, 
his  third  son,  died  in  Manchester,  N.  II.,  in  1844, 
aged  82. — He  was  buried  on  a  small  hill  near  the 
Merrimac;  a  granite  obelisk  has  the  inscription, 
"Maj.  Gen.  Stark."  A  memoir  of  his  life  was 
published,  annexed  to  reminiscences  of  the  French 
war,  12mo.,  1831. 

STARK,  ANDREW,  LL.  D.,  pastor  of  the  asso 
ciate  Presbyterian  church,  New  York,  thirty  years, 
died  in  Scotland  Sept.  18,  1849,  aged  58,  a'faith- 
ful  and  useful  minister. 

STARR,  PETER,  minister  of  Warren,  Conn., 
died  in  1829,  aged  84.  Born  in  Danbury,  he 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1764  ;  was  a  pastor  sixty 
years ;  and  was  the  oldest  minister  in  the  State. 
Hart  Talcott  was  settled  in  1825. 

STARR,  JOHN,  a  physician,  died  at  Northwood, 
N.  IL,  Sept.  8,  1851,  aged  67.  The  son  of  Dr. 
Ebcne/cr  S.  of  Dunstable,  he  graduated  at  Har- 


STAUGIITON. 

vard  in  1804,  and  studied  physic  with  Dr.  M. 
Spaulding.  He  commenced  practice  in  Peter 
borough.  After  three  years  he  removed  to 
Xorthwood,  where  he  toiled  in  his  profession 
thirty-six  years. 

STAUGHTOX,  WILLIAM,  D.  D.,  died  at 
Washington  Dec.  12,  1829,  aged  59;  a  Baptist, 
formerly  president  of  Columbia  college.  He  was 
on  his  way  to  Georgetown  college,  Ky.  lie  came 
from  England  in  1798;  and  had  been  pastor  of  a 
church  in  Philadelphia  six  years,  from  1805.  He 
published  an  eulogium  on  Dr.  Hush,  1813  ;  ad 
dress  at  opening  of  Columbia  college  at  Wash 
ington,  1822. 

STAUXTOX,  BENJAMIN,  an  eminent  physi 
cian  of  Xewport,  II.  I.,  died  at  a  very  advanced 
age  in  17GO.  Other  physicians  of  X.,  who  died 
before  him,  were  James  Xoyes  and  Clarke  Hod 
man,  and  his  son  William. 

STEARXS,  JOSIAH,  died  in  Epping,  X.  H., 
July  25,  1788,  aged  56,  in  the  thirtieth  year  of 
his  ministry.  He  was  the  son  of  John  of  Biller- 
ica,  and  of  Esther,  who  was  descended  from  the 
celebrated  Capt.  Edward  Johnson.  His  ancestor 
John  lived  in  B.  at  its  incorporation  in  1665,  and 
his  earliest  ancestor  in  this  country  was  Isaac  of 
*  Watertown,  in  1630,  who  died  Aug.  29,  1676, 
leaving  sons  Isaac,  Samuel,  and  probably  others. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1751.  He  had  two 
wives,  Sarah  Abbot  of  Andover,  and  Sarah  Rue- 

O 

gles  of  Billerica,  and  had  six  sons  and  six  daugh 
ters.  He  published  two  sermons  on  the  love  of 
God,  preached  at  Exeter  for  the  benefit  of  the 
students  of  the  academy ;  also  at  ordination  of 
S.  Gile,  1807;  of  T.  Skelton,  1808;  of  E.  P. 
Sperry,  1813;  on  the  death  of  D.  Bacon,  1810; 
of  E.  Stone,  1822;  on  the  peace,  1815;  at  a 
dedication,  1817;  to  society  for  Christian  knowl 
edge,  1820.  —  N.  II.  Repos. ;  Sprayue's  Annals. 

STEARXS,  CHARLES,  D.  D.,  died  at  Lincoln 
July  26,  1826,  aged  74.  A  native  of  Leominster, 
a  graduate  of  1773,  he  was  ordained  in  1781  the 
successor  of  William  Lawrence,  the  first  minis 
ter,  lie  published  a  sermon  on  music,  1792;  a 
poem,  1797;  principles  of  religion,  1807;  on  the 
death  of  E.  Brooks,  1807  ;  before  a  bible  society; 
convention  sermon,  1815. 

STEARXS,  SAMUEL,  son  of  Rev.  Josiah  S., 
died  at  Bedford,  Mass.,  Dec.  26,  1834,  aged  66, 
in  the  thirty-ninth  year  of  his  ministry.  He  was 
highly  respected.  He  was  a  grandson  of  Rev. 
Samuel  Ruggles  of  Billerica,  and  father  of  W.  A. 
Stearns,  president  of  Amherst  college.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1794,  and  studied 
theology  with  Rev.  Jonathan  French  of  Andover, 
whose  daughter  he  married.  Ordained  April  27, 
1795,  he,  in  consequence  of  a  division,  became, 
June  5,  1833,  the  minister  of  the  Trinitarian  Con 
gregational  society,  yet  pastor  of  the  same  church. 
He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Sam- 


STEBBLXS. 


755 


ucl  Gile,  1807 ;  of  T.  Skelton,  Foxborough,  1808 ; 
on  the  murder  of  David  Bacon,  1810;  at  the  or 
dination  of  E.  P.  Sperry,  Dunstable,  1813 ;  at 
the  dedication  of  a  meeting-house  in  B.  in  1817  ; 
before  Mass,  society  for  promoting  Christian 
knowledge,  1820  ;  at  the  funeral  of  Mr.  Stone,  of 
Reading;  address  at  Dracut  on  the  return  of 
peace,  1814. — Boston  Recorder,  Jan.  2,  1835; 
April  24. 

STEARXS,  SAMUEL  HORATIO,  a  minister  in 
Boston,  died  in  Paris  July  15,  1837,  aged  35.  He 
was  the  son  of  the  preceding,  born  at  Bedford 
Sept.  12,  1801 ;  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1823 ;  and  ordained  over  the  old  south  church 
in  Boston  April  16,  1834.  In  ill  health,  he  was 
invited  by  Rev.  E.  E.  Salisbury  to  visit  with  him 
the  south  of  Europe.  He  died  in  France.  A 
volume  of  his  life  and  discourses  was  published 
in  1838.  The  interesting  account  of  him,  in  one 
hundred  and  ninety-two  pages,  was  prepared  by 
his  brother,  W.  A.  Stearns,  now  president  of  Am 
herst  college.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

STEARXS,  ASAHEL,  LL.  D.,  professor  of  law 
at  Cambridge,  died  Feb.  5, 1839,  aged  64.  He  was 
born  at  Lunenburg  in  1774,  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1797,  and  practised  law  many  years  at 
Cbelmsford.  He  was  a  member  of  Congress  in 
1815-1817.  He  was  professor  from  1817  till 
1829,  when  he  resigned  his  place.  He  died  at 
Cambridge.  He  published  a  volume  on  real  ac 
tions,  1824,  and  was  one  of  the  commissioners  to 
revise  the  statutes  of  the  commonwealth.  He 
was  a  skilful  lawyer,  a  zealous  advocate,  and  a 
man  of  integrity. 

STEARXS,  SILAS,  a  Baptist  minister,  died  in 
Bath,  Me.,  in  1840,  aged  55. 

STEARXS,  JOHN,  M.  D.,  died  in  Xew  York 
March  18, 1848,  aged  nearly  78 ;  president  of  the 
X.  Y.  medical  society.  A  native  of  Wilbraham, 
Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1789.  He 
was  a  devoted  practitioner  and  a  consistent 
Christian,  being  connected  with  Dr.  Milnor's 
church.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  tract 
society,  and  chairman  of  the  finance  committee. 
He  died  in  peace. 

STEBBLXS,  STEPHEN  WILLIAMS,  minister  of 
Westhaven,  Conn.,  died  Aug.  15,  1843,  aged  85. 
Born  in  Longmeadow  in  1758,  the  grandson  of 
Dr.  Stephen  Williams,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1782.  He  declined  an  invitation  to  succeed  his 
grandfather  at  L.,  and  was  settled  at  Stratford, 
where  he  remained  twenty-nine  years,  and  then 
for  twenty-eight  years  was  the  pastor  of  West- 
haven.  His  form  was  erect  and  noble,  his 
countenance  was  bland  and  expressive  :  he  had 
intellect,  judgment,  feeling.  He  was  humble, 
self-denying,  condescending,  and  holy;  and  his 
death  was  peace. 

STEBBIXS,  CYRUS,  D.D.,  died  at  Waterford, 
X.  J.,  in  1841,  aged  68. 


756 


STEBBLNS . 


STEUBEN. 


STEBBIXS,  DANIEL,  Dr.,  died  in  Northamp 
ton,  Mass.,  Oct.  7,  1856,  aged  90  years  and  6 
months.  He  was  the  son  of  Joseph  of  Wilbra- 
ham,  a  descendant  of  Homeland,  who  came  from 
England  in  1634  and  was  among  the  first  settlers 
of  Springfield  in  1636.  To  this  ancestor,  from 
whom  Dr.  S.  descended  in  the  seventh  genera 
tion,  he  erected  a  granite  monument  in  North 
ampton,  where  he  died  in  1671.  He  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1788,  leaving  only  two  survivors  of 
his  class,  Rev.  Daniel  Waldo,  chaplain  in  con 
gress,  aged  94,  and  Judge  John  Woodworth  of 
Troy.  He  was  educated  as  a  physician,  and  prac 
tised  a  few  years.  He  came  to  Northampton  in 
1806.  For  thirty-five  years  he  was  the  county 
treasurer,  annually  chosen  by  the  people.  He 
was  a  man  of  integrity  and  piety,  industrious,  in 
terested  in  all  the  objects  which  conduce  to  the 
public  welfare.  His  last  days  were  embittered 
by  suffering,  and  by  the  decay  of  his  intellectual 
powers ;  but  he  cherished  the  hope,  through  the 
gospel,  that  they  would  flourish  anew,  subject  to 
no  second  decay. 

STEDMAN,  C.,  published  a  history  of  the 
American  war,  2  vols.  4to.,  London,  1794. 

STEEL,  STEPHEN,  the  first  minister  of  Tol- 
land,  Conn.,  died  in  1759,  aged  62,  in  the  thirty- 
seventh  year  of  his  ministry.  Born  in  Hadley, 
Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1718.  Nathan 
Williams  was  his  successor. 

STEEL  E,  JOHN,  a  useful  magistrate  at  Hart 
ford  in  1636,  was  the  first  secretary  of  the  gov 
ernment.  He  removed  to  Farmington  in  1651, 
and  died  in  1664.  He  was  one  of  the  legislators, 
who,  to  what  was  called  Newtown,  gave  the  name 
of  Hartford,  probably  because  Mr.  Stone  was 
born  in  H.,  England.  The  seal  of  Hartford,  by 
Mr.  Hartley,  is  a  hart  fording  a  stream  ;  the  crest 
an  eagle,  with  the  motto,  "  Post  nubila  Phoebus." 
It  is  described  in  "  Hartford  in  the  olden  time." 

STEELE,  JOHN,  general,  died  near  Salisbury, 
N.  C.,  August,  1815.  He  was  a  member  of  con 
gress  soon  after  the  adoption  of  the  constitution, 
and  comptroller  of  the  treasury ;  a  man  of  pro 
found  knowledge  and  strong  reasoning  powers. 

STEELE,  MARSHFIELD,  minister  of  Machias, 
Me.,  died  in  1832,  aged  60.  Born  in  Hartford, 
Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1790,  and  was 
ordained  in  1800. 

STEELE,  JOHN,  M.  D.,  missionary,  died  at 
Madura  Oct.  6,  1842,  aged  38.  Born  in  Hebron, 
N.  Y.,  he  embarked  at  Boston  in  1836.  He  was 
highly  respected ;  his  end  was  perfect  peace. 
His  wife  was  Mary  Snell  of  Plainfield,  Mass. 

STEEHS,  GEORGE,  a  distinguished  shipbuilder, 
died  on  Long  Island  Sept.  25,  1856.  He  was 
riding,  when  his  horse  ran  away  and  threw  him, 
the  injury  causing  his  death.  He  constructed 
the  famous  yacht  America,  which  won  the  race  at 
Cowes  in  1851.  The  steamers  Niagara  and  Adri 


atic,  built  by  him,  exhibited  great  beauty  and 
symmetry. 

"  STEPHENS,  JOHN  L.,  a  traveller,  died  at 
New  York  Oct.  13,  1852,  aged  46.  Born  in 
Shrewsbury,  N.  J.,  he  graduated  at  Columbia 
college  in  1822.  He  studied  and  practised  law, 
but  ill  health  compelled  him  to  travel.  From 
1834  to  1836  he  visited  Europe,  Greece,  and  Tur 
key.  President  Van  Buren  sent  him  as  ambassa 
dor  to  Central  America  in  1839  in  order  to  nego 
tiate  a  treaty.  He  was  concerned  in  the  first 
lines  of  steamers  to  Europe ;  was  a  director  in 
the  ocean  steam  navigation  company,  and  presi 
dent  of  the  Panama  railroad  company,  and  passed 
the  winter  of  1851  on  the  isthmus  of  Darien. 
The  iron  track  between  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pa 
cific  will  be  forever  associated  with  his  name.  He 
published  incidents  of  travel  in  Egypt,  etc.,  1837  ; 
in  Greece,  Turkey,  etc.,  1838;  in  Central  Amer 
ica,  1841;  in  Yucatan.  —  Gycl.  of  Am.  Lit. 

STEPHENSON,  JAMES,  D.  D.,  died  in  Maury 
county,  Tenn.,  in  1832. 

STETSON,  ELLEN,  Miss,  a  missionary  to  the 
Cherokces,  died  at  Dwight  Dec.  29,  1848,  aged 
65.  Born  at  Kingston,  Mass.,  she  entered  upon 
her  labors  as  teacher  of  the  female  school  in  1821 
at  "Old  Dwight."  In  1829  she  removed  to  the 
new  station.  She  was  very  humble,  yet  full  of 
peace  ;  a  most  faithful  and  useful  laborer  for  the 
good  of  Cherokee  girls  during  27  years. 

STEUBEN,  FREDERICK  WILLIAM,  baron  de, 
a  major-general  in  the  American  army,  died  at 
Steubenville,  N.  Y.,  in  1794,  aged  61.  He  was 
a  Prussian  officer,  who  served  many  years  in  the 
armies  of  Frederick,  and  afterwards  entered  the 
service  of  Prince  Charles  of  Baden.  He  had  the 
rank  of  lieutenant-general,  and  was  also  a  canon 
of  the  church.  With  an  income  of  2500  dollars 
a  year,  he  passed  his  winters  at  Paris,  and  there 
became  acquainted  with  Franklin.  He  arrived 
at  Portsmouth,  N.  IL,  in  Nov.  1777,  with  strong 
recommendations  to  congress.  He  claimed  no 
rank,  and  only  requested  permission  to  serve  as 
a  volunteer.  He  was  soon  appointed  to  the  office 
of  inspector-general  with  the  rank  of  major-gen 
eral.  He  established  a  uniform  system  of  ma 
noeuvres,  and  by  his  skill  and  persevering  industry 
effected  during  the  continuance  of  the  troops  at 
Valley  Forge  a  most  important  improvement  in 
all  ranks  of  the  army.  He  was  a  volunteer  in 
the  action  at  Monmouth,  and  commanded  in  the 
trenches  of  Yorktown  on  the  day  which  concluded 
the  struggle  with  Great  Britain.  He  was  an 
accomplished  gentleman  and  a  virtuous  citizen, 
of  extensive  knowledge  and  sound  judgment. 
His  aids  were  North,  Popham,  and  Walker.  The 
following  anecdotes  will  illustrate  his  character. 
When  in  Virginia,  a  militia-colonel  rode  up  with 
a  boy,  and  said,  "I  have  brought  you  a  recruit." 
The  baron  patted  the  boy  on  his  head,  and  asked 


STEUBEN. 


STEVENS. 


757 


his  age,  and  in  his  indignation  at  the  cheat  ordered 
the  colonel  to  be  dismounted,  unspurred,  and 
turned  into  the  ranks ;  and  said  to  the  lad,  "  Go, 
my  boy,  take  the  colonel's  spurs  and  horses  to 
his  wife  ;  —  make  my  compliments,  and  say,  her 
husband  has  gone  to  fight  for  the  freedom  of  his 
country,  as  an  honest  man  should  do.  By  pla 
toons  !  to  the  right  wheel !  forward  march !  "  On 
the  arrival  of  the  corps  at  Itoanoke,  the  colonel 
escaped,  and  applied  in  vain  to  Governor  Jefferson 
for  redress.  At  a  review  in  Morristown  he  ar 
rested  a  Lieut.  Gibbons  for  a  fault  of  which  he 
was  innocent ;  but,  ascertaining  his  innocence,  he 
desired  him  to  come  to  the  front,  when  he  said  : 
"  Sir,  the  fault  which  was  committed  would  have 
been  perilous  in  the  presence  of  an  enemy,  but  it 
was  not  yours;  I  ask  your  pardon;  return  to 
your  command  ;  "  and  this  was  said  with  his  hat 
oif,  and  the  rain  pouring  on  his  reverend  head. 
AVhat  officer  would  not  respect  the  veteran  ?  On 
leaving  a  sick  aid-de-camp  in  Virginia,  he  said, 
"  There  is  my  sulkey,  and  here  is  half  of  my 
money;  I  can  do  no  more."  For  amusement  he 
sometimes  miscalled  words  in  English,  similar  in 
sound.  Mrs.  Washington,  at  the  dinner-table, 
asked  him  once  what  he  had  caught,  when  he 
went  a-fishing.  He  replied  that  he  had  caught 
two  fish,  adding,  "  I  am  not  sure,  but  I  think  one 
of  them  was  a  whale."  —  "  A  whale,  baron,  in  the 
North  river  ?  "  —  "  Yes,  I  assure  you,  a  very  fine 
whale ;  was  it  not  ?  "  appealing  to  one  of  his  aids, 
who  replied,  "  An  eel,  baron."  At  the  house  of 
Mrs.  Livingston,  the  mother  of  the  chancellor, 
he  was  introduced  to  a  Miss  Sheaff.  "  I  am 
happy,"  said  he,  "  to  be  presented  to  you,  though 
at  a  great  risk ;  from  my  youth  I  have  been  cau 
tioned  against  mischief,  but  I  had  no  idea  that 
her  attractions  were  so  powerful ! "  When  the 
army  was  disbanded,  and  the  old  soldiers  shook 
hands  in  farewell,  Lieut.  Col.  Cochran,  a  Green 
Mountain  veteran,  said,  "  For  myself  I  could 
stand  it,  but  my  wife  and  daughters  are  in  the 
garret  of  that  wretched  tavern,  and  I  have  no 
means  of  removing  them."  —  "Come,"  said  the 
baron,  "  I  will  pay  my  respects  to  Mrs.  C.  and  her 
daughters ;  "  and  when  he  left  them  their  coun 
tenances  were  brightened,  for  he  gave  them  all 
he  had  to  give.  This  was  at  Newburg.  On  the 
wharf  he  saw  a  poor  wounded  black  man,  who 
wanted  a  dollar  to  pay  for  his  passage  to  his 
home.  Of  whom  the  baron  borrowed  the  dol 
lar,  it  is  not  known ;  but  he  soon  returned, 
when  the  negro  hailed  the  sloop,  and  cried,  "  God 
bless  you,  master  baron ! "  The  State  of  New 
Jersey  gave  him  a- small  farm.  New  York  gave 
him  16,000  acres  in  Oncida  county;  a  pension  of 
2500  dollars  was  also  given  him.  He  built  him 
a  log  house  at  Steubenville,  gave  a  tenth  part  of 
his  land  to  his  aids  and  servants,  and  parcelled 
out  the  rest  to  twenty  or  thirty  tenants.  His 


library  was  his  chief  solace.  Having  little  exer 
cise,  he  died  of  the  apoplexy.  AgreeaUv  to  his 
request  he  was  wrapped  in  his  cloak  and  buried 
in  a  plain  coffin  without  a  stone.  He  was  a  be 
liever  in  Jesus  Christ,  a  member  of  the  reformed 
Dutch  church,  New  York.  An  abstract  of  his 
system  of  discipline  was  published  in  1779,  and 
in  1784  he  published  a  letter  on  the  subject  of  an 
established  militia  and  military  arrangements. 

STEVENS,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  the  son  of  Joseph  S.,  died  of  the  small 
pox  Nov.  16,  1721,  aged  40.  He  was  born  in 
Andover;  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1703;  and  was  ordained  colleague  with  Mr. 
Bradstreet  Oct.  13,  1713.  He  was  a  fervent  and 
eloquent  preacher,  cheerful  though  serious  in 
conversation,  gentle  as  a  father,  and  beloved  by 
all  his  congregation.  There  was  published  from 
his  manuscript  his  last  sermon,  entitled,  another 
and  a  better  country  in  reserve  for  all  true  be 
lievers  ;  and  annexed  to  it  a  discourse  on  the 
death  of  Mr.  Brattle  of  Cambridge.  He  was 
the  great-grandfather  of  Joseph  Stevens  Buck- 
minster. 

STEVENS,  TIMOTIIT,  first  minister  of  Glas- 
tenbury,  Conn.,  died  April,  1726,  aged  60.  He 
was  the  son  of  Timothy  of  Roxbury,  and  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1687.  His  wife  was  Eunice, 
the  daughter  of  John  Chester;  his  second  wife 
was  Alice,  the  widow  of  llev.  John  Whiting  of 
Lancaster. 

STEVENS,  PHINEHAS,  first  minister  of  Bos- 
cawen,  N.  H.,  died  in  1755,  aged  about  43.  He 
was  born  in  Andover,  and  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1734;  was  settled  Oct.  8,  1740.  Three  of  his 
successors  were  II.  Morrill,  N.  Merrill,  S.  Wood. 

STEVENS,  BENJAMIN,  D.  1).,  minister  of  Kit- 
tery,  Maine,  the  son  of  Rev.  Joseph,  was  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  college  in  1740,  and  ordained 
May  1,  1751.  He  died  May  18,  1791,  aged  70, 
having  been  respected  in  life  as  an  able  minister 
of  the  gospel,  an  exemplary  Christian,  and  a  mod 
est  and  humble  man.  His  only  child,  Sarah, 
married  llev.  Joseph  Buckminster.  He  gave  his 
library  to  the  ministers  of  York  and  Kittory. 
He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Andrew 
Pepperell,  1752  ;  on  the  death  of  Sir  W.  Pep- 
perell,  1759;  at  the  election,  1760;  at  the  con 
vention,  1764.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

STEVENS,  EDWARD,  general,  a  soldier  of  the 
Revolution,  died  in  Virginia  Aug.  17,  1820.  A 
native  of  Virginia,  he  served  with  distinction  dur 
ing  the  whole  war.  He  was  the  friend  of  Wash 
ington  and  Greene.  At  the  battle  of  the  Great 
Bridge  near  Norfolk,  he  commanded  a  battalion 
of  ritlemen.  At  the  battle  of  Brandy  wine  for  his 
good  conduct  he  received  the  public  thanks  of 
the  commander-in-chief ;  and  in  the  same  way 
was  honored  at  the  battle  of  Germantown.  Pro 
moted  to  the  command  of  a  brigade,  he  fought 


758 


STEVENS. 


STILES. 


in  the  battle  of  Camden.  In  that  of  Guilford 
court-house,  he  was  severely  wounded  in  the 
thigh ;  but  he  brought  off  his  troops  in  good  or 
der.  His  military  career  ended  at  the  siege  of 
Yorktown.  From  the  adoption  of  the  State  con 
stitution  until  1790  he  was  a  member  of  the  sen 
ate  of  Virginia. 

STEVENS,  EBENEZER,  major-general,  a  sol 
dier  of  the  Revolution,  died  in  1823,  aged  71. 
He  was  born  in  Boston  in  1751,  and  entered  the 
army  as  an  artificer.  He  obtained  the  rank  of 
lieutenant-colonel  of  artillery.  On  the  return  of 
peace  he  settled  in  New  York,  and  was  an  enter 
prising  merchant.  For  many  years  he  com 
manded  the  division  of  the  artillery  of  the  State. 

STEVENS,  EDWIN,  missionary  to  China,  died 
at  Singapore  Jan.  5,  1837,  aged  36.  Born  at 
New  Canaan,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1828,  at 
New  Haven  seminary  in  1831.  He  was  a  chap 
lain  at  Canton  in  1832,  and  was  skilled  in  the 
Chinese  language. 

STEVENS,  JOHN  II.,  died  at  Stoneham.Mass., 
July  9,  1851,  aged  nearly  85 ;  for  thirty-two  years 
pastor  of  the  church  at  S.  Born  at  Canterbury, 
Conn.,  he  was  pastor  of  Methucn,  Mass.,  from 
1791  to  1795;  of  Stoneham  from  1795  to  1827; 
of  the  east  parish  of  Haverhill  from  1828  to  1833. 
He  published  two  sermons  on  the  death  of  a 
young  man,  1803 ;  and  two  fast  sermons.  — 
Sprague. 

STEVENS,  JOHN,  died  in  Talbot  county,  Md., 
in  April,  185G.  He  had  recently  given  36,000 
dollars  for  a  packet  to  be  in  the  service  of  the 
Liberian  colonization. 

STEVENS,  ROBERT  L.,  died  at  Hoboken  April 
20,  1856,  aged  68.  He  was  remarkable  for  his 
inventive  powers.  His  father,  John  S.,  was  con 
nected  with  John  Fitch  in  the  improvement  of 
navigation  by  steam.  His  inventions  are  de 
scribed  in  the  Tribune  of  April  22.  He  is  said 
to  have  died  Avorth  two  millions  of  dollars. 

STEVENSON,  JAMES,  D.  D.,  died  in  Maury 
county,  Tennessee,  in  1832. 

STEVENSON,  WILLIAM,  a  Methodist  minis 
ter,  died  at  Rock  Run,  Md.,  in  1839,  aged  74. 
Edward  S.,  also  a  Methodist  minister,  died  at 
Snow  Hill,  Md.,  in  1839,  aged  45. 

STEVENSON,  ANDREW,  a  Virginia  statesman, 
died  of  the  pneumonia  in  Albemarle  county,  in 
1857,  aged  73.  He  was  in  early  life  an  eminent 
pleader  at  the  bar.  As  a  member  of  congress 
he  was  chosen  speaker  of  the  house,  and  presided 
with  great  dignity  and  ability.  Next  to  Mr.  Clay 
he  was  regarded  as  best  qualified  for  that  station.  ' 
From  congress  he  was  sent  as  a  minister  to  Eng 
land,  and  in  that  position  was  distinguished,  for 
his  character  was  dignified,  his  appearance  splen 
did,  his  social  accomplishments  remarkable.  On 
his  return  he  was  rector  of  the  university  of  Vir 


ginia,  to  which  he  devoted  much  care,  as  also  to 
the  pursuits  of  agriculture. 

STEWARD,  ANTIPAS,  first  minister  of  Lud- 
low,  Mass.,  died  in  Belchertown  in  1814,  aged 
80.  Born  in  Marlborough,  he  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1760  ;  was  ordained  in  1793,  and  dis 
missed  in  1803.  He  well  understood  Hebrew 
and  was  a  good  scholar. 

STEWARD,  JOSEPH,  a  painter,  died  in  April, 
1822,  aged  69.  He  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
college  in  1780.  He  became  a  preacher;  but 
losing  his  health  he  devoted  himself  to  painting, 
being  instructed  by  Trumbull.  He  established  a 
museum  at  Hartford,  Conn. 

STEWART,  DANIEL,  general,  died  in  Liberty 
county,  Georgia,  in  1829,  aged  69  ;  a  patriot  of 
1776. 

STEWART,  ZURIAII,  widow  of  David  S.,died 
at  Kingwood,  N.  J.,  Oct.  31, 1843,  aged  103.  By 
her  first  husband,  G.  Opdycke,  she  had  eleven 
children.  She  left  eighty-four  grandchildren,  one 
hundred  and  eighty  great-grandchildren,  and 
thirty-nine  great-great-grandchildren. 

STEWART,  SARAH,  wife  of  Rev.  C.  S.  Stew 
art,  died  June  16,  1854  ;  a  woman  of  great  ex 
cellence  of  character.  —  Observer,  July  17. 

STEWART,  JAMES,  M.  1).,  died  at  Baltimore 
Jan.  31,  1846,  aged  90.  Born  in  Annapolis,  he 
studied  medicine  in  Edinburgh;  in  1780  he  came 
to  B.,  and  served  in  the  army.  He  saw  in  the 
city  an  increase  from  fifteen  thousand  inhabitants 
to  one  hundred  thousand. 

STILES,  ISAAC,  died  at  North  Haven  May  14, 
1760,  aged  62.  He  was  the  son  of  John,  whose 
father  John  came  from  Milbrook,  England,  and 
settled  in  Windsor  in  1635.  Born  in  Windsor, 
a  graduate  of  1722,  he  was  ordained  at  North 
Haven  Nov.  11,  1724;  and  was  succeeded  by  Dr. 
Trumbull.  His  predecessor,  Mr.  Wetmore,  had 
become  an  Episcopalian.  He  was  a  zealous  and 
eloquent  preacher.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of 
Rev.  Edward  Taylor ;  and  President  Stiles  was 
her  only  child.  He  published  election  sermon, 
1742  ;  at  the  ordination  of  his  son  at  Newport, 
1755  ;  duty  of  soldiers,  1755.  —  Sprague's  An 
nals. 

STILES,  ABEL,  minister  of  Woodstock,  north 
society,  died  July  25,  1783,  aged  74,  in  the  forty- 
sixth  of  his  ministry.  A  brother  of  the  preced 
ing,  he  graduated  in  1733,  was  a  tutor,  a  good 
scholar,  and  eminent  theologian.  Besides  these 
two  sons,  John,  their  father,  had  twelve  children. 

STILES,  EZRA,  D.  I).,  president  of  Yale  col 
lege,  died  at  New  Haven  May  12,  1795,  aged  67. 
He  was  the  son  of  Isaac  Stiles,  minister  of  .North 
Haven,  Conn.;  was  born  Dec.  15,  1727.  He  was 
graduated  in  1746,  and  in  1749  was  chosen  tutor, 
in  which  station  he  remained  six  years.  After 
having  preached  occasoually,  his  impaired  health 


STILES. 

and  some  doubt  respecting  the  truth  of  Chris 
tianity  induced  him  to  pursue  the  study  of  the 
law.  In  1753  he  took  the  attorney's  oath  at 
New  Haven,  and  practised  at  the  bar  till  1755. 
But,  having  resumed  preaching,  he  was  ordained 
Oct.  22,  1755,  minister  of  the  second  Congrega 
tional  church  in  Newport,  Rhode  Island.  In 
March,  1776,  the  events  of  the  war  dispersed  his 
congregation,  and  induced  him  to  remove  to 
Dighton.  lie  afterwards  preached  at  Portsmouth. 
In  1777  he  was  chosen  president  of  Yale  college, 
as  successor  of  Mr.  Clap,  and  continued  in  this 
station  till  his  death.  It  seems,  from  the  private 
journal  of  Mr.  Stiles,  that  he  was  earnestly  op 
posed  to  the  new-fangled  doctrines  of  Dr.  Hop 
kins  and  Stephen  West,  of  which  he  speaks  thus : 
"  The  people  begin  to  be  tired  of  the  unintelligi 
ble  and  new  points,  as  1.  that  an  unconverted 
man  had  better  be  killing  his  father  than  pray 
ing  for  converting  grace  ;  2.  that  true  repentance 
implies  a  willingness  to  be  damned  ;  3.  that  we 
are  to  give  God  thanks  that  he  caused  Adam  to 
sin  and  involved  all  his  posterity  in  total  deprav 
ity ;  that  Judas  betrayed,  etc.  ;  4.  that  the  chil 
dren  of  none  but  communicants  are  to  be  bap 
tized  ;  5.  that  the  church  and  ministers  are  so 
corrupt  that  no  communion  is  to  be  held  with 
them."  When  he  was  a  candidate  for  the  presi 
dency  of  the  college,  Dr.  James  Dana  wrote  to 
him,  that  there  was  a  party  for  Elizur  Goodrich, 
but  that  if  he  was  chosen  "  there  would  be  an 
other  college."  The  nine  ministers,  constitut 
ing  the  trustees,  with  Mr.  Goodrich,  chose  Mr. 
Stiles.  He  was  one  of  the  most  learned  men  of 
whom  this  country  can  boast.  He  had  a  thor 
ough  knowledge  of  the  Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin 
languages,  the  former  of  which  he  learned  when 
he  was  about  forty  years  of  age  ;  he  had  made 
considerable  progress  in  the  Samaritan,  Chaklee, 
Syriac,  and  Arabic ;  on  the  Persic  and  Coptic  he 
had  bestowed  some  attention ;  and  the  French 
he  read  with  great  facility.  He  was  also  well 
versed  in  most  branches  of  mathematical  know 
ledge.  Next  to  sacred  literature,  astronomy  was 
his  favorite  science.  lie  had  read  the  works  of 
divines  in  various  languages,  and  very  few  have 
had  so  thorough  an  acquaintance  with  the  fathers 
of  the  Christian  church.  He  possessed  an  inti 
mate  acquaintance  with  the  Ilabbinical  writings. 
He  was  a  most  impressive  and  eloquent  preacher, 
for  he  spoke  with  that  zeal  and  energy  which  the 
deepest  interest  in  the  most  important  subjects 
cannot  fail  to  inspire.  His  early  discourses  were 
philosophical  and  moral ;  but  he  gradually  be 
came  a  serious  and  powerful  preacher  of  the  mo 
mentous  truths  of  the  gospel.  In  the  room  of 
labored  disquisitions,  addressed  rather  to  the 
reason  than  to  the  conscience  and  heart,  he  em 
ployed  his  time  in  preaching  repentance  and 


STILES. 


759 


faith  ;  the  great  truths  respecting  our  disease  and 
cure;  the  physician  of  souls  and  our  remedy  in 
him ;  the  manner  in  which  the  sinner  is  brought 
home  to  God  in  regeneration,  justification,  sanc- 
tification,  and  eternal  glory ;  the  terrors  and 
blessings  of  the  world  to  come;  the  influence  of 
the  Holy  Spirit  and  the  efficacy  of  the  truth  in 
the  great  change  of  the  character,  preparatory 
for  heaven.  The  doctrines  of  the  trinity  in  unity, 
of  the  divinity  and  atonement  of  Christ,  with  the 
capital  principles  of  the  great  theological  system 
of  the  doctrines  of  grace,  he  believed  to  have  been 
the  uninterrupted  faith  of  eight-tenths  of  Chris 
tendom  from  the  ascension  of  Jesus  Christ  to  the 
present  day.  He  delighted  in  preaching  the  gos 
pel  to  the  poor.  Among  the  members  of  his 
church  at  Newport  were  seven  negroes.  These 
occasionally  met  in  his  study,  when  he  instructed 
them,  and,  falling  on  their  knees  together,  he  im 
plored  for  them  and  for  himself  the  blessing  of 
that  God  with  whom  all  distinction  excepting  that 
of  Christian  excellence  is  as  nothing.  In  the 
cause  of  civil  and  religious  liberty  he  was  an  en 
thusiast.  He  contended  that  the  right  of  con 
science  and  private  judgment  was  unalienable; 
and  that  no  exigences  of  the  Christian  church 
could  render  it  lawful  to  erect  any  body  of  men 
into  a  standing  judicatory  over  the  churches. 
He  engaged  with  zeal  in  the  cause  of  his  country. 
He  thought  that  the  30th  of  January,  which  was 
observed  by  the  Episcopalians  in  commemoration 
of  the  martyrdom  of  Charles  I.,  "  ought  to  be 
celebrated  as  an  anniversary  thanksgiving,  that 
one  nation  on  earth  had  so  much  fortitude  and 
public  justice  as  to  make  a  royal  tyrant  bow  to 
the  sovereignty  of  the  people."  He  was  catholic 
in  his  sentiments,  for  his  heart  was  open  to  re 
ceive  all  who  loved  the  Lord  Jesus  in  sincerity. 
He  was  conspicuous  for  his  benevolence,  as  well 
as  for  his  learning  and  piety.  The  following  ex 
tracts  from  his  diary  furnish  evidence  of  his  Chris 
tian  goodness  :  "  The  review  of  my  life  aston 
ishes  me  with  a  sense  of  my  sins.  May  I  be 
washed  in  the  blood  of  Jesus,  which  cleanseth 
from  all  sin.  Purity  and  sanctify  me,  O  blessed 
Spirit !  I  hope  I  love  my  Saviour  for  his  divine 
excellences,  as  well  as  for  his  love  to  sinners  ;  I 
glory  in  his  divine  righteousness  ;  and  earnestly 
beseech  the  God  of  all  grace  to  endue  me  with 
true  and  real  holiness,  and  to  make  me  like  him 
self.  I  have  earnestly  importuned  the  youth  of 
this  university  to  devote  themselves  to  that  divine 
Jesus  who  hath  loved  them  to  the  death.  And, 
praised  be  God,  I  have  reason  to  hope  the  blessed 
Spirit  hath  wrought  effectually  on  the  hearts  of 
sundry,  who  have,  I  think,  been  brought  home  to 
God,  and  experienced  what  flesh  and  blood  can 
not  impart  to  the  human  mind.  Whether  I  shall 
ever  get  to  heaven,  and  through  many  tribula- 


760 


STILLMAN. 


STITH. 


tions  enter  into  rest,  God  only  knows.  This  I 
know,  that  I  am  the  most  unworthy  of  all  the 
works  of  God." 

He  was  a  man  of  low  stature,  and  of  a  small 
though  well-proportioned  form.  His  voice  was 
clear  and  energetic.  His  countenance,  especially 
in  conversation,  was  expressive  of  benignity  and 
mildness;  but,  if  occasion  required,  it  became 
the  index  of  majesty  and  authority.  He  pub 
lished  a  funeral  oration  in  Latin  on  Governor 
Law,  1751;  a  discourse  on  the  Christian  union, 
preached  before  the  Congregational  ministers  of 
Ilhode  Island,  1760;  in  this  work  he  recommends 
harmony  among  different  Christians,  and  shows 
an  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  ecclesias 
tical  affairs  of  the  country;  a  sermon  at  the 
installation  of  S.  Hopkins,  1770;  a  Latin  oration 
on  his  induction  into  his  office,  1778  ;  the  United 
States  elevated  to  glory  and  honor,  an  election 
sermon,  preached  May  8,  1783,  which  exhibits 
the  eloquence,  and  patriotism,  and  glowing  sen 
timents  of  liberty,  with  which  the  august  occasion 
could  not  fail  to  inspire  him  ;  account  of  the  set 
tlement  of  Bristol,  1783;  a  sermon  at  the  ordi 
nation  of  II.  Channing,  1787;  history  of  the  three 
judges  of  King  Charles  I.,  Whalley,  Goffe,  and 
Dixwell,  12mo.,  1795;  in  this  work  he  discloses 
very  fully  his  sentiments  on  civil  liberty,  and  pre 
dicts  a  republican  renovation  in  England.  He 
left  an  unfinished  ecclesiastical  history  of  New 
England,  and  more  than  forty  volumes  of  man 
uscripts.  An  interesting  account  of  his  life  was 
published  by  his  son-in-law,  Dr.  Holmes,  in  1798. 
—  Spragne. 

STILLMAN,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  minister  in  Bos 
ton,  died  March  13,  1807,  aged  70.  He  was  born 
in  Philadelphia  Feb.  27,  1737.  When  he  was 
but  eleven  years  of  age  his  parents  removed  to 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  and  in  an  academy 
in  that  city  he  received  the  rudiments  of  his  edu 
cation.  The  preaching  of  Mr.  Hart  was  the  means 
of  teaching  him  that  he  was  a  sinner,  and  of 
converting  him.  Being  ordained  at  Charleston 
Feb.  26,  1759,  he  immediately  afterwards  settled 
at  James  Island ;  but  his  impaired  health  in 
duced  him  in  1760  to  remove  to  Bordentown, 
New  Jersey,  where  he  preached  two  years,  and 
then  went  to  Boston.  After  being  an  assistant 
about  a  year  in  the  second  Baptist  church,  he  was 
installed  the  minister  of  the  first,  as  successor  of 
Mr.  Condy,  who  now  resigned  his  office,  Jan.  9, 
1765.  In  this  church  he  continued  his  benevo 
lent  labors,  universally  respected  and  beloved, 
till  his  death  by  a  paralytic  shock.  As  an  elo 
quent  preacher  of  the  gospel  Dr.  Stillman  held 
the  first  rank.  Embracing  the  peculiar  doctrines 
of  the  Christian  religion,  he  explained  and  en 
forced  them  with  clearness  and  with  apostolic 
intrepidity  and  zeal.  He  possessed  a  pleasant 
and  most  commanding  voice,  and,  as  he  felt  what 


he  spoke,  he  was  enabled  to  transfuse  his  own 
feelings  into  the  hearts  of  his  auditors.  The  to 
tal  moral  depravity  of  man  was  a  principle  on 
i  which  in  his  preaching  he  much  insisted,  and  he 
believed  that  the  Christian  was  dependent  on 
j  God's  immediate  agency  for  the  origin  and  con- 
l  tinuance  of  every  gracious  exercise.  From  his 
clear  apprehension  of  the  eternal  personal  elec 
tion  of  a  certain  number  of  the  human  race  to 
salvation,  he  was  led  to  believe  the  perseverance 
unto  eternal  glory  of  all  those  who  are  regener 
ated  by  the  Spirit  of  God.  The  Godhead  and 
atonement  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  were  his 
frequent  themes.  He  was  a  preacher  of  right 
eousness,  and  his  own  life  was  holy.  In  the 
chamber  of  sickness  and  affliction  he  was  always 
among  different  denominations  a  welcome  visitor. 
His  uncommon  vivacity  and  energy  of  feeling 
were  united  with  a  perfect  sense  of  propriety, 
and  with  affability,  ease,  and  politeness.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  on  the  repeal  of  the  stamp  act, 
1766;  enlistments,  1769;  dangers  of  youth, 
1771 ;  at  the  artillery  election,  1770  ;  at  the  or 
dination  of  S.  Shepard,  1771  ;  of  Stephen  S. 
Nelson,  1797  ;  of  Thomas  Waterman,  1801  ;  of 
Lucius  Bowles,  1805  ;  on  the  death  of  Mary  Still 
man,  1768;  of  S.  Ward,  1776;  election  sermon, 
1779;  on  charity,  1785;  before  a  society  of  free 
masons,  1789;  apostolic  preaching  in  three  dis 
courses,  1790;  on  the  death  of  N.  Brown,  1791  ; 
of  Washington,  1800;  of  H.  Smith,  1805;  at  the 
execution  of  Levi  Ames,  1773  ;  thanksgiving  ser 
mon  on  the  French  revolution,  1794;  on  the 
national  fast,  1799;  on  opening  the  Baptist  meet 
ing-house  in  Charlestown  ;  on  the  first  anniver 
sary  of  the  female  asylum,  1801  ;  on  the  first  an 
niversary  of  the  Massachusetts  Baptist  missionary 
society,  1803.  A  volume  of  twenty  sermons  was 
published,  8vo.,  1808,  of  which  eight  had  never 
before  been  published. 

STILLWELL,  JARRAT,  general,  died  in  New 
York  in  1843,  aged  86 ;  a  Revolutionary  soldier. 

STILLWELL,  WILLIAM,  Methodist  minister, 
died  at  Astoria,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  9,  1851,  aged  64. 
He  was  thirty-one  years  pastor  in  Christie  street, 
New  York.  He  performed  the  marriage  service 
eight  thousand  times ;  the  funeral  service  seven 
thousand  times. 

STIRLING,  earl  of,  see  William  Alexander. 

STITH,  WILLIAM,  president  of  William  and 
Mary  college,  Virginia,  was  a  native  of  that  col 
ony,  and  for  some  years  a  respectable  clergyman. 
He  withdrew  from  the  laborious  office  which  he 
sustained  in  the  college,  soon  after  the  year  1740, 
and  died  in  1750.  He  published  a  history  of  the 
first  discovery  and  settlement  of  Virginia,  Wil- 
liamsburg,  8vo.,  1747.  It  brings  down  the  his 
tory  only  to  1624.  An  appendix  contains  a 
collection  of  charters  relating  to  the  period  com 
prised  in  the  volume.  Besides  the  copious  ma- 


STOCKBRIDGE. 


STODDARD. 


761 


terials  of  Smith,  the  author  derived  assistance 
from  the  manuscripts  of  his  uncle,  Sir  John  Ran- 
dolph,  and  from  the  records  of  the  London  com 
pany,  put  into  his  hands  by  Col.  William  Byrd, 
president  of  the  council,  and  from  the  valuable 
library  of  this  gentleman.  Mr.  Stith  was  a  man 
of  classical  learning,  and  a  faithful  historian  ; 
but  he  -was  destitute  of  taste  in  style,  and  his  de 
tails  are  exceedingly  minute. 

STOCKBRIDGE,  CHARLES,  M.  D.,  died  at 
Scituate,  Mass.,  in  1806,  aged  72,  leaving  a  son 
Charles,  a  physician,  who  died  in  S.  in  1827,  aged 
38.  His  father,  Benjamin,  was  a  distinguished 
physician  before  him  in  S.  — Dean's  Hist,  of  S. 

STOCKBRIDGE,  JOSEPH,  captain,  died  at 
Bath,  Maine,  Aug.  9,  183.3,  aged  76;  a  soldier  of 
the  Revolution,  engaged  in  various  battles. 

STOCKBRIDGE,  CHARLES,  M.  D.,  a  physi 
cian  of  Scituate,  died  in  Oct.,  1827,  aged  38. 

STOCKING,  JEREMIAH,  minister  of  Glastcn- 
bury,  Conn.,  died  in  1853,  aged  85. 

STOCKING,  WILLIAM  It.,  late  missionary  at 
Oroomiah,  Persia,  died  at  New  York  April  30, 
1854,  aged  44. 

STOCKTON,  RICHARD,  a  statesman  of  New 
Jersey,  died  ne^r  Princeton  Feb.  28,  1781,  aged 
50.  lie  was  the  son  of  John  S.,  and  grandson 
of  Richard  S.,  who  died  in  possession  of  a  large 
landed  estate  at  Princeton  in  1720;  was  born  at 
Princeton  Oct.  1,  1730;  was  graduated  in  the 
first  class  in  1748;  and  studied  law  with  David 
Ogdcn  of  Newark.  In  1766  he  visited  England. 
In  1774  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  New  Jersey,  and  in  1776  a  member  of 
congress.  In  debate  he  took  an  active  part,  and 
signed  the  declaration  of  independence.  No 
vember  30th,  a  party  of  royalists  captured  him 
and  threw  him  into  prison  at  New  York,  where 
his  sufferings  destroyed  his  health.  Congress 
interposed  for  his  release.  The  enemy  destroyed 
his  library  and  devastated  his  lands.  At  the  bar 
Mr.  S.  appeared  with  unrivalled  reputation  and 
success,  refusing  to  engage  in  any  cause  which  he 
knew  to  be  unjust,  and  standing  forth  in  defence 
of  the  helpless  and  the  injured.  He  filled  the 
office  of  judge  with  integrity  and  learning.  His 
superior  powers  of  mind,  which  were  highly  cul 
tivated,  were  united  with  a  flowing  and  persua 
sive  eloquence ;  he  was  also  a  sincere  Christian. 
His  son,  Richard  S.,  LL.  D.,  a  distinguished  law 
yer  and  a  senator  of  the  United  States,  and  for 
thirty  years  a  trustee  of  Princeton  college,  died 
at  Princeton  in  1828. 

STODDARD,  ANTHONY,  the  first  in  this 
country  of  the  family  of  Stoddards,  died  at  Bos 
ton  March  15,  1687,  aged  about  70.  He  lived 
in  Boston  as  early  as  1639,  and  was  a  representa 
tive  more  than  twenty  years.  His  first  wife  was 
a  daughter  of  Emanuel  Downing,  and  by  her  he 
had  sons,  Solomon,  Samson,  and  perhaps  Simeon. 
96 


His  second  wife  was  Barbara,  the  widow  of  J. 
Wc-ld,  and  her  son  was  Stephen.  His  third  wife 
was  Christiana,  and  by  her  he  had  Anthony,  Jo 
seph,  and  Ebenezer. 

STODDARD,  SOLOMON,  minister  of  North- 
nmpton,  Mass.,  died  Feb.  11,  1729,  aged  85.  He 
was  the  eldest  son  of  Anthony  Stoddard,  was 
born  in  Boston  in  1643,  and  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1662.  He  was  afterwards  ap 
pointed  a  fellow.  His  health  being  impaired,  he 
went  to  Barbadoes  as  chaplain  to  Gov.  Serle,  and 
preached  to  the  dissenters  on  that  island  near 
two  years.  After  his  return,  being  ordained 
Sept.  11,  1672,  as  successor  to  Mr.  Mather  at 
Northampton,  he  continued  in  that  place  till  his 
death.  His  ministerial  labors  were  interrupted 
for  but  a  short  time.  His  colleague,  Mr.  Edwards, 
survived  him.  His  wife  was  Esther,  the  daugh 
ter  of  John  Warham,  and  widow  of  his  predeces 
sor,  E.  Mather;  she  died  in  1736,  aged  91.  Be 
sides  his  children,  here  mentioned,  Anthony  and 
John,  he  had  sons  Samuel  and  Aaron,  and 
daughters  Mary,  the  wife  of  Rev.  Stephen  Mix  ; 
Esther,  of  Rev.  Timothy  Edwards  ;  Christina,  of 
Rev.  William  Williams  of  Hatfield ;  and  Sarah, 
of  Rev.  Samuel  Whitman  of  Farmington.  Mr. 
Stoddard  was  a  learned  man,  well  versed  in  re 
ligious  controversies,  and  himself  an  acute  dispu 
tant.  He  engaged  in  a  controversy  with  Increase 
Mather  respecting  the  Lord's  supper,  maintain 
ing  that  the  sacrament  was  a  converting  ordi 
nance,  and  that  all  baptized  persons,  not  scanda 
lous  in  life,  may  lawfully  approach  the  table, 
though  they  know  themselves  to  be  unconverted, 
or  destitute  of  true  religion.  As  a  preacher  his 
discourses  were  plain,  experimental,  searching, 
and  argumentative.  He  was  blessed  with  great 
success.  He  used  to  say  that  he  had  five  har 
vests  ;  and  in  these  revivals  there  was  a  general 
cry,  What  must  I  do  to  be  saved  ?  He  was  so 
diligent  in  his  studies,  that  he  left  a  considerable 
number  of  sermons  which  he  had  never  preached. 
He  wrote  so  fine  a  hand,  that  one  hundred  and 
fifty  of  his  discourses  are  contained  in  a  small 
12mo.  manuscript  volume.  He  published  the 
trial  of  assurance,  1696  ;  doctrine  of  instituted 
churches,  London,  4to.,  1700,  in  which  he  main 
tained  that  the  Lord's  table  should  be  accessible 
to  all  persons  not  immoral  in  their  lives ;  that 
the  power  of  receiving  and  censuring  members  is 
vested  exclusively  in  the  elders  of  the  church  ; 
and  that  synods  have  power  to  excommunicate 
and  deliver  from  church  censures.  He  published 
also  the  necessity  of  acknowledging  offences, 
1701;  the  danger  of  degeneracy,  1702;  election 
sermon,  1703;  sermon  on  the  death  of  John  Pyn- 
chon,  1703;  on  the  neglect  of  the  worship  of 
God,  relating  to  the  supper,  etc.,  1707  ;  the  false 
ness  of  the  hopes  of  many  professors,  1708;  at 
the  ordination  of  J.  Willard,  1718;  of  Thomas 


762 


STODDARD. 


Cheney,  1718;  examination  of  the  power  of  the 
fraternity,  1718;  appeal  to  the  learned  on  the 
Lord's  supper,  against  the  exceptions  of  I.  Mather, 
1709;  plea  for  tithes  ;  divine  teachings,  1712;  a 
guide  to  Christ,  or  the  way  of  directing  souls  in  the 
way  to  conversion,  compiled  for  young  ministers, 
1714;  three  sermons,  showing  the  virtue  of 
Christ's  blood  to  cleanse  from  sin,  that  natural 
men  are  under  the  government  of  self-love,  that 
the  gospel  is  the  means  of  conversion,  and  a 
fourth  annexed  to  stir  up  young  men  and  maid- 
.  ens  to  praise  the  Lord,  1717 ;  a  treatise  concern 
ing  conversion ;  the  way  to  know  sincerity  and 
hypocrisy,  1719;  answer  to  cases  of  conscience, 
1722;  defects  of  preachers,  1723;  whether  God 
is  not  angry  with  the  country  for  doing  so  little 
towards  the  conversion  of  the  Indians,  1723; 
safety  of  appearing  at  the  judgment  in  the  right 
eousness  of  Christ;  this  work  was  republished  at 
Edinburgh,  8vo.,  1792.  —  Colman's  Sermon  on 
Ms  Death. 

STODDARD,  SAMPSON,  minister  of  Chelms- 
ford,  Mass.,  died  in  1740,  aged  about  60.  Born 
in  Boston,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1701,  and 
was  settled  in  1706.  His  predecessors  were  J. 
Eiske  and  T.  Clark.  He  was  succeeded  by  E. 
Bridge  and  IT.  Packard. 

STODDARD,  ANTHONY,  minister  of  Wood- 
bury,  Conn.,  died  Sept.  6, 1760,  aged  82.  He  was 
the  son  of  Solomon  S.  of  Northampton,  born  in 
1678;  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1697;  was  or 
dained  as  successor  of  Z.  Walker,  May  27,  1702; 
and  preached  sixty  years  with  great  success,  hav 
ing  four  hundred  and  seventy-four  admissions  to 
his  church.  He  was  also  clerk  of  probate  forty 
years,  and  was  to  his  people  a  lawyer  and  physi 
cian  ;  and  was  one  of  the  largest  farmers  in  the 
town.  His  wife  from  1701  to  1714  was  Prudence 
Wells ;  he  next  married  Mary  Sherman,  who 
died  in  1720.  He  had  eleven  children.  Among 
his  descendants  were  Major  Amos,  of  Boston, 
and  Col.  Henry  Stoddard  of  Ohio.  He  pub 
lished  election  sermon,  1716.  —  CotJiren's  Hist. 
Woodbury. 

STODDARD,  ISRAEL,  sheriff  of  Berkshire 
county,  died  in  Pittsfield  in  1782,  aged  41.  He 
was  the  son  of  John  and  the  grandson  of  Rev. 
Solomon  S. 

STODDARD,  JOHN,  a  member  of  the  council 
of  Massachusetts,  the  son  of  Rev.  Solomon,  died 
at  Boston  June  19,  1748,  aged  66.  He  was  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  college  in  1701.  He  discharged 
the  duties  of  several  important  stations  with 
great  ability  and  uprightness.  He  was  many 
years  in  the  council,  was  chief  justice  in  the  court 
of  common  pleas,  and  colonel  of  a  regiment. 
With  a  vigorous  mind  and  keen  penetration  he 
united  an  accurate  acquaintance  with  the  con 
cerns  of  the  colonies  and  of  the  neighboring 
tribes  of  Indians.  Thoroughly  established  in 


STONE. 

the  principles  and  the  doctrines  of  the  first  fath 
ers  of  New  England,  he  greatly  detested  what 
he  considered  the  opposite  errors  of  more  mod 
ern  divinity.  His  wife  was  Prudence  Chester  of 
Wethersfield.  —  Edwards'  Sermon. 

STODDARD,  AMOS,  major,  died  in  1813,  aged 
54.  His  father  was  Anthony  of  Woodbury,  Conn., 
who  was  a  grandson  of  Rev.  Anthony  S.  He 
was  a  soldier  from  1779  to  the  close  of  the  war ; 
then  clerk  of  the  supreme  court  in  Boston.  He 
settled  as  a  lawyer  in  Hallowell,  Me.,  about  1792  ; 
in  1799  he  was  appointed  a  captain  of  artillery 
in  the  army.  In  the  battle  at  fort  Meigs  he  was 
wounded  by  a  shell,  and  in  consequence  died  of 
the  lockjaw.  He  was  civil  commander  of  upper 
Louisiana.  He  Avas  a  man  of  talents.  He 
published  the  political  crisis,  London;  and 
sketches  of  Louisiana,  12mo.,  1812. 

STODDARD,  SOLOMON,  JUN.,  died  at  North 
ampton  Nov.  11,  1847,  aged  47.  A  graduate  of 
Yale  college  in  1820,  he  was  a  professor  of  lan 
guages  at  Middlebury  college.  He  was  a  de 
scendant  of  Solomon,  the  second  minister  of 
Northampton.  His  father,  Solomon  of  North 
ampton,  still  lives,  aged  86  years,  Feb.  18,  1857, 
the  son  of  Solomon,  high  sheriff  of  Hampshire, 
who  was  the  son  of  Colonel  John.  His  mother 
was  a  daughter  of  Benjamin  Tappan.  In  1836 
he  united  with  Professor  Andrews  in  preparing 
their  Latin  grammar.  He  was  a  good  scholar 
and  highly  esteemed  teacher  and  professor. 

STODDARD,  HARRIET,  wife  of  David  T.  S., 
missionary  in  Persia,  died  of  the  cholera  at  Trcbi- 
zond  Aug.  2,  1848,  aged  26;  the  daughter  of  Dr. 
C.  Briggs  of  Marblehead.  She  was  a  most  ac 
tive  and  useful  member  of  the  mission  at  Oroo- 
miah.  Mr.  S.,  with  his  family,  was  on  a  journey 
for  his  health  to  Constantinople. — N.  Y.Ob- 
server,  Nov.  25. 

STODDARD,  SILAS,  captain,  died  in  Mace- 
don,  Conn.,  July  3,  1850,  aged  91.  He  served 
and  fought  in  the  war  of  independence  on  board 
the  ship  Discovery. 

STOLL,  JACOB,  seventy  years  a  minister  of  the 
Dunkcrs,  died  in  Lancaster  county,  Pa.,  in  April, 
1822,  aged  91. 

STONE,  SAMUEL,  one  of  the  first  ministers  of 
Hartford,  Conn.,  died  July  20,  1663.  He  was  a 
native  of  Hertford,  England,  and  was  educated 
at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge.  To  escape  per 
secution  he  came  to  this  country  with  Mr.  Cotton 
and  Mr.  Hooker,  and  was  settled  as  an  assistant 
of  the  latter  at  Cambridge  Oct.  11,  1633.  He 
removed  with  him  in  1636  to  Hartford.  While 
he  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  accurate  and 
acute  disputants  of  his  day,  he  was  also  celebrated 
for  his  wit,  pleasantry,  and  good  humor.  Being 
eminently  pious,  he  abounded  in  fastings  and 
prayer,  and  was  a  most  strict  observer  of  the 
Christian  Sabbath.  His  wife  was  Elizabeth  Al- 


STONE. 


STONE. 


763 


len,  who  lived  till  1681.  His  daughter  Elizabeth 
married  William  Sedgwick,  the  son  of  Ilohert, 
from  whom  she  was  divorced  on  account  of  his 
absence  in  the  West  Indies  and  neglect,  and  then 
married  John  Roberts,  lie  left  a  son  Samuel, 
who  was  a  preacher  :  he  fell  down  the  bank  of  a 
rivulet  in  the  evening  and  was  killed.  His  daugh 
ter  Mary  married  Joseph  Fitch,  and  Sarah  mar 
ried  Thomas  Butler.  His  estate  was  563  pounds  ; 
his  books  were  estimated  at  127  pounds,  nearly  a 
quarter  of  the  whole  estate  of  this  minister  in 
the  wilderness.  He  published  a  Congregational 
church,  etc.,  London,  1652.  In  this  work,  which 
is  a  curious  specimen  of  logic,  he  endeavors  to 
demolish  the  system  of  a  national,  political  church. 
He  left  in  manuscript  a  confutation  of  the  anti- 
nomians,  and  a  body  of  divinity.  The  latter  was 
so  much  esteemed  as  to  be  often  transcribed  by 
theological  students.  —  Mather's  Magnolia,  in. 
62,  116-118. 

STONE,  NATHANIEL,  first  minister  of  Har 
wich,  now  Brewster,  died  in  1755,  aged  about  85. 
A  graduate  of  1690,  he  was  ordained  at  the  gath 
ering  of  the  church,  Oct.  16,  1700 :  his  successor 
was  J.  Dunster.  He  published  election  sermon, 
1720;  before  the  superior  court  April  24,  1728; 
the  state  of  man  by  the  fall,  1731. 

STONE,  THOMAS,  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution, 
died  at  Port  Tobacco,  Md.,  Oct.  5,  1787,  aged 
44.  lie  was  a  descendant  of  William  S.,  gov 
ernor  of  Maryland  in  1640,  the  son  of  Da 
vid  S.  Having  studied  law,  and  married  a 
.daughter  of  Dr.  G.  Brown,  with  whom  he  re 
ceived  1000  pounds,  he  purchased  a  farm.  Be 
ing  in  1776  and  in  subsequent  years  a  member  of 
congress,  he  signed  the  declaration  of  indepen 
dence.  In  1783  and  1784  he  was  also  in  con 
gress.  A  deep  melancholy  settled  upon  him  in 
consequence  of  the  death  of  his  wife  by  the 
small  pox.  He  died  suddenly,  leaving  a  son, 
who  died  in  1793,  and  two  daughters.  He  was 
amiable  in  disposition,  and  a  professor  of  religion 
of  sincere  piety.  —  Goodrich. 

STONE,  TIMOTHY,  first  minister  of  Goshen, 
in  Lebanon,  Conn.,  died  in  1797,  aged  about  56. 
He  was  a  descendant  of  Ilev.  Samuel  S.,  a  clergy 
man  in  England  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  the 
father  of  Ilev.  Samuel  S.  of  Hartford,  by  his 
son  John,  an  emigrant  to  Salem  in  1636,  and  to 
Guilfbrd.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1763,  and 
was  ordained  in  1767.  His  successors  were 
W.  B.  Itipley  and  E.  Ripley.  His  wife  was  a 
daughter  of  Ilev.  Dr.  Williams  of  Lebanon.  His 
son  Timothy,  minister  of  Cornwall  from  1803  to 
1827,  died  in  1852.  He  published  a  sermon  on 
selfishness,  1778 ;  on  the  death  of  Faith  Trum- 
bull,  1780;  at  election,  1792;  at  ordination  ofL. 
llockwell  at  Lyme,  1794.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

STONE,  JONATHAN,  captain,  died  in  1801, 
aged  50.  Born  in  New  Braintree,  Mass.,  he 


served  in  the  war,  and  then  lived  at  Brookfield. 
He  reared  his  log  cabin  at  Belpre,  Ohio,  in 
Dec.,  1789.  His  son,  Col.  John,  occupied  the 
farm  in  l852.  —  IIildretJi. 

STONE,  JOHN  HOSKINS,  governor  of  Mary 
land,  died  in  1804.  He  was  a  patriot  of  the  Rev 
olution.  In  early  life  and  at  an  early  period  of 
the  Revolution  he  was  the  first  captain  in  the  cel 
ebrated  regiment  of  Smallwood.  At  the  battles 
of  Long  Island,  White  Plains,  and  Princeton,  he 
was  highly  distinguished.  In  the  battle  of  Ger- 
mantown  Oct.  4,  1777,  he  received  a  wound 
which  deprived  him  of  bodily  activity  for  the  re 
mainder  of  his  life.  But  he  still  bent  his  exer 
tions  to  promote  the  same  cause  for  which  he 
had  bled.  He  was  governor  from  1794  to  1797. 
lie  died  at  Annapolis,  leaving  behind  him  the 
reputation  of  an  honest  and  honorable  man,  an 
intrepid  soldier,  a  firm  patriot,  and  a  liberal,  hos 
pitable,  friendly  citizen. 

STONE,  ELIAB,  minister  of  Reading,  Mass., 
died  Aug.  31,  1822,  aged  85.  Born  in  Framing- 
ham,  the  son  of  Micah,  he  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1758;  was  ordained  in  1761;  and  was  pastor 
sixty-one  years.  He  published  a  sermon  at  ordi 
nation  of  E.  Hubbard,  1783;  of  M.  Stone,  his 
son,  at  Brookfield,  1801 ;  at  funeral  of  I.  Morrill, 
1794;  at  the  fast,  1799  ;  on  the  death  of  C.Pren- 
tiss,  1803;  a  half-century  sermon,  1811. 

STONE,  DAVID,  governor  of  N.  C.,  died  at 
Raleigh  in  1818.  He  had  been  a  judge,  and  a 
senator  of  the  U.  S. 

STONE,  BENJAMIN,  the  first  preceptor  of 
Leicester  academy,  died  in  1832,  aged  76.  Born 
in  Shrewsbury,  he  graduated  in  1776,  and  began 
his  labors  in  the  academy  June  7,  1784.  After 
three  years  of  useful  service  he  became  the  pre 
ceptor  of  Westford  academy ;  but  for  many  years 
he  lived  in  retirement  on  a  farm  in  Shrewsbury, 
where  he  died.  The  first  boy  who  entered  his 
school,  became  the  governor  of  a  neighboring 
State,  —  W.  L.  Marcy,  late  secretary  of  State  of 
the  U.  S. 

STONE,  ATOSSA,  missionary  in  India,  died  at 
Bombay  Aug.  7,  1833,  aged  35.  She  was  the 
daughter  of  Col.  Joseph  Frost  of  Marlborough, 
N.  H.,  and  educated  at  Keene,  Plainfield,  and 
Bradford,  Mass.  She  married  Rev.  Cyrus  Stone, 
missionary,  and  embarked  for  Calcutta  in  June, 
1827,  in  company  with  Mrs.  Allen;  and  she  was 
buried  near  her  and  Mrs.  Hervey.  In  her  sick 
ness  she  referred  to  the  hymn  in  Worcester's 
book,  beginning  with  "  Thou  dear  Redeemer,"  as 
expressive  of  her  state  of  mind.  It  was  sung  at 
her  funeral.  She  died,  as  an  English  officer  at 
Bombay  wrote,  — 

"  Scattering  the  good  seed  on  the  moral  waste. 
Compar'd  with  her's.  earth's  highest  deeds  how  mean 
Achievements  anthenvd  in  a  nation's  shout, 
The  pompous  vapors  of  a  little  day!  " 


7G4 


STONE. 


STORES. 


It  were  well  if  all  soldiers  felt  like  this  one  ; 
and  better,  if  the  masters  of  soldiers  felt  so. 

STONE,  ISAAC,  minister  of  Douglass,  Mass., 
died  in  1837,  aged  89.  Born  in  Shrewsbury,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1770,  and  was  pastor 
from  1771  to  1805.  W.  Phipps  was  the  first 
minister,  in  1747. 

STONE,  WILLIAM  M.,  Episcopal  bishop  of 
Maryland,  died  in  1838,  aged  58. 

STONE,  JOHN,  M.  D.,  died  in  Springfield, 
Mass.,  in  1838,  aged  73.  Born  at  Rutland,  he 
commenced  practice  at  Greenfield,  whence  about 
1819  he  removed  for  a  short  time  to  Providence; 
afterwards  he  lived  at  S.  He  died  universally 
lamented.  —  Williams'  Med.  Biog. 

STONE,  JOSIAH,  a  Baptist  minister,  died  at 
New  Boston,  N.  II.,  in  1839,  aged  76. 

STONE,  WILLIAM,  minister  at  East  Ridge, 
N.  Y.,  died  in  1840,  aged  82. 

STONE,  WILLIAM  L.,  died  at  Saratoga 
Springs  Aug.  15,  1844,  aged  52;  for  many  years 
editor  of  the  New  York  Commercial  Advertiser. 
His  wife  was  a  sister  of  President  Wayland.  He 
published  a  memoir  of  Brant,  in  2  volumes ;  the 
life  of  Red  Jacket;  and  a  work  on  the  history  of 
Wyoming.  For  many  years  he  was  the  useful 
superintendent  of  the  common  schools  in  the  city 
of  New  York. 

STONE,  NOAH,  Dr.,  died  at  Oxford,  Conn., 
1851,  aged  68. 

STONE,  ENOS,  colonel,  died  Oct.  23,  1851, 
aged  76.  He  was  the  first  settler  of  Rochester, 
N.  Y.,  and  built  the  first  house  there. 

STONE,  TIMOTHY,  died  in  S.  Cornwall,  Conn., 
May  14,  1852,  aged  78 ;  many  years  pastor  of 
the  church.  His  end  was  peace.  He  was  active 
in  forming  the  Cornwall  mission  school. 

STONE,  MICAH,  minister  of  Brookfield.Mass., 
died  Sept.  20, 1852,  aged  82.  Born  in  Reading 
in  1770,  the  son  of  Rev.  Eliab  Stone,  he  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1790,  and  was  pastor  of  South 
Brookfield  from  1801  to  1827.  Then  he  with 
drew,  with  the  church,  from  the  parish,  and 
formed  a  new  society.  His  last  sermon,  at  the 
age  of  eighty,  was  delivered  on  the  fiftieth  anni 
versary  of  his  ordination,  and  gave  evidence  of 
unimpaired  intellect.  As  a  neighbor,  friend,  and 
minister  he  was  highly  esteemed.  He  published 
a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Mary  Reed,  1804;  a 
fast  sermon,  1812 ;  a  semi-centennial  sermon, 
1851. 

STORER,  SETH,  minister  of  Watertown,  Mass., 
died  in  1774,  aged  72.  Born  in  Saco,  the  son  of 
Col.  Joseph  S.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1720,  and  was  settled  in  1724  as  successor  of  H. 
Gibbs. 

STORER,  EBEXEZER,  an  officer  in  the  Revo 
lutionary  war,  died  at  Gorham,  Me.,  Jan.  20, 1846, 
aged  87.  He  was  born  in  Wells  :  his  mother 
was  a  sister  of  Gov.  Langdon.  He  was  a  mer 


chant  of  Portland  and  New  York,  and  a  Chris 
tian.  —  Christian  Mirror,  Feb.  12. 

STORK,  WILLIAM,  published  a  description  of 
East  Florida,  with  a  journal  of  J.  Bartram,  4to., 
1774. 

STORKE,  CHARLES  A.  G.,  minister  at  Rowan, 
N.  C.,  died  in  1831,  aged  66. 

STORRS,  JOHN,  minister  of  Southold  on 
Long  Island,  died  in  Mansfield,  Conn.,  in  1799, 
aged  about  65.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1756; 
was  a  tutor  in  1761  ;  was  ordained  in  1763.  In 
consequence  of  the  war  he  left  his  charge  from 
1776  to  1782,  living  in  Mansfield,  where  his  pat 
rimony  lay,  and  acting  sometimes  as  chaplain  in 
the  army.  He  resigned  his  charge  at  Southold 
in  1787,  and  returned  to  Mansfield.  He  was  the 
father  of  Rev.  R.  S.  Storrs ;  and  published  a  ser 
mon  at  his  ordination,  1786. 

STORRS,  RICHAKD  SALTER,  minister  of  Long- 
meadow,  Mass.,  died  Oct.  3,  1819,  aged  54.  Born 
in  Mansfield,  Conn.,  the  son  of  Rev.  John  S.,  he 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1785,  and  was  ordained 
Dec.  7,  1785,  succeeding  S.  Williams,  and  was 
succeeded  by  B.Dickinson  in  1823.  His  preach 
ing  was  fervent  and  rich  in  evangelical  truth,  and 
his  ministry  was  very  acceptable.  His  wife  was 
Sally,  a  daughter  of  Rev.  N.  Williston  :  he  was 
the  father  of  distinguished  sons,  one  of  whom  is 
Rev.  Dr.  S.  of  Braintree,  who  is  the  father  of  a 
distinguished  son,  Rev.  Dr.  S.  of  Brooklyn.  His 
earliest  ancestor  in  America  was  Samuel  of  Mans 
field,  the  son  of  Samuel  of  Sutton  in  England  ; 
next  was  Samuel,  then  John,  then  again  John,, 
then  Samuel  of  Mansfield,  then  Rev.  John  Storrs 
of  Southold,  who  was  his  father.  He  was  named 
after  Rev.  Richard  Salter,  who  adopted  and  edu 
cated  him  in  consequence  of  some  family  ties. 

STORRS,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Ashford, 
Conn.,  died  in  1824,  aged  about  50.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Dartmouth  in  1788. 

STORRS,  CHARLES  B.,  president  of  a  col 
lege  in  Ohio,  died  at  Braintree,  Mass.,  Sept.  15, 
1833,  aged  39.  He  was  the  son  of  Rev.  Richard 
S.  Storrs,  and  studied  theology  from  1817  three 
years  at  Andover  seminary.  From  1822  to  1828 
he  was  the  pastor  of  Ravenna,  Ohio.  Afterwards 
he  was  professor  of  theology  and  president  of  the 
Western  Reserve  college  at  Hudson,  Ohio.  In 
ill  health  he  visited  his  brother,  Rev.  Dr.  Storrs 
at  Braintree,  there  to  die.  He  was  a  man  reso 
lute  in  purpose  and  persevering  in  effort,  of 
learning  and  deep  piety. 

STORRS,  HENRY  RANDOLPH,  died  in  New 
Haven  July  29, 1837,  aged  49.  Born  in  Middle- 
town,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1804.  He  settled 
as  a  lawyer  at  Utica,  and  was  a  member  of  con 
gress  1819-21,  1823-31;  of  powerful  elocution, 
and  a  debater  of  high  rank.  From  Utica  he 
removed  to  New  York.  —  Goodrich's  Eecollec- 
tions. 


STORKS. 


STORY. 


7C5 


STORRS,  NATHANIEL,  died  in  Boston  June 
16,  18,31,  aged  77  ;  a  distinguished  teacher  many 
years.  He  was  a  native  of  Lebanon,  N.  H. 

STORRS,  JOHN,  minister  of  Winchendon, 
Mass.,  died  in  1854, aged  52.  Born  in  Mansfield, 
Conn.,  he  had  been  pastor  in  Barre  and  IIol- 
liston,  also  in  Norwich,  Conn. ;  and  was  agent  of 
the  American  bible  society. 

STORY,  DAMKL,  first  minister  of  Marietta, 
died  Dec.  30,  1804,  aged  49.  An  uncle  of  Judge 
J.  Story,  he  was  born  in  Boston  in  1755,  and 
graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1780.  While  preach 
ing  at  Worcester,  lie  was  engaged  in  1789  to  go 
as  a  chaplain  to  Ohio,  and  commenced  his  labors 
in  the  spring,  preaching  at  Marietta  and  at  the  set 
tlements  of  Waterford  and  Bclpre  ;  at  the  latter 
place  under  the  shade  of  a  wide-branching  tree. 
From  1791  to  1795  he  preached  in  the  chamber 
of  the  block-house  of  Campus  Martins  at  Mari 
etta.  He  preached  also  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Muskingum  on  the  left  bank,  fort  Harmer  being 
on  the  right  bank.  He  was  accustomed  to  go  to 
Belpre,  fifteen  miles,  and  to  Waterford,  twenty 
miles,  in  a  canoe.  He  collected  a  church  of 
members  from  various  places  in  1796,  over  which 
as  pastor  he  was  ordained,  —  not  on  the  spot,  for 
there  was  no  minister  west  of  the  mountains, 
but  at  Danvers  in  Mass.,  Mr.  Cutler  preaching 
the  sermon,  Aug.  15,  1797.  He  was  dismissed 
at  his  own  request,  being  in  bad  health,  March 
15,  1804 ;  and  died  in  the  same  year.  He  owned 
lands  ;  but  he  left  debts,  which  the  sale  of  them 
was  only  sufficient  to  pay.  His  property  and  his 
life  were  sacrificed  for  the  religious  benefit  of  the 
west.  He  was  a  good  preacher;  in  prayer 
greatly  gifted.  In  his  conversation  he  was  cheer 
ful  and  animated.  He  was  never  married.  His 
name  is  remembered  with  honor.  Mr.  Robbins 
succeeded  him.  — Hildrctli's  Biog.  Memoirs. 

STORY,  ISAAC,  minister  of  Marblehead,  died 
in  1816,  aged  about  70.  He  graduated  at  Prince 
ton  in  1768;  was  ordained  colleague  with  S. 
Bradstreet  of  Marblehead  in  1771 ;  and  married 
his  daughter.  After  thirty  years  he  left  the  min 
istry  and  engaged  in  secular  business.  He  pub 
lished  an  epistle  from  Yarico  to  Inkle ;  a  thanks 
giving  sermon,  1774,  1795  ;  eulogy  on  Washing 
ton  ;  oration  at  Worcester,  1801;  Parnassian 
shop,  1801. —  Sprague. 

STORY,  JOSEPH,  judge,  died  in  Cambridge 
Sept.  10,  1845,  aged  nearly  66.  He  was  the  son 
of  Dr.  Elisha  Story  of  Marblehead,  and  was  born 
Sept.  18,  1779,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1798. 
He  became  a  member  of  the  legislature  in  1805, 
and  w^as  elected  speaker :  he  was  also  a  member 
of  congress.  Mr.  Madison  appointed  him  in  1811 
a  judge  of  the  supreme  court,  an  office  he  held 
thirty-four  years  till  his  death.  In  1830  he  was 
appointed  Dane  professor  in  the  law  school  at 
Cambridge.  It  is  said  he  acquired  the  largest 


fortune  of  any  lawyer  from  his  practice  and  his 
books;  the  income  from  his  books  being  10,000 
dollars  a  year.  His  wife,  Sarah  Waldo  Wet- 
more,  was  the  daughter  of  Judge  William  Wet- 
more.  He  left  a  son ;  also  a  daughter,  who 
married  George  W.  Curtis.  In  regard  to  law 
yers'  fees  Judge  Story  relates  a  pleasant  anec 
dote.  Judge  Parsons  was  once  consulted  by  let 
ter,  and  his  opinion  asked,  and  a  fee  of  20  dollars 
was  sent.  He  made  no  answer.  After  a  while 
came  a  second  letter,  to  which  the  judge  replied 
that  he  had  examined  the  case  and  formed  an 
opinion,  but  "  somehow  or  other  it  stuck  in  his 
throat."  The  gentleman  took  the  hint  and  sent 
him  100  dollars.  In  his  politics  Judge  Story  was 
a  republican,  denominated  a  jacobin,  an  adherent 
of  Mr.  Jefferson ;  and  he  drew  upon  himself  not 
a  little  odium,  living  in  the  midst  of  warm  feder 
alists.  But  he  rapidly  rose  to  distinction  as  a 
lawyer,  for  he  was  always  a  hard  student,  and  he 
had  talents  and  genius.  His  political  attachments 
did  not  prevent  him  from  making  some  important 
discoveries  and  from  uttering  some  indignant 
New  England  feelings  :  "  Virginia  has  ruled  us 
by  the  old  maxim,  divide  and  conquer."  "  We 
have  foolishly  suffered  ourselves  to  be  wheedled 
by  southern  politicians,  until  we  have  almost  for 
gotten  that  the  honors  and  the  constitution  of 
the  Union  are  as  much  our  birthright  and  our 
protection  as  of  the  rest  of  the  United  States." 
He  combined  in  his  character  some  traits  which 
are  seldom  united.  He  was  a  writer  of  poetry 
and  a  learned,  philosophical  jurist :  he  was  the  life 
of  social  parties,  and  almost  unequalled  in  conver 
sation,  yet  a  hard  and  laborious  student.  In  the 
extent  of  his  invaluable  legal  writings  he  stands 
almost  alone.  His  commentaries  and  his  writ 
ten  judgments  in  his  circuit  make  twenty-seven 
volumes;  and  his  judgments  in  the  supreme 
court  form  an  important  part  of  thirty-four  vol 
umes  more.  The  reporters  of  the  circuit  cases 
were  J.  Gallison,  W.  P.  Mason,  C.  Sumner,  and 
W.  W.  Story.  His  commentaries  on  the  consti 
tution  of  the  United  States  are  in  three  volumes  ; 
and  on  the  conflict  of  laws  in  one  volume ;  on 
equity  jurisprudence  in  two  volumes;  on  the  law 
of  pleadings  in  one  ;  on  the  law  of  bailments  in 
one.  He  wrote  also  on  the  law  of  agency ;  of 
partnership  ;  of  bills  of  exchange  ;  of  promissory 
notes.  In  his  last  sickness  he  said  to  his  wife  :  "  I 
shall  die  content,  and  with  a  firm  faith  in  the 
goodness  of  God.  We  shall  meet  again."  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Unitarian  church  in  Cam 
bridge  ;  but,  although  the  author  of  the  account 
of  his  life  says  of  him,  "he  believed  in  the  inspi 
ration  and  doctrines  of  Christ,  in  the  immortality 
of  the  soul,  in  the  unity  of  God,"  there  does  not 
seem  to  be  any  evidence,  in  the  two  volumes  of 
his  life,  that  he  regarded  the  Son  of  God  as  any 
thing  more  than  an  inspired  man :  not  one  word 


7G6 


STOUGHTOX. 


STRINGIIAM. 


occurs  in  them  intimating  his  belief  of  the  teach 
ings  of  Scripture  concerning  the  pre-existence  and 
incarnation  of  the  Son  of  God,  and  his  death  as 
a  propitiation  for  the  sins  of  the  world.  In  no 
ticing  the  diversities  of  construction  among 
learned  men  of  the  same  Divine  word,  every  re 
flecting  man  must  feel  it  to  be  his  duty  to  judge 
for  himself,  and  not  to  build  his  faith  on  the  per 
suasion  of  another.  As  to  his  poetry,  if  the 
remarks  of  a  critic  are  true,  the  defects  of  his 
Power  of  solitude,  written  in  early  life,  are  "  an 
exaggeration  of  feeling,  confusion  of  imagery, 
and  a  want  of  simplicity  of  expression.  The 
style  is  stilted  and  artificial."  His  life  was  pub 
lished  by  his  son,  William  "VVetmore  Story,  in  2 
vols.,  1851. 

STOUGHTON,  WILLIAM,  lieutenant-governor 
of  Mass.,  died  at  Dorchester  July  7,  1701,  aged 
70.  He  was  the  son  of  Col.  Israel  Stoughton, 
who  commanded  the  Massachusetts  troops  in  the 
Pequot  war.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col 
lege  in  1650,  and  becoming  a  preacher  was  for 
some  years  resident  in  England.  After  the  res 
toration  in  1G60  he  was  ejected  from  a  fellowship 
in  Oxford,  and  repaired  to  New  England  in  16G2. 
Though  not  a  settled  minister  he  was  appointed 
to  preach  the  election  sermon  in  1CG8.  This 
sermon  has  been  ranked  among  the  best  delivered 
upon  the  occasion.  After  the  death  of  Mr. 
Mitchell  he  declined  an  invitation  to  become  his 
successor  in  the  care  of  the  church  at  Cambridge. 
In  1071  he  was  chosen  a  magistrate,  and  in  1677 
went  to  England  as  an  agent  for  the  province. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  council,  and  chief  jus 
tice  of  the  superior  court.  Being  appointed 
lieutenant-governor  in  1692,  he  was  commander- 
in-chief  from  1694  to  1699,  and  again  in  1700. 
He  was  a  man  of  great  learning,  integrity,  pru 
dence,  patriotism,  and  piety.  He  was  a  generous 
benefactor  of  Harvard  college,  giving  to  that 
institution  about  1,000  pounds.  Stoughton  hall 
was  erected  at  his  expense  in  1698.  He  left  a 
tract  of  land  for  the  support  of  students,  natives 
of  Dorchester,  at  the  college,  and  another  tract 
for  the  benefit  of  schools.  He  was  never  mar 
ried.  —  Willarcrs  Sermon. 

STOUGHTOX,  JUAN,  don,  Spanish  consul, 
died  at  Boston  in  1820,  aged  75.  He  had  been 
consul  at  B.  for  thirty  years. 

STOW,  SAMUEL,  first  minister  of  Middlctown, 
Conn.,  died  May  8,  1704,  aged  82.  He  was  the 
son  of  Thomas  of  Concord,  and  was  born  in  Eng 
land  ;  was  graduated  in  1645,  in  the  third  Har 
vard  class ;  and  went  to  Middletown  in  1645, 
remaining  in  the  ministry  ten  years.  He  then 
relinquished  his  profession,  and  was  for  the  re 
mainder  of  his  life  a  much-respected  citizen.  His 
wife  was  Hope,  daughter  of  William  Fletcher  of 
Concord :  his  daughter  Hope  married  George 
Phillips  of  Middletown.  He  gave  a  lot  of  land 


to  the  town  for  the  benefit  of  education.  He  left 
in  manuscript  ten  Essays  for  conversion  of  the 
Jews. 

STOWE,  WILLIAM  B.,  died  at  Ridgeville,  0., 
in  1855,  aged  73.  Born  in  Marlborough,  he 
graduated  at  Williams  college  in  1811,  and  was 
for  many  years  a  minister  in  New  England  and 
New  York,  and  performed  much  missionary 
labor. 

STRAWBRIDGE,  WILLIAM,  a  Baptist  min 
ister,  died  at  Lower  Providence,  Pa.,  in  1830, 
aged  73. 

STREET,  NICHOLAS,  minister  of  Taunton  and 
New  Haven,  died  in  1674.  He  came  from  Eng 
land  ;  was  colleague  with  Mr.  Hook  at  Taunton, 
where  he  remained  twenty  years;  and  then  was 
colleague  with  Mr.  Davenport  in  1659,  and  re 
mained  at  New  Haven  till  his  death.  He  was 
pious,  modest,  judicious,  and  a  good  preacher. 
His  first  wife  was  a  sister  of  Elizabeth  Pool ;  his 
second,  the  widow  of  Gov.  Newman.  —  Sprague's 
Annals. 

STREET,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  New  Haven, 
the  son  of  Nicholas  S.,  died  Jan.  16,  1712,  aged 
82.  He  had  been  minister  forty-two  years.  His 
daughter  married  Theophilus  Yale. 

STREET, 'SAMUEL,  first  minister  of  Walling- 
ford,  Conn.,  died  Jan.  16,  1717,  aged  82.  He 
was  the  son  of  Rev.  Nicholas  S.,  and  ordained  in 
1674,  then  40  years  of  age.  The  church  was 
strictly  Congregational,  rejecting  the  Saybrook 
platform,  when  formed.  Mr.  Whittelsey  was  or 
dained  in  1710. 

STREET,  NICHOLAS,  minister  of  East  Haven, 
Conn.,  died  in  1806,  aged  76.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1751,  and  was  settled  in  1755,  succeeding 
the  first  pastor,  J.  Hemingway.  He  was  distin 
guished  for  piety,  prudence,  and  benevolence.  — 
Sprague. 

STREETER,  ZEBEDEE,  a  Universalist  minister, 
died  at  Surry,  N.  II.,  in  1808,  aged  70. 

STRICKLAND,  JOHN,  a  minister,  died  at  Hud 
son,  N.  II.,  in  1823,  aged  84.  Born  at  Hadley, 
he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1761.  He  was  pastor  at 
Oakham,  Mass.,  from  1768  to  1773;  was  installed 
at  Nottingham  West  in  1774;  at  Turner,  Me.,  in 
1774;  at  Andover,  N.  II.,  in  1786. 

STRINGER,  SAMUEL,  Dr.,  died  at  Albany  in 
1817,  aged  82.  Born  in  Maryland,  he  was  a  sur 
geon  in  the  army  in  1758,  and  after  the  war 
settled  and  married  in  Albany.  In  the  Revolu 
tionary  war,  he  was  director-general  of  the  hos 
pitals  at  the  north.  He  was  esteemed  as  a 
physician.  In  his  habits  he  was  frugal  and  tem 
perate.  —  Thaclier's  Mca.  Biog. 

STRINGIIAM,  JAMES  S.,  M.  D.,  a  physician 
of  New  York  city,  died  at  St.  Croix  in  1817,  aged 
about  42.  Born  in  N.  Y.,  he  graduated  at  Co 
lumbia  college  in  1793.  He  studied  medicine  in 
part  in  Edinburgh.  He  succeeded  Mitchell  as 


STRONG. 

professor  of  chemistry  in  Columbia  college;  then 
was  professor  of  medical  jurisprudence.  He  wrote 
for  various  journals. —  Timelier  ts  Me<l.  liiog. 

STIIOXG,  Jon,  died  Sept.  30,  1751,  aged  27, 
at  Portsmouth,  N.  II.,  where  he  had  been  a  min 
ister  two  years.  lie  was  a  native  of  Northamp 
ton;  a  graduate  of  Yale  in  1747;  a  missionary 
among  the  Indians  a  short  time.  A  letter  of  his 
is  preserved  in  Brainerd's  life. 

STRONG,  THOMAS,  first  minister  of  New  Marl- 
borough,  died  Aug.  23,  1777,  aged  about  GO. 
Born  in  Northampton,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1740,  and  was  settled  Oct.  31,  1744.  T.  Tattlow 
of  Marlborough,  Conn.,  bequeathed  Henry's  com 
mentary,  in  six  large  volumes,  to  the  church,  to 
be  lent  out  to  the  members :  they  were  a  treas 
ure  in  the  wilderness.  His  successors  were  C. 
Alexander  and  J.  Catlin.  Mr.  S.  married  Eliza 
beth  Barnard ;  and  his  son,  Thomas  Barnard 
Strong,  a  graduate  of  Yale  in  1800,  is  a  citizen 
of  Pittsfield. 

STRONG,  NATHAN,  minister  of  Coventry, 
Conn.,  the  first  in  the  north  society,  died  in  1795, 
aged  about  75.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1742. 

STRONG,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Williamsburg, 
Mass.,  died  in  1803,  aged  73.  The  son  of  Jo 
seph  of  Coventry,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1749, 
and  was  first  the  minister  of  Granby,  Conn.,  from 
1752  to  1770  ;  was  a  chaplain  in  the  army  ;  and 
was  settled  in  W.  in  1781.  His  son,  Joseph, 
minister  of  Glastenbury,  South  Hadley,  Belcher- 
town,  and  Preble,  N.  Y.,  died  in  1823,  aged  67 ; 
the  father  of  Prof.  Theodore  Strong  of  Clinton. 
He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  S. 
Graves ;  on  the  death  of  G.  Mills ;  the  church 
one,  1783;  two  sermons  in  a  volume,  1799.— 
Sprague's  Annals. 

STRONG,  SIMEON,  LL.  D.,  judge,  died  at  Am- 
herst,  Mass.,  Dec.  14,  1805,  aged  69.  Born  in 
Northampton,  his  father  removed  to  Amherst ;  he 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1756  ;  was  at  first,  a  preacher, 
but  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1761,  and  was  ap 
pointed  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  in  1800. 
He  was  a  learned  lawyer,  an  upright  judge,  a 
pious  Christian,  conversant  with  family  and  closet 
devotions. 

STRONG,  NEHEMIAII,  professor  of  mathema 
tics  in  Yale  college,  died  in  1807,  aged  79.  Born 
in  Northampton,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1755; 
was  tutor  three  years ;  then  ordained  in  Sims- 
bury,  now  Granby ;  and  was  professor  from  1770 
to  1781.  He  died  at  Bridgeport.  He  published 
astronomy  improved,  the  substance  of  three  lec 
tures. 

STRONG,  CYPRIAN,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Chat 
ham,  now  Portland,  Conn.,  died  in  1811,  aged  67. 
Born  at  Farmington,  Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1763,  and  was  settled  in  1767.  The  first  min 
ister  was  Daniel  Newell,  settled  in  1721,  the  town 
being  then  a  part  of  Middletown.  Dr.  Strong's 


STRONG. 


7G7 


ministry  continued  fifty-four  years.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  on  owning  the  covenant,  1780; 
remarks  on  sermons  of  J.  Lewis,  1789;  inquiry 
on  baptism,  1793 ;  at  ordination  of  S.  Shepard, 
1795  ;  of  E.  Gridley,  1797  ;  of  J.  Bushncll,  1800  ; 
at  election,  1799;  at  the  request  of  masons;  a 
fast  sermon.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

STRONG,  JONATHAN,  1).  D.,  minister  of  Ran 
dolph,  Mass.,  died  Nov.  9,  1814,  aged  50.  He  was 
born  in  Bolton,  Conn.,  Sept  4,  1764;  his  parents 
removed  to  Orford,N.  II.  lie  was  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  college  in  1786;  ordained  as  the  col 
league  of  Mr.  Taft  in  Jan.,  1789.  His  successor 
was  Thaddeus  Pomeroy.  His  daughter  married 
W.  Cogswell,  D.  D.  In  three  periods  of  success 
ful  toil  during  his  ministry  he  numbered  more 
than  two  hundred  converts.  He  was  a  faithful 
preacher,  of  unpolished  but  powerful  eloquence, 
firm  in  his  attachment  to  the  great  truths  of  the 
gospel.  A  memoir  of  him  by  Rev.  Mr.  Storrs  is 
in  the  panoplist,  vol.  XII.  He  wrote  much  for  the 
Massachusetts  missionary  magazine,  and  also  for 
the  panoplist.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the 
thanksgiving,  1795;  at  the  ordination  of  L. 
White,  1798;  on  the  landing  of  our  forefathers, 
1803;  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Z.  Bass,  1804;  be 
fore  the  missionary  society,  1808;  on  the  national 
independence,  1810;  at  a  dedication,  1814. — 
Sprague's  Annals. 

STRONG,  JOHN,  general,  died  at  Addison,  Vt., 
in  1816,  aged  79.  He  was  a  soldier  of  the  Revo 
lution,  and  first  judge  of  Addison  county. 

STRONG,  NATHAN,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Hart 
ford,  Conn.,  died  Dec.  25,  1816,  aged  68.  He 
was  the  son  of  Nathan  S.,  minister  of  Coventry; 
was  born  in  1748 ;  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1769;  and  was  ordained  Jan.  5,  1774.  In  the 
war  he  was  a  patriot  and  a  chaplain  in  the  army. 
He  was  a  learned  and  very  useful  minister,  dis 
tinguished  for  his  discernment  and  knowledge  of 
men.  Of  the  missionary  society  of  Conn,  he  was 
the  principal  founder  in  1798.  For  some  years 
he  was  the  editor  of  the  Connecticut  evangelical 
magazine.  Dr.  S.  issued  a  prospectus  for  his 
sermons.  As  the  poet  Trumbull  one  day  met 
him,  he  inquired,  "  When  are  your  sermons  to  be 
out  ?  "  The  Dr.  replied,  "  I  cannot  exactly  tell ;  I 
am  waiting  to  find  a  text  to  suit  a  man  who  never 
comes  to  church,  except  when  he  has  a  child  to 
be  baptized."  He  published  the  doctrine  of  eter 
nal  misery  reconciled  with  the  benevolence  of  God, 
in  answer  to  Huntington,  8vo. ;  a  sermon  at  the 
execution  of  M.  Dunbar,  1777 ;  of  R.  Doane, 
1797 ;  on  the  death  of  Washington ;  of  S.  Wil 
liams,  1800;  of  C.  Backus,  1804;  of  J.  Cogswell, 
1807;  of  C.  Goodrich,  1815;  at  election,  1790; 
at  two  thanksgivings ;  at  ordination  of  J.  Strong, 
1778;  of  J.  L.  Skinner,  1794;  at  convention  of 
a  church;  before  a  benevolent  society;  on  muta 
bility  of  life ;  on  the  use  of  time ;  a  century  ser- 


768 


STRONG. 


STUART. 


mon,  1801;  sermons,  2  vols.  —  Sprague's  An 
nals;  Am.  Quar.  Reg.,  Nov.,  1840. 

STRONG,  CALEB,  LL.  D.,  governor  of  Massa 
chusetts,  died  suddenly  at  Northampton,  Nov.  7, 
1819,  aged  74.  lie  was  the  son  of  Caleb  S., 
descended  from  John  S.,  who  arrived  from  Taun- 
ton,  England,  in  May,  1630,  and  settled  at  Dor 
chester,  and  thence  removed  to  Windsor,  and  in 
1659  to  Northampton.  He  was  born  at  N.  in 
Jan.,  1745,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1764.  He  studied  law  with  Mr.  Hawley,  but 
from  ill  health  did  not  commence  the  practice 
till  1772.  In  1776  he  was  a  member  of  the  leg 
islature  with  Mr.  Ilawley,  and  continued  in  that 
body  an  active  friend  of  his  country  till  1780, 
when  he  was  chosen  a  councillor.  In  1779  he 
assisted  in  forming  the  constitution  of  Massachu 
setts,  and  in  1787  that  of  the  United  States. 
Under  the  new  national  government  he  was  eight 
years  a  senator,  from  1789  to  1797.  He  was 
governor  from  1800  till  1807,  when  Mr.  Sullivan 
was  elected ;  and  was  again  chosen  governor 
during  the  difficult  period  of  the  war,  from  1812 
to  1815.  His  wife,  the  daughter  of  John  Hooker, 
the  minister  of  Northampton,  died  in  1817.  lie 
was  a  man  of  sound  judgment,  and  of  exemplary 
piety.  He  wrote  the  address  of  the  government 
to  the  insurgents  in  1786.  His  speeches  from 
1807  to  1808  were  published,  Svo.,  1808. 

STRONG,  JOSEPH,  J).  D.,  died  at  Norwich, 
Conn.,  Dec.  18,  1834,  aged  80.  He  descended 
from  John  Strong;  his  grandfather  removed 
from  Windsor  to  Woodbury;  his  father,  Rev. 
Nathan  S.,  of  the  second  church  in  Coventry,  was 
graduated  in  1742.  He  was  a  brother  of  Nathan 
Strong  of  Hartford.  His  son,  Henry  Strong, 
LL.  I).,  died  at  Norwich,  Nov.  11,  1852,  aged  64. 
Dr.  S.  succeeded  B.  Lord.  J.  Fitch  was  the  first 
pastor.  He  had  as  a  colleague  C.  B.  Everett. 
He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Gov. 
Huntington,  1796;  of  Washington ;  of  Dr.  J. 
Lathrop,  1 803  ;  of  J.  Murdock ;  of  A.  Hooker, 
1813. 

STRONG,  TITUS,  D.  D.,  Episcopal  minister  in 
Greenfield,  died  June  11,  1855,  aged  68. 

STRYKER,  ISAAC  P.,  missionary  for  Borneo, 
died  at  Batavia  March  27,  1842.  He  sailed  from 
Boston  in  1840,  Capt.'  John  Codman  giving  him 
a  free  passage  to  Batavia  in  the  ship  Sarah  Par 
ker.  After  a  residence  for  some  time  at  B.,  he 
had  embarked  for  Borneo,  when  he  was  attacked 
with  a  fatal  fever. 

STUART,  GILBERT,  or  Gilbert  Charles,  a  por 
trait-painter,  died  Wednesday,  July  9, 1828,  aged 
73.  He  was  born  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  in  1755. 
He  was  a  pupil  of  Benjamin  West  in  London. 
He  was  applauded  in  England,  but  he  returned 
to  America  in  1790  or  1794,  and  resided  chiefly 
in  Philadelphia  and  Washington  till  about  1801, 


when  he  removed  to  Boston.  He  was  long 
racked  with  the  gout.  He  left  a  daughter,  Mrs. 
Stebbins,  a  painter.  He  was  thoroughly  ac 
quainted  with  his  art,  and  as  a  portrait  and  his 
torical  painter  was  unequalled  in  this  country. 
He  was  also  a  man  of  a  strong  mind  and  inter 
esting  conversation.  His  picture  of  Washington 
presents  a  head  of  calni  and  majestic  wisdom, 
familiar  to  all  Americans.  His  pictures  of  Madi 
son  and  Jefferson  are  in  the  gallery  of  Bowdoin 
college. 

STUART,  DUNCAX,  an  early  shipbuilder  in 
Newbury,  Mass.,  died  in  Rowley  in  1717,  aged 
100.  He  removed  to  R.  before  1680. 

STUART,  ROBERT,  died  at  Chicago  Oct.  20, 
1848,  aged  63.  He  lived  as  an  enterprising  mer 
chant  at  Mackinaw,  connected  with  the  great 
west;  but  his  chief  residence  was  Detroit.  He 
went  to  Illinois  for  a  temporary  abode,  as  con 
nected  with  the  internal  improvements  in  that 
State.  Full  of  joyous  hopes  as  to  rejoining  his 
family  in  Detroit,  he  fell  a  victim  to  the  great 
destroyer.  But  he  was  an  exemplary  Christian 
and  an  elder  in  the  church.  He  was  Indian 
agent,  and  held  various  offices  of  trust.  —  Obs., 
Nov.' 18. 

STUART,  DAVID,  died  at  Detroit,  Nov.  22, 
1853,  aged  88 ;  one  of  Astor's  agents  in  his  ex 
pedition  to  Columbia  river  in  1810. 

STUART,  ROBERT,  D.  D.,  died  near  Nicholas- 
villc,  Aug.  10,  1856;  the  oldest  minister  of  the 
synod  of  Kentucky,  an  excellent  and  venerable 
man. 

STUART,  MOSES,  died  at  Andover  Jan.  4, 
1852,  aged  71.  The  son  of  Isaac,  he  was  born 
at  Wilton,  Conn.,  March  26,  1780;  was  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  in  1799;  was  two  years  tutor,  from 
1802  to  1804.  He  first  studied  law,  then  theol 
ogy,  and  was  ordained  as  successor  of  Dr.  Dana 
over  the  central  church,  New  Haven,  March  5, 
1806;  but  in  1810  removed  to  Andover  as  pro 
fessor  of  sacred  literature,  where  he  passed  the 
remainder  of  his  life.  He  had  been  a  preacher 
forty-seven  years,  a  teacher  forty-one,  a  professor 
in  the  theological  seminary  thirty-eight.  In  per 
son  he  was  tall ;  he  was  frank,  noble,  independent, 
simple  in  manners ;  though  at  times  sarcastic  and 
severe,  yet  always  honest  and  highly  respected 
for  his  integrity  and  directness.  His  wife,  Han 
nah  Clark  of  Danbury,  died  in  1855.  Three 
sons  graduated  at  Yale,  two  of  whom  entered 
the  profession  of  law,  and  one  that  of  medicine. 
One  of  his  daughters  married  Professor  Phelps 
of  Andover,  and  died  in  1852  :  she  was  a  gil'tcd 
writer.  Professor  Stuart  may  be  regarded  as 
eminently  the  father  of  biblical  literature  in  this 
country.  His  more  important  writings  may  be 
divided  into  four  or  five  classes.  First,  his  gram 
mars  and  other  aids  to  the  theological  student ; 


STUART. 


STUBER. 


769 


next,  his  various  commentaries  on  several  books 
of  the  Old  Testament,  and  on  the  epistle  to  the 
llomans,  on  that  to  the  Hebrews,  and  on  the 
Apocalypse  of  the  New  Testament.  Then  come 
his  letters  relating  to  the  Unitarian  writings  of 
Dr.  Channing  of  Boston  ;  and  lastly  his  contro 
versy  with  Professor  Miller  of  Princeton.  But 
it  was  in  the  lecture-room  that,  in  the  judgment 
of  Professor  Stowc,  who  was  one  of  his  stu 
dents,  he  was  more  remarkable  than  even  in  his 
writings,  for  "  his  readers  can  never  feel  the 
kindling  enthusiasm  that  was  never  wanting 
among  his  hearers."  The  controversy  in  1822 
and  1823  between  this  learned  professor  at  An- 
dover  and  Dr.  Miller,  the  head  of  the  theo 
logical  school  at  Princeton,  concerning  the  Son- 
ship  of  Christ,  is  an  event  of  note  in  the  theolog 
ical  history  of  our  country.  What  was  the 
doctrine  of  Professor  Stuart?  He  believed  that 
the  title  of  Son  was  not  given  to  Christ  in  refer 
ence  to  his  pre-existing  nature,  but  only  in  respect 
to  his  human  nature,  and  that  he  was  the  Word, 
and  not  the  Son  of  God  from  eternity.  He  also 
believed  that  "infinite  power,  wisdom,  justice, 
benevolence,  etc.,  all  belong  to  God  in  his  simple 
unity,"  and  that  these  attributes  are  not  to  be 
distinguished  from  his  substance  or  essence,  which 
is  numerically  one.  Dr.  Miller  maintained,  with 
the  ancient  fathers  of  the  church,  that  Christ  was 
the  Son  of  God  in  his  pre-existing  nature,  before 
he  came  into  the  world,  and  was  generated  from 
the  divine  essence  of  the  Father.  Yet  he  was 
afraid  to  use  the  word  derived,  though  the  word 
generated  can  have  no  other  meaning.  He  says  : 
"  The  generation  of  the  Son  was  eternal.  This  lan 
guage  is  to  be  understood  in  a  Divine  and  ineffable 
sense,  excluding  derivation,  inferiority,  or  subor 
dination."  It  were  well  for  all  our  theologians 
who  wish  to  teach  any  thing,  not  to  use  words  in 
an  "  ineffable  sense."  So  also  Mr.  Stuart  denies 
a  derivation  of  the  Logos :  "  I  believe  that  the 
Logos  is  really  and  verily  Divine,  —  self-existent, 
uncaused,  independent,  immutable  in  himself." 
Yet  he  admits  that  he  departs  from  the  opinion 
of  antiquity,  saying,  "  the  Nicene  fathers  and 
the  Greek  commentators,  one  and  all,  held  that 
Christ  as  to  his  divine  nature  was  derived  from 
the  Father."  It  was  also  the  doctrine  of  the 
fathers  of  the  three  first  centuries,  as  he  admits, 
that  the  Son  was  derived  from  God.  Notwith 
standing,  in  his  view,  whatever  was  the  opinion 
of  the  ancients,  it  is  impossible  "  to  make  the 
idea  of  time  and  proper  divinity  harmonize  with 
that  of  derivation  and  consequent  dependence." 
The  ancient  fathers  believed  that  the  self-existent, 
eternal  God  had  a  Son  generated  before  the  cre 
ation  of  the  world,  in  time  or  before  all  time, 
derived  from  God  the  Father.  These  two  Amer 
ican  professors,  on  the  contrary,  believed  that  the 
97 


being  called  the  Word  or  the  Son  was  underived, 
independent,  equal  with  him  who  is  called  the 
Father,  God  himself,  or  one  of  three  equal  per 
sons  or  beings,  constituting  God.  So  that  the 
controversy  between  them  relates  entirely  to  the 
application  of  the  term  Son  to  Christ  before  he 
came  into  the  world.  The  conscientious  inquirer, 
who  wishes  to  settle  the  question  whether  the 
bible  does  not  teach  that  Christ  was  the  Son  of 
God  in  heaven,  by  whom  God  created  the  world, 
and  that  he  came  to  the  earth  to  tabernacle  in 
human  flesh,  himself  to  sufi'er,  in  order  to  make 
atonement  for  the  sins  of  man,  will  not  build  his 
faith  on  human  authority;  though,  if  authority 
were  to  govern,  the  ancient  fathers  stand  higher 
than  the  modern  professors.  But  he  will  search 
the  Scriptures  with  his  own  eyes  and  reason.  It 
is  pleasant  to  record  it,  that  both  these  eminent 
men  recommend  a  free,  untrammeled,  manly  in 
quiry  after  truth.  Dr.  Miller  says,  "  I  rejoice 
that  our  lot  is  cast  in  an  age  and  a  country,  in 
which  the  most  unlimited  freedom  of  inquiry 
reigns."  Mr.  Stuart  expresses  the  hope  that  the 
time  will  come  when  we  shall  "  hold  ourselves 
more  and  more  free  to  canvass  the  opinions  of 
uninspired  men,  and  faster  bound  to  the  simple 
instructions  of  the  bible."  Surely,  what  is  plainly 
taught  in  God's  book  is  to  be  received,  however 
discordant  it  may  be  with  the  teaching  of  vener 
ated  creeds  and  of  learned  professors  and  doctors 
of  theology.  Among  Mr.  Stuart's  writings  are 
his  communications  to  the  biblical  repository; 
Hebrew  grammars ;  commentaries  on  the  He 
brews,  llomans,  Daniel,  Ecclesiastes,  Proverbs, 
Apocalypse ;  a  critical  history  of  the  Old  Testa 
ment  canon ;  a  volume  of  miscellanies,  including 
his  letters  to  Dr.  Channing  on  the  trinity;  two 
sermons  at  New  Haven,  1810;  letters  to  Dr. 
Miller  on  the  eternal  generation  of  the  Son, 
1822 ;  two  sermons  on  the  atonement,  1824 ;  at 
a  dedication;  at  election,  1827;  at  ordination  of 
W.  G.  Schauffler ;  on  the  Lamb  of  God ;  on  the 
death  of  Mrs.  Woods ;  at  ordination  of  T.  Pun- 
derson;  of  Fisk,  Spaulding,  etc.,  1819;  on  fin 
ishing  the  seminary  building,  1821;  sketch  of 
Mrs.  E.Adams;  on  distilled  liquors,  1830;  hints 
on  the  prophecies  ;  letters  to  Dr.  Channing  on 
religious  liberty;  on  the  Old  Testament  canon; 
on  the  wine  question,  1848;  various  translations 
of  learned  works  ;  course  of  Hebrew  study,  1830  ; 
on  baptism,  1833 ;  a  grammar  of  the  New  Tes 
tament  dialect;  conscience  and  the  constitution, 
1851;  commentary  on  Ecclesiastes ;  on  the  Prov 
erbs. —  Sprac/ne's  Annals. 

STUBER,  HENRY,  Dr.,  died  in  Philadelphia, 
about  1792,  aged  about  22.  He  was  a  young 
man  of  learning  and  of  great  promise.  He  wrote 
a  continuation  of  the  life  of  Franklin.  —  Wil 
liams. 


770 


STUFFLEBEAN. 


STUFFLEBEAN,  JOHN,  died  in  Illinois  Jan. 
16,  1844,  aged  110  years  and  11  months.  Born 
near  Albany,  he  served  in  the  Revolutionary  war ; 
in  Kentucky  he  fought  the  Indians ;  he  finally 
lived  with  a  son  near  Kaskaskias.  He  was  three 
times  married. 

STURTEVANT,  ZENAS,  a  soldier,  died  at 
Plympton  April  5,  1851,  aged  81.  By  his  grand 
mother  Sturtevant  he  M-as  the  sixth  in  descent 
from  Robert  Cushman  and  from  Isaac  Allerton. 
He  was  in  the  army  of  Gen.  St.  Clair  in  the  In 
dian  battle  near  the  forks  of  the  Miami  in  Ohio, 
Nov.  4,  1791.  In  the  disastrous  defeat  he  was 
twice  wounded  and  fell,  but  concealed  himself 
from  the  Indians  and  reached  fort  Jefferson  in 
three  days.  His  company  were  all  killed  and 
wounded  but  three :  among  the  killed  was  Lieut. 
Winslow  Warren,  son  of  Gen.  James  W.  of  Ply 
mouth,  and  Ensign  Cobb,  son  of  Gen.  D.  Cobb  of 
Taunton. 

STURTEVANT,  NEWELL,  a  merchant  of  Bos 
ton,  died  of  apoplexy  Oct.  20,  1856,  aged  48. 
On  the  same  day,  from  the  same  cause,  died 
another  Boston  merchant,  E.  D.  Peters ;  both 
natives  of  Maine.  Mr.  S.  was  born  in  Winthrop. 
He  was  a  pioneer  in  shipping  coal  from  Pennsyl 
vania,  in  which  business  he  acquired  an  ample 
fortune.  He  was  honorable,  and  was  esteemed. 

STUYVESANT,  PETER,  the  last  Dutch  gov 
ernor  of  New  York,  began  his  administration  in 
1647.  He  was  continually  employed  in  resisting 
the  encroachments  of  the  English  and  Swedes 
upon  the  territory  intrusted  to  him.  In  1664  an 
expedition  from  England  was  sent  out  against 
the  Dutch  possessions.  Three  or  four  frigates 
under  the  command  of  Col.  Nichols  appeared 
before  New  Amsterdam  or  New  York,  and  Gov. 
Stuyvesant  was  summoned  to  surrender  ;  but,  is 
he  was  a  good  soldier,  having  lost  a  leg  in  the 
service  of  the  States,  he  was  by  no  means  dis 
posed  to  comply.  He  returned  a  long  letter  vin 
dicating  the  claims  of  the  Dutch,  and  declaring 
his  resolution  to  defend  the  place.  He  was, 
however,  obliged  to  capitulate  Aug.  27.  The 
whole  of  the  New  Netherlands  soon  became  sub 
ject  to  the  English.  He  remained  in  this  coun 
try,  and  at  his  death  was  buried  in  a  chapel  on 
his  own  farm  a  few  miles  from  New  York.  — 
Smith's  New  York,  5-23. 

STUYVESANT,  PETER  G.,  of  New  York, 
died  at  Niagara  Falls  Aug.  16,  1847,  aged  75. 
In  good  health,  he  died  in  the  plunging  bath 
near  the  hotel.  He  was  an  early  member  of  the 
historical  society  and  its  president,  and  vice-pres 
ident  of  the  American  bible  society.  His  prop 
erty  was  reported  to  amount  to  15,000,000  dol 
lars. 

SULLIVAN,  JOHN,  LL.  D.,  major-general  in 
the  American  army,  and  president  of  New  Hamp- 


SULLIVAN. 

shire,  died  in  Durham  Jan.  28,  1795,  aged  54. 
He  was  appointed  by  congress  a  brigadier-general 
in  1775,  and  in  the  following  year,  it  is  believed, 
a  major-general.  He  superseded  Arnold  in  the 
command  of  the  army  in  Canada  June  4,  1776 ; 
but  was  soon  driven  out  of  that  province.  He 
afterwards,  on  the  illness  of  Greene,  took  the 
command  of  his  division  on  Long  Island.  In  the 
battle  of  Aug.  27,  he  was  taken  prisoner  with 
Lord  Stirling.  In  a  few  months,  however,  he  was 
exchanged.  When  Lee  was  carried  off,  he  took 
the  command  of  his  division  in  New  Jersey,  Dec. 
20.  Aug.  22,  1777,  he  planned  and  executed  an 
expedition  against  Staten  Island,  for  which,  on  an 
inquiry  into  his  conduct,  he  received  the  approba 
tion  of  the  court.  In  Sept.  he  was  engaged  in 
the  battle  of  Brandywine,  and  Oct.  4  in  that  cf 
Germantown.  In  the  winter  he  was  detached  to 
command  the  troops  in  Rhode  Island.  In  Aug., 
1778,  he  laid  siege  to  Newport,  then  in  the  hands 
of  the  British,  with  the  fullest  confidence  of  suc 
cess  ;  but,  being  abandoned  by  the  French  fleet 
under  D'Estaing,  who  sailed  to  Boston,  he  was 
obliged,  to  his  unutterable  chagrin,  to  raise  the 
siege.  Aug.  29  an  action  occurred  with  the  pur 
suing  enemy,  who  were  repulsed.  On  the  30th, 
with  great  military  skill,  he  passed  over  to  the 
continent,  without  the  loss  of  a  single  article,  and 
without  the  slightest  suspicion  on  the  part  of  the 
British  of  his  movements.  In  the  summer  of 
1779  he  commanded  an  expedition  against  the 
six  nations  of  Indians  in  New  York.  Being 
joined  by  Gen.  Clinton,  Aug.  22,  he  marched 
towards  the  enemy  under  the  command  of  Brant, 
the  Butlers,  and  others,  at  Newton,  between  the 
south  end  of  Seneca  Lake  and  Tioga  river ;  at 
tacked  them  in  their  works ;  and  completely 
dispersed  them.  He  then  laid  waste  the  country, 
destroyed  all  their  villages,  and  left  not  a  single 
vestige  of  human  industry.  This  severity  was 
necessary  to  prevent  their  ravages.  General 
Sullivan  had  made  such  high  demands  for  mili 
tary  stores,  and  had  so  freely  complained  of  the 
government  for  inattention  to  those  demands,  as 
to  give  much  offence  to  some  members  of  con 
gress  and  to  the  board  of  war.  lie  in  conse 
quence  resigned  his  command  Nov.  9.  He  was 
in  1774  a  member  of  the  first  congress,  and  also 
a  member  in  1780.  In  the  years  1786,  1787,  and 
1789  he  was  president  of  New  Hampshire,  in 
which  station,  by  his  vigorous  exertions,  he 
quelled  the  spirit  of  insurrection  which  exhib 
ited  itself  at  the  time  of  the  troubles  in  Massa 
chusetts.  In  Oct.,  1789,  he  was  appointed 
district  judge. 

SULLIVAN,  JAMES,  LL.  D.,  governor  of  Mas 
sachusetts,  the  brother  of  the  preceding,  died  in 
Boston  Dec.  10,  1808,  aged  64.  He  was  born  at 
Berwick,  Me.,  April  22,  1744.  His  father,  a  man 


SULLIVAN. 

of  liberal  education,  came  to  this  country  about 
the  year  1723:  he  took  the  sole  charge  of  the 
education  of  his  son,  James,  and  lived  to  sec  him 
distinguished  in  the  world  ;  dying  in  July,  1795, 
aged  105.  Governor  Sullivan  was  destined  for 
military  life ;  but  the  fracture  of  a  limb  in  his 
early  years  induced  him  to  bend  the  vigorous 
powers  of  his  mind  to  the  investigation  of  the 
law.  After  pursuing  the  study  of  this  science 
under  his  brother,  General  Sullivan,  and  opening 
an  office  at  Biddeford,  on  Saco  river,  he  soon  rose 
to  celebrity,  and  was  appointed  king's  attorney 
for  the  county  of  York,  in  which  he  resided.  On 
the  approach  of  the  Revolution  he  took  an  early 
and  active  part  on  the  side  of  his  country.  Being 
a  member  of  the  provincial  congress  of  Massachu 
setts  in  1775,  he  was  intrusted,  together  with  two 
other  gentlemen,  with  a  difficult  commission  to  Ti- 
conderoga,  which  was  executed  in  a  very  satisfac 
tory  manner.  Early  in  the  following  year  he  was 
appointed  a  judge  of  the  superior  court.  Soon 
afterwards  he  purchased  a  farm  in  Groton  and 
removed  his  family  to  that  place.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  framed  the  con 
stitution  of  the  State  in  1779  and  1-780.  In  Feb. 
1782,  he  resigned  his  office  of  judge,  and  returned 
to  the  practice  of  the  bar,  first  at  Cambridge, 
then  at  Boston,  where  he  resided  during  the  re 
mainder  of  his  life.  He  was  appointed  a  dele 
gate  to  congress  in  1783;  and  in  the  ensuing 
year  was  one  of  the  commissioners  in  the  settle- 
men  c  of  the  controversy  between  Massachusetts 
and  New  York  respecting  their  claims  to  the 
western  lands.  He  was  repeatedly  chosen  to 
represent  the  town  of  Boston  in  the  legislature ; 
in  1787  he  was  a  member  of  the  executive  coun 
cil  and  judge  of  probate  for  Suffolk;  and  in  1790 
was  appointed  attorney-general,  in  which  office 
he  continued  till  June,  1807,  when  he  was  called 
to  the  chief  magistracy  of  the  commonwealth,  as 
successor  of  Governor  Strong.  He  was  appointed 
by  President  Washington  agent  under  the  fifth 
article  of  the  British  treaty  for  settling  the  boun 
daries  between  the  United  States  and  the  British 
provinces.  Of  the  American  academy  of  arts 
and  sciences  he  was  one  of  the  members  from  its 
first  institution ;  a  principal  founder  and  many 
years  president  of  the  Massachusetts  historical 
society ;  and  president  of  the  Massachusetts  Con 
gregational  charitable  society.  He  was  the  pro 
jector  of  the  Middlesex  canal,  to  which  object  he 
devoted  a  great  portion  of  time  and  labor.  Soon 
after  his  second  election  to  the  office  of  governor 
his  health  became  enfeebled,  and  he  suffered  a 
long  and  distressing  confinement,  which  termi 
nated  in  his  death.  The  various  public  offices, 
which  he  sustained  during  a  period  of  forty  years, 
were  conferred  upon  him  by  the  free  and  unbi 
assed  sufi'rages  of  his  countrymen.  As  he  was 


SULLIVAN. 


771 


not  assisted  in  his  progress  to  distinction  by  the 
advantage  of  opulence  or  family  connections,  the 
stations  which  he  held  were  a  proof  of  his 
talents,  of  his  indefatigable  industry,  and  of  the 
confidence  that  was  reposed  in  his  integrity.  As 
a  judge  he  was  universally  acknowledged  to  have 
displayed  the  most  perfect  impartiality.  As  the 
public  prosecutor  of  the  State  he  tempered  the 
sternness  of  official  severity  with  the  rarer  ten 
derness  of  humanity.  His  style  of  eloquence 
was  original,  and  adapted,  with  judicious  discrim 
ination,  to  the  occasion,  the  subject,  and  to  the 
tribunal  before  which  it  was  called  forth.  Deeply 
versed  in  the  science  of  the  law,  and  equally  well 
acquainted  with  the  sources  of  persuasion  in  the 
human  mind,  he  was  alike  qualified  for  the  inves 
tigation  of  the  most  intricate  and  complicated 
questions  of  legal  discussion,  and  for  the  devel 
opment  of  the  issues  of  fact  before  juries.  As 
the  chief  magistrate  of  the  State,  he  considered 
himself  as  the  delegated  officer,  not  of  a  political 
sect,  but  of  the  whole  people,  and  endeavored  to 
mitigate  the  violence  of  parties.  In  all  the  rela 
tions  of  domestic  and  social  life  his  conduct  was 
exemplary.  He  early  made  a  profession  of  Chris 
tianity,  and  his  belief  of  its  truth  was  never 
shaken.  When  his  frame  was  evidently  shattered, 
and  he  had  reason  to  think  that  God  was  calling 
him  to  his  great  account,  the  faith  of  Jesus  was 
ever  gaining  a  new  ascendency  in  his  views, 
and  his  thoughts  expatiated  with  singular  clear 
ness  on  the  scenes  which  awaited  him,  on  the 
mercy  of  his  God,  his  own  unworthiness,  and  the 
worth  of  the  Redeemer.  His  private  prayers 
and  his  domestic  devotions,  expressing  at  times 
both  the  joy  and  the  anguish  of  his  feelings, 
proved  that  his  passions  were  not  all  given  to  the 
world.  He  closed  his  laborious  life  with  the  un 
shaken  assurance  of  renewing  his  existence  in 
another  and  better  state.  Amidst  the  great  and 
constant  pressure  of  business  which  occupied  him, 
he  still  found  time  for  the  pursuits  of  literature 
and  science.  He  was  ever  ready  to  contribute 
the  efforts  of  his  powerful  and  original  mind  to 
the  purposes  of  public  utility.  He  published  ob 
servations  on  the  government  of  the  United 
States,  1791 ;  dissertation  on  the  stability  of  the 
States;  the  path  to  riches,  or  dissertation  on 
banks,  1792;  history  of  the  district  of  Maine, 
8vo.,  1795  ;  history  of  land  titles  in  Massachusetts, 
8vo.,  1801;  dissertation  on  the  constitutional 
liberty  of  the  press,  1801 ;  history  of  the  Penob- 
scot  Indians  in  the  historical  collection.  —  Buck- 
minster's  Sermon  on  his  Death. 

SULLIVAN,  GEORGE,  died  at  Exeter,  N.  II., 
June  14,  1838,  aged  64.  He  was  born  at  Dur 
ham,  the  son  of  Gen.  John  S.,  an  officer  of  the 
Revolutionary  army,  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1790,  and  for  more  than  forty  years  practised 


772 


SULLIVAN. 


SUMTER. 


law  at  Exeter.  He  was  a  member  of  congress  in 
1811  and  1813,  and  attorney-general  of  New 
Hampshire  from  1816  to  1835.  He  was  highly 
respected  for  his  talents,  his  useful  life,  and  his 
religious  character. 

SULLIVAN,  WILLIAM,  LL.  D.,  brigadier- 
general,  died  in  Boston  Sept.  3,  1839,  aged  64. 
He  was  the  son  of  Governor  James  S. ;  was  grad 
uated  in  1792  ;  and  for  many  years  practised  law 
in  Boston.  He  published  orations  in  1803  and 
1813;  familiar  letters;  moral  class-book,  1831 ; 
political  class-book,  1831 ;  on  temperance,  1832. 

SUMMERFIELD,  JOHN,  a  minister,  died  at 
New  York  June  13,  1825,  aged  27.  He  was  born 
in  Lancashire,  England,  Jan.  31,  1798.  After 
early  dissipation  he  became  pious,  and  preached 
in  the  Methodist  connexion  in  Ireland.  He  came 
to  New  York  in  1821,  and  preached  almost  with 
the  popularity  of  Whitefield.  His  ill  health  in 
duced  him  in  1823  to  visit  France,  where,  as  a 
delegate  from  the  American  bible  society,  he  ad 
dressed  the  Paris  bible  society.  Few  ministers 
have  exhibited  such  meekness,  humility,  disinter 
estedness,  and  benevolence  in  life  ;  few  have  been 
so  eloquent  in  discourse.  His  memoirs  by  J. 
Holland,  with  his  portrait,  were  published,  8vo., 
2d  edit.,  1830. 

SUMNER,  INCREASE,  governor  of  Massachu 
setts,  died  in  Roxbury  June  7,  1799,  aged  52. 
He  was  the  son  of  Increase,  who  died  in  1774; 
his  previous  ancestors  were  Edward,  George,  and 
"William  of  Dorchester,  who  was  born  in  England 
in  1605.  He  was  born  in  Roxbury  Nov.  27,  1746, 
and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1767. 
After  entering  upon  the  profession  of  the  law  he 
was  chosen  a  representative  of  his  native  town  in 
the  legislature,  and  then  a  senator.  In  1782 
Governor  Hancock  placed  him  on  the  bench  of 
the  supreme  court.  As  a  judge  he  was  dispas 
sionate,  impartial,  and  discerning.  In  1797  he 
was  chosen  governor  as  successor  of  S.  Adams, 
and  he  was  reflected  in  the  succeeding  years  till 
his  death.  His  wife  was  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
William  Hyslop.  His  son,  William  Hyslop  Sum- 
ner,  a  graduate  of  1799,  still  lives.  He  possessed 
a  strong  and  well-balanced  mind.  His  judgment 
was  correct,  and,  though  he  maintained  an  unu 
sual  degree  of  self-command,  yet  his  coolness  of 
temper  was  to  be  ascribed  rather  to  the  influence 
of  religious  discipline,  than  to  constitutional  tem 
perament.  He  was  mild,  candid,  and  moderate, 
being  remarkably  free  from  every  appearance  of 
party  spirit.  In  the  intercourse  of  domestic  and 
private  life  he  was  affectionate  and  faithful.  Soon 
after  he  commenced  the  practice  of  the  law,  he 
made  a  public  profession  of  his  belief  in  Chris 
tianity,  and  his  life  was  exemplary.  An  inter 
esting  memoir  by  his  son,  W.  II.  Sumner,  with  a 
fine  portrait,  is  in  New  England  Register,  April, 
1854. 


SUMNER,  JOSEPH,  D.  D.,  died  at  Shrews 
bury  Dec.  9,  1824,  aged  84.  Born  in  Pomfrct, 
he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1759,  and  was  ordained 
as  the  successor  of  J.  Gushing  in  1762.  lie  was 
present  at  the  regular  administration  of  the  Lord's 
supper  for  sixty- two  years.  In  the  Revolution 
he  was  an  earnest  patriot,  a  useful  friend  of  learn 
ing,  long  a  trustee  of  Leicester  academy.  His 
white  wig  and  venerable  air  gained  respect,  lie 
published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  his  son 
Samuel  at  Southborough,  1791 ;  at  thanksgiving, 
1799  ;  at  ordination  of  Wilkcs  Allen,  1803  ;  half- 
century  sermon,  1812. 

SUMNER,  CHARLES  P.,  died  in  Boston  April 
2,  1839,  aged  about  62.  He  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1796,  and  was  the  sheriff  of  Suffolk.  He 
was  the  father  of  the  eminent  senator  of  the 
United  States,  Charles  Sumner ;  also  of  George 
Sumner,  whose  memoir  of  the  pilgrims  at  Ley- 
den  is  in  hist,  coll.,  vol.  ix.,  third  series.  He 
published  the  compass,  a  college  poem,  1795  ; 
eulogy  on  Washington,  1800  ;  letter  on  freema 
sonry,  1829;  discourse  on  the  sheriff's  office, 
1829. 

SUMTER,  THOMAS,  general,  a  soldier  of  the 
Revolution,  died  June  1,  1832,  aged  97.  After 
the  capture  of  Charleston,  S.  C.,  by  the  British, 
he  fled  to  North  Carolina.  But  he  soon  returned 
at  the  head  of  a  little  band  of  exiles.  July  12, 
1780,  a  part  of  his  corps  routed  a  detachment  of 
the  British ;  this  success  soon  increased  his  troops 
to  six  hundred  men.  Gov.  Rutledge  promoted 
him  and  Marion  from  the  rank  of  colonels  to  that 
of  brigadiers  in  the  militia,  lie  was  younger  than 
Marion ;  of  a  larger  frame,  fitted  for  the  toils  of 
war ;  with  a  stern  countenance,  and  determined 
patriotism,  and  indomitable  courage.  He  at 
tacked,  August  1st,  three  times  unsuccessfully  the 
post  of  Rocky  Mount ;  August  6th,  he  attacked 
the  British  at  Hanging  Rock,  and  destroyed  Col. 
Brown's  regiment.  About  the  time  that  Gates 
was  defeated  at  Camden,  he  captured  a  British 
convoy.  But  through  his  own  negligence  he  was 
surprised  near  Catawba  ford,  by  Tarleton,  August 
18th,  at  the  head  of  nine  hundred  and  sixty  men, 
and  his  force  of  eight  hundred  men  instantly  dis 
persed,  and  his  artillery  lost.  He  retrieved  his 
character  in  the  remainder  of  the  campaign.  lie 
resolutely  kept  the  field  for  three  months.  Nov. 
12th  he  defeated  the  British  under  Major 
Wcmyss,  and  Nov.  20th,  at  Blackstock  hill,  near 
Tyger  river,  he  repulsed  Tarleton,  who  in  vain 
attempted  to  dislodge  him.  The  wounded  of  the 
enemy  were  left  to  the  humanity  of  Sumter.  In 
this  action  he  was  himself  severely  wounded,  and 
in  consequence  long  detained  from  the  field ;  but 
he  was  consoled  by  the  thanks  of  congress  and 
the  applause  of  his  country.  In  1811  he  was 
chosen  a  senator  of  the  United  States.  He  died 
suddenly  at  his  residence  at  South  Mount,  near 


SUMTER. 

Camdcn.  His  only  son,  Col.  Thomas,  died  in 
1840,  aged  72. 

SUMTEIl,  THOMAS,  colonel,  only  son  of  Gen. 
S.  of  Revolutionary  memory,  died  at  his  residence 
near  Statebnrg,  S.  C.,  in  1840,  aged  71.  His 
son,  J.  L.  S.,  was  a  mcmher  of  congress. 

SUXSEETO,  a  Mohegan  Indian,  whose  epi 
taph  is  at  Norwich : 

"  Here  lies  the  body  of  Sunsecto. 
0\vn  son  to  Unciis,  grandson  to  Oneeko, 
Who  were  the  famous  sachems  of  Mohcgan; 
But  now  they  arc  all  dead,  I  think  it  is  Wcrhocgen." 

The  meaning  of  Werheegcn  is,  all's  well,  or 
good  news.  The  epitaph  was  written  by  Mr. 
Worthington  of  Xorwalk,  son  of  Rev.  Mr.  "W.  of 
Saybrook.  His  irregularity  of  measure  is  almost 
equal  to  that  of  some  of  our  popular  poets  at  the 
present  day. 

SUTHERLAND,  DAVID,  minister  of  Bath, 
X.  II.,  died  of  disease  of  the  heart,  July  26, 1855, 
aged  78.  lie  was  long  a  very  useful  minister  in 
that  part  of  the  State  in  which  he  resided.  He 
published  election  sermon,  1815. 

SUTHERLAND,  COLIN,  died  at  East  Corra, 
Canada,  Oct.  15, 185C,  aged  103,  a  native  of  Scot 
land. 

SWAIN,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Wenham,  Mass., 
died  in  1792,  aged  about  70.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1744,  and  was  ordained  in  1750. 

SWAN,  JOSIAII,  minister  of  Dunstable,  N.  II., 
died  in  1777,  aged  about  G6.  Born  in  Lancaster, 
Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1733.  The 
first  minister,  from  1695  to  1702,  was  Thomas 
Weld. 

SWAN,  ROSWELL  S.,  minister  of  Xorwalk, 
Conn.,  died  in  1819,  aged  40.  Born  in  Ston- 
ington,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1798,  and  was 
ordained  in  1807.  The  admissions  to  his  church 
were  two  hundred  and  sixty-one  persons  in  twelve 
years.  —  Spragues  Annals. 

SWAX,  JAMES,  colonel,  died  in  Boston  or 
Dorchester  about  1831.  lie  went  with  Judge 
W.  Lathroj)  from  Cambridge,  and  fought  in  the 
battle  of  Bunker  Hill.  He  was  a  representative 
of  Dorchester.  He  published  an  essay  on  the 
fisheries,  1784 ;  observations  on  the  fisheries  of 
Massachusetts,  178G;  dissuasion  from  the  slave 
trade  ;  on  the  obstructions  to  the  commerce  be 
tween  this  country  and  France,  in  French,  1790. 

SWAX,  TIMOTHY,  died  at  Xorthfield  in  1842, 
aged  82  ;  skilled  in  sacred  music,  the  author  of 
China  and  other  pieces. 

SWEAT,  MOSES,  first  minister  of  Sanford, 
Maine,  died  in  1822,  aged  about  60.  He  was 
ordained  when  the  church  was  formed  in  1786. 
Harvard  gave  him  a  degree  in  1790. 

SWEET,  BENONI,  died  in  Lebanon,  Conn., 
August,  1840,  aged  80  ;  a  celebrated  surgeon. 

SWEETZER,  THOMAS  W.,  died  in  Salem  in 


SWIFT. 


773 


1854,  bequeathing  10,000  dollars  to  furnish  the 
poor  with  cooking-stoves. 

SWETT,  BENJAMIN,  captain,  was  killed  by 
the  Indians  at  Black  Point,  XT.  II.,  1677.  He  re 
moved  from  Xewbury,  Mass.,  to  Hampton  before 
1664. 

SWETT,  JOHN  BARNARD,  M.  D.,  died  of  the 
yellow  fever  at  Xcwburyport  in  1796,  aged  44. 
The  son  of  Samuel  S.  of  Marblchead,  he  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1767,  and  studied  physic  in 
Edinburgh.  On  his  return  he  joined  the  Ameri 
can  army  as  a  surgeon.  After  settling  in  1780, 
he  had  a  wide  surgical  practice.  He  was  intelli 
gent,  social,  frank,  good-humored,  of  polished 
manners,  a  general  favorite.  His  widow,  a  daugh 
ter  of  W.  Bourne  of  Marblehead,  married  Gov. 
John  T.  Oilman.  —  Thachcr's  Med.  Diog. 

SWETT,  JOHN  A.,  Dr.,  was  born  in  Boston, 
graduated  in  1828,  practised  with  high  reputa 
tion  in  New  York,  and  died  in  1854,  aged  45. 
His  work  on  diseases  of  the  chest,  1852,  is  a  val 
uable  text-book.  He  was  connected  with  the 
Xew  York  city  hospital,  and  was  a  professor  of 
the  theory  and  practice  of  physic  in  the  univer 
sity  of  Xew  York. 

SWIFT,  JOHN,  the  first  minister  of  Framing- 
ham,  Mass.,  died  in  1745,  aged  67.  Born  in 
Milton,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1697,  and 
was  settled  in  1701  His  successors  were  M. 
Bridge,  D.  Kellogg,  G.  Trask,  and  D.  Brighani. 
Two  other  churches  have  been  formed.  His  son 
John  was  a  graduate  of  1733,  and  minister  of 
Acton  thirty-seven  years  from  1738,  dying  in 
1775,  aged  72.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the 
death  of  II.  Breck,  1731;  election  sermon,  1732. 
—  Sprague's  Annals. 

