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rLORENCB WAGONS
(On Xarlul as Ytan)
• SfCdisj# TAfjr Art Made From
JbM niUr HUMltd, Ulli snde Inmba. Ixrt qnsltlj st Iron ud ilH^ isd flnlihfd vlth Ihi
CHOICE IOWA SEED S
Iowa [a one of the choice garden Hx>ta of the whole wnrld.' XhA
owncrtcCthe A. A. Barry Seed Company live on i (nrm tn tha
Iwls'Td «e th.«fQrl!S" bS"r Ij^tVoiTto fu™f[ .ImS"' '^''
J^et'^^'lor'toi^mSney t^n'' Mj-^othn "s?ed hV^f")^^
PROM FARMER TO PARMER AT WHOLEAALB PRIC^
WITH NO MrDDLEMAN'S PROPfT.
(Dod. We'aUo have ■ mignificent stock al bulbs and rng* i,"^
ESTABLISHED 1841
k
i
H ?\EB1CAN
7 ^ GRICULTURIST .
YEAR BOOK
AND ALMANAC
A Complete Reference Work
for the Farms and Homes
of America. An Indispen-
sable Business Guide and
Almanac for 1905
Prepared under the direction
of the Presidefit and Editor
HERBERT MYRICK
ORANGE JUDD COMPANY
SPRINGFIELD NEW YORK CHICAGO
Copyright iqos ^^^ Right* Reservea
Almanac Calculations for 1905
The year 1905 comprises the latter part of the 129th and the
beginning of the 130th year of American Independence, and cor-
responds to the year 6618 of the Julian Period; the year 5665-5666
of the Jewish era (the year 5666 begins at sunset on September
29); the year 2658 since the foundation of Rome, according to
Varro; the year 2565 of the Japanese era, and to the 38th year of
the period entitled "Meiji."
Morning and Evoning Stars
The Planet Venus will be Evening Star until April 27, and
then Morning Star the balance of the year.
The Planet Mars is Morning Star till May 8, after which date
he is Evening Star to end of the year.
The Planet Jupiter begins as Evening Star and continues as
such until May 4, after which date he is Morning Star until No-
vember 24, and then Evening Star the rest of the year.
Epiphany,
Septuagesima Sunday,
Sexagesima Sunday,
Quinquagesima Sunday,
Shrove Tuesday,
Ash Wednesday,
Quadragesima Sunday,
Palm Sunday,
Good Friday,
Church Days
Jan. 6
Haster Sunday,
Apr. 23
Feb. 19
Low Sunday,
Apr. 30
Feb. 26
Rogation Sunday,
May 28
Mar. 5
Ascension Day,
June 1
Mar. 7
Whit Sunday,
June 11
Mar. 8
Trinity Sunday,
June 18
Mar. 12
Corpus Ohristi,
June 22
Apr. 16
Advent Sunday.
Dec. 3
Apr. 21
Christmas Day,
Dec. 25
Eclipses
I. A partial eclipse of the Moon February 19; invisible here,
but the beginning visible in eastern Europe and Africa, and all
of Asia and Australia, and the end visible throughout the whole
of Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia.
II. An annular eclipse of the Sun March 5; not visible here,
but visible In Australia and a large portion of the South Pacific
and Indian oceans.
III. A partial eclipse of the Moon August 14-15; visible here,
the beginning visible generally in North and South America.
Europe and Africa, and the ending generally throughout the
whole of North and South America and the extreme western
portion of Africa. Time of the eclipse is as follows (Eastern
standard time): Moon enters penumbra August 14d., 8m. p. m. ;
Moon enters shadow August 113., 9h., 39m., p. m.; middle of
eclipse August 14d., lOh., 41m., p. m.; Moon leaves shadow Au-
gust 14d., llh., 43m., p. m. ; Moon leaves penumbra Augudt 15d.,
Ih., 14nfv, a. m. For Central time, deduct one hour.
IV. A total eclipse of the Sun August 30; visible here as a
partial eclipse, the Sun rising eclipsed. The path of totality wlir
run through Labrador, the North Atlantic ocean, thence across
Spain and Portugal, and thence across the Mediterranean,
through northwestern Africa. - v- . ., ..... ,♦
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST TEAR BOOK 3
THE INFLUENCE OF THE MOON.
By PROP. DAVID TODD.
The changes of the Moon's phases are popularly supposed to
affect the weather, though this fact has not been absolutely
proved. The following table, ascribed to the great astronomer.
Sir William Herschel, based on the variation of the attraction
of the Sun and Moon in their several positions with respect to
the Earth, has been confii.'icd in a great many cases:
If it be new ur full
Moon or the Moon
enters into the first The weather
or last quarter at: ip summer-
Noon Very rainy
From 2 to 4pm Changeable
4 to 6 Fair
6 to 8 Fair, wind N W
Rain, wind S W
8 to 10 Fair, wind N W
Rain, wind S W
10 to 12 Fair
12 to 2 am Pair
2 to 4 Cold and showers
4to 6 R*in
6 to 8 Wind and rain
8 to 10 Changeable
10 to noon Showers
Trtll be:
Tn winter—
t::now and rain
Fair and mild
Fair
Fair, wind i^ or N E
Rain, wind S or S W
Fair, wind N or N B
Rain, wind 8 or S W
Fair -.nd frosty
Hard f'rost, unless wind 8
Snow '4..:' "tormy
Snow aiM* stormy
Stormy
Snow OT T.in
Cold, higt* wind
Thin clouds are frequently observed to break away about
the time of full moon. A ring around the Moon is a sign of a
storm within 36 hours. The times of the Moon's phases may be
found in the Almanac under each month.
The Tides are due to the influence of the Moon, and to that
of the Sun in a lesser degree. That part of the ocean directly
under the Moon is affected more strongly by the Moon's attrac-
tion than the body of the Earth is, and hence is drawn away
from it slightly. For the same reason, the Earth is attracted
a little more than the water on the side opposite the Moon.
Thus the water tends to bulge out and form Flood Tides at
the points nearest and opposite the Moon. Midway between
there will be low water or Ebb Tides. Because of the Earth's
rotation, every place has two high tides and two low tides In
a little over a day. The highest tide.s or Spring Tides occur
at the time of new or full moon, while the lowest or Neap Tides
are found at quadrature. In the former, the Sun and Moon
are in the same or opposite directions, while in the latter case
the action of one is at right angles to that of the other, so that
they tend to neutralize each other.
No advertisement is allowed in the columns of the American
Agriculturist weeklies unless we believe that any subscriber
can safely do business with the advertiser.
4 AMERICAN AaRICUT.TURIST THAR BOOK
EXPLANATION OF ASTRONOMICAL TABLES FOR 1905.
[Prepared by Prof. David Todd, Director Amherst College Obseryatory,
and Robert H. Baker, Assistant.]
Under each month are given the astronomical phenomena
which occur during the month. The name of the month ap-
pears at the top of the page and the day in the first column.
MOON SOUTHSr-The time in hcurs and minutes when the
center of the Moon passes the Meridian or is due south in the
heavens. This is Eastern standard time and is approximately
correct for the longritude of Philadelphia. For St. Louis, add
two minutes, for Denver faur and San Francisco six minutes.
RISES BEFORE OR SETS AFTER SUN— The difference in
time, given in hours and minutes, between the rising and set-
ting of the Sun and that of the planets Mercury and Venus.
LIGHT AND DARK between 6 p. m. and 6 a. m.— The chart
shows the amount of Darkness and of Moonlight or Sunlight
between 6 p. m. and 6 a. m. A strip corresponds to each day
of the month and is divided into squares representing two
hours.. The figures at the top of the diagram show the time
in hours. The shaded portions represent the time when there
is neither cuxilight nor moonlight. The unshaded parts show the
time when either Sun or Moon is visible. During the Summer
months, the Sun rises before 6 a. m. and sets after 6 p. m., so
'that then the light encroaches upon both edges of the chart.
PLANETARY CONFIGURATIONS— The Moon makes a com-
plete circuit of the heavens every month and during that time
passes all the planets. The times of Fhese occurrences are
given, as well as the time when the Moon is highest and lowest
In the sky and when it is nearest and farthest from the Earth. The
date of a planet's entering a new constellation is noted In this
column and also the time of its near approach to a bright star.
Unless specified as (sign), the constellation is meant. The time
is Eastern standard time. For the middle states subtract one
hour, for the western states two hours) for the Pacific coast
three hours.
POSITIONS OF SUN AND PLANETS— The constellations In
which these objects appear on the first day of the month.
METEOR SHOWERS— The days during which these show-
ers of Meteors or Shooting Stars appear, also the Radiant or
point in the sky from which they appear to come, and the char-
acter of the Meteors— slow, "bright, etc. The most conspicu-
ous showers are starred (*).
MORNING AND EVENING STARS— Planets rising before
Sun are called Morning Stars, setting after Sun, Evening Stars.
" MINIMA OF ALGOL— Every third Minimum or time of least
brightness of Algol is here given, except in May and June, when
the star is near the Sun. Time the same as in Planetary Con-
figrurations.\
WHEN POLARIS IS NORTH— Polaris is over two Moon-
breadths from the true pole of the heavens, and hence is ex- .
actly north but twice a day— when 4t pas|ues.tbe^n)ecMi£Ui ajjove
or below the pole. The times given are Eastern standard time.
1st Month.
JANUARY.
1905.
nooa'a PluaM.
E..t.r.Yl»..
C««traltl».
noairtiUBTlM.
D. U. H.
NaT Kaon
B li 17 Morn.
18 1 11 Evan.
It S UXtSd.
18 2 uKS
Fall Moon.
21 2 14 Horn
21 UUotn
LaitQnartai
87 7 ».■*«.
n B Mlven!
27 6 MEren.
i
i
1
!^
Lat.42= +
I*t8S° +
Waatbar Pom.
1
85r
aun
gun
Moon
aue.
Beu
BlHl
BlNt
*
H.H.
2.11.
H.N.
L
c
^
780
i 30
3 4
7 3
n
249
OoldwaM. Ftem-
c
"i
730
4 40
4 11
7 3
6 6
3 62
c
?
7 30
4 40
6 16
7 3
6 7
463
Gulrcoait
c
7 30
4 41
6 10
7 3
6 8
6 61
a
>
7 30
4 42
Bets.
7 3
6 8
sets.
•
/
7 30
443
6 61
7 3
6 8
6 13
•
y
7 30
4 44
660
7 3
6 10
7 10
lud.
•
i^
7 29
4 46
750
7 3
6 11
8 6
atorm war.,
■tonnr waathei
MSfi""^ ■' a i
Rood laTaiSi.
•
•
a;
729
7 29
4 46
4 47
8S0
9 61
7 3
7 3
6 12
6 18
2
9 68
•
»
7 29
4 48
10 60
7 3
6 13
10 SI
•
X
7 29
4 49
1146
7 3
6 14
11 42
leaMTar.
i
K
728
460
mom
7 3
SIB
morn
Cola Mriod. Cold,
blmtCTT weather
i
V
728
4 61
4G
7 3
6 16
036
J
T
727
4 62
1 46
7 3
5 17
182
.SfeSE
5
T
7 27
4 64
2 44
7 3
6 18
2 27
»
726
4 65
3 44
7 2
6 19
323
vitwaatbarover
U
7 28
4 57
4 44
7 2
6 19
421
wait aeclloDt.—
n
7 26
458
5 43
7 2
620
6 18
Bunny a.T,oT«r
». Xng. BUtes.
n
7 26
4 69
rises.
7 1
5 21
rises.
2E
7 24
6
643
7 1
6 22
6 3
Btonn wave. Baln-
Q
SE
7 24
5 1
6 54
7 1
S23
7 10
Ull over region
aiteDdlB? from
GulftolowerAp*
a
7 23
6 2
8 8
7
6 24
8 17
a
7 22
• 4
9 23
7
6 26
9 27
palachUn mu.
HJ!
7 22
6-5
10 33
669
626
10 31
Cola waro. p*.
ciaedly GUaat
pplntB Weit ftnd
NotUineBt.
2
"le
7 21
720
5 7
6 8
11 44
mora
6 69
6 68
6 2-'
6 28
11 36
mom
7 10
6 9
064
6 67
S29
41
I
^
7 18
6 10
2 3
6 67
1 80
144
BrtBht psriod.
It
in,
7 17
6 11
3 7
666
6 81
S46
Brilltaot waath-
81
Ho.'
C
"L
7
u^
513
i 8
666
6 8^
3 44
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
ASTRONOMY FOR JANUARY, 1905.
Eastom
Moon Ri«tes before or
souths sets after Sun
For Pftc Mercury Venus
Standard Time— 75th Meridian.
coast
add. 6 m
Date A m
nses
before
H M
Light and dark
between 6pm
and 6am
Eve Morn
6 8 10 12 2 4 6
7 am
19th, 9
Meteor Showers
Date Radiant Meteors
Sun
Mercury
Venus
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Sagittarius
Oapricornus
Virgo
Pisces
Oapricornus
Sagittarius
Gemini
2- 3*
2- 4
14-20
18-28
Quadrans
Cancer
Cygnus
Corona
Moon farthest from
Earth, 11th. 8 pm.
Moon nearest the
Earth, 23d I p m.
Minima
Date
Jan 2
10
19
28
Planetary
configurations
and other
phenomena
Mars near Alpha Virginls.
Venus enters Aqnarins.
Etfirth nearest Sun.
12 m Moon low&st— passes Uranun
4th, 6pm Moon panses Mercury,
11 p m Mercury fait heat N of Sun.
Jupiter passes Mn Piscium,
Moon passes Saturn.
Moon passes Venus.
>Iercury stationary.
Jupiter 90 Degrees from Sun.
Moon passes Jupiter.
Mercury passes Uranus,
Saturn passes Gamma Capri-
corni.
Moon occults Gamma Tauri.
Moon highest,
u m Moon passes Neptune.
Sun in Oapricornus.
Mercury farthest W of Sun.
Mars passes Lambda Virginia.
Venus in Pisces.
Mars enters Libra.
Sam Venus crosses Ecliptic.
."lOth, 10 a m Mercury crosses Ecliptic.
Morning Evening
stars stars
Mercury Venus
Mars Jupiter
Uranus Saturn
Neptune
When Polaris la North
of Algol Dat^ Time
Jan 16 43 am 6 41pm
10 6 8 6 6
20 5 29 5 27 1
30 4 49 4 47
Polaris due*-north t^vice
a day— when passing,
meridian. For intermedi-
ate dates add llh 58m.
swift
slow
swift
Algol
Time
6 21 a m
8 48 pm
11.15 a m
142 a m
For intermediate dates
add 2d 20h 49m.
8 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST TEAR BOOK
SEASONABLE WORK FOR JANUARY.
NORTH— Too many farmers think there Is nothing: to do,
since all vegetation is dormant. Although the soil is in no con-
dition to work, there is plenty of work to be done. It is a ^ood
time to foot up accounts, figure out where the losses, as well as
profits came in last year, and lay new plans which will decrease
the losses and increase the profits. What buildings or fences
must be built or remodeled, what land, if any, should be drained,
what stock to keep, how to improve the pastures, which naead-
ows should be broken up, what crops to raise, etc., should be
studied. When the spring work opens, each day will have its
problems and there will bQ little time to look and plan ahead.
Now is a good time to cut and house firewood for the year.
Keep a watchful eye on fowls and farm animals, give them lots
of attention; they will repay you well. Animals well wintered
are half summered. Harvest your ice and pack it closely in the
icehouse. Keep the snow packed around your fruit trees or use
netting to keep mice away from the bark. Large poultrj'-men
will be busy With incubators. Gardeners haul manure, muck
and lime into convenient places for spring work. Keep the snow
shoveled oft the glass of greenhouses, hotbeds and forcing pits.
Lettuce sown under glass will come to market in April, radishes
in March. Some pruning of fruit trees may be done on warm
days. Asparagus and rhubarb should be top-dressed if not al-
ready done. Order seed catalogs. Take an active part in the
grange, farm institutes, and all social gatherings. Encouragre
the young people to attend these meetings and keep up reading
circles.
SOUTH-^Fallowing is the order of the day. Spring work
should be pushed. In bad weather work on tobacco which has
not yet been stripped. If the season is early, oats may be sown.
If the ground can't be worked, build and remodel fences, build-
ings, etc. If not already done, put in the year's supply of wood.
Grind the scythe and sections, get the plow, drag, roller, etc.,
in first-class condition. Shell your seed corn. Look after the
water supply for the stock, fix up the creek, clean out the ponds,
make new ones and see to it that there is abundance of water
conveniently located. In hot weather, free access of your stock
to water is co-ordinate with good pasture. Ornamental shrubs
and grapevines may be trimmed and staked or tied as desired.
Look after the lawn, give it some fertilizer. If any hens want
to sit, give them some good, fresh, fertile eggs. They will hatch
out some profitable chicks, if a little extra care is given. Sow
onions, turnips and radishes; fall sown lettuce may be trans-
planted. Earth up celery, top-dress asparagus beds. Early cab-
bage, lettuce and peas may be put out. Cultivate cauliflower
and broccoli. Endive should be ready for market. Spinach,
carrots, parsley, beets, kale and collards would do well planted
now. Set out onion sets. Give the garden a good start.
2d Month.
FEBRUARY.
1905.
MM>o-a PluMi.
BMtwB TlBc. 1 Cantnl Time.
"i "i "sKorn. "i "i "iUom.
n 11 aOHoin. 12 10 2eUoiu.
19 1 62 Even. 19 62 Evan.
28 6 IMom. 28 1 4 Horn.
Flnt Qiurt«r. . . .
JLutQiUTtaT
AHEMCAN AORICUl-TrRIB*
FEBRUAHI, IHB.
lantcm atindiird Tiiiie-750i Meildiin.
F«PaeMer™riV™u.^
Dil* > m H H H H e
( S3
■.s Sabiin.
IK9 Alpha LJbrKC
1 Moon hlrhe«-li»»«« Sfptiine.
^ <ln>leib1e In U 9).
I 19th Moon psttiallj ccltweel
oweBI— EBBSUa tliuiiu.
of Sun and Ueteoi St
Cooateiuaon (.u ^„rt,.
Minima <rf Algol
I Polaris 13 North
NeDtons Gemini
12 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST YEAR BOOK
FEBRUARY.
NORTH— Continue uncompleted operations of January. This
is one of the coldest months and greenhouses should be given
much attention. Little ventilation is required, except an hour
or so in the middle of the day. Let heated air out rather than
cold in. Avoid hot, dry atmosphere. Syringe for red spider;
use tobacco for aphis. Bring out the hyacinths and other bulbs
from the dark cellar, if they have a liberal root system. Trim
trees, cut scions, order nursery stock and sow seeds in window
boxes. Look out for the fine manure supply, and have plenty
on hand for early vegetables. Add plenty of water to prevent
firefanging.. Tomatoes, cauliflower, cabbage, lettuce, pepper,
eggplant, etc., should be started under glass the last of the
month. Lettuce sown now will be ready for market in May,
radishes in April. Early cabbage may be started. Poultrymen
and dairy farmers should give special attention to providing
exercise, clean, warm quarters and nourishing food for their
charges. Watch the sheep; an hour at midnight may save three
or four early lambs. Run the incubator on full time and en-
courage bens to sit. Glance over tools, seeds and fertilizers to
see that all is in readiness for the spring rush.
SOUTH— This is the best month for planting fruit trees and
plants of all kind, especially strawberries, raspberries, blackber-
ries, pears and apples. Grapevines may be planted now or a
month later.. Get your nursery order in very early. One of the
great weaknesses of the south is the incapacity of nurserymen
to furnish sufficient good, strong plants. Northern plants are
frozen up at this time, and makes importation tardy. Still, with
good care and proper attention to planting, watering, shading,
etc., good results are obtained, even with this handicap of ob-
taining northern grown stock. It is always best to take a plant
from cold to warm climate rather than vice versa. Plant Irish
potatoes, peas, squashes, melons, sweet corn, carrots, radishes,
parsnips, spinach, salsify. Beets may be sown. Tend to aspar-
agus beds. Transplant early cabbage and lettuce. In favorable
localities beans and corn will do well planted now. These may
require little protection a few nights, but results will more than
repay. A popular superstition makes St. Valentine's day the
best time for planting nearly all vegetables. As far north as
Kentucky and Virginia, celery and tomatoes are sown for plants
about the middle of the month. Sow oats and clover and fallow-
ing is not out of season. Start the plow, especially on turf land,
for corn and cotton. Continue stripping tobacco. Do not forget
the stock. Cultivate fruits if good results are wanted, and keep
up through the growing season. If new tools or any repairing is
needed, attend to it at once. It is well to have duplicate tools
of the leading sorts. Then no time will be lost by the breaking
of the fork, spade, hoe, etc. Time lost in this way is oftep
worth more than three or four times the cost of the implement.
3d Month. MARCH.
14
AMERICAN AQRICULTURIST
MAllCH, 1905.
Eastern Standard Time— 75th Meridian.
Moon Rises before or
soullis sets after Sun Lignt
For Pac Mercury Venusf^^^^"
coast
add 6 m
Date a m
Planetary
contigaratious
and other
pheuumcna
Mercury farthest 8 of Sun.
Venus enters Aries.
Venus nearest Sun.
Moon passes Mercury.
Annular eclipse of Sun (iuTis).
Moon passes Juno.
Mercury passes Sun,
Sun enters Pisces.
Mercury enters Pisces.
Moon occults Theta Tauri.
Saturn near Iot» Aqunrii.
Moon highest— passes Neptune.
Neptune stationary.
2l3t, 12 a m Mercury crosses Ecliptic.
21st, 2 a m Sun enters Aries.
5pm Venus brightest*
Moon passes Mars.
Mercury nearest Sun.
Venus farthest N of Sun.
Moon passes Uranus,
m Moon lowest.
Mercury enters Aries.
Moon passes Saturn.
Positions of Sun and
Planets on Mar 1
Constellation
Aquarius
Sun
Mercury
Venus
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Aquarius
Pisces
Libra
Aries
Aquarius
Sagittarus
Gemini
Meteor Showers
Date Radiant Meteors
1-4 Leo slow
14 Draco swift
24 Ursa Major swift
28 Draco
Moon farthest from
Earth, Lth, 2 am.
Moon nearest the
Earth, 2l8t, 6 am.
Minima of
Date
Mar 3
12
20
29
Algol
Time
11 30 a m
1 58 a m
4 24 p m
650 a m
Morning
stars
Mercury
(until 9th)
Saturn
tJranus
When
Date
Marl
Evening
stars
Mercury
(after 9th)
Venus
Mars
Jupiter
Neptune
Polaris Is North
Time
a m
p m
Hi
20
For intermediate dates>
add 2d 20h 49m.
2 51
2 15
1 36
30 12 56
For intermediate dktei
add llh 58m.
219
2 13
134
12 5t
)
16 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST YEAR BOOK
MARCH.
NORTH— The weather is still uncertain and many winter
operations may be continued, such as wood cutting, drav^ring:
and spreading manure, repairing machinery, mending harnessses,
completing the stock of seeds, fertilizers, marketing produce,
etc. Brighter sunshine and longer days will begin to show their
good effects on plants in the greenhouse. Repot all plants which
have large root systems. Continue spraying for red spider and
use tobacco and sulphur on the pipes for insects. Fruit trees
in light, dry soils may be safely planted in some sections. Oet
stock from the nearest reliable nurseryman who knows the im-
portance of having roots properly protected. This is the busy-
season for vegetables. Hotbeds must be started and seeds of
the hardier vegetables may be sown in the open ground in 1o*
cations where the frost is out and ground dry. Asparacrus, cab-
bage, cauliflower, carrot, leek, lettuce, onion, parsnip, peas,
squash, turnip, etc., may be planted. In New England, toma-
toes, pepper, cauliflower seeds, are sown under glass flrst o^ the
month. However, in the latitude of New York and Philadelphia,
outside planting is usually safe as above, and asparagus and
rhubarb are transplanted. Cabbage and cauliflower sown in Feb-
ruary should be transplanted when four leaves show. Lettuce,
cabbage and cauliflower should have a temperature of 60 to '{0
degrees, and tomatoes 10 degrees higher. Vine and bush prun-
ing and fence mending are in order. Lawns may now be raked
off and top-dressed (if not done in the fall) with short manure
or rich garden earth mixed with one-tenth part of bone dust or
similar fertilizer, where manure is not obtainable. On light
soils, flower beds may be dug up so as to promote planting in
the busy season. Clean up the cellar and throw out all refuse
vegetables. Sprout the potatoes and put a few in a light place
for early planting, where green sprouts will start.
SOUTH— Tender vegetables may now be safely sown, such
as eggplant, okra, melon, squash and tomatoes. If not already
planted in the hotbed look after sweet potatoes. Plant rice,
millet, sugar cane, sorghum and kaflr corn. In favorable loca-
tions, watermelons, cantaloupes and squashes may be safely
put out. Early planted corn and vegetables should receive cul-
tivation. Sow wheat and clover, rebed cotton land and plant
cotton. Fruit trees can be set out. Hardy vegetables, including
onions, leeKS, turnips and potatoes, may be put out, if not done
last month. Mustard for salad should be sown every two weeks.
Parsley and tomatoes may be sown in the open ground and hot-
bed plants may be set in the field. Cabbages and collards may
be transplanted, as also tomatoes and beets. Peas and beans
for succession should be planted. Beets, turnips, etc., sown last
month should be thinned and cultivated. Sow early celery, and
spinach. Set out strawberry beds. In the latitude of KentyciM^
and Tennessee, gardeners are busy sowing the earliest vegetW
bles, including celery, parsley and parsnip. Potatoes are also
planted the latter part of ♦^^'^ month. Eggplant seed is sown
under glass. Extra farm -..k.,- may be secured. Many hire
three or four more than necessary and turn off the poor ones.
4th Month. APRIL. 1906.
18
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
APRIL. 19J5.
Eastern Standard Time— 75th Meridian.
Moon Rises before or
souths sets after Sim
For Pac Mercury Venns
coast
add 6 m
Date a m
sets
after
H M
sets
after
H M
Light and dark
between 6pm
and 6am
Eve Morn
6 8 10 12 2 1 6
1
2
3
4
6
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
9 49
10 33
11 15
1157
p m
123
2 7
253
3 41
4 31
523
6 16
7 10
8 "4
8 59
954
1019
1145
a m
12 42
140
2 37
3 34
4 30
523
614
7 2
7 47
8 31
9 14
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
38
39
40
40
40
39
39
36
34
30
26
22
17
13
7
54
46
39
31
22
12
Rises
before
12
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
57
52
47
44
38
31
28
23
17
11
4
58
52
45
37
30
23
13
7
59
50
41
34
25
Planetary
con Hgu rations
and other
phenomena
6am Mars stationary.
Mercury farthest E of Sun.
Venus stationary.
Moon passes Jupiter.
Moon passes Venus.
Uranus stationary.
tJranus near Lambda Sagittarii.
Moon highest.
a m Moon passes Neptune.
Mercury stationary.
9am
1pm
1pm
12 am
^t>ni
9am
nth, 10
11 am
k
16
19
21
23
27
Rises
before
31
31
37
a
L
2pm
20th, 9
Sun
Sun
p m
enters
enters
Moon
Aries,
Taurus
passes
(sign).
Mars.
20th, 11 p m Moon oc'ts GammaLibrae.
4pm Mercury passes Sun.
23d, 9pm Moon passes Uranus.
23d, 11 p m Moon lowest.
5am Venus passes Sun.
9am Mercury crosses Ecliptic.
28th, 10 a m Moon passes Saturn.
Positions of Sun and
Planets on Apr 1
Constellation
Sun Pisces
Mercury Aries
Venus Ar'es
Mars Libra
Jupiter Aries
Saturn Aquarius
Uranus Sagittarius
Neptune Gemini
Moon farthest fiom
Earth, 4th, 4 a m.
Moon nc.irt'st the
Earth, 18th, 5 pm.
Meteor Showers
Date Radiant Meteors
12-24 Virgo
18-23 Hydra
20-22* Lyra
30 Draco
slow
long
swift
slow
Morning
stars
Mercury
(after 23d)
Venus
(after 27th)
Saturn
Uranus
Minima of Algol
Date Time
April 6
15
24
9 17 p m
11 44 a m
2 11 a m
For intermediate dates
add '2d 20h 49m.
Evening
stars
Mercury
(until 23d)
Venus
(until 27th)
^lars
Jupiter
Neptvme
When Polaris Is North
Date Time
Apr 1 12 4P a m 12 47 p m
10 12 13' 12 11
20 11-34 111 32
30 10 54 10 52
For intermediate dates
add llh 58m.
18
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
Moon
souths
Date a m
Eastern
Rises before or
sets after Sun Light
For Pac Mercury Venus between
coast sets sets
add 6 m after after
H M HM
38
39
iO
40
40
39
39
36
34
30
26
22
17
13
7
54
APRIL, 1935.
Standard Time— 75th Meridian.
and dark
6pm
and 6am
£▼0 Mom
6 8 10 12 2 i 6
1
2
3
4
6
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
9 49
10 33
11 15
1157
p m
123
2 7
253
3 41
4 31
523
6 16
7 10
8 4
8 59
954
10 49
1146
a m
12 42
140
237
3 34
4 30
523
6 14
7 2
7 47
8 31
9 14
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Rises
before
12
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
16 Rises
19 before
21 31
23 31
27 37
46
39
31
22-
12
57
52
47
44
38
31
28
23
17
11
4
58
52
45
37
30
23
15
7
59
50
41
34
25
Positions of Sun and
Planets on Apr 1
Constellation
Sun Pisces
Mercury Aries
Venus Ar''es
Mars Libra
Jupiter Aries
Saturn Aquarius
Uranus Sagittarius
Neptune Qemini
Moon farthest fiom
Karth. 1th. 4 a m.
Moon nc.ircst the
Earth, 18th, 5 pm.
9am
lltii, 10
U am
Planetary
con Hi^ rations
and other
phenomena
Mars statiouar)-.
Mercury farthest E of Sun.
Venus stationary.
Moon pa.sties Jupiter.
Moon passes Venus.
Uranus stationary.
tJratius near Lambda Sagittarii.
Moon higliest.
a m Moon pa-sses Neptune.
Mercury stationary.
k
a
mh
2pm
20th. 9pm
20th, 11 p m
Sun
Sun
enters
enters
Moon
Aries.
Taurus
passes
fsign).
Mars.
L
Moon oc'ts GammaLibrae.
4pm Mercury passes Sun.
23d, 9pm Moon passes Uranus.
23d, 11 p m Moon lowest.
5am Venus passes Sun,
9am Mercury crosses Ecliptic.
1 28th, 10 am Moon passes Saturn.
Meteor Showers
Date Radiant Meteors
12-24 Virgo
18-23 Hydra
20-22* Lyra
30 Draco
slow
long
swift
slow
Morning
stars
Mercury
(after 23d)
Veiuis
Evening
stars
Mercury
(until 23d)
Venus
Minima of Algol
Date Time
April 6 9 17 p m
15 11 44 a m
24 2 11 a m
For intermediate dates
add 2d 20h 49m.
(after 27th) (until 27th)
Saturn Mars
Uranus Jupiter
Neptune
When Polaris Is North
Date Time
Apr 1 12 4P a m 12 47 p m
10 12 13'
20 11 34
30 10 54
12 11
,11 .T.'
10 52
For intermediate dates
add lib 58m.
22
AMERICAN AORICULTURIBT
MAT, 1905.
Eastern Standard Time— 75th Mciidian.
Moon- Rises before oe
souths sets after Sun Light and dark
For Pac Merciirj- Venus ^l'^\ 1 ^ " Planetary
coast rises rises *"" " * ,, configurations
Eve Mom
add 6 m before before
Date am HM HM6 8
10 12 2 4 6
and other
phenomena
Positions
Planets on May 1
Constellation
Sun Aries
Mercury Aries
Venus Aries
Mars Libra
Jupiter Aries
Saturn Aquarius
Uranus Sagittarius
Neptune Gemini
Moon farthest froni
Eiirth, 1st. 10 a ra.
Moon nearest the
Earth. 16th. midnight.
Moon I'arthest from
Earth, iSth, 1 a m.
,3d, 2am Moon passes Mercury.
7am Moon passes Venus.
lam Jupiter passes Sup.
Ith» Sara Moon passes Jupiter.
12 a m Mercury stationary,
8th, 3pm Mercxu-y farthest from Sun.
3pm Mars 180 Degrees from Sun.
8th, 4pm Moon highest.
8th, 5pm Moon passes Neptune.
4am Mars crosses EclipUc.
Sun enters Taurus.
2am Moon occults Kta Virginis.
Ham Venus stationarj'.
5 p mi Moon passes Mars.
Mars near Alplia Librae.
2l3t. 5am Moon passes Uranus.
9am Mercury farthest W of Sun.
2l8t, 11 a m Moon lowest.
2l8t, 2pm Sun enters Gemini (sign).
Sam Jupiter 90 Degrees from Sun.
8pm Moon passes Jupiter,
12 a m
2am
Mercury farthest S of Sun.
Moon passes Venus.
Meteor Showers
Date Radiant Meteors
1- 6* Aquarius streaks
11-18 Corona small
30-Aug Pegasus swift
May-July Ophiuchus
V slow
Minima of Algol
Algol too near Sun
for observation during
May.
Morning
stars
Mercury
Venus
Jupiter
(after Ith)
Saturn
Evening
stars
Mars
Jupiter
(until 4th)
Uranus
Neptune
When Polaris Is North
Date Time
May 1 10 48 a m 10 46 p m
10 10 13 10 11
20 9 33 9 31
30 8 54 8 52
For intermediate dates
add llh 58m.
TBAR BOOK AND AUIAMAO
24 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST TBAtl BOOK
MAY.
NORTH— Another busy month, even if the work has been
well kept up during the spring. Use the hoe and cultivator vig-
orously to keep down weeds and conserve moisture. If not done
before, most of the smaller fruits may yet jbe planted the first
of the month. If caterpillars, slugs or worms make their ap-
pearance on the young shoots of vines or trees, a free applica-
tion of tobacco dust mixed with pyrethrum powder should be
used. It would be well to use these as preventives, for these
pests are hard to exterminate when they get a foothold. Fires
in the greenhouses may now be dispensed with. Put on a
thicker covering of whitewash over the glass. Ventilate care-
fully. Mow the lawns, trim up the edgings and hoe and rake
the flower beds. If weeds are not kept down as they first appear,
three times the labor will be required to eradicate them next
month. Cuttings or young plants of chrysanthemums, if started
now, will give plants for fall flowering. Spray and graft fruit
tree9» if not done before. Thin out all the vegetables sown last
month, which are large enough, and hoe deeply all planted
crops, such as cabbage, cauliflower, lettuc^, etc. Sow brussels
sprouts, peas, spinach, lettuce, radish, onions, beets, cabbage,
beans and corn for a succession of crops. Put out pole beans,
including lima, also squashes, melon, celery and cucumbers. Do
not let the cultivator get rusty; keep It going in all such crops
as are large enough. Strawberry planting should be done as
early as possible. Better in April than in May. Tomato, pepper
and eggplants are usually sown the middle of the month. Rhu-
barb and asparagus should be ready for market; also lettuce
or radishes which were put in cold frames in March. Additional
labor will probably be required, marketing of crops occupies a
large portion of time, while thinning out of sown crops and
keeping down weeds entail an amount of labor not before neces-
sary. To withhold labor at this critical time is shortsighted
economy, as the amateur gardener will find. Before turning
cattle into pasture, see that fences and walls are in proper
shape. If not done before, make a raid on the vermin in the
poultry house.
SOUTH— Fight the weeds. Corn planted last month should
now be ready to be cultivated. More corn may be planted if
desired for a late crop or for silage. Thoroughly prepare land
and Bet out tobacco plants. In the cotton regions, hoe cotton
and chop to a stand. Farmers who believe in applying fertilizers
at the time of first cultivation of corn should now put their the-
ory tn practice. Sow winter cabbage, more lettuce and radishes,
also melons, squashes, cucumbers, etc. Sow seeds for late crops
of peppers and tomatoes. Sweet potatoes may be set out. Plant
late varieties of corn for succession. ''A dry May makes a good
crop year," old farmers say. However, if too dry, irrigate or se-
cure water supply in any way possible. Plenty of pole beans
should be supplied at this time.
In writing to the advertiser say: "I saw your adv in one of
the old reliable American Agriculturist weeklies."
6th Month. JUNE. 1905.
26
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
nses
rises
JUNE, 1905.
Eastern Standard Time^75th Meridian.
Moon Rises before or
souths sets after Sun Light and dark
For Pac Mercury Venus between 6pm PUnHj^rr
and 6am rianewy
^f conngurations
Mom and other
12 2 1 6 phenomena
4am Moon passes Jupiter.
6am Mercury passes Jupiter.
2d, 7am Venus brightest.
11 p m Moon highest.
12 a m Moon passes Neptune.
Mercury in Taurus,
4pm
Sam
Jupiter enters Taurus.
Moon passes Mars.
Jupiter stationary.
17th, 12 a m Mercury crosses Ecliptic.
1pm Moon passes Neptune.
17th, 7pm Mars stationary.
17th, S p m Moon lowest.
Sun enters Gemini.
2pm Mercury nearest Sun.
5am Moon passes Saturn.
Sun in Pisces (sign).
4am Mercury passes Sun,
5pm Mercury passes Neptune.
Positions of Sun
Planets on June
Constellation
Taurus
Sun
Mercury
Venus
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Dranus
Neptune
Taurus
Aries
Libra
Aries
Aquarius
Sagittarius
Gemini
the
3pm
12 a m
4am
Meteor Showers
Date Radiant Meteors
10 Ophiuchus V. sr'V
11-19 Draco swift
26 Andromeda streaks
Jun-Aug Vulpecula swift
Moon passes Venus.
Moon passes Jupiter,
Neptune near Sun.
Morning TSrening
stars stars
Mercury Mercury
(until 24th) (after 24th)
Venus Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Moon nearest
H^rth, 13th, 8 pm.
Moon farthest from
Earth. 2Sth, 7 pm.
Minima of Algol
Date Time
June 29 12 58 a m
Algol too near Sun for
observation during June.
When Polaris Is North
r».ile Time
Jnr.<> 1846am 8 44pm
10 8 11 8 9
20 7 31 7 29 '
30 6 52 6 50
For intermediate dates
add Uh 58m.
28 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST TEAR BOOK
JUNE.
NORTH— So far all has been outlay but now market, gar-
deners begin to reap their reward. If plants get an early start
and weather has been favorable, asparagus, beets, cauliflower,
cabbage, lettuce, onions, peas, radishes, rhubarb, spinach and
turnips are ready to sell off, and the ground plowed for the sec-
ond crop, except in the cases of asparagus and rhubarb. Suc-
cession crops of beets, bush beans, cabbages, cucumbers, let-
tuce, peas, radishes and potatoes may still be protitably planted
for the home garden. While the crops are being gathered, weeds
are apt to steal a march and destroy the hard work of former
months. A man can hoe and rake over several times as much
ground when the weeds are young as he can after they are 6
Inches high. "A stitch in time saves nine" in a case of fighting
weeds in a garden. If strawberries have not been mulched with
hay or straw in winter, the cuttings from the lawn are a con-
venient thing to place between the rows to keep the fruit from
getting sanded by dashing rains. Small fruits such as goose-
berries, raspberries, etc., are much improved by having a mulch
placed around the roots this month. Sweet corn must be planted
every ten days to keep up a succession, beginning with the ear-
liest varieties, such as Corey and Minnesota. Thin beets and
transplant field celery, cabbage, leeks and broccoli. Late plant-
ings of fodder corn will often mature a good crop on rich land.
Watch out for all kinds of insects. The farmer must fight for
all he gets. Do to the insects what they would do to the plants,
and do it first. Haying usually begins in June. Cut the clover
before the blossoms dry. Better have a few extra parts of ma-
chines on hand to replace breakage. Don't neglect the stock and
chickens. They will repay care now as well as in February.
Watch the bees and have hives ready for new swarms,
SOUTH— Keep the cultivator going in the corn field. Give
the corn an excellent start and the battle Is half won. .Finish
planting tobacco. Plant chufas and cowpeas. Harvest oats and
wheat and do not wait for all of tho heads to ripen. If you do.
you will lose much by shelling. Cowpeas are fine sown with
corn. They Improve the land, add to the crop produced, and
offer little Injury to the corn. I^and not in use, or which is not
to be soon, should be planted with p«'as, if possible, even if no
other use Is to be made of them than to keep the land occupied.
Many now plant sweet potatoes. Karly Irish potatoes should
be dug and those wanted for late i)lanting should be spread out
In partial light to "green." Growing crops will require much at-
tention this month. Thorough cultivation will serve the double
purpose of killing weeds and conserving moisture. Plant beans,
melons, tomatoes, squashes, etc. Transplant cabbage and cau-
liflower.
No Advertisement Is allowed In the columns of the American
Agriculturist weeklies unless we believe that any subscriber
can safely do business with the advertiser.
7th Month. JULY. 190S.
30
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
JULY, 1905.
Eastern Standard Time— 75th Meridian.
Moon Jftises before or
souths sets after Sun
Venua
rises
before
Date am H M H M
For Pae Mercury
coast sets
add 6 m after
Light and dark
between 6pm
and 6am
Eve
e 8 10
Mom
12 2 A •
Planetary
configurations
and other
phenomena
Mercury farthest N. of Bun.
Moon highest— passes Neptune,
a m Venus passes Jupiter.
Mercury enter's Cancer.
Venus farthest W of Sun.
Moon passes Mars.
Moon passes Neptune.
Moon lowest.
Mercury enters Leo,
Venus farthest S of Sun.
Sun enters Cancer.
Moon passes Jupiter.
Sun enters Cancer (sign).
Mercury crosses Ecliptic.
Moon passes Jupiter.
Moon occults Gamma Tauri.
Moon passes Venus.
Moon highest,
p m Moon passes Neptune.
Positions of Sun and
Planets on July 1
Constellation
Sun
Mercury
Venus
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Gemini
Gemini
Taurus
Libra
Taurus
Aquarius
Sivgittarius
Gemini
Meteor Showers
Date Radiant Meteors
6-22 Sagittarius t slow
28* Aquarius alow
July-Aug Piscis Aust
long
July-Sept Cepheus swift
Morning
stars
Venus
Jupiter
Neptune
Evening
stars
Mercury
Mars
Saturn
Uranus
Moon nearest the
Earth, 9th. midnight.
Moon farthest from
Earth, 23d 1 p m.
Minima of
Date
July 7
16
7A
Algol
Time
3 24 p m
5 51 a m
8 18 p m
For intermediate dates
add 2d 20h 49m. *
When Polaris Is North
Date Time
July 16 48 am 646pm
10 6 12 6 10
20533 531
30 4 54 4 52
For intermediate dates
add lib 58m.
32 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST YEAR BOOK
JULY.
NORTH— In the greenhouse, water and ventilate carefully;
also fumigate with tobacco or something equally good. The at-
mosphere should be kept moist. Dahlias, roses, gladioli and
herbaceous perennial and annual plants should be staked. Do
not tie too tightly. Early vegetables may be marketecj. This
is the time to thir) apples, pears, peaches, etc. If the fruit sets
very full, it will be found advisable to thin out at least one-half
or two-thirds, and the remaining will make up in weight and
quality. Cabbages, cauliflower and celery, if wanted for fall or
winter use, should be planted this month. Sweet corn, beans,
cucumbers and lettuce may yet be sown for late crops; also
rutabaga turnips. Transplant late celery. Finish the haying
and go through the corn a couple of times before harvest. Early
cut hay is best, and lowland or swamp hay can usually be ob-
tained to good advantage early this month. Grass land may be
plowed and sown to rutabaga. The poultryman will give his
fowls a wide range. If they will leave the crops alone, they are
an excellent insecticide.