SWIFT,  JOB,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Bennington, 
Vt.,  died  Oct.  20,  1804,  aged  about  61.  He 
was  born  in  Sandwich,  Mass.,  in  1743,  and  was 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1765.  About  the 
year  1766  he  was  ordained  at  Richmond,  where 
he  continued  seven  years,  making  every  exertion 
to  instruct  his  people  in  the  peculiar  doctrines 
of  the  gospel.  He  was  afterwards  the  minister 
of  Xine  Partners  in  Xew  York  ;  of  Manchester, 
Bennington,  and  Addison  in  Vermont.  In  Ben 
nington  he  lived  about  sixteen  years.  While  he 
was  on  a  mission,  in  the  northern  part  of  Ver 
mont,  undertaken  at  his  own  expense,  he  died  at 
Enosburgh.  He  rejoiced  that  his  life  was  to  ter 
minate  at  a  distance  from  his  friends,  without 
witnessing  the  distresses  of  his  family.  The  pa 
tience  with  which  he  endured  the  pains  of  his 
last  sickness,  and  the  composure  with  which  he 
met  the  king  of  terrors,  excited  the  greatest  as 
tonishment  in  an  unbeliever  who  was  present. 
While  suffering  a  great  variety  of  evils  in  life,  he 
never  uttered  a  complaining  word  ;  and,  when 
he  discovered  uneasiness  or  discontent  in  any  of 


774 


SWIFT. 


SYMMES. 


the  members  of  his  family,  he  inculcated  upon 
them  the  duty  of  submission,  and  reminded  them 
of  the  undeserved  blessings  which  they  were  yet 
permitted  to  enjoy.  His  wife  was  Mary  Ann,  the 
sister  of  Judge  Sedgwick.  She  died  in  1826. 
Benjamin,  a  senator  from  Vermont,  and  Samuel, 
secretary  of  State,  were  their  sons.  A  volume 
of  his  sermons  was  published,  12mo.,  1805. — 
Sprague's  Annals. 

SWIFT,  SETH,  minister  of  Williamstown, 
Mass.,  died  in  1807,  aged  58.  Born  in  Kent, the 
brother  of  Rev.  Job  S.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1774  ;  studied  theology  with  Dr.  Bellamy  ;  and 
was  ordained  in  1776,  the  successor  of  the  first 
minister,  Whitman  Welch,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Walter  King.  He  was  the  father  of  Rev.  E.  G. 
Swift  of  Stockbridge,  and  of  Rev.  Elisha  P.  Swift, 
professor  in  the  Alleghany  theological  seminary. 
He  was  warm  in  his  temper,  and  zealous  and  en 
ergetic,  yet  prudent,  revered,  and  loved. 

SWIFT,  ZEPHANIAH,  LL.  D.,  chief  justice 
of  Connecticut,  died  Sept.  27,  1823,  aged  64.  He 
was  born  in  Wareham,  Mass.,  in  Feb.,  1759;  his 
father  removed  to  Lebanon.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1778.  After  being  a  member  of 
congress  from  1793  to  1796,  he  accompanied  Mr. 
Ellsworth  as  secretary  to  France.  In  1801  he 
was  elected  a  judge.  From  1806  to  1819  he  was 
chief  justice.  In  1814  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Hartford  convention.  He  died  at  Warren  while 
on  a  visit  to  Ohio.  An  oration  on  account  of  his 
death  was  pronounced  by  S.  Perkins  at  Wind- 
ham,  the  place  of  his  residence.  He  left  a  widow, 
Lucretia  Webbs,  and  seven  children.  Unaided 
by  family  friends,  he  rose  to  distinction.  He  was 
a  learned  and  upright  judge.  He  published  ora 
tion  on  domestic  slavery,  1791 ;  a  system  of  the 
laws  of  Connecticut,  2  vols.,  1795  ;  a  digest  of 
the  law  of  evidence,  and  a  treatise  on  bills  of  ex 
change,  1810  ;  digest  of  the  laws  of  Connecticut, 
2  vols.,  1823. 

SWIFT,  HEMAN,  Dr.,  died  in  Bennington  Jan. 
30,  1856,  aged  62  ;  an  eminent  physician  and 
Christian.  The  son  of  Rev.  Dr.  Swift,  he  gradu 
ated  at  Middlebury  in  1811. 

SYKES,  JAMES,  M.  D.,  of  Maryland,  died  of 
the  gout  in  1722,  aged  61.  He  was  born  near 
Dover.  As  a  physician  he  practised  four  years 
at  Cambridge,  on  the  eastern  shore  ;  then  re 
moved  to  Dover.  While  there  he  discovered 
that  a  dreadful  cholic,  causing  many  deaths,  was 
produced  by  adulterated  Peruvian  bark.  A  work 
man  in  Philadelphia,  employed  in  pulverizing 
bark,  had  mixed  with  it  oxide  of  lead,  to  increase 
the  weight.  In  1814  he  removed  to  New  York  ; 
but  after  a  few  years  returned  to  Dover.  — 
Thacker's  Med.  Biog. 

SYME,  ARCHIBALD,  D.  D.,  died  in  Peters- 
burgh,  Va.,  Oct.  26,  1845,  aged  92  ;  a  respected 


Episcopal  minister  and  useful  teacher.  He  was 
born  in  Scotland. 

SYMMES,  ZECHARIAH,  the  second  minister 
of  Charlestown,  Mass.,  the  son  of  Rev.  AVilliam 
S.,  died  Feb.  4,  1671,  aged  71.  He  was  born  in 
Canterbury,  April  5,  1599 ;  came  to  New  Eng 
land  in  1634  in  the  same  ship  with  Ann  Hutchin- 
son  and  J.  Lathrop ;  and  settled  as  colleague 
with  Mr.  James,  being  chosen  teacher  Dec.  22, 
1634.  His  son,  Zechariah,  the  first  minister  of 
Bradford,  was  born  in  1638 ;  was  ordained  Dec. 
27,  1682,  and  died  March  27,  1707,  aged  69.  He 
preached  the  election  sermon,  1648.  —  Sprague's 
Annals. 

SYMMES,  THOMAS,  second  minister  of  Brad 
ford,  Mass.,  died  Oct.  6,  1725,  aged  47.  He  was 
the  son  of  Zechariah  S.,  the  first  minister  of  that 
town.  He  was  born  Feb.  1,  1678;  was  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  college  in  1698 ;  was  ordained 
the  first  minister  of  Boxford  Dec.  30,  1702,  but 
was  dismissed  from  that  town  in  1708,  and  suc 
ceeded  his  father  at  Bradford  in  the  same  year. 
He  was  a  man  of  strong  powers  of  mind  and  of 
very  considerable  learning ;  an  animated,  popu 
lar,  faithful,  and  successful  preacher.  His  exer 
tions  to  do  good  in  private  and  public  were  re 
warded  by  large  accessions  to  his  church.  He 
was  remarkable  for  the  sanctity  of  his  life,  for 
secret  devotion,  and  for  his  regard  to  days  of  fast 
ing  and  prayer.  He  published  monitor  to  de 
laying  sinners  ;  artillery  election  sermon,  1720  ; 
against  prejudice;  at  the  ordination  of  J.  Emer 
son,  1721 ;  joco-serious  dialogue  on  singing,  1723 ; 
on  the  support  of  ministers,  1724;  historical 
memoirs  of  the  fight  of  Piggwacket,  May  9, 
1725,  with  a  sermon  on  Lovewell's  death.  An 
account  of  his  life  was  published  by  J.  Brown,  to 
which  is  annexed  his  advice  to  his  children  and 
to  the  church. 

SYMMES,  WILLIAM,  D.  D.,  minister  of  An- 
dover,  Mass.,  died  in  1807,  aged  77.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1750,  and  from 
1755  to  1758  was  a  tutor  hi  that  seminary;  he 
was  ordained  Nov.  1,  1758.  His  sermons  were 
written  with  great  care  and  in  a  style  remarkably 
neat  and  correct.  He  was  distinguished  for  his 
prudence  ;  was  hospitable,  dignified  in  his  manners 
and  pure  in  his  principles  and  conduct.  He  pub 
lished  election  sermon,  1785,  and  two  other  occa 
sional  discourses. 

SYMMES,  JOHN  CLEVES,  captain,  author  of 
the  theory  of  the  hollow  earth,  died  at  Hamilton, 
Butler  county,  Ohio,  June  19,  1829.  He  was  a 
native  of  New  Jersey,  but  emigrated  at  an  early 
age  to  the  west.  He  was  the  son,  as  I  suppose, 
of  J.  C.  S.,  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  New 
Jersey,  a  member  of  congress,  and  in  1788  a 
judge  of  the  northwest  territory,  who  died  at 
Cincinnati  in  March,  1814,  whose  wife  was  Su- 


TACKANASII. 

sanna,  daughter  of  Gov.  Livingston,  and  whose 
daughter  married  Gen.  "\Villiam  II.  Harrison. 
For  some  years  he  was  a  captain  in  the  army. 
During  the  Avar  of  1812,  he  distinguished  himself 
by  his  intrepidity  on  the  Niagara.  lie  was  an  ami 
able  and  exemplary  man.  On  his  strange  theory 
of  the  earth  he  lectured  in  many  cities  and  towns, 
apparently  in  full  persuasion  of  its  truth.  lie 
supposed  that  the  hollow  earth,  open  at  the  poles 
for  the  admission  of  light,  had  within  it  six  or 
seven  concentric  hollow  spheres,  also  open  at 
their  poles. 

TACKAXASII,  JOHN,  Indian  minister  on 
Martha's  Vineyard,  died  Jan.  22,  1G84.  He  was 
ordained  colleague  with  Iliacoomes  Aug.  22, 
1670,  the  day  of  the  formation  of  the  first  Indian 
church  on  the  island.  He  possessed  considera 
ble  talents,  and  was  exemplary  in  his  life.  Allow 
ing  himself  in  few  diversions,  he  studied  much, 
and  seemed  to  advance  in  piety,  as  he  became 
more  acquainted  with  the  truths  of  the  gospel. 
Of  Indian  preachers  he  was  the  most  distin 
guished.  In  prayer  he  was  devout  and  fervent ; 
faithful  in  his  instructions  and  reproofs  ;  strict  in 
the  discipline  of  his  church,  excluding  the  im 
moral  from  the  ordinances  till  they  repented. 
So  much  was  he  respected,  that  the  English, 
when  deprived  of  their  own  minister,  attended 
his  meetings  and  received  the  Lord's  supper  from 
his  hands.  He  died  in  the  peace  and  hope  of  the 
Christian.  His  place  of  residence  was  at  Nun- 
paug  at  the  east  end  of  Martha's  Vineyard.  The 
preacher  in  1698,  at  the  visitation  of  Mr.  Raw- 
son,  was  Joseph  Tackquannash,  as  his  name  was 
written,  having  charge  of  eighty-four  Indians  at 
Nunnepoag.  —  Mayhew's  Indian  Conv.  15-16. 

TADEUSKUND,  principal  chief  of  the  Dela- 
wares,  died  in  1763.  He  was  burnt  to  death  at 
Wyoming  on  the  Susquehannah.  It  is  supposed 
that  he  was  made  drunk,  and  then  that  his  house 
was  set  on  fire,  with  the  rest  of  the  village.  He 
had  been  a  useful  man  to  his  tribe. 

TAFT,  MOSES,  one  of  the  ministers  of  Brain- 
tree,  died  in  1791,  aged  about  60.  Born  in  Men- 
don,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1751,  and  was 
ordained  in  1752.  E.  Eaton  preceded  him,  and 
Dr.  J.  Strong  succeeded  him. 

TAFT,  BJCZALEI-L,  the  son  of  Senator  B.  Taft, 
was  born  in  Uxbridge,  and  died  in  1846,  aged 
66.  A  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1804,  he  had  no 
occasion  to  depend  for  his  support  on  the  profes 
sion  of  the  law,  but  lived  on  a  beautiful  farm  on 
the  banks  of  the  Blackstone.  He  was  represent 
ative,  senator,  and  councillor. 

TAGGAUT,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Colerain, 
Mass.,  died  in  1825,  aged  71.  For  some  years 
he  was  a  member  of  congress.  Born  in  London 
derry,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1774  ;  was 
settled  in  1777  and  resigned  in  1818.  He  was  a 
member  of  congress.  He  published  address  to 


TALCOTT. 


775 


electors,  1811;  on  impressments,  1813;  in  final 
perseverance,  1801. 

TAGGAItT,  CYNTHIA,  a  writer  of  poetry,  died 
in  1849,  aged  47.  She  was  born  in  Rhode  Island. 
Her  grandfather,  an  old  soldier,  had  a  farm  at 
Middletown  six  miles  from  Newport,  which  in  the 
war  the  British  laid  waste,  and  made  her  father 
a  prisoner.  From  the  jail  at  Newport  he  escaped 
through  a  window  which  had  wooden  bars,  and 
he  crossed  to  the  main  land  at  Bristol  ferry  on  a 
raft  of  rails.  She  was  many  years  an  invalid. 
Many  pieces  of  poetry,  of  a  melancholy  cast,  she 
wrote  on  her  sick  bed.  Some  of  them  were  col 
lected  and  published  in  a  small  volume.  —  Cycl. 
of  Amcr.  Lit. 

TAILER,  WILLIAM,  lieutenant-governor  of 
Massachusetts,  died  in  1732,  aged  55.  He  came 
from  England  with  his  commission  from  the 
queen  in  1711,  and  was  stern  for  the  prerogative, 
and  an  Episcopalian  ;  but  pleasant  and  facetious. 
Marrying  a  relative  of  Gov.  Stoughton,  he  came 
in  possession  of  his  estate  at  Dorchester. — Eliot's 
Biog. 

TALCOTT,  JOHN,  major,  probably  of  Hart 
ford,  a  distinguished  officer  in  the  Indian  war  of 
1676,  resigned  the  office  of  treasurer  of  Connec 
ticut  on  receiving  his  military  appointment.  A 
small  army  of  four  hundred  and  fifty  men,  of 
whom  two  hundred  were  Mohegan  and  Pequot 
Indians,  was  assembled  at  Norwich,  and  he 
marched  in  June  into  the  Nipmuck  country, 
where  nineteen  Indians  were  killed  and  thirty- 
three  made  prisoners.  Thence  he  marched  to 
Quabaug  or  Brookfield,  and  Northampton.  After 
he  arrived  at  N.,  about  seven  hundred  Indians 
attacked  the  garrison  at  Hadlcy  ;  but  he  crossed 
the  river  for  its  relief,  and  thus  saved  the  town, 
and  probably  other  towns,  from  destruction.  He 
scoured  the  country  as  far  as  the  falls  above 
Deerfield.  Then  he  marched  to  Providence  and 
did  good  service  in  the  Narraganset  country.  In 
all,  about  four  hundred  and  twenty  Indians  fell 
in  battle  and  were  captured.  He  returned  to 
Connecticut  in  July,  and  having  recruited,  marched 
to  Westfield,  and  thence  to  the  Houssatonnoc 
river,  where  he  again  fought  the  enemy  success 
fully.  The  sachem  of  Quabaug  was  killed,  and 
forty-one  Indians  killed  or  taken.  About  the 
same  time  Capt.  Church  killed  King  Philip,  Aug. 
12,  1676,  and  the  savages  generally  submitted  to 
the  English  or  fled.  Major  T.  was  probably  the 
son  of  John  T.,  who  was  of  Cambridge  in  1632, 
and  was  an  assistant  at  Hartford  in  1654.  — 
TrumbulVs  Hist.  Conn. 

TALCOTT,  JOSEPH,  governor  of  Connecticut 
from  1724  to  1741,  died  Oct.  11,  1741,  full  of 
days,  and  was  succeeded  by  Gov.  Law.  He  had 
long  served  his  country.  Eminent  for  piety,  he 
called  the  periods  of  revival  in  his  last  years 
times  of  refreshing ;  but  Gov.  Law  was  rather 


776 


TALCOTT. 


TAPPAN. 


disposed  to  suppress  by  rash  legal  enactments 
what  he  deemed  enthusiasm.  His  sister  married 
R.  Edwards. 

TALCOTT,  HART,  minister  of  Warren,  Conn., 
died  suddenly  in  183G,  aged  45.  lie  graduated 
at  Dartmouth  in  1812.  He  was  pastor  of  Kil- 
lingworth,  the  successor  of  A.  Mansfield,  from 
1818  to  1824.  He  succeeded  P.  Starr  at  W.  in 
1825. 

TALCOTT,  SAMUEL  A.,  attorney-general  of 
New  York,  died  at  New  York  in  1836,  aged  45. 
Born  at  Hartford,  he  graduated  at  Williams  col 
lege  in  1809.  lie  had  brilliant  talents,  but,  un 
happily  wanting  self-discipline,  he  was  the  grief 
of  his  friends.  With  what  mighty  weight  for 
good  ought  the  notes  of  such  warnings  to  come 
upon  the  ears  of  the  young  and  tempted  ? 

TALIAFEHRO,  JOHN,  died  in  Virginia  in 
1853,  aged  85.  For  more  than  twenty  years  he 
was  a  member  of  congress,  and  for  several  years 
was  librarian  of  the  treasury  department  at 
Washington. 

TALLMADGE,  JAMES,  colonel,  died  at  Pough- 
keepsie  in  1828,  aged  78.  He  was  a  soldier  of 
the  Revolution,  and  commanded  a  company  of 
volunteers  at  the  capture  of  Burgoyne. 

TALLMADGE,  BENJAMIN,  colonel,  died  at 
Litchfield,  Conn.,  March  G,  1835,  aged  81.  He 
was  born  at  Brookhaven,  L.  I.  ;  was  graduated 
in  1773  ;  from  1770  he  served  in  the  army  until 
the  close  of  the  war,  and  was  a  distinguished 
officer.  lie  had  the  custody  of  Major  Andre, 
and  regarded  him  with  great  affection.  In  many 
actions  he  was  unhurt,  and  he  gratefully  acknow 
ledged  the  divine  protection.  From  1784  till 
his  death  he  lived  as  a  merchant  in  Litchfield. 
In  1817  he  was  a  member  of  congress.  His  re 
ligious  impressions  began  in  1793,  from  reading 
the  life  of  Col.  Gardiner.  He  was  an  eminent 
Christian,  and  he  died  in  triumph. 

TALLMADGE,  JAMES,  general,  died  sud 
denly  at  New  York  in  1853,  aged  75.  lie  was 
born  in  Stamford,  Dutchess  county,  N.  Y. ;  his 
father,  James,  was  born  in  Sharon,  Conn.,  and 
was  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution.  In  1798  he 
graduated  at  Brown  university ;  from  Dutchess 
county  he  was  sent  to  congress  in  1817.  lie  op 
posed  Mr.  Clay  in  regard  to  the  extension  of 
slavery  beyond  the  Mississippi,  maintaining  the 
principles  of  the  Wilmot  proviso  in  an  able 
speech  ;  and  it  is  said  Mr.  Clny's  hostility  pre 
vented  him  from  being  in  the  cabinet  of  J.  Q. 
Adams,  or  from  being  sent  as  a  minister  to  Eng 
land.  He  visited  Russia  in  1835.  For  twenty- 
five  years  he  lived  in  New  York  in  the  winter, 
and  at  his  seat  on  Wappinger's  Creek  in  the  sum 
mer  ;  and  there  he  was  a  practical  and  skilful 
farmer.  He  had  great  talents  as  a  public  speaker. 
Of  the  American  institute  he  was  the  president. 

TALLMAN  PELEG,  a  merchant,  died  in  Bath, 


Me.,  in  1841,  aged  72.  Born  at  Tiverton,  R.  I., 
he  entered  the  privateering  service  in  1778,  at 
the  age  of  fourteen.  In  1780  one  of  his  arms 
was  shot  off.  From  1781  to  1783  he  was  a  pris 
oner.  He  next  commanded  a  merchant  vessel, 
and  he  became  a  rich  merchant. 

TALMADGE,  MATTHIAS  BURNET,  general, 
died  at  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  8,  1819,  aged 
45.  Born  at  Stamford,  N.  Y.,  he  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1795.  He  was  a  judge  of  the  district 
court.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  George  Clin 
ton.  His  only  daughter  married  John  Suyclam. 

TALMAGE,  JEIIIEL,  died  at  Bloomfiekl,*N.  J., 
Sept.  26,  1854,  aged  69.  He  was  twenty-three 
years  pastor  of  Knowlton,  and  then  a  minister  in 
Ohio,  laborious  and  earnest.  He  was  buried  be 
side  his  Christian  parents  in  Somcrvillc.  His 
son,  P.  S.  T.,  is  minister  of  Bloomficld,  at  whose 
house  he  died. 

TANTEQUIGGEN,  LUCY,  an  Indian,  the 
Avidow  of  John  T.,  died  at  Mohegan,  Conn.,  in 
June,  1830,  aged  97.  She  was  the  sister  of  Sam 
son  Occom,  the  celebrated  Indian  preacher,  and 
a  descendant  by  her  mother  from  Uncas.  She 
was  regarded  as  a  pious  woman ;  in  her  last  days 
she  expressed  her  willingness  to  die,  that  "  she 
might  go  where  she  should  sin  no  more."  A  few 
weeks  after  her  death  a  Sunday-school  was  opened 
at  her  house,  where  three  or  four  generations  of 
her  descendants  lived,  and  this  commencement 
of  benevolent  efforts  for  the  remnant  of  a  once 
powerful  tribe  has  led  to  the  erection  of  a  meet 
ing-house  and  the  establishment  of  a  teacher 
among  these  Indians. 

TAPPAN,  or  TOPPAN,  PETER,  Dr.,  was  the 
son  of  Abraham,  a  settler  in  Newbury,  Mass.,  in 
1637,  and  Susannah  Goodale.  He  was  born  in 
England  in  1634;  his  sons  were  Peter,  Samuel, 
and  Christopher.  His  last  child  was  born  in 
1674.  He  was  killed  by  a  fall.  One  of  the  sons 
or  grandsons  of  Abraham  emigrated  to  New 
York,  and  from  him,  it  is  supposed,  the  town  of 
Tappan  and  Tappan  Sea  derived  their  name. 

TAPPAN,  EDMUND,  a  physician  in  Hampton, 
N.  II.,  died  in  1739,  aged  about  40.  He  was  the 
son  of  Christopher,  and  grandson  of  Dr.  Peter. 
His  mother  was  Sarah  Angier  of  Cambridge. 

TAPPAN,  AMOS,  minister  of  Kingston,  N.  II., 
died  in  1771,  aged  35.  Born  in  Newbury,  Mass., 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1768. 

TAPPAN,  DAVID,  D.  I).,  professor  of  divinity 
in  Harvard  college,  died  Aug.  27,  1803,  aged  51. 
He  was  the  son  of  Benjamin  Tappan,  minister  of 
Manchester,  and  was  born  April  21,  1753.  The 
name  was  formerly  written  Toppan.  lie  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1771.  After 
pursuing  the  study  of  divinity  for  two  or  three 
years  he  commenced  preaching,  and  was  ordained 
minister  of  the  third  church  in  Newbury  in  April, 
1774.  In  this  place  he  continued  about  eighteen 


TAPPAN. 


TAPPAN. 


777 


years.  His  successor  was  Leonard  Woods.  In 
June,  1792,  he  was  elected  professor  of  divinity 
in  Harvard  college  in  the  place  of  Dr.  Wiggles- 
worth,  who  had  resigned,  and  after  anxious  de 
liberation  and  the  advice  of  an  ecclesiastical 
council  he  was  inaugurated  Dec.  26,  1792.  When 
he  was  introduced  into  this  office,  the  students 
of  the  university  were  uncommonly  dissolute. 
For  some  time  they  had  received  no  regular  in 
struction  in  theology,  and  the  tide  of  opinion  be 
gan  to  run  in  the  channel  of  Infidelity.  But  the 
lectures  of  Dr.  Tappan,  which  combined  enter 
tainment  with  information,  which  were  profound 
and  yet  pathetic,  elegant  in  style  and  conclusive 
in  argument,  and  which  came  warm  from  a  pious 
heart,  soon  checked  the  progress  of  profanencss 
and  dissipation,  and  put  open  irreligion  to  shame. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Ware.  His  widow, 
Mary,  died  in  Sept.,  1831,  aged  72.  His  son, 
Benjamin  T.,  was  the  minister  of  Augusta,  Me. 
He  possessed  much  activity  and  vigor  of  mind, 
fertility  of  invention,  and  force  of  imagination. 
He  had  a  facility  in  fixing  his  attention,  and  dis 
criminating  and  arranging'  his  thoughts.  His 
readiness  of  conception  and  command  of  lan 
guage  enabled  him  both  in  speaking  and  writing 
to  express  what  he  thought  and  felt  with  pro 
priety,  perspicuity,  and  force.  The  religious 
principles  which  he  embraced  were  the  doctrines 
of  the  eternal  counsels  of  Jehovah  ;  man's  fallen, 
ruined  state ;  the  electing  love  of  God ;  the 
atonement  of  Christ;  justification  by  grace  ;  and 
the  efficacy  of  the  Divine  Spirit  in  renewing  sin 
ners  and  preparing  them  for  glory.  The  doctrine 
of  redemption  by  a  crucified  Saviour  constituted 
in  his  view  the  basis  of  the  gospel.  In  such  a 
light  did  he  regard  the  proper  divinity  of  Jesus 
Christ,  that  he  declared  it  to  be  "  the  rock  of 
his  eternal  hopes."  To  benevolence  and  candor, 
sincerity  in  speech,  and  uprightness  in  conduct, 
he  joined  the  careful  cultivation  and  practice  of 
the  personal  virtues.  He  was  superior  to  all  fret 
ful  and  anxious  thoughts  about  his  temporal 
affairs,  and  to  all  vanity  of  external  appearance. 
When  tried  by  the  ignorance  and  stupidity  or 
by  the  perverseness  and  injustice  of  men,  he  was 
calm  and  collected.  For  the  conduct  of  those, 
who  had  treated  him  with  the  most  painful 
unkindness,  he  invented  the  most  charitable  ex 
cuses,  and  even  sought  opportunities  of  doing 
them  good.  His  religion  as  well  as  his  nature 
disposed  him  to  sympathy,  tenderness,  and  love. 
Kind  affections  lighted  up  his  countenance,  gave 
a  glow  to  his  conversation,  and  cheerfulness  to 
his  active  benevolence.  When  arrested  by  his 
last  sickness,  and  warned  of  his  approaching  dis 
solution,  he  was  not  discomposed.  With  many 
expressions  of  humility  and  self-abasement  inter 
mingled,  he  declared  his  hope  in  the  infinite 
mercy  of  God  through  the  atonement  of  Christ. 
98 


When  his  wife  expressed  some  of  the  feelings 
which  were  excited  by  the  thought  of  parting 
with  him,  he  said :  "  If  God  is  glorified,  I  am 
made  forever.  Can't  you  lay  hold  of  that  ?  "  To 
his  sons,  he  said  :  "  I  charge  you  to  love  God 
supremely,  and  to  love  your  neighbor  as  your 
selves  ;  for  without  these  there  is  no  true  reli 
gion."  He  had  such  a  sense  of  the  evil  of  sin 
and  of  his  own  ill  desert,  that  nothing  could 
afford  him  consolation  but  the  all-sufficient  grace 
of  the  Redeemer.  In  Jesus  Christ  his  soul  found 
rest.  He  published  two  discourses,  preached  on 
the  Sabbath  after  his  ordination,  1774;  a  dis 
course  on  the  character  and  best  exertions  of 
unregencrate  sinners,  1782  ;  a  sermon  on  the  fast, 
1783;  on  the  peace,  1783;  on  the  death  of  M. 
Parsons,  1784;  of  eight  persons  drowned,  1794; 
of  J.  Russell,  1796  ;  of  Washington,  1800  ;  of 
S.  Phillips,  1802 ;  of  Dr.  Hitchcock,  and  Mary 
Dana,  1803;  two  friendly  letters  to  Philalcthes, 
1785;  at  the  ordination  of  J.  Dickinson,  1789; 
of  J.  T.  Kirkland,  1794  ;  of  J.  Kendall ;  of  N.  II. 
Fletcher,  1800  ;  installation  of  H.  Packard,  1802 ; 
address  to  the  students  of  Andover  academy, 
1791  ;  at  the  election,  1792  ;  before  an  association 
at  Portsmouth,  1792  ;  farewell  sermon  at  New- 
bury ;  on  the  fast,  1793  ;  a  discourse  to  gradu 
ates  ;  address  to  students  at  Andover ;  to  the 
class  which  entered  college,  1794,  179G,  and 
1798 ;  on  the  thanksgiving,  1795 ;  before  the 
convention,  1797  ;  on  the  fast,  1798.  Since  his 
death  there  have  been  published  sermons  on  im 
portant  subjects,  8vo.,  and  lectures  on  Jewish 
antiquities,  8vo.,  1807.  —  Panoplist,  I. 

TAPPAX,  SAMUEL,  died  at  Portsmouth  April 
29,  1806,  aged  45;  the  highly  esteemed  teacher 
of  one  of  the  public  schools,  a  very  eminent 
Christian.  He  was  the  son  of  Rev.  Mr.  T.  of 
Manchester. 

TAPPAN,  AMOS,  died  in  Portsmouth,  N.  H., 
in  1821,  aged  about  53.  He  was  the  son  of  Rev. 
Benjamin  T. ;  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1788 ; 
and  for  nearly  thirty  years  taught  a  classical 
school  in  P.  Ilis  wife  was  Isabella,  the  sister  of 
Rev.  Joseph  Buckminster. 

TAPPAX,  BENJAMIN,  minister  of  Manchester, 
Mass.,  died  in  1790,  aged  about  70.  He  was  the 
son  of  Samuel,  a  farmer  of  Xewbury,  and  grand 
son  of  Dr.  Peter  T.,  and  his  wife,  Abigail  Wig- 
glesworth,  was  the  daughter  of  the  minister  of 
Maiden.  He  had  twelve  children  ;  two  of  his 
sons,  David  and  Amos,  were  graduates.  He 
wished  also  to  educate  Benjamin ;  but,  settled 
on  a  salary  of  eighty  pounds,  his  son,  who  over 
heard  him  speaking  of  his  poverty,  nobly  re 
solved  that  he  would  not  go  to  college.  He 
|  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1742  ;  his  name 
appears  in  the  catalogue  as  Toppan. 

TAPPAN,  BENJAMIN,  a  merchant  of  North 
ampton,  Mass.,  died  Jan.  29,  1831,  aged  83.  Of 


778 


TAPPAN. 


his  ancestors,  who  wrote  the  name  Toppan  in 
stead  of  Tappan,  Abraham  was  the  first  in  this 
country ;  he  came  from  Yarmouth,  England,  and 
settled  at  Xcvvbury  in  1637,  dying  in  1672,  leav 
ing  sons,  Peter,  Abraham,  Jacob,  John,  and  Isaac, 
whose  descendants  have  been  many.  He  was  the 
son  of  Rev.  Benjamin  T.,  and  the  eldest  of  twelve 
children.  He  served  his  time  with  William 
Homes,  a  goldsmith  of  Boston,  a  descendant  of 
Rev.  W.  H.,  and  the  grandfather  of  Henry 
Homes,  and  whose  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Mrs. 
Mary  Dawes,  Dr.  Franklin's  sister,  the  mother 
of  William  Dawes,  a  worthy  citizen.  He  settled 
in  Northampton  as  a  goldsmith  in  1769,  and 
afterwards  was  a  merchant,  of  the  firm  of  Tappan 
and  Whitney.  He  was  a  patriot  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  and  marched  with  other  volunteers  from 
Northampton  to  meet  the  forces  of  Burgoyne  at 
Saratoga.  He  was  a  man  of  most  exemplary 
character,  of  integrity  and  prudence,  of  Christian 
principle  and  feeling,  who  brought  vip  his  large 
family  in  the  paths  of  virtue  and  honor,  and  who 
lived  to  be  rewarded,  as  many  other  New  Eng 
land  parents  have  been,  by  seeing  his  children 
industrious,  upright,  enterprising,  prosperous, 
and  some  of  them  men  of  distinction  in  our  coun 
try.  Instead  of  remembering  and  honoring  such 
a  citizen  and  head  of  a  family,  why  is  it  that  a 
mere  adventurer,  of  no  principle,  who  in  perhaps 
an  unjust  war  loses  an  arm  or  only  feels  the 
breath  of  a  cannon-ball,  is  applauded  through  the 
land,  and  elevated  to  some  office,  and  pensioned 
with  an  annual  bounty  from  the  public  treasury 
during  the  remainder  of  his  life  ?  Is  it  not  be 
cause  the  race  of  fools  is  not  extinct  ?  or,  to  speak 
more  calmly,  because  we  the  people  are  not  wise  ? 
The  children  of  Mr.  Tappan  knew  how  to  honor 
the  memory  of  such  parents  as  God  had  given 
them.  There  assembled  in  the  place  of  their 
birth,  June  1,  1848,  from  different  States  six 
brothers,  —  still  living  in  1857,  —  and  three  sis 
ters,  between  the  ages  of  60  and  77,  namely : 
Benjamin,  a  democratic  lawyer  of  Ohio,  who  had 
been  a  senator  of  the  United  States ;  William, 
a  farmer  of  Binghamton,  N.  Y. ;  John,  long  a 
merchant  in  Boston,  whose  life  forty  years  be 
fore  Providence  had  preserved,  when  the  ship 
Jupiter,  in  which  he  was  returning  from  England, 
struck  an  iceberg  and  sunk  with  most  of  the 
passengers,  and  who  is  well  known  for  his  benev 
olent  deeds  ;  Arthur,  one  of  the  founders  of  Ober- 
lin  college,  a  merchant  of  New  York,  who  had 
failed  with  high  honor,  for  with  a  debt  of  a  mil 
lion  of  dollars  he  paid  up  the  whole ;  Charles,  a 
bookseller  in  Boston ;  Lewis,  a  merchant  in  New 
York,  whose  talents  and  zeal  have  been  mani 
fested  in  the  anti-slavery  cause;  Sarah,  since 
deceased,  the  wife  of  Solomon  Stoddard  of  North 
ampton  ;  Rebecca,  the  wife  of  Col.  William  Ed 
wards  of  New  York  ;  Lucv,  the  widow  of  Rev.  Dr. 


TAPPAN. 

John  Pierce  of  Brookline.  Of  this  family  of  nine 
there  were  a  hundred  children,  among  them  six 
or  eight  ministers,  or  the  wives  of  ministers,  — 
one,  David  Tappan  Stoddard,  a  missionary  in 
Persia.  Besides  these,  Mr.  Tappan's  daughter 
Elizabeth,  who  died  in  1819,  was  the  wife  of  a 
minister,  Rev.  Alexander  Phoenix. 

TAPPAN,  SARAH,  wife  of  Benjamin  T.,  died 
at  Northampton  March  26,  1826,  aged  78.  She 
was  the  daughter  of  William  Homes,  goldsmith, 
who  was  an  excellent  Christian,  a  descendant  of 
Rev.  W.  Homes.  Her  mother  was  a  daughter 
of  Thomas  Dawes  of  Boston.  Her  life  Avas  a 
Christian  life  and  her  end  was  peace.  She  left 
nine  children,  and  sixty-one  grandchildren.  Her 
memoir  was  published  in  1834. 

TAPPAN,  ENOCH  S.,  M.  D.,  died  in  Augusta, 
Me.,  in  1847,  aged  65.  The  son  of  Professor  T., 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1801. 

TAPPAN,  CHRISTOPHER,  died  at  Newbury 
July  23,  1747,  aged  75,  having  been  minister  of 
the  first  church  fifty  years.  He  was  the  son  of 
Peter  T. ;  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1691,  and  was 
ordained  in  1696.  -He  was  a  man  of  learning 
and  piety,  a  very  successful  minister,  and  a  useful 
physician  and  surgeon,  demanding  no  fees. 

TAPPAN,  WILLIAM  BLNGHAM,  a  religious 
poet,  died  in  West  Needham,  Mass.,  in  1849, 
aged  54;  general  agent  of  the  American  Sunday 
school  union.  His  father  was  Samuel  T.  of  Bev 
erly,  a  teacher,  who  died  when  he  was  twelve 
years  old.  His  only  schooling  Avas  for  six  months. 
An  apprentice,  he  ascribed  much  in  the  preser 
vation  of  his  morals  to  his  mother's  prayers.  He 
toiled  and  studied  ;  for  four  years  he  was  not  ab 
sent  from  church.  Of  twelve  apprentices  Avith 
him,  all  but  tAvo  came  to  ruin.  He  was  a  success 
ful  teacher  six  years  in  Philadelphia.  After  his 
marriage  he  became  a  religious  man.  Removing 
to  Boston,  he  zealously  engaged  in  Sabbath 
schools,  and  was  salesman  of  the  Sunday  school 
union.  In  Cincinnati  he  prosecuted  the  same  be 
nevolent  object ;  also  again  four  years  in  Phila 
delphia  ;  then  the  rest  of  his  life  in  Boston.  In 
1840  he  obtained  a  license  to  preach,  and  he 
preached  with  great  interest  at  Mattapoisett  the 
last  Sabbath  before  his  death.  His  attack  Avas 
sudden  and  violent,  but  his  faith  failed  not ;  he 
said,  "I'm  going,  —  my  sight  is  gone,  —  Avifc, 
daughter,  fareAvell ;  Lord  Jesus,  receive  my  spirit." 
Such  a  benefactor  of  men  deserves  honorable  re 
membrance.  He  died  a  poor  man  at  Grantville, 
Needham.  He  published  several  volumes  of 
poetry,  but  without  pecuniary  profit. 

TAPPAN,  JAMES,  colonel,  died  at  Gloucester 
Feb.  6,  1853,  aged  85.  His  death  was  occasioned 
or  hastened  by  a  fall  on  the  ice.  As  he  Avas  the 
early  schoolmaster  of  D.  Webster,  he  frequently 
in  his  old  age  Avas  the  grateful  recipient  of  his 
bounty.  Such  a  record  is  most  honorable  to  his 


TAPPEN. 


TAYLOR. 


779 


great  scholar,  who  preceded  him  in  the  descent 
to  the  grave. 

TAPPEX,  JOHN,  an  officer  in  the  Revolutionary 
war,  died  at  Fallsburgh  in  1846,  aged  92. 

TARLETON,  B.,  lieutenant-colonel  in  the 
British  service,  published  a  history  of  the  southern 
campaigns  of  1780  and  1781,  4to.,  London,  1787. 

TASK,  THOMAS,  colonel,  a  brave  officer  in  the 
French  and  Revolutionary  wars,  died  in  New 
Durham,  X.H.,  in  1809,  aged  87.  Born  in  Dur 
ham,  he  lived  twenty  years  in  N.  D.,  in  the  set 
tlement  of  which  town  he  was  active. 

TASSEMAKER,  Mr.,  the  first  minister  set 
tled  in  Schencctady,  was  murdered  with  all  his 
family  by  the  Indians,  who  burned  that  city  in 
1690.  He  was  of  the  Dutch  church.  Rev.  J. 
Fonda  could  obtain  no  information  of  his  age 
and  character,  the  annals  of  the  Dutch  church 
having  perished. 

TATIIAM,  WILLIAM,  an  engineer  and  drunk 
ard,  threw  himself  before  the  mouth  of  a  gun, 
fired  at  Richmond,  Va.,  Feb.  22,  1819,  on  the 
birthday  of  Washington,  and*  was  blown  to 
pieces,  aged  67.  A  native  of  England,  a  lawyer 
in  North  Carolina,  Mr.  Monroe  gave  him  an 
office  in  the  arsenal  in  Virginia.  He  compiled  an 
analysis  of  Virginia,  and  published  two  tracts  re 
lating  to  the  canal  between  Norfolk  and  North 
Carolina. 

TAWAXQUATUCK,  the  first  sachem  con 
verted  to  Christianity  on  Martha's  Vineyard,  lived 
on  that  island  when  the  English  first  settled 
there  in  1642.  He  died  about  the  year  1670. 
His  conversion,  through  the  labors  of  Mr.  May- 
hew,  was  a  circumstance  very  irritating  to  his 
copper-colored  brethren,  who  were  indignant 
that  he  should  turn  away  from  the  religion  of 
their  fathers.  One  night,  after  an  assembly  of 
the  Indians,  as  Tawanquatuck  lay  asleep  upon  a 
mat  by  a  little  fire,  an  Indian  approached  him 
and  let  fly  a  broad-headed  arrow,  intending  to 
drench  it  in  his  heart's  blood ;  but  it  struck  his- 
eyebrow,  and  being  turned  in  its  direction  by  the 
solid  bone,  glanced  and  slit  his  nose  from  the 
top  to  the  bottom.  The  next  morning  Mr.  May- 
hew  visited  the  sagamore,  and  found  him  prais 
ing  God  for  his  great  deliverance.  He  afterwards 
became  a  Christian  magistrate  to  his  people,  and 
discharged  faithfully  the  trust  reposed  in  him  as 
long  as  he  lived.  —  Mayhew's  Indian  Converts. 

TAYLOR,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Southampton, 
L.  I.,  died  in  1682,  aged  30.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1669,  and  succeeded  Rev.  Robert 
Fordham  in  1680. 

TAYLOR,  JOHN,  minister  of  Milton,  Mass., 
died  in  1749,  aged  56.  Born  in  Boston,  he  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  in  1721,  and  was  ordained  in 
1728,  the  successor  of  P.  Thacher.  His  succes 
sor  was  N.  Robbins.  He  was  a  classmate  of 


Dr.  Chauncy,  to  whom  he  left  his  papers  with 
orders  to  burn  them,  and  who  says  of  him  that 
few  men  were  more  universally  beloved.  —  Hist. 
Coll.,  vol.  x. 

TAYLOR,  NATHANIEL,  minister  of  New  Mil- 
ford,  Conn.,  died  in  1800,  aged  78,  in  the  fifty- 
second  year  of  his  ministry.  Born  in  Danbury, 
he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1745,  and" was  ordained 
in  1748.  He  was  a  scholar  and  a  teacher  of 
youth  preparing  for  college,  and  a  trustee  of  the 
college.  In  1759  he  was  a  chaplain  at  Ticonde- 
roga,  and  a  patriot  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution, 
in  one  year  relinquishing  his  salary  to  his  people. 
S.  Griswold  became  his  colleague  in  1790.  By 
his  first  wife,  who  was  a  daughter  of  Rev.  D. 
Boardman,  the  first  minister  of  New  Milford,  he 
had  a  son,  Nathaniel,  who  was  the  father  of  Rev. 
Dr.  N.  Taylor  of  the  theological  seminary  at  New 
Haven.  He  published  a  sermon  at  Crown  Point, 
1762;  at  the  ordination  of  D.  Brownson,  1764. 
—  Sprague's  Annals. 

TAYLOR,  EDWARD,  first  minister  of  Warro- 
noce  or  Westfield,  Mass.,  was  born  in  Leicester 
shire,  England,  in  1642,  and  died  June  29,  1729, 
aged  87.  A  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1671,  he  in 
the  same  year  Avent  to  Westfield  to  preach ; 
Philip's  war  delayed  his  settlement  till  Aug.  27, 
1679.  X.  Bull  was  his  colleague  in  1726.  Sub 
sequent  ministers  have  been  J.  Ballantine,  N.  At- 
water,  I.  Knapp  and  E.  Davis.  He  married  in 
1674  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  James  Fitch  of  Nor 
wich.  His  second  wife,  in  1692,  was  Ruth, 
daughter  of  Samuel  Wyllys  of  Hartford.  By  her 
he  had  five  daughters,  who  married  ministers ; 
Ruth,  who  married  Rev.  B.  Colton  of  West 
Hartford  ;  Naomi,  who  married  Rev.  E.  Devo 
tion  of  Suffield ;  Anne,  who  married  Rev.  B. 
Lord  of  Norwich  ;  Mehitable,  who  married  Rev. 
W.  Gager  of  Lebanon  ;  and  Keziah,  who  married 
Rev.  Isaac  Stiles,  and  was  the  mother  of  Presi 
dent  Stiles.  He  had  four  other  daughters,  who 
married  ministers  in  Connecticut.  His  descend 
ants  remain  in  W.  Among  his  descendants  is 
II.  W.  Taylor  of  Canandaigua,  a  judge  of  the  su 
preme  court  of  New  Yrork.  He  left  fourteen 
quarto  volumes  of  four  hundred  pages  each; 
much  of  it  in  poetry.  —  Holland's  Hist.  II.  142  ; 
Sprague's  Annals. 

TAYLOR,  GEORGE,  a  patriot  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  died  at  Easton  Feb.  23,  1781,  aged  65.  He 
was  born  in  Ireland  in  1716.  On  his  arrival  at 
Durham  on  the  Delaware,  he  engaged  in  labor  in 
the  iron  works  of  a  Mr.  Savage,  who  paid  the 
expenses  of  his  voyage.  Advanced  to  be  clerk, 
after  the  death  of  Mr.  S.  he  married  his  widow, 
and  became  a  man  of  fortune.  Being  a  member 
of  congress  soon  after  the  declaration  of  inde 
pendence  was  passed,  he  signed  the  engrossed 
copy  Aug.  2,  1776. —  Goodrich. 


780 


TAYLOR. 


TAYLOR. 


TAYLOR,  WILLIAM,  died  in  Pitt  county, 
N.  C.,  in  Oct.,  1794,  aged  114.  He  was  a  native 
of  Virginia. 

TAYLOR,  HEZEKIAH,  first  minister  of  New- 
fane,  Vt.,  died  in  1814,  aged  66.  Born  in  Graf- 
ton,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1770  and 
was  settled  in  1774. 

TAYLOR,  JOHN,  colonel,  a  senator  of  the 
United  States,  died  suddenly  in  Caroline  county, 
Va.,  Aug.  20,  1824,  at  an  advanced  age.  He 
was  distinguished  for  his  attention  to  agriculture. 
He  published  construction  construed ;  an  inquiry 
into  the  principles  and  policy  of  the  government 
of  the  United  States,  1814  ;  and  other  works. 

TAYLOR,  RICHARD,  commodore,  died  in  Old- 
ham  county,  Ky.,  in  182-5,  aged  78.  He  was  an 
officer  in  the  Revolutionary  war. 

TAYLOR,  JAMES,  minister  of  Sunderland, 
Mass.,  died  in  1831,  aged  47.  He  graduated  at 
Williams  college  in  1804. 

TAYLOR,  JOHN,  colonel,  governor  of  South 
Carolina  from  1826  to  1828,  died  in  1832.  He 
had  been  a  member  of  congress. 

TAYLOR,  JOHN,  a  Baptist  minister,  died  in 
Franklin  county,  Ky.,  in  1835,  aged  82. 

TAYLOR,  SARAH  LOUISA,  died  in  1838,  aged 

27.  Her   memoir  was    written    by   Rev.    Lot 
Jones. 

TAYLOR,  JOHN,  minister,  died  at  Bruce, 
Mich.,  in  1840,  aged  77.  He  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1784. 

TAYLOR,  JOHN,  minister  of  Deerfield,  Mass., 
died  in  1840,  aged  about  76.  Born  in  Westfield, 
he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1784,  and  was  pastor 
from  1787  to  1806,  the  successor  of  J.  Ashley, 
and  was  succeeded  in  1807  by  Rev.  Dr.  Wil- 
lard,  who  still  lives  in  this  year,  1857.  He  pub 
lished  century  sermon,  1804;  farewell  at  Deer- 
field,  1806. 

TAYLOR,  PHILIP  W.,  a  minister  for  sixty 
years,  died  in  Shelby  county,  Ky.,  about  1840, 
aged  upwards  of  80.  Born  in  Caroline  county, 
Va.,  he  was  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  and 
present  at  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis.  In  1781 
he  was  a  pioneer  settler  in  Kentucky.  He 
was  not  only  a  preacher,  but  for  two  years  high 
sheriff. 

TAYLOR,  JOHN  M.,  colonel,  died  in  Phila 
delphia  in  1843,  aged  92.  He  was  commissary- 
general  of  the  American  army  in  1775,  at  the 
siege  of  Quebec,  and  he  remained  in  the  service 
with  honor  till  1779. 

TAYLOR,  SAMUEL  AUSTIN,  missionary  to 
Constantinople,  died  at  Worcester  in  1847,  aged 

28.  He  graduated  at  Amherst  in  1837,  and  at 
Andover  theological  seminary  in  1842. 

TAYLOR,  JAMES,  general,  died  at  Newport, 
Ky.,  in  1848,  aged  80.  His  last  political  act  was 
voting,  on  his  sick  bed,  on  the  day  of  his  death, 
for  his  relative,  President  Taylor.  He  served  iu 


the  war  of  1812.  It  was  thought  his  landed  es 
tate  was  worth  3  or  4,000,000  of  dollars. 

TAYLOR,  ZACHARY,  president  of  the  United 
States,  died  at  Washington  July  9,  1850,  aged 
65.  The  son  of  Col.  Richard  T.,  he  was  born  in 
Orange  county,  Va.,  Sept.  24,  1784.  Perhaps 
Zachary  Tailor,  who  arrived  in  Virginia  in  1635, 
was  his  ancestor.  In  1808  he  entejed  the  army. 
In  1810  he  married  Margaret  Smith  of  Maryland. 
In  the  war  of  1812  he  served  at  the  west;  in 
1816  he  commanded  at  Green  Bay.  He  served 
under  Scott  in  the  Black  Hawk  war.  He  was 
also  in  the  Florida  war,  and  was  intrusted  with 
the  command  of  all  the  troops.  At  the  close  of 
the  war  he  purchased  an  estate  and  settled  at 
Baton  Rouge.  He  distinguished  himself  greatly 
in  the  Mexican  war,  and  among  other  victories, 
gained,  Feb.  23,  1847,  the  memorable  one  of 
Bucna  Vista  over  Santa  Anna.  The  whig  con 
vention  of  1848,  smitten  with  his  military  fame, 
nominated  him  for  the  presidency.  He  was  in 
augurated  March  4,  1849.  He  was  ill  only  five 
days,  was  in  office  sixteen  months,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Mr.  Fillmore.  He  left  a  widow,  one 
son,  and  two  daughters:  Ann,  married  to  Dr. 
R.  C.  Wood,  surgeon  in  the  army;  Bessy,  to 
Major  W.  W.  S.  Bliss.  A  daughter  deceased, 
Sarah  Knox,  was  married  to  Col.  Jefferson  Davis. 

TAYLOR,  OLIVER  ALDEN,  minister  of  Man 
chester,  Mass.,  died  Dec.  18,  1851,  aged  50. 
Born  at  Yarmouth,  his  mother  was  the  daugh 
ter  of  Rev.  T.  Alden.  His  parents  emigrated  to 
Ilawley,  where  he  had  no  advantages  of  early 
education.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  joined  the 
church  with  fifty-three  others.  Having  prepared 
to  enter  college  at  an  academy,  he  borrowed  10 
dollars,  and  made  a  journey  on  foot  to  Alleghany 
college,  where  his  uncle,  T.  Alden,  was  president. 
He  graduated  at  Union  college  in  1825,  and 
studied  theology  at  Andover,  where  he  lived 
twelve  years,  devoted  to  literary  pursuits.  He 
was  the  minister  of  M.  from  1839  till  his  death  ; 
and  was  eminent  for  learning  and  piety.  His 
wife  was  a  daughter  of  Dr.  N.  Cleaveland.  In 
1836  he  was  a  teacher  of  sacred  literature  iu  the 
seminary  at  Andover.  He  published  various  ar 
ticles  in  the  biblical  repository  and  spirit  of  the 
pilgrims;  brief  views  of  the  Saviour,  for  the 
young,  1835  ;  the  music  of  the  Hebrews,  a  trans 
lation  ;  memoirs  of  llcinhard;  catalogue  of  the 
seminary  library,  1838  ;  memoir  of  Andrew  Lee, 
1844  ;  also  some  poetical  effusions.  A  memoir 
of  him  by  his  brother,  Rev.  T.  A.  Taylor,  was 
published  in  1853.  —  Rprayue's  Annals. 

TAYLOR,  STEPHEN,  D.  D.,  died  at  Rich 
mond,  Va.,  in  1853,  aged  56.  He  graduated  at 
Williams  college  in  1815,  and  was  for  a  quarter 
of  a  century  one  of  the  most  useful  ministers  in 
Virginia.  He  was  a  professor  in  the  theological 
seminary ;  but,  not  concurring  in  the  acts  of  the 


TAYLOR. 


TEMPLE. 


781 


general  assembly  in  1838,  he  resigned  that  office. 
lie  had  peace  in  death. 

TAYLOR,  RICHARD,  second  chief  of  the  In 
dian  Cherokee  nation,  died  at  Tahlequah,  Ar 
kansas,  in  1853.  He  commanded  under  Jackson 
in  the  Creek  war. 

TAYLOR,  JOHN  W.,  a  distinguished  states 
man,  died  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  in  1854,  aged  70. 
He  died  in  the  family  of  his  son-in-law,  "W.  D. 
Bcattie.  Born  in  Saratoga  county,  N.  Y.,  he 
studied  law  in  Albany,  and  was  a  member  of 
congress  from  1813  to  1833,  and  was  speaker  in 
1821.  He  was  most  earnestly  opposed  to  the 
admission  of  Missouri  as  a  slave  State.  He  sur 
vived  the  great  debaters  on  that  subject,  King, 
Tallmadge,  Clay,  Holmes,  Randolph,  Pinckuey, 
and  Storrs. 

TAYLOR,  STEPHEN  W.,  LL.  D.,  president 
of  Madison  university,  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  died  in 
1856,  aged  66.  He  had  been  wasting  away  by 
disease  two  or  three  years.  He  was  a  graduate 
of  Hamilton  college,  having  borrowed  the  money 
necessary  to  defray  the  expenses  of  his  educa 
tion.  About  1816  he  was  at  the  head  of  Black 
river  academy  at  Lowville ;  in  1834  he  took 
charge  of  the  grammar  school  at  Hamilton.  In 
1846  he  went  to  Pennsylvania  and  built  up  a 
Baptist  college.  In  1850  he  became  president  of 
Madison  university.  His  son,  B.  F.  Taylor,  was 
an  editor  at  Chicago  ;  and  his  son,  A.  H.  Taylor, 
principal  of  Hamilton  academy.  He  was  gen 
tlemanly,  affectionate,  and  generous.  He  had 
an  iron  will.  He  said  to  students  in  poverty, 
"  Every  boy  in  this  country  can  acquire  a  liberal 
education,  if  he  wills  it." 

TECUMSEH,  an  Indian  chief,  died  Oct.  5, 
1813,  aged  43.  He  was  the  son  of  a  Shawanee 
warrior,  and  was  born  on  the  Scioto  river,  Ohio. 
He  was  engaged  in  many  incursions  into  Ken 
tucky,  and  intercepted  many  boats  descending  the 
Ohio.  It  is  supposed  that  about  1806  he  and 
his  brother,  Elskwatawa  the  prophet,  formed  the 
project  of  uniting  all  the  western  Indians  in  a 
war  against  the  Americans.  When  Gen.  Harri 
son  attacked  and  defeated  the  prophet  in  the 
battle  of  Tippecanoe,  Nov.  7,  1811,  Tecumseh 
was  absent,  on  a  visit  to  the  south.  In  the  war 
of  1812  he  was  an  ally  to  the  British,  with  the 
rank  of  brigadier-general.  At  the  siege  of  fort 
Meigs,  and  at  the  second  assault  in  July,  he  was 
present,  being  at  the  head  of  two  thousand  warriors. 
In  the  battle  at  Moravian  town,  on  the  Thames, 
Gen.  Harrison  had  for  his  aids  Gen.  Cass  and 
Com.  Perry.  Col.  R.  M.  Johnson  commanded 
on  the  left,  and  came  in  personal  conflict,  it  is 
said,  with  Tecumseh.  His  horse  being  killed  and 
himself  wounded  by  three  balls  in  his  right  thigh 
and  two  in  the  left  arm,  the  savage  chief  rushed 
upon  him  with  his  tomahawk;  but,  drawing  a 


pistol  from  his  holster,  Johnson  laid  him  dead  at 
his  feet.  In  this  battle,  Col.  J.'s  brother,  Lieut- 
Col.  James  J.,  was  killed.  The  project  of  uniting 
all  the  western  Indians  against  the  Americans, 
and  the  efforts  made  to  execute  the  project,  dis 
play  a  savage  energy  and  perseverance,  but  indi 
cate  very  little  wisdom.  The  prophet  as  well  as 
the  warrior  being  now  deceased,  such  a  combina 
tion  will  probably  never  be  made  again.  King 
Philip;  Pontiac,  the  Ottawas  chief,  who  in  1763 
captured  Michillimackinac  and  invested  Detroit ; 
the  Prophet,  and  Tecumseh,  may  be  regarded  as 
the  most  remarkable  of  the  savage  warriors  of 
America.  His  life  was  written  by  Dr.  Daniel 
Drake,  1841. 

TEFFT,  ELIZA,  wife  of  Rev.  J.  C.  Tefft,  mis 
sionary  in  Africa,  died  at  the  Mendi  station  June 
10,  1851,  aged  26.  She  was  the  daughter  of 
E.  C.  Benton  of  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  afterwards  of 
Seville,  Ohio. 

TELFER,  Dr.,  died  at  Toronto,  Upper  Can 
ada,  March  7,  1857,  an  eminent  physician. 

TEMPLE,  DANIEL,  a  missionary  in  Malta, 
died  in  Reading,  Mass.,  Aug.  9,  1851,  aged  61. 
Born  in  Reading,  the  eldest  of  thirteen  children, 
he  worked  at  the  trade  of  a  shoemaker  till  the 
age  of  twenty-one,  when  he  became  a  Christian 
convert.  He  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1817  ; 
at  the  theological  seminary  in  Andover  in  1820. 
Having  been  an  agent  for  the  American  board  of 
missions  one  year,  he  was  ordained  in  1821.  He 
sailed  as  a  missionary  for  Malta  in  1822,  and  car 
ried  with  him  the  first  printing-press  for  the  east. 
His  wife,  Rachel,  the  daughter  of  Col.  T.  Dix  of 
Boscawen,  N.  II.,  died  in  Malta  in  1827.  In 
1830  he  married  Martha  Ely  of  Longmeadow, 
Mass.,  and  sailed  again  for  Malta.  From  1833 
to  1844  he  lived  in  Smyrna,  occupied  with  his 
press.  But  now,  a  change  being  determined  up 
on  in  the  Greek  department  of  the  mission  in 
Turkey,  to  which  he  was  specially  devoted,  it 
was  deemed  best  that  he  should  return  to  Amer 
ica.  He  was  employed  as  an  agent  of  the  board, 
and  in  preaching  in  various  places.  In  1847  he 
was  installed  at  Phelps  in  New  York,  where  he 
continued  two  years.  He  died  in  his  paternal 
home,  in  the  midst  of  his  relatives,  in  the  confi 
dence  that  he  was  going  to  his  eternal  home  in 
the  heavens.  He  said  :  "  I  am  a  happy  man.  I 
am  looking  forward  to  an  eternity  of  blessedness." 
His  name  was  venerated  in  the  east  by  Turks 
and  Greeks.  They  knew  him  long  and  well. 
He  was  not  only  noble  in  looks,  but  truthful  and 
generous  in  character.  He  published  a  sermon 
at  Boston,  1822.  In  connection  with  his  press 
he  prepared  books  in  the  modern  Greek,  Italian, 
and  Armenian  languages  ;  he  wrote  many  Scrip 
ture  histories,  and  edited  a  magazine  in  Greek. 
—  Sprayue's  Annals. 


782 


TEN  BROECK. 


TENNENT. 


TEX  BROECK,  PETRUS,  Episcopal  minister 
at  Portland,  Me.,  died  at  Danvers,  Mass.,  in  1849, 
aged  57. 

TEX  EYCK,  SARAH,  died  in  Somerset  county, 
N.  J.,  in  1844,  aged  101  years. 

TEXXEXT,  JOHN,  a  physician  of  Virginia, 
published  at  Williamsburgh,  in  1736,  an  essay  on 
the  pleurisy,  which  was  reprinted  in  Xe\v  York 
in  1742.  In  this  work  he  first  brought  into  view 
the  virtues  of  the  Seneca  snake-root.  The  im 
mediate  cause  of  a  pleurisy  or  peripneumony,  in 
his  opinion,  is  a  viscidity  of  blood  of  the  same 
nature  with  that  produced  by  the  venom  of  the 
rattlesnake ;  and,  as  the  rattlesnake  root  had 
been  found  a  cure  for  the  bite  of  the  snake,  he 
proposed  it  as  a  cure  for  the  pleurisy.  —  Ham- 
say's  Rev.  36. 

TEXXEXT,  WILLIAM,  a  useful  scholar  and 
minister  of  a  Presbyterian  church  at  Xeshaminy, 
Penn.,  died  about  1743.  He  received  Episcopal 
ordination  in  Ireland,  and  emigrated  to  this  coun 
try  in  the  year  1718,  with  four  sons,  Gilbert, 
William,  John,  and  Charles.  After  his  arrival  he 
renounced  his  connection  with  the  Episcopal 
church,  and  was  admitted  into  the  synod  of  Phila 
delphia.  He  spent  a  short  time  in  the  State  of 
New  York,  and  then  in  1721  or  1722  removed  to 
Bensalem,  Penn.  Here  he  remained  not  more  than 
four  or  five  years  ;  for  in  1726  he  settled  at  Xesha 
miny,  about  twenty  miles  north  of  the  city  of 
Philadelphia,  where  he  became  pastor  of  a  small 
Presbyterian  congregation.  Here  he  established 
a  seminary  of  learning,  which  soon  received  the 
name  of  the  "  log  college,"  by  which  it  was  long 
known.  But  this  institution,  though  humble  in 
name,  was  the  nursery  in  which  many  ministers 
of  the  gospel  were  trained  up  for  eminent  useful 
ness.  Among  these  were  his  four  sons,  who 
•were  educated  under  his  sole  instruction,  and 
Messrs.  Rowland,  Campbell,  Lawrence,  Bcatty, 
Robinson,  and  Samuel  Blair.  He  had  the  hap 
piness  to  see  all  his  sons  employed  in  the  ser 
vice  of  the  church  for  several  years  before  his 
death.  As  the  calls  for  ministerial  service  were 
urgent,  he  sent  them  out  as  soon  as  they  were 
qualified  for  the  work.  Of  these,  John  died  in 
early  life,  and  the  others  lived  to  an  advanced  age, 
and  were  among  the  most  useful  and  respectable 
ministers  of  their  time.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
integrity,  simplicity,  industry,  and  piety;  and  to 
his  labors  and  benevolent  zeal  the  American 
churches  are  in  no  small  degree  indebted.  —  Bou- 
dinofs  Life  of  T. 

TEXXEXT,  GILBERT,  minister  of  Philadelphia, 
the  son  of  the  preceding,  died  about  1765,  aged 
62.  lie  was  born  in  Ireland.  At  the  age  of 
14  he  began  to  be  anxious  for  the  salvation  of  his 
soul ;  he  was  often  in  great  agony  of  mind,  but  at 
length  the  character  of  Jesus  Christ  as  the  Sav 
iour  of  sinners  filled  him  with  peace.  Still  he 


was  diffident  of  his  Christian  character,  and  in 
consequence  pursued  the  study  of  physic  for  a 
year,  but  afterwards  devoted  himself  to  theology. 
In  the  autumn  of  1726  he  was  ordained  minister 
of  Xew  Brunswick  in  X.  J.  For  some  time  he 
was  the  delight  of  the  pious,  and  was  honored  by 
those  who  were  destitute  of  religion.  But,  when 
God  began  to  bless  Iris  faithful  labors  to  the 
awakening  of  secure  sinners,  and  to  their  conver 
sion  from  darkness  unto  light,  he  presently  lost 
the  good  opinion  of  false  professors  ;  his  name 
was  loaded  with  reproaches,  and  the  grossest  im 
moralities  were  attributed  to  him.  But  he  bore 
all  with  patience.  Though  he  had  sensibility  to 
character  as  well  as  other  men,  yet  he  was  willing 
to  encounter  disgrace,  rather  than  neglect  preach 
ing  the  truth,  however  offensive  to  the  sinful, 
whom  he  wished  to  reclaim.  Towards  the  close 
of  the  year  1740  and  in  the  beginning  of  the 
year  1741,  he  made  a  tour  in  Xew  England,  at 
the  request  of  Mr.  Whitefield.  An  astonishing 
efficacy  accompanied  his  labors.  Visiting  various 
towns,  he  was  everywhere  remarkably  useful.  In 
this  tour  the  dress,  in  which  he  commonly  entered 
the  pulpit,  was  a  great  coat,  girt  about  him  with 
a  leathern  girdle,  while  his  natural  hair  was  left 
undressed.  His  large  stature  and  grave  aspect 
added  a  dignity  to  the  simplicity  or  rather  rus 
ticity  of  his  appearance.  In  1743  he  established 
a  new  church  in  Philadelphia,  consisting  of  the 
followers  of  Mr.  Whitefield.  In  1753,  at  the  re 
quest  of  the  trustees  of  New  Jersey  college,  he 
went  to  England  to  solicit  benefactions  for  that 
seminary.  After  a  life  of  great  usefulness  he  died 
in  much  peace,  and  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Sproat. 
For  more  than  forty  years  he  had  enjoyed  a 
habitual,  unshaken  assurance  of  his  interest  -in  re 
deeming  love.  As  a  preacher,  he  was  in  his  vig 
orous  days  equalled  by  but  few.  His  reasoning 
powers  were  strong,  his  language  forcible  and 
often  sublime,  and  his  manner  of  address  warm 
and  earnest.  His  eloquence,  however,  was  rather 
bold  and  awful  than  soft  and  persuasive.  When 
he  wished  to  alarm  the  sinner,  he  could  represent 
in  the  most  awful  manner  the  terrors  of  the  Lord. 
He  was  bold,  courageous,  ardent,  and  indepen 
dent.  A  number  of  Presbyterians,  both  among  the 
clergy  and  laity,  who  were  considered  as  mere 
formalists  in  religion,  violently  opposed  Mr. 
Whitefield  and  Mr.  T.  The  consequence  was 
that  the  synod  of  Philadelphia  was  split  into 
two  synods,  which  treated  each  other  with  great 
censoriousness.  At  length  Mr.  T.,  who  had  been 
principally  concerned  in  promoting  the  separa 
tion,  became  desirous  of  restoring  harmony,  and 
labored  with  great  industry  for  this  purpose.  His 
longest  and  most  elaborate  publication,  entitled 
the  peace  of  Jerusalem,  was  upon  this  subject. 
The  synods  were  united  in  1758.  The  whole 
transaction  illustrates  his  character.  An  ardent 


TENNENT. 

love  to  -what  he  conceived  to  be  truth  and  duty 
always  triumphed  over  all  considerations  of  a  per 
sonal  kind.  He  published  the  righteousness  of 
the  scribes  and  pharisees  considered ;  a  sermon 
on  justification;  remarks  upon  a  protestation  to 
the  synod,  1741  ;  the  examiner  examined,  or  Gil 
bert  Tennent  harmonious,  in  answer  to  Mr.  Han 
cock's  pamphlet,  entitled  the  examiner,  or  Gilbert 
against  Tennent ;  three  sermons  on  holding  fast 
the  truth  against  the  Moravians ;  at  the  ordina 
tion  of  C.  Beatty,  17-43;  on  the  victory  of  the 
British  arms:  two  sermons  at  Philadelphia,  on 
account  of  a  revival  of  religion  in  Prince's  Chris 
tian  history,  1744 ;  on  the  success  of  the  expedi 
tion  against  Louisburg ;  discourses  on  several 
subjects,  on  the  nature  of  justification,  on  the  law, 
and  the  necessity  of  good  works  vindicated,  12mo., 
1745;  on  the  lawfulness  of  defensive  war,  1747; 
on  the  consistency  of  defensive  war  with  true 
Christianity ;  defensive  war  defended ;  a  fast  ser 
mon  ;  before  the  sacramental  solemnity,  1748 ; 
essay  on  the  peace  of  Jerusalem ;  at  a  thanksgiv 
ing;  on  the  displays  of  divine  justice  in  the  pro 
pitiatory  sacrifice  of  Christ,  1749 ;  sermons  on 
important  subjects,  adapted  to  the  present  state 
of  the  British  nation,  8vo.,  1758;  at  the  opening  of 
the  Presbyterian  church.  —  Assembly's  Miss. 
Mag.  I.  238-248;  n.  46. 

TEXNENT,  WILLIAM,  minister,  of  Freehold, 
N.  J.,  died  March  8,  1777,  aged  71.  He  was  the 
brother  of  the  preceding,  and  was  born  in  Ireland, 
June  3,  1705.  He  arrived  in  America  when  in 
the  14lh  year  of  his  age.  Having  resolved  to  de 
vote  himself  to  the  ministry  of  the  gospel,  his  in 
tense  application  to  the  study  of  theology  under 
the  care  of  his  brother  at  New  Brunswick  so  im 
paired  his  health  as  to  bring  on  a  decline.  He  be 
came  more  and  more  emaciated,  till  little  hope  of 
life  was  left.  At  length  he  fainted  and  apparently 
expired.  The  neighbors  were  invited  to  attend 
his  funeral  on  the  next  day.  In  the  evening  his 
physician,  a  young  gentleman  who  was  his  par 
ticular  friend,  returned  to  the  town  and  was  af 
flicted  beyond  measure  at  the  news  of  his  death. 
On  examining  the  body  he  affirmed  that  he  felt 
an  unusual  warmth,  and  had  it  restored  to  a 
warm  bed,  and  the  funeral  delayed.  All  proba 
ble  means  were  used  to  restore  life ;  the  third 
day  arrived,  and  the  exertions  of  the  doctor  had 
as  yet  been  in  vain.  It  was  determined  by  the 
brother  that  the  funeral  should  now  be  attended, 
but  the  physician  requested  a  delay  of  one  hour, 
then  of  half  an  hour,  and  finally  of  a  quarter  of  an 
hour.  As  this  last  period  nearly  expired,  indica 
tions  of  life  were  discovered.  The  efforts  were 
now  renewed,  and  in  a  few  hours  Mr.  T.  was  re 
stored  to  life.  His  recovery,  however,  was  very 
slow ;  all  former  ideas  were  for  some  time 
blotted  out  of  his  mind,  and  it  was  a  year  before 
he  was  perfectly  restored.  To  his  friends  he  rc- 


TENNENT. 


783 


peatedly  stated  that,  after  he  had  apparently 
expired,  he  found  himself  in  heaven,  where  he  be 
held  a  glory  which  he  could  not  describe,  and 
heard  songs  of  praise  before  this  glory  which 
were  unutterable.  He  was  about  to  join  the 
throng  when  one  of  the  heavenly  messengers 
said  to  him,  "  You  must  return  to  the  earth."  At 
this  instant  he  groaned  and  opened  his  eyes  upon 
this  world.  For  three  years  afterwards  the 
sounds  which  he  had  heard  were  not  out  of  his 
ears,  and  earthly  things  were  in  his  sight  as 
vanity  and  nothing. 

In  Oct.,  1733,  he  was  ordained  at  Freehold,  as 
the  successor  of  his  brother,  John  T.  It  was  not 
long  before  his  inattention  to  worldly  concerns 
brought  him  into  debt.  In  his  embarrassment  a 
friend  from  New  York  told  him  that  the  only 
remedy  was  to  get  a  wife.  "  I  do  not  know  how 
to  go  about  it,"  was  the  answer.  "  Then  I  will 
undertake  the  business,"  said  his  friend ;  "  I  have 
a  sister-in-law  in  the  city,  a  prudent  and  pious 
widow."  The  next  evening  found  Mr.  T.  in  New 
York,  and  the  day  after  he  was  introduced  to 
Mrs.  Noble.  Being  pleased  with  her  appearance, 
when  he  was  left  alone  with  her  he  abruptly  told 
her  that  he  supposed  she  knew  his  errand,  that 
neither  his  time  nor  inclination  would  suffer  him 
to  use  much  ceremony,  and  that  if  she  pleased 
he  would  attend  his  charge  on  the  next  Sabbath, 
and  return  on  Monday  and  be  married.  With 
some  hesitation  the  lady  consented ;  and  she 
proved  an  invaluable  treasure  to  him.  About  the 
year  1744,  when  the  faithful  preaching  of  Mr.  T. 
and  John  Rowland  was  the  means  of  advancing 
in  a  very  remarkable  degree  the  cause  of  religion 
in  New  Jersey,  the  indignation  and  malice  of 
those  who  loved  darkness  rather  than  light,  and 
who  could  not  quietly  submit  to  have  their  false 
security  shaken,  were  excited  against  these  ser 
vants  of  God.  There  was  at  this  time  prowling 
through  the  country  a  noted  man,  named  Tom 
Bell.  One  evening  he  arrived  at  a  tavern  in 
Princeton,  dressed  in  a  parson's  frock,  and  was 
immediately  accosted  as  Ilev.  Mr.  Rowland,  whom 
he  much  resembled.  This  mistake  was  sufficient 
for  him.  The  next  day  he  went  to  a  congrega 
tion  in  the  county  of  Hunterdon,  and,  declaring 
himself  to  be  Mr.  Rowland,  was  invited  to  preach 
on  the  Sabbath.  As  he  was  riding  to  church  in 
the  family  wagon,  accompanied  by  his  host  on  an 
elegant  horse,  he  discovered,  when  he  was  near 
the  church,  that  he  had  left  his  notes  behind,  and 
proposed  to  ride  back  for  them  on  the  fine  horse. 
The  proposal  was  agreed  to,  and  Bell,  after  re 
turning  to  the  house  and  rifling  the  desk,  made 
off  with  the  horse.  Mr.  Rowland  was  soon  in 
dicted  for  the  robbery,  but  it  happened  that  on 
the  very  day  in  which  the  robbery  was  committed 
he  was  in  Pennsylvania  or  Maryland ;  and  this 
circumstance  being  proved  by  the  testimony  of 


784 


TENNEXT. 


TENNEY. 


Mr.  T.  and  two  other  gentlemen,  who  accompa-    should  I  say?    Why,  that  he  was  an  idle,  lazy 


nied  him,  the  jury  brought  in  a  verdict  of  not 


fellow,  and   that  it  was  his  business  to  do  the 


guilty.  Mr.  Rowland  could  not  again  be  brought  work  that  I  had  appointed  him."  He  was  the 
before  the  court ;  but  the  witnesses  were  indicted 
for  wilful  and  corrupt  perjury.  The  evidence  was 
very  strong  against  them,  for  many  had  seen  the 
supposed  Mr.  Rowland  on  the  elegant  horse. 
Mr.  T.  employed  John  Coxe,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
to  conduct  his  defence.  He  went  to  Trenton  on 
the  day  appointed,  and  there  found  Mr.  Smith  of 
New  York,  one  of  the  ablest  lawyers  in  America, 
and  of  a  religious  character,  who  had  voluntarily 
attended  to  aid  in  his  defence.  He  found  also  at 
Trenton  his  brother  Gilbert,  from  Philadelphia, 
with  Mr.  Kinsey,  one  of  the  first  counsellors  in 
the  city.  Mr.  Tennent  was  asked  who  were  his 
witnesses ;  he  replied  that  he  had  none,  as  the 
persons  who  accompanied  him  were  also  indicted. 
He  was  pressed  to  delay  the  trial,  as  he  would 
most  certainly  be  convicted ;  but  he  insisted  that 
it  should  proceed,  as  he  trusted  in  God  to  vindi 
cate  his  innocence.  Mr.  Coxe  was  charging  Mr. 
T.  with  acting  the  part  of  an  enthusiast,  when 
the  bell  summoned  them  to  court.  The  latter 
had  not  walked  far  in  the  street,  before  he  was 
accosted  by  a  man  and  his  wife,  who  asked  him 
if  his  name  was  not  Tennent.  The  man  said 
that  he  lived  in  a  certain  place  in  Pennsylvania 
or  Maryland  ;  that  Mr.  T.  and  Mr.  Rowland  had 
lodged  at  his  house,  or  at  a  house  where  he  and 
his  wife  had  been  servants,  at  a  particular  time, 
and  on  the  next  day  preached  ;  that,  some  nights 
before  he  left  home,  he  and  his  wife  both  dreamed 
repeatedly  that  Mr.  T.  was  in  distress  at  Tren 
ton,  and  they  only  could  relieve  him;  and  that 
they  in  consequence  had  come  to  that  town,  and 
wished  to  know  what  they  had  to  do.  Mr.  T. 
led  them  to  the  court  house,  and  their  testimony 
induced  the  jury  to  bring  in  a  verdict  of  not 
guilty,  to  the  astonishment  of  his  enemies.  He 
was  well  skilled  in  theology,  and  professed  him 
self  a  moderate  Calvinist.  The  doctrines  of 
man's  depravity,  the  atonement  of  Christ,  the 
necessity  of  the  all-powerful  influence  of  the 
Holy  Spirit  to  renew  the  heart,  in  consistency 
•with  the  free  agency  of  the  sinner,  were  among 
the  leading  articles  of  his  faith.  With  his  friends 
he  was  at  all  times  cheerful  and  pleasant.  He 
once  dined  in  company  with  Gov.  Livingston  and 
Mr.  Whitefield,  when  the  latter  expressed  the 
consolation  he  found  in  believing,  amidst  the 
fatigues  of  the  day,  that  his  work  would  soon  be 
done,  and  that  he  should  depart  and  be  with 
Christ.  He  appealed  to  Mr.  T.  whether  this  was 
not  his  comfort.  Mr,  T.  replied  :  "  What  do  you 
think  I  should  say  if  I  was  to  send  my  man, 
Tom,  into  the  field  to  plough,  and  at  noon  should 
find  him  lounging  under  a  tree,  complaining  of 
the  heat,  and  of  his  difficult  work,  and  begging 
to  be  discharged  of  his  hard  service  ?  What 


friend  of  the  poor.  The  public  lost  in  him  a 
firm  asserter  of  the  civil  and  religious  rights  of 
his  country.  Few  men  have  ever  been  more 
holy  in  life,  more  submissive  to  the  will  of  God 
under  heavy  afflictions,  or  more  peaceful  in  death. 
His  account  of  the  revival  of  religion  in  Freehold 
and  other  places  is  published  in  Prince's  Chris 
tian  history. — Assembly's  Miss.  Mag.  II.  97-103, 
146,  202,  233. 

TENNENT,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Norwalk, 
Conn.,  died  in  1777,  aged  about  40.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Princeton  in  1758;  was  settled  in  1763, 
the  successor  of  M.  Dickinson,  and  was  succeeded 
by  M.  Burnet. 

TENNEY,  DANIEL,  died  at  Hopkinton,N.IL, 
in  1816,  aged  82 ;  a  soldier  in  the  Revolutionary 
war,  whose  brother  was  killed  at  his  side  in  the 
battle  of  Bunker  Hill. 

TENNEY,  SAMUEL,  M.  D.,  a  physician  and 
judge,  died  in  1816,  aged  about  65.  He  was 
born  at  Byfield,  Mass.,  and  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1772.  Having  studied  physic,  he  re 
paired  to  the  army  on  the  day  of  Breed's  Hill 
battle,  and  was  employed  in  the  night  in  dress 
ing  the  wounded.  He  served  in  the  Rhode  Is 
land  line  during  the  war,  at  the  close  of  which  he 
settled  at  Exeter,  N.  II.,  but  did  not  resume  his 
profession.  He  was  judge  of  probate  from  1793 
till  1800,  when  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
congress.  He  was  a  man  of  literature,  and  sci 
ence,  and  religion.  In  the  collections  of  the 
historical  society  he  published  an  account  of  Exe 
ter,  and  communications  in  various  journals. — 
Thacher. 

TENNEY,  DATID,  a  missionary,  died  at  Shoal 
Creek,  111.,  Oct.  21,  1819,  aged  34;  a  native  of 
Massachusetts. 

TENNEY,  TABITIIA,  the  widow  of  Dr.  Sam 
uel  T.,  died  at  Exeter,  N.  H.,  in  1837,  aged  75. 
Her  father  was  Samuel  Oilman  ;  her  mother  was 
of  the  name  of  Robinson.  She  published  the 
new  pleasing  instructor  ;  female  quixotism,  2  vols., 
1829.  —  Cyd.  of  Amer.  Lit. 

TENNEY,  CALEB  JEWETT,  D.  D..  died  at 
Northampton,  Mass.,  Sept.  28,  1847,  aged  67. 
He  was  a  son  of  William  T.,  of  Hollis,  N.  II.,  a 
descendant  of  Thomas,  who  came  over  from  Eng 
land  with  Rev.  E.  Rogers  in  1638,  and  settled  at 
Rowley.  His  mother  was  Phcbe  Jewett  of  Row 
ley.  He  was  born  in  Ilollis  May  3, 1780.  At  the 
age  of  twelve  a  good  Providence  preserved  his 
life,  as  the  wheel  of  a  cart,  loaded  with  wood, 
Avent  over  him,  across  his  hips  as  he  lay  on  his 
face.  He  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1801,  re 
ceiving  the  highest  appointment,  the  valedictory 
oration,  at  commencement.  Daniel  Webster  was 
a  member  of  his  class.  He  had  become  pious  at 


TERRELL. 

the  age  of  sixteen,  in  consequence  of  reading  Da- 
vies'  sermons,  by  request  of  his  mother.  Having 
studied  theology  a  little  while  with  Drs.  Burton 
and  Spring,  he  was  ordained  at  Newport,  R.  I., 
in  September,  1804,  as  successor  of  Dr.  Hopkins, 
and  there  remained  twelve  years :  and  there  he 
married  Ruth  Channing,  the  daughter  of  John 
Channing.  For  twenty-four  years  he  was  the 
minister  of  Wethersfield,  Conn.,  from  1816  to 
1840,  although  from  ill  health  he  ceased  to  preach, 
in  1833.  So  successful  were  his  labors  in  1820 
and  1821,  that  two  hundred  persons  were  added 
to  his  church.  His  predecessors  in  this  ancient 
town  were  H.  Smith,  Russell,  Bulkley,  Rowland- 
son,  Woodbridge,  Mix,  Lockwood,  Marsh.  Re 
moving  in  1842  to  Northampton,  he  there  suf 
fered  the  great  affliction  of  the  death  of  his  wife. 
His  last  years  were  spent  in  the  acceptable  ser 
vice  of  the  colonization  society.  He  was  a  learned 
theologian  and  a  useful  preacher,  doctrinal,  in 
structive,  solemn,  affectionate,  and  earnest;  a 
j  udicious  and  faithful  pastor  ;  and  a  man  of  emi 
nent  and  steady  piety,  amiable,  just,  and  gener 
ous,  a  true  philanthropist.  He  was  sick  but  one 
week,  and  not  thought  dangerous  till  just  before 
he  died.  He  said,  "  I  have  a  comfortable  hope." 
His  wife,  Ruth,  the  daughter  of  John  Channing, 
of  Newport,  died  in  1842,  aged  60  :  his  daughter, 
Ruth,  has  died  since  his  decease.  His  diary  is 
preserved.  He  published  a  sermon  on  baptism  ; 
at  ordination  of  R.  Robbins,  1816  ;  New  England 
distinguished,  1827 ;  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Marsh, 
1821;  of  Dr.  Austin,  1830;  of  A.  Mitchell, 
1832.—  N.  T.  Observer,  April  1,  1848;  Sprague's 
Annals. 

TERRELL,  WILLIAM,  M.  D.,  died  in  Sparta, 
Geo.,  July  4,  1855  ;  a  member  of  congress  from 
1817  to  1821.  He  took  an  interest  in  agricul 
ture,  and  in  1853  made  a  liberal  donation  of 
20,000  dollars  to  found  an  agricultural  professor 
ship  in  the  university  of  Georgia. 

TERRY,  NATHANIEL,  died  at  his  son's  in  New 
Haven  June  14,  1844,  aged  76.  A  graduate  of 
Yale  in  1786,  he  lived  in  Hartford,  and  was  a 
member  of  congress,  a  useful  and  respected  man. 
His  father  was  Ephraim  of  Enfield,  who  married 
Ann  Collins,  the  daughter  of  Rev.  N.  Collins,  and 
a  descendant  by  her  mother,  Alice  Adams,  from 
Gov.  Bradford.  Besides  Seth  Terry  of  Hartford, 
he  had  brothers,  Samuel,  Ephraim,  Elijah,  Eli- 
phalet. 

TERRY,  ELI,  died  at  Terrysville,  Conn.,  Feb. 
24,  1852,  aged  80  ;  the  most  extensive  clock  man 
ufacturer  in  the  United  States. 

TESCIIEMACIIER,  J.  E.,  died  in  1853;  a 
geologist  and  naturalist. 

TETARD,  LEWIS,  a  professor  in  Columbia 
college,  N.  Y.,  died  in  1787.  He  came  from 
Switzerland,  and  was  the  minister  of  the  French 
church  in  New  York,  and  a  chaplain  in  the  army. 


TIIACIIER. 


785 


THACHER,  THOMAS,  first  minister  of  the  old 
south  church  in  Boston,  died  Oct.  15,  1678,  aged 
58.  The  son  of  Rev.  Peter  T.  of  Old  Sarum,  he 
was  born  in  England  May  1,  1620,  and  arrived 
in  this  country  June  4,  1635.  He  pursued  his 
studies  under  the  direction  of  Chauncy.  Jan.  2, 
1644,  he  was  ordained  minister  of  Weymouth; 
but  after  the  death  of  his  wife  in  1664  he  was  in 
duced  to  remove  to  Boston.  When  a  new  church 
was  formed  out  of  the  first  by  persons  displeased 
with  the  settlement  of  Mr.  Davenport,  Mr. 
Thacher  was  installed  its  pastor  Feb.  16,  1670. 
His  colleague,  Mr.  Willard,  survived  him.  His 
wife  was  a  daughter  of  Rev.  Ralph  Partridge. 
His  son,  Ralph,  was  a  minister  at  Martha's  Vine 
yard.  Being  well  skilled  in  the  Hebrew,  he  com 
posed  a  lexicon  of  the  principal  words  in  that 
language.  President  Stiles  speaks  of  him  as  the 
best  Arabic  scholar  in  the  country.  As  a  preacher 
he  was  very  popular,  being  remarkably  fervent 
and  copious  in  prayer.  He  was  also  a  physician. 
He  published  a  fast  sermon,  1674  ;  a  brief  rule 
to  guide  the  common  people  in  the  small  pox 
and  measles,  1677;  2d  ed.,  1702.  —  Magnolia, 
in.  148-153  ;  Sprague's  Annals. 

THACHER,  PETER,  first  minister  of  Milton, 
the  son  of  the  preceding,  died  Dec.  17,  1727,  aged 
76.  He  was  born  at  Salem  in  1651,  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1671.  In  a  few 
years  he  went  to  England,  where  he  became  ac 
quainted  with  a  number  of  eminent  divines.  On 
his  return  he  was  ordained  at  Milton,  June  1, 
1681.  His  successor  was  John  Taylor.  His  wife 
was  Theodora,  daughter  of  Rev.  John  Oxen- 
bridge  ;  his  second  wife,  the  widow  of  Rev.  J. 
Bailey ;  his  third,  the  widow  of  J.  Gee.  His 
daughter  by  his  first  wife  married  Rev.  S.  Miles. 
In  his  natural  temper  there  was  a  great  deal  of 
vivacity,  which  gave  an  interest  to  his  conversa 
tion  and  to  his  public  performances.  While  he 
was  cheerful  and  affable,  he  was  eminent  for 
sanctity  and  benevolence.  Besides  the  ordinary 
labors  of  the  Lord's  day  he  preached  a  monthly 
lecture,  and  encouraged  the  private  meetings  of 
his  neighbors  for  religious  purposes.  Having 
studied  the  Indian  language,  he  also  at  a  monthly 
lecture  imparted  to  the  Indians  of  a  neighboring 
village  the  gospel  of  salvation.  Being  a  physi 
cian,  his  benevolence  prompted  him  to  expend  a 
great  part  of  his  yearly  salary  in  the  purchase  of 
medicines  for  the  sick  and  indigent.  His  death 
was  sudden.  The  last  words  which  he  uttered 
were,  "  I  am  going  to  Christ  in  glory."  He  pub 
lished  unbelief  detected  and  condemned,  to  which 
is  added  the  treasures  of  the  fathers  inheritable 
by  their  posterity,  1708;  election  sermon,  1711; 
Christ's  forgiveness  a  pattern,  1712  ;  on  the  death 
of  Samuel  Man,  1719;  a  divine  riddle,  he  that  is 
weak  is  strong,  1723;  the  perpetual  covenant.  — 
Sprayue's  Annals. 


786 


THACHER. 


THACHER. 


THACHER,  RALPH,  was  a  minister  at  Mar 
tha's  Vineyard  in  1G97  ;  dismissed  in  1714.  He 
was  the  son  of  Rev.  Thomas,  of  Boston.  His 
successors  were  Holmes,  Boardman,  and  Jona 
than  Smith,  ordained  in  1788;  Joseph  Thaxter 
was  then  pastor  of  Edgartown. 

THACHER,  PETER,  minister  in  Boston,  died 
Feb.  26,  1739,  aged  61.  He  was  born  in  that 
town,  the  son  of  Rev.  Thomas  T.,  and  was  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  college  in  1696.  While  a  mem 
ber  of  college  it  pleased  a  sovereign  God  to  give 
him  a  deep  sense  of  his  sin,  and  at  length  to  in 
spire  him  with  a  cheerful  faith  in  the  Saviour. 
After  living  at  Hatfield  some  time  as  a  school 
master,  he  was  settled  in  the  ministry  at  Wey- 
mouth,  where  he  remained  eleven  or  twelve 
years.  He  was  installed  pastor  of  the  new  north 
church  in  Boston,  as  colleague  with  Mr.  Webb, 
Jan.  27,  1720.  In  consequence  of  some  divisions 
in  the  society,  and  some  irregularity  in  the  meas 
ures  which  were  adopted  to  obtain  Mr.  Thacher, 
the  association  refused  to  assist  in  his  settlement. 
He  possessed  a  strong  masterly  genius.  Mr. 
Cooper  calls  him  the  evangelical  reasoner.  In 
the  gift  of  prayer  he  was  almost  unequalled. 
During  his  last  sickness  he  was  cheerful,  for  he 
hoped  in  the  mercy  of  God  through  the  Re 
deemer.  He  published  the  election  sermon,  1726, 
and  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Mrs.  Gee.  — 
Sprague's  Annals. 

THACHER,  PETER,  minister  of  Middlebor- 
ough,  Mass.,  died  April  22,  1744,  aged  56.  He 
was  the  son  of  Rev.  P.  Thacher,  of  Milton.  He 
was  born  Oct.  6, 1688,  and  was  graduated  at  Har 
vard  college  in  1706.  After  preaching  two  years 
in  Middleborough,  he  was  ordained  Nov.  2,  1709. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Sylvester  Conant.  He 
was  very  distinguished  for  the  sanctity  of  his  life. 
At  one  period  his  faithful  exertions  as  a  minister 
were  the  means  of  adding  near  two  hundred 
members  to  his  church  in  less  than  three  years. 
He  published  an  account  of  the  revival  of  religion 
in  Middleborough,  in  the  Christian  history,  where 
is  a  minute  account  of  his  life  by  Mr.  Prince.  — 
Recorder,  Feb.  9,  1843. 

THACHER,  OXENBRIDGE,  a  representative  of 
Boston  in  the  general  court,  died  July  8,  1765, 
aged  45.  He  was  the  son  of  Oxenbridge  T.,  who 
died  in  1772,  aged  92,  and  grandson  of  Rev. 
Peter  T.,  of  Milton.  He  was  graduated  at  Har 
vard  college  in  1738.  He  was  a  learned  man 
and  good  writer.  He  published  a  pamphlet  on 
the  gold  coin,  1760  ;  and  the  sentiments  of  a  Brit 
ish  American,  occasioned  by  the  act  to  lay  cer 
tain  duties  in  the  British  colonies,  1764. 

THACHER,  ROLAND,  minister  of  Wareham, 
died  in  1775,  aged  about  63.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1733. 

THACIIER,  PETER,  minister  of  Attleborough, 
Mass.,  died  in  1785,  aged  69.  The  son  of  Peter 


T.  of  Middleborough,  he  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1737,  and  was  ordained  in  1748.  lie  pub- 
Dished  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  H.  Weld,  1782, 
A  volume  of  his  sermons  was  published  after  his 
death. 

THACHER,  PETER,  D.  D.,  minister  in  Boston, 
the  son  of  Oxenbridge  T.,  died  Dec.  16, 1802,  aged 
50.  He  was  born  in  Milton,  March  21,  1752, 
and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1769. 
Sept.  19,  1770,  he  was  ordained  the  minister  of 
Maiden.  As  a  preacher  he  was  admired.  His 
oratorical  powers,  his  fluency  in  prayer,  and  the 
pathos  of  his  expression  were  applauded  by  the 
serious  and  intelligent,  and  rendered  him  uncom 
monly  acceptable  to  the  multitude.  No  young 
man  preached  to  such  crowded  assemblies.  Mr. 
Whitefield,  in  his  prayers,  called  him  the  young 
Elijah.  Being  a  strict  Calvinist  in  his  sentiments, 
he  contended  zealously  for  the  faith  of  his  fathers. 
When  the  controversy  began  with  Great  Britain 
he  exerted  himself  in  tho  pulpit,  in  conversation, 
and  in  other  ways,  to  support  the  rights  of  his 
country.  He  was  a  delegate  from  Maiden  to  the 
convention  which  formed  the  constitution  of 
Massachusetts  in  1780.  Being  democratic  in  his 
sentiments,  he  contended  that  there  should  be  no 
governor ;  and,  when  a  decision  was  made  con 
trary  to  his  wishes,  he  still  made  objections  to  the 
title  of  Excellency,  given  to  the  chief  magistrate. 
But  afterwards,  as  he  became  better  acquainted 
with  the  policy  of  government,  he  was  warmly  at 
tached  to  those  parts  of  the  constitution  which  he 
had  once  disapproved.  He  was  installed  minister 
of  the  church  in  Brattle  street,  Boston,  as  suc 
cessor  of  Dr.  Cooper,  Jan.  12,  1785,  and  in  this 
vineyard  of  the  Lord  he  continued  till  his  death. 
Being  afflicted  with  a  pulmonary  complaint,  his 
physicians  recommended  the  milder  air  of  a  more 
southern  climate.  He  accordingly  sailed  for  Sa 
vannah,  where  he  died.  He  was  succeeded  by 
Mr.  Buckminster.  Just  before  he  set  sail  from 
Boston,  he  was  visited  by  Dr.  Stillman,  to  whom 
he  expressed  his  belief  that  he  should  not  recover, 
and  said,  with  peculiar  energy  :  "  The  doctrines  I 
have  preached  are  now  my  only  comfort.  My 
hopes  are  built  on  the  atonement  and  righteous 
ness  of  Christ."  The  last  words  which  he  uttered 
were, "  Jesus  Christ,  my  Saviour."  In  the  chamber 
of  sickness  he  wasremarkably  acceptable.  To  the 
distressed  and  afflicted  his  voice  was  that  of  an  angel 
of  comfort.  In  prayer  he  was  uncommonly  elo 
quent,  uttering  in  impressive  and  pathetic  lan 
guage  the  devout  feelings  of  his  own  heart,  and 
exciting  deep  emotions  in  the  hearts  of  his  hear 
ers.  He  published  an  oration  against  standing 
armies,  March  5,  1776  ;  on  the  death  of  A.  El 
liot,  1778;  three  sermons  in  proof  of  the  eternity 
of  future  punishment,  1782;  observations  on  the 
state  of  the  clergy  in  New  England,  with  stric 
tures  upon  the  power  of  dismissing  them  usurped 


THACHER. 


THAXTER. 


787 


by  some  churches,  1783 ;  a  reply  to  strictures 
upon  the  preceding;  on  the  death  of  J.  Paine, 
1788;  of  Gov.  Bowdoin,  1791 ;  of  Gov.  Hancock, 
1793;  of  S.  Stillman.jun.,  1794;  of  T.  Russell 
and  N.  Gorham,  1796 ;  of  Dr.  Clarke  and  Re 
becca  Gill,  1798;  of  Gov.  Sumner,  1799;  of 
Washington,  1800 ;  at  the  ordination  of  E.  Kel 
logg,  1788;  of  W.  F.  Rowland,  1790;  at  the 
ordination  of  his  son,  T.  C.  Thacher,  1794 ;  me 
moirs  of  Dr.  Boylston,  1789;  before  the  Massa 
chusetts  Congregational  charitable  society,  1795 ; 
before  a  society  of  freemasons,  1797  ;  at  the  artil 
lery  election,  1798;  a  century  sermon,  1799. — 
Spr -ague's  Annals. 

THACHER,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Dedham, 
Mass.,  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1775,  and  died  Oct.  19, 
1812,  aged  56.  He  published  a  sermon  on  be 
nevolence,  1784;  at  a  thanksgiving,  1795;  on 
the  death  of  N.  Robbins,  1795 ;  of  Washington, 
1800  ;  after  the  execution  of  J.  Fairbanks,  1801 ; 
on  death  of  S.Adams,  1804;  at  Christmas,  1799; 
at  the  ordination  of  E.  Dunbar;  of  J.  Tucker- 
man;  before  the  humane  society,  1800;  century 
sermon,  1801 ;  Dudleian  lecture,  1805 ;  at  the 
dedication  of  Milton  academy,  1807;  at  a  fast; 
character  of  Dr.  West,  1808. 

THACHER,  SAMUEL  COOPER,  minister  in 
Boston,  died  Jan.  2,  1818,  aged  32.  He  was  the 
son  of  Rev.  Peter  T. ;  was  born  Dec.  14,  1785; 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1804;  and 
in  1806  went  to  Europe  with  Mr.  Buckminster. 
He  was  ordained  as  the  successor  of  J.  T.  Kirk- 
land  in  Boston  May  15,  1811,  and  died  in  Mou- 
lins  in  France,  whither  he  went  for  his  health. 
He  published  a  memoir  of  Mr.  Buckminster,  and 
many  reviews  in  the  monthly  anthology,  that  of 
the  constitution  of  Andover  theological  seminary 
exciting  the  most  attention,  After  his  death  a 
volume  of  sermons,  with  a  memoir,  was  published, 
8vo.,  1824. 

THACHER,  GEORGE,  judge,  died  at  Bidde- 
ford,  Me.,  in  1824,  aged  about  70.  He  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1776,  and  was  a  member  of  con 
gress,  and  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Mas 
sachusetts.  He  had  wit  and  humor  and  self- 
command.  When  in  congress,  a  bill  was  reported 
in  respect  to  the  eagle  to  be  imprinted  on  the 
American  coin.  He  opposed  it,  saying,  the  eagle 
was  a  royal  bird,  not  suitable  for  our  democracy  ; 
but  the  figure  of  a  goose  would  be  very  proper 
to  be  stamped  on  the  dollar,  in  which  case  gos 
lings  would  be  right  for  the  dimes.  It  is  said 
that  he  was  challenged  for  this  speech  by  the  re 
porter  of  the  bill ;  and  that  he  replied  to  the 
second,  that  he  would  write  a  note  consulting 
Mrs.  Thacher  on  the  subject :  in  the  mean  while 
the  challenger  might  mark  his  size  on  a  wall  and 
fire  at  it  with  a  pistol,  and,  if  he  hit  it,  he  would 


acknowledge  that  he  was  shot.  This  ended  the 
matter. 

THACHER,  PETER  O.,  judge,  died  in  Boston 
Feb.  22,  1843.  The  son  of  Dr.  T.,  he  was  born 
in  Maiden  in  1776  ;  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1796;  and  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  muni 
cipal  court  in  Boston  in  1823,  in  which  office  he 
faithfully  served  for  twenty  years,  much  respected 
for  his  integrity  and  humanity. 

THACHER,  JAMES,  Dr.,  died  at  Plymouth 
May  24,  1844,  aged  90.  He  was  born  in  Barn- 
stable.  A  surgeon  in  the  Revolutionary  army, 
he  was  present  in  the  principal  battles.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  he  settled  in  Plymouth  as  a  sur 
geon,  and  was  eminent  and  in  successful  practice 
during  most  of  his  life.  He  was  a  public-spirited, 
disinterested  citizen.  He  published  a  military 
journal;  new  dispensatory;  on  hydrophobia; 
modern  practice  of  physic ;  American  orchardist, 
1822;  American  medical  biography,  2  vols.  8vo., 
1828;  on  the  management  of  bees;  on  demon- 
ology,  ghosts,  etc.,  1831;  history  of  Plymouth, 
1832;  also  communications  to  societies  and  peri 
odicals. —  Williams'  Med.  Biog. 

THACHER,  THOMAS  C.,  minister  of  Lynn, 
Mass.,  died  in  1849,  aged  79.  The  son  of  Dr. 
Peter  T.  of  Boston,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1790,  and  was  pastor  from  1794  to  1813,  being 
succeeded  by  Isaac  Hurd. 

THACHER,  WASHINGTON,  an  agent  of  the 
American  home  missionary  society,  died  at  Utica 
June  29,  1850,  aged  56.  A  native  of  Attlebor- 
ough,  Mass.,  he  was  a  descendant  of  Thomas 
Thacher  of  Boston.  His  ministerial  life  was 
earnest  and  useful. 

THATCHER,  ORLANDO  G.,  minister  of  Brad 
ford,  X.  H.,  died  in  1837,  aged  39.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Dartmouth  in  1823. 

THATCHER,  BENJAMIN  B.,  died  in  Boston 
July  14,  1840,  aged  30,  after  a  year  of  illness. 
Born  in  Maine,  a  graduate  of  Bowdoin  college 
in  1826,  he  was  eminent  for  talents  and  acquire 
ments.  His  father,  Samuel,  was  a  member  of 
congress.  He  wrote  during  ten  years  for  the 
reviews ;  he  wrote  poetry  with  skill ;  and  he 
published  a  history  of  the  Indians. 

THAXTER,  THOMAS,  the  ancestor  of  the 
Thaxters  of  Hingham  and  its  vicinity,  lived  there 
as  early  as  1638,  and  died  in  1654.  His  son 
John,  who  died  in  1687,  had  twelve  children,  of 
whom  Samuel  was  a  colonel  and  councillor,  one 
of  whose  daughters,  Elizabeth,  married  first 
Capt.  John  Norton,  then  Col.  Benjamin  Lincoln, 
the  father  of  Gen.  B.  Lincoln.  —  Lincoln's  Hist, 
of  Hinr/liam. 

THAXTER,  THOMAS,  a  physician  in  Hing 
ham,  died  in  1813,  aged  64. 

THAXTER,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Edgartown, 
Martha's  Vineyard,  died  July  18,  1827,  aged 


788 


THAXTER. 


about  83.  He  was  the  last  of  the  Revolutionary 
chaplains.  Born  in  Hingham,  he  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1768,  and  was  ordained  Nov.  8,  1780. 
His  predecessors  were  T.  Mayhew,  J.  Dunham, 
S.  Wiswall  from  1713  to  1746,  J.  Newman  from 
1747  to  1758,  S.  Kingsbury  from  1761  to  1778. 
As  to  other  ministers  on  the  Vineyard,  J. 
Mayhew  was  the  first  at  Tisbury ;  then  Torrey, 
Hancock,  Damon,  Morse,  Hatch  ;  and  R.  Thacher, 
the  first  at  Chilmark ;  then  Holmes,  Boardman, 
Smith.  — Hist.  Coll.,  second  series,  vol.  in. 

THAXTER,  ROBEET,  M.  D.,  died  at  Dor 
chester,  of  ship  fever,  in  1852,  aged  75.  He  was 
the  son  of  Dr.  Thomas,  an  eminent  physician  of 
Hingham,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1798. 
In  1802  he  settled  in  Hingham,  but  removed  to 
Dorchester  in  1809.  For  thirty  years  he  was  not 
kept  from  business  one  day  by  illness. 

THAYER,  EZRA,  minister  at  Ware  River, 
died  in  1775,  aged  about  40.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1754. 

THAYER,  EBENEZER,  minister  of  Hampton, 
N.  H.,  died  in  1792,  aged  58 ;  supposed  to  have 
been  a  descendant  of  Nathaniel,  an  early  settler 
of  Boston.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1753, 
and  was  tutor  from  1760  to  1766,  when  he  was 
ordained  the  successor  of  Ward  Cotton.  He 
was  succeeded  by  J.  Appleton.  Some  of  the 
previous  ministers  were  J.  Wheelwright  and  Sea 
born  Cotton.  He  was  the  father  of  Rev.  Dr. 
Nathaniel  T. 

THAYER,  EBENEZER,  first  minister  of  the  sec 
ond  church  in  Roxbury,  died  in  1733,  aged  about  45. 
Born  in  Boston,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1708 
and  was  settled  in  1712;  succeeded  by  N.  Wal 
ter.  He  published  two  sermons,  on  the  first  and 
last  days  of  the  year,  1722;  at  election,  1725. 

THAYER,  ELIHU,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Kings 
ton,  N.  H.,  died  in  1812,  aged  65.  Born  in 
Braintree,  the  son  of  Nathaniel,  he  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1769,  and  was  settled  in  1776.  He 
was  a  good  scholar  and  excellent  minister.  He 
fitted  many  young  men  for  college.  His  wife 
was  a  daughter  of  Colonel  John  Calef  of  Kings 
ton  ;  by  her  he  had  six  sons  and  five  daughters. 
He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Gov. 
Bartlett,  1795;  a  summary  of  Christian  doc 
trines  and  duties.  A  volume  of  his  sermons  was 
published,  1813.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

THAYER,  NATHANIEL,  D.D.,  died  at  Roches 
ter,  N.  Y.,  June  23,  1840,  aged  71;  pastor  of  the 
church  of  Lancaster,  Mass.  He  was  born  at 
Hampton,  N.  H. ;  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1789;  and  was  ordained  in  1793.  His 
mother  was  a  daughter  of  Rev.  J.  Cotton  of 
Newton.  He  was  a  man  of  talents  and  acquire 
ments.  More  than  twenty  of  his  occasional  dis 
courses  were  published  ;  among  them,  to  masons, 
1797;  artillery  election,  1798;  at  installation  of 
W.  Emerson,  1799;  ordination  of  S.  Willard, 


THOMAS. 

1807 ;  at  a  fast ;  on  death  of  F.  Gardner,  1814 ;  on 
leaving  old  meeting-house,  1817;  at  election, 
1823;  at  a  dedication,  1828;  at  thanksgiving, 
1828  ;  at  Townsend,  Feb.  10,  1828. 

THAYER,  CAROLINE  MATILDA,  Mrs.,  died  in 
Louisiana  in  1844,  a  grand-daughter  of  Gen. 
Warren.  She  was  a  writer  for  periodicals,  in 
prose  and  poetry. 

THAYER,  MINOTT,  died  at  Braintree,  Mass., 
in  1856,  aged  85;  a  useful  citizen,  and  for  years 
a  representative  of  the  town.  Families  of  the 
name  of  Thayer  were  among  the  early  settlers  ; 
Richard,  son  of  Richard  of  Boston,  and  Thomas, 
lived  in  Braintree  in  1650  ;  and  from  the  latter 
there  were  between  two  thousand  and  three 
thousand  descendants. 

TPIOMAS,  WILLIAM,  one  of  the  fathers  of 
Plymouth,  died  at  Marshfield  in  1651,  aged  76. 
He  came  to  Plymouth  in  1630.  He  was  an  as 
sistant  seven  years.  His  son,  Nathaniel,  who 
served  in  Philip's  war,  died  in  1718,  aged  74. 

THOMAS,  JOHN,  an  Indian,  remarkable  for 
longevity,  died  at  Natick,  Mass.,  in  1727,  aged 
110.  He  was  among  the  first  of  the  praying  In 
dians.  He  joined  the  church,  when  it  was  first 
gathered  at  Natick  by  Mr.  Eliot,  and  was  exem 
plary  through  life.  —  Rellmap. 

THOMAS,  JOHN,  a  major-general  in  the 
American  army,  died  May  30,  1776.  He  de 
scended  from  a  respectable  family  in  the  county 
of  Plymouth,  Mass.,  and  served  in  the  war  of  1756, 
against  the  French  and  Indians,  with  reputation. 
In  April,  1775,  residing  at  Kingston,  Mass.,  he 
raised  a  regiment  and  marched  to  Roxbury.  He 
was  soon  appointed  by  congress  a  brigadier-gen 
eral,  and  during  the  siege  of  Boston  he  com 
manded  a  division  of  the  provincial  troops  at 
Roxbury.  In  March,  1776,  he  was  appointed 
major-general,  and  after  the  death  of  Montgom 
ery  was  intrusted  with  the  command  in  Canada. 
lie  joined  the  army  before  Quebec  on  the  first 
of  May,  but  soon  found  it  necessary  to  raise  the 
siege  and  commence  his  retreat.  He  died  of  the 
small-pox  at  Chamblee.  On  his  death  the  com 
mand  devolved  for  a  few  days  on  Arnold,  and 
then  on  Gen.  Sullivan.  His  aid-de-camp  was 
Maj.  Joshua  Thomas,  judge  of  probate,  who  died 
at  Plymouth  in  Jan.,  1821.  Gen.  T.  was  a  man 
of  sound  judgment  and  fixed  courage,  and  was 
beloved  by  his  soldiers  and  amiable  in  the  rela 
tions  of  private  life. 

THOMAS,  JAMES  A.,  died  in  Tatnall  county, 
Ga.,  April  11,  1804,  aged  133.  He  was  temper 
ate,  and  he  retained  his  eyesight  and  his  facul 
ties  to  the  last. 

THOMAS,  Jonx,  a  physician,  died  in  1818, 
aged  60.  He  was  born  in  Plymouth,  Mass., 
April  1,  1758,  and  was  appointed  surgeon  in  the 
army,  1776,  on  the  resignation  of  his  father. 
He  and  a  brother,  a  captain,  served  during  the 


THOMAS. 


THOMPSON. 


789 


whole  war,  at  the  close  of  which  he  settled  at 
Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  where  he  died.  In  his 
conduct  he  was  honorable,  just,  and  benevolent. 
For  wit  and  humor  he  was  unrivalled.  Col. 
AVm.  North  relates,  that  once  at  dinner  at  head 
quarters,  Dr.  T.  told  a  story,  which  caused  Gen. 
Washington  to  laugh  heartily  ;  it  was  concerning 
an  inquisitive  Yankee  at  Taunton,  who  journeyed 
to  Rhode  Island  to  see  llochambeau's  French 
army,  and  who  on  his  return  said  :  "  The  fools, 
who  call  a  hat  a  chapeau :  why  couldn't  they  call 
it  a  hat  at  once,  and  done  with  it  ?  " 

THOMAS,  THOMAS,  general,  a  patriot  and 
officer  of  the  Ilcvolution,  died  in  Westchester 
co.,  N.  Y.,  in  1824,  aged  80. 

THOMAS,  ISAIAH,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent  printer, 
died  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  April  4,  1831,  aged  82. 
He  was  a  descendant  of  Peter  of  Boston,  who 
was  born  in  1682,  the  son  of  George.  The  son 
of  Moses  T.,  he  was  born  in  Boston  in  1749.  His 
father  being  dead,  he  was  at  the  age  of  six  ap 
prenticed  to  Z.  Fowle,  a  printer,  and  remained 
with  him  eleven  years.  In  1770  he  published 
the  Massachusetts  Spy  in  Boston.  For  an  arti 
cle  in  his  paper  in  1771,  Gov.  Ilutchinson  and 
council  ordered  Thomas  to  appear,  but  he  ex 
pressly  refused  to  go  ;  the  attorney-general  then 
presented  in  vain  a  bill  of  indictment  to  the  grand 
jury,  and  next  was  directed  to  file  an  information 
against  him  ;  but  such  resistance  was  made  that 
the  measure  was  dropped.  In  1775  he  removed 
his  press  to  Worcester,  where  he  printed  the 
Spy,  May  3d.  A  few  days  before,  he  was  in  the 
battle  of  Lexington.  In  1788  he  opened  a 
bookstore  in  Boston,  under  the  firm  of  Thomas 
and  Andrews,  and  opened  printing-houses  and 
bookstores  in  other  towns,  still  residing  at  Wor 
cester.  At  one  time  he  had  sixteen  presses  in 
use,  and  eight  bookstores.  In  1791  he  printed 
an  edition  of  the  bible  in  folio,  and  many  subse 
quent  editions.  He  was  the  founder  and  presi 
dent  of  the  American  antiquarian  society,  for 
•which  he  erected  a  brick  house  at  Worcester,  and 
to  which  he  presented  many  books,  and  made  a 
large  bequest.  lie  was  also  a  benefactor  of  Lei 
cester  academy.  He  published  a  valuable  history 
of  printing  in  America,  2  vols.  8vo.,  1810. 

THOMAS,  PKLKG,  died  at  Lebanon,  Conn.,  in 
April,  1834,  aged  98  :  from  early  life  he  esteemed 
the  bible  more  than  all  other  books. 

THOMAS,  JOSEPH,  died  at  Plymouth,  Mass., 
in  1838,  aged  84;  a  captain  of  artillery  during 
the  war  of  the  Revolution. 

THOMAS,  JAMES,  governor  of  Maryland  in 
1835,  died  in  1845,  aged  61;  a  man  of  worth, 
highly  esteemed. 

THOMAS,  NEIIEMIAH,  minister  of  Scituate, 
Mass.,  died  in  1831,  aged  about  62.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1789,  and  was  ordained  in 
1792.  Ills  predecessors  were  Lathrop,  Chauncy, 


Baker,  Gushing,  Pitcher,  Bourne,  Grosvenor,  and 
Dawes. 

THOMAS,  DANIEL,  minister  of  South  Abing- 
ton,  died  Jan.  5,  1847,  aged  68.  A  memoir  of 
him,  written  Avith  great  skill  and  beauty,  occupies 
two  columns  of  the  Boston  Recorder  of  Feb.  18. 
A  native  of  Middleborough,  he  graduated  at 
Brown  university  in  1803,  and  was  ordained  June 
1,  1808,  the  first  inister  of  South  Abington. 
He  was  a  clear,  intelligent  preacher  :  the  gospel 
with  him  was  a  theme  of  ineffable  love.  In  his 
person  he  was  neat,  immaculate  :  he  was  tall 
and  thin,  his  dark  eye  beamed  kindly,  his  swell 
ing  forehead  was  shaded  with  venerable  locks,  his 
sallow  features  wasted  by  toil  and  age.  He  was 
never  married;  but,  betrothed  to  a  very  lovely 
woman  of  his  own  parish,  whose  illness  contin 
ued  for  thirty-seven  years,  he  all  this  time  cher 
ished  her  affection,  was  true,  gentle,  and  happy  in 
this  trial!  He  published  an  oration,  1810;  a 
letter  to  J.  Norton  on  the  Trinity,  1815  ;  at  the 
funeral  of  J.  W.  Dawes,  1824. 

THOMAS,  PHILEMON,  general,  died  at  Baton 
Ilouge  Nov.  18,  1847,  aged  83.  He  was  a  mem 
ber  of  congress.  He  headed  the  insurrection 
against  Spain  in  West  Florida. 

THOMAS,  CALVIN,  M.  D.,  died  at  Tyngs- 
borough,  Mass.,  in  1851,  aged  85. 

THOMAS,  JOHN  B.,  died  at  Plymouth  in 
1852,  aged  65.  A  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1806, 
he  was  a  lawyer  and  clerk  of  the  courts,  and 
president  of  the  Old  Colony  bank. 

THOMPSON,  JOHN,  died  in  Petersburgh,  Va., 
in  1799,  aged  22.  His  w  ritings  in  the  Petersburg 
Gazette,  with  the  signatures  of'Casca  and  Gracchus, 
were  in  hostility  to  the  federal  administration. 
His  life  was  written  by  Mr.  Hay.  His  letters, 
signed  Curtius,  addressed  to  Chief  Justice  Mar 
shall  in  1798,  were  published,  12mo.,  1804. 

THOMPSON,  EBENEZER,  Dr.,  secretary  of 
State  in  New  Hampshire,  died  at  Durham  in 
1802,  aged  65.  He  sustained  various  civil  offi 
ces,  and  was  also  a  physician. 

THOMPSON,  Sir  BENJAMIN,  count  Rumford, 
died  Aug.  20,  1814,  aged  61.  He  was  a  de 
scendant  of  Jona.  T.  of  Woburn  in  1659  ;  was 
born  in  Woburn,  Mass.,  March  26,  1753.  His 
father  died  while  he  was  young ;  his  mother, 
Mrs.  Ruth  Pierce,  in  1811.  Being  placed  as  a 
clerk  to  a  merchant  in  Salem,  he  was  disqualified 
for  business  by  his  devotion  to  the  mechanic  arts. 
Through  the  kindness  of  Sheriff  Baldwin  he  ob 
tained  permission  to  attend  the  philosopical  lec 
tures  of  Prof.  Winthrop  at  Cambridge.  He 
afterwards  taught  school  in  Rumford,  now  Con 
cord,  N.  II.,  where  he  married  Sarah,  the  widow 
of  B.  Rolfe  and  the  daughter  of  Rev.  Mr.  Walker. 
By  this  marriage  his  pecuniary  circumstances 
were  rendered  easy.  In  about  two  years  his  ad 
herence  to  the  British  cause  induced  him  to  leave 


790 


THOMPSON. 


THOMPSON. 


his  family  in  1775  and  to  repair  to  England, 
where  he  was  patronized  by  Lord  Germainc.  His 
personal  appearance  and  manners  recommended 
him.  He  was  under  secretary  in  the  northern 
department.  Near  the  close  of  the  contest  he 
went  to  New  York,  and  commanded  a  regiment 
of  dragoons,  and  became  entitled  to  half  pay. 
On  his  return  the  king  knighted  him.  His  ac 
quaintance  with  the  minister  of  the  duke  of 
Bavaria  induced  him  to  go  to  Munich,  where  he 
introduced  important  reforms  in  the  police.  The 
prince  raised  him  to  nigh  military  rank  and  cre 
ated  him  a  count  of  the  empire.  He  added  the 
title  of  Ilumford.  In  1800  he  was  in  London, 
and  projected  the  royal  institution  of  Great  Brit 
ain.  He  died  at  Autreuil,  France.  His  first 
wife  died  at  Charlestown,  N.  II.,  in  Feb.,  1792. 
It  would  seem  that  hn  abandoned  her.  How  this 
is  to  be  reconciled  to  good  moral  principle  is  yet 
to  be  explained.  His  daughter,  Sarah,  Countess 
Ilumford,  died  in  Concord,  N.  II.,  in  1852,  aged 
70.  He  bequeathed  50,000  dollars  to  Harvard 
college,  and  appropriated  other  sums  to  promote 
discoveries  in  light  and  heat.  His  own  discov 
eries  gave  him  high  reputation,  and  caused  him  to 
be  elected  a  member  of  many  learned  societies. 
His  essays  were  published  at  London,  1796. 

THOMPSON,  JAMES,  a  preacher  forty  years, 
was  drowned  in  the  Kentucky  river  at  Frankfort 
in  1818,  aged  74. 

THOMPSON,  JOHN,  minister  of  South  Ber 
wick,  Me.,  died  in  182S,  aged  88.  Born  in  Scar 
borough,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1765,  and 
was  settled  in  1783.  J.  Wade,  J.  Wise,  and  J. 
Foster  \vere  ministers  before  him. 

THOMPSON,  JOHN,  the  minister  of  Standish 
and  South  Berwick,  Me.,  died  Jan.  20,  1829,  aged 
87,  in  the  sixty-first  year  of  his  ministry.  He 
was  the  son  of  Rev.  Wm.  T.,  who  was  minister 
of  Scarborough  from  1728  to  1759,  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1765  ;  was  minister  of 
Standish  from  1768  to  1783,  in  which  year  he 
was  installed  at  Berwick. 

THOMPSON,  WILLIAM,  died  at  Hickory  Hill, 
Baltimore  county,  Md.,  July  22,  1833,  aged  111. 
He  left  twelve  surviving  children,  the  eldest  91, 
the  youngest  25. 

THOMPSON,  ELIZA  N.,  missionary  at  Jerusa 
lem,  wife  of  Rev.  William  M.  Thompson,  died 
at  Jerusalem  July  22,  1834,  aged  34.  Her  name 
was  Eliza  Nelson  Hanna,  and  she  was  born  in 
Baltimore  :  she  lived  in  Jamaica,  Long  Island. 
Her  time  of  service  in  Syria  was  short.  She  and 
Mrs.  Dodge  opened  a  school  for  Frank  children 
early  in  1833  at  Beirut.  Removed  to  Jerusalem, 
she  found  herself,  in  May,  1834,  in  circumstances 
of  great  alarm  and  suffering.  An  earthquake 
shook  down  a  part  of  her  house,  which  was  near 
the  castle.  Then  occurred  the  struggle  between 
the  rebel  Fellahs  and  the  government,  when  the 


bullets  and  balls  whistled  around  her.  Soon,  after 
a  sickness  of  a  few  days,  she  died.  She  was 
buiied  on  the  top  of  Zion  near  the  sepulchre  of 
David.  Dr.  Dodge  died  the  next  January.  Oth 
ers,  the  noble-minded  from  distant  America,  sleep 
with  them  in  the  holy  land  and  will  share  in  a 
glorious  resurrection.  J.  W.  Alexander  wrote : 

"  Mourn  not  for  her,  who  falls 
On  consecrated  ground, 
Whom  God  from  Zion  calls 
In  heav'n  his  praise  to  sound. 
Mourn  not  for  her,  who  gains 
Jerusalem  above ; 
Her  soul,  let  loose,  attains 
The  golden  streets  of  love." 

THOMPSON,  BENJAMIN,  Dr.,  died  at  Wash 
ington  in  1840,  aged  54.  His  previous  residence 
was  at  Concord,  N.  II.  lie  made  himself  famous 
as  a  botanical  physician. 

THOMPSON,  LATHROP,  minister  of  Sharon 
and  Chelsea,  Vt.,  and  of  Southold,  L.  I.,  died  in 
Chelsea  in  1843,  aged  82.  He  was  born  in  Farm- 
ington,  Conn. ;  but  his  father  removed  to  Wind 
sor,  Vt.  After  being  in  Southold  from  1810  to 
1826,  he  returned  to  Chelsea  and  lived  with  his 
son-in-law,  Rev.  Calvin  Noble.  He  survived  four 
wives. 

THOMPSON,  JOHN,  professor  of  mathematics 
and  philosophy  in  Wabash  college,  died  at  Craw- 
fordsville,  Ind.,  in  1843. 

THOMPSON,  SMITH,  judge,  died  in  Pough- 
keepsie  Dec.  18,  1843,  aged  76.  Having  studied 
law  with  Chancellor  Kent,  he  became  district  at 
torney,  and  was  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of 
New  York  in  1801  ;  in  1814  he  was  chief  justice. 
In  1818  he  was  secretary  of  the  navy ;  but  in 
1823  he  became  an  associate  justice  of  the  su 
preme  court  of  the  United  States,  which  place 
he  held  till  his  death.  Learned  as  a  judge,  his 
private  life  was  pure  and  exemplary. 

THOMPSON,  WADDY,  died  near  Greenville, 
S.  C.,  Feb.  9,  1845,  at  a  very  advanced  age.  He 
was  for  many  years  a  judge  ;  a  man  of  distinc 
tion  in  South  Carolina,  of  integrity  and  talents. 

THOMPSON,  JONATHAN,  died  at  New  York 
in  1846,  aged  73.  From  1820  to  1829  he  was 
collector  of  the  port  of  New  York.  He  collected 
and  exactly  accounted  for  upwards  of  a  hundred 
millions  of  dollars.  Gen.  Jackson  removed  him 
from  office. 

THOMPSON,  ABRAHAM  G.,  died  in  New  York 
in  Nov.,  1851.  His  estate  was  380,000  dollars, 
of  which  he  left  347,000  to  public  charities.  To 
the  bible  society  he  gave  65,000 ;  to  the  tract 
society  and  seamen's  friend  society,  54,000  each ; 
to  the  colonization  and  home  mission  society, 
43,000  each  ;  to  the  education  society  and  Amer 
ican  board  of  missions,  32,000  each  ;  to  the  in 
stitutions  for  the  deaf  and  dumb  and  for  the 
blind,  10,800  each. 

THOMPSON,  JOHN,  Dr.,  died  at  New  Lisbon, 


THOMPSON. 


THORNTON. 


791 


Ohio,  in  1852,  aged  75.  He  was  a  member  of 
congress  from  1825  to  1827,  and  from  1829  to 
1837. 

THOMPSON,  ISAAC,  M.  D.,  died  in  Connecti 
cut  in  1852.  He  was  the  inventor  of  a  famous 
eye-water. 

THOMPSON,  JAMES,  D.  D.,  died  at  Barre, 
Mass.,  in  1854,  aged  75.  A  graduate  of  1799, 
he  was  settled  at  Barre  in  1804.  His  doctrines 
were  Unitarian.  He  preached  a  half-century 
sermon. 

THOMPSON,  THOMAS  F.,  died  in  New  York 
July  28,  1856,  bequeathing  14,000  dollars  to  va 
rious  charitable  institutions. 

THOMSON,  CHARLES,  secretary  of  congress, 
a  patriot  of  the  Revolution,  died  Aug.  16,  1824, 
aged  94.  He  was  born  in  Ireland  in  1730,  and 
came  to  this  country  with  his  three  elder  brothers 
about  1741.  He  landed  at  Newcastle  with  slen 
der  means  of  subsistence.  Having  been  educated 
by  Dr.  Allison,  he  kept  the  Friends'  academy. 
He  afterwards  went  into  Philadelphia,  where  he 
obtained  the  advice  and  friendship  of  Dr.  Frank 
lin.  At  the  first  congress  in  1774  he  was  called 
upon  to  take  minutes  of  their  measures  ;  from 
that  time  he  was  sole  secretary  of  the  Revolu 
tionary  congress.  He  resigned  his  office  in  July, 
1789,  having  held  it  fifteen  years.  An  Indian 
tribe,  which  adopted  him,  gave  him  the  name  of 
"  The  man  of  truth."  He  was  strictly  moral  and 
his  mind  was  deeply  imbued  with  religious  prin 
ciples.  In  his  last  years  he  was  principally 
employed  in  preparing  for  his  removal  into  the 
eternal  world.  He  died  in  Lower  Merion,  Mont 
gomery  county,  near  Philadelphia.  His  wife  was 
Hannah  Harrison.  His  mind  was  enriched  with 
various  learning,  and  his  character  was  marked 
by  regularity,  probity,  firmness,  and  patriotism. 
He  translated  the  Septuagint,  which  was  pub 
lished,  entitled,  holy  bible  translated  from  the 
Greek,  4  vols.  8vo.,  1808. 

THOMSON,  CATHARINE,  wife  of  F.  B.  Thom 
son,  missionary  to  Borneo,  died  at  Batavia  Nov. 
17,  1839,  aged  26.  Her  name  was  Catharine 
Wyckoft'  of  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.  She  died  in 
peace.  When  asked  if  she  was  sorry  she  had 
come  to  make  a  sacrifice  of  her  life,  she  said  she 
was  not :  "  Tell  my  dear  parents  and  friends  I 
do  not  regret  it  in  the  least.  I  am  only  sorry 
that  I  have  done  so  little." 

THOMSON,  SAMUEL,  Dr.,  died  in  Boston  in 
1843,  aged  74.  He  was  the  originator  of  what 
•was  called  the  Thomsonian  system  in  medical 
treatment. 

THOMSON,  FREDERIC  B.,  missionary  to  Bor 
neo,  died  at  Berne,  Switzerland,  April  2,  1848, 
aged  38.  Born  in  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  he  was 
a  graduate  of  1831.  He  embarked  May,  1838. 
When  he  died,  he  was  on  his  way  to  this  country 
to  obtain  a  reinforcement  of  the  mission ;  but  on 


reaching  the  residence  of  his  late  home  he  was 
taken  with  his  last  illness. 

THORNDIKE,  ISRAEL,  a  merchant,  died  May 
10,  1832,  aged  about  75.  He  was  the  son  of 
Andrew,  a  descendant  of  Paul,  a  representative, 
who  married  in  Beverly  in  1G68.  lie  was  a  native 
of  Beverly,  Mass.  In  the  Revolutionary  war  he 
was  in  part  the  owner  and  the  commander  of  an 
armed  ship.  His  cruises  were  successful.  For 
many  years  he  was  a  partner  with  his  brother-in- 
law,  Moses  Brown,  and  afterwards  engaged  in 
commerce  to  the  East  Indies  and  China,  which 
he  continued  till  his  death,  lie  was  a  large 
owner  in  manufacturing  establishments.  After  a 
long  residence  in  Beverly,  he  passed  his  last 
years  in  Boston,  where  he  died.  He  purchased 
in  1818  the  library  of  Professor  Ebeling  of  Ham 
burg,  of  more  than  three  thousand  volumes,  of 
great  value  in  relation  to  American  history,  and 
presented  it  to  Harvard  college.  It  includes 
three  hundred  and  fifty  volumes  of  newspapers 
printed  in  this  country.  To  three  sons  he  be 
queathed  each  about  half  a  million  of  dollars,  and 
other  sums  to  another  son,  to  his  widow  and 
daughters;  in  all  about  1,800,000  dollars  to  his 
relations.  Some  poor  man  may  be  inclined  to 
say,  that  were  he  the  owner  of  one  or  two  mil 
lions  of  dollars,  he  would  bequeath  much  to  the 
great  charities  of  the  world;  but,  perhaps,  on 
gaining  the  power,  he  would  lose  the  disposition 
to  benefit  others  beyond  his  own  family,  and 
would  forget,  that  of  them  to  whom  much,  as  the 
stewards  of  heaven's  bounty,  is  given,  much  will 
be  required. 

THORNDIKE,  ROBERT,  died  at  Camden,  Me., 
in  1834,  aged  103;  he  was  born  in  Beverly,  Mass. 

THORNTON,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Yarmouth, 
Mass.,  died  at  Boston  Feb.  15,  1700,  aged  92. 
He  was  one  of  the  ejected  ministers  of  England 
in  1662.  The  next  year  he  was  in  Yarmouth,  a 
neighbor  to  Mr.  Walley  of  Barnstable,  also 
ejected,  and  remained  till  1675.  His  charge  em 
braced  also  the  present  towns  of  Dennis,  and  of 
Brewster  and  Harwich,  in  part ;  several  hundred 
Indians  were  under  his  friendly  inspection.  As  a 
physician  he  had  occasion  to  traverse  often  his 
wide  parish.  A  brook,  hill,  and  pond  are  yet 
called  by  his  name.  Few  Americans  who  love 
to  trace  a  long  line  of  ancestry  can  be  so  much 
gratified  as  the  descendants  of  Mr.  Thornton,  for 
he  was  descended  in  the  seventh  generation  from 
John  Thornton,  lord  mayor  of  York,  in  England. 
From  him  descended  the  Thorntons  of  Maine 
and  John  AVingate  Thornton,  a  lawyer  of  Boston, 
who  is  of  the  seventh  generation  from  him.  The 
ancestors  of  J.  "W.  T.  from  Thomas  were  Timo 
thy,  Ebenezer,  and  Timothy  of  Boston,  mer 
chants  ;  Thomas  G.  of  Saco,  Maine,  physician ; 
and  James  B.  of  Saco,  merchant.  One  important 
and  most  beneficial  influence  of  the  minister  of 


792 


THORNTON. 


TICKNOR. 


Yarmouth  Avas  in  his  securing  the  good  will  of  the 
Indians  on  the  cape,  so  that  they  dwelt  in  peace. 
Had  they  joined  King  Philip  in  his  war,  the  event 
would  have  been  disastrous.  In  1673  the  num 
ber  of  praying  or  Christian  Indians  in  Yarmouth, 
Harwich,  and  Barnstable,  was  one  hundred  and 
twenty-two,  so  that  the  whole  number  of  Indians 
was  probably  five  hundred,  supposed  not  to  be 
exceeded  by  the  white  population  of  Yarmouth. 

THORNTON,  MATTHEW,  colonel,  a  patriot  of 
the  Revolution,  died  June  24,  1803,  aged  88.  He 
was  a  native  of  Ireland.  His  father  lived  a  few 
years  at  Wiscasset,  then  removed  to  Worcester. 
Mr.  T.  settled  as  a  physician  in  Londonderry, 
N.  II.  He  accompanied  Pepperell  as  a  surgeon 
in  the  expedition  to  Louisburg  in  1745.  Of  the 
provincial  convention  in  1775  he  was  the  presi 
dent,  and,  taking  his  seat  as  a  member  of  congress 
Nov.  4,  1776,  he  signed  the  declaration  of  inde 
pendence,  but  was  not  present  to  vote  for  it,  as 
were  not  Rush,  Clymer,  Wilson,  Ross,  and  Tay 
lor.  He  was  soon  appointed  a  judge  of  the 
superior  court,  in  which  office  he  remained  till 
1782.  About  1780  he  removed  to  Merrimac  on 
the  banks  of  the  Merrimac.  He  died  while  on  a 
visit  to  his  daughters  at  Newburyport.  On  his 
grave  is  the  inscription  :  "  An  honest  man." 

THORNTON,  THOMAS  G.,  a  physician,  died  at 
Saco,  Me.,  March  4, 1824,  aged  55.  He  was  born 
in  Boston,  the  son  of  Timothy,  a  merchant,  a  de 
scendant  of  Rev.  Thomas  T.  In  the  administra 
tions  of  Jefferson,  Madison,  and  Monroe,  he  was 
U.  S.  marshal  for  Maine.  His  wife  was  Sarah, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Cutts. 

TIIROOP,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Southold, 
L.  I.,  died  in  1756,  aged  about  36.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  in  1743,  and  was  pastor  of  the 
second  church  in  Mansfield,  Conn.,  from  1744  to 
1746,  when  he  removed  to  Southold,  where  he 
had  considerable  success  in  his  labors. 

TIIROOP,  BENJAMIN,  the  minister  of  Bozrah, 
in  Norwich,  Conn.,  died  in  1785,  aged  about  72. 
He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1734,  and  from  1738 
was  pastor  forty-seven  years.  He  published  a 
sermon  on  the  death  of  B.  Sylvester,  1753  ;  elec 
tion  sermon,  1758. 

THROOP,  BENJAMIN,  colonel,  died  at  Oxford, 
N.  Y.,  in  1822,  aged  80.  He  was  a  brave  officer 
in  the  Avar  of  the  Revolution.  He  led  one  hun 
dred  warriors  of  the  Mohegan  tribe  to  Canada 
in  1776,  most  of  whom  died  of  the  small-pox  and 
by  the  fate  of  war.  He  was  then  a  captain  and 
lieutenant-colonel  in  the  line.  He  fought  in  the 
battles  of  Long  Island,  White  Plains,  Saratoga, 
and  Monmouth. 

T1IURBER,  DANIEL,  M.  D.,  died  at  Mendon, 
Mass.,  in  1836,  aged  70. 

TIIURSTON,  DAVID,  first  minister  of  the 
second  church  in  Medway,  was  pastor  from  1752 


to  1769,  and  was  succeeded  by  D.  Sanford.     He 
graduated  at  Princeton  in  1751. 

TIIURSTON,  GARDNER,  a  Baptist  minister, 
died  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  in  1802,  aged  80.  He 
was  born  in  N.,  and  succeeded  Mr.  Eyers  in 
1759,  and  was  succeeded  by  Joshua  Bradley. 
He  was  eminently  pious.  —  Benedict. 

THURSTON,  PEARSON,  minister  of  Somers- 
worth,  N.  H.,  died  at  Leominster,  Mass.,  in  1819, 
aged  55.  Born  in  Lancaster,  Mass.,  he  gradu 
ated  at  Dartmouth  in  1787  ;  and  was  pastor  from 
1792  to  1812.  In  this  last  year  his  house  was 
burnt,  with  the  church  records,  communion  ser 
vice,  and  a  social  library. 

THURSTON,  JOHN  BUCKNER,  judge,  died  at 
Washington  Aug.  30, 1845,  aged  82.  A  native  of 
Virginia,  he  emigrated  to  Kentucky.  He  was  a 
senator  of  the  U.  S.  1805-1810,  and  an  associate 
judge  of  the  circuit  court  till  his  death. 

THWING,  BENJAMIN,  was  a  member  of  the 
Boston  church  in  1642,  and  had  sons  Edward  and 
John.  He  was  a  proprietor  of  Watertown. 

TIBBETS,  GEORGE,  mayor  of  Troy,  died  in 
1849,  aged  86.  From  poverty  he  rose  to  great 
wealth  ;  for  many  years  he  was  a  State  senator. 