SOUTH— There is a lull in farm operations at this time,
though there is plenty which may profitably be done. Harvest
and thresh oats and wheat, if not done last month. Cultivation
of cotton is generally completed during this month. Sweet po-
tatoes may still be planted with good results, and from now on
the "vines" instead of "draws" are used. Those which have
already been planted should be hoed or moved to prevent the
vines from routing at the joints. Extra time in preparing the
seed bed will not be thrown away, as thoroughly cultivated
ground holds moisture better and produces more ideal conditions
for the potatoes. Ordinarily this month is dry and much atten-
tion should be given stock in the way of supplying plenty of
fresh water. Pastures are very apt to go short also, and atten-
tion is needed in this respect. An early sown plot of corn or
peas and oats would come acceptable now to tide the stock
over a dry spell. Cowpeas which were sown for early hay should
now be cut, which will give them ample time to make a second
crop for October cutting. This is an excellent time to prepare
buildings, sheds, etc., for winter, and to get out material for
new buildings which are to be put up during the winter. The
season Is usually dry for planting garden vegetables success-
fully, though carrots, parsnips, endive, turnips, Irish potatoes
and pickling cucumbers may be sown if desired. It would be
well to put out a crop of rutabaga for the stock. Transplant
cabbage, cauliflower, leeks, broccoli and early crop celery. The
dry condition of the ground makes it imperative that the very
best of seed be obtained.
We guarantee the reliability of every advertisement in the
American Agriculturist weeklies, and will make good any loss
which any subscriber- may sustain, while -his subscription lasts,
by trusting any advertiser who may prove to be a deliberate
aarlndler.
8th Month. AUQUST. 1905.
34
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
AUGUST, 1905.
Eastern Standaitl Time— 76th Meridian.
Muon Rises before or
souths sets after Sun
For Pac Mercury Venus
c-Oast sets rises
add 6 m after
Date p m H M
1 13 34
2 129
3 2 23
4 3 16
5 1 8
6 5 1
7 5 54
8 6 48
9 7 42
10 9 37
11 9 32
12 10 2S
13 11 18
14 am
15 12 7
16 12 51
17 139
18 2 22
19 3 5
20 3 47
21 4 30
22 5 14
23 5 59
24 6 47
25 738
26 8 30
27 924
28 10 20 beiote
29 1115
30 p m
31 15 8
PoAUona of Sim and
Planets on Aug 1
Gonatellation
Light and dark
between 6pm
and Gam '
Ere Mom
6 8 10 12 2 4 6
Planetary
configarations
and other
phenomena
Mars near Iota Librae.
Sam Mercury farthest E of Sun.
2d, 11 p m Moon passes Mercury.
1pm Mercury farthest from Sun.
a m
Venus enters Gemini.
Moon passes Mars.
Sun enters Leo.
lam Moon passes Uranus,
nth, 1pm Moon lowest.
14th, Moon partially eclipsed.
5pm Mercury passes Neptune.
10 a m Mercury stationary.
15th, 4pm Moon passes Saturn.
Mars enters Scorpio»
Mars near Delta Scorpii.
10 a m Moon passes Jupiter.
23d, 4pm Sun enters Virgo (sign).
26th, 2am Moon highest.
7am Moon passes Neptune.
Sam Moon passes Venus.
Venus enters Cancer.
Sun totally eclipsed (visible in
U S as partial).
30th, 4am Moon passes Mercury.
Bun
Cancer
Mtrcury
Leo
Venus
Taurus
Man
Libra
Jupiter
Taurus
Saturn
Aquarius
Uranus
Sagittarius
Neptuns
Gemini
Meteor Showers
Date Radiant Meteors
10-12* Perseus swift
15 Cygnus swift
21-25 Draco bright
Aug-Oct Auriga streaks
Minima oi Algol
Date Time
Morning
Ereuing
stars
stars
Mercury
Mercury
(after 29th)
(until 29th)
Venus
Mars
Neptune
Jupiter
•
Saturn
Uranus
Moon nearest the
Earth, 4th, 3 p ra.
Moon farthest from
Elarth, 20th, Sam.
Aug 2
11
19
28
10 45 a m
1 12 a m
3 38 p m
6 5am
For intermediate dates
add 2d 20h 49m.
When Polaris Is North
Date Time
Aug 1446am 444pm
10 4 11 4 9
20 3 32 3 30
30 2 S3 2 31
For intcnncdiate dates
add llh 58m.
36 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST TEAR BOOK
AUGUST.
NORTH— Watering, ventilating and fumigating the tgreen-
house should be given the same attention as last month. If
not already done, carnations and other plants should be cut
back, if desired to produce flowers in winter. Chrysanthemums
may be mkde bushy by toppinig. Cut oflf the strawberry runners
close to the parent plant so the full force of roots may go into
the crowns for the next season's growth. Old stems of jaspber-
ries, blackberries, etc., which have borne their fruit, may be
cut away. Thin out the young shoots to three or four canes to
each hill. Give cabbage, cauliflower and celery deep cultiva-
tion. In many sections onions are ready for harvesting. When
the tops become yellow and drop down, harvest at once. They
may be dried by putting in a shed in rather thin layers. Bush
beans and peas may still be sown for late crops. Spinach for
fall marketing may be sown. Begin to earth up celery and set
more; also plant endive. Pick, ripen and market early pears,
also other early fruit. New shoots of blackberries may be
pinched back. The market gardener will generally be busy mar-
keting vegetables and stirring up the soil. The weeder may still
be used to a good advantage. Continue spraying operatlo^is.
Upon the average farm this is one of the easiest of the warm
months, and it will be well to plan a little vacation trip.
SOUTH— Plant late varieties of peas and gather the .first
cowpeas. Fodder may be pulled and cotton picking generally
begins this month. Attention should be given the tobacco
crop. In southern sections plant Irish potatoes early for fall
crop. Sweet potatoes may still be planted early in the month,
and under favorable conditions will do fairly well. Harvest the
fodder crop and carefully put away for winter use. Do not delay
these general farm operations, for cotton picking comes in the
last of the month, and everything gives place to it. The stock
may be short of feed and water. Watch out for it. Sow plenty
of turnips, especially winter varieties. Chickens will thrive on
these, if given access to them. If there is sufficient moisture in
the ground, sow cabbage for latest crop. Successional crops of
cauliflower, collards, carrots, squashes, cabbages, radishes and
beets may be sown. Onion sets are planted now.
TO SHOOT ON THE WING.
Aim just forward of the head of the game at a short range,
and its own length ahead at a fairly long range, and jerk the
muzzle in time with the flight of the object, then fire without
stopping the correct sideways movement of the guri and without
dwelling a moment on the aim. Pull the trigger with the fin^r,
adding no wrist movement. Keep the eyes open when firing.
Study causes of failures and watch older sportsmen.
In writing to the advertiser say: "I saw your adv In one of
the old reliable American Agriculturist weeklies."
9tb Month
SEPTEMBER.
1905.
Eut«-n Tl.<.
Cantral TiBt.
A«(.«M>liiTiBi..
FintQnuttir
5 li 9 Ktid
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38
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
coast
add 6 m
Date p m
SEPTEMBER. l»i>.
Eastern Standard Time— 75th Meridian.
Rises before or
»et8 after Sun Liglit and dark
between 6 p m
vises »»^ 6am
before Eve Morn
H M6 8 10 12 '2 4 G
12
Mooa
souths
For Pac Mercury Venus
uses
before
H M
Vlhuetaxs
contignratjoos
and other
phenomena
9 ]) m
lam
22d. 11
5pm
12 m
25th, 4
4pm
7am
10 p m
Moon passes Vesta.
Mars near Antai^s.
Moon passes Mars,
a m Moon passes Uranus.
Mercury stationary,
p m Moon lowest.
Uranus stationary.
Moon pa^ises Saturn.
Venus cros es Ecliptic.
p m Mercuij crosses Sclif>tic
Venus enters Leo.
MerciuT farthest W of Sun.
Sun enters Virgo,
Mercury nearest Sun.
Moon passes Jupiter.
Mocn occults Aldebaran.
a m Moon highest.
Moon passes Neptune.
Sun enters Libra (sign).
p m lupiter stationary.
Venus passes Regulus.
Moon passes Venus.
Moon imsses Merctuy.
Saturn near Iota Aqnarii.
Mars enters Sagittarius.
Positions of Sun and
Planets on Sept 1
Constellation
Sun
Leo
Mercury
Leo
Venus
Cancer
Mars
Scorpio
Jupiter
Taurus
Saturn
Aquarius
Uranus
Sagittarius
Neptune
Gemini
Meteor Showers
Date Radiant Meteors
3- 8 Andromeda v. swift
5-15 Perseus swift
21 Aries slow
27 Orion streaks
Morning
stars
Mercury
Venus
Neptune
EveaiiiiS
stars
Mais
Juniftei!
Satnm
Uramus
Moon nearest the
Efetrth, 1st, 6 am.
Moon farthest from
Earth, 16th, midnight.
Moon nearest the
Earth, 29th, noon.
Minima of
Date
Sept 5
14
23
Algol
Time
8 32 p m
10 59 a m
1 26 a m
For intermediate dates
add 2d 20h 49m.
When Polaris is North
Date Time
Sept 1 2 45am243pm
10 2 10 2 8
20 130 123
30 12 51 12 49
For intermediate dates
add llh 5Sm.
: BOOK AND AliUANAC
40 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST TEAR BOOK
SEPTEMBER.
NORTH— Hyacinths, tulips and moLJt of the varieties of lilies
may be planted this month. Pansies, daisies, mlgrnonettes,
sweet alyssum, candytuft, etc., should be put out. New plant-
ings of strawberry plants may still be made from runners which
were layered in pots. The sooner they are planted the better.
If they make runners, they should be closely trimmed back as
mentioned last month. Cut out and thin the raspberries and
blackberries, if not done. Tender plants should be carried in
under glass. Violets are hardy and may be left out until after
a light frost. Do not let the runners grow on them, but trim
the same as strawberries. Repair the greenhouses and put them
in order for cold weather. Continue earthing up celery. Harvest
onions, beets, turnips, cucumbers, squash and melons. The
main crop of spinach or sprouts which is wanted for winter or
spring use should be sown. The flat sort of turnips may still
be sown first of the month. Corn and apples should be gathered
and many kinds of vegetables taken to market. Give poultry
and swine liberal rations so that they may lay on fat during
the cool autumn weather. Grass land may be seeded down. Rye
is often sown on vacant land at this time.
SOUTH— Carrots may be sown for a late crop. For succes-
sion, sow lettuce, cabbage and winter radishes for early spring
marketing. Give celery plants thorough cultivation and sow a
few turnips. Transplant cabbage and cauliflower. In the latitude
of Virginia, start early greenhouse crops, such as lettuce. Beans
may still be sown. House tobacco and keep the teams and plows
busy fallowing. Pick cotton. Sow fall oats, rye, turnips, cab-
bage, collards, beets, radishes, lettuce, etc., for winter use.
THE ZODIAC.
The Zodiac is a band 16 degrees in width, extending around
the heavens. The Sun's path, or Ecliptic, is the middle line of
the Zodiac. The Moon and principal planets, as well as the
Sun, are always found within this belt. It is divided into 12
equal parts, called Signs of the Zodiac, which take their names
from the 12 Zodiacal Constellations included in this belt. The
signs and constellations of the same name are not coincident.
For instance, the Sun enters the sign Aries at the beginning of
Spring, but still remains in the constellation Pisces.
The names of the Signs of the Zodiac in their order are:
Aries, the Ram; Taurus, the Bull: Gemini, the Twins; Cancer,
the Crab; Leo, the Lion; Virgo, the Virgin; Libra, the Scales;
Scorpio, the Scorpion; Sagittarius, the Archer; Capricornus. the
Goat; Aquarius, the Water Bearer; Pisces, the Fishes. They
are often recalled by the following bit of rhyme:
The Ram, the Bull, the Heavenly Twins,
And next the Crab, the Lion shines,
The Virgin and the Scales,
The Scorpion, Archer and Sea-goat,
The Man that bears the watering-pot.
And Fish with glittering tails.
10th Month. OCTOBER. 1905.
42
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
OCTOBER. 1905.
Eastern Standard Time-75th Meridian.
Moon Rises before or
souths sets after Sun Light
For Pac Mercury Venus between
coast
add 6 m
Date p m
rises
before
H M
rises «>d 6 a
before Eve
H M 6. 8 10
41
and dark
6pm
m
Mom
12 2 4 6
Planetary
configurations
and other
phenomena
1th, 2am Neptune 90 Deg from Suiu
tth, 7am Moon passes Mars.
12 m Moon passes Uranus.
lam Moon lowest.
10 p m Venus near Chi Leonis.
3pm Mars passes Uranus.
3th, 10 p m Moon passes Saturn.
Sam Mercury passes Sun.
Venus enters Virgo.
3pm Venus nearest Sun.
15th. lam Mars farthest 3 of Sun.
12 a m Moon occults G«amma Tauri.
17th, 2am Moou passes Jupiter.
6pm Moon highest.
Moon paHsesi Neptune.
Mercury crosses EclipUc.
Mercury enters Libra.
Sun enters Scorpio (sign).
Venus passes Eta Virginis.
4am Moon passes Venus.
^ 4 p m Moon passes Mercury.
Sun enters Libra.
3l8t» lam Saturn stationary.
10 p m Moon passes Uranus.
12
a m
8
a m
9pm
8
a m
Positions of Sun and
Planets on Oct 1
Constellation
Virgo
Virgo
Leo
Sagittarius
Taurus
.Vquarius
Sagittarius
Gemini
Meteor Showers
Date Radiant Meteors
Sun
Mercury
Venus
Mars
.Tupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
2 Bootes
8 Taurus
18-20* Orion
29 Gemini
bright
streaks
swift
V swift
Minima of Algol
from
Moon farthest
Earth. 11th. 7 a ni.
Moon nearest the
Earth, 27th. 11 p m.
Date
Oct 1
10
18
27
Time
3 53 p m
6 20 a m
8 47 p m
11 IJ a m
M'g stars E'g stara
Mercury Mercury
(luitil 12th) (after 12th)
Venus Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
When Polaris Is North
Date
Time
. For intermediate dates
add 2d 20h 49m.
Oct 1 12 47 a m 12 45 p m
10 12 12 12 10
20 11 34 11 32
30 11 55 11 53
For intermediate dates
add llh 58m.
44 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST YEAR BOOK
OCTOBER.
NORTH— In northern localities, it will be well to look after
the tender plants, and get them under cover during the early
part of the month. In the greenhouses, avoid the use of Are
heat as long as possible. However, do not let the temperature
go below 50 degrees at night. If there are indications the night
is likely lo be a cold one, the sashes which have been raised
for ventilation during the day may be let down early in the af-
ternoon. It will be well to place the hardier sorts of plants,
such as carnations, azaleas, roses, etc., in a cold frame or pit
until the middle of November. They will do better here than in
a greenhouse, and will make stronger and healthier roots, which
will enable them to withstand forcing much better than when
they are placed in the greenhouse. Watch for and destroy insects.
.Fall bulbs, such as tulips and hyacinths, may be planted during
the month. Gladioli, caladiums, tuberoses, dahlias, etc., w^hich
were planted in the spring, should be taken up, dried and put
away in some dry place which is free from frost. All sorts of
fruit trees and shrubs may be set out this month. If the plant-
ing is done late in the month, a liberal dressing of mulch should
be applied as a protection fo the roots during winter. Strawber-
ries layered In pots may yet be plahted early in the month.
Great care should be taken to trim the runners from early
plantings. Finl.sh up harvesting apples and corn. Potato dig-
ging and gathering root crops should be done this month. Cut
the silage corn in the glaze. In the vegetable garden, this is one
of the busiest fall months. Celery is in full growth and requires
earthing up. and during the last part of the month some may
be stored away in trenches. Sweet potatoes, parsnips, beets,
squash, etc., not intended to be left* in the ground during the
winter, should be dug by the end of the month. Put in cold
frames cauliflower and lettuce which was sown last month. As-
paragus and rhubarb, if wanted for use in winter, should be
taken up in large bunches and stored away in a pit, shed or
cellar for six or eight weeks, when it may be taken into the
greenhouse and packed closely under the benches. Treated this
way, it will be ready for use from January to March. Spinach
may be sown. Greenhouses, hotbeds, henhouses and barns
should be put in order for the coming winter.
SOUTH— Harvest corn, sow wheat. Cotton picking is con-
tinued. Gather and house corn, ground peas, chufas and cane
for seed. Grind cane. Dig, sort and store sweet potatoes and
gather peas. Set out cabbage and coUard plants. Cultivate all
crops planted last month. Onion sets may be put in* now. Sow
winter spinach. Carefully earth up celery and set out more.
Radishes and other successional crops may be sown. Top-drcas
asparagus and transplant strawberries, cabbage and cauliflower.
Cucumbers in greenhouses are started this month.
No advertisement is allowed in the columns of the American
Agriculturist weeklies unless we believe that any subscriber
can safely do business with the advertiser.
nth Month. NOVEMBER. 1905.
nntOurlw 8 S »B*M, S T ttSren. is SeSrM.
RUlMoon. 12 II Mom. 11 U llKrui. 11 Id 11 Xr«a.
UnQouMi I IS S S4BTen. | 19 7 MXtsb. | IB I MEtmi.
46
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
NOVEMBER, 1905.
Eastern Standard Time— 75th Meridian.
Moon Rises before or
souths sets after Sun Light and dark
For Pac Mercury Venus between 6 p m
coast sets rises aud 6 a m
add 6 ra after before Eve Morn
Datepm HM HM68 10 12 24G
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
ar
28
29
30
4 9 r;o
5 4 32
5 56 33
6 45 35
7 32 37
8 16 39
8 59 40
9 41 42
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
10 23 42 1 59
11 5 45 1 58
11 49 46 1 56
am 49 1 56
12 35 .0 51 1 55
1 22 53 1 53
2 10 54 1 52
3 55 1 51
3 51 57
4 42 59 1 49
5 33
6 24
7 16
8 7
9 1
9 55
10 53
11 52
1
1
1
1
1
1 11 1 41
1 14
p m 1 13
152 1 14 1 35
2 51 1 14 1 31
3 46 1 15 1 33
Planetary
confifai rations
and other
phenomena
9am Moon lowest.
4am Moon passes Mars.
7 a ra Venus passes Theta Virginia.
Sam Moon passes Satinu.
lam Venus farthest N of Sun.
Mercury enters Scorpio.
10 a m Mars nearest San.
2am Moon passes Saturn.
lam Moon highest.
Sam Moon passes Neptune.
Mars enters Capricornua.
Venus enters Libra.
7 a m Saturn 90 Degrees from Sun.
10 p m Mercury farthest S of Sun.
Sun eriters Scorpio.
6pm Sun enters Sagittarius (sign).
lam Jupiter 180 Degrees from Sun,
lam Moon passes Venus.
Mercury enters Sagittarius.
12 a m Mercury farthest E of Sun.
lam Moon pas.ses Mercury.
28th, Ham Moon passes Uranus.
28th, 8pm Moon lowest.
Positions of Sun and
I^lanets on Nov 1
Constellation
Sun
Libra
Merciiry
Libra
Venus
Virgo
Mars
Sagittarius
Jupiter
Taurus
Saturn
Aquarius
Uranus
Sagittarius
Neptune
Gemini
Moon farthest from
Earth. 10th. 8 a m.
Moon nearest the
Eaith, 25th. 11 a ra.
Meteor Showers
Date Radiant Meteors
2 Taurus bright
14-16* Leo streaks
20-23 TauriLs bright
17-23* Androraeda trains
Minima of Algol
Date Time
Nov 5 1 40 a m
13 4 7 i> ra
22 6 34 a ra
30 9 1pm
For intermediate dates
add 2d 20h 49m.
Morning
Evening
stars
stars
Venus
Mercury
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
When Polaris is North
Date Time
Nov 1 10 47 a m 10 45 p m
10 10 12 10 10
20 9 41 9 39
30 8 52 8 50
•For intermediate dates
add Uh 58ra.
^^^JSfoVEJ-I§E-^
48 AMERICAN AORTCT^LTTTRTST TEAR BOOK
NOVEMBER.
NORTH — The outdoor season Is drawing to a close and all
harvesting still undone should he hurried to a finish. All plants
should be indoors and a sharp outlook kept for cold snaps.
When fire heat is finally used in greenhouses, be careful to keep
up the proper moisture by syringing, sprinkling the walks, etc.
Use a covering of rough litter and leaves to sprinkle over the
beds of hyacinths or other fall bulbs. A good dressing of well-
decayed manure added to the land will show to a good advan-
tage the following spring. Grass seed and' winter rye may be
.«?own before the ground freezes. Fall plowing is always in or-
der. Straw mulching of strawberries should be done this month.
Prune grapevines and fruit trees. If cuttings or scions of fruit
trees for grafts are desired, they should be tied in small bunches
and buried in tne ground until spring. Trim off the asparagus
beds and burn the stems if there are berries on them. Spread
a heavy dressing of manure, 3 or 4 inches thick, over the beds.
Onions, cabbage, spinach or lettuce plants that are outside
should be covered -with 2 or 3 inches of some sort of mulching,
such as straw or leaves, to protect them during the winter.
Cabbages that have headed may be preserved from frost hy
simply pulling up and packing close together in a dry spot in
the open field. . In- early December they should be covered up
with leaves, or with a dressing of light soil. Cabbages s6 packed
will keep until March if the covering has not been put on too
early. Good ventilation should be given cold frames where cab-
bage and lettuce plants have been sown. On the approach of
cold weather, straw mats or shutters are a great protection to
plants. All kinds of root crops, cabbages and onions should be
In a safe place. Bleaching celery should be finished. Parsnips
and horse-radish may be left in the ground until spring, but a
portion should be dug for winter use. Clear (^ stones, rocks
and stumps. Trees and shrubbery mav be transplanted.
SOUTH— Keep the plow, going. When done in the fall, this
not only benefits the soil, but greatly facilitates work at the
hurried .season of the spring. Put out onions. Finish picking
cotton. Gather Kieflfer pears. Cotton picking will claim the
larger per cent of the time this month. Ginning cotton, clear-
ing up and putting away seed, are in order. It will be well to
.sow winter oats, wheat or rye this month for winter pasturing,
or for the grain next summer, or to be turned under, as Is de-
sired. The land needs a cover crop, both to take up and hold
the plant food as It becomes available, and to check washing
of the surplus soil. Southern farmers would be much better off
If they would follow the practice of keeping more of their land
busy during the winter months. Fruit trees of all sorts may
be .set out. Early peas for spring use may be sown. Set out
more cabbage and onion sets. Give celery a final earthing up
for bleaching. T^atest radishes may be sown and lettuce may
be started in hotbeds or greenhouses.
Peat yields an average of 12,000 tons to the acre.
12th Month. DBCEMBER.
1905.
noaxul. TIM.
nnt QnkTtiT
LiatftQacieri!^.'."'
HevKoou
"s "l ffllT«n.
11 6 MEyen.
11 6 aeBTiD.
•a 10 *BTeii.
8 li taVom.
11 4 2a£Tan.
19 E BMoTO.
25 » lETBD.
50
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
DECEMBER. 1903.
Eastern Standaid Time— 75th Meridian.
Moon Rises before or
souths sets after Sun Light and dark
Pw Pac Mercury Vem« ^^^w^»» 6pm
coast
add 6 m
Dfttepm
sets
after
HM
nsea and 6 a m
before Mom Eye
BM68 10 12 246
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
11
15
16
17
18
19
ao
21
22
23
21
25
as
27
28
29
30
31
4 39
5 27
6 13
6 57
7 39
8 21
9 3
946
10 31
1118
a m
12 6
12 57
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
15
16
H
13
9
7
3
55
49
42
36
29
20
48
39 Rises
31 before
21
12
2
52
44
38
31
10 33
11 33
p in
130
226
3 17
4 6
4 51
27
30
49
8
16
22
30
33
36
40
43
45
46
46
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
a
31
30
29
28
26
24
23
22
20
19
17
16
16
13
11
9
7
6
4
4
2
59
sr
56
53
52
50
49
48
46
k
■E
I
4
12
a m
m
Planetary
conflgiirations
and other
phenomena
Moon passes Mars.
Moon passes Baturn.
Positions
Planets
Sun
Mercury
Venus
Mars
lupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
and
of Sun
on Dec 1
Constellation
Scorpio
Sagittarius
Libra
Capricomns
Taurus
Aquarius
Sagittarius
Gemini
3Dth. 12
6am
3am
Meteor Showers
Date Radiant Meteors
Ursa Major swift
4
6
10-12*
25
Taurus
Gemini
Gemini
Moon farthest from
Earth. 7th, 5 p m,'
Moon nearest the
Earth, 23d, 5 p m.
For intermediate
add 2d 20h 49m.
2am Mercury stationary.
Venus enters Scorpio.
10 p m Mercury crosses Ecliptic,
lam Moon passes Jupiter.
10th, 5pm Venus passes Beta Scorpil.
10th, S p m Moon occnTfi Aldebaran.
10 a m Moon highest— passes Neptune.
12 m Mercury nearest Sun,
5pm Mercury passes Sun.
Sun enters Sagltfarins.
Mars near Delta Capricorbl.
Mars enters Aauarius.
9pm Mercury near Venus.
7am Sun enters GapricOrnus falgn).
1pm Moon occulta Gamma Librae.
1pm Moon passes Mercury.
11 p m Mars Jmlsms SaturtL
Sam ^rood lowest.
26th, 2pm Uranus passes Sun.
Venus enters Saglttaiius.
a m Moon passes Saturn.
Moon passes Mars.
Neptune 180 Degrees from Sun.
M'g Stan E't stars
Mercury Mercury
(after 15th) (until ISth)
Venus Mara
Uranus Jupiter
(after a6th) Saturn
Uranus
(until mh)
Neptnne
Polaris is North
Time
1 48am SiSpra
8 12 8 10
7 83 7 31
6 53 6 51
dates For intermediate datea
add llh 58m.
bright
sWlft
V. slow
Minima of Algol
Date
Time
When
Date
Dec 9
18
11 28 a m
1 65 a m
Dec 1
10
26
4 22 p m
2D
30
52 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
DECEMBER.
NOHTH— This is decidedly a winter month and farm work
soon settles into the winter routine of caring for stock, hauling
and sawing wood, marketing crops, carting manure, etc. Close
attention should be given tender plants. A little neglect for only
one night in cold December weather may spoil all the hard la-
bor of spring and fall. Extra vigilance is required and strong
fires in the greenhouses must be kept up during the night. In
greenhouses, if the night starts out very cold, it is weli to set
plants under the benches or on the walks, and as far as possible
remove them from cold places. Paper thrown lightly over the
tops may save injury. Grapevines and raspberries may be laid
down as near the ground as possible and covered with a rough
Utter or leaves or even a few inches of soil. Strawberries
should be mulched. Protect spinach, kale and strawberries with
a light covering where needed. Prepare compost and tend to
hotbeds. Snow which accumulates on cold frames or green-
houses should be removed. During bad weather hotbed mats
may be made, sashes mended and tools repaired. Every farmer
should spend more time In reading, that he may keep up with
the times.
SOUTH— Strip tobacco. Replenish the wood pile, for the
cold weather now is sure to follow. Do not forget your live
stock; they need constant attention at this time. See that they
are snugly housed. Oats in the far south may be sown yet this
month. Clean up new land and plow if possible. The improve-
ment of buildings should receive attention. Fruit trees may
still be planted and most varieties, except peaches, may be
pruned and put in shape. More onion sets may be planted.
Celery is earthed up and bleached. Sow cabbage for winter
heading. Transplant October sown plants. Peas may be sown
for spring use. As is the case with the northern farmer, more
reading should be done. Make your plans for the coming year,
and see that your plans go through.
DIRECT T.EGISI^ATION.
Oregon is^ the only state as yet to put direct legislation into
practice, although Utah and South Dakota both have direct leg-
islation amendments to their constitutions. Last June two
statutes, one for direct primaries and one for liquor local op-
tion, were enacted there, as allowed by the initiative and ref-
erendum amendment to the constitution, by direct vote of the
people, without the intervention of legislature. The initiative
means the proposal of a law by a percentage of the voters,
which must then go to the referendum, which means the vote
at the polls on a law proposed through the initiative, or on any
law-making body, whose reference is petitioned for by a per-
centage of the voters. The referendum protects the citizens
from bad laws which the legislature might enact.
TBAR BOOK AND AL.MANAC
The Weather
53
BlMk Trit^lar WhntFlaffvHb
^U« tqiart la
CoMWm.
FLAG SIGNALS OF WEATHER BUREAU.
No. 1— Clear or fair weather.
No. 2— Rain or snow.
No. 3— Local rain or snow.
No. 4— Temperature; placed above 1, 2, 8, indicates warm
weather; placed below, cold weather; no display, stationary
temperature.
No. 5— A cold wave or sudden fall in temperature.
A special storm flag, red with black square in center, is
prescribed for use in North Dakota, South Dakota. Minnesota,
Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming. Montana, Colorado, Kansas, Indian
Territory, Oklahoma and Texas to indicate high winds accom-
panied with snow.
When the signs are displayed on poles, the signals should be
arranged 'to read downward.
WEATHER CONDITIONS DURING CROP SEASON OF 1904.
The amounts of precipitation for the crop season of 1904,
from March 1 to October 3, were much below the average rec-
ord in the Atlantic coast districts south of New England, and
generally throughout the southern states, except in the ex-
treme soilth of Florida and parts of Texas. There was also
a general deficiency in northern Iowa and Illinois, throughout
the greater part of the upper Missouri valley, and on the north
Pacific coast. Generally throughout the middle and southern
Pacific coast states, in the country from the central and south-
ern Rocky mountain region eastward over the lower Missouri
valley with a narrow extension into Indiana and Ohio, and over
most of Minnesota, Wisconsin and New England, the seasonal
precipitation was in excess of the average.
During this period, the states of Kansas and Missouri re-
ceived the worst wetting down, the rainfall over the greatest
portion of these states exceeding 40 inches. In the districts
bordering on this area of excessive moisture, thence southward
54 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST YEAR BOOK
over the lower Mississippi valley, the whole of the gulf coast,
in Florida and the greater portion o( the Carolinas, the rainfall
measured from 24 to over 36 inches. Much of New England, lim-
ited districts in the upper Ohio valley, Michigan and Minnesota,
and on the northern and central Pacific coast, received 24 to
30 inches of rainfall. The semi-arid regions of interior and
southern CuHfornia. most of Nevada and lower Ariaona, and
parts of Utah, as well as parts of Oregon and Montana, were
visited by the lightest fall of rain, from 2 to 6 inches. Eastw|ird
of this area until the 105th meridlAQ 1$ reached the rainfall for
the season was 6 to 12 inches.
, There was a deficiency in temperature during the crop sea-
son over most of the districts east of the Rooky mountains, the
exceptions being limited portions of the Atlantic ooast states,
larger areas in the eastern gulf states, and practically the entire
western gulf region. In the central valleys and upper lake re-
gion there were departures from the normal temperature
amounting to from 1 to 3 degrees per day. Over the southern
portions of the country there was an excess In temperature,
but not large, being not more than 1 degree per day, and for
the most part not that. Limited areas of deficient temperature
occurred in the Rooky mountains and on the north Paoiflc coast,
but west of the Rockies the seasonal departures were generally,
though slightly, in excesE.
The maps on the three following pages show clearly each of
these weather conditions here described during the crop season.
APPROPRIATIONS BY CONGRESS FOR SIX YEARS,
1898-1903,
[In round millions. 1
1898 1899 1906"~1901 1 902 1903
Defloienoies $8.5 $847.1 $46.8 $13.7 $iO $24^9
Legislative, executive, judicial.. 21.6 21.6 23.3 24.1 24.5 25.3
Sundry civil :M.3 a3,9 39.3 49.5 54.5 54.3
Support of army 23,1 23.1 80,4 114.2 116.7 91.7
Naval service ;.. 33,0 56.0 48,0 61.1 78.1 78.8
Indian service 7.6 7.6 7.5 8.1 9.7 8.9
Rivers and harbors 19.2 14.4 25.1 16.1 7.0 82.5
Forts and fortifications 9,5 9.3 4.9 7.3 7.3 7,2
Military academy 4 .4 .6 .6 ,7 3.6
Pensions 141.2 141.2 145.2 145.2 146.2 139.8
Consular and diplomatic 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9
Agricultural department 3.1 8.5 3.7 4.0 4.6 6.2
District of Columbia 6,1 6.4 6.8 7.6 8.6 8.5
Miscellaneous 1.1 6.0 28.7 8.2 7.9 4.0
Total $3 11.1 $673.0 $46 2.5 $467.1 %m^ $486^4
The appropriations for the postoffloe department are Indeft-
nlte, and are therefore not given.
58
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
HIRED HELP ON THE FARM.
"Help Is just like produce— the best will bring the best prices
in any market, and if a farmer is not willing: to pay good
wages, men will go elsewhere." So says a successful farmer
and his sentiments are voiced by all other farmers of his class.
One and all agree that with the competition of the city factories,
where men can get employment the year round at good wages,
and without toiling from early dawn till after dark, farmers
must strive to offer better inducements.
There Is no occupation in which men and women can so
easily save all their wages as working on an American farm,
with room and board provided. These wages quickly accumu-
late if properly invested, and it will not take many years for
the hired man to become an owner. But the only way for a man
to learn farming and insure success is by farming out.
The best way to get good help or for people to get good po-
sitions is through a little advertisement in The Help Bureau of
the American Agriculturist weeklies. The cost is only 4 cents
per word in Orange Judd Farmer of Chicago, 5 cents in Ameri-
can Agriculturist at New York, and 4 cents in The New England
Homestead, at Springfield, Mass., these papers covering the re-
spective sections.
STATE FREE EMPLOYMENT BUREAUS.
Connecticut— New Haven, 39
Church St.; Hartford, 59 Trum-
bull St.; Bridgeport, 1005 Broad
St.; Norwich, 43 Broadway;
Waterbury, 36 North Main St.
Illinois— Chicago, 429 Wabash
Ave., 234 Chicago Ave., corner
Canal and Randolph Sts. ; Pe-
oria, corner South Adams and
Liberty Sts.
Kansas— Topeka, State House;
Kansas City, 4 City Hall.
Maryland — Baltimore, 110
West Saratoga St.
Minnesota— Duluth, 407 West
Michigan St.
Missouri — St. Louis, 813%
Chestnut St.; Kansas City, 207
Nelson Bldg.; St. Joseph. 429
Francis St.
Montana— Butte, City Hall;
Kallspcl.
Nebraska — Lincoln, State
Capitol.
New York— New York City,
107 East 31st St.
Ohio — Cleveland, Arcade
Bldg. ; Columbus, corner Broad
and High Sts.; Cincinnati, 206
West Seventh St. ; Dayton, cor-
ner Fifth and Main Sts.; To-
ledo, Chamber of Commerce.
West Virginia— Wheeling, 143
16th St.
Wisconsin— Milwaukee, 153
Second St.; Superior, 903-903%
Tower Ave.
Ohio was the first state In
the union to realize the bene-
fits to be derived from state
employment offices. In 1890 of-
fices were established in each
of the five cities named above,
and these have been conduct-
ed ever since that date with
most satisfactory results. No
compensation or fee is charged
or received, directly or Indi-
rectly, from persons applying
for employment or help
through any such bureau in
any state where bureaus are
established. All expenses of
the bureaus arc paid oy the
state.
i
TBAR BOOR AND ALMANAC 59
Commercial Agriculture
Markets and Marketing
Three crops alone grown in the United States in 1904,
corn, cotton and wheat, had an aggregate value of two
billion dollars. Further billions are represented in other
farm products, field and orchard crops, live stock, output of
the dairy, etc. In nearly a billion and a half dollars of mer-
chandise exported from our coasts each year, approximately
two-thirds come from the soil. The farming industry is thus
the basis of the national wealth and prosperity.
The six million farms scattered over our broad land rep-
resent the partners, the brotherhood, in this great enterprise
of producing not only enough for home requirements, but
the ever liberal surplus, mounting into the hundreds of
millions dollars, for export to less fortunate nations. This
graphic showing of just what the business of farming
amounts to, suggests at once that farmers should be busi-
ness men.
The subject of Commercial Agriculture includes in a
large way this whole question of markets and marketing.
It is, after all, as important as the understanding of crop
productions. In these days of sharp competition, it is very
necessary that the agriculturist should not only know how
to raise a crop, but should know how to dispose of it so as
to get the most profit as a result of money and labor in-
vested. It is not our purpose to speak here of the gain
secured through converting grain and hay crops into beef,
pork and mutton, or milk into dairy products, etc.; rather
to portray the various methods of handling and marketing
farm products in the raw or original state.
APPROVED MARKETING FORMS IN VOGUE.
Methods of moving farm products from the producer tO
the consumer have shown radical changes in the last geni^r-
atldn, although the course now followed is much the same
as for a year or two past. There is still the very simple
plan of marketing farm produce in the way of peddling it
60 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
from wagons to the doors of consumers in villages, towns
and cities. While this method is one much employed by
small farmers, gardeners and fruit growers, it can at times
be profitably followed on a scale of considerable magnitude
if the business is carefully and thoroughly developed, even
though from* a small beginning. Innumerable families in
all of our centers of population who are entirely dependent
upon purchases for food supplies, are more than willing to
secure an important part direct from producers. They de-
mand strictly fresh and sound produce, however, and for
such are usually willing to pay full market rates. In many
instances families will be willing to pay a little more for
something especially nice, rather than buy a product a little
less desirable at the store even at a lower figure.
One thing is sure. Whatever is offered to consumers
diiect from the farmer's wagon must be first-class in every
respect, attractive in appearance and sound and sweet in
quality. A mistake often made is, presuming that the
average housekeeper will pay a big bonus to get fresh
country stock. She is willing to pay a full price, but that
is all; in securing this the producer, as a rule, should be
satisfied, because he saves all the middlemen's charges and
it is usually a quick trade with immediate and profitable
returns.
A second method of disposing of farm produce is to sell
to a local grocer or marketman. This has some advantages,
but like the first named can, as a rule, be carried on only
in a limited way. Not infrequently the local retailer with
an established family trade can handle the product of the
small farmer and gardener to mutual advantage.
The farmer who produces on a larger scale can sell his
grain, live stock, wool, poultry, eggs, fruits, vegetables, etc.,
direct to a local buyer, who in turn has his established outlet
at distant large points of consumption and distribution, and
after accumulating a carload or more from various farmers,
ships as market conditions warrant.
A merit of this plan is the securing of a known price
for the goods without special risk of loss through dishonest
consignee or the annoyance and expense of express, freight
or commission charges. And a positive drawback is the fact
that this local middleman must take out a considerable
profit to himself in order to stand shrinkage in his net
returns through decline of market between the time of buy-
ing from the producer and selling at the distant city,
deterioration or loss of the produce while in transit, etc.
Therefore, granted a local buyer takes your grain, live hogs,
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 61
poultry. or potatoes, it is reasonable to presume that he is
getting a fairly large slice of the middleman's profits,
A fourth method of selling produce is shipping to cus-
tomers, at distant points, previously secured, perhaps
through working up a trade from small beginnings. In
many instances this is a favorite and successful method,
especially where the farmer has taken pains to establish
a reputation for fine quality goods and honest pack and
count.
COMMISSION MERCHANTS— CO-OPERATIVE SELLING.
Another long-established and highly regarded method
through which farm produce is sold is the commission mer-
chant, who handles by far the greater part of the farmer^
surplus. This is true of perishable products, such as fruits
and vegetables, and perhaps less so of poultry^ eggs and
hay. As for grain, live stock, etc., while they are frequently
sold by the farmer direct to country buyers, they subse-
quently pass through the hands of commission merchants
in the big cities before being finally distributed in the
various channels of trade. The tendency in this age is to.
eliminate, so far as possible, the toll exacted by the middle-'
man. But the day has not yet come when the commission
merchant is unnecessary.
Co-operative buying and co-operative selling are suc-
cessful in a small way, and there is an important future for
this economy. But the farmer of to-day, in facing the
practical problems of how to get the most out of his prod-
uce, is obliged to depend very largely upon commission
merchants.
While co-operative buying and selling are not very gen-
erally employed, as just intimated, the fact remains that
this is a field of the greatest usefulness. The co-operative
movement has long been very much at the front in England
and on the continent of Europe. A few very successful co-
operative societies have held a place in marketing farm
produce in this country; others have been inaugurated, but
have fallen short of expectations, due largely to poor man-
agement. In this connection it would be interesting and
helpful to Individuals and to localities to secure and study
thoroughly Myrick's book. How to Co-operate, published by
Orange Judd Company, price $1, prepaid.
Commission merchants are always found in the trade
centers, where buyefrs are looking for needed services of
this character; they understand the wants of the trad«
62 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
better than the single individual who is perhaps 50 or 500
miles distant. Through long experience and the development
and evolution of business methods, the commission mer-
chant is in a position to secure the quickest distribution of
such produce as is consigned to him, getting all there is in
the market for the consignor. In a large sense, he is the
agent for the producer and shipper, standing for their best
interests, and for his compensation in a way of commission
charges endeavors to do for the countryman what the latter
could not do for himself.
While the commission merchant is theoretically the
agent for the producer and shipper, too often he has moved
away from the original plan and is practically a dealer or
middleman. Here is one of the weakest phases In this whole
proposition of handling farm produce on commission. It is
something which has developed year by year, and never
more in evidence than the past 12 months. A great many
so-called Cbmmission merchants practically sell to them-
selves the produce which they receive from the country
shipper; then in turn they resell this at an advance to out-
siders, thus securing an advantage which does not appear
on the surface.
This great power to make or mar the profit side of the
farmer's ledger only emphasizes the necessity of securing an
honest and capable commission merchant. That many are
absolutely dishonest is a fact too well known to need fur-
ther comment here. That many, while technically honest
and ready to pay their bills, yet are tricky and more than
willing to engage in sharp practices with the country ship-
per, is also too true. The black sheep in the flock, however,
cannot long hide their color, and it should be the endeavor
of everyone having dealings with such to publish to the
world these trickeries. Per contra, is the necessity of deal-
ing with reliable commission merchants, and once secured,
stick to them until there Is good reason for change. A com-
mon method of tricky commission merchants is to send out
specious circular letters claiming to secure more than full
market prices, usually quoting the various commodities at
figures higher than anyone can possibly get. They thus se-
cure consignments from the country, make any sort of
return they wish, and if complaint is made pretend the
goods were short in weight or measure, or damaged in qual-
ity, and pocket the difference, the consignor 99 times out of
100 being absolutely powerless to even trace the dishonesty,
although he is morally certain that a wicked fraud has
been done.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 63
FARMERS SHOULD MASTER MARKET CONDITIONS.
The commission merchant of integrity who does the best
he can for his customer finds it at times impossible to give
complete satisfaction, through no fault of his own. This
is particularly true with regard to perishable produce which
must be handled quickly, and where price changes are liable
to be rapid and violent. Country shippers are often misled
through failure to fully understand true values and market
quotations. While these may and should properly portray
the situation when published, conditions may be entirely
changed at the time the prospective shipper reads them.
Quotations governing the market at a certain hour of
the day may be entirely at variance with conditions six
hours later. For example, early morning prices for a given
commodity may rule high, owing to an apparent scarcity,
but later trains may so swell the receipts as to make a posi-
tive glut on the market, forcing dealers to sell at much
lower prices than those originally obtained, in order to pre-
vent worse loss.