TICHENOR,  ISAAC,  governor,  died  at  Ben- 
nington,  Vt.,  in  Dec.,  1838,  aged  84.  He  was 
a  senator  of  the  United  States  in  1796,  and 
from  1815  to  1821 ;  also  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Vermont;  governor  from  1797  to  1808. 

TICKNOR,  ELISHA,  an  excellent  teacher,  died 
in  Boston  in  1821,  aged  about  60.  He  was  a 
descendant  of  William  T.,  who  settled  in  Scitu- 
ate  as  early  as  1646.  He  was  the  son  of  Col. 
Elisha  T.,  who  at  the  age  of  seventeen  removed 
with  his  father  from  Connecticut  to  Lebanon, 
N.  H.,  and  who  was  an  officer  in  the  war  of  the 
Revolution,  and  a  highly  respected  citizen,  dying 
in  1822,  aged  85.  He  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
in  1783,  and  was  from  that  year  preceptor  of 
Moor's  school  till  1786,  when  he  removed  to  Bos 
ton,  and  had  the  care  of  a  grammar-school  until 
1794.  Afterwards  he  was  a  prosperous  merchant. 
He  took  great  interest  in  education,  and  in  the 
establishment  of  the  savings  institution.  He  mar 
ried  in  1791  Betsey,  the  widow  of  Dr.  Benjamin 
Curtis,  and  by  her  was  the  father  of  George  Tick- 
nor,  the  eminent  author,  of  Boston. 

TICKNOR,  CALEB,  M.  D.,  of  New  York,  died 
about  1842  or  1843,  aged  36.  Born  in  Salisbury, 
Conn.,  he  was  one  of  three  brothers,  who  were 
physicians.  His  medical  education  was  at  the 
Berkshire  institution.  He  adopted  Ilahnemann's 
system,  or  that  of  homoeopathy.  He  was  a  man 
of  skill  and  integrity.  He  wrote  much  for  the 
medical  journals.  He  published  philosophy  of 
living,  a  work  much  admired.  Dr.  Williams,  in 
his  medical  biography,  devoted  an  article  to  him ; 
but  strangely  forgot  to  mention  the  time  of  his 


TICKNOR. 


TILTON. 


793 


death,  which  was  probably  in  1833  or  1843.  His 
brother,  Luther,  died  after  him  in  1846.  His 
wife,  Mary,  the  daughter  of  Samuel  Lee  of  Salis 
bury,  died  in  1841.  An  address  at  his  funeral  is 
spoken  of  in  Boston  med.  and  surg.  jour.,  vol. 
XXIII. 

TICKNOR,  LtmiER,  M.  D.,  died  at  Salisbury, 
Conn.,  in  184^,  aged  55;  president  of  the  Connec 
ticut  State  medical  society.  Born  in  Jericho,  Vt., 
at  the  age  of  fifteen  he  lost  his  father,  who  was 
killed  by  the  falling  of  a  tree.  He  was  a  self- 
made  man,  of  great  energy  and  indomitable  per 
severance  ;  liberal-hearted,  generous,  benevolent. 
In  his  death  he  was  greatly  lamented.  His 
brother,  Dr.  Caleb  Ticknor  of  New  York,  died 
before  him.  —  N.  Y.  Jour,  of  Med.,  May,  1846. 

TILDEN,  THOMAS,  arrived  at  Plymouth  in  the 
ship  Ann  in  1623,  and  was  probably  the  brother 
of  Joseph,  who  died  in  Scituate  in  1670.  Joseph 
T.,  who  died  at  Boston  in  1853,  was  a  member  of 
the  American  academy  and  of  the  historical  so 
ciety  of  Massachusetts. 

TILDEN,  Mr.,  published  in  thirty  pages  his 
poems,  designed  to  animate  the  soldiers,  1756. 
lie  was  then  70  years  old  ;  but  nothing  more  is 
known  concerning  the  author.  —  Cycl.  Am.  Lit. 

TILESTON,  JOHN,  died  in  Boston  in  1826, 
aged  92.  He  was  many  years  master  of  the 
north  writing-school;  and  was  probably  a  de 
scendant  of  Thomas,  a  freeman  of  Massachusetts 
in  1637. 

TILCHMAN,  WILLIAM,  chief  justice  of  Penn 
sylvania,  died  April  30,  1827,  aged  70.  He  was 
born  Aug.  12,  1756,  in  Talbot  county,  on  the 
eastern  shore  of  Maryland.  His  father,  James, 
was  secretary  of  the  proprietary  land  office.  His 
mother's  father  was  Tench  Francis,  an  eminent 
lawyer  of  Philadelphia,  the  brother  of  Richard 
Francis,  who  was  the  author  of  maxims  of  equity, 
and  of  Mr.  Philip  Francis,  the  translator  of  Hor 
ace.  After  the  removal  of  his  family  to  Phila 
delphia  he  studied  law  in  that  city,  under  the 
direction  of  Benjamin  Chew,  from  1772  to  1776. 
In  1783  he  was  admitted  to  the  courts  of  Mary 
land  ;  but  in  1793  he  returned  to  Philadelphia, 
and  practised  law  till  his  appointment  by  Mr. 
Adams,  March  3,  1801,  chief  judge  of  the  circuit 
court  of  the  United  States.  The  law  establish 
ing  this  court  being  repealed  in  about  a  year,  Mr. 
Tilghman  again  practised  law  till  he  was  ap 
pointed,  in  July,  1805,  president  of  the  courts  of 
common  pleas  in  the  first  district.  In  Feb., 
1806,  he  succeeded  E.  Shippen  as  chief  justice 
of  the  supreme  court.  His  wife  was  Margaret 
Allen,  daughter  of  James  A.  of  Philadelphia. 
Besides  his  ordinary  official  duties,  he,  in  obedi 
ence  to  the  legislature,  reported  about  1809  the 
English  statutes  in  force  within  the  State  ;  a  work 
of  great  labor,  and  requiring  an  intimate  know 
ledge  of  the  written  law  of  England  and  of  the 
100 


colonial  legislation.  It  was  also  his  great  and 
constant  toil  to  incorporate  the  principles  of  sci 
entific  equity  with  the  law  of  Pennsylvania.  He 
published  an  eulogium  on  Dr.  Wistar,  1818. 

TILLARY,  JAMES,  M.  D.,  died  in  New  York 
city >  Dut  the  year  of  his  death  his  biographer, 
Dr.  Thacher,  neglects  to  mention.  It  was  prob 
ably  about  1810  or  1820.  He  came  from  Scot 
land,  and  was  more  than  forty  years  a  much 
respected  physician  in  New  York.  During  the 
yellow  fever  in  1795  and  1798,  he  remained  no 
bly  at  his  post  and  refused  no  service  of  danger. 
He  cheered  the  poor  and  forsaken.  The  grati 
tude  of  the  people  made  him  afterwards  resident 
physician.  He  was  president  of  the  St.  An 
drew's  society. .  He  was  a  philanthropist,  also  a 
Christian.  —  Hosack's  Address ;  Thacher. 

TILLEY,  EDWARD,  was  one  of  the  one  hun 
dred  pilgrims  in  the  Mayflower  to  Plymouth  in 
1620,  with  Ann  his  wife  ;  but  they  both  died  in 
the  first  sickness.  Henry  Samson,  of  their  family, 
a  cousin,  lived  and  left  descendants.  He  was  a 
man  of  judgment,  who  with  Bradford  was  asso 
ciated  with  the  first  exploring  party  to  give  good 
advice.  —  Bradford's  Hist. 

TILLEY,  Joiix,  was  one  of  the  one  hundred 
pilgrims  in  the  Mayflower  to  Plymouth  in  1620, 
with  his  wife  ;  but  they  both  died  soon  after  com 
ing  ashore.  Their  daughter,  Elizabeth,  survived 
the  early  general  sickness,  and  married  John 
Howland,  leaving  ten  children.  He  was  of  the 
second  exploring  party.  — •  Bradford's  Hist. 

TILLINGHAST,  PARDON,  a  minister,  was 
born  near  Beachyllead  in  England,  in  1622,  and 
succeeded  Mr.  Olney,  a  Baptist  minister  at  Prov 
idence,  in  1645.  About  1700  he  built  at  his  own 
expense  at  the  north  end  of  the  town  a  meeting 
house,  which  was  replaced  by  a  larger  one  in 
1718.  He  published  in  1689  a  tract  on  water 
baptism,  which  drew  a  reply  from  George  Keith, 
the  Quaker.  —  Benedict. 

TILLINGHAST,  JOSEPH  L.,  died  suddenly  at 
Providence  Dec.  30,  1844,  aged  more  than  50. 
He  was  a  ripe  scholar,  and  repeatedly  a  member 
of  congress. 

TILTON,  JOSEPH,  doctor,  died  at  Exeter, 
N.  H.,  Dec.  5,  1837,  aged  94 ;  a  surgeon  in  the 
army  of  the  Revolution. 

TILTON,  JAMES,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  died  May 
14,  1822,  aged  77.  He  was  born  in  Delaware 
June  1,  1745;  was  sent  early  to  Finley's  Not 
tingham  academy  ;  and  settled  as  a  physician  at 
Dover.  In  1776  he  served  as  a  surgeon  in  the 
army;  in  1777  he  was  called  to  the  hospital  de 
partment,  and  continued  as  hospital  surgeon  till 
the  close  of  the  war.  He  introduced  the  hospital 
huts,  with  a  fire  in  the  middle,  and  a  hole  in  the 
roof  for  the  escape  of  smoke.  With  his  pecu 
niary  resources  exhausted,  he  resumed  his  pro 
fession,  and  lived  on  a  farm  in  New  Castle  county. 


794 


TILTON. 


The  office  of  commissioner  of  loans,  given  him 
in  1785,  he  held  for  some  years.  In  the  war  of 
1812  he  was  appointed  physician  and  surgeon- 
general  of  the  army  of  the  United  States.  He 
visited  the  hospitals  of  the  northern  frontier. 
At  the  age  of  seventy  a  disease  of  his  knee  ren- 
sdered  amputation  necessary.  He  died  near  Wil 
mington.  He  was  never  married.  His  height 
was  about  six  feet  and  a  half;  in  person,  man 
ners,  speech,  and  all  his  habits  he  was  an  original. 
He  was  a  Christian.  In  his  last  sickness  the 
Scriptures  were  his  principal  study.  Of  the  vica 
rious  righteousness  of  Christ  he  was  fond  of  con 
versing.  He  published  observations  on  military 
hospitals,  and  some  papers  on  agriculture.  He 
maintained  that  a  farmer  should  live  on  the  pro 
duce  of  his  own  land,  and  of  course  should  re 
ject  tea  and  coffee.  As  for  himself,  he  kept  no 
tea-cups  and  saucers.  —  Thacher's  Med.  Biog. 

TILTON,  NATHAN,  minister  of  Scarborough, 
Me.,  died  in  1851,  aged  79.  Born  in  East  Kings 
ton,  N.  H.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1796. 
He  was  settled  in  1800  and  resigned  his  charge 
in  1827. 

TILTON,  JOSEPH,  a  respected  lawyer,  died  in 
Exeter,  N.  H.,  1856,  aged  81;  a  graduate  of  Har 
vard  in  1797.  He  was  associated  at  the  bar  with 
eminent  men,  as  Webster,  Mason,  Smith,  Sulli 
van,  Woodbury,  Bartlett,  Cutts,  and  Haven. 

TIMROD,  WILLIAM  H.,  died  in  1838,  aged 
46.  He  was  a  mechanic,  and  wrote  poetry.  — 
Cycl.  of  Amer.  Lit. 

TINKER,  THOMAS,  was  one  of  the  one  hun 
dred  pilgrims  in  the  Mayflower  to  Plymouth  in 
1620,  with  his  wife  and  son ;  but  they  all  died  in 
the  first  sickness. 

TITCOMB,  WILLIAM,  of  Newbury,  Mass.,  died 
in  1676.  He  came  from  Newbury,  England,  as 
early  as  1642.  He  had  five  sons  and  seven  daugh 
ters.  One  of  his  descendants  was  Colonel  T.,  who 
was  killed  in  the  French  war  in  1755. 

TITCOMB,  BENJAMIN,  died  at  Brunswick, 
Me.,  Oct.,  1848,  aged-88;  minister  of  a  Baptist 
church.  His  son,  Benjamin,  also  a  Baptist 
preacher,  died  in  Brunswick  in  1829,  aged  40. 
He  published  the  Cumberland  gazette,  the  first 
newspaper  in  Maine. 

TITUS,  PIICEBE,  Mrs.,  died  at  Huntington, 
L.  I.,  about  Jan.,  1846,  aged.  91;  a  woman  of 
courage  and  energy.  Her  name  was  Platt.  She 
was  a  young  wife,  when  in  the  war  two  brothers 
were  captured  and  imprisoned  in  the  pestilential 
jail  of  New  York.  She  heard  they  were  starv 
ing.  "  They  shall  not  starve,"  said  this  bold 
sister.  Amidst  many  perils  she  made  her  way 
to  the  prison-house  week  after  week  with  a  bas 
ket  of  provisions.  When  they  were  sentenced 
to  be  shot,  she  went  to  the  British  commander 
and  begged  their  lives.  One  of  these,  Ananias 
Platt,  left  about  15,000  dollars  to  the  Presbyte- 


TOKKOHWOMPAIT. 

rian  church,  Albany.  Her  only  son  was  Platt 
Titus  of  Troy. 

TOBEY,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Berkley,  Mass., 
died  in  1781,  aged  66.  Born  in  Sandwich,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1733  and  was  ordained 
in  1737. 

TODD,  JOHN,  lived  in  Rowley  in  1650,  was 
representative  in  1686.  Fifteen  of  the  name 
graduated  at  Yale,  and  one  at  Harvard. 

TODD,  SAMUEL,  first  minister  of  Plymouth, 
Conn.,  died  in  1789,  aged  about  75.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  in  1734,  and  was  settled  in  Water- 
bury,  now  Plymouth,  from  1740  to  1766,  when 
A.  Storrs  succeeded. 

TODD,  JONATHAN,  second  minister  of  East 
Guilford,  Conn.,  now  Madison,  died  in  1791,  aged 
77,  in  the  fifty-eighth  year  of  his  ministry.  The 
son  of  Jonathan  of  New  Haven,  he  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1732.  He  was  the  successor  of  John 
Hart.  He  participated  in  the  controversy  relat 
ing  to  the  settlement  of  J.  Dana.  In  his  old  age 
he  was  tranquil.  He  had  no  children.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon,  young  people  warned,  1740 ; 
at  the  election,  1749;  on  the  death  of  N.  Chauncy, 
1756;  narrative  relating  to  the  church  at  Wal- 
lingford,  1759 ;  reply  to  Eells'  remarks ;  on  the 
death  of  T.  Ruggles,  1770;  of  T.  Hill,  1781 ;  of 
A.  Redfield,  1783.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

TODD,  ELI,  M.  D.,  died  in  1833,  aged  about 
64.  He  was  physician  of  the  retreat  for  the  in 
sane  at  Hartford,  Conn. ;  was  born  in  New  Ha 
ven,  the  son  of  Michael,  a  merchant ;  graduated 
at  Yale  college  in  1787  ;  and  after  practising 
many  years  in  his  profession  at  Farmington,  re 
moved  to  Hartford  in  1819,  and  exerted  an  im 
portant  agency  in  founding  the  retreat  for  the 
insane,  of  which  he  was  the  physician.  He  was 
a  man  of  superior  talents  and  extensive  acquire 
ments,  and  respected  and  beloved  as  a  physician, 
philanthropist,  and  Christian,  though  once  an 
Infidel.  —  Williams1  Med.  Biog. 

TODD,  CLARISSA,  Mrs.,  missionary,  died  at  Ma 
dura  June  1,  1837.  Her  name  was  Clarissa  Em 
erson.  Born  in  Chester,  N.  H.,  she  married  first 
Edmund  Frost,  missionary  at  Bombay ;  next,  in 
1826,  Henry  Woodward,  missionary  ;  and  then,  in 
1836,  William  Todd,  missionary  at  Madura. 

TODD,  SAMUEL,  died  in  Albany,  Vt.,  May  30, 
1840,  aged  98  years.  He  served  in  the  Revolu 
tionary  war,  was  in  Bunker  Hill  battle,  and  helped 
build  the  fort  at  Crown  Point. 

TOIIKUKQUONNO,  JOHN,  an  Indian  sachem 
at  Little  Compton  in  1698,  had  a  good  character. 

TOKKOIIWOMPAIT,  DANIEL,  Indian  min 
ister  at  Natick  in  1698,  ordained  by  Eliot,  had  a 
church  of  seven  men  and  three  women,  and  un 
der  his  care  fifty-nine  men  and  fifty-one  women, 
and  seventy  children  under  sixteen  years  of  age. 
He  died  in  1716,  aged  64.  After  his  death,  O. 
Peabody  was  sent  to  preach  to  these  Indians. 


TOL. 


TORREY. 


795 


TOL,  JOHN  C.,  died  in  Glenville,  N.  Y.,  Oct. 
25,  1848,  aged  68.  A  graduate  of  Union  college 
in  1799,  he  was  the  minister  of  Canajoharie. 

TOLEIl,  RICHARD  II.,  editor  twenty-three 
years  of  the  Lynchburg  Virginian,  died  at  Rich 
mond  in  1848,  aged  49. 

TOMLIXSOX,  GIDEON,  died  at  Stratford, 
Conn.,  in  17GG,  aged  34.  An  officer  in  the  army, 
he  was  at  the  capture  of  Ticonderoga.  His  son, 
Jabez  H.,  died  in  1849,  aged  88.  His  grandson, 
Gideon,  was  governor  of  Connecticut  from  1827 
to  1831. 

TOMLIXSON,  DANIEL,  minister  of  Oakham, 
Mass.,  died  Oct.  29,  1842,  aged  83.  Born  in 
Derby,  Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1781,  was 
ordained  June  22,  1786,  and  was  pastor  fifty-six 
years  ;  for  the  last  ten  years  he  had  a  colleague. 

TOMLIXSOX,  GIDEON,  governor  of  Connec 
ticut,  died  at  Fairfield  Oct.  8,  1854,  aged  74. 
Born  at  Stratford,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1802. 
From  1818  to  1827  he  was  a  member  of  congress, 
then  governor  four  years,  and  six  years  senator 
of  the  United  States. 

TOMPKIXS,  DANIEL  D.,  vice-president  of  the 
United  States,  died  at  Staten  Island  June  11, 
1825,  aged  50.  He  was  born  June  21,  1774,  the 
son  of  the  Revolutionary  patriot,  Jonathan  G.  T., 
who  died  in  May,  1823,  aged  86,  at  Fox  Mead 
ows,  or  Searsdale,  on  the  river  Bronx,  in  West- 
chester  county,  X.  Y.  He  graduated  at  Columbia 
college  in  1795,  and  settled  at  New  Yrork  as  a 
lawyer.  In  the  party  struggles  of  1799-1801  he 
was  a  conspicuous  republican.  In  1803  he  suc 
ceeded  Mr.  Lewis  as  chief  justice  of  the  superior 
court,  and  in  1807  was  elected  governor.  In 
1812  he  prorogued  the  legislature,  in  order  to 
prevent  a  corrupt  system  of  banking.  During 
the  war,  which  began  in  1812,  he  was  as  gov 
ernor  extremely  active  and  devoted  to  the  cause 
of  his  country.  His  efforts  had  an  important 
bearing  on  the  result  of  the  war.  At  the  close  of 
the  war  he  purchased  a  farm  in  Richmond  county} 
in  view  of  the  city.  In  1817  he  was  elected 
vice-president ;  Mr.  Munroe  being  president. 

TOMPKIXS,  GEORGE,  judge,  died  near  Jeffer 
son  city,  Mo.,  in  1846,  aged  66.  He  was  a  judge 
of  the  State  supreme  court,  a  man  of  legal 
knowledge  and  moral  worth,  well  acquainted 
with  the  history  of  the  west. 

TOMPSOX,  WILLIAM,  first  minister  of  Brain- 
tree,  Mass.,  died  Dec.  10,  1666,  aged  68.  He 
was  a  native  of  England,  was  first  settled  in  Lan 
cashire.  After  his  arrival  in  this  country,  when 
a  church  was  gathered  at  Mount  "\Yollaston,  or 
Braintree,  now  Quincy,  he  was  chosen  its  pastor, 
and  was  installed  Sept.  24,  1639.  Mr.  Flynt 
was  settled  as  his  colleague  March  17,  1640.  In 
the  year  1642  he  accompanied  Mr.  James  and 
Mr.  Knowles  to  Virginia,  in  order  to  carry  the 
gospel  to  the  ignorant,  but  was  soon  obliged  to 


leave  that  colony  for  his  nonconformity  to  the 
Episcopalian  worship. 

TOMPSOX,  SAMUEL,  of  Braintree,  son  of  Rev. 
William,  died  in  1695,  aged  63.  Born  in  Eng 
land,  he  came  with  his  father  in  1637,  was  deacon 
of  the  church,  and  representative  fourteen  years. 

TOMPSOX,  EDWARD,  minister  of  Marshfield, 
Mass.,  died  in  1705,  aged  39.  The  son  of  Ben 
jamin,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1684,  and 
taught  a  school  several  years  at  Newbury.  His 
predecessors  were  E.  Bulkier,  S.  Arnold ;  his  suc 
cessors  J.  Gardner  and  S.  Hill.  On  his  grave 
stone  near  the  Winslow  tomb  is  this  inscription  : 
"  Here  in  a  tyrant's  hand'dcth  captive  lie  a  rare 
synopsis  of  divinity."  His  last  sermons,  heaven  the 
best  country,  were  published  in  1712. 

TOMPSON,  BENJAMIN,  the  son  of  Rev.  Wil 
liam  T.,  died  in  1714,  and  was  buried  at  Roxbury, 
aged  71.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1662,  and 
was  a  preacher  in  Boston  from  1667  to  1770, 
when  he  removed  to  Cambridge.  He  was  also  a 
physician  and  a  poet.  He  wrote  an  elegy  on  S. 
Whiting,  printed  in  Mather's  Magnalia.  —  Cycl. 
of  Am.  Lit. 

TOMPSON,  JOSEPH,  of  Billerica,  son  of  Rev. 
William  T.,  died  in  1732,  aged  91.  He  was 
schoolmaster,  captain,  selectman,  town-clerk, 
deacon,  and  representative.  Among  his  descend 
ants  were  Benjamin  and  Colonel  William  of  B. 

TOOLEY,  HENRY,  a  useful  man,  died  at  Nat 
chez  in  1848,  aged  75  ;  mayor  of  the  city,  a  Meth 
odist  professor  for  sixty  years,  and  a  preacher  for 
his  last  fifteen  years.  He  understood  Hebrew, 
and  was  much  interested  in  astronomy,  and  was 
the  father  of  temperance  in  Natchez. 

TOOTH ACHER,  ROGER,  an  early  settler  of 
Billerica  in  1660;  had  a  son,  grandson,  and  great- 
grandson,  all  physicians  and  named  Roger. 

TORREY,  WILLIAM,  captain,  an  early  author  in 
Massachusetts  settled  at  Weymouth  and  was  a  free 
man  in  1642  and  a  representative  several  years. 
He  might  have  died  as  late  as  1663.  He  was  a  good 
penman,  skilled  in  Latin,  and  usually  clerk  of  the 
deputies.  He  published  a  small  book  on  the 
millennium,  "  written  by  a  very  old  man,  in  con 
tinual  expectation  of  his  translation  into  another 
life  and  world,"  2d  ed.  1757. 

TORREY,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Weymouth, 
Mass.,  died  April  21,  1707,  aged  75,  the  succes 
sor  of  T.  Thacher.  He  was  the  son  of  Capt.  Wil 
liam.  He  had  been  in  the  ministry  fifty  years, 
and  was  an  able  and  faithful  preacher.  He  was 
educated  at  Harvard,  but  did  not  take  a  de 
gree,  as  he  did  not  comply  with  a  new  law,  re 
quiring  four  years'  residence.  Such  was  his  gift  in 
prayer  that  he  was  always  chosen,  as  Mr.  Prince 
says,  "  to  bring  up  the  rear  of  their  religious  exer 
cises."  He  was  very  liberal.  At  a  public  fast  in 
1696,  after  the  other  exercises,  he  finished  by  a 
prayer  of  two  hours  in  length,  so  regular,  perti- 


796 


TORREY. 


TOWSON. 


nent,  free,  lively,  affecting,  that,  towards  the  end, 
glancing  upon  some  new  scenes  of  thought,  a 
rare  lawyer,  Mr.  Reed,  said  to  Mr.  Prince,  "  We 
could  not  help  wishing  him  to  enlarge  upon 
them."  So  deep  were  his  views,  that  the  gover 
nor  and  council  invited  him  to  assist  them  with 
his  wisdom  and  advice.  After  the  death  of  Pres 
ident  Rogers  of  Harvard  college  in  1686  he  was 
chosen  his  successor,  but  declined  the  office.  His 
wife  was  a  daughter  of  Secretary  Rawson.  He 
published  the  election  sermon  in  the  years  1674, 
1683,  and  1695  —  Eliot's  Biog. 

TORREY,  JOSIAH,  first  minister  of  Tisbury, 
Martha's  Vineyard,  died  in  1723,  aged  about  45. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1698,  and  was  a 
trustee.  He  was  ordained  in  1701.  J.  Mayhew 
had  preached  at  T.  before  him.  His  successors 
were  Hancock,  Damon,  Morse,  and  Hatch,  or 
dained  in  1801.  R.  Thacher  was  at  the  same 
time  minister  at  Chilmark. 

TORREY,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  South  Kingston, 
R.  I.,  died  in  1792,  aged  93.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1728. 

TORREY,  DOROTHY,  died  at  Windsor,  Conn., 
Jan.  16,  1838,  aged  106,  with  no  disease.  Her 
husband  died  aged  91. 

TORREY,  CHARLES  T.,  died  in  Baltimore  May 
9,  1846,  aged  33.  Born  in  Scituate,  Mass.,  he 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1833.  He  was  a  minister 
at  Providence,  R.  L,  and  Salem,  Mass.  Attempt 
ing  to  carry  away  and  liberate  some  slaves  in 
Maryland,  he  was  sentenced  to  the  State  prison, 
in  which  he  died  of  the  consumption. 

TOTO,  a  friendly  Windsor  Indian,  gave  notice 
of  the  proposed  Indian  attack  on  Springfield  in 
1675  or  1676. 

TOURO,  JUDAH,  died  at  New  Orleans,  Jan.  18, 
1854,  aged  78,  worth  nearly  tw6  millions  of  dol 
lars,  by  him  chiefly  bequeathed  to  the  public 
institutions  of  New  Orleans.  Born  in  Newport, 
R.  I.,  in  1776,  he  went  to  N.  O.  in  1802,  and  was 
wounded  in  its  defence  in  the  war  of  1812.  He 
was  of  the  Jewish  faith. 

TOWN,  ITIIIEL,  architect,  died  in  New  Haven 
June  13,  1844,  aged  60;  a  native  of  Thompson. 

TOWNER,  WILLIAM,  M.  D.  and  general, 
died  in  Williamstown,  Mass.,  in  1813,  aged  58.  He 
was  an  early  settler  and  a  useful  physician. 

TOWN  SEND,  PENN,  colonel,  died  in  Boston, 
Aug.  25,  1727,  aged  75.  He  was  the  son  of 
William,  who  lived  in  Boston  as  early  as  1636. 
He  was  speaker,  chief  judge  of  the  common  pleas, 
and  colonel.  He  used  to  pray  in  the  field  with 
the  militia,  as  well  as  in  his  family  and  closet. 
He  was  an  encourager  of  learning,  and  one  of  the 
managers  of  the  society  for  propagating  the  gos 
pel  among  the  Indians. 

TOWNSEND,  JONATHAN,  first  minister  of 
Needham,  Mass.,  died  in  1762,  aged  64.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1716.  He  was  suc 


ceeded  by  Dr.  West,  who  was  transferred  to 
Boston.  He  published  two  fast  sermons,  1729 ; 
caveat  against  strife,  1749.  Perhaps  this  last 
sermon  was  by  J.  T.  of  Medfield. 

TOWNSEND,  JONATHAN,  minister  of  Medfield, 
Mass.,  died  in  1776,  aged  about  56.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1741.  He  published  conven 
tion  sermon,  1758;  two  sermons  on  the  reduction 
of  Quebec,  1760. 

TOWNSEND,  SOLOMON,  minister  of  Barring- 
ton,  R.  I.,  died  in  1798,  aged  82.  Born  in  Boston, 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1735,  and  was  pastor 
from  1741  to  1798.  The  previous  pastors  were 
J.  Wilson,  S.  Torrey,  and  P.  Heath. 

TOWNSEND,  DAVID,  M.  D.,  a  respectable 
physician  of  Boston,  a  member  of  the  Mass,  med 
ical  society,  died  in  1829,  aged  74.  His  son, 
Alexander,  a  graduate  of  the  class  of  1802,  died  a 
lawyer  in  Boston,  in  1835  ;  he  published  a  4th  of 
July  oration,  1810;  address  to  charitable  fire 
society. 

TOWNSEND,  ISAAC  H.,  died  in  New  Haven 
in  1847,  aged  43.  He  graduated  in  1822.  In 
1842  he  was  associated  with  Judge  Hitchcock  in 
the  arrangement  of  the  law  school  of  Yale,  at  the 
reorganization  of  which  he  was  one  of  the  pro 
fessors  in  1846. 

TOWNSEND,  JOHN,  died  in  Albany,  Aug. 
26,  1854,  aged  71.  He  was  mayor  of  the  city, 
and  held  many  important  stations,  and  was  uni 
versally  respected.  The  son  of  Henry  T.,  he  was 
born  at  Stirling  Iron-works,  back  of  Newburg, 
N.  Y.,  and  came  to  Albany  as  clerk  to  his  brother 
Isaiah,  in  1802  ;  and  became  his  partner  in  the 
iron  and  hardware  trade,  and  acquired  a  princely 
fortune.  He  was  one  of  the  original  owners  of 
Syracuse,  and  there  established  the  manufacture 
of  salt  by  solar  evaporation.  He  was  president 
of  the  Commercial  bank  of  Albany.  He  survived 
his  brother  many  years.  His  wife  was  the 
daughter  of  Judge  A.  Spencer  ;  and  seven  chil 
dren  survived  him.  —  Sprague's  Sermon  on  his 
Death. 

TOWNSEND,  ELIZA,  died  in  Boston  in  1854, 
aged  65.  She  wrote  'poetry  for  the  anthology, 
Unitarian  miscellany,  and  portfolio.  She  was 
esteemed  for  her  intellect  and  amiable  qualities. 
Cycl.  of  Am.  Lit. 

TOWNSEND,  SAMUEL,  of  Madison  county, 
Ala.,  died  in  1856,  aged  55 ;  the  wealthiest  planter 
of  Kentucky.  By  his  will  about  forty  slaves  were 
to  be  liberated  and  removed  from  the  State,  and 
a  large  portion  of  his  property  to  be  distributed 
among  them. 

TOWSON,  NATHAN,  major-general,  died  at 
Washington  July  20,  1854,  aged  71.  He  ac 
quired  a  military  reputation  in  the  war  of  1812,  at 
the  battles  of  Chippewa  and  Bridgewater.  In 
his  last  years  he  was  paymaster-general.  He 
was  a  native  of  Maryland.  His  wife,  who  died 


TRACY. 


TREAD  WELL. 


797 


July  21, 1832,  was  Sophia  Bingham,  the  daughter 
of  Caleb  Bingham  of  Boston. 

TRACY,  ELISIIA,  Dr.,  died  in  Norwich,  Conn., 
in  17,52.  He  was  eminent  as  a  physician,  and 
was  a  classical  scholar,  and  adorned  with  the 
moral  and  social  virtues. 

TRACY,  UIUAII,  a  statesman,  died  at  Wash 
ington  June  19,  1807,  aged  53.  He  was  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  college  in  1778,  and  afterwards,  di 
recting  his  attention  to  the  law,  he  soon  rose  to 
eminence  in  that  profession.  The  last  fourteen 
years  of  his  life  were  devoted  to  the  service  of 
his  country  in  the  national  councils,  where  he 
•was  admired  by  his  friends,  and  respected  by  his 
opponents.  After  having  been  a  member  of  the 
house  of  representatives  for  some  time,  he  was 
chosen  a  senator,  and  he  continued  in  this  high 
station  till  his  death.  In  the  beginning  of  March, 
1807,  while  in  a  feeble  state  of  health,  he  exposed 
himself  by  attending  the  funeral  of  Mr.  Baldwin 
of  the  senate.  From  this  period  he  declined. 
His  three  daughters  married  three  judges,  namely, 
Gould  of  Litchfield,  Howe  of  Northampton,  and 
Metcalf  ofDedham  ;  Mrs.  M.  died  in  1857.  His  de 
votion  to  the  public  service  precluded  him  from 
that  attention  to  his  private  interests  which  claim 
the  principal  regard  of  most  men.  His  speeches 
displayed  a  vigorous  and  well-informed  mind.  In 
wit  and  humor  he  was  unrivalled ;  in  delivery 
graceful,  and  lucid  in  argument.  He  was  some 
times  severe  ;  but  the  ardor  of  debate,  the  rapid 
ity  of  his  ideas,  and  the  impetuosity  of  his  elo 
quence  constituted  an  apology.  He  was  an 
instructive  and  agreeable  companion. 

TRACY,  STEPHEN,  first  minister  of  Norwich, 
Mass.,  died  in  1822,  aged  73.  Born  in  Norwich, 
Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1770,  was 
pastor  from  1781  to  1799,  when  he  was  suc 
ceeded  by  B.  R.  Woodbridge. 

TRACY,  ELISIIA,  died  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  in 
1842.  He  was  an  eminent  and  much  respected 
citizen. 

TRACY,  ADELINE,  missionary  to  China,  died 
in  Streetsborough,  O.,  in  1851,  aged  41.  She  was 
the  daughter  of  Deacon  Alfred  White  of  West 
Brookfield,  a  descendent  of  Peregine  White. 
She  married  Ira  Tracy  in  China  in  1834.  After 
a  few  years'  service  she  returned,  in  very  poor 
health. 

TRACY,  RACHEL,  died  in  Utica  April  7,  1852, 
aged  73.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Judge  Ben 
jamin  Huntingdon,  of  Norwich,  Conn.,  and  the  wid 
ow  of  Wm.  G.  Tracy,  a  merchant  of  Whitcstown, 
who  died  in  1830.  Her  brothers,  Henry  and  George 
H.,  were  conspicuous  men  in  Oneida  county.  She 
possessed  great  excellence  of  character,  and  was  a 
model  of  goodness.  —  N.  Y.  Observer,  April  29. 

TRACY,  EBENEZER,  Dr.,  died  at  Middletown 
July  29,1856,  aged  99. 

TRANTHAM,  or  TRENTIIAM,  BETSEY,  Mrs. 


died  Jan.  10,  1834,  in  Maury  county,  Tenn. 
aged  154.  She  was  born  in  Germany,  and 
emigrated  to  North  Carolina  in  1710.  For  the 
last  twenty  years  her  vision  was  good.  At  the 
age  of  65  she  bore  her  only  child,  who  survived 
her. 

TRASK,  WILLIAM,  captain,  an  early  settler  of 
Salem,  died  in  1666,  leaving  sons  William  and 
John  and  daughters.  He  came  with  governor 
Endecott  in  1628,  and  was  representative  of  Salem, 
Mass.,  five  years.  —  Felt. 

TRASK,  NATHANIEL,  the  first  minister  of 
Brentwood,  N.  II.,  died  in  1789,  aged  67.  Born 
in  Lexington,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1742,  and  was  settled  in  1748. 

TRASK,  NAIIUM,  Dr.,  died  at  Windsor,  Vt., 
1837,  aged  76. 

TRAXALL,  ABRAHAM,  preacher  to  the  society 
of  the  United  Brethren  fifty  years,  died  near/ 
Mount  Pleasant,  Pa.,  in  1825,  aged  74.  / 

TREADWELL,  DANIEL,  professor  of  mathe 
matics  in  King's  college,  N.  Y.,  died  in  1760,  aged 
about  26.  Born  at  Portsmouth  of  parents  who 
came  from  Ipswich,  Mass.,  he  graduated  in  1754. 
He  was  an  eminent  mathematician,  though 
young.  —  Eliot. 

TREADWELL,  JOHN,  minister  of  Lynn,  Mass., 
died  in  1811,  aged  73.  Born  in  Ipswich  in  1738, 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1758,  and  was  pastor 
from  1763  to  1782.  His  predecessors  were  S. 
Batchelor,  who  died  in  1661,  aged  100  ;  S.  Whit 
ing,  who  died  in  1679,  aged  83  ;  T.  Cobbet,  who 
died  in  Ipswich,  aged  77  ;  J.  Shcpard,  who  died 
aged  72  ;  J.  Whiting,  who  died  aged  82 ;  and  N. 
Henchman,  who  died  aged  62. 

TREADWELL,  JOHN,  LL.  D.,  governor  of 
Connecticut,  died  Aug.  19,  1823,  aged  77.  The 
son  of  Ephriam  T.,  he  was  born  in  Farmington, 
Nov.  23, 1745  ;  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1767 ; 
and,  having  studied  law  with  Titus  Hosmer  of 
Middletown,  settled  in  his  native  town,  but  did 
not  engage  in  the  practice.  He  was  an  only  son, 
and  the  heir  of  a  competent  estate.  After  sus 
taining  various  offices,  as  judge  of  probate  and  of 
other  courts  and  lieutenant-governor,  he  was  in 
1809  chosen  governor  as  successor  of  Trumbull, 
but  was  succeeded  by  Griswold  in  1811;  thus  be-  " 
ing  thrown  out  of  all  public  employments,  which 
had  occupied  him  thirty  years.  This  was  painful. 
For  twenty  years  he  was  a  deacon  of  the  church 
of  which  he  became  a  member  at  the  age  of 
twenty-six  under  the  salutary  influence  of  affliction 
by  the  loss  of  a  daughter.  lie  was  the  first  pres 
ident  of  the  American  foreign  mission  society, 
and  continued 'in  that  place  till  his  death.  His 
wife  was  a  daughter  of  Joseph  Pomeroy,  of  a 
family  from  Northampton.  Gov.  T.  was  not  a 
man  of  popular  address  or  character,  but  he  was  a 
man  of  unbending  integrity,  and  great  usefulness ; 
he  was  a.lso  an  eminent  Christian,  bowing  meekly 


798 


TREAD  WELL. 


TItEVETT. 


to  God's  will  under  heavy  afflictions,  and  dying  in 
the  joyous  hope  of  the  believer.  In  his  last  years 
he  wrote  a  series  of  theological  essays,  which  were 
not  published. 

TREADWELL,  JOHN  D.,  M.  D.,  died  at  Sa 
lem,  Mass.,  June  6,  1833,  aged  65.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1788. 

TREADWELL,  JOHN  G.,  M.  D.,  a  graduate 
of  Harvard  in  1825,  died  in  Salem  Aug.  8,  1856, 
aged  about  51.  He  bequeathed  his  property, 
over  100,000  dollars,  —  after  the  death  of  his 
mother,  aged  80, —  to  Harvard  college,  to  estab 
lish  professorships  of  physiology  and  anatomy. 
If  the  prescribed  conditions  were  not  accepted, 
the  whole  property  was  to  go  to  the  Massachu 
setts  general  hospital. 

TREAT,  ROBERT,  governor  of  Connecticut, 
died  at  Milford  July  12,  1710,  aged  88.  He  was 
the  son  of  Richard  of  Wethersficld.  He  was  chosen 
one  of  the  magistrates  in  1673.  After  Philip's 
•war  commenced,  he  was  sent  to  Westfield  at  the 
head  of  the  Connecticut  troops,  and,  when  the 
enemy  attacked  Springfield,  he  marched  to  its 
relief  and  drove  them  from  the  town.  He  also 
attacked  the  Indians  in  their  assault  upon  Had- 
ley  Oct.  19,  and  put  them  completely  to  flight. 
In  1676  he  was  chosen  deputy-governor,  and  in 
1683  governor,  to  which  office  he  was  annually 
elected  for  fifteen  years.  From  1698  to  1708  he 
was  again  deputy-governor.  His  character  was 
very  respectable,  and  he  had  rendered  the  most 
important  services  to  his  country. 

TREAT,  SAMUEL,  first  minister  of  Eastham, 
Mass.,  the  son  of  the  preceding,  died  March  18, 
1717,  aged  68.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1669.  lie  was  ordained  in  1672,  a 
church  having  been  established  for  more  than 
twenty  years.  Soon  after  his  settlement  he 
studied  the  Indian  language,  and  devoted  to  the 
Indians  in  his  neighborhood  much  of  his  time 
and  attention.  Through  his  labors  many  of  the 
savages  were  brought  into  a  state  of  civilization 
and  order,  and  not  a  few  of  them  were  converted 
to  the  Christian  faith.  In  1693  he  wrote  a  letter 
to  Increase  Mather,  in  which  he  states  that  there 
were  within  the  limits  of  Eastham  five  hundred 
adult  Indians,  to  whom  he  had  for  many  years 
imparted  the  gospel  in  their  own  language.  He 
had  under  him  four  Indian  teachers,  who  read  in 
separate  villages  on  every  Sabbath,  except  on 
every  fourth,  when  he  himself  preached  the  ser 
mons,  which  he  wrote  for  them.  He  procured 
schoolmasters  and  persuaded  the  Indians  to 
choose  from  among  themselves  six  magistrates, 
who  held  regular  courts.  He  passed  near  half  a 
century  in  the  most  benevolent  exertions  as  a 
minister  of  the  gospel.  His  second  wife  was  the 
widow  of  Rev.  B.  Estabrook  and  daughter  of 
S.  Willard.  His  daughter  was  the  mother  of 
Judge  Paine.  He  was  a  consistent  and  strict 


Calvinist,  who  zealously  proclaimed  those  truths 
which  are  calculated  to  alarm  and  humble  the 
sinner  ;  and  it  pleased  God  at  different  times  to 
accompany  his  labors  with  a  Divine  blessing.  An 
extract  from  one  of  his  sermons,  which  proves 
that  the  author  was  able  to  array  the  terrors  of 
the  Lord  against  the  impenitent,  is  preserved  in 
the  historical  collections.  He  was  mild  in  his 
natural  temper,  and  his  conversation  was  pleas 
ant  and  sometimes  facetious,  but  always  decent. 
He  published  the  confession  of  faith  in  the  Nau- 
set  Indian  language;  and  the  election  sermon, 
1713.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

TREAT,  RICHARD,  first  minister  of  Brim- 
field,  Mass.,  graduated  at  Yale  in  1719.  He  was 
born  in  Glastenbury,  Conn.;  was  settled  in  1725, 
and  resigned  in  1734. 

TREAT,  SALMON,  minister  of  Preston,  Conn., 
died  in  1846,  aged  about  73.  He  was  a  grand 
son  of  Richard  T.,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of 
Wethersfield,  and  the  son  of  James.  A  gradu 
ate  of  Harvard  in  1694,  he  was  ordained  at  Pres 
ton  in  1698,  and  resigned  in  1744. 

TREAT,  JOSEPH,  general,  died  at  Bangor 
Feb.  27,  1853,  aged  77.  He  was  skilled  in  the 
Indian  languages  of  the  eastern  part  of  Maine. 

TRECOTHICK,  JAMES,  died  in  London,  in 
Sept.,  1843,  aged  90.  A  native  of  Boston,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1773.  His  father  was 
James  Ivers,  who  took  by  will  the  estates  and 
assumed  the  name  of  his  uncle,  Barlow  Treco- 
thick,  a  merchant  of  London  and  member  of 
parliament. 

TRESCOTT,  LEMUEL,  colonel,  died  at  Lubec, 
Me.,  in  1826,  aged  75  ;  one  of  the  best  field-of 
ficers  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution.  He  com 
manded  a  battalion  of  the  light  infantry  under 
Lafayette,  and  he  enjoyed  the  confidence  of 
Washington.  He  was  the  best  disciplinarian. 
Struggling  with  poverty,  he  yet  devoted  himself 
to  the  cause  of  liberty.  After  the  return  of 
peace,  as  he  acquired  an  estate,  his  house  and 
heart  were  ever  open  to  distress.  He  was  an 
upright  man,  a  patriot,  a  Christian.  If  he  has 
left  descendants,  they  may  speak  with  satisfac 
tion  of  their  ancestor.  He  was  probably  a  de 
scendant  of  John,  who  died  in  Dorchester  in 
1740,  aged  89;  and  of  William,  a  freeman  of 
Dorchester  in  1643.  —  Farmer. 

TREVETT,  SAMUEL  II.,  M.  D.,  died  of  the 
yellow  fever  on  board  the  Peacock  at  Norfolk, 
Nov.  4,  1822,  aged  39.  Born  in  Marblehead,  he 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1804,  and  served  as 
a  surgeon  in  the  United  States  frigate  at  the 
capture  of  the  Macedonian,  and  was  captured  in 
the  President.  He  was  surgeon  in  the  navy- 
yard  at  Charlestown,  of  which  office  it  is  said  ho 
was  deprived,  because  he  displeased  his  superiors 
by  his  honest  evidence  in  a  case  under  trial,  and 
was  ordered  away  on  a  cruise ;  —  such  sometimes 


TREVORE. 


TRUMBULL. 


799 


are  the  pitiable  malignity  and  oppressions  of 
the  holders  of  power.  —  Thachcr's  Mcd.  Biog. 

TItEVOKE,  WILLIAM,  was  a  seaman,  who, 
with  one  Ely,  a  seaman,  was  hired  by  the  one 
hundred  Pilgrim  settlers  in  the  Mayflower  to  re 
main  for  one  year,  after  which  time  they  returned 
to  England.  They  were  passengers  indeed  ;  but 
not  properly  to  be  reckoned  among  the  Pilgrims, 
who  sought  a  new  home,  any  more  than  the 
other  seamen,  employed  for  a  shorter  time. 

TRIMBLE,  JOHN,  a  judge  of  several  courts 
in  Kentucky,  died  in  Harrison  county  in  1852, 
aged  G9 ;  an  able  lawyer  and  upright  man.  He 
was  the  brother  of  Robert  T. 

TROOST,  GERARD,  M.  ]).,  died  at  Nashville, 
Tcnn.,  Aug.  15,  1800,  aged  74  ;  long  a  professor 
in  the  university  of  X.  He  was  born  in  Hol 
land  ;  came  to  this  country  in  1810;  was  first 
president  of  the  academy  of  natural  sciences  at 
Philadelphia.  In  1825  he  joined  Owen's  com 
munity  in  Ohio.  As  State  geologist,  his  reports 
were  deemed  very  valuable.  —  Cijcl.  of  Amer. 
Lit. 

TROTT,  NICHOLAS,  chief  justice  of  South 
Carolina,  was  born  in  England  in  16G3.  In  1700 
he  was  speaker  of  the  assembly,  and  a  friend  of 
the  people.  Being  appointed  chief  justice,  he 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  proprietors,  and  drew 
upon  himself  the  popular  resentment.  He  died 
at  Charleston  in  1740,  aged  77  ;  Richard  Alleyn 
succeeded  him.  He  was  learned  in  Hebrew.  He 
revised  and  published  the  laws  of  South  Carolina 
before  1734. 

TROTTER,  GEORGE,  general,  died  near  Lex 
ington,  Ky.,  in  1815,  aged  37.  Born  in  Virginia, 
he  served  under  Harrison  in  the  war  of  1812. 
Until  a  few  weeks  before  his  death  he  had  be 
stowed  no  thoughts  upon  religion.  Then  he 
took  up  his  bible,  and  continued  to  read,  until 
seized  with  a  fatal  disease.  His  last  words 
seemed  to  be  this  prayer :  "  O  Lord,  be  merciful 
to  me  a  sinner." 

TROUP,  ROBERT,  colonel,  died  at  New  York 
in  1832,  aged  84.  He  was  an  officer  in  the  war 
of  the  Revolution.  He  published  a  letter  on 
the  lake-canal  policy  of  New  York,  1822. 

TROUP,  GEORGE  M.,  governor  of  Georgia, 
died  in  South  Carolina  in  1856.  Born  in  Geor 
gia,  he  was  senator  of  the  United  States  in  1810, 
and  was  governor  in  1823.  In  a  dispute  with 
the  general  government  respecting  the  removal 
of  the  Creeks,  he  disregarded  the  treaty,  and 
ordered  the  State  militia  to  be  in  readiness  to 
resist  any  troops  of  the  United  States.  He  left 
the  chair  of  State  in  1827,  and  from  1828  served 
six  years  again  in  the  senate.  He  was  a  great  ad 
vocate  of  southern  State  rights,  of  which  party  he 
was  a  candidate  for  the  presidency  in  1852. 

TROWBRIDGE,  CALEB,  minister  of  Groton, 
Mass.,  died  in  17GO,  aged  G8.  He  graduated  at 


Harvard  in  1710.  His  predecessors  were  S. 
"Willard,  G.  Ilobart,  I).  Bradstreet ;  his  successor 
was  S.  Dana. 

TROWBRIDGE,  EDMUND,  a  judge  of  the 
supreme  court,  died  at  Cambridge  in  1793,  aged 
94.  His  original  name  was  Goff.  Born  in  New 
ton  in  1709,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1728; 
was  attorney-general  in  1749;  was  appointed 
judge  in  17G7  ;  but,  being  attached  to  the  royal 
government,  resigned  in  1772.  It  was  before  him 
that  Capt.  Preston,  defended  by  Mr.  Adams,  was 
tried. 

TROWBRIDGE,  AMASA,  Dr.,  of  Watertown, 
N.  Y.,  was  killed  by  being  run  over,  as  he  was 
riding,  by  horses  in  a  lumber  wagon,  in  1841, 
aged  27.  He  was  eminent  as  a  physician  and 
surgeon ;  and  so  was  his  father  of  the  same 
name,  who  removed  from  Watertown  to  be  a 
professor  in  the  Willoughby  institute,  Ohio.  — 
Williams'  Mcd.  Biofj. 

TROWBRIDGE,'  HENRY,  died  in  New  Haven 
in  1849,  aged  70  :  bequeathing  to  the  board  of 
foreign  missions  5,000  dollars ;  and  5,000  to  the 
home  missionary  society ;  2,OGO  to  the  bible 
society ;  2,000  to  the  seamen's  friend  society ; 
2,000  to  the  poor  of  the  first  Congregational  so 
ciety,  etc.,  —  in  all,  25,000  dollars. 

TRUE,  HENRY,  the  first  minister  of  Hamp- 
stead,  N.  H.,  died  in  1782,  aged  about  57.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1750,  and  was  ordained 
in  1752.  Daniel  Kelley  succeeded  him. 

TRUE,  JABEZ,  Dr.,  died  at  Marietta,  of  an 
epidemic  fever,  in  1823,  aged  G3.  He  was  born 
in  Hampstead,  N.  H.,  the  son  of  Rev.  Henry 
True,  and  studied  physic  with  Dr.  Flagg.  He 
emigrated  to  Marietta  in  the  summer  of  1788. 
His  professional  services  were  often  attended  with 
danger  from  the  Indians  in  the  bridle-paths  of 
twenty  or  thirty  miles.  In  1799  he  joined  the 
church  and  became  its  deacon.  lie  was  cheerful, 
benevolent,  pious  ;  and  he  had  an  excellent  wife, 
an  aid  to  him  in  his  deeds  of  charity.  lie  once 
caught  a  boy  on  a  tree  in  his  garden,  who  was  in 
pursuit  of  the  summer  sweeting  ;  and  said  :  "  Ah, 
James  !  you  are  on  the  wrong  tree  ;  come  down, 
my  lad."  And  when  he  came  down,  he  showed 
him  the  best  tree,  and  with  a  pole  helped  him  to 
apples,  telling  him  to  call,  when  he  wanted  the 
good  apples.  The  boy  was  cured  of  his  habit. 
—  Hildrdli. 

TRUE,  BENJAMIN,  a  printer  in  Boston,  died 
in  1845,  aged  SO.  He  published  the  Boston 
Yankee,  and  was  then  associated  in  the  Boston 
Statesman.  lie  was  patriotic,  honest,  benevo 
lent. 

TRUMBULL,  JONATHAN,  governor  of  Con 
necticut,  died  Aug.  17,  1785,  aged  74.  He  was 
the  son  of  Joseph  T.  of  Lebanon,  descended 
from  John  T.,  who  came  from  England  ard  lived 
in  Rowley,  Mass.,  in  1640-43,  whose  son,  John,  re- 


800 


TRUMBULL. 


TBUMBULL. 


moved  to  Suflfield,  and  Jiis  son,  Joseph,  settled  at 
Lebanon.  He  was  born  in  1710,  and  was  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  college  in  1727.  He  was  cho 
sen  governor  in  17G9,  and  was  annually  elected 
till  1783,  when  he  resigned,  having  been  occupied 
for  fifty  years  without  interruption  in  public  em 
ployments,  and  having  rendered  during  eight 
years'  war  the  most  important  services  to  his 
country.  Having  seen  the  termination  of  the 
contest  in  the  establishment  of  the  independence 
of  America,  he  withdrew  from  public  labors,  that 
he  might  devote  himself  to  the  concerns  of  relig 
ion,  and  to  a  better  preparation  for  his  future 
existence.  His  wife  was  Faith  llobinson,  a  de 
scendant  of  John  R.  of  Leyden,  by  whom  he  had 
four  sons  and  two  daughters;  Joseph  was  com 
missary-general  in  1775,  and  died  unmarried; 
John  was  aid  to  Gen.  Lee ;  David  died  in  Leba 
non  Jan.  17,  1822,  aged  71  ;  Faith  married  Gen. 
Iluntington  ;  Mary  married  Gen.  William  Wil 
liams  of  Lebanon.  On  the  death  of  his  wife, 
Faith  Trumbull,  T.  Stone  published  a  sermon 
in  1780.  Washington,  in  a  letter  of  condolence 
on  his  death  to  one  of  his  sons,  wrote  thus : 
"  Under  this  loss,  however  great  as  your  pangs 
may  have  been  at  the  first  shock,  you  have  every 
thing  to  console  you.  A  long  and  well-spent 
life  in  the  service  of  his  country  placed  Gov. 
Trumbull  among  the  first  of  patriots;  in  the 
social  duties  he  yielded  to  none ;  and  his  lamp 
from  the  common  course  of  nature  being  nearly 
extinguished,  worn  down  with  age  and  cares,  but 
retaining  his  mental  faculties  in  perfection,  are 
blessings  which  attend  rarely  his  advanced  life. 
All  these  combining  have  secured  to  his  memory 
universal  respect  here,  and  no  doubt  increasing 
happiness  hereafter."  A  long  letter  of  Gov.  T. 
upon  the  war  is  printed  in  the  historical  collec 
tions. 

TRUMBULL,  JONATHAN,  governor  of  Con 
necticut,  the  son  of  the  preceding,  died  Aug.  7, 
1809,  aged  G9.  He  was  born  in  Lebanon  March 
2G,  1740;  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1759 ;  and  settled  in  his  native  town.  From 
1775  to  the  close  of  the  campaign  in  1778,  he 
was  paymaster  to  the  army  in  the  northern  de 
partment.  In  1780  he  was  appointed  secretary 
and  first  aid  to  Washington,  in  the  enjoy 
ment  of  \vhose  confidence  and  friendship  and 
in  whose  family  he  remained  until  the  end  of  the 
war.  In  March,  1789,  he  was  a  member  of  con 
gress  ;  in  1791  speaker  of  the  house;  and  in 
1794  a  senator  of  the  United  States.  In  1798 
he  succeeded  Wolcott  as  governor,  and  remained 
in  office  eleven  years  till  his  death.  He  died  of 
dropsy  of  the  heart  at  Lebanon  Aug.  7, 1809, 
aged  09.  He  had  no  children.  His  wife,  Eunice 
Backus,  died  at  New  Haven  Feb.,  1826,  aged  76. 
In  deliberative  assemblies  he  presided  with  great 
dignity,  being  graceful  in  manner  and  elegant  in 


language.  His  incorruptible  integrity  was  united 
with  a  sound  judgment  and  extensive  knowledge. 
To  the  ancient  religious  principles  of  New  Eng 
land  he  was  zealously  attached.  It  -was  with 
serenity  and  Christian  hope,  founded  on  the 
atonement  made  for  sin,  that  he  met  the  king  of 
terrors. 

TRUMBULL,  BENJAMIN,  D.  D.,  an  historian, 
minister  of  North  Haven,  Conn.,  died  Feb.  2, 
1820,  aged  85.  He  was  the  grandson  of  Benoni 
T.,  the  brother  of  the  first  Gov.  T.'s  father.  He 
was  a  native  of  Hebron,  and  lived  long  in  the 
family  of  Dr.  Wheelock.  He  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1759 ;  was  ordained  Dec.  25,  1760. 
His  widow  died  in  June,  1825,  aged  92.  His 
daughter  Martha,  widow  of  Rev.  Aaron  Wood 
ward,  died  in  1851.  With  a  salary  not  exceed 
ing  400  dollars  he  left  a  good  estate,  the  result  of 
his  prudence  and  industry.  In  the  sermon  at  his 
ordination,  Dr.  Wheelock  urged  upon  the  peo 
ple  the  duty  of  providing  for  him  ;  but  said  he 
should  not,  if  he  believed  him  to  be  "  a  sensual, 
sleepy,  lazy,  dumb  dog,  that  cannot  bark."  His 
historical  works  are  valuable.  He  published 
essays  in  favor  of  the  claim  of  Connecticut  to  the 
Susquehannah  country,  in  the  Journal,  1774;  ser 
mon  at  a  thanksgiving,  1783;  a  treatise  on 
divorces,  1788 ;  at  the  ordination  of  Mr.  Holt, 
1789  ;  a  century  sermon,  1801 ;  address  on  prayer 
and  family  religion,  1804  ;  twelve  discourses  on 
the  Divine  origin  of  the  Scriptures  ;  history  of 
Connecticut,  vol.  I.,  8vo.,  1797  ;  vol.  II.,  1818  ; 
history  of  the  United  States  to  1765,  vol.  I.,  1819. 
—  Sprague's  Annals. 

TRUMBULL,  JOHN,  LL.  D.,  judge,  a  poet, 
died  May  10,  1831,  aged  81.  A  descendant  of 
John  T.  of  Suffield,  he  was  the  son  of  John  T., 
minister  of  Watertown,  Conn.,  who  died  Dec.  13, 
1787,  aged  72  ;  his  mother  was  Sarah  Whitman, 
daughter  of  Rev.  Samuel  W.  of  Farmington, 
and  grand- daughter  of  S.  Stoddard.  He  was 
born  in  1750.  His  fatRer  directed  his  early 
studies,  and  at  the  age  of  seven  he  was  judged 
qualified  for  admission  to  college.  He  Avas  grad 
uated  at  Yale  in  1767.  From  1771  to  1773  he 
was  a  tutor,  and  in  this  period  he  published  his 
poem,  the  progress  of  dulness,  which  had  a 
great  sale.  Having  studied  law  with  John  Ad 
ams  at  Boston,  he  settled  at  Hartford  in  1781, 
and  became  distinguished  in  his  profession.  In 
1784  he  published  his  celebrated  poem,  McFingal, 
which  had  thirty  editions.  About  the  year  1797 
his  feeble  health  withdrew  him  from  business. 
He  was  the  victim  of  hypochondria.  But  from 
1801  to  1819  he  was  a  judge  of  the  superior 
court.  In  1820  he  revised  his  works,  for  which 
he  received  a  handsome  compensation.  Having 
in  1825  removed  with  his  wife  to  Detroit,  to  re 
side  in  the  family  of  his  son-in-law,  Mr.  Wood- 
bridge,  he  there  died.  His  wife  was  Sarah, 


TBUMBULL. 


TUCKER. 


801 


daughter  of  Col.  Leverett  Hubbard  of  New  Ha 
ven.  He  had  two  sisters;  one  married  Dr.  Caleb 
Perkins  of  West  Hartford,  and  the  other  Rev. 
Timo.  Langdon  of  Danbury.  From  early  life  he 
was  a  professor  of  religion,  whose  consolations 
he  experienced  in  his  last  days.  His  poetical 
works  were  published  in  2  vols.  8vo.,  1820. 

TRUMBULL,  JOHN,  colonel,  the  painter,  died 
in  New  York  Nov.  10,  1843,  aged  87.  He  was 
the  son  of  Gov.  T.,  and  born  at  Lebanon,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1773.  In  the  war  he 
was  a  member  of  Washington's  family,  his  aid-de 
camp;  and  adjutant  under  Gates.  After  the  war 
he  went  to  Europe  to  perfect  himself  in  the  art 
of  painting,  and  studied  with  Benjamin  West. 
He  was  a  fifth  commissioner  under  the  Jay  treaty, 
with  Pinckney  and  Gore,  for  the  settlement  of 
American  claims  upon  England.  His  four  great 
historical  paintings  are  in  the  Capitol  at  Wash 
ington,  —  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  the 
Surrender  at  Saratoga,  the  Surrender  of  Corn- 
wallis,  and  the  Resignation  of  Washington. 
The  Trumbull  gallery,  which  he  presented  to 
Yale  college,  contains  fifty-five  of  his  paintings. 
— N.  Y.  Observer,  Nov.  15. 

TRUSSELL,  MOSES,  died  at  New  London, 
N.  H.,  in  1843,  aged  83.  At  Bunker  Hill  battle, 
while  speaking  to  a  friend,  a  ball  from  a  ship  took 
off  one  of  his  hands  and  also  one  of  his  friend's. 

TRUXTON,  THOMAS,  a  naval  commander,  died 
May  5,  1822,  aged  67.  The  son  of  a  lawyer,  he 
was  born  on  Long  Island  Feb.  17,  1755.  He 
early  went  to  sea.  Early  in  1776  he  sailed  as  a 
lieutenant  in  the  private  armed  ship,  the  Con 
gress  ;  captures  were  made  off  Havana,  and  of  one 
of  the  prizes  he  took  the  command  and  brought 
her  to  New  Bedford.  In  June,  1777,  he  com 
manded  the  Independence,  fitted  out  by  himself 
and  Isaac  Sears,  and  off  the  Azores  captured  three 
large  and  valuable  ships.  He  afterwards  sailed 
in  the  Mars.  His  prizes  were  numerous.  Sailing 
in  the  St.  James  of  twenty  guns,  in  a  severe  en 
gagement  he  disabled  a  British  ship  of  thirty-two 
guns.  He  returned  from  France  with  a  most 
valuable  cargo.  After  the  war,  residing  at  Phil 
adelphia,  he  was  extensively  concerned  in  trade  to 
Europe  and  Asia.  In  1794  he  was  intrusted  with 
the  command  of  the  Constellation,  in  which,  Feb. 
9,  1799,  he  captured  the  French  ship,  L'lnsur- 
gente,  of  superior  force,  losing  one  man  killed  and 
two  wounded ;  the  enemy  lost  twenty-nine  killed 
and  forty-four  wounded.  Feb.  1,  1800,  he  gained  a 
victory  over  La  Vengeance,  of  fifty-four  guns  and 
500  men,  but  one  of  his  own  masts  falling,  the  si 
lenced  vessel  escaped  in  the  night.  For  this  action 
congress  gave  him  a  golden  medal.  Being  ap 
pointed  to  command  the  expedition  against  Tripoli, 
but  denied  the  assistance  of  a  captain  to  command 
his  flag  ship,  he  declined  the  service.  Jefferson  for 
this  dismissed  him.  In  1816  he  was  high  sheriff 
101 


of  Philadelphia,  and  remained  in  that  office  till 
1819.  He  died  at  Philadelphia.  His  only  re 
maining  son,  William,  died  at  Key  West  in  April, 
1830. 

TRYON,  WILLIAM,  died  Jan.  27,  1788.  He 
was  once  governor  of  New  York.  He  and  Com 
modore  Collier  conducted  the  attack  upon  New 
Haven  in  1779,  when  twenty-seven  were  killed, 
and  among  the  wounded  was  Dr.  Daggett,  pro 
fessor  of  divinity,  who  was  barbarously  treated. 
— Barber's  Conn.  Hist.  Coll. 

TUCK,  HENRY,  a  minister,  died  in  Lincoln 
county,  N.  C.,  in  1837,  aged  97. 

TUCKE,  JOHN,  minister  of  Gosport,  Isles  of 
Shoals,  a  graduate  of  1723,  died  Aug.  12, 1773, 
aged  71.  Hull,  Brock,  Belcher,  and  Moody  had 
previously  preached  on  the  Isles.  His  son,  John, 
was  a  chaplain  in  the  army.  He  was  an  industri 
ous,  faithful,  learned  minister,  and  a  useful  phy 
sician.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination 
of  his  son,  1761. 

TUCKE,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  Epsom,  N.  H., 
died  in  1777,  aged  36.  Born  in  Gosport,  the  son 
of  J.  T.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1758,  and 
was  pastor  from  1761  to  1774. 

TUCKER,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Newbury, 
Mass.,  died  March  22,  1792,  aged  72.  He  was 
born  at  Amesbury,  and  was  graduated  at  Har 
vard  college  in  1741.  He  was  ordained  colleague 
with  Christopher  Tappan,  Nov.  20,  1745.  As 
there  was  not  a  perfect  union  in  the  invitation 
which  was  given  him,  he  hesitated  long ;  but,  as 
the  opposition  arose  from  contrariety  of  sentiment 
which,  probably,  would  continue  to  exist,  he  was 
induced  to  accept  the  call.  Those  who  dissented, 
formed  with  others  the  Presbyterian  society,  of 
which  Jonathan  Parsons  was  the  first  minister. 
Mr.  Moor  succeeded  him.  Ho  possessed  a  strong 
and  well-furnished  mind,  and  in  argumentation 
exhibited  peculiar  ingenuity.  He  was  habitually 
meek  and  placid,  but  when  called  to  engage  in 
controversy  he  defended  himself  with  courage 
and  with  the  keenness  of  satire.  He  published 
a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Edmund  Noyes, 
1761 ;  four  sermons,  on  the  danger  of  sinners 
hardening  their  hearts,  on  God's  special  care  over 
the  righteous  under  calamities,  on  the  reconcilia 
tion  of  sinners  to  God,  and  on  being  born  of  God, 
1756;  at  a  thanksgiving,  1756;  on  the  doctrines 
and  uncharitableness  of  J.  Parsons,  as  exhibited 
more  especially  in  his  late  discourses,  1757;  at 
the  ordination  of  A.  Moody,  1765;  account  of  an 
ecclesiastical  council,  to  which  is  annexed  a  dis 
course,  being  a  minister's  appeal  to  his  hearers 
as  to  his  life  and  doctrines,  1767 ;  two  discourses 
on  the  death  of  J.  Lowell,  1767;  remarks  on  a 
sermon  of  A.  Hutchinson;  the  reply  of  A.  Hutch- 
inson  considered,  1768;  a  letter  to  J.  Chandler; 
a  reply  to  Mr.  Chandler's  answer,  1768;  remarks 
on  Mr.  Chandler's  serious  address,  1768;  at  the  con- 


802 


TUCKER. 


TUDOH. 


vention  of  ministers,  17G8;  two  sermons,  on  the 
condition  of  salvation,  and  on  the  nature  and  ne 
cessity  of  the  Father's  drawing  such  as  come  to 
Christ,  1769;  at  the  election,  1771;  remarks  on 
a  discourse  of  J.  Parsons,  1774;  the  Dudleian 
lecture,  1778;  and  a  sermon  at  Newburyport, 
1788.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

TUCKER,  JEDIDIAH,  first  minister  of  Loudon, 
N.  H.,  died  in  1818,  aged  57.  He  was  settled  in 
1789. 

TUCKER,  JAMES  W.,  minister  in  Rowley, 
Mass.,  died  in  1819,  aged  32.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1807.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the 
national  fast,  1815. 

TUCKER,  THOMAS  TUDOR,  treasurer  of  the 
United  States,  died  in  Washington  May  1,  1828, 
aged  83.  He  was  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution,  a 
member  of  the  first  congress,  a  faithful  public 
officer,  and  estimable  in  private  life.  He  died  in 
a  resigned  and  pious  frame  of  mind. 

TUCKER,  ST.  GEORGE,  judge,  died  in  Nelson 
county,  Virginia,  in  Nov.,  1827,  aged  75.  Born 
in  Bermuda,  he  was  educated  at  William  and 
Mary  college.  He  had  been  a  judge  of  the  State 
court,  and  was  appointed  in  1813  judge  of  the 
district  court  of  the  United  States,  in  the  place  of 
Tyler,  deceased.  In  1778  he  married  the  mother 
of  Johh  Randolph.  He  succeeded  E.  Pendleton 
as  judge  of  the  court  of  appeals  in  1803.  He 
•wrote  poetry.  A  piece  of  three  stanzas  is  ad 
mired,  the  two  first  relating  to  his  "  youth."  The 
last  stanza  is  the  following : 

"  Days  of  my  age,  yo  will  shortly  be  past ; 
Pains  of  my  age,  yet  a  while  ye  can  last ; 
Joys  of  my  age,  in  true  wisdom  delight ; 
Eyes  of  my  age,  be  religion  your  light ; 
Thoughts  of  my  age,  dread  ye  not  the  cold  sod ; 
Hopes  of  my  age,  be  ye  flx'd  on  your  God." 

He  was  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution,  a  man  of 
taste  and  of  an  amiable  character.  He  published 
an  examination  of  the  question,  how  far  the  com 
mon  law  of  England  is  the  law  of  the  United 
States ;  a  treatise  on  slavery,  1796  ;  letter  on  the 
alien  and  sedition  laws,  1799;  commentaries  on 
Blackstone.  —  Cycl.  of  Amer.  Lit. 

TUCKER,  SAMUEL,  commodore,  died  at  Bre 
men,  Me.,  in  1833,  aged  85.  Born  in  1747,  the 
son  of  a  shipmaster  at  Marblehead,  he  was  placed 
on  board  the  frigate  Royal  George,  at  the  age  of 
twelve.  As  commander  of  the  ship  Phoenix  he  sailed 
from  Boston  to  London  just  before  the  war.  Re 
turning  in  a  vessel  of  Robert  Morris,  he  was  the 
means  of  saving  it  in  a  storm.  Washington  soon 
sent  him  a  commission  in  the  navy  as  captain, 
which  was  soon  followed  by  that  of  commodore, 
Manley  being  sick  at  Beverly.  In  every  battle 
he  conquered.  His  last  years  were  employed  in 
agricultural  pursuits,  the  war  having  left  him  in 
affluence. 


TUCKER,  EBEXEZER,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  died  at  Tuckerton,  N.  J.,  in  1845,  aged  87. 
He  held  various  offices,  and  was  a  member  of 
congress. 

TUCKER,  HEXRY  ST.  GEORGE,  judge,  died  at 
Winchester,  Va.,  Aug.  28,  1848,  aged  69.  He 
was  professor  of  law  in  the  university  of  Virginia, 
and  a  judge  in  the  State  and  national  courts;  also 
a  member  of  congress.  He  was  learned  and  ac 
complished.  He  published  various  treatises  of  law. 

TUCKER,  EBEXEZER,  the  first  minister  of  Phil- 
ipston,  died  at  Heath  in  1848.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1783;  was  pastor  of  P.  from  1785  to 
1799;  then  removed  to  Heath  as  his  place  of 
residence. 

TUCKER,  BEVERLEY,  judge,  professor  in 
William  and  Mary  college,  died  at  Winchester, 
Va.,  Aug.  26,  1851,  aged  67.  He  was  the  son  of 
Henry  St.  George  T.;  studied  law;  removed  from 
Virginia  to  Missouri  in  1815,  and  there  was  ap 
pointed  a  judge.  In  1830  he  returned  to  Vir 
ginia.  He  held  to  the  States-right  doctrines.  He 
published  a  work  on  pleading  ;  lectures  on  gov 
ernment  ;  three  novels,  George  Balcombe,  Parti 
san  Leader,  and  Gertrude.  — Cycl.  of  Amer.  Lit. 

TUCKER,  EDWARD,  a  minister  of  the  Univer- 
salists,  died  at  Jamaica  Plain  in  1853,  aged  76. 
He  was  a  minister  in  Salem  in  1808;  then  in 
Charlestown  and  Portsmouth.  Next,  at  Charl- 
ton,  he  was  connected  with  a  Unitarian  society. 

TUCKERMAN,  JOSEPH,  D.  D.,  died  April  20, 
1840,  aged  62.  He  was  born  at  Boston  in  1778  ; 
was  graduated  in  1798;  and  was  pastor  in  Chel 
sea  from  1801  to  1826.  Out  of  regard  to  the 
neglected  poor  in  Boston,  he  acted  as  a  minister 
at  large,  and  was  the  almoner  of  many  charities. 
He  died  at  Havana  in  Cuba. 

TUDOR,  SAMUEL,  first  minister  of  Wintonbury 
church  in  Windsor,  Conn.,  died  in  1757,  aged 
about  50.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1728;  and 
was  a  descendant  of  Owen  Tudor  from  Wales,  an 
early  settler  of  Windsor,  whose  son  Samuel  com 
menced  the  settlement  on  the  east  side  of  Connec 
ticut  river. 

TUDOR,  ELIIIU,  M.  D.,  died  at  East  Windsor 
March  6,  1826,  aged  93.  He  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1760.  His  wife  was  Miss  Brewster,  a  descend 
ant  of  Elder  B.  Though  an  Episcopalian  he  was 
a  communicant  in  the  Congregational  church. 
He  was  a  son  of  Rev.  Samuel.  He  was  a  sur 
geon  with  Wolfe  in  1759,  and  at  the  capture  of 
Havana  in  1762,  and  afterwards  in  the  hospitals 
of  England.  Discharged  at  his  own  request  on 
half-pay,  he  returned  to  America  and  lived  on 
the  paternal  farm  sixty  years.  He  lived  to  be 
the  oldest  surviving  graduate  of  Yale.  —  Thaclier's 
Med.  Biog. 

TUDOR,  WILLIAM,  an  author,  died  March  9, 
1830,  aged  about  51.  He  was  the  son  of  Wil- 


TUFTS, 

Ham  T.,  a  lawyer  and  distinguished  citizen  of  Bos 
ton,  who  died  July  8, 1819,  and  grandson  of  John 
T.,  who  died  in  1796,  aged  86;  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1796,  and  settled  in  Boston  as 
a  lawyer.  He  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  where  he 
was  American  charge  d'affaires.  He  published 
a  discourse  before  the  humane  society,  1817 ;  let 
ters  on  the  eastern  States,  1820;  miscellanies, 
1821 ;  the  life  of  James  Otis,  8vo.,  1823. 

TUFTS,  PETER,  died  in  Maiden  in  1700,  aged 
82.  He  came  from  England  in  1654,  and  left 
sons,  Peter,  Jonathan,  and  John,  and  four  daugh 
ters. 

TUFTS,  SIMON,  Dr.,  the  son  of  Peter,  died  in 
1746,  aged  46,  the  first  regular-bred  physician  in 
his  native  town,  Medford,  Mass.  He  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1724.  His  circle  of  practice  em 
braced  ten  or  twelve  neighboring  towns.  On  his 
death  sermons  were  preached  at  Medford,  Bos 
ton,  Charlestown,  and  Cambridge.  To  the  poorer 
class  of  students  he  made  no  charge  for  his  ser 
vices.  He  had  two  sons,  eminent  physicians,  of 
whom  Simon  died  in  Medford  in  1786,  aged  60. 
—  Thacher's  Med.  Biog. 

TUFTS,  JOHN,  minister  of  the  second  church 
in  Newbury,  Mass.,  died  in  1750,  aged  about  63. 
He  was  a  descendant  of  Peter,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1708.  He  published  a  discourse  at 
the  ordination  of  B.  Bradstreet,  1729. 

TUFTS,  COTTON,  M.  1).,  a  physician  in  Wey- 
mouth,  the  son  of  Dr.  Simon  T.  of  Medford,  died 
Dec.  8,  1815,  aged  84.  He  graduated  in  1749. 
His  practice  in  early  and  middle  life  was  exten 
sive.  He  was  a  member  of  the  convention  for 
adopting  the  constitution  of  the  United  States, 
and  a  member  of  the  State  senate.  He  was  also  a 
deacon  of  the  church.  —  Thacher's  Med.  Biog. 

TUFTS,  AARON,  doctor,  died  in  Dudley,  Mass., 
in  1843,  aged  73.  A  native  of  Charlestown,  he 
studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Eaton  of  Dudley  ;  af 
ter  a  practice  of  a  few  years  he  engaged  in  man 
ufactures,  and  acquired  a  handsome  fortune,  and 
occupied  a  beautiful  estate.  But  affliction  came 
upon  him.  His  son,  G.  A.  Tufts,  a  graduate  of 
1818,  a  senator,  died  in  1835,  greatly  lamented. 

TULLAR,  DAVID,  died  at  Sheffield,  Mass.,  in 
1839,  aged  90.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1774, 
and  was  the  minister  of  many  towns:  of  Milford, 
Conn.,  from  1780  to  1803  ;  of  Rowley  from  1803 
to  1810  ;  of  Hawley;  of  Windsor,  Vt. ;  of  Cale 
donia,  N.  Y.;  of  Ipswich  Line-brook  church  from 
1823  to  1831,  laboring  there  with  great  success. 

TULLY,  JOHN,  died  in  Middletown,  Conn., 
in  1701.  He  came  from  England,  and  was  a 
maker  of  almanacs  from  1681  to  his  death. 

TUPPER,  THOMAS,  of  Lynn,  removed  to  Sand 
wich  in  1637,  and  died  in  1676,  aged  96.  Ann, 
his  wife,  died  in  1675,  aged  96.  He  and  Richard 
Bourne  were  the  purchasers  of  the  Sandwich 
lands  in  1637,  both  men  of  wealth.  In  his  re- 


TURNER. 


803 


gard  for  the  spiritual  interests  of  the  Indians  he 
preached  to  them,  although  he  was  not  educated 
for  the  ministry.  He  founded  an  Indian  church 
near  Herring  river,  supplied  with  a  succession 
of  ministers  of  his  name.  A  pastor,  his  great 
grandson,  died  in  1787. — Hist.  Coll.  ill.  188,  and 
I.  201 ;  N.  E.  Memorial. 

TUPPER,  BENJAMIN,  general,  died  at  Marietta, 
Ohio,  in  June,  1792,  aged  56.  Born  in  Stough- 
ton,  now  Sharon,  he  was  apprenticed  to  Mr.  Wil- 
kington,  a  farmer  in  Dorchester.  He  lived  in 
Easton  and  Chesterfield,  serving  in  the  war,  and 
reaching  the  rank  of  colonel.  He  and  Rufus 
Putnam  originated  the  Ohio  company.  He  trav 
elled  with  wagons  to  the  Ohio,  and  reached  Mari 
etta  Aug.  9,  1788.  A  professor  of  religion,  he 
encouraged  public  worship  in  the  new  settlement. 
Daniel  Story  was  the  first  minister.  His  wife  was 
H.  White.  Of  his  children,  Maj.  Anselm  died 
at  Marietta  in  1808 ;  Col.  Benjamin  died  at 
Putnam  in  1815  ;  Gen.  Edward  W.  died  atGalli- 
polis,  in  1823;  Rosanna  married  Winthrop  Sar 
gent,  and  died  in  1790  ;  Sophia  married  Nathan 
iel  Willis,  and  died  in  1789;  Minerva  married 
Col.  Nye,  and  died  at  Marietta  in  1836.  Only 
Edward  W.  T.,  of  Putnam,  is  left  as  a  represent 
ative  of  the  family.  —  Hildreth's  Biog.  Mem. 

TUPPER,  WILLIAM,  colonel,  died  at  Mon- 
son  in  1825,  aged  90,  formerly  of  Marlborough. 

TURELL,  JANE,  the  wife  of  Rev.  Ebenezer 
Turell,  died  at  Medford  in  1735,  aged  27.  She 
was  the  daughter  of  Rev.  B.  Colman.  Her  men 
tal  powers  were  very  early  unfolded.  At  the  age 
of  four  she  could  repeat  the  catechism  and  many 
psalms.  At  the  age  of  eleven  she  began  to  write 
poetry.  Her  memoirs  with  her  poems  were  pub 
lished  in  1735.  —  Cycl.  of  Amer.  Lit. 

TURELL,  EBENEZER,  second  minister  of 
Medford,  Mass.,  died  Dec.  5,  1778,  aged  76. 
He  was  a  native  of  Boston ;  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1721 ;  and  was  ordained  Nov. 
25,  1724,  as  successor  of  Aaron  Porter.  Dr. 
Osgood  was  his  successor.  He  was  an  eminent 
preacher,  of  a  ready  invention,  a  correct  judg 
ment,  and  fervent  devotion,  who  delivered  Divine 
truth  with  animation,  and  maintained  discipline 
in  his  church  with  boldness  tempered  with  pru 
dence.  To  his  country  he  was  a  zealous  friend  in 
all  its  interests.  After  following  to  the  grave 
three  wives,  he  died  in  Christian  hope.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  at  ordination  of  S.  Cooke  ;  direc 
tion  as  to  present  times,  1742;  dialogue  abou . 
the  times ;  exhortation  on  the  past ;  on  witch 
craft,  in  hist.  coll. ;  the  life  and  character  of  Dr. 
Colman,  8vo.,  1749. 

TURNBULL,  ROBERT  T.,  died  at  Charleston, 
S.  C.,  in  1833,  aged  60 ;  reputed  as  the  ablest 
writer  on  the  side  of  "  nullification." 

TURNER,  JOHN,  was  one  of  the  one  hun 
dred  Pilgrims  in  the  Mayflower  to  Plymouth  ic 


804 


TURNER. 


TUTTLE. 


1620,  with  two  sons  ;  but  they  all  died  in  the  first  I 
sickness.     A  daughter  came  over  afterwards,  and 
was  married  at  Salem. 

TURNER,  HUMPHREY,  a  settler  of  Scituate 
in  1633,  died  in  1673,  leaving  amofag  other  chil 
dren  a  son,  John,  who  married  Mary  Brewster,  a 
daughter  of  Jonathan  Brewster.  John's  son 
Ezekiel  lived  in  New  London,  and  died  in  1704, 
leaving  a  son,  Ezekiel,  and  ten  daughters,  all  of 
whose  descendants  are  of  course  descendants  of 
Elder  Brewster  of  Plymouth.  Thomas  Turner, 
a  settler  in  New  London  after  1729,  from  whom 
many  families  are  descended,  is  supposed  to  have 
been  a  descendant  of  Humphrey.  —  Miss  Caul- 
kins'  Hist.  New  London. 

TURNER,  DAVID,  first  minister  of  Rehoboth, 
Mass.,  died  in  1757,  aged  63.  Born  in  Scituate, 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1718,  and  was  settled 
in  1721.  The  church  grew  under  him  from  ten 
members  to  one  hundred  and  seventy.  R.  Rog- 
erson  from  England  succeeded  him,  and  then  O. 
Thompson. 

TURNER,  PHILIP,  a  celebrated  surgeon,  died 
in  1815,  aged  74.  He  was  born  in  Norwich, 
Conn.,  in  1740 ;  studied  with  Dr.  Elisha  Tracy, 
whose  daughter  he  married ;  and  served  as  a 
surgeon  in  the  French  war  from  1759  to  1763. 
He  then  settled  in  Norwich.  In  the  Revolution 
ary  war  he  was  surgeon-general  of  the  eastern 
department.  In  1800  he  removed  to  New  York. 
He  was  soon  appointed  a  surgeon  in  the  army. 
He  died  at  York  Island.  —  Thacher. 

TURNER,  CHARLES,  minister  of  Duxbury, 
Mass.,  died  in  1816,  aged  about  66.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1752.  He  published  a  ser 
mon  at  ordination  of  G.  Damon,  1760;  of  T. 
Haven,  1770  ;  the  election  sermon,  1773 ;  a  Plym 
outh  discourse,  1773;  two  fast  sermons,  1783. 

TURNER,  a  hermit  of  this  name,  died  on  the 
East  Rock  in  New  Haven,  Nov.  2,  1823.  He  was 
found  dead  in  his  cabin,  built  of  mud  and  stone, 
on  the  top  of  the  rock,  in  which  he  had  lived  for 
years.  He  kept  two  or  three  sheep.  He  begged 
his  food.  Of  his  history  little  was  known. 

TURNER,  JAMES,  governor  of  North  Carolina, 
died  in  Warren  county  in  1824,  aged  57.  He 
was  a  senator  of  the  U.  S. 

TURNER,  JAMES,  a  minister  in  Bedford 
county,  Va.,  died  in  1828,  aged  68. 

TURNER,  WILLIAM,  doctor,  died  at  Newport, 
R.  I.,  in  1837,  aged  62 ;  a  surgeon  in  the  U.  S. 
army. 

TURNER,  EDWARD,  professor  of  mathematics 
and  natural  philosophy  at  Middlebury  college, 
died  in  1838,  aged  about  40.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1818. 

TURNER,  ANDREW,  colonel,  a  patriot  of  the 
Revolution,  died  in  Harford  county,  Md.,  in  1840, 
aged  89. 

TURNER,  GEORGE,  captain,  a  Revolutionary 


soldier,  died  in  Philadelphia  in  1843,  aged  03. 
He  was  born  in  England.  In  the  war  he  had  a 
command  in  S.  C.,  and  was  distinguished  in  se 
vere  engagements.  Washington  esteemed  him. 

TURNER,  DANIEL,  commodore,  died  in  Phil 
adelphia  in  1849  or  1850.  His  first  commission 
in  the  navy  was  in  1808.  In  the  battle  of  lake 
Erie  in  1814  he  commanded  the  Caledonia. 

TURNER,  GEORGE  F.,  M.  I).,  died  at  Corpus 
Christi  in  1 854,  aged  47.  He  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1826.  He  was  assistant  surgeon  in  1833, 
and  surgeon  in  the  army  in  ]  840.  He  served  in 
Florida,  and  afterwards  at  the  falls  of  St.  Anthony. 
In  the  Mexican  war  he  was  medical  surveyor. 

TURRILL,  STEPHEN,  died  in  Charlotte,  Vt., 
Feb.  28,  1844,  aged  101.  He  was  a  soldier  under 
Abercrombie  in  1758,  and  served  during  the  Revo 
lutionary  war. 

TUSTEN,  colonel,  and  a  physician,  command 
ed  the  troops  assembled  at  Minisink  to  withstand 
the  300  Indians,  who  had  destroyed  the  settle 
ment  July  20,  1779.  The  question  was,  whether 
to  seek  the  enemy  at  Grassy  Swamp  brook.  Col. 
T.  gave  reasons  for  not  going  then  into  the 
woods  ;  but  a  Major  Meeker,  mounting  his  horse 
and  flourishing  his  sword  over  his  head,  desired 
the  brave  to  follow  him  and  the  cowards  to  stay 
behind.  They  marched  seventeen  miles,  when 
Col.  Hathorne  arrived  and  took  the  command. 
He  \vas  also  averse  to  the  pursuit.  But  again 
Major  Meeker  flourished  his  sword  and  prevailed. 
The  troops  were  drawn  into  an  ambush,  and  after 
fighting  the  whole  day  were  defeated,  with  the 
loss  of  forty-four  valuable  citizens  of  Goshen, 
among  whom  were  Jones,  Little,  Duncan,  Vail, 
Townsend,  and  Knapp.  Dr.  Tusten  dressed  the 
wounds  of  thirteen  men  in  a  nook  of  the  rocks ;  but 
he  and  they  all  fell  under  the  tomahawk.  Such 
was  the  consequence  of  yielding  to  rash  counsel. 

TUTHILL,  A.  G.  D.,  died  at  Montpelier,  Vt., 
June  12,  1843,  aged  67 ;  late  of  Buffalo.  He  was 
a  pupil  of  Benjamin  West,  and  known  as  an  artist, 
skilled  in  historical  and  portrait  painting. 

TUTTLE,  MOSES,  the  first  minister  of  Gran- 
ville,  Mass.,  died  in  Southold,  L.  I.,  in  1785,  aged 
65.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1745,  and  was  set 
tled  in  1747,  and  dismissed  in  1754.  His  suc 
cessors  were  J.  Smith  and  Dr.  Cooley.  His  wife 
was  Martha,  the  daughter  of  Rev.  Timothy  Ed 
wards.  If  report  is  true,  her  temper  was  not 
sweet.  On  the  appointed  day  of  marriage  he 
failed  to  appear,  in  consequence  of  a  flood  in  the 
Connecticut.  When  he  appeared,  she  at  last 
consented  to  an  interview,  when  she  asked, 
"  Why  did  you  not  come  on  the  day  agreed 
upon  ?  "  To  his  answer,  "  The  flood  made  the 
river  impassable,"  she  replied,  "  That  is  no  ex 
cuse  at  all."  Perhaps  she  thought  he  was  as  good 
a  swimmer  as  Leander.  She  died  in  1794,  aged 
77.  —  Holland's  Hist.  II.  65. 


TWIGGS. 

TWIGGS,  or  TWIGG,  LEVI,  major,  was  killed 
by  a  bullet  through  his  heart  at  the  storming  of 
Chapultepec  in  Mexico,  Sept.  1C,  1847.  He  was 
the  son  of  Gen.  T.  of  Ga.,  and  had  served  his 
country  thirty-four  years. 

TWITCIIELL,  AMOS,  M.  D.,  died  in  Kecne, 
N.  H.,  May  26,  1850,  aged  69.  He  was  a  skilful 
physician  and  surgeon  ;  and  rode  for  forty  years 
forty  miles  a  day.  He  successfully  tied  the  caro 
tid  artery  of  a  man  in  Sharon,  wounded  by  a  pis 
tol,  lie  was  earnestly  engaged  in  the  cause  of 
temperance  and  against  the  use  of  tobacco.  — 
N.  Y.  Independent,  June  20. 

TYLER,  ANDREW,  minister  in  Dedham,  west 
church,  died  in  1775,  aged  about  60.  He  was 
born  in  Boston,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1738,  and  succeeded  Josiah  Dwight,  the  first  min 
ister  in  1743,  and  was  dismissed  in  1772.  T. 
Thachcr  was  his  successor. 

TYLER,  SAMUEL,  a  judge  in  chancery,  died 
in  Williamsburg,  Va.,  in  1812. 

TYLER,  JOHN,  rector  in  the  Episcopal  church, 
died  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  in  1813,  aged  86. 

TYLER,  ROYALL,  judge,  died  in  Brattleboro', 
Vt.,  in  Aug.,  1826,  aged  66.  Born  in  Boston,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1776.  He  was  aid  to  Gen. 
Lincoln  in  the  Shays  rebellion.  Settling  in  Ver 
mont,  he  was  a  successful  advocate.  He  was  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  twelve  years,  chief  jus 
tice  half  of  that  period.  He  was  a  poet,  scholar, 
and  an  erudite  judge,  of  elegant  manners  and  so 
cial  habits.  He  published  reports  in  the  supreme 
court  of  Vt.,  2  vols.,  1809-1810  ;  the  Algerine 
captive  ;  several  comedies,  and  some  poems,  spec 
imens  of  which  may  be  found  in  the  cyclopedia 
of  Amer.  literature.  —  N.  Y.  Statesman,  Aug.  25. 

TYLER,  ROYAL,  minister  of  Salem,  Conn., 
died  in  1826,  aged  about  60.  He  was  graduated 
at  Dartmouth  in  1788.  He  was  minister  in  Cov 
entry,  Andover  society,  from  1792  to  1818;  of 
Salem,  Conn.,  from  1818  to  1822. 

TYLER,  EDWARD  II.,  editor  of  the  New  Engr 
lander,  died  at  New  Haven  Sept.  28,  1848,  aged 
48 ;  the  son  of  Judge  R.  Tyler,  of  Brattleboro', 
Vt.  lie  graduated  at  Yale  in  1825,  and  was  a 
minister  in  Midclletown,  and  then  in  Colebrook. 
He  founded  with  others  the  New  Englandcr,  and 
became  its  editor  and  proprietor  in  1843. 

TYLER,  WILLIAM,  bishop  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  church,  died  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  in  1849. 

TYLER,  JOSEPH  D.,  an  Episcopal  minister, 
died  in  Staunton,  Va.,  in  1852,  aged  48.  Born 
in  Brattleboro',  Vt.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1829.  Of  the  State  institution  for  the  deaf  and 
dumb  at  S.  he  was  the  principal  for  fifteen  years. 

TYNG,  WILLIAM,  a  merchant  of  Boston,  died 
in  1653,  leaving  five  daughters  and  an  estate  of 
2774  pounds.  He  was  a  freeman  in  1638 ;  was 
representative,  and  treasurer  of  the  colony. 

TYNG,  EDWARD,  general,  a  merchant  of  Bos- 


TYTLER. 


805 


ton,  died  in  Dunstable,  in  1681,  aged  80.  He 
was  brother  of  William ;  was  in  B.  as  early  as 
1639 ;  was  representative,  assistant  fourteen  years, 
and  colonel  of  Suffolk  regiment.  Of  his  daugh 
ters,  Hannah  married  II.  Savage,  Eunice  married 
Rev.  S.  Willard,  and  Rebecca  married  Gov.  J. 
Dudley.  Ilis  son,  Edward,  was  appointed  gover 
nor  of  Annapolis,  but  was  taken  prisoner  on  his 
passage  and  died  in  France ;  and  this  Edward's 
son  Edward  was  a  brave  naval  commander  who 
died  1755,  and  his  daughter  Mary  married  Rev. 
John  Fox,  and  his  daughter  Elizabeth  married  a 
brother  of  Dr.  Franklin. 

TYNG,  JOHN,  major,  of  Chelmsford,  was  killed 
by  the  Indians  in  Aug.,  1710,  aged  about  40. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1691,  leaving  two 
sons:  Col.  Eleazer,  a  graduate  of  1712,  who 
died  in  1782,  aged  92;  and  Judge  John  of 
Tyngsborough,  a  graduate  of  1725,  who  died  in 
1797,  aged  92. 

TYNG,  ELEAZER,  colonel,  died  at  Dunstable 
in  1782,  aged  92.  The  son  of  Col.  John  of  Wo- 
burn,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1712. 

TYNG,  JOHN,  died  April  17,  1797,  aged  93. 
The  son  of  John  of  Chelmsford,  he  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1725,  and  was  a  justice  of  the  com 
mon  pleas  court. 

TYNG,  DUDLEY  ATKINS,  LL.  D.,  died  in  Bos 
ton  in  1829,  aged  about  70;  a  graduate  of  1781. 
He  was  the  son  of  Dudley  Atkins,  a  merchant 
of  Newburyport.  He  assumed  the  name  of 
Tyng  for  the  following  reason  :  James  Tyng, 
having  large  landed  estates  in  Tyngsborough, 
died  without  a  male  heir.  His  sister  and  heir 
was  Mrs.  Winslow,  a  descendant  of  Gov.  Dudley. 
She  determined  to  make  Mr.  Dudley  Atkins  her 
heir,  because  he  also  was  descended  from  Dudley, 
though  related  to  her  only  as  her  sixth  cousin  ; 
he  in  consequence  took  the  name  of  Tyng.  His 
farm  of  one  thousand  acres  was  only  a  burden 
and  an  injury  to  him ;  for  it  diverted  him  from 
his  high  prospects  in  his  profession.  For  years 
he  was  the  excellent  collector  of  Newburyport ; 
but  lost  his  office  on  the  accession  of  Jefferson. 
He  then  succeeded  E.  Williams  as  reporter  of 
the  supreme  court,  which  station  he  honorably 
held  during  the  rest  of  his  life.  An  interesting 
account  of  his  character,  by  his  friend,  John  Low 
ell,  is  in  hist,  coll.,  3d  series,  vol.  II. 

TYTLER,  JAMES,  eminent  for  learning,  was 
a  native  of  Scotland,  and  emigrated  to  this  coun 
try  about  the  year  1796.  He  died  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  in  Jan.,  1804,  aged  53.  He  was  poor,  and 
lived  on  a  point  of  land  at  a  little  distance  from 
the  town.  Returning  to  his  house  in  a  dark 
night,  he  fell  into  a  clay  pit  and  was  drowned. 
His  conduct  in  life  was  marked  by  perpetual  im 
prudence  ;  yet  he  was  a  man  of  no  common  sci 
ence  and  genius.  He  was  one  of  the  editors  of 
the  Edinburgh  edition  of  the  Encyclopedia  Britac- 


806 


ULMER. 


UNDERBILL. 


nica.  He  published  an  answer  to  Paine's  age  of 
reason,  and  a  treatise  on  the  plague  and  yellow 
fever. 

ULMER,  GEORGE,  major-general,  died  at 
"VValdoborough,  Me.,  in  Jan.,  1826,  aged  70. 
Born  in  W.  of  German  parents,  at  the  age  of  20 
he  could  neither  read  nor  write.  Enlisting  in 
the  army,  he  was  with  Montgomery  at  Quebec, 
at  the  capture  of  Burgoyne,  and  in  the  battles  of 
Brandywine  and  Monmouth.  In  this  period  he 
learned  to  read.  Settling  at  Ducktrap,  he  be 
came  a  merchant,  and  was  a  representative  and 
senator  of  Massachusetts,  afterwards  of  Maine. 
As  a  legislator  he  manifested  powers  of  intellect 
and  of  eloquence.  He  was  for  years  sheriff  of 
ILmcock  county,  Me. 

ULRICK,  Mrs.,  died  at  Hollis,  N.  H.,  in  1789, 
aged  104. 

UNCAS,  sachem  of  the  Mohegan  Indians  in 
Connecticut,  is  said  to  have  been  a  Pequot  by 
birth  and  of  royal  descent.  Rebelling  against 
Sassacus,  he  was  expelled  from  the  Pequot  coun 
try  and  by  his  enterprise  became  chief  of  the 
Mohcgans.  To  the  English  he  was  an  uniform 
friend,  at  the  time  of  their  lirst  settlement  in  Con 
necticut  and  for  many  subsequent  years.  When 
all  the  other  Indians  of  New  England  were  by 
the  arts  of  Philip  combined  for  the  destruction 
of  the  whites,  the  sachemdom  of  Mohegan  alone 
remained  in  friendship.  He  was  a  brave  warrior ; 
but  oppressive  to  his  captive  subjects.  In  1637 
he  with  seventy  Mohegan  warriors  accompanied 
Capt.  Mason  in  his  expedition  against  the  Pequots. 
At  the  destruction  of  the  Mystic  fort  and  of  the 
Pequot  race  he  and  his  Indians  formed  the  sec 
ond  line.  He  received  a  part  of  the  one  hundred 
and  eighty  captives.  As  he  had  given  some  um 
brage  to  the  Massachusetts  government,  he  went 
to  Boston  in  1638,  and  making  a  present  of  wam 
pum  to  the  governor,  formed  a  treaty  of  friend 
ship,  to  which  he  was  faithful.  In  Sept.  he  made 
a  treaty  with  the  colonists  of  Connecticut,  and  he 
conveyed  to  them  in  1640  Colchester  and  all  his 
land  excepting  Mohegan.  In  1643,  when  the 
Narragansett  sachem  attacked  him  with  one 
thousand  men,  he  took  Miantunnomu  prisoner, 
and,  having  obtained  the  advice  of  the  commis 
sioners  of  the  united  colonies,  Winthrop,  Wins- 
low,  Hopkins,  etc.,  he  cut  off  his  prisoner's  head. 
This  seems  a  savage  act.  The  wonder  in  this 
case  is,  that  Christian  white  men  should  give  such 
advice.  In  1654  he  subdued  the  chief  at  Sims- 
bury.  In  King  Philip's  war  two  hundred  Mohe 
gan  and  Pequot  Indians  marched  with  two  hun 
dred  and  fifty  whites  under  Major  Talcott  to 
Brookfield  and  Northampton  ;  and  this  little 
army,  June  12th,  defeated  seven  hundred  Indians 
at  Iladlcy  and  saved  the  town.  In  the  summer 
there  was  a  great  drought  at  Mohegan  ;  the  corn 
was  dried  up  in  August.  Uncas,  who  had  given 


no  encouragement  to  the  preaching  of  Mr.  Fitch, 
now  went  to  the  good  man,  with  many  Indians, 
asking  his  prayers  for  rain,  and  engaging  to  as 
cribe  the  blessing,  if  granted,  to  the  mercy  of 
God  in  hearing  prayer.  A  day  of  fasting  and 
prayer  was  observed ;  and  the  day  following 
there  was  copious  rain.  Uncas  was  now  an  old 
man.  He  probably  died  soon  afterwards.  His 
brother  was  Nowequa.  Onecho,  his  eldest  son, 
assisted  the  English  in  the  Avar  of  1676.  The 
family  declined  in  power  with  the  decay  of  the 
tribe.  Isaiah  Uncas  attended  Dr.  Wheelock's 
school.  About  1800  Noah  and  John  Uncas  were 
living ;  but  the  name  is  now  extinct  at  Mohegan. 
The  regal  burying-ground  is  not  at  Mohegan, 
but  at  Norwich  city,  on  the  plain,  near  the 
house  of  the  late  Calvin  Goddard,  and  near  the 
falls  of  the  Y  an  tic.  There  are  several  grave 
stones.  The  inscription  on  the  stone,  not  of  the 
sachem  Uncas,  as  Dr.  Holmes  represents,  but  of 
Samuel  Uncas,  his  great  grandson,  who  died  in 
1741,  aged  27,  is  this  : 

"  For  beauty,  wit,  and  sterling  sense, 
For  temper  mikl  and  eloquence, 
For  courage  bold  and  things  Werheegan, 
lie  was  the  glory  of  Mohegan. 
His  death  has  caused  great  lamentation 
Both  to  the  English  and  the  Indian  nation. " 

The  "  things  Werheegan"  are  either  things  per 
taining  to  warfare,  or  things  agreeable  and  wel 
come.  There  are  less  than  a  hundred  Mohegans, 
including  those  of  mixed  blood,  now  remaining. 
Something  of  their  history  may  be  known  by 
looking  at  the  articles  Fitch,  Occom,  Jos.  John 
son,  and  Tantequiggen,  in  this  book.  The  French 
and  Revolutionary  Avars,  and  above  all  the  use  of 
spirituous  liquors,  have  nearly  exterminated  the 
tribe.  HoAvever,  there  is  noAV  reason  to  hope  for 
amendment.  They  retain  of  their  large  territory 
tAvo  thousand  seven  hundred  acres  of  good  land, 
and  have  several  houses,  Avhich  they  rent  to  Avhite 
men ;  they  have  noAV  schools  and  a  preacher.  If 
they  can  renounce  strong  drink,  and  should  culti 
vate  their  remaining  land  diligently,  and  espe 
cially  if  the  poAver  of  religion  should  be  felt 
among  them,  they  would  become  a  respectable 
and  happy  community. 

UNCAS,  BENJAMIN,  Indian  sachem,  died  at 
Mohegan  in  1769.  He  left  his  estate  to  his  eldest 
son,  on  condition  of  his  opposing  Mason's  claim. 

UNCAS,  GEORGE  PEGEE,  died  at  Mohegan, 
or  Montville,  Conn.,  July,  1833  ;  the  last  of  the 
royal  race.  He  Avas  buried  in  the  grave-yard  of 
his  ancestors  at  Nonvich. 

UNCAS,  JOHN,  an  Indian,  died  at  NorAvich 
Dec.  19,  1842,  aged  89,  and  Avas  buried  in  the 
royal  Mohegan  burying-ground  ;  the  last  male 
descendant  of  the  early  Uncas. 

UNDERIIILL,  JOHN,  captain,  of  Boston,  died 
at  Oyster  Bay,  L.  I.,  about  1672.  His  descend- 


UNDERWOOD. 


VANDERLYN. 


807 


ants,  mostly  Quakers,  remain  on  Long  Island. 
lie  came  to  New  England  in  1630  ;  was  repre 
sentative  of  Boston  ;  then  engaged  in  the  Pequot 
war.  He  lived  in  Dover  ;  then  settled  in  Stam 
ford,  Conn. ;  in  16-16  he  removed  to  Flushing. 
Winthrop  gives  an  account  of  his  sitting  on  the 
stool  of  repentance  in  the  Boston  church,  for 
some  offence,  with  a  white  cap  on  his  head.  — 
Eliot;  Wood's  Hist,  of  L.  I. 

UNDERWOOD,  NATHAN,  minister  of  Har 
wich,  Mass.,  died  in  1841,  aged  89.  Born  in 
Lexington,  he  was  a  soldier  in  the  Revolutionary 
war,  in  the  battles  of  Lexington,  Bunker  Hill, 
White  Plains,  and  Trenton.  A  graduate  of  1788, 
he  was  a  preacher  for  forty  years  ;  the  pastor  of 
H.  from  1792  to  1828. 

UPDIKE,  DANIEL,  died  in  East  Greenwich, 
R.  I.,  June  15,  1842,  aged  81  years.  His  father 
was  Ludowick  U.,  an  accomplished  man ;  his 
grandfather  was  Daniel  U.,  attorney-general. 
Having  studied  law  with  J.  M.  Varnum,  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1784.  He  was  attorney- 
general  in  1790.  He  had  a  good  library.  Among 
his  cherished  relics  of  the  past  was  a  silver  coffee 
pot,  presented  to  his  grandfather  by  Bishop 
Berkeley.  His  parents  died  in  old  age ;  his  sur 
viving  brothers  and  sisters  were  eight  in  number. 

UPHAM,  CALEB,  minister  of  Truro  on  Cape 
Cod,  died  in  1786,  aged  62.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1744,  and  was  ordained  in  1755.  He 
was  a  good  scholar,  an  animated  preacher,  and 
friend  to  his  country.  In  his  writings  he  indi 
cated  a  strong  taste  for  poetry. 

UPHAM,  EDWARD,  a  Baptist  minister  at  New 
port,  R.  I.,  died  in  1797,  aged  about  83.  He 
was  born  in  Maiden,  probably  a  descendant  of 
Nathaniel,  a  freeman  of  M.  in  1653,  and  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1734. 

UPHAM,  TIMOTHY,  first  minister  of  Deer- 
field,  N.  II.,  died  in  1811,  aged  62,  in  the  thirty- 
ninth  year  of  his  ministry.  Born  at  Maiden,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1768,  and  was  settled. 
Dec.  9,  1772.  His  sons  were  Nathaniel  of  Ro 
chester,  the  father  of  Prof.  Thomas  C.  Upham 
of  Bowdoin  college,  and  Timothy  of  Ports 
mouth.  He  published  a  masonic  discourse,  1792. 
—  N.  E.  Geneal.  Reg.,  vol.  I. 

UPHAM,  SAMUEL,  captain,  a  Revolutionary 
soldier,  died  at  Montpelier,  Vt,  in  1848,  aged 
85.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest  settlers  of  M. ; 
and  the  father  of  Senator  Upham. 

UPSHUR,  ABEL  P.,  secretary  of  State,  died 
Feb.  28,  1844,  aged  53,  killed  by  the  bursting  of 
a  large  wrought-iron  gun  on  board  the  steamer 
Princeton  in  the  Potomac  river.  There  were  also 
killed  Mr.  Gilmer,  Mr.  Maxcy,  and  others.  The 
president  was  on  board.  Born  in  Virginia,  he 
studied  law  with  Wirt,  and  became  a  judge  of  the 
general  court.  In  1841  he  was  appointed  by 
President  Tyler  secretary  of  the  navy,  and  in  1843 


secretary  of  State.  He  published  a  pamphlet, 
reviewing  Story  on  the  constitution. 

UPSON,  BKNONI,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Berlin, 
Conn.,  died  in  1826,  aged  76.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1776,  and  was  a  trustee  of  the  college. 

USHER,  JOHN,  Episcopal  minister  at  Bristol, 
R.  I.,  died  in  1804,  aged  81.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1743. 

USHER,  JOHN,  lieutenant-governor  of  New 
Hampshire,  died  at  Medford,  Mass.,  in  1726,  aged 
77.  The  son  of  Ilezckiah  of  Cambridge  in  1639, 
of  Boston  in  1646,  he  was  a  bookseller  and  sta 
tioner  in  Boston,  a  colonel  and  a  councillor.  He 
was  five  years  in  his  N.  H.  office  from  1692,  and 
was  reiippointed  in  1702.  He  married  a  daugh 
ter  of  Samuel  Allen,  whose  claims  in  N.  H.  he 
supported.  From  Portsmouth  he  removed  to 
Medford.  His  son,  John,  was  a  graduate  of  Har 
vard  in  1719,  was  a  minister,  and  died  in  1775, 
aged  76,  leaving  a  son  John,  an  Episcopal  min 
ister  of  Bristol,  R.  I.,  who  graduated  in  1743  and 
died  in  1804,  aged  about  81. — Farmer. 

VAILL,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Hadlyme  in  East 
Haddam,  Conn.,  died  in  1838,  aged  86.  He 
graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1778.  G.  Rawson 
preceded  him.  He  had  three  sons,  who  were 
ministers,  Joseph,  William,  and  Franklin. 

VALLET,  PETER,  an  eminent  merchant  of 
New  York,  died  in  1753.  Born  in  France,  he 
fled  to  this  country  from  religious  intolerance, 
and  was  one  of  the  supporters  of  the  old  French 
church  in  New  York. 

VAN  ALSTYNE,  JACOB,  died  in  Fonda,  N.  Y., 
May  11,  1844,  aged  95.  He  was  a  soldier  of  the 
Revolution. 

VAN  ARSDALE,  ELIAS,  LL.  D.,  died  at 
Newark,  N.  J.,  in  1846,  aged  75,  a  distinguished 
member  of  the  bar,  long  president  of  the  State 
bank  at  N. 

VAN  BUREN,  JOHN,  died  in  Kingston,  N.  Y., 
in  1855,  one  of  the  oldest  lawyers  of  Ulster  bar. 
He  was  a  member  of  congress  from  1841  to  1843. 

VANCE,  JOSEPH,  governor  of  Ohio,  died  near 
Alabama,  Ohio,  in  1852.  He  was  an  old  resident 
in  the  State ;  was  a  member  of  congress  from 
1821  to  1835,  and  governor  in  1836. 

VAN  DER  HEYDEN,  JACOB  D.,the  patroon 
of  Troy,  N.  Y.,  died  in  1809,  aged  50. 

VAN  DER  KEMP,  FRANCIS  ADRIAN,  LL.D., 
died  at  Trenton,  N.  Y.,  in  1829,  at  an  advanced 
age.  He  was  a  native  of  Holland  and  a  man  of 
literature. 

VANDERLYN,  PETER,  Dr.,  died  at  Kingston, 
N.  Y.,in  1802. 

VANDERLYN,  JOHN,  an  excellent  painter, 
died  in  Kingston,  N.  Y.,  his  native  place,  Sept. 
23,  1852,  aged  76.  From  1796  he  remained  in 
Paris  five  years.  His  first  historical  composition 
was  the  murder  of  Miss  McCrea  by  the  Indians. 
Marius  on  the  ruins  of  Carthage  was  his  master- 


808 


VAN  DYCK. 


VAN  RENSSELAER. 


piece;  it  was  removed  to  Paris  in  1808.  He 
made  many  copies  from  Correggio,  Titian,  and 
other  old  masters,  as  theDanae,  the  Antiope,  etc. 
He  returned  in  1815.  His  panoramic  exhibitions 
proved  unsuccessful  and  occasioned  pecuniary 
embarrassments.  In  1832  the  government  em 
ployed  him  to  paint  a  full  length  portrait  of 
Washington  for  the  representatives'  hall.  For  a 
panel  in  the  rotunda  of  the  capitol,  he  also  painted 
the  landing  of  Columbus.  He  at  last  exhibited 
a  full  length  picture  of  Gen.  Taylor.  His  two 
prints  of  the  falls  of  Niagara  were  published  in 
1805. 

VAN  DYCK,  ABRAHAM,  a  distinguished  law 
yer,  died  at  Coxsackie,  N.  Y.,  in  1835,  aged  56. 

VANE,  Sir  HENRY,  governor  of  Massachu 
setts,  was  born  in  England  about  1612,  and  edu 
cated  at  Oxford.  He  then  went  to  Geneva, 
where  he  became  a  republican,  and  found  argu 
ments  against  the  established  church.  After  his 
return  to  London,  as  his  nonconformity  displeased 
the  bishop,  he  came  to  New  England  in  the  be 
ginning  of  1635.  In  the  next  year,  though  he 
was  only  twenty-four  years  of  age,  he  was  chosen 
governor ;  but,  attaching  himself  to  the  party  of 
Mrs.  Hutchinson,  he  was  in  1637  superseded  by 
Gov.  Winthrop.  He  soon  returned  to  England, 
where  he  joined  the  party  against  the  king, 
though  he  was  opposed  to  the  usurpation  of 
Cromwell.  In  1651  he  was  a  commissioner  to 
Scotland.  Mackintosh  declared,  that  he  pos 
sessed  one  of  the  most  profound  minds,  not  infe 
rior,  perhaps,  to  Bacon's.  Milton  addressed  a 
beautiful  sonnet  to  him.  His  life,  by  C.  W.  Up- 
ham,  is  in  library  of  American  biography,  vol.  IV. 
After  the  restoration  he  was  tried  for  high  trea 
son,  and  beheaded  June  14,  1662,  aged  50.  He 
published  a  number  of  speeches ;  the  retired 
man's  meditations,  or  the  mystery  and  power  of 
godliness,  showing  forth  the  living  word,  etc.,  4to., 
1655;  a  healing  question,  1656;  a  needful  cor 
rective,  or  balance  in  popular  government ;  the 
love  of  God  and  union  with  God ;  an  epistle  gen 
eral  to  the  mystical  body  of  Christ,  etc.,  1662  ; 
the  face  of  the  times,  or  the  enmity  between  the 
seed  of  the  woman  and  of  the  serpent,  1662; 
meditations  concerning  man's  life ;  meditations 
on  death ;  and  a  number  of  political  tracts,  and 
pieces  relating  to  his  trial. 

VAN  GELDER,  Mr.,  died  at  Pinotaway  town, 
N.  J.,  Feb.  28,  1818,  aged  116  years. 

VANIIINING,  HENRY,  died  in  Norton,  Ohio, 
in  18-40,  aged  102;  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution, 
an  early  settler  of  O. 

VAN  HORN,  JOHN,  Dr.,  of  Springfield,  Mass., 
died  in  1805,  aged  78. 

VAN  IIOIINE,  ABRAHAM,  minister  at  Fonda, 
N.  Y.,  died  in  1840;  forty  years  pastor  of  the 
Dutch  church. 

VAN  HORNE,  JOHN  P.,  died  at  New  York 


in  March,  1854,  leaving  in  legacies  70,000  dollars, 
and  the  residue  of  his  estate,  about  150,000  dol 
lars,  to  the  bible  society. 

VAN  LENNEP,  EMMA  L.,  wife  of  a  mission 
ary,  died  in  Smyrna  Sept.  12,  1840,  aged  20. 
She  was  the  daughter  of  Henry  Bliss  of  Putney, 
Vt.,  and  West  Springfield,  Mass.,  and  sailed  for 
Smyrna  in  Dec.,  1839.  Among  her  last  words, 
she  said,  "  Christ  is  sufficient." 

VAN  LENNEP,  MARY  E.,  Mrs.,  wife  of  Henry 
Van  Lennep,  missionary  at  Constantinople,  died 
Sept.  27,  1844.  She  was  the  only  daughter  of  Rev. 
Dr.  Hawes  of  Hartford,  Conn.,  married  in  1843. 
Her  sickness  was  the  typhus  fever.  A  memoir 
of  her  by  her  mother  was  published  in  1847. 
She  left  this  country  in  Oct.,  1843.  She  rejoiced 
in  the  privilege  of  being  a  missionary.  In  her 
last  morning,  unable  to  speak,  she  yet  "-  whis 
pered  words  of  strong  hope  and  joyful  expecta 
tion." 

VAN  NESS,  WILLIAM  W.,  judge,  the  son  of 
Wm.  W.  V.,  who  died  in  1821,  aged  83,  was  born 
at  Claverack,  N.  Y.,  in  1775,  and  practised  law 
at  Hudson.  He  was  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  New  York  from  1807  till  his  resignation 
May  1,  1822,  when  he  returned  to  the  bar  at  New 
York.  Repairing  to  the  south  for  his  health, 
he  died  at  Charleston,  Feb.  28,  1823,  aged  47. 
His  eldest  daughter  married  Henry  Livingston. 
Without  any  peculiar  advantages  of  education  or 
patronage  he  rose  to  distinction  by  the  force  of 
his  talents.  He  was  a  learned,  impartial,  re 
spected  judge.  In  his  manners  he  was  courteous, 
and  in  private  life  he  was  amiable  and  beloved. 
He  died  as  a  Christian,  invoking  the  mercy  of  the 
Saviour  of  sinners.  At  a  meeting  of  the  bar  in 
New  York,  Mr.  Jay  and  Mr.  Griffin  described 
his  eminent  and  excellent  character. 

VAN  NESS,  JOHN  P.,  general,  died  at  Wash 
ington  March  7,  1846,  aged  76.  A  native  of 
New  York,  he  married  a  daughter  of  David  Burns, 
who  inherited  a  fortune  in  Washington.  To  the 
improvement  of  the  city  he  much  contributed. 
He  presented  a  lot  for  a  church  in  1845.  He 
was  a  member  of  congress. 

VAN  NESS,  CORNELIUS  P.,  governor  of  Ver 
mont,  died  in  Philadelphia  Dec.  16,  1852,  aged 
71.  He  had  been  collector  of  Burlington,  chief 
justice,  and  governor  of  Vermont ;  minister  to 
Spain  nine  years ;  and  collector  of  the  port  of  New 
York. 

VAN  NEST,  PETER,  died  in  Pemberton,  N.  J., 
Sept.  17,  1850.  He  had  been  a  Methodist  itin 
erant  minister  fifty-four  years. 

VAN  RENSSELAER,  JEREMIAH,  the  founder 
of  the  family  of  that  name  in  the  State  of  New 
York,  a  man  of  wealth  and  a  director  of  the 
Dutch  West  India  company,  emigrated  to  New 
York  about  1660.  Others  of  the  same  name 
emigrated  about  the  same  time.  He  brought  out 


VAN  RENSSELAER. 

settlers  from  Holland  and  purchased  of  the  In 
dians  an  extensive  tract  around  Albany.  The 
purchase  was  confirmed  by  the  Dutch  govern 
ment  and  a  patent  was  obtained.  After  Nicolls' 
conquest  of  the  Dutch  settlements  in  1664,  the 
duke  of  York  granted  another  patent,  which  was 
confirmed  by  Queen  Anne,  giving  the  right  of 
holding  courts  and  of  sending  a  representative 
to  the  assembly.  By  one  of  the  family  the  manor 
was  accordingly  represented  till  the  Revolution. 
His  lands  have  descended  from  generation  to  gen 
eration,  and  are  now  held  by  the  heirs  of  his 
descendant,  Stephen  Van  II.,  formerly  lieutenant- 
governor  of  New  York. 

VAN  RENSSELAER,  JEREMIAH,  a  patriot 
of  the  Revolution,  and  lieutenant-governor  of 
New  YTork,  was  for  some  years  a  member  of  con 
gress.-  He  died  at  Albany  Feb.  22,  1810,  aged 
69. 

VAN  RENSSELAER,  HENRY  K.,  general,  a 
patriot  of  the  Revolution,  was  a  colonel  in  the 
army  of  the  United  States,  and  afterwards  gen 
eral  of  the  militia  of  New  York.  At  the  cap 
ture  of  Burgoyne  he  was  wounded.  For  his 
services  he  received  a  pension  from  his  country. 
He  died  at  Albany  in  Sept.,  1816,  aged  72.  His 
son,  Solomon  Van  R.,  was  adjutant-general  of 
New  York  in  1809. 

VAN  RENSSELAER,  PHILIP  S.,  mayor  of 
Albany,  was  elected  in  1798,  and  amidst  all  the 
changes  of  party  was  annually  reflected,  except 
ing  in  two  years,  till  1823.  For  twenty-three 
years  he  was  a  faithful  chief  magistrate  of  the 
city,  assiduous  in  promoting  its  moral  and  politi 
cal  interests.  He  died  Sept.  25,  1824,  aged  58. 
He  was  a  much  respected  and  useful  citizen.  Of 
the  Albany  bible  society  he  was  at  the  time  of 
his  death  the  president,  and  a  trustee  of  Union 
college.  He  was  the  principal  founder  of  the 
Albany  academy,  and  of  the  Lancaster  school  so 
ciety.  His  fortune  and  talents  were  employed 
for  the  promotion  of  benevolent  objects.  In  his 
death,  while  the  poor  lost  their  best  friend,  the 
church  was  deprived  of  an  exemplary  member. 

VAN  RENSSELAER,  STEPHEN,  LL.  D., 
major-general,  died  at  Albany  Jan.  16,  1839, 
aged  74.  He  was  born  in  New  York  in  Nov., 
1764,  and  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1782.  He 
was  six  years  lieutenant-governor  of  New  York  ; 
a  member  of  congress  from  1822  to  1829;  was 
appointed  in  1810  one  of  the  canal  commissioners. 
In  the  war  of  1812  he  commanded  on  the  Niag 
ara  frontier.  He  was  called  the  patroon  ;  a  title, 
like  that  of  seignior  in  Lower  Canada,  denoting 
the  proprietor  of  large  estates  in  lands.  He  Ava? 
the  fifth  in  descent  from  Kilian  Van  R.,  the  origi 
nal  proprietor  in  1637  of  a  territory  forty-eight 
miles  long  and  twenty-four  broad.  He  was  the 
friend  of  Washington,  Hamilton,  and  Jay.  He 
102 


VAN  WART. 


809 


was  munificent  in  deeds  of  benevolence  and  in 
the  promotion  of  learning. 

VAN  RENSSELAER,  WILLIAM  K.,  died  in 
New  York  June  18,  1845,  aged  82.  He  was  a 
member  of  congress  ten  years,  but  lived  in  retire 
ment  his  last  twenty  years  ;  and  was  a  man  much 
respected. 

VAN  RENSSELAER,  NICHOLAS,  colonel, 
died  at  Albany  March  29,  1848,  aged  93.  He 
was  a  soldier  with  Montgomery  at  Quebec,  and 
also  at  Ticonderoga. 

VAN  RENSSELAER,  SOLOMON,  general, 
died  near  Albany  April  23,  1852,  aged  78.  He 
was  the  son  of  Gen.  H.  Iv.  Van  R.,  a  soldier ; 
and  served  under  Wayne  in  1794,  and  was 
wounded  through  the  lungs.  He  was  adjutant- 
general  of  New  York,  and  a  member  of  con- 
ress. 

VAN  SANTVOORDT,  CORNELIUS,  was  born 
at  Leyden  in  1687.  A  call  being  sent  from  Staten 
Island  to  Holland  for  a  minister,  who  was  able 
and  willing  to  preach  in  the  French  and  Low 
Dutch  languages,  he  declared  his  acceptance  of 
it,  and  entered  upon  the  duties  of  his  office  in  1718. 
He  labored  at  Staten  Island  about  twenty-two 
years.  In  1740  he  was  removed  to  Scheneetady, 
where  he  continued  in  the  exercise  of  his  ministry 
until  his  decease  Jan.  6,  1752,  old  style,  aged  65. 
He  was  a  man  of  talents,  learning,  and  piety,  and 
sound  in  the  doctrines  of  grace.  While  on  Staten 
island  he  preached  in  French  and  Low  Dutch. 
He  published,  it  is  believed,  in  Low  Dutch,  an 
anonymous  conciliatory  pamphlet  on  the  Freigh- 
linghuisen  controversy  about  the  year  1725  ;  and 
a  translation  in  the  same  language  of  John  a 
Marck's  Latin  exposition  of  the  Apocalypse,  Ley- 
den,  4to.,  1736. 

VAN  SINDEREN,  ADRIAN,  a  merchant  in 
New  York,  died  in  Brooklyn  in  1843.  His  father 
was  a  minister  of  the  Dutch  church  in  King's 
county,  N.  Y.  Having  acquired  a  competence, 
he  retired  to  Newtown  ;  then  to  Brooklyn.  In 
both  places  he  was  an  eminently  worthy  citizen 
and  useful  Christian, —  munificent  and  active. 
He  was  president  of  the  seamen's  friend  society, 
and  twenty-eight  years  of  the  Long  Island  bible 
society. 

VAN  VLECK,  JACOB,  a  Moravian  minister, 
died  at  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  in  1831,  aged  80. 

VAN  VOAST,  JOHN  J.,  died  in  Glenville, 
N.  Y.,  in  1844  aged  103. 

VAN  VRANCKEN,  NICHOLAS,  minister  of 
the  Dutch  churches  of  Fishkill,  Hopewell,  and 
New  Hackensack,  N.  Y.,  died  May  20,  1804, 
aged  42.  He  was  an  excellent  man,  greatly  be 
loved. 

VAN  WART,  ISAAC,  colonel,  one  of  the  cap 
tors,  with  Paulding  and  Williams,  of  Andre',  was 
born  at  Greensburgh,  Westchester  county,  N.  Y., 


810 


VAN  ZUREN. 


VAUGIIAN. 


in  1748,  and  died  at  his  residence  in  the  town  of 
Mount  Pleasant  May  23, 1828,  aged  80.  He  was 
a  worthy  man,  sober,  industrious,  moral,  and  re 
ligious,  and  much  respected  in  his  neighborhood. 
His  account  of  the  capture  of  Andre  was  this : 
He  was  at  the  encampment  at  North  Castle, 
where  Col.  Jameson  commanded,  when  Paulding 
proposed  to  go  on  a  scout  below.  They  started 
in  the  afternoon,  and  Williams  joined  them.  At 
Mount  Pleasant  they  passed  the  night  in  a  barn. 
The  next  morning  at  nine  o'clock  they  lay  in  wait 
on  the  North  river  post-road,  in  a  field,  now  the 
property  of  Mr.  Wiley,  three-quarters  of  a  mile 
from  Tarrytown.  He  was  sentinel,  lying  in  the 
bushes  by  the  fence,  while  the  others  played 
cards.  In  thirty  minutes,  seeing  a  man  riding  a 
black  horse  on  the  rising  ground,  opposite  Tar 
rytown  academy,  he  summoned  his  companions 
to  take  their  firelocks  and  stand  by  the  fence. 
Having  captured  Andre,  they  took  off  his  boots 
and  found  the  papers  in  his  silk  stockings.  In 
conveying  him  to  the  encampment,  they  allowed 
him  to  ride,  but  avoided  the  highway ;  "  big 
drops  of  sweat  kept  falling  from  his  face."  He 
once  expressed  a  wish  that  they  had  blown  his 
brains  out  when  they  stopped  him.  Having  ar 
rived  at  Sands'  mills,  ten  miles  from  the  place 
of  capture,  they  surrendered  him  to  Col.  Jameson. 

VAN  ZUIIEN,  CASPER,  was  a  Dutch  minister 
on  Long  Island  before  1677. 

VARICK,  RICHARD,  colonel,  third  president 
of  the  American  bible  society,  was  born  in  1752. 
In  1783  he  was  one  of  Washington's  military 
family,  being  recording  secretary.  He  was  a 
mayor  of  the  city  of  New  York  in  1789 ;  also  so 
late  as  1801,  when  he  was  removed  and  Edward 
Livingston  appointed  in  his  place.  After  Mr. 
Jay,  who  succeeded  Mr.  Boudinot,  he  was  elected 
president  of  the  bible  society.  He  died  at  Jer 
sey  city  July  30,  1831,  aged  79.  His  life  was 
upright.  For  many  years  he  was  a  member  of  a 
Christian  church.  In  his  manners  he  was  dig 
nified,  and  fixed  in  his  principles,  political  and 
religious. 

VARNUM,  JAMES  MITCHELL,  general,  a  sol 
dier  of  the  Revolution,  died  at  Marietta,  Ohio, 
Jan.  10,  1789,  aged  40.  He  was  the  son  of  Jo 
seph  and  grandson  of  Sam.  V.,  who  came  from 
Wales  to  this  country  in  1649  and  settled  in  Dra- 
cut,  Mass.  He  was  born  in  1749,  and  graduated 
at  Providence  college  in  the  first  class  in  1769, 
and  afterwards  studied  law  and  resided  at  East 
Greenwich.  In  Feb.,  1777,  he  was  appointed  a 
brigadier-general  in  the  army  of  the  United 
States.  In  Nov.,  he  commanded  at  Red  Bank, 
and  served  under  Sullivan  in  Rhode  Island  in 
Aug.,  1778,  but  resigned  in  1779.  In  1786  he 
was  a  delegate  to  congress,  and  in  Oct.,  1787, 
was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  Northwestern  Ter 
ritory.  A  letter  to  his  wife,  on  the  value  of  relig 


ion,  is  in  Massachusetts  magazine,  Nov.,  1790. 
She  was  Martha  Childe,  of  Warren,  and  died  at 
the  age  of  88,  leaving  no  children.  An  account 
of  her  life  is  in  Hildreth's  biographical  memoirs. 

VARNUM,  JOSEPH  BRADLEY,  general,  a  sol 
dier  of  the  Revolution,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  about  17.30,  and  resided  at  Dracut. 
After  the  adoption  of  the  constitution  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  congress,  in  which  body  he 
remained  twelve  years.  He  was  the  speaker  four 
years.  Of  Mr.  Jefferson's  administration  he  was 
a  zealous  supporter.  In  1811  he  succeeded  Mr. 
Pickering  as  senator  of  the  United  States.  Of 
three  conventions  of  Massachusetts  he  was  a  use 
ful  member.  He  died  suddenly  Sept.  11,1821, 
aged  71,  being  then  major-general  of  a  division 
of  the  militia. 

VASSALL,  WILLIAM,  an  associate  in  the 
charter  of  Massachusetts,  came  over  at  the  settle 
ment;  but  returned  to  England  in  1631.  He 
again  came  and  settled  at  Scituatc  in  1630  ; 
thence  he  went  to  Barbadocs,  where  he  died. 
Lewis,  John,  and  William,  graduates  of  Harvard 
in  1728,  1732,  1733,  were  his  descendants.— 
Eliot's  Biog. 

VAUDREUIL,  MARQUIS  DE,  governor  of  Can 
ada,  received  the  government  of  Montreal  in 
1689,  and  in  1703  succeeded  to  the  govern 
ment  of  the  whole  province  of  Canada.  He  con 
tinued  in  this  office  till  his  death  Oct.  10,  1725. 
His  administration  was  distinguished  by  vigilance, 
firmness,  and  success.  He  was  succeeded  by  the 
Chevalier  de  Bcauharnois,  who  sent  one  of  his 
officers  to  penetrate  to  the  south  sea.  This  object 
was  effected. 

VAUGHAN,  WILLIAM,  poet  and  physician, 
died  about  1640,  aged  63.  He  came  from  Wales 
to  Newfoundland.  He  published  the  golden 
fleece,  in  prose  and  verse,  1626;  and  church  mil 
itant,  a  poem,  in  1640. —  Cycl.  of  Amcr.  Lit. 

VAUGHAN,  WILLIAM,  Dr.,  chief  justice  of 
New  Hampshire,  died  at  Portsmouth  in  1719, 
aged  about  70.  His  wife  was  Margaret,  daughter 
of  Richard  Cutt.  His  son  George,  a  graduate  of 
Harvard  in  1696,  was  lieutenant-governor  of 
New  Hampshire. — Belknap ;  Farmer. 

VAUGHAN,  JOHN,  M.  D.,  died  in  Delaware 
in  1807,  aged  31.  lie  was  the  son  of  John,  a 
Baptist  minister  in  Chester  county,  Penn.,  and 
.studied  at  Philadelphia.  In  1799  he  settled 
at  Wilmington,  Del.  He  soon  gained  a  high 
reputation,  was  the  friend  of  great  men,  and 
a  member  of  various  societies.  From  1806  he 
occasionally  preached  the  gospel  to  his  Baptist 
brethren.  He  published  an  edition  of  Smith's 
letters  ;  numerous  communications  to  the  medi 
cal  museum,  and  New  York  medical  repository  ; 
observations  on  animal  electricity,  in  favor  of 
Perkins'  tractors,  1797. 

VAUGHAN,  BENJAMIN,  LL.  D.,  died  at  Hal- 


VAUGHAN. 


VOSE. 


811 


lowcll  Doc.  8,  1835,  aged  84.  His  father  was  a 
wealthy  planter  in  Jamaica,  whence  he  removed 
to  London.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  was  placed 
under  the  instruction  of  Dr.  Priestley.  He  then 
went  to  Cambridge,  and  studied  law  and  medi 
cine.  In  politics  he  was  the  associate  of  Frank 
lin,  Priestley,  and  Price.  In  1792  he  was  a  mem 
ber  of  parliament.  In  1797  he  came  to  Maine. 
lie  had  a  fine  library,  a  part  of  which  he  liber 
ally  gave  to  Bowdoin  college.  He  was  a  man 
of  learning,  devoted  to  scientific  and  literary  pur 
suits  ;  he  was  also  social,  courteous,  hospitable, 
and  benevolent. 

VAUGHAN,  CHARLES,  died  at  Hallowell, 
Me.,  in  1839,  aged  87.  The  brother  of  Benja 
min,  he  was  born  in  England.  He  was  a  man  of 
knowledge,  and  made  efforts  for  the  improvement 
of  agriculture.  His  brother,  John,  died  in  Phila 
delphia  in  1841,  aged  85  ;  secretary  of  the  Amer 
ican  philosophical  society,  a  much  respected  citi 
zen,  at  whose  decease  an  aged  brother  was  living 
in  London. 

VAUX,  ROBERTS,  died  at  Philadelphia  Jan. 
7,  1836,  a  member  of  the  society  of  Friends. 
He  was  a  justice  of  the  court  of  common  pleas ; 
and  long  distinguished  for  his  zeal  in  promoting 
philosophy,  education,  and  human  improvement. 

VEAZIE,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Duxbury,  Mass., 
died  in  1797,  aged  86.  He  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1736.  He  was  pastor  from  1739  to 
1750,  and  was  succeeded  by  C.  Turner.  His  pre 
decessor  was  John  Itobinson.  The  earlier  preach 
ers  were  Brewster,  Partridge,  Holmes,  and  Wis- 
wall.  After  Turner  were  Sanger  and  Allyn. 
He  was  pastor  of  Hull  from  1753  to  1767  ;  and 
it  is  believed  that  he  was  afterwards  a  teacher 
many  years,  and  died  at  Harpswell  or  Brunswick, 
Me. 

VENABLE,  ABRAHAM  B.,  a  senator  of  the 
United  States  from  Virginia,  perished  with  Gov. 
Smith  and  about  seventy  others,  principally  fe 
males,  in  the  conflagration  of  the  theatre  at 
Richmond,  Dec.  26,  1811.  Mr.  Bott,  a  lawyer, 
and  his  wife,  Miss  Almerine  Marshall,  daughter 
of  Chief  Justice  M.,  and  Miss  Clay,  daughter  of 
a  member  of  congress,  were  among  the  victims. 

VEXXER,  THOMAS,  a  conspirator  against 
Cromwell,  was  a  wine-cooper  in  Boston.  Going 
to  England,  he  was  in  1657  at  the  head  of  a  fa 
natical  company  of  insurgents.  Brought  before 
the  protector,  he  behaved  with  pride,  insolence, 
and  railing.  He  again  led  out  a  rabble  of  forty 
men,  and  was,  in  Jan.,  1661,  drawn  and  quar 
tered. 

VERGXIES,  FRANCIS,  Dr.,  died  at  Newbury- 
port  in  1830,  aged  83. 

VIGXEROX,  CHARLES  ANTHONY,  Dr.,  a  Ger 
man,  an  eminent  physician  of  Newport,  R.  I., 
died  about  1760  or  1770,  aged  over  100.  He 
was  learned  and  popular,  and  practised  till  near 


the  close  of  his  life.     Dr.  Hooper  was  his  con- 
temporary. 

V1GO,  FRANCIS,  colonel,  a  patriot  worthy  of 
remembrance,  died  in  Knox  county,  Ind.,  March 
22,  1836,  aged  upwards  of  90.  A  native  of  Sar 
dinia,  he  in  early  life  emigrated  :  having  amassed 
a  fortune,  he  applied  the  whole  of  it  to  supply 
the  starving  army  of  Gen.  George  Rogers  Clark 
at  the  west.  For  many  years  he  in  consequence 
lived  in  comparative  indigence.  At  last  two 
friends  prosecuted  his  claims  for  him,  and  were 
allowed,  just  before  his  death,  30,000  dollars  for 
money  and  supplies  to  the  Virginia  troops. 