Another feature of selling through commission mer-
chants too often leads to misunderstandings and disappoint-
ment. The . farmer who studies the market report finds
peaches quoted at 50 to 75 cents per basl%et, or dressed fowls
8 to 10 cents per pound, or choice beef steers $5.50 to $6 per
100 pounds. He at once assumes his property ranks with
the best and expects that returns will show outside quo-
tations were secured. He fails to realize that his own prod-
uce must take its place with an enormoug quantity from
all sections, and that what might appear strictly choice at
home would grade far below that when placed by the side
of the best consignments on the market on a given day, and
naturally he should not expect that his goods will always
command outside quotations.
GRADING AND PACKING COUNT FOR MUCH.
Requisite allowance must be made for quality, realizing
that even for sound stock there are several prices obtained.
This suggests the wisdom first of all of making your produce
as choice as possible before offering it on the market, and,
furthermore, grading it properly; do not mix inferior stuff
with strictly choice, even though the latter largely predomi-
nates, because the result will be an unsatisfactory lowering
of the. average price. The shipment of farm produce, espe-
cially perishable goods, is always a matter of considerable
64 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
uncertainty, and it naturally follows that trustworthy
agents be selected to do the .selling, and, furthermore, that
the fanner and shipper be well posted regarding market
conditions.
COST OF MARKETING FARM PRODUCE.
In markets of any size and importance, this includes
such items as freight and express charges, storage, demur-
rage, cartage, weighing, inspection and commissions, but
not necessarily all of these. Uniformity of charges in the
different marlfets is quite lacking, although goods which
quitkly deteriorate in keeping quality are obliged to pay a
heavier rate than others. The market must be big enough
and broad enough to take care of any usual supply of per-
ishable goods, and, so far as that is concerned, of a supply
which for the time being may be even greater than usual.
Such perishable produce as fruits, vegetables, poultry,
butter, eggs, etc., must be handled expeditiously, and must
stand greater charges in proportion for selling than grain,
liv^e stock, wool, etc. From the time the goods leave the
country shipping station until returns are made and check
received, several charges must be borne. On goods sent to
a distant town or city to be sold on commission, the railroad
or vessel freight is always charged up; next comes cartage
from wharf or depot to salesroom or warehouse. Goods not
to be sold immediately, but held for a time in order to catch
a better market, must as a rule pay storage and sometimes
insurance.
Rates of commission are usually in the way of percent-
age on gross amount of money received from the sale of the
goods. Some loss must be expected in the, way of deterio-
ration, breakage and other occasional charges, although the
latter are infrequent. If unusual work is required in connec-
tion with handling the commodity, a charge is made. Iced
poultry which has come from a distance is re-iced in
transit and this is often true of other highly :.>erishable
stuff. If placed in cold storage for a season, there is of
course a charge made. Live poultry, when sent in coops to
be returned, is sometimes subject to a small charge for
handling the empties.
The following table shows the usual cost of cartage in the
cities named and affords a fair average of these items in all
wholesale markets. Such cost is added to freight and ex-
press charges paid by the commission merchant, and charged
up against the country shipper, before making any returns
accompanied by check or draft.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 65
CARTAGE DEPOT OR DOCK TO WAREHOUSE IN CENTS.
^ I 35 I I I 3 I
• I SS -o 5 2 ^- *
Butter, p tub 3@5 5 3 5 — 2'&'2i^ 2»^^3 6
Eggrs, p case 3@5 3 3@7 2 — 2^^m 2®3 5
Poultry, p pkg 5@10 5@10 5(§)8 5 — 'lO 3@5 25
Hides, p 100 lbs t2 2%(g)4 10 5 — 4@6 4 2%@3
Apples, p bbl 5@10 5 5@7 3 b 5 4(Q)6 5(@8
Oranges, p box 5 3 4(g)5 2 2@3 2^ 3^/^(5)4 4
Dried ITr'ts, p 100 lbs 5 5@8 lo — — — — 2%@3
Potatoes, p bbl 5^ 2 2^2% 2 — 1@>2 2'?i'2V& 2%
Onions, p bbl..." 5 5—325 6 2V^
Fresh veg, p pkg...3@7% 5(^8 3@10 — 5 — — 2^
Veal calves, each.. 10 _ 10 — — 3(5)8 3(96 2%@4
Wool, p 100 lbs 3#5 — 5 3 — 1(8)2 4 4@5
•? bbl. tP hide.
RATES OF COMMISSION.
These vary greatly, but unless subject to special ar-
rangement are usually 5 to 10% on perishable produce.
Where potatoes are sold by the carload at a 5% rate, the
commission per car is usually understood to be not less than
110, otherwise 10% on amount of sale. The commission on
apples is 5 to 15% in carloads; in some instances a fixed rate
of about 15 cents per barrel is made, and when jobbed from
the car, an additional charge of 3 to 5 cents per barrel for
cartage is usually charged to country consignor. If apples
are placed in cold storage, this means a charge of 25 to 50
cents per barrel for the season, from October to May, or
about 10 cents per month per barrel for short storage.
In the season of 1904-5 the full charge is generally 40 cents.
When sent to cold storage, eggs usually pay 35 to 40
cents per case of 30 dozen for the season of six months, or
10 cents per case per month for short storage. In warm
weather a charge is frequently made of 10 cents per case for
candling, work which must necessarily be repeated in the
course of a few weeks, unless the eggs are sold in the mean-
time. During the season of candling, the loss through bad
eggs runs from one-half dozen, which would be called first-
class, to about two dozen per case of 40 dozen or occasion-
ally higher.
Wool commission charges are not uniform, nor yet
greatly different in the end, taking one market with another.
66 AMERICAN AQRICULTURIST
Commissions are 1 to 1V6 cents per pound but due to compe-
tition among brokers are often somewhat shaded. Charges
outside of freights and commissions include such items as
cartage, storage, interest on money advanced, etc. In Bos-
ton, cartage about 8 cents per bag, storag^e not charged usu-
ally, but if long held about 6 cents per bag per month, inter-
est 6% per annum on advances. New York, cartage 5 cents
per 100 pounds, and if wool is ifehandled for closer grading,
a charge is sometimes made of % cent per pound, but this ia
seldom an item of expense. Chicago, cartage 6 cents per
bag, commission 1 cent per pound, this usually coverihgr the
charges for grading, weighing, etc. San Francisco, cartage
10 cents per bale, storage per month 15 cents per bale, insur*
ance per month 20 cents on each $100, com^misslon ^ cent per
pound, interest on advances rate of 10%.
In the subjoined table, the commission charges at various
points apply as a rule to relatively small lots; business in a
large way often being conducted at special rates according
to previous agreement.
ACTUAL COMMISSIONS CHARGED FOR HANDLING.
»i»i»**i >— ^^ifcw Y bI I* ■■— ■.■ ■■■■.■ - ■ ■ — ...■- ^,1 - ■ ■ , ■ - - ■ • — -■ — - . - - i**- "% J ITT
^ S ^ I
I I SS 3 « S ^ 1^
^ fiQ ^io, o o m t/a
% % '% % '% ""%" * *
Butter 555 10 5555
Eggs 5 5 5 10 5 5 5 6
Poultry 555 10 5655
Hides 2®3 5 6 5 5 5 6 a^@)6
Apples 10 20cbbl5@10 8(3)10 10(^15 5@10 6 8
Oranges 8(5)10 8 10 8(^10 10 10 10 8
Small fruits 5(S)10 8 10 7(5)10 10 10 10 8
Dried fruits 5^)10 4@)10 5 5@10 10 5 5 5 '
Potatoes 5@10 8 7#10 10 5c bu 5(9)10 5 5
Onions 10 8 7@10 10 10@15 5#10 B 6
Fresh vegetables ...5@10 5(g)8 10 10 10 10 10 8
Veals 5 30c 5 — 5 5 10 2m
Wool Iclb Iclb 5 Iclb — lo lb 5 2%
HOW TO MAKE A CHOICE OF A BROKER.
Due care should be exercised in the selection of a Com-
mission merchant or broker. In cities of any considerable
importance, and in many of the large towns, honorable mem-
bers of this class of traders can always be found. If en-
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 9ft
tirely unacquainted, your local banker may be able to fur-
nish you some particulars about the standing of individual
commission concerns; and if any of the mercantile agencies,
such as Bradstreet or Dun, is available, much more can be
learned, although none of these instrumentalities can always
know to a certainty whether a business house is inclined to
be tricky even though the same may have a bank account
and pay its bills promptly.
RATES FOR HANDLING CAR LOTS.
Goods sold on track in full cars naturally exact a smaller
bill of expense than where handled in a small way, commis-
sion rates ranging usually from 2% to 5%; this" applies par-
ticularly to such articles as apples, potatoes, etc. Demurrage
is a charge made by railroads for the delay or detention of
cars beyond the time usually allowed for loading and unload-
ing; 48 hours is usually considered the proper time for this
work. Perishable goods are of course promptly withdrawn
and distributed. In New York, such goods as hides, dried
fruits, etc., are charged $1 per day per car after the first 48
hours. In Philadelphia, the demurrage on apples or potatoes
Is $2 per car, and on poultry in barrels 25 cents per package.
In such western points as Columbus, Chicago, Cincinnati
and St. Louis, the rate is about $1 per car per day, while In
San Francisco as high as $3 per day is charged. These reg-
ulations are not ironclad, however, but subject to the will
of transportation companies, depending upon the favor they
care to show shippers, and in many Instances are not en-
forced.
THE QUESTION OF SHRINKAGE
is a difficult one to handle. Butter will frequently show a
loss of one pound to the tub, poultry one pound or more to
100 pounds originally shipped, hides fully 3%, oranges, fresh
fruits and vegetables 5 to 20%, dried fruits 1 to 2%. Dressed
veal shrinks two to four pounds per carcass, and there is
sometimes a shrinkage of 2 to 4% in wool for the first month.
If the car is tight and the weights correct at point of
shipment, there ought to be little shrinkage in grain, either
in bulk or sacked. The shrinkage in weight in cattle, hogs
and sheep is considerable. Irrespective of frequent loss
through overloading, resulting in serious injury or death of
one or more animals. This natural loss in weight, however,
is made up wholly or in part by liberal feeding and watering
of live stock at point of sale Just before going on the scales
to be weighed.
<S AMIDBIOAN AORICULTUBIBT
The Grain Trade
ITS INS AND OUTS IN WORLD'S MARKET PLACES.
The United States longr since took its place as a surplus
country in the production of the great cereal crops. This is
true all along the line. We produce much more wheat than
is needed for home consumption, and the surplus is available
for export in the form of both wheat and flour. The wheat
crop of 1904 was far short of a full one, but in years of liberal
production like that of the two preceding seasons we can
easily spare 200,000,000 bushels wheat for foreign mouths.
Most of the grain Js consumed in the countries, where grown,
if export trade is normally large. Foreigners want our oats
when the prl<le Is low, and there Is always more or less ex-
port trade in other grains, and in field seeds. Of course,
after all, the home market is the best.
What interests the American farmer isr the widest char-
acter in the demand for our surplus, whether from home or
foreign sources. There is always this important surplus for
home requirements to dispose of. This is true of the local or
village market, which will absorb a large part of the garden
crop of a single community; it is so in the larger sense of
country wide production and distribution of grain, and live
Stock, and cotton. In the single instance of our cereal crops
sucU enormous quantities are placed on the markets of the
world that it is important producers should understand some
of the methods it^ vogue in handling these^farm products.
The grain trade is divided primarily into two divisions, the
cash and the speculative branches. These are in many in-
stances so closely related and interwoven that it is frequent-
ly impossible to tell Just where the legitimate crosses the
line into purely speculative channels. Furthermore, the
transactions in the actual property are frequently influenced
by the position of the speculative markets, these at times
going far to control fluctuations from day to day. But in
the main, the irrefragable law of supply and demand holds
sway.
THE MAKING OF THE PRICE LEVER.
That the price of a commodity is higher or lower to-day
than it was yesterday, or will be to-morrow, is due to a
multiplicity of influences. A factor of the highest impor-
tance and greatest force, at one time, may be relegated to
the background at another and be apparently of no coiMie-
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 69
quence. Again, influences legritimate in every sense, and
which would ordinarily leave their impress on values, are at
times arbitrarily set aside by something entirely unexpected
and unforeseen, but which for the moment wields great
power. This general fact is much more true of such farm
crops as the leading cereals, where speculation is greatly in
evidence, than of such products as have no part in specula-
tion, for various reasons — live stock, poultry and fruits and
vegetables, either perishable in nature, or of such a charac-
ter as to preclude any thought of bargaining and sale for
future delivery in the truly speculative sense.
Probably in no product of agriculture are so many influ-
ences forceful in moving values up and down as in wheat;
and this is here taken as an example portraying these things.
Factors other than supply and demand include such as crop
conditions at home and abroad, the foreign situation, politi-
cal disturbances, either in this or foreign countries, tariff
or other national legislation, forces exhibited by the concen-
trated capital daily enlisted in speculation, and last but by
no means least, sentiment. Daily fluctuations in the price
of grain, making their impress upon every bushel the farmer
has to sell, and often upon other crops not. yet seeded, are
first registered on the big exchanges of this country and
Europe.
Strange as it may seem to those who have not given the
subject particular study, England and western Europe large-
ly control the price of grain throughout the world. The
United States, Russia, Argentina, India, Australia, etc. —
countries which ordinarily produce more than they can con-
sume — pour their surplus into that great industrial territory
indicated. England, Germany, the Netherlands, etc., natu-
rally buy where they can get the goods cheapest. With the
surplus countries of the world looking to western . Europe
for an outlet, it is therefore not strange that London, Ant-
werp and Berlin have much to do with determining the price
the Dakota farmer will get for his wheat, or the Kansas
farmer for his corn.
THE WORLD'S BEST CUSTOMER.
Of the entire world's crops of cereals, only 7 to 10% are
exported from the countries where grown, the remainder
being consumed at home. But, as most of this surplus, enor-
mous when measured in bushels, looks to England and a
few European countries for an outlet, the latter have a very
powerful voice in shaping values. This means in effect that
to AlrfERiCAl^ AGRlCliLTUili^
ih the lohg run the ^aih tharltGts are mdde very \A¥JS&y
!n the cohsliming countries of westel-h Bul*op^, Which iafe
ehdblea Ih a flegtee to dictate to the rest 6t the Wdfld what
they Shall pay; bUt not always in seasons c>f g6ft§httl cfop
shortages.
SHAPING INFLUENCES IN GRAIN PRICES.
A hiimber of Influences, varying In their pbwef*, tti&y
aiWa^s be depended upon to shape grain prlCes. tf tHSfe
IS a crop shortag:e, either at hortie or abroad, this t^hdS to
strengthen the market, and so with the conditloh df Ihe
g:i'dWihg and niatui'lng crop. If the winter wh^at arfea goes
iiito the ground in rather pbot* condition, with libsslBlSr k
decreksed acreage, the fact is ifiade the most of; if it is SiiB-
jected to a haM winter, pierhaps with alternkte tHaW Arid
f revise in February and Mat-ch, this is cohdiiciivfe tb cf6p
scares and higher prices. Then there is a possibility 5f daifl-
age later In the §ea^on through droUth, insect pefets or early
ftostis in the autiimfi prior to full maturity. The pofeitibh of
stocks, both in sight and coinprislhg what is kndwh M§ the
"visible supply," and the indeterminable amount alwkys In
farmers' hands, are always closely watdhed by opfefatdrs, fth
apipareht partial exhaustion serving ks k stithiiius, and a
plethora as a deterrent. Occasional threatenlngs of war in
Europe, suggestive of disturbances to farmihg bt^erations
there, are usually favorable to higher prices.
The exJ)ort movement of grain and flour iS alWays dlos^-
ly watched, and if large, favors highfei* prices. In this saiHe
cohnedtion, repotted shott stocks in foreign coUntrlefe afe
alsb helpful. In addition to all the^e influenceis nkm@Q,
siiecUlatlve manipulation of the markets, sometimes d^VfelOlJ-
Ing into positive corners, and conducted by Shrewd tiibrieyed
operktors, whO perhaps ignore in a degree rekl legitiiHate
elements, at times fOrdes prides mktferially higher.
The convet-se is true in a generkl way in influencing the
grain markets toward k loWet level. H^avy crot)s at hdtfie,
either present or prospective, the accumulation df a llb^fkl
surplus, the recognition of big farm reserves. So with heavy
yields abro&d, Whidh ^Ithet* feflude the necessities of import-
ing countries, or perhaps increase the exportable surplus of
countries which compete in the world's markets \VilH the
United States. Wheh the markets are dull it is an eapy
mktter for bearish speculators to depress pricesj through a
littl§ vigbtdUs selling; because at such times other Operators,
ev§h thdugTi favorable to higher prices, refuse to offef Sub-
part, dWlhg t§ lack Qt iteah bUyirig ift^ehtlte.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 71
HANDLING THE ACTUAL GRAIN.
Thus an incalculable number of influences, some of them
purely speculative, are always at work in shaping the price
of every bushel of grain marketed day by day. And buyers
of the actual property, either for local distribution, for mill,
for shipment to distant points or abroad, are always largely
dependent upon the speculative end of the market. Grain
shipped by farmers and interior dealers to the big distribut-
ing centers, such as Chicago, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Toledo,
etc., is inspected and graded upon arrival. A certain propor-
tion of it known as ''contract grades," i. e., grain good
enough to be delivered on speculative contracts, is not imme-
diately offered on the open market, perhaps going to All
sales previously made, or sent to public warehouses for
later disposal.
SELLING BY SAMPLE.
A large part of the grain is sold by sample, even though
Inspected and graded, seller and buyer meeting on common
ground and flxing the price according to the merits of the
property. The big trading halls of the exchanges include
large numbers of sample tables. Here are displayed care-
fully drawn samples representing the average of every car
of grain, flour, seed or mill stuffs on sale that day. Buyer
and seller soon agree upon a price, transactions are quickly
closed, payment is made by check, and the business is all
done on a strictly cash basis. Farmers in our great grain
states as a rule sell direct to dealer at country shipping
point, but a large number in the aggregate load their own
grain into car and ship to one of the big markets. Here the
expenses for selling include such items as freight, inspec-
tion, commission, and at times other features, as switching
and demurrage charges.
BEST FOREIGN MARKETS FOR AMERICAN GRAIN.
Liverpool and London are great centers for handling
American wheat and corn, vast quantities also going to con-
tinental and other foreign ports. The grain is shipped both
In bag and in bulk, some of the ocean vessels containing
10,000 tons. The grain is at once unloaded and placed in
warehouses built alongside the docks. Most of the American
grain is sold to the foreign buyer before being shipped, and
at a certain figure which includes freight, insurance charges,
72 AMERICAN AORICUL.TURI8T
etc., the trading price here being groverned very largely by
the world's markets also. Wheat sold at $1 per bushel by
the producer will, with railroad freights in America, ocean
freights across the Atlantic, and various warehouse and
brokerage charges on the English side, increase in price
about 15 cents, or in other words will be worth 11.15 when
it reaches the foreign miller. A very large business is done
in London in buying and selling full cargoes or shiploads.
Speculative trading in grain is followed extensively in Liver-
pool, Antwerp, Berlin and Paris.
Wheat
DISTRIBUTING THE WORLD'S WHEAT CROPS.
It might almost be said that there is a wheat harvest
for every day in the year, so universal is this greatest of all
bread staples. It is grown in every civilized portion of the
globe, in both northern and southern hemispheres, particu-
larly in wide stretches of the temperate zones. New Zealand
and Chili harvest in January, Argentina, South Africa,
Australia and Burmah in November and December. During
the intermediate months, work of this character is going on
in some portions of the world. The world's wheat crop now
approximates 3000 million bushels. Of this the United States
produces a larger proportion than any single country and is
credited with an annual yield of 20 to 28% of the whole
production.
The principal wheat growers of the world are the United
States, Russia, France, India, Austria-Hungary, Germany
and Argentina, in about the order named. Germany, France
and India consume most of the wheat grown within their
own borders, the others each year have a liberal surplus,
which is marketed, chiefly in western Europe.
The big buyers of wheat are first and foremost, the
United Kingdom, which raises a crop of about 55 to 65 mil-
lion bushels annually, but requires in addition nearly 200
millions more. Much of the continent of Europe is an im-
porter of wheat and flour. France, while/ an enormous pro-
ducer of wheat, is liable to require net imports each year of
12 to 20 million bushels, and occasionally as high as 50
millions and upward. Germany needs annual net imports
of 25 to 50 million bushels; Belgium, 25 to 45; Holland, 12 to
16; Italy, 20 to 40; Switzerland about 15, and others enough
to make a grand total for all importing countries of 3&0 to
TBAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 73
400 miUlon bushels annually. Stated differently, the average
weekly wheat and flour requirements of western Europe are
equivalent to 7,000,000 bushels and upward.
WHEAT MOVEMENT AND MARKET.
From threshing machine and farm granary to flour mills,
both at home and abroad, a large part of the surplus wheat
crop rests temporarily at what are known as primary mar-
kets. These include Chicago, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Du-
luth, St. Louis, Toledo, Detroit, Kansas City and Peoria.
Most of these cities are points of wheat accumulation, par-
ticularly in winter, a time prior to the opening of cheap
water navigation, when grain moves rapidly toward tide-
water to be available for ocean-going vessels. The leading
secondary or seaboard markets are New York, Boston, Phil-
adelphia, Baltimore, New Orleans, Galveston, Newport News
and -San Francisco. At all these points extensive shipping
interests are engaged in forwarding to foreign ports. Ex-
ports of wheat and wheat in the form of flour vary greatly
according to domestic supply and foreign requirements.
THE MODERATE WHEAT CROP OP 1904.
Due to adverse influences, which developed late in the
season, the United States wheat crop of 1904 fell far short
of the bumper yields of the three preceding seasons. The
winter wheat crop was estimated at 327,489,000 bushels,
spring 227,224,000, an aggregate .of 554,713,000 bushels. This
may be compared with 703,500,000 bushels in 1903, 760 in 1902
and 752 millions in 1901.
m many respects the past season was the most remark^
able ever experienced in the history of the crop reporting of
this country. Disaster and damage pursued the crop from
seed time to .harvest. The area brought to harvest was very
much less than that of the preceding year, this accounting
tor most of the loss, although the rate of yield for the
country at large was only 11% bushels to the acre, against
nearly 13 bushels the preceding season. Part of the decrease
In area occurred in the fall of 1903, when on account of the
generally unfavorable conditions attending the preparation
of the seed bed, it was not possible to plant the full acreage
intended. An additional decrease occurred in the winter
wheat belt, especially In the Ohio valley, as the result of
winterkilling, and the substituting of spring crops. A fur-
74
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
ther decrease was due to the abandonment of fields. In the
spring wheat territory the crop was cut down sharply by
rust, particularly in the.Dakotas and Minnesota.
P^ARM STOCKS OF WHEAT FOR 15 YEARS.
[U. S. department of agriculture. Amount on hand March 1.]
Yeiir
•Farm price.
Bushels cents Year
•Farm price,
Bushels cents
1904 133.000,000
1903 164,000.000
1902 174,000,000
1901 128,000,000
1900 159.000,000
1899 198,000.000
1898 121.000.000
1897 88,000.000
1896 123,000.000
1895 127.000.000
1894 137,000,000
1893 153,000,000
69.5 1892 171,000.000 83.9
63.0 1891 143.000,000 83.8
62.4 1890 156.000.000 69.8
61.9 1889 llo.OOO.OOO 92.6
58.4 1888 132,000,000 68.1
58.2 1887 130.000.000 68.7
80.8 1886 117.000.000 77.1
71.6 1885 169,000,000 64.5
50.9 1884 119,000,000 91.1
49.1 1883 143,000,000 88.2
53.8 1882 113,000,000 119.2
62.4
♦Average price on farms preceding December.
IMPOIITS GRAIN. COTTON AND OTHER CROPS INTO U. S.
[In thousands.]
-9
,23
.0)
►OB
0) a>
a
1
1
1
seed,
els
tobac-
uunds,
Year
June
Flou
0.a
«J3
1
E5
^•5
OS 01
1904.. 47
17
171
33
91
49
10
6
114
213
31,162
1903.. •
1,077
40
137
•
56
75
8
5
293
129
34,016
1902.. ♦
119
18
25
•
57
99
9
6
48
477
29,429
1901.. ♦
600
5
21
*
171
47
7
4
143
1,632
26,851
1900.. •
317
2
41
*
190
67
7
3
144
67
20.619
1899.. ♦
1,871
4
12
«
110
50
6
4
20
82
14,035
1898.. 2
2,047
3
9
33
125
53
6
4
4
138
10.477
1897.. 2
1,6?.4
6
46
•
1,272
52
9
5
120
105
13.805
1896.. 1
2,110
4
48
*
837
55
8
8
303
755
32,883
1895.. 2
1,430
17
308
13
2,117
49
i
7
202
4,166
26,668
1894.. •
1,181
2
8
*
791
28
5
2
87
593
19,663
1893.. ♦
966
2
21
9
1,970
43
7
5
104
112
28,110
1892.. •
2.4GO
15
20
84
3,146
29
8
5
80
285
21,989
1891.. 8
546
2
10
141
5,079
21
6
11
58
1,516
23,061-
1890.. 1
157
2
21
198
11,333
8
8
37
125
2,391
28.721
1889.. 1
131
2
22
•
11,366
8
8
56
105
3,259
20,107
1888.. 3
583
37
68
•
10,831
5
6
48
100
1.584
18.600
1887.. 1
278
31
87
18
10,356
4
7
33
78
415
17.619
* Less than 1000. t In millions of pounds.
TSAR BOOK AXn> MMMAQ 76
WHEAT ACJtBAaB AND YIS2U> BY BTATBS.
WINTSR.
r— AoreB*-— — > At. yiold,bu. ^^ -isusiitiiF*
Cropef 1904 1908 1908 1004 1908 1902 1904 19 8
N. Y 485 539 539 11.5 16.5 16.5 5,578 8,894 fj^
Pa J,519 1.616 1,600 14.0 15.3 15.0 21,266 24.725 24,000
Tex 1,167 1.215 1.125 11.2 15.5 10.9 13,070 18333 12.W8
Ark. 275 345 375 9.5 7.0 8.5 2.613 2.415 3.X8t
Tenn 880 1.092 1.040 U.7 7.1 7.5 9,711 7,753 7.80C
W. Vft 356 445 450 10.5 10.0 7.5 3.738 4,450 3.378
Ky 880 1.312 1,200 12.0 8.5 8.5 10,200 X0,302 10,200
1.650 2,390 2,490 10.6 14.1 16.9 17,490 33,699 42,081
Mich 801 1,027 1.017 8.0 15.8 17.0 6,408 16.229 17,280
Ind 1.80B 2,677 2,850 9.5 12.0 16.1 17,148 32,124 42,665
III 1.524 1.772 1.772 14.2 10.5 19.0 21,641 18,606 .S3,66g
Wis 108 120 125 14.0 15.8 16.5 1.512 1,896 2,06$
mnn 100 106 95 13.0 15.0 11.0 1,300 1,575 J,045
Ift 70 77 83 12.0 15.6 19.0 840 1.201 l.ilJ
Mo 2,650 2.928 3,050 10.8 9.0 19.6 28,620 26.352 59.780
Kgn 5.700 6,051 4.034 11.6 15.0 10 6 66,120 90.765 42,760
N«b 1.848 2,168 1.885 11.9 16.3 22.0 21.991 35,388 41,470
cm 1,500 2,519 2.597 11.0 12.3 14.5 16,600 30,984 37.657
Ore 291 aOO 323 21.5 20.0 .) 6,257 6,000 6.525
Wash 363 382 424 27.5 21.2 26. 9,983 8,098 11,194
Olda 1,359 1,720 1,470 9.2 16.6 11.9 12,503 28,552 17,493
Other 3,300 3,672 3,636 10.0 9.5 10.0 33,000 34.884 36.360
Total .,.28,551 34,3 72 31 ,980 11.5 12.9 14 .5 327, 4«9 4^.675 463,191
*In round thousands of acres and bushels]^
SPRJNa.
""" '^^ — Acres* > ' Av. yield, bu. ~r Busheli * - ' ^
Crop of 1904 1903 1902 1 904 1903 1902 1904 1903 1902
N. E 10 10 10 20.0 17.0 17.5 200 170 "176
Mich 33 33 33 8.5 12.5 16.9 280 413 658
III 114 114 114 14.2 10.5 18.5 1,619 1,197 2.109
Wis 581 612 577 10.5 13.9 17.0 6.101 8,507 9,809
Minn 6.909 5.969 6,091 11.2 11.6 12.3 66,181 69.240 74,819
I&. 1,08S 1,094 1.152 12.0 12.4 14.9 12,996 13.566 17^86
Kan 50 91 91 11.0 15.0 10.0 550 1.365 910
Neb 827 1,069 1,125 11.6 10.0 14.5 9,593 10,690 16.313
N. P 4.661 4,681 4.545 10.5 11.8 16.3 48.941 65.836 75.084
8. D 4.033 3,878 4.040 8.2 13.8 12.2 33.071 53,516 49,228
Cal 88 92 105 11.0 11.0 13.0 968 1.012 1.365
On. 690 680 627 19.4 18.8 20.6 13,386 13,008 12,916
Wftsh 925 916 826 36.1 21.2 26.1 24.143 19.420 21.559
Other 724 827 909 12.7 13.5 16.5 9,195 12,486 14,999
^otal ...li».728 20 ,17 6 20,245 iTe iSis 14.6 227,224 25 9,826 297.169
•In round thousands of acr^s and bushels.
76
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
THE WORLD'S WHEAT CROP.
[In millions of bushels.]
Crop of 1903 1902 1901 1900 1899 1898 1897 1896
Europe.
France 366 352 264 325 360 365 248 340
Russia proper ) 324 317 312 •332 215 300
Poland \ aQll 608 13 20 21 21 17 20
Caucasia ) 56 56 56 52 30 46
Hungary 151 170 126 141 140 118 93 140
Austria 48 48 41 40 49 44 32 42
Croatia and Slavonia 13 12 9 11 8 11 2 6
Herzegovina and Bosnia... 22221222
Italy 179 132 126 116 132 133 88 134
Germany 132 143 92 140 140 132 105 110
Spain 104 112 116 89 97 •lOS 100 70
Portugal 8 10 JO 8 6 8 10 6
Roumania 71 73 70 55 24 *5S 29 80
Bulgaria J r- 44 27 26 20 •32 25 40
Eastern Roumelia i 6 5 3 6 3 8
Servia 11 12 8 9 11 11 7 14
Turkey-in-Europe 20 20 16 16 12 22 16 22
Greece 7 3 2 2 2 3 3 5
United Kingdom 48 58 53 52 67 74 54 59
Belgium 12 13 12 12 13 16 19 19
Holland 4 7 4 5 5 6 5 6
Switzerland 44444444
Sweden 53444445
Denmark 44233255
Norway 11111111
Cyprus, Malta, etc 22222222
Total Europe 1865 1833 1390 1461 1493 1564 1119 1485
America.
United States 640 680 720 600 584 712 590 470
Canada 80 94 84 44 58 65 60 38
Mexico 16 16 16 16 16 16 15 15
Argentina 136 104 48 72 101 108 60 25
Chili 14 14 8 8 8 11 16 13
Uruguay 68468263
Total America 892 916 880 746 775 814 747 564
Asia.
India 304 292 228 248 184 232 205 206
Turkey-in-Asia 3228282832405040
Persia 16 14 15 16 16 17 20 20
Japan 16 16 16 16 20 20 14 14
Total Asia 368 350 287 308 252 309 289 280
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 77
THE WORLD'S WHEAT CROP-Continued.
Crop of 1903 1902 1901 1900 1899 1898 1897^1896
Africa.
Alireria 34 33 23 17 12 27 16 18
Tunis 8 8 6 5 4 6 6 6
Epypt 88898867
The Cape 44444442
Total Africa 54 53 41 35 28 46 32 33
Australasia.
Victoria 24.'' 3 15 17 16 19 12 7
South Australia 15 6 8 11 8 8 6 8
New Zealand 8 7 4 6 8 10 10 7
New South Wales 28 1 18 13 8 8 7 7
Tasmania 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
Other Australia 4 1 2 2 1 1 1 1
Total Australasia 80 19 48 50 42 48 37 26
World's total 32 5 9 3171 2 646 2600 2590 2780 2224 2388
a Most recent estimate of central statistical committee, prob*
ably an overestimate.
* Believed to have been overestimated.
N. B.— The crops are those harvested prior to the first Sep-
tember in the years mentioned, excepting in the cases of Aus-
tralasia, Argentina, Uruguay, The Cape and Chili, which a1*e
those of the November-February following. These figures are
taken from the Liverpool Corn Trade News, and so far as the
United States is concerned, differ somewhat from American
AiSrrleulturist's compilations.
WORLD PRODUCT OF GOLD AND SILVER,
[In round millions.]
/ Gold , , Silver ^
Fine Fine Com'l Coln'g
__^ ounoM Value ou n ces v alue valut
1903 15 $330 170 $91 $219""
1902 14 295 166 88 216
1901 12 262 173 103 m
1900 12 254 173 X07 2«4
1899 » 14 306 168 101 217
1898 13 386 169 99 »18
Yearly average, 1893 to 1898 8 194 162 108 210
Yearly average, 1883 to 1893 5 114 109 108 141
Yearly averace, 1873 to 1883 4 93 69 7C fi2
Yearly average, 1860 to 1673 G 125 42 56 64
78 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
30 YEARS OF WHEAT PRICES AT CHICAGO—NO. 2 CASH.
[In cents per bushel.]
Year Jan. May July Sept. Dec.
1904 82® 94 100@106 95@112 106@il8 r08@ir2
1903 70@ 79 70@ 84 75^ 84 74@ 93 80@ 83
1902 74® 80 72@ 76 7W 79 70@ 96 72@ 77
1901 71@ 76 70@ 75 68@ 71 68@ 71 73@ 79
1900 61@ 67 63@ 67 74@ 81 72(^)79 69@ 74
1899 66@ 76 68@ 79 68@ 75 69(^75 64@ 69
1898 89^110 117(§yl85 , 65@ 88 62@ 68 62@ 70
1897 71(3)94 68@ 98 .68(^80 85@101 88@109
1896 55@ 69 57@ 68 54(^62 55^70 74# 93
1895 48(3) 55 60@ 85 61@) 75 55@ 65 34<3l 60
1894 59@ 64 53(3)60 50^60 50@ 56 62<9 57
1893 72(3) 78 68(3) 76 54@ 66 62(^ 70 69@ 65
1892 84(3)91 80@ 86 76@ 80 71(3)75 69^)73
1891 87(3) 96 99(5)108 84(8) 95 90(3)100 89(3) 94
1890 74(g) 78 89^100 85@ 94 96(3)105 87@ 93
1889 92(3)102 77(3)87 76(3)85 75Cd) 83 76@ 80
1888 75@ 79 80@ 90 79(3)86 90(3)200 97(3)106
1887 77@ 80 80(3) 89 67(3) 71 67(3) 72 75@ 80
1886 77(g) 85 72@ 79 73@ 79 72(g) 77 76@ 80
1885 76@ 82 86@ 91 85@ 91 76@ 87 83@ 89
1884 88(g) 96 85@ 95 79@ 85 73@ 80 89(3)76
1883 93@104 107@114 96@103 92^100 94@ 99
1882 125@135 123(3)129 126@136 97^108 90@ 95
1881 95(3)100 101@113 108(g)122 120(g)141 124@)130
1880 114@133 112(9)119 86@ 97 87(gl 96 93(8)1U
1879 81(3) 87 90@103 88@105 85(0)106 122@134
1875 88(S) 91 89@107 99@129 105(3)119 93(3)104
1873 119(3)126 122@134 114@146 89@121 105^117
According to records kept by the Chicago Trade Bulletin,
wheat touched $1.61 in August, 1872; $2.47 in August. 1869; $2.85 in
May, 1867, and sold at a range of 80 cents to $1.15 in 1863.
The dandelion produces 12,000 seeds per plant; thistle, 65,000;
burdock, 43,000, and plantain, 44,000.
One pound of sheep's wool will produce one yard of best
cloth.
A silk thread is three times as strong as one of flax the
same thickness.
Beets yield 12 to 13% of their weight in sugar.
In writing to the advertiser say: **I saw your adv in one of
the old reliable American Agriculturist weeklies."
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 79
VISIBLE SUPPLY OF WHEAT IN U. S. AND CANADA.
[In millions of bushels, first week in each month.]
Teay Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr, May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
1904 38 39 34 32 30 20 14 13 13 18 28 37
1903 50 48 47 42 33 23 16 13 13 19 25 32,
1902 59 58 54 48 38 26 19 22 21 26 32 46
1901 61 59 57 54 47 37 30 30 28 37 41 55
1900 58 54 54 54 50 45 47 48 50 55 60 62
1899 27 28 29 30 27 26 34 38 35 42 51 56
1898 39 36 33 30 23 22 15 9 7 11 17 24
1897 55 48 43 39 34 24 18 18 15 21 29 35
1S96 70 66 63 60 56 50 47 46 46 50 59 56
1S95 88 83 79 74 62 52 45 39 35 42 53 64
1894 80 80 76 71 65 59 54 60 67 71 80 85
1893 81 81 79 78 73 71 62 59 57 63 71 78
1892 46 43 42 41 38 30 24 24 36 48 65 73
1S91 26 24 23 22 21 16 13 17 20 28 36 42
1890 34 31 29 27 23 22 20 18 18 17 21 25
1889 38 35 32 29 25 20 14 13 14 19 26 33
1888 44 42 38 34 32 26 24 22 29 32 33 36
1887 63 62 58 52 47 43 34 33 31 31 34 40
1886 58 55 52 49 43 35 28 35 43 51 56 60
1885 48 48 48 48 44 41 41 40 43 45 52 56
3884 36 33 35 32 24 19 15 14 18 26 36 43
1883 21 22 23 23 21 20 19 18 21 27 31 33
1882 18 18 17 12 11 9 10 14 12 13 16 20
1881 29 28 26 21 19 15 16 17 20 19 21 20
Com
So enormous is the annual corn crop of the United States
that the average person loses sight of the relatively small
production in the outside world. Argentina and Austria
grow considerable quantities, but aside from the countries
named the production of maize is small. The world's crop
on a full year will approximate 3,000,000,000 bushels, and of
this five-sixths will be found in the United States. During
the past two or three years, the prominence of Argentina
as a corn grower has attracted much attention, especially
as most of the crop produced in that country is surplus
which is available for Europe, and competing directly with
our own.
But all in all, our farmers practically enjoy a monopoly
in this great cereal, producing something like four-fifths of
the world's crop, Austria-Hungary grows considerable
quantities, and so with other countries in eastern Europe,
80 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
Italy, Egypt, etc. While Canada is important as a grower
of wheat, oats, barley, etc., little advance has been made in
corn culture in recent years, owing to the short season for
crop growth.
WORLD-WIDE DISTRIBUTION.
While the production of corn in the United Stajtes greatly
exceeds that of all other countries put together, the propor-
tion seeking a foreign outlet is comparatively small. This is
due to the fact that the crop is very largely consumed in
the coimtries where grown, and also the necessity of the
surplus states providing needed requirements for consump-
tive purposes in many portions of the east and south. In an
dccasional year when our crop is large and price low, we
export 200,000,000 bushels and upward, but this is- only 8 or
10% of the crop. When prices are com^jaratively high, as
during the pasit two years, foreigners see«i to be able to get
along without very much American corn, and our exports
fall off to small proportions. This, will be shown in tables
elsewhere, indicating the foreign movement of our principal
farm crops. Western Europe conitimies the chiefest buyer of
our com surplus.
But the amount availab-le for foreign markets is rela-
tively very much less than in wheat, owing to the heavy
feeding of live stock. In the mechanic arts corn is put to
various uses not dreamed of years ago. The glucose indus-
try has developed rapidly, requiring large quantities of corn,
and there is here a resultant valuable by-product suitable
for live stock ration^. Corn oil in manufactures is coming
into some prominence. Progressive millers are constantly
introducing new cereal foods into which corn largely enters,
and lastly, the pith and fiber of cornstalks are being trans-
formed into valuable material.
THE CORN CROP OF THE UNITED STATES.
As already noted, this is far and away greater than the
corn crop of any other country. Furthermore, our domestic
crop of corn greatly exceeds the production in other cereals,
wheat, oats, etc., both in tonnage and value. The area given
to corn has in(>reased slightly year by year, until a round
100,000,000 acres given over to this crop does not seem so
very remote. Taking the country at large, the average an-
nual rate of yield per acre is 23 to 27 bushels, and in excep-
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 81
tlonally good years a little more. The estimated rate of yield
in 1904 was 27.7 bushels. Seven states in the middle and cen-
tral west, known as the great surplus states, show aggre-
gate yields very much ahead of other parts of the country.
These include Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois,
Indiana and Ohio. Among other very important corn states
are Kentucky, Tennessee, Texas, etc., and it is a noteworthy
fact that the corn belt in the last few years has crept north
rapidly, and good crops are now secured in considerable
areas in Minnesota and the Dakotas, Wisconsin, Michigan,
etc., where a generation ago such would have been thought
impossible.
VISIBLE SUPPLY OP CORN IN U. S. AND CANADA.
[In round-millions of bushels, first week of month named.]
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
1904 6 7 9 10 8 4 6 6 4 6 2 —
1903 7 8 11 10 6 5 7 7 6 9 7 5
1902 12 12 10 9 6 4 6 7 3 3 3 4
1901 11 15 20 22 19 16 14 13 13 14 13 11
1900 13 15 20 23 18 12 11 12 5 8 8 9
1899 21 28 33 33 22 13 14 10 7 12 13 12
1898 38 40 41 43 27 21 23 18 17 21 24 20
1897 20 23 26 25 17 14 16 17 31 37 45 40
1896 6 12 13 17 11 10 9 12 14 14 19 17
1895 11 13 13 13 9 11 9 5 5 5 5 6
1894 10 15 19 17 10 8 5 4 3 4 3 5
1893 11 14 16 15 10 8 8 7 6 9 8 7
1892 7 7 10 12 6 4 8 7 8 11 13 11
1891 333336447832
1890 9 12 14 21 13 14 14 12 8 9 7 2
1889 10 13 16 17 12 12 9 7 12 12 8 6
1888 6 7 9 9 8 9 11 8 8 10 11 7
1887 14 16 16 19 19 13 10 8 6 7 8 5
1886 8 7 11 16 12 8 9 9 12 13 13 11
1885 456985545554
1884 10 13 14 17 12 8 7 4 4 7 5 5
1883 9 11 14 18 17 14 13 11 11 14 10 9
1882 17 18 14 10 8 10 7 6 6 7 4 6
1881 16 17 16 14 13 10 15 16 23 27 26 19
We guarantee the reliability of every advertisement in the
American Agriculturist weeklies, and will make good any loss
which any subscriber may sustain, while his subscription lasts,
by trusting any advertiser who may prove to be a deliberate
swindler.
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
CORN ACREAGE IN U. S. AND YIELD BY STATES.
[Total acres and total bushels in thousands.]