VINAL,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Newport, R.  I., 
died  in  1781,  aged  63.  Born  in  Boston,  he  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  in  1739,  and  was  pastor  from 
1746  to  1768.  Dr.  Hopkins  succeeded  the  next 
year.  His  predecessors  were  John  Clarke,  N. 
Clapp,  J.  Gardner,  and  J.  Helyer. 

VINCEXT,  PHILIP,  a  minister  in  England, 
made  a  visit  to  this  country  in  1637,  and  pub 
lished  the  true  relation  of  the  battle  between 
the  English  and  the  Pequots,  1638.  It  is  re 
printed  in  the  Massachusetts  historical  collections, 
vol.  VI.,  third  series.  Joseph  Hunter's  letter 
concerning  it  is  in  historical  collections,  4th  se 
ries,  vol.  I. 

VIXCEXT,  JOHN,  captain,  an  Indian,  died  at 
Parkerstown,  Vt.,  in  Aug.,  1810,  aged  95.  Born 
at  Loretto,  Canada,  he  had  a  command  in  the 
Cagnawaga  tribe.  He  was  present  at  Braddock's 
defeat.  In  the  Revolutionary  war  he  joined  the 
Americans,  believing  the  Great  Spirit  was  with 
Washington,  whom  his  young  warriors  could  not 
hit,  when  Braddock  was  killed.  He  piloted  our 
troops  through  Maine  to  Quebec.  He  was  a 
Catholic,  and  kept  a  French  bible,  and  was  not 
negligent  of  daily  worship.  He  was  a  pensioner 
of  Vermont. 

VINCENT,  Louis,  an  Indian  chief,  was  edu 
cated  at  Moor's  school  and  at  Dartmouth  college, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  a  class  of  four  in 
1781.  In  the  preceding  year  Peter  Pohquon- 
noppeet,  a  Stockbridge  Indian,  was  graduated. 
Vincent  was  one  of  the  chiefs  of  the  Hurons  or 
Wyandots  near  Quebec.  In  his  last  years  he  was 
a  schoolmaster.  He  died  at  Loretto,  Canada, 
in  May,  1825,  aged  about  65.  His  son,  a  grand 
chief,  was  then  in  England. 

VINCENT,  JOSEPH,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  died  at  Salem,  Mass.,  Nov.,  1832,  aged  96. 

VIXTON,  JOHN  R.,  major,  was  killed  at  the 
siege  of  Vera  Cruz  March  22,  1847,  aged  46  ;  a 
soldier,  scholar,  and  Christian.  Born  in  Provi 
dence,  R.  I.,  he  served  in  the  Florida  war. 

VINTON,  ANNE  ADAMS,  relict  of  Josiah  V., 
died  in  Braintree  Dec.  18,  1851,  aged  95;  a  de 
scendant  of  John  Alden,  and  a  Christian. 

VOSE,  JOHN,  died  in  Atkinson,  N.  II.,  March 
31,  1840,  aged  73  ;  a  graduate  of  Dartmouth  in 


812 


WABAN. 


WADSWORTH. 


1795.  He  was  the  son  of  Samuel  of  Bedford,' 
who  was  the  son  of  Robert  of  Milton,  Muss.  , 
The  earlier  ancestors  were  Henry  and  Thomas, 
and  llobert,  from  Lancashire  in  1G33,  who  had  a 
farm  in  that  part  of  Dorchester  which  is  now 
Milton.  For  twenty-one  years  he  was  the  learned 
preceptor  of  Atkinson  academy;  then  eleven 
years  of  Pembroke  academy.  As  a  senator  and 
in  other  public  trusts  he  was  faithful ;  a  friend  of 
temperance  and  of  Sunday  schools ;  an  exem 
plary  Christian.  He  published  a  phi  beta  kappa 
oration,  1805  ;  on  4th  of  July,  1809;  on  agricul 
ture,  1813;  a  system  of  astronomy,  1827;  and  a 
compendium,  1832  ;  original  works.  — N.  77.  Re 
pository,  July,  1846. 

WABAN,  an  Indian,  welcomed  Mr.  Eliot  to 
his  wigwam  in  Newton,  Oct.  28,  1646,  when  he 
first  preached  to  the  Indians,  and  became  an  em 
inent  Christian  and  a  useful  magistrate.  Remov 
ing  to  a  tract  of  three  thousand  acres  in  Natick, 
the  Indians  cultivated  the  land  and  were  much 
civilized.  He  died  in  1674,  aged  70.  One  of  his 
exhortations  is  preserved  in  Neal's  history.  As 
to  his  views  of  administering  justice,  it  is  said 
that,  when  asked  by  a  younger  justice,  "  When 
Indians  get  drunk  and  quarrel,  what  you  do  den  ?  " 
He  replied,  "  Hah !  tie  um  all  up,  and  whip  um 
plaintiff,  and  whip  um  'fcndant,  and  whip  um  wit 
ness  !  "  The  following  is  the  form  of  a  warrant 
he  issued :  "  You,  you  big  constable,  quick  you 
catch  um  Jeremiah  OfFscow,  strong  you  hold  um, 
safe  you  bring  um  afore  me.  Waban,  justice 
peace."  This  is  similar  to  the  warrant  mentioned  by 
Judge*  Davis  :  "  I  Hihoudi,  you  Peter  Waterman, 
Jeremy  Wicket :  Quick  you  take  him,  fast  you 
hold  him,  straight  you  bring .  him  before  me, 
Hihoudi."  This  simplification  of  legal  writings 
rather  exceeds  the  proposed  improvements  of 
modern  reformers  of  law. 

WADE,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  South  Ber 
wick,  Me.,  died  in  1703,  aged  about  30.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1693,  and  was  settled  in  1702. 
He  was  succeeded  by  J.  Wise. 

WADE,  DAVID  E.,  died  at  Cincinnati  in  1842, 
aged  80.  A  native  of  New  Jersey,  he  was  one 
of  the  first  settlers  of  C. ;  he  helped  to  found  the 
first  church,  of  which  he  was  forty  years  an  elder, 
and  lived  to  see  fifty  churches  spring  up  in  the 
fifty  years  of  his  residence  at  C. 

WADE,  RICHARD  D.  A.,  lieutenant-colonel  of 
U.  S.  artillery,  died  in  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  in 
1850.  He  fought  in  Florida  and  Mexico. 

WADDELL,  JAMES,  D.  D.,  the  eloquent 
blind  minister  of  Virginia,  died  Sept.  17,  1805, 
aged  66.  Born  in  Ireland  in  1739,  he  was  edu 
cated  by  Dr.  Finley  in  Pennsylvania;  in  1762 
he  became  pastor  of  Lancaster  and  Northumber 
land  ;  in  1775  he  removed  to  the  church  of  Tink 
ling  Spring  in  Augusta  county,  west  side  of  the 
Blue  Ridge,  Va.  His  last  removal  was  to  an 


estate,  called  Hopewell,  in  the  northeast  corner 
of  Albemarle  county,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Blue 
Ridge,  adjoining  Orange  and  Louisa  counties,  Va. 
At  this,  his  home,  he  died.  lie  was  a  man  of 
great  learning  and  eloquence,  arousing  the  deep 
est  sympathies.  For  some  years  he  was  blind 
by  cataracts.  By  couching  he  recovered  the  sight 
of  one  eye.  His  daughter,  Janetta,  who  married 
Rev.  Dr.  Alexander,  was  accustomed  to  read 
Latin  to  him.  In  regard  to  his  preaching, 
Mr.  Wirt  speaks  of  entering  his  old,  decayed 
house  of  worship  in  the  forest.  He  was  struck 
with  the  appearance  of  a  blind,  tall,  very  spare 
old  man,  whose  head,  covered  with  a  white  linen 
cap,  whose  shriveled  hands  and  voice,  were  all 
shaking  under  the  influence  of  the  palsy.  His 
subject  was  the  passion  of  the  Saviour,  and  the 
sacrament  was  to  be  administered.  As  he  de 
scended  from  the  pulpit  to  distribute  the  symbols, 
the  bread  and  wine,  there  was  a  deep  solemnity 
in  his  appearance.  He  then  drew  a  picture  of 
the  sufferings  of  our  Saviour ;  of  his  trial  before 
Pilate,  of  his  ascent  to  Calvary,  of  his  crucifixion 
and  death.  His  voice  trembled  on  every  sylla 
ble,  and  every  heart  trembled  in  unison.  He 
presented  the  original  scene  to  the  eyes  of  the 
assembly,  and  all  were  indignant.  He  touched 
upon  the  patience  and  the  forgiving  meekness  of 
the  Redeemer,  and  as  he  represented  his  eyes 
lifted  in  tears  to  heaven  for  man,  and  his  voice 
breathing  a  prayer  for  the  pardon  of  his  murder 
ers,  the  voice  of  the  preacher,  which  had  all  along 
faltered,  grew  fainter  and  fainter,  until,  his  utter 
ance  being  completely  broken,  he  raised  his 
handkerchief  to  his  eyes  and  burst  into  a  loud 
and  irresistible  flood  of  grief.  The  groans  and 
sobs  of  the  congregation  mingled  in  sympathy. 
When  he  was  enabled  to  proceed,  he  broke  the 
awful  silence  in  a  manner  which  did  not  impair 
the  dignity  and  solemnity  of  the  subject.  Re 
moving  his  white  handkerchief  from  his  aged 
face,  wet  with  tears,  and  slowly  stretching  forth 
the  palsied  hand  which  held  it,  he  said,  adopt 
ing  the  words  of  Rousseau,  "  locrates  died  like 
a  philosopher ;  "  then  pausing,  raising  his  ether 
hand,  pressing  both,  as  clasped  together,  with 
warmth  and  energy  to  his  breast,  lifting  his  sight 
less  eye-balls  to  heaveii,  and  pouring  his  soul 
into  his  tremulous  voice,  he  added,  "  but  Jesus 
Christ  like  a  God !  "  —  British  Spy  in  Va.;  Evan. 
Intel,  March,  1808;  N.  Y.  Spectator,  Oct.  19, 
1805. 

WADSWORTH,  SAMUEL,  captain,  of  Milton, 
was  killed  with  Lieut.  Sharp  and  twenty-six  sol 
diers  by  the  Indians  at  Sudbury,  April  18,  1676. 
His  son,  President  W.,  erected  a  monument  in 
S.  to  his  memory. 

WADSWORTH,  BENJAMIN,  president  of  Har 
vard  college,  died  March  16,  1737,  aged  67  ;  the 
son  of  Capt.  Samuel  W.,  he  was  born  at  Milton, 


WADSWORTH. 


WAINWRIGHT. 


813 


and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1690,  and  was 
ordained  minister  of  the  first  church  in  Boston, 
as  colleague  with  Mr.  Allen,  Sept.  8,  1696.  Here 
he  continued  till  his  election  as  the  successor  of 
President  Leverett.  Into  this  office  he  was  in 
ducted  July  7,  1725,  Mr.  Foxcroft,  his  colleague, 
remaining  in  the  church  at  Boston.  His  succes 
sor  was  President  Holyoke.  His  learning  was 
considerable,  and  he  was  most  pious,  humble, 
prudent,  and  a  very  pathetic  and  excellent 
preacher.  A  tenth  part  of  his  income  he  de 
voted  to  charitable  uses.  He  published  artillery 
election  sermon,  1790 ;  exhortations  to  early 
piety,  1702  ;  three  sermons,  1706;  on  the  day  of 
judgment,  1709  ;  on  assembling  at  the  house  of 
God,  1710;  the  well  ordered  family,  1712;  five 
sermons  ;  advice  to  the  sick  and  well ;  explana 
tion  of  assembly's  catechism,  1714;  invitation  to 
the  gospel  feast  in  eleven  sermons,  12mo.  ;  saint's 
prayer  to  escape  temptation  ;  on  the  death  of  I. 
Addington,  1715;  of  President  Leverett ;  elec 
tion  sermon,  1716;  twelve  sermons,  1717;  zeal 
against  flagrant  wickedness ;  essay  for  spreading 
the  gospel  into  ignorant  places,  8vo.,  1718; 
Christ's  fan  is  in  his  hand  ;  imitation  of  Christ  a 
Christian  duty,  1722;  a  dialogue  on  the  Lord's 
supper,  1724;  it  is  honorable  not  shameful  to 
suffer,  1725 ;  the  benefits  of  a  good  and  mischiefs 
of  an  evil  conscience,  in  fourteen  sermons;  none 
but  the  righteous  saved.  —  Sprague. 

WADSWORTH,  DANIEL,  minister  of  Hart 
ford,  Conn.,  died  in  1747,  aged  about  41.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1726,  and  succeeded  T. 
Woodbridge  in  1732.  His  successors  were  E. 
Dorr,  N.  Strong,  J.  Hawes. 

WADSWORTH,  JEREMIAH,  of  Connecticut, 
commissary-general  during  the  greater  part  of 
the  Revolutionary  war,  died  at  Hartford  in  1804, 
aged  60.  He  was  a  member  of  congress. 

WADSWORTH,  JAMES,  general,  died  at 
Durham,  Conn.,  in  1817,  aged  88. 

WADSWORTH,  BENJAMIN,  D.  D.,  minister 
of  Danvers,  Mass.,  was  born  in  Milton  July  29, 
1750 ;  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1769 ; 
was  ordained  in  1773;  and  died  in  Jan.,  1826, 
aged  75,  in  the  fifty-fourth  year  of  his  ministry. 
He  was  eminently  pious,  and  a  prudent,  faithful 
minister.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordina 
tion  of  J.  Badcock,  1783;  at  thanksgiving,  1795 
and  1796;  eulogy  on  Washington  ;  at  a  dedica 
tion,  1807  ;  before  a  society  for  suppressing  in 
temperance,  1815;  to  bible  society;  at  installa 
tion  of  M.  Dow  ;  on  death  of  S.  Holten,  1816. 

WADSWORTH,  PELEG,  major-general,  a  sol 
dier  of  the  Revolution,  died  in  Nov.,  1829,  aged 
about  80.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col 
lege  in  1769.  In  1780  he  was  sent  from  Boston 
to  command  in  the  district  of  Maine.  In  Feb., 
1781,  a  party  of  the  enemy  captured  him  in  his 
own  house,  and  conveyed  him  to  Bagaduce  or 


Castine.  From  his  prison  in  the  fort  he  and 
Major  Burton  effected  their  escape  in  June,  by 
most  extraordinary  efforts,  crossed  the  Penob- 
scot  in  a  canoe,  and  travelled  through  the  wilder 
ness  to  St.  Georges.  Of  his  captivity  and  escape 
Dr.  Dwight  gives  a  long  account  in  the  second 
volume  of  his  travels.  For  many  years  he  was 
a  member  of  congress  from  Cumberland  district. 
He  died  at  Hiram,  Me.  His  son,  Lieut.  Henry 
W.,  was  blown  up  in  a  fire-ship  in  the  harbor  of 
Tripoli,  with  Capt.  Somers,  Midshipman  Izard, 
and  a  few  men,  in  Sept.,  1804. 

WADSWORTH,  WILLIAM,  general,  died  at 
Genesee,  N.  Y.,  in  Feb.,  1833 ;  an  early  settler  in 
western  New  York. 

WADSWORTH,  JAMES,  died  at  Gencsco, 
N.  Y.,  in  1844,  aged  76.  A  native  of  Durham, 
Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1787.  Associated 
with  his  brother,  he  purchased  a  large  tract  of 
land  on  the  Genesee  river,  and  thus  became  a 
man  of  great  wealth,  of  which  he  made  a  gener 
ous  use  in  promoting  the  diffusion  of  knowledge. 
He  endowed  the  first  normal  school  in  the  State 
of  New  York. 

WADSWORTH,  DANIEL,  died  in  Hartford, 
Conn.,  July  28,  1848,  aged  nearly  77.  He  was 
the  son  of  Col.  Jeremiah  II.,  the  principal  founder 
of  the  Wadsworth  athenaeum  in  Hartford.  He 
also  built  a  tower  and  country-seat  on  Talcott's 
mountain,  which  he  left  to  the  public.  His  pic 
ture  gallery  he  gave  to  the  city  of  Hartford. 
Though  his  property  amounted  to  300,000  dol 
lars,  he  left  nothing  to  any  of  the  great  charitable 
and  religious  societies.  S.  G.  Goodrich  says  the 
elegant  seat  of  Talcott's  mountain  is  now  occu 
pied  by  a  thriving  manufacturer  of  axes.  His 
wife  was  a  daughter  of  the  second  Gov.  Trum- 
bull.  —  Goodrich's  Recollections. 

WAGGAMAN,  GEORGE  A.,  died  at  New  Or 
leans  March  23,  1843,  aged  53.  He  had  been 
secretary  of  State  and  a  senator  of  the  United 
States;  yet,  if  he  may  be  justly  termed  a  fool 
for  being  killed  in  a  duel,  what  term  may  be  ap 
plied  to  the  ruler  of  a  people  who  sacrifices  one 
hundred  thousand  lives  in  a  war  not  defensive 
and  not  needful  ? 

WAGNER,  JOHN,  Dr.,  died  at  Charleston, 
S.  C.,  in  1841,  aged  about  48.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1812,  and  then  studied  medicine  in  New 
York,  London,  and  Paris.  He  was  an  eminent 
surgeon.  In  1829  he  was  a  professor  in  the  med 
ical  college,  and  in  1832  was  appointed  to  the 
chair  of  surgery.  Much  suffering  by  disease 
was  his  lot  in  life.  —  Williams'  Med.  Eiocj. 

WAINWRIGHT,  ARTHUR,  D.  D.,  died  at 
Pottsville,  Penn.,  in  1839. 

WAINWRIGHT,  Dr.,  died  in  New  York  of 
the  bite  of  a  rattlesnake,  Dec.  9,  1847,  aged  36. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  banker  in  London,  and  had 
been  some  years  in  extensive  practice  in  New 


WALNWRIGHT. 


WALDRON. 


York.  The  snake  was  received  from  a  brother- 
in-law  in  Alabama ;  he  was  carelessly  handled  by 
the  doctor,  his  fangs  entering  between  his  rin 
gers.  The  flesh  near  the  wound  was  cut  out,  and 
several  doctors  lent  their  aid  vainly.  As  his  arm 
swelled,  he  begged  an  amputation,  but  it  was 
refused.  As  he  was  near  his  end,  the  pain  leav 
ing  his  hand  and  arm,  the  ease  creeping  upward, 
he  said  :  "  This  is  horrible  !  to  know  that  death 
is  feeling  his  way  to  my  vitals.  That  arm  is  dead 
already!  and"  —  placing  the  other  hand  at  his 
heart  —  "  the  destroyer  will  soon  be  HERE ! "  These 
words  are  fearfully  monitory  to  the  sinner.  The 
religious  character  of  Dr.  "W.  is  not  known ;  but 
the  dying  sinner,  impenitent  and  unbelieving,  will 
have  reason  to  lay  his  hand  upon  his  heart  and 
to  cry  out  in  anguish  and  horror,  "  The  de 
stroyer  will  soon  be  here  ! " 

WAINWRIGHT,  JONATHAN  MATHEW,  D.  D., 
bishop  in  New  York,  died  Sept.  21,  1854,  aged 
62.  He  was  a  grandson  of  J.  Mayhew,  and  son 
of  Peter  W.  of  Boston.  He  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1812.  His  ministerial  labors  began  in 
1819  in  Hartford.  He  was  afterwards  rector  of 
Grace  church  in  New  York,  and  Trinity  church 
in  Boston.  He  became  bishop  in  1852.  He 
published  a  sermon  before  the  foreign  missionary 
society  of  the  Episcopal  church,  1848. 

WAITE,  BENJAMIN,  M.  D.,  died  at  South 
Kingston,  R.  L,  in  1811,  aged  85.  Besides  be 
ing  a  skilful  physician,  he  was  forty-five  years  a 
Baptist  minister  in  the  town  of  his  residence. 

WAKELEY,  ABEL,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  died  in  Greenville,  Greene  county,  N.  Y.,  in 
1850,  aged  89.  He  was  born  in  Roxbury,  Conn. 
He  served  during  the  whole  war,  and  was  in  the 
front  rank  in  the  storming  of  the  redoubt  at 
Yorktown.  He  was  also  a  soldier  of  the  Cross, 
for  more  than  half  a  century  a  member  of  the 
church  of  which  Beriah  Hotchkin  was  the  pastor. 
—  N.  Y.  Observer,  April  27. 

WALDO,  SAMUEL,  brigadier-general,  died  in 
stantly  of  the  apoplexy  on  the  Penobscot,  May 
23,  1759,  aged  63.  He  was  the  son  of  Jonathan 
W.,  a  wealthy  merchant  of  Boston,  who  died  in 
1731.  There  were  in  his  life  remarkable  coinci 
dences  with  the  life  of  his  friend,  Sir  William 
Pepperrell.  They  lived  in  Maine  and  were  rich 
bachelors  ;  they  were  councillors  together  ;  they 
commanded  regiments  and  were  together  at  Lou- 
isburg ;  they  passed  a  year  together  in  England ; 
they  were  born  the  same  year  and  died  nearly  at 
the  same  time.  He  lived,  when  in  Maine,  at 
Falmouth.  He  was  an  accomplished  man,  active 
and  enterprising  ;  and  was  a  distinguished  officer. 
He  had  crossed  the  ocean  fifteen  times.  He  was 
pointing  out  to  Gov.  Pownall  the  boundary  of  his 
land,  when  he  fell  dead.  His  daughter,  Hannah, 
was  for  four  years  engaged  to  be  married  to  An 
drew  Pepperrell,  the  son  of  Sir  William,  when 


through  his  fault  she  dissolved  the  engagement. 
In  six  weeks  she  married  T.  Flukcr,  secretary  of 
Massachusetts  ;  and  her  daughter  married  Gen. 
Knox,  who  was  enabled  to  save  and  rescue  much 
of  the  Waldo  property  from  confiscation.  Daugh 
ters  of  Knox  married  Mr.  Swan,  John  Holmes 
and  Judge  Thachcr.  Andrew  P.  died  unmarried 
in  1751,  aged  28.  His  son,  Col.  Samuel,  died  in 
1770,  aged  49.  —  Parsons'  Pepperrell. 

WALDO,  ALBIGEREU,  Dr.,  of  Pomfret,  Conn., 
died  in  1794,  aged  about  44.  He  was  a  skilful 
surgeon  in  the  army.  —  Thacher's  Mcd.  Eiog. 

WALDO,  DANIEL,  died  at  Worcester  July 
9,  1845,  aged  82.  His  father  was  an  eminent 
merchant  in  Boston,  but  in  the  war  removed  in 
1782  to  Worcester.  With  him  his  son  was  a 
partner  in  business,  and  remained  a  merchant 
forty  years.  He  was  remarkable  for  justice,  cour 
tesy,  and  liberality.  He  left  to  Leicester  acad 
emy  a  legacy  of  6,000  dollars,  and  other  noble 
bequests.  —  Sweetzer's  Serm. ;  Washbiirn's  Leic. 
Academy. 

WALDO,  ELIZABETH,  Miss,  died  at  Worcester 
in  Aug.  or  Sept.,  1845.  She  bequeathed  about 
12,000  dollars  to  each  of  six  societies,  namely, 
the  American  bible  ;  the  foreign  evangelical ;  the 
American  Protestant;  the  colonization ;  the  Amer 
ican  bethel  ;  and  the  Bangor  theological  seminary. 

WALDO,  SARAH,  Miss,  died  in  Boston,  1851. 
She  bequeathed  more  than  50,000  dollars  to  va 
rious  charitable  societies  and  theological  semina 
ries,  and  made  the  American  home  missionary 
society  residuary  legatee.  —  Boston  Adver.,  April 
5,  1851. 

WALDRON,  RICHARD,  major,  president  of 
New  Hampshire,  was  killed  by  the  Indians,  June 
29,  1689,  aged  80.  He  was  an  early  settler  of 
Dover,  came  from  Somersetshire,  England,  about 
1635,  and  began  a  plantation  at  Cocheco,  or  Do 
ver,  about  1640.  From  1654  he  was  a  represen 
tative  to  the  general  court  at  Boston  twenty-two 
years,  and  several  years  the  speaker  of  the  house, 
and  president,  after  Cutt,  in  1681.  He  was  chief 
military  officer.  In  the  war  of  1676  two  compa 
nies  were  sent  to  him  from  Massachusetts  with 
orders  to  seize  all  Indians  concerned  in  the  war. 
There  assembled  at  his  house  four  hundred  In 
dians.  The  English  captain  wished  to  attack 
them,  but  Major  W.  substituted  a  stratagem  in 
the  place  of  an  open  attack.  He  proposed  to  the 
Indians  a  sham-fight,  and  after  they  had  fired  the 
first  volley  he  made  them  all  prisoners.  Dismiss 
ing  those  whom  he  deemed  friendly,  he  sent  to 
Boston  about  two  hundred,  some  of  whom  were 
hung,  and  the  rest  sold  as  slaves  in  foreign  parts. 
This  occurrence  awakened  in  the  savage  breast 
the  desire  of  revenge,  which  after  thirteen  years 
was  gratified.  The  Indians  adopted  the  following 
stratagem :  To  each  of  the  garrisoned  houses  in 
Dover  they  sent  two  squaws  to  ask  a  lodging,  for 


WALDRON. 


WALKER. 


815 


the  purpose  of  opening  the  doors  in  the  night  to 
the  assailants.  June  29,  1689,  the  Indians  thus 
entered  Major  Waldron's  house,  and  made  pris 
oner  of  the  brave  old  soldier,  who  fought  them 
with  his  sword  in  hand.  Seating  him  in  an  elbow 
chair  on  a  long  table  in  the  hall,  they  asked  him, 
"  Who  shall  judge  Indians  now?"  and  then 
horribly  mangled  and  killed  him.  His  descend 
ants  have  been  men  of  distinction. 

WALDRON,  WILLIAM,  first  minister  of  the 
new  brick  church  in  Boston,  died  of  a  fever  in 
1727,  aged  30.  He  was  the  son  of  Ilichard  of 
Portsmouth,  and  was  graduated  in  1717;  was 
ordained  in  1722.  His  wife  was  Eliza  Allen  of 
Martha's  Vineyard;  his  daughter  married  Col.  J. 
Quincy.  —  Spragnc's  Annals. 

WALES,  JOHN,  the  first  minister  of  Rayn- 
ham,  Mass.,  died  in  1765,  aged  Go.  Born  in 
Braintree,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1728,  and 
was  succeeded  by  P.  Fobes.  He  was  a  faithful 
and  pathetic  preacher ;  in  public  prayer  he  was 
almost  unequalled  in  appropriate  excellence.  He 
was  the  father  of  Prof.  Wales  of  Yale  college. 

WALES,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  professor  of  divinity 
in  Yale  college,  the  son  of  the  preceding,  died 
Feb.  18,  1794,  aged  about  46.  He  graduated 
in  1767,  and  was  the  minister  of  Milford  from 
1770  to  1782.  He  succeeded  Prof.  Daggett  June 
12,  1782.  His  mind  for  two  years  was  broken 
down  by  the  epilepsy.  He  brought  to  the  theo 
logical  chair  great  abilities,  a  pure  and  energetic 
style,  exemplary  piety,  and  dignity  and  solemnity 
of  manner.  He  published  election  sermon,  1783. 
—  Sprague. 

WALES,  ATHERTON,  minister  of  Marshfield, 
Mass.,  died  in  1795,  aged  92,  in  the  fifty-seventh 
year  of  his  ministry.  Born  in  Braintree,  he  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  in  1726;  and  was  settled  as 
the  first  pastor  of  the  second  church  in  1739.  E. 
Leonard  succeeded  him.  He  was  eminently 
pious  and  faithful. 

WALES,  JONATHAN-,  M.  D.,  died  at  Randolph,- 
Mass.,  in  1843,  aged  Go. 

WALES,  THOMAS  B.,  died  in  Boston  June  15, 
1853,  aged  77.  The  son  of  Dr.  Ephraim  W.  of 
Randolph,  he  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1795. 
His  father  graduated  in  1768.  lie  was  a  very 
successful  and  respected  merchant. 

WALES,  HKNHY,  M.  J).,  of  Boston,  died  in 
1S5G,  aged  about  36.  He  graduated  in  1838, 
and  he  bequeathed  his  library,  of  about  one  thou 
sand  four  hundred  volumes  of  splendid  books, 
to  Harvard  college. 

WALKER,  ZECHAIUAH,  first  minister  of  Wood- 
bury,  Conn.,  died  Jan.  20,  1700,  aged  62.  He 
was  settled  at  W.  in  June,  1678.  Born  in  Bos 
ton  in  1637,  he  preached  first  at  Jamaica,  L.  I., 
from  1663  to  1668;  and  then  was  installed,  May 
5,  1670,  over  the  second  church  in  Stratford.  He 
was  a  learned  man,  a  powerful  preacher,  of  good 


judgment,  and  much  beloved.  During  his  min 
istry  one  hundred  and  eight  were  admitted  to 
the  church.  At  S.  there  was  an  unhappy  division 
between  his  friends  and  those  of  a  rival  preacher, 
Israel  Chauncey. 

WALKER,  ROBERT,  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Connecticut,  a  descendant  of  Robert  W., 
who  lived  in  Boston  in  1634,  and  of  Zechariah, 
his  son,  the  minister  of  Jamaica,  L.  I.,  and  of 
Stratford  and  Woodbury,  Conn.,  was  graduated 
at  Yale  college  in  1730,  and  died  at  Stratford  in 
1772.  He  was  judge  from  1760  to  1772,  and 
was  succeeded  by  W.  S.  Johnson.  One  of  his 
daughters  married  Mr.  Wetmore,  minister  of 
Stratford,  and  another  John  M.  Breed,  mayor  of 
Norwich.  His  son,  Gen.  Joseph  Walker  of  Strat 
ford,  died  at  Saratoga  Aug.  11,  1810. 

WALKER,  TIMOTHY,  first  minister  of  Con 
cord,  N.  II.,  died  in  1782,  aged  77.  Born  in 
Burlington,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1725,  and  was  settled  Nov.  18,  1730.  He  was 
nearly  fifty-two  years  in  the  ministry.  His  suc 
cessors  were  I.  Evans,  A.  McFarland,  N.  Bouton. 

WALKER,  BENJAMIN,  colonel,  died  at  Utica 
in  1818.  He  was  aid  and  friend  of  Baron  Steu- 
ben.  He  generously  scattered  his  wealth  among 
the  poor. 

WALKER,  TIMOTHY,  judge,  died  May  5, 
1822,  aged  85.  He  was  a  patriot  of  the  Revo 
lution,  the  son  of  T.  W.,  the  minister  of  Concord, 
N.  II.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1756;  and  in  1776  was  one  of  the  committee  of 
safety.  He  commanded  a  regiment  of  minute- 
men,  and  served  a  campaign  at  Winter  Hill  under 
Sullivan.  For  several  years  he  was  chief  justice 
of  the  court  of  common  pleas.  His  son,  Charles, 
a  lawyer,  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1789,  and  died 
in  1834 ;  his  grandson,  Charles,  graduated  in 
1818,  and  died  in  1843  in  New  York. 

WALKER,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Danvers, 
died  July  7,  1826,  aged  47.  A  graduate  of 
Dartmouth  in  1802,  he  was  ordained  in  1805,  and 
was  faithful  and  useful  and  respected. 

WALKER,  WILLIAM,  judge,  resided  in  Berk 
shire  county,  Mass.  In  1775  he  was  an  officer 
in  the  army  at  Cambridge.  For  many  years  he 
was  the  judge  of  the  county  court  and  judge  of 
probate.  He  died  at  Lenox  in  Nov.,  1831,  aged 
80.  In  his  politics  he  was  a  republican  in  the 
party  times  of  1801.  He  was  tall,  with  white 
locks,  of  great  personal  dignity ;  Gov.  Lincoln 
remarked,  that  he  was  the  most  venerable  man 
he  ever  saw.  He  was  indeed  venerated  by  those 
who  knew  him,  not  only  for  a  long  life  of  faithful 
public  service,  but  for  his  social  virtues,  his  pure 
morals,  his  disinterested  benevolence,  and  ardent 
piety.  Of  the  church  at  Lenox  he  was  an  exem 
plary  member;  of  the  Berkshire  bible  society, 
president.  In  one  of  the  last  years  of  his  life  he 
travelled  over  the  bleak  hills  of  Berkshire  with 


816 


WALKER. 


WALLEY. 


the  sole  object  of  arousing  his  fellow-citizens  in 
different  towns  to  a  sense  of  the  value  of  some 
moral  and  charitable  institution  designed  for 
their  benefit. 

WALKER,  JACOB,  a  slave,  a  very  remarkable 
man,  twenty-seven  years  the  pastor  of  a  Baptist 
church,  died  at  Augusta,  Ga.,  May  26, 1846,  aged 
76.  He  Avas  a  slave  till  his  death,  having  refused 
freedom,  offered  him  by  his  people,  lest  he  should 
be  lifted  above  his  flock.  He  was  loved  by  his 
large  communion  of  fourteen  hundred  persons, 
as  few  ministers  have  been  loved.  His  people 
placed  a  marble  tablet  over  his  grave. 

WALKER,  MRS.,  wife  of  William  Walker, 
missionary  in  West  Africa,  died  in  April,  1849. 
By  her  cheerful  labors  several  persons  were  con 
verted  to  God. 

WALKER,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Paris,  Me., 
died  in  1851,  aged  59.  He  graduated  at  Bow- 
doin  in  1818. 

WALKER,  PEREZ,  captain,  died  at  Sturbridge, 
Mass.,  in  1851  or  1852,  a  philanthropist  and 
Christian.  He  was  a  benefactor  of  Amherst  col 
lege  ;  for  years  he  sustained  a  missionary  at  the 
west.  He  bequeathed  1750  dollars  to  various 
societies. 

WALKER,  SEARS  COOK,  well-skilled  in  astron 
omy,  died  in  1853,  aged  about  48. 

WALKER,  CHARLES,  M.  D.,  a  respectable  phy 
sician  of  Northampton,  Mass.,  died  Jan.  17, 1855, 
aged  52.  He  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1824. 

WALKER,  TIMOTHY,  LL.  I).,  judge,  died  at 
Cincinnati  Jan.  15,  1856,  aged  53.  A  native  of 
Wilmington,  Mass.,  and  descendant  of  William 
Brewster,  he  graduated  in  1826.  Having  studied 
law,  he  settled  in  Cincinnati.  In  1833,  he  with 
Judge  Wright  established  a  law  school ;  but  he  re 
signed  his  professorship  in  1844,  from  which 
time  he  was  in  full  practice  as  a  lawyer.  He  was 
an  excellent  teacher,  a  profound  and  learned 
jurist.  In  1838  he  gave  a  course  of  lectures  on 
commercial  law.  He  edited  the  Western  law 
journal,  and  published  introduction  of  American 
law.  —  Boston  Adv.,  July  16,  1856. 

WALL,  ARTHUR,  died  in  Wake  county,  N.  C., 
in  1840,  aged  130,  "or  thereabouts." 

WALL,  GARRET  D.,  judge,  died  at  Burlington, 
N.  J.,  in  1850,  aged  67.  He  was  chosen  gov 
ernor  in  1829,  but  declined  the  appointment. 
From  1835  to  1841  he  was  a  senator  of  the 
United  States,  succeeding  Mr.  Frelinghuysen. 
He  was  a  judge  of  the  court  of  errors  and  appeals. 

WALLACE,  ANDREW,  a  soldier  of  the  Revo 
lution,  died  at  New  York  in  1835,  aged  105. 
Born  in  Scotland,  he  served  in  the  army  from 
1776  to  1813. 

WALLACE,  JAMES,  D.  D.,  died  in  South  Car 
olina  Jan.  15,  1851.  He  was  professor  of  mathe 
matics  in  the  S.  C.  college,  as  he  had  previously 
been  in  Columbia  college,  N.  Y.,  and  George 


town  college,  D.  C.  He  published  a  treatise  on 
globes,  and  practical  astronomy. 

WALLACE,  HORACE  B., "  of  Philadelphia, 
killed  himself  in  consequence  of  a  disease  of  the 
brain,  in  Paris,  in  1852,  aged  35.  He  was  the  son 
of  John  B.  Wallace,  an  eminent  lawyer  of  Phila 
delphia.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1835. 
From  his  papers  was  published  after  his  death  a 
volume  entitled,  art,  scenery,  and  philosophy  in 
Europe,  1852.  —  Cycl.  of.  Amer.  Lit. 

WALLACE,  MATTHEW  G.,  died  at  Terre 
Haute  in  July,  1854,  aged  about  80 ;  a  Presby 
terian  minister  nearly  sixty  years,  one  of  the  first 
in  Cincinnati,  a  champion  of  the  truth. 

WALLCUTT,  THOMAS,  died  at  the  McLean 
asylum,  Boston,  June  5,  1840,  aged  82.  In  his 
last  days  he  had  epileptic  fits.  Born  in  Boston, 
he  lived  in  the  family  and  was  educated  in  the 
school  of  Dr.  Wheelock,  of  Hanover,  and  went  a 
missionary  to  the  St.  Francis  Indians.  In  the 
war  he  was  a  steward  in  the  army.  Being  a  fair 
penman,  he  long  served  at  Boston  as  a  clerk  in 
the  office  of  the  secretary  of  State.  He  was 
secretary  of  the  historical  society  and  of  the  peace 
society.  Having  collected  many  books,  he  com 
mitted  about  eight  hundred  volumes  to  William 
Allen,  who  married  a  daughter  of  his  friend 
President  Wheelock,  and  by  him  they  were  pre 
sented  to  Bowdoin  college.  The  remainder  of 
his  library  he  gave  to  the  antiquarian  and  histor 
ical  societies.  —  Boston  Recorder,  June  19. 

WALLER,  JOHN,  died  in  South  Carolina,  July 
4,  1802,  aged  62.  Born  in  Virginia,  he  was  or 
dained  as  a  Baptist  minister  in  1770,  and  was 
very  successful.  In  Virginia  he  baptized  more 
than  2,000  persons  and  assisted  in  forming  eigh 
teen  churches  and  ordaining  twenty-seven  min 
isters.  For  some  years  he  was  pastor  over  five 
churches ;  he  counted  1500  church-members. 
In  his  persecutions  he  was  five  times  imprisoned, 
in  all  one  hundred  and  thirteen  days. 

WALLEY,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Barnstable, 
Mass.,  died  March  24,  1679,  aged  61.  He  was 
ejected  from  a  parish  in  London  in  1662,  and  in 
1663  sought  a  refuge  in  America,  and  was  settled 
in  Barnstable.  His  prudence  was  the  means  of 
restoring  the  harmony  of  the  church,  which  had 
been  interrupted.  He  was  an  accomplished 
scholar  and  an  eminent  Christian,  remarkable  for 
humility.  He  published  balm  in  Gilcad  to  heal 
Zion's  wounds,  an  election  sermon  in  Plymouth, 
June  1,  1669. 

WALLEY,  JOHN",  a  judge  of  the  superior  court 
of  Massachusetts  and  a  member  of  the  council, 
died  at  Boston  Jan.  11,  1712,  aged  68.  In  the 
year  1690  he  accompanied  Sir  W.  Phipps  in  his 
unsuccessful  expedition  against  Canada,  being  in 
trusted  with  the  command  of  the  land  forces. 
He  was  one  of  the  principal  founders  of  the  town 
and  church  of  Bristol.  The  high  trusts,  reposed 


WALLEY. 


WALTER. 


817 


in  him  by  his  country,  were  discharged  with  abil 
ity  and  fidelity,  and  he  exhibited  an  uncommon 
sweetness  and  candor  of  spirit  and  the  various 
virtues  of  the  Christian.  His  journal  of  the  ex 
pedition  to  Canada  is  preserved  in  Ilutchinson. 

WALLEY,  JOHN,  minister  of  Ipswich,  died  in 
17S1.  aged  68.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1734.  He  was  ordained  at  Ipswich  in  1747  ;  in 
stalled  at  Bolton  in  1773;  and  died  at  Roxbury. 
He  was  a  faithful,  diligent  preacher,  solicitous  to 
bring  the  truth  to  the  hearts  of  his  hearers. 

W ALLEY,  SAMUEL  II.,  a  worthy  citizen  of 
Boston,  died  at  Burlington,  Vt.,  in  1850.  His 
wife  was  a  daughter  of  Deacon  William  Phillips. 
His  good  deeds  made  him  highly  respected.  He 
was  the  brother  of  Thomas,  who  became  a  Cath 
olic  and  lived  at  Brookline,  and  died  in  1848, 
aged  79.  They  were  the  sons  of  Thomas,  and 
the  fourth  in  descent  from  Rev.  Thomas  of  Barn- 
stable. 

WALN,  NICHOLAS,  died  in  Philadelphia  in 
1813;  formerly  a  distinguished  member  of  the 
bar,  latterly  a  preacher  among  the  Friends. 

WALN,  ROBERT,  Jux.,  a  poet,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia  in  1794,  and  was  liberally  educated, 
but  did  not  pursue  any  profession.  On  his  return 
from  a  voyage  to  Canton  as  supercargo  he  pub 
lished  in  4to.  numbers  a  history  of  China.  He 
died  July  4,  1825,  aged  31.  After  the  publica 
tion  of  the  3d  volume  of  the  biography  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  independence,  he 
edited  that  work.  He  published  the  hermit  in 
Philadelphia,  a  satirical  work,  1819;  a  second 
series  of  do.;  the  American  bards  ;  touches  at 
the  times,  with  other  poems,  1820;  life  of  Lafay 
ette,  1824.  —  Spec.  Am.  Poet.,m.  213. 

WALN,  ROBERT,  died  at  Philadelphia  in  183G, 
aged  71;  a  merchant,  and  a  member  of  congress 
from  1798  to  1801. 

WALSH,  MICHAEL,  died  at  Amesbury,  Mass., 
in  1840,  aged  77.  He  was  a  native  of  Ireland, 
an  eminent  teacher  and  useful  citizen.  He  pub 
lished  mercantile  arithmetic. 

WALTER,  NEHEMIAH,  minister  of  Roxbury, 
Mass.,  died  Sept.  17,  1750,  aged  86.  He  was 
born  in  Ireland  in  December,  1663.  His  father, 
who  settled  in  Boston,  brought  him  to  this  country 
as  early  as  1679 ;  he  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1684.  He  soon  afterwards  went  to 
Nova  Scotia,  and  lived  in  a  French  family.  Thus 
acquiring  a  correct  knowledge  of  the  French  lan 
guage,  he  was  enabled  in  the  latter  periods  of  his 
life  to  preach  to  a  society  of  French  Protestants 
in  Boston,  in  the  absence  of  their  pastor.  After 
his  return  he-  pursued  his  studies  for  some  time  at 
Cambridge,  where  he  was  appointed  a  fellow  of 
the  college.  He  was  ordained  at  Roxbury  Oct. 
17,  1688,  as  colleague  with  the  apostolic  Eliot. 
After  a  ministry  of  more  than  sixty-eight  years  he 
died  in  peace  and  hope.  His  wife  was  Sarah, 
103 


daughter  of  Increase  Mather.  His  daughter 
married  G.  Firmin.  His  ministry  and  that  of 
Mr.  Eliot  occupied  a  space  of  near  one  hundred 
and  twenty  years.  He  preached  a  few  years  after 
his  settlement  without  notes,  in  the  usual  manner 
of  the  day ;  but,  his  memory  having  been  impaired 
by  a  fit  of  sickness,  he  from  that  cause  kept  his 
notes  before  him.  He  was  eminent  in  the  gift  of 
prayer.  It  was  a  maxim  with  him,  that  those  re 
ligious  principles  might  well  be  suspected  which 
could  not  be  introduced  in  an  address  to  Heaven  ; 
and  he  was  pleased  in  observing  that  those,  who 
in  their  preaching  opposed  the  system  of  Calvin, 
were  wont  to  pray  in  accordance  with  it.  His 
whole  life  was  devoted  to  the  great  objects  of  the 
Christian  ministry.  He  presented  a  bright  exam 
ple  of  personal  holiness.  Mr.  Whitcaeld,  who 
saw  him  in  1740,  calls  him  a  good  old  Puritan, 
and  says,  "I  had  but  little  conversation  with  him, 
my  stay  was  so  short ;  but  I  remember  he  told 
me,  he  was  glad  to  hear  I  said  that  man  was 
half  a  devil  and  half  a  beast."  In  his  own  preach 
ing  it  was  the  care  of  Mr.  Walter  to  humble  man, 
and  to  exalt  the  grace  of  God.  He  published  the 
body  of  death  anatomized,  an  essay  on  indwelling 
sin,  12mo.,  1707;  on  vain  thoughts;  the  great 
concern  of  man ;  the  wonderfulness  of  Christ ; 
the  holiness  of  heaven,  1713;  a  convention  ser 
mon,  1723;  unfruitful  hearers  detected  and 
warned,  1754;  a  posthumous  volume  of  sermon 
on  the  55th  chapter  of  Isaiah,  with  his  life,  Svo., 
1755.  —  Sprague. 

WALTER,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Roxbury, 
Mass.,  the  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
1696,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1713.  He  was  ordained  a  colleague  with  his  father 
Oct.  29,  1718,  but  died  Jan.  10,  1725,  aged  28. 
He  was  one  of  the  most  distinguished  scholars 
and  acutest  disputants  of  his  clay.  He  was  a 
champion  of  the  doctrines  of  grace.  In  his  last 
illness  he  was  for  some  time  very  anxious  for  the 
salvation  of  his  soul,  as  the  follies  of  his  youth 
were  fresh  in  his  view ;  but  at  length  his  appre 
hensions  were  removed.  He  said,  "  I  shall  be  a 
most  glorious  instance  of  sovereign  grace  in  all 
heaven."  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  lecture 
for  promoting  good  singing,  1722 ;  the  Scrip 
tures  the  only  rule  of  faith  and  practice,  1723  ; 
and  two  other  sermons.  —  Sprague. 

WALTER,  NATHANIEL,  minister  of  the  second 
church  in  Roxbury,  died  in  1776,  aged  about  67. 
The  son  of  Rev.  Thomas,  he  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1729,  and  was  ordained  in  1734.  He 
was  the  father  of  Rev.  William  ;  and  his  daugh 
ter  Rebecca  married  Rev.  M.  Byles,  jun.,  and 
Maria  married  Gen.  Joseph  Otis,  of  Barnstable. 
He  succeeded  E.  Thayer,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Abbot,  Bradford,  Flagg,  and  Whiting. 

WALTER,  THOMAS,  a  botanist,  was  a  native 
of  England.  After  his  arrival  in  this  country  he 


818 


WALTER. 


WARD. 


became  a  planter  a  few  miles  from  Charleston  in 
South  Carolina,  and  died  towards  the  close  of 
the  last  century.  He  published  flora  Carolini 
an  a,  1788. 

WALTER,  WILLIAM,  D.  D.,  died  in  Boston 
Dec.  5,  1800.  He  was  the  son  of  Thomas  W., 
by  Rebecca,  a  daughter  of  Rev.  Joseph  Belcher. 
Born  in  1737,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1756. 
He  was  rector  of  Trinity  church  from  1764  to 
1776,  and  rector  of  Christ's  church  in  1792. 
He  was  the  grandson  of  Rev.  Nathaniel  W.,  of 
Roxbury,  and  the  father  of  Lynde  and  William 
W.,  merchants  of  Boston. 

WALTER,  WILLIAM  BICKER,  a  poet,  was 
born  in  Boston;  the  only  son  of  William,  a 
merchant,  and  grandson  of  the  Rev.  William, 
D.  I).;  graduated  at  Bowdoin  college  in  1818 ; 
and  died  in  Charlestons.  C.,  April  23,  1823,  aged 
27.  He  published  Sukey,  a  poem,  1821  ;  a  vol 
ume  of  poems,  1821 — Spec.  Am.  Poet.  11.,  161. 

WALTERS,  DANIEL  D.,  doctor,  a  physician 
in  extensive  practice  in  New  York,  died  in  1824, 
aged  51.  He  published  a  diary  concerning  the 
yellow  fever  in  1822.  This  fever,  he  maintained, 
originated  in  a  specific  poison  brought  from  abroad. 
His  family  belonged  to  the  society  of  Friends  :  he 
confided  for  religious  teachings  in  Barclay's  books. 
—  Williams'  Med.  Biog. 

WALTON,  WILLIAM,  first  minister  of  Marble- 
nead,  died  about  1668.  He  came  from  England 
m  1637,  and  was  succeeded  by  S.  Cheever. 

WALTON,  GEORGE,  colonel,  governor  of 
Georgia,  died  Feb.  4,  1804,  aged  63.  He  was 
the  only  son  of  William,  and  a  patriot  of  the 
Revolution;  was  born  in  Frederick  county,  Va., 
in  1740,  and  was  early  apprenticed  to  a  carpen 
ter,  whose  economy  would  not  allow  his  young 
apprentice  a  candle  to  read  at  night.  In  his  zeal 
for  knowledge  he  found  a  substitute  in  pine  knots. 
In  1774  he  commenced  the  practice  of  the  law 
in  Georgia.  Being  from  Feb.,  1776,  till  Oct.,  1781, 
a  member  of  congress,  he  signed  the  declaration 
of  independence.  With  a  colonel's  commission 
in  the  militia  he  assisted  in  the  defence  of  Savan 
nah  in  Dec.,  1778,  and  was  wounded  in  the  thigh, 
and  kept  a  prisoner  till  Sept.,  1779.  In  the  next 
month  he  was  chosen  governor;  and  again  in 
1789.  He  was  also  a  senator  of  the  United 
States,  and  for  fifteen  years  a  judge  of  the  supe 
rior  court.  To  such  eminence  did  this  self-taught 
man  rise  by  the  force  of  his  talents,  his  industry, 
and  the  favor  of  Providence.  In  his  last  years 
he  suffered  from  the  gout.  —  Goodrich. 

WALTON,  JOSEPH,  minister  in  Portsmouth, 
third  church,  died  in  1822,  aged  80.  Born  in  New 
castle,  he  was  settled  in  1789. 

WALTON,  WILLIAM  C.,  pastor  of  a  free  church 
in  Hartford,  Conn.,  died  in  1834,  aged  40. 

WALTON,  EZEKIEL  P.,  general,  died  at  Mont- 


pelier,  Vt.,in  1855,  aged  66;  editor  of  the  Ver 
mont  Watchman. 

WAMPUS,  JOHN,  an  Indian  sachem,  was  one 
of  the  native  owners  of  the  town  of  Sutton,  Mass. 
His  sale  of  the  land  was  confirmed  to  the  pur 
chasers  in  1704. 

WAPLES,  SAMUEL,  captain,  an  officer  of  the 
Revolutionary  army,  died  in  Accomac  county,  Va., 
in  1834,  aged  60. 

WARD,  NATHANIEL,  first  minister  of  Ipswich, 
Mass.,  died  in  1653,  aged  about  83.  He  was 
born  in  Haverhill,  England,  in  1570,  the  son  of 
John  W.,  a  minister  of  the  established  church. 
He  was  educated  at  the  university  of  Cambridge. 
Being  settled  in  the  ministry  at  Standon  in  Hert 
fordshire,  he  was  ordered  before  the  bishop,  Dec. 
12,  1631,  to  answer  for  his  noncomformity ;  and, 
refusing  to  comply  with  the  requisitions  of  the 
church,  he  was  at  length  forbidden  to  continue 
in  the  exercise  of  his  clerical  office.  In  April, 
1634,  he  left  his  native  country,  and  arrived  in 
New  England  in  June.  He  was  soon  settled  as 
pastor  of  the  church  at  Agawam  or  Ipswich.  In 
1635  he  received  Mr.  Norton  as  his  colleague ; 
but  in  the  following  year  he  was  by  his  own  re 
quest  released  from  his  engagement  as  a  minister, 
and  Nathaniel  Rogers  was  settled  in  his  place. 
In  1641  he  was  chosen  by  the  freemen  without 
the  consent  of  the  magistrates  to  preach  the 
election  sermon.  In  Dec.  of  the  same  year  the 
general  court  established  one  hundred  laws,  called 
"  the  body  of  liberties,"  which  were  drawn  up  by 
Mr.  Ward  in  1639,  and  had  been  committed  to 
the  governor  and  others  for  consideration.  In 
1647  he  returned  to  England,  and  soon  after  his 
arrival  published  a  work  entitled,  "  the  simple 
cobbler  of  Aggawam  in  America,"  which  was 
written  during  the  civil  wars  of  Charles  I.,  and 
designed  to  encourage  the  opposers  of  the  king, 
and  the  enemies  of  the  established  church.  lie 
resumed  his  profession,  and  in  1648  was  settled 
at  Shenfield  in  Essex,  where  he  remained  till  his 
death.  He  was  a  man  of  great  humor.  Besides 
his  simple  cobbler  at  Aggawam,  which  was  printed 
at  London  in  4to.  and  at  Boston  1713,  and  winch 
is  a  curious  specimen  of  his  wit  and  the  vigor  of 
his  mind,  he  published  several  other  humorous 
works ;  but  they  are  now  forgotten,  excepting  a 
trifling  satire  upon  the  preachers  in  London, 
entitled,  Mercurius  antimccharius,  or  the  simple 
cobbler's  boy  with  his  lap  full  o£  caveats,  etc. 
1647.  —  Sprague. 

WARD,  JAMES,  doctor,  the  son  of  Nathaniel 
W.,  went  with  him  to  England  and  became  a 
physician.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1645. 

WARD,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  Haverhill, 
Mass.,  died  Dec.  27,  1693,  aged  87.  The  son 
of  Nathaniel  W.,  he  was  born  in  England 
Nov.  5,  1606.  He  came  to  this  country  in  1639, 


WARD. 


WARDEN. 


819 


preached  for  some  time  at  Agamenticus,  but  in 
1041  was  settled  at  Havcrhill.  Here  he  continued 
till  his  death.  About  a  month  before  this  event 
he  preached  an  excellent  sermon.  His  firm 
health  in  his  advanced  age  was  owing  to  his  tem 
perance  in  eating,  drinking,  sleeping,  and  to  his 
much  exercise.  He  sometimes  walked  thirty 
miles  without  any  difficulty.  He  was  very  mod 
est  and  diffident ;  plain  iu  his  dress  and  prudent 
in  his  whole  conduct.  He  was  a  physician  as 
well  as  a  minister.  His  successors  were  Rolf, 
Gardner,  Brown,  Barnard,  Shaw,  Abbot,  Dodge, 
and  Phclps.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

WARD,  SAMUEL,  doctor,  died  in  Greenwich. 
N.  J.,  Feb.  17,  1774.  He  was  a  man  of  benevo 
lence,  and  venerable  for  his  religion. 

WARD,  SAMUEL,  governor  of  Rhode  Island, 
died  March  26,  1776.  He  was  chosen  governor 
in  1762,  and  again  in  1765  and  in  1766.  He  was 
also  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  first  congress  in  1774.  While 
attending  his  duty  as  a  member  of  this  body,  he 
died  at  Philadelphia  of  the  small  pox.  His 
brother,  Henry  W.,  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution, 
died  in  Dec.,  1797.  He  was  not  only  a  firm  pat 
riot,  but  a  sincere  Christian,  a  devout  attendant 
on  the  Lord's  supper,  and  a  useful  member  of 
the  church  with  which  he  was  connected. 

WARD,  ARTEMAS,  the  first  major-general  in 
the  American  army,  died  at  Shrewsbury,  Mass., 
Oct.  28,  1800,  aged  73.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1748,  and  was  afterwards  a 
representative  in  the  legislature,  a  member  ol 
the  council,  and  a  justice  of  the  court  of  com 
mon  pleas  for  Worcester  county.  When  the 
war  commenced  with  Great  Britain,  he  was  ap 
pointed  by  congress  first  major-general,  June  17, 

1775.  After  the  arrival  of  Washington  in  July, 
when  a  disposition  was  to  be  made  of  the  troops 
for  the  siege  of  Boston,  the  command  of  the 
right  wing  of  the  army  at  Roxbury  was  intrusted 
to  him.     He  resigned  his  commission  in  April, 

1776,  though  he  continued  some  time  longer  in 
command,  at   the  request  of  Washington.      He 
afterwards  devoted  himself  to  the  duties  of  civil 
life.     He  was  a  member  of  congress  both  before 
and  after  the  adoption  of  the  present  constitu 
tion.     He  had  a  long  decline,  in  which  he  exhib 
ited  the  most   exemplary  patience.     He  was  a 
man   of   incorruptible   integrity.     His   life   pre 
sented  the  virtues  of  the  Christian. 

WARD,  EPHRAIM,  minister  of  West  Brook- 
field,  died  in  1818,  aged  77;  highly  respected. 
He  was  a  native  of  Newton,  a  graduate  of  Har 
vard  in  1763,  and  was  settled  in  1771  over  the 
church  of  the  then  first  parish  of  Brookfield. 
lie  published  several  sermons. 

WARD,  JOSIAII  M.,  Dr.,  died  in  Berlin,  Conn., 
in  1825,  aged  43.  Born  in  Guilford,  he  studied 
medicine  with  Dr.  Percival  of  B.,  and  succeeded 


him  in  business.  The  fatal  spotted  fever  of  1823, 
and  after,  demanded  of  him  much  labor  and  fa 
tigue.  Some  of  his  own  children  died  in  1825, 
and  in  that  year  he  followed  them.  —  Thaclicr. 

WARD,  SAMUEL,  colonel,  died  at  New  York 
Aug.  16,  1832,  aged  75.  The  son  of  Gov.  Ward 
of  Rhode  Island,  he  graduated  in  1771,  in  the 
third  class  of  Brown  university.  In  1774  he 
was  enrolled  in  the  patriot  company  of  the  Kent 
ish  guards.  As  a  captain  he  was  in  the  camp  at 
Cambridge  in  1775,  and  accompanied  Arnold 
through  the  wilderness  of  Maine  to  Quebec.  He 
was  made  prisoner,  but  exchanged.  As  a  major 
in  Greene's  regiment  he  fought  at  Red  Bank  fort, 
and  served  bravely  during  the  whole  war.  His 
military  operations  were  then  exchanged  for 
those  of  the  merchant.  He  made  a  voyage  from 
Providence  to  Canton  in  1783,  and  then  estab 
lished  himself  in  business  in  the  city  of  New 
York.  His  affairs  carried  him  to  Europe.  On 
his  return  he  settled  on  a  farm  at  East  Green 
wich,  R.  I.,  where  he  lived  to  see  his  children  ed 
ucated  to  usefulness.  At  last,  to  be  near  his 
children,  who  were  in  business  in  New  York,  he 
removed  to  Jamaica,  L.  I.  Here  he  lived  as  a 
patriarch  until  it  pleased  God  to  remove  him  from 
the  earth.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Gov.  Wil 
liam  Greene  of  Rhode  Island,  and  thus  he  was 
again  connected,  as  he  had  been  before  by  mili 
tary  sendees,  with  the  soldiers  of  that  name. 

WARD,  SAMUEL,  died  in  New  York  Nov.  27, 
1839,  aged  53;  president  of  the  bank  of  com 
merce.  He  was  the  head  of  the  banking-house 
of  Prime,  Ward,  and  King.  He  had  intelli 
gence,  a  sound  judgment,  and  integrity;  and  was 
a  man  of  strong  religious  feelings,  zealous  to 
promote  the  objects  of  benevolence. 

WARD,  NATHANIEL,  died  in  Irwington,  Ga., 
in  1840,  aged  98.  He  was  a  Virginian,  and 
served  several  campaigns  under  Washington  ;  a 
poor  man,  but  nobly  patriotic. 

WARD,  JOHN,  died  in  St.  John's,  New 
Brunswick,  Aug.  5,  1846,  aged  92  ;  the  father  of 
the  city.  Born  in  Westchester,  he  was  a  tory  and 
soldier:  in  1783  he  embarked  with  his  regiment 
of  loyal  Americans  for  New  Brunswick,  where 
he  held  various  offices  and  lived  in  high  esteem. 

WARD,  ARTEMAS,  LL.  D.,  died  at  Boston 
Oct.  7,  1847,  aged  84,  chief  justice  of  the  court 
of  common  pleas.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Har 
vard  in  1783,  a  member  of  congress  in  1815,  and 
was  appointed  a  judge  in  1821,  holding  his  place 
nineteen  years.  Of  learning  and  courtesy,  he 
was  respected  on  the  bench  and  esteemed  in  do 
mestic  and  social  life. 

WARD,  SAMUEL,  governor  of  Rhode  Island, 
died  in  Jan.,  1851 ;  a  supporter  of  law  during  the 
Dorr  rebellion. 

WARDEN,  JOHN,  died  in  New  Scotland,  N.  Y., 
in  1836,  aged  100. 


820 


WARDEN. 


WARNER. 


WARDEN,  DAVID  B.,  U.  S.  consul  at  Paris, 
died  in  that  city  in  1845  ;  a  man  of  scientific  and 
literary  acquirements.  A  native  of  Ireland,  he 
was  consul  and  secretary  of  legation  to  France 
for  forty  years  before  his  death.  He  published 
account  of  the  United  States,  3  vols.,  1819;  the 
same  in  French  at  Paris ;  on  consular  establish 
ments,  1813;  the  same  in  French;  bibliotheca 
Americana,  collection  of  books  relating  to  N.  A., 
1831;  and  bib.  Americo-sept.,  Paris,  1820. — 
Goodricli's  Recollections. 

WARDWELL,  DANIEL,  M.  D.,  died  at  An- 
dover,  Mass.,  April  14,  1851,  aged  67.  lie  en 
joyed  an  extensive  practice  and  was  much  beloved. 

WARE,  HEXRY,  D.  D.,  Hollis  professor  of 
theology  at  Harvard  college,  died  at  Cambridge 
July  12,  1845,  aged  81.  He  was  born  at  Sher- 
born  April  1,  1764,  and  was  of  the  fifth  genera 
tion  from  Robert  Ware,  who  lived  in  Dedham 
from  1642  to  1699.  The  intervening  ancestors 
after  Robert,  were  John,  Joseph,  and  John.  His 
brother,  Joseph  Ware,  a  farmer,  was  the  father 
of  Judge  Ashur  Ware  of  Maine.  He  graduated 
in  1785,  and  was  ordained  at  Hingham  as  succes 
sor  of  Dr.  Gay  Oct.  24,  1787.  He  became  pro 
fessor  in  1805,  as  successor  of  Dr.  Tappan,  and 
remained  in  office  till  1840.  His  first  wife  was 
Mary,  daughter  of  Rev.  Jonas  Clarke  of  Lexing 
ton  ;  his  second,  married  in  1807,  was  Mary, 
daughter  of  James  Otis  and  widow  of  Benjamin 
Lincoln,  jun. ;  his  third  wife,  married  Sept.,  1807, 
was  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Nicholas  Bowes.  Of 
his  daughters,  Lucy  Clark  married  Rev.  Joseph 
Allen,  D.  D.,  of  Northborough  ;  Harriet,  by  his 
third  wife,  married  Rev.  Edward  B.  Hall,  D.  D., 
of  Providence ;  Elizabeth  Ann  married  Rev. 
George  Putnam,  D.  D.,  of  Roxbury;  and  Caro 
line  Rebecca  married  Edward  Warren,  M.  D.,  of 
Newton.  His  children,  the  offspring  of  two  wives, 
were  nineteen  in  number.  Of  his  sons  were 
Rev.  Henry  and  Rev.  William,  John,  M.  D., 
Charles  Eliot,  M.  D.,  George  Frederic,  Thornton 
Kirklanci.  In  1839,  at  a  family  meeting,  fifty  of 
his  descendants  were  present.  In  his  last  years 
he  was  nearly  blind.  On  his  appointment  as 
professor  of  divinity,  a  warm  controversy  sprung 
up  on  the  propriety  of  placing  a  Unitarian  in 
that  office.  Dr.  Morse  was  one  of  the  writers  on 
the  occasion.  Dr.  Ware  published  letters  to 
Trinitarians  and  Calvinists,  and  other  tracts  in 
answer  to  Dr.  Woods ;  lectures  on  the  evidences 
and  doctrines  of  Christianity. 

WARE,  HENRY,  junior,  D.  D.,  died  in  Fra- 
mingham,  Mass.,  Sept.  22,  1843,  aged  49.  He 
was  born  in  Hingham  in  1793,  the  son  of  Rev. 
Dr.  W.,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1812.  Jan. 
1,  1817,  he  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  second 
church  in  Boston,  as  successor  of  Dr.  J.  Lathrop. 
After  thirteen  years  he  was  dismissed,  and 
R.  W.  Emerson  was  his  successor.  He  then 


travelled  a  year  in  Europe.  On  his  return  he 
was  professor  of  pulpit  eloquence  in  the  divinity 
school,  Cambridge.  At  last  he  had  long  infirmi 
ties  and  illness. 

WARE,  WILLIAM,  minister  in  New  York,  died 
at  Cambridge  Feb.  19,  1852,  aged  54.  The  son 
of  Rev.  Prof.  Ware,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1816,  and  was  pastor  of  the  Unitarian  church  in 
New  York  from  1821  to  1836.  He  was  then  a 
minister  at  West  Cambridge  from  1843  to  1845. 
He  travelled  in  Europe.  He  delivered  various 
lectures.  He  published  Zenobia ;  Probus  ;  letters 
from  Palmyra. 

WARIIAM,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  Windsor, 
Conn.,  died  April  1,  1670.  He  was  an  eminent 
minister  in  Exeter,  England,  before  he  came  to 
this  country.  Having  taken  the  charge  of  a 
church  which  was  gathered  at  Plymouth,  consist 
ing  of  persons  about  to  emigrate  to  America,  he 
accompanied  them  as  teacher  and  Mr.  Maverick 
as  pastor.  They  arrived  at  Nantasket  May  30, 
1630,  and  in  June  began  a  settlement  at  Dor 
chester.  In  1635  this  church  removed  and  set 
tled  at  Windsor.  Mr.  Maverick,  while  prepar 
ing  to  follow  them,  died  Feb.  3,  1636 ;  but  Mr. 
W.  joined  them  in  Sept.  Here  he  continued 
about  thirty-four  years  till  his  death.  Though  he 
was  distinguished  for  piety  and  the  strictest  mor 
als,  yet  he  was  sometimes  the  prey  of  religious 
melancholy.  He  was  known  to  administer  the 
Lord's  supper  to  his  brethren,  while  he  did  not 
participate  with  them,  through  apprehension  that 
the  seals  of  the  new  covenant  did  not  belong  to 
him.  It  is  supposed  that  he  was  the  first  minis 
ter  in  New  England  who  used  notes  in  preaching  ; 
yet  he  was  animated  and  energetic  in  his  manner. 
—  Mather's  Magnolia,  III.  121 ;  Sprague. 

WARNER,  SETH,  colonel,  a  soldier  of  the 
Revolution,  died  at  Woodbury,  Conn.,  in  1785, 
aged  41.  He  was  born  in  Woodbury  about  1744. 
In  1773  he  removed  to  Bennington,  Vt.,  where 
he  became  an  indefatigable  hunter.  In  the  con 
troversy  with  New  York  he  and  Ethan  Allen  were 
the  leaders  of  the  people.  New  York  passed  an 
act  of  outlawry  against  him  March  9,  1774.  At 
the  head  of  troops  which  he  raised,  he  marched 
with  Allen  to  capture  Ticonderoga  in  1775.  Re 
ceiving  a  commission  from  congress  he  also  raised 
a  regiment  and  joined  Montgomery  in  Canada  ; 
but  on  the  approach  of  winter  his  men  were  dis 
charged.  After  the  death  of  Montgomery  he 
raised  another  body  of  troops  in  1776  and 
marched  to  Quebec.  He  covered  the  retreat  to 
Ticonderoga.  Forced  to  abandon  that  post,  July 
6,  1777,  the  enemy  overtook  him  at  llubbardton 
July  7,  and  attacked  the  three  regiments  of  Hale, 
Francis, and  AVarner.  Francis  fell;  Hale  surren 
dered  with  his  regiment ;  but  Warner  made  good 
his  retreat  to  Manchester.  Called  to  the  aid  of 
Stark  Aug.  16,  1777,  he  arrived  in  season  to  meet 


WARNER. 


WARREN. 


821 


and  defeat  the  reinforcement  of  the  enemy,  and 
thus  to  participate  in  the  renown  of  the  Bcnning- 
ton  victory.  He  then  joined  the  army  under 
Gates.  In  vain  did  the  New  York  convention  in 
1777  solicit  congress  to  revoke  his  commission. 
Worn  down  by  his  toils,  he  sunk  under  a  compli 
cation  of  disorders,  and  died  at  Woodhury, 
whither  he  had  removed  his  family.  Vermont, 
in  gratitude  to  this  brave  soldier,  granted  a  valu 
able  tract  of  land  to  his  widow  and  children. 

WARNER,  AUGUSTUS  L.,  M.  D.,  professor 
of  surgery  in  Hampden  Sidney  college,  Virginia, 
died  in  1847. 

WARREN,  RICHARD,  one  of  the  one  hun 
dred  pilgrims  who  came  to  Plymouth  in  the  May 
flower  in  1620.  His  name,  in  the  compact  signed 
by  tha  company,  is  one  of  the  ten  names  having 
the  title  of  Mr.  prefixed.  He  died  in  1628  :  his 
widow,  Elizabeth,  died  in  1673,  aged  90.  They 
had  two  sons  and  five  daughters.  Mary  married 
Robert  Bartlett  of  Duxbury,  who  came  in  1623. 
Her  brother  Benjamin's  daughter,  Rebecca  War 
ren,  married  William  Bradford  in  1679. 

WARREN,  PETER,  Sir,  commodore,  long 
employed  on  the  coast  of  America,  died  in  Eng 
land  in  1752.  He  cooperated  with  Pepperrell  in 
the  capture  of  Louisburg.  His  wife  was  Susan, 
daughter  of  J.  Delaucy  of  New  York.  He  pur 
chased  lands  on  the  Mohawk,  and  invited  his 
nephew,  William  Johnson,  to  take  charge  of 
them.  —  Parsons'  Life  of  Pepperrell. 

WARREN,  JOSEPH,  a  major-general  in  the 
American  army,  was  killed  at  Bunker's  Hill  June 
17,  1775,  aged  35.  He  was  descended  from  an 
ancestor  who  was  an  early  settler  of  Boston. 
His  mother's  name  was  Stevens,  whose  sister  Su 
sanna  married  John  Sumner.  His  father,  Joseph, 
a  farmer  in  Roxbury,  Mass.,  was  killed  in  1755, 
as  he  was  gathering  apples,  by  falling  from  the 
ladder  :  he  was  a  worthy,  respected  man,  an  ex 
emplary  Christian.  He  was  born  at  Roxbury  in 
1740,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1759.  Having  studied  under  Dr.  Lloyd,  he  in  a 
few  years  became  one  of  the  most  eminent  physi 
cians  in  Boston.  But  he  lived  at  a  period  when 
greater  objects  claimed  his  attention  than  those 
which  related  particularly  to  his  profession.  He 
was  a  bold  politician.  While  many  were  waver 
ing  with  regard  to  the  measures  which  should  be 
adopted,  he  contended  that  every  kind  of  taxa 
tion,  whether  external  or  internal,  was  tyranny, 
and  ought  immediately  to  be  resisted;  and  he 
believed  that  America  was  able  to  withstand  any 
force  that  could  be  sent  against  her.  From  the 
year  1768  he  was  a  principal  member  of  a  secret 
meeting  or  caucus  in  Boston,  which  had  great 
influence  on  the  concerns  of  the  country.  In 
this  assembly  the  plans  of  defence  were  matured. 
After  the  destruction  of  the  tea,  it  was  no  longer 
kept  secret.  He  was  twice  chosen  the  public 


orator  of  the  town  on  the  anniversary  of  the 
massacre,  and  his  orations  breathe  the  energy  of 
a  great  and  daring  mind.  It  was  he  who,  on  the 
evening  before  the  battle  of  Lexington,  obtained 
information  of  the  intended  expedition  against 
Concord,  and  at  ten  o'clock  at  night  dispatched 
an  express  to  Hancock  and  Adams,  who  were  at 
Lexington,  to  warn  them  of  their  danger.  He 
himself,  on  the  next  day,  the  memorable  19th  of 
April,  was  very  active.  After  the  departure  of 
Hancock  to  congress,  he  was  chosen  president  of 
the  provincial  congress  in  his  place.  Four  days 
previous  to  the  battle  of  Bunker's  or  Breed's  Hill 
he  received  his  commission  of  major-general. 
When  the  intrenchments  were  made  upon  the 
fatal  spot,  to  encourage  the  men  within  the  lines, 
he  went  down  from  Cambridge  and  joined  them 
as  a  volunteer  on  the  eventful  day  of  the  battle, 
June  17.  Just  as  the  retreat  commenced,  a  ball 
struck  him  on  the  head,  and  he  died  in  the 
trenches.  He  was  the  first  victim  of  rank  that 
fell  in  the  struggle  with  Great  Britain.  In  the 
spring  of  1776  his  bones  were  taken  up  and  en 
tombed  in  Boston.  Congress  made  provision  for 
the  education  of  his  four  children.  With  warm 
zeal  he  was  yet  judicious  in  council,  and  candid 
and  generous  towards  those  who  had  different 
sentiments  respecting  the  controversy.  His  mind 
was  vigorous,  his  disposition  humane,  and  his 
manners  affable  and  engaging.  In  his  integrity 
and  patriotism  entire  confidence  was  placed.  To 
the  most  undaunted  bravery  he  added  the  vir 
tues  of  domestic  life,  the  eloquence  of  an  accom 
plished  orator,  and  the  wisdom  of  an  able  states 
man.  He  published  orations  in  1772  and  in 
1775,  commemorative  of  the  5th  of  March,  1770. 
WARREN,  JAMES,  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution, 
died  at  Plymouth  Nov.  17,  1808,  aged  82.  He 
was  descended  from  Richard  W.,  one  of  the  first 
settlers  of  Plymouth  in  1620,  and  was  born  in 
the  year  1726.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1745.  Directing  his  attention  to  com 
mercial  affairs,  he  was  for  many  years  a  respecta 
ble  merchant.  About  the  year  1757  his  father 
died  and  left  him  a  handsome  patrimonial  estate, 
which  had  descended  from  Richard  W.  He  was 
at  this  time  appointed  a  high  sheriff,  as  successor 
of  his  father,  and  he  retained  this  office  till  the 
commencement  of  the  war,  notwithstanding  the 
active  part  which  he  took  in  opposing  the  meas 
ures  of  the  British  ministry.  In  May,  1766,  he 
was  chosen  a  member  of  the  general  court  from 
Plymouth,  and  he  uniformly  supported  the  rights 
of  his  country.  The  government,  who  knew  his 
abilities  and  feared  his  opposition,  tried  the  influ 
ence  of  promises  and  threats  upon  him  ;  but  his 
integrity  was  not  to  be  corrupted.  In  1773  his 
proposal  for  establishing  committees  of  correspon 
dence  was  generally  adopted.  He  was  for  many 
years  speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives. 


822 


WARREN. 


Preferring  an  active  station,  in  which  he  could 
serve  his  country,  he  refused  the  office  of  lieuten 
ant-governor,  and  that  of  judge  of  the  supreme 
court,  but  accepted  a  seat  at  the  navy  board,  the 
duties  of  which  were  very  arduous.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  he  retired  from  public  employ 
ments  to  enjoy  domestic  ease  and  leisure.  Amidst 
public  cares,  which  demanded  his  abilities  and 
much  occupied  him,  he  never  neglected  the 
more  humble  duties  of  domestic  life,  or  the  more 
exalted  claims  of  religion. 

WARREN,  MERCY,  an  historian,'  wife  of  the 
preceding,  the  daughter  of  James  Otis  of  Barn- 
stable,  was  born  in  1727,  and  died  at  Plymouth 
in  Oct.,  1814,  aged  87.  Before  the  Revolution 
she  wrote  some  political  pieces.  She  published 
poems,  dramatic  and  miscellaneous,  1790  ;  a  his 
tory  of  the  American  Revolution,  3  vols.  8vo.,  1805. 
—  Cycl.  of  Amer.  Lit. 

WARREN,  JOHN,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  died  in 
Boston  April  4,  1815,  aged  61.  He  was  brother 
of  Gen.  Joseph  W. ;  was  born  in  Roxbury  July 
27,  1753  ;  and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1771.  Being  settled  in  the  practice  of  physic  at 
Salem,  he  marched  as  surgeon  to  the  scene  of 
battle  at  Lexington.  He  was  soon  appointed 
hospital  surgeon  ;  other  Massachusetts  surgeons 
in  the  war  were  Foster,  Eustis,  Adams,  Townsend, 
Hart,  Fiske,  and  Bartlett.  In  1772  he  followed 
the  army  to  Long  Island  and  New  Jersey.  In 
1777  he  was  intrusted  with  the  military  hospitals 
of  Boston,  in  which  post  he  remained  during 
the  war.  In  1780  he  gave  a  course  of  dissections  ; 
and  in  1783  he  was  appointed  a  professor  of 
anatomy  and  surgery  in  the  medical  school  of 
Cambridge.  In  1796  he  indorsed  the  notes  of  a 
medical  friend,  who  had  purchased  lands  in 
Maine,  and  in- consequence  of  his  failure  was 
obliged  to  pay  for  and  receive  the  lands,  which 
caused  him  immense  vexation  and  great  loss  of 
property.  For  years  he  was  subject  to  an  or 
ganic  disease  of  the  heart,  but  he  died  of  an  inflam 
mation  of  the  lungs.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of 
Gov.  Collins ;  his  son,  Dr.  John  Collins  W.,  suc 
ceeded  him  as  professor  of  anatomy  and  surgery. 
He  was  the  most  eminent  man  in  New  England, 
unless  Dr.  Nathan  Smith  might  be  considered  as 
equally  skilful.  As  an  eloquent  anatomical  lec 
turer  he  was  unequalled.  For  industry  and 
temperance  he  was  remarkable.  Firmly  believing 
the  Christian  religion,  he  was  not  regardless  of 
its  duties.  He  attended  on  the  Sabbath  public 
worship,  and  was  careful  to  instruct  his  family  in 
religious  worship.  He  had  himself  been  instruct 
ed  by  a  pious  mother.  At  times  he  was  subject 
to  great  depression  of  spirits,  the  consequence  of 
afflictions ;  so  that  he  lost  the  wish  to  live  to  old 
age.  He  was  liberal,  generous,  charitable  in  pri- 
•••ate  life,  and  a  disinterested,  enlightened  friend 


WARREN. 

of  his  country.  He  delivered  various  public  ora 
tions  and  addresses. —  Thaclter  II.  254-271. 

WARREN,  EDWARD,  a  missionary  to  Ceylon, 
was  born  in  1786;  graduated  at  Middlebury 
college  in  1808;  and  studied  theology  at  Andover. 
He  sailed  for  Ceylon  in  Oct.,  1812.  After  a  resi 
dence  of  some  years,  falling  into  consumption, 
he  for  his  health  sailed  with  Mr.  Richards  in 
April  for  Cape  Town,  where  he  died  Aug.  11, 1818, 
aged  32.  Archdeacon  Twistleton  said  of  him 
and  Mr.  II., "  Men  of  more  amiable  manners  and 
purer  lives  I  never  saw." 

WARREN,  MOSES,  minister  in  Wilbraham, 
Mass.,  died  in  1831,  aged  about  68.  Born  in 
Upton,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1784,  and  was 
pastor  of  the  south  parish  from  1788  to  1829. 

WARREN,  ISAAC,  died  in  Charlestown  March 
19,  1834,  aged  76.  He  liberally  endowed  War 
ren  academy  in  Woburn,  and  was  a  benefactor  of 
Middlebury  college. 

WARREN,  SAMUEL,  colonel,  died  in  Pendle- 
ton,  S.  C.,  in  1841,  aged  80.  He  was  a  Revolu 
tionary  officer,  and  a  legislator,  a  man  of  a  high 
character. 

WARREN,  DELIVERANCE,  Mrs.,  died  in  Read- 
field,  N.  Y.,  in  Jan.,  1843,  aged  104  years  and 
8  months.  She  had  been  a  member  of  the  Bap 
tist  church  more  than  80  years. 

WARREN,  MARY,  Mrs.,  died  in  1851,  aged 
108. 

WARREN,  SILAS,  a  useful  teacher,  died  in 
Jackson,  Me.,  Jan.  7,  1856,  aged  88.  Born  in 
Weston,  he  graduated  in  1795,  and  from  1812 
was  ten  years  the  minister  of  Jackson.  The  re 
mainder  of  his  life  he  spent  on  a  farm  and  in 
teaching.  —  Boston  Adv.,  July  16,  1856. 

WARREN,  JOHN  COLLINS,  M.  1).,  died  in 
Boston  May  4,  1856,  aged  77,  the  son  of  Dr.  John 
W.,  and  a  graduate  of  1797.  His  mother  was 
the  daughter  of  Gov.  Collins  of  It.  I.  After 
studying  physic  he  spent  several  years  in  the 
hospitals  of  London  and  Paris.  He  was  the 
eminent  professor  of  anatomy  and  surgery  at 
Cambridge  nearly  forty  years  ;  and  president  of 
the  Boston  society  of  natural  history,  and  a  mem 
ber  of  many  learned  societies.  He  and  his  friend 
Dr.  James  Jackson  originated  the  general  hos 
pital  and  McLean  asylum.  Six  children  survived 
him,  by  his  first  wife,  Susan,  a  daughter  of  Jona 
than  Mason ;  his  second  wife,  Anna,  daugh 
ter  of  T.  L.  Winthroj),  died  in  1850.  The  remains 
of  his  uncle,  Gen.  Warren,  he  placed  in  a  stone 
urn,  in  whose  skull  was  visible  the  hole  made  by 
the  fatal  ball.  He  published  a  book  on  the  fam 
ily  of  the  De  Warrens,  etc.,  at  the  expense  of  4,000 
or  5,000  dollars  ;  but  unluckily,  as  Mr.  Savage 
remarked,  he  did  not  prove  the  connection  with 
the  English  family.  He  published  a  work  on 
the  mastodon  of  this  country  and  the  geneal- 


WASHINGTON. 

ogy  of  Warren,  1854  ;  and  also  contributed  many 
papers  to  the  Mass.  med.  society. —  Boston  Adver 
tiser,  July  16,  1856. 

WARBINGTON,  LEWIS,  a  captain  in  the 
navy,  died  at  Washington  in  1851,  aged  68.  He 
was  a  native  of  Williamsburg,  Va.,  educated  at 
William  and  Mary  college ;  and  he  entered  the 
navy  in  Jan.,  1800,  and  was  distinguished  in  the 
war  with  Tripoli,  and  with  England  in  1812.  lie 
was  amiable,  and  of  a  modesty  which  won  esteem. 

WASHBURX,  SETH,  colonel,  died  at  Leicester, 
Mass.,  in  1793,  aged  70;  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  academy.  He  fought  at  Bunker  Hill.  Among 
his  sons  were,  it  is  believed,  Judges  Ileuben  of 
Vermont  and  Ebenezer  of  Alabama,  and  Gov.  E. 
Washburn  of  Worcester. 

WASHBURX,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Farming- 
ton,  Conn.,  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1793, 
and  was  ordained  in  1795.  His  declining  health 
induced  him  in  1805  to  seek  a  more  southern 
climate.  While  on  his  passage  with  his  wife 
from  Norfolk  to  Charleston,  he  died  Dec.  25,  and 
his  body  was  deposited  in  the  ocean.  His  suc 
cessor  was  Noah  Porter.  He  was  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  Connecticut  evang.  magazine.  A 
volume  of  his  sermons  was  published  after  his 
death,  in  12mo. 

WASHINGTON,  GEORGE,  commander-in-chief 
of  the  American  army  during  the  war  with  Great 
Britain,  and  first  president  of  the  United  States, 
died  at  Mount  Vernon,  Va.,  Dec.  14,  1799,  aged 
67.  He  was  the  third  son  of  Augustine  Washing 
ton,  and  was  born  at  Bridges  creek,  in  the  county  of 
Westmoreland,  Va.,  Feb.  22,  1732.  His  great 
grandfather  had  emigrated  to  that  place  from 
Sulgrave,  Northamptonshire,  the  north  of  Eng 
land,  about  the  year  1657.  At  the  age  of  ten 
years  he  lost  his  father,  and  the  patrimonial 
estate  descended  to  his  elder  brother,  Lawrence 
Washington,  Avho  in  the  year  1740  had  been  en- 
engaged  in  the  expedition  against  Carthagena. 
In  honor  of  the  British  admiral,  who  command 
ed  the  fleet  employed  in  that  enterprise,  the 
estate  was  called  Mount  Vernon.  At  the  age 
of  15,  agreeably  to  the  wishes  of  his  brother,  as 
well  as  to  his  own  urgent  request  to  enter  into 
the  British  navy,  the  place  of  midshipman  in  a 
vessel  of  war,  then  stationed  on  the  coast  of  Vir 
ginia,  was  obtained  for  him.  Every  thing  was  in 
readiness  for  his  departure,  when  the  fears  of  a 
timid  and  affectionate  mother  prevailed  upon 
him  to  abandon  his  proposed  career  on  the  ocean, 
and  were  the  means  of  retaining  him  upon  the  land 
to  be  the  future  vindicator  of  his  country's  rights. 
This  mother  had  not  ceased,  since  the  death  of 
her  husband,  to  gather  her  little  flock  of  chil 
dren  round  her  daily,  and  to  read  to  them  lessons 
of  wisdom,  usually  from  Sir  Matthew  Hale's 
contemplations, —  the  excellent  maxims  of  which 
sank  into  George's  mind.  This  book  of  his 


WASHINGTON. 


823 


mother  he  ever  preserved  with  care.  All  the 
advantages  of  education,  which  he  enjoyed,  were 
derived  from  a  private  tutor,  who  instructed  him 
in  English  literature  and  the  general  principles 
of  science,  as  well  as  in  morality  and  religion. 
After  his  disappointment  with  regard  to  entering 
the  navy,  he  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  the 
study  of  the  mathematics ;  and  in  the  practice 
of  his  profession  as  a  surveyor,  he  had  an  oppor 
tunity  of  acquiring  that  information  respecting 
the  value  of  vacant  lands,  which  afterwards  greatly 
contributed  to  the  increase  of  his  private  for 
tune.  At  the  age  of  19,  when  the  militia  of 
Virginia  were  to  be  trained  for  actual  service,  he 
was  appointed  adjutant-general  with  the  rank  of 
major.  It  was  for  a  very  short  time  that  he 
discharged  the  duties  of  this  office.  In  the  year 
1753  the  plan  formed  by  France,  for  connecting 
Canada  with  Louisiana  by  a  line  of  posts,  and 
thus  of  inclosing  the  British  colonies,  and  of  es 
tablishing  her  influence  over  the  numerous  tribes 
of  Indians  on  the  frontiers,  began  to  be  developed. 
In  the  prosecution  of  this  design  possession  had 
been  taken  of  a  tract  of  land  then  believed  to 
be  within  the  province  of  Virginia.  Mr.  Dinwid- 
die, the  lieutenant-governor,  being  determined  to 
remonstrate  against  the  supposed  encroachment 
and  violation  of  the  treaties  between  the  two . 
countries,  dispatched  Major  Washington  through 
the  wilderness  to  the  Ohio,  to  deliver  a  letter  to 
the  commanding  officer  of  the  French,  and  also 
to  explore  the  country.  This  trust  of  danger 
and  fatigue  he  executed  with  great  ability.  He 
left  Williamsburg  Oct.  31, 1753,  —  the  very  day  on 
which  he  received  his  commission,  —  and  at  the 
frontier  settlement  of  the  English  engaged  guides 
to  conduct  him  over  the  Alleghany  mountains. 
After  passing  them,  he  pursued  his  route  to  the 
Monongahela,  examining  the  country  with  a  mil 
itary  eye,  and  taking  the  most  judicious  means  for 
securing  the  friendship  of  the  Indians.  He  se 
lected  the  forks  of  the  Monongahela  and  Alle 
ghany  rivers,  as  a  position  which  ought  to  be 
immediately  possessed  and  fortified.  At  this 
place  the  French  very  soon  erected  fort  du  Quesne, 
which  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  English  in  1758 
and  was  called  by  them  fort  Pitt.  Pursuing  his 
way  up  the  Alleghany  to  French  creek,  he  found 
at  a  fort  upon  this  stream  the  commanding 
officer,  to  whom  he  delivered  the  letter  from  Mr. 
Dinwiddie.  On  his  return  he  encountered  great 
difficulties  and  dangers.  As  the  snow  was  deep 
and  the  horses  weak  from  fatigue,  he  left  his  at 
tendants  at  the  mouth  of  French  creek,  and  set 
out  on  foot,  with  his  papers  and  provisions  in  his 
pack,  accompanied  only  by  his  pilot,  Mr.  Gist. 
At  a  place  upon  the  Alleghany,  called  the  Mur 
dering  town,  they  fell  in  with  a  hostile  Indian, 
who  was  one  of  a  party  then  lying  in  wait,  and 
who  fired  upon  them  not  ten  steps  distant.  They 


824 


WASHINGTON. 


took  him  into  custody  and  kept  him  until  nine 
o'clock,  and  then  let  him  go.  To  avoid  the  pur 
suit  which  they  presumed  would  he  commenced 
in  the  morning,  they  travelled  all  night.  On 
reaching  the  Monongahela  they  had  a  hard  clay's 
work  to  make  a  raft  with  a  hatchet.  In  attempt 
ing  to  cross  the  river  to  reach  a  trader's  house, 
they  were  inclosed  by  masses  of  ice.  In  order  to 
stop  the  raft,  Maj or  Washington  put  down  his  set 
ting  pole  ;  hut  the  ice  came  with  such  force  against 
it  as  to  jerk  it  into  the  water.  lie  saved  himself 
hy  seizing  one  of  the  raft  logs.  With  difficulty 
they  landed  on  an  island,  where  they  passed  the 
night.  The  cold  was  so  severe  that  the  pilot's 
hands  and  feet  were  frozen.  The  next  day  they 
crossed  the  river  upon  the  ice.  Washington 
arrived  at  Williamsburg  Jan.  16,  1754.  His  jour 
nal,  which  evinces  the  solidity  of  his  judgment 
and  his  fortitude,  was  published. 

As  the  French  seemed  disposed  to  remain 
upon  the  Ohio,  it  was  determined  to  raise  a  regi 
ment  of  three  hundred  men  to  maintain  the  claims 
of  the  British  crown.  The  command  was  given 
to  Mr.  Fry,  and  Major  Washington,  who  was  ap 
pointed  lieutenant-colonel,  marched  with  two 
companies  early  in  April,  1754,  in  advance  of  the 
other  troops.  A  few  miles  west  of  the  Great 
Meadows  he  surprised  a  French  encampment,  in 
a  dark,  rainy  night,  and  only  one  man  escaped. 
Before  the  arrival  of  the  two  remaining  companies 
Mr.  Fry  died,  and  the  command  devolved  on 
Colonel  Washington.  Being  joined  by  two  other 
companies  of  regular  troops  from  South  Carolina 
and  New  York,  after  erecting  a  small  stockade 
at  the  Great  Meadows,  he  proceeded  towards 
fort  du  Quesne,  which  had  been  built  but  a  short 
time,  with  the  intention  of  dislodging  the  French. 
He  had  marched  only  thirteen  miles  to  the  west 
ernmost  foot  of  the  Laurel  hill,  before  he  received 
information  of  the  approach  of  the  enemy  with 
superior  numbers,  and  was  induced  to  return  to 
his  stockade.  He  began  a  ditch  around  it,  and 
called  it  fort  Necessity ;  but  the  next  day,  July 
the  3d,  he  was  attacked  by  1500  men.  His 
own  troops  were  about  400  in  number.  The  ac 
tion  commenced  at  ten  in  the  morning  and  lasted 
until  dark.  A  part  of  the  Americans  fought 
within  the  fort  and  a  part  in  the  ditch  filled  with 
mud  and  water.  Colonel  Washington  was  him 
self  on  the  outside  of  the  fort  during  the  whole 
day.  The  enemy  fought  under  cover  of  trees  and 
high  grass.  In  the  course  of  the  night  articles  of 
capitulation  were  agreed  upon.  The  garrison 
were  allowed  to  retain  their  arms  and  baggage, 
and  to  march  unmolested  to  the  inhabited  parts 
of  Virginia.  The  loss  of  the  Americans  in  killed 
and  wounded  was  supposed  to  be  about  100,  and 
that  of  the  enemy  about  200.  In  a  few  months 
afterwards  orders  were  received  for  settling  the 
rank  of  the  officers,  and  those  who  were  commis- 


WASHINGTON. 

sioned  by  the  king  being  directed  to  take  rank  of 
the  provincial  officers,  Col.  Washington  indig 
nantly  resigned  his  commission.  He  now  re 
tired  to  Mount  Vernon,  that  estate  by  the  death 
of  his  brother  having  devolved  upon  him.  But 
in  the  spring  of  1755  he  accepted  an  invitation 
from  Gen.  Braddock  to  enter  his  family  as  a  vol 
unteer  aid-de-camp  in  his  expedition  to  the  Ohio. 
He  proceeded  with  him  to  Wills'  creek,  after 
wards  called  fort  Cumberland,  in  April.  After 
the  troops  had  marched  a  few  miles  from  this 
place,  he  was  seized  with  a  raging  fever;  but,  re 
fusing  to  remain  behind,  he  was  conveyed  in  a 
covered  wagon.  By  his  advice,  twelve  hundred 
men  were  detatched  in  order  by  a  rapid  move 
ment  to  reach  fort  du  Quesne  before  an  expected 
reinforcement  should  be  received  at  that  place. 
These  disencumbered  troops  were  commanded  by 
Braddock  himself,  and  Col.  Washington,  though 
still  extremely  ill,  insisted  upon  proceeding  with 
them.  After  they  arrived  upon  the  Mononga 
hela  he  advised  the  general  to  employ  the  rang 
ing  companies  of  Virginia  to  scour  the  woods  and 
to  prevent  ambuscades ;  but  his  advice  was  not 
followed.  July  9,  when  the  army  was  within 
seven  miles  of  fort  du  Quesne,  the  enemy  com 
menced  a  sudden  and  furious  attack,  being  con 
cealed  by  the  wood  and  high  grass.  In  a  short 
time  Col.  Washington  was  the  only  aid  who  was 
unwounded,  and  on  him  devolved  the  whole  duty 
of  carrying  the  orders  of  the  commander-in-chief. 
He  was  cool  and  fearless.  Though  he  had  two 
horses  killed  under  him,  and  four  balls  through 
his  coat,  he  escaped  unhurt,  while  every  other 
officer  on  horseback  was  either  killed  or  wounded. 
Dr.  Craik,  the  physician,  who  attended  him  in  his 
last  sickness, was  present  in  this  battle, and  says: 
"  I  expected  every  moment  to  see  him  fall.  Noth 
ing  but  the  superintending  care  of  Providence 
could  have  saved  him  from  the  fate  of  all  around 
him."  After  an  action  of  three  hours  the  troops 
gave  way  in  all  directions,  and  Col.  Washington 
and  two  others  brought  off  Braddock,  who  had 
been  mortally  wounded.  He  attempted  to  rally 
the  retreating  troops ;  but,  as  he  says  himself,  it 
was  like  endeavoring  "  to  stop  the  wild  bears  of 
the  mountains."  The  conduct  of  the  regular 
troops  was  most  cowardly.  The  enemy  were 
few  in  number  and  had  no  expectation  of  victory. 
In  a  sermon  occasioned  by  this  expedition,  Sam 
uel  Davies  of  Hanover  county  thus  prophetically 
expressed  himself:  "  As  a  remarkable  instance  of 
patriotism,  I  may  point  out  to  the  public  that 
heroic  youth,  Col.  Washington,  whom  I  cannot 
but  hope  Providence  has  hitherto  preserved  in  so 
signal  a  manner  for  some  important  service  to 
his  country."  For  this  purpose  he  was  indeed 
preserved,  and  at  the  end  of  twenty  years  he 
began  to  render  to  his  country  more  important 
services  than  the  minister  of  Jesus  could  have 


WASHINGTON. 

anticipated.  From  1755  to  1758  he  commanded 
a  regiment  which  was  raised  for  the  protection  of 
the  frontiers,  and  during  this  period  he  was  inces 
santly  occupied  in  efforts  to  shield  the  exposed 
settlements  from  the  incursions  of  the  savages. 
His  exertions  were  in  a  great  degree  ineffectual,  in 
consequence  of  the  errors  and  the  pride  of  gov 
ernment,  and  of  the  impossibility  of  guarding 
with  a  few  troops  an  extended  territory  from  an 
enemy  which  was  averse  to  open  warfare.  He  in 
the  most  earnest  manner  recommended  offensive 
measures  as  the  only  method  of  giving  complete 
protection  to  the  scattered  settlements.  In  the 
year  1758,  to  his  great  joy,  it  was  determined  to 
undertake  another  expedition  against  fort  du 
Quesne,  and  he  engaged  in  it  with  zeal.  Early 
in  July  the  troops  were  assembled  at  fort  Cum 
berland  ;  and  here,  against  all  the  remonstrances 
and  arguments  of  Col.  Washington,  Gen.  Forbes 
resolved  to  open  a  new  road  to  the  Ohio  instead 
of  taking  the  old  route.  Such  was  the  predicted 
delay,  occasioned  by  this  measure,  that  in  Novem 
ber  it  was  resolved  not  to  proceed  further  during 
that  campaign.  But  intelligence  of  the  weakness 
of  the  garrison  induced  an  alteration  of  the  plan 
of  passing  the  winter  in  the  wilderness.  By  slow 
marches  the  army  was  enabled,  on  the  25th  of 
Nov.,  to  reach  fort  du  Quesne,  of  which  peacea 
ble  possession  was  taken,  as  the  enemy  on  the 
preceding  night,  after  setting  it  on  fire,  had  aban 
doned  it,  and  proceeded  down  the  Ohio.  The 
works  in  this  place  were  repaired,  and  its  name 
was  changed  to  that  of  fort  Pitt.  The  success  of 
the  expedition  was  to  be  attributed  to  the  British 
fleet,  which  intercepted  reinforcements  destined 
for  Canada,  and  to  events  in  the  northern  colo 
nies.  The  great  object  which  he  had  been  anx 
ious  to  effect  being  now  accomplished,  and  his 
health  being  enfeebled,  Col.  Washington  resigned 
his  commission  as  commander-in-chief  of  all  the 
troops  raised  in  Virginia. 

Soon  after  his  resignation  he  was  married  to 
Martha,  the  widow  of  Mr.  Custis,  a  young  lady 
to  whom  he  had  been  for  some  time  strongly 
attached,  and  who  to  a  large  fortune  and  a  fine 
person  added  those  amiable  accomplishments 
which  fill  with  silent  felicity  the  scenes  of  domes 
tic  life.  His  attention  for  several  years  was  prin 
cipally  directed  to  the  management  of  his  estate, 
which  had  now  become  considerable.  He  had 
nine  thousand  acres  under  his  own  management. 
So  great  a  part  was  cultivated,  that  in  one  year 
he  raised  seven  thousand  bushels  of  wheat  and 
ten  thousand  of  Indian  corn.  His  slaves  and 
other  persons  employed  by  him  amounted  to 
near  a  thousand ;  and  the  woollen  and  linen 
cloth  necessary  for  their  use  was  chiefly  manufac 
tured  on  the  estate.  He  was  at  this  period  a 
member  of  the  legislature  of  Virginia,  in  which 
he  took  a  decided  part  ia  opposition  to  the  prin- 
104 


WASHINGTON. 


825 


ciple  of  taxation  asserted  by  the  British  parlia 
ment.  He  also  acted  as  a  judge  of  a  county 
court.  In  1774  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
first  congress,  and  was  placed  on  all  those  com 
mittees  whose  duty  it  was  to  make  arrangements 
for  defence.  In  the  following  year,  after  the  bat 
tle  of  Lexington,  when  it  was  determined  by 
congress  to  resort  to  arms,  Col.  Washington  was 
unanimously  elected  commander-in-chief  of  the 
army  of  the  united  colonies.  All  were  satisfied 
as  to  his  qualifications,  and  the  delegates  from 
New  England  were  particularly  pleased  with  his 
election,  as  it  would  tend  to  unite  the  southern 
colonies  cordially  in  the  war.  He  accepted  the 
appointment  with  diffidence,  and  expressed  his 
intention  of  receiving  no  compensation  for  his  ser 
vices,  and  only  a  mere  discharge  of  his  expenses. 
He  immediately  repaired  to  Cambridge  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Boston,  where  he  arrived  on  the 
2d  of  July.  He  formed  the  army  into  three 
divisions,  in  order  the  most  effectually  to  inclose 
the  enemy,  intrusting  the  division  at  Iloxbury  to 
Gen.  Ward,  the  division  on  Prospect  and  Winter 
hills  to  Gen.  Lee,  and  commanding  himself  the 
centre  at  Cambridge.  Here  he  had  to  struggle 
with  great  difficulties,  with  the  want  of  ammuni 
tion,  clothing,  and  magazines,  defect  of  arms  and 
discipline,  and  the  evils  of  short  enlistments ;  but 
instead  of  yielding  to  despondence  he  bent  the 
whole  force  of  his  mind  to  overcome  them.  He 
soon  made  the  alarming  discovery  that  there  was 
only  sufficient  powder  on  hand  to  furnish  the  army 
with  nine  catridges  for  each  man.  With  the 
greatest  caution  to  keep  this  fact  a  secret,  the 
utmost  exertions  were  employed  to  procure  a 
supply.  A  vessel,  which  was  dispatched  to 
Africa,  obtained  in  exchange  for  New  England 
rum  all  the  gunpowder  in  the  British  factories ; 
and  in  the  beginning  of  winter  Capt.  Manly  cap 
tured  an  ordnance  brig,  which  furnished  the 
American  army  with  the  precise  articles  of  which 
"it  was  in  the  greatest  want.  In  September,  Gen. 
Washington  dispatched  Arnold  on  an  expedition 
against  Quebec.  In  February,  177G,  he  proposed 
to  a  council  of  his  officers  to  cross  the  ice  and  attack 
the  enemy  in  Boston,  but  they  unanimously  dis 
approved  of  the  daring  measure.  It  was,  how 
ever,  soon  resolved  to  take  possession  of  the 
heights  of  Dorchester.  This  was  done  without 
discovery  on  the  night  of  the  4th  of  March, 
and  on  the  17th  the  enemy  found  it  necessary 
to  evacuate  the  town.  The  recovery  of  Boston 
induced  congress  to  pass  a  vote  of  thanks  to 
Gen.  Washington  and  his  brave  army. 

In  the  belief  that  the  efforts  of  the  British 
would  be  directed  towards  the  Hudson,  he  has 
tened  the  army  to  New  York,  Avhere  he  himself 
arrived  April  14th.  He  made  every  exertion  to 
fortify  the  city,  and  attention  was  paid  to  the  forts 
in  the  highlands.  While  he  met  the  most  em- 


826 


WASHINGTON. 


WASHINGTON. 


barrassing  difficulties,  a  plan  was  formed  to  assist 
the  enemy  in  seizing  his  person,  and  some  of  his 
own  guards  engaged  in  the  conspiracy ;  but  it 
was  discovered,  and  some  who  were  concerned  in 
it  were  executed.  In  the  beginning  of  July, 
Howe  landed  his  troops  at  Staten  Island.  His 
brother,  Lord  Howe,  who  commanded  the  fleet, 
soon  arrived ;  and  as  both  were  commissioners 
for  restoring  peace  to  the  colonies,  the  latter 
addressed  a  letter  upon  the  subject  to  "George 
Washington,  Esquire  ;  "  but  the  general  refused 
to  receive  it,  as  it  did  not  acknowledge  the  public 
character  with  which  he  was  invested  by  con 
gress,  in  which  character  only  he  could  have  any 
intercourse  with  his  lordship.  Another  letter 
was  sent  to  "  George  Washington,  &c.  &c.  &c." 
This  for  the  same  reason  was  rejected.  After  the 
disastrous  battle  of  Brooklyn  on  the  27th  of 
August,  in  which  Stirling  and  Sullivan  were  taken 
prisoners,  and  of  which  he  was  only  a  spectator, 
he  withdrew  the  troops  from  Long  Island,  and  in 
a  few  days  he  resolved  to  withdraw  from  New 
York.  At  Kipp's  bay,  about  three  miles  from  the 
city,  some  works  had  been  thrown  up  to  oppose 
the  enemy  ;  but  on  their  approach  the  American 
troops  fled  with  precipitation.  Washington  rode 
towards  the  lines,  and  made  every  exertion  to  pre 
vent  the  disgraceful  flight.  He  drew  his  sword, 
and  threatened  to  run  the  cowards  through ;  he 
cocked  and  snapped  his  pistol,  but  it  was  all  in 
vain.  Such  was  the  state  of  his  mind  at  the  mo 
ment,  that  he  turned  his  horse  towards  the  ad 
vancing  enemy,  apparently  with  the  intention  of 
rushing  upon  death.  His  aids  now  seized  the 
bridle  of  his  horse  and  rescued  him  from  destruc 
tion.  New  York  was  on  the  same  day,  Sept.  15, 
evacuated.  In  October  he  retreated  to  the  White 
Plains,  where,  Oct.  28,  a  considerable  action  took 
place,  in  which  the  Americans  were  overpowered. 
After  the  loss  of  forts  Washington  and  Lee,  he 
passed  into  New  Jersey  in  November,  and  was 
pursued  by  a  triumphant  and  numerous  enemy. 
His  army  did  not  amount  to  three  thousand,  and 
it  was  daily  diminishing ;  his  men,  as  the  winter 
commenced,  were  barefooted  and  almost  naked, 
destitute  of  tents,  and  of  utensils  with  which  to 
dress  their  scanty  provisions ;  and  every  circum 
stance  tended  to  fill  the  mind  with  despondence. 
But  Gen.  Washington  was  undismayed  and  firm. 
He  showed  himself  to  his  enfeebled  army  with  a 
serene  and  unembarrassed  countenance,  and  they 
were  inspired  with  the  resolution  of  their  com 
mander.  Dec.  8,  he  was  obliged  to  cross  the 
Delaware ;  but  he  had  the  precaution  to  secure 
the  boats  for  seventy  miles  upon  the  river. 
While  the  British  were  waiting  for  the  ice  to 
afford  them  a  passage,  as  his  own  army  had  been 
leinforced  by  several  thousand  men,  he  formed 
the  resolution  of  carrying  the  cantonments  of 
the  enemy  by  surprise.  On  the  night  of  Dec. 


25  he  crossed  the  river  nine  miles  above  Trenton, 
in  a  storm  of  snow  mingled  with  hail  and  rain, 
with  about  two  thousand  four  hundred  men. 
Two  other  detachments  were  unable  to  effect  a 
passage.  In  the  morning,  precisely  at  eight 
o'clock,  he  surprised  Trenton,  and  took  one 
thousand  Hessians  prisoners,  one  thousand  stand 
of  arms,  and  six  field  pieces.  Twenty  of  the 
enemy  were  killed.  Of  the  Americans,  two  pri 
vates  were  killed  and  two  frozen  to  death ;  and 
one  officer  and  three  or  four  privates  were 
wounded.  On  the  same  day  he  recrossed  the 
Delaware  with  the  fruits  of  his  enterprise  ;  but  in 
two  or  three  days  passed  again  into  New  Jersey, 
and  concentrated  his  forces,  amounting  to  five 
thousand,  at  Trenton.  On  the  approach  of  a 
superior  enemy  under  Cornwallis,  Jan.  2,  1777,  he 
drew  up  his  men  behind  Assumpinck  creek.  He 
expected  an  attack  in  the  morning,  which  would 
probably  result  in  a  ruinous  defeat.  At  this  mo 
ment,  when  it  was  hazardous  if  not  impracticable 
to  return  into  Pennsylvania,  he  formed  the  reso 
lution  of  getting  into  the  rear  of  the  enemy,  and 
thus  to  stop  them  in  their  progress  towards  Phil 
adelphia.  In  the  night  he  silently  decamped, 
taking  a  circuitous  route  through  Allenstown 
to  Princeton.  A  sudden  change  of  the  weather 
to  severe  cold  rendered  the  roads  favorable  for 
his  march.  About  sunrise  his  van  met  a  British 
detachment  on  its  way  to  join  Cornwallis,  and 
was  defeated  by  it ;  but  as  he  came  up  he  exposed 
himself  to  every  danger  and  gained  a  victory. 
With  three  hundred  prisoners  he  then  entered 
Princeton.  During  this  march  many  of  his  sol 
diers  were  without  shoes,  and  their  feet  left  the 
marks  of  blood  upon  the  frozen  ground.  This 
hardship  and  their  want  of  repose  induced  him 
to  lead  his  army  to  a  place  of  security  on  the  road 
to  MorristOWQ.  Cornwallis  in  the  morning  broke 
up  his  camp,  and,  alarmed  for  his  stores  in  Bruns 
wick,  urged  the  pursuit.  Thus  the  military 
genius  of  the  American  commander,  under  the 
blessing  of  Divine  Providence,  rescued  Philadel 
phia  from  the  threatened  danger,  obliged  the 
enemy,  which  had  overspread  New  Jersey,,  to 
return  to  the  neighborhood  of  New  York,  and 
revived  the  desponding  spirits  of  his  country. 
Having  accomplished  these  objects,  he  retired  to 
Morristown,  where  he  caused  his  whole  army  to 
be  inoculated  with  the  small  pox,  and  thus  was 
freed  from  the  apprehension  of  a  calamity  which 
might  impede  his  operations  during  the  next  cam 
paign. 

On  the  last  of  May  he  removed  his  army  to 
Middlebrook,  about  ten  miles  from  Brunswick, 
where  he  fortified  himself  very  strongly.  An  inef 
fectual  attempt  was  made  by  Sir  William  Howe  to 
draw  him  from  his  position,  by  marching  towards 
Philadelphia;  but,  after  Howe's  return  to  New 
York,  he  moved  towards  the  Hudson,  in  order  to 


WASHINGTON. 

defend  the  passes  in  the  mountains,  in  the  ex 
pectation  that  a  junction  with  Burgoyne,  who 
was  then  upon  the  lakes,  would  be  attempted. 
After  the  British  general  sailed  from  New  York 
and  entered  the  Chesapeake,  in  August,  Gen. 
"Washington  marched  immediately  for  the  defence 
of  Philadelphia.  Sept.  11,  he  was  defeated  at 
Brandywine,  with  the  loss  of  nine  hundred,  in 
killed  and  wounded.  A  few  days  afterward,  as 
he  was  pursued,  he  turned  upon  the  enemy,  de 
termined  upon  another  engagement ;  hut  a  heavy 
rain  so  damaged  the  arms  and  ammunition  that 
he  was  under  the  absolute  necessity  of  again  re 
treating.  Philadelphia  was  entered  by  Cornwal- 
lis  Sept.  26.  Oct.  4,  the  American  commander 
made  a  well-planned  attack  upon  the  British 
camp  at  Germantown  ;  but,  in  consequence  of 
the  darkness  of  the  morning,  and  the  imperfect 
discipline  of  his  troops,  it  terminated  in  the  loss 
of  twelve  hundred  men,  in  killed,  wounded,  and 
prisoners.  In  Dec.  he  went  into  winter  quarters 
at  Valley  Forge,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Schuyl- 
kill,  between  twenty  and  thirty  miles  from  Phila 
delphia.  Here  his  army  was  in  the  greatest  dis 
tress  for  the  want  of  provisions,  and  he  was 
reduced  to  the  necessity  of  sending  out  parties  to 
seize  what  they  could  find.  About  the  same  time 
a  combination,  in  which  some  members  of  con 
gress  were  engaged,  was  formed  to  remove  the 
commander-in-chicf  and  to  appoint  in  his  place 
Gates,  whose  recent  successes  had  given  him  a 
high  reputation.  But  the  name  of  Washington 
was  too  dear  to  the  great  body  of  Americans  to 
admit  of  such  a  change.  Notwithstanding  the 
discordant  materials  of  which  his  army  was  com 
posed,  there  was  something  in  his  character 
which  enabled  him  to  attach  both  his  officers  and 
soldiers  so  strongly  to  him  that  no  distress  could 
weaken  their  affection  or  impair  the  veneration 
in  which  he  was  generally  held.  Without  this 
attachment  to  him  the  army  must  have  been  dis 
solved.  Gen.  Conway,  who  was  concerned  in 
this  faction,  beiir*  wounded  in  a  duel  with  Gen. 
Cadwallader,  and  thinking  his  wound  mortal, 
wrote  to  Gen.  Washington,  "  You  are  in  my  eyes 
the  great  and  good  man."  Feb.  1,  1778,  there 
were  about  four  thousand  men  in  camp  unfit  for 
duty,  for  the  want  of  clothes.  Of  these  scarcely  a 
man  had  a  pair  of  shoes.  The  hospitals  were 
also  filled  with  the  sick.  At  this  time  the  enemy, 
if  they  had  marched  out  of  winter  quarters,  could 
easily  have  dispersed  the  American  army.  The 
apprehension  of  the  approach  of  a  French  fleet 
inducing  the  British  to  concentrate  their  forces, 
when  they  evacuated  Philadelphia,  June  17,  and 
marched  towards  New  York,  Gen.  Washington 
followed  them.  Contrary  to  the  advice  of  a 
council  he  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Monmouth 
June  28,  the  result  of  which  made  an  impression 
favorable  to  the  cause  of  America.  He  slept  in 


WASHINGTON. 


827 


lis  cloak  on  the  field  of  battle,  intending  to  renew 
the   attack  the  next  morning,  but  at   midnight 
the  British  marched  off  in  such  silence  as  not  to 
be  discovered.     Their  loss  in  killed  was  about 
three  hundred,  and  that  of  the  Americans  sixty- 
nine.     As  the  campaign  now  closed  in  the  mid 
dle  States,  the  American  army  went  into  winter 
quarters    in  the  neighborhood  of  the  highlands 
upon  the  Hudson.     Thus,  after  the  vicissitudes  of 
two  years,  both  armies  were  brought  back  to  the 
point  from  which  they  set  out.     During  the  year 
1779,  Gen.  Washington  remained  in  the  neigh 
borhood  of  New  York.     In  Jan.,  1780,  in  a  win 
ter  memorable  for  its  severity,  his  utmost  exer 
tions  were   necessary  to    save    the    army  from 
dissolution.     The  soldiers  in   general  submitted 
with  heroic  patience  to  the  want  of  provisions  and 
clothes.     At   one   time   they   ate   every  kind  of 
horse  food  but  hay.     Their  sufferings  at  length 
were  so  great,  that  in  March  two  of  the  Connect 
icut    regiments  mutinied,  but    the  mutiny  was 
suppressed  and  the  ringleaders  secured.     In  Sept. 
the    treachery  of  Arnold  was  detected.     In  the 
winter  of  1781,  such  were  again  the  privations  of 
the  army  that  a  part  of  the  Pennsylvania  line  re 
volted  and  marched  home.     Such,  however,  was 
still  their  patriotism  that  they  delivered  up  some 
British  emissaries  to  Gen.  Wayne,  who  hanged 
them   as   spies.     Committing  the  defence  of  tne 
posts  on  the  Hudson  to  Gen.  Heath,  Gen.  Wash- 
ton,  in  August,  marched  with  Count  Itochambeaux 
for  the  Chesapeake,  to  cooperate  with  the  French 
fleet  there.     The  siege  of  Yorktown  commenced 
Sept.  28,  and  Oct.  19  he  reduced  Cornwallis  to 
the  necessity  of  surrendering,  with   upwards  of 
seven  thousand  men,  to  the  combined  armies  of 
America  and  France.     The  day  after  the  capitu 
lation,  he  ordered  that  those  who  were  under  ar 
rest  should  be  pardoned,  and  that  divine  service, 
in  acknowledgment  of  the  interposition  of  Provi 
dence,  should  be  performed  in  all  the  brigades 
and  divisions.     This  event  filled  America  with 
joy,  and  was  the  means  of  terminating  the  war. 

Few  events  of  importance  occurred  in  1782. 
In  March,  1783,  he  exhibited  his  characteristic 
firmness  and  decision  in  opposing  an  attempt  to 
produce  a  mutiny  by  anonymous  letters.  His 
address  to  his  officers  on  the  occasion  displays  in 
a  remarkable  degree  his  prudence  and  the  cor 
rectness  of  his  judgment.  When  he  began  to 
read  it  he  found  himself  in  some  degree  embar 
rassed  by  the  imperfection  of  his  sight.  Taking 
out  his  spectacles  he  said,  "  These  eyes,  my 
friends,  have  grown  dim,  and  these  locks  white, 
in  the  service  of  my  country ;  yet  I  have  never 
doubted  her  justice."  He  only  could  have  re 
pressed  the  spirit  which  was  breaking  forth. 
April  19,  a  cessation  of  hostilities  Avas  proclaimed 
in  the  American  camp.  In  June  he  addressed  a 
letter  to  the  governors  of  the  several  States,  con- 


828 


WASHINGTON. 


WASHINGTON. 


gratulating  them  on  the  result  of  the  contest  in 
the  establishment  of  independence,  and  recom 
mending  an  indissoluble  union  of  the  States 
under  one  federal  head,  a  sacred  regard  to  public 
justice,  the  adoption  ef  a  proper  peace  establish 
ment,  and  the  prevalence  of  a  friendly  disposi 
tion  among  the  people  of  the  several  States.  It 
was  with  keen  distress,  as  well  as  with  pride  and 
admiration,  that  he  saw  his  brave  and  veteran 
soldiers,  who  had  suffered  so  much,  and  who  had 
borne  the  heat  and  burden  of  the  war,  returning 
peaceably  to  their  homes  without  a  settlement  of 
their  accounts  or  a  farthing  of  money  in  their 
pockets.  Nov.  25,  New  York  was  evacuated, 
and  he  entered  it,  accompanied  by  Gov.  Clinton 
and  many  respectable  citizens.  Dec.  4,  he  took 
his  farewell  of  his  brave  comrades  in  arms.  At 
noon  the  principal  officers  of  the  army  assembled 
at  Francis'  tavern,  and  their  beloved  commander 
soon  entered  the  room.  His  emotions  were  too 
strong  to  be  concealed.  Filling  a  glass  with  wine, 
he  turned  to  them  and  said :  "  With  a  heart  full 
of  love  and  gratitude,  I  now  take  leave  of  you ; 
I  most  devoutly  wish  that  your  latter  days  may 
be  as  prosperous  and  happy  as  your  former  ones 
have  been  glorious  and  honorable."  Having 
drunk,  he  added  :  "  I  cannot  come  to  each  of 
you  to  take  my  leave,  but  shall  be  obliged  to  you 
if  each  of  you  will  come  and  take  me  by  the 
hand."  Gen.  Knox,  being  nearest,  turned  to 
him.  Incapable  of  utterance,  Gen.  Washington 
grasped  his  hand  and  embraced  him.  In  the 
same  affectionate  manner  he  took  leave  of  each 
officer.  In  every  eye  was  the  tear  of  dignified 
sensibility,  and  not  a  word  was  articulated  to  in 
terrupt  the  silence  and  the  tenderness  of  the 
scene.  Ye  men  who  delight  in  blood,  slaves  of 
ambition!  AVhen  your  work  of  carnage  was  fin 
ished,  could  ye  thus  part  with  your  companions 
in  crime  ?  Leaving  the  room,  Gen.  Washington 
passed  through  the  corps  of  light  infantry,  and 
walked  to  Whitehall,  where  a  barge  waited  to 
carry  him  to  Powles'  Hook.  The  whole  company 
followed  in  mute  procession  with  dejected  coun 
tenances.  When  he  entered  the  barge,  he  turned 
to  them,  and,  waving  his  hat,  bade  them  a  silent 
adieu,  receiving  from  them  the  same  last  affec 
tionate  compliment.  On  the  23d  of  Dec.  he  re 
signed  his  commission  to  congress,  then  assem 
bled  at  Annapolis.  He  delivered  a  short  address 
on  the  occasion,  in  which  he  said :  "  I  consid 
ered  it  an  indispensable  duty  to  close  this  last 
solemn  act  of  my  official  life  by  commending 
the  interests  of  our  dearest  country  to  the  pro 
tection  of  Almighty  God,  and  those  who  have  the 
superintendence  of  them  to  his  holy  keeping." 
He  then  retired  to  Mount  Vernon  to  enjoy  again 
the  pleasures  of  domestic  life.  Here  the  expres 
sions  of  the  gratitude  of  his  countrymen,  in  affec 
tionate  addresses,  poured  in  upon  him,  and  he 


received  every  testimony  of  respect  and  vener 
ation. 

In  his  retirement,  however,  he  could  not  over 
look  the  public  interests.  He  was  desirous  of 
opening  by  water  carriage  a  communication  be 
tween  the  Atlantic  and  the  western  portions  of 
our  country,  in  order  to  prevent  the  diversion  of 
trade  down  the  Mississippi,  and  to  Canada,  from 
which  he  predicted  consequences  injurious  to  the 
union.  Through  his  influence  two  companies 
were  formed  for  promoting  inland  navigation. 
The  legislature  of  Virginia  presented  him  with 
one  hundred  and  fifty  shares  in  them,  which  he 
appropriated  to  public  uses.  In  the  year  1786 
he  was  convinced,  with  other  statesmen,  of  the 
necessity  of  substituting  a  more  vigorous  general 
government,  in  the  place  of  the  impotent  articles 
of  confederation.  Still  he  was  aware  of  the  dan 
ger  of  running  from  one  extreme  to  another. 
He  exclaims,  in  a  letter  to  Mr.  Jay :  "  What  as 
tonishing  changes  a  few  years  are  capable  of  pro 
ducing!  I  am  told  that  even  respectable  char 
acters  speak  of  a  monarchical  form  of  government 
without  horror.  From  thinking  proceeds  speak 
ing  ;  thence  to  acting  is  often  but  a  single  step. 
But  how  irrevocable  and  tremendous !  AVbat  a 
triumph  for  our  enemies  to  verify  their  predic 
tions  !  What  a  triumph  for  the  advocates  of  des 
potism  to  find  that  we  are  incapable  of  governing 
ourselves,  and  that  systems,  founded  on  the  basis 
of  equal  liberty,  are  merely  ideal  and  fallacious  !" 
In  the  following  year  he  was  persuaded  to  take  a 
seat  in  the  convention  which  formed  the  present 
constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  he  pre 
sided  in  that  body.  In  1789  he  was  unanimously 
elected  the  first  president  of  the  United  States. 
It  was  with  great  reluctance  that  he  accepted 
this  office.  His  feelings,  as  he  said  himself,  were 
like  those  of  a  culprit  going  to  the  place  of  ex 
ecution.  But  the  voice  of  a  whole  continent,  the 
pressing  recommendation  of  his  particular  friends, 
and  the  apprehension  that  he  should  otherwise 
be  considered  as  unwilling  to  hazard  his  reputa 
tion  in  executing  a  system  which  he  had  assisted 
in  forming,  determined  him  to  accept  the  ap 
pointment.  In  April  he  left  Mount  Vernon  to 
proceed  to  New  York,  and  to  enter  on  the  duties 
of  his  high  office.  He  everywhere  received  tes 
timonies  of  respect  and  love.  At  Trenton  the 
gentler  sex  rewarded  him  for  his  successful  enter 
prise,  and  the  protection  which  he  afforded  them, 
twelve  years  before.  On  the  bridge  over  the 
creek  which  passes  through  the  town,  was 
erected  a  triumphal  arch,  ornamented  with  laurels 
and  flowers  and  supported  by  thirteen  pillars, 
each  encircled  with  wreaths  of  evergreen.  On  the 
front  of  the  arch  was  inscribed  in  large  gilt  letters  : 

"THE     DEFEJfDER    OF    THE    MOTHERS 

WILL  BE  THE 
PROTECTOR  OF  THE   DAUGHTERS." 


WASHINGTON. 


WASHINGTON. 


829 


At  this  place  he  was  met  by  a  party  of  matrons, 
leading  their  daughters,  who  were  "dressed  in 
white,  and  who  with  baskets  in  their  hands  sung 
with  exquisite  sweetness  the  following  ode,  writ 
ten  for  the  occasion  : 

"  Welcome,  mighty  chief,  once  more 
Welcome  to  this  grateful  shore. 
Now  no  mercenary  foe 
Aims  again  the  fatal  blow, 
Aims  at  THEE  the  fatal  blow, 
Virgins  fair  and  matrons  grave, 
Those  thy  conquering  arms  did  save, 
Build  for  thee  triumphal  bowers; 
Strew,  ye  fair,  his  way  with  flowers, 
Strew  your  HERO'S  way  with  flowers." 

At  the  last  line  the  flowers  were  strewed  be 
fore  him.  After  receiving  such  proofs  of  affec 
tionate  attachment  he  arrived  at  New  York,  and 
was  inaugurated  first  president  of  the  United 
States,  April  30.  In  making  the  necessary  ar 
rangements  of  his  household,  he  publicly  an 
nounced  that  neither  visits  of  business  nor  of 
ceremony  would  be  expected  on  Sunday,  as  he 
wished  to  reserve  that  day  sacredly  to  himself. 
In  Oct.  and  Nov.,  1789,  he  visited  New  England. 
At  the  close  of  his  first  term  of  four  years,  he 
prepared  a  valedictory  address  to  the  American 
people,  anxious  to  return  again  to  the  scenes  of 
domestic  life ;  but  the  earnest  entreaties  of  his 
friends  and  the  peculiar  situation  of  his  country 
induced  him  to  be  a  candidate  for  a  second  elec 
tion.  During  his  administration  of  eight  years 
the  labor  of  establishing  the  different  departments 
of  a  new  government  was  accomplished  ;  and  he 
exhibited  the  greatest  firmness,  wisdom,  and  inde 
pendence.  He  was  an  American,  and  he  chose 
not  to  involve  his  country  in  the  contests  of  Eu 
rope.  He  accordingly,  with  the  unanimous  advice 
of  his  cabinet,  Messrs.  Jefferson,  Hamilton, 
Knox,  and  Kandolph,  issued  a  proclamation  of 
neutrality  April  22,  1793,  a  few  days  after  he 
heard  of  the  commencement  of  the  war  between 
England  and  France.  This  measure  contributed 
in  a  great  degree  to  the  prosperity  of  America: 
Its  adoption  was  the  more  honorable  to  the  pres 
ident,  as  the  general  sympathy  was  in  favor  of  the 
sister  republic,  against  whom  it  was  said  Great 
Britain  had  commenced  the  war  for  the  sole  pur 
pose  of  imposing  upon  her  a  monarchical  form 
of  government.  He  preferred  the  peace  and  wel 
fare  of  his  country  to  the  breath  of  popular  ap 
plause.  Another  act,  in  which  he  proved  himsell 
to  be  less  regardful  of  the  public  partialities  and 
prejudices  than  of  what  he  conceived  to  be  the 
public  good,  was  the  ratification  of  the  British 
treaty.  The  English  government  had  neglected 
to  surrender  the  western  posts,  and  by  commer 
cial  restrictions  and  in  other  ways  had  evinced  a 
hostile  spirit  towards  this  country.  To  avert  the 
calamity  of  another  war,  Mr.  Jay  was  nominated 
as  envoy  extraordinary  in  April,  1794.  In  June, 
1795,  the  treaty  which  Mr.  Jay  had  made  was 


submitted  to  the  senate,  and  was  ratified  by  that 
:)ody  on  the  condition  that  one  article  should  be 
altered.  While  the  president  was  deliberating 
upon  it,  an  incorrect  copy  of  the  instrument  was 
made  public  by  a  senator,  and  the  whole  country 
was  thrown  into  a  state  of  extreme  irritation. 
At  this  period  he,  in  August,  conditionally  rati- 
ied  it,  and  in  Feb.,  1796,  when  it  was  returned 
from  his  Britannic  Majesty  with  the  proposed  al 
teration,  he  declared  it  to  be  the  law  of  the  land. 
After  this  transaction,  the  house  of  representa 
tives  requested  him  to  lay  before  them  the  papers 
relating  to  the  treaty,  but  he  with  great  inde 
pendence  refused  to  comply  with  their  request,  as 
they  could  have  no  claim  to  an  inspection  of  them 
except  upon  a  vote  of  impeachment,  and  as  a 
compliance  would  establish  a  dangerous  prece 
dent.  He  had  before  this  shown  a  disposition  to 
maintain  the  authority  vested  in  his  office,  by  de 
clining  to  affix  his  signature  to  a  bill  which  had 
passed  both  houses. 

As  the  period  for  a  new  election  of  a  president 
of  the  United  States  approached,  and  after  plain 
indications  that  the  public  voice  would  be  in  his 
favor,  and  when  he  probably  would  be  chosen  for 
the  third  time  unanimously,  he  determined  irre 
vocably  to  withdraw  to  the  shades  of  private  life. 
He  published  in  Sept.,  1796,  his  farewell  address 
to  the  people  of  the  United  States,  which  ought 
to  be  engraved  upon  the  hearts  of  his  country 
men.  In  the  most  earnest  and  affectionate  man 
ner  he  called  upon  them  to  cherish  an  immova 
ble  attachment  to  the  national  union,  to  watch 
for  its  preservation  with  jealous  anxiety,  to  dis 
countenance  even  the  suggestion  that  it  could  in 
any  event  be  abandoned,  and  indignantly  to  frown 
upon  the  first  dawning  of  every  attempt  to  alien 
ate  any  portion  of  our  country  from  the  rest. 
Overgrown  military  establishments  he  represent 
ed  as  particularly  hostile  to  republican  liberty. 
While  he  recommended  the  most  implicit  obe 
dience  to  the  acts  of  the  established  government, 
and  reprobated  all  obstructions  to  the  execution 
of  the  laws,  all  combinations  and  associations, 
under  whatever  plausible  character,  with  the 
real  design  to  direct,  control,  counteract,  or  awe 
the  regular  deliberations  and  action  of  the  con 
stituted  authorities,  he  wished  also  to  guard 
against  the  spirit  of  innovation  upon  the  principles 
of  the  constitution.  Aware  that  the  energy  of 
the  system  might  be  enfeebled  by  alterations,  he 
thought  that  no  change  should  be  made  without 
an  evident  necessity,  and  that  in  so  extensive  a 
country  as  much  vigor  as  is  consistent  with  liberty 
is  indispensable.  On  the  other  hand  he  pointed 
out  the  danger  of  a  real  despotism,  —  by  break 
ing  down  the  partitions  between  the  several  de 
partments  of  government,  by  destroying  the 
reciprocal  checks,  and  consolidating  the  different 
powers.  Against  the  spirit  of  party,  so  peculiarly 


830 


WASHINGTON. 


WASHINGTON. 


baneful  in  an  elective  government  he  uttered 
his  most  solemn  remonstrances,  as  well  as  against 
inveterate  antipathies  and  passionate  attachments 
in  respect  to  foreign  nations.  While  he  thought 
that  the  jealousy  of  a  free  people  ought  to  be 
constantly  and  impartially  awake  against  the  in 
sidious  wiles  of  foreign  influence,  he  wished  that 
good  faith  should  be  observed  towards  all  nations, 
and  peace  and  harmony  cultivated.  In  his  opin 
ion,  honesty,  no  less  in  public  than  in  private  affairs, 
is  always  the  best  policy.  Providence,  he  believed, 
had  connected  the  permanent  felicity  of  a  nation 
with  its  virtue.  Other  subjects,  to  which  he 
alluded,  were  the  importance  of  credit,  of  econ 
omy,  of  a  reduction  of  the  public  debt,  and  of 
literary  institutions  ;  above  all  he  recommended 
religion  and  morality  as  indispensably  necessary 
to  political  prosperity.  "  In  vain,"  says  he, "  would 
that  man  claim  the  tribute  of  patriotism,  who 
should  labor  to  subvert  these  great  pillars  of 
human  happiness,  these  firmest  props  of  the  duties 
of  men  and  of  citizens."  Bequeathing  these 
counsels  to  his  countrymen,  he  continued  in  office 
till  the  fourth  of  March,  1797,  when  he  attended 
the  inauguration  of  his  successor,  Mr.  Adams,  and 
witli  complacency  saw  him  invested  with  powers 
which  had  for  so  long  a  time  been  exercised  by 
himself.  He  then  retired  to  Mount  Vernon,  giv 
ing  to  the  world  an  example  most  humiliating  to 
its  emperors  and  kings,  —  the  example  of  a  man 
voluntarily  disrobing  himself  of  the  highest  au 
thority,  and  returning  to  private  life,  with  a  char 
acter  having  upon  it  no  stain  of  ambition,  of 
covetousness,  of  profusion,  of  luxury,  of  oppres 
sion,  or  of  injustice. 

It  was  now  that  the  soldier,  the  statesman, 
and  the  patriot  hoped  to  repose  himself,  after  the 
toils  of  so  many  years.  But  he  had  not  been 
long  in  retirement  before  the  outrages  of  repub 
lican  France  induced  our  government  to  raise  an 
army,  of  which,  in  July,  1798,  he  was  appointed 
commander-in-chief.  Though  he  accepted  the  ap 
pointment,  his  services  were  not  demanded,  and  he 
himself  did  not  believe  that  an  invasion  would  be 
made.  Pacific  overtures  were  soon  made  by  the 
French  directory,  but  he  did  not  live  to  see  the 
restoration  of  peace.  On  Friday,  Dec.  13,  1799, 
while  attending  to  some  improvements  upon  his 
estate,  he  was  exposed  to  a  light  rain  which  wetted 
his  neck  and  hair.  Unapprehensive  of  danger,  he 
passed  the  afternoon  in  his  usual  manner ;  but 
at  night  he  was  seized  with  an  inflammatory 
affection  of  the  wind-pipe.  The  disease  com 
menced  with  a  violent  ague,  accompanied  with 
some  pain  and  a  sense  of  stricture  in  the  throat,  a 
cough  and  difficult  deglutition,  which  were  soon 
succeeded  by  fever  and  a  quick  and  laborious 
respiration.  About  twelve  or  fourteen  ounces  of 
blood  were  taken  from  him.  In  the  morning  his 
family  physician,  Doctor  Craik,  was  sent  for;  but 


the  utmost  exertions  of  medical  skill  were  applied 
in  vain.  The  appointed  time  of  his  death  Mas 
Believing  from  the  commencement  of  his 


complaint  that  it  would  be  mortal,  a  few  hours 
before  his  departure,  after  repeated  efforts  to  be 
understood,  he  succeeded  in  expressing  a  desire 
that  he  might  be  permitted  to  die  without  being 
disquieted  by  unavailing  attempts  to  rescue  him 
from  his  fate.  After  it  became  impossible  to  get 
any  thing  down  his  throat,  he  undressed  himself 
and  went  to  bed,  there  to  die.  To  his  friend  and 
physician,  who  sat  on  his  bed,  and  took  his  head 
in  his  lap,  he  said  with  difficulty,  "  Doctor,  I  am 
dying,  and  have  been  dying  for  a  long  time  ;  but 
I  am  not  afraid  to  die."  Respiration  became 
more  and  more  contracted  till  half-past  eleven 
on  Saturday  night,  when,  retaining  the  full  pos 
session  of  his  intellect,  he  expired  without  a 
struggle.  Thus  Dec.  14,  1799,  in  the  68th  year 
of  his  age,  died  the  father  of  our  country,  "  the 
man  first  in  war,  first  in  peace,  and  first  in 
the  hearts  of  his  fellow-citizens."  This  event 
spread  a  gloom  over  the  country,  and  the  tears 
of  America  proclaimed  the  services  and  virtues 
of  its  hero  and  sage,  and  exhibited  a  people  not 
insensible  to  his  worth.  The  senate  of  the  United 
States,  in  an  address  to  the  president  on  this  melan 
choly  occasion,  indulged  their  patriotic  pride, 
while  they  did  not  transgress  the  bounds  of  truth, 
in  speaking  of  their  WASHINGTON.  "  Ancient 
and  modern  names,"  said  they,  "  are  diminished 
before  him.  Greatness  and  guilt  have  too  often 
been  allied ;  but  his  fame  is  whiter  than  it  is 
brilliant.  The  destroyers  of  nations  stood  abashed 
at  the  majesty  of  his  virtues.  It  reproved  the 
intemperance  of  their  ambition,  and  darkened 
the  splendor  of  victory.  The  scene  is  closed, 
and  we  are  no  longer  anxious  lest  misfortune 
should  sully  his  glory;  he  has  travelled  on  to  the 
end  of  his  journey,  and  carried  with  him  an  increas 
ing  weight  of  honor ;  he  has  deposited  it  safely 
where  misfortune  cannot  tarnish  it,  where  malice 
cannot  blast  it."  Mary,  his  mother,  died  at  Fred- 
ericksburg  Aug.  25,  1789,  aged  82.  She  lived 
about  four  months  after  the  inauguration  of  her 
son  as  president  of  the  United  States.  Martha,  his 
widow,  died  May  22,  1802;  in  her  sickness  the 
Lord's  supper  was  administered  to  her. 