, Acres— \ A v. yield, bu. / Bushels ■■%
Crop of 1904 1908 1902 1904 1908 1902 1904 1908 1902
111 9,646 9.457 9,650 37.6 31.2 38.0 861,726 296.068 366,700
la 8,795 8,069 8,275 37.2 39.1 36.5 327,174 234,808 329,263
Neb 7.554 7,263 7.411 34.8 28.8 34.5 262,879 209,174 265,680
Mo 5.844 6,025 6,925 25.9 29.0 36.8 151,360 174,725 254,840
Kan 6,540 7,426 7.735 22.6 26.3 28.5 147.804 195,304 220,448
Ind 4,729 4,504 4,550 33.2 34.3 37.5 157,003 154,487 170,625
Ohio 3.865 3,752 3,950 32.7 30.0 36.5 126,386 112,560 144.176
Ky 3,346 3,313 3,415 27.7 26.9 26.0 92,684 89,120 88,790
Tenn 3,355 3,322 3,425 27.0 26.7 22.8 90,585 88,697 78,090
Tex 5.676 5,565 5,351 28.1 27.0 13.5 159,496 150,265 72,239
Ark 2,559 2,485 2,485 21.5 18.3 21.3 55,019 45,476 52.931
Wis 1,777 1,742 1,725 33.1 28.6 29.1 58,819 49.821 50,198
Mich 1,484 1,530 1,577 31.0 35.4 30.0 46.004 64.162 47,310
Minn 1.686 1,606 1.708 30.0 28.9 27.3 50.580 46,413 46.628
Pa 1.461 1.447 1.477 32.0 32.0 30.0 46,752 46,304 44,310
Okla 1.717 1,455 1.500 26.5 18.1 29.2 45.501 26.336 43,800
S. D 1.503 1,445 1,505 23.8 29.6 13.0 35,771 42,762 19,565
W. Va 776 768 776 26.0 25.0 25.2 20,176 19,200 19,556
N. Y 670 657 670 30.0 24.5 24.0 20,100 16,097 16,080
Cal 49 51 56 30.0 30.2 28.0 1,470 1.540 1,668
N. D 60 66 65 19.0 18.3 22.8 1,140 1,208 1,482
Ore 20 20 20 26.0 24.0 23.0 520 480 460
Wash 11 11 10 25.0 25.0 25.0 275 275 260
Other 19.665 19.470 19.277 16.0 15.0 12.0 314,640 292.050 231,324
Total 92.788 91.449 94.448 27.7 26.0 27.12.573,863 2.346,312 2,566,311
WORLDS CORN CROP, MILLIONS' OF BUSHELS.
[Compiled chiefly from Corn Trade Year Book.]
C?r0P of 1908 1902 1901 1900 1890 1898 Av». to
IS
Argentina 104 72 69 60 72 56 72 3.8
Austria-Hungary ... 160 123 145 162 145 164 149 6.8
Bulgaria 24 16 30 36 20 38 27 0.8
Canada 28 20 25 28 22 24 24 1.0
Egypt 24 20 30 20 30 32 26 0.8
Italy 86 64 86 83 89 80 81 3.1
Roumania 77 60 112 85 28 102 77 2.8
Russia 47 44 66 34 31 48 46 1.7
Uruguay 8 7 7 3 6 4 6 0.2
United States 2176 2448 1419 2188 2078 1924 2039 79.5
Total 2734 2874 2084 2673 2521 2472 2646
TBAR BOOK AND ALMANAC
CORN PRICES AT CHICAGO—NO. 2 CASH.
[In cents per bushel.]
83
Tear Jan.
May
July
Sept.
Dec.
Year Jan.
May
July
Sept.
Deo.
1904.. 42-48
47-50
47-50
51-55
46-48
1888.
.47-50
54-60
45-51
40-46
33-36
1903.. 44-48
44-46
49-53
45-53
42-44
1887.
.35-38
37-39
34-38
40-44
46-62
1902. .66-64
59-66
56-88
57-62
44-57
1886.
.36-37
34-37
34-45
36-41
36-38
1901.. 36-38
43-58
43-58
54-60
62-67
1885.
.34-40
44-49
45-48
40-46
86-43
1900. .30-32
36-40
38-45
39-43
35-40
1884.
.51-58
52-57
49-57
51-87
34-40
1899.. 35-38
32-35
31-35
31-35
30-31
1883.
.49-61
52-57
47-53
47-53
64-68
1896. .26-28
33-37
32-35
29-31
33-38
1882.
.60-62
68-77
74-83
57-76
48-60
1897. .21-23
23-26
24-29
27-32
25-27
1881.
.36-38
41-45
45-51
60-74
58-64
1896.. 25-28
27-30
24-28
19-22
22-24
1880.
.36-41
36-38
33-38
39-41
35-42
1895.. 40-46
46-55
41-47
31-36
24-27
1879.
.29-31
33-36
34-37
32-39
39-43
1894. .34-36
36-39
40-46
48-58
41-48
1878.
.38-44
34-41
35-41
34-38
29-32
1893.. 40-45
39-46
35-42
37-43
34-37
1877.
.41-44
43-58
46-51
41-46
41-46
1892. .37-39
40-100 47-52
43-49
39-43
1876.
.40-45
44-49
42-48
43-48
43-47
1891.. 47-50
o5-70
57-66
48-68
39-59
1875.
.64-70
60-76
67-77
54-62
45-64
1S90.. 28-30
32-35
33-47
44-50
47-53
1874.
.49-61
55-66
58-80
66-86
71-85
1889.. 33-36
33-36
34-37
30-34
29-35
1873.
.30-31
37-43
32-34
32-44
44-64
ENORMOUS HOME CONSUMPTION OP CORN.
The draft made upon our splendid corn crop, particu-
larly in the stock feeding states, has been alluded to else-
where. Almost equally important are the necessities of the
older middle and eastern states, where the crop of field corn
is small, and where the requirements of dairy farmers are
heavy. Low rates of freight from the producing states to
the seaboard, especially during the period of navigation, are
great aids to the distribution of the surplus, enormous quan-
tities of corn being carried every summer from Chicago to
Buffalo at a rate as low as 1 cent per bushel. Leading ex-
port points are New Orleans, Newport News, Baltimore,
Philadelphia, New Yorlc and Boston.
The up-to-date farmer does not need to be told that corn
as a fodder crop has never been so much appreciated as
now. A generation ago it was the custom in the great cen-
tral western states to husk corn standing in the fields, and
then turn in stock cattle to utilize so much of the stalks and
imperfect ears as pleased their fancy, trampling on the re-
mainder, perhaps burning over the dry stalks and stubble
prior to plowing another season. In fact, this slipshod
method is still followed to some extent in a few states, but
the exceptional neglect proves the rule of husbanding this
valuable plant. The silo and the shredder are working a
veritable revolution in the economical utilization of corn.
M AlIimiOAN AORICUIiTTTRIST
This is nowhore mor« true than in the older middle and east-
ern states, where silas^e corn is very largely grown, with no
thought of permitting it tp mature in the field to a p6int
where husking is in order.
Oats
Something like 8,000,000,000 bushels oats are grown each
year in the northern hemisphei'e, this crop being given little
consideration in Australasia, South Africa and South Amer*
lea. The United States is the largest producer, but Kussia
is a close second, these two countries making up practically
half the oats tonnage of the world. Next in Importance fol«
low Germany, France, Austria- Hungary, the United King-
dom and Canada, In about the order named. This crop is
a prime favorite in all northern latitudes, and in foreign
countries as well as our own is regarded a sure one.
A BILLION BUSHEL PRODUCER.
In a full year the United States crop aj;)proximattt
1,000,000,000 bushels, exceeding that occasionally, last year
falling slightly under the amount named. The area devoted
to oats is something like 80,000,000 ^cres. While this is ma-
terially less than the wheat acreage, the larger rate of yield
to the acre, 25 to 40 bushels, results here In a measured bulk
very much greater than that of wheat. Considerable atten-
tion is given this crop in every state, although the yield tn
the south is relatively small. In recent years, Iowa has pro-
duced more than any other one state, followed closely by
Minnesota and Illinois, while other leaders include Wiscon-
sin, New York, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Ne-
braska, etc.
THE bPLENDID OATS CROP OP 1904.
The season was in every way strikingly favorable tor the
development of large heads and a heavy grain, the only ex*
caption to this being the fact that at the time of seeding an
excess of moisture interfered to some extent witb the prep-
aration of the seedbed. The average rate of yield of oats
was S3 bushels per acre, which on a basis of the estimated
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 86
acreage makes a total crop of 973,135,000 bushels. In 1903, the
crop upon practioally the same acreage was estimated at
823,138,000 bushels, showing an increased production last year
without any incresuse in the acreage, of 150,000,000 bushels.
The fact that the rate of yield in 1904 in the greater portion
of the producing district was materially larger than the con-
dition reported would heve indicated when figured on the
basis of past experience, furnishes evidence that this crop is
now receiving nwre attention in the way of careful prepara-
tion and seed selection than ever before.
OATS ACREAGE AND YIELD BY STATES.
[In round thousands.]
/ Acres s ^Bu8. p. acre— V , — Bushels*-^
Crop of 1904 1908 1902 1904 1903 1902 19 04 1903 1 902
Iowa 4,040 4,165 4.250 34.2 25.6 34.1 138 107 145
Illinois 3,925 4,132 4,350 30.0 25.3 35.4 118 105 154
Wisconsin 2,435 2,435 2,435 34.0 30.0 39.4 83 78 96
Minnesota 2,366 2,320 2,275 36.0 32.7 40.0 130 76 91
Nebraska 2,013 1,964 1,896 30.0 30.2 34.6 60 59 66
New York 1,314 1,301 1.370 35.5 35.5 33.5 47 46 46
Pennsylvania .. 1499 1.187 1,250 34.3 32.0 31.2 41 38 39
Ohio 1,208 1,162 1,210 40.0 28.1 39.3 48 33 48
Indiana 1,294 1,269 1,410 32.1 25.6 34.6 42 32 49
Michigan 1.118 1,065 1,075 32.0 29.7 37.1 36 32 40
Texas "915 906 915 31.0 34.8 29.3 28 32 27
South Dakota .. 813 774 737 35.0 35.0 34.6 28 27 26
Kansas 971 971 971 23.0 25.5 30.0 22 25 29
North Dakota .. 879 837 797 38.0 26.0 40.5 33 22 32
Missouri 844 888 9.35 22.4 22.4 32.0 19 20 30
Oregon 277 288 285 30.0 33.6 33.0 8 10 9
Washington .... 149 158 155 40.0 45.0 48.3 6 7 7
Oklahoma 295 314 285 24.0 21.6 47.3 7 7 13
Kentucky 273 268 285 26.6 21.4 24.9 7 6 7
Arkansas 256 270 275 21.4 17.5 18.3 5 5 5
California 170 167 165 28.5 26.6 33.4 5 4 6
Tennessee 195 209 220 25.2 18.8 19.1 5 4 4
West Virginia.. 86 86 90 27.0 24.5 23.0 2 2 2
Other 2,459 2,435 2,510 21.5 20.0 23.0 53 49 58
Total 29,494 29,561 30,146 33.0 27.8 34.1 973 823 1028
•In round millions of bushels! ~~ '
We guarantee the reliability of every advertisement in the
American Agriculturist weeklies, and will make good any loss
which any subscriber may sustain, while his subscription lasts,
by trusting any advertiser who may prove to be a deliberate
swindler.
IS AMORICAN AGRICULTUBIST
CUTS PRICES AT CHICAGO-NO. 2 CASH.
[In cents per bushel.]
ywjr>n: "May "July TJept! Jbec/^Yw JT mi. Vi£y"":iiiiy%9p^"t>e^
1904..36-42 3«-45 38-45 29-34 29-31 iS59. .24-25 21-24 2Z-& '19'W W-Zl
1903. .31-34 33-38 33-45 35-38 33-39 1888.. 80-32 32-38 28-38 23-2$ 8^-27
1902.. 38-46 41-40 30-66 26-27 20-82 1887..SB-27 26'28 24-27 23-27 28«81
1901.. 23-24 28-31 27-89 38-38 48-48 1886. .28-86 26-80 27-82 24-26 25-27
1900.. 22-83 21-24 21-84 21-22 22-23 188^.. 25-29 31-36 26-38 24-27 37«29
1899.. 26-28 24-28 20-25 21-23 22-23 1884.. 31-34 31-34 28-33 24-26 23^26
1898.. 21-24 26-32 21-26 20-22 26-28 1883.. 35-40 38-43 27-37 25-29 30-36
1897.. 16-17 17-19 17-18 19-21 21-24 1882.. 42-45 48-55 52-62 30-36 34-42
1896.. 17-19 18-20 15-19 14-17 16-19 188].. 30*32 36-40 37-45 36-46 43-48
1895.. 27-29 27-31 22-25 18-21 16-18 1880.. 32-36 29-34 23-26 27-35 29-33
1894.. 26-29 32-36 29-41 27-81 28-29 1879.. 19-20 24-31 25-37 21-27 33-37
1893.. 30-32 29-32 22-30 23-29 27-29 1875.. 52-53 57-65 48-56 34-40 29-31
1892.. 28-30 28-34 30-34 31-34 29-31 1873.. 24-26 30-34 27-30 26-31 34-41
1891.. 41-44 45-54 27-45 26-30 31-34 1869.. 46-50 56-63 57-71 42-46 40-45
1890. .20-21 84-30 27-35 44-51 41-44
Rff0
The domestic crop of rye torms a very inslgnifloant pro*
portion of the world's production. The last n#tmed In a |riv«n
year approximates J300 million bushels. The United States
produces something like 30,000,000 bushels, or practically 8%.
^ For many years Russia has been the leading rye grower of
the world, making UP about half the total crop, Germany
follows with something like 20% of the world's supply of
rye, while Austria-Hungary and France each grows more
than the United States. Rye continues the popular breads
stuff of the country people of central and eastern B^urope,
and this accounts for the tremendous breadth given thi9
cereal from the Rhine to the Siberian border. In Hussla*
the rye crop is substantially of as much value and impor*
tance as wheat, and is grown in a good many provinces.
THB3 UNITED STATJCS BYE CROP.
No advance has been made in the attention given rye in
recent years. The acreage is praetieally stationary, some-
where around 2,000,000 acres, the crop a fairly sure one, rate
of yield varying not far from 15 bushels to the acre, one year
with another. The small annual production is more than
ample for domestic requirements, and under the sUghtest
encouragement a considerable fraction of it would go abroad.
Exports are generally small and unimportant. The domestic
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 87
demand for rye as a breadstuff is meager, while a consid-
erable portion of the crop goes to distillers. In the great
market places, rye, always a sluggrish affair, usually shows a
close sympathy with wheat, so far as values are concerned.
MONTHLY RANGE OF CASH (NO. 2) RYE AT CHICAGO.
[In cents per bushel.]
Year Jan.
May
69-78
July
63-75
Sept.
69-75
Dec.
Year
Jan.
748-51
May
62-67
July
46-56
Sept.
"37-41'
Dec.
1904.. 51-57
•81-83
1895.
"32-36
1903.. 47-48
48-50
49-52
53-60
50-52
1894.
.44-46
44-49
40-48
46-48
48-50
1902. .58-59
57-58
52-57
49-50
48-49
1893.
.50-58
61-60
43-51
40-47
45-48
1901.. 56-67
54-58
52-61
49-51
48-50
1892.
.78-87
70-79
65-75
65-58
46-52
1900. .47-49
51-54
47-57
52-56
59-66
1891.
.61-72
83-92
66-77
82-91
86-92
1899.. 50-52
53-56
50-58
50-53
45-49
1890.
.43-45
49-54
47-54
68-63
64-69
1898. .53-59
42-48
61-60
54-58
49-52
1888.
.61-64
63-70
44-53
60-55
60-52
! 1897. .36-38
32-36
33-40
47-56
45-48
1885.
.52-64
68-73
67-61
66-60
68-61
1896.. 32-41
33-37
29-32
30-37
37-43
1882.
.96-96
77-83
66-76
67-67
67-69
•November price.
The rye crop received a little more attention during the
decade from 1880 to 1890 than at any time before or since,
but the difference was not sufficiently marked to indicate
any radical change in cropping. The fact that rye is the
principal bread cereal for a large proportion of the popula-
tion of the world makes its neglect in American agriculture
a striking indication of international differences in dietic
tastes. While the Russian peasant and small German farmer
subsist almost entirely upon this grain, there is no popula-
tion in our country which regards it as its principal bread
grain; in fact, about the only use which is made of rye for
human consumption as food in this country is its occasional
appearance upon the table as a variation from the regular
bread grain.
The stationary character of rye production during the
last two decades, when taken in connection with the rapid
increase in population and consuming ability, indicates that
the per capita supply of rye is steadily decreasing. The bulk
of the crop now grown is used in the production of distilled
spirits and for feeding purposes. The demand for grain for
purposes of distillation is moderately uniform, but as it has
no special advantages over other forms of grain for feed-
ing purposes, there is little probability that the crop will ever
become one of importance to American farmers.
The crop yield thip year is slightly below the normal,
but was larger than expected early in the season. The rate
of yield was comparatively uniform in the districts of prin-
88 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
cipal production. The average tor the country was 16.1
bushels, making a total crop this year ol 30,286.0(M) bushels,
grown upon 1,991,000 acres.
ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION OF RYE. 1904.
Crop of Acres Bus, p. acre Bushel s
New York 156,000 15.1 2,356,000
Pennsylvania 358,000 16.0 5,728,000
Texas 4,000 13.6 54,000
Arkansas 3,000 10*0 30,000
Tennessee 14.000 13,1 169,000
West Virginia 14,000 13.7 178.000
Kentucky 16.000 13.2 211,000
Ohio 17.000 18.5 281.000
Michigan 161.000 13.0 2,093.000
Indiana 35.000 14.9 522.000
Illinois 73.000 17.2 1.256,000
Wisconsin 854.000 17.0 6,018.000
Minnesota 111,000 17.1 1.899,000
Iowa 76,000 17.7 1,345.000
Missouri 21,000 14.0 294,000
Kansas 77,000 12.5 963,000
Nebraska 158,000 16.0 2,528,000
North Dakota 31,000 19.1 592,000
South Dakota 38,000 16.0 608.000
California 68.000 8.0 644.000
Oregon 11.000 16.2 167.000
Washington 3.000 20.0 60.000
Oklahoma 4,000 IQ.O 40.000
Other 188,000 12.5 2.350,000
Total 1,991,000 15.1 30,386,000
1903 2,061,000 15.4 31,842,000
Hurley
Northern and eastern Europe have long been foremogt
in the barley producing countries of the world. The situ*
ation does not change materially from year to year, al-
though the notable and important feature for the American
farmer is the marked increase given this cereal in the United
States. We still stand no better than fifth, however, among
the produoing countries of the world. Russia is the largest
barley grower, with a product at least two and one-half
times greater than ours, while Austria and Germany eaoh
probably produces slightly nu>re than the annual crop of the
United States. Some of the Russian crop finds lodgment in
Glermany* « heavy consumer aa well as producer. Austria-
YEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC S9
Hungary crowi much barley, and the cereal is also popular
in such northern portions of Europe as Scandinavia, France
and the United Kingdom.
Russia and southeastern Europe, as above noted, are the
chief exporting countries, although the United States, par-
ticularly the Pacific coast, ships some barley each year and
Canada also has a small surplus. The latter would find a
market in the United States but for the' tarifC barrier*
SHARP INCREASE IN THE DOMESTIC BARLEY CROP.
Not a popular cereal in the same sense that are wheat,
corn and oats, barley has its place in the list of domestic
cereals, and in recent years has been shown greatly in-
creased favor. It- is still, however, largely localized in a few
such states as Minnesota, California, North Dakota, Iowa
and Wisconsin, in about the order named in importance.
The area given over to this crop now considerably exceeds
5,000,000 acres, and the tonnage is very substantial in char-
acter.
It has been found that barley makes an exceedingly good
complementary crop for spring wheat In the northwest, and
the natural tendency to diversify production wherevet it can
be done has resulted in a tremendous increase in barley acre-
age In the territory which a few years ago was devoted ex-
clusively to spring wheat. In the Red river valley, for exam-
ple, where until five years ago there was almost nothing
except wheat, there is now a large and constantly increasing
percentage of the land devoted to the barley crop. The re-
sults both in yield and in financial return have proved so
satisfactory that barley may now be regarded as a perma-
nent secondary crop in this important section of the country,
the great demand for barley in this country is for brewing
purposes, and this industry furnishes an outlet for a greater
part of the high grade produced at relatively good figures.
There is a growing use, however, of the crop for feeding
purposes, and a considerable proportion, especially of the
lower grades, is thus disposed of.
THE BARLEY CROP OF 1904
was one of rather more than an average In rate of yield.
With a production fairly uniform in all states of importance.
The season was favorable, the quality of the crop reasonably
•atisfactory.
fO AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
DISTRIBUTION OF BARLEY CROP OF 1904 BY STATES.
Crop of Acre s
New York 110,000"
Pennsylvania 9,000
Texas 5,000
Arkansas 1,000
Tennessee 2,000
West Virginia 1,000
Kentucky 1,000
Ohio 33,000
Michigan 45,000
Indiana 11,000
r.linois 23,000
Wisconsin 507,000
Minnesota 1,121,000
Iowa 595,000
Missouri 2,000
Kansas 145,000
Nebraska 104,000
North Dakota 606,000
South Dakota 357,000
California 1,365,000
Oregon 74,000
Washington 165.000
Oklahoma 17,000
Other 135,000
Totals 5,434,000
1903 4.942.000
Bus. p. acre
27.0
23.0
30.0
21.0
22.5
25.0
21.1
28.0
24.6
28.6
27.5
31.0
28.7
28.0
21.1
20.5
28.0
27.9
27.0
21.8
27.0
35.0
30.0
22.0
26.6
26.3
Bushels
2,970,000
207,000
150,000
21,000
45,000
25,000
21,000
924.000
1,107,000
315,000
633.000
15,717,000
32,173,000
16,660,000
42,000
2,973,000
2,912,000
16,907,000
9,639,000
29,757,000
1,998,000
5,775,000
510,000
2,970,000
144,451.000
139,145,000
RANGE OF BARLEY PRICES AT CHICAGO.
[In cents per bushel.]
/ — January — ^
, May .
<— Septembe^-^
r-December--,
Year
Malt'g
Feed
35@44
Malt'g
50@)60
Feed
Malt'g
Feed
35(0)43
Malt'g
42^55
Feed
1904 ....
45@G2
32@46
45(^58
35(0^40
1903 ....
, 52(^64
31(&44
38@54
23@38
47(§)62
31(^41
44^^62
28/5)42
1902 ....
, 50(^66
36^45
60@72
37@50
51(p>63
20m2
50@62
32(5)41
1901 ....
49^64
31@43
45@59
23@38
51#67
33@47
51@)65
34@43
1900 ....