Gen.  Washington  was  rather  above  the  com 
mon  stature  ;  his  frame  was  robust  and  his  consti 
tution  vigorous.  His  exterior  created  in  the  be 
holder  the  idea  of  strength  united  with  manly 
gracefulness.  His  eyes  were  of  a  gray  color,  and 
his  complexion  light.  His  manners  were  rather 
reserved  than  free.  His  person  and  whole  deport 
ment  exhibited  an  unaffected  and  indescribable 
dignity,  unmingled  with  haughtiness,  of  which 
all  who  approached  him  were  sensible.  The 
attachment  of  those  who  possessed  his  friend 
ship  was  ardent,  but  always  respectful.  His 


WASHINGTON. 


WASHINGTON. 


831 


temper  was  humane,  benevolent,  and  conciliatory ; 
but  there  was  a  quickness  in  his  sensibility  to  any 
thing  offensive,  which  experience  had  taught  him 
to  watch  and  correct.  He  made  no  pretensions 
to  vivacity  or  wit.  Judgment  rather  than  genius 
constituted  the  most  prominent  feature  of  his 
character.  As  a  military  man  he  was  brave, 
enterprising,  and  cautious.  At  the  head  of  a 
multitude,  whom  it  was  sometimes  impossible  to 
reduce  to  proper  discipline  before  the  expiration 
of  their  time  of  service,  and  having  to  struggle 
almost  continually  with  the  want  of  supplies,  he 
yet  was  able  to  contend  with  an  adversary 
superior  in  numbers,  well  disciplined,  and  com 
pletely  equipped,  and  was  the  means  of  saving 
his  country.  The  measure  of  his  caution  has  by 
some  been  represented  as  too  abundant ;  but  he 
sometimes  formed  a  plan,  which  his  brave  offi 
cers  thought  was  too  adventurous,  and  sometimes 
contrary  to  their  advice  he  engaged  in  battle. 
If  his  name  is  not  rendered  illustrious  by  splendid 
achievements,  it  is  not  to  be  attributed  to  the 
want  of  military  enterprise. 

He  conducted  the  war  with  that  consummate 
prudence  and  wisdom  which  the  situation  of  his 
country  and  the  state  of  his  army  demanded. 
He  also  possessed  a  firmness  of  resolution,  which 
neither  dangers  nor  difficulties  could  shake.  In 
his  civil  administration  he  exhibited  repeated 
proofs  of  that  practical  good  sense,  of  that  sound 
judgment,  which  is  a  most  valuable  quality  of  the 
human  mind.  More  than  once  he  put  his  whole 
popularity  to  hazard  in  pursuing  measures  which 
were  dictated  by  a  sense  of  duty,  and  Avhich  he 
thought  would  promote  the  welfare  of  his  coun 
try.  In  speculation  he  was  a  real  republican, 
sincerely  attached  to  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States,  and  to  that  system  of  equal  political  rights 
on  which  it  is  founded.  Heal  liberty,  he  thought, 
was  to  be  preserved  only  by  preserving  the  au 
thority  of  the  laws,  and  maintaining  the  energy 
of  government.  Of  incorruptible  integrity,  his- 
ends  were  always  upright,  and  the  means  which 
he  employed  were  always  pure.  He  was  a  poli 
tician  to  whom  wiles  were  absolutely  unknown. 
When  any  measure  of  importance  was  proposed, 
he  sought  information  and  was  ready  to  hear 
without  prejudice  whatever  could  be  said  in  re 
lation  to  the  subject ;  he  suspended  his  judg 
ment  till  it  was  necessary  to  decide ;  but  after 
his  decision  had  been  thus  deliberately  made,  it 
was  seldom  shaken,  and  he  was  as  active  and  per 
severing  in  executing,  as  he  had  been  cool  in 
forming  "il.  He  possessed  an  innate  and  unas 
suming  modesty,  which  adulation  would  have 
offended,  which  the  plaudits  of  millions  could  not 
betray  into  indiscretion,  and  which  was  blended 
with  a  high  sense  of  personal  dignity,  and  a  just 
consciousness  of  the  respect  which  is  due  to 
station.  lie  dined  at  four  o'clock.  Sometimes 


members  of  congress  were  late.  He  said  to  them  : 
"  Gentlemen,  we  are  punctual  here.  My  cook 
never  asks  whether  the  company  has  arrived,  but 
whether  the  hour  has."  In  1789  an  escort  to 
Salem  was  to  attend  him  at  Boston  at  eight ;  but 
the  escort  did  not  overtake  him  until  he  reached 
Charles  river.  He  said,  "  Major,  I  thought 
you  had  been  too  long  in  my  family  not  to  know 
when  it  was  eight  o'clock." 

With  regard  to  the  religious  character  of 
General  Washington  there  have  been  different 
opinions.  In  the  extracts  from  some  of  his  pri 
vate  letters,  which  have  been  published  by  the 
historian  of  his  life,  the  name  of  the  Supreme 
Being  is  once  or  twice  introduced  in  a  manner 
which  in  common  conversation  is  deemed  irrever 
ent.  It  is  also  understood  that  in  a  few  instances 
during  the  war,  particularly  when  he  met  Gen. 
Lee  retreating  in  the  battle  of  Monmouth,  his 
language  was  unguarded  in  this  respect.  It  may 
not  be  impossible  that  a  good  man  in  a  moment 
of  extreme  irritation  should  utter  a  profane  ex 
pression  ;  but  perhaps  it  is  less  possible  that  such 
a  man,  when  his  passion  has  passed  away  and 
his  sober  recollections  have  returned,  should  not 
repent  bitterly  of  his  irreverence  to  the  name  of 
God.  On  the  other  hand,  General  Washington, 
when  at  the  head  of  the  army,  issued  public  or 
ders,  calling  upon  his  officers  to  discountenance 
the  habit  of  profanity ;  he  speaks  in  his  writings 
of  "  the  pure  and  benign  light  of  revelation,"  and 
of  the  necessity  of  imitating  "  the  charity,  hu 
mility,  and  pacific  temper  of  mind  which  were  the 
characteristics  of  the  Divine  author  of  our  blessed 
religion  ;  "  he  gratefully  acknowledged  the  inter 
positions  of  Providence  in  favor  of  this  country ; 
his  life  was  upright  and  virtuous  ;  he  principally 
supported  an  Episcopal  church  in  the  neighbor 
hood  of  Mount  Vernon,  where  he  constantly  at 
tended  public  worship ;  during  the  Avar  he  not 
unfrequently  rode  ten  or  twelve  miles  from  camp 
for  the  benefit  of  the  institutions  of  religion ;  and 
it  is  believed  that  he  every  day  had  his  hour  of 
retirement  from  the  world  for  the  purpose  of 
private  devotion.  In  a  letter  to  Dr.  Ilodgers, 
June  11,  1783,  he  said:  "Glorious  indeed  has 
been  our  contest,  if  we  consider  the  prize  for 
which  we  have  contended,  and  glorious  its  issue. 
But  in  the  midst  of  our  joys  I  hope  we  shall  not 
forget  that  to  Divine  Providence  is  to  be  ascribed 
the  glory  and  the  praise." 

General  Washington  was  blessed  with  abun 
dant  wealth,  and  he  was  not  ignorant  of  the 
pleasure  of  employing  it  for  generous  purposes. 
His  style  of  living  was  dignified,  though  he  main 
tained  the  strictest  economy.  While  he  was  in 
the  army  he  wrote  to  the  superintendent  of  his 
estate  in  the  following  terms  :  "  Let  the  hospi 
tality  of  the  house  be  kept  up  with  regard  to  the 
poor.  Let  no  one  go  hungry  away.  If  any  of 


832 


WASHINGTON. 


WASHINGTON. 


this  sort  of  people  should  be  in  want  of  corn, 
supply  their  necessities,  provided  it  does  not  en 
courage  them  in  idleness.  I  have  no  objection 
to  your  giving  my  money  in  charity,  when  you 
think  it  is  well  bestowed  ;  I  mean,  that  it  is  my 
desire  that  it  should  be  done.  You  are  to  con 
sider  that  neither  myself  nor  my  wife  are  in  the 
way  to  do  these  good  offices."  Thus  was  he  be 
neficent,  while  at  the  same  time  he  required  an 
exact  compliance  with  engagements.  A  pleasing 
proof  of  the  generous  spirit  which  governed  him 
is  exhibited  in  his  conduct  towards  the  son  of  his 
friend,  the  Marquis  de  Lafayette.  The  mar 
quis,  after  fighting  in  this  country  for  American 
liberty,  had  returned  to  France ;  but  in  the  con 
vulsions  of  the  French  Revolution  he  was  exiled 
and  imprisoned  in  Germany.  General  Washing 
ton  gave  evidence  of  sincere  attachment  to  the 
unhappy  nobleman,  not  only  by  exerting  all  his 
influence  to  procure  his  release  from  confinement, 
but  by  extending  his  patronage  to  his  son,  who 
made  his  escape  from  France,  and  arrived  with 
his  tutor  at  Boston  in  1795.  As  soon  as  he  was 
informed  of  his  arrival,  he  wrote  to  a  friend,  re 
questing  him  to  visit  the  young  gentleman  and 
make  him  acquainted  with  the  relations  between 
this  country  and  France,  which  would  prevent 
the  president  of  the  United  States  from  publicly 
espousing  his  interest,  but  to  assure  him  of  his 
protection  and  support.  He  also  directed  this 
friend  to  draw  upon  him  for  moneys  to  defray 
all  the  expenses,  which  young  Lafayette  might 
incur.  Towards  his  slaves  General  Washington 
manifested  the  greatest  care  and  kindness.  .Their 
servitude  lay  with  weight  upon  his  mind,  and  he 
directed  in  his  will  that  they  should  be  emanci 
pated  on  the  decease  of  his  wife.  There  were 
insuperable  difficulties  in  the  way  of  their  receiv 
ing  freedom  previously  to  this  event.  On  the 
death  of  Mrs.  Washington  in  1802,  his  estate,  as 
he  had  no  children,  was  divided  according  to  his 
will  among  his  and  her  relations.  It  amounted 
by  his  own  estimate  to  more  than  500,000  dollars. 
The  public  addresses  and  other  productions 
of  General  Washington's  pen  are  written  in  a 
style  of  dignified  simplicity.  Some  have  seen  so 
much  excellence  in  his  writings,  that  they  have 
been  ready  to  transfer  the  honor  to  his  secreta 
ries  ;  but  nothing  has  appeared  under  his  name 
to  which  his  own  powers  were  inadequate.  A 
volume  of  epistles,  confidential  and  domestic, 
attributed  to  him,  was  published  in  1777,  and 
republished  about  the  year  1796.  Of  these  Gen 
eral  Washington,  in  a  letter  to  the  secretary  of 
State  in  1797,  declared  the  following  to  be  forge 
ries  ;  a  letter  to  Lund  Washington,  dated  June 
12,  1776;  a  letter  to  John  Parke  Custis,  dated 
June  18,  1776 ;  letters  to  Lund  Washington, 
dated  July  8,  July  16,  July  15,  and  July  22,  1776; 
and  a  letter  to  Mrs.  Washington,  dated  June  24, 


1776.  His  official  letters  to  the  American  con 
gress,  written  during  the  war,  were  published  in 
two  volumes,  8vo.,  1795.  Since  his  death  his 
letters  to  Arthur  Young  and  Sir  John  Sinclair,  on 
agriculture  and  the  rural  economy  of  the  United 
States,  have  been  published.  —  Marshall's  Life 
of  Washington  ;  Jiis  Life  by  Ramsay,  and  San- 
croft,  and  Irving. 

WASHINGTON,  MARTHA,  the  widow  of 
George  W.,  died  May  22,  1802,  aged  70.  She 
was  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Dandridge  of  the  county 
of  New  Kent  in  Virginia,  and  was  born  in  May, 
1732.  Her  first  husband  was  Col.  Daniel  P. 
Custis,  who  lived  on  thePamunkey  river,  a  branch 
of  York  river.  Of  the  children  by  this  marriage 
Martha  died  in  womanhood  at  Mount  Vernon  in 
1770,  and  John  Custis  in  1781,  at  the  siege  of 
Yorktown,  aged  27,  leaving  several  children. 
She  married  Washington  in  1759.  During  the 
Avar  she  was  accustomed  to  spend  the  winters  at 
head-quarters.  The  remains  of  husband  and  wife 
rest  in  the  same  vault.  She  was  amiable  and 
dignified,  and  adorned  with  the  Christian  virtues, 
and  cheered  with  the  Christian  hope  as  she  went 
down  to  the  grave. 

WASHINGTON,  WILLIAM,  colonel,  a  soldier 
of  the  Revolution,  a  relative  of  George  Wash 
ington,  died  in  South  Carolina  in  1810.  He  was 
born  in  Stafford  county,  Va.  He  served  as  a 
captain  under  Mercer ;  he  fought  at  the  battle 
on  Long  Island,  and  distinguished  himself  in 
that  of  Trenton,  in  which  he  was  wounded.  He 
was  afterwards  major  and  lieutenant-colonel.  At 
the  battle  of  the  Cowpens  he  commanded  the 
cavalry,  and  contributed  much  to  the  victory. 
For  his  good  conduct  he  received  a  sword  from 
congress.  In  the  battle  of  Eutaw  Springs  he 
was  wounded  and  taken  prisoner.  After  the  war 
he  resided  at  Sandy  Hill,  S.  C.,  the  family  seat 
of  his  wife,  Jane  Elliott.  In  1798  George  Wash 
ington  selected  him  _as  one  of  his  staff,  with  the 
rank  of  brigadier-general.  His  son,  William, 
died  at  Charleston  in  March,  1830,  aged  45. 

WASHINGTON,  THOMAS,  brigadier-general, 
a  brave  and  skilful  officer  in  the  Revolutionary 
war,  died  in  Rutherford  county,  Tcnn.,  in  1818, 
aged  55. 

WASHINGTON,  LAWRENCE  AUGUSTINE,  died 
at  Wheeling,  Va.,  in  1824,  aged  49;  a  nephew 
and  one  of  the  heirs  of  George  Washington. 

WASHINGTON,  BUSIIROD,  judge,  died  at 
Philadelphia  Nov.  26,  1829,  aged  70.  The  first 
president  of  the  American  colonization  society, 
the  nephew  of  George  Washington  and  heir  of 
his  books  and  papers,  he  was  born  in  1759,  and 
studied  law  with  James  Wilson.  At  the  siege  of 
York  he  was  a  private  soldier  under  Mercer.  In 
1797,  he  was  appointed  by  Mr.  Adams  a  judge 
of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States,  an 
office,  which  he  retained  till  his  death.  At  the 


WASHINGTON. 


WATSON. 


833 


first  annual  meeting  of  the  colonization  society 
he  delivered  an  address,  which  expresses  his  de 
vout  confidence  in  the  blessing  of  God  upon  the 
institution.  His  widow,  the  daughter  of  Mr. 
Blackburne,  died  in  a  few  days  after  him.  His 
nephew,  John  Augustine  W.  (the  son  of  Corbin 
W.),  to  whom  he  bequeathed  the  mansion  at 
Mount  Vernon,  died  June  14,  1832,  aged  43. 
He  was  a  man  of  integrity  and  simplicity  of  man 
ners,  devoted  to  the  performance  of  his  duties,  a 
patriot,  and  a  Christian.  He  published  reports 
in  the  court  of  appeals  of  Virginia,  2  vols., 
1798-9. 

WASHINGTON,  BAILEY,  Dr.,  died  in  Wash 
ington  Aug.  4,  1854,  aged  67.  He  was  born  in 
Va.,  and  was  a  relative  of  George  Washington. 
He  entered  the  navy  as  a  surgeon  in  1810.  He 
was  surgeon  of  the  Enterprise  when  she  cap 
tured  the  Boxer.  He  was  fleet-surgeon  under 
llogers,  Elliott,  and  Paterson  in  the  Mediter 
ranean. 

WATERHOUSE,  JOHN  FOTHERGILL,  M.  D., 
died  at  Charleston,  S.  C.,  in  1817,  aged  26.  The 
son  of  Dr.  W.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1811. 
He  Avas  a  physician,  a  naturalist,  and  an  orator. 

WATERHOUSE,  BENJAMIN,  M.  D.,  died  at 
Cambridge,  Oct.  2,  1846,  aged  92.  Born  in 
Newport,  he  was  sent  to  London  in  1775,  and 
placed  under  the  care  of  his  relative,  Dr.  Foth- 
ergill.  His  studies  were  continued  at  Edinburgh, 
and  at  Leyden,  where  he  graduated.  After  an 
excellent  medical  education,  he  returned  and  was 
chosen  a  professor  at  Cambridge,  where  he  passed 
the  remainder  of  a  long  life.  In  his  politics  he 
was  a  follower  of  Mr.  Jefferson.  A  particular 
memoir  of  him  is  in  the  Polyanthos,  vol.  II.  He 
published  the  botanist,  in  twelve  numbers,  in  the 
Anthology ;  a  work  aiming  to  prove  that  the 
Earl  of  Chatham  was  Junius ;  a  lecture  against  the 
use  of  tobacco ;  a  treatise  on  the  small  pox,  kine 
pox,  etc. ;  a  discourse  on  the  history  of  medicine, 
and  other  medical  treatises. 

WATERMAN,  SIMON,  first  minister  of  Welles, 
Conn.,  died  in  1813,  aged  about  74.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  in  1759,  and  was  pastor  from  1761 
to  1780  of  the  second  society  in  Wallingford. 
Of  Plymouth,  Conn.,  he  was  minister  from  1790 
to  1810.  The  previous  and  subsequent  minis 
ters  there  were  A.  Storrs  and  L.  Hart. 

WATERMAN,  ELIJAH,  minister  of  Bridgeport, 
Conn.,  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1791  ; 
ordained  at  Windham  in  1794;  installed  at 
Bridgeport  in  1806 ;  and  died  at  Springfield  Oct. 
11,  1825,  aged  56.  He  published  the  noble  con 
vert,  a  sermon,  at  the  request  of  Pierpont  Ed 
wards,  1809;  an  oration,  1794;  a  century  sermon, 
1800  ;  at  execution  of  C.  Adams,  1803  ;  on  death 
of  N.  Strong,  1807 ;  of  A.  Hawley ;  of  D.  Ely ; 
of  F.  Lockwood  ;  catechism  of  Geneva;  life  of 
Calvin,  8vo.,  1813. —  Sprague's  Annals. 
105 


WATERMAN,  WILLIAM,  a  soldier  of  the  Rev 
olution,  died  in  Royalton,  Vt.,  in  1845,  aged  87. 
He  was  wounded  through  the  thigh  at  White 
Plains,  and  was  a  prisoner  in  a  ship  oif  New 
York,  from  which  he  escaped  by  swimming  to 
Long  Island. 

WATERS,  NICHOLAS  B.,  M.  D.,  died  in  Phil 
adelphia  in  1796,  aged  32.  His  medical  degree 
he  received  in  1788.  His  wife  was  Hester,  the 
daughter  of  David  Rittenhouse.  He  published 
an  abridgment  of  Benjamin  Bell's  system  of  sur 
gery,  in  a  large  volume,  1791.  —  Thatcher's  Med. 
Biog. 

WATERS,  ISRAEL,  captain,  a  benefactor  of 
Leicester  Academy,  died  about  1823,  at  Charlton. 
His  important  legacy  to  the  academy  amounted 
to  about  8,000  dollars.  He  was  a  manufacturer 
of  leather. —  Washburn's  Sketch  of  Leicester 
Academy. 

WATERS,  CORNELIUS,  minister  of  GofTstown, 
N.  H.,  from  1781  to  1795,  died  in  1824,  aged  76. 
Born  at  Millbury,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Dart 
mouth  in  1774.  He  was  succeeded  at  G.  by  Gov. 
Morrill.  Next  he  was  pastor  at  Ashby,  Mass., 
from  1797  to  1816. 

W  ATKINS,  TOBIAS,  doctor,  died  at  Washing 
ton  Nov.  14,  1855,  aged  75;  many  years  United 
States  auditor  of  accounts.  He  was  an  able  con 
tributor  to  several  journals  and  magazines. 

WATKINS,  JOHN  L.,  M.  D.,  died  at  Cleves, 
O.,  Dec.  12,  1855,  aged  75 ;  born  in  New  Jersey, 
and  a  graduate  of  Princeton  in  1814. 

WATROUS,  JOHN,  colonel,  died  at  Colchester, 
Conn.,  in  Jan.,  1817,  aged  91. 

WATROUS,  JOHN  R.,  M.  D.,  an  eminent  phy 
sician  and  surgeon,  died  at  Colchester,  Conn.,  in 
1843,  aged  91.  He  was  a  surgeon  in  the  army 
of  the  Revolution,  the  companion  of  Dr.  Hall  of 
East  Hartford.  He  was  a  member  of  the  gen 
eral  assembly  of  Connecticut  in  1795. 

WATSON,  JOHN,  died  at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  in 
1826,  aged  78.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1766,  and  was  president  of  the  pilgrim  society. 
He  was  proprietor  of  Clark's  Island,  and  lived 
there  about  forty  years,  pleased  with  its  antiqua 
rian  associations.  He  left  sons  and  daughters. 

WATSON,  ELKANAH,  died  at  Port  Kent,  N.  Y., 
Dec.  12,  1842,  aged  84.  Born  in  Plymouth  in 
1758,  lie  in  early  life  travelled  in  Europe.  He 
lived  many  years  in  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  and  re 
moved  to  Albany  in  1815,  to  Port  Kent  on  Lake 
Champlain  in  1825.  He  wrote  much  on  agricul 
ture  and  internal  improvements.  In  London  he 
published  on  account  of  his  early  journey  in  the 
wilderness  of  New  York.  He  published  history 
of  the  canals,  1820.  His  memoirs,  entitled  men 
and  times  of  the  Revolution,  were  published  by 
his  son,  Winslow  C.  W.,  in  1856,  containing  his 
journal  of  travels  in  Europe,  etc.,  from  1772  to 
1842. 


834 


AVATSON. 


WEBB. 


WATSON,  BENJAMIN  M.,  died  at  Newton 
Aug.  31,  1851,  aged  71.  Born  at  Marblehead.a 
descendant  of  Winslow,  he  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1800,  and  studied  law  with  Judge  Parsons,  but 
became  a  merchant,  and  Avas  president  of  the 
mercantile  marine  insurance  company. 

WAWWAW,  an  Indian  chief,  lived  at  Wells, 
Me.,  about  the  year  1740,  and  laid  claim  to  the 
territory  there. 

WAY,  JOHN,  captain,  died  in  New  London  in 
1831,  aged  92.  In  returning  from  the  funeral  of 
his  neighbor,  John  Starr,  aged  90,  he  fell  and 
expired.  He  never  had  a  day's  sickness. 

WAYNE,  ANTHONY,  major-general,  died  in 
Dec.,  1796,  aged  about  51.  He  was  born  in 
Easttown,  Chester  county,  Penn.,  in  1745.  In 
1773  he  was  appointed  a  representative  to  the 
general  assembly,  where,  in  conjunction  with 
Dickinson,  Mifflin,  Thompson,  and  other  gentle 
men,  he  took  an  active  part  in  opposition  to  the 
claims  of  Great  Britain.  In  1775  he  quitted  the 
councils  of  his  country  for  the  field.  He  entered 
the  army  as  a  colonel,  and  at  the  close  of  the 
year  accompanied  Gen.  Thompson  to  Canada. 
When  this  officer  was  defeated  in  his  enterprise 
against  the  Three  Rivers  in  June,  1776,  and  taken 
prisoner,  Wayne  received  a  flesh  wound  in  the 
leg.  His  exertions  were  useful  in  the  retreat. 
At  the  close  of  the  campaign  he  was  made  a 
brigadier-general.  In  the  campaign  of  1777  in 
the  middle  States  he  took  a  very  active  part.  In 
the  battle  of  Brandywine  he  distinguished  him 
self,  though  he  was  in  a  few  days  afterward  sur 
prised  and  defeated  by  Major-general  Gray.  He 
fought  also  in  the  battle  of  Germantown,  as  well 
as  in  the  battle  of  Monmouth  in  June,  1778.  In 
his  most  daring  and  successful  assault  upon 
Stony  Point  in  July,  1779,  while  he  was  rushing 
forward  with  his  men  under  a  tremendous  fire  of 
musketry  and  grape-shot,  determined  to  carry 
the  works  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet,  he  was 
struck  by  a  musket  ball  upon  his  head.  He  was 
for  a  moment  stunned ;  but,  as  soon  as  he  was 
able  to  rise  so  as  to  rest  on  one  knee,  believing 
that  his  wound  was  mortal,  he  cried  to  one  of 
his  aids,  "  Carry  me  forward  and  let  me  die  in  the 
fort."  When  he  entered  it,  he  gave  orders  to 
stop  the  effusion  of  blood.  In  1781  he  was 
ordered  to  march  with  the  Pennsylvania  line  from 
the  northward,  and  form  a  junction  with  Lafay 
ette  in  Virginia.  July  6th,  after  receiving  infor 
mation  that  the  main  body  of  the  enemy  under 
Cornwallis  had  crossed  James'  river,  he  pressed 
forward  at  the  head  of  eight  hundred  men  to 
attack  the  rear-guard.  But  to  his  utter  astonish 
ment,  when  he  reached  the  place,  he  found  the 
whole  British  army,  consisting  of  four  thousand 
men,  drawn  up  ready  to  receive  him.  At  this 
moment  he  conceived  of  but  one  way  to  escape. 
He  rushed  upon  the  enemy,  and  commenced  a 


gallant  attack,  which  he  supported  for  a  few  min 
utes,  and  then  retreated  with  the  utmost  expedi 
tion.  The  British  general  was  confounded  by 
this  movement,  and,  apprehensive  of  an  ambus 
cade  from  Lafayette,  would  not  allow  of  a  pur 
suit.  After  the  capture  of  Cornwallis,  he  was 
sent  to  conduct  the  war  in  Georgia,  where  with 
equal  success  he  contended  with  British  soldiers, 
Indian  savages,  and  American  traitors.  As  a  re-' 
ward  for  his  services  the  legislature  of  Georgia 
presented  to  him  a  valuable  farm.  At  the  con 
clusion  of  the  war  he  retired  to  private  life.  In 
1787  he  was  a  member  of  the  Pennsylvania  con 
vention,  which  ratified  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States.  In  1792  he  succeeded  St.  Clair 
in  the  command  of  the  army  to  be  employed 
against  the  Indians.  In  the  battle  of  the  Miamifi, 
Aug.  20,  1794,  he  gained  over  them  a  complete 
victory  and  afterwards  desolated  their  country. 
On  the  3d  of  Aug.,  1795,  he  concluded  a  treaty 
with  the  hostile  Indians  northwest  of  the  Ohio. 
While  in  the  service  of  his  country  he  died  in  a 
hut  at  Presque  Isle,  and  was  buried  on  the  shore 
of  lake  Erie. 

WAYNE,  ISAAC,  colonel,  only  son  of  Major- 
general  W.,  died  in  Chester  co.,  Penn.,  Oct.  26, 
1852,  aged  82.  He  Avas  a  State  senator  and  an 
excellent  citizen.  In  1814  he  was  a  candidate 
for  governor  against  Snyder. 

WEARE,MESHECH,  president  of  the  State  of 
New  Hampshire,  died  Jan.  15,  1786,  aged  72. 
The  son  of  Nathaniel  W.  of  Hampton,  he  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1735.  In  1754 
he  was  appointed  a  commissioner  to  the  congress 
at  Albany,  afterwards  one  of  the  justices  of  the 
superior  court,  and  in  1777  chief  justice.  Chosen 
president  of  New  Hampshire  in  1776,  he  was  in- 
i  vested  at  the  same  time  with  the  highest  offices, 
legislative,  judicial,  and  executive,  in  which  he 
was  continued  by  annual  elections  during  the 
whole  war.  When  a  new  constitution  was  adopted, 
he  was  again  in  1784  elected  president ;  but  he 
resigned  before  the  close  of  the  year.  He  died 
at  Hampton  Ealls,  worn  out  with  public  services. 
He  "  dared  to  love  his  country  and  be  poor.'' 

WEATHERFOPJ),  Mr.,  a  Baptist  minister, 
died  in  Pittsylvania  county,  Va.,  in  1833,  aged  90. 

WEATHERS,  JAMES,  a  minister,  died  in 
Granville  county,  N.  C.,  in  1843,  aged  93.  He 
was  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution. 

WEBB,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Eairfield,  Conn., 
died  in  1732,  aged  about  00.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1684,  and  was  ordained  in  1694. 

WEBB,  JOHN,  minister  in  Boston,  was  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  college  in  1708.  He  was  or 
dained  the  first  minister  of  the  new  north  church 
in  Boston,  Oct.  20,  1714.  After  surviving  one 
colleague,  Mr.  Thacher,  and  enjoying  the  assist 
ance  of  another,  Dr.  Eliot,  for  eight  years,  he 
died  in  peace  and  joy  April  16,  1750,  aged  62. 


WEBB. 


WEBSTER. 


835 


His  colleague  pronounced  him  "  one  of  the  best 
of  Christians  and  one  of  the  best  of  ministers." 
He  published  the  following  sermons  :  to  a  society 
of  young  men,  1718;  011  the  advantages  of  early 
piety,  1721  ;  before  the  general  assembly,  1722; 
warning  against  bad  company  keeping,  1726;  on 
the  death  of  W.  Waldron,  1727;  the  believer's 
redemption  by  the  blood  of  Christ ;  on  the  pay 
ment  of  vows,  1728 ;  directions  to  obtain  salva 
tion  in  seven  sermons,  1729 ;  the  great  concern 
of  New  England ;  at  the  ordination  of  a  deacon, 
1731  ;  the  duty  of  a  degenerate  people  to  pray 
for  the  reviving  of  God's  work ;  a  sermon  to  two 
malefactors,  1734  ;  the  government  of  Christ,  an 
election  sermon,  1738;  on  the  death  of  P.  Thacher, 
1739;  Christ's  suit  to  the  sinner  while  he  stands 
and  knocks  at  the  door. 

WEBB,  NATHAN,  first  minister  of  Uxbridge, 
Mass.,  died  in  1772,  aged  66.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1725.  He  was  ordained  in  1731  and 
was  pastor  forty-one  years.  Wacantuck  was  the 
Indian  name  of  the  town. 

WEBB,  ISAAC,  an  eminent  naval  architect, 
died  at  New  York  in  1840,  aged  46. 

WEBBER,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  president  of  Har 
vard  college,  died  of  the  apoplexy  July  17,  1810, 
aged  51.  He  was  born  in  Byfield  in  1759;  was 
graduated  in  1784;  and  in  1789  succeeded  Dr. 
Williams  as  professor  of  mathematics.  In  1796 
he  examined  the  boundary  between  the  United 
States  and  New  Brunswick.  After  the  death  of 
Dr.  Willard  he  was  elected  president,  and  in 
ducted  into  his  office  May  6,  1806.  His  daugh 
ter  married  Prof.  J.  F.  Dana.  He  published  a 
system  of  mathematics,  2  vols.  8vo.,  1801  ;  an 
eulogy  on  President  Willard,  1804. 

WEBSTER,  JOHN,  governor  of  Connecticut, 
died  at  Hadley,  Mass.,  in  1665.  He  was  a  magis 
trate  of  Connecticut  in  1639,  and  governor  in 
1656.  About  1660  he,  with  Rev.  Mr.  Russell  and 
his  associates,  purchased  the  territory  now  in 
cluded  in  Hadley  and  other  towns,  and  removed 
thither.  He  was  the  ancestor  of  Noah  Webster. 

WEBSTER,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Salis 
bury,  Mass.,  was  born  in  Bradford  in  1718;  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1737  ;  and  was 
ordained  Aug.  12,  1741.  After  a  ministry  of 
nearly  fifty-five  years,  he  died  July  18, 1796,  aged 
77.  At  the  time  when  he  entered  the  sacred 
office,  his  mind  was  so  impressed  with  the  impor 
tance  of  the  work  in  which  he  was  about  to  en 
gage,  that  he  was  ready  to  abandon  all  thoughts 
of  the  calling.  In  his  preaching  he  was  remark 
ably  clear  and  plain.  There  was  an  earnestness 
in  his  manner  which  convinced  his  hearers  that 
he  himself  felt  what  he  delivered.  He  did  not 
preach  the  things  which  he  considered  as  of 
doubtful  disputation.  He  possessed  a  happy 
talent  in  visiting  his  people,  and  could  adapt  him 
self  to  their  circumstances,  and  in  a  pleasing 


manner  give  them  instruction.  The  beauties  of 
Christian  virtue  were  exhibited  in  his  whole  life. 
He  published  a  sermon,  1756;  at  ordination  of 
S.  Webster,  1772 ;  the  duty  of  an  enslaved  people, 
a  fast  sermon,  1774;  to  two  companies  of  minute- 
men,  1775;  election  sermon,  1777;  two  discour 
ses  on  infant  baptism,  third  edit.,  1780 ;  on  the 
death  of  J.  Tucker. 

WEBSTER,  EBENEZER,  captain,  a  soldier  of 
the  French  and  the  Revolutionary  wars,  died  at 
Salisbury,  N.  H.,  in  1816,  aged  76.  He  was  the 
son  of  Ebenezer  of  Kingston,  six  miles  from  Ex 
eter,  and  of  Susannah,  daughter  of  Rev.  S.Bach- 
elder,  and  he  was  the  son  of  Ebenezer,  who  set 
tled  in  K.  in  1700.  The  next  ancestor  was 
Thomas  of  Hampton,  then  John  of  Ipswich,  who 
came  from  Ipswich  in  England.  He  was  the 
father  of  Daniel  Webster,  by  his  second  wife, 
Abigail  Eastman  of  Salisbury.  Among  the  chil 
dren  by  his  first  wife  was  Abigail,  who  married 
Mr.  Haddock,  the  father  of  Prof.  Haddock  of 
Dartmouth  college.  ; 

WEBSTER,  DAVID,  colonel,  died  at  Ply 
mouth,  N.  H.,  June  28,  1824.  He  was  the  oldest 
inhabitant,  one  of  the  first  settlers.  Coming  from 
Hollis  with  his  wife  and  child,  there  was  no  road 
nor  path  from  Boscawen  to  Plymouth,  a  journey 
of  two  days  on  foot  in  winter.  His  valuable  es 
tate  was  near  the  mouth  of  Baker's  river.  He 
was  the  first  sheriff  of  Grafton  county. 

WEBSTER,  EZEKIEL,  an  eminent  lawyer,  the 
brother  of  Daniel,  lived  at  Boscawen,  N.  H.,  and 
died  in  the  court-house  at  Concord  in  1829,  aged 
about  48.  He  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1804, 
and  was  a  State  senator. 

WEBSTER,  NATHANIEL,  minister  of  Bidde- 
ford,  Me.,  died  at  Portland  in  1830,  aged  81. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1769. 

WEBSTER,  CHARLES  R.,  died  July  18, 1834, 
aged  71.  He  was  a  bookseller  in  Albany  as  early 
as  1784.  He  established  and  conducted  for  forty 
years  the  Albany  Gazette. 

WEBSTER,  JOSIAH,  minister  of  Hampton, 
N.  H.,  died  in  1837,  aged  65.  He  was  born  in 
Chester  Jan.  16,  1772,  and  graduated  at  Dart 
mouth  college  in  1798.  From  1799  to  1806  he 
was  minister  at  Chebacco  in  Ipswich.  He  was 
installed  at  Hampton  as  the  successor  of  Mr. 
Appleton,  June  8,  1808,  and  was  pastor  nearly 
twenty-nine  years.  E.  D.  Eldredge  was  his  suc 
cessor.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  installa 
tion  of  J.  Lord,  Thomaston,  1809;  at  ordination 
of  J.  W.  Dow,  Tyringham,  1811 ;  at  the  thanks 
giving,  1812  ;  before  the  general  association  of 
New  Hampshire,  1819;  at  ordination  of  J.  C. 
Webster,  1837,  as  seamen's  chaplain  for  Russia. 

WEBSTER,  REDFORD,  died  in  Boston  in 
1838,  aged  77.  He  wrote  poetry  and  miscella 
nies. 

W7EBSTER,    NOAH,    LL.  D.,    died  at  New 


WEBSTER. 


WEEMS. 


Haven  May  28,  1843,  aged  84.  Born  in  West 
Hartford,  a  descendant  of  John  of  Hartford,  he 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1778.  After  being  ad 
mitted  to  the  bar  he  engaged  in  the  business  of 
instruction.  In  1783  he  wrote  an  English  gram 
mar,  and  also  some  political  pieces.  In  1793  he 
commenced  at  New  York  the  Commercial  Adver 
tiser  ;  iu  1798  he  removed  to  New  Haven,  and  in 
1807  began  to  compile  his  English  dictionary, 
first  published  in  1828.  In  the  edition  of  184*0 
were  printed  4394  new  words,  freely  furnished  by 
the  author  of  this  Biographical  work,  the  acknowl 
edgment  for  which  has  not  yet  been  made  by  the 
editor.  He  lived  some  years  in  Amherst.  For 
the  last  forty  years  he  was  incessant  in  his  studies, 
and  had  vigorous  health.  He  died  in  composure 
and  resignation.  He  published  various  ele 
mentary  school  books ;  sketches  of  American 
policy,  1784 ;  and  his  dictionary  of  the  English 
language  in  1828.  A  quarto  edition,  revised  by 
C.  A.  Goodrich,  was  published  at  Springfield  by 
G.  and  C.  Merriam,  1854. 

WEBSTER,  JOHN  W.,  professor  of  chemistry 
and  mineralogy  in  the  medical  school  connected 
with  Harvard  college,  was  hung  as  a  murderer 
in  the  yard  of  the  Leverett  street  jail  in  Boston, 
Aug.  30,  1850,  aged  about  56.  He  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1811 5  was  appointed  professor  in 
1827.  He  murdered  in  1849  in  the  medical 
building  in  Boston,  Dr.  George  Parkman,  out  of 
revenge,  or  to  evade  the  payment  of  a  debt.  This 
execution  on  the  gallows  of  such  a  man  for  such 
a  crime  is  honorable  to  the  administration  of  jus 
tice  in  Massachusetts.  What  security  can  there 
be  for  human  life,  if  the  life  of  the  murderer  is 
spared  through  a  pitiable,  falsely-called  human 
ity  ?  It  is  God's  command,  "  He  that  sheddeth 
man's  blood,  by  man  shall  his  blood  be  shed." 
He  published  a  manual  of  chemistry ;  description 
of  the  island  of  St.  Michael,  1821. 

WEBSTER,  DANIEL,  LL.  D.,  died  at  Marsh- 
field,  Mass.,  Oct.  24,  1852,  aged  70.  He  was 
born  in  Salisbury,  N.  H.,  Jan.  18,  1782,  the  son 
of  Capt.  Ebenezer  W.  He  graduated  at  Dart 
mouth  in  1801,  being  one  of  the  two  first  schol 
ars  of  his  class.  He  practised  law  in  Boscawcn 
and  in  Portsmouth.  In  1813  he  was  a  mem 
ber  of  congress.  He  removed  to  Boston  in 
1816  :  was  re-elected  to  congress  in  1822,  and  in 
1828  entered  the  senate  of  the  United  States. 
His  famous  debate  with  Hayne  was  in  1830,  and 
that  with  Calhoun  in  1833.  He  visited  Europe 
in  1839,  and  was  secretary  of  State  from  1841  to 
1843.  He  negotiated  the  Ashburton  treaty ; 
afterwards  he  served  in  the  Senate ;  his  last 
office  was  that  of  secretary  of  State  under  Pres 
ident  Fillmore.  It  is  stated  by  Mr.  Ticknor  that 
after  he  had  signed  his  will  he  prayed  aloud 
for  some  minutes,  ending  with  the  Lord's  prayer 
and  the  usual  ascription.  It  was  announced  by 


the  commissioners  on  his  estate,  that  his  assets 
amounted  to  35,000  or  3(5,000  dollars,  and  his 
debts  to  about  155,000  dollars.  Thus,  it  would 
seem,  he  knew  nothing  of  the  economies  of  pri 
vate  life.  Yet  among  our  public  men  of  his  day 
none  were  superior  to  him  in  talents,  learning, 
and  forcible  eloquence.  He  aimed  to  be  presi 
dent  of  the  United  States  ;  but  failed.  Had  he 
held  that  station  for  the  last  four  years,  it  is  not 
supposable  that  his  strong  arm  would  have  failed 
to  shield  the  new  settlers  and  citizens  of  the 
far  west  from  the  outrages  of  border-ruffianism. 
It  will  be  honorable  to  his  memory  to  repeat  his 
words,  which  he  uttered  in  his  speech  in  Faneuil 
Hall  in  Boston,  Nov.  1,  1844  :  "  What !  when  all 
the  civilized  world  is  opposed  to  slavery,  —  when 
morality  denounces  it,  —  when  every  thing  re 
spected,  every  thing  good  bears  united  witness 
against  it,  —  is  it  for  America,  —  America,  the 
land  of  Washington,  —  the  model  republic  of 
the  world,  —  is  it  for  America  to  come  to  its  as 
sistance,  and  insist  that  its  maintenance  is  neces 
sary  to  the  support  of  her  institutions  ?  "  His 
works,  in  6  vols.,  8vo.,  were  published  1851. 

WEBSTER,  RICHARD,  minister  of  Mauch 
Chunk,  Penn.,  died  in  1855  or  1856.  He  wrote 
a  history  of  the  Presbyterian  church,  which  in 
Aug.,  1856,  J.  W.  Wilson,  of  Philadelphia,  pro 
posed  to  publish  in  one  volume  of  seven  hundred 
pages,  with  a  biography  by  Dr.  Van  Rensselaer. 

WEEKES,  DANIEL,  died  at  Ship  Harbor,  Nova 
Scotia,  Dec.  29,  1851,  aged  116;  having  been 
born  on  Long  Island  Dec.  3,  1735.  At  the  age 
of  twenty-four  he  served  in  the  British  army, 
when  Wolfe  fell.  Adhering  to  the  royal  cause, 
he  received  a  grant  of  land  in  Nova  Scotia.  In 
1838  he  recovered  his  sight.  He  toiled  in  the 
woods  bareheaded  till  within  two  years  of  his 
death.  His  children  were  twenty-one,  his  de 
scendants  some  hundreds. 

WEEKS,  HOLLAND,  minister  of  Abington, 
Mass.,  died  at  Henderson,  N.  Y.,  in  1843,  aged 
about  70.  He  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1795. 
He  became  at  last  a  fanatic  or  enthusiast,  and 
was  dismissed  from  his  pastoral  charge. 

WEEKS,  WILLIAM  R.,  D.  D.,  of  Newark, 
N.  J.,  died  at  Oneida  June  26,  1848,  aged  66. 
He  was  an  able  writer  and  a  successful  teacher  ; 
a  man  of  an  excellent  character. 

WEEMS,  MASON  L.,  a  writer  and  Episcopal 
minister,  resided  in  Virginia,  but  died  at  Beau 
fort,  S.  C.,  May  23,  1825,  after  long  sickness. 
Before  the  Revolution  he  was  rector  of  Mount 
Vernon  parish,  when  the  old  church  at  Pohick 
had  George  Washington  for  an  attendant  on  his 
ministry.  A  large  family  compelled  him  to  seek  a 
better  income  than  his  parish  afforded,  and  he  be 
came  a  book  agent  for  Matthew  Gary.  The  bible, 
Marshall's  life  of  Washington,  and  his  own  pop 
ular  books  he  scattered  over  the  south,  travelling 


WELBY. 


WELD. 


837 


with  a  few  sermons  in  his  knapsack,  that  he  might 
occasionally  preach.  lie  had  a  peculiar  extrava 
gance  of  style  ;  but  he  had  energy,  humor,  pathos, 
and  skill  in  awakening  enthusiasm.  Immedi 
ately  after  the  decease  of  Washington,  he  pub 
lished  a  history  of  his  life  and  death,  virtues  and 
exploits,  dedicated  to  Mrs.  Martha  Washington, 
Feb.  22,  1800.  The  eleventh  edition,  fully  un 
folded,  was  published  of  the  life  of  G.  W.,  1811. 
Afterwards,  he  published  the  life  of  Benjamin 
Franklin ;  the  life  of  William  Penn ;  the  life  of 
Gen.  Francis  Marion.  lie  published  also  God's 
revenge  against  murder,  a  tragedy;  and  various 
tracts.  —  Cycl.  of  Amer.  Lit. 

WELBY,  AMELIA  B.,  Mrs.,  a  poetess,  died 
at  Louisville,  Ky.,  May  3,  1852,  aged  31.  She 
was  born  in  Maryland  and  married  Mr.  George 
Wclby  of  Louisville:  Her  poems  were  published 
in  1850. —  Cycl.  of  Amer.  Lit. 

WELCH,  DANIEL,  minister  of  Mansfield, 
Conn.,  died  suddenly  in  1782,  aged  about  56. 
Born  in  Windham,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1749, 
in  the  class  of  Dr.  Hopkins,  and  succeeded  Mr. 
Throop  in  the  north  society.  His  successors 
were  M.  C.  Welch  and  W.  Ely.  He  had  good 
pulpit  talents,  and  was  beloved  by  his  people  and 
respected  by  a  large  acquaintance. 

WELCH,  SAMUEL,  the  oldest  native  of  New 
Hampshire,  was  born  at  Kingston  Sept.  1,  1710, 
and  died  at  Bow  April  5,  1823,  aged  112.  He 
was  always  a  man  of  temperance.  At  the  age  of 
112  he  retained  his  faculties,  and  conversed  on 
the  events  of  past  days.  When  asked,  if  it 
seemed  to  him  that  he  had  lived  so  long,  he  re 
plied  :  "  O  no,  but  a  little  while."  Weary  of  the 
burthen  of  life,  he  expressed  a  willingness  to  die. 

WELCH,  MOSES  C.,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Mans 
field,  Conn.,  died  in  1824,  aged  70,  in  the  fortieth 
year  of  his  ministry.  He  succeeded  his  father, 
Daniel,  who  was  a  native  of  Windham,  a  gradu 
ate  of  Yale  in  1749,  and  who  died  in  1782.  Dr. 
C.  graduated  at  Yale  in  1772.  He  studied  law 
and  physic  and  taught  school  for  some  years,  and 
was  ordained  in  1784.  His  son,  Jonathan  A.,  was 
a  lawyer  in  Brooklyn,  Conn. :  his  son,  Archibald, 
a  physician  of  Hartford,  was  killed  in  the  railroad 
disaster  at  Norwalk.  His  fourth  wife  survived 
him.  He  was  a  man  of  talents,  of  strong  pas 
sions,  impetuous,  witty,  and  satirical,  a  very  popular 
preacher,  sometimes  in  his  preaching  touching 
on  the  democracy  of  the  day,  which  he  thought 
allied  to  French  atheism.  He  had  a  dignified 
air,  but  was  pleasant  in  private  intercourse. 
Many  pupils  fell  under  his  care.  He  was  the 
friend  of  Samuel  Nott.  He  published  a  sermon 
on  the  death  of  S.  White,  1794 ;  of  B.  Chaplin  ; 
of  Mrs.  Pond;  of  A.  Miller,  1801 ;  of  Mary  J. 
Salter;  of  J.  W.  Judson ;  of  J.  Gurley,  1812;  a 
century  sermon,  1801;  election  sermon,  1812; 
at  the  execution  of  S.  Freeman  for  murder, 


1805;  to  Windham  association;  at  ordination  of 
W.  Andrews ;  and  several  controversial  pam 
phlets.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

WELCH,  THOMAS,  M.  D.,  died  in  Boston  in 
Feb.,  1831,  aged  80.  Born  in  B.,  he  graduated 
in  1772,  and  served  as  a  surgeon  in  the  army. 
The  marine  hospital  at  Charlestown  was  under 
his  care,  and  he  was  also  quarantine  physician  for 
Boston.  He  was  greatly  respected.  —  Uoston 
Med.  Jour.  iv. 

WELCH,  SARAH,  Mrs.,  died  in  Boston  in 
1850,  aged  101.  She  was  a  native  of  Gloucester 
and  daughter  of  Jonathan  Coates. 

•WELCH,  ARCHIBALD,  M.  D.,  of  Hartford, 
was  killed  by  the  railroad  plunge  into  the  river 
May  6,  1853,  aged  58.  He  was  born  at  Mans 
field,  Vt.,  where  he  practised  physic  twenty  years  ; 
for  the  last  fifteen  he  lived  in  Wetherstiekl  and 
Hartford,  in  good  reputation.  He  was  a  son  of 
Rev.  M.  C.  Welch,  and  grandson  of  Rev.  Dan 
iel  W.  By  his  mother  he  descended  from  Rev. 
W.  Williams  of  Hatfield,  and  Rev.  J.  Ashley  of 
Deerfield.  He  married  in  1819  Cynthia  Hyde 
of  Lebanon :  two  of  his  sons,  Henry  and  Moses, 
were  graduates  of  Yale. 

WELCOTT,  NANNIE,  died  at  Oxford,  Me., 
July  17,  1848,  aged  114. 

WELD,  THOMAS,  first  minister  of  Dunsta- 
ble,  N.  H.,  died  in  1702,  aged  49.  Born  in  Rox- 
bury,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1671.  The 
church  was  gathered  and  he  ordained  Dec.  16, 
1685.  By  his  wife,  Mary  Savage,  he  was  the 
father  of  Rev.  Habijah  W. 

WELD,  HABIJAH,  minister  of  Attleborough, 
Mass.,  died  in  1782,  aged  79.  Born  in  Dunstable, 
he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1723  and  was  ordained 
in  1727,  the  successor  of  E.  White :  M.  Short 
was  the  first  minister.  He  was  succeeded  by  J. 
Wilder.  His  wife  was  Mary,  the  daughter  of 
Rev.  John  Fox  of  Woburn :  she  died  aged  92. 
They  had  fifteen  children,  of  whom  Elizabeth 
married  Rev.  O.  Shaw  of  Barnstable,  and  Lucy 
married  Rev.  O.  Noble  of  Coventry,  and  Hannah 
married  Caleb  Fuller  of  Hanover.  Mr.  W.'s 
father  was  the  first  minister  of  Dunstable.  He 
had  a  very  loud  and  pleasant  voice,  and  was 
highly  esteemed  as  a  preacher  and  minister,  and 
very  successful.  —  Thacher's  Serin. ;  Sprague. 

WELD,  EZRA,  minister  of  Braintree,  Mass., 
died  in  1816,  aged  80.  Born  in  Pomfret,  Conn., 
he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1759,  and  was  ordained 
in  1762.  He  was  a  very  faithful  and  useful  min 
ister.  His  predecessors  were  H.  Adams  and  S. 
Niles ;  his  successors  S.  Page,  R.  S.  Storrs,  E.  A. 
Park.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination 
of  S.  Niles;  on  union,  1794 ;  at  a  fast,  1799. 

WELD,  LEWIS,  minister  of  Hampton,  Conn., 
died  in  1844,  aged  78.  The  son  of  Rev.  Ezra  of 
Braintree,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1789 ; 
was  ordained  in  1792;  and  dismissed  in  1824. 


838 


WELD. 


WELLS. 


He  afterwards  preached  at  Fabius,  N.  Y.  lie 
died  at  Belleville,  N.  J.,  near  the  residence  of  his 
son,  Theodore  D.  W.,  in  full  hope  of  a  blessed 
immortality.  His  widow,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
John  Clark  of  Lebanon,  Conn.,  died  Aug.  31, 
1853,  aged  81.  He  was  a  man  of  talents  and 
distinguished  usefulness. 

WELD,  LEWIS,  Rev.,  died  in  Hartford  Dec. 
30,  1853,  aged  57;  principal  of  the  American 
asylum  for  the  deaf  and  dumb.  Born  in  Hamp 
ton,  Conn.,  the  son  of  Rev.  L.  W.,  he  was  a 
graduate  in  1818.  In  1822  he  was  principal  of 
the  institution  in  Philadelphia  for  the  deaf  and 
dumb.  As  the  successor  of  Mr.  Gallaudet  in 
the  same  office,  he  lived  twenty-three  years  at 
Hartford,  and  was  successful  and  greatly  respected. 
He  was  unceasing  in  a  regard  to  the  spiritual  in 
terests  of  his  pupils,  as  became  an  enlightened, 
far-looking  Christian.  His  wife  was  Mary, 
daughter  of  Dr.  Mason  E.  Cogswell  of  Hartford. 
He  left  five  children. 

WELDE,  THOMAS,  first  minister  of  Roxbury, 
Mass.,  died  in  England  in  1662.  He  was  a  native 
of  England,  and  was  a  minister  in  Essex  before 
he  came  to  this  country.  Refusing  to  comply 
with  the  impositions  of  the  established  church,  he 
determined  to  seek  the  quiet  enjoyment  of  the 
rights  of  conscience  in  America.  He  arrived  at 
Boston  June  5,  1632,  and  in  July  was  invested 
with  the  pastoral  care  of  the  church  in  Roxbury. 
In  Nov.  following,  he  received  J.  Eliot  as  his  col 
league.  In  1639  he  assisted  Mr.  Mather  and 
Mr.  Eliot  in  making  tho  tuneful  New  England 
version  of  the  Psalms.  In  1641  he  was  sent 
with  Hugh  Peters  to  England  as  an  agent  for  the 
province,  and  he  never  returned.  He  was  settled 
at  Gateshead,  but  was  ejected  in  1662.  His 
sons,  Edward,  John,  and  Thomas,  were  ministers  : 
the  two  first  not  in  this  country,  but  Thomas,  of 
Dunstable,  died  in  1702,  aged  50.  He  published 
a  short  story  of  the  rise,  reign,  and  ruin  of  the 
antinomians,  familists,  and  libel-tines  that  infected 
the  churches  of  New  England,  4to.,  1644 ;  2d 
edit.,  1692 ;  an  answer  to  W.  R.'s  narration  of 
the  opinions  and  practices  of  the  New  England 
churches,  vindicating  those  godly  and  orthodoxal 
churches  from  more  than  one  hundred  impu 
tations,  etc.,  1644.  With  others  he  wrote  the 
perfect  pharisee  under  monkish  holiness,  against 
the  Quakers,  1654. —  Sprague. 

WELDE,  THOMAS,  grandson  of  Rev.  T.  W., 
was  the  minister  of  Dunstable,  Mass.,  from  1756 
to  his  death  in  1702,  aged  50.  He  was  the  son 
of  Thomas,  a  representative  in  the  general  conrt, 
and  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1671. 

WELLES,  NOAH,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Stam 
ford,  Conn.,  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1741,  and  was  ordained  Dec.  31,  1746.  He  died 
about  1776.  Born  in  Colchester,  he  was  of 
Welsh  origin.  By  his  wife,  Abigail  Woolsey,  he 


had  thirteen  children.  .He  was  a  theologian  of 
great  distinction,  and  he  took  an  active  part  in 
the  controversy  respecting  an  American  episco 
pate.  He  published  a  discourse  in  favor  of  the 
Presbyterian  ordination  ;  a  vindication  of  the  va 
lidity  and  divine  right  of  Presbyterian  ordination, 
as  set  fovth  in  Mr.  Chauncy's  Dudleian  lecture 
and  Mr.  Welles'  discourse,  in  answer  to  the  excep 
tions  of  J.  Learning,  1767;  a  funeral  sermon  on 
Mr.  Hobart,  1773.  —  Sprague. 

WELLES,  SAMUEL,  died  at  Paris  Aug.  31, 
1841,  aged  63.  A  native  of  Boston,  he  was 
long  a  well-known  American  banker  in  Paris,  es 
tablished  there  in  1815.  He  was  a  man  of  ability 
and  integrity,  friendly,  hospitable. 

WELLES,  JOHN,  a  rich  merchant,  died  in 
Boston  Sept.  25,  1855,  aged  90.  He  was  the  son 
of  Arnold  W.,  and  graduated  in  1782,  outliving 
his  class  and  all  preceding  graduates.  He  was 
successively  in  business  with  his  father,  with 
Samuel,  and  with  Benjamin  W.  He  was  a  repre 
sentative,  senator,  and  councillor.  His  summers 
he  spent  on  a  valuable  farm  in  Natick.  which  had 
been  in  possession  of  the  Welles  family  from  the 
days  of  the  apostle  Eliot,  the  teacher  of  the 
Natick  Indians. 

WELLINGTON,  TIMOTHY,  Dr.,  died  of  dis 
ease  of  the  heart,  at  West  Cambridge,  Mass.,  in 
1853,  aged  71.  The  son  of  Timothy  of  Lexing 
ton,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1806.  His 
practice  was  extensive  and  successful.  His  son  is 
Dr.  William  W.  Wellington  of  Cambridgcport. 

WELLS,  THOMAS,  governor  of  Connecticut, 
died  at  Hartford  Jan.  14, 1660,  aged  62.  He  was 
appointed  deputy-governor  in  1654,  and  governor 
in  1655.  His  successor  was  John  Webster.  At 
this  time  the  number  of  rateable  persons  in  the 
colony  of  Connecticut,  as  distinct  from  New 
Haven,  was  only  775.  In  1657  J.  Winthrop  was 
governor  and  Mr.  Wells  deputy-governor.  Hugh, 
the  brother  of  Gov.  W.,  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  Hartford,  but  removed  to  Hadley  about  1660. 
These  brothers  were  the  sons  of  Thomas,  a 
wealthy  merchant  and  zealous  Puritan  of  Lon 
don  ;  and  Samuel  Welles  of  Boston  and  Paris, 
and  John  Welles  of  New  York,  were  of  this 
family,  though  the  name  differs  a  little. 

WELLS,  THOMAS,  the  first  minister  of  Ames- 
bury,  Mass.,  died  in  1734,  aged  87.  He  was 
the  first  man  who  received  an  honorary  degree 
at  Harvard,  in  1703.  He  was  settled  in  1672. 
His  successor  was  E.  March,  who  died  aged  88. 

WELLS,  THOMAS  B.,  minister  of  North  Guil- 
ford,  Conn.,  died  in  1808,  aged  70,  in  the  forty- 
second  year  of  his  ministry. 

WELLS,  HENRY,  Dr.,  a  physician  in  Mon 
tague,  Mass.,  died  in  1814,  aged  72.  Born  in 
New  York  in  1742,  he  graduated  at  the  early 
age  of  fifteen  at  Princeton  in  1757.  Before  the 
Revolutionary  war  he  settled  in  Brattleboro', 


WELLS. 

and  thence  he  removed  to  Montague.  He  was 
•widely  consulted  as  a  physician.  Dr.  Itichard 
W.,  late  of  Canandaigua,  was  his  son.  He 
dressed  much  like  the  Quakers.  He  wore  velvet 
or  buckskin  small-clothes,  a  long  vest  with  flaps 
and  pockets,  and  a  broad-brimmed,  low-crowned 
hat.  The  following  anecdote  shows  the  good 
effect  of  his  cheerfulness  and  facetiousness.  Hav 
ing  spent  an  evening  with  a  patient  dangerously 
sick,  as  he  went  to  find  his  bed,  the  patient,  being 
inoculated  with  his  good  humor,  sent  a  messen 
ger  to  him  with  a  boot-jack,  "to  enable  him  to 
pull  off  his  buckskin  breeches."  —  "  Go  and  tell 
him,"  said  the  doctor,  "  he  need  be  under  no  fear 
of  dying  at  present." —  Williams'  Med.  Biog. 

WELLS,  WILLIAM  CHARLES,  Dr.,  died  in 
London  in  1817,  aged  60.  Born  in  Charleston, 
his  father,  a  Scotchman,  was  a  tory,  and  so  was 
the  son.  From  1775  to  1778  he  studied  his  pro 
fession  at  Edinburgh.  From  1780  he  was  in  South 
Carolina  for  some  years;  but  in  1784  went  to  Eng- 
gland.  He  is  chiefly  known  by  his  experiments  on 
dew.  He  published  a  volume  of  essays  on  vision 
and  dew,  1816 ;  also  some  papers  in  the  philosophi 
cal  transactions  ;  and  miscellanies.  —  Gycl.  of 
Amer.  Lit. 

WELLS,  WILLIAM,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Brat- 
tleboro',  Vt.,  died  in  1827,  aged  83.  He  was 
born  in  England  in  1744,  and  was  a  minister  at 
Bronsgrove  about  twenty  years.  From  1794  to 
1814  he  was  the  minister  of  B.,  though  not  in 
stalled  ;  then  formed  a  new  church  in  the  east 
village.  In  his  principles  he  was  an  Arian.  He 
was  the  father  of  William  Wells,  a  graduate  of 
Harvard  in  1796 ;  an  excellent  tutor,  afterwards 
bookseller  in  Boston,  still  living.  Dr.  Wells' 
predecessor  at  B.,  the  first  minister,  was  A. 
Reeve,  a  graduate  of  Yale  in  1731,  who  was  set 
tled  in  1770,  and  died  in  1798,  aged  90. 

WELLS,  JOHN  DOANE,  M.  D.,  professor  of 
anatomy  and  surgery  in  the  medical  school  of 
Maine,  died  at  Boston  July  25,  1830,  aged  31. 
He  was  born  in  B.  March  6, 1799;  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1817;  and,  having  finished  his 
medical  education  in  Europe,  succeeded  Dr.  Smith, 
and  delivered  his  first  course  of  lectures  in  the 
spring  of  1823.  In  Sept.,  1826,  he  was  chosen 
professor  in  the  medical  school  at  Pittsficld,  and 
lectured  there  four  years.  At  the  close  of  1829, 
he  repaired  to  Baltimore  to  deliver  a  course  of 
lectures  ;  and  thence  in  March,  1830,  to  his  post 
at  Brunswick,  Me.  But,  exhausted  by  his  labors, 
he  was  able  to  lecture  only  one  week.  As  a  lec 
turer  on  anatomy,  it  has  been  thought  that  no 
one  in  this  country  was  superior  to  him.  lie  was 
a  member  of  the  church  in  Boston,  of  which  Dr. 
Lowell  was  pastor. 

WELLS,  RUFUS,  the  first  minister  of  Whately, 
Mass.,  died  Nov.  8,  1834,  aged  90.  A  native  of 


WENDELL. 


839 


Deerfield,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1764,  and 
was  ordained  in  1771.  He  was  succeeded  by 
Bates  and  Ferguson. 

WELLS,  SAMUEL  W.,  died  at  Salem,  Mass.,  in 
1751,  aged  about  48  ;  for  many  years  a  teacher 
of  navigation.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1823. 

WELLS,  DANIEL,  judge,  died  at  Cambridge, 
June  23,  1854,  aged  63,  chief  justice  of  the 
common  pleas.  He  was  appointed  attorney-gen 
eral  in  1838;  chief  judge  in  1844.  He  was  born 
in  Greenfield,  where  he  lived  most  of  his  life  ;  a 
graduate  of  Dartmouth  in  1810.  His  death  was 
sudden  by  disease  of  the  heart. 

WELSH,  THOMAS,  a  physician,  died  in  Boston 
in  1831,  aged  89.  lie  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1772  ;  was  a  surgeon  in  the  Revolutionary  army, 
taking  care  of  the  wounded  at  Lexington  and 
Bunker  Hill ;  and  subsequently  had  extensive 
practice  in  Boston,  where  he  was  quarantine 
physician,  and  he  was  connected  also  with  the 
marine  hospital  at  C'harlestown.  He  was  a  con 
sulting  physician  of  the  Massachusetts  general 
hospital.  He  published  oration  March  5,  1783  ; 
eulogy  on  N.  Gorham,  1796. 

WELSTEED,  WILLIAM,  minister  in  Boston, 
died  in  1753,  aged  58.  Born  in  Boston,  he  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1716  ;  was  a  tutor  several 
years ;  succeeded  Mr.  Waldron  in  1728  in  the 
new  brick  church  ;  and  had  E.  Gray  as  a  colleague 
for  ten  years.  He  was  an  excellent  Christian,  an 
accomplished  gentleman,  an  exemplary  minister. 
He  published  election  sermon,  1751.  —  Sprague. 

WENDELL,  OLIVER,  judge,  died  in  Boston 
Jan.  15, 181 8,  aged  85.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1753.  He  was  a  descendant  of  Evart  Janson 
Wendell,  who  came  from  Embden  to  Albany  : 
his  father  Jacob,  a  merchant  in  Boston,  married 
Sarah,  daughter  of  Dr.  James  Oliver  of  Cam 
bridge.  Mild,  benevolent,  exemplary,  faithful  in 
public  life,  he  enjoyed  in  his  failing  years  great 
peace  and  the  hopes  of  a  blessed  immortality 
though  the  propitiation  made  by  Christ.  His  wife 
was  Mary,  daughter  of  Edward  Jackson,  and  her 
mother  was  Dorothy  Quincy.  His  daughter 
Sarah  married  Rev.  Dr.  Holmes,  of  Cambridge, 
and  was  the  mother  of  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes, 
physician  and  poet. 

WENDELL,  JOHN  II.,  general,  died  suddenly 
at  Albany,  while  attended  an  association  of  the 
reformed  Dutch  church,  July  11,  1832,  aged  88. 
He  was  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution.  At  the  be 
ginning  of  the  contest  he  abandoned  the  law  and 
was  a  captain  in  the  army.  He  was  in  the  battle 
of  Monmouth,  and  at  the  surrender  of  Burgoync. 
He  died  under  his  paternal  roof;  and  was  long  a 
man  of  piety. 

WENDELL,  PETER,  died  at  Albany,  Oct.  29, 
1849,  aged  63;  the  oldest  physician,  chancellor  of 
the  regents  of  the  university. 


840 


WENTWORTH. 


WERTMULLER. 


WENTWORTH,  WILLIAM,  ancestor  of  the 
Wentworths  of  New  England,  died  at  Dover, 
N.  II.,  about  1690  or  1700,  more  than  80  years 
old.  He  was  of  Exeter  in  1639,  and  was  a  ruling 
elder  of  the  church  of  Dover. 

WENTWORTH,  JOHN,  lieutenant-governor 
of  N.  II.,  died  at  Portsmouth  in  1730,  aged  58. 
He  was  the  son  of  Samuel  of  Portsmouth  or 
Dover,  and  grandson  of  William,  and  was  born 
in  1672.  He  was  in  office  from  1717  to  1729. 
His  commission  had  annexed  to  it  the  name  of 
Joseph  Addison,  then  secretary  in  England.  His 
administration  was  acceptable  to  the  people ;  but 
in  a  few  years  the  harmony  was  interrupted,  and 
he  had  the  misfortune  also  to  lose  the  favor  of 
Gov.  Belcher.  The  office-seekers  in  those  days 
quarrelled,  as  they  do  now.  He  was  the  father 
of  sixteen  children.  —  Eliot. 

WENTWORTH,  BENNING,  governor  of  New 
Hampshire,  the  son  of  lieutenant-governor  Went- 
worth,  died  in  1770,  aged  74.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1715.  After  having  been  a 
member  of  the  assembly  and  of  the  council, 
his  mercantile  business  called  him  to  London, 
where  he  solicited  and  obtained  the  commission 
of  governor.  He  began  his  administration  in 
1741  and  continued  in  this  office  near  twenty  years. 
He  was  superseded  in  1767  by  his  nephew,  John 
Wentworth.  He  possessed  strong  passions  and  his 
resentments  were  lasting.  Closely  attached  to  the 
interest  of  the  church  of  England,  in  his  grants  of 
lands,  by  which  he  enriched  himself,  he  reserved  a 
right  in  every  township  for  the  society  for  propa 
gating  the  gospel,  of  which  he  was  a  member. 
Bennington  in  Vermont  has  its  name  from  him, 
and  he  granted  many  other  towns  in  that  State. 
Though  during  his  administration  he  declined  giv 
ing  a  charter  for  a  college  in  New  Hampshire  unless 
it  was  put  under  the  direction  of  the  Bishop  of 
London,  yet  he  afterwards  gave  a  lot  of  five  hun 
dred  acres  of  land  to  Dartmouth  college,  and 
on  this  land  the  college  edifice  was  erected.  He 
co-operated  with  the  assembly  in  giving  to  Har 
vard  college  300  pounds  towards  repairing  the 
library  which  had  been  destroyed  by  fire.  In  his 
appointment  of  civil  and  military  officers  he  Avas  fre 
quently  governed  by  motives  of  favor  ;  but  his  ad 
ministration  in  other  respects  was  beneficial.  He 
was  frequently  visited  by  the  gout,  and  from  these 
visits  he  did  not  acquire  much  patience. 

WENTWORTH,  JOHN,  LL.  D.,  governor  of 
New  Hampshire,  died  April  8,  1820,  aged  83.  He 
was  a  descendant  of  W.  Wentworth  of  Dover, 
and  the  son  of  Murk  Hunting  W.,  and  was  born 
in  1736.  lie  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1755.  At  the  age  of  31  he  was  appointed  gov 
ernor  in  1767  as  successor  of  B.  Wentworth, 
and  remained  in  office  till  the  Revolution  of  1775. 
He  gave  the  charter  of  Dartmouth  college.  He 
was  a  very  acceptable  and  popular  governor. 


In  1792  he  was  appointed  lieutenant-governor 
and  commander-in-chief  of  Nova  Scotia,  but  was 
succeeded  by  Prevost  in  1808.  He  resided  at 
Halifax,  where  he  died.  His  wife,  whom  he 
married  in  1760,  was  Miss  Hilton.  He  had  a 
pension  of  500  pounds  per  annum  given  him  by 
the  British  government  in  1808.  He  was  a  man 
of  large  and  liberal  views,  of  sound  judgment, 
and  cultivated  taste.  He  did  much  to  encourage 
agriculture,  cultivating  a  farm  and  building  an 
elegant  house  at  Wolfsboro',  on  the  border  of 
lake  Winnipiscogee. 

WEQUASH,  sachem  of  the  Niantic  Indians 
in  Connecticut,  died  at  an  early  period  after  the 
settlement  of  Lyme,  and  is  buried  at  the  Chris 
tian  Indian  burying-ground  on  the  west  side 
of  the  bay  near  the  mouth  of  the  Niantic  river. 
His  memorial-stone  says,  "  He  was  the  first  con 
vert  among  the  New  England  tribes."  This  may 
be  a  mistake.  Mr.  Griswold  was  a  missionary 
to  these  Indians.  It  would  be  well  if  some 
measures  were  taken  to  preserve  this  Indian 
grave-yard,  near  the  surges  of  the  bay,  from  dese- 
ecration.  Mr.  Shepard  wrote  concerning  this 
Pequot :  "  Wequash,  the  famous  Indian  at  the 
river's  mouth,  is  dead  and  certainly  in  heaven. 
He  knew  Christ,  he  loved  Christ,  he  preached 
Christ  up  and  down,  and  then  suffered  martyr 
dom  for  Christ."  —  FeWsEccl.  Hint.  N.  E. 

WERAUMAUG,  an  Indian,  was  a  Pootatuck 
sagamore,  who  became  sachem  of  the  Wyante- 
nucks  in  New  Milford.  He  lived  two  miles  below 
the  village.  He  had  a  reservation  of  two  thousand 
acres  in  Washington,  called  the  hunting-grounds 
of  Raumaug.  He  died  about  1735.  Under  the 
watchful  instruction  of  Rev.  D.  Boardman  he 
became  a  Christian,  and  died  such,  though  the 
Indians  with  him  remained  in  heathenism.  In 
1736  a  part  of  his  people  removed  to  Schaghticoke 
and  were  there  taught  by  the  Moravian  mission 
aries.  Mr.  Boardman  called  him  a  distinguished 
sachem,  of  great  abilities  and  eminent  virtues,  the 
most  potent  prince  in  the  colony. 

WERDEN,  PETER,  a  Baptist  minister  of 
Cheshire,  Mass.,  died  in  1808,  aged  80.  He  was 
ordained  at  Warwick  in  1751,  and  removed  to 
Cheshire  in  1770,  and  was  there  pastor  38  years. 
—  Benedict's  Hist. 

WERTMULLER,  ADOLPH  ULRIC,  an  eminent 
painter  of  Philadelphia,  died  near  Marcus  Hook, 
Oct.  5,  1811,  aged  61.  Born  in  Stockholm,  he 
studied  and  pursued  his  profession  several  years 
in  Paris,  and  first  came  to  Philadelphia  in  1794  ; 
but  returned  to  Europe  in  1796.  Losing  a  large 
sum  of  money  by  the  failure  of  others,  he 
returned  to  Philadelphia  in  1800,  and  obtained 
an  income  by  exhibiting  his  picture  of  Danac.  In 
1801  he  married  a  rich  lady  of  Swedish  descent. 
His  last  residence  was  a  farm  at  Marcus  Hook, 
on  the  Delaware.  His  Danac  sold  at  New  York 


WESSELHOEFT. 

for  1500  dollars  ;  a  small  copy  at  Philadelphia 
for  500.  His  picture  of  Washington  is  thought 
not  to  be  accurate. 

WESSELHOEFT,  ROBERT,  doctor,  died  at 
Leipsic  in  Nov.  or  Dec.,  1852  :  he  was  the  founder 
of  the  Brattleboro'  water-cure  establishment,  Vt. 

WEST,  SAMUEL,  D.  I).,  minister  of  New  Bed 
ford,  Mass.,  died  at  Tiverton,  II.  I.,  Sept.  24, 
1807,  aged  77,  and  was  buried  at  New  Bedford. 
He  was  born  in  Yarmouth  March  4,  1730,  and 
was  early  occupied  in  the  labors  of  husbandry. 
Discovering  traits  of  genius,  a  few  intelligent 
and  good  men  resolved  to  give  him  a  liberal  edu 
cation.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1754,  having  gained  a  rank  among  the  most 
distinguished  of  his  class.  About  the  year  1764 
he  was  ordained  at  New  Bedford.  The  year 
1765  awakened  his  attention  to  politics,  and  he 
became  a  whig  partisan.  He  wrote  many  forcible 
pieces  in  the  newspapers.  He  deciphered  the 
letter  of  Dr.  Church.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
convention  for  forming  the  constitution  of  Mas 
sachusetts  and  of  the  United  States ;  and  was 
chosen  honorary  member  of  the  academy  of 
sciences  at  Philadelphia,  and  a  member  of  the 
academy  at  Boston.  In  the  latter  part  of  his 
life  his  memory  almost  entirely  failed  him.  He 
possessed  an  original  mind  of  vigorous  powers. 
During  the  last  thirty  years  of  his  life  he  used 
no  notes  in  preaching.  It  was  his  practice,  when 
he  was  not  in  his  own  pulpit,  to  discourse  upon 
any  text  which  was  pointed  out  to  him  ;  and  some 
times  the  most  difficult  passages  would  be  given 
him  for  the  purpose  of  trying  his  strength.  He 
was  not,  however,  a  very  popular  preacher.  There 
were  defects  in  the  tone  and  inflection  of  his 
voice,  and  there  was  a  singularity  and  uncouth- 
ness  in  his  manner,  for  which  the  ingenuity  and 
strength  of  his  arguments  could  not  compensate. 
His  manners  were  unpolished ;  his  figure  and 
deportment  were  not  very  attractive  ;  nor  was  his 
temper  very  mild  and  amiable.  Notwithstand 
ing  his  singularities,  no  man  could  accuse  him  of 
the  wilful  violation  of  any  principle  of  moral  rec 
titude.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination 
of  S.  West,  1764;  election  sermon,  1776;  at  the 
anniversary  of  the  landing  of  the  forefathers, 
1777  ;  at  the  ordination  of  J.  Allyn,  1788 ;  on 
infant  baptism ;  essays  on  liberty  and  necessity, 
in  which  the  arguments  of  President  Edward 
and  others  for  necessity  are  considered,  the  first 
part  in  1793,  the  second  in  1795.  To  these 
essays  Dr.  Edwards,  the  son  of  the  president, 
wrote  an  answer,  and  Dr.  West  left  behind  him  a 
reply  almost  completed,  lie  maintains  that 
volition  is  not  an  effect,  for  which  a  cause  is  to 
be  sought  in  nature,  or  out  of  man,  but,  being 
the  mind  willing,  is  itself  an  efficient  cause : 
that  human  volitions  are  not  effects,  unless  divine 
volitions  are  effects  ;  that  divine  prescience  and 
106 


WEST. 


841 


permissive  decree  do  not  imply  the  necessity  of 
events ;  and  that  man  has  a  self-determining 
power,  or  that  he  himself  determines,  though 
acting  with  motives.  He  adopted  Berkeley's  ideal 
theory,  denying  the  existence  of  matter.  The 
following  anecdote  relating  to  his  faith  has  been 
preserved.  At  a  minister's  meeting,  when  Berke 
ley's  scheme  was  discussed,  father  Farrand  of 
Canaan  was  present.  On  coming  away,  it  was 
discovered  that  Dr.  West's  horse  was  gone. 
"  Stolen,"  said  F. ;  "  you  must  advertise  him ;  but 
can  you  describe  him  ?"  W.  replied,  "  I  could 
tell  every  white  hair  on  him." —  "  But  have  you  a 
perfect  idea  of  him  ?" —  "  Yes."  —  "  Well,  then, 
saddle  it,  and  ride  !  " 

WEST,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  minister  in  Boston, 
died  April  10,  1808,  aged  69.  He  was  born  at 
Martha's  Vineyard  Nov.  19,  1738.  His  father, 
Thomas  W.,  was  the  colleague  of  E.  Mayhew, 
but  afterwards  removed  to  Rochester.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1771,  and  soon 
afterwards  was  appointed  chaplain  at  fort  Pow- 
nall  in  Penobscot,  where  he  had  a  good  opportu 
nity  for  pursuing  his  theological  studies.  He  was 
ordained  minister  of  Necdham  April  25,  1764, 
and  was  installed  pastor  of  the  church  in  Hollis 
street,  as  successor  of  Mr.  Wight,  March  12, 
1789.  He  had  a  lingering  illness  of  several  years. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Holley.  Being  of  a 
mild  disposition,  he  was  never  disposed  to  intol 
erance,  polemical  discussion,  or  acrimonious  cen 
sure  of  others.  He  could  live  in  habits  of  friend 
ship  with  men  whose  opinions  were  opposite  to 
his  own.  His  sentiments  in  the  latter  period  of 
his  life,  it  is  represented,  suffered  considerable 
change.  Having  an  excellent  memory,  he  was 
in  the  practice  of  preaching  without  the  use  of 
notes,  though  his  sermons  were  always  the  fruit 
of  deep  study  and  reflection.  He  published  a 
sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Jonathan  Newell, 
1774;  at  a  funeral;  two  fast  sermons,  1785; 
election  sermon,  1786 ;  at  his  own  instalment, 
1789;  at  the  artillery  election,  1794;  atathanks- 
giving,  1795  ;  on  the  death  of  George  Washing 
ton,  1800 ;  essays  in  the  Columbian  Centinel  of 
an  old  man,  from  Nov.  29, 1806,  to  Aug.  22, 1807. 

WEST,  BENJAMIN,  LL.  D.,  postmaster  at 
Providence,  R.  L,  died  in  1813,  aged  63.  He 
was  professor  at  Brown  university  of  mathematics, 
astronomy,  and  natural  philosophy,  from  1786  to 
1798. 

WEST,  STEPHEN,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Stock- 
bridge,  Mass.,  was  born  in  Tolland,  Conn.,  in 
1736;  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1755; 
and  ordained  June  13,  1759.  He  died  May  13, 
1819,  aged  83.  Ephraim  G.  Swift  was  his  col 
league  for  a  few  years.  During  his  ministry  of 
nearly  sixty  years,  five  hundred  and  four  persons 
were  admitted  to  the  church,  of  whom  twenty- 
two  were  Indians.  His  predecessor  was  Mr.  Ed- 


842 


WEST. 


WHARTON. 


wards.  He  is  principally  known  for  his  essay 
on  moral  agency,  published  in  1772,  in  which  his 
metaphysical  doctrine  is  the  antipode  of  that  of 
Dr.  Samuel  West  of  New  Bedford.  He  main 
tains  that  volition  in  every  case  is  an  effect,  the 
production  of  God's  immediate  agency ;  so  that 
he  represents  man  to  be  a  passive  instrument,  a 
mere  machine.  Yet  he  speaks  of  moral  agency 
and  human  liberty,  and  these  as  consisting  in 
"  voluntary  exertion,"  not  in  the  power  of  choice, 
but  in  actual  willing  ;  not  reflecting  that  brutes 
have  voluntary  exertion  as  well  as  man.  This 
doctrine,  though  he  was  himself  eminently  pious, 
is  well  calculated  to  destroy  the  sense  of  account- 
ableness  and  to  promote  the  opinions  of  the 
Universalists.  He  published  also  a  treatise  on 
the  atonement,  1785;  life  of  Dr.  Hopkins,  1805; 
and  about  twenty  occasional  sermons  and  tracts. 
—  Sprague. 

WEST,  BENJAMIN,  died  March  18,  1820,  aged 
82 ;  a  distinguished  painter,  president  of  the  royal 
academy  in  England.  He  was  born  at  Spring 
field,  near  Philadelphia,  in  1738,  of  Quaker  pa 
rents.  His  taste  for  painting  was  very  early 
indicated.  In  1760  he  went  to  Italy;  thence  to 
Paris,  and  in  Aug.,  1763,  to  London,  where  he 
settled.  He  married  a  Miss  Shewell  of  Phila 
delphia.  From  1764  for  forty  years  he  exposed 
his  works  to  the  public  entertainment.  lie  in 
troduced  modern  dresses.  Many  of  his  subjects 
were  from  the  Scriptures.  The  catalogue  of  his 
paintings  in  1805  occupied  ten  pages  of  small 
print ;  among  them  are  Death  on  the  pale  horse, 
and  Christ  healing  the  sick. 

WEST,  JOEL,  minister  in  Chatham,  Conn., 
died  in  1826,  aged  60,  in  the  thirty-fifth  year  of 
his  ministry. 

WEST,  NATHANIEL,  a  rich  merchant,  died  in 
Salem,  Mass.,  in  1851,  aged  96. 

WESTBROOK,  THOMAS,  one  of  the  Pejep- 
scott  proprietors  in  Maine,  died  Feb.  11,  1743-4. 
The  town  of  Westbrook  may  be  named  from  his 
father  or  ancestor.  There  was  a  John  W.  of 
Portsmouth  in  1665. 

WESTEHLO,  ELIARDUS,  D.  D.,  minister  in 
Albany,  died  in  1790.  He  was  a  native  of  Hol 
land.  He  had  just  finished  his  studies  in  the 
university  of  Groningen,  when  he  was  invited  to 
the  Dutch  church  in  Albany.  He  came  to  America 
in  1760.  In  1771  he  readily  imparted  his  aid,  in 
conjunction  with  Dr.  Livingston  and  others,  to 
wards  effecting  a  union  of  the  Dutch  churches, 
then  divided  into  parties,  and  he  had  the  happi 
ness  of  seeing  this  object  completed  in  the  fol 
lowing  year.  He  was  highly  popular  and  useful 
as  a  preacher.  He  was  a  man  of  strong  mind, 
of  eminent  piety,  and  of  great  erudition  in  the 
ology,  and  in  oriental  literature. 

WESTON,  FRANCIS,  of  Salem,  a  representa 


tive  in  the  first  general  court  in  1634,  removed 
to  Providence,  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  first  Baptist  church  in  America. 

WESTON,  NATHAN,  an  early  settler  of  Hal- 
lowell,  Me.,  died  in  1832,  aged  92. 

WESTON,  DANIEL,  minister  of  Gray,  Me., 
died  in  1837,  aged  73.  He  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1795. 

WESTWOOD,  WILLIAM,  a  respected  early 
settler  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  about  1636,  died  in 
Hadley  April  9,  1669,  aged  62.  He  was  a  native 
of  Essex,  England,  and  came  to  Cambridge  about 
1632.  He  lived  in  Hadley  eleven  years.  His 
daughter,  Sarah,  married  Aaron  Cook,  son  of 
Capt.  A.  C.  of  Northampton.  To  her  he  gave 
his  lands  in  Hartford,  which  were  inherited  by 
her  son,  A.  C.  of  Hartford. 

WETHERELL,  WILLIAM,  first  minister  of 
the  second  church  of  Scituate,  died  in  1684,  aged 
84.  He  was  of  Cambridge  in  1635,  and  was  pas 
tor  at  S.  from  1645  till  his  death.  He  wrote  an 
elegy  on  Sarah  Gushing  in  1679. 

WETMORE,  JAMES,  an  Episcopalian  mission 
ary,  died  May  14,  1760,  aged  about  66.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  college  in  Saybrook  in  17 14; 
ordained  the  first  minister  of  North  Haven  in 
Nov.,  1718  ;  but  in  Sept.,  1722,  he  announced  his 
conversion  to  the  Episcopal  persuasion.  This 
was  the  time  at  which  Dr.  Cutler  changed  his 
sentiments.  After  going  to  England  for  orders 
in  1723,  Mr.  W.  was  on  his  return  established 
rector  of  the  church  at  Rye,  in  the  province  of 
New  York,  under  the  patronage  of  the  society 
for  propagating  the  gospel.  In  this  place  he  con 
tinued  till  his  death.  His  successor  at  North 
Haven,  Isaac  Stiles,  died  on  the  same  day.  Such 
was  his  zeal  for  Episcopacy,  that  he  once  declared 
he  would  rather  join  in  worship  with  a  Jewish 
synagogue  than  with  a  Presbyterian  church.  He 
published  a  letter  against  Dickinson  in  defence 
of  Waterland's  discourse  on  regeneration,  about 
the  year  1744 ;  a  vindication  of  the  professors  of 
the  Church  of  England  in  answer  to  Ilobart's 
sermon  in  favor  of  Presbyterian  ordination,  1747  ; 
a  rejoinder  to  Hobart's  serious  address  ;  an  ap 
pendix  to  Beach's  vindication. 

WETMORE,  NOAH,  minister  of  Brookhavcn, 
N.  Y.,  died  in  1796,  aged  76.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1757. 

WETMORE,  IZRAHIAH,  minister  of  II unting- 
ton,  Conn.,  died  in  1798,  aged  69.  He  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1748. 

WETMORE,  LEONIDAS,  captain,  died  in  a 
steamboat  in  Missouri  in  1849.  He  fought  with 
the  Indians  in  Florida,  and  was  in  various  battles 
in  Mexico. 

WIIARTON,  CHARLES  HENRY,  D.  D.,  Epis 
copal  minister  in  Burlington,  N.  J.,  died  July  23, 
1833,  aged  86. 


WHARTON. 


WIIEELOCK. 


843 


WHARTON,  LEVI,  M.  D.,  died  at  Providence 
Aug.  29,  1851,  aged  90 ;  a  surgeon  in  the  Rev 
olutionary  army. 

WHEAT,  or  WHEET,  NATHANIEL,  Dr.,  died 
in  Manchester,  N.  H.,  in  1856,  aged  74.  Born 
in  Canaan,  he  was  fifty  years  in  the  practice  of 
his  profession,  and  always  ready  to  visit  the  poor. 

WIIEATLEY,  PHILLIS,  a  poet,  was  a  native 
of  Africa,  and  was  brought  to  America  in  1761, 
when  she  was  between  seven  and  eight  years  old. 
She  soon  acquired  a  knowledge  of  the  English 
language,  and  made  some  progress  in  Latin. 
While  she  was  a  slave  in  the  family  of  John 
Wheatley  in  Boston,  she  wrote  a  volume  of 
poems.  Africa  may  well  boast  that  one  of  her 
daughters,  not  twenty  years  of  age,  should  pro 
duce  the  following  lines.  They  are  extracted 
from  the  poem  on  imagination : 

"  Though  winter  frowns,  to  fancy's  raptured  eyes 
The  fields  may  flourish,  and  gay  scenes  arise ; 
The  frozen  deeps  may  break  their  iron  bands, 
And  bid  their  waters  murmur  o'er  the  sands  ; 
Fair  Flora  may  resume  her  fragrant  reign, 
And  with  her  flowery  riches  deck  the  plain ; 
Sylvanus  may  diffuse  his  honors  round, 
And  all  the  forest  may  with  leaves  be  crown'd ; 
Showers  may  descend,  and  dews  their  gems  disclose, 
And  nectar  sparkle  on  the  blooming  rose." 

She  afterwards  was  married  to  Mr.  Peters,  and 
died  at  Boston  Dec.  5,  1794,  aged  31.  She  pub 
lished,  besides  other  separate  pieces,  poems  on 
various  subjects,  religious  and  moral,  8vo.,  Lon 
don,  1773. 

WHEATON,  LABAN,  judge,  died  at  Norton, 
Mass.,  March  23,  1846,  aged  92.  Born  in  Marsh- 
field,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1774,  in  the 
class  of  Fisher  Ames.  He  studied  both  theology 
and  law ;  for  eight  years  he  was  a  member  of 
congress.  After  the  death  of  a  beloved  daughter 
he  founded,  with  a  part  of  the  property  he  had 
devoted  to  her,  an  important  seminary,  known 
as  the  Wheaton  female  seminary,  which  ranks 
high  among  similar  seminaries,  and  has  been  very 
useful.  He  was  humble,  lamenting  the  course 
of  his  life.  For  the  last  seventeen  years  he  at 
tended  on  orthodox  preaching.  — Holmes'  Fun. 
Sermon. 

WHEATON,  HENRY,  LL.  D.,  died  in  Rox- 
bury,  Mass.,  March  11,  1848,  aged  67;  a  native 
of  Providence,  and  a  graduate  of  Brown  in  1802. 
He  was  a  descendant  of  Robert  W.,  a  Baptist 
minister,  an  emigrant,  who  first  settled  in  Salem 
in  the  time  of  Charles  I.,  and  then  in  Rhode 
Island.  Having  studied  law,  in  1812  he  was  the 
editor  of  the  National  Advocate  at  New  York, 
and  soon  a  judge  in  the  marine  court.  As  re 
porter  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States 
from  1815  to  1827,  he  published  twelve  volumes 
of  reports.  In  1837  he  was  minister  to  Prussia,' 
where  he  continued  in  high  reputation  many 
years.  On  his  return  he  was  professor  of  inter 


national  law  at  Cambridge.  He  published  a 
treatise  on  the  law  of  captures  ;  elements  of  in 
ternational  law  ;  sketch  of  the  law  of  nations  ; 
digest  of  the  reports  ;  life  of  W.  Pinckney ;  a 
history  of  the  Northmen  ;  a  correspondence  with 
the  department  of  State  ;  and  various  addresses 
and  discourses.  —  Cycl.  of  Amer.  Lit. 

WHEATON,  ROBERT,  the  son  of  Henry,  died 
in  1851,  aged  25.  He  had  been  admitted  to  the 
bar.  There  was  published  a  volume  of  selections 
from  his  writings,  in  1854.  —  Cycl.  of  Am.  Lit. 

WHEATON,  LEVI,  M.  D.,  died  at  Providence 
Aug.  29, 1851,  aged  90.  He  graduated  at  Brown 
university  in  1782,  and  was  appointed  professor 
of  the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  in  1815. 

WHEELER,  THOMAS,  captain,  died  in  1676. 
He  was  of  Concord,  Mass.,  and  served  in  Phil 
ip's  war.  He  published  a  narrative  of  his  expe 
dition  to  the  Nipmug  country  in  1675,  which  may 
be  read  in  N.  H.  hist.  coll. 

WHEELER,  HANNAH,  widow,  died  in  Keene, 
N.  H.,in  1824,  aged  103. 

WHEELER,  ELIJAH,  minister  of  Great  Bar- 
rington,  Mass.,  died  in  1827,  aged  53.  Born  in 
Pomfret,  Conn.,  he  was  for  some  years  an  Infidel 
physician  ;  but  becoming  a  Christian,  he  studied 
theology  with  Dr.  West  of  Stockbridge,  and  was 
a  successful  minister  from  1806  to  1823,  admit 
ting  one  hundred  and  fifty-two  members.  The 
first  minister  was  S.  Hopkins.  —  Sprague. 

WHEELER,  CHARLES  S.,  died  at  Leipsic 
June  13,  1843,  aged  25.  A  graduate  of  Harvard 
in  1837,  he  published  an  edition  of  Herodotus 
with  notes. 

WHEELER,  NELSON,  professor,  died  at  Roy- 
alston,  Mass.,  in  1855,  aged  41.  He  was  an  emi 
nent  teacher  in  Worcester  when  he  was  chosen, 
in  1852,  professor  of  Greek  in  Brown  university. 

WHEELOCK,  ELEAZAR,  D.  D.,  first  presi 
dent  and  founder  of  Dartmouth  college,  died 
April  24,  1779,  aged  68.  He  was  a  descendant 
of  Ralph  W.,  a  native  of  Shropshire,  educated 
at  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  and  an  eminent 
preacher,  who  came  to  this  country  in  1637,  and 
settled  first  at  Dedham,  and  thence  removed  to 
Medfield,  where  he  died  in  1683,  aged  83,  leav 
ing  numerous  descendants  in  various  towns. 
His  grandfather,  Eleazar  W.  of  Medfield,  after 
wards  of  Mendon,  distinguished  not  only  as  a 
Christian,  but  also  as  a  soldier  in  the  Indian  wars, 
died  in  1731.  His  father,  Ralph  W.,  a  deacon 
of  the  church,  died  at  Windham,  Conn.,  in  1748, 
aged  66  ;  his  mother  was  Ruth  Iluntington,  the 
daughter  of  Christopher  H.  of  Norwich.  He 
was  an  only  son,  and  was  born  in  Windham  in 
April,  1711;  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1733  ;  and  was  ordained  in  1735  the  minister  of 
the  second  society  in  Lebanon,  where  his  labors 
were  attended  with  a  remarkable  blessing.  Dur 
ing  the  revival  about  1740  he  preached  with 


844 


WHEELOCK. 


WIIEELOCK. 


great  zeal  and  effect  in  many  towns  of  New  Eng 
land.  Yet  he  successfully  withstood  the  enthu 
siasm  of  the  Separatists.  While  he  had  under 
his  care  a  few  English  youth,  Samson  Occom,  a 
Mohegan  Indian,  solicited  admission  into  his 
school  in  Dec.,  1743,  and  was  received,  and  re 
mained  in  his  family  five  years.  In  consequence 
of  the  education  of  Occom,  Dr.  Wheelock  was  in 
duced  to  form  the  plan  of  an  Indian  missionary 
school.  He  conceived  that  educated  Indians 
would  be  more  successful  than  whites  as  mission 
aries  among  the  red  men.  The  project  was  new, 
for  the  labors  of  Sergeant  and  the  Brainerds,  as 
well  as  those  of  Eliot  and  the  Mayhews,  were 
the  labors  of  missionaries  among  the  Indians, 
and  not  labors  designed  to  form  a  band  of  In 
dian  missionaries.  Two  Indian  boys  of  the  Del 
aware  tribe  entered  the  school  in  Dec.,  1754,  and 
others  soon  joined  them.  In  1762  Dr.  W.  had 
more  than  twenty  youth  under  his  care.  For 
the  maintenance  of  these  Indians,  funds  were 
obtained  by  subscription  of  benevolent  individ 
uals,  from  the  legislatures  of  Connecticut  and 
Massachusetts,  and  from  the  commissioners  in 
Boston  of  the  Scotch  society  for  propagating 
Christian  knowledge.  Joshua  Moor,  a  farmer 
at  Mansfield,  having  made  a  donation  of  a  house 
and  two  acres  of  land  in  Lebanon,  contiguous  to 
Dr.  Wheelock's  house,  the  institution  received 
the  name  of  Moor's  Indian  charity  school.  Of 
this  school  several  gentlemen  were  associated 
with  Dr.  W.  as  trustees ;  but  in  1764  the  Scotch 
society  appointed  a  board  of  correspondents  in 
Connecticut,  who  in  1765  sent  out  white  mission 
aries  and  Indian  school-masters  to  the  Indians  in 
New  York.  For  the  enlargement  of  this  school 
Mr.  Whitaker,  minister  of  Norwich,  and  Samson 
Occom,  were  sent  to  Great  Britain  in  1766.  The 
money  which  they  collected  for  Moor's  school 
was  put  into  the  hands  of  a  board  of  trustees  in 
England,  of  which  the  Earl  of  Dartmouth  was 
the  head,  and  into  the  hands  of  the  Scotch  so 
ciety.  As  the  school  increased,  Dr.  W.  deter 
mined  to  remove  it  to  a  more  favorable  location, 
nearer  to  the  Indians,  and  to  establish  in  con 
nection  with  it  a  college  for  instruction  in  all  the 
branches  of  science.  Efforts  were  made  to  in 
duce  Dr.  W.  to  establish  the  college  at  Pittsfield, 
Stockbridge,  and  Albany ;  but  larger  tracts  of 
land  being  offered  in  New  Hampshire,  he  con 
cluded  to  transplant  his  school  to  Hanover,  and 
there  to  found  the  college,  of  which  a  charter  was 
given  by  Gov.  Wentworth  in  1769.  It  was  an 
error  not  to  have  located  the  college  at  Pittsfield 
or  Albany,  which  had  offered  a  subscription  of 
about  10,000  dollars.  In  1770  he  procured  a 
dismission  from  his  people,  of  whom  he  had 
been  the  faithful  minister  about  thirty-five  years, 
and  removed  his  school  to  the  wilderness  on  the 
western  border  of  New  Hampshire,  and  there 


also  laid  the  foundations  of  the  college.  The 
school  was  not  merged  in  the  college,  as  has 
been  supposed,  but  it  ever  has  been  and  is  still 
distinct,  with  a  separate  incorporation,  obtained 
at  a  subsequent  period  from  New  Hampshire. 
Of  Moor's  school  the  earl  of  Dartmouth  was  a 
benefactor,  but  not  of  Dartmouth  college,  to  the 
establishment  of  which  he  and  the  other  trustees 
of  the  fund  were  opposed,  as  being  a  departure 
from  the  original  design.  It  would  be  but  an 
act  of  justice  were  this  college  called  Wheclock 
college,  or  even  Wentworth  college,  or  Phillips 
college,  rather  than  Dartmouth.  The  patriarch 
and  his  family,  pupils,  and  dependants,  consisting 
of  about  seventy  souls,  resided  at  first  in  log 
houses ;  but  the  frame  of  a  small  two-story  col 
lege  was  soon  set  up.  The  first  commencement 
in  the  college  was  held  in  1771,  when  four  stu 
dents  graduated,  one  of  whom  was  J.  Whcelock. 
At  this  period  the  number  of  his  scholars,  des 
tined  for  missionaries,  was  twenty-four,  of  whom 
eighteen  were  whites  and  only  six  Indians.  This 
alteration  of  his  plan  was  the  result  of  experi 
ence.  He  had  found  that  of  forty  Indian  youth 
who  had  been  under  his  care,  twenty  had  re 
turned  to  the  vices  of  savage  life.  The  celebrated 
Brant  was  one  of  his  pupils.  Among  the  mis 
sionaries  whom  he  employed  were  Occom,  C.  J. 
Smith,  T.  Smith,  T.  Chamberlain,  S.  Kirkland, 
L.  Frisbie,  and  D.  McClure.  The  Revolutionary 
war  obstructed  in  a  great  degree  the  benevolent 
project  which  had  been  commenced.  After  be 
ing  at  the  head  of  the  college  about  nine  years, 
he  died  in  Christian  peace,  and  was  succeeded  in 
his  office  by  his  son,  John  Wheelock.  Two  of 
his  daughters  married  Profs.  Woodward  and 
Riplcy.  His  daughter,  Ruth  Patten,  died  at 
Hartford,  Conn.,  Dec.  5, 1831,  aged  91.  His  son, 
Col.  Eleazar,  died  in  Ohio,  suddenly,  about  Jan., 
1812. 

Dr.  Wheelock  was  one  of  the  most  interesting, 
eloquent,  and  successful  ministers  in  New  Eng 
land.  Dr.  Trumbull  describes  him  as  "  of  a 
comely  figure,  of  a  mild  and  winning  aspect ;  his 
voice  smooth  and  harmonious,  the  best,  by  fur, 
that  I  ever  heard.  He  had  the  entire  command 
of  it.  His  gesture  was  natural  but  not  redun 
dant.  His  preaching  and  addresses  were  close 
and  pungent,  yet  winning,  beyond  all  comparison, 
so  that  his  audience  would  be  melted  even  into 
tears  before  they  were  aware  of  it."  Besides  his 
constant  labors  in  the  ministry  for  about  forty-five 
years,  he  conducted  his  school  in  Lebanon  about 
thirty  years,  and  then  at  Hanover  had  the  double 
care  of  the  school  and  college  for  nine  years. 
Forest  lands  were  to  be  cleared  and  cultivated, 
various  buildings  erected,  distant  missions  estab 
lished  and  directed,  funds  in  the  difficult  period 
of  the  war  were  to  be  procured,  and  a  multitude 
of  English  and  Indian  youth  were  to  be  governed 


WIIEELOCK. 


WHEELCCK. 


845 


and  taught.  For  enlarged  views,  and  indomita 
ble  energy,  and  persevering  and  most  arduous 
toils,  and  for  the  great  results  of  his  labors  in  the 
cause  of  religion  and  learning,  perhaps  no  man  in 
America  is  more  worthy  of  being  held  in  honor 
than  Eleazar  A\fheelock.  It  was  a  noble  Chris 
tian  spirit,  and  not  a  selfish  zeal,  which  governed 
him.  Although  some  lands  were  at  first  given 
him,  yet  for  his  cares  and  labors  at  Hanover  he 
received  merely  the  means  of  subsistence  for  his 
family.  His  whole  life  was  devoted  to  the  good 
of  mankind.  He  published  a  narrative  of  the 
Indian  charity  school  at  Lebanon,  1762  ;  sermon 
at  the  ordination  of  Charles  J.  Smith,  1763  ;  nar 
ratives  in  several  numbers  from  1763  to  1771; 
continuation  of  the  narrative,  1773,  to  which  is 
added  an  abstract  of  a  mission  to  the  Delaware 
Indians  west  of  the  Ohio,  by  McClure  and  Fris- 
bie  ;  a  sermon  on  liberty  of  conscience,  or  no 
king  but  Christ  in  the  church,  1775.  His  me 
moirs,  by  Drs.  Me  Clure  and  Parish,  were  pub 
lished,  8vo.  1811,  with  extracts  from  his  corre 
spondence.  —  Sprague. 

WIIEELOCK,  JOHN,  LL.D.,  second  president 
of  Dartmouth  college,  died  April  4,  1817,  aged 
63.  The  son  of  the  preceding,  he  was  born  at 
Lebanon,  Conn.,  Jan.  28,  1754.  After  being  a 
member  of  Yale  college,  he  removed  with  his 
father  to  Hanover,  and  graduated  in  the  first 
class  of  four  persons  at  Dartmouth  in  1771. 
Two  of  the  others  were  Frisbie  and  Ripley.  In 
1772  he  was  appointed  a  tutor,  and  was  devoted 
to  the  business  of  instruction  until  the  beginning 
of  the  Revolution.  In  1775  he  was  a  member 
of  the  assembly ;  in  the  spring  of  1777  he  was 
appointed  a  major  in  the  service  of  New  York, 
and  in  Nov.,  a  lieut. -colonel  in  the  continental 
army,  under  Col.  Bedel.  In  1778  he  marched  a 
detachment  from  Coos  to  Albany.  By  direction 
of  Stark  he  conducted  an  expedition  into  the 
Indian  country.  At  the  request  of  Gen.  Gates, 
he  entered  his  family  and  continued  with  him 
until  he  was  recalled  to  Hanover  in  1779,  by  the 
death  of  his  father,  whom  he  succeeded  in  the 
office  of  president  at  the  age  of  25.  His  associ 
ates  in  the  care  of  the  college  were  Professors 
"Woodward,  Kipley,  and  Smith.  The  trustees  in 
1782  resolved  to  send  him  to  Europe  in  order  to 
promote  the  interests  of  the  college.  With  let 
ters  from  Gen.  Washington,  Governors  Trumbull 
and  Livingston,  and  others,  he  sailed  from  Bos 
ton  Jan.  3,  1783,  and  visited  France,  Holland, 
and  England,  procuring  considerable  donations 
for  the  college  in  money,  books,  etc.  On  his  re 
turn  in  the  brigantine,  Peace  and  Plenty,  he 
left  Halifax  Dec.  29th,  and  in  the  morning:  of 

O 

Jan.  2,  1784,  was  shipwrecked  on  the  bar  off  the 
point  of  Cape  Cod,  losing  his  strong  box,  con 
taining  his  money  and  papers.  Yet  his  voyage 
was  in  various  respects  advantageous  to  the  col 


lege.  His  laborious  duties  were  now  resumed 
and  continued  for  more  than  thirty  years.  Be 
sides  attending  the  daily  recitations  of  the  senior 
class,  he  for  many  years  delivered  two  public  lec 
tures  a  week  on  theology,  and  history,  evincing 
"  the  extent  of  his  learning,  the  diversified  pow 
ers  of  his  intellect,  and  the  irresistible  force  and 
pathos  of  his  eloquence."  His  favorite  subjects 
of  investigation  were  intellectual  philosophy, 
ethics,  politics,  and  history.  After  faithfully  serv 
ing  the  college  thirty-six  years,  he  was  removed 
from  office  by  the  trustees  in  1815.  The  cause 
of  this  event  might  be  found,  among  other  cir 
cumstances,  in  a  local  ecclesiastical  controversy 
of  long  continuance.  This  event  aroused  a 
strong  feeling  of  indignation,  which  induced  the 
legislature  to  pass  an  act  enlarging  the  board  of 
trustees  and  changing  the  title  of  the  college; 
but  the  act  was  ultimately  declared  unconstitu 
tional.  By  the  new  trustees  he  was  restored  to 
office  in  Feb.,  1817.  But  his  health  was  by  this 
time  effectually  undermined.  His  wife,  Maria, 
the  daughter  of  Gov.  Suhm  of  St.  Thomas,  died 
Feb.  16,  1824,  aged  66.  His  only  child,  Maria 
Malleville,  wife  of  President  William  Allen,  died 
at  Brunswick,  Maine,  June  3, 1828,  aged  40.  He 
bequeathed  about  half  his  estate,  consisting  of 
several  houses,  some  wild  lands,  and  some 
hundred  acres  of  leased  lands  in  Hanover  and 
Lebanon,  to  the  theological  seminary  at  Prince 
ton.  To  his  family  he  said,  that  "  he  had  noth 
ing  of  his  own ;  all  was  the  gift  of  God ;  and  to 
him  he  would  devote  it.  Trust  in  him  and 
serve  him,  and  he  will  bless  you."  He  died  in 
perfect  composure  and  peace,  relying  for  salva 
tion  on  the  atoning  blood  of  Jesus  Christ.  He 
prepared  for  the  press  a  large  historical  Avork, 
proposals  for  the  publication  of  which  were  once 
issued  by  a  Boston  bookseller ;  but  the  work  is 
yet  in  manuscript.  He  published  an  eulogy  on 
Dr.  Smith,  in  1809;  sketches  of  the  history  of 
Dartmouth  college,  1816. 

WHEELOCK,  EDWARD,  Baptist  missionary  to 
Burmah,  died  on  his  passage  from  Rangoon  to 
Calcutta  in  August,  1849.  His  widow,  Mrs. 
Jones,  died  at  sea  from  Calcutta  in  May,  1831: 
she  had  two  children  of  the  name  of  Jones. 
Mr.  W.,  in  his  application  to  the  board,  said  : 
"To  Burmah  would  I  go;  in  Burmah  would  I 
live ;  in  Burmah  would  I  die." 

WHEELOCK,  RALPH,  captain,  died  at  South- 
bridge,  Mass.,  in  Jan.,  1822,  aged  97. 

WHEELOCK,  EPHRAIM,  colonel,  a  veteran  of 
the  Revolution,  died  at  Medfield,  Mass.,  in  1826, 
aged  93. 

WHEELOCK,  JAMES  R.,  minister  of  Barre, 
Vt.,  died  in  Boston  Nov.  24,  1841,  aged  51.  His 
father,  James  of  Hanover,  the  son  of  President 
E.  Wheelock,  died  in  1836,  aged  about  60 ;  a 
graduate  of  Dartmouth  in  1776. 


846 


WHEELOCK. 


WHELPLEY. 


WHEELOCK,  THOMAS,  died  at  Winchester, 
N.  II.,  in  1853,  aged  91. 

WHEELWRIGHT,  JOHN,  the  founder  of 
Exeter,  N.  H.,  died  at  Salisbury,  N.  H.,  in  1679, 
between  80  and  90  years  of  age.  He  came  to 
this  country  from  Alford,  near  Boston,  in  Lincoln 
shire.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Cambridge,  Eng 
land,  a  friend  of  Cromwell,  an  Episcopal  minis 
ter  until  with  thirty  of  his  brethren  driven  from 
the  church  by  the  tyranny  of  Laud,  and  then 
called  the  Lincolnshire  Nonconformists.  Pur 
chasing  land  of  the  Indians,  he  founded  Exeter, 
N.  H.,  and  carried  out,  as  his  descendants  main 
tain,  the  first  democratic  constitution  on  this  con 
tinent.  Afterwards  he  purchased  five  hundred 
acres  and  removed  to  Wells ;  then  became  the 
pastor  of  Hampton ;  and  thence  to  Salisbury, 
where  he  died ;  but  the  place  of  his  burial  is  not 
known.  After  being  a  minister  in  England,  he  was 
induced  in  consequence  of  the  impositions  of  the 
established  church  to  come  to  Massachusetts  soon 
after  its  first  settlement.  Having  married  Mary 
Hutchinson,  he  was  a  brother-in-law  to  the  fa 
mous  Mrs.  Hutchinson,  and  partook  of  her  anti- 
nomian  zeal.  He  preached  in  Boston  on  a  fast 
day  in  1G36,  and  his  sermon  was  filled  with  invec 
tives  against  the  magistrates  and  ministers.  The 
court  of  magistrates  in  return  adjudged  him 
guilty  of  sedition.  As  all  endeavors  to  convince 
him  of  his  error  Avere  in  vain,  sentence  of  banish 
ment  was  passed  upon  him  in  Nov.,  1637.  In  the 
year  1638,  accompanied  by  several  persons  from 
Braintree,  where  he  had  been  a  preacher,  and 
which  was  a  part  of  Boston,  he  went  to  New 
Hampshire,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  the  church 
and  town  of  Exeter.  The  next  year,  thinking 
themselves  out  of  the  jurisdiction  of  Massachu 
setts,  they  combined  into  a  separate  body  politic ; 
but  in  1642,  when  Exeter  was  annexed  to  Essex 
county,  Mr.  Wheelwright,  being  still  under  the 
sentence  of  banishment,  removed  with  a  part  of 
his  church  to  Wells  in  the  district  of  Maine.  In 
1644  he  was  restored  to  the  freedom  of  the  col 
ony  upon  his  making  an  acknowledgment.  In 
1647  he  removed  to  Hampton,  where  he  was 
minister  for  several  years.  In  1658  he  was  in 
England  and  in  favor  with  Cromwell.  After  the 
restoration  he  returned  to  America,  and  settled 
as  successor  of  William  Worcester  at  Salisbury, 
N.  II.,  where  he  died.  He  was  the  oldest  min 
ister  in  the  colony,  and  was  a  man  of  learning, 
piety,  and  zeal.  An  Indian  deed,  alleged  to 
have  been  given  to  him  in  1629,  and  which  had  a 
bearing  on  the  claims  of  Mason  and  Allen,  Mr. 
Savage  in  his  edition  of  Winthrop  has  shown  to 
be  a  forgery.  His  daughter,  Rebecca,  married 
first  Samuel  Maverick ;  next  William  Bradbury 
of  Salisbury.  Rev.  R.  W.  Clark  of  Portsmouth 
was  a  descendant.  —  Sprague. 

WHEELWRIGHT,  JOHN,  j  udge,  died  in  Wells, 


Me.,  about  1760,  aged  85.  He  was  the  son  of 
Samuel  of  Wells,  and  the  grandson  of  Rev.  John 
W.  His  public  services  were  of  great  value.  He 
was  deemed  the  bulwark  of  Massachusetts  against 
the  assaults  of  the  French  and  Indians  on  the 
east.  On  his  gravestone  is  the  figure  of  a  judge 
in  full  wig,  with  flowing  robes.  He  was  the 
great-grandfather  of  Ebcnezer  of  Newburyport. 

WHEELWRIGHT,  ABRAHAM,  captain",  died 
in  Newburyport  Oct.  9,  1850,  aged  93.  He  and 
his  brothers  were  once  extensive  merchants.  — 
Boston  Adv., Oct.  16. 

WHEELWRIGHT,  JOSEPH,  M.  D.,  died  at 
Heathsville,  Va.,  in  1853,  aged  61.  Born  in 
Newburyport,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1811, 
and  was  forty  years  a  physician. 

WHEELWRIGHT,  EBENEZER,  died  in  New 
buryport,  Mass.,  Jan.  1,  1855,  aged  91.  He  was 
a  descendant  of  John  W.  His  father  was  Jere 
miah,  who  went  with  Arnold  to  Quebec,  who  was 
a  grandson  of  Judge  John  W.  of  Wells,  Me.,  and 
he  was  a  grandson  of  Rev.  John  W.  He  was  a 
man  of  inflexible  integrity  in  business,  and  a 
venerable  Christian.  Reduced  in  consequence  of 
the  war  of  independence  to  comparative  poverty, 
yet  his  perseverance  and  energy  enabled  him  to 
bring  up  as  he  wished  a  large  family.  He  had 
judgment,  and  great  benevolence,  and  the  most 
amiable  domestic  virtues.  His  wife,  Anna,  was 
the  daughter  of  William  Coombs,  a  distinguished 
merchant  and  Christian:  she  died  Aug.  4,  1855. 
aged  90.  Of  his  nine  children,  eight  are  still 
living,  among  whom  Mary,  the  widow  of  Rev. 
Dr.  John  Codman,  is  the  oldest.  His  son  Wil 
liam  furnishes  a  memorable  instance  of  Yankee 
enterprise.  His  name  is  held  in  the  highest  ven 
eration  in  South  America,  where  he  has  lived 
many  years.  He  superintended  and  built  the 
first  railroad  of  any  consequence  in  South  Amer 
ica,  that  from  Caldera,  on  the  seacoast,  to 
Copiapo,  about  latitude  27°  S.  in  Chili,  thence 
to  the  mines.  He  also  organized  the  Pacific 
steam  navigation  company,  and  introduced  water 
and  gas  into  the  city  of  Valparaiso.  Other  sons 
are  Ebenezer  of  Newburyport,  and  Isaac  W.  of 
Byfield,  a  graduate  of  Bowdoin  in  1821  ;  and 
his  grandson,  Henry  B.  W.  of  Taunton,  is  skilled 
in  the  ancestral  history  of  the  family. 

WHELPLEY,  SAMUEL,  a  minister,  died  in 
New  York  in  1817,  aged  51.  He  was  born  in 
Berkshire  county,  Mass.,  in  1766.  For  many 
years  he  resided  at  Morristown,  N.  J.,  where  he 
had  the  charge  of  an  academy.  About  1812  he 
removed  to  the  city  of  New  York.  He  had 
acutcness  and  originality  as  a  writer.  He  pub 
lished  the  triangle,  in  defence  of  the  New  Eng 
land  doctrines,  or  against  three  points  of  old 
Calvinism,  2d  edit.,  1831 ;  letters  on  capital  pun 
ishment  and  war ;  compend  of  history ;  lectures 
on  ancient  history. 


WHELPLEY. 


WHITCOMB. 


847 


W  IIELPLEY,  PHILIP  MELANCTHON,  minister 
in  New  York,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
Stockbridge,  Mass.,  in  1792;  received  an  honor 
ary  degree  at  Princeton  in  1815  ;  was  ordained 
over  the  first  Presbyterian  church,  New  York, 
April  25,  1815  ;  and  died  at  Schooley's  moun 
tain  July  17,  1824,  aged  31.  He  published  a 
sermon  on  the  landing  of  the  pilgrims  at  Ply 
mouth,  1822  ;  one  before  the  united  foreign  mis 
sion  society  in  1823. 

WIIIPPLE,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Hampton 
Falls,  N.  H.,  died  in  1757,  aged  56.  Born  in 
Ipswich,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1720,  and 
was  ordained  in  1727. 

WIIIPPLE,  WILLIAM,  general,  a  patriot  of 
the  llevolution,  died  Nov.  28,  1785,  aged  54. 
He  was  born  at  Kittery,  Me.,  in  1730;  his  mother 
was  the  daughter  of  Robert  Cutts,  a  shipbuilder. 
By  several  voyages  to  the  West  Indies  he  acquired 
a  considerable  fortune.  From  1759  he  was  con 
cerned  in  trade  at  Portsmouth.  Being  a  mem 
ber  of  congress  in  1776,  he  signed  the  declaration 
of  independence.  In  1777  he  was  appointed  with 
Stark  a  brigadier-general.  He  fought  at  Sara 
toga  ;  and  was  one  of  the  officers  who  conducted 
the  prisoners  to  Cambridge.  At  the  time  of  his 
death  he  was  a  judge  of  the  superior  court. 

WHIPPLE,  JOSEPH,  Dr.,  died  in  Boston  in 
1804,  aged  48.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  medical  society  and  its  secretary,  and  was  a 
good  physician  and  useful  man. 

WHIPPLE,  ABRAHAM,  commodore,  died  at 
Marietta  May  29,  1819,  aged  85.  His  wife, 
Sarah,  sister  of  Gov.  Hopkins  of  Rhode  Island, 
died  in  1818,  aged  79.  Born  in  Rhode  Island, 
he  went  to  sea  in  boyhood :  he  commanded  the 
privateer  Game-cock,  and  in  one  cruise  in  1759  or 
1760  took  twenty-three  French  prizes.  In  the 
frigate  Providence,  in  1778,  he  escaped  from  the 
blockaded  harbor  and  carried  dispatches  to 
France,  for  which  service  Washington  wrote  him 
a  complimentary  letter.  At  the  capture  of 
Charleston  in  1780  he  was  taken  prisoner,  and 
remained  such  to  the  end  of  the  war.  In  1784 
he  commanded  the  first  vessel  that  unfurled  our 
flag  in  the  Thames.  In  1788  he  emigrated  to 
Ohio.  His  daughters  married  Col.  E.  Sproat, 
and  Dr.  Comstock  of  Smithfield.  His  life  was 
written  by  Dr.  Hildreth. 

WIIIPPLE,  WILLIAM,  an  officer  of  the  army 
and  navy,  died  at  Providence  in  July,  1820,  aged 
67. 

WIIIPPLE,  EDWARDS,  died  in  Shrewsbury, 
Mass.,  Sept.  22,  1822,  aged  44.  Born  in  New 
Braintree  in  1778,  he  graduated  at  Williams  col 
lege  in  1801  ;  was  settled  in  Charlton  in  1804,  and 
dismissed  in  1821;  and  installed  Sept.  26,  1821, 
in  Shrewsbury,  where  he  lived  only  a  year.  — 
Nelson's  Sermon  on  his  Death. 

WIIIPPLE,  SOLOMON,  colonel,  died  in  Cum 


berland,  R.  L,  in  1824,  aged  87.  He  was  an 
officer  of  the  Revolution.  His  farm  was  once 
the  residence  of  Mr.  Blackstone,  the  original 
proprietor  of  Boston.  Pawtucket  river  from 
Whipple's  bridge  is  called  Blackstone  river. 

WHIPPLE,  THOMAS,  Dr.,  died  at  Wentworth, 
N.  H.,  in  1835,  aged  50.  He  was  a  member  of 
congress. 

WHISTLER,  GEORGE  W.,  colonel,  died  at 
St.  Petersburg  April  7,  1849;  chief  engineer  of 
the  Petersburg  and  Moscow  railroad.  A  grad 
uate  of  West  Point,  he  devoted  himself  to  civil 
engineering.  He  was  chief  engineer  of  the  rail 
road  between  Boston  and  Albany.  In  1842  he 
went  to  Russia :  the  great  railroad  was  com 
pleted  a  year  after  his  death. 

WHITAKER,  NATHANIEL,  D.  D.,  first  minis 
ter  of  Chelsea  in  Norwich,  Conn.,  died  in  March, 
1795,  aged  about  85.  He  was  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1730,  and  was  installed  at  Norwich  Feb. 
15,  1761.  In  1766  Mr.  Wheelock  employed 
him  to  go  to  England  with  Samson  Occom,  to 
solicit  aid  for  Moor's  Indian  school.  He  was  dis 
missed  in  1772 ;  his  successors  were  Judson, 
King,  Hooker,  Mitchell,  and  Dickinson.  As 
the  pastor  of  the  third  church  in  Salem,  Mass., 
he  was  installed  July  28,  1769;  but  after  a 
few  years'  service  he  was  dismissed  in  1784, 
and  was  installed  at  Norridgewock,  Me.  He 
died  in  Virginia.  He  published  a  sermon  at  or 
dination  of  C.  J.  Smith,  1763 ;  on  the  death  of 
Whitefield  ;  two  sermons  on  reconciliation,  1770; 
confutation  of  Wise's  churches'  quarrel,  etc.,  1774; 
sermon  against  toryism,  1777 ;  two  sermons,  at 
the  beginning  and  end  of  the  Revolutionary  war ; 
history  of  the  third  church,  1784. 

WHITAKER,  JONATHAN,  minister  of  Sharon, 
Mass.,  died  at  Henrietta,  N.  Y.,  in  1835,  aged 
64.  Born  in  Salem,  he  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1797  ;  was  pastor  from  1799  to  1816,  in  which 
year  he  was  installed  at  New  Bedford  as  successor 
"of  E.  Randall,  of  the  united  parish,  and  was  suc 
ceeded  by  O.  Dewey  in  1823,  then  by  J.  Angier 
and  E.  Peabody.  He  published  a  sermon  before 
a  bible  society,  1818. 

WH1TCOAT,  RICHARD,  one  of  the  bishops 
of  the  Methodist  church  in  America,  died  in  1806, 
at  Dover,  Delaware. 

WHITCOMB,  JOHN,  a  Revolutionary  pen 
sioner,  died  at  Swanzey,  N.  H.,  in  1835,  aged 
103. 

WHITCOMB,  JOHN  P.,  general,  died  at  Har 
vard,  Mass.,  April  21,  1847,  aged  50;  a  man  of 
extensive  business,  widely  known  and  respected. 
He  had  been  a  prominent  advocate  of  the  tem 
perance  cause. 

WHITCOMB,  JAMES,  governor  of  Indiana, 
died  at  New  York  Oct.  4,  1852,  aged  60.  He 
was  a  senator  of  the  United  States,  and  vice- 
president  of  the  American  bible  society. 


848 


WHITE. 


WHITE. 


WHITE,  WILLIAM,  one  of  the  one  hundred 
pilgrims  in  the  Mayflower  to  Plymouth  in  1620, 
died  soon,  Feb.  21,  1621.  Edward  Thompson, 
his  servant,  died  at  Cape  Cod  Dec.  4,  and  never 
reached  Plymouth.  Mr.  White's  widow  in  less 
than  three  months  after  his  death  married  Ed 
ward  Winslow,  whose  wife  died  March  24.  His 
descendants  were  numerous.  His  was  the  first 
child  born  in  New  England. 

WHITE,  PEREGRINE,  the  first  Englishman 
born  in  New  England,  was  born  on  board  the 
Mayflower  in  the  harbor  of  Cape  Cod,  before 
the  landing  at  Plymouth,  about  Nov.  20,  1620, 
and  died  at  Marshfield  July  20,  1704,  aged  84. 
He  was  the  son  of  William  and  Susanna  White. 
The  News-Letter  of  1704  says:  "He  was  vig 
orous  and  of  a  comely  aspect  to  the  last."  He 
bore  civil  and  military  offices.  The  court  gave 
him  two  hundred  acres  of  land  in  consideration 
of  his  birth.  A  monument  was  proposed  in  1854. 
P.  White's  daughter,  Sarah,  married  Thomas 
Young  of  Scituate,  and  reached  the  age  of  92. 
His  father  died  Feb.  21,  and  his  mother  made 
good  haste  to  marry,  May  12, 1621,  Edward  Wins- 
low,  who  was  in  still  greater  haste. 

WHITE,  JOHN,  minister  of  Gloucester,  Mass., 
was  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1698,  and  died  in 
1760,  aged  83.  He  published  a  book,  entitled 
New  England's  lamentations,  in  1734,  recom 
mended  by  Thacher,  Sewall,  Prince,  Webb, 
Cooper,  and  Thacher. 

WHITE,  EBENEZER,  first  minister  of  Mans 
field,  Mass.,  died  in  1761,  aged  47.  Born  in 
Brookline,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1733,  and 
was  ordained  in  1737.  His  successor  was  R. 
Green,  who  died  in  1808,  at  the  age  of  70. 

WHITE,  THOMAS,  the  first  minister  of  Bolton, 
Conn.,  died  in  1763,  aged  about  63.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  in  1720,  and  was  settled  in  1725. 
G.  Colton  succeeded  him. 

WHITE,  TIMOTHY,  a  minister  at  Nantucket, 
died  in  1765,  aged  63.  He  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1720. 

WHITE,  DAVID,  first  minister  of  Hardwick, 
Mass.,  died  in  1784,  aged  74.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1730,  and  was  settled  in  1736.  T.  Holt, 
his  successor,  reached  the  same  age.  Mr.  W. 
was  esteemed  and  very  useful,  and  lived  as  pas 
tor  nearly  fifty  years  harmoniously  with  his 
people. 

WHITE,  STEPHEN,  minister  of  Windham, 
Conn.,  died  in  1793,  aged  75,  in  the  fifty-third 
year  of  his  ministry.  Born  in  Middletown,  he 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1736,  and  succeeded  president 
Clap  at  Windham,  1740.  By  his  wife,  a  sister  of 
E.  Dyer,  he  had  thirteen  children.  He  was  a 
scholar,  a  Christian,  an  able  and  judicious  divine. 
He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Gov. 
Trumbull,  1778. 


WHITE,  HAFFIELD,  major,  died  at  Wolf 
creek  near  Marietta.  A  native  of  Danvers,  Mass., 
he  was  an  officer  in  1775.  In  1788  he  removed 
to  Ohio.  After  the  peace  of  1795  he  lived  with 
his  son.  —  Hildretli. 

WHITE,  ALEXANDER,  a  distinguished  mem 
ber  of  the  first  congress,  died  at  Woodville,  Va., 
in  1804,  aged  66.  He  was  a  man  intelligent,  elo 
quent,  patriotic. 

WHITE,  SAMUEL,  a  senator  of  Delaware, 
died  at  Wilmington  Nov.  4,  1809,  aged  39.  From 
March,  1801,  he  was  a  senator  till  his  death. 
The  following  facts  may  illustrate  the  times  a 
little.  In  his  speeches  he  laid  his  hat  on  the 
bench  before  him,  and  his  copious  brief  behind 
his  hat.  On  the  trial  of  Judge  Pickering,  he 
said,  "  The  accused  is  in  default,  not  in  contempt 
of  court,  but  under  the  awful  visitation  of  God  ; 
and,  as  he  is  deranged,  our  proceedings  scarcely 
deserve  thenameof  a  mock  trial."  Wilson  Carey 
Nicholas,  of  Va.,  here  called  out,  "  Order,  order, 
order !  I  will  not  submit  to  hear  our  proceedings 
called  by  the  name  of  a  mock  trial."  Mr.  W. 
said  to  the  president :  "  I  am  in  order,  sir,  —  I 
repeat  it,  sir,  it  is  a  mock  trial.  I  have  no 
wish  to  offend;  but  if  that  gentleman  is  offended, 
I  am  ready  to  give  him  satisfaction  at  any  time 
and  place."  It  does  not  appear  that  the  presi 
dent  gave  any  rebuke  at  this  offer  before  the  sen 
ate  to  fight  a  duel.  Mr.  W.  was  so  blinded  as 
to  think  duelling  justifiable  ;  and  was  second  to 
Gardiner  in  his  duel  with  Campbell.  Yet  he 
was  a  man  of  sense,  of  integrity,  of  polished 
manners,  of  excellent  temper ;  cards  and  games 
of  hazard  he  detested.  He  was  zealously  opposed 
to  the  slave  trade.  He  Avas  himself  what  is  called 
a  dead  shot.  He  and  his  colleague,  William  W. 
Wells,  practised  in  this  way :  one  would  hold  a 
shingle  in  his  hand,  and  the  other  five  or  six  paces 
distant  would  shoot  a  ball  through  it.  Then,  one 
would  fall  on  his  knees  and  set  a  shingle  up 
edgeways  on  his  head,  and  the  other  would  shoot 
as  before.  My  informant,  a  senator,  once  saw 
this  experiment.  Had  Mr.  W.  been  married,  he 
might  have  deemed  his  life  of  more  value  than 
he  held  it  as  a  duellist. 

WHITE,  HUGH,  judge,  the  first  settler  of 
Whitestown,  N.  Y.,  died  in  1812,  aged  80.  He 
was  a  citizen  of  Middletown,  Conn.,  when  he 
emigrated  with  his  family  in  1784  to  the  Mohawk 
river  at  W.,  that  region  being  then  the  abode  of 
savages.  He  lived  to  see  the  western  wilderness 
of  New  York  occupied  by  about  300,000  inhabi 
tants,  being  a  greater  population  than  that  of  his 
native  State. 

WHITE,  JOSHUA  E.,  a  physician,  was  a  native 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  died  at  Savannah  August 
25, 1820.  He  published  letters,  being  a  journal 
of  travels  in  England,  etc.,  2  vols.  8vo.,  1812. 


WHITE. 


WIIITEFIELD. 


849 


WHITE,  Mrs.,  widow  of  Henry  White,  died 
in  New  York  in  1836,  aged  99  ;  the  daughter  of 
Gov.Van  Courtlamlt. 

WHITE,  LEVI,  minister  of  Sandisfield,  Mass., 
for  thirty  years,  died  at  Gull  Prairie,  Mich.,  in 
1836,  aged  65.  Born  in  Randolph,  he  graduated 
at  Dartmouth  in  1796,  and  was  ordained  in  1798. 
He  admitted  into  the  church  three  hundred  and 
thirty-nine  members. 

WHITE,  WILLIAM,  D.  D.,  bishop  of  the  Pro 
testant  Episcopal  church  of  Pennsylvania,  died  at 
Philadelphia  July  17,  1836,  aged  88.  He  was 
born  at  Philadelphia  April  4,  1748,  and  educated 
at  the  university.  In  1770  he  repaired  to  Eng 
land,  and  was  ordained  deacon  and  priest  by  Dr. 
Young,  bishop  of  Norwich.  On  his  return  to 
Philadelphia,  in  Sept.,  1772,  he  was  settled  as 
an  assistant  minister  of  Christ  church  and  St. 
Peter's  church.  In  the  Revolutionary  war  he 
was  chaplain  to  congress.  When  chosen  bishop 
in  1786  there  were  only  three  of  his  brethren 
present,  to  give  him  their  votes.  He  and  Bishop 
Provoost  of  New  York  were  consecrated  in  Eng 
land  by  Archbishop  Moore,  Feb.  4, 1787.  For  the 
rest  of  his  long  life  he  performed  the  duties  of 
pastor  and  bishop  with  ability,  prudence,  and 
zeal,  being  held  by  his  fellow-citizens  in  high 
respect.  For  a  long  time  he  was  senior  and  pre 
siding  bishop.  At  the  time  of  his  death  about 
thirty-two  bishops  had  been  consecrated :  Bishop 
Seabury  in  Scotland  in  1784  ;  Bishop  Madison  in 
1790  in  England  ;  almost  all  the  others  by  Bishop 
White.  He  was  a  voluminous  author.  He  pub 
lished  memoirs  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
church  in  the  United  States,  1820  ;  comparative 
views  of  the  controversy  between  the  Calvinists 
and  Arminians  ;  lectures  on  the  catechism  ;  and 
commentaries  on  the  ordination  service. 

WHITE,  DAVID,  missionary  to  Africa,  died  at 
Cape  Palmas,  Jan.  23,  1837,  aged  29.  His  wife, 
Helen  M.  Wells  of  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  died  Jan.  27  ; 
both  of  the  fever.  He  was  a  native  of  Pittsfield, 
Mass.;  graduated  at  Union  college,  1851;  and 
studied  theology  at  Princeton.  His  zeal  for  the 
spread  of  the  gospel  carried  him  to  the  post  of 
danger,  where  he  had  been  only  a  few  weeks  when 
he  died.  In  his  preaching  by  an  interpreter,  the 
Sabbath  before  he  was  taken  sick,  he  told  the 
people  it  might  be  the  last  time  they  would  hear 
his  voice,  and  asked  them  what  message  he  should 
carry  to  the  courts  of  heaven  ?  They  heard  him 
with  emotion. 

WHITE,  HUGH  LAWSON,  a  senator  of  the 
United  States  from  Tennessee,  died  near  Knox- 
villo  April  10,  1840,  aged  67;  a  distinguished 
lawyer  and  statesman. 

WHITE,  HENRY,  M.  D.,  died  in  Southamp 
ton,  L.  I.,  Dec.  23,  1840,  aged  90.  He  was  the 
son  of  Rev.  Libanus  White,  fifty-four  years  the 
minister  of  S.  In  the  Revolutionary  army  he 
107 


was  a  surgeon.  Captured  in  a  privateer,  he  for 
seven  months  knew  the  horrors  of  the  "  Jersey  " 
prison-ship.  For  thirty-eight  years  he  was  a 
ruling  elder  in  the  church. 

WHITE,  THOMAS  W.,  died  at  Richmond,  Va., 
in  1843,  aged  55;  editor  of  the  Southern  Literary 
Messenger. 

WHITE,  ROBERT,  judge,  died  in  Nashville, 
Tenn.,in  1844,  aged  78.  He  came  from  Gallo 
way,  Scotland,  about  1794,  and  settled  in  Vir 
ginia.  He  was  a  judge  of  the  court  of  errors  and 
appeals  in  Tennessee. 

WHITE,  JOHN,  judge,  speaker  of  the  house 
of  representatives,  in  a  fit  of  depression  shot 
himself  in  Richmond,  Ky.,  Sept.  22, 1845. 

WHITE,  EDWARD  D.,  governor  of  Louisiana, 
died  in  1847.  He  was  twice  a  member  of  con 
gress,  respected  and  very  popular. 

WHITE,  LEONARD,  died  in  Haverhill,  Mass., 
in  1849,  aged  82 ;  a  venerable  citizen,  who  had 
filled  various  offices  and  had  been  a  member  of 
congress.  He  was  in  the  class  at  Harvard  of  his 
friend  J.  Q.  Adams,  in  1787. 

WHITE,  HENRY,  D.  D.,  died  in  New  York, 
Aug.  25,  1850,  aged  50;  professor  of  theology  in 
the  Union  theological  seminary. 

WHITE,  WILLIAM,  a  Presbyterian  minister, 
died  in  Liberty  co.,  Ga.,  Feb.  1,  1851,  aged  91. 

WHITE,  JOHN,  minister  in  Dedham,  Mass., 
died  Feb.  1,  1852,  aged  64.  The  son  of  Deacon 
John  of  Concord,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1805.  He  was  ordained  over  the  third  parish  in 
D.  in  1814.  His  predecessors  were  J.  Dwight, 
A.  Tyler,  and  T.  Thacher. 

WHITE,  HENRY,  died  in  1846,  in  Christiana 
village,  Delaware ;  a  very  aged  Methodist  min 
ister. 

WIIITEFIELD,  GEORGE,  an  eloquent  itiner 
ant  preacher,  died  at  Newburyport  Sept.  30, 
1770,  aged  55.  He  was  born  in  Gloucester,  Eng., 
Dec.  16,  1714.  After  having  made  some  pro 
gress  in  classical  learning,  he  was  obliged  to  as 
sist  his  mother,  who  kept  an  inn,  in  her  business  ; 
but  at  the  age  of  18  he  entered  one  of  the  col 
leges  at  Oxford.  Here  he  became  acquainted 
with  John  and  Charles  Wesley,  whose  piety  was 
ardent  and  singular,  like  his  own.  From  the 
strict  rules  and  methods  of  life  which  these  young 
men  followed  they  were  called  Methodists,  and 
they  were  the  founders  of  the  sect  thus  denomi 
nated.  His  benevolent  zeal  led  him  to  visit  the 
poor,  and  even  to  search  out  the  miserable  objects 
in  goals,  not  only  to  diminish  their  wants,  but 
that  he  might  impart  to  them  the  consolations 
and  hopes  of  the  gospel.  He  took  orders,  being 
ordained  by  the  bishop  June  20,  1736,  and 
preached  his  first  sermon  in  the  church  at  Glouces 
ter.  When  a  complaint  was  afterwards  entered 
with  the  bishop  that  by  his  sermon  he  drove  fifteen 
persons  mad,  the  worthy  prelate  only  expressed 


850 


WHITEFIELD. 


WHITFIELD. 


a  wish  that  the  madness  might  not  be  forgotten 
before  the  next  Sunday.  After  preaching  at  vari 
ous  places  he  was  induced  by  a  letter  from  Mr. 
Wesley,  who  was  in  Georgia,  to  embark  for  Amer 
ica.  He  arrived  at  Savannah  May  7, 1 738.  After 
laboring  in  this  place  with  unwearied  fidelity  for 
several  months  to  promote  the  interests  of  religion, 
he  embarked  for  England  Sept.  6th.  He  was 
ordained  priest  at  Oxford  by  Bishop  Benson,  Jan. 
14,  1739.  In  Nov.  he  again  arrived  in  America, 
and  he  travelled  through  the  middle  and  southern 
colonies,  dispensing  the  gospel  to  immense  mul 
titudes.  In  Sept.,  1740,  he  arrived  at  Rhode 
Island  from  Savannah,  having  been  invited  by 
the  ministers  of  Boston,  and  he  preached  in  dif 
ferent  parts  of  New  England.  At  the  end  of 
Oct.  he  went  to  New  York,  and  he  soon  returned 
to  Georgia.  He  was  much  occupied  in  the  es 
tablishment  of  an  orphan  house  near  Savannah. 
In  Jan.,  1741,  he  sailed  for  England.  He  arrived 
again  in  America  in  Oct.,  1744 ;  and  he  now  spent 
between  three  and  four  years  in  this  country.  In 
March,  1748,  he  went  to  the  Bermudas,  and  in 
July  he  reached  London.  Having  crossed  the 
Atlantic  for  the  fourth  time,  he  arrived  at 
Savannah  Oct.  27,  1751,  and  returned  to  his 
native  country  in  April,  1752.  In  his  fifth  visit  to 
the  new  world  he  remained  here  from  May,  1754, 
to  March,  1755.  His  sixth  voyage  brought  him 
to  Virginia  in  Aug.,  1763,  and  he  did  not  set  sail 
again  for  Great  Britain  till  June,  1765.  For  the 
seventh  and  last  time  his  zeal  to  do  good  induced 
him  to  brave  the  dangers  of  the  ocean,  and  he 
landed  upon  the  American  shore  Nov.  30,  1769, 
never  again  to  leave  it.  After  preaching  in 
various  parts  of  the  country,  he  died  suddenly  at 
Newburyport,  Mass.  Few  men  since  the  days 
of  the  apostles  have  labored  with  such  indefatiga 
ble  zeal  in  preaching  the  gospel  of  salvation,  as 
Mr.  W.  He  was  the  means  of  imparting  the 
pure  principles  and  the  elevated  hopes  of  reli 
gion  to  thousands  both  in  Great  Britain  and 
America.  No  preacher  ever  had  such  astonish 
ing  power  over  the  passions  of  his  auditory,  or 
was  attended  by  such  multitudes  as  he  some 
times  addressed  in  the  fields.  Mr.  Jotham  Sew- 
all  stated  that  Mr.  W.  died  on  Sunday,  and  that 
on  Thursday  before  he  heard  him  preach  at  York, 
Me.,  on  the  text,  "  I  am  the  way,  the  truth,  and 
the  life."  In  his  sermon  he  said  :  "  How  can 
you  be  saved?  By  works.  By  works!  (strik 
ing  the  desk  with  great  force  with  his  hand.) 
Should  you  see  a  man  making  a  rope  of  sand, 
with  which  to  climb  to  the  moon,  would  you  not 
deem  him  a  fool  ?  So  is  the  man  who  would  be 
saved  by  works."  He  also  said:  "In  ancient 
Rome  a  man  was  accused  of  a  capital  crime,  and 
brought  into  court, —  when  his  brother,  who  had 
lost  both  his  hands  in  war  for  his  country,  presented 
himself  before  the  judges  and  lifted  up  both  the 


stumps  of  his  arms  [lifting  up  his  hands  with  his 
fists  closed],  and  said  nothing.  Instantly  his 
brother  for  his  sake  was  set  free,  uncondemned. 
So  Christ  in  heaven  only  lifts  up  his  pierced 
hands,  and  thus  intercedes  effectually  for  sinners." 
In  the  early  periods  of  his  life  he  was  guilty  in 
some  instances  of  uncharitableness  and  indiscre 
tion  ;  but  he  afterwards  had  the  magnanimity  to 
confess  his  fauY  He  was  in  reality  a  man  of  a 
very  liberal  and  catholic  spirit,  for  he  had  little 
attachment  to  forms,  and  embraced  all  who  loved 
the  Lord  Jesus  in  sincerity.  His  life  was  spent 
in  most  disinterested  and  benevolent  exertion. 
The  following  lines  will  show  the  opinion  which 
was  formed  of  his  character  by  the  evangelical 
poet,  Cowper  : 

"  lie  loved  the  world  that  hated  him  ;  the  tear 
That  dropp'd  upon  his  bible  was  sincere  ; 
Assail'd  by  scandal  and  the  tongue  of  strife, 
His  only  answer  was  a  blameless  life, 
And  he  that  forg'd,  and  he  that  threw  the  dart, 
Had  each  a  brother's  interest  in  his  heart. 
Paul's  love  of  Christ  and  steadiness  unbrib'd 
Were  copied  close  in  him,  and  well  transcrib'd; 
He  followed  Paul,  his  zeal  a  kindred  flame, 
His  apostolic  charity  the  same ; 
Like  him  cross'd  cheerfully  tempestuous  seas, 
Forsaking  country,  kindred,  friends,  and  ease; 
Like  him  he  labor'd,  and  like  him  content 
To  bear  it,  suffer'd  shame  where'er  he  went. 
Blush,  calumny !   and  write  upon  his  tomb, 
If  honest  eulog3T  can  spare  thee  room, 
Thy  deep  repentance  of  thy  thousand  lies, 
Which,  aim'd  at  him,  have  pierc'd  th'  offended  skies; 
And  say,  blot  out  my  sin,  confess'd,  deplor'd, 
Against  thine  image  in  thy  saint,  0  Lord?" 

His  letters,  sermons,  controversial  and  other 
tracts,  with  an  account  of  his  life,  were  published 
in  seven  volumes,  8vo.  1771.  —  Gillies'  Life  of 
W.;  Middleman's  Biog.  Evang.;  Parsons1,  Pem- 
berton's  and  Wesley's  Sermons. 

WHITEHEAD,  JAMES,  D.  D.,  minister  in 
Norfolk,  Va.,  and  in  Baltimore,  died  about 
1808. 

WHITE-HEAD,  DECARI  or  SCHACHIPKAKA, 
chief  of  the  Winnebago  Indians,  on  Wisconsin 
river,  died  April  20,  1836,  aged  89. 

WHITEI1ILL,  JOHN,  judge,  died  at  Pequea, 
Lancaster  county,  Penn.,  in  1815,  aged  94.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  council  of  safety  and  of 
congress,  and  an  associate  judge  of  Lancaster 
county. 

WIIITFIELD,  HENRY,  first  minister  of  Guil- 
ford,  Conn.,  died  in  AVinchester,  England,  after 
1650.  lie  was  born  in  England  in  1597,  the 
son  of  a  rich  lawyer,  and  was  settled  at  Okely 
in  Surrey  before  he  came  to  this  country  in  1639. 
He  continued  at  Guilford  until  1650,  when  he 
returned  to  his  native  country,  and  finished 
his  life  in  the  ministry  at  Winchester.  He  was 
a  good  scholar,  a  distinguished  divine,  and  an 
excellent  preacher.  He  published  the  light  ap 
pearing  more  and  more,  etc.,  giving  an  account  of 


WIIITFIELD. 


WHITING. 


851 


the   progress  of  the  gospel  among   the  Indians, 
1651.  — Magnalia,  III.  217,  218:  —  Sprague. 

WIIITFIELD,  JOHN,  a  Methodist  minister, 
died  in  North  Carolina  in  1833,  aged  88. 

WIIITFIELD,  JAMES,  Roman  Catholic  arch 
bishop,  died  at  Baltimore  Oct.  19,  1834,  aged  64. 
He  was  born  at  Liverpool  in  1770.  He  was  a 
merchant,  and  became  a  prisoner  under  Bona 
parte  at  Lyons,  where  he  became  acquainted  with 
Ambrose  Marechal,  afterwards  archbishop  of  Bal 
timore,  whom  he  succeeded.  He  came  first  to 
B. in  1817. 

WHITING,  WILLIAM,  major,  one  of  the  first 
settlers  of  Hartford  in  1636,  died  in  1647.  He 
was  a  man  of  wealth  and  education,  a  magistrate, 
and  treasurer  of  the  colony.  —  Goodwin's  Gen 
ealogical  Notes. 

WHITING,  SAMUEL,  first  minister  of  Lynn, 
Mass.,  died  Dec.  11,  1679,  aged  82.  The  son  of 
John  W.,  mayor  of  Boston,  England,  he  was 
born  in  1597,  and  was  educated  at  Cambridge. 
He  arrived  at  Boston  May  26,  1636.  In  about 
a  month  he  went  to  Lynn,  where  a  church  was 
gathered  Nov.  8.  Mr.  Cobbet  was  his  colleague 
for  several  years,  and  after  his  removal  one  of 
his  own  sons  was  his  assistant.  His  son,  Samuel, 
first  minister  of  Billerica,  died  in  1713  ;  Joseph 
was  minister  of  Lynn  ;  his  daughter  married  Jer 
emiah  Ilobart.  He  possessed  an  accurate  know 
ledge  of  Hebrew,  and  wrote  Latin  with  elegance. 
His  disposition  was  peculiarly  amiable,  and  the 
sanctity  of  his  life  impressed  all  men  with  re 
spect  for  him.  From  his  writings  Norton's  life 
of  Cotton  was  partly  composed.  He  published 
a  treatise  upon  the  last  judgment,  1664;  Abra 
ham  interceding  for  Sodom,  a  volume  of  ser 
mons,  1666.  —  Magnalia,ia..  156-161 ;  Sprague. 

WHITING,  JOHN,  minister  in  Hartford,  Conn., 
died  before  1689.  The  son  of  William  of  II.,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1653.  He  preached  two 
years  in  Salem,  Mass.,  an  assistant  to  Mr.  Norria; 
then  was  settled  in  the  first  church  in  H.  ;  and 
next  was  installed  in  1670  over  a  new,  the  south 
church,  with  which  he  was  connected  till  his 
death.  His  wife  was  a  sister  of  llev.  J.  Collins : 
she  married,  after  his  death,  Rev.  John  Russell  of 
Hadley.  His  son,  William,  commanded  the  Con 
necticut  troops  sent  to  Port  Royal.  The  Ameri 
can  quarterly  register  has  by  mistake  printed  his 
name  Samuel,  who,  graduating  the  same  year, 
was  the  minister  of  Billerica. 

WHITING,  JOHN,  second  minister  of  Lan 
caster,  Mass.,  was  killed  by  the  Indians  Sept.  11, 
1697,  aged  33.  The  son  of  Rev.  Samuel  of  Bil 
lerica,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1685,  and  was 
settled  in  1690.  He  succeeded  J.  Rowlandson. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Prentiss,  Harrington, 
Thayer.  Surprised,  away  from  the  fort,  by  the 
Indians,  they  offered  him  quarter  ;  but  he  chose 
rather  to  fiyrht  than  to  fall  into  their  hands.  His 


widow,  Alice  Cook  of  Cambridge,  married  Rev, 
T.  Stevens  of  Glastenbury.  His  sister,  Elizabeth, 
married  Rev.  T.  Clark  of  Chelmsford,  Mass. 

WHITING,  SAMUEL,  first  minister  of  Biller 
ica,  Mass.,  died  in  1713,  aged  nearly  80.  Born 
in  England,  the  son  of  Rev.  Samuel  of  Lynn,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1653,  and  was  settled 
in  1663.  His  successors  were  Ruggles,  Chan 
dler,  Cummings,  Whitman,  and  Abbott.  His 
mother  was  a  daughter  of  Oliver  St.  John,  a  man 
of  note  in  Cromwell's  time.  His  son,  John,  was 
the  minister  of  Lancaster.  A  manuscript  volume 
of  his  sermons  fell  into  the  hands  of  his  descend 
ant,  llev.  M.  G.  Thomas  of  Concord,  N.  H. 

WHITING,  JOSEPH,  died  in  1717,  aged  72, 
the  son  of  the  first  William  W.  He  was  a  mer 
chant  of  Hartford,  and  treasurer  of  Connecticut. 
He  married  Mary,  daughter  of  John  Pynchon 
and  Anna  Wyllys :  his  second  wife  was  Anna, 
daughter  of  Col.  John  Allyn,  and  of  his  wife,  who 
was  a  daughter  of  Henry  Smith  and  grand 
daughter  of  William  Pynchon.  His  daughter, 
Margaret,  by  his  second  wife,  married  Rev.  Jona 
than  Marsh. 

WHITING,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Lynn,  died 
in  1723,  aged  82.  The  son  of  Rev.  Samuel,  he 
was  born  in  Lynn,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1661,  and  was  settled  in  1680,  having  assisted 
his  father  for  some  years  before.  In  1682  he 
went  to  Southampton  on  Long  Island. 

WHITING,  SAMUEL,  the  first  minister  of 
Windham,  Conn.,  died  in  1725.  The  brother  of 
Rev.  John,  he  was  ordained  Dec.  4,  1700,  and 
died  at  Enfield,  while  on  a  visit  to  his  cousin  and 
brother-in-law,  Rev.  Mr.  Collins.  He  was  suc 
ceeded  by  President  Clap.  He  was  the  brother 
of  llev.  John  of  Hartford.  His  wife  was 
Elizabeth,  the  daughter  of  Rev.  TV.  Adams  of 
Dedham:  she  was  born  in  1681,  and  died  in 
1766.  Her  second  marriage  was  with  Rev.  Mr. 
Niles.  She  died  in  New  Haven,  at  the  house  of 
her  son,  Col.  Nathan  Whiting.  His  daughter, 
Mary,  married  President  Clap,  and  died  in  1736. 
He  published  a  thanksgiving  sermon,  1721. 

WHITING,  WILLIAM,  colonel,  son  of  Rev, 
John  of  Hartford,  died  about  1730.  He  served 
in  Canada.  His  wife  was  Mary,  daughter  of 
John  Allyn.  His  sister  married  Rev.  S.  Russell. 
lie  removed  to  Newport,  R.  I. 

WHITING,  JOHN,  minister  of  Concord,  Mass., 
twenty  years,  died  in  1752,  aged  about  72.  Born 
in  Lynn,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1700  ;  was 
tutor  from  1703  to  1706,  and  librarian  from  1707 
to  1712,  in  which  year  he  was  ordained.  He  was 
learned,  benevolent,  and  rich.  The  first  minister 
of  his  church  was  P.  Bulkley ;  his  successors 
were  Bliss,  Emerson,  and  Ripley. 

WHITING,  JOHN,  colonel,  son  of  the  preceding, 
died  at  Windham,  Conn.,  in  1786,  aged  80.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1726,  and  was  a  preacher, 


852 


WHITING. 


WHITING. 


then  judge  of  probate,  and  a  colonel.  His 
daughter,  Mary,  married  H.  Jones  of  North  Car 
olina  ;  and  their  daughter  married  Gov.  Nash  in 
1779. 

WHITING,  WILLIAM,  Dr.,  died  in  Great  Bar- 
rington  Dec.  8,  1792,  aged  62.  Born  in  Nor 
wich,  Conn.,  the  son  of  llev.  Samuel  of  Wind- 
ham,  he  studied  with  Dr.  Bulkley  of  Colchester. 
He  lived  in  Hartford  till  17G6  ;  then  settled  in 
G.  B.  He  was  a  professor  of  religion  in  the 
Episcopal  church,  and  often  in  public  life ;  a 
member  of  the  provincial  congress,  and  of  the 
convention  to  frame  the  constitution,  and  chief 
judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas.  His  son, 
Mason  Whiting,  died  in  Binghamton,  N.  Y.,  in 
1849,  aged  74,  whose  wife  was  Mary,  a  descendant 
of  Pres.  Edwards,  and  whose  daughter,  Amelia, 
is  the  wife  of  Prof.  W.  S.  Tyler  of  Amherst  col 
lege. 

WHITING,  EBENEZER,  major,  died  at  West- 
field  in  1794,  aged  59.  He  was  the  son  of 
Charles,  who  died  at  Montville,  and  grandson  of 
Col.  William.  His  mother  was  Elizabeth,  daugh 
ter  of  Samuel  Bradford  of  Duxbury,  a  descendant 
of  Gov.  Bradford.  His  wife  was  Ann,  daughter 
of  Col.  Eleazer  Fitch  of  Windham.  He  resided 
at  Norwich,  and  was  a  major  in  the  Revolution 
ary  army.  His  son,  Henry,  a  brigadier-general 
in  the  army  of  the  United  States,  died  at  St. 
Louis  Sept.  10,  1851. 

WHITING,  WILLIAM  BRADFORD,  colonel,  died 
in  Canaan,  N.  Y.,  near  New  Lebanon,  in  1796, 
aged  65.  He  was  a  colonel  in  the  Revolution,  a 
senator  of  New  York,  and  a  judge.  His  accom 
plished  and  excellent  daughter  Harriet  —  whom 
the  writer  knew  more  than  fifty  years  ago  as  the 
friend  of  his  sister  Elizabeth  —  married  Eleazar 
Backus,  a  bookseller  of  Albany,  now  of  Phila 
delphia,  if  yet  among  the  living.  She  died  July 
13,  1804,  after  being  the  mother  of  one  child. 

WHITING,  SAMUEL,  colonel,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  died  at  Stratford,  Conn.,  in  1803,  aged 
81.  He  served  in  the  French  Avar  as  a  colonel, 
and  in  the  Revolutionary  war.  Four  of  his  sons 
were  also  in  the  army. 

WHITING,  SAMUEL,  first  minister  of  Rock- 
ingham,  Vt.,  died  in  1819,  aged  70.  Born  in 
Franklin,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1769,  and  was  pastor  from  1773  to  1809. 

WHITING,  THURSTON,  a  minister  in  Warren, 
Me.,  died  in  1829,  aged  79. 

WHITING,  JOHN,  deacon,  died  at  Canaan, 
N.  Y.,  Oct.  2,  1844,  aged  80.  He  was  the  son  of 
Col.  William  B.  He  was  ready  for  every  good 
word  and  work,  a  pillar  in  the  church,  a  father  in 
Israel,  —  like  thousands  of  others,  whom  God  in 
his  grace  has  scattered  over  our  land. 

WHITING,  JOHN,  general,  died  in  Great 
Barrington  Jan.  13,  1846,  at  an  advanced  age. 
He  was  a  descendant  of  William,  in  the  line  of 


John,  of  the  sixth  generation;  the  son  of  Gama 
liel.  He  was  an  eminent  lawyer.  His  first  wife 
was  Hannah,  daughter  of  Col.  Aaron  Kellogg, 
married  in  1800  ;  his  second  was  Lucy  Allen, 
married  in  1831.  His  son,  Francis,  was  born  in 
1808;  his  daughter,  Martha,  married  David 
Allen. 

WHITING,  NATHAN,  a  worthy  citizen  of  New 
Haven,  died  Feb.  17,  1848,  aged  75,  the  son  of 
Col.  William  B.  W.  By  his  first  wife,  Lydia 
Backus  of  Norwich,  he  had  a  daughter,  Harriet 
B.,  wife  of  A.  N.  Skinner,  late  mayor  of  New 
Haven  ;  and  also  Alexander,  a  physician  in  New 
York.  His  second  wife,  now  a  widow,  was  Mrs. 
Nancy  Breed  Williams  of  Norwich. 

WHITING,  EDWARD,  captain,  died  in  Nor 
wich  July  14,  1851,  aged  74;  a  man  of  an  excel 
lent  character,  held  in  high  esteem  by  his  fellow- 
citizens. 

WHITING,  HENRY,  brigadier-general,  died 
at  St.  Louis  Sept.  16,  1851.  He  was  among  the 
oldest  officers  of  the  army.  He  arrived  two  days 
before  his  death  from  a  tour  of  duty  in  Texas, 
and  fell  dead  instantly  in  his  room,  probably  from 
disease  of  the  heart.  He  lived  many  years  at 
Detroit.  He  was  the  son  of  Gen.  John  W.  of 
Lancaster,  Mass.  He  was  a  man  conversant  with 
literature,  and  wrote  various  articles  for  the 
North  American  review,  among  which  was  the 
sketch  of  Pres.  Taylor,  relating  chiefly  to  his  mil 
itary  life. 

WHITING,  GEORGE  B.,  missionary  of  the 
American  board  in  Syria,  died  of  the  cholera  at 
Beirut  Nov.  8,  1855.  He  was  the  son  of  John 
W.  and  of  Lydia  Leffingwell  of  Norwich,  and 
grandson  of  Col.  William  B.  W.  He  had  been, 
with  his  wife,  a  daughter  of  John  Ward  of  Newark, 
a  missionary  twenty-six  years  ;  first  at  Beirut,  then 
eight  years  at  Jerusalem.  His  letters  to  the 
missionary  herald  were  most  interesting.  Dr. 
Smith,  his  associate  in  Syria,  says,  "The  Ameri 
can  church  has  sent  into  the  missionary  field  few 
so  lovely  spirits  as  that  of  our  brother  who  has 
just  been  called  to  his  reward." 

WHITING,  DANIEL,  died  at  Philadelphia,  at 
the  house  of  his  son-in-law,  Rev.  Dr.  Brainard, 
June  7,  1855,  aged  87.  He  was  the  son  of  Col. 
William  B.  Whiting  of  Canaan,  N.  Y.,  and 
brother  of  Deacon  John  W.  of  Canaan,  and  of 
Deacon  Nathan  W.  of  New  Haven.  As  a  lawyer 
he  practised  at  Canaan,  Albany,  and  Troy.  For  a 
time  he  was  a  partner  in  a  book  concern  in  Albany 
with  Backus  and  Whiting,  and  editor  of  the  Al 
bany  Daily  Sentinel.  At  the  bar  he  was  conver 
sant  with  Hamilton,  Burr,  Clinton,  Kent,  and 
Spencer.  He  died  with  trust  in  the  Saviour, 
whose  name  he  professed  thirty  years  before  his 
death,  under  the  ministry  of  Dr.  Tucker.  For 
nine  years  he  had  been  blind.  He  was  the  last 
of  a  large  family,  distinguished  for  piety. 


WHITMAN. 


WHITNEY. 


853 


WHITMAN,  JOHN,  the  ancestor  of  a  large 
posterity,  died  at  Wcymouth,  at  a  great  age, 
about  1692.  He  came  from  England  to  Charles- 
town  about  1638. 

WHITMAN,  ZECIIARIAH,  minister  of  Hull, 
Mass.,  died  in  1726,  aged  82.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1668,  and  was  settled  in  1670.  The 
Dorchester  records  describe  him  as  "  Vir  pius,hu- 
milis,  orthodoxus,  utilissimus." 

WHITMAN,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Farming- 
ton,  Conn.,  died  in  17*31,  aged  75.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1696  ;  was  a  teacher  in  Salem 
in  1699;  and  was  ordained  in  1706.  He  was  a 
fellow  of  Yale  from  1724  to  1746.  He  was  pre 
ceded  by  T.  Pitkin  and  succeeded  by  S.  Hooker. 
His  son,  Elnathan,  a  graduate  of  1726,  was  min 
ister  of  the  second  church  in  Hartford  from  1732 
to  his  death  in  1776.  He  published  the  election 
sermon  in  1714. 

WHITMAN,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Goshen, 
Mass.,  died  in  1827,  aged  75.  Born  in  Wey- 
mouth,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1775 ;  was 
minister  of  Ashby  from  1778  to  1783;  then  of 
Goshen  from  1788  to  1818.  He  published  a  ser 
mon  at  ordination  of  L.  Lankton ;  of  Mr.  Hal- 
lock;  on  baptism  of  Christ,  1800;  a  key  to  the 
atonement  and  justification,  8vo.,  1814;  sermon 
to  missionary  society,  1817;  at  Cummington, 
1819;  history  of  proceedings  at  Goshen,  1824. — 
Spr  ague's  Annals. 

WHITMAN,  BERNARD,  Unitarian  minister  of 
Waltham,  Mass.,  died  in  1834,  aged  38.  He 
published  artillery  election  sermon,  1829 ;  letter 
on  revivals,  1831 ;  answer  to  E.  Pearson's  letter. 

WHITMAN,  KILBORN,  minister  of  Pembroke, 
Mass.,  died  in  1835,  aged  about  70.  Born  in 
Bridge  water,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1785, 
and  was  pastor  from  1787  to  1796.  His  prede 
cessor  was  T.  Smith,  who  reached  the  age  of  83. 
He  published  sermon  at  ordination  of  J.  Cush- 
man,  1796;  oration,  1798. 

WHITMAN,  LEVI,  minister  of  Wellfleet, 
Mass.,  died  at  Kingston  in  Aug.,  1839,  aged  90. 
Born  in  Bridgewater,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1779,  and  was  pastor  at  W.  from  1785  to  1808. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  convention  for  adopting 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States. 

WHITMAN,  JOHN,  deacon,  died  at  East 
Bridgewater,  Mass.,  Aug.  5,  1842,  aged  107  years 
and  4  months,  a  descendant  of  the  fourth  gener 
ation  from  Miles  Standish.  lie  had  fourteen 
children  ;  three  of  his  sons  were  ministers. 

WHITMAN,  JASON,  Unitarian  minister,  died 
at  Lexington,  Mass.,  in  1848,  aged  49.  He  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  in  1825;  was  for  some  years  a 
minister  in  Saco ;  then  secretary  of  the  Unitarian 
association  in  Boston,  whence  he  removed  to 
Portland  in  1835,  and  remained  ten  years.  In 
184."-  he  was  installed  at  Lexington. 

WIHTMOKE,  EDWARD,  general,  was  drowned 


in  Plymouth  bay  in  Feb.,  1761.  At  the  second 
capture  of  Louisburg,  in  1758,  he  was  military 
governor  of  the  place,  being  colonel  of  the  twenty- 
second  regiment  and  brigadier-general. 

WHITNEY,  AARON,  first  minister  of  Peters 
ham,  Mass.,  died  in  1779,  aged  65.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1737.  He  was  the  father  of 
Rev.  Peter  W. 

WHITNEY,  PETER,  second  minister  of  North- 
borough,  Mass.,  died  in  1816,  aged  72.  Born  in 
Petersham,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1762, 
and  was  ordained  in  1767.  Joseph  Allen  was  his 
successor.  The  first  minister  was  John  Martin, 
from  1746  to  1767.  He  published  two  fast  ser 
mons,  1774;  history  of  the  county  of  Worcester, 
1793  ;  at  ordination  of  P.  Whitney,  jun. ;  on  the 
death  of  Lucy  Sumner. 

WHITNEY,  JOSIAH,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Brook 
lyn,  Conn.,  died  in  1824,  aged  93.  Born  at 
Plainfield,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1752.  He 
studied  theology  with  Mr.  Breck  of  Springfield, 
whose  daughter  he  married.  He  was  ordained 
in  1756,  and  after  being  sole  pastor  fifty-seven 
years,  received  as  colleague,  in  1813,  Abiel  Abbot, 
who  soon  became  a  Unitarian,  and  was  dismissed. 
He  published  a  sermon  at  ordination  of  E. 
Weld;  election  sermon,  1788;  on  the  death  of 
Gen.  Putnam,  1790 ;  of  N.  Russell,  1795 ;  a  half- 
century  sermon,  1806.  —  Spragne's  Annals. 

WHITNEY,  ELI,  inventor  of  the  cotton-gin, 
died  Jan.  3, 1825,  aged  59.  He  was  born  at  West- 
borough,  Mass.,  Dec.  8,  1765.  His  mechanical 
genius  was  early  manifested.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1792.  Proceeding  to  Georgia, 
and  becoming  acquainted  with  the  widow  of  Gen. 
Greene,  she  invited  him  to  make  her  house  his 
home,  while  he  studied  law.  While  at  her  house 
he  invented  the  cotton-gin,  a  rrmchine  for  sepa 
rating  the  seed  from  the  cotton  ;  an  invention  of 
vast  importance  to  the  States  which  cultivate  cot 
ton.  It  has  been  worth  to  them  100,000,000 
dollars.  His  disappointments,  difficulties,  and 
trials  in  the  vindication  of  his  rights  are  described  . 
in  a  memoir  of  his  life  in  Silliman's  journal  for 
Jan.,  1832,  which  contains  also  a  beautiful  por 
trait.  In  1798  he  commenced  the  manufacture 
of  fire-arms  for  the  United  States.  His  first  con 
tract  amounted  to  134,000  dollars  for  ten  thousand 
st'and  of  arms,  which  he  made  in  ten  years.  His 
next  contract  was  for  fifteen  thousand  stand  of 
arms.  He  had  unequalled  sufferings  from  his 
disease.  His  wife,  whom  he  married  in  1817, 
was  Henrietta,  daughter  of  Pierpont  Edwards. 
Two  daughters  and  a  son  survived  him.  lie  was 
highly  beloved  and  respected  in  domestic  life. 
For  inventive  power  and  a  persevering  spirit, 
which  never  relinquished  an  undertaking  until  it 
was  accomplished,  he  had  scarcely  a  parallel. 
His  name  will  he  ranked  with  the  names  of  Ful 
ton,  Arkwright,  and  Watt.  Of  his  monument 


854 


WHITNEY. 


WHITTLESEY. 


after  the  model  of  that  of  Scipio  at  Rome,  a  prirt 
is  in  Silliman's  journal.  Similar  monuments  at 
New  Haven  have  been  placed  over  the  remains  of 
Dr.  X.  Smith  and  Mr.  Ashmun. 

WHITNEY,  DAVID  S.,  died  at  Gainsville 
Ala.,  in  1840.  He  was  for  years  a  merchant  in 
Northampton,  Mass.,  and  removed  to  the  south. 
His  Christian  character  was  always  held  in  high 
esteem. 

WHITNEY,  SARAH,  Mrs.,  a  Quaker,  died  at 
Casco,  Me.,  in  July,  1843,  aged  100  years  and  8 
months. 

WHITNEY,  PETER,  minister  of  Quincy,  Mass., 
died  in  1843,  aged  73.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1791,  and  was  ordained  in  1800,  and  succeeded 
by  W.  P.  Lunt.  His  predecessor  was  A.  Wibird. 

WHITNEY,  SAMUEL,  missionary  to  the  Sand 
wich  Islands,  died  Dec.  15,  1845,  aged  52.  Born 
at  Branford,  Conn.,  he  was  two  years  a  member 
of  Yale  college.  He  arrived  at  Hawaii  in  1820, 
was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  missionaries  in 
1823,  and  ordained  1825.  Most  of  his  time  was 
spent  on  the  island  of  Kanai.  He  said  in  his  ill 
ness,  "  I  have  fought  the  good  fight."  In  twenty- 
six  years  of  service  the  Saviour  had  been  with 
him.  "  Christ  is  the  rock  on  which  I  rest." 
Throwing  up  his  arms,  he  said  :  "  And  is  the  vic 
tory  won  ?  Glory,  glory,  glory !  Hail,  glorious 
immortality ! "  Let  the  great  warriors  of  the 
earth  look  upon  this  dying  man. 

WIIITON,  JOHN  MILTON,  D.  D.,  died  at  An 
trim,  N.  II.,  Sept.  28,  1856,  aged  71,  having  been 
the  minister  forty-five  years  to  a  day.  Born  in 
Winchendon,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1805.  The  first  minister  was  Walter  Fullington, 
from  1800  to  1804.  He  published  a  history  of 
N.  H.  for  schools ;  a  history  of  Antrim.  In  1806 
he  published  in  the  repository  an  account  of  the 
ministers  of  Hillsborough. 

WIIITTELSEY,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Wal- 
lingford,  Conn.,  died  April  15,  1752,  aged  66. 
He  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1705  and 
.  was  ordained  as  the  colleague  of  Mr.  Street  in 
May,  1710.  He  was  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
preachers  and  faithful  ministers  of  the  colony  in 
which  he  lived.  Such  was  the  vigor  and  penetra 
tion  of  his  mind,  that  he  easily  comprehended 
subjects  which  presented  great  difficulties  to 
others.  His  wife  was  Sarah,  daughter  of  Rev.  N. 
Chauncy  of  Ilatfield.  His  son  Samuel  was  min 
ister  of  Milford  from  1738  till  his  death  in  1768. 
His  son,  Chauncey  W.,  an  eminent  scholar,  was 
minister  of  New  Haven  from  1758  till  his  death 
in  1787.  He  published  a  sermon  upon  the  death 
of  John  Hall,  1730;  at  the  election;  on  the 
awful  condition  of  impenitent  souls  in  their  sepa 
rate  state,  1731  ;  at  the  ordination  of  his  son, 
Samuel  W.,  at  Milford,  1737.  —  Dana's  Cent. 
Disc. ;  Sprague. 

WIIITTELSEY,   SAMUEL,   minister  of   Mil- 


ford,  Conn.,  died  in  1768,  aged  55.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  in  1729,  and  was  tutor  from  1732 
to  1738.  He  was  a  man  of  an  excellent  spirit 
and  judgment,  an  eminent  Christian.  S.  An 
drew  preceded  and  S.  Wales  succeeded  him. 

WIIITTELSEY,  CIIAUNCEY,  minister  in  New 
Haven,  died  July  24,  1787,  aged  69.  The  son  of 
Rev.  Samuel  W.  of  Wallingford,  he  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1738,  and  was  ordained  over  the  first 
church  in  New  Haven  as  colleague  with  Mr. 
Noyes,  March  1,  1758,  and  continued  in  office 
nearly  thirty  years.  Mr.  Dana  was  his  successor. 
His  wife  was  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Col.  Whiting. 
He  published  a  sermon  at  New  Haven,  1744; 
to  a  class,  1745;  on  the  death  of  A.  Noyes,  1768  ; 
of  Mary  Clap,  1769 ;  at  the  ordination  of 
J.  Hubbard,  1779;  election  sermon,  1778. — 
Sprague's  Annals. 

WHITTELSEY,  SAMUEL  G.,  missionary  at 
Oodooville,  Ceylon,  died  at  Dindigal  March  10, 
1847,  aged  38.  He  had  gone  to  D.,  on  the  con 
tinent,  for  his  health.  Born  in  Preston,  he  grad 
uated  at  Yale  in  1834.  In  1842  he  was  ordained  : 
his  station  was  Oodooville,  at  the  female  mission 
ary  seminary.  He  said  he  had  rather  be  a  mis 
sionary  in  that  dark  land  than  to  be  "  in  Amer 
ica,  enjoying  all  the  pleasures  of  a  civilized  and 
Christian  country." 

WHITTEMORE,  AARON,  the  first  minister 
of  Pembroke,  N.  H.,  died  in  1767,  aged  55. 
Born  in  Concord,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1734,  and  was  settled  in  1737.  J.  Emery, 
born  in  Andover,  was  his  successor. 

WIIITTEMORE,  AMOS,  inventor  of  the  card 
machine,  died  at  West  Cambridge,  Mass.,  in 
April,  1828,  aged  69.  He  was  the  inventor  of 
the  machine  for  sticking  cards,  which  indicated  a 
powerful  mechanical  genius,  and  which  was  a 
most  useful  invention.  Each  machine  in  his  man 
ufactory  occupied  no  more  space  than  a  small 
table ;  the  wire  was  reeled  off,  cut  off  the  right 
length  for  teeth,  bent,  holes  were  pricked  in  the 
leather,  the  teeth  were  inserted,  and  this  was 
continued  till  the  card  was  completed,  and  all  by 
the  unassisted  machine. 

WHITTLESEY,  SAMUEL,  died  in  Utica,N.  Y., 
in  1842,  aged  66.  Born  in  Litchfield,  Conn., 
he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1803;  was  pastor  at 
New  Preston  in  Washington  county  from  1807 
to  1817  ;  then  was  principal  of  the  deaf  and  dumb 
asylum  at  Hartford ;  in  1826  he  took  the  charge 
of  a  female  seminary  in  Utica ;  and  in  1833  be 
came  the  publisher  of  the  mother's  magazine  in 
New  York.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

WHITTLESEY,  FREDERIC,  judge,  died  in 
Rochester,  N.  Y.,  in  Sept.,  1851,  aged  54 ;  a  mem 
ber  of  congress  and  judge  of  the  supreme  court. 
He  was  professor  of  law  in  Genesee  college  at 
Lima.  Internal  improvements  were  earnestly 
promoted  by  him. 


WIIITTLESEY. 


WIGGLESWORTH. 


855 


WHITTLESEY,  AJVNA  L.,  Miss,  died  at  Bei 
rut  May  1,  1852.  She  had  been  there  one  year 
as  a  teacher  in  the  female  boarding-school.  She 
had  a  vigorous  intellect  and  a  zealous  heart. 
Her  character  is  described  by  Dr.  De  Forest  in 
missionary  herald,  July,  1852. 

WHITWELL,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Marble- 
head,  died  in  1781,  aged  44.  Born  in  Boston, 
he  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1758,  and  was  or 
dained  colleague  with  Barnard  in  1762.  He  was 
a  gentleman  and  a  Christian ;  in  his  preaching 
concise  and  pertinent,  instructive  and  pathetic. 
He  published  a  sermon  to  mariners,  1769 ;  on 
the  death  of  Mr.  Barnard. —  Sprague. 

WI1YTE,  ARCHIBALD,  a  minister,  died  at  Ar- 
gyle,  N.  Y.,  in  1849,  aged  93 ;  a  learned  and 
pious  man. 

"WIBI11D,  ANTHONY,  minister  of  Quincy,  Mass., 
died  in  1800,  aged  72.  Born  in  Portsmouth,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1747,  and  was  ordained 
in  1755.  His  predecessors  were  Thompson, 
Flint,  Fiske,  Marsh,  Hancock,  Bryant;  his  suc 
cessors,  P.  Whitney,  and  W.  P.  Lunt. 

WICKES,  ELiPHALET,died  in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  June 
7,  1850,  aged  81.  He  was  the  son  of  Thomas  of 
Iluntington,  L.  I.  As  a  lawyer  he  lived  in  the 
town  of  Jamaica  until  1835.  He  was  of  integ 
rity  and  of  reputation  as  a  lawyer.  Before  he 
undertook  a  cause  he  endeavored  to  reconcile  the 
parties.  He  was  an  elder  of  the  church.  For 
thirty  years  he  devoted  to  charity  a  certain  per 
centage  of  his  income.  He  founded  a  scholar 
ship  in  Princeton  seminary.  About  to  die,  he 
said  :  li  It  may  be  that  I  am  now  to  be  called 
home.  Well,  I  have  a  good  home  to  go  to." — 
N.  Y.  Observer,  Oct.  19. 

WIER,  Mr.,  died  in  Davidson  county,  N.  C., 
Aug.  9,  1824,  aged  120.  He  was  a  native  of 
Germany. 

WIGGIX,  TIMOTHY,  died  at  Barry,  near  Lon 
don,  early  in  1856,  aged  83.  Born  in  Hopkinton, 
he  went  into  business  in  Boston  with  his  elder 
brother  in  1798  :  the  firm  of  B.  and  T.  W.  con 
tinued  about  twenty  years,  during  some  of  which 
he  resided  in  Manchester,  and  there  married  a 
lady  of  beauty  and  piety,  most  amiable  and 
agreeable.  About  1826  he  commenced  business 
as  a  banker  in  London  with  great  success;  but 
giving  credit  largely  without  security,  in  1836  he 
lost  his  property ;  he  had  considered  himself 
wortli  a  million  and  a  half.  With  the  aid  of 
friends  and  of  the  bank  of  England,  he  paid  all 
his  debts  and  repaid  the  advances;  but  his  own 
fortune  melted  away  to  nothing.  He  did  not 
sink  clown  in  miserable  despondence ;  he  submit 
ted  to  Providence  without  a  murmur,  and  died 
in  the  Christian  hope  of  a  blessed  immortality. 

WIGGLESWORTH,  MICHAEL,  a  poet,  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1651,  and  was 
afterwards  ordained  minister  of  Maiden,  where 


he  continued  till  his  death,  June  10,  1705,  aged 
73.  His  wife  was  Sybil  Sparhawk,  granddaugh 
ter  of  Rev.  Samuel  Newman;  she  died  in  1708. 
He  had  five  daughters,  Abigail,  Mary,  Martha, 
Esther,  and  Dorothy  ;  and  sons,  Samuel  and  Ed 
ward.  He  Avas  useful,  not  only  as  a  minister,  but 
as  a  physician.  During  his  illness,  which  occa 
sionally  interrupted  his  exertions  as  a  preacher 
for  several  years,  he  still  sought  to  do  good  by 
his  labors  as  a  poet.  The  following  extract  from 
his  sermon  on  wearing  hair  may  have  a  peculiar 
application  at  the  present  day  :  "  It  argues  much 
wantonness,  when  men  shall  affect  a  kind  of 
bravery,  as  now-a-dayes  they  do,  by  curling  or 
frizeling  of  their  hair,  and  parting  it  with  a  seam 
in  the  middest;  it  argues  much  effeminacy.  The 
Lord  abhors  such  vanity  in  women  ;  but  for  men 
to  do  it  is  a  most  loathsome  thing,  and  a  fashion 
altogether  unbeseeming  a  Christian."  "  Why 
should  we  wear  it  at  such  a  time  as  this,  when 
every  one  useth  it,  the  very  basest  sort  of  per 
sons,  every  ruffian,  every  wild-Irish,  every  hang 
man,  every  varlet  and  vagabond  shall  affect  long 
hair,  shall  men  of  peace  and  honor  esteem  it  an 
honor  unto  them  ?  "  He  published  the  day  of 
doom,  or  a  poetical  description  of  the  great  and 
last  judgment,  with  a  short  discourse  about  eter 
nity,  sixth  edit.,  1829 ;  a  sermon  on  wearing 
hair  ;  meat  out  of  the  eater,  or  a  meditation  con 
cerning  the  necessity,  end,  and  usefulness  of  afflic 
tions  unto  God's  children,  fifth  edit.,  1718. — 
Holmes'1  Annals. 

WIGGLESWORTH,  EDWARD,  D.  D.,  first 
Hollis  professor  of  divinity  in  Harvard  college, 
died  in  1765,  aged  72.  The  son  of  the  preced 
ing,  he  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1710.  After  he  commenced  preaching,  his  servi 
ces  were  enjoyed  in  different  places.  So  conspic 
uous  were  his  talents,  and  so  exemplary  was  he 
for  every  Christian  virtue,  that  when  the  profes 
sorship  of  divinity  in  Harvard  college  was  founded 
by  T.  Hollis,  he  was  unanimously  appointed  first 
professor,  and  was  inducted  into  this  office  Oct. 
24,  1722  ;  when  he  declared  his  assent  to  the 
confession  of  faith  in  the  assembly's  catechism, 
especially  to  the  doctrine  of  the  trinity  and  of 
the  eternal  godhead  of  Christ ;  also  to  that  of 
predestination  and  special  grace.  He  was  a 
prominent  writer  in  the  controversy  relating  to 
Mr.  Whitefield,  whose  preaching  at  Cambridge 
he  censured.  He  died,  conscious  of  the  failings 
of  life,  yet  hoping  for  pardon  through  Jesus 
Christ.  His  son  succeeded  him  in  1765.  His 
daughter  married  Prof.  Sewall.  The  next  pro 
fessor  was  Dr.  Tappan.  He  published  sober  re 
marks,  1724  ;  on  the  duration  of  future  punish 
ment,  1729;  a  trial  of  the  spirits,  1735;  on  the 
death  of  Mr.  Wadsworth,  1737  ;  inquiry  into  the 
imputation  of  the  guilt  of  Adam's  sin  to  his  pos 
terity,  1738;  a  letter  to  Mr.  Whitefield,  1745; 


856 


WIGGLESWORTIL 


WILDER. 


on  the  inspiration  of  the  Old  Testament,  1753; 
two  lectures  on  the  ministers  of  Christ,  1754; 
Dudleian  lecture,  1757  ;  doctrine  of  reprobation, 
1763.  —  Appletoii's  Sermon;  Sprague. 

WIGGLESWORTH,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Ips 
wich  hamlet,  now  Hamilton,  Mass.,  died  in  1768, 
aged  79.  The  son  of  Michael  by  his  second 
wife,  Martha,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1707. 
He  commenced  the  practice  of  medicine  in  1710, 
but  was  settled  as  a  minister  in  1714.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  J.  Dennis  ; 
of  J.  Warren  at  Wenham,  1733  ;  at  the  elec 
tion,  1733;  account  of  Mr.  Hale;  a  pamphlet 
concerning  a  council;  at  the  convention,  1751; 
on  death  of  J.  Rogers,  1746  ;  at  a  fast;  two  ser 
mons  to  men  enlisted,  1755  ;  Dudleian  lecture, 
1760  ;  on  admitting  members  from  other  churches, 
1765.  —  Spragne's  Annals. 

WIGGLESWORTH,  EDWARD,  D.  D.,  the 
successor  of  his  father  as  the  Hollis  professor  of 
theology  at  Harvard,  died  in  1794,  aged  about  62. 
He  graduated  in  1749  and  was  chosen  professor 
in  1765.  He  was  secretary  of  the  commissioners 
of  the  society  in  Scotland  for  propagating  the 
gospel  among  the  Indians.  He  was  an  original 
member  of  the  American  academy  of  arts  and 
sciences.  He  published  the  Dudleian  lecture  on 
the  errors  of  the  Roman  church,  1777;  sermon 
on  the  death  of  J.  Winthrop,  1779. —  Sprague's 
Annals. 

WIGGLESWORTH,  THOMAS,  a  rich  mer 
chant,  died  in  Boston  April  27,  1855,  aged  79. 
He  was  the  son  of  Rev.  Edward  W.  of  Cambridge, 
and  was  graduated  in  1793.  He  was  engaged 
in  the  Russia  and  India  trade. 

WIGHT,  JABEZ,  minister  in  Norwich,  Conn., 
died  in  1782,  aged  81.  Born  in  Dedham,  he 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1715;  was  pastor  of  the 
fifth  society  in  N.  in  1726. 

WIGHT,  EBEXEZER,  second  minister  of  Hollis 
street  church,  Boston,  died  in  1821,  aged  about 
65.  Born  in  Dedham,  he  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1776,  and  succeeded  Dr.  M.  Byles  in  1778. 
His  successors  were  West,  Holley,  Pierpont. 

WIGHT,  HENRY,  D.  D.,  died  in  Bristol,  R.  I., 
Aug.  12,  1837,  aged  84.  Born  in  Medfield,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1782.  For  one  year, 
while  the  college  exercises  were  suspended,  he 
served  in  the  army.  He  was  sole  pastor  in  B. 
from  1785  to  1815,  and  then  had  a  colleague  till 
1828.  He  kept  a  daily  record  seventy  years. 
He  died  in  peace,  leaving  a  widow  and  seven 
children. 

AVIGIITMAN,  VALENTINE,  a  Baptist  minister, 
died  at  Groton,  Conn.,  in  1796,  aged  76,  in  the 
forty-second  year  of  his  ministry. 

WILBUR,  HERVEY,  died  at  Newburyport 
Jan.  5,  1852,  aged  65.  Born  in  Worthington, 
his  late  education  was  with  several  ministers  in 
Oneida  county,  N.  Y.  As  a  preacher  he  was  use 


ful  in  various  places,  and  was  minister  of  Wendell 
six  years  from  1817.  Then  he  was  at  the  head 
of  several  female  seminaries,  and  prepared  and 
delivered  astronomical  and  other  lectures,  with 
illuminated  diagrams.  He  published  a  sermon 
on  religious  education  ;  the  reference  bible  ;  and 
various  school  books  and  manuals.  —  Dimmick's 
Sermon. 

WILCOX,  JOSEPH,  general,  died  at  Marietta, 
Ohio,  in  1817.  Before  he  went  to  the  west  he 
lived  at  Killingworth  and  was  marshal  of  Con 
necticut,  lie  was  an  officer  of  the  Revolution. 

WILCOX,  ROBERT,  captain,  died  at  Lebanon, 
Conn.,  in  1822,  aged  71  ;  a  native  of  Newport. 
He  was  during  the  whole  war  of  the  Revolution 
on  board  of  ships,  except  when  a  prisoner  tAvo 
years.  He  was  with  Paul  Jones,  and  was  the 
first  who  boarded  from  the  Bon  Homme  Richard 
the  British  ship  Serapis,  which  was  captured, 
while  the  American  ship  sunk. 

WILCOX,  CARLOS,  a  poet  and  minister  of 
Hartford,  Conn.,  died  at  Danbury  of  the  con 
sumption  May  29,  1827,  aged  32.  He  was  born 
at  Newport,  N.  II.,  Oct.  22,  1794,  but  his  parents 
soon  removed  to  Orwell,  Vt.  He  graduated  at 
Middlebury  college  in  1813;  studied  theology  at 
Andover ;  and,  after  preaching  in  various  places, 
and  spending  two  or  three  years  in  writing  his 
poems,  was  ordained  at  Hartford  in  Dec.,  1824. 
In  consequence  of  ill  health  he  was  dismissed  in 
May,  1826.  His  intimate  friends,  whom  he  com 
memorated  in  his  poetry,  were  Allen,  Lamed, 
Fisher,  Parsons,  Fisk,  and  Andrus.  He  had  the 
genius  of  a  poet.  A  long  and  interesting  ac 
count  of  him  is  given  in  Dr.  Sprague's  annals. 
His  principal  poems  are  the  age  of  benevolence, 
and  the  religion  of  taste,  both  of  which  were  pub 
lished  in  his  remains,  8vo.  1828. 

WILDE,  RICHARD  HENRY,  born  in  Balti 
more,  was  attorney-general  of  Georgia,  and  died 
suddenly  of  a  fever,  as  professor  of  law  in  Louis 
iana  at  New  Orleans,  Sept.  10,  1847,  aged  58. 
For  several  years  he  was  a  member  of  congress. 
He  was  best  known  as  a  scholar  and  poet.  He 
published  a  work  on  the  love,  madness,  and  im 
prisonment  of  Tasso. 

WILDE,  SAMUEL  SUMNER,  LL.  D.,  judge, 
died  in  Boston  June  12,  1855,  aged  84.  Born 
at  Taunton,  Feb.  5,  1771,  he  graduated  at  Dart 
mouth  in  1789.  He  practiced  law  in  Augusta, 
Me. ;  for  thirty-five  years  from  1815  to  1851  he 
was  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Massachu 
setts  ;  then  lived  five  years  in  retirement.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Hartford  convention.  His 
daughter,  the  wife  of  Attorney-general  C.  Gushing, 
died  some  years  before  him.  He  was  skilled  in 
the  law  of  real  estate,  and  his  decisions  on  the 
common  law  were  respected.  He  published  ora 
tion  July  4,  1797  ;  masonic  oration,  1799. 

WILDER,  LUKE,   captain,   an   officer  of  the 


WILDER. 


WILLARD. 


857 


Revolutionary  army,  died  at  Bangor,  Me.,  in  1836, 
aged  82.  Born  in  Lancaster,  Mass.,  he  marched 
to  join  Stark  at  Bennington. 

AVILDER,  JOHN,  minister  of  Attleboro',  died 
in  1836,  aged  77.  Born  in  Templeton,  he  grad 
uated  at  Dartmouth  in  1784,  and  was  pastor  as 
successor  of  H.  Weld  from  1790  to  1822.  He 
was  succeeded  by  T.  Williams.  He  was  a  faith 
ful  minister,  and  witnessed  several  revivals  of 
religion  among  his  people.  He  published  sev 
eral  sermons. 

WILDER,  JONAS,  of  Brighton,  a  highly  es 
teemed  teacher,  died  at  Newton  in  June,  1839, 
aged  39. 

AVILDER,  NATHANIEL,  died  at  Wendell,  Mass., 
Jan.  24,  1851,  aged  100;  a  Revolutionary  pen 
sioner. 

WILDMAN,  BENJAMIN,  minister  of  Wood- 
bury,  Conn.,  was  settled  colleague  with  Mr.  Gra 
ham  Oct.  22,  1766,  and  died  Aug.  2,  1812,  aged 
76.  lie  was  a  graduate  of  1753  ;  a  faithful,  an 
imated,  popular  minister.  Rum-drinking  was  an 
evil  custom  of  his  day.  Once  he  asked  Dr.  Bel 
lamy  as  to  the  best  means  of  persuading  his  peo 
ple  to  attend  meeting.  The  advice  given  was, 
"Place  a  barrel  of  rum  under  the  pulpit."  — 
"  Ah,"  said  Mr.  Wildman,  "  I  am  afraid  to  do 
this,  for  I  should  have  the  attendance  of  half  the 
church  of  Bethlehem  every  Sabbath  !  "  There 
was  then  a  case  of  discipline  for  intemperance 
pending  in  that  church.  At  a  wood-bee,  when 
his  parishioners  brought  loads  of  wood,  the 
custom  was  to  ask  them  to  drink  before  they 
unloaded.  A  jocose  poor  man,  wanting  a  share 
of  refreshment,  entered  the  wood-yard  with  a 
heavy  log  on  his  shoulder ;  the  minister  cried 
out  to  him,  "  Come,  come,  good  friend ;  come 
in  and  drink  before  you  unload  ! " 

WILEY,  EDWARD,  died  in  Savannah  in  1850, 
an  honorable  merchant.  Born  in  New  York,  he 
lived  thirty  years  in  S.  In  1842  he  failed  in 
business,  and  compromised  with  his  creditors  for 
fifty  cent's  on  a  dollar,  and  obtained  a  full  release. 
But  in  a  few  years,  having  repaired  his  losses,  he 
paid  up  the  entire  balance. 

WILEY,  JOHN,  M.  D.,  died  in  Brooklyn  in 
1852,  bequeathing  more  than  20,000  dollars  to 
hospitals  and  other  charities. 

WILKIN,  JAMES  W.,  general,  died  in  Goshen, 
N.  Y.,  in  1845,  aged  82.  He  was  much  engaged 
in  public  life,  and  was  respected  and  beloved. 

WILKINS,  DANIEL,  first  minister  of  Amherst, 
N.  H.,  died  in  1785,  aged  about  70.  He  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1736,  and  was  ordained  in 
June,  1741.  The  next  minister  was  J.  Barnard, 
ordained  in  1780. 

WILKIXS,  JOHN,  general,  died  at  Pittsburg, 
Va.,  in  1816,  aged  54. 

WILKINS,  JAMES  C.,  colonel,  died  at  Louis 
ville,  Ky.,  in  1849.  Born  in  Pennsylvania,  he 
108 


removed  about  1809  to  Mississippi,  and  was  an 
eminent  cotton  merchant,  of  the  firm  of  AVilkins 
and  Linton,  New  Orleans.  He  was  charitable  and 
generous.  Many  merchants  in  difficulty  experi 
enced  his  kind  aid ;  the  widow  and  orphan  he 
did  not  forget. 

WILKINSON,  JEMIMA,  an  impostor,  died  in 
1819.  She  was  born  in  Cumberland,  R.  I.,  about 
1753,  and  was  educated  a  Quaker.  She  was  art 
ful,  bold,  and  zealous.  About  1773,  when  she 
recovered  from  a  fit  of  sickness,  in  which  she 
had  been  apparently  dead,  she  announced  that 
she  had  been  raised  from  the  dead,  and  had  re 
ceived  a  divine  commission  as  a  religious  teacher. 
Having  made  a  few  proselytes,  she  removed  with 
them  to  the  State  of  New  York,  and  settled  near 
Seneca  and  Crooked  Lakes,  calling  her  village 
Jerusalem.  In  consequence  of  the  dupery  of  her 
followers,  she  was  enabled  to  live  in  a  style  of 
elegance,  being  waited  upon  by  half  a  dozen 
handsome  girls.  She  inculcated  poverty;  but 
was  careful  to  be  the  owner  of  lands,  purchased 
in  the  name  of  her  companion,  Rachel  Miller. 
AVhen  she  preached,  she  stood  in  the  door  of  her 
bed-chamber,  wearing  a  waistcoat,  a  stock,  and  a 
white  silk  cravat.  In  a  short  time  her  followers 
began  to  fall  off. 

AVILKINSON,  JAMES,  general,  a  soldier  of  the 
Revolution,  died  Dec.  28,  1825,  aged  68.  He 
was  born  in  Maryland  about  1757,  and  studied 
medicine.  In  1775  he  repaired  to  Cambridge  as 
a  volunteer.  In  1776  he  was  a  captain  in  a  regi 
ment  which  proceeded  to  Canada.  On  the  sur 
render  of  Burgoyne  he  carried  the  dispatches  to 
congress  and  received  the  brevet  of  brigadier- 
general.  After  the  peace  he  settled  in  commer 
cial  business  in  Kentucky.  Again  he  entered  the 
army  and  had  the  command  on  the  Mississippi. 
In  the  war  of  1812  he  served  on  the  northern 
frontiers.  Not  long  before  his  death  he  went  to 
Mexico,  where  he  was  attacked  with  the  diar 
rhoea,  which  is  common  among  strangers.  At 
the  age  of  56,  he  married  Miss  Trudeau,  aged  26. 
He  published  memoirs  of  my  own  times,  3  vols., 
8mo.,  1816. 

AVILKINSON,  ABRAHAM,  died  at  Pawtucket, 
R.  I.,  in  1849,  aged  80.  AVith  Slater  he  founded 
the  first  cotton  factories  at  Pawtucket. 

AVILLARD,  SIMON,  major,  of  Salem,  died  at 
Charlestown,  where  he  was  holding  a  court,  in 
1676,  aged  about  70.  The  son  of  Richard  of 
Kent  in  England,  he  came  to  this  country  in 
1634 ;  lived  a  short  time  at  Cambridge ;  in  1635 
was  chief  of  the  settlers  of  Concord  ;  then  lived 
in  Lancaster  and  Groton,  from  which  last  place  he 
was  driven  by  the  Indian  war  in  1676;  at  last  he 
resided  in  Salem.  He  sustained  various  civil 
offices,  and  was  skilful  as  a  soldier.  His  wives 
were  Mary  Sharp ;  Elizabeth,  sister  of  President 
Dunster;  Mary  D.,  the  cousin  of  the  president; 


WILLARD. 


WILLARD. 


and  by  these  he  had  a  goodly  numbe»  of  children, 
who  might  help  to  people  a  new  country,  —  nine 
sons  and  eight  daughters.  It  is  not  known 
by  which  of  these  wives  President  Willard  was 
his  son.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

WILLARD,  SAMUEL,  minister  in  Boston  and 
vice-president  of  Harvard  college,  died  Sept.  12, 
1707,  aged  67.  He  was  the  son  of  Major  Simon 
W.,  and  was  born  at  Concord  Jan.  31, 1640.  He 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1659.  He 
was  afterward  settled  the  minister  of  Groton  in 
1663;  but  the  ravages  of  the  Indian  war  drove 
him  from  that  place  in  1676.  G.  Hobart  suc 
ceeded  him  at  G.  He  was  settled  colleague  with 
Mr.  Thacher,  the  first  minister  of  the  old  south 
church  in  Boston,  April  10,  1678.  In  1700  he 
received  Mr.  Pemberton  as  an  assistant  minister. 
After  the  resignation  of  President  Mather,  he  as 
vice-president  took  the  superintendence  of  Har 
vard  college  Sept.  6, 1701,  and  presided  over  that 
seminary  till  his  death.  President  Leverett  suc 
ceeded  him.  By  two  wives  he  had  twenty 
children.  Mr.  W.  possessed  very  superior  pow 
ers  of  mind.  His  imagination  was  rich  though 
not  luxuriant,  his  perception  was  rapid  and  cor 
rect,  and  in  argument  he  was  profound  and  clear. 
His  learning  also  was  very  considerable.  In 
controversy  he  was  a  champion,  defending  the 
cause  of  truth  with  courage,  and  with  enlightened 
and  affectionate  zeal.  All  his  talents  and  acqui 
sitions  were  devoted  to  God,  who  had  created 
him  anew  in  Christ  Jesus,  and  implanted  in  his 
heart  all  the  pure,  and  humble,  and  lovely  virtues 
of  Christianity.  In  the  time  of  the  witchcraft 
delusion  he  distinguished  himself  by  opposing 
the  rash  proceedings  of  the  courts.  The  cata 
logue  of  his  writings  occupied  a  page  in  Dr. 
Sprague's  Annals.  His  chief  work  is  his  body 
of  divinity,  a  folio  volume,  made  up  of  monthly 
lectures,  delivered  for  nineteen  years.  His  doc 
trine  of  the  divinity  is :  "  There  is  one  essence  or 
substance  and  three  distinct  subsistences  in  the 
Godhead.  These  subsistences,  which  are  eternal, 
are  relative  properties,  and  not  merely  relations. 
The  unity  of  essence  makes  the  Godhead  one ; 
the  three  subsistences  make  the  three  persons. 
The  Father's  manner  of  subsistence  consists  in 
his  begetting  the  Son.  The  Son's  manner  of  sub 
sisting  consists  in  his  being  begotton  of  the 
Father.  The  Holy  Ghost's  manner  of  subsisting 
consists  in  his  proceeding  both  from  the  Father 
and  from  the  Son."  All  this  theoretical  expla 
nation  is  rejected  in  the  more  modern  theory  of 
Professor  Stuart.  He  published  a  sermon  to 
the  second  church  after  they  had  received  the  cov 
enant  ;  a  discourse  on  the  death  of  J.  Leverett, 
1679;  of  Maj.  Thos.  Savage,  1682 ;  animadversions 
on  the  Baptists,  1681 ;  covenant-keeping  the  way 
to  blessedness ;  on  the  fiery  trial ;  at  a  fast;  elec 
tion  sermon,  1682  ;  the  child's  portion,  1684  ;  on 


justification ;  heavenly  merchandise,  1686 ;  on 
laying  hands  on  the  bible  in  swearing,  1689;  the 
barren  fig-tree's  doom ;  against  excessive  sorrow ; 
the  danger  of  taking  the  name  of  God  in  vain  ; 
on  promise-keeping,  1691 ;  on  worshipping  God  ; 
on  discerning  the  times ;  on  the  doctrine  of  the 
covenant  of  redemption,  1693 ;  at  the  election  ; 
at  a  fast ;  the  law  established  by  the  gospel, 
1694  ;  spiritual  desertions  discovered  and  reme 
died,  1699;  a  remedy  against  despair;  love's 
pedigree ;  the  perils  of  the  times  displayed,  the 
substance  of  several  sermons ;  on  the  calling  of 
the  Jews,  1700;  the  Christian's  exercises  by 
Satan's  temptations ;  caution  about  swearing  ;  on 
the  death  of  W.  Stoughton,  1701;  at  a  fast; 
Israel's  true  safety,  1704;  fountain  opened,  or 
blessings  to  be  dispensed  at  the  national  conver 
sion  of  the  Jews,  1727  ;  sacramental  meditations. 
His  largest  work,  and  the  first  folio  volume  on 
divinity  printed  in  this  country,  was  published  in 
1726,  entitled  a  body  of  divinity  in  two  hundred 
and  fifty  expository  lectures  on  the  assembly's 
shorter  catechism.  It  is  considered  as  a  work  of 
great  merit.  —  Pemberton's  Serm. ;  Sprague. 

WILLARD,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Biddeford, 
Me.,  died  in  1741,  aged  35.  The  son  of  John,  a 
merchant  at  Kingston,  Jamaica,  and  grandson 
of  Rev.  Samuel  of  Boston,  he  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1723.  His  wife  was  the  daughter  of 
Samuel  Wright  of  Rutland.  He  was  the  father 
of  President  Joseph  Willard.  —  Sprague. 

WILLARD,  JOSIAH,  secretary  of  Mass.,  the 
son  of  Rev.  Samuel  W.,  of  Boston,  died  in  1756, 
aged  75.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1698.  In  June,  1717,  the  king  appointed  him 
secretary  of  his  native  province,  and  he  was  con 
tinued  in  that  station  thirty-nine  years  till  his 
death.  He  was  also  a  judge  of  the  probate  of 
wills  and  a  member  of  the  council.  While  he 
commanded  the  highest  respect  in  the  public  offi 
ces  which  he  sustained,  his  heart  was  the  abode 
of  all  the  Christian  virtues.  —  SewalVs  and 
Prince's  Sermons. 

WILLARD,  JOSIAII,  first  minister  of  Sunder- 
land,  Mass.,  died  in  1790,  aged  90.  He  was  set 
tled  in  1718,  and  resigned  in  1721. 

WILLARD,  JOSEPH,  D.  D.,  LL.,  D.,  president 
of  Harvard  college,  died  Sept.  25,  1804,  aged  65. 
He  was  born  at  Biddeford  Dec.  29,  1738,  the  son 
of  Rev.  Samuel  W.  He  was  graduated  at  Har 
vard  college  in  1765;  and  was  ordained  Nov.  25, 
1772,  as  a  colleague  with  Mr.  Champney,  minister 
of  Beverly,  where  he  continued  in  the  high  esteem 
of  the  people  of  his  charge  till  he  was  elected 
president  in  the  place  of  Dr.  Langdon.  Into  this 
office  he  was  inducted  Dec.  19,  178.1.  During 
the  last  years  of  his  life  his  usual  health  was  un 
settled.  He  died  at  New  Bedford.  His  widow, 
Mary,  daughter  of  Jacob  Sheafe  of  Portsmouth, 
died  in  March,  1826.  Mr.  Webber  succeeded 


WILLARD. 

him.  He  was  distinguished  for  his  acquaintance 
with  classical  literature  and  with  mathematical 
and  astronomical  science.  His  attainments  in 
Greek  learning  have  been  equalled  by  few  in 
America.  At  the  head  of  the  university  he 
mingled  paternal  tenderness  with  strict  authority, 
and  by  his  dignified  person  and  deportment  united 
with  candor,  generosity,  and  benevolence,  he  se 
cured  at  the  same  time  respect  and  affection. 
lie  published  a  thanksgiving  sermon,  1783 ;  at 
the  ordination  of  J.  McKeen,  1785 ;  on  the 
death  of  T.  Hilliard,  1790;  at  the  ordination  of 
II.  Packard,  1793 ;  a  Latin  address  on  the  death 
of  Washington,  prefixed  to  Tappan's  discourse, 
1800;  and  mathematical  and  astronomical  commu 
nications  in  the  memoirs  of  the  American  acad 
emy.  —  Webber's  Eulogy ;  Holmes ;  Pearson ; 
Sprague. 

WILLARD,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Stafford, 
Conn.,  died  Feb.  16,  1807,  aged  about  76.  He 
was  the  brother  of  President  Willard,  and  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  in  1751.  For  more  than  fifty 
years  he  was  a  faithful  minister,  with  little  com 
pensation  for  his  services,  toiling  with  his  hands 
for  his  own  subsistence.  He  was  respected  for  his 
talents  and  acquirements,  and  generous  kindness 
to  the  young,  who  needed  his  aid  in  acquiring  an 
education. 

WILLARD,  SAMUEL,  a  physician,  died  in  Ux- 
bridge,  Mass.,  in  1811,  aged  63. 

WILLARD,  JOSEPH,  son  of  Rev.  John,  died 
at  Lancaster,  N.  H.,  in  1827,  aged  66.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1784 ;  was  pastor  in 
North  Wilbraham,  Mass.,  from  1787  to  179-i; 
then  of  Lancaster,  N.  H.,  from  1794  to  1822. 

WILLARD,  JOSEPH,  minister  of  Mendon, 
Mass.,  died  in  1828,  aged  86.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1765,  and  was  pastor  from  1769  to 
1782,  and  was  succeeded  by  C.  Alexander.  His 
predecessors  were  J.  Emerson,  G.  Rawson,  J. 
Dorr.  He  next  was  installed  in  1785  at  Boxbo- 
rough,  where  he  continued  nearly  forty-three  years. 

WILLARD,  SIMEON,  died  at  Boston  Sept.  20, 
1848,  aged  95;  long  known  as  a  clock-maker. 

WILLARD,  ASIIBEL,  Dr.,  died  at  Wrentham 
Nov.  20,  1852,  aged  85. 

WILLARD,  SIDNEY,  professor  of  Hebrew,  etc., 
at  Harvard  college,  died  Dec.  6,  1856,  aged  76. 
The  son  of  President  W.,  he  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1798;  was  librarian  of  the  college  from 
1800  to  1805  ;  was  professor  of  Hebrew,  as  suc 
cessor  of  Dr.  Pearson  from  1807  to  1831.  He 
published  a  Hebrew  grammar,  1817.  —  Boston 
Advertiser,  Dec.  10,  1856. 

WILLES,  HENRY,  minister  of  Franklin,  Conn., 
from  1718  to  1749,  died  in  1758.  His  society 
was  at  time  of  settlement  called  West  Farms, 
Norwich.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1715. 

WILLET,  MARINUS,  colonel,  a  soldier  of  the 
Revolution,  died  in  New  York,  Aug.,  1830,  aged 


WILLIAMS. 


859 


90.  He  waS  in  fort  Stanwix  Aug.  3,  1777,  when 
it  was  invested  by  St.  Leger.  Aug. 6th  he  sallied 
from  the  fort  and  bravely  attacked  the  enemy  in 
order  to  favor  the  approach  of  Herkimer  with  aid ; 
but  II.  had  been  defeated.  In  a  few  days  he  and 
one  officer  effected  a  march  of  fifty  miles  through 
the  wilderness  to  German  Flats,  in  order  to  urge 
the  sending  of  sufficient  aid  to  the  fort.  July  10, 
1781,  he  defeated  a  party  of  the  enemy  at  Cor- 
rey's  town. 

WILLEY,  ANNA,  Mrs.,  died  in  Concord,  N.  II., 
in  1835,  aged  100. 

WILLEY,  ELIJAH  F.,  a  Baptist  minister,  died 
at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  in  1841,  aged  55. 

WILLEY,  CHARLES,  died  in  Nottingham, 
N.  H.,  Jan.  23,  1853,  aged  107  :  he  was  a  soldier 
of  the  Revolutionary  war. 

WILLIAMS,  THOMAS,  one  of  the  Pilgrims  in 
the  Mayflower  in  1620.  He  died  before  the  end 
of  March  of  the  next  year.  lie  left  no  descend 
ant. 

WILLIAMS,  ROGER,  the  father  of  Providence 
plantation,  died  in  April,  1683,  aged  84.  He 
was  born  in  Wales  in  1599,  and  was  educated  at 
Oxford.  After  having  been  a  minister  in  the 
church  of  England,  his  nonconformity  induced 
him  to  seek  religious  liberty  in  America.  He 
arrived  at  Hull  Feb.  5,  1631.  In  April  he  was 
chosen  an  assistant  to  Mr.  Skelton  in  the  minis 
try  at  Salem.  Such  was  his  puritanic  zeal,  that 
he  contended  for  a  complete  separation  from  the 
English  church,  and  even  refused  to  join  in  fel 
lowship  with  his  brethren  in  Boston,  unless  they 
would  declare  their  repentance  for  having  com 
muned,  before  they  came  to  this  country,  with 
the  church  of  England.  He  was  of  opinion,  also, 
that  the  magistrate  might  not  punish  the  breach 
of  the  Sabbath,  or  any  violation  of  the  precepts 
of  the  first  table.  Before  the  close  of  the  sum 
mer  he  was  obliged  to  retire  to  Plymouth,  where 
he  preached  as  an  assistant  to  Mr.  Smith  about 
two  years.  In  1633  he  returned  to  Salem,  and, 
after  the  death  of  Mr.  Skelton  in  1634,  was  the 
sole  minister  of  the  church.  His  peculiar  senti 
ments  and  conduct  soon  brought  him  before  the 
court,  where  he  was  accused  of  asserting  that 
offences  against  the  first  table  of  the  law  ought 
not  to  be  punished,  unless  they  disturbed  the 
public  peace ;  that  an  oath  ought  not  to  be  ten 
dered  to  an  unregenerate  man ;  that  a  Christian 
should  not  pray  with  the  unregenerate  ;  and  that 
thanks  ought  not  to  be  given  after  the  sacrament, 
nor  after  meat.  He  asserted  that  the  Massachu 
setts  patent  was  invalid  and  unjust,  because  a  fair 
purchase  had  not  been  made  of  the  Indians.  He 
even  refused  to  commune  with  the  members  of 
his  own  church,  unless  they  would  separate  from 
the  polluted  and  anti-Christian  churches  of  New 
England.  As  he  could  not  be  induced  to  retract 
any  of  his  opinions,  sentence  of  banishment  was 


860 


WILLIAMS. 


WILLIAMS. 


passed  upon  him  in  1635.  He  obtained  permis 
sion  to  remain  till  spring ;  but,  as  he  persisted  in 
preaching  in  his  own  house,  orders  were  sent  in 
Jan.,  1636,  to  seize  him  and  send  him  to  England. 
He  escaped,  and  went  with  four  of  his  friends  to 
Seekhonck,  now  llehoboth,  and  crossing  the  river 
laid  the  foundation  of  a  town,  which,  in  acknowl 
edgment  of  God's  goodness  to  him,  he  called 
Providence.  His  early  associates  were  John 
Throckmorton,  William  Arnold,  William  Harris, 
Stukley  AVescot,  John  Greene,  Thomas  Olney, 
Richard  Waterman, Thomas  James,  Robert  Cole, 
William  Carpenter,  Francis  Weston,  and  Ezekiel 
Holliman.  lie  purchased  the  land  honestly  of 
the  Indians;  and,  while  he  enjoyed  liberty  of  con 
science  himself,  he  granted  it  to  others.  Having 
embraced  the  sentiments  of  the  Baptists,  he  was 
baptized  in  March,  1639,  by  one  of  his  brethren, 
and  he  then  baptized  Ezekiel  Holliman,  and  ten 
others.  But  he  soon  entertained  doubts  respect 
ing  the  correctness  of  his  principles  ;  the  church, 
which  he  had  formed,  was  dissolved ;  and  he 
came  to  the  conclusion  that  baptism  ought  not 
to  be  administered  in  any  mode  without  a  revela 
tion  from  heaven.  At  this  period  he  studied  the 
Indian  language,  and  used  his  endeavors  to 
impart  to  the  savages  the  blessings  of  the  gospel. 
In  1643  he  went  to  England  as  agent  for 
the  colonists,  to  procure  an  act  confirming  their 
voluntary  government.  He  obtained  a  charter, 
and,  returning  with  it,  landed  at  Boston  in  Sept., 
1644.  Though  he  was  still  under  the  sentence 
of  banishment,  a  letter  of  recommendation  from 
some  of  the  principal  members  of  parliament 
secured  him  from  any  interruption  on  his  way 
to  Providence.  In  1651  he  went  again  as  agent 
for  the  colony  to  England,  and  continued  there  till 
1654.  On  his  return  he  was  chosen  president  of 
the  government,  in  which  station  he  was  continued 
till  1657,  when  Benedict  Arnold  was  appointed. 
Being  zealous  against  the  Quakers,  he  in  1672 
held  a  public  dispute  with  three  of  their  most 
eminent  preachers,  which  occupied  three  days  at 
Newport  and  one  day  at  Providence.  Of  this 
dispute  he  afterwards  published  an  account.  His 
memory  is  deserving  of  lasting  honor  for  the 
correctness  of  his  opinions  respecting  liberty  of 
conscience,  and  for  the  generous  toleration  which 
he  established.  So  superior  was  he  to  the  mean 
ness  of  revenge,  and  such  was  his  magnanimity, 
that  he  exerted  all  his  influence  with  the  Indians 
in  favor  of  Massachusetts,  and  ever  evinced  the 
greatest  friendship  for  the  colony  from  which  he 
had  been  driven.  For  some  of  its  principal  men 
he  preserved  the  highest  affection,  and  main 
tained  a  correspondence  with  them.  In  his  con 
troversial  writings,  especially  with  Mr.  Cotton, 
respecting  toleration,  he  shows  himself  a  master 
of  argument.  His  talents  were  of  a  superior 
order.  In  the  religious  doctrines  which  he 


embraced,  he  seems  to  have  been  remarkably 
consistent.  The  Scriptures  he  read  in  the  origi 
nals.  Though  his  writings  and  his  conduct  in 
the  latter  period  of  his  life  evince  that  he  was 
under  the  influence  of  the  Christian  spirit ;  yet 
his  mind  was  so  shrouded  in  doubt  and  uncer 
tainty,  that  he  lived  in  the  neglect  of  the  ordi 
nances  of  the  gospel.  He  did  not  contend,  like 
the  Quakers,  that  they  were  superseded,  but 
found  himself  incapable  of  determining  to  what 
church  it  was  his  duty  to  unite  himself.  He 
would  pray  and  preach  with  all  who  would  hear 
him,  of  whatever  denomination.  If  his  conscience 
had  been  enlightened,  one  would  suppose  it  must 
have  reproved  him  for  not  partaking  of  the  sa 
crament  also  with  different  sects.  His  first  bap 
tism  he  appears  to  have  renounced,  not  so  much 
because  he  was  dissatisfied  with  the  time  or  the 
mode  of  its  administration,  as  because  it  was 
received  in  the  church  of  England,  which  he 
deemed  anti-Christian.  He  published  a  key  to 
the  language  of  America,  or  a  help  to  the  tongue 
of  the  New  England  Indians,  8vo.,  1643,  which 
has  been  reprinted  in  the  collections  of  the  Mas 
sachusetts  historical  society  ;  an  answer  to  Mr. 
Cotton's  letter  concerning  the  power  of  the  mag 
istrate  in  matters  of  religion ;  the  bloody  tenet  of 
persecution  for  the  cause  of  conscience,  1644  ;  the 
bloody  tenet  yet  more  bloody  by  Mr.  Cotton's 
endeavor  to  wash  it  white  in  the  blood  of  the 
Lamb,  etc.,  to  which  is  added  a  letter  to  Mr. 
Endicott,  4to.,  1652 ;  the  hireling  ministry  none 
of  Christ's,  or  a  discourse  on  the  propagation  of 
the  gospel  of  Christ  Jesus  ;  experiments  of  spir 
itual  life  and  health,  and  their  preservatives, 
London,  1652;  George  Fox  digged  out  of  his 
burrows,  1676,  which  was  written  against  Fox 
and  Burrows,  and  gives  an  account  of  his  dispute 
with  the  Quakers.  An  answer  to  it  was  published 
in  1679,  entitled,  a  New  England  fire-brand 
quenched.  —  Winthrop ;  Magnolia,  VII. ;  Hist. 
Collect. 

WILLIAMS,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  Deerfield, 
Mass.,  died  June  12,  1729,  aged  64.  He  was  the 
grandson  of  Robert,  who  came  to  this  country 
and  settled  in  Roxbury  in  1638.  He  was  the 
son  of  Deacon  Samuel  W. ;  was  born  in  Rox 
bury,  Dec.  10,  1664  ;  and  was  graduated  at  Har 
vard  college  in  1683.  In  May,  1686,  he  was  or 
dained  at  Deerfield,  a  frontier  town,  much  exposed 
to  the  incursions  of  the  savages.  In  the  beginning 
of  1704  information  was  received  from  Col. 
Schuyler  of  Albany  of  the  designs  of  the  enemy 
against  Deerfield,  and  the  government,  at  the  soli 
citation  of  Mr.  W.,  ordered  twenty  soldiers  as  a 
guard.  In  the  night  of  Feb.  28th,  the  watch 
patroled  the  streets,  but  before  morning  they 
went  to  sleep.  Three  hundred  French  and 
Indians,  who  had  been  hovering  about  the  town, 
when  they  perceived  all  to  be  quiet,  surprised  the 


WILLIAMS. 


WILLIAMS. 


861 


garrison  house.  A  party  of  them  then  broke 
into  the  house  of  Mr.  W.,  who,  as  soon  as  he  was 
awakened,  snatched  the  pistol  from  the  tester, 
and  put  it  to  the  breast  of  the  first  Indian  that 
approached,  but  it  missed  fire.  The  savages 
seized  and  bound  him.  Two  of  his  children,  and 
a  negro  woman  of  his  family,  were  taken  to  the 
door  and  murdered.  His  wife,  the  only  daugh 
ter  of  Mr.  Mather  of  Northampton,  and  all  his 
children,  excepting  his  eldest  son,  with  himself 
were  compelled  immediately  to  begin  their  march 
towards  Canada.  In  wading  a  small  river  on 
the  second  day,  Mrs.  W.,  who  had  scarcely  recov 
ered  from  a  late  confinement,  fell  down ;  and  soon 
afterwards  an  Indian  killed  her  with  his  hatchet. 
About  twenty  other  prisoners  were  murdered, 
because  their  strength  began  to  fail  them.  At 
length,  after  witnessing  the  most  agonizing  scenes 
during  a  journey  of  three  hundred  miles,  he 
arrived  in  Canada.  Here  new  trials  awaited  him, 
for  every  exertion  was  made  to  convert  this  heretic 
to  popery.  His  Indian  master,  after  seeing  the 
inefficacy  of  other  methods,  lifted  his  hatchet 
over  the  head  of  his  prisoner,  and  threatened  to 
kill  him,  if  he  did  not  instantly  cross  himself  and 
kiss  a  crucifix ;  but  Mr.  W.  was  governed  by  too 
elevated  principles  to  be  made  to  violate  conscience 
from  regard  to  his  life.  He  was  redemed  in  1706. 
One  of  his  daughters  he  was  unable  to  bring 
with  him.  She  had  become  assimilated  to  the 
Indians,  and  afterwards  married  one  of  them  and 
embraced  the  Rom  an  Catholic  religion.  Settling 
again  in  Deerfield  he  continued  in  that  place  till 
his  death.  He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Ashley. 
His  three  eldest  sons,  Eleazar,  Stephen,  and  "War- 
ham,  were  ministers  of  Mansfield,  Springfield,  and 
Watertown,  and  were  highly  respected  and  useful. 
He  published  warnings  to  the  unclean,  a  sermon 
at  the  execution  of  Sarah  Smith  at  Springfield, 
1698 ;  a  sermon  at  Boston  lecture  after  his  re 
turn  from  Canada;  God  in  the  camp,  1707;  the 
redeemed  captive,  12mo.,  which  gives  a  minute 
account  of  his  sufferings,  and  has  passed  through 
several  editions  ;  a  serious  word  to  the  posterity 
of  holy  men,  calling  upon  them  to  exalt  their 
fathers'  God,  being  the  abstract  of  a  number  of 
sermons.  —  Foxcroffs  Sermons  ;  Sprague. 

WILLIAMS,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Hatfield, 
Mass.,  died  suddenly  in  1741,  aged  76.  He  was 
the  son  of  Isaac  of  Newton,  and  grandson  of 
Robert  of  Roxbury,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1683,  in  a  class  of  three,  one  of  whom  was  his 
cousin,  Rev.  John  W.  From  1685  he  was  pastor, 
as  the  successor  of  N.  Chauncy,  fifty-six  years  till 
his  death,  and  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Woodbridsre. 

•j  o 

His  predecessor  was  Mr.  Atherton.  His  notions 
of  church  music  differ  from  those  of  the  present 
age.  In  a  sermon  at  Watertown  in  1723  he  says, 
that  the  practices  of  a  corrupt  church  are  to  be 
condemned,  "  as  burning  of  caudles,  instrumental 


music,  sacred  vestments,  etc."  His  first  wife 
was  Eliza,  daughter  of  Rev.  Seaborn  Cotton,  by 
whom  he  had  sons,  who  were  ministers,  —  William 
of  Weston  and  rector  Elisha ;  his  second  wife 
was  Christian,  daughter  of  Rev.  S.  Stoddard,  by 
whom  he  had  two  sons,  Rev.  Dr.  Solomon  and 
Israel.  A  daughter  married  Rev.  J.  Ashley.  He 
preached  a  half-century  sermon  from  his  ordina 
tion  ;  and  so  also  did  his  son,  Solomon ;  his 
grandson,  Eliphalet  of  East  Hartford ;  and  his 
great-grandson,  Solomon  of  Northampton.  He 
was  a  man  of  distinguished  talents.  He  pub 
lished  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Stephen 
Williams,  1716;  of  Warham  Williams,  1723; 
of  Nehemiah  Bull,  1726 ;  obligation  of  parents 
to  transmit  religion,  1721;  of  baptism;  the 
great  salvation  explained  in  several  sermons,  1717; 
election  sermon,  1719;  convention  sermon,  1726; 
on  the  death  of  S.  Stoddard,  1729 ;  the  duty  and 
interest  of  a  Christian  people  to  be  steadfast ; 
directions  to  obtain  a  true  converson,  1736. 

WILLLVMS,  ELEAZAR,  first  minister  of  Mans 
field,  Conn.,  the  eldest  son  of  Rev.  John  W.,  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1708;  was  or 
dained  in  1710;  and  died  Sept.  21,  1742,  aged 
33.  He  published  the  election  sermon,  1723 ; 
sinners  invited  to  Christ,  three  sermons,  1735. 

WILLIAMS,  WARHAM,  minister  of  Water- 
town,  Mass.,  west  precinct,  now  Waltham,  died 
in  1751,  aged  52.  The  son  of  Rev.  John  of 
Deerfield,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1719,  and 
was  ordained  in  1723.  As  he  was  preaching  he 
was  struck  with  palsy,  four  months  before  his 
death.  —  Sprague. 

WILLIAMS,  EBEXEZER,  first  minister  of  Pom- 
fret,  Conn.,  died  March,  1753,  aged  62.  The 
son  of  Deacon  Samuel  W.  of  Roxbury,  and 
nephew  of  Rev.  John,  he  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1709,  and  was  ordained  in  1715.  His  wife  was 
Penelope  Chester,  the  daughter  of  John  C.  of 
Wethersfield.  He  was  a  good  scholar,  and  exerted 
an  influence  for  good.  In  his  last  days  he  be 
came  very  corpulent,  so  that  he  could  not  reach 
his  feet.  —  Sprague. 

WILLIAMS,  CHESTER,  minister  of  Hadley, 
died  in  1753,  aged  36.  The  son  of  Rev.  Eben- 
ezer  of  Pomfret,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1735, 
and  was  a  tutor,  and  was  ordained  about  Jan., 
1741.  He  succeeded  Mr.  Chauncy  and  was  suc 
ceeded  by  Dr.  Hopkins.  His  wife  was  Sarah, 
daughter  of  Eleazer  Porter  of  Hadley. — 
Sprague. 

WILLIAMS,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Weston, 
Mass.,  the  son  of  Rev.  W.  W.  of  Hatfield,  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1705,  and  died 
in  1753,  aged  about  68.  His  wife,  a  daughter  of 
Rev.  S.  Stoddard,  was  the  sister  of  his  father's 
second  wife.  As  his  widow  she  married  William 
Smith  of  New  York.  He  published  a  sermon  at 
the  ordination  of  D.  Hall,  Suttou,  1729;  at  the 


862 


WILLIAMS. 


artillery  election,  1737  ;  on  the  execution  of  P. 
Kennison  for  burglary,  1738;  on  saving  faith; 
at  the  election,  1741;  on  the  death  of  Caleb 
Lyman,  1742;  of  his  wife,  1745.  —  Sprague. 

WILLIAMS,  EPHRAIM,  colonel,  founder  of 
Williams  college,  died  in  1755,  aged  40.  He  was 
born  in  1715,  was  the  son  of  E.  AV.  of  Newton, 
who  was  afterwards  one  of  the  first  settlers  of 
Stockbridge.  In  early  life  he  made  several  voy 
ages  to  Europe.  Possessing  uncommon  military 
talents,  in  the  war  between  England  and  France 
from  1740  to  1748  he  found  opportunity  to  exert 
them.  The  command  of  the  line  of  the  Massa 
chusetts  forts  on  the  west  side  of  Connecticut 
river  was  intrusted  to  him.  At  this  period  he 
resided  chiefly  at  Hoosac  fort,  which  stood  on  the 
bank  of  Hoosac  river  in  Adams,  and  he  also  com 
manded  a  small  fort  at  Williamstown,  three  or 
four  miles  distant.  In  1755  he  took  the  command 
of  a  regiment  and  joined  Gen.  Johnson.  Sept. 
8th,  he  was  sent  out  at  the  head  of  one  thousand 
men  with  about  two  hundred  Indians  to  skirmish 
with  the  enemy  near  lake  George.  He  was  am 
buscaded,  and  in  the  action  was  killed.  His  party 
retreated  to  the  main  body,  and  in  another  en 
gagement  on  the  same  day  the  enemy  were 
repulsed,  and  Baron  Dieskau  taken  prisoner. 
He  was  a  brave  soldier,  and  was  beloved  by  his 
troops.  He  was  aifable  and  facetious.  His 
politeness  and  address  gained  him  great  influence 
in  the  general  court.  He  bequeathed  his  prop 
erty  to  the  establishment  of  a  free  school  in  the 
township  west  of  fort  Massachusetts,  on  the  con 
dition  that  the  town  should  be  called  Williams- 
town.  In  1785  trustees  were  appointed;  in  1791 
the  school  was  opened  ;  and  in  1793  it  was  incor 
porated  as  a  college,  under  the  presidency  of  Dr. 
Eitch.  It  is  now  a  flourishing  seminary,  which 
does  honor  to  the  munificence  of  its  founder,  and 
to  the  liberality  of  the  general  court,  which  has 
patronized  it.  —  Coll.  Hist.  Soc. 

WILLIAMS,  ELISHA,  president  of  Yale  col 
lege,  died  July  24, 1755,  aged  60.  The  son  of  Rev. 
W.  W.  of  Hatfield,  he  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1711.  He  was  the  minister  of  New- 
ington  in  Wether sfield,  Conn.  In  1726  he  was 
inaugurated  president  in  the  place  of  Dr.  Cutler ; 
but  his  impaired  health  induced  him  in  Oct.,  1739, 
to  resign  his  office,  and  Mr.  Clap  succeeded  him. 
He  now  lived  at  Wethersfield  and  was  soon  made 
a  justice  of  the  superior  court.  In  1745  he  went 
as  chaplain  in  the  expedition  against  Cape 
Breton.  In  the  following  year  he  was  appointed 
colonel  of  a  regiment  on  the  proposed  expedition 
against  Canada.  He  afterwards  went  to  Eng 
land,  where  he  married  a  lady  of  superior  accom 
plishments.  He  died  at  Wethersfield.  Dr.  Dod- 
dridge,  who  was  intimately  acquainted  with  him, 
represents  him  as  uniting  in  his  character "  an 
ardent  sense  of  religion,  solid  learning,  consum- 


WILLIAMS. 

mate  prudence,  great  candor  and  sweetness  of 
temper,  and  a  certain  nobleness  of  soul,  capable 
of  contriving  and  acting  the  greatest  things, 
without  seeming  to  be  conscious  of  his  having 
done  them."  He  presided  at  commencements 
with  great  dignity.  He  married  first  Eunice, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Chester,  a  grandson  of 
Leonard;  next  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Ilev. 
Thomas  Scott  of  Norwich,  England.  Few  men 
have  been  subjected  to  such  heavy  afflictions ;  yet 
he  bore  them  as  a  Christian.  Soon  after  1740  he 
was  bereaved  of  his  eldest  son,  who  was  liberally 
educated  and  of  rare  endowments ;  then  of  his 
eldest  daughter, gifted  and  eminently  pious;  then 
of  his  youngest  son,  a  graduate  of  Yale,  of  great 
promise.  About  1750  he  lost  a  daughter  of  ami 
able  and  engaging  qualities,  and  soon  afterwards 
his  beloved  wife  was  taken  away  from  him.  He 
published  a  sermon  on  divine  grace,  1727  ;  on  the 
death  of  T.  Ruggles,  1728 ;  the  rights  and  lib 
erties  of  Protestants,  1744.  —  Clap's  Hist,  of 
Tale  College;  Sprague. 

WILLL\MS,  SOLOMON,  D.  D.,  minister  of 
Lebanon,  Conn.,  the  son  of  W.  W.,of  Hatfield, 
was  born  in  Jan.,  1701,  and  graduated  at  Har 
vard  college  in  1719.  He  was  ordained  Dec.  5, 
1722,  and  died  Feb.  29,  1776,  in  the  76th  year  of 
his  age  and  the  54th  of  his  ministry,  having  been 
one  of  the  distinguished  men  of  his  day.  His 
wife  was  Mary  Porter  of  Hadley.  He  published 
a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Jacob  Eliot,  1730; 
on  the  death  of  J.  Woodward,  1741  ;  of  John 
Robinson,  1739  ;  of  Rev.  Eleazer  Williams,  1743  ; 
of  Rev.  J.  Meacham,  1752 ;  of  Rev.  Ebenezer 
Williams,  1753;  of  Faith  Huntington,  1775;  on 
a  day  of  prayer ;  election  sermon,  1741 ;  the 
more  excellent  way,  against  enthusiasm,  1742; 
Christ  the  king  and  witness  of  the  truth,  1744; 
a  vindication  of  the  Scripture  doctrine  of  justify 
ing  faith,  in  answer  to  A.  Croswell,  1746  ;  the 
true  state  of  the  question  concerning  the  qualifi 
cations  for  communion,  in  answer  to  J.  Edwards, 
1751;  for  success  in  arms,  1759;  half-century 
sermon,  1772.  —  Sprague. 

WILLIAMS,  STEPHEN,  D.  D.,  first  minister  of 
Longmeadow,  died  June  10,  1782,  aged  89,  in 
the  66th  year  of  his  ministry.  The  son  of  Rev. 
John  W.,  he  was  born  at  Deerfield,  May  14, 
1693,  and  Feb.  29,  1704,  was  carried  captive  by 
the  Indians  to  Canada,  whence  he  returned  Nov. 
21,  1705.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1713,  and  ordained  over  the  second  church  of 
Springfield,  now  Longmeadow,  Oct.  17,  1716.  In 
1745  he  went  to  Louisburg  as  a  chaplain  under 
Pepperrell,  and  in  1755  he  went  to  Lake  Cham- 
plain  in  the  same  capacity  under  Sir  W.  Johnson, 
and  in  1756  under  Winslow.  By  the  officers  and 
soldiers,  he  was  held  in  esteem  and  honor.  By 
his  first  wife,  Abigail  Davenport,  he  had  seven 
children,  three  of  whom  were  ministers  ;  all  pres- 


WILLIAMS. 

ent  at  his  funeral ;  his  son  Stephen  was  minister 
of  Woodstock,  Warham  of  Northford,  and  Nathan 
of  Tolland.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  John 
Davenport  of  Stamford  and,  sister  of  Ilev.  John 
D.  Probably  he  was  the  principal  means  of 
sending  a  missionary  to  the  Houssatohnoc  Indi 
ans,  for,  Sept.  9,  1734,  he  went  to  New  Haven 
and  engaged  John  Sergeant  for  that  service.  He 
published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  John 
Keep,  Sheffield,  1772.  —  Spr ague's  Annals. 

WILLIAMS,  ABRAHAM,  minister  of  Sandwich, 
Mass.,  died  in  1784,  aged  58.  Born  in  Marlbo- 
rough,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1744,  and 
was  ordained  in  1749.  He  published  convention 
sermon,  1757. —  Sprague. 

WILLIAMS,  EUNICE,  a  captive  among  the  In 
dians,  died  in  Canada  about  1786,  aged  90.  She 
was  the  daughter  of  Itev.  John  W.,  of  Deerfield, 
born  in  1696,  and  carried  captive  with  her  father 
in  her  8th  year.  She  soon  forgot  the  English 
language,  became  conformed  to  Indian  habits, 
and  married  an  Indian,  named  John  De  Rogers. 
She  could  not  be  persuaded  to  return  to  civilized 
life.  In  1740  she  visited  her  brother  Stephen  at 
Longmeadow ;  and  she  made  subsequent  visits.  — 
S  prague's  Annals. 

WILLIAMS,  WARHAM,  minister  of  Northford 
society  in  Branford,  Conn.,  died  in  1788,  aged  62. 
The  son  of  Rev.  Dr.  Stephen  W.,  he  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1745;  was  a  tutor  four  years;  and 
was  ordained  the  first  pastor  at  N.  in  1750.  By 
his  wife,  Ann,  the  daughter  of  Rev.  S.  Hall  of 
Cheshire,  he  had  twelve  children.  His  second 
wife  was  the  widow  of  Col.  Whiting  of  New 
Haven.  He  was  a  scholar  and  a  solid  divine, 
being  ranked  "  among  the  weighty  characters  in 
the  ministry."  At  the  close  of  life  he  cherished 
a  humble  hope  as  to  the  future,  but  "  with  trem 
bling." —  Sprague's  Annals. 

WILLIAMS,  SIMON,  minister  of  Windham, 
N.  H.,  died  in  1793,  aged  64.  Born  in  Ireland, 
he  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1763,  and  was  or 
dained  in  1766. 

WILLIAMS,  OTHO  HOLLAND,  colonel,  died 
in  1794,  aged  45.  Born  in  Maryland,  he  wa 
a  brave  officer  in  the  Revolutionary  war  ;  held  a 
command  in  the  Maryland  line ;  and  was  deputy 
adjutant-general  of  the  American  army.  At 
the  capture  of  fort  Washington  he  was  taken 
prisoner.  In  the  retreat  of  Greene  from  South 
Carolina  to  Virginia,  in  the  beginning  of  1781,  he 
was  intrusted  with  the  command  of  the  light 
corps  in  the  place  of  Gen.  Morgan,  who  was  in 
disposed,  and  by  his  manoeuvres  he  greatl) 
embarrassed  Cornwallis  in  his  pursuit.  After  the 
war  he  resided  at  Baltimore.  He  was  a  firm  anc 
disinterested  patriot  as  well  as  a  gallant  soldier 
In  the  relations  of  private  life  his  conduct  securec 
esteem. 


WILLIAMS. 


863 


WILLIAMS,  JOHN,  a  Baptist  minister  in  Vir 
ginia,  died  in  1795,  aged  48.  He  was  born  in 
flanover.  He  had  the  care  of  Merwin  church. 
He  had  fourteen  children.  His  appearance  was 
noble  and  majestic. 

WILLIAMS,  NEHEMIAH, minister  of  Brimfield, 
Mass.,  died  in  1796,  aged  about  47.  The  son  of 
Chester  Williams,  minister  of  Hadley,  he  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1769.  He  was 
ordained  Feb.  9,  1775.  As  a  preacher  he  was 
distinguished  for  the  energy  and  pathos  with 
which  his  discourses  were  delivered.  His  life  was 
most  holy  and  benevolent,  but  on  his  dying  bed 
be  declared  that  his  hope  of  salvation  rested 
wholly  upon  the  free  and  sovereign  mercy  of  God 
through  Jesus  Christ.  At  the  moment  of  his 
departure  he  cried,  "I  have  finished  my  course 
with  joy,"  and,  clasping  his  hands  as  in  devotion, 
expired"  without  a  struggle.  A  posthumous  vol 
ume  of  twenty- four  sermons  was  published.  — 
N.  Y.  TJieol.  Mag. 

WILLIAMS,  EBENEZER,  minister  of  Falmouth, 
Me.,  died  in  1799,  aged  about  60.  Born  in  Rox- 
bury,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1760 ;  succeeded 
Mr.  Wiswall  in  1765  ;  and  in  1798  was  succeeded 
by  Mr.  Miltimore. 

WILLIAMS,  SIMON  F.,  first  minister  of  Mere 
dith,  N.  H.,  died  in  1800,  aged  about  40.  He 
graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1785,  and  was  pastor 
from  1792  to  1798 ;  and  was  succeeded  by  D. 
Smith  and  F.  Norwood. 

WILLIAMS,  ELIPHALET,  D.  D.,  minister  of 
East  Hartford,  Conn.,  died  in  1803,  aged  76. 
The  son  of  Rev.  Solomon,  he  was  born  at  Leba 
non  Feb.  21,1727;  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1743 ;  and  was  ordained  in  March,  1748.  His 
predecessor,  S.  Woodbridge,  was  minister  from 
1705  to  1746 ;  his  successors  were  Yates,  ordained 
in  1801,  Fairchild,  and  Mead.  His  wife  was  the 
daughter  of  Rev.  Warham  W.  Two  of  his  sons 
were  ministers,  Solomon  W.  of  Northampton,  and 
Elisha  W.  of  Beverly.  Few  ministers  live,  as  he 
lived,  to  preach  a  half-century  sermon  from  the 
time  of  ordination.  He  was  an  eminent  minister 
and  an  exemplary  Christian,  and  had  an  unblem 
ished  reputation.  He  published  a  sermon  on 
account  of  the  earthquake,  1755;  at  a  thanksgiv 
ing,  1760  ;  at  the  election,  1769 ;  on  the  death  of 
Gov.  Pitkin,  1769. 

WILLIAMS,  WILLIAM,  died  at  Dalton,Mass., 
in  1808,  aged  74.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1 754, 
and  was  clerk  of  the  common  pleas  of  Hamp 
shire  county  until  1775.  He  was  a  venerable 
Christian.  He  married  Dorothy,  daughter  of 
Rev.  Jonathan  Ashley,  who  died  in  1833,  aged 
89.  His  father,  Israel  of  Hatfield,  died  in  1823, 
aged  79. 

WILLIAMS,  HENRY,  first  minister  of  Leverett, 
Mass.,  died  in  1811,  aged  67.  Born  in  Stoning- 


8G1 


WILLIAMS. 


WILLIAMS. 


ton,  Conn.,  he  received  an  honorary  degree  from 
Dartmouth  in  1782.  He  was  settled  in  1784. 

WILLIAMS,  WILLIAM,  a  patriot  of  the  Revo 
lution,  died  Aug.  2,  1811,  aged  80.  The  son  of 
Rev.  Solomon  W.,  he  was  born  at  Lebanon,  Conn., 
April  8,  1731,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col 
lege  in  1751.  In  1755  he  belonged  to  the  staff 
of  Col.  Ephraim  Williams,  and  was  engaged  in 
the  battle  of  lake  George.  In  1776  and  1777  he 
was  a  member  of  congress  and  signed  the  decla 
ration  of  independence.  In  his  zealous  patriot 
ism  he  made  great  efforts  and  sacrifices  for  the 
liberties  of  his  country.  His  wife  was  a  daugh 
ter  of  Gov.  Trumbull.  His  surviving  son  lived  in 
Lebanon.  His  last  days  were  devoted  to  reading, 
meditation,  and  prayer.  From  his  youth  till  his 
death,  he  was  a  deacon  of  the  church  and  an 
exemplary  Christian.  —  Goodrich. 

WILLIAMS,  BENJAMIN,  governor  of  North 
Carolina,  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution,  was  for 
some  years  a  member  of  congress.  He  was  gov 
ernor  from  1799  to  1802,  and  again  in  1807,  and 
uied  July  20,  1814. 

WILLIAMS,  JONATHAN,  brigadier-general,  was 
born  in  Boston  in  1752.  For  many  years  he  was 
at  the  head  of  the  engineer  corps  of  the  army. 
He  was  also  a  member  of  congress.  He  died  at 
Philadelphia  in  May,  1815,  aged  G3.  He  pub 
lished  a  memoir  on  the  use  of  the  thermometer 
in  navigation,  1799;  elements  of  fortification, 
transl.,  1801 ;  Kosciusko's  manoeuvres  for  horse 
artillery,  transl.,  1808. 

WILLIAMS,  THOMAS,  Dr.,  died  at  Roxbury, 
Mass.,  in  1815,  aged  70. 

WILLIAMS,  AVERT,  minister  of  Lexington, 
Mass.,  died  in  1816,  aged  about  34.  Born  in 
Guilford,Vt.,he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1804, 
and  was  pastor  after  J.  Clark  from  1807  to  1815. 
C.  Briggs  was  his  successor. 

WILLIAMS,  SAMUEL,  LL.  D.,  an  historian, 
died  in  Rutland,  Vt.,  1817,  aged  73.  He  was  the 
son  of  Rev.  Warham  W.  of  Waltham,  Mass. ; 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1761 ;  and 
ordained  the  minister  o*Bradford  Nov.  20,  1765. 
He  was  professor  of  mathematics  at  Harvard  col 
lege  from  1780  till  1788,  when  he  resigned  and 
removed  to  Rutland,  where  he  preached  from 
1789  to  1795.  For  some  years  he  was  the  editor 
and  proprietor  of  the  Rutland  Herald.  He  pub 
lished  two  sermons  on  regeneration,  1766;  at 
ordination  of  T.  Barnard,  1773  ;  of  J.  Prince, 
1780  ;  on  the  love  of  country,  1775 ;  at  the  elec 
tion,  1794;  evidence  of  personal  religion,  1799; 
love  of  country,  1799;  before  the  centre  lodge; 
the  natural  and  civil  history  of  Vermont,  in  8vo., 
1794 ;  second  edit,  in  2  vols.  1809 ;  a  masonic 
discourse,  and  several  scientific  papers. — 
Spr  ague's  Annals. 

WLLLIAMS,  THOMAS,  Dr.,  died  in  Lebanon, 
Conn.,  in  1819,  aged  83.  He  was  the  son  of 


Rev.  Dr.  Solomon  W.,  of  Lebanon  ;  was  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  in  1756;  and  spent  his  life  as  a 
practising  physician. 

WILLIAMS,  ISAAC,  died  Sept.  25,  1820,  aged 
84,  strong  in  the  faith  of  a  blessed  immortality, 
and  rich  in  good  deeds.  He  was  born  in  Chester 
county,  Pa.  At  the  age  of  18  lie  served  as  a 
ranger  and  spy  in  the  army  of  Braddock.  He 
settled  west  of  the  mountains  in  1769,  in  the  west 
of  Virginia.  He  made  money  by  the  entries  of 
lands  in  a  singular  way.  By  girdling  a  few  trees 
and  planting  a  patch  of  corn  an  entry  was  made; 
and  thus  he  sold  many  lots  of  four  hundred  acres 
each  very  cheap  to  new-comers.  Then  the  owner 
by  paying  a  small  sum  into  the  treasury  gained 
the  right  of  entering  one  thousand  acres  adjoin 
ing.  His  last  residence  and  plantation  was  oppo 
site  the  mouth  of  the  Muskingum  on  the  Vir 
ginia  side  of  the  Ohio.  Of  course  he  was  likely 
to  hold  slaves.  He  was  so  generous,  that  once  in 
a  scarcity  he  sold  hundreds  of  bushels  of  corn  to 
his  suffering  Ohio  neighbors  at  fifty  cents  a 
bushel,  when  he  was  offered  by  speculators  three 
times  that  sum.  The  way  by  which  he  acquired 
his  fine  farm  was  this.  In  1773  his  wife's  brother, 
named  Tomlinson,  in  reward  of  her  services  as 
housekeeper,  chose  four  hundred  acres  opposite 
the  Muskingum,  girdled  four  acres,  fenced  and 
planted  it  with  corn,  and  gave  it  to  her.  After 
thirteen  years  he  determined  to  occupy  it,  and 
built  his  cabin.  The  spot  is  still  in  the  possession 
of  her  descendants.  Mr.  W's  adventures  are 
described  by  Ilildreth. 

WILLIAMS,  WILLIAM,  a  Baptist  minister,  died 
at  Wrentham,  Mass.,  in  1822,  aged  about  75. 
Born  in  Pa.,  he  graduated  in  the  first  class,  1769, 
at  Brown  university. 

WILLIAMS,  SAMUEL  PORTER,  minister  of 
Newburyport,  died  in  1826,  aged  46.  A  descen 
dant  of  Rev.  Sol.  W.,  he  was  born  at  Wethers- 
field,  Conn.,  Feb.  22, 1779;  graduated  at  Yale  col 
lege  in  1796  ;  and,  after  being  engaged  in  a  mer 
cantile  employment,  studied  theology  with  Dr. 
Dwight,  and  was  ordained  at  Mansfield  Jan.  1, 
1807.  After  being  dismissed  Sept.  7,  1817,  he 
preached  two  years  at  Northampton,  and  then 
succeeded  Dr.  Dana  at  Newburyport  Feb.  8,  1821. 
A  volume  of  sermons,  with  a  print  and  a  sketch 
of  his  life,  was  published  in  8vo.,  1827. 

WILLIAMS,  OTHO  L.,  a  Methodist  minister, 
died  at  Winchester,  Va.,  in  1828,  aged  45. 

WILLIAMS,  NATHAN,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Tol- 
land,  Conn.,  died  April  15,  1829,  aged  93.  The 
son  of  Rev.  Stephen  W.  of  Longmeadow,  born 
in  1735,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1755,  was  or 
dained  at  Tolland  in  1760,  and  retired  from  his 
active  duties  about  1814.  His  widow,  Mary  Hall 
of  Wallingford,  died  March  9,  1833,  aged  95. 
Dr.  Sprague  gives  his  remembrance  of  him.  His 
was  one  of  the  lingering  white  wigs  remembered. 


WILLIAMS. 

In  prayer  he  often  said,  "  we  earnestly  pray," 
pronouncing  the  first  syllable  of  earnestly  as  air. 
He  was  cheerful  but  dignified,  and  full  of  anecdote 
in  conversation.  lie  published  the  election  ser 
mon,  1780  ;  at  a  fast,  1793 ;  an  anniversary  of 
independence,  on  death  of  E.  Hall,  1794;  of  Rev. 
N.  Strong,  1795;  a  dialogue  on  baptism  and  dis 
cipline.  —  Sprague's  Annals ;  Puritan  Recorder, 
April  12,  1855. 

WILLIAMS,  WILLIAM  S.,  Dr.,  died  in  Deer- 
field,  Mass.,  in  1829,  aged  67. 

WILLIAMS,  HENRY,  died  in  Boston  in  Oct., 
1830.  He  was  an  eminent  miniature  painter,  and 
he  made  admirable  anatomical  preparations. 

WILLIAMS,  DAVID,  with  Paulding  and  Van 
Wart,  one  of  the  captors  of  Maj.  Andre,  died  at 
Livingstonville,  N.  Y.,  in  Aug.,  1831,  aged  78. 

WILLIAMS,  JOSHUA  L.,  minister  in  Middle- 
town,  Conn.,  died  Dec.  29,  1832,  aged  46.  His 
son,  John  M.  W.,  of  Yale  college,  aged  18,  died 
the  next  day;  on  new  year's  day  both  were  buried 
in  one  grave. 

AVILLIAMS,  ELISHA,  a  distinguished  lawyer, 
died  at  Hudson  June  29,  1833,  aged  59.  He 
was  the  son  of  Col.  Ebenezer  Williams  of  Pom- 
fret,  Conn.,  and  of  Jerusha  Porter,  the  daughter 
of  Col.  Eleazer  Porter  of  Hadley.  Both  his 
father  and  his  uncle,  Rev.  Chester  W.,  married 
sisters.  He  settled  in  Hudson  in  1799. 

WILLIAMS,  NATHANIEL  W.,  died  in  Tennes 
see,  of  the  cholera,  on  board  the  steamboat 
Mount  Vernon,  in  1833,  aged  44.  He  was  a 
wealthy  banker  of  Nashville,  a  man  highly  re 
spected. 

WILLIAMS,  SOLOMON,  the  fifth  minister  of 
Northampton,  Mass.,  died  in  1834,  aged  82.  The 
son  of  Rev.  Eliphalet  W.,  by  his  wife,  the 
daughter  of  Rev.  Elisha  Williams,  his  uncle,  he 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1770.  He  succeeded  in 
1778  Mr.  Hooker,  whose  daughter  he  married, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Tucker  and  Dr. 
Spencer.  There  was  but  one  church  in  N., 
until,  in  the  last  ten  years  of  his  life,  there 
were  formed  the  Unitarian,  Episcopal,  Baptist, 
and  Edwards  churches,  and,  in  about  ten  years 
afterwards,  the  Methodist  and  Catholic  churches. 
His  widow,  Mary,  died  in  1842,  aged  85.  His 
excellent  daughter,  Mary,  died  in  Northamp 
ton  in  1853,  aged  67.  He  published  a  sermon 
on  Christ  the  physician,  1777  ;  three  sermons, 
1799;  to  a  missionary  convention,  1802;  three 
sermons,  1805  ;  historical  sketch  of  Northampton, 
1815.  —  Sprac/ue's  Annals. 

WILLIAMS,  EPHRAIM,  died  at  Deerfield, 
Mass.,  Dec.  27,  1835,  aged  75.  lie  was  at  first  a 
partner  of  Judge  Sedgwick,  and  then  a  leading 
lawyer  in  Berkshire.  He  was  the  first  reporter  of 
the  decisions  of  the  supreme  court.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  senate  and  council.  He  pub 
lished  the  first  volume  of  Mass,  reports. 
109 


WILLIAMS. 


865 


WILLIAMS,  NATHAN,  judge,  died  at  Geneva, 
N.  Y.,  in  1835. 

WILLIAMS,  JOSHUA,  minister  at  Upper  Mid- 
dletown,  Conn.,  died  in  1836,  aged  75.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1780. 

AVILLIAMS,  JOHN  W.,  died  at  Philadelphia 
in  1837,  aged  34.  Born  in  Connecticut,  he  grad 
uated  at  Yale  in  1822.  He  was  a  lawyer,  and  the 
editor  of  the  American  quarterly  review  and  of 
the  National  Gazette. 

WILLIAMS,  JOSHUA,  D.  D.,  minister  of  West 
Pennsborough,  Pa.,  died  in  1838,  aged  71. 

WILLIAMS,  NATHANIEL,  teacher  of  the  Smith 
grammar  school,  Boston,  died  in  1738,  aged  63. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1693,  and  in  1698 
was  ordained  as  an  evangelist  for  one  of  the 
West  India  Islands.  But  the  climate  was  found 
unhealthful.  On  his  return  he  succeeded  Master 
Chcever  ;  he  also  preached,  and  practised  physic. 
He  was  called  "  the  beloved  physican,"  his  voice 
and  countenance  doing  good  like  a  medicine.  He 
wrote  a  pamphlet  on  the  inoculation  for  the 
small  pox. — Eliot's  Biog. 

AVILLIAMS,  ROBKRT,  Dr.,  a  surgeon  in  the 
Revolutionary  army,  died  in  Pitt  county,  N.  C.,  in 
1840,  aged  82;  a  man  highly  respected  for  his 
virtues.  He  was  a  member  of  the  convention 
which  adopted  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States. 

AArILLIAMS,  DAVID,  a  soldier  of  the  Revo 
lution,  died  at  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  in  1841, 
aged  84. 

AVILLIAMS,  SAMUEL,  died  in  Boston  Jan. 
16,  1841,  aged  81  ;  a  Boston  merchant.  He  lived 
in  London  as  a  distinguished  banker  thirty  years. 

AA^ILLIAMS,  JOHN,  a  Baptist  minister,  died  at 
Richfield,  N.  Y.,  in  Aug.,  1843,  aged  100  years 
and  7  months.  He  was  a  great-grandson  of 
Roger  Williams.  Ordained  at  the  age  of  25,  he 
long  preached  in  Foster,  R.  I.  He  was  respected 
as  a  man  of  understanding  and  piety,  and  a 
good  citizen.  He  left  many  descendants,  some 
of  the  fifth  generation. 

AVILLIAMS,  ELISHA  SCOTT,  a  Baptist  minister, 
died  at  Beverly  Feb.  3,  1845,  aged  87.  He  was 
born  at  East  Hartford,  the  son  of  Rev.  Eliphalet 
AV.,  and  graduated  at  Yale  in  1775.  He  published 
a  sermon  before  a  missionary  society.  —  Sprague. 

AATILLIAMS,  JOHN,  the  oldest  counsellor  at 
the  Boston  bar,  died  in  1845,  aged  72;  a  graduate 
of  Harvard  in  1792. 

A\TILLIAMS,  SIDNEY  P.,  M.  D.,  a  physician  in 
Philadelphia,  died  March  5,  1845,  aged  33 ;  the 
only  son  of  Dea.  E.  AViliiams,  of  Northampton, 
Mass.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1829.  AVhen 
an  aged  father  of  wealth  is  thus  made  childless, 
it  has  sometimes  been  seen,  that,  in  the  absence 
of  the  claims  of  family  pride,  the  claims  of  gen 
erous  charity,  in  obedience  to  the  promptings  of 
wisdom  and  benevolence,  have  been  regarded ; 


8GG 


WILLIAMS. 


WILLIAMSON. 


and  thus  great  calamity,  God's  appointment,  glori 
fies  God. 

WILLIAMS,  JOHN,  Dr.,  died  at  Walpole, 
N.  H.,  in  1846,  aged  97.  During  the  war  he  was 
a  physician  in  Hanover,  N.  H.;  then  in  Provi 
dence.  He  was  an  apothecary,  and  physician  at 
Cambridge,  and  made  much  use  of  steam. 

WILLIAMS,  WILLIAM  G.,  captain,  engineer, 
fell  at  Monterey  mortally  wounded,  Sept.  21, 
1846.  He  was  graduated  at  West  Point,  and 
for  twenty-two  years  was  a  topographical  engi 
neer,  being  employed  in  the  Cherokee  country, 
on  the  Niagara,  and  in  Canada  ;  he  was  superin 
tendent  of  harbor  constructions,  and  carried  on 
a  triangular  survey  of  the  lakes.  As  a  painter 
he  was  a  member  of  the  national  academy  of 
design. 

WILLIAMS,  EBEXEZER,  captain,  an  officer  of 
the  Revolution,  died  at  Central  Bridge  in  Scoha- 
rie  co.,  N.  Y.,  July  1,  1847,  aged  98.  The  son  of 
Jonathan  W.  of  Lebanon,  he  entered  the  army  in 
1775,  and  was  in  various  battles.  Through  the 
influence  of  a  pious  mother,  he  reverenced  reli 
gion,  and  was  long  an  exemplary  Christian. 

WILLIAMS,  JOHN  D.,  of  Roxbury  or  Boston, 
died  in  Sept.,  1848.  He  bequeathed  about  50,000 
dollars  to  the  Boston  asylum,  to  the  society  for 
theological  education,  and  the  Mass,  general 
hospital. 

WILLIAMS,  BETSEY,  a  Punkapog  Indian, 
died  at  Stoughton,  Mass.,  Feb.  2, 1848,  aged  100. 

WILLIAMS,  THOMAS,  or  TAHORAGWA- 
NEGEN,  died  Dec.  16,  1848,  atCahnowaga,  near 
Montreal,  aged  89;  a  chief  of  the  Iroquois  nation, 
and  descended  from  Rev.  J.  Williams,  of  Deer- 
field.  In  the  war  of  the  Revolution  he  acted 
with  the  British  at  Bennington  and  Saratoga. 
He  professed  the  Christian  religion,  and  died  re 
spected  and  beloved. 

WILLIAMS,  ABIEL,  minister  of  Dudley,  Mass., 
died  in  1850,  aged  75.  He  graduated  at  Brown 
university  in  1795. 

WILLIAMS,  MARMADUKE,  judge,  died  in 
Tuscaloosa,  Ala., in  1850,  aged  78.  Bornin  North 
Carolina,  he  was  a  member  of  congress  from  1803 
to  1809.  For  several  years  he  was  a  judge  of 
the  county  court  in  Alabama,  until  he  reached  the 
age  of  70. 

WILLIAMS,  THOMAS,  consul  of  Venezuela, 
died  at  New  York  in  1852,  aged  62.  He  was  a 
translator  of  French  novels. 

WILLIAMS,  CHARLES  K.,  LL.  D.,  governor 
of  Vermont,  died  in  Rutland  in  1853,  aged  71. 
Born  in  Cambridge,  the  son  of  Prof.  S.  Williams, 
he  graduated  at  Williams  college  in  1800,  and 
was  many  years  judge,  and  chief-justice  of  the 
supreme  court  of  Vermont.  From  1850  to  1852 
he  was  governor. 

WILLIAMS,  SARAH  P.,  wife  of  William  F. 
W.,  missionary  at  Mosul,  died  July  1,  1854. 


WILLIAMS,  EDWIN,  a  geographer,  died  in 
New  York,  Oct  21,  1854,  aged  58.  He  was  the 
editor  of  Williams'  annual  register  and  the  states 
man's  manual. 

WILLIAMS,  THOMAS  W.,  died  at  New  Lon 
don  Sept.  12,  1855,  aged  40.  He  died  of  a  con 
gestion  of  the  brain,  after  an  illness  of  twenty-four 
hours ;  the  only  son  of  Gen.  William  Williams, 
of  Norwich.  As  an  upright  and  skilful  merchant, 
engaged  extensively  in  the  whale  fisheries,  he 
acquired  great  wealth,  which  chiefly  fell  into  the 
hands  of  his  father,  of  well-known  liberality  and 
charity.  He  himself  was  liberal  and  charitable. 
A  number  of  papers  contained  notices  of  his 
death  and  character,  and  the  sermon  of  Dr. 
Tryon  Edwards  on  his  death,  entitled,  the  future 
unknown,  were  published. 

WILLIAMSON,  HUGH,  M.  D.,  LL.  D.,  a 
physician,  died  in  New  York  in  1819,  aged  83. 
He  was  born  in  West  Nottingham,  Penn.,Dec.  5, 
1735.  From  1760  to  1763  he  was  professor  of 
mathematics  in  the  college  of  Philadelphia.  He 
afterwards  studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh  and 
Utrecht.  On  his  return  he  practised  successfully 
in  Philadelphia.  In  order  to  procure  subscrip 
tions  for  an  academy  at  Newark,  Del.,  he  sailed 
from  Boston  for  London  Dec.  22,  1773,  and  was 
examined  before  the  privy  council  in  Feb.,  1774, 
on  the  subject  of  the  destruction  of  the  tea  at 
Boston.  Dr.  Hosack  and  Thacher  give  a  minute 
account  of  the  manner  in  which  he  at  this  period 
procured  personally  very  adroitly  and  at  great  haz 
ard,  from  a  public  office  in  London,  the  famous  let 
ters  of  Hutchinson  and  Oliver,  which  Franklin  sent 
to  Massachusetts.  The  account  is  fortified  by  let 
ters  of  Bishop  White,  James  Read  and  John 
Adams.  Mr.  Read  received  the  account  from  the 
lips  of  Dr.  Williamson,  and  John  W.,  a  brother, 
confirmed  the  account  to  Dr.  Hosack.  All  this  is 
an  extraordinary  mistake ;  for  those  very  letters 
were  made  public  in  Boston  and  acted  upon  by 
the  legislature  in  June,  1773,  six  months  before 
Dr.  Williamson  set  sail  from  Boston  for  London. 
After  his  return  in  1776  he  resided  in  North  Caro 
lina.  In  1780  he  was  surgeon  in  the  militia 
under  Caswell.  After  the  peace  he  was  for  five 
or  six  years  a  member  of  congress ;  he  also  as 
sisted  in  framing  the  constitution  of  the  U.  S. 
In  his  last  years  he  resided  in  New  York.  He 
published  a  discourse  on  the  benefit  of  civil  his 
tory,  1810;  observations  on  the  climate  of  Amer 
ica,  1811;  history  of  North  Carolina,  2  vols.  8vo., 
1812  ;  and  many  medical  and  philosophical  com 
munications.  —  Thacher. 

WILLIAMSON,  MATTHIAS,  a  Revolutionary 
officer  and  a  lawyer,  died  in  Elizabethtown,  N.  J., 
in  1836,  aged  84.  He  was  in  the  commissary 
department. 

WILLIAMSON,  JACOB,  judgp,  a  soldier  of 
the  Revolution,  died  in  Amwell,  N.  J.,  in  1841, 


WILLIAMSON. 


WILSON. 


8G 


aged  83.  He  was  benevolent  and  kind  and 
highly  respected. 

WILLIAMSON,  ISAAC  II.,  died  at  Elizabeth- 
town,  N.  J.,  July  10,  1844,  aged  67.  He  was 
governor  and  chancellor  of  the  State  from  1817 
to  1829.  He  was  an  able  jurist,  an  excellent 
officer,  a  citizen  highly  respected  and  beloved. 

WILLIAMSON,  WILLIAM  DURKEE,  died  at 
Bangor  May  27,  1846,  aged  66.  Born  in  Can 
terbury,  Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Providence  in 
1804.  He  commenced  the  practice  of  law  at  B. 
in  1807.  In  the  first  legislature  of  Maine  he  was 
a  senator,  and  a  member  of  congress  in  1821; 
afterwards  a  judge  of  probate  until  1840.  He 
published  a  history  of  Maine  in  two  volumes, 
1832. 

WILLIS,  ELIAKIM,  minister  of  Maiden,  Mass., 
died  in  1801,  aged  nearly  87.  Born  in  Dart 
mouth,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1735, 
and  was  ordained  in  1752.  A.  Green  succeeded 
him  in  1795.  The  two  first  ministers  of  the  town 
were  M.  Matthews  and  M.  Wigglesworth. 

WILLIS,  HENRY,  a  soldier  of  the  llevolution, 
died  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  in  1842,  aged  85;  buried 
with  military  honors. 

WILLIS,  ZEPIIANIAH,  minister  of  Kingston, 
died  March  6,  1847,  aged  99.  Born  in  Bridge- 
water,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1778,  and 
survived  all  his  classmates.  He  was  pastor  from 
1780  to  1828,  nearly  fifty  years.  Stacy,  Macarty, 
and  Hand  preceded  him  ;  Cole  was  his  successor. 

WILLIS,  NATHAN,  general,  died  at  Pittsfield, 
Mass.,  June  16,  1851,  aged  88.  His  father  was 
Nathan  of  West  Bridgewater,  descended  from 
John  Willis,  who  lived  in  Duxbury  in  1637,  and 
at  Bridgewater  in  1656,  dying  in  1693.  He  mar 
ried  first  a  daughter  of  Col.  Tupper  of  the  Ilev- 
olutionary  army.  Living  in  Rochester,  he  was 
its  representative  in  1800,  and  senator  for  years 
from  1806.  After  1813  he  removed  to  Pittsfield, 
and  was  for  several  years  in  the  public  service. 
In  his  politics  he  was  denominated  a  republican. 
In  his  old  age  he  made  a  profession  of  his  Chris 
tian  faith,  and  became  a  member  of  the  church. 

WILLISTON,  NOAH,  minister  of  West  Haven 
in  North  Haven  town,  Conn.,  died  in  1811,  aged 
77.  He  was  born  in  Springfield,  Mass.,  the 
grandson  of  Joseph  W.,  and  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1757.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  his  prede 
cessor,  Mr.  Birdseye,  who  lived  to  be  103  years 
old.  His  two  sons,  Payson  and  David  Howe, 
were  ministers ;  and  his  two  daughters  married 
ministers  :  Sarah  married  R.  S.  Storrs,  and  Han 
nah  married  E.  Kingsbury. 

WILLISTON,  E.  B.,  president  of  Jefferson 
college,  Miss.,  died  at  Norwich,  Vt.,  in  1837, 
aged  37. 

WILLISTON,  RALPH,  minister  of  Zion's 
church,  died  in  Hempstead,  L.  I.,  in  1839,  aged  65  ; 
formerly  rector  of  Zion's  church  in  New  York. 


WILLISTON,  SETII,  D.  D.,died  in  1851,  agec 
80.  lie  was  a  cousin  of  Dr.  Payson  W.,  a  grad 
uate  of  Dartmouth  in  1791.  In  1796  he  preached 
at  Chenango,  when  there  was  only  one  meeting 
house  to  the  west  beyond,  in  the  State  of  New 
York,  and  that  was  Mr.  Grover's  log-house,  at 
Bristol,  near  Canandaigua.  In  1809  he  was  set 
tled  at  Durham,  N.  Y. ;  after  some  years  he  was 
dismissed.  He  was  the  author  of  several  books  : 
lectures  on  the  moral  imperfections  of  Christians, 
1846 ;  harmony  of  divine  truth ;  vindication  of 
the  doctrines  of  the  reformation. 

WILLISTON,  PAYSON,  D.  D.,  died  at  East- 
hampton,  Mass.,  Jan.  30,  1856,  aged  92  years  and 
7  months.  The  son  of  Rev.  Noah  W.  of  West 
Haven,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1783,  was  settled 
the  first  minister  of  Easthampton  in  1789,  and 
resigned  in  1833,  after  a  faithful  ministry  of 
forty-four  years.  He  lived  to  see  a  little  settle 
ment  in  the  wilderness  grown  into  a  large  town 
of  two  churches,  the  seat  of  prosperous  and  ex 
tensive  manufactures,  conducted  by  his  own  son, 
and  that  son  the  founder  and  benefactor  of  a 
large  and  excellent  academy  in  the  same  town. 
In  1853  his  name  was  the  first  not  starred  in  the 
Yale  catalogue.  Dr.  Woodbridge  of  Hadley 
preached  his  funeral  sermon.  He  was  well  and 
able  to  make  visits  until  within  a  few  days  of  his 
death.  He  published  a  sermon  in  a  volume  of 
sermons,  1799;  a  half-century  sermon  from  his 
settlement,  1839.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

WILLOUGHBY,  FRANCIS,  deputy-governor 
of  Massachusetts,  died  in  Charlestown  in  1671. 
He  was  in  office  during  his  last  six  years.  What 
is  supposed  to  be  his  journal,  written  in  cypher, 
is  preserved  in  the  library  of  the  antiquarian 
society  at  AYorcester.  —  Budington. 

WILLSON,  HORACE,  Dr.,  died  in  Clarksburg, 
Md.,  in  1847,  aged  54.  He  was  skilful,  and  en 
gaged  in  the  public  service  as  a  legislator. 

WILMER,  WILLIAM  H.,  D.  D.,  president  of 
William  and  Mary  college,  Va.,  died  at  Williams- 
burg  in  1827. 

WILMER,  SIMON,  Episcopal  minister  in 
Charles  county,  Md.,  died  in  1840,  aged  66. 

WILSON,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  Boston,  died 
Aug.  7,  1667,  aged  78.  He  was  born  at  Wind 
sor,  England,  in  1588,  and  was  the  son  of  Rev. 
Dr.  Wm.  W.  He  was  educated  at  King's  col 
lege,  Cambridge,  where  he  obtained  a  fellowship  ; 
but  was  deprived  of  it  for  his  nonconformity  to 
the  English  church.  After  studying  law  for  three 
years  at  one  of  the  inns  of  court,  he  directed  his 
attention  to  theology,  and  was  a  chaplain  in  sev 
eral  honorable  families.  He  then  settled  in  the 
ministry  at  Sudbury  in  Suffolk.  In  1629  he  came 
to  this  country  in  the  same  fleet  with  Gov.  Win- 
throp.  Charlestown  was  fixed  upon  as  a  place 
of  settlement,  and  Mr.  Wilson  and  Mr.  Phillips 
preached  under  a  tree.  A  church  was  formed  on 


868 


WILSON. 


Friday,  July  30th,  and  Aug.  27th,  Mr.  Wilson 
was  ordained  as  teacher  by  the  imposition  of 
hands.  This  ceremony  was  performed  by  some 
of  the  brethren  merely  as  a  sign  of  his  election 
to  be  their  minister,  and  not  because  he  had  re 
nounced  his  former  ordination.  In  a  few  months, 
when  the  greater  part  of  his  church  removed 
across  the  river  to  Shawmut,  or  Boston,  he  ac 
companied  them.  In  1631  he  returned  to  Eng 
land  for  his  wife,  whom  he  had  left  behind, 
enjoining  it  upon  Gov.  Winthropand  some  other 
brethren  to  prophesy,  or  to  impart  instruction 
and  give  exhortations  in  the  church  during  his 
absence.  In  Oct.,  1632,  thirty-three  members 
were  dismissed  to  form  a  new  church  at  Charles- 
town.  They  had  Mr.  James  for  their  pastor,  to 
whom  Mr.  Symmes  was  soon  united  as  teacher. 
In  Nov.,  Mr. Wilson  was  again  ordained  as  pastor. 
In  the  following  year  he  received  Mr.  Cotton  as 
his  colleague,  and  after  his  death  Mr.  Norton, 
July  23,  1656.  He  survived  them  both.  Mr. 
Davenport  succeeded  him.  His  daughter  mar 
ried  Rev.  E.  Rogers ;  his  youngest,  Mary,  mar 
ried  Rev.  S.  Danforth.  Mr.  Wilson  was  one  of 
the  most  humble,  pious,  and  benevolent  men  of 
the  age  in  which  he  lived.  Kind  affections  and 
zeal  were  the  prominent  traits  in  his  character. 
Such  was  his  readiness  to  relieve  the  distressed, 
that  his  purse  was  often  emptied  into  the  hands 
of  the  needy.  Every  one  loved  him,  and  he  was 
regarded  as  the  father  of  the  new  plantation. 
He  appears  frequently  to  have  possessed  a  partic 
ular  faith  in  prayer.  Events  sometimes  occurred 
according  to  his  predictions.  The  blessings  pro 
nounced  by  him  had  been  observed  to  be  so  pro 
phetical,  that  on  his  death-bed  the  most  consid 
erable  persons  brought  their  children  to  him  to 
receive  his  benediction.  Having  a  most  wonder 
ful  talent  at  rhyming,  he  used  to  write  pieces  of 
poetry  on  all  occasions,  and  to  send  them  to  all 
persons.  He  was  also  a  great  anagrammatist. 
Dr.  Mather  thinks  that  he  made  more  anagrams, 
and  made  them  more  nimbly,  than  any  man  since 
the  days  of  Adam.  They  generally  conveyed 
some  religious  truth  or  advice.  But  it  was  not 
always  the  case  that  the  letters  of  his  anagram 
corresponded  with  those  of  the  name.  It  was 
perhaps  in  pleasant  allusion  to  this  discordance, 
as  well  as  in  reference  to  the  hospitable  temper 
of  Mr.  Wilson,  that  Mr.  Ward,  the  witty  author 
of  the  simple  cobbler  of  Aggawam,  said  that  the 
anagram  of  John  Wilson  was,  "  I  pray  come  in, 
you  are  heartily  welcome."  In  the  early  periods 
of  his  life  his  discourses  were  very  correct ;  but 
as  he  advanced  in  years  his  sermons  consisted 
principally  of  exhortations,  admonitions,  and 
counsels  without  much  connection  or  method,  but 
delivered  with  affectionate  warmth.  He  partook 
of  the  common  error  of  his  times  in  calling  upon 
the  civil  magistrate  to  punish  those  who  were 


WILSON. 

deemed  heretical  in  doctrine.  His  portrait  is  in 
the  library  of  the  historical  society.  He  pub 
lished  in  England  some  helps  to  faith,  12mo.  In 
this  country  an  extemporary  sermon,  1665,  was 
taken  down  by  a  stenographer  and  afterwards 
published.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

WILSON,  JOHN,  minister  of  Medfield,  Mass., 
died  in  1691,  aged  about  68.  The  son  of  the  pre 
ceding,  he  graduated  in  the  first  class  at  Har 
vard  college  in  1642  ;  was  ordained  as  colleague 
with  R.  Mather  at  Dorchester  in  1649  ;  but  after 
two  years  removed  to  Medfield,  where  he  was 
minister  forty  years. 

WILSON,  MATTHEW,  D.  D.,  a  physician  and 
minister,  died  in  Lewes,  Del.,  March  31,  1790, 
aged  61.  He  was  born  in  Chester  county,  Penn., 
in  1729.  He  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Mc 
Dowell,  a  physician  and  minister,  and  himself 
sustained  those  offices  twenty-four  years  ;  he  also 
for  years  had  the  charge  of  an  academy  at  New 
ark.  He  was  a  profound  theologian  and  a  good 
Hebrew  and  classical  scholar,  truly  benevolent 
and  pious,  mild,  affable,  and  courteous.  In  the 
time  of  the  Revolution  his  patriotic  zeal  was 
ardent.  He  resolved  to  drink  no  more  tea,  and 
obliged  his  wife  and  children  to  deny  themselves. 
He  published  a  paper,  proposing  seventeen 
plants  as  a  substitute.  But  his  wife's  sister,  on  a 
visit  from  Philadelphia,  infringed  his  domestic 
regulation  ;  she  brought  tea  with  her,  and  as  it 
was  of  the  "  old  stock,"  which  paid  no  duty,  "  tea 
she  would  drink."  He  published  a  history  of  a 
malignant  fever,  1774 ;  remarks  on  the  cold 
winter  of  1779-1780;  an  essay  to  prove  that 
most  diseases  proceed  from  miasmata  in  the  air, 
1786.  —  Thacher. 

WILSON,  JAMES,  judge,  died  in  1798,  aged 
56.  A  patriot  of  the  Revolution,  he  was  born  in 
Scotland  about  1742.  After  being  educated  at 
Edinburgh,  he  came  to  Philadelphia  in  1766. 
and  studied  law  with  J.  Dickinson.  Being  a 
member  of  congress  from  1775  to  1777,  he 
signed  the  declaration  of  independence.  Being 
a  member  of  the  convention  which  framed  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States,  he  was  chair 
man  of  the  committee  which  reported  it ;  he  was 
also  a  member  of  the  State  convention  which 
ratified  it.  In  1789  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of 
the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States.  He 
died  at  Edenton,  N.  C.,  while  on  a  circuit.  lie 
was  eminent  as  a  lawyer  and  judge,  and  was  pro 
fessor  of  law  in  the  university  of  Pennsylvania. 
His  works,  including  his  lectures,  are  in  3  vols. 
8vo.,  published  1804. 

WILSON,  JAMES,  minister  in  New  York,  suc 
cessor  of  Dr.  Rodgers,  died  in  1799,  aged  47. 
Born  in  Scotland,  he  was  pastor  from  1785  to 
1788  :  then  he  became  a  minister  in  Charleston, 
S.  C. 

WILSON,  ALEXANDER,  an  ornithologist  and 


WILSON. 


WINCIIELL. 


8G9 


poet,  died  in  Philadelphia  Aug.  23,  1813.  He 
was  born  at  Paisley,  Scotland,  and  came  to  this 
country  in  1794.  Becoming  acquainted  with 
Mr.  Bartram  of  Philadelphia,  he  was  induced  to 
devote  himself  to  the  study  of  natural  history. 
He  commenced  in  1808  the  publication  in  seven 
volumes,  4to.,  of  his  most  interesting  and  valua 
ble  work,  the  American  ornithology,  with  colored 
plates.  An  8vo.  edition  has  since  been  published. 
Besides  his  ornithology,  he  published  the  forest 
ers,  a  poem,  in  portfolio,  n.  s.  vol.  I.;  in  Scot 
land  he  published  the  laurel  disputed,  a  poem  on 
Allan  Ilamsay  and  Robert  Ferguson,  1791  ;  and 
Watty  and  Meg,  a  poem,  1792.  The  eighth 
and  ninth  volumes  of  his  ornithology  were  pub 
lished  by  Mr.  Ord  in  1814  ;  the  ninth  has  an 
account  of  Wilson.  Charles  Lucien  Bonaparte 
has  published  three  supplementary  volumes,  fol., 
1825-1828. 

WILSON,  PETER,  LL.  D.,  professor  of  Greek 
and  Latin  in  Columbia  college,  N.  Y.,  died  at 
Hackensack,  N.  J.,  in  Aug.,  1826,  aged  79.  He 
was  a  distinguished  scholar.  He  published  a 
learned  work  on  Greek  prosody. 

WILSON,  SAMUEL,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  died 
in  1827,  aged  64.  He  was  born  at  Charleston, 
S.  C.,  Jan.  26,  1763,  the  son  of  Dr.  Robert  W., 
an  eminent  physician.  At  the  age  of  seventeen 
he  fought  under  Marion  in  the  Revolutionary 
war.  He  went  to  Edinburgh  in  1784  to  pursue 
the  study  of  medicine.  In  1791  he  was  associ 
ated  in  business  with  Dr.  Alexander  Baron  ;  in 
1810  with  his  brother,  Dr.  Robert  W. ;  and  after 
wards  with  his  sons,  Drs.  Isaac  and  Samuel  W. 
Many  young  physicians  were  instructed  by  him. 
He  was  a  respected  physician ;  an  amiable,  be 
nevolent  man  ;  an  elder  and  communicant  in  the 
church  for  thirty  years. 

AVILSON,  JAMES  P.,  D.  D.,  minister  in  Phil 
adelphia,  was  first  a  distinguished  lawyer,  and 
then  was  for  many  years  the  pastor  of  the  first 
Presbyterian  church.  He  died  at  his  residence 
in  Bucks  county,  Dec.  10,  1830.  His  general 
knowledge  and  talents  and  his  usefulness  and 
excellent  character  caused  him  to  be  regarded 
as  one  of  the  most  distinguished  men  of  this 
country.  He  published  lectures  on  the  parables 
and  the  historical  parts  of  the  New  Testament, 
8vo.,  1810. 

WILSON,  WILLIAM,  minister  at  Augusta,  Va., 
died  Jan.  1,  1S36,  aged  83. 

WILSON,  Mrs.,  wife  of  Dr.  A.  E.  Wilson, 
missionary  in  Africa,  died  at  Mosika  Sept.  18, 
1836.  Her  name  was  Mary  J.  Smithey  of  Rich 
mond,  Va. 

WILSON,  JAMES,  an  eminent  lawyer  and 
member  of  congress,  died  at  Keene,  N.  H.,  in 
1839,  aged  72. 

WILSON,  JAMES,  a  Presbyterian  minister, 
died  at  Providence  in  1839,  aged  80.  He  re 


ceived  an  honorary  degree  at  Brown  university 
in  1798. 

WILSON,  ALEXANDER  E.,  M.  D.,  missionary 
to  Africa,  died  at  Cape  Palmas  in  1840,  aged  36. 
Born  in  Mecklenburg  county,  N.  C.,  he  received 
a  college  education.  He  embarked  in  1834  for 
Cape  Town  :  he  was  at  Port  Natal  in  1837.  His 
wife  was  Mary  Hardcastle  of  New  York.  His 
last  sermon  was  from  the  text,  "  There  remaineth 
a  rest  unto  the  people  of  God."  He  died  in 
peace,  relying  on  the  atonement;  he  asked  for 
the  singing  of  Cowper's  hymn,  "  There  is  a  foun 
tain  fill'd  with  blood."  With  great  fervor  he 
gave  his  exhortations  to  the  living. 

WILSON,  JOSHUA  L.,  D.  D.,  died  in  Cincin 
nati  Aug.  14,  1846,  aged  72.  Born  in  Virginia, 
he  was  brought  up  in  Kentucky  as  a  blacksmith, 
but  became  a  minister,  first  in  Kentucky,  then  in 
1808  as  pastor  of  the  only  Presbyterian  church 
in  Cincinnati,  where  for  many  years  he  was  the 
chief  minister  of  the  highest  character  and  influ 
ence,  the  most  popular  until  the  arrival  of  Dr 
Beecher  in  1832.  His  church  was  so  large  that 
in  1833,  after  the  colonizing  of  the  second  church, 
five  hundred  and  eighteen  members  remained. 
Dr.  W.,  in  the  division  of  the  Presbyteria.i 
churches  in  1837,  attached  himself  to  the  old 
school.  In  his  prosecution  of  Dr.  Beecher,  his 
justification  or  excuse  was  a  conviction  that 
his  teachings  were  erroneous  and  pernicious. 
Perhaps  he  was  not  aware  of  an  imperiousness  of 
will  and  of  other  human  imperfections. 

WILSON,  JOHN,  a  lawyer,  died  at  Belfast, 
Me.,  in  1848,  aged  71.  He  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1799. 

WILSON,  NATHANIEL,  died  in  Boston  in  1849, 
aged  60  ;  purser  in  the  U.  S.  navy.  He  was  in 
the  battle  of  Plattsburg.  He  left  his  property, 
25,000  dollars,  to  his  native  town,  Belfast,  Me., 
for  the  purposes  of  education. 

WILSON,  HENRY  R.,  D.  D.,  died  at  Phila 
delphia  in  1849,  aged  69. 

WILSON,  JAMES  G.,  died  at  Plainfield,  N.  J., 
in  1850,  aged  41  ;  a  printer  and  publisher  and 
bookseller.  The  New  Yorker,  the  N.  Y.  Whig, 
the  Empire  State,  and  the  Brother  Jonathan 
were  published  by  him ;  also,  the  Weekly  Dis 
patch. 

WILSON,  WILLIAM,  a  painter  of  high  repu 
tation,  died  at  Charleston,  S.  C.,in  1851. 

WILSON,  ROBERT  I).,  D.  D.,  died  in  South 
Salem,  Ross  county,  Ohio,  April  17,  1851,  aged 
84. 

WINCHELL,  JAMES  M.,  minister  in  Boston, 
died  in  1820,  aged  28.  The  son  of  Col.  Martin 
E.  W.,  he  was  born  in  Duchess  county,  N.  Y.,  in 
1791 ;  was  graduated  at  Brown  university  in 
1812;  and  succeeded  Mr.  Clay  in  the  first  Bap 
tist  church  in  Boston  March  30,  1814.  He  died 
of  the  consumption.  lie  published  Watts' 


870 


WINCHESTER. 


hymns,  arranged  according  to  the  subjects  ;  two 
discourses,  containing  a  history  of  his  church, 
1819. 

WINCHESTER,  JONATHAN,  first  minister  of 
Ashburnham,  Mass.,  died  in  1767,  aged  51.  Born 
in  Brookline,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1737, 
and  was  settled  in  1760.  He  was  succeeded  by 
J.  Gushing. 

WINCHESTER,  ELHANAN,  an  itinerant 
preacher  of  the  doctrine  of  restoration,  died  at 
Hartford,  Conn.,  in  April,  1797,  aged  45.  He 
was  born  in  Brookline,  Mass.,  in  1751.  Without 
an  academical  education  he  commenced  preach 
ing,  and  was  the  first  minister  of  the  Baptist 
church  in  Newton.  In  1778  he  was  a  minister 
on  Pedec  river  in  South  Carolina,  zealously  teach 
ing  the  Calvinistic  doctrines,  as  explained  by  Dr. 
Gill.  In  the  following  year  his  labors  were  very 
useful  among  the  negroes.  In  1781  he  became 
a  preacher  of  universal  salvation  in  Philadelphia, 
where  he  remained  several  years.  He  afterwards 
endeavored  to  propagate  his  sentiments  in  vari 
ous  parts  of  America  and  England.  His  system 
is  very  similar  to  that  of  Dr.  Chauncy.  He  pub 
lished  a  volume  of  hymns,  1776;  a  plain  politi 
cal  catechism  for  schools  ;  a  sermon  on  restora 
tion,  1781  ;  universal  restoration,  in  four  dia 
logues,  1786;  lectures  on  the  prophecies,  Ameri 
can  edit.,  2  vols.  8vo.,  1800. 

WINCHESTER,  SAMUEL  G.,  minister  of 
Natchez,  Miss.,  died  in  New  York  in  1841,  aged 
39 ;  a  man  of  remarkable  talent  and  greatly 
beloved. 

WINDER,  WILLIAM  H.,  general,  died  in 
1824,  aged  49.  He  was  born  in  Somerset 
county,  Maryland,  in  1775,  and  practised  law 
at  Baltimore.  In  the  war  of  1812  he  was 
first  a  colonel,  then  brigadier-general.  At  the 
buttle  of  Bladensburg  he  commanded  the  troops. 
On  the  return  of  peace  he  resumed  his  profession. 

WINDER,  LEVIN,  governor  of  Maryland, 
died  July  1,  1819,  aged  63.  He  was  a  soldier  of 
the  Revolution.  He  was  governor  during  the 
war  with  Britain  from  1812  to  1815.  In  1816  he 
was  a  member  of  the  Maryland  senate ;  he  was 
also  a  general  of  the  militia. 

WINDS,  WILLIAM,  general,  died  in  New  Jer 
sey  in  1789,  aged  about  62.  His  residence  was 
one  mile  from  Dover,  Morris  county,  on  the  road 
to  Rockaway.  He  was  born  in  Southold,  L.  I. 
He  purchased  a  large  tract  of  land  in  New  Jer 
sey,  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Presby 
terian  church  in  Rockaway,  and  bequeathed  to  it 
more  than  half  his  property.  In  1775  he  was 
lieutenant-colonel  in  Lord  Stirling's  regiment. 
In  1776  he  was  colonel,  and  led  his  regiment  to 
Ticonderoga.  He  was  a  large,  athletic  man,  and 
had  a  most  powerful  voice,  of  which,  on  one  oc 
casion,  he  made  a  very  good  use.  Commanding 
a  small  detachment  near  Hackensack,  he  found 


WINES. 

that  a  much  larger  force  of  the  enemy  was  ad 
vancing  against  him.  Unwilling  to  retire,  he 
awaited  their  approach  to  within  half  a  mile  and 
in  the  hearing  of  his  voice,  when  he  roared  out 
the  command,  "  Open  to  the  right  and  left,  and 
let  the  artillery  through ! "  As  the  enemy  were 
not  prepared  to  meet  cannon,  on  hearing  this 
they  fled.  He  had  his  singularities.  He  was  ex 
citable,  stern,  and  of  an  imperious  temper.  He 
once  during  service  in  church  applied  his  wagon- 
whip  to  some  unruly  boys  present.  To  a  cooper, 
who,  from  laziness,  neglected  to  prepare  some 
barrels  at  the  time  agreed  upon,  he  applied  his 
hickory,  saying  in  no  mild  tones,  "  I  will  teach 
you  to  lie,  and  be  lazy  too ! "  With  his  soldiers 
he  was  very  popular.  Two  of  them,  being  out 
of  provisions,  put  a  stone  in  their  camp-kettle 
when  Winds  was  expected.  As  he  inquired, 
"  Well,  men,  any  thing  to  eat  ?  "  they  replied, 
"Not  much."  —  "What  have  you  got  in  that 
kettle  ?  "  Their  answer  was,  "  A  stone,  general, 
for  they  say  there  is  some  strength  in  stones,  if 
you  can  only  get  it  out ! "  He  replied  :  "  There 
ain't  a  bit  of  strength  in  it.  You  must  have 
something  better  to  eat."  Then  he  rode  off  to  a 
Quaker's  house,  and  offered  the  good  woman 
money  for  a  part  of  her  batch  of  bread.  She 
said,  "Thee  cannot  have  it  to  help  men  to  fight." 
"  I  don't  care  a  fig  about  thee  and  thou,  but  I 
want  the  bread."  Then  he  seized  the  bread,  and, 
throwing  down  the  money,  carried  it  off  in  his 
bag  to  his  hungry  men.  Rev.  John  Darley,  pas 
tor  at  Parsippany,  attended  him  as  a  physician, 
drew  up  his  last  will,  preached  his  funeral  ser 
mon,  and  wrote  his  epitaph.  —  N.  T.  Evangelist, 
Oct.  23,  1856. 

WIND  SHIP,  JONATHAN,  captain,  a  skilful 
horticulturist,  died  in  Roxbury  in  1847. 

WINDSHIP,  CHARLES  WTILLIAMS,  a  physi 
cian,  died  in  Roxbury  Aug.  27,  1852,  aged  78. 
The  son  of  Dr.  Amos  W.  of  Boston,  he  gradu 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1793.  He  was  skilful,  and 
practised  in  the  western  country,  in  Havana, 
Cuba,  in  Boston  and  Roxbury. 

WINES,  ABIJAH,  died  in  1833,  aged  60. 
Born  in  Southold,  L.  I.,  of  Welsh  extraction,  he 
graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1794,  and  was  or 
dained  at  Newport,  N.  II..  in  1796,  having  studied 
theology  with  Dr.  Emmons.  In  1818  he  became 
a  teacher  in  the  Maine  charity  school  at  Bangor, 
but  in  a  year  he  removed  to  Deer  Island,  where 
he  preached  twelve  years.  His  mind  became 
disordered,  and  he  died  in  the  hospital  at  Charles- 
town,  and  was  buried  at  Amesbury,  where  his 
son-in-law,  Rev.  B.  Sawyer,  lived.  He  published 
a  sermon  on  depravity,  1804  ;  the  sinner's  inal.il- 
ity,  1812;  vain  amusements;  merely  amiable 
man  no  Christian;  moral  young  men;  ordina 
tion  of  B.  Sawyer  at  Cape  Elizabeth.  —  Spraync's 
Annals. 


WINGATE. 

WIXGATE,  JOSHUA,  colonel,  the  son  of  J.  W., 
an  early  settler  at  Dover,  N.  H.,  was  at  the  con 
quest  of  Louisburg  in  1745,  and  died  at  Hamp 
ton,  aged  about  90.  His  son,  Paine,  was  minister 
of  Amesbury ;  and  his  son,  Paine,  was  the  oldest 
living  graduate  of  Harvard. 

"WIXGATE,  PAINE,  minister  of  Amesbury, 
Mass.,  died  in  1780,  aged  83  or  86.  Born  in 
Hamilton,  N.  H.,  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1723,  and  was  settled. in  1720,  being  the  pastor 
sixty  years.  He  was  the  first  minister  of  the 
second  church.  He  was  the  father  of  Judge 
Wingate. 

AVIXGATE,  PAINE,  judge,  died  at  Stratham, 
N.  H.,  March  7,  1838,  aged  98.  He  was  born  at 
Amesbury  May  14,  1739,  the  son  of  Ilev.  P.  W., 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1759,  and  ordained 
at  Hampton  Falls  in  1763.  After  his  dismission 
in  1771  he  engaged  in  agriculture  at  Stratham. 
He  was  a  member  of  congress  under  the  confed 
eration  in  1787,  and  a  senator  from  1789  to 
1793;  a  member  of  congress  1793-1795.  From 
1798  to  1809  he  was  a  judge  of  the  superior 
court  of  New  Hampshire.  He  was  highly  re 
spected  and  esteemed.  He  had  lived  with  his 
wife  three-quarters  of  a  century.  She  was  a  sis 
ter  of  Timothy  Pickering,  and  died  Jan.  7,  1843, 
aged  100  years  and  8  months. 

WIXGATE,  JOSHUA,  general,  died  in  Port 
land  Xov.  6,  1843,  aged  70.  Born  in  Haverhill, 
Mass.,  he  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1795, 
and  then  was  a  merchant  in  Hallowell.  Accom 
panying  his  father-in-law,  Gen.  Dearborn,  to 
AVashington,  he  was  for  years  chief  clerk  in  the 
war  department.  Afterwards  he  was  collector 
of  Bath,  which  office  he  resigned  in  1822.  He 
was  president  of  the  branch  bank  of  the  United 
States. 

WIXSHIP,  JOSIAII,  minister  of  Woolwich, 
Me.,  died  Sept.  29,  1824,  aged  86.  Born  in 
Cambridge,  lie  graduated  in  1702.  Ordained 
June  12,  1765,  he  was  fifty-nine  years  minister.' 

WINSLOW,  GILBERT,  one  of  the  pilgrims 
in  the  Mayflower  to  Plymouth  in  1620.  He  was 
born  in  1600,  and  was  a  brother  of  Edward ;  but 
he  soon  left  the  colony,  and  went,  it  is  supposed, 
to  Portsmouth,  and  died  before  1600. 

WIXSLOW,  EDWARD,  governor  of  Plymouth 
colony,  died  May  8,  1655,  aged  59.  The  son  of 
E.  W.,  he  was  born  in  Worcestershire  in  1595. 
In  his  travels,  becoming  acquainted  with  Mr. 
Ilobinson  at  Ley  den,  he  joined  his  church,  and 
accompanied  the  first  settlers  of  New  England  in 
1020.  He  was  one  of  the  party  which  discov 
ered  the  harbor  of  Plymouth.  Possessing  great 
activity  and  resolution,  he  was  eminently  useful 
in  the  establishment  of  the  colony.  When  the 
first  conference  was  held  with  Massassoit,  he  of 
fered  himself  as  a  hostage.  In  June  or  July, 
1621,  he  visited  the  sachem,  accompanied  by 


WINSLOW. 


871 


S.  Hopkins,  with  Tisquantum,  or  Squanto,  an  In 
dian,  for  a  guide  ;  on  his  way  to  Pakanokick,  the 
Indians  at  Namaschet  gave  him  the  best  enter 
tainment  in  their  power,  supplying  him  with  the 
spawn  of  shad  and  a  kind  of  bread,  called  by 
them  Maizium.  On  arriving  at  the  residence  of 
the  king,  he  presented  to  him  a  horseman's  laced 
coat  of  red  cotton,  and  when  arrayed  with  it  the 
savage  seemed  wonderfully  delighted.  In  1022 
he  made  a  voyage  to  Monhegan  Island,  to  pro 
cure  a  supply  of  bread  from  the  fishing  vessels. 
In  March,  1623,  on  hearing  that  Massassoit  was 
sick,  he  made  him  a  second  visit,  having,  as  he 
says,  "  one  master  John  Hampden,  a  gentleman 
of  London,  who  then  wintered  with  us,  and  de 
sired  much  to  see  the  country,  for  my  consort, 
and  Hobbamoc  for  our  guide."  This  was  proba 
bly  the  celebrated  Hampden,  for  he  resided  at 
that  period  in  London;  in  Jan.,  1621,  he  took 
his  seat  in  James'  third  parliament,  which  was 
dissolved  in  about  twelve  months,  and  the  next 
one  did  not  sit  till  Feb.,  1624.  In  this  interval 
Hampden  could  visit  Plymouth.  On  arriving  at 
Narragansett,  the  king  was  found  extremely  sick  j 
but  the  skilful  attendance  of  Mr.  Winslow  was 
the  means  of  restoring  him  to  health.  In  his 
gratitude,  Massassoit  disclosed  a  plot  of  the 
"  Massachuseuks,"  which  was  suppressed  by 
Standish.  In  the  autumn  of  1623  Mr.  W.  went 
to  England  as  an  agent  for  the  colony,  and  re 
turned  in  the  following  spring  with  a  supply  of 
necessaries  and  the  first  cattle  which  were  intro 
duced  into  New  England.  He  went  again  to 
England  in  1624  and  returned  in  1625. 

In  1633  he  was  chosen  governor,  Mr.  Bradford 
being  importunate  not  to  retain  the  office,  but  to 
have  some  one  appointed  in  his  place ;  he  was 
again  elected  governor  in  1636  and  1044.  He 
frequently  went  to  the  Penobscot,  Kennebec,  and 
Connecticut  rivers  on  trading  voyages.  Going 
to  England  as  an  agent  in  1635,  he  was  thrown 
into  the  Fleet  prison  for  seventeen  weeks,  on  the 
complaint  of  T.  Morton,  for  teaching  in  the  church 
at  Plymouth,  and  for  performing  the  ceremony 
of  marriage.  He  exerted  his  influence  in  Eng 
land  to  form  the  society  for  propagating  the  gos 
pel  in  New  England,  which  was  incorporated  in 
1049,  and  of  which  he  was  an  active  member. 
In  1055  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  commission 
ers  to  superintend  the  expedition  against  the 
Spaniards  in  the  West  Indies.  The  troops  were 
defeated  by  an  inconsiderable  number  of  the 
enemy  near  St.  Domingo.  In  the  passage  be 
tween  Hispaniola  and  Jamaica  he  died  of  a  fever, 
and  was  buried  in  the  ocean.  His  wife  died  March 
24,  1621;  his  second  wife,  whom  he  married 
May  12, 1621,  was  Susanna,  widow  of  Wm. White. 
This  was  the  first  marriage  in  New  England.  lie 
published  good  news  from  New  England,  or  a 
relation  of  things  remarkable  in  that  plantation, 


872 


WINSLOW. 


WINTHROP. 


to  which  is  annexed  an  account  of  the  Indian 
natives,  1623.  His  account  is  republishod  in 
Bclknap,  and  abridged  in  Purchas.  He  published 
also  hypocrisy  unmasked,  relating  to  the  com 
munion  of  the  Independent  with  the  Reformed 
churches,  1646;  and  the  same  in  1649  with  anew 
title,  the  danger  of  tolerating  levellers  in  a 
civil  State,  or  a  narration,  etc. ;  New  England's 
salamander  discovered,  or  a  satisfactory  answer 
to  many  aspersions  cast  upon  New  England,  1647  ; 
reprinted  in  Mass.  hist,  coll.,  XXII.,  110-145; 
and  a  narration  of  disturbances  made  in  New 
England  by  Samuel  Gorton  and  his  accomplices, 
4to.,  1649.  —  Bellmap's  Amer.  Biog.,  II. 

WINSLOW,  JosiAH,  governor  of  Plymouth, 
the  son  of  the  preceding,  died  at  Marshfield, 
Dec.  18,  1680,  aged  51.  He  was  chosen  gov 
ernor  in  1673  as  successor  of  Mr.  Prince,  and  was 
continued  in  this  office  till  1680.  In  Philip's  war, 
being  commander  of  the  Plymouth  forces,  he 
evinced  himself  a  brave  soldier.  He  married, 
perhaps  about  1655,  Penelope  Pelham,  daughter 
of  Herbert  P.  of  Boston.  He  was  general-in- 
chief  of  the  united  colonies  in  1678,  and  governor 
for  seven  years  from  1673  till  his  death.  His  print 
is  in  the  N.  E.  Register  of  Oct.,  1850,  taken  from 
a  painting  belonging  to  Isaac  Winslow,  the  only 
descendant  of  the  name,  which  is  now  in  the  hall 
of  the  Massachusetts  historical  society.  He  was 
an  accomplished  man  and  a  delightful  companion, 
and  his  magnificent  hospitality  was  enhanced  by 
the  charms  of  a  beautiful  wife.  She  died  in  1703, 
aged  72.  His  son,  Isaac  W.,  a  councillor  and 
general,  died  in  1738,  aged  67. 

WINSLOW,  JOHN,  major-general  in  the  Brit 
ish  service,  was  the  grandson  of  the  preceding. 
He  was  a  captain  in  the  unfortunate  expedition 
to  Cuba  in  1740,  and  afterwards  major-general 
in  the  several  expeditions  to  Kennebec,  Nova 
Scotia,  and  Crown  Point  in  the  French  wars. 
He  died  at  Hingham  in  April,  1774,  aged  71. 
His  son,  Dr.  Isaac  W.,  died  at  Marshfield  in 
1819,  aged  80. 

WINSLOW,  JOHN.  M.D.,  died  at  Marshfield, 
Mass.,  in  1814,  aged  80. 

WINSLOW,  HARRIET,  wife  of  Miron  Wins- 
low,  missionary  to  Ceylon,  arrived  at  Jaffna  in 
Feb.,  1820,  and  died  at  Oodoville  Jan.  14,  1833. 
Her  memoir,  by  her  husband,  was  published  in 
1835.  Her  name  was  Harriet  W.  Lathrop  of 
Norwich,  Conn. 

WINSLOW,  BENJAMIN  I).,  assistant  minister 
at  St.  Mary's  church,  Burlington,  N.  J.,  died  in 
1839,  aged  24.  Born  in  Boston,  he  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1835.  Bishop  Doane  published  a 
volume  of  his  sermons  and  poetical  remains.  — 
Cycl.  of  Amer.  Lit. 

WINSLOW,  ANNE,  wife  of  M.  Winslow,  mis 
sionary  at  Madras,  died  June  20,  1843;  her 
name  was  Anne  Spiers,  daughter  of  Mr.  Spiers, 


born  in  Cuddalore,  but  brought  up  in  England. 
She  was  married  in  1838. 

WINSLOW,  ISAAC,  died  at  Roxbury  July  26, 
1856,  aged  82;  long  a  merchant  in  Boston,  a  de 
scendant  of  John,  the  brother  of  Edward  W. 
He  had  a  literary  taste  and  read  much  in  the 
bible.  The  only  notice  he  desired  was,  he  said, 
this  :  "  He  fell  asleep  in  Jesus,  —  to  God  be  the 
glory !  " 

WINTER,  FRANCIS,  a -patriot  of  the  Revolu 
tion  and  chaplain,  died  in  Bath,  Me.,  in  1826, 
aged  81.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1765. 

WINTHROP,  JOHN,  the  second  governor  of 
Massachusetts,  died  March  26,  1649,  aged  61. 
He  was  born  at  Groton  in  Suffolk,  England,  Jan. 
12,  1588.  His  father,  Adam,  was  a  lawyer,  as 
was  his  grandfather,  Adam,  who  was  of  eminence 
in  his  profession  and  a  lover  of  the  gospel  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  VIII.  He  was  himself  bred  to 
the  law,  though  inclined  to  theological  studies. 
Having  converted  a  fine  estate  of  6  or  700  pounds 
per  annum  into  money,  he  embarked  for  America 
in  the  forty-third  year  of  his  age,  as  the  leader  of 
a  company  of  emigrants  to  Massachusetts,  and 
with  a  commission  as  governor.  Endicott  had 
been  two  years  governor  before  him,  being  an 
associate  of  a  company  in  London,  who  chose 
the  governor  and  council.  He  was  the  first  gov 
ernor  under  the  colonial  charter.  But  when 
Winthrop  came,  the  company  transferred  the  gov 
ernment  to  Massachusetts.  He  arrived  at  Salem 
June  12,  1630,  and  soon  removed  to  Charles- 
town,  and  afterwards  crossed  the  river  to  Shaw- 
mut  or  Boston.  In  the  three  following  years  he 
was  re-chosen  governor,  for  which  office  he  was 
eminently  qualified.  His  time,  his  exertions,  his 
interests  were  all  devoted  to  the  infant  plantation. 
In  1634  Mr.  Dudley  was  chosen  in  his  place,  but 
he  was  reelected  in  1637,  1638,  and  1639,  and  in 
1642,  1643,  1646,  1647,  and  1648.  He  died  worn 
out  by  toils  and  depressed  by  afflictions.  Mr. 
Endicott  succeeded  him.  He  was  the  husband 
of  four  wives,  and  the  father  of  thirteen  children. 
His  first  wife  was  Mary,  the  daughter  of  John 
Forth,  and  by  her  he  had  sons,  John,  Henry,  and 
Forth,  and  three  daughters  ;  his  second  was  the 
daughter  of  William  Clopton  ;  his  third  was  Mar 
garet,  daughter  of  Sir  Tindal  Knight,  and  she 
came  to  Massachusetts,  and  by  her  he  had  chil 
dren,  Adam,  Stephen,  Deane,  Samuel,  Anne, 
William  ;  his  fourth  was  Martha,  the  widow  of 
Thomas  Coytmore,  who  lost  his  life  by  shipwreck, 
and  by  her  he  had  a  son,  Joshua.  From  his  son 
John  descendc'd  most  of  the  Winthrops ;  from 
his  son  Adam  descended  Prof.  Winthrop  of  Cam 
bridge.  He  was  a  most  faithful  and  upright 
magistrate  and  exemplary  Christian.  He  was  at 
first  very  mild  in  the  administration  of  justice; 
but  he  afterwards  yielded  to  the  opinions  of  others, 


WIXTIIROP. 

who  thought  that  severer  discipline  was  necessary 
in  a  new  plantation.  Not  having  a  high  opinion 
of  a  pure  democracy,  when  the  people  of  Connec 
ticut  were  forming  a  government,  he  wrote  them 
a  letter,  in  which  he  observed  :  "  The  best  part 
of  a  community  is  always  the  least,  and  of  that 
least  part  the  wiser  are  still  less."  In  a  speech 
to  the  general  court  he  took  occasion  to  express 
his  sentiments  concerning  the  power  of  the  magis 
tracy  and  the  liberty  of  the  people  :  "You  have 
called  us,"  said  he,  "  to  office ;  but,  being  called, 
we  have  authority  from  God,  it  is  the  ordinance 
of  God,  and  hath  the  image  of  God  stamped  upon 
it ;  and  the  contempt  of  it  hath  been  vindicated 
by  God  with  terrible  examples  of  his  vengeance. 
There  is  a  liberty  of  corrupt  nature,  which  is  in 
consistent  with  authority,  impatient  of  restraint, 
the  enemy  of  truth  and  peace,  and  all  the  ordi 
nances  of  God  are  bent  against  it.  But  there  is 
a  civil,  moral,  federal  liberty,  which  consists  in 
every  one's  enjoying  his  property,  and  having 
the  benefit  of  the  laws  of  his  country,  a  liberty 
for  that  only  which  is  just  and  good  ;  for  this 
liberty  you  are  to  stand  with  your  lives."  In  the 
course  of  his  life  he  repeatedly  experienced  the 
versatility  of  the  public  opinion  ;  but,  when  he 
was  left  out  of  office,  he  possessed  perfect  calm 
ness  of  mind,  and  still  exerted  himself  to  serve 
his  country.  In  severe  trials  his  magnanimity, 
wisdom,  and  patience  were  conspicuous.  He  de 
nied  himself  many  of  the  elegancies  of  life,  that 
he  might  give  an  example  of  frugality  and  tem 
perance,  and  might  exercise  liberality  without 
impoverishing  his  family.  He  was  condescend 
ing  and  benevolent.  In  a  severe  winter,  when 
wood  was  scarce,  he  was  told  that  a  neighbor  was 
wont  to  help  himself  from  the  pile  at  his  door. 
"  Does  he  ?  "  said  the  governor  in  seeming  anger. 
"  Call  him  to  me,  and  I  will  take  a  course  with 
him  that  shall  cure  him  of  stealing."  When  the 
man  appeared,  he  addressed  him  thus  :  "  Friend, 
it  is  a  cold  winter,  and  I  hear  you  are  meanly 
provided  with  wood ;  you  are  welcome  to  help 
yourself  at  my  pile  till  the  winter  is  over."  He 
afterwards  asked  his  informant,  "  Whether  he 
had  not  put  a  stop  to  the  poor  man's  stealing  ?  " 
Though  he  was  rich  when  he  came  to  this  coun 
try,  yet,  through  his  devotion  to  public  business 
while  his  estate  was  managed  by  unfaithful  ser 
vants,  he  died  poor.  He  was  so  much  of  a  theo 
logian  that  he  sometimes  gave  the  word  of 
exhortation  in  the  church.  His  zeal  against 
those  who  had  embraced  erroneous  doctrines 
diminished  in  his  latter  years.  He  was  careful 
in  his  attendance  upon  the  duties  of  public  and 
of  family  worship.  Governor's  Island,  in  the 
harbor  of  Boston,  was  granted  to  him,  and  still 
remains  in  the  possession  of  his  descendants.  He 
procured  a  law  against  the  heathenish  practice 
of  health-drinking.  From  his  picture  it  appears 
110 


WINTHROP. 


873 


that  he  wore  a  long  beard.  He  kept  an  exact 
account  of  occurrences  and  transactions  in  the 
colony  down  to  the  year  1648,  which  was  of  great 
service  to  Hubbard,  Mather,  and  Prince.  It  was 
not  published  till  the  year  1790,  when  it  was 
printed  in  8vo.  A  manuscript  of  the  third  vol 
ume  of  Winthrop's  history  was  found  in  1816  in 
the  New  England  library,  kept  in  the  tower  of 
the  old  south  church.  Mr.  James  Savage  trans 
cribed  it,  and,  adding  notes  to  this  and  the  work 
already  printed,  published  a  new  edition  in  2  vols. 
8vo.,  1825.  Besides  adding  valuable  notes,  he 
collated  the  former  manuscripts  with  the  edition 
of  1790,  and  corrected  many  errors  and  suggested 
amendments.  His  model  of  Christian  charity, 
written  on  shipboard,  is  in  hist,  coll.,  3d  series, 
vol.  vii;  the  Winthrop  papers  are  in  vols.  IX. 
and  x.  —  Mather's  Magnalia,  n.  8-15 ;  Bel- 
knap's  Biog.  II.  337-338. 

WINTHROP,  JOHX,  F.  R.  S.,  governor  of 
Connecticut,  died  in  Boston  April  5,  1676,  aged 
70.  He  was  the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  his 
fine  genius  was  improved  by  a  liberal  education 
in  the  universities  of  Cambridge  and  of  Dublin, 
and  by  travel  upon  the  continent.  He  arrived  at 
Boston  in  Oct.,  1635,  with  authority  to  make  a 
settlement  in  Connecticut,  and  the  next  month 
dispatched  a  number  of  persons  to  build  a  fort 
at  Saybrook.  Pie  was  chosen  governor  in  1657, 
and  again  in  1659,  and  from  that  period  he  was 
annually  reflected  till  his  death.  In  1661  he 
went  to  England  and  procured  a  charter,  incor 
porating  Connecticut  and  New  Haven  into  one 
colony.  His  second  wife,  Elizabeth  Read,  was 
the  daughter  of  Col.  Read,  whose  widow  married 
Hugh  Peters  ;  and  thus,  by  mistake,  it  is  some 
times  said  that  he  married  a  daughter  of  Hugh 
Peters.  Roger  Williams  calls  Mr.  Peters  the 
father  of  John  Winthrop,  jun.  He  possessed  a 
rich  variety  of  knowledge,  and  was  particularly 
skilled  in  chemistry  and  physic.  His  valuable 
qualities  as  a  gentleman,  a  Christian,  a  philoso 
pher,  and  a  magistrate  secured  to  him  universal 
respect.  He  published  some  valuable  communi 
cations  in  the  philosophical  transactions. — Felt. 

WINTHROP,  FITZ  JOHN,  F.  R.  S.,  governor 
of  Connecticut,  the  son  of  the  preceding,  died 
Nov.  27, 1707,  aged  68.  He  was  born  March  14, 
1639.  In  1689  he  was  major-general  of  the 
army  sent  to  operate  against  Canada.  In  1694 
he  was  agent  of  the  colony  to  Great  Britain,  and 
rendered  such  service  that  the  legislature  pre 
sented  him  with  500  pounds.  He  was  governor 
from  1698  till  his  death.  His  son,  John,  a  grad 
uate  of  Harvard  college  in  1700,  and  who  died 
in  England  in  1747,  was  a  learned  man,  and  a 
member  of  the  royal  society. 

WINTHROP,  WAITSTILL,  major-general,  son 
of  Gov.  J.  Winthrop,  of  Conn.,  died  in  Boston 
Sept.  7,  1717,  aged  75.  Born  at  Boston  in  1642, 


874 


he  was  a  member  of  Andros'  council  and  of  the 
first  council  under  the  new  charter,  1692.  His 
wife  was  Mary,  daughter  of  William  Browne  of 
Salem.  His  son,  John,  a  graduate  of  1700,  a 
fellow  of  the  royal  society,  married  a  daughter 
of  Gov.  J.  Dudley,  and  died  in  1747  ;  and  his 
son,  John  Still,  who  died  in  1776,  aged  56,  had 
five  sons,  —  John,  a  graduate  of  1770  ;  Francis 
Bayard  and  William,  of  New  York  ;  Joseph  of 
Charleston,  S.  C. ;  and  Thomas  Lindall,  lieuten 
ant-governor.  Gen.  W.,  with  another  executor 
of  his  father's  will,  sold  the  ten-hill  farm  in 
Charlestown,  of  six  hundred  acres,  for  3300 
pounds,  to  widow  Elizabeth  Lidgett.  The  curious 
and  long  Latin  epitaph  on  the  death  of  Gen.  W., 
together  with  an  English  translation,  may  be 
read  in  Mr.  Bridgman's  memorials  of  the  dead 
in  Boston.  It  seems,  that,  in  addition  to  his  mil 
itary  office  and  that  of  chief  justice,  he  was  also 
a  physician,  for  the  epitaph  says  : 

"  He  that  under  this  stone  now  sleeps  in  death 
Still  lives  in  the  hearts  of  thousands, 
Whose  livea  he  has  prolonged." 

It  says  also  of  him  and  the  three  governors 
reposing  with  him : 

"  Four  Winthrops  lie  buried  in  this  tomb, 
Who  were  sufficient  to  enrich  even  the  four  quarters  of  the 

earth. 

He  is  unacquainted  with  the  history  of  New  England 
Who  is  ignorant  of  this  family." 

WINTHROP,  JOHX,  LL.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  Hollis 
professor  of  mathematics  and  natural  philosophy 
in  Harvard  college,  died  at  Cambridge  May  3, 
1779,  aged  64.  He  was  the  son  of  Adam 
Winthrop,  a  member  of  the  council,  and  a  de 
scendant  of  the  governor  of  Massachusetts.  He 
was  graduated  in  1732.  In  1738  he  was  ap 
pointed  professor  in  the  place  of  Mr.  Green 
wood.  He  immediately  entered  upon  the  duties 
of  this  office  and  discharged  them  with  fidelity 
and  high  reputation  through  life.  In  1761  he 
sailed  to  St.  John's  in  Newfoundland,  to  observe 
the  transit  of  Venus  over  the  sun's  disk,  June  6th, 
agreeably  to  the  recommendation  of  Mr.  Halley. 
When  the  day  arrived,  he  was  favored  with  a 
fine,  clear  morning,  and  he  enjoyed  the  inexpres 
sible  satisfaction  of  observing  a  phenomenon 
which  had  never  before  been  seen,  excepting  by 
Mr.  Horrox  in  1639,  by  any  inhabitant  of  the 
earth.  He  was  distinguished  for  his  very  inti 
mate  acquaintance  with  mathematical  science. 
His  talents  in  investigating  and  communicating 
truth  were  very  rare.  In  the  variety  and  extent 
of  his  knowledge  he  has  seldom  been  equalled. 
He  had  deeply  studied  the  politics  of  different 
ages;  and  he  was  thoroughly  acquainted  with 
the  controversy  between  Christians  and  deists. 
His  firm  faith  in  the  Christian  religion  was 


WINTHROP. 

founded  upon  an  accurate  examination  of  the 
evidences  of  its  truth,  and  the  virtues  of  his  life 
added  a  lustre  to  his  intellectual  powers  and  sci 
entific  attainments.  In  his  family  he  devoutly 
maintained  the  worship  of  the  Supreme  Being. 
While  he  himself  attended  upon  the  positive  in 
stitutions  of  the  gospel,  he  could  not  conceive 
what  reason  any  one,  who  called  himself  a  Chris 
tian,  could  give  for  neglecting  them.  The  day 
before  his  death  he  said :  "  The  hope  that  is  set 
before  us  in  the  New  Testament  is  the  only 
thing  which  will  support  a  man  in  his  dying 
hour.  If  any  man  builds  on  any  other  founda 
tion,  in  my  apprehension  his  foundation  will  fail." 
His  accurate  observations  of  the  transit  of  Mer 
cury  in  1740  were  noticed  by  the  royal  society  of 
London.  He  published  a  lecture  on  earthquakes, 
1755;  answer  to  Mr.  Prince's  letter  upon  earth 
quakes,  1756;  two  letters  on  comets,  1759;  an 
account  of  several  fiery  meteors,  1765. 

WINTHROP,  JAMES,  LL.  D.,  judge,  the  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  graduated  in  1769,  and 
fought  in  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill.  For  some 
years  he  was  chief  justice  of  the  court  of  com 
mon  pleas,  and  register  of  probate.  He  died  at 
Cambridge  Sept.  26, 1821,  aged  70.  His  brother, 
William,  a  graduate  of  1770,  died  in  1825,  at 
Cambridge.  The  valuable  library  which  he  had 
collected  he  bequeathed  to  Alleghany  college, 
Pennsylvania.  He  published  a  translation  of  a 
part  of  the  Apocalypse,  1794,  and  various  scien 
tific  papers. 

WINTHROP,  THOMAS  LIXDALL,  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Massachusetts,  a  descendant  of  Gov. 
W.,  died  in  Boston  Feb.  22,  1841,  aged  81.  He 
was  the  son  of  John  Still  Winthrop  and  of  Jane 
Borland,  grand-daughter  of  Timothy  Lindall. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1780,  and  married 
Elizabeth  Bowdoin  Temple  in  1786.  From  1826 
to  1832  he  was  lieutenant-governor.  He  was 
president  of  the  Massachusetts  historical  society 
and  of  the  American  antiquarian  society.  He 
was  the  father  of  Mrs.  Tappan,  wife  of  Rev.  Dr. 
T.  of  Augusta,  Me.,  and  of  five  sons,  —  James, 
who  took  the  name  of  Bowdoin,  who  graduated 
at  Bowdoin  college  in  1814,  was  a  lawyer  in  Bos 
ton,  and  died  in  1834;  Francis  William,  de 
ceased;  George  Edward ;  Grenvillc  Temple ;  and 
Robert  Charles  of  Boston,  late  a  senator  of  the 
United  States.  He  was  a  man  of  large  property, 
and  highly  respected  by  his  fellow-citizens.  He 
was  a  benefactor  of  the  historical  society.  His 
body  found  a  resting-place  in  a  remarkable  tomb 
in  the  King's  chapel  burying-ground  in  Boston, 
—  a  tomb  in  which  were  placed  three  of  his  an 
cestors,  who  were  governors;  John  of  Massachu 
setts,  John  and  Fitz  John,  governors  of  Connec 
ticut,  and  also  Waitstill,  a  brother  of  the  last, 
chief  justice  and  major-general.  There  also  rest 


WINTIIHOP. 

Elizabeth  Bowdoin,  the  wife  of  Lieut.-Gov.  W., 
and  his  sister,  Mrs.  Ann  Winthxop  Sears,  the 
mother  of  David  Sears. 

WINTHROP,  ADAM,  died  near  New  Orleans 
in  1846,  aged  68;  clerk  in  the  district  court  of 
Louisiana.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1800. 

WIRT,  WILLIAM,  LL.  D.,  died  at  Washington 
Feb.  11,  1835,  aged  62.  Born  at  Bladens- 
burg  Nov.  8,  1772,  his  father  was  a  Swiss, 
his  mother  a  German,  both  dying  before  he 
was  eight  years  old.  By  an  uncle  he  was  edu 
cated  till  he  was  fifteen,  but  he  never  was  at 
college.  In  1792  he  commenced  the  practice  of 
law  in  Virginia.  Marrying  the  daughter  of  Dr. 
George  Gilmer,  he  lived  with  him  near  Char- 
lottesville,  and  here  he  was  introduced  to  the  ac 
quaintance  of  Jefferson,  Madison,  and  Monroe. 
It  is  said  he  was  reclaimed  from  dissipation  by  a 
sermon  of  James  Waddell.  In  1802  he  was  ap 
pointed  chancellor  and  lived  at  Williamsburg ; 
his  second  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Col.  Gamble. 
He  removed  to  Norfolk  in  1803  ;  to  Richmond  in 
1806.  As  a  lawyer  he  was  distinguished  at  the 
trial  of  Burr.  In  1817  he  was  attorney-general 
of  the  U.  S.  In  1830  he  removed  to  Baltimore. 
As  a  Christian  he  was  exemplary  and  held  in 
respect.  About  1802  he  wrote  the  British  spy, 
in  which  he  spoke  of  the  blind  preacher  Wad- 
dell  ;  it  passed  through  ten  editions.  His  old 
bachelor  was  written  in  1812;  his  life  of  Patrick 
Henry  in  1817. 

WISE,  JOHN,  minister  of  Ipswich,  now  Essex, 
Mass.,  died  April  8,  1725,  aged  73.  He  was  the 
son  of  Joseph  W.,  of  Roxbury ;  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1673  ;  and  was  soon  or 
dained  at  Chebacco  in  Ipswich.  In  1688  he  was 
imprisoned  by  Andros  for  remonstrating  against 
the  taxes  as  a  grievance,  because  imposed  without 
an  assembly.  After  the  Revolution  he  brought 
an  action  against  Mr.  Dudley,  the  chief  justice, 
for  denying  him  the  benefits  of  the  habeas  corpus 
act.  Being  a  chaplain  in  the  unhappy  expedi 
tion  against  Canada  in  1690,  he  distinguished 
himself  not  only  by  the  pious  discharge  of  the 
sacred  office,  but  by  his  heroic  spirit  and  martial 
skill.  When  several  ministers  signed  proposals 
in  1705  for  establishing  associations,  which 
should  be  intrusted  with  spiritual  power,  he 
exerted  himself  with  effect  to  avert  the  danger 
which  threatened  the  Congregational  churches. 
In  a  book,  which  he  wrote  upon  this  occasion, 
entitled  the  churches'  quarrel  espoused,  he  exhib 
ited  no  small  share  of  the  wit  and  satire  of  a 
former  minister  of  Ipswich,  Mr.  Ward.  He  con 
tended  that  each  church  contains  in  itself  all 
ecclesiastical  authority.  In  1721,  when  the  inoc 
ulation  for  the  small  pox  was  first  introduced,  he 
was  one  of  those  ministers  who  approved  of  it. 
Mr.  Stoddard  of  Northampton  was  another.  He 
was  enriched  with  the  excellences  of  nature  and 


WISTAR. 


C7K 
O  (  tJ 


religion,  uniting  a  graceful  form  and  majestic 
aspect  to  a  lively  imagination  and  sound  judg 
ment,  and  to  incorruptible  integrity,  unshaken 
fortitude,  liberal  charity,  and  fervent  piety.  His 
attachment  to  civil  and  religious  liberty  was  zeal 
ous  and  firm.  He  was  a  learned  scholar  and 
eloquent  orator.  In  his  last  sickness  he  expressed 
a  deep  sense  of  his  own  unworthiness  in  the  sight 
of  Heaven,  and  a  conviction  that  he  needed  the 
Divine  mercy  and  was  entirely  dependent  on  the 
free  grace  of  God  in  Christ  Jesus.  He  published 
the  churches'  quarrel  espoused,  1710;  and  a  vin 
dication  of  the  government  of  the  New  England 
churches,  about  the  year  1717  or  1718.  It  was 
reprinted  in  1772.  lie  contends  that  the  eccle 
siastical  government,  as  established  by  Christ 
and  as  existing  in  New  England,  was  a  democ 
racy,  and  was  best  calculated  for  the  advantage  of 
all.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

WISE,  JEREMIAH,  minister  of  Berwick,  Me., 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1700,  and 
was  ordained  successor  of  John  Wade  Nov.  26, 
1707.  He  died  in  1756.  He  was  a  man  of  emi 
nent  piety  and  goodness.  He  published  a  ser 
mon  on  the  death  of  Charles  Frost,  1725  ;  elec 
tion  sermon,  1729  ;  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of 
James  Pike,  1730. 

WISNER,  BENJAMIN  B.,D.  D.,  died  in  Boston 
of  the  scarlet  fever  Feb.  9,  1835,  aged  40;  min 
ister  of  the  old  south  church,  one  of  the  secreta 
ries  of  the  American  board  of  missions.  Born 
in  Goshen,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  29,  1794,  his  father,  P.  B. 
Wisner,  soon  afterwards  removed  to  Geneva, 
where  he  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  and  found 
ers  of  the  church.  He  graduated  at  Union  col 
lege  in  1813,  and  was  a  tutor  for  several  years, 
lie  studied  theology  at  Princeton.  His  wife  was 
Sarah  H.Johnson  of  Johnstown.  He  was  ordained 
Feb.  21,  1821.  Ill  health  induced  him  to  relin 
quish  the  beloved  work  of  the  ministry  for  the 
office  of  secretary  in  1832.  He  died  after  a  short 
illness,  in  Christian  peace  and  hope.  A  memoir 
is  inserted  in  the  missionary  herald  for  1836. 
He  was  a  man  of  judgment,  wisdom,  and  energy. 
His  successor  was  S.  H.  Stearns.  His  predeces 
sors  in  the  old  south  church  were  Thacher,  Wil- 
lard,  Pemberton,  Sewall,  Prince,  Gumming, 
Blair,  Bacon,  Hunt,  Eckley,  and  Huntington. 
He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Mrs. 
Phillips,  1823;  of  W.  Phillips,  1827;  before  a  for 
eign  missionary  society ;  review  of  Channing's 
dedication  sermon,  1826;  to  society  for  propa 
gating  the  gospel ;  history  of  the  old  south 
church,  1830;  on  Sabbath  schools;  review  of  the 
new  divinity  tried,  1832.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

WISTAR,  CASPAR,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  died 
Jan.  22,  1818,  aged  56.  He  was  a  grandson  of 
Caspar  W.,  who  emigrated  from  Germany  in 
1717,  and  established  a  glass  manufactory  in  New 
Jersey.  He  was  born  in  Philadelphia  Sept.  13, 


876 


WISTAR. 


WITUERSPOON. 


1761 ;  his  parents  were  Quakers.  In  Oct.,  1783,  ' 
he  went  to  England  in  order  to  complete  his  med 
ical  education.  His  father's  death  put  him  in  pos 
session  of  a  fortune;  yet  was  he  not  induced  to 
relax  in  his  industry.  He  returned  to  Philadel 
phia  in  Jan.,  1787.  In  1789  he  was  elected  pro 
fessor  of  chemistry  in  the  college;  and  in  1808 
he  succeeded  Shippen  as  professor  of  anatomy. 
As  a  lecturer  he  was  fluent  and  eloquent,  and  he 
gave  most  ample  instruction.  As  a  physician  he 
was  scrupulously  attentive  to  his  patients  and  em 
inently  skilful.  lie  died  of  a  malignant  fever. 
Three  children,  by  his  second  wife,  Elizabeth 
Mifliin,  niece  of  Gov.  M.,  survived  him.  He  pub 
lished  a  system  of  anatomy.  —  Tilgliman's  Eu- 
loqy ;  Thacher. 

WISTAR,  THOMAS,  of  Philadelphia,  died  in 
1851,  aged  88.  He  was  a  merchant,  a  man  of 
probity  and  benevolence. 

WISWALL,  ICHABOD,  minister  of  Duxbury, 
Mass.,  died  it  is  thought  about  1700.  But  little 
is  known  of  him.  There  is,  however,  a  record  of 
one  important  public  service.  He  went  to  Eng 
land  with  the  Massachusetts  agents  to  assist  in 
procuring  what  was  obtained,  the  charter  of  Mas 
sachusetts  Bay,  uniting  the  colonies  of  Plymouth 
and  Massachusetts.  He  was  pastor  thirty  years, 
and  was  succeeded  by  J.  Robinson  from  1700  to 
1737  ;  subsequently  by  Veazie,  Turner,  Sanger, 
and  Allyn.  His  predecessors  were  W.  Brewster, 
R.  Partridge,  and  J.  Holmes. 

WISWALL,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  Falmouth, 
Me.,  died  in  1812,  aged  about  85.  He  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1749,  and  was  pastor  from  1756  to 
1764.  E.  Williams  and  W.  Miltimore  succeeded 
him. 

WITHEREL,  OBADIAH,  died  in  Albion,  Me., 
in  1844,  aged  98.  Born  in  Pepperell,  he  served 
in  the  whole  Revolutionary  war.  One  of  the  first 
settlers  of  Norridgewock,  he  lived  there  more 
than  fifty  years. 

WITHERELL,  or  WETHERELL,  WILLIAM, 
first  minister  of  the  second  church  in  Scituate, 
died  in  1684,  aged  84.  He  was  born  in  England ; 
settled  in  1645  ;  and  was  succeeded  by  Mighill, 
Lawson,  Elles,  Barnes,  and  Deane. 

WITHERSPOON,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  pres 
ident  of  the  college  of  New  Jersey,  died  Nov. 
15,  1794,  aged  72.  He  was  born  in  Yester,  near 
Edinburgh,  Feb.  5,  1722,  and  was  lineally  de 
scended  from  John  Knox.  At  the  age  of  four 
teen  he  entered  the  university  of  Edinburgh, 
where  he  continued  till  he  reached  the  age  of 
twenty  one,  when  he  was  licensed  to  preach  the 
gospel.  He  was  soon  ordained  at  Beith,  and 
thence  was  translated  to  Paisley.  Here  he  lived 
in  high  reputation  and  great  usefulness,  until  he 
•was  called  to  the  presidency  of  Princeton  college. 
So  extensively  was  he  known  that  he  was  invited 
to  Dundee,  to  Dublin,  and  Rotterdam.  He 


arrived  with  his  family  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  in 
Aug.,  1768,  and  took  the  charge  of  a  seminary, 
over  which  had  presided  Dickinson,  Burr,  Ed 
wards,  Davies,  and  Finley,  men  distinguished  for 
genius,  learning,  and  piety.  His  name  brought 
a  great  accession  of  students  to  the  college,  and 
by  his  exertions  its  funds  were  much  augmented. 
But  the  war  of  the  American  Revolution  pros 
trated  every  thing.  While  the  academical  shades 
were  deserted,  and  his  functions  as  president  were 
suspended,  he  was  introduced  into  a  new  field  of 
labor.  As  he  became  at  once  an  American  on  his 
landing  in  this  country,  the  citizens  of  New  Jer 
sey,  who  knew  his  distinguished  abilities,  ap 
pointed  him  a  member  of  the  convention  which 
formed  the  constitution  of  that  State.  Here  he 
appeared  as  profound  a  civilian  as  he  had  before 
been  known  to  be  a  philosopher  and  divine. 
From  the  Revolutionary  committees  and  conven 
tions  of  the  State  he  was  sent,  early  in  1776,  a 
representative  to  the  congress.  He  was  during 
seven  years  a  member  of  that  illustrious  body, 
and  he  was  always  collected,  firm,  and  wise  amidst 
the  embarrassing  circumstances  in  which  con 
gress  was  placed.  His  name  is  affixed  to  the 
declaration  of  independence.  But,  while  he  was 
thus  engaged  in  political  affairs,  he  did  not  lay 
aside  his  ministry.  He  gladly  embraced  every 
opportunity  of  preaching,  for  his  character  as  a 
minister  of  the  gospel  he  ever  considered  as  his 
highest  honor.  As  soon  as  the  state  of  the 
country  would  permit,  the  college  was  reestab 
lished,  and  its  instruction  was  recommenced 
under  the  immediate  care  of  the  vice-president, 
Dr.  Smith.  After  the  termination  of  the  strug 
gle  for  American  liberty,  Dr.  W.  was  induced 
from  his  attachment  to  the  college  to  cross  the 
ocean,  that  he  might  promote  its  benefit.  After 
his  return,  he  entered  into  that  retirement  which 
was  dear  to  him,  and  his  attention  was  principally 
confined  to  the  duties  of  his  office  as  president, 
and  as  a  minister  of  the  gospel.  For  more  than 
two  years  before  his  death  he  was  afflicted  with 
the  loss  of  sight;  but  during  his  blindness  he 
was  frequently  led  into  the  pulpit,  and  he  always 
acquitted  himself  with  his  usual  accuracy  and 
animation.  At  length  he  sunk  under  the  pres 
sure  of  his  infirmities.  He  was  succeeded  by 
Dr.  Smith.  He  possessed  a  mass  of  information, 
well  selected  and  thoroughly  digested.  Scarcely 
any  man  of  the  age  had  a  more  vigorous  mind 
or  a  more  sound  understanding.  As  president 
of  the  college  he  rendered  literary  inquiries  more 
liberal,  extensive,  and  profound,  and  was  the 
means  of  producing  an  important  revolution  in 
the  system  of  education.  He  extended  the  study 
of  mathematical  science,  and  it  is  believed  he  was 
the  first  man  who  taught  in  America  the  sub 
stance  of  those  doctrines  of  the  philosophy  of 
j  the  mind,  Avhich  Dr.  Reid  afterwards  developed 


WITIIERSPOON. 


WOLCOTT. 


877 


with  so  much  success.  lie  was  very  distinguished 
as  a  preacher.  He  loved  to  dwell  on  the  great 
doctrines  of  Divine  grace.  Though  he  wrote  his 
sermons  and  committed  them  to  memory,  yet  as 
he  was  governed  by  the  desire  of  doing  good  and 
wished  to  bring  his  discourses  to  the  level  of 
every  understanding,  he  was  not  confined,  when 
addressing  his  hearers,  within  the  boundaries  of 
what  he  had  written.  His  life  was  upright  and 
holy.  Besides  the  daily  intercourse  with  Heaven 
which  he  held  in  the  closet,  and  occasional  sea 
sons  of  solemn  recollection  and  devotion,  he  ob 
served  the  last  day  of  the  year  with  his  family  as 
a  day  of  fasting,  humiliation,  and  prayer. 

His  works  are  various,  for  he  wrote  on  politi 
cal,  moral,  literary,  and  religious  subjects.  No 
one  has  more  strikingly  displayed  the  pernicious 
effects  of  the  stage ;  and  his  treatises  on  the  na 
ture  and  necessity  of  regeneration,  justification 
by  free  grace  through  Jesus  Christ,  the  impor 
tance  of  truth  in  religion,  or  the  connection 
between  sound  principles  and  a  holy  practice,  are 
highly  esteemed.  Though  a  very  serious  writer, 
he  yet  possessed  a  fund  of  refined  humor  and 
delicate  satire.  In  his  ecclesiastical  characteris 
tics  his  wit  was  directed  at  certain  corruptions  in 
principle  and  practice,  prevalent  in  the  church  of 
Scotland,  and  it  is  keen  and  cutting.  He  formed 
a  union  of  those  who  accorded  with  him,  and 
became  at  length  their  leader.  His  works  were 
published  in  4  vols.,  with  an  account  of  his  life  by 
Dr.  Rodgers,  8vo.,  1802.  —Ed wards'  Qu.  Beg., 
Nov.,  1836. 

WITIIERSPOON,  JOHN  R.,  M.  D.,  died  in 
Greensborough,  Ala.,  about  1850,  aged  about 
75.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1794.  He 
published  a  description  of  a  Latin  bible  of  the 
9th  century,  in  his  possession. 

WITIIERSPOON,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  died  in  Hills- 
boro',  N.  C.,  Sept.  25,  1853,  aged  61 ;  a  grandson 
of  President  W.  Born  at  Newbern,  he  gradu 
ated  at  Chapel  Hill ;  he  was  at  first  a  lawyer, 
afterwards  a  minister  at  H.,  also  at  Camden  and 
Columbia,  S.  C.  He  was  able  and  influential. 

WITIIERSPOON,  ALEXANDER,  Dr.,  died  at 
Washington  in  1854,  aged  37.  Educated  medi 
cally  at  New  York,  he  was  house  surgeon  in  the 
city  hospital.  At  his  decease  he  was  a  member 
of  the  medical  corps  of  the  army.  He  contrib 
uted  papers  to  the  medical  journals. 

WITHINGTON,  LEMUEL,  of  Dorchester,  died 
Nov.  12,  1847,  aged  90.  He  served  his  country 
in  Putman's  regiment  at  the  age  of  sixteen.  In 
his  old  age  he  was  resigned,  though  twenty  years 
blind.  A  religious  man,  he  died  in  peace,  in  the 
hope  of  glory. 

WOLCOTT,  HENRY,  the  first  ancestor  in  this 
country  of  many  distinguished  men  of  the  name 
of  Wolcott,  died  in  AV^indsor,  Conn.,  in  1655, 
aged  77.  lie  came  from  Somersetshire,  Eng 


land,  in  1630;  settled  at  Dorchester;  but  in 
1636  removed  to  Windsor,  where  he  was  a  mag 
istrate.  Among  his  descendants  may  be  reck 
oned  three  governors  of  Connecticut.  His  stone 
monument,  of  a  handsome  form,  one  of  the  oldest 
in  the  State,  was  made  by  his  son-in-law,  a  stone 
cutter,  Matthew  Griswold,  ancestor  of  the  Gris- 
wold  family  in  Lyme. 

WOLCOTT,  ROGER,  governor  of  Connecticut, 
a  descendant  of  Henry  W.,  died  May  17,  1767, 
aged  88.  He  was  born  at  Windsor  Jan.  4, 1679. 
His  parents  lived  in  a  part  of  the  country  which 
suffered  much  from  the  Indians,  and  in  the  town 
there  was  neither  a  schoolmaster  nor  minister,  so 
that  he  was  not  a  member  of  a  common  school 
for  a  single  day  in  his  life.  When  he  was  twelve 
years  of  age  he  was  bound  as  an  apprentice  to  a 
mechanic.  At  the  age  of  twenty-one,  when  the 
laws  permitted  him  to  enjoy  the  fruits  of  his 
labors,  he  established  himself  on  the  east  side  of 
Connecticut  river  in  the  same  town  in  which  he 
was  born,  where  by  the  blessing  of  God  upon  his 
industry  and  frugality  he  acquired  what  was  con 
sidered  as  a  plentiful  fortune.  He  is  an  eminent 
proof  of  the  power  of  talents  and  integrity,  in  a 
free  country, in  raising  one  to  distinction,  notwith 
standing  the  disadvantages  of  education  and  of 
birth.  He  rose  by  degrees  to  the  highest  mili 
tary  and  civil  honors.  In  the  expedition  against 
Canada  in  1711  he  was  commissary  of  the  Con 
necticut  forces,  and  at  the  capture  of  Louisburg 
in  1745  he  bore  the  commission  of  major-general. 
He  was  successively  a  member  of  the  assembly 
and  of  the  council,  judge  of  the  county  court, 
deputy  governor,  chief  judge  of  the  superior 
court,  and  from  1751  to  1754,  governor.  In  all 
his  exaltation  above  his  neighbors  he  exhibited  no 
haughtiness  of  deportment,  but  was  easy  of 
access,  free  and  affable,  of  ready  wit  and  great 
humor.  His  literary  attainments  were  such,  that 
in  conversation  with  the  learned  upon  most  sub 
jects  he  secured  respect.  He  was  much  attached 
to  the  peculiar  doctrines  of  the  gospel,  and  was 
for  many  years  a  member  of  a  Christian  church. 
From  the  year  1754,  when  his  life  was  more 
retired,  he  devoted  himself  particularly  to  read 
ing,  meditation,  and  prayer.  He  was  very  careful 
in  searching  into  himself,  that  he  might  perceive 
his  own  character,  and  know  whether  he  was 
rescued  from  that  depravity,  to  which  previously 
to  the  renewing  agency  of  the  Divine  Spirit  the 
human  mind  is  subjected,  and  whether  he  was 
interested  in  the  salvation  of  the  gospel.  In  his 
last  moments  he  was  supported  by  the  hopes  of 
the  Christian,  and  he  entered  into  his  rest.  He 
had  eleven  children.  He  published  poetical  med 
itations,  with  a  preface  by  Mr.  Bulkley  of  Col 
chester,  1725;  a  letter  to  Mr.  Hobart  in  1761, 
entitled,  the  New  English  Congregational  churches 
are  and  always  have  been  consociated  churches, 


878 


WOLCOTT. 


WOLFE. 


and  their  liberties  greater  and  better  founded  in 
their  platform,  agreed  upon  at  Cambridge  in 
1648,  than  in  the  agreement  at  Saybrook  in  1708. 
A  long  poem,  written  by  Gov.  Wolcott,  entitled, 
a  brief  account  of  the  agency  of  J.  Winthrop  in 
the  court  of  Charles  II.,  in  1662,  in  procuring  the 
charter  of  Connecticut,  is  preserved  in  the  collec 
tions  of  the  historical  society.  It  describes  with 
considerable  minuteness  the  Pequot  war.  His 
vacant  hours  was  published,  1724.  —  Hist.  Coll. 
IV.  262-297. 

WOLCOTT,  ERASTUS,  a  judge  of  the  superior 
court  of  Connecticut,  died  in  1793,  aged  70. 
The  son  of  the  preceding,  he  was  born  about  the 
year  1723.  In  1776  he  commanded  a  regiment 
of  militia,  and  assisted  in  the  investment  of  Bos 
ton.  He  was  appointed  a  brigadier-general  in 
1777,  and  went  on  an  expedition  to  Peekskill. 
He  was  repeatedly  a  member  of  congress.  To 
wards  the  close  of  his  life  he  resigned  his  office 
of  judge.  Integrity  and  patriotism  were  united 
in  his  character  with  religion.  He  was  a  zealous 
friend  to  republican  principles,  an  able  advocate 
of  the  rights  of  his  country.  His  last  illness  he 
bore  with  a  cheerful  serenity  and  submission  to 
the  will  of  God.  A  short  religious  tract,  written 
by  him,  was  annexed  to  McClure's  sermon  on  his 
death. 

WOLCOTT,  ALEXANDER,  Dr.,  died  at  Wind 
sor,  Conn.,  in  1795,  aged  93. 

WOLCOTT,  OLIVER,  LL.  D.,  governor  of 
Connecticut,  the  son  of  Gov.  Rcger  W.,  died 
Dec.  1,  1797,  aged  71.  He  was  born  about  the 
year  1726,  and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1747. 
He  held  a  captain's  commission  in  the  war 
•with  the  French.  Cn  retiring  from  military  ser 
vice  he  studied  physic;  but  his  attention  was 
drawn  from  this  profession  by  his  appointment  as 
high  sheriff  of  the  county  of  Litchfield,  which 
office  he  sustained  about  fourteen  years.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  memorable  congress  which 
agreed  upon  the  declaration  of  independence  in 
1776,  and  he  boldly  advocated  that  measure. 
Barlow,  in  his  vision  of  Columbus,  says  : 

"  Bold  Wolcott  urg'd  the  all  important  cause, 
With  steady  hand  the  solemn  scene  he  draws ; 
Undaunted  firmness  with  his  wisdom  join'd, 
Nor  kings  nor  worlds  could  warp  his  steadfast  mind." 

He  was  chosen  governor  in  1796.  Mr.  Trumbull 
succeeded  him.  Incorruptible  integrity  and  un 
shaken  firmness  were  conspicuous  traits  in  his 
character.  He  was  the  friend  of  virtue  and  re 
ligion.  In  his  last  sickness  he  expressed  a  deep 
sense  of  his  personal  unworthiness  and  guilt. 

WOLCOTT,  WILLIAM,  Dr.,  died  at  Windsor, 
Conn.,  in  1825,  aged  72  ;  the  son  of  William  of 
East  Windsor. 

WOLCOTT,  OLIVER,  governor  of  Connecticut 
and  circuit  judge,  died  at  New  York  June  1, 


1833,  aged  73.  He  was  a  native  of  Litchfield, 
the  son  of  Oliver  W.,  who  was  also  governor. 
He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1778.  Educated  for 
the  bar,  Washington  appointed  him  auditor  and 
comptroller  of  the  treasury.  He  succeeded  Ham 
ilton  from  1795  to  1800  as  secretary  of  the  treas 
ury,  in  which  place  he  continued  till  the  end  of 
J.  Adams'  term  of  office.  From  1800  to  1815 
he  was  a  merchant  in  New  York.  After  the  war 
of  1812  with  England,  he  was  governor  from 
1817  to  1827;  then  he  returned  to  New  York  to 
be  near  his  children.  His  wife  was  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  John  Stoughton  of  Windsor.  His 
sister,  Mary  Anne,  wife  of  Chauncey  Goodrich, 
was  a  very  accomplished  woman.  Born  in  1765, 
in  the  war  a  leaden  statue  of  George  III.  was 
carried  from  New  York  to  Litchfield  and  cast 
into  bullets,  and  she  and  other  ladies  formed 
them  into  good  patriotic  cartridges.  He  was  a 
statesman,  and  was  acquainted  with  literature, 
and  in  his  conversation  was  sagacious  and  witty, 
and  made  keen  observations  on  the  world.  His 
correspondence  in  two  volumes  was  published 
by  his  grandson,  Gibbs.  —  GoodriclCs  Recollec 
tions. 

WOLCOTT,  FREDERIC,  councillor  and  sena 
tor  in  Connecticut,  died  at  Litchfield  in  1837,  aged 
70.  The  brother  of  Oliver,  he  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1786.  A  man  of  talents  and  character, 
he  was  forty-five  years  in  office. 

WOLCOTT,  Mrs.,  wife  of  Samuel  W.,  mis 
sionary  to  Syria,  died  at  Beirut  Oct.  26,  1841,  in 
great  peace. 

WOLF,  GEORGE,  died  at  Philadelphia  March 
11,  1840,  aged  63.  He  was  governor,  1829- 
1835;  first  comptroller  of  the  United  States, 
1836;  collector  of  Philadelphia  and  member  of 
congress,  1824-1829. 

WOLFE,  JAMES,  a  major-general  in  the  Brit 
ish  army,  was  killed  Sept.  13,  1759,  aged  32. 
lie  was  born  inWesterham  in  Kent,  Jan.  2, 1727. 
He  entered  young  into  the  army,  and  soon  dis 
tinguished  himself  as  a  brave  and  skilful  officer. 
After  his  return  from  the  expedition  against  Lou- 
isburg  in  1758,  he  Avas  immediately  appointed 
to  the  command  of  one  of  the  expeditions  des 
tined  against  Canada  in  1759.  He  arrived  at  the 
Island  of  Orleans,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Que 
bec,  late  in  June.  On  the  last  of  July  he  at 
tacked  the  French  intrenchments  at  Montmo- 
rency  on  the  left  bank  of  the  St.  Charles,  but  his 
troops  were  thrown  into  disorder  by  the  enemy's 
fire,  and  he  was  compelled  to  give  orders  for  re 
turning  to  the  island.  He  now  determined  to 
effect  a  landing  above  the  city,  and  by  scaling  a 
precipice  to  gain  the  heights  back  of  the  town, 
where  it  was  but  slightly  fortified.  He  was  fully 
aware  of  the  temerity  of  the  enterprise,  but  re 
solved  to  execute  it.  Sept.  13,  an  hour  before 
daybreak,  he  landed  with  a  strong  detachment 


WOLFE. 


WOOD. 


879 


about  a  mile  above  cape  Diamond.  Ascending 
the  precipice  by  the  aid  of  the  rugged  projec 
tions  of  the  rocks  and  the  branches  of  trees  and 
plants  growing  on  the  cliffs,  the  van  gained  the 
heights,  and  quickly  dispersed  a  captain's  guard 
which  had  been  intrusted  with  a  four-gun  bat 
tery.  The  whole  army  was  soon  upon  the  heights 
of  Abraham.  Montcalm  now  perceived  that  a 
battle  could  no  longer  be  avoided,  and  that  the 
fate  of  Quebec  depended  on  the  issue.  He  im 
mediately  crossed  the  St.  Charles  and  marched 
to  attack  the  English  army.  In  the  beginning  of 
the  action  Wolfe  received  a  ball  in  his  wrist,  but, 
wrapping  a  handkerchief  around  his  arm,  he  con 
tinued  to  encourage  his  men.  He  soon  received 
a  shot  in  the  groin,  which  he  also  concealed.  He 
was  advancing  at  the  head  of  the  grenadiers  with 
charged  bayonets,  when  a  third  bullet  pierced 
his  breast.  Being  conveyed  into  the  rear,  he 
still  discovered,  in  the  agonies  of  death,  the  most 
anxious  solicitude  concerning  the  fate  of  the  day. 
Asking  an  officer  to  support  him  while  he  viewed 
the  field  :  "  Tell  me,  sir,"  said  he,  "  do  the  enemy 
give  way  there  ?  tell  me,  for  I  cannot  see.'' 
His  sight  was  dimmed  and  confused,  and  almost 
extinguished  forever.  Being  told  that  the  enemy 
was  visibly  broken,  he  reclined  his  head  from  ex 
treme  faintness  on  the  officer's  arm ;  but  was 
soon  aroused  by  the  cry  of  "  They  run,  they  run  !  " 
"  Who  run  ?  "  exclaimed  the  hero.  The  officer 
replied,  "  The  French ;  they  are"  beat,  sir ;  they 
are  flying  before  you."  The  general  then  said, 
"  I  am  satisfied,  my  boys  !  "  and  almost  instantly 
expired.  This  death  of  the  illustrious  Wolfe,  in 
the  thirty-third  year  of  his  age,  combines  every 
circumstance  to  gratify  the  thirst  for  military 
glory.  If  the  creatures  of  God  were  allowed  to 
seek  their  own  honor,  and  if  men,  destined  for 
immortality,  would  choose  to  place  this  honor 
in  having  their  names  repeated  and  their  hero 
ism  applauded  by  future  and  unknown  genera 
tions,  perhaps  no  instance  of  a  death  more  to  -be 
envied  could  be  found  in  the  annals  of  history. 
The  body  of  Wolfe  was  carried  to  England,  and 
a  monument  was  erected  to  his  memory  in  West 
minster  abbey.  He  was  formed  by  nature  for 
military  greatness.  His  apprehension  w-as  quick 
and  clear,  his  judgment  sound,  his  courage  dar 
ing  perhaps  to  an  extreme.  With  a  temper 
lively  and  almost  impetuous  he  was  not  subject 
to  passion,  and  with  the  greatest  independence 
he  was  free  from  pride.  He  was  manly  yet  gen 
tle,  kind  and  conciliating  in  his  manners.  He 
was  not  only  just,  but  generous  ;  and  he  searched 
out  the  objects  of  his  charity  and  beneficence 
among  his  needy  officers.  One  of  the  most  cel 
ebrated  of  the  paintings  of  Benjamin  West  is 
that  of  the  death  of  Gen.  Wolfe.  His  life  and 
correspondence  was  published  in  London  in  1827, 
2  vols.  8vo. 


WOMPATUCK,  or  WAMPATUCK,  JOSIAH, 
the  sachem  of  Mattakeeset,  now  Pembroke,  Mass., 
received  in  1652  fourteen  pounds  to  extinguish 
his  title  to  the  lands.  The  rights  or  claims  of  his 
son,  Josiah,  were  subsequently  purchased  in  1686. 

AVOOD,  WILLIAM,  author  of  the  earliest 
printed  account  of  Massachusetts,  came  to  this 
country  in  1629,  and,  after  a  residence  of  about 
four  years,  set  sail  for  England  Aug.  15,  1633. 
Nothing  further  is  known  with  certainty  concern 
ing  him.  He  says,  that  in  the  town  in  which  he 
resided  there  were,  in  three  years  and  a  half, 
only  three  deaths,  and  two  of  those  were  infants. 
Mr.  Lewis  supposes  that  he  lived  in  Lynn,  and 
was  the  William  W.  who  was  the  representative* 
in  1636,  and  in  1637  removed  to  Sandwich,  where 
he  was  town  clerk.  He  published  New  England's 
prospects,  being  a  true,  lively,  and  experimental 
description  of  that  part  of  America  commonly 
called  New  England ;  London,  1634,  1635,  and 
1639 ;  reprinted  in  Boston  with  an  introductory 
essay,  1764.  This  work  is  well  written  and  very 
amusing.  It  is  surprising  that  it  has  not  been 
republished  in  the  Massachusetts  historical  col 
lections.  The  towns  which  he  describes  are 
Wichaguscusset,  Mount  Wolleston,  Dorchester, 
Iloxbury,  Boston,  Charlestown,  Medford,  New 
ton,  Watertown,  Mistick,  Winnisimet,  Saugus, 
Salem,  Marblehead,  Agowamme,  and  Merrimack, 
although  in  the  two  last  places  there  were  "  scarce 
any  inhabitants."  As  to  the  peninsula  of  Bos 
ton,  he  says  that  "  a  little  fencing  will  secure  their 
cattle  from  the  wolves ;  "  at  the  south  side,  at 
one  corner,  was  "  a  great  broad  hill,"  with  a  fort 
upon  it ;  on  the  north  side  was  an  equal  hill,  hav 
ing  a  windmill  upon  it ;  and  to  the  northwest 
"  a  high  mountain,  with  three  little  rising  hills 
on  the  top  of  it,  wherefore  it  is  called  the  Tra- 
mount."  This  word  now  appears  in  the  form  of 
Tremont.  His  specimen  of  the  Massachusetts' 
Indian  language  is  the  earliest  to  be  found,  —  the 
following  are  a  few  of  the  words :  abamocho,  the 
devil;  aunum,  a  dog;  cowims,  sleeps ;  cossaquot, 
bow  and  arrows ;  cone,  the  sun ;  coepot,  ice ; 
eat  chumnis,  Indian  corn ;  hoc,  the  body ;  hub 
hub  hub,  come  come  come ;  matchet,  it  is  naught ; 
mattamoi,  to  die;  matta,  no;  mawcus  sinnus, 
a  pair  of  shoes  ;  maw  paw,  it  snows ;  matchet 
wequon,  very  blunt;  nuncompecs,  a  boy;  nick- 
squaw,  a  maid ;  nippe,  water ;  nasampe,  pottage ; 
netop,  a  friend ;  ottucke,  a  deer  ;  occone,  a  deer 
skin;  ottommaocke,  tobacco;  ontoquos,  a  wolf; 
pow  wow,  a  conjurer;  pappouse,  a  child;  picke, 
a  pipe  ;  papowne,  winter  ;  pequas,  a  fox ;  pesissu, 
a  little  man  ;  sagamore,  a  king;  sachem,  a  king; 
sannup,  a  man ;  squaw,  a  woman  ;  suckis  suacke, 
a  clam  ;  sequan,  the  summer  ;  tokuche,  a  hatchet ; 
wampompeage,  Indian  money ;  winnet,  very 
good  ;  wigwam,  a  house  ;  wawpatucke,  a  goose  ; 
wompey,  white  ;  squi,  red ;  as  cos  coi,  green. 


880 


WOOD. 


WOOD,  SAMUEL,  Dr.,  was  one  of  the  first  set 
tlers  of  Danbury,  Conn.,  about  1685.  He  was 
born  and  educated  in  England,  and  was  a  regular 
bred  physician,  able,  skilful,  and  useful  many 
years  in  the  town. 

WOOD,  JAMES,  governor  of  Virginia,  died  at 
Richmond  in  June,  1813.  He  was  a  distinguished 
general  officer  in  the  Revolutionary  army.  He 
was  chosen  governor  in  1796,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Mr.  Monroe  in  1799. 

WOOD,  JOHN,  a  native  of  Scotland,  died  in 
May,  1822.  In  1806  he  edited  a  paper,  the  West 
ern  World,  in  Kentucky,  and  in  1817  a  paper,  the 
Atlantic  World,  at  Washington.  In  his  last  years 
"he  resided  at  Richmond,  Va.,  and  was  employed 
in  drawing  maps  of  the  counties.  He  published 
a  history  of  Switzerland  and  of  the  Swiss  revolu 
tion  ;  history  of  the  administration  of  J.  Adams ; 
a  statement  of  the  sources,  etc.  of  the  above,  1802  ; 
exposition  of  the  Clintonian  faction,  1802;  anew 
theory  of  the  diurnal  motion  of  the  earth,  1809. 

WOOD,  ABRAHAM,  first  minister  of  Chester 
field,  N.  H.,  died  in  1823,  aged  75,  in  the  fifty- 
first  year  of  his  ministry.  He  graduated  at  Dart 
mouth  in  1767,  and  was  ordained  Dec.  31,  1772. 

WOOD,  ASAHEL,  a  Baptist  minister,  died  at 
Poultney,  Vt.,  in  1824,  aged  55  ;  bequeathing  his 
property,  after  the  death  of  his  wife,  to  foreign 
mission  and  educational  societies. 

WOOD,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  died  at  Boscawen, 
N.  II.,  Dec.  24,  1836,  aged  84.  He  was  born  in 
Mansfield,  Conn.,  but  his  father  removed  to  Leb 
anon,  N.  H. ;  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1779, 
and  was  ordained  in  1781  at  Boscawen.  The 
next  year  between  thirty  and  forty  heads  of  fami 
lies  were  added  to  the  church.  No  minister  in 
the  State  fitted  so  many  young  men  for  college, 
being  one  hundred  in  number,  of  whom  about 
fifty  became  ministers  of  the  gospel.  By  them 
he  was  regarded  with  aifection  and  respect.  His 
charity  was  manifested  in  the  aid  of  those  who 
needed  his  assistance.  On  the  day  before  his 
death  he  preached  on  "  working  while  it  is  day." 
His  last  words  before  his  death  were,  "  All  is 
well."  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination 
of  B.  Wood  ;  a  fast  sermon,  1804. 

WOOD,  Lois,  Mrs. ,  died  at  Leominster,  Mass. 
in  1836,  aged  100  years  and  6  months. 

WOOD,  Mrs.,  the  wife  of  George  Wood,  mis 
sionary,  died-at  Singapore  March  8,  1839.  Mr. 
Orr  made  an  address  at  her  funeral.  Her  name 
was  Johnston,  of  Morristown,  N.  J.  —  N.  Y.  Ob 
server,  Nov.  14,  1840. 

WOOD,    SYLVANUS,   died  in  Woburn  Aug. 

1840,  aged  93,  a  pensioner.     In  the  battle  of 

Lexington  he  took  the  first  prisoner  of  the  war, 

WOOD,  JAMKS,  a  Methodist  minister,  died  at 

Kingwood,  Va.,  in  1840,  aged  89. 

WOOD,  STEPHEN,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution- 


WOODBRIDGE. 

ary  war,  who  fought  in  various  battles,  died  in 
Salem,  Mass.,  in  1841,  aged  94. 

WOOD,  THOMAS  II.,  minister  of  Halifax,  Vt., 
died  in  1842,  aged  69.  Born  in  Norwich,  Conn., 
tie  graduated  at  Williams  college  in  1799. 

WOOD,  STEPHEN,  Dr.,  died  in  Miami,  Ohio, 
in  1844,  aged  82.  He  was  the  last  survivor  of 
the  band  of  pioneers  associated  with  John  Cleves 
Symmes  in  the  settlement  of  North  Bend  in 
1789.  Probably  no  man  had  lived  so  long  in 
Ohio. 

WOOD,  JOEL,  died  at  Fort  Miller,  N.  Y.,  June 
6,  1845,  aged  48.  He  was  fifteen  years  a  mis 
sionary  among  the  Choctaw  Indians,  and  one  year 
among  the  Tuscaroras.  From  ill  health  he  left 
the  south,  and  for  five  years  was  the  pastor  of  a 
church  at  Fort  Miller.  —  N.  T.  Obs.,  July  12. 

WOOD,  SILAS,  died  at  Huntington,  L.  L, 
March  2,  1847,  aged  78.  He  was  a  member  of 
congress,  and  the  author  of  a  history  of  Long 
Island. 

WOOD,  BENJAMIN,  died  at  Upton,  Mass.,  April 
24,  1849,  aged  76.  His  parents  removed  from 
Mansfield  to  Lebanon,  N.H.,  where  he  was  born  ; 
Dr.  W.  of  Boscawen  was  his  brother.  A  graduate 
of  Dartmouth  in  1793,  he  studied  with  Emrnons, 
and  was  ordained  June  1,  1796.  He  knew  eight 
seasons  of  revival.  His  voice  was  fine  ;  he  had 
earnestness  and  unction,  and  was  a  popular  and 
successful  preacher,  of  pathetic  eloquence.  He 
published  a  sermon  at  Upton,  1796  ;  on  death 
of  Mrs.  Ruggles ;  to  an  education  society;  a 
masonic  address  at  Uxbridge,  1819 ;  masonic  at 
Milford,  1820;  masonic  at  Holden,  1825;  on 
baptism,  1823.  —  Sprague's  Annals. 

WOOD,  JOHN,  a  merchant,  died  in  New  York 
in  1850,  aged  60.  He  was  a  patron  of  many  of 
the  philanthropic  institutions  of  the  city. 

WOOD,  LUKE,  minister  of  Somers,  Conn., 
died  in  1851,  aged  74. 

WOOD,  SALLY  S.,  died  at  Kennebunk,  Me., 
Jan.  6, 1855,  aged  95.  She  was,  perhaps,  the  first 
authoress  in  Maine.  Among  the  novels  which 
she  published  were  Dorval,  the  speculator ;  Ferdi 
nand  and  Almira ;  Amelia,  or  the  influence  of 
virtue  ;  and  tales  of  the  night. 

WOOD,  JOSEPH,  judge,  died  at  New  Haven 
Nov.  13,  1856,  aged  77.  He  was  a  graduate  of 
Yale  in  1801.  He  formerly  lived  in  Stamford. 
Present  at  a  weekly  meeting  of  a  few  literary  men 
at  the  house  of  President  Day,  he  spoke  with 
animation  twenty  minutes,  when  soon  afterwards 
he  fell  and  instantly  expired.  His  death  was 
caused  by  an  ossification  of  the  coronal  artery  of 
the  heart. 

WOODBRIDGE,  BENJAMIN,  D.  D.,  the  first 
graduate  of  Harvard  college,  died  Nov.  1,  1684, 
aged  60.  The  son  of  Rev.  John  W.  of  England, 
he  was  born  in  1622,  and  graduated  in  1642.  On 


WOODBRIDGE. 

his  return  to  England,  he  succeeded  Dr.  Twissat 
Newbury,  where  he  gained  a  high  reputation  as 
a  scholar,  a  preacher,  a  casuist,  and  a  Christian. 
After  he  was  ejected  in  1(562  he  continued  to 
preach  privately.  He  died  at  Inglefield  in  Berks. 
His  work  on  the  justification  of  sinners,  a  volume 
of  359  pages,  is  a  well-written,  valuable  work,  and 
a  rare  book.  The  writer  of  this  holds  the  only 
copy  he  has  ever  heard  of  in  this  country.  Dr. 
Calamy  says :  "  He  was  a  universally  accom 
plished  person  ;  one  of  a  clear  and  strong  reason, 
and  of  an  exact  and  profound  judgment.  His 
learning  was  very  considerable,  and  he  was  a 
charming  preacher,  having  a  most  commanding 
voice  and  air.  His  temper  was  staid  and  cheer 
ful,  and  his  behavior  very  genteel  and  obliging." 
He  published  a  sermon  on  justification  by  faith, 
1653 ;  the  method  of  grace  in  the  justification 
of  sinners,  4to.,  1656  ;  church-members  set  in 
joint,  against  lay  preachers,  1656.  He  also  pub 
lished  a  work  written  by  Mr.  Noyes,  entitled, 
Moses  and  Aaron,  or  the  rights  of  Church  and 
State,  containing  two  disputations,  1661. 

WOODB11IDGE,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  Kil- 
lingworth,  Conn.,  died  in  Wethersfield,  in  1690, 
aged  about  46.  He  was  the  son  of  Rev.  John 
W.  of  Andover,  Mass.  He  graduated  at  Har 
vard  in  1664,  and  was  pastor  at  K.  from  1666  to 
1679,  and  was  succeeded  by  A.  Pierson  in  1684. 
He  was  re-settled  in  Wethersfield  as  the  succes 
sor  of  J.  Rowlandson  in  1679,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Mix,  Lockwood,  Marsh,  Tenney ;  the  three 
first  ministers  were  II.  Smith,  Russell,  and 
Bulkley. 

WOODBRIDGE,  JOHN,  first  preacher  of  An 
dover,  Mass.,  died  March  17,  1695,  aged  81.  He 
was  the  son  of  Rev.  John  W.;  was  born  in  Stan- 
ton,  Wiltshire,  England,  in  1613;  and,  after 
passing  some  time  at  Oxford,  pursued  his  studies 
in  private.  In  1634  he  came  to  this  country  with 
his  uncle,  Thomas  Parker.  He  was  ordained  as 
pastor  at  Rowley  in  1645  ;  but,  upon  the  invita 
tion  of  his  friends  in  England,  he  returned  to 
them  in  1647.  Being  ejected  in  1662,  he  again 
sought  a  retreat  in  America,  and  became  an  as 
sistant  to  Mr.  Parker  of  Newbury,  and  actec 
with  him  in  his  controversy  with  his  church 
After  his  dismission  on  account  of  his  views  of 
church  discipline,  he  was  a  magistrate  of  the 
colony.  His  successors  at  A.  were  Dane,  Bar 
nard,  Symmes,  Loring.  In  the  second  church 
were  Phillips,  French,  Edwards,  Badger.  Hii 
wife  was  a  daughter  of  Gov.  T.  Dudley.  His  son 
Benjamin,  minister  of  Bristol,  and  in  1688  oi 
Kittery,  who  died  at  Medford  Jan.  15,  1710 
wrote  the  ingenious  lines  for  the  tomb  of  Mr 
Cotton,  found  in  Mather's  Magnalia,  III.  31.  His- 
son,  John,  the  minister  of  Wethersfield,  died  ii 
1690  ;  and  his  descendants,  ministers,  were  John 
111 


WOODBRIDGE. 


881 


)f  West  Springfield,  who  died  in  1718,  and 
ohn  of  South  Hadley,who  died  Sept.  10,  1783, 
aged  79.  The  grandson  of  the  last,  making  the 
enth  John  W.  of  this  family  in  the  ministry,  is 
F.  Woodbridge,  D.  D.,  of  Hadley.  —  Mather's 
Mag.  II.  219. 

WOODBRIDGE,  BENJAMIN,  the  first  preacher 
at  Bristol,  R.  I.,  died  at  Medford  in  1710.  He 
ivas  the  son  of  Rev.  John  W.  After  being  for 
bur  years  from  1680  at  Bristol,  he  was  succeeded 
iv  Samuel  Lee;  and  in  1688  was  a  preacher  at 
vittery,  Me.  But  it  does  not  appear  that  he  was 
he  settled  minister  in  either  town.  His  wife 
was  Mary,  the  daughter  of  Rev.  John  Ward. 
He  wrote  an  elegy  on  John  Cotton,  which  is  in 
Mather's  magnalia. 

WOODBRIDGE,  JonN,  first  minister  of  West 
Springfield,  died  June  10,  1718,  aged  40.  The 
on  of  Rev.  John  W.  of  Wethersfield,  he  gradu 
ated  in  1694,  and  was  ordained  in  1698.  His 
wife  was  a  daughter  of  Rev.  Joseph  Eliot.  His 
son,  John,  was  the  minister  of  South  Hadley ; 
another  son,  Benjamin,  was  the  minister  of 
Amity,  now  Woodbridge,  in  Connecticut,  and 
died  much  respected  in  1785,  aged  73,  in  the 
forty-fourth  year  of  his  ministry.  Two  sons  set 
tled  in  Stockbridge.  — Holland's  Hist,  of  West 
ern  Jfass. 

WOODBRIDGE,  BENJAMIN,  the  first  misera 
ble  victim  in  New  England  to  the  rode  of  honor, 
died  in  Boston,  murdered  in  a  duel,  July  3,  1728, 
aged  19.  He  was  the  son  of  Dudley  W.  His 
grave-stone  is  in  the  Granary  burying-ground.  — 
Bridgman's  Pilgrims  of  Boston. 

WOODBRIDGE,  TIMOTHY,  minister  of  Hart 
ford,  Conn.,  died  April  30,  1732,  aged  nearly  80. 
The  son  of  Rev.  John  W.  of  Andover,  he  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1675,  and  was 
ordained  Nov.  18,  1685.  His  predecessors  were 
Hooker,  Stone,  and  Haynes ;  his  successors, 
Wadsworth,  Dorr,  Strong,  and  Hawes.  He  in 
troduced  into  Connecticut,  in  1696,  the  practice  of 
baptizing  the  children  of  those  who  owned  the 
covenant  without  being  received  into  full  com 
munion.  He  was  tall  and  of  a  majestic  aspect. 
For  his  useful  labors  and  Christian  zeal  and  ex 
emplary  virtues,  he  was  one  of  the  most  distin 
guished  men  of  his  day.  He  published  an  election 
sermon,  1727.  He  was  no  mean  poet.  To  C. 
Mather,  on  his  magnalia,  he  wrote  : 


"  Great  your  attempt.    No  doubt  some  sacred  spy, 
That  liegcr  in  your  sacred  cell  did  lie, 
Nurs'd  your  first  thoughts  with  gentle  beams  of  light, 
And  taught  your  hands  things  past  to  bring  to  sight. 
Thus  led  by  secret,  sweetest  influence, 
You  make  returns  to  God's  good  providence  j 
Recording  how  that  mighty  Hand  was  nigh 
To  trace  out  paths,  not  known  to  mortal  eye, 
To  those  brave  men  that  to  this  land  came  o'er, 
And  plac'd  them  safc  ou  the  Atlantic  shore,  — 


882 


WOODBRIDGE. 


And  gave  them  room  to  spread,  and  bless 'd  their  root, 
Whence,  hung  with  fruit,  now  many  branches  shoot." 

WOODBRIDGE,  SAMUEL,  first  minister  o 
East  Hartford,  Conn.,  died  in  1746,  aged  G( 
He  had  been  forty-three  years  minister,  and  WE 
succeeded  by  E.  Williams.  He  graduated  i 
Harvard  in  1801. 

WOODBRIDGE,  ASIIBEL,  minister  of  Glai 
tenbury,  Conn.,  died  in  1758,  aged  53.  He  wa 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1724.  He  was  a  ver 
humble,  excellent,  and  pious  man. 

WOODBRIDGE,  TIMOTHY,  minister  of  Hat 
field,  Mass,,  thirty  years,  died  in  1770,  aged  5' 
He  was  preceded  by  Atherton,  Chauncy,  an 
Williams  ;  and  succeeded  by  Lyman,  Waterburj 
and  Pratt. 

^WOODBRIDGE,  EPHRAIM,  the  minister  o 
New  London,  Conn.,  died  in  1776,  aged  30.  Th 
son  of  Rev.  John  of  Wethersfield,  he  graduate) 
at  Yale  in  1765.  His  predecessors  were  Blin 
man,  Bulkley,  Bradstreet,  Saltonstall,  Adams 
Byles. 

WOODBRIDGE,  JOHN,  minister  of  South 
Hartley,  Mass.,  died  in  1783,  aged  80.  Born  in 
West  Springfield,  the  son  of  Rev.  John  W.,  h. 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1726.  He  was  first  settlec 
as  a  minister  in  Poquonnuck,  a  village  of  Wind 
sor,  in  1729,  and  removed  to  South  Hartley  ir 
1742.  He  was  the  ninth  Rev.  John  W.  who 
were  all  related  to  each  other  as  ancestor  and 
descendant. 

WOODBRIDGE,  BENJAMIN,  the  first  minister 
of  Woodbridge,  Conn.,  died  in  1785,  aged  65  or 
75.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1740  ;  he  was  or 
dained  in  1742;  and  in  1783  had  Mr.  Ball  for  a 
colleague.  The  town  was  named  after  him ;  in 
return  for  the  honor  he  presented  to  the  town 
Whitby's  commentary.  The  regicides  Goffe  and 
Whalley  had  a  lodge  in  this  town,  seven  miles 
from  New  Haven. 

WOODBRIDGE,  ENOCH,  chief  justice  of  Ver 
mont,  died  at  Vergennes  in  1805. 

WOODBRIDGE,  RUGGLES,  colonel,  the  son 
of  Rev.  John  W.,  died  at  South  Hadley  March 
8,  1819,  aged  80.  He  was  a  colonel  in  the  Rev 
olutionary  army,  and  a  physician  ;  no  man  in  the 
town  had  so  great  influence.  For  fifteen  years 
he  was  treasurer  of  the  Hampshire  missionary 
society.  He  gloried  in  the  cross  of  Christ.  — 
Holland,  n.  274. 

WOODBRIDGE,  SYLVESTER,  Dr.,  died  at 
Southampton,  Mass.,  in  1824,  aged  70.  He  was 
the  son  of  Rev.  John  W.  of  South  Hartley.  He 
probably  studied  his  profession  with  a  brother, 
who  was  a  physician.  In  consequence  of  a  vote 
of  invitation  from  the  town  he  settled  in  South 
ampton,  where  he  toiled  skilfully  and  faithfully 
during  his  life.  He  ever  delighted  in  reading 
new  books  and  prosecuting  his  medical  studies. 


WOODBURY. 

He  was  also  an  habitual  student  of  the  bible  ;  a 
constant  attendant  on  public  worship  ;  zealous  in 
theological  discussion.  His  general  habits  were 
those  of  the  Puritan  stamp.  Of  his  children, 
Rev.  John  Woodbridge,  ]).  D.,  is  the  aged  min 
ister  of  Hartley;  Mindwell,  who  died  in  1837, 
was  the  wife  of  Rev.  Vinson  Gould  ;  and  Rev. 
Sylvester  Woodbridge,  D.  D.,  is  a  minister  in  the 
city  of  New  Orleans.  —  B.  B.  Edwards'  Centen 
nial  Address. 

WOODBRIDGE,  WILLIAM,  died  in  Franklin, 
Conn,  Feb.  27,  1836,  aged  80.  He  was  a  grad 
uate  of  Yale  in  1780,  was  a  preacher,  and  was  an 
honored  teacher  fifty  years.  He  wrote  for  the 
annals  of  education,  published  by  his  son,  W. 
C.  W,  and  contributed  to  other  papers.  He 
wrote  the  dead  bird,  published  by  the  Sabbath 
school  union. 

WOODBRIDGE,  JOHN  E,  died  in  Youngs- 
town,  Ohio,  Dec.  1,  1844,  aged  67.  His  mother 
was  a  daughter  of  President  Edwards;  his  father 
was  Jahleel  W.  of  Stockbridge.  He  was  an  early 
settler  of  Y.,  and  by  his  amiableness,  urbanity, 
integrity,  love  of  order,  and  respect  for  religion, 
was,  like  thousands  of  other  excellent  men  of 
like  character,  and  placed  in  like  circumstances, 
a  great  benefactor  of  a  new  and  prosperous 
"own. 

WOODBRIDGE,  BENJAMIN  R,  second  min 
ster  of  Norwich,  Mass.,  died  at  South  Hadley  in 
1844,  aged  about  60.  Born  in  S.  II.,  he  gradu 
ated  at  Dartmouth  in  1775,  and  was  pastor  from 
1799  to  1831.  S.  Tracy  was  the  first  minister  of 
Norwich,  born  in  Norwich,  Conn. ;  a  graduate  of 
Princeton  in  1770;  settled  from  1781  to  1799; 
died  in  1822,  aged  73.  Mr.  W.  died  suddenly, 
"ailing  from  his  chair.  On  the  previous  day  he 
ittended  the  laying  of  the  corner-stone  of  a  new 
meeting-house. 

WOODBRIDGE,  WILLIAM  C,  died  in  Bos 
on  Nov.  9,  1845,  aged  50.  After  graduating  at 
if  ale  in  1811,  he  studied  theology.  He  became 
i  teacher  in  the  institution  of  Mr.  Gallaudet  for 
he  deaf  and  dumb  at  Hartford.  From  about 
820  he  spent  six  or  seven  years  in  Europe,  col- 
ecting  materials  for  his  geography.  After  his 
eturn  he  devoted  himself  to  the  improvement 
f  education.  He  published  the  American  an- 
als  of  education ;  various  works  on  education 
nd  geography.  —  N.  Y.  Observer,  Dec.  6,  1845  ; 
Goodrick's  Recollections. 

WOODBURY,  ISRAEL,  Dr,  died  at  Beverly, 
lass.,  in  1797,  aged  63  ;  an  eminent  physician.' 
WOODBURY,  BENJAMIN,  died  in  Ohio  Dec. 
9,  1845,  aged  53.  Born  in  New  London,  N.  H., 
raduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1817,  he  taught  an 
cademy  five  years  in  New  Jersey  and  New  Or- 
ans,  where  he  caught  the  spirit  of  missions  from 
ylvester  Lamed.  He  was  the  minister  of  Fal- 
outh,  Mass.,  from  1824  to  1833.  In  one  revi- 


WOODBURY. 


WOODS. 


883 


val  there  were  five  hundred  converts.  He  formed 
temperance  societies  throughout  the  county  of 
Barnstable.  In  1 835  he  removed  to  the  Maumee 
valley  in  Ohio,  where  he  spent  the  rest  of  life  in 
most  important  labors,  employed  by  the  home 
missionary  society.  He  saw  the  moral  wilder 
ness  blossom.  His  last  words  were:  "The 
Saviour  is  most  precious."  His  predecessors 
at  Falmouth  were  J.  Metcalf,  J.  Marshall,  S. 
Palmer,  Z.  Butler,  I.  Mann,  II.  Lincoln  ;  his  suc 
cessors,  J.  Bent  and  II.  B.  Hooker. 

WOODBURY,  LEVI,  judge,  died  at  Ports 
mouth,  X.  II.,  Sept.  4,  1851,  aged  61.  Born  in 
Francestown,  the  son  of  Peter  "W.,  a  State  sena 
tor,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1809.  In  1816 
he  was  judge  of  the  superior  court ;  governor  in 
1823  ;  senator  in  1825  ;  secretary  of  the  navy  in 
1831;  and  secretary  of  the  treasury  from  1834 
to  1841,  when  he  was  re-elected  to  the  senate. 
In  1845  he  was  appointed,  on  the  death  of  Judge 
Story,  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United 
States.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  re 
garded  a  prominent  candidate  of  the  democratic 
party  for  the  office  of  president.  He  was  distin 
guished  for  indefatigable  industry  and  for  the 
able  and  faithful  discharge  of  his  public  duties. 

WOODFORD,  THOMAS,  was  town-crier,  Hart 
ford,  1640,  to  receive  two  pence  for  the  use  of 
his  lungs  at  a  public  meeting.  He  was  also  bell- 
ringer  in  1640,  for  Hartford  then  had  a  bell,  in 
stead  of  a  drum  or  a  conch-shell,  to  summon  to 
meeting.  He  was  also  sexton.  Thomas  Wood- 
ford  was  a  citizen  of  Northampton  in  1662 ; 
whether  T.  W.  of  Hartford,  or  his  son,  is  not 
known. 

WOODFORD,  WILLIAM,  general,  a  soldier  of 
the  "Revolution,  died  in  Virginia  in  1792.  He 
had  the  rank  of  colonel,  when  he  repulsed  an 
attack  made  on  him  by  a  party  of  royalists,  near 
Great  Bridge,  Williamsburg,  Dec.  15,  1776.  He 
was  behind  a  breast  work  ;  it  was  "  a  Bunker  Hill 
affair  in  miniature."  He  served  in  New  Jersey 
in  June,  1778,  having  then  the  rank  of  general. 

WOODHOUSE,  JAMES,  M.  D.,  professor  of 
chemistry  in  the  college  of  Philadelphia,  died 
of  the  apoplexy  June  4,  1809,  aged  38.  The 
son  of  a  bookseller,  he  was  born  in  Philadelphia 
Nov.  17,  1770.  In  1791  he  served  as  a  surgeon 
in  the  army  of  St.  Clair.  In  1795  he  was  cho 
sen  professor.  For  his  improvement  in  science 
he  visited  England  and  France  in  1802.  He 
published  an  inaugural  dissertation  on  the  chem 
ical  and  medical  properties  of  the  persimmon 
tree,  and  the  analysis  of  astringent  vegetables, 
1792  ;  the  young  chemist's  pocket  companion, 
1797;  an  answer  to  Dr.  Priestley's  considerations 
on  the  doctrines  of  phlogiston  and  the  decompo 
sition  of  water;  an  edition  of  ChaptaPs  chemis 
try,  with  notes,  2  vols.  8vo.,  1807. 

WOODHULL,  JOHN,  D.  D.,  died  at  Free 


hold,  N.  J.,  in  1824,  aged  about  80 ;  a  venerable 
pastor.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1766. 

WOODHULL,  GEORGE  S.,  1).  D.,  died  at 
Middletown  Point,  N.  J.,  Dec.  25,  1834,  aged  60. 
He  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1790,  and  was  a 
trustee  of  the  college. 

WOODHULL,  JOHN,  died  at  River  Head, 
N.  Y.,  March  21,  1855,  aged  100.  Born  in 
Brookhaven,  he  was  for  fifty  years  a  member  and 
officer  of  the  church. 

WOODMAN,  JOSEPH,  first  minister  of  San- 
bornton,  N.  II.,  died  in  1807,  aged  59.  Born 
in  West  Newbury,  Mass.,  he  graduated  at  Prince 
ton  in  1766,  and  was  pastor  from  1771  to  1807 ; 
and  was  succeeded  by  A.  Bodwell. 

WOODRUFF,  AARON  D.,  attorney-general  of 
New  Jersey,  died  in  Sussex  co.,  in  1817,  aged  55. 

WOODRUFF,  HEZEKIAH  N.,  minister  of 
Stonington,  Co'nn.,  died  in  the  interior  of  New 
York,  in  1833,  aged  about  70.  Born  in  Far- 
mington,  Conn.,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1784  ; 
was  pastor  at  Stonington  from  1789  to  1803; 
then  was  a  preacher  at  Oncida  in  the  State 
of  New  York.  He  published  a  sermon  at  ordina 
tion  of  Clark  Brown ;  of  his  brother,  E.  T. 
Woodruff,  at  North  Coventry,  1801.  —  Sprayue'a 
Annals. 

WOODRUFF,  ARCHIBALD,  captain,  died  at 
Cincinnati  in  1845,  aged  72.  Born  in  Elizabeth- 
town,  N.  J.,  he  was  editor  of  a  daily  paper  in 
New  York,  and  afterwards  engaged  in  navigation. 
He  removed  to  C.  in  1819. 

WOODS,  ABEL,  a  Baptist  minister,  died  at 
Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  11,  1850,  aged  85. 

WOODS,  LEONARD,  D.  D.,  professor  of  theol 
ogy  in  the  theological  seminary  at  Andover,  Mass., 
died  Aug.  24,  1854,  aged  80.  Born  in  Prince 
ton,  Mass.,  June  19,  1774,  the  son  of  Samuel,  he 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1796.  After  studying 
theology  a  few  months  with  Dr.  Backus  of  Som- 
ers,  Conn.,  he  was  ordained  as  pastor  of  the  church 
in  Newbury,  Mass.,  Dec.  5, 1798,  remaining  there 
nine  years.  He  was  installed  professor  of  the 
ology  at  Andover  Sept.  28,  1808,  and  continued 
in  the  office  about  thirty-eight  years  till  1846. 
He  died  of  an  ossification  of  the  heart.  On  the 
night  before  his  death,  when  a  friend  asked  if  he 
should  pray  with  him,  he  replied,  "  There  is  no 
prayer  that  meets  my  case,  but  that  of  the  publi 
can,  '  God  be  merciful  to  me,  a  sinner.'  "  He  had 
instructed  more  than  one  thousand  students  in 
theology.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
American  tract  society  at  Boston,  in  1814,  and 
assisted  in  preparing  its  early  publications ;  he 
promoted  its  union  with  other  societies  in  the  Amer 
ican  tract  society  in  1825.  His  last  years  were 
spent  in  revising  his  lectures  for  publication,  and 
in  writing  a  history  of  the  theological  seminary. 
In  regard  to  the  important  doctrine  of  the  pre- 
existent  Sonship  of  Christ,  the  two  professors  at 


884 


WOODS. 


WOODS. 


Andover,  Woods  and  Stuart,  seemed  to  hold 
contradictory  views.  Prof.  Stuart  maintained 
that  Christ  is  not  called  the  Son  of  God,  except 
in  reference  to  the  miraculous  manner  of  his 
earthly  existence,  but  that  he  is  called  the  Word 
in  reference  to  his  pre-existent  nature ;  in  fact,  that 
he  is  the  Son  of  God  only  as  a  man.  On  the 
other  hand,  Prof.  Woods  maintains  that  he  was 
the  Son  of  God  from  eternity,  not  indeed  literally 
but  metaphorically ;  not  because  derived  from 
God,  but  because  of  his  Divine  dignity,  and  be 
cause  he  "  eternally  stood  in  a  personal  rela 
tion  to  the  Father,  which  is  represented  to  us 
under  the  idea  of  the  filial  relation."  "  He  called 
himself  the  Son  of  God  in  such  a  sense  as  to 
imply  that  he  was  God,  —  one  with  the  Father." 
So  that  the  constant  distinction  in  Scripture  be 
tween  the  Father  and  his  Son  would  seem  to  be 
overlooked  by  this  professor.  The  two  professors, 
although  thus  differing,  agreed  in  the  general 
doctrine  that  Christ,  whether  called  Son  or  Word, 
•#as  eternally  one  of  three  equal  persons  making 
up  the  one  God.  If,  then,  it  should  be  asked, 
what  were  his  notions  of  the  unity  of  God,  Dr. 
Woods'  reply  is  :  "  God  is  one.  All  divine  attri 
butes  and  acts  belong  to  this  one  Being,  Jeho 
vah,  and  to  him  only."  Yet  he  labors  to  prove 
that  the  existence  of  three  equal  eternal  persons 
in  the  Godhead  is  not  inconsistent  with  this 
unity.  There  are  two  American  books  on  which 
he  remarks,  which  are  in  opposition  to  his  theory ; 
one  is  the  bible  news  by  Dr.  Noah  Worcester, 
and  the  other  by  a  layman,  a  lawyer  of  New 
York,  George  Griffin,  the  father  of  Fdmund  D. 
Griffin  and  the  brother  of  Rev.  Dr.  Griffin,  who 
maintains  that  Christ  in  his  Divine  nature  as  the 
Son  of  God  was  the  real  sufferer  on  the  cross. 
As  to  the  doctrine  of  antiquity,  in  speaking  of 
Christ  as  "  God  of  God,"  the  meaning  seems  to 
be,  beyond  all  doubt,  that  the  Son  was  derived 
from  God.  So  the  creed  of  the  English  Episco 
pal  church  says :  "  I  believe  in  one  Lord  Jesus 
Christ,  the  only  begotten  Son  of  God,  begotten 
of  his  Father  before  all  worlds,  God  of  God,  light 
of  light,  very  God  of  very  God,  begotten  not 
made."  So  the  venerated  Ilichard  Hooker  of 
the  English  church  says  :  "  The  Father  alone  is 
originally  that  Deity  which  Christ  originally  is 
not ;  for  Christ  is  God  by  being  of  God."  And 
so  the  fathers  in  the  early  ages  of  the  Christian 
Church  taught  most  clearly  the  derivation  of  the 
Son  of  God.  Thus  Athanasius  says  of  the 
Father :  "  He  only  is  unbegotten  and  he  only  is 
the  fountain  of  divinity ;  therefore  he  is  styled 
the  only  God."  So  Hilary  says  :  "  He  is  the  one 
God,  because  he  is  self-existent  God."  And 
Eusebius  says,  that  "  God  alone  is  underived  and 
unbegotten,  who  hath  his  divinity  of  himself, 
and  is  the  cause  of  the  Son's  being."  It  is  to  be 
considered  by  the  inquirer  after  truth,  whether 


the  doctrine  of  three  equal,  eternal,  independent 
persons,  making  up  one  God,  is  not  an  American 
doctrine,  the  invention  of  our  reasoners,  who, 
taking  for  granted  that  Christ  is  the  infinite  God, 
felt  constrained  to  deny  that  he  could  be  begotten 
or  derived  from  God,  the  fountain  of  divinity. 
After  all,  every  man  is  bound  to  build  his  faith 
upon  holy  Scripture,  irrespective  of  old  or  new 
creeds  ;  and  he  must  judge  whether  or  not  the 
bible  teaches  that  the  Son  of  God  is  a  being  de 
rived  from  God.  As  Dr.  W.  believed  that  the 
eternal,  infinite  Son  could  not  suffer,  the  bearing 
of  this  theoretical  view  on  the  doctrine  of  the 
atonement,  the  first  doctrine  of  importance,  is 
the  next  point  of  inquiry.  If  it  be  asked,  how 
is  his  doctrine  different  from  that  of  the  Socini- 
ans,  since  they  believe  that  only  the  man  Christ 
could  suffer  ?  Dr.  Woods  replies  :  "  We  believe 
that  all  the  divine  and  human  perfections  which 
the  Scriptures  ascribe  to  Christ  constitute  but 
one  person."  "  The  value  of  any  action  or  suf 
fering  in  Christ  must  be  according  to  the  dignity 
or  excellence  of  his  whole  character,"  as  it  is 
"  attributable  to  his  whole  person."  He  therefore 
regarded  the  suffering  of  Christ  of  as  high  value 
in  making  an  atonement,  "  as  if  it  had  been  the 
suffering  of  the  Divinity."  As  to  all  similar  state 
ments,  Dr.  Noah  Worcester  replied  to  the  sup 
porters  of  them  :  "  This  person  you  call  the  Son 
of  God  endured  no  share  in  the  sufferings  of  the 
cross ;  the  man  only  suffered  and  died.  This 
real  sufferer  had  never  enjoyed  one  moment  of 
pre-existent  dignity  or  glory.  But  in  my 
scheme,"  Dr.  Worcester  continues,  "  the  sufferer 
is  that  glorious  Son,  by  whom  God  created  all 
things  in  heaven  and  earth."  Every  reflecting 
reader  must  feel  impelled  to  study  the  Scriptures 
earnestly,  in  order  to  discover  which  of  these 
doctrines  or  what  other  doctrine  relating  to  the 
atonement  it  has  pleased  God  to  reveal.  The 
authority  of  great  names  can  settle  nothing. 
The  creeds  and  confessions  of  contending  sects, 
churches,  and  councils  can  settle  nothing.  The 
plain  meaning  of  God's  word  is  the  sole  inquiry. 
But  if  the  judgment  of  others  is  to  weigh  with 
the  earnest  theological  inquirer,  he  will  have  to 
consider  whether  the  earlier  fathers  of  the  three 
first  centuries  do  not  teach  the  doctrine  that 
Christ  was  "  the  son  of  God,  begotten  before  the 
whole  creation,"  yet  capable  of  becoming  and  ac 
tually  becoming  himself  the  sufferer  on  the  cross. 
He  will  have  to  judge  whether  Dr.  Woods' 
scheme,  or  that  which  he  opposes,  is  most  con 
sistent  with  the  great,  all-important  doctrine  of 
atonement  for  sin  by  the  blood  of  him  who  came 
down  from  heaven  for  the  express  purpose  of 
being  himself  a  sacrifice  for  sin. 

WOODS,  JOHN,  died  in  Hamilton,  Ohio,  in 
1855,  aged  61.  He  was  a  lawyer,  born  in  Penn 
sylvania  ;  a  member  of  congress  from  Ohio  from 


WOODVILLE. 


WOOLMAN. 


885 


1824  to  1828;  then  the  publisher  of  the  Hamil 
ton  Intelligencer.  In  1845  he  was  chosen  audi 
tor  of  Oliio. 

WOODVILLE,  JOHN,  an  Episcopal  minister, 
died  at  St.  Mark's  parish,  Va.,in  1834,  aged  76. 

WOODWARD,  SAMUEL,  minister  of  Weston, 
Mass.,  died  in  1782,  aged  56.  He  was  born  at 
Newton,  the  son  of  Ebenezer;  he  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1748,  and  was  ordained  in  1751.  He 
died  beloved  and  lamented,  lie  published  a 
sermon  at  the  ordination  of  J.  'Wheeler,  17GO  ; 
of  John  Marsh,  1774;  at  Lexington,  1779;  on 
the  death  of  Cyrus  Woodward,  1782. 

WOODWARD,  BKZALKKL,  first  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Dartmouth  college,  died  Aug.  25, 
1804,  aged  59.  He  was  born  at  Lebanon,  Conn., 
in  1745;  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1764;  and 
after  being  a  preacher,  was  appointed  in  1782 
professor,  in  which  capacity  he  was  highly  re 
spected.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Dr.  E. 
Wheelock.  His  son,  William  H.  W.,  chief  jus 
tice  of  the  court  of  common  pleas,  died  at  Han 
over  Aug.  9,  1818,  aged  44.  His  son,  Henry  W., 
was  a  missionary  at  Ceylon. 

WOODWARD,  DAVID,  colonel,  died  in  Ran 
dolph,  Vt.,  in  1823,  aged  97 ;  an  officer  in  the 
old  French  war. 

WOODWARD,  SAMUEL,  Baptist  minister  at 
Brunswick,  died  in  1832,  aged  83. 

WOODWARD,  HENRY,  missionary  at  Cey 
lon,  died  Aug.  3,  1834,  aged  37.  He  was  the 
son  of  Prof.  Beza  W.  of  Hanover,  and  graduated 
at  Dartmouth  in  1815,  at  Princeton  seminary  in 
1818.  lie  embarked  June  8,  1819,  and  spent 
his  life  at  Ceylon  and  on  the  continent  in  the 
neighborhood.  His  wife,  Lydia  Middleton  of 
Crosswicks,  N.  J.,  died  in  1825.  His  second  wife 
was  Mrs.  Frost,  Clarissa  Emerson  of  Chester, 
N.  II. 

WOODWARD,  JONATHAN,  died  at  Dunsta- 
ble,  Mass.,  Dec.  24,  1840,  aged  101  ;  a  Revolu 
tionary  pensioner. 

WOODWARD,  JAMES  WHEELOCK,  minister 
of  Norwich,  Vt.,  died  in  1847,  aged  about  70. 
He  was  the  son  of  Prof.  Woodward,  and  gradu 
ated  at  Dartmouth  in  1798.  He  published  a 
sermon  on  the  death  of  Eden  Burroughs,  D.  D., 
1814. 

WOODWARD,  THOMAS  G.,  died  in  1849, 
aged  61  ;  editor  of  the  New  Haven  Daily  Courier. 
He  had  a  fund  of  native  humor. 

WOODWARD,  SAMUEL  BAYARD,  M.  D.,  a 
distinguished  physician,  died  in  Northampton, 
Mass.,  Jan.  3,  1850,  aged  63.  He  was  for  many 
years  the  acceptable  superintendent  of  the  large 
State  lunatic  asylum  at  Worcester.  His  earliest 
known  ancestor  was  Henry  Woodward,  who  came 
to  Dorchester  in  1638,  and  was  an  inhabitant  of 
Northampton  in  1658,  and  died  April  7,  1685. 
He  was  born  in  Torringford,  Conn.,  the  son  of 


Dr.  Samuel  Woodward,  an  eminent  physician  in 
extensive  practice,  who  died  in  1835,  aged  84, 
and  who  had  four  sons  that  were  physicians :  one 
of  whom,  Elijah,  was  his  own  associate ;  and  two 
others,  Henry  and  Charles,  settled  in  Middle- 
town,  of  whom  Charles  still  lives.  Dr.  W.,  be 
fore  he  went  to  Worcester,  was  for  years  a  phy 
sician  in  Wethersfield,  Conn.,  and  a  State 
senator.  lie  was  superintendent  of  the  lunatic 
hospital  from  Jan.  1,  1833,  to  July  1,  1846.  He 
immediately  transplanted  himself  to  a  beautiful 
residence  in  the  town  of  the  abode  and  the  place 
of  the  burial  of  his  first  ancestor,  Henry.  His 
wife,  married  in  1815,  who  survives,  was  Maria, 
daughter  of  Eleazer  Porter  of  Hartford.  Among 
his  children  are  his  daughters  Urania  and  Maria, 
and  his  son,  Dr.  Rufus  Woodward,  who,  after 
studying  his  profession  in  Paris,  has  been  for 
some  years  in  practice  at  Worcester.  He  pub 
lished  annual  reports  of  the  State  lunatic  asy 
lum,  and  occasionally  an  article  in  the  medical 
journals,  and  two  or  three  pamphlets  on  medical 
etnd  moral  subjects. 

WOODWORTH,  SAMUEL,  died  in  New  York 
Dec.  9,  1842,  aged  57.  Born  in  Weymouth, 
Mass.,  about  1786,  he  was  an  apprentice  to  the 
Centinel  office  of  B.  Russell,  Boston  ;  afterwards 
a  printer  in  New  YTork,  where  he  died,  a  drunk 
ard,  an  outcast,  forsaken,  with  scarcely  a  friend 
to  follow  him,  the  poor  slave  of  his  appetite,  to 
his  grave.  Yet  what  he  might  have  done  is 
shown  by  his  famous  song  of  the  old  oaken 
bucket,  the  chorus  to  which  is  : 

"  The  old  oaken  bucket. 

The  iron-bound  bucket, 

The  moss-eover'd  bucket, 

That  hung  in  the  well." 

Alas !  that  the  writer  himself  should  prefer  to 
drink  from  a  different  spring.  The  first  stanza 
is  this  : 

"  How  dear  to  this  heart  are  the  scenes  of  my  childhood, 

When  fond  recollection  presents  them  to  view! 
The  orchard,  the  meadow,  the  deep-tangled  wild  wood, 
And  every  lov'd  spot  v;hich  my  infancy  knew." 

The  whole  may  be  read  in  the  New  York  Obser 
ver  of  July  15,  1852. 

WOOLEY,  AARON  K.,  judge,  died  at  Lex 
ington,  Ky.,in  1849,  aged  49.  Born  in  Newark, 
N.  J.,  he  settled  in  Kentucky  in  1828,  and  was  a 
judge,  and  for  ten  years  law  professor  in  Tran 
sylvania  university. 

WOOLIIOPTER,  PHILIP  D.,  a  printer,  died 
at  Savannah  in  1818.  He  was  for  twenty  years 
one  of  the  editors  of  the  Columbian  Museum. 

WOOLMAN,  JOHN,  a  writer  against  slavery, 
died  in  England  in  1772,  aged  52.  He  was  a 
descendant  of  J.  W.,  a  settler  of  Burlington, 
N.  J.,  in  1680,  and  was  born  in  1720.  He  was  a 
preacher  among  the  Quakers,  and  a  coadjutor  of 


886 


WOOLSEY. 


Anthony  Benezet  in  his  labors  for  the  freedom  of 
the  blacks.  He  was  the  grandson  of  Henry 
Burr  of  New  Jersey,  who  at  his  death  in  1742 
bequeathed  liberty  to  all  his  slaves;  supposed  to 
be  the  first  instance  of  emancipation.  Peter 
"White,  the  son-in-law  to  Burr,  also  bequeathed 
freedom  to  his  slaves.  These  examples  had  their 
influence  on  Woolman,  who  visited  Maryland 
about  1757  in  order  to  discuss  the  affair  of  "  slave- 
keeping,"  and  who  wrote  earnestly  upon  the  sub 
ject.  On  a  visit  to  England  he  died.  He  was  a 
man  of  great  industry,  self-denial,  and  benevo 
lence.  His  works  were  published,  1774;  5th 
edit.,  Philadelphia,  1818. 

WOOLSEY,  MELANCTHON  LLOYD,  general, 
a  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  was  born  on  Long 
Island  about  1757.  He  was  afield  officer  at  the 
age  of  twenty-two,  and  rendered  important  ser 
vices  on  the  northern  frontier.  After  the  war  he 
resided  at  Plattsburg.  "While  on  a  journey  to 
visit  his  son,  Com.  W.,  at  Sackett's  Harbor,  he 
•was  taken  sick,  and  died  at  Trenton,  N.  Y.,  June 
29,  1819,  aged  62. 

WOOLSEY,  MELANCTHON  T.,  a  captain  in 
the  navy  of  the  United  States,  died  at  Utica  in 
1838,  aged  59 ;  an  officer  much  respected  and 
esteemed. 

WOOLWORTH,  AARON,  D.  D.,  minister  of 
Bridgehampton,  L.  I.,  was  born  in  Longmeadow  ; 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1784;  was  ordained  in  1787  ; 
and  died  April  2,  1821,  aged  57.  His  wife  was 
a  daughter  of  Rev.  Dr.  Buell ;  he  left  five  chil 
dren.  He  was  a  distinguished  and  useful  min 
ister.— AT.  Y.  Observer,  Nov.  26,  1842. 

WOOSAMEQUEN  was  one  of  the  Indian 
names  of  Massassoit. 

WOOSTER,  DAVID,  major-general  in  the 
Revolutionary  war,  died  May  2,  1777,  aged  66. 
He  was  born  at  Stratford  in  1711,  and  was  grad 
uated  at  Yale  college  in  1733.  At  the  com 
mencement  of  the  war  with  Great  Britain  he  was 
appointed  to  the  chief  command  of  the  troops  in 
the  service  of  Connecticut,  and  made  a  brigadier- 
general  in  the  continental  service  ;  but  tins  com 
mission  he  afterwards  resigned.  In  1776  he  was 
appointed  the  first  major-general  of  the  militia 
of  his  native  State.  While  opposing  a  detach 
ment  of  British  troops,  whose  object  was  to  de 
stroy  the  public  stores  at  Danbury,  he  was  mor 
tally  wounded  at  Ridgefield  April  27,  1777. 

WOOSTER,  BENJAMIN,  minister  of  Fairfield, 
Vt.,  died  in  1840,  aged  77.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1790;  was  settled  as  the  minister  of 
Cornwall,  Vt.,  in  1787,  but  was  pastor  only  a  few 
years;  in  1804  he  was  installed  at  Fairfield.  He 
commanded  a  company  of  volunteers  about  1813 
at  the  siege  of  Plattsburg,  and  remained  four 
years  in  the  army. 

WO-PEQUAND,  or  WO-PEQUOIT,  was  the 
name  of  Sassacus'  father,  the  chief  of  the  Indi- 


WORCESTER. 

ans  living  at  the  mouth  of  the  Thames  in  Con 
necticut.  From  him  these  Indians  were  called 
Pequots  or  Pequods.  The  name  is  given  by  the 
Dutch  explorers  of  the  country  about  1614  as 
Pequats. 

WORCESTER,  WILLIAM,  the  first  minister  of 
Salisbury,  Mass.,  died  in  1662.  He  emigrated 
with  his  family  from  Salisbury,  England,  about 
1637.  The  church  was  formed  in  1638.  He  was 
succeeded  by  John  Wheelwright,  who  was  fol 
lowed  by  J.  Ailing,  Caleb  Gushing,  E.  Noyes. 
His  sons  were  Samuel,  William,  Timothy,  and 
Moses.  Of  these,  Samuel  of  Bradford  'died  in 
1680,  leaving  a  son,  Francis,  whose  son  was  Fran 
cis  of  Sandwich.  —  Farmer. 

WORCESTER,  FRANCIS,  minister  of  Sand 
wich,  Mass.,  died  at  Hollis,  N.  H.,  in  1783,  aged 
85.  The  son  of  Samuel,  he  was  born  in  Brad 
ford,  Mass.  Without  a  college  education,  he  be 
came  pastor  of  the  second  church  in  Sandwich 
from  1735  to  1745.  He  was  a  zealous  friend  of 
the  great  revival  of  that  period.  Subsequently 
he  lived  at  Exeter,  Plaistow,  and  Hollis. 

WORCESTER,  NOAH,  a  venerable  citizen  of 
Hollis,  N.  H.,  the  son  of  Rev.  Francis  W.,  died 
in  1817,  aged  81.  He  left  a  large  family,  of 
which  four  sons  were 'eminent  ministers,  Noah, 
Leonard,  Thomas,  and  Samuel.  —  Farmer. 

WORCESTER,  SAMUEL,  D.D.,  first  secretary, 
of  the  American  board  of  commissioners  for  for 
eign  missions,  died  June  7,  1821,  aged  50.  He 
was  born  in  Ilollis,  N.  H.,  Nov.  1,  1771,  a  de 
scendant  in  the  sixth  generation  of  William  W. 
He  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  college  in  1795, 
and  ordained  at  Fitchburg,  Mass.,  Sept.  27,  1797. 
April  20,  1803,  he  was  installed  the  pastor  of  the 
Tabernacle  Church  in  Salem.  At  the  institution 
of  the  foreign  mission  society  in  1810,  he  was 
chosen  recording  secretary,  and  upon  him  de 
volved  the  chief  care  and  labor  of  the  society. 
In  1817,  when  Mr.  Cornelius  was  settled  as  his 
colleague,  he  was  allowed  to  devote  three-quar 
ters  of  his  time  to  the  missionary  cause.  In 
1820,  in  a  state  of  feeble  health,  he  visited  the 
missionary  stations  at  the  south.  From  New 
Orleans  he  proceeded  to  Mayhew,  and  thence, 
May  25th,  to  Brainerd,  a  missionary  station 
among  the  Cherokees,  dearer  to  him  than  any 
city  or  mansion  on  the  earth,  where  he  died.  His 
body  rests  in  the  territory  of  the  Cherokees. 
The  body  of  his  nephew,  Samuel  A.  Worcester, 
for  preaching  the  gospel  to  the  same  Indians  in 
disregard  of  the  unconstitutional  laws  of  Geor 
gia,  was  shut  up  among  convicts  in  the  prison- 
house  of  the  Georgians,  and  'there  held,  in  defi 
ance  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  U.  S.  Dr.  W. 
was  a  bright  example  of  pastoral  faithfulness 
and  of  habitual,  fervent  piety.  During  his  min 
istry  in  Salem,  two  hundred  eighty-five  were 
added  to  the  church.  He  attended  more  than 


WORCESTER. 


WORCESTER. 


887 


eighty  ecclesiastical  councils.  He  was  humble, 
benevolent,  and  disinterested.  He  died  a  poor 
man  ;  but  he  left  his  family  what  is  more  valua 
ble  than  riches,  —  the  benefit  of  his  eminently 
holy  character  and  of  his  instructions  and  pray 
ers.  Multitudes  in  this  world  of  selfishness  toil 
only  for  themselves  ;  he  toiled  incessantly  for  the 
good  of  others,  and  for  the  kingdom  of  Jesus 
Christ.  He  was  conspicuous  for  a  cool,  sound 
judgment;  was  distinguished  as  a  writer;  and 
enjoyed  in  a  high  degree  the  confidence  of  the 
churches.  His  wisdom  and  talents  are  seen  in 
the  ten  first  annual  reports  of  the  board,  of 
which  he  was  the  secretary.  Mr.  Evarts  was  his 
first  successor  as  secretary ;  and  then  for  a  short 
time  Mr.  Cornelius,  his  former  colleague  at  Sa 
lem.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Jonathan 
Fox  of  Hollis.  Of  his  children  are  Rev.  Dr. 
Samuel  M.  W.  of  Salem,  and  Jonathan  Fox,  a 
teacher.  He  published  sermons  on  future  pun 
ishment,  1800;  two  discourses  on  the  perpetuity 
of  the  covenant  with  Abraham,  8vo.,  1805;  let 
ters  to  T.  Baldwin,  1807 ;  on  the  death  of  Elea 
nor  Emerson,  1808;  of  R.  Anderson,  1814;  be 
fore  the  Mass,  missionary  society,  1809;  God  a 
rewarder ;  at  the  installation  of  E.  D.  Griffin, 
1811;  at  the  ordination  of  E.  L.  Parker,  1810; 
of  the  missionaries,  Newell,  Judson,  Nott,  Hall, 
and  Rice,  1812;  of  six  missionaries,  1815;  of 
W.  Cogswell,  1815;  fast  sermons  on  the  war, 
1812;  before  the  foreign  mission  society  of  Sa 
lem,  1813  ;  three  separate  letters  to  W.  E.  Chan- 
ning,  on  Unitarianism,  1815  ;  Christian  psalmody, 
1815  ;  before  the  American  education  society,  on 
true  liberality,  at  the  first  anniversary,  1816;  the 
drunkard  a  destroyer,  1817;  ten  reports  of  the 
American  foreign  mission  society,  from  1811  to 
1820;  sermons,  8vo.,  1823. — Sprague's  An 
nals;  Memoir  by  his  son,  S.  M.  W. 

WORCESTER,  THOMAS,  minister  of  Salis 
bury,  N.  II.,  died  in  1831.  He  was  the  brother 
of  Samuel.  His  brother,  Evarts,  minister -of 
Peacham,  Vt.,  died  in  1836,  aged  29,  having 
been  ordained  at  Littleton  the  same  year.  He 
published  a  sermon  at  thanksgiving,  1795;  on 
death  of  J.  Wardwell,  1814;  on  our  Saviour's 
divinity,  1810 ;  on  the  testimony  of  the  Son  of 
God,  1810 ;  on  the  Divine  Sonship  of  Christ, 
1810;  the  glory  of  Christ,  1811;  call  for  evi 
dence  as  to  Christ's  being  God  ;  examples  of 
faith  and  worship,  1814;  ecclesiastical  usurpa 
tion,  1815;  chain  of  argument  as  to  trinity, 
1817;  letter  to  trinitarian  brother,  1819. 

WORCESTER,  NOAH,  D.  D.,  died  at  Brigh 
ton,  Mass.,  Oct.  31,  1838,  aged  79.  He  was  the 
founder  of  the  Massachusetts  peace  society.  He 
was  born  at  Hollis,  N.  II.,  Nov.  25,  1758  ;  was 
the  brother  of  Rev.  Samuel  W.,  great-grandson 
of  Rev.  Francis  W.,  who  was  the  great-grandson 
of  Rev.  William  W.,  the  first  minister  of  Salis 


bury  With  no  education  except  in  a  common 
school,  he  was  in  early  life  several  years  in  the 
army.  After  his  marriage  he  lived  from  1779  to 
1782  in  Plymouth,  N.  II.,  and  then  removed  to 
Thornton,  where  he  was  a  farmer  and  town  clerk 
and  also  taught  school.  In  1785  he  published  a 
letter  to  J.  Murray  on  his  sermon  on  the  origin 
of  evil.  By  advice  of  some  ministers  he  studied 
theology  for  a  while,  and  was  ordained  at  Thorn 
ton  in  1787.  In  1810  he  removed  to  Salisbury, 
N.  H.,  and  thence  in  1813  to  Brighton.  Mass., 
where  he  edited  the  Christian  disciple  till  1819. 
In  1815  he  published  a  solemn  review  of  the  cus 
tom  of  war.  This  led  to  the ,  formation  of  the 
Massachusetts  peace  society,  organized  in  Jan., 
1816.  As  secretary,  and  as  editor  of  the  friend 
of  peace,  he  labored  till  he  reached  the  age  of  70. 
Dr.  Channing  published  a  discourse  on  his  char 
acter,  in  which  he  says,  after  alluding  to  his 
feebleness  and  sufferings  and  narrow  circum 
stances  yet  contented  and  cheerful,  "  On  leaving 
his  house  and  turning  my  face  towards  the  city,  I 
have  said  to  myself,  How  much  richer  is  this  poor 
man  than  the  richest  who  dwell  yonder?"  The 
peculiar  doctrines  which  he  advanced  in  his  bible 
news,  published  in  1810,  were  the  following: 
Jesus  Christ,  as  he  believed  he  found  taught  in  the 
Scriptures,  was  truly  the  Son  of  God,  before  the 
creation  of  the  world ;  not  created  himself,  as  the 
Arians  maintain,  but  derived;  divine  in  dignity 
and  various  powers  received  from  God,  but  capa 
ble  of  suffering,  if  he  chose  to  suffer;  the  ani 
mating  soul  or  spirit  in  the  body  of  Christ,  for  he 
tabernacled  in  the  flesh  and  died  in  agony  on  the 
cross,  and  the  very  being  who  came  down  from 
heaven  was  the  sufferer.  The  Holy  Ghost,  or 
Holy  Spirit,  or  Spirit  of  God  does  not  mean  a 
person  or  being  distinct  from  God,  but  God's 
agency  or  sacred  influence,  bestowed  in  various 
ways  upon  a  world  of  dark-minded,  perishing  sin 
ners,  by  which  they  are  enlightened,  regenerated, 
and  saved:  the  phrase  he  finds  thus  employed, 
as  he  thinks,  most  plainly,  more  than  two  hun 
dred  times.  He  published  a  sermon  at  ordina 
tion  of  T.  Worcester,  1791  ;  against  the  Baptist 
theory,  1809;  review  of  testimonies  in  favor  of 
the  divinity  of  the  Son  of  God,  1810;  bible 
news,  1810;  address  to  Trinitarian  clergy,  1814; 
appeal  to  the  candid,  1814  ;  solemn  review  of  the 
custom  of  war,  eighth  edit.,  1825.  lie  and 
Thomas  published  a  word  in  season,  1813. 

WORCESTER,  HENRY  A.,  minister  of  a  New 
Jerusalem  church  in  Portland,  Me.,  died  in  1840, 
aged  38.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1828,  and 
was  highly  esteemed.  He  published  a  small  vol 
ume  of  sermons. 

WORCESTER,  NOAH,  M.  D.,  died  at  Cincin 
nati  in  1847,  aged  36;  a  professor  in  the  West 
ern  Reserve  college,  and  a  physician  in  C.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1832. 


888 


WORCESTER. 


WORCESTER,  LEONARD,  first  minister  of 
Peacham,  Vt.,  died  in  1846,  aged  79.  He  was  the 
son  of  Noah  of  Hollis,  and  was  first  an  apprentice 
to  I.  Thomas,  printer,  of  Worcester ;  then  a  jour 
neyman  ;  then  sole  printer  and  partner  as  a  pub 
lisher  and  bookseller.  He  was  a  deacon  in  Mr. 
Austin's  church,  and  was  brought  into  notice  by 
a  reply  to  a  sermon  of  Dr.  Bancroft  on  the  doc 
trine  of  election.  Studying  theology  while  print 
ing,  he'was  settled  at  Peacham,  and  after  more 
than  fifty  years'  service  had  for  a  short  time  as  a 
colleague,  D.  Merrill,  the  author  of  the  "  Ox 
sermon."  After  the  publication  of  the  bible  news 
by  his  brother  Noah,  he  embraced  his  peculiar 
doctrines,  according  to  which  he  modified  and 
published  the  confession  of  his  church.  As  to 
the  Son  of  God,  his  faith  was  that  Christ  was,  in 
his  original  nature  and  state,  properly  the  Son  of 
God,  derived  from  God,  not  created,  by  an  eter 
nal  generation ;  thus  distinct  from  God,  not  prop 
erly  God,  but  Di^ie.  The  Spirit  he  regarded 
not  as  a  person  distinct  from  God.  He  de 
lighted  especially  in  the  doctrines  of  atonement 
and  of  justification  by  faith.  Four  of  his  sons 
were  ministers,  —  Samuel  A.,  Evarts,  Isaac  11., 
and  John  II.  He  was  the  brother  of  Samuel 
of  Salem,  and  of  Thomas,  minister  of  Salisbury, 
N.  H.,  who  died  in  1831.  He  published  an  ora 
tion  on  Washington's  death,  1800  ;  at  ordination 
of  Gridley  and  Worcester  as  missionaries,  1825. 

WORTH,  W.  J.,  general,  died  in  Texas  May 
7,  1849,  aged  55,  a  native  of  Hudson,  N.  Y.  In 
1812  he  entered  the  army,  and  was  distinguished 
in  battles  in  Canada.  For  some  time  he  was  su 
perintendent  of  West  Point.  He  had  the  chief 
command  in  Florida  in  1821.  He  won  at  Mon 
terey  the  brevet  of  major-general,  and  fought  in 
various  other  battles,  in  some  of  which,  it  is 
thought,  he  hazarded  the  lives  of  his  men  too 
freely.  But  what  is  the  life  of  his  men  to  a 
great  soldier  ?  He  was  brave  to  a  fault,  chival 
rous,  of  imposing  presence,  haughty,  impetuous. 

WORTHINGTOX,  WILLIAM,  minister  of  Say- 
brook,  Conn.,  died  Nov.  16,  1756,  aged  60.  He 
was  the  son  of  William  of  Hartford  and  Colches 
ter,  and  grandson  of  Nicholas,  the  emigrant  an 
cestor  of  all  who  bear  the  name  in  this  country, 
who  was  wounded  in  the  Cromwellian  wars,  and 
emigrated  about  1650,  and  settled  in  Ilatfield, 
and  thence  removed  to  Hartford.  A  graduate  of 
Yale  in  1716,  he  was  ordained  at  Pochog,  or  that 
part  of  S.  which  is  now  called  Westbrook,  in 
1726.  He  was  a  man  of  great  dignity  and  influ 
ence,  a  persuasive  and  popular  preacher  and  faith 
ful  pastor.  His  daughter,  Temperance,  married 
Rev.  Mr.  Smith 'of  Sharon,  and  was  the  mother 
of  Gov.  J.  C.  Smith.  She  died  at  Albany  in 
1800,  at  the  house  of  Judge  Radcliff,  her  son-in- 
law.  Professor  Fowler  of  Amherst  is  his  de- 


WORUMBO. 

scendant.  He  published  the  election  sermon, 
1744. 

WORTIIINGTON,  JOHN,  LL.  D.,  colonel,  an 
eminent  lawyer,  died  at  Springfield,  Mass.,  in 
April,  1800,  aged  81.  He  was  graduated-at  Yale 
college  in  1740.  In  1774  he  was  a  member  of 
the  legislature  of  Massachusetts,  and  opposed  the 
measures  of  the  friends  of  liberty.  His  name 
was  in  the  same  year  included  in  the  list  of  the 
mandamus  councillors,  but  he  declined  the  ap 
pointment.  Mr.  David  Ames  married  his 
daughter.  —  Holland,  II.  135. 

WORTIIINGTON,  PETER,  an  African,  died  in 
Baltimore  in  1833,  aged  110. 

WORTIIINGTON,  GEORGE,  Dr.,  died  at 
Georgetown,  D.  C.,  in  1836,  aged  77  ;  a  man 
highly  respected. 

WORTIIINGTON,  WILLIAM,  died  at  Cincin 
nati  June  5,  1846,  aged  98:  he  served  the  seven 
years  of  the  Revolutionary  Avar. 

WORTMAN,  TUNIS,  died  at  New  York  in 
1822.  He  published  an  oration  on  the  influence 
of  social  institutions  on  morals  and  happiness, 
1796;  a  treatise  on  the  liberty  of  the  press,  1800. 

WORUMBO,  or  WARRUMBEE,  sachem  of  the 
Ameriscoggan  Indians,  had  a  fort  on  the  Ameris- 
coggan,  or,  as  it  is  now  called,  Androscoggan 
river;  which,  in  his  absence,  was  captured  by 
Church  in  1690.  About  the  9th  or  10th  of  Sept., 
Maj.  Church  sailed  from  Portsmouth  with  three 
hundred  soldiers.  In  a  few  days  he  arrived  at 
Maquoit,  and  proceeded  to  Pejepscott  fort  in 
Brunswick,  and  thence  marched  up  the  river 
about  forty  miles,  according  to  Mather,  and  Sun 
day,  Sept.  14,  captured  the  Indian  fort,  making 
prisoners  of  one  man  and  the  wives  and  children 
of  Worumbo  and  Hawkins.  The  prisoners  were 
afterwards  released  at  Wells,  on  the  appearance 
of  the  chiefs  with  a  flag  of  truce  and  their  en 
gagement  to  live  in  peace,  with  the  delivery  of 
many  prisoners.  From  Church's  account  of  the 
expedition,  it  is  uncertain  whether  the  Indian 
fort  was  at  Lewiston,  Jay,  or  Rumford,  at  each 
of  which  places  are  falls,  at  the  distances  of 
twenty,  forty-five,  and  sixty  miles  from  Pejep 
scott.  He  says  that  the  Indians  ran  down  from 
the  fort  to  the  river,  and  ran  in  under  the  sheet 
of  water  at  the  falls.  At  Rumford  upper  falls, 
—  for  there  are  three  pitches, —  the  water  shoots 
over  in  a  manner  which  would  allow  of  passing 
under  it.  The  falls,  three  miles  below  Jay  point, 
called  Rockamecko,  do  not  answer  this  descrip 
tion,  nor  do  those  at  Lewiston.  Yet  the  distance 
of  sixty  miles  seems  a  long  march  with  three 
hundred  men  into  the  wilderness.  With  boats 
or  canoes  he  could  not  have  been  supplied.  July 
7,  1684,  Warrumbee,  with  five  other  sagamores, 
namely,  Darumkine,  Wihikermett,  Wedpn  Dom- 
hegon,  Nehonongassett,  and  Numbanewett,  gave 


WORUMBO. 


WRIGHT. 


889 


a  deed  of  land  to  Richard  Wharton  of  Boston, 
which  was  the  foundation  of  the  claim  of  the 
Pejepscott  proprietors.  The  contract  was  made 
at  Pejepscott  or  Pejepscook,  as  the  Indians 
called  the  falls  at  Brunswick,  and  the  territory 
granted  was  to  extend  from  five  miles  above  "  the 
upper  part  of  the  Androscoggan  uppermost  falls" 
in  a  northeast  line  to  the  Kennebec,  and  four 
miles  westward  of  the  falls,  and  thence  "  down  to 
Maquoit."  The  point  of  legal  controversy  was 
what  was  intended  by  the  "  uppermost  falls  "  of 
Androscoggan.  The  court  has  settled,  that  it 
means  Lewiston  falls,  twenty  miles  above  Bruns 
wick  ;  yet,  from  reading  Warrumbee'fl  deed,  the 
first  book  of  records  of  the  Pejepscott  proprie 
tors,  and  other  papers,  it  seems  clear  that  Bruns 
wick  upper  falls  were  intended.  A  northeast 
line  from  Lewiston  would  strike  the  Kennebec  at 
Xorridgewock  or  Waterville,  and  confer  an  im 
mense  territory,  to  which  these  Indians  had  no 
pretensions,  and  interfere  with  the  Kennebec 
company.  Besides,  the  falls  at  Lewiston  are  the 
middle  falls  of  the  river,  and  those  at  Rumford, 
forty  miles  distant,  are  the  uppermost.  In  one 
place  the  deed  speaks  of  "  the  uppermost  part  of 
Androscoggan  falls,"  as  though  the  falls  extended 
same  distance  in  the  river,  which  is  not  the  case 
with  the  single  fall  at  Lewiston,  but  which  an 
swers  to  the  three  falls  of  Brunswick,  separated 
many  rods  from  each  other.  This  deed  professes 
to  confirm  a  previous  grant  of  land,  with  the 
same  western  boundary,  to  Thomas  Purchase, 
and  iiis  house  is  described  as  being  near  the  cen 
tre  of  the  territory;  as  he  lived  between  Bruns 
wick  and  Bath,  his  house  would  be  far  from  the 
centre,  if  the  line  was  four  miles  west  of  Lewis- 
ton.  The  deposition  of  Peripole,  an  Indian,  in 
1793,  that  the  river  at  Brunswick  and  for  some 
miles  above  was  called  by  the  Indians  Pejepscook, 
and  not  Androscoggan,  is  confuted  by  a  deed  in 
1639  of  T.  Purchase,  whose  land  is  described 
as  lying  "  at  Pejepscott  upon  both  sides  -of 
the  river  of  Androscoggan,"  and  by  a  deed  of 
J.  Blaney  in  1683,  whose  lands  are  described  as 
lying  between  "  the  river  of  Kennebec,  Ambros- 
ccggan,  and  Casco  bay."  The  proprietors  in  1715 
describe  Brunswick  as  on  the  Androscoggan 
river.  Tho.  Johnson's  old  map,  founded  on  pre 
vious  surveys  and  on  a  plan  in  1719  made  by  Jos. 
Heath,  a  surveyor  of  the  Pejepscott  company, 
five  years  only  after  their  purchase,  exhibits  dis 
tinctly  by  a  double  line  their  western  boundary, 
four  miles  from  Brunswick  falls.  On  the  whole 
it  seems  evident,  that  Warrumbee  intended 
Brunswick  falls  as  one  of  the  boundaries  in  his 
deed.  But  even  the  poor  remnant  of  his  tribe 
have  disappeared  from  Rocamecko  point  in  Jay 
and  from  Pennicook  in  Rumford,  and  their  whole 
territory  has  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  whites. 
112 


Is  there  not  a  debt  of  justice  due  to  the  few 
Indians  who  yet  remain  in  the  United  States? 

WRAGG,  WILLIAM,  a  lawyer  of  S.  Carolina, 
died  in  Sept.,  1777.  He  was  born  in  1714,  and 
was  educated  and  studied  law  in  England.  After 
his  return  to  this  country  he  was  for  many  years 
a  member  of  the  assembly,  and  in  1753  a  mem 
ber  of  the  council.  He  declined  in  1769  the 
appointment  of  chief  justice  for  a  most  honora 
ble  reason,  to  prevent  a  suspicion  that  his  politi 
cal  course  was  influenced  by  the  hope  of  office. 
In  the  Revolution  his  sense  of  duty  restrained 
him  from  espousing  the  cause  of  independence. 
Leaving  his  country,  he  embarked  for  England, 
and  was  shipwrecked  on  the  coast  of  Holland, 
and  lost;  his  infant  son  was  saved.  A  monu 
ment  to  his  memory  in  Westminster  abbey  ex 
hibits  the  melancholy  scene  of  his  last  moments. 
He  was  a  man  of  talents,  and  eloquence,  and 
many  virtues.  He  published  reasons  for  not 
concurring  in  the  non-importation  resolution, 
1769. 

WRANGMAN,  JOIIN,  died  at  Peru,  N.  J., 
in  1835,  aged  102. 

WRIGHT,  MEHITABEL,  a  distinguished  artist, 
died  in  London  in  Feb.,  1786,  at  an  advanced 
age.  She  early  discovered  a  singular  talent  in  the 
moulding  of  figures  in  wax.  On  the  death  of 
her  husband,  an  aged  Quaker  of  Philadelphia, 
she  repaired  with  her  family  about  the  year  1772 
to  London,  where  she  acquired  great  celebrity 
for  her  plastic  skill.  Her  numerous  busts,  among 
which  were  those  of  the  king  and  queen,  Chat 
ham,  Barre,  and  Wilkes,  and  her  Indian  family, 
and  story  of  queen  Esther,  were  deemed  very 
fine.  Her  society  was  sought  for  her  uncommon 
powers  in  intellect  and  conversation.  Her  pat 
riotism  was  unshaken.  It  is  supposed  that  she 
communicated  to  Dr.  Franklin  much  political 
information,  derived  from  sources  to  which  few 
could  have  access. 

WRIGHT,  JOB,  second  minister  of  Bernards- 
ton,  Mass.,  died  in  1822,  aged  85.  Born  in  East 
Hampton,  he  graduated  at  Yale  in  1757,  and 
was  pastor  from  1761  to  1782,  when  he  was  dis 
missed  on  account  of  the  poverty  of  the  people. 
J.  Norton  was  the  first  minister. 

WRIGHT,  NATHANIEL  H.,  a  poet,  was  born 
in  Concord,  Mass.,  in  1787,  and  educated  as  a 
printer  in  Boston,  where  he  edited  the  Kaleido 
scope,  and  died  May  13,  1824,  aged  37.  He 
published  the  fall  of  Palmyra,  a  poem ;  Boston, 
or  a  touch  at  the  times,  a  small  pamphlet. 

WRIGHT,  ISAAC,  died  in  New  York  in  1832. 
He  and  his  son-in-law,  Francis  Thompson,  cre 
ated  the  first  establishment  of  the  very  impor 
tant  packet  system  from  New  York  to  Europe. 
He  was  a  man  of  probity  and  philanthropy,  a 
member  of  the  society  of  Friends. 


890 


WRIGHT. 


WYLIE. 


WRIGHT,  HENRY,  D.  D.,  died  at  Bristol, 
R.  I.,  in  Aug.,  1837,  aged  85 ;  a  graduate  of 
Harvard  in  1782. 

WRIGHT,  CHESTER,  minister  of  Montpelier, 
Vt.,  died  April  16,  1840,  aged  63.  Born  in  Han 
over,  N.  H.,  he  was  a  farmer ;  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one  a  Christian  convert,  he  resolved  to 
preach ;  and  was  graduated  at  Middlebury  in 
1806,  and  settled  the  first  pastor  of  Montpelier 
from  1809  to  1830.  In  twenty  years  the  church 
increased  from  seventeen  to  more  than  four  hun 
dred  members.  In  1836  he  was  installed  in  Hard- 
wick,  Vt.,  remaining  pastor  till  his  death  at  M. 
He  was  highly  respected  and  remarkably  useful 
as  a  minister.  He  published  an  arithmetic  and 
several  sermons. 

WRIGHT,  JAMES,  colonel,  died  in  Duplin  co., 
N.  C.,  in  1840,  aged  84 ;  a  soldier  of  the  Revo 
lution,  a  venerable  citizen. 

WRIGHT,  BENJAMIN,  died  in  New  York  Aug. 
24,  1842,  aged  72.  Born  in  Wethersfield,  he 
removed  in  early  life  to  Fort  Stanwix.  He  edu 
cated  himself  as  a  surveyor.  A  member  of  the 
canal  board  in  1816,  he  became  a  director  and  a 
chief  constructor  of  the  Erie  canal ;  he  was  after 
wards  consulted  in  regard  to  a  multitude  of  canals 
and  railroads.  No  individual  did  more  for  inter 
nal  improvements.  He  was  also  a  man  of  ac 
knowledged  probity. 

WRIGHT,  JUDAH,  blind  from  infancy,  died 
in  Holden,  Mass.,  in  1844,  aged  70.  He  was  a 
scholar,  a  reasoner,  a  philosopher,  and  a  Chris 
tian.  His  knowledge  of  history  was  extensive 
and  exact.  Yet  he  was  poor,  and  lived  by  man 
ual  labor  and  by  charity. 

WRIGHT,  ELIZUR,  died  in  Tallmadge,  Ohio, 
Dec.  15,  1845,  aged  83.  A  graduate  of  Yale  in 
1781,  he  devoted  himself  to  agriculture.  In  1810 
he  emigrated  to  Ohio  with  a  large  family.  Much 
of  his  time  was  given  to  scientific  studies  :  some 
of  his  mathematical  papers  are  in  the  American 
journal  of  science. 

WRIGHT,  SILAS,  governor,  died  at  Canton, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  27,  1847,  aged  52.  He  was  born  in 
Amherst,  Mass.,  May  24,  1795,  being  a  descend 
ant  of  Samuel  Wright  of  Northampton,  who 
died  in  1665.  In  childhood  he  lived  at  Wcy- 
bridge,  Vt. ;  and  was  graduated  at  Middlebury  in 
1815.  He  settled  as  a  lawyer  at  Canton.  His 
various  offices  were  those  of  a  State  senator ;  a 
member  of  congress  in  1826 ;  comptroller ;  a 
senator  of  the  U.  S.  in  1833  and  1837,  and  1843; 
and  governor  in  1844.  He  had  many  friends, 
who  regarded  him  as  a  candidate  for  the  high 
station  of  president  of  the  U.  S.  But  he  was 
suddenly  smitten  down  in  his  strength,  showing 
the  vanity  of  earthly  hopes  and  prospects.  — 
Holland's  Hist.  n.  171. 

WRIGHT,  ROYAL  N.,  a  home  missionary,  died 
at  Belvidere,  111.,  in  Oct.,  1849.  A  native  of 


Hanover,  N.  H.,  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in 
1837  :  he  attended  the  meeting  of  the  American 
board  at  Pittsficld  just  before  his  death. 

WRIGHT,  THEODORE  S.,  pastor  of  the  first 
colored  church  in  New  York  city,  died  March  25, 
1847,  aged  49. 

WRIGHT,  EUNICE,  widow  of  Moses  W.  of 
Northampton,  Mass.,  died  in  1851,  aged  98. 

WRIGHT,  FANNY  D'ARUSMONT,  died  at  Cin 
cinnati  Dec.  14,  1852,  aged  57.  If  her  name 
shall  be  remembered,  it  will  be  as  that  of  a 
woman  who  was  an  enemy  of  God's  pure  and 
heavenly  truth.  She  published  fables  and  tracts ; 
also,  lectures  complete,  1836. 

WRIGHT,  ALFRED,  missionary  among  the 
Choctaws,  died  at  Wheelock  March  31,  1853, 
aged  65.  Born  in  Columbia,  Conn.,  he  gradu 
ated  at  Williams  college  in  1812,  at  Andover 
seminary  in  1814;  he  went  on  his  mission  to 
Mayhew  in  1821,  to  Wheelock  in  1832.  His 
wife  was  Harriet  Bunce  of  Charleston,  S.  C.  He 
had  labored  more  than  thirty  years  among  the 
Indians,  and  was  eminently  useful.  It  was  his 
wish  to  finish  the  translation  of  the  bible  on 
which  he  had  long  toiled.  His  industry  was 
incessant,  rising  at  five  o'clock  for  his  work.  His 
end  was  peaceful,  triumphant.  Since  the  church 
was  founded  in  1832,  five  hundred  seventy-seven 
persons  were  admitted. 

WRIGHT,  HULDAH,  died  at  Chicago  in  1854, 
aged  67.  The  daughter  of  Stephen  Dewey  of 
Sheffield,  Mass.,  she  married,  in  1812,  Jonathan 
Wright,  who  removed  to  Chicago  in  1834,  and 
was  ruling  elder  in  the  first  church  till  his  death 
in  1840.  In  1842  she  united  with  the  second 
church.  Her  life  was  a  life  of  devotion  and  faith, 
of  charity  and  good  works ;  her  end  was  peace, 
amid  the  tears  of  those  who  reverenced  and  loved 
a  woman  of  great  excellence. 

AVRIGHT,  JOHN,  one  of  the  first  preachers  of 
the  gospel  in  Ohio,  died  in  Delphi  Aug.  31,  1854, 
aged  78.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  in  1802. 

WYCOFF,  HENRY  J.,  an  eminent  merchant 
of  New  Jersey,  died  in  1839,  aged  72  ;  a  zealous 
friend  of  benevolent  institutions. 

WYLIE,  ANDREW,  D.  D.,  died  in  Blooming- 
ton,  Ind.,  Nov.  11,  1851,  aged  62.  He  had  been 
president  of  Jefferson  college,  also  of  Washing 
ton  college,  and  for  the  last  twenty-three  years 
president  of  Indiana  State  university  at  Bloom- 
ington.  He  had  done  much  for  good  morals  and 
sound  learning. 

WYLIE,  SAMUEL  BROWN,  D.D.,  died  at  Phil 
adelphia  Oct.  14,  1852,  aged  80;  for  fifty-three 
years  pastor  of  the  first  Reformed  church.  He 
had  been  professor  of  ancient  languages  in  the 
university  of  Pennsylvania.  He  was  eminent  in 
oriental,  classical,  and  general  literature,  a  good 
teacher,  a  learned  theologian,  a  philanthropist, 
and  true  Christian. 


WYLLIS. 


WYTHE. 


891 


•  WYLLIS,  GEORGE,  governor  of  Connecticut 
in  1642,  came  from  England  to  Hartford  in  1638, 
and  died  in  March,  1644.  He  was  the  son  of 
llichard  of  Fenny-Compton  in  Warwickshire. 
He  was  eminently  pious,  and,  from  regard  to  the 
purity  of  divine  worship,  left  a  fine  estate  in  the 
county  of  Warwick  and  encountered  the  hard 
ships  of  the  wilderness.  His  descendants  are 
distinguished  in  the  civil  history  of  Connecticut. 
His  son,  Samuel,  died  May  30,  1709  ;  the  charter 
in  the  time  of  Andros  was  concealed  in  a  hollow 
oak,  standing  until  August,  1856,  called  "char 
ter  oak."  Hezekiah,  the  son  of  Samuel,  was  sec 
retary,  and  died  in  1734.  George,  the  son  of 
Ilezekiah,  died  April  24,  1796,  aged  85,  being 
annually  chosen  secretary  sixty-one  years  till  his 
death.  Samuel,  the  son  of  George,  died  June  9, 
1823,  aged  85.  He  also  was  secretary  from  1796 
to  1809,  —  the  family  holding  the  office  ninety- 
eight  successive  years.  He  was,  besides,  in  the 
rank  of  colonel,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  and 
major-general  of  the  militia.  Col.  Hezekiah  W. 
died  in  April,  1827,  aged  80. 

WYLLIS,  HEZEKIAH,  colonel,  died  at  Hart 
ford  in  1827,  aged  80.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1765.  He  was  the  last  of  the  family  of  George 
W.,  who  died  aged  86,  and  three  of  whose  sons, 
near  1817,  died  aged  80  or  upwards. 

WYLLY,  RICHARD,  colonel,  an  old  Revolu 
tionary  officer,  died  at  Savannah  in  1801. 

WYLLYS,  SAMUEL,  general,  a  patriot  of  the 
Revolution,  died  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  in  1823, 
aged  84.  The  son  of  George  W.,  he  was  born 
Jan.  15,  1739;  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1758;  and  in  1775  was  appointed  lieutenant-col 
onel  in  Spencer's  regiment.  In  Jan.,  1775,  con 
gress  appointed  him  colonel  of  a  regiment  in  the 
Connecticut  line,  in  which  capacity  he  served  dur 
ing  the  war.  He  was  afterwards  major-general 
of  the  militia.  In  May,  1796,  he  succeeded  his 
father  as  the  secretary  of  State,  in  which  office 
he  continued  till  1809,  when  in  consequence  of 
a  paralytic  affection  he  resigned.  For  ninety- 
eight  years  he  and  his  father  and  grandfather 
held  the  office  of  secretary,  and  that  in  a  repub 
lic  where  the  elections  were  annual.  He  was  of 
the  tenth  generation  from  Richard  W.  of  Napton, 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII. 

WYMAN,  RUFUS,  M.  D.,  died  in  1842  at  Rox- 
bury,  aged  64.  A  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1799, 
he  was  long  superintendent  of  the  M'Lean  asy 
lum  for  the  insane  in  Somerville. 

WYMAN,  ROBERT,  missionary  at  Ceylon,  died 
at  sea  Jan.  13,  1845,  aged  30.  Born  in  Cumber 
land,  Me.,  he  graduated  at  Bowdoin  college  in 
1836,  and,  after  studying  theology,  embarked  for 
Ceylon  in  Oct.,  1841.  He  was  a  teacher  in  Bat- 
ticotta  seminary.  Ill  health  compelled  him  to 
undertake  a  voyage  to  the  United  States,  Dec.  27, 


1844.  He  was  buried  in  the  deep.  His  widow 
arrived  at  Boston  May  4. 

WYMAN,  THOMAS  W.,  a  captain  in  the  U.  S. 
navy,  died  in  Florence,  Italy,  in  1854,  aged  about 
64.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1810 ;  was  made 
captain  in  1842  ;  was  faithful  in  the  discharge  of 
his  duties  and  was  highly  esteemed. 

WYNKOOP,  PETER  S.,  died  in  Hudson  Nov. 
1,  1848,  aged  62  ;  pastor  at  Blooming  Grove. 
He  was  first  settled  at  Madison,  then  at  Hyde 
Park ;  and  was  a  faithful  minister.  —  N.  Y.  Ob 
server,  Nov.  18. 

WYNNE,  J.  H.,  published  a  general  history 
of  the  British  empire  in  America,  two  vols.  8vo., 
1770. 

WYTHE,  GEORGE,  chancellor  of  Virginia,  and 
a  distinguished  friend  of  his  country,  died  June 
8,  1806,  aged  80.  He  was  born  in  the  county 
of  Elizabeth  city  in  1725.  His  father  was  a  re 
spectable  farmer,  and  his  mother  was  a  woman 
of  uncommon  knowledge  and  strength  of  mind. 
She  taught  the  Latin  language,  with  which  she 
was  intimately  acquainted,  and  which  she  spoke 
fluently,  to  her  son ;  but  his  education  was  in 
other  respects  very  much  neglected.  His  parents 
having  died  before  he  attained  the  age  of  twenty- 
one  years,  like  many  unthinking  youths  he  com 
menced  a  career  of  dissipation  and  intemperance, 
and  did  not  disengage  himself  from  it  before  he 
reached  the  age  of  thirty.  He  then  bitterly 
lamented  the  loss  of  those  nine  years  of  his  life, 
and  of  the  learning  which,  during  that  period, 
he  might  have  acquired.  But  never  did  any  man 
more  effectually  redeem  his  time.  From  the 
moment  when  he  resolved  on  reformation,  he 
devoted  himself  most  intensely  to  his  studies. 
Without  the  assistance  of  any  instructor  he  ac 
quired  an  accurate  knowledge  of  the  Greek,  and 
he  read  the  best  authors  in  that  as  well  as  in  the 
Latin  language.  He  made  himself  also  a  pro 
found  lawyer,  becoming  perfectly  versed  in  the 
civil  and  common  law,  and  in  the  statutes  of 
Great  Britain  and  Virginia.  The  wild  and 
thoughtless  youth  was  now  converted  into  a 
sedate  and  prudent  man,  delighting  entirely  in 
literary  pursuits.  When  the  time  arrived  which 
Heaven  had  destined  for  the  separation  of  the 
wide,  confederated  republic  of  America  from  the 
dominion  of  Great  Britain,  he  was  one  of  the 
instruments  in  the  hand  of  Providence  for  accom 
plishing  that  great  work.  He  took  a  decided 
part  in  the  very  first  movements  of  opposition. 
Not  content  merely  to  fall  in  with  the  wishes  of 
his  fellow-citizens,  he  assisted  in  persuading  them 
not  to  submit  to  British  tyranny.  With  his,  pupil 
and  friend,  Thomas  Jefferson,  he  roused  the 
people  to  resistance.  As  the  controversy  grew 
warm,  his  zeal  became  proportionably  fervent. 
Before  the  war  commenced,  he  was  elected  a 


892 


WYTHE. 


YALE. 


member  of  the  Virginia  assembly.  After  having 
been  for  some  time  speaker  of  the  house  of  bur 
gesses,  he  was  sent  by  the  members  of  that  body 
as  one  of  their  delegates  to  the  congress,  which 
assembled  May  18,  1775,  and  did  not  separate 
until  it  had  declared  the  independence  of  America. 
In  that  most  enlightened  and  patriotic  assembly 
he  possessed  no  small  share  of  influence.  He 
\vas  one  of  those  who  signed  the  memorable 
declaration,  by  which  the  heroic  legislators  of  this 
country  pledged  "  their  lives,  their  fortunes,  and 
their  sacred  honor  "  to  maintain  and  defend  its 
violated  rights.  By  a  resolution  of  the  general 
assembly  of  Virginia,  dated  Nov.  5,  1776,  he  and 
Jefferson,  Pendleton,  Mason,  and  T.  L.  Lee  were 
appointed  a  committee  to  revise  the  laws  of  the 
commonwealth.  This  was  a  work  of  very  great 
labor  and  difficulty.  The  three  first  prosecuted 
their  task  with  indefatigable  activity  and  zeal, 
and,  June  18,  1779,  made  a  report  of  one  hundred 
and  twenty-six  bills,  which  they  had  prepared. 
This  report  showed  an  intimate  knowledge  of 
the  great  principles  of  legislation,  and  reflected 
the  highest  honor  upon  those  who  formed  it. 
The  people  of  Virginia  are  indebted  to  it  for 
almost  all  the  best  parts  of  their  present  code  of 
laws.  Among  the  changes  then  made  in  the 
monarchical  system  of  jurisprudence  which  had 
been  in  force,  the  most  important  were  effected 
by  the  act  abolishing  the  right  of  primogeniture, 
and  directing  the  real  estate  of  persons  dying 
intestate  to  be  equally  divided  among  their 
children,  or  other  relations  ;  by  the  act  for  regu 
lating  conveyances,  which  converted  all  estates  in 
tail  into  fees  simple,  and  thus  destroyed  one  of 
the  supports  of  the  proud  and  overbearing  dis 
tinctions  of  particular  families  ;  and  finally  by  the 
act  for  the  establishment  of  religious  freedom. 

After  finishing  the  task  of  new  modelling  the 
laws,  he  was  employed  to  carry  them  into  effect 
according  to  their  true  intent  and  spirit,  by  being 
placed  in  the  difficult  office  of  judge  of  a  court 
of  equity.  He  was  appointed  one  of  the  three 
judges  of  the  high  court  of  chancery,  and  after 
wards  sole  chancellor  of  Virginia,  in  which  sta 
tion  he  continued  until  the  day  of  his  death, 
during  a  period  of  more  than  twenty  years.  His 
extraordinary  disinterestedness  and  patriotism 
were  now  most  conspicuously  displayed.  Al 
though  the  salary  allowed  him  by  the  common 
wealth  was  extremely  scanty,  yet  he  contentedly 
lived  upon  it,  even  in  the  expensive  city  of  Rich 
mond,  and  devoted  his  whole  time  to  the  service 
of  his  country.  With  that  contempt  of  wealth 
which  so  remarkably  distinguished  him  from 
other  men,  he  made  a  present  of  one-half  of  his 
land  in  Elizabeth  city  to  his  nephew,  and  the  pur 
chase  money  of  the  remainder,  which  he  sold, 
was  not  paid  him  for  many  years.  While  he 


resided  in  Williamsburgh  he  accepted  the  profes 
sorship  of  law  in  the  college  of  William  and 
Mary,  but  resigned  it  when  his  duties  as  a  chan 
cellor  required  his  removal  to  Richmond.  His 
resources  were  therefore  small ;  yet  with  his  lib 
eral  and  charitable  disposition  he  continued,  by 
means  of  that  little,  to  do  much  good,  and  always 
to  preserve  his  independence.  This  he  accom 
plished  by  temperance  and  economy. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Virginia  convention, 
which  in  June,  1788,  considered  the  proposed 
constitution  of  the  United  States.  During  the 
debates  he  acted  for  the  most  part  as  chairman. 
Being  convinced  that  the  confederation  was 
defective  in  the  energy  necessary  to  preserve 
the  union  and  liberty  of  America,  this  venerable 
patriot,  then  beginning  to  bow  under  the  weight 
of  years,  rose  in  the  convention,  and  exerted  his 
voice,  almost  too  feeble  to  be  heard,  in  contending 
for  a  system,  on  the  acceptance  of  which  h--  con 
ceived  the  happiness  of  his  country  to  depend. 
He  was  ever  attached  to  the  constitution,  on 
account  of  the  principles  of  freedom  and  justice 
which  it  contained;  and  in  every  change  of  affairs 
he  was  steady  in  supporting  the  rights  of  man. 
His  political  opinions  were  always  firmly  republi 
can.  Though  in  1798  and  1799  he  was  opposed 
to  the  measures  which  were  adopted  in  the 
administration  of  President  Adams,  and  repro 
bated  the  alien  and  sedition  laws,  and  the  raising 
of  the  army ;  yet  he  never  yielded  a  moment  to 
the  rancor  of  party  spirit,  nor  permitted  the  dif 
ference  of  opinion  to  interfere  with  his  private 
friendships.  He  presided  twice  successively  in 
the  college  of  electors  in  Virginia,  and  twice  voted 
for  a  president  whose  political  principles  coin 
cided  with  his  own.  After  a  short  but  very 
excruciating  sickness  he  died.  It  was  supposed 
that  he  was  poisoned  ;  but  the  person  suspected 
was  acquitted  by  a  jury  of  his  countrymen.  By 
his  last  will  and  testament  he  bequeathed  his  val 
uable  library  and  philosophical  apparatus  to  his 
friend,  Mr.  Jefferson,  and  distributed  the  remain 
der  of  his  little  property  among  the  grandchil 
dren  of  his  sister,  and  the  slaves  whom  he  had 
set  free. 

YALE,  ELIHU,  the  principal  benefactor  of  Yale 
college,  died  in  Wales  July  8,  1721,  aged  73. 
lie  was  born  at  New  Haven  in  1648,  and  at  the 
age  of  ten  years  went  to  England,  and  about 
the  year  1678  to  the  East  Indies,  where  he 
acquired  a  large  estate,  was  made  governor  of 
fort  St.  George,  and  married  an  Indian  lady  of 
fortune.  After  his  return  to  London  he  was  cho 
sen  governor  of  the  East  India  company,  and 
made  those  donations  to  the  college  in  his  native 
town,  which  induced  the  trustees  to  bestow  on  it 
the  name  of  Yale. 

YALE,  LE  ROY  MILTON,  M.  D.,  died  at  Holmes' 


YALE. 


YOUNG. 


893 


Hole  in  Tisbury,  Martha's  Vineyard,  in  1849.  He 
received  his  medical  degree  from  Harvard  in 
1829. 

YALE,  ELISHA,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Kingsboro', 
N.  Y.,  died  Jan.  9,  1853,  aged  72.  lie  was  born 
in  Lee.  He  had  been  nearly  fifty  years  in  K., 
settled  over  a  very  industrious  people,  chiefly  em 
ployed  in  the  manufacture  of  gloves  ;  hence  the 
name  of  a  new  village,  Gloversville.  He  trained 
them  to  regular  and  remarkable  beneficence.  He 
was  a  most  faithful  and  excellent  minister. 

YALE,  CYRUS,  minister  of  New  Hartford, 
Conn.,  died  in  1 854,  aged  65.  Born  in  Lee,  Mass, 
he  graduated  at  Williams  college  in  1811;  was 
ordained  in  1814;  dismissed  in  1834,  and  became 
the  minister  of  Ware  for  three  years,  and  was 
then  re-settled  in  New  Hartford  till  his  death  by 
paralysis.  He  was  zealous  in  the  cause  of  tem 
perance  and  peace.  As  the  fruits  of  four  revi 
vals,  three  hundred  and  thirty  persons  joined  his 
church.  He  wrote  a  memoir  of  Rev.  J.  Hallock, 
1828.  He  also  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordi 
nation  of  II.  Goodwin;  on  the  death  of  S.  E. 
Hawley ;  at  the  funeral  of  a  child ;  before  the 
Adelphic  society ;  on  erecting  a  meeting-house ; 
on  a  living  faith ;  at  thanksgiving ;  life  of  A. 
Hyde;  to  consociation,  1849;  sketches  of  minis 
ters  of  Litchfield  county,  1852.  —  Sprague's 
Annals. 

YALES,  WILLIAM,  Dr.,  died  at  Morris,  Ot- 
sego  co.,  N.  Y.,  April  7,  1857,  aged  90.  He  was 
a  native  of  England,  and  was  the  first  who  intro 
duced  vaccination  in  the  United  States. 

YANCEY,  MARY,  Mrs.,  died  in  Louisa  county, 
Va.,  in  1840,  aged  100;  leaving  a  numerous, 
respectable  offspring. 

YANCEY,  ROBERT  Y.,  an  editor,  died  in  Mem 
phis,  Tenn.,  in  1852,  aged  46.  He  published  the 
Reporter  at  Somerville,  and  at  M.  the  Eagle  and 
Enquirer,  and  then  the  Southerner. 

YARROW,  THOMAS,  Dr.,  died  at  Sharpetown, 
N.  J. ,  in  1841;  an  aged  physician  and  much 
respected  citizen. 

YATES,  ROBERT,  chief  justice  of  New  York, 
died  Sept.  9,  1801,  aged  63.  He  was  born  at 
Schenectady  in  Jan.,  1738,  and  became  eminent 
as  a  lawyer  in  Albany.  In  1776  and  1777  he  was 
chairman  of  the  committee  for  military  operations. 
Under  the  constitution  of  the  State,  which  he 
assisted  in  framing  in  1777,  he  was  appointed  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court.  He  was  chief  jus 
tice  from  1790  till  1798.  Of  the  convention 
which  formed  the  federal  constitution  he  was  a 
member.  For  his  many  virtues  he  was  esteemed, 
and  respected  as  an  upright,  learned  judge,  and 
an  accomplished  scholar. 

YATES,  JOSEPH  C.,  governor  of  New  York, 
died  at  Schenectady  March  19,  1837.  He  was  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  New  York,  and 
governor  from  1822  to  1825. 


YATES,  ANDREW,  D.  D.,  died  in  1844.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1794,  and  was  professor  of 
logic  and  ethics  at  Schenectady  from  1814  to 
1825. 

YEATES,  JASPER,  judge,  a  patriot  of  the 
Revolution,  died  March  14,  1817.  He  was  a 
member  of  Lancaster  county  committee  of  cor 
respondence,  Penn.,  in  1774,  and  of  the  conven 
tion  which  ratified  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States  in  1788.  He  was  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Pennsylvania  from  1791  till  his  death  at 
Lancaster.  He  was  a  man  of  sound  judgment 
and  great  industry  and  faithfulness  in  his  office. 
He  published  reports  of  cases  in  the  supreme 
court  of  Pennsylvania,  1817. 

YORK,  ISAAC,  a  Revolutionary  soldier,  died 
in  Standish,  Me.,  in  1846,  aged  89;  the  oldest 
inhabitant  born  in  S. 

YOUNG,  HENRY,  general,  died  in  King  and 
Queen's  county,  Va.,  in  1817,  aged  75.  He  was 
a  Revolutionary  officer. 

YOUNG,  DANIEL,  minister  of  a  German  re 
formed  church  in  Augusta,  Ga.,  died  in  1831. 
He  was  also  a  professor  in  York  seminary. 

YOUNG,  SAMUEL,  Dr.,  died  in  Hagerstown, 
Md.,  in  1838,  aged  99;  a  man  much  respected. 

YOUNG,  JOHN,  governor  of  New  York,  died 
at  New  York  in  April,  1852,  aged  50;  assistant 
treasurer  of  the  United  States  at  New  York.  He 
was  a  member  of  congress  in  1841-3  and  gov 
ernor  in  1847-9. 

YOUNG,  SAMUEL,  died  in  Ballston,  N.  Y.,  in 
1850,  aged  71  ;  a  man  of  political  distinction, 
having  sustained  many  offices  in  the  State  of 
New  York.  He  was  born  in  Lenox,  Mass.  For 
a  long  period  he  was  either  a  representative  or 
senator  in  the  State  legislature.  One  of  the 
board  of  canal  commissioners  in  1817,  he  con 
tinued  till  the  completion  of  the  Erie  canal.  He 
was  also  of  the  board  of  regents  of  the  univer 
sity.  He  was  a  man  of  a  simple  taste,  honest, 
fearless,  indomitable,  of  high  talents.  After  the 
age  of  sixty  he  studied  several  modern  languages. 
He  loved  his  books,  his  garden,  and  the  society 
of  the  young. 

YOUNG,  ALEXANDER,  D.  D.,  died  in  Boston 
March  16,  1854,  aged  53.  He  was  the  son  of 
Alexander  Young,  a  printer,  and  born  in  Bos 
ton ;  he  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1820;  was 
settled  over  the  sixth  church  in  Boston  as  the 
successor  of  Dr.  Greenwood,  Jan.  19,  1825.  He 
published  a  sermon  on  sins  of  the  tongue,  1829; 
and  several  works  of  great  value  to  all  readers, 
who  are  making  inquiry  concerning  the  early 
history  of  New  England,  namely,  chronicles  of 
the  Pilgrim  fathers  of  the  colony  of  Plymouth  ; 
also  chronicles  of  the  first  planters  of  Massa 
chusetts. 

YOUNG,  HENDERSON,  judge  of  the  sixth 
judicial  circuit  of  Kentucky,  died  in  1854. 


894 


YOUNGMAN. 


ZEISBERGER. 


YOUNGMANj  JOHN  GEORGE,  a  Moravian 
missionary,  was  first  employed  among  the  Mo- 
hegans  in  Connecticut,  and  afterwards  among 
the  Delawares  on  the  Susquehannah,  and  in  the 
•western  country.  He  died  at  Bethlehem  in  July, 
1808,  aged  87. 

YOUNGS,  JOHX,  the  first  minister  in  South- 
hold,  L.  I.,  had  been  a  ministe  •  in  Hingham, 
England,  but  came  to  this  country  with  a  part 
of  his  church  in  1640,  and  in  Oct.  commenced 
the  settlement  of  S.  He  died  in  1672,  aged  73. 
His  son,  John,  colonel  and  sheriff  of  the  county, 
died  in  1688,  aged  about  64.  His  brother,  Ben 
jamin,  and  others  of  the  name  were  judges  of  the 
common  pleas. 

YOUNGS,  SAMUEL,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  died  at  Irving,  N.  Y.,  in  1839,  aged  79. 
After  the  war  he  studied  law,  and  was  surrogate, 
and  was  much  respected. 

YUMMANUM,  a  Pequot  Indian,  the  last  sa 
chem  of  the  tribe  at  Nihantic  in  Lyme,  Conn., 
died  about  1740. 

ZABRISKIE,  JOHX,  a  minister,  died  at  Mill 
stone,  N.  J.,  in  1850,  aged  72. 

ZEISBERGER,  DAVID,  a  Moravian  mission 
ary  among  the  Indians  of  North  America,  died 
in  1808,  aged  87.  He  was  a  native  of  Moravia, 
in  Germany,  whence  his  parents  emigrated  to 
Herrnhut  in  Upper  Lusatia,  for  the  sake  of  reli 
gious  liberty.  He  was  born  in  1721.  In  1738 
he  came  to  Georgia,  where  some  of  his  brethren 
had  begun  a  settlement,  that  they  might  preach 
the  gospel  to  the  Creeks.  Thence  he  removed 
to  Pennsylvania,  and  assisted  in  the  commence 
ment  of  the  settlements  of  Bethlehem  and  Naza 
reth.  From  1746  he  was  for  sixty-two  years  a 
missionary  among  the  Indians.  Perhaps  no  man 
ever  preached  the  gospel  so  long  among  them, 
and  amidst  so  many  trials  and  hardships.  He 
was  one  of  the  oldest  white  settlers  in  the  State 
of  Ohio.  In  the  last  forty  years  of  his  life  he 
only  paid  two  visits  to  his  friends  in  the  Atlantic 
States.  His  last  journey  to  Bethlehem  was  in 
1781.  He  died  at  Goshen,  on  the  river  Muskin- 
gum,  in  Ohio.  He  was  a  man  of  small  stature, 
with  a  cheerful  countenance,  of  a  cool,  intrepid 
spirit,  with  a  good  understanding  and  sound 
judgment.  His  portrait  is  prefixed  to  Hecke- 
welder's  narrative.  Amidst  all  his  privations 
and  dangers  he  was  never  known  to  complain, 
nor  ever  regretted  that  he  had  engaged  in  the 
cause  of  the  Redeemer.  He  would  never  con 
sent  to  receive  a  salary,  although  he  deemed  it 
proper  for  some  missionaries.  He  trusted  in  his 
Lord  for  the  necessaries  of  life,  and  he  looked 
to  the  future  world  for  his  reward.  Free  from 
selfishness,  a  spirit  of  universal  love  filled  his 
bosom.  A  more  perfect  character  has  seldom 
been  exhibited  on  the  earth. 


It  is  a  melancholy  fact,  that  he  suffered  more 
from  white  men,  called  Christians,  by  reason  of 
their  selfishness,  and  depravity,  and  hostility  to 
the  gospel,  than  from  the  Indians.  In  1745,  on 
his  journey  towards  the  five  nations,  he  was  ar 
rested  at  Albany  with  Mr.  Post,  and  after  much 
abuse,  imprisoned  seven  weeks  in  the  city  of  New 
York.  At  last  he  was  declared  innocent  of  any 
treasonable  views,  and  was  liberated.  At  one 
time  a  plot  was  laid  by  one  Girty,  an  English 
agent,  or  trader  at  Sandusky,  to  procure  his 
scalp,  and  nearly  succeeded. 

In  March,  1782,  between  ninety  and  one  hun 
dred  of  the  Christian  Indians  at  Gnadenhutten, 
on  the  Muskingum,  were  massacred  by  a  party 
of  whites  from  the  settlements  on  the  Ohio.  The 
immediate  cause  of  this  massacre  was  the  mur 
der  of  a  woman  and  child  by  some  Sandusky 
warriors,  in  which,  however,  it  is  incredible  that 
the  whites  could  have  thought  the  Christian  In 
dians  were  implicated.  The  party  found  the  In 
dians  at  work  in  a  corn-field,  and  hailed  them  as 
friends,  and  offered  to  protect  them  from  their 
enemies,  and  even  called  them  good  Christians. 
When  they  were  secured,  it  was  told  them  that 
they  must  die.  Begging  for  a  short  delay,  that 
they  might  prepare  for  death,  they  fell  on  their 
knees  and  prayed  to  their  God  and  Saviour,  and 
sang  his  praises,  and  then  kissed  each  other  with 
a  flood  of  tears  mingled  with  lofty  Christian 
hope.  Some  of  the  party  remonstrated  against 
what  was  proposed,  but  it  being  in  vain,  they 
withdrew  to  a  distance,  wringing  their  hands, 
saying  they  were  innocent  of  the  blood  which 
was  to  be  shed.  Then  one  of  the  white  monsters 
began  the  work  of  death.  Seizing  a  cooper's 
mallet,  he  knocked  in  the  head  fourteen  unre 
sisting  victims  one  after  another,  and  then  handed 
the  instrument  to  a  brother  monster,  saying,  "  I 
think  I  have  done  pretty  well!"  More  than 
ninety  men,  women,  and  children,  were  killed 
and  scalped,  when  the  murderers,  having  set  fire 
to  the  houses,  and  scalped  their  victims,  went  off 
shouting  and  yelling.  Such  a  foul  and  horrible 
deed  cannot  be  found  in  the  page  of  history. 
The  object  was  the  plunder  of  eighty  horses,  of 
furs,  and  other  property  of  these  peaceable  In 
dians.  Of  these  victims,  sixty-two  were  grown 
persons,  one-third  of  whom  were  women  ;  thirty- 
four  were  children.  Two  of  them  had  been 
members  of  David  Brainerd's  church  in  New 
Jersey.  The  leader  of  this  horrible  party  had 
the  name  of  Williamson.  Two  months  after 
wards  he  attacked  the  warrior  Indians  at  San 
dusky,  and  was  defeated.  Col.  Crawford  was 
taken  prisoner,  and  the  savages,  in  retaliation, 
tied  him  to  a  stake  and  put  him  to  death  by 
various  tortures;  under  which  he  was  tauntingly 
asked,  how  he  felt,  and  whether  they  did  as  well 


ZENGER. 


ZINZENDORF. 


895 


to  him  as  he  had  done  to  the  helieving  Indians? 
They  added,  "  We  have  to  learn  barbarities  of 
you  white  people  ! " 

Had  the  back  settlers  of  our  country  partici 
pated  in  the  benevolent  spirit  of  the  Moravians, 
the  benefit  to  the  Indians  would  have  been  incal 
culable.  Amidst  all  obstacles,  the  brethren,  in 
the  days  of  Mr.  Zeisberger,  instructed  and  bap 
tized  about  fifteen  hundred  of  the  Indians.  The 
calm  death  of  those  whcuwere  murdered  at  Mus- 
kingum  is  a  delightful  proof  of  the  influence  of 
the  gospel  on  men  concerning  whom  it  is  some 
times  said  they  cannot  be  made  Christians. 

In  the  evening  of  his  days,  as  the  faculties  of 
Mr.  Z.  began  to  fail  him,  his  desire  to  depart  and 
to  be  with  Christ  continually  increased.  Yet  he  was 
patient  and  resigned.  His  last  words  were  :  "  Lord 
Jesus,  I  pray  thee  come,  and  take  my  spirit  to 
thyself.  Thou  hast  never  yet  forsaken  me  in  my 
trials ;  thou  wilt  not  forsake  me  now." 

He  made  himself  acquainted  with  two  lan 
guages,  the  Onondaga  and  the  Delaware.  About 
1768  he  wrote  two  grammars  of  the  Onondaga, 
in  English  and  German,  and  a  dictionary,  Ger 
man  and  Indian,  of  more  than  seventeen  hundred 
pages.  In  the  Lenape,  or  language  of  the  Del- 
awares,  he  published  a  spelling-book,  first  in 
1776,  and  an  enlarged  edition  in  1806  ;  also  ser 
mons  to  children,  and  an  hymn-book  of  three 
hundred  and  sixty  pages,  containing  upwards  of 
five  hundred  hymns,  translated  partly  from  Ger 
man  and  partly  from  English.  He  left  in  manu 
script  a  grammar  in  German  of  the  Delaware 
language,  which  has  been  translated  by  Mr.  Du 
Ponceau  ;  also  a  harmony  of  the  four  gospels, 
translated  into  Delaware.  It  is  believed  that  the 
last  has  been  published  by  the  female  missionary 
society  of  Bethlehem.  —  Amer.  Reg.  V. ;  Heck- 
ewelder's  Narrative. 

ZENGER,  JOHN  PETER,  a  printer  in  New 
York,  died  in  1746.  He  came  from  Germany, 
and  established  a  press  in  1726.  In  1733. he 
established  the  Weekly  Journal.  In  consequence 
of  some  strictures  in  that  paper  on  Gov.  Crosby 
and  the  council  he  was  imprisoned  by  a  warrant 
from  the  governor  and  council  in  Dec.,  1734,  and 
kept  in  close  confinement  thirty-five  Aveeks.  An 
drew  Hamilton,  an  eminent  lawyer  of  Philadel 
phia,  though  aged  and  infirm,  repaired  to  New 
York  to  defend  him  at  his  trial.  Prosecuted  for 
publishing  a  false  libel  on  the  governor,  Mr.  H. 
admitted  the  publication,  but  insisted  that  the 
publication  was  not  false.  The  court  would  not 
allow  the  witnesses  of  the  truth  to  be  examined ; 
would  not  allow  the  jury  to  judge  of  the  law  as 
well  as  of  the  fact;  yet  the  jury,  notwithstanding 
the  direction  of  the  bench,  brought  in  a  verdict 
of  not  guilty.  Afterward  in  England  Mr.  Owen, 
prosecuted  by  desire  of  the  commons,  was  in  like 


manner  acquitted.  This  precedent  had  its  weight 
in  the  trials  relating  to  the  writings  of  Junius. 
It  is  to  America  and  to  Andrew  Hamilton  that 
the  principle  may  be  traced,  that  the  jury  have  a 
right  to  examine  the  truth  of  the  alleged  libel 
and  the  motives  of  the  writer.  The  common 
council  of  New  York  presented  Mr.  H.  the  free 
dom  of  their  corporation  in  a  gold  box.  Zenger's 
widow,  Catherine,  and  his  son,  John,  continued 
his  paper  after  his  death.  A  narration  of  his 
trial  was  published  at  Boston  ;  also  at  London, 
with  the  trial  of  William  Owen,  8vo.,  1765.  — 
Holmes,  u.  5  ;  Thomas,  II.  95. 

ZEPHANIAH,  an  aged  Indian  at  Marshpee, 
in  Barnstable,  Mass.,  died  in  1767,  aged  90.  He 
was  the  son  of  Popmunnuck,  who  was  chief  of  the 
tribe  in  1648. 

ZIMMERMAN,  SAMUEL,  was  killed  on  the 
railroad  near  Hamilton,  Upper  Canada,  March 
12,  1857,  as  the  cars  ran  off  the  track  and  broke 
down  the  bridge  over  a  canal.  More  than  sev 
enty  persons  were  killed.  Born  in  Pennsylvania, 
he  went  a  poor  boy  to  Canada,  where  as  a  rail 
road  contractor  he  amassed  a  fortune.  He  lived 
in  a  splendid  style  near  the  Clifton  house,  Niag 
ara.  He  was  married  before  his  death. 

ZIXZENDORF,  NICHOLAS  Louis,  count,  the 
founder  of  the  sect  of  the  Moravians,  died  at 
Herrnhut  May  9,  1760,  aged  60.  He  was  born 
at  Dresden  in  May,  1700.  He  studied  at  Halle 
and  Utrecht.  About  the  year  1721  he  purchased 
the  lordship  of  Bertholdsdorf  in  Lusatia.  Some 
poor  Christians,  the  followers  of  John  Huss,  ob 
tained  leave  in  1722  to  settle  on  his  estate. 
They  soon  made  converts.  Such  was  the  origin 
of  the  village  of  Herrnhut.  From  this  period 
Count  Z.  devoted  himself  to  the  business  of  in 
structing  his  fellow-men  by  his  writings  and  by 
preaching.  He  travelled  through  Germany,  and 
in  Denmark  became  acquainted  with  the  Danish 
mission  in  the  East  Indies  and  Greenland. 
About  1732  he  engaged  earnestly  in  the  promo 
tion  of  missions  by  his  Moravian  brethren,  whose 
numbers  at  Herrnhut  were  then  about  five  hun 
dred.  So  successful  were  these  missions,  that  in 
a  few  years  four  thousand  negroes  were  baptized 
in  the  West  Indies,  and  the  converts  in  Green 
land  amounted  to  seven  hundred  and  eighty- 
four.  In  1737  he  visited  London,  and  in  1741 
came  to  America,  and  preached  at  Gcrmantown 
and  Bethlehem.  Feb.  11,  1742,  he  ordained  at 
Oly,  in  Pennsylvania,  the  missionaries  Rnuch 
and  Buettner,  and  Rauch  baptized  three  Indians 
from  Shekomeco,  east  of  the  Hudson,  the  "  first 
lings  of  the  Indians."  He  soon,  with  his  daugh 
ter,  Benigna,  and  several  brethren  and  sisters, 
visited  various  tribes  of  Indians.  At  Shekomeco 
he  established  the  first  Indian  Moravian  congre 
gation  in  North  America.  In  1743  he  returned 


896 


ZUBLY. 


to  Europe.  At  his  burial,  his  coffin  was  carried 
to  the  grave  by  thirty-two  preachers  and  mis 
sionaries  whom  he  had  reared,  and  some  of  whom 
had  toiled  in  Holland,  England,  Ireland,  North 
America,  and  Greenland.  What  monarch  was 
ever  honored  by  a  funeral  like  this  ?  The  sect 
established  by  Z.  boasts  not  of  great  orators  and 
learned  theologians  ;  indeed,  it  boasts  of  nothing  ; 
but  no  sect  has  been  more  deeply  imbued  with 
the  meek  and  benevolent  spirit  of  the  gospel,  or 
manifested  more  of  a  noble  missionary  zeal. 

ZUBLY,  JOHN  JOACHIM,  D.  D.,  first  minister 
of  the  Presbyterian  church  in  Savannah,  died  in 
July,  1781.  He  came  from  St.  Gall  in  Swit 
zerland,  and  took  the  charge  of  this  church  in 
1760.  He  preached  to  an  English  and  German 
congregation,  and  sometimes  also  he  preached  in 


ZUBLY. 

French.  He  was  a  member  of  the  provincial 
congress  in  1775,  but,  as  he  differed  in  opinion 
from  his  fellow-citizens  with  respect  to  the  inde 
pendence  of  the  United  States,  he  incurred  their 
displeasure,  aud  his  subsequent  days  were  embit 
tered.  He  was  a  man  of  great  learning,  of  a 
vigorous  and  penetrating  mind,  and  of  a  heart 
moulded  into  the  Christian  spirit.  He  published 
a  sermon  on  the  value  of  that  faith  without  which 
it  is  impossible  to  please  God,  1772 ;  a  sermon 
on  the  death  of  J.  Osgood  of  Midway,  1773  ; 
the  law  of  liberty,  a  sermon  on  American  affairs, 
at  the  opening  of  the  provincial  congress  of 
Georgia,  with  an  appendix  giving  an  account  of 
the  struggle  of  Switzerland  to  recover  liberty, 
1775.  —  Georgia  Analyt.  Eepos.  I.  49;  Gordon, 
II.  75. 


INDEX. 


CLASSIFIED    AND    SELECT 


Artists. 
Allston,  Washington  

Page    Cobb,  Sylvamis  R  
29    Coit,  Jonathan  

Page 
.  .  .242    Stevens,  John  
.  .  .246    Stoughton,  William  
.  .  .  259    S  weetzer.  Thomas  W  

Page 
..758 
..766 
..773 

Beck,  George  
Birch,  Thomas  
Brou  were,  John  II  
Bulfinch,  Charles  
Cheney,  Seth  
Clark,  John  
Clevengcr,  S.  L.  V:ii  
Colo.  Thomas  
Copley,  John  S  
Dunlap,  William  
Enrle.  James  
Earle,  Ralph  
Evans,  Oliver  
Fainiian,  Gideon  
Fairman.  David  

76    Cresson,  Elliott  
.    ...  92    Dexter,  Samuel  
.  .  .  .144    Dixon,  Alexander  
159    Dodge.  David  L  
218    Dowse,  Thomas  
.  .  .  .229    Ihvight,  Edmund  
.  .  .  .237    Dwight.  Louis  
249    Eliot,  Samuel  .-  
202    Erring,  William  
313    Evarts.  Jeremiah  
318    Faneuil,  Peter  
318    Gallaudet,  Thomas  II  
344    Girard,  Stephen  
317    Golcltrap,  Thomas  W  
347    Goodell,  Solomon  

.  .  .272    Thompson,  Benjamin  

..789 

.  .  .300    Thompson,  Abr.  G  
.     304    Thompson,  Thomas  F  

..790 
.  .791 

.  .  .305    Thorndike,  Israel  
.  .  .307    Touro,  Judah  

..791 
..796 

.  .79'3 

.  .  .318    Treadwell,  John  G  
.  .  .334    Trowhridge,  Henry  
.  .  .343    Waldo,  Daniel  
.    .  345    Waldo,  Elizabeth  

-.798 
..799 
..814 
.  .814 

.  .  .347    Waldo,  Sarah  
.  .  .  372    Wallcut,  Thomas  
.  .  .381     Weld,  Lewis  
.  .  .385    Wiley,  John,  
.  .  .886    Williams,  Ephrahn  
.  .  .393    Yale,  Elihu  

..814 
..816 
..838 

..857 
..862 
..892 

...411    Ziiizeudorf,  N.  L  
...418 
...428 

..895 
..     1 

Green,  John  

395    Harvard.  John  
808    llenrv,  Alexander  

.  .  .  .420    Holdcn,  Samuel  

...438                         Divines. 

llei-wig,  Leopold  

429  !  Hollis,  Thomas  

...439 
.  441    Abbot  Abiel  

441    Hone    Philip  

.  .  .442    Abeel,  John  N  

..     2 

Inman,  Henry  

4C-3    Hopkins,  Asa  

.  .  .  448    Abercrombie,  James  
.  .  .449    Alexander,  Archibald  

..     2 
..  15 

4S1    Jay,  Ann  

.  .  .471    Allen,  John  

...16 

489    Kiniball,  Daniel  

.  .  .  493    Allen,  Thomas  

..  16 

500    Ladd,  William  

..  17 

21 

..  28 

.  .  .508    Appleton,  Nathaniel  
.  .  .51)9    Appleton,  Jesse  

...as 

...39 
.    40 

Robertson,  Alexander  

706    Lay,  Benjamin  

Savage,  E  I  ward  
Smibert,  John  

722    Lowry  ,  James  
738    Maclure.  William  

.  .  .539    Armstrong,  William  J  
.  .  .  543    Asbury,  Francis  
548    Austin   Samuel 

..  42 
..  46 
.  50 

Stuart,  Gilbert  
Trumbull,  Jolin  
Vanderlyn,  John  
Wertmuller.  A.  U  

768    McDonogh,  John  
.  801    Mel  n  tosh,  Duncan  
807    McLean,  Joseph  
840    Mercer,  Jesse  

.  .  .506    Backus,  Isaac  

..  51 

.  .  .568    Backus,  Charles  

...52 

..  .570    Backus,  Azel  

...52 
.  .  .  57 

842  '  Miller,  Jonathan  P  

...  63 

Wright,  Mehitabcl  

889    Morris,  J  udah  
Murray,  Joseph  
Murray.  John.  .. 

...588    Barnes,  David  
.  .  .599    Bascom,  H.  B  
.  .  .  601    Bass,  -Edward  

...  65 
...70 
...71 

Benefactors  &  Philanthropists.    Mussey,'  B.  B  
Nevins,  Kussell  II  
Abbot,  Samuel  1     Norris,  John  
Alford,  John  1'5    Olvphant,  David  
Appleton,  Samuel  40    Pariah,  U  

.  .  .602    Bates,  Joshua  
.  .  604    Baxter,  George  A  
..  .610    Beach,  John  
.  ..  .623    Bellamy,  Joseph  
.  .  .634    Benedict,  Joel  
.     652    Bentley   William 

...71 

...72 
...74 
..  80 
...82 
84 

Bartlett,  William  
Benezet,  Anthony  

68     Perkins,  Alfred  E  
83  i  Perkins,  Thomas  II  

.  .  .  652    Berkeley,  George  
.  .  .654    Blair,  Jaines  

..  86 
..  94 
94 

88    Phelps,  Anson  G  

Bissell.  Jcsinh  
Boudinot,  Elias  
Boiightou,  Benjamin  
Koyiston,  Nicholas  
Boylston.  Ward  Nicholas  
Brown,  Nicholas  
Brown,  Moses  
Brown.  Nicholas  
Burr.  Joseph  

92    Phillips,  John  
100     Phillips,  William  
107    Plummer.  Caroline  
115    Pouieroy,  Jonathan  L  
115    Prescott,  Aaron  
145    Redwood,  Abraham  
151     Reed,  William  
1  ">1      Reynolds.  Micajah  
171     Richardson,  William  

.  .  .659    Blair,  John  
.  .  .659    Blatohford.  Samuel  

...  95 
...97 
.    100 

.  .  .670    Bostwick.  David  
.  .  .679    Boyd,  William  

..In;, 
...112 

.  .  .696    Bradstreet,  Simon  
.  .  .698    Brattle,  William  
...700    Brazer,  John  
.  .  .  702    Brewster,  William  

..125 
..182 

..133 
...136 

..139 
..140 
..148 
..155 
..157 
..159 

Caldwell,  Elias  B  

183     Rii^ell   Thomas 

.  .  .717    Brodhead,  Jacob  
.  .  .726    Brown,  Francis  
...731    Buckniinster,  Joseph  
.  .  .734    Buell,  Samuel  

Chandler.  Peter   
Chandler.  Abiel  

208    Seats,  Joshua  
208    Scybcrt   Adam 

Clark,  Ebenezer  
Clark.  Enoch  W  
2 

221*     Sheppard.  Moses  
229    Smith,  Oliver  

(897) 

898 


INDEX. 


Bulklev.  Peter  

Page 
159 

Frelinghuysen,  Theodore  J  
French,  Jonathan  
Frey,  Joseph  

Page 
367    Lyman,  Joseph  
367     Maecartv.  Thaddeus   .  .    . 

Page 
540 

542 

Bullard,  Artemas  
Burr,  Jonathan  
Burr,  Aaron  

161 
107 
169 

549 

Burton.  Asa  

173 

Furnian,  Richard. 

„-„     ,.     .              '  '    L'XillKler  

Bvics.  Mather  
CaldweU,  David  
Campbell,  Alexander  
Cancr,  Henry  
Cannon,  James  S  
Carroll,  John  

179 
183 
189 
189 
189 
193 

Gadsden,  Christopher  
Gardiner,  John  S.  John  
Gay,  Ebenezer  
Gilbert,  Eliphalet  W  
Gile,  Samuel  
Gillet,  Eliphalet  

371  Manning,  James  
374  Mason,  John  
376  Mather,  Richard  
380  Mtither,  Increase  
330  Mather,  Cotton  
380  Mather  Samuel 

547 
554 
5f>5 
657 
558 

Casas,  B.  Las  

201 

386    Mati"uon   F   A 

Chandler,  Thomas  B  
Channing.  William  E  

208 
209 

Gray,  Thomas  

394  Maxcy,  Jonathan  

561 

563 

(":i;ijiin,  Calvin  

210 

3H6  Mavhew,  Jonathan  
399  McCall.  Thomas  II  
401  McCalla,  Daniel  

503 

564 
504 

Chaplin,  Daniel  

210 

Greenwood,  Francis  W.  P  
Griffin,  Edward  D  
Griswold.  Alexander  V  
Hallock,  Moses  

Chaplin,  Jeremiah  
Chase,  Philander  
Chauncy,  Charles  

210 
212 
213 

402  :  McCulloch,  Thomas  

566 

569 

Chauncv,  Charles  

215 

Hardenbcrgh,  Jacobus  
Harris,  Samuel  

413  Mo  Keen,  Joseph  
414  McLeod  Alexander 

669 

570 

Cheverus,  L.  De  
Clap,  Nathaniel  
Clap.  Thomas  
Clark,  Peter  

219 
226 
226 
228 

Harris,  William  
Harris,  ThaJdeus  
Hart,  Levi  

415  !  Merrill,  Thomas  A  
415  Merwin,  Samuel  

574 
575 

Clarke.  John  
Clay,  Joseph  
Cleaveland,  John  
Cobbett,  Thomas  
Codman,  John  
Coffin,  Charles  
Cogswell,  James  

231 
232 
234 
242 
243 
245 
245 
245 
246 

Haven,  Samuel  
Haynes,  Lemuel  
Redding,  Elijah  
Ilemmenway,  Moses  
Henry,  T.  Charlton  
Higginson,  Francis  
Higginson,  John  
Hill,  William  
Hilliard,  Timothy  
Hitchcock.  Gad  
Hitchcock,  Enos  
Hoar,  Leonard  
Hobart,  Noah  
Hobart,  John  Henry  
Hoge,  Moses  
Holley  ,  Horace  
Hollingshead,  William  

419     Milledoler,  Philip  
423    Miller,  Samuel  
434     Milnor,  James  
424    Mitchell,  Jonathan  
428     Moody,  Joshua  
430     Moody,  Samuel  

577 
579 
580 
5S1 
586 
580 
588 
588 
589 
589 
594 
594 
595 
597 
598 
599 
599 

Cogswell,  William  

433  Moore,  Zephauiah  S  
433  Moorhead,  John  
435  Morgan,  Abel  
435  Morrison,  William  
435  Morse,  Jedidiah  
436  Morton,  Charles  
437  Mountain,  Jacob  
438  ,  Mnhlenberg,  Henry  M  
439  Murdock,  James  

Coke,  Thomas  

Colman,  Benjamin  
Cone,  Spencer  II  
Comvell,  Henry  
Cooper,  William  
Cooper,  Samuel  

250 
258 
258 
259 
260 

Cooper,  Myles  

261 

Cornelius,  Eh'as  
Cotton,  John  

263 
265 

Croswell,  William  

273 

Holmes,  Abiel  

600 

Cumings.  Henry  

274 

Holyoke,  Edward  

440  Nelson,  David  

603 

603 

Cummings,  Asa  

274 

Cutler,  Timothy  

277 

Homes,  William  

605 

Daggett,  Naphtali  

278 

Hooke,  William  

....  442  Niles  Samuel 

607 

Dana,  James  

280 

Hooker,  Thomas  

442  Niles  Samuel 

608 

Danforth,  Samuel  

283 

Hooker,  John  

444  Nisbet.  Charles 

609 

Davenport,  John  
Davies,  Samuel  

285 
288 

Hooker,  Asahel  

444  N  orris,  Edward  

610 
611 

292 

Hopkins,  Samuel  

445  Norton,  Asahel  S  

613 
613 

De  Witt,  John  

300 

Dickinson,  Jonathan  

301 

Howard,  Simeon  

450  Nott.  Samuel  

613 
614 

Dickinson,  Austin  

303 

Dow,  Lorenzo  
Dow,  Daniel  

306 
«06 

Hubbard,  William  

452  Noyes,  Nicholas  

.  456    Oakes   Uriah 

615 

610 

309 

Huntington,  Joshua  
Hyde,  Alvan  
Inglis,  Charles  
Inglis,  James  
Jackson,  William  
James,  Thomas  
Jarvis,  Abraham  

458  Olin,  Stephen  
462  Osgood,  David  
463  Oxenbridge,  John  
463  Packard.  Hezekiah  
466  Parish,  Elijah  

621 
625 
630 
030 
634 

Duffield,  George  
Dunster.  Henry  
Dwi"ht,  Timothy  

311 
313 
315 

Dwight,  Sereno  E  
Ecklcy,  Joseph  
Edwards,  Timothy  

317 
321 
322 

468  Park,  Calvin  
469  Parker,  Thomas 

634 
635 

Edwards,  Jonathan  
Edwards,  Jonathan  

322 
326 

Jenkins,  Charles  
Johnson,  Samuel  
Johnson,  Win.  Samuel.  ,  
Johnson,  Samuel  

475  Parker,  Samuel  
478  Parker,  Nathan  
479  :  Parker,  Edward  L  
481  Parkman,  Francis  

635 
630 
030 
637 
637 

Edwards,  Morgan  
Edwards,  Justin  
Edwards,  Bela  B  

328 
329 
829 

330 

638 

Eliot,  Andrew  
Eliot,  John  

333 
334 

Kirkland,  John  T  

496  Parsons,  Moses  
499  Parsonsi  David  .  . 

639 
640 

Emerson,  William  

338 

Kunze,  John  C  

5-10  Partrid"-e.  Ralph  

641 

Emerson,  Joseph  
Euimous,  Nathaniel  

339 
339 

Kurtz,  J.  D  
Kuypers,  Gerard  A  

500  Patten,"  William  

i;.;-j 
643 

England,  John  
Ewing,  John  
Fcnwiok,  Benedict  
Finley,  Samuel  
Finley,  Robert  
Fisher.  Jonathan  
Fisk,  Wilbur  

342 
346 
,350 
351 
352 
353 
354 

Kuypers,  Zachariah  II  
Langdon.  Samuel  
Lamed,  Sylvester  
Lathrop.  John  
Lathrop,  Joseph  
Lathrop,  John  

500  Payson,  Phillips  

643 

503  Payson,  Selh  

644 

504  Pavson,  Edward  
504  Peabodv,  Oliver  
505  Peabodv,  William  B.  0  
505  1  Peabody,  Oliver  W.  B  

644 

f,44 
640 
040 
<i40 

354 

.  ...510  Peet,  Stephen  

.  047 

355 

t!48 

355 

.  ..518  Perkins,  Nathan  . 

Fitch,  James  

355 

356 

Lee,  Chauncey  

519  Perrine,  Matthew  

054 

520  1  Peters,  Ihi"-h  

Flinn,  Andrew  
Flint.  Henry  
Flint,  Abel  
Flint,  James  
Forbes,  Eli  

357 
357 
357 
357 
359 
360 

Le  Mercier,  Andrew  
Lewis,  Isaac  
Lindsley,  Philip  
Linn,  William  
Linn,  John  B  
Livingston,  John  H  
Livingston,  Gilbert  11  
Looruis,  Harvey  
Lord,  Benjamin.  .  . 

521  Peters,  Samuel  A  

656 
G57 

658 

526    Pierce,  John  
526    Pierpont,  James  
530     Piorson,  Abraham  
531     Pomeroy,  Benjamin  
534    Porter,  John  
...535    Porter,  Nehemiah.  .. 

663 
663 
664 
070 
072 
672 

360 

Foxcroft,  Thomas  
Freeman,  James..  . 

362 
...366 

INDEX. 


899 


Porter,  Eliphalet  

Page 
673 
673 

WMV.  -ester,  Samuel  

Page 
886 

887 

Pngo 

673 

888 

Thomas,  W  

l  orrer. 

..     674 

;...895 

Uncas  806 

675 

Zubly,  John  J  

896 

Vincent,  Louis  811 

Prentiss,  Thomas  

077 
681 

Indians. 

..  15 

Waban                         812 

Worumbo  888 

|>    •       .  .'     T>   ,,      •!< 

082 

1>  •'        >'    1    1 

683 

...683 

Inventors  and  Engineers. 

Bushnell,  David  174 
Coleman,  Obed  M  250 

684 

Bi"  Warrior  

91 

Puffer,  Hen  ben  
Reese,  Thomas  
Rhees,  Morg.i:i  J  

684 
698 
7<M) 
700 

Black  Dog  
Black  Hawk  
BlacU  Hoof.  

93 
93 

:;;;;;"  Ho 

700 

101 

Cotting,  Uriah  265 

...701 

Boudinot,  Elias  
Brant,  Joseph  

107 
131 
147 

Darby,  William  284 
Dearborn,  Benjamin  -'.*', 
De  Gerstner  297 

Ripley,  Sy  Ivanus  

703 

.  703 

1'   11'        Cl        Her 

705 

148 

Fitch,  John  356 

-•'    Ml'    P 

149 

Godfrey,  Thomas  &83 

Robinson,  John  

706 

709 

Bryant,  Solomon  
Burr,  Mary  
Bushy  head,  Jesse  

154 
172 
174 
189 

Guess,  "George  403 
Kimball,  Increase  493 

Rogers.  John  

710 
712 

King   AVilliam  495 

Kvaii,  John  501 

Rogers,  William  M  
Romeyn,  John  B  

712 
713 
721 

Caonabo  
Cheeshahteaumuck  

190 
218 
240 

Orr,  Hugh  628 
Perkins,  Jacob  653 
Pope,  Joseph  671 

721 

202 

Head,  Nathan  695 

Seabury.  Samuel  
Sewall    Jo«eph 

725 
728 

Cornplanter  

264 
273 

Rumsey  ,  James  716 
Shrove,  Henrv  M  736 

Sharp.  Daniel  
Shepard,  Thomas  

731 
732 
737 

Ephruim  
Folsom,  David  

342 
359 
301 

Stevens,  Robert  L  758 
Whistler.  George  W  847 
Whitney,  Eli  853 

Smith,  Thomas  
Smith,  John  B  

741 
741 
.     .  742 

Gcdney,  Kachael...  
Greenough,  Thomas.  

377 
398 
420 

AVhittemore,  Amos  854 

Judges  and  Lawyers. 

Adams,  Andrew  4 
Addison,  Alexander  14 
Allen,  William  18 
Allyn,  Matthew  29 

Smith   Samuel  S 

743 

425 

744 

429 

Smith,  Ethan  

746 
750 

Hobbamoc  
Homer,  Elmira.  .  .  .„  
IIo\vdee,  Sarah  

437 
441 
451 
452 

Spring.  Samuel  
Staughton    William 

752 

Stiilman,  Samuel  
Stoddard   Solomon 

760 
761 

Humming  Bird  

455 
470 

Arnold,  Peleg  46 
Ashmun,  John  II  47 

Tappan,  David  

770 

779 

Johnson,  Joseph  

481 
485 

T  ,',    1   .   '  t       ('ill      <   't 

782 

485 

782 

488 

...     .784 

4119 

Benson,  Egbert  84 

Thacher,  Peter  
Tucker,  John  
Tuekerman,  Peter  

786 
801 
802 
812 

Little  Turtle  
Logan  
Lowrie,  George  

528 
5:33 
539 
545 

Berrien,  J.  Macphersou  88 
Bigelow.  Timothy  90 
Blackburn,  Samuel  93 
Blair,  John  95 

Wadsworth,  Benj-iinin  
Waimvright,  Jonathan  M.  .  .  . 
Wales,  oamuel  
Walter,  Nehemiah  

812 
814 
815 
817 

Maminash,  Sally  
Massassoit  
Molntosh,  William  
Miantuimomu  

546 
555 
508 
575 

Blake.  George  96 
Bliss,  George  99 
Bradbury,  Theophilus  116 

Brearley,  David  133 

818 

Mitark. 

581 

..     820 

59-f 

820 

(J08 

820 

009 

Burnet,  Jacob  167 

Welde,  Thomas  

838 

613 

Burr,  Peter  169 

West,  Samuel  
West   Stephen  

841 
..  841 

Nowequa  
Nunnenunteno  

614 
610 
617 

Chase,  Samuel  211. 
Chauncey,  Charles  213 
Chauucey,  Charles  217 

843 

840 

617 

Chew  Benjamin  219 

Whelpley,  Philip  M  

847 
848 

Oga-na-ya  

618 
623 

Chipman,  Ward  220 

White.  William  

849 

623 

Church,  Samuel  224 

Whitefield,  Geor"e. 

849 

625 

Clavton,  Thomas  234 

Wigglesworth,  Eduard  

855  l  Osooit  
856  1  Osson  

626 
626 

Colden,  Cadwallader  D  249 
Cranch,  Richard  271 

630 

Willard,  Joseph  

858 

6-11 

Cushing,  William  276 

Williams,  |{o"-cr  

859 

643 

Dag^ett,  David  279 

Williams,  John  

860 

Paul,  Silas  

643 
......     055 

Dana,  Francis  280 
Dana,  Samuel  280 

862 

Philip  

657 

668 

Dane,  Nathan  2S2 

AVilliams,  Solomon  

802 

AVilliams.  Stephen  

862 

.  .,  670     Davis.  John  292 

Williams,  Eliphalet  

863 

Pontiae  
Powhatan  ,  -  . 

671 
675 

Dawes,  Thomas  292 
Day,  Thomas  293 

AVilliams,  Solomon  

865 

Wilson,  John  

867 

684 

DC  Lanccy,  James  298 

Wilson,  James  

868 

685 

Desaussure,  Henry  AV  299 

Wilson,  James  P  

868 

Bed  Jacket  
Uirh.-onville  
Kidge,  John  

095 
702 
702 
708 

Dewev,  Daniel  299 
Drayton,  AVilliam  308 
Dravton.  John  308 
Dua'ne,  James  309 
Dudley   Paul                                            310 

Wilson,  Joshua  L  
Winchester,  Elhanau  

SOU 

870 

S75 

712 

AVitherspoon,  John  
Woodbriditc,  Benjamin  
Woodbridge  John. 

876 
880 

881 

Snir  .imaii  
Skcnondou  »,  
Siinsceto  
Tac-kawash,  John  
Tacleuskuud  .  . 

722 
737 
773 

.'  '.  '.  775 

Dulaney  ,  Daniel  311 
Durfee,  Job  314 
Dyer,  Eliphalet  318 
Edwards,  Pierrcpont  328 

Woodbridge,  Timothy  
Woods.  Jxiouard  

881 
...883 

900 


1XDKX. 


Page 

Edwards  Ilenry  P 329 

Emmett,  Thomas  A 339 

Emott,  James 341 

Ford,  Gabriel  II 359 

Foster,  Jedediah 300 

Giilloway,  Joseph .373 

Goddard,  Calvin 383 

Gould,  James 391 

Graham,  John  A 392 

Granger,  Gideon 393 

Greenleaf,  Simon.. 398 

Gridlcy,  Jeremy 400 

Griswold,  Stanley 402 

Hamilton,  Andrew 408 

Harrison,  Robert  II 415 

Hay,  George 421 

Hey  ward,  Thomas 429 

Ilil'lhouse,  James  A 433 

Hitchcock,  Samuel  J 435 

Hoar,  Samuel 435 

Hobart,  John  S 437 

Hoffman,  David 433 

Hoffman,  Ogden 438 

Holmes,  John 440 

Hopkinson,  Francis 448 

Hopkinson,  Joseph 449 

Horsmander,  Daniel 449 

Hosmer,  Stephen  T 449 

Howell,  David 452 

Hubbard,  Samuel 453 

Ingersoll,  Jared 4(i3 

Ingersoll,  Jonathan 403 

Imlell,  James 464 

Jackson,  Charles 407 

Jacob,  Stephen 467 

Jay,  John 409 

Johnson,  William 481 

Johnson,  Wm.  Samuel 482 

Jones,  David 483 

Jones,  Samuel 485 

Kent,  James 491 

Killam,  William 492 

Kinsey,  James. 495 

Kirby,  Ephraim 495 

Lansing,  John 504 

Law,  Richard 507 

Lee,  Charles 518 

Lincoln,  Levi 524 

Lit  toll,  William 527 

Livermorc,  Samuel 528 

Livormore,  Arthur 528 

Livingston,  Brockholst 530 

Livingston,  Edward 531 

Ijoi-.irt'ellow,  Stephen 534 

Lowell,  John 538 

Lynde,  Benjamin 541 

Marsh,  Charles 549 

Marshall,  John 549 

Martin.  Luther 550 

Martin,  Francis  X 550 

Mason,  Jeremiah 555 

Matthews,  Vincent 661 

Mellon,  Prentiss 573 

Merrill,  Benjamin. 574 

Merrill,  James  C 574 

Mitchell,  Stephen  M 582 

Morris,  Robert  II 592 

Morton.  Perez 596 

Nelson,  William 003 

Nicholson,  Joseph  II 607 

Nilcs.  Nathaniel 608 

Ogden,  David  15 618 

Olcott,  Simeon 620 

Oliver,  Peter 622 

Poine,  Robert  Treat 632 

Paine,  Elijah.. 633 

Parker,  Isaac 636 

Parsons,  Theophilus 640 

Praive,  Dutce  J 646 

Pinkney,  William 666 

Prntt,  Peter 676 

I'ratt,  Benjamin 670 

I'rontiss,  Samuel 678 

f'nlnam,  Samuel 687 

Quincy,  Edmund 688 

Uadoliffe,  Jacob 690 

Hawle.  William 094 

I'.oad.  George 695 

Read,  John 695 

Reeve,  Tapping 698 

Richardson,  William 701 

Roane,  Spencer 705 

Robinson,  Jonathan 708 

Robinson,  M.  M 708 

Root,  Jesse 713 


Ross,  George 

Rush,  Jacob 

Rutledge,  John 

Saltonstall,  Richard 

Sargent,  Nathaniel  P 

Sodgwick,  Theodore 

Sergeant,  John 

So  wall,  Samuel 

Sewall,  Stephen 

Sewall,  Samuel 

Sewoll,  Jonathan 

Sherman,  Roger  M 

Shippen,  Edward 

Smith,  William 

Smith,  Jeremiah 

Spencer,  Ambrose 

Stearns,  Asahel 

Story,  Joseph 

Strong,  Simeon 

Sullivan,  George 

Sullivan,  William 

Swift,  Zephaniah 

Thacher,  George 

Thacher,  Peter  0 

Thompson,  Smith 

Tilghman,  William 

Trowbridge,  Edmund 

Tucker,  St.  George 

Tucker,  Henry  St.  George. 

Tucker.  Beverley 

Ward.  Artemas.  . . 


90 


Washington,  Bushrod  . 

Whcaton,  Laban 

Wheaton,  Henry 

Wilde,  Samuel  S 

Wilson,  James 

Winthrop,  Waitstill  .  . . 
Winthrop,  .fames 


Wirt,  William 

Wolcott,  Erastus 

Worthington,  John.  . . 

Wragg,  William 

Wythe,  George 

Yates,  Robert 


.875 

.878 
.888 
.889 
.891 
.8! -3 


Men  of  Learning. 


Abbot,  Benjamin.. 
Adams,  Charles  B. 
Adrian,  Robert..  . . 


Alden,  Timothy 

Audubon,  John  James. 
Banister,  John 


.  15 
..  49 


Barclay.  Robert 

Barnes,  Daniel  II 

Bartram,  John 

Bartram,  William 


Beck,  Lewis  C 

Belknap,  .Jeremy 

Beverly,  Robert 

Bollan,  AVilliam 

Bonnycastle,  Charles.  . . 

Bordley,  John  B 

Boucher,  Jonathan 

Bowditch,  Nathaniel.  . . . 


.   76 

.  79 
.  88 
.100 


.101 
.104 
.105 

.108 


Bradford.  Alden 

Brattle.  William 

Brown,  Charles  B 


Buckminstor,  Joseph  S.  , 

Burke,  John  D 

Butler,  Caleb.  . . 


.124 
.133 
.140 
..156 
.165 


Butler,  Mann 

Callender,  John 

Cardoll,  William  S 


Carey,  Matthew 

Carter,  Nathaniel  II. ... 

Catesby,  Mark 

Chalmers,  George 

Charlevoix,  I'oter  De..  . . 
Chastellux,  Marquis  De. 

Checvor,  E/ekiel 

Clayton,  John 


..178 
.178 
.180 
.191 
.191 
.194 
.203 
.2H4 


.210 
.212 

.218 
.233 


Clifford,  John  D 

Colbnrn,  Zera 

Colden,  Cadwalladcr. 

Cooper,  Thomas 

Cooper,  James  F 

Coxe,  Daniel 

Coke,  Tench 

Cutbush,  James 

Cutler,  Manassch.  . . . 


.246 

.247 

.202 
.202 
..270 
.270 
.277 
.278 


De  Kay,  James  E.  . . . 

Dennic,  Joseph 

Dray  tun,  William  II. 


.308 


Pago 

Dummer.  Jeremiah 311 

Dnponceau,  Peter  S 314 

Dutton,  Matthew  R 314 

Dwight,  Theodore 317 

Eaton,  Amos 321 

Eddy,  Samuel 322 

Ellicott,  Andrew 335 

Elliott,  Stephen 335 

Evans,  Lewis 344 

Everett,  Alexander  II 340 

Farmer,  John: 348 

Farrar,  John 348 

Fisher,  Alexander  M 353 

Fiske.  Nathan  W 355 


Fobes,  Perez 358 

Follen,  Charles  T.  C 358 

Foot,  Joseph  1 359 

Franklin,  \Villiam 366 

Frisbie.  Levi 308 

Grew,  Theophilus 39'J 

Griffin,  Edmund  D 400 

Grimko,  Thomas  S 401 

Grimshaw,  William 402 

Gros,  John  D 403 

Hakluyt,  Richard 404 

Hall,  John  E 400 

Hall,  Frederic 407 

Harris,  Thaddeus  W 415 

llaskell,  Daniel 418 

Hassler,  Ferdinand 418 

Hazard,  Ebeuezer 423 

Hedge,  Levi 424 

Hennepin,  Louis 425 

Hentz,  N.  M 428 

Hewitt,  Alexander 429 

Houghton,  Douglass 449 

Hoyt,  Epuphras 452 

Hutchins,  Thomas 459 

Johnson,  Edward 478 

Josselyn,  John 485 

Judd.  Sylvester 480 

Kalm,  Peter 488 

Kemp,  .John 490 


Kingsley,  James  L 495 

Knapp,  Samuel 497 

Lafon,  Barthelemy ..502 

Lawson,  John 509 

Lcverett,  John 521 

Liusley,  James  II 527 

Locke,  John .  .  .532 


Logan,  James 532 

Mansfield,  Jared 648 

Marsh,  James 549 

Marshall,  Humphrey 549 

Melish,  John 572 

Michanx,  Andre 576 

Miuot.  George  R 580 

Minto,  Walter 581 

Mitchell,  John 582 

Monette,  John  W 583 

Moody,  Samuel 5S7 

Morton,  Nathaniel..  . .  . .  .590 


Mourt,  George 597 

Murray,  Lindley , 002 

Newman,  Samuel  P 005 

Nii-ollet.  J.  N ...607 


Partridge,  Alden 041 

Patterson,  Robert 642 

Peabody ,  David 645 

Pearson,  Eliphalet 640 

Peck,  William  D 047 

Pierce.  Benjamin 648 

Pemberton,  Thomas 648 

Pemberton,  Ebenczer 048 

Pickering,  John 002 

Pitkin,  Timothy 007 

I'opkin,  JohnS 072 

Prince,  Nathan 083 

I'roud.  Robert OH3 


I'mvhas,  Samuel 

I'nrsli.  Frederic 085 

Pynchon,  William 687 

liamsav,  David 091 

095 

7(10 

704 

700 

721 

723 

745 

758 

700 

Storrs.  Charles  15 704 

Stn.-.rt,  .Moses 7(58 

Taylor,  Oliver  A 780 


Redfleld,  William  C. 

Rich,  Obadiah 

Itittcnhousc,  David. 

Robic,  Thomas 

Sanderson,  John  . . , 

Say.  Thomas 

Smith.  Samuel 

Stiles,  Ezra 

Stith,  William 


INDEX. 


901 


Page 
800 
802 
805 

Page 
429 
434 

4as 

452 

Woodward.  Henry  
Wright,  Royal  N  

Page 
s*.-, 


'r'1Tn    .!.:,,.    •* 

Ilin-M  ;!<•    Abel  K  

Iliti-hciM'k,  Harvey  
Hoyt   Ard        

Wright,  Alfred  
Wyuwn,  Robert  
Youngman.  John  G  
Zeisberger,  David  

Persons  over  One 
Years. 

Alden,  John  
Alice  

S'.N) 

Mil 

894 
8'J-i 

Hundred 

..11 

10 

Warden,  David  B  
Weblier,  Samuel  

\\  cli-NT     No-ill           

820 
8,35 
835 
845 

864 

Hume,  Robert  W  
Johnson,  Maria  P  
Jones,  Samuel  T  

455 
482 
485 
487 

Wh.vlMc-k.  John  

vv'l           \l  "-      1  • 

8f>8 

Judson,  Adoniram  

488 

.   '         j   . 

874 

Judson,  Emily  C  

488 

Wooil.  William  
Wood.  John  

879 
830 
.893 

Kinney,  Henry  
Kirkland,  Samuel  
Knapp,  Horton  0  

495 
496 
497 

Missionaries. 

9 

507 

33 

508 

86 

Lobdell   Henry 

532 

Ange,  Francis  

38 

532 

Anglin,  Ilenrv  

33 

532 

Appleton,  Lydia  

40 

A   1°*    '       V       -t 

18 

532 

Arnold,  Seth  

46 

Allen,  Mvra  
Allen,  Orpah  
Allen,  Azubiih  
Andrews,  I'arnelly  
Ai)thor]>.  George  II  

27 
27 
27 
36 
41 
76 

Lowrie,  Walter  M  
Lyman.  Henry  
Mar<|notte,  Joseph  
Marsh,  Samnel  1)  
May  hew,  Zeehariah  
Maynard,  Eliphnl  
McLean,  Alexander  
Mills,  Samuel  J  

539 
541 
548 
549 
563 
564 
570 
579 
580 

Atwell,  Lucretia  
Badger.  Rachel  

49 
55 
06 

Bartlett.  Elisha  
Bayley,  Matthias  
Belknap.  Ezekiel  

68 
73 
80 

Beuj.imin,  Nathan  
Bigot,  Vincent  

84 
91 

93 

84 

87 

Billings.  Asahel  

91 

93 

Montgomery,  William  B  
Mosely,  Samuel  

585 
596 
598 

Binkley,  Adam  
Rirdseye,  Nathan  
Blowers,  Sampson  S  

92 
92 
99 

Boardman.  George  D  

99 
107 

'  1   ,     1 

108 

598 

Bo"art,  Abraham  

100 

*      '  '        1           

1°4 

509 

Boucher,  Charles  

Kit) 

Br  linerd.  David  

127 

Muzzy,  Mrs  

602 

Brown,  Svphax  

151 

Braiuerd.  John  
Brebeuf,  Jean  De  
Bressani,  F.  G  
Bridgman,  James  G  

131 
134 
135 
133 
152 

Newell,  Samuel  
Newell,  Harriet  
Newton,  Mrs  
Niehols,  John  

604 
604 
606 
600 
616 

Burnham,  Lydia  
Burr,  Mary  
Bushc,  Benjamin  
Butler,  William  

102 
107 
172 
174 
177 

1'            t      !•         s  P 

154 

634 

Butterworth.  Catharine.  . 

17-i 

]!uell,  William  
Burgess,  N.  M.  Hall  
Burgess,  Mrs  
Bushncll,  Mrs  

159 
1(52 
1(32 
174 

178 

Parsons,  Levi  
Perry,  Joseph  M.  S  
Pierce,  Mary  
Pohlman,  William  J  

640 
655 
CH3 
609 
(509 

Campbell,  Jenny  
Carrier.  Thomas  
Clark,  Daniel  
Cobb,  Ebenezer  
Coffee.  John  

189 
l:i3 
228 
241 
244 

Bnttner,  Gottlieb  

178 

178 

Pond,  Cornelia  E  

671 
071 

Cole,  Coletta  
Collamore,  John  

249 
250 

189 

675 

262 

Campbell,  Harvey  M  
Carlicil,  E.  De  

189 
191 

''00 

Price,  Jonathan  D  
Ralle,  Sebastiou  

079 
691 
692 

Crawford,  Marv  
Crull,  Philip.  "  
Currier,  Mehetabel  

272 
273 
275 

Castle.  Angelina  
Chamberlain,  Levi  

202 
204 
205 

Kanch,  C.  II  
lieed,  William  
Dice,  Luther  

694 
697 
700 

Davie,  Mary  . 
Davy,  John  
Deems,  Adan,  

288 
292 
297 

210 

701 

Deputy,  Jacob  

2:''.> 

,',     TV  ,    r  _ 

212 

701 

Drinker,  Edward  

::tis 

212 

701 

Dnnlap.  Hush  

313 

218 

Richards,  William  L  

701 

Easton,  Violctte  

316 

Condcc,  Mrs  
Crane.  Edwin  
dimming!*,  Abraham  

258 
272 
274 
275 

Itobinson,  Charles  
Satterlee,  A.  B  
Schneider,  Mrs  

708 
722 
723 
724 

Eaton,  Abigail  
Elliott,  Robert  
El  well.  Mehetabel  
Eve,  Adam  

321 
335 
337 
345 

Dibble,  Sheldon  
l)oil"c  A«a 

301 
305 

Scuddcr,  Katharine  

725 
727 

Farrar,  Timothy  
Farrar,  Mary  

348 
349 

317 

744 

Ferry,  Rachel  

350 

317 

Smith   Maria  W     

745 



Edwards.  William  

328 
346 

Smith,  Azariah.  
Smith,  Robert  

746 
747 

Follow,  Peter  

:;:,S 

Fontaine,  William  



Everett  Joel  S         

346 

Smith,  Eli  

747 

Forbes,  Duncan  

369 

Fisk,  Pliny  
Fisk,  Is.-uie  
Foote,  Koxaua  
i'  i-encb,  Henry  S.  G  

354 
354 
359 
367 
309 

Spanlding,  Ephraim  
Stetson,  Ellen  
Stevens.  Edwin  
Stoddard,  Harriet  

750 
756 
758 
702 
7113 

Francisco,  Henry  
Gilley,  John  
Goodrich,  Hannah  
Cough,  Hannah  
Grant,  Anna  



:N7 

898 

...     371 

780 

Green,  Ezra  



373 

Tefft   Eliza 

781 

-t]:{ 

Goddard,  Josiah  
Goodall,  Hervey  

383 
386 
393 

Temple,  Daniel  
Thompson,  Eliza  

781 
...790 
7!H 

Harvey,  Benjamin  
Hatch   Elisha 

4  IS 
419 

Hitchcock,  Thomas  

419 

Grant,  Asahel  

394 
394 

Thomson,  Frederic  B  

791 

794 

Hightown,  Joshua  
Hills,  Ebenezer  

432 
4:u 

Gridley,  Elnathan  

400 

402 

Tracy.  Adeline  

797 
808 

Howell,  Silas  
Hunt,  Littleton  

4:72 

450 

Grout,  Hannah  
Gnil  ic   B    \. 

403 

403 

Van  Lennep.  Mary  E  

808 
845 

Jamieson,  Robert  

'.  ..4>:i> 
469 

Il-ill.  Gordon  
Hall,  AlansonC  
Hnll.Klay.  Albert  R  
Hamlin,  Henrietta  
Hancock,  Martha  
Hawlcv,  Gideon  
Hebard,  Story  
Ilubanl,  Itcbecca  

406 
407 
407 
410 

413 
120 
41M 
424 
424 

White,  David  
Whiting,  George  B  

852 
852 

853 

471 

475 

Jim  

470 

Whittelsey,  Samuel  G  
Wilson,  Mrs  
Wilson.  Alexander  
Winslmv.  Harriet  
Winslow,  Anne  
Wood,  Mrs  
Wood!  Joel  .  . 

854 
809 
809 
872 
872 
880 
...880 

John  
Johnson,  Noah  

477 
479 
482 

Jones,  Nancy  
Judd,  Lois  
Judkins,  Philip  
Karues,  Sarah  W  

4S5 
4S7 
1-7 

Hervev.  William.  .  . 

...429 

902 


INDEX. 


Page 

Kennison,  Jenny 491 

Ke-nniston.  David 491 

Killam,  Rebecca 492 

Kincaid.  Mary 493 

Knight.  Deborah .497 

Knox,  William 499 

Lacy.  Jacob 501 

Lane.  E/.ekiel 502 

Langstaff.  Henry 503 

Langworthy,  Content 503 

Jjiiirum,  Mary 504 

Layne,  Charles 509 

Lear,  Mrs 510 

Leasure.  Joseph 510 

Lee.  Elizabeth 519 

Le  Forge.  Henry 520 

Lemell,  Eleanor 521 

Lent,  Isaac 521 

Leonard,  Abigail 521 

Lewis.  Comfort 523 

Lilly.  'Anna 523 

Lincoln,  Ruth 525 

Linn,  John 527 

Lovejoy,  Hannah 536 

Lovejoy,  Pompcy 536 

Lovewell.  Mr 537 

Lusk,  John 539 

Macklin,  Robert 543 

Mallet,  Angeline 546 

Marshall,  Andrew 550 

Martha 550 

Martin,  John 550 

Matthews,  Mary 561 

Mayo.  Mrs 564 

McDaniel.  Archibald 566 

McDonald,  Donald 566 

McDougal,  Alexander 567 

McGuin,  Samuel 567 

Mclntire,  Mrs 567 

Mclntosh,  Ann 568 

Mclntire.  John 568 

Miller.  John 578 

Miimiek.  Mrs .580 

Moor,  Mordecai 588 

Moore,  Hannah 588 

Moore,  Elizabeth 588 

Woore,  Samuel 589 

Mosher,  Hannah 596 

Murphy,  John 599 

Murray,  William 602 

Nuu'hbors,  Mr 602 

Newby,  Mrs 604 

Newell,  Hep/.ibah 605 

Niblet,  Solomon 606 

Niles,  George 608 

Norris,  Phebe 611 

Norton,  Molly 613 

Orr,  John 623 

Orr.  ls:iac 624 

Osborne,  Mrs 625 

I':. llote,  Joseph 633 

Palmer,  George 634 

Pearce.  Elizabeth 646 

Peniry,  Sarah 649 

Perkins,  William 652 

IVrUiiis.  Erastus 653 

Philbrick,  Abigail 657 

Pierce,  Robert 602 

Pinson.  Sarah 667 

Piper.  Susannah 667 

P:ai.te.  Marie 667 

Politis,  Peter 669 

Potter.  Mercy 674 

Pratt.  Ephraim 676 

PrM'.'en.  William 680 

PIT  .ely.  Philip 683 

Ramsay,  William 692 

Raiikins,  Catharine 693 

Ream.  Jeremiah 695 

Redlon,  Sarah 696 

i'.oil-ty.  John 698 

Reynolds,  Joseph 700 

Roberts,  Charles 706 

it'il.i'!.  Marie 706 

lioe.-e.  William 710 

Rogers.  Adams 712 

Ross.  Alexander 714 

Rump.  Frederic 716 

Rvalls.  Henry 719 

Sanfnrd.  Joshua 721 

.  Mary 722 

r,  Elizabeth 723 

.  Hannah 726 

Seeber,  Henry 726 

Shanklin,  Ann 731  | 


Shaver,  John 

Shcpard,  Mr 

Small,  Isaac 

Smith.  Jacob  J 

Snider,  Andrew 

Sparling,  Huldah 

Stanford,  Joshua 

Ten  Eyck,  Sarah 

Thorndike,  Robert.. . . 

Torrey,  Dorothy 

Ulrick,  Mrs 

Van  Gelder,  Mr 

Vanhining,  Henry.  . . . 
Van  Voast,  John  J..  . . 

Wall,  Arthur 

Warden,  John 

Warren,  Mary 

Welch,  Samuel 

Welch,  Sarah 

Welcott,  Nannie 

Whitman,  John 

Whitney,  Sarah 

Wier.  Mr 


Wilder,  Nathaniel. . . ; 

Willcy,  Anna 

Willey,  Charles 

Wingutc,  Mrs 

Wood.  Lois 

Woodhull,  John 

Woodward,  Jonathan. 
Worthington,  Peter .  . 
Wrangman,  John 
Yancey,  Mary 


Page 
. .  .731 

"738 
..747 

..748 
. . .750 
..754 
...782 
..791 
. .  .796 
, .  .806 
..808 
..808 
..809 
.  .816 
...819 
, . .822 
..837 
..837 
..837 
..853 
..854 
i .  .855 
..857 
..859 
.  .859 
..871 
..880 
..883 


885 
888 
889 
893 


Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

Ames,  Nathaniel 

Anderson.  James 

Aspinwall,  William 

Atkinson.  Israel 

Avery,  William 

Bard,  John 

Bard,  Samuel 

Baron,  Alexander 

Bartlett.  Josiah 

Bartlett'.  Zaccheus 

Barton,  Benjamin  S 

Bayley,  Richard 

Baylies,  William 

Baynam,  William 

Beatty,  John 

Beck  "John  B 


Beck,  T.  Romeyn 

Belden,  Joshua 

Bliss,  James  C 

Bond,  Thomas 

Boweu,  Pardon 

Boylston,  Zabdiel 

Brackett,  Joshua.  . . 


.  76 
.  78 
.  98 
.101 
.111 
.113 
.116 


Brigham.  Amariah 

Brown,  Samuel 

Bruce,  Archibald 

Buel,  William 

Bulfii-ch.  Thomas 

Bull,  William 

Bullard,  Artemas 

Cadwallader,  Thomas.  . 


.139 
.140 
.152 
.157 
.159 
.  161 


161 

182 

183 

193 

Chalmers.  Lioi.el 204 


Caldwell,  Charles.  , 
Carrigain,  Philip 


Cheevcr,  Abijah 

Childs,  Timothy 

Church,  Benjamin 

Clark,  John.  .  . 


218 

220 


Clarke,  Thaddeus 

Clayton,  Joshua 

Cleaveland.  Parker.  .  . . 
Cleaveland.  Nehemiah  . 

Cochran,  John 

Coffin,  Charles 

Coffin,  Nathaniel 

Coffin,  John  G 

Cogswell,  Mason  F 

Cookc,  Elisha 

Cornelius.  Elias 

Cotton,  John 

Craik,  James 

Cutler,  John 

Cutter,  Ammi  R 

Dana,  James  F 

Danforth.  Samuel 

Dewces,  William  P.  ... 
De  Witt.  Benjamin.  . . . 
Dixwell,  John 


.1>::2 
.233 
..2*-> 
.237 
..242 
..244 


..244 
.244 
.245 


Page 

Doane.  George .3(4 

Donaldson.  William 305 

Dorsey,  John  S 305 

Douglass.  William 306 

Drake,  Daniel 307 

Dwiglit,  Benjamin  W 317 

Eldridge,  Charles 330 

Emerson,  Samuel 339 

Erving,  Shirley 343 

Evans,  Cadwailader 314 

Field,  Richard 350 

Fisher,  Joshua- 353 

Fiske,  Caleb 355 

Fiske,  Oliver 355 

Flint,  Austin 357 

Freeman.  Nathaniel 306 

Fuller,  Samuel 309 

Gallup,  Joseph  A 373 

Ganiage,  William 373 

Garden,  Alexander 374 

Godman,  John  D 385 

Gorham,  John 390 

Graeme,  Thomas 392 

Graham,  Andrew 392 

Greene,  Peter 398 

Greene,  Thomas 398 

Greene,  Alpheus  S 398 

Griffitts,  Samuel  P 401 

Harris,  Tucker 414 

Hart,  John 417 

Hay  ward,  Lemuel 423 

Hay  ward,  Nathan 423 

Hazard,  Enoch 423 

Ilersey,  E/.ekiel 428 

Horsey,  Abner 428 

Hinde 434 

Holland,  Abraham 439 

Holyoke,  Edward  A 441 

Hooker,  Thomas 444 

Ilosacki  David 449 

Hunt,  Ebenezer 456 

Ingalls,  William 403 

Ives,  Levi 404 

James,  Thomas 408 

Jeffries,  John 474 

Jones,  John 483 

Jones,  Noble  W 484 

JonesJ  Walter 484 

Jones,  Thomas  P 485 

King,  David 494 

Kissam,  Richard  S 493 

Kittredge,  Thomas ..497 

Kollock,  Lemuel 499 

Kulin,  Adam 5CO 

Lathrop,  Joshua 504 

Lining,  John 527 

Lloyd,  James 531 

Lovell,  Joseph 537 

Low,  James 537 

Maci:evcn.  William  J 543 

547 

547 

547 

562 

564 

578 

Miner,  Thomas 580 

Mitchell,  Ammi  I! 582 

Mitchell,  Samuel  L 5S3 

Monro,  George 583 

Morgan.  John 5S9 

596 

597 

.599 

Nicoll.  John .'..607 

Noyes,  Josiah.  ...    616 

Oliver,  Bei-iainin  L 022 

Oliver,  Daniel 622 

P.irrish.  Joseph 637 

Pea  body.  Nathaniel 645 

Perkins,  Elisha 652 

653 

661 

664 

Post,  Wright '.'.'.'.'.'.674 

Potter.  Nathaniel 074 

Prescott, 


Mann.  James. 

Mann,  Perez 

Manning,  John 

May,  Frederic 

Mayhew,  Matthew 

Miller,  Edward.  . . 


Morton.  Samuel  G 

Moultrie,  John 

Munson,  JKneas.  . . 


Perkins,  Cvrus.  .  . 
Physick.  Philip  S. 
Pierson/Abel  D.  . 


.271 

.277 
.278 
.282 
283 
'.299 
..299 
.304 


OU 


.678 


Rmnsay,  Alexander 092 

Rand,  Isaac 692 

Redman,  John 696  - 

Revere,  John • 699 

Ridgely,  Charles 702 

Rock  wood,  Ebcnezer 709 

Rodgers,  J.  Kearney 709 

Rush,  Benjamin 716 


INDEX. 


903 


Scwall,  Thomas  
Shattuck,  George  C  
Shippen,  William  
ShurtlctT.  Beaj  imin  
Smith,  Nathan  
Spalding,  Lyman  
Spooncr.  William  
Spring,  Marshall  
Spurzheim,  John  G  
Sweet,  Benoni  
Thacher.  James  
Thompson,  Samuel  
Tilton.  James  
Todd,  Eli  

Pago 
730 
731 
735 
736 
744 
749 
751 
752 
753 
773 
787 
...791 
793 
794 

Pago 
Wigglesworth,  Michael  855 
Wilcox,  Carlos  850 
Wright,  Nathaniel  II  889 

Printers  and  Publishers. 

Aitken,  Robert  14 
Armstrong,  Samuel  T  43 
Bat-he,  Benjamin  F  61 
Bingham.  Caleb  91 
Bradford,  William  121 
Bradford.  Andrew  12: 
Butler,  William  177 

Calhoun,  John  C  
Calvert,  George  
Calvert,  Leonard  
Carroll.  Charles  
Carver,  John  
CM  well,  Richard  
Champlain,  Samuel  Do  
Chittenden,  Thomas  
Clairborne,  William  C.  C  
(Hair,  Arthur  St  
Clark,  William  
Clarke,  John  
Clay,  Henry  
Clinton,  George  

Page 
1^4 
186 
187 
194 
197 
202 
206 
221 
224 
224 
..229 
229 
232 
238 

Townsend.  Daniel  
Tudor,  Elihu  

...790 
802 
803 

Butler.  Simeon  
Coleman,  William  A.  . 
Cummings,  Jacob  A..  . 
Day,  Stephen  
Dobson,  Thomas  

•  In 
250 
274 
293 
304 
..309 

Clinton,  George  
Clinton.  De  Witt  
Clymer.  George  
Coddington,  William  
Collins,  John  
Cooke,  Elisha  
Cornbury,  Edward  II  
Cortlandt,  Pierre  Von  
Crawford,  William  II  
Cushing,  Thomas  
Cushuian,  Robert  
Cutt,  John  

240 
241 
243 
250 
259 
263 
264 
272 
275 
276 
278 

Twitchell,  Amos  
Warren,  John  
Warren,  John  C  
Washington,  Bailey  
Waterhouse,  Benjamin  
Welch,  Thomas  
Welch,  Archibald  
Williamson,  Hugh  

805 
.822 
S->2 
'.  8:53 

8as 

837 
837 
806 

809 

Dunham,  Josiah  
Elliot.  Jonathan  
Fleet,  Thomas  
Fowle,  Daniel  
Fox,  Justus  
Franklin,  Benjamin..  . 

313 
335 
350 
301 

302 

302 

875 

Dallas,  Alexander  J  
Danforth,  Thomas  
D'Aulnay  
Davis,  John  

279 
282 
284 
292 

Woodhouse,  James  
Woodward,  Samuel  B  

Poets. 

883 
885 

.    3 

Gaine.  Hugh  
Goddard,  William  .... 

.  .  .371 
3^2 

394 

Green,  Timothy  
Hale   David 

405 

Dayton,  Jonathan  
Deane.  Silas  

294 
294 

Hilliard,  William  
Holt,  John  
Holt,  Charles  
Hough.  George  
Lang,  John  

433 
440 
440 
449 
502 
5^0 

Dexter,  Samuel  
Dickerson,  Mahlon  
Dickinson,  John  
Dinsmodr,  Samuel  
Dinwiddie,  Robert  

300 
301 
302 
304 
304 
.  .     .  .309 

Allen.  James  
Allen;  Paul  
Alsop,  Richard  

25 
27 
30 

Barlow,  Joel  
Beveridge,  John  

61 
88 

Moore,  Jacob  B  
Mussey,  B.  B  

589 
602 

Dudley.  Joseph  
Dummcr,  William  

310 
312 

Bleecker.  Anthony  
Boyd,  William  
Bradstreet,  Anne  

98 
113 
125 
126 
144 
140 
190 
2'79 

Nancrede,  Joseph  
Newman.  Mark  II  
Noah.  Mordccai  M.  .  .  . 

602 
000 
609 
635 

Dunmore,  John  
Early,  Peter  
Eaton.  Theophilus  
Edwards,  Ninian  

313 
318 
319 
328 

Brooks,  .lames  G  
Brown,  William  II  
Capen.  Joseph  

Prentiss.  Charles  
Ritchie.  Thomas  
Rivington.  James  

677 
704 
705 
717 

Edwards,  Henry  W  
Ellery   William       

329 
335 

Ellsworth,  Oliver  
Endecott,  John  

336 
341 

238 

Smith   Samuel  II 

745 

Eustis,  William  

343 

Coffin.  Robert  S  

244 

249 

Southwick.  Solomon  . 

748 
704 

Fauquier,  Francis  
Fcnner,  James  

349 
350 

Crafts.  William  
Davidson,  Lucrctia  M  

270 
287 

304 

Thomas,  Isaiah  
True,  Benjamin  

Statesmen  and 

7S9 
799 

Magistrates. 

5 

Foot,  Samuel  A  
Forsyth,  John  
Franklin,  Benjamin  

359 
300 
362 

V    'H           '  1               W     ' 

319 

309 

V  >  •-'         >  '    Tl                P 

350 

Gadsden,  Christopher  

370 

,,      >                        V,,    ... 

307 

Gaillard,  John  

371 

C    If  -P  •    Tlioi  laa 

•  j    ; 

Gallatin,  Albert  

372 

„     t    "  V  ,  ,  i 

395 

Genet,  Edmund  C  

377 

433 

13 

Gerry,  Eibridge  
Giles,  William  B  
Gill,  Moses  

378 
380 
380 

Honey  wood,  St.  John  
Johnson,  William  M  
Key,  Francis  S  

442 
479 
492 

497 

Alden,  John  
Ames,  Fisher  
Andros,  Edmund  

14 
31 
30 
..    ..   41 

Gilman,  John  T  
Gooch,  William  

381 
385 

Knight,  Henry  C  
Ladd,  Joseph  B  
Lake,  William  
Leggett,  William  
Low,  Samuel  
Lyou,  Richard  

.......497 
501 
502 
520 
537 
541 
545 

Argall,  Samuel  
Baldwin.  Abraham.  .  . 
Bartlett.  Josiah  
Bnssett.  Itichard  
Bayard,  James  A  
Belcher,  Jonathan.  .  . 
Bell   Samuel 

41 
50 
07 

71 

72 

77 

80 

Gookin,  Daniel  
Gore.  Christopher  
Gray,  William  
Grayson.  William  
Griswold,  Matthew  
Griswold.  Roger  

387 
389 
394 
394 
402 
402 
403 

548 

.   .  80 

Habcr-'ham.  Joseph  

404 

MeCrcery,  John  

566 
..      ..  573 

Bellingham,  Itichard. 
Berkeley,  William.  .  .  . 
Berkley,  Norborne.  .  . 

82 
85 
87 
87 

Hall,  Lyman  
Hamilton,  Alexander  
Hamilton,  Paul  

406 
408 
410 
412 

Mellen,  Grenville  
Miller  James  W 

573 

578 

Morell    William 

5^9 

Bibb    William  W  

89 

Harper,  Robert  G  

413 

Munford,  William  

598 
(124 

Bingham,  William.  .  . 
Blake,  Joseph  

91 
90 

Harrison,  Benjamin  
Harrison,  William  II  

415 
416 

Osborn    Selleck 

626 

Bland   Richard 

.97 

420 

O-I'IMHI   Frances  S 

626 

97 

Havrie,   Kobcrt  V     

422 

Paine,  Robert  T. 

682 

Ins 

422 

Parke,  John  

635 

1  10 

1  leister.  Joseph  

424 

111 

Hendrick    William 

425 

60" 

Bradford    William  

117 

Henry,  Patrick  

425 

668 

Bndlbrd'  William 

121 

Hill.  Isaac  

432 

Ray,  William  
Rose,  Aquila  
Sands,  Kobcrt  C  
Shaw,  John  
-  Smith,  William  M  

Oil  I 

713 
721 
731 
74(i 

Bradford,  William  
Bradley,  Stephen  R.  . 
Bradstreet,  Simon.  .  .  . 
Bin-lift,  William  

122 
124 
125 
105 
171 

Hillhoiise,  James  
llinckley,  Thomas  

433 
434 
440 

444 

444 

Tappan,  William  B  
Tilden.  Mr  
Wain,   Ro!:ert  
Wclby,  Amelia  B.  .  . 

778 
793 
817 

...837 

Bun-ill,  James  
Butler,  Peirce  
('abut.  George  
1  Calhoui).  John  E.  .  . 

172 
177 
182 
...184 

Hopkins,  Stephen  
Howard.  John  E  
Howard,  Benjamin  
lluiitiimtun,  Samuel.  .  . 

447 
450 

1M 
..  456 

904 


INDEX. 


Iluntington,  Samuel  
Hutchinson,  Thomas  
Izard,  Ralph  
]/ard.  George  

Page 
.  .  .  .458 
459 
465 
....465 

Rodney,  Caesar  
Russwurm,  John  B  
Rutlcdge,  Edward  
Saltonstall,  Gurdon  
Sevier,  John  
Sherman,  Roger  
Shirley,  William  
Shute,  Samuel  
Smith,  John  
Smith,  Israel  
Smith,  John  C  
Southard,  Samuel  L  
Stockton,  Richard  

Pago 
710 
718 
718 
720 
728 
734 
735 
736 
739 
742 
745 
748 

Pa  so 
142 

142 

Brown,  John  
Brown,  Andrew  

144 
146 

Jackson,  James  
Jackson,  Andrew  
Jefferson.  Thomas  
Jenks,  Joseph  

...465 
....466 
471 
....475 

Brown,  Jacob  
Bull,  John  
Burbeck,  Henry  

150 
161 

162 

Johnson,  Isaac  

....477 
.  .  .  .478 
478 
....478 
....479 
482 
.  ...  491 

Burgoyne,  John  
Burrows,  William  
Butler,  Richard  
Butler,  Thomas  

162 
173 
174 
175 
175 

Johnson,  Robert  
Johnson,  Gabriel  
Johnson,  Thomas  
Johnstone,  Samuel  

761 

768 

Stuyvesant,  Peter  
Sullivan,  James  
Sunnier,  Increase  
Taylor,  Zachary  
Thomson,  Charles  
Thornton,  Matthew  
Tichenor,  Isaac  
Tomlinson,  Gideon  
Tompkins,  Daniel  D  
Tracy,  Uriah  
Treadwell,  John  
Treat,  Robert  

770 
770 
772 
780 
791 
792 
792 
795 
795 
797 
797 
798 
...799 

Butler,  Zebulon  
Butler.  William  
Byrd,  William  
Cadwallader,  John  
Calhoun,  Patrick  
Campbell,  Samuel  
Carlton,  Guy  
Cass,  Jonathan  
Champe,  John  
Chandler,  John  
Chauncey,  Isaac  

176 
177 
180 
182 
184 
188 
191 
202 
205 
208 
213 
219 

King.  Rnfus  
King,  William  
King.  William  K  
Knight,  Neherniah  R  
Langdon,  John  
Laurens,  Henry  
Law,  Jonathan  
Lee,  Richard  Henry  
Lee,  Arthur  
Lee,  Thomas  Sim  
Leet,  William  
Levcrctt,  John  
Lewis,  Meriwether  
Lewis,  Morgan  
Lincoln,  Enoch  
Livingston,  Philip  
Livingston,  William  
Livingston,  Robert  R  
Lloyd,  Edward  
Lloyd,  James  
Lowndes,  William  
Lndlow,  Roger  
Macon,  Nathaniel  
Madison,  George  
Madison,  James  
Martin,  Alexander  
Mason,  George  
Mayhew,  Thomas  
McDowell,  James  
McDuffie,  George  
Mi  Kean,  Thomas  
Meigs,  Return  J  
Mercer,  John  
Metcalfe,  Thomas  
Aliddleton,  Henry  

493 
495 
495 
....498 
503 
....506 
....507 
514 
.  ...  515 
....518 
520 
521 
522 
523 
525 
528 
529 
529 
531 
532 
538 
539 
543 
544 
544 
550 
553 
562 
567 
567 
568 
572 
573 
575 
576 

Childs,  Thomas  
Church,  Benjamin  
Cilley,  Joseph  
Clarke.  George  R  
Clarkson,  Matthew  
Clinton,  James  
Clinton,  Henry,  Sir  
Coffee.  John  
Conway,  Henry  
Conway,  Robert  
Cooper,  James  B  
Cornwall!?,  Charles  
Cortcz,  Hernando  
Covingtou,  Leonard  
Croghan,  William  
Cropper,  John  
dimming.  John  N  
Gumming.  Robert  
Gushing,  Thomas  U  
Dale,  Richard  
Davidson,  William  
Da  vie,  William  R  J<!*.  . 
Dayton,  Elias  
Dearborn,  Henry  

220 

222 

!!!"!224 

231 
232 
238 
240 
244 
258 
258 
262 
264 
264 
270 
272 
273 
274 
274 
276 
279 
287 
288 
293 
294 
296 

Tryon,  William  801 
Fpshu'r,  Abel  P  807 
Vane,  Henry  80S 
Van  Rensselaer,  Stephen  809 
Waldron,  Richard  814 
Walton.  George  818 
Weare,  Mesliech  834 
Webster,  Daniel  836 
Wentworth,  Renning  840 
Wentworth,  John  840 
Williams,  Benjamin  864 
Winslow,  Edward  871 
Winslow,  Josiah  872 
Winthrop,  John  872 
Winthrop,  John  873 
Winthrop,  Fitn-John  873 
Winthrop,  Thomas  L  874 
Wolcott,  Roger  877 
Wolcott,  Oliver  878 
Woodburv,  Levi  88£ 
Wright,  Silas  890 
Wyllis,  George  891 

"Warriors  and  Patriots. 

Abercrombie,  James  5 
Ackland.  John  D  c 
Adair,  John  « 
Alexander.  William.  Lord  Stirling...  .   15 
Allen,  Ethan  18 
Allen,  William  Henry  25 
Amher.-t,  Jeffrey  •  •  33 
Andre.  John  34 
Arbuckle.  Matthew  41 
Armistead,  W.  K  42 
Armstrong,  Robert  42 
Armstrong,  John  42 
Arnold,  Benedict  48 
Ashley,  John  *j 
Ashlev,  William  47 
Ather'ton.  Humphrey  48 
Bacon.  Nathaniel  53 
Bainbridge,  William  56 
Barney,  Joshua  >« 
Ban-on,  Samuel  66 
Tiarron,  James  "6 
Barry,  John  6C 
Barton,  William  88 
Bayard,  John  '£ 
Biddle,  Nicholas  °S 
Biddlo,  Thomas  8-; 
i  Blakeley.  Johnston  9f 
Bliss,  John  •  •  [* 
Bloomlield,  Joseph  jJJ 
Bomford.  George  11 
Boone,  Daniel  -JO-j 
Bouquet,  Henry  10' 
Bowie,  Robert  11 
Boyd,  John  1'  1]- 
Braddock,  Edward  116 
Bradford,  William  l^l 
i  Bradford,  Gamaliel  1-1 
Bradford,  William  122 
Bradstrect,  John  JZ« 
Brady,  Hugh  J» 
Brock,  Isaac  141 
i  Brooke,  George  M  Mi 

Millodge,  John  
Miller,  Stephen  D  
Miller,  John  
Mitchell,  David  B  
Monroe,  James  
Morrill,  David  L  
Morris,  Lewis  
Morris,  Robert  
Morris,  Gouverneur  
Morrow.  Jerenii.ih  
Moultrie,  William  
Murray,  William  Vans  
Nelson,  Thomas  
Nicholas,  Wilson  C  
Ogden,  Aaron  
<  t  horpe,  James  
(  )sgi  iod.  Samuel  
Oils.  James  
Otis,  Harrison  Gray  
Paca,  William  
Page.  John  
Parris,  Albion  K  
Patterson,  William  
Peiidleton,  Edmund  
PiMin.  William  
Phillips.  John  
Phipps,  William  
I'irkcring,  Timothy  
Pierce,  Benjamin  
I'inckney,  Thomas  
Pincknoy,  Charles  
Pleasants,  James  
Plnmer,  William  
Poinsett,  Joel  U  
Polk,  James  K  
Pownoll,  Thomas  
I'l-escott,  William  
Prince,  Thomas  
Pynchon,  John  
Randall,  Richard  
Randolph,  Peyton  
Randolph,  Edmund  
Rantoul,  Robert  
Rnbbins,  Ashur  
Robinson,  Moses  

577 
578 
578 
583 
583 
592 
592 
592 
593 
594 
5'J7 
600 
603 
606 
618 
619 
625 
627 
029 
630 
631 
637 
642 
649 
649 
660 
660 

'.'.'.em 

666 
666 
668 
668 
669 
669 
675 
67.8 
081 
687 
6113 
093 
692 
60S 
70C 
70S 

Dickinson,  Philemon  

303 
304 

Dwight.  Joseph  
Easton,  James  
Eaton,  William  
Egbert,  Samuel  
Eustace,  John  S  
Fellows.  John  
Few,  William  
Floyd,  William  
Folsom,  Nathaniel  
Forbes,  Joseph  
Forrest,  Uriah  
Foster,  Gideon  
Frelinghuysen,  Frederic  .... 
Frost,  John  
Frye,  Joseph  
Gaines,  Edmund  P  
Gansevoort,  Peter,  jun  
Gates,  Horatio  
Gibbons,  Edward  
Gibson,  John  
Gist,  Mordecai  
Greene,  Nathaniel  
Gridloy,  Richard  
Hale.  Nathan  
Hampton,  Wade  
Harmar,  Josiah  
Harmon,  Johnson  
Harrington,  Lewis  
Hayne,  Isaac  
Hazen,  Moses  
Heath,  William  
Henry,  William  
]  [erkimer,  General  
Hilton.  Winthrop  
llnbbard,  Caleb  
linger.  Isaac  
Hull,  William  
Hull.  Isaac  
Humphreys,  David  
Hnntiugton.  Jeremiah  
Iluntington,  Ebenezcr  
Irvine,  William  

315 
319 
320 
330 
343 
349 
350 
358 
359 
359 
360 
361 
367 
368 
369 
372 
374 
376 
378 
379 
382 
396 
400 
405 
411 
413 
413 
414 
422 
423 
423 
428 
428 
434 
453 
454 
454 
455 
455 
457 
458 
464 

INDEX. 


905 


Pago 

Irwin,  Jared 464 

James,  John 468 

Joim-on,  \Villi:im.  Sir 480 

Johnson,  Richard  M 482 

Jonc*.  Jolin  Paul 483 

Jones,  J:in>b 485 

Jones,  Roger 485 

Kalb,  Baron  Do 488 

Kearney,  Stephen  W 489 

Kennon,  Beverley 491  ; 

Knox,  Henry 498  1 

Kosciusko,  Thaddeus 499 

Lafayette,  G.  M 501 

Laurens,  John 506 

Lawrence,  James 507 

Ledyard.  Colonel 512 

Lee,  Charles 513 

Loc,  John 518 

Lee,  Henry 518 

Lee,  Samuel 519 

Lincoln,  Benjamin 523 

Lingan,  James  M 525 

Livingston,  Henry 530 

Lovewell,  John 537 

Lyman,  Phinehas 540 

Mackenzie,  Alexander  S 543 

Macomb,  Alexander 543 

Manly,  John 546 

Marion,  Francis 548 

Mason,  John 551 

Mason,  David 553 

Mattoon,  Ebenezer 561 

McClary ,  Andrew 505 

McDonough,  Thomas 56(5 

McDougall,  Alexander 566 

Mclntosh,  John 568 

Meigs,  Return  J 572 

Mercer,  Hugh 573 

Mimiu,  Thomas 577 

Miller,  James 579 

Mitchell,  David 582 

Montgomery,  Richard 585 

Mooers,  Benjamin 588 

Morgan,  Daniel 589 

Morris,  Lewis 592 

Morris,  Charles 594 

Morton.  Jeremiah 596 

Muhlenberg,  Peter 598 

Murray,  Alexander 601 

Nash,  Francis 602 

Nelson,  Roger 603 

Nicholson,  James 607 

Nicholson,  Samuel 607 

Nicholson,  John  B 607 

Nixon,  John 609 

Ogden,  Matthias 618 

Paine,  Edward 633 

Parsons,  Samuel  U 639 

Pepperrell,  AVilliam 650 

Perry,  Oliver  II 654 

Pickens,  Andrew 661 

Pike,  Zebulon  M 664 

Pinckncy,  Charles  C 665 

Pomeroy,  Seth 670 

Porter,  Moses 672 


Porter,  David 

Porter,  Peter  B 

Porterfleld,  Robert 

Prrhle.  Edward.  .  . 


Prescott,  William 

Putnam,  Israel 

Putnam,  Rufus 

Quincy,  Josiah 

Reed,  Joseph 

Revere,  Paul 

Ripley,  Eleazar  Wheelock. 

Rodgers,  John 

Scammell,  Alexander 

Schuyler,  Philip 

Scott,  Charles 

Screven,  Thomas 

Sewall,  Henry 

Shelby,  Isaac 

Sheldon,  Daniel 

Shepherd.  William 

Smallwood,  William 

Smith,  Samuel 

Spencer,  Joseph 

Stanwix,  Colonel 

Steuben,  F.  W 

Stevens,  Edward 

Stevens,  Ebenezer 

Sullivan,  John 

Sumter,  Thomas 

Talcott,  John 

Tallmadge,  Benjamin 

Throop,  Benjamin. 

Towsou,  Nathan 

Truxton,  Thomas.  .... 

Tucker,  Samuel 

Tupper,  Benjamin 

Ulmer,  George 

Varnum,  James  M 

Wadsworth,  Peleg.  . . 


Ward,  Artemas 

Ward,  Samuel 

Warner,  Scth 


Warren,  Joseph 

Warren,  James 

Warrington,  Lewis..  . . 
AVashington,  George.. 
Washington,  Thomas. 

Wayne,  Anthony 

Whipple,  Abraham.  .. 

Whiting,  Henry 

Wilkinson,  James 

Williams,  William.  . . . 

Williams,  Otho  H 

Williams,  Jonathan..  . 
Williams,  William  G.. 
AVilliams,  Ebenezer. . . 
Winder,  William  H... 

Winds,  William 

Wolfe,  James 

Wood,  James 

Woodford,  William.  . . 


Pago 
..673 

. .  .674 
..674| 
..676! 

. .  .678  ' 

...685! 
..6871 
..689! 

. .  .696 
..699: 
..703; 
..709  i 
..723; 
..723: 
..724J 
724 
..730 

...732 
..732 
..734 
..738 
..745 
..750 
..754 

. .  .75(5 
.  .757 
..758 
..770 

...772 
.  .775 
..776 
..792 
..796 

. .  .801 
..802 
..803 

. .  .806 
..810 
..813 
..819 
..819 

. .  .820 
..821 
..821 
..823 
..823 
..832 
..834 
..847 
..852 

. .  .857 
..864 
..864 


,.866 
..866 
..870 
..870 
,.878 
,880 


Woolsey,  M.  L 

Wooster,  David.. . . 
Worth,  W.  J.. .-... 
Wyllys,  Samuel. , , 


.886 


.891 


Women  of  Eminence. 

Page 

Adams,  Hannah 13 

Anthony,  Susanna 38 

Beekman,  Cornelia 77 

Bleeker,  Ann  Eliza 97 

Brace,  Lucy  C 115 

Bradford,  Alice 120 

Bradford,  Susan 123 

Brooks,  Maria 143 

Bullock,  Lydia 161 

Caldwell.  Rachel 183 

Campbell,  Maria 189 

Case,  Mary 202 

Codman,  Catherine 243 

Colby,  Maria  Otis 247 

De  Witt,  Susan 300 

D'Ossoli,  Sarah  M., 306 

Duston,  Hannah 314 

Dwight,  Margarette 317 

Dyer,  Mary 318 

Edwards,  Sarah 328 

Farrar,  Phebe 348 

Faugeers,  Margaretta 349 

Ferguson,  Elizabeth 350 

Fiske,  Catharine 355 

Fletcher,  Bridget 356 

Freeman,  Sarah 367 

Frelinghuysen,  Charlotte 367 

Gould,  Bulah  U 392 

Hart,  Ruth 418 

Ilentz,  Caroline  Lee 428 

Hinsdale,  Nancy 435 

Hodge,  Hannah 438 

Hooper,  Lucy 444 

Hubbard,  Polly 453 

Huntington,  Susan , 458 

Hutchinson,  Ann 459 

Hyde,  Nancy  M 463 

Jacobs,  Phebe  Ann 467 

Johnson,  Arbella 477 

Jones,  Margaret 482 

Knox,  Ruth 499 

Lake,  Mary 502 

Lee,  Ann 516 

Logan,  Martha 533 

Logan,  Deborah 534 

Lyon,  Mary 542 

Madison,  Dorothy 544 

McDonald,  Flora 566 

Neff,  Mary 602 

Outcin,  Nancy  C 629 

Phelps,  Elizabeth 657 

Ilamsay,  Martha  L 692 

Reidesel.  Frederica 702 

Ripley,  Dorothea 703 

Rowson,  Susanna 715 

Smith,  Susan 746 

Warren,  Mercy 822 

Washington.  Martha 832 

Wheatley,  Phillis 843 

Wood,  Sally  S 880 


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