41@53
22@31
32^45
19@28
42©/57
24(0)38
53(S<64
35@42
1899 ....
42(0/55
23@34
41P52
20(^)31
33(046
lSCw21
38(^51
21(^32
1898 ....
21(ct4Z
15(?i^25
4l(aM
23(0'.S5
32(0)46
19^29
39^52
22(0^
1897 ....
30^36
23(&26
30(0)40
23(0^27
32(040
26(028
32(0^45
25(528
1896 ....
mt*o
22ra28
31(040
25(^:10
30(0:36
20(028
3.3(038
22@25
18J>5 ....
5U/56
.30(^40
50(5:52
46(?/;.')0
40rdA5
2bfa:]^
33(0^40
22(5)27
1894 ....
imm
35(??10
53(0^60
45(Oi50
53(0)57
48(Of)2
35(0^55
46#50
1893 ....
mmo
.30(^f40
53(5;66
38(0^50
42'0.5C
'.]2((iA0
40(0^55
30@>40
1892 ....
52rff63
3lr&40
48(ff60
.T0(ff45
53(^/68
3.')ra45
55(0^70
33(546
1891 ....
60#75
50*9)55
70<g^77
65@68
46(^67
30(^40
47(8^60
35@40
fllAfi mm AN§ ALMAltAC dl
Probably never before in commercial history has Euro|>e
CflttSfe siich strenuous effbrts to secure release from the thrall-
§0% of the United States in regard to raw cotton sup^ll^is,
^ at present. Elngrland i§ takihi^ the initiative in this w^fk,
Btlt f'rance and Gerttiahy are striving unceasingly to encbiir-
afe arid develop cotton cjiiture oh ah extensive scale Ih thfeir
vaHeus colonies. Efforts are being m^de in every civilised
part of the globe where climatic cbrlditions are at all favbr-
abie to build up the cotton growing industry, suggesting ih-
3i'9cUi^d cethp^tlflbh ih the years to oome. Thi^ greiat ^ftf^le
is cultivated mostly in the district between 20 degrees and
35 degrees north latitude. Within these lines lie the cotton
seetiiaris of North America, Egypt^ North Africa and Asia.
84lutH 0f the equatdr^ cottoh is grdwn for commercial pdr-
pd§§s ill i^razii and to a limited extent in Australia, South
AtHdd ahd the isldiidg of the Pacific.
With the ushel*lht ih of the 19th century, or more pat*-
tiettlarly the decade 1791-1801, the invention of thfe cotton gin
gatfe an impetus to the production in the United States.
Wlthih 20 years this Gduntry had assumed the positioh It
hds sihcfe maintaified, that of the leading producer Of the
w§jpld. I^'igures in acbbthpanying tabled^ afford a good idea
of liie advance in dbttdh growing in the t^nlted States dUf Iflg
the past decade.
tTNITED STATES COTTON CROP BY STATES.
[Last three figures (000' s) omitted.]
[From the New York Commercial and Financial Chronicle.]
~~"^"^"^ i§6i I§® iiro i9Bi 190D 1899 TM I
CTqjj of iteiea ftaifeB Baleii B^l tfg galea feale a a&lei fia
fea^ V... 2,992 2m &0 2,203 2,2S6 1,796 l74S7~ui7
UrtllBiana 918 2.008 2,317 2*273 2,456 1,867 2,128 1,810
^ &nd Fla.... 1.842 1,413 1.B76 1,509 1,366 1,858 1,109 983
Vlrgima ; — 466 476 455 415 418 714 495
North Carolina. 609 376 386 326 310 318 281 199
Alabama 1,279 202 217 157 124 203 291 200
South Carolina. 1.100 . 109 210 278 238 266 476 ^2
Tennessee, etc.. 3,422 2,985 S,S88 9,501 3,282 3.2i7 2,225 2,086
tmM 12,162 10,128 10,768 10.701 10,425 9,440 8.7ll 7,162
92
AMBItlCAN AGRICULTURIST
In connection with the above showing, the following ta-
ble carries the United 'States crop review back to 1880:
Year Bales
1894 9,90i7000"
1893 7,550,000
1892 6,700,000
1891 9,035 ,000
1890 8,653,000
1889 7,311,000
1888 6,938,000
1887 7,046,000
Year Bales
1886 6,505,000
1885 6,576.000
1884 5 ,706,000
1883 5,713.000
1882 6,950,000
1881 5,456,000
1880 6,606.000
IMPORTS COTTON INTO THE U. S. AND FOREIGN TRADE
IN COTTON MANUFACTURES.
Imports cotton.
Year pounds
1903-4 48,840,590
1902-3 74,874,426
1901-2 98.715,680
1900-1 46,631,283
1899-0 67,398,521
1898-9 50,158,158
1897-8 52,660,363
1896-7 51,898,926
1895-6 55,350.520
1894-5 49.332,022
1893-4 27.705,949
1892-3 43,367,952
1891-2 28,663,769
1890-1 20,908,817
1889-0 8,606,049
1888-9 7,973.039
Imports cotton
manufactures
Exports
manufactures
$49,524,246
52,462.684
44,460,126
40,246,935
41,296,242
32,054.434
28,367.300
34,429.363
32,437,504
33,196,625
22,346,557
33,560,293
28,323,841
29,712,624
29,918,055
26,805,942
$22,403,713
32,216.^
32,108,362
20.272,418
24.003.087
23.766.916
17,024,092
21,037,678
16,837.396
13.789.810
14,340,886
11,809.355
13,266,277
13,604,857
9,999,277
10,212.644
UNITED STATES COTTON CROP OF 1904-5.
The opening months of the year 1904 saw substantial
advances in the cotton market, prices at New York for mid-
dling upland soared above 16 cents per pound. In view of
this fact it is not surprising that the acreage devoted to cot-
ton in the south last summer should have been the greatest
on record. The area under that staple in the United States
for 1904 aggregated 31,730,000 acres, an increase of 10% over
1903. While final estimates for the resultant crop are not
yet available, the preliminary government report placed the
yield at 12,162,000 bales, the greatest ever known.
There was the old cry that high prices seriously dis-
turbed operators and spinners, both in this country and in
TBAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 93
Surope. Manufacturers claimed they could not buy cotton
at the high prices and profitably convert it into finished
goods. With the demand on the part ot the world's consum-
ers rather slussish at the high prices, the tendency up to last
fall was toward reduction in the output of mills, all the way
from northern New Bngland to the south Atlantic states.
Planters throughout the entire United States are taking
a keen interest in the efforts of the department of agriculture
at Washington to destroy that pernicious pest, the Mexican
boll weevil. The insect is still ravaging certain districts of
Texas and a amall part of Louisiana. Last year the depart-
ment imported an ant from Guatemala which it is hoped
will in time not only check the further spread of the cotton
boll weevil throughout the southwest, but will eliminate the
pest altogether. However, it will take another season to
fully demonstrate the possibilities of this weevil destroyer.
Price of middling upland cotton at New York at the
opening of several months for a number of years, in cents
per pound: ^
Year Jan. Mar. May July Sept. O ct . N ov. Dec.
1904 13 161-4 13 MO 10 4-5 111-10 10 3-5 101-10 8~
1908 9 10 10 3-4 12 3-4 12 1-2 10 11 1-16 12 1-2
1902 8 6-16 813-16 911-16 91-4 9 8 813-20 811-20
1901 101-8 91-4 8 5-16 8 9-16 8 9-16 815-16 715-16 8
1900 7 3-4 9 5-16 9 13-16 10 1-4 9 7-8 10 7-8 9 5-8 10 1-8
m 5 7-8 6 9-16 61-8 6 3-16 61-4 7 3-16 7 3-8 718*16
1896 515-16 6 5-16 6 5-16 6 3-16 6 3-4 6 3-8 6 5-16 6 6-8
1897 7 3-16 7 7-16 7 3-4 715-16 71-2 61-2 6 613-16
1S96 9 5-16 718-16 81-4 7 3-8 81-2 8 3-8 81-8 711*16
1895 511-16 5 9-16 613-16 71-8 81-4 91-8 9 8 5-8
1894 8 7 5-8 7 5-16 7 3-16 615-16 61-4 5 3-4 515-16
18S3 9 7-8 9 3-16 7 3-4 81-8 8 81-16 8 3-16 81-16
1892 713-16 71-16 71-4 7 3-8 71-16 713-16 8 3-16 10
1891 9 5-16 9 8 7-18 12 813-16 8 5-8 8 3-8 81-16
Tobacco
This important crop of the United States is separated into
two distinct types, cigar leaf and heavy leaf tobacco. The
former is grown in a comparatively few states, chiefly along
the Connecticut valley in New England; in Pennsylvania,
N*w York, Wisconsin, the Miami valley of Ohio and to a
moderate extent in Florida and Georgia. Heavy leaf is used
chiefly in manufacturing plug, cut and smoking tobacco, and
M AMBRICAN AGRICULTURIST
figures conspicuously fn the export trade of the United
States. It is composed of various types and is produced ex-
tensively in such states as Kentucky, Tennessee, southern
Ohio, Maryland, Virginia and the Carolinas. Other middle
and southern states grow small quantities of heavy leaf.
After distressingly low prices realize* for the 1903 tobacco
crop of the United States, planters in nearly all sections of
the country cut down the acreage sharply during 1904. In
some of the southern states, particularly the south Atlantic
sections, a few districts saw a curtailment in acreage
amounting to 50%. In the cigar leaf producing states of
New England and Pennsylvania, the acreage was reduced to
a moderate extent. In New York, farmers planted less to-
bacco than for several years. In fact. New York appears to
be declining a^ a tobacco producing section. In Wisconsin
the decrease was quite pronounced, but in Ohio the tendency
was to continue quite extensively in producing cigar leaf
types.
It has been claimed and not disputed that the bulk of
the 1903 crop in the dark tobacco districts of Tennessee and
Kentucky sold last year at prices below actual cost of pro-
duction. As a result, considerable activity is noted there
and in other parts of the south in the formation of tobacco
growers' protective associations for the purpose of buoying
prices. The closing months of 1904 witnessed the merger of
the Consolidated, American and Continental tobacco com-
panies into a huge corporation with an authorized capital
of $180,000,000. This is the most gigantic "trust" yet expe-
rienced in the history of the tobacco trade.
GROWING TOBACCO UNDER SHADE.
An almost collapse in New England has been experienced
in the tent tobacco industry. The years 1902 and 1903 saw
^ heavy acreage planted to Sumatra in this manner in New
England, but growers experienced great difficulty in selling
the tobacco at remunerative prices after they had raised it.
Some claimed they could get 25 cents per pound on an aver-
age for the leaf, but the enormous cost of producing Su-
matra under cover rendered this price unprofitable. The
area devoted to tent tobacco in New England in 1904 dropped
to less than 100 acres. At the heyday of the "craze," two
or three years ago, it is estimated that 800 to 1000 acres were
devoted to tent tobacco along the Connecticut river. Ib
Florida, however, growers report much success in producing
THAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 9S
tobacco under oloth. and are hopeful of an oxtenaion of the
industry. The department of agriculture conducted experi-
ments during 1904 in breeding and selecting varieties of to-
bacco seed. They established two or three plantations in
different parts of Connecticut. Important results are expect-
ed of this work.
INCREASE IN THE TOBACCO BtTSINBSB.
[MTd tobacco, millions lbs.; internal revenue, millions dollnrs.]
1904 1903 1902 1901 1900 1895 1890 1888 1878 1863
Manuf'd tobacco.. 355 337 328 314 301 274 253 170 115 24
Cigars, millions.. 7404 7426 6864 6915 6177 4099 4229 3228 1780 199
Cigarets. miirns.3226 3031 2651 r28 3259 4238 2505 640 27
Internal revenue... 44 44 52 51 63 31 33 42 34 3
IMPORTS OF LEAF TOBACCO INTO THE UNITED STATES.
[In round millions of pounds.]
Fifleal year
Value
ended
Total
Total
per lb. of
Juneao
Cuba
Sumatra
Others
leaf
wrappers wrappers
1904
. ao
,. 88
7
6
4
6
31
34
7
6
80.78
1908
.74
isoi
. 19
. 19
S
6
6
2
89
27
6
6
.88
1901
.90
1900
. 11
4
2
17
5
.92
1899
. 7
3
2
12
4
1.06
1898
. 4
4
2
10
4
.98
18W
. 4
7
2
18
6
.98
1886
. 27
4
8
33
5
1.07
1886
. 80
6
1
26
fi
1.27
RAW TOBACCO EXPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES.
[In millions of pounds. Fiscal year ended June 30.]
1904 817 1898 883 1894 290 1888
1908 888 1888 868 1893 886 1888 288
1908 801 1887 315 1898 855 1887 804
1981 815 1886 295 1891 249 1886 888
1900 844 396 80X 1890 285 1% 2»
96 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
CIGAR LEAF TOBACCO CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES.
[In thousands of cases of 360 pounds each.]
Crop of 1904 lfl03 1902 1901 1900 1899 1898 1892*1889*187 9
Ohio 122 120 128 70 98 115 110 54 107 99
Wisconsin 116 158 151 57 127 113 75 51 55 30
Pennsylvania 83 86 92 94 71 93 89 85 82 106
New England .... 77 68 83 89 73 69 57 66 34 56
New York 16 23 22 30 32 31 30 43 27 19
Southern 15 14 14 6 6 10 7 — 2 -
Total 429 469 490 346 407 421 368 299 307 310
*Federal census.
Hay
THE HAY CROP AND MARKET.
Second only to corn in its money value, the yearly crop
of hay in the United States is certainly worth the most
careful consideration in care and marketing. It is annually
worth over half a billion of dollars. Some 40,000,000 to 45,-
000,000 acres are annually devoted to growing hay, which
area has shown a slight increase during recent years. In
good years 65,000,000 tons are harvested. Taking the entire
country, the average rate of yield per acre is about 1% tons,
covering a number of years, though certain sections may
make much better showing during brief periods. In 1903 and
also 1902 the average yield was about 1% tons. In 1904 it was
estimated at 1.45 tons. According to the department of agri-
culture, the price on the farm at the opening of December
has in recent years shown a higher tendency, $9 to $10 per
ton. Considerable change has taken place in the crop in
recent years. Large areas through the central and western
states which formerly yielded considerable wild or prairie
grass have been put under cultivation and seeded to timo-
thy and clovers.
Prairie hay is still the mainstay of the markets in the
central and western states, the best grass selling well in
comparison with tame grasses. The extensive yields of al-
falfa in the Rocky mountain plateau and westward to the
Pacific coast, farmers securing two, three and four crops in
a season, are all consumed in the territories where grown,
little of this description finding its way east of the Missouri
river, hence affording no particular competition to the de-
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 97
scriptions first named. The leading hay states include New
York, Pennsylvania. Ohio, Illinois, Iowa. Kansas, Sou^h Da-
kota and California. Hay for shipment is compressed into
compact bales, these differii^g in size. Within the past few
years farmers show more disposition to bale for home use, in
order to avoid loss on top and outside of stack when unpro-
tected from storms. Timothy hay can be baled as soon as
It is thoroughly dry. Prairie can be baled in the field direct:
the sooner the work is done, the less loss from bleaching and
rain. The usual length of bales for market is 3 feet for
small and 4 for large; there is a popular size 30 inches long.
The cross section of the bale varies, 14x18 inches, 16x18, 16x20,
17x22, 18x22; weights 75 to 160 pounds.
But little hay is exported annually, it not being a sur-
plus crop. Farmers in the qlder middle and eastern states
secure higher prices through nearness to big consuming
markets, yet are obliged to face some competition from
prairie hay shipped directly to the east from sections west
of the Mississippi river, particularly in seasons of scarcity.
The Chicago market prefers a small bale, weighing 70 to 90
pounds, St. Louis takes a little heavier bale, while in New
York large bales are the rule, these weighing 200 pounds and
over.
A uniform scale for grading hay has not as yet been
established, although the efforts on the part of the hay trade
are meeting with moderate success; many of the im-
portant cities observe rules of their own. The national hay
dealers* association has for years endeavored to induce all
the leading markets to adopt its rules for grading.
Straw is usually marketed in large bales, the price vary-
ing greatly, according to brightness and other attraction, and
the character of a somewhat irregular demand. To secure
best figures, rye, wheat and oat straw should be reasonably
clean, possessing good color, sound and well baled. There is
a market for long, straight rye straw, if carefully pressed
in bundles, and bright.
Hay Is exported only when the English crop is very
short and providing ocean freights are low. . These vary con-
siderably, $2.50 to $5 per long ton of 2240 pounds. Our exports,
meager at best, have increased some in recent years; from
10,000 to 12,000 tons in the early 80's, to 50,000 and 60,000 tons
annually the last few years. These are more than offset,
however, by imports from Canada of 100,000 to 300,000 tons
annually. The rate of duty, $4 per ton, serves to shut out
considerable quantities of Canadian hay which otherwise
would cross the border. In considering the course of prices
98 AMERICAN AORICULTURI8T
a short year. It is always necessary to recognize the fact of
the rapid development of forage crops, which in seasons of
hay plenty are neglected. When early summer points to an
Indifferent yield of hay, farmers put in an increased acreage
of hungarian, the millets, fodder corn, field peas, etc.
EXPORTS PRINCIPAL. FARM CROPS FROM THK U. 8.
[In round millions.]
Year end-
ed June 30
Flour, bbls.
Wheat,
bushels
Com,
bushels
Oats,
bushels
'Rye,
bushels
Clover
|seed, lbs.
Cotton,
bale»
Apples,
barrels*
*
CO
'04.. 17
44
56
1
1
11
6
13
6
2018
60
11
1503
13
306
'03.. 20
114
75
5
5
8
16
18
7
1666
50
8
1671
62
357
•02. .18
155
27
10
3
9
7
6
7
460
153
11
1633
56
291
•01.. 19
132
178
37
2
6
12
8
7
884
89
15
1714
43
307
•00.. 19
102
209
41
2
24
32
15
6
526
72
13
1627
50
345
•99.. 18
139
174
30
10
2
19
16
7
380
65
21
1567
34
2^
•98 15
148
209
69
16
11
31
10
8
605
82
17
1356
33
263
'97.. 15
80
177
35
9
19
13
17
6 .
1495
62
11
1056
27
315
•96.. 15
61
100
13
1
8
6
12
5
360
59
17
798
27
288
•95.. 15
76
28
1
2
23
5
7
819
47
18
784
11
294
•94. .17
88
65
6
—
5
45
10
5
79
54
17
745
5
269
'93.. 17
117
46
2
1
3
8
7
4
408
33
11
802
5
24S
•92.. 15
157
75
9
12
3
20
10
6
939
35
13
826
12
241
•91.. 11
55
31
1
—
21
9
6
135
28
9
638
10
237
'90.. 12
54
102
14
2
27
11
5
545
36
8
712
8
244
'89.. 9
46
70
1
—
34
10
5
942
22
13
588
11
212
'88.. 12
66
24
—
—
13
2
5
490
18
7
563
6
249
'87.. 12
« — —
102
40
8
7
4
592
14
—
622
11
294
•In thousands.
TO DO BUSINESS WITH THE GOVERNMENT.
In writing for information under any of the departments of
government, apply either to the special officer under whose
division the inquiry seems to fall, or if this point is not evi-
dent, write simply to the department as a whole; as, for in-
stance, when writing for bulletins upon farm topics, address
♦he "Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C." But in
writing for information concerning weather or meteorology,
the letter would naturally be addressed to Chief of Weather
Bureau, Washington, D. C.
When writing to express an opinion on pending legislation,
the person to address is the representative in congress from a
person's own district, or to one or both of the senators from
your state. Address them simply at Washington, D. C.
TEAB BOOK AND ALMANAC 99
HAY CROP OF THE UNITED STATES.
Under "value" is first given average value per ton of
hay on the farms of the country, December 1.
Yield Value triide,
Foreign Price timotliy per ton
thou, teas 7«}ew York ('htcatfo
:^S S
•'§ s 5- ^ .5 ? I -s 1 a ^ « a
£5 ;» is oS g€ a a ^ g
^ << g £3 Hg Oft o5 £ w s -< fi a ^ 5
1904. .40 1.45 58 _ -I- — — $19.00 $18.50 $17.00 $12.50 $14.00 $12.50
1903.. 40 1.4 58 — — 293 51 21.00 25.00 19.00 14.00 15.00 13.00
1902. .40 1.5 60 $9.06 $542 48 153 19.00 20.00 21.00 13.00 15.00 13.00
1901.. 39 1.3 51 10.01 506 143 89 19.50 19.00 19.00 14.00 15.00 13.90
190O..39 1.3 50 8.89 446 144 73 18.00 19.00 19.00 11.50 12.50 14.00
1899.. 41 1.4 57 7.27 412 20 65 13.50 19.00 17.50 10.00 13.00 11.50
1898.. 43 1.6 66 6.00 398 4 82 16.00 15.50 13.50 9.30 8.50 8.25
1897.. 43 1.42 61 — — 120 62 16.00 16.00 16.00 10.00 11.00 10.00
1896. .43 1.37 59 6.55 388 303 59 20.00 20.00 17.00 13.00 12.00 11.00
1895.. 44 1.1 47 8.35 393 202 47 16.00 22.00 18.00 11.00 15.00 14.00
1894.. 48 1.1 55 8.54 468 87 54 17.00 18.00 16.00 11.00 12.00 11.00
1893.. 50 1.3 66 8.68 .571 104 33 18.00 19.00 18.00 12.00 11.00 11.00
1892. . * 1.2 t57 8.49 (484 80 35 18.00 19.00 18.00 12.00 12.00 13.00
1891.. • 1.2 $53 8.39 $445 58 28 13.00 18.00 17.00 10.00 12.00 15.00
1890.. • 1.2 $50 7.74 $387 125 36 17.00 16.00 14.00 9.00 11.00 11.00
1889.. * 1.3 $48 7.88 $378 105 22 18.00 18.00 17.00 10.00 11.00 11.00
1888.. 39 1.2 47 10.76 408 100 18 18.00 20.00 19.00 13.00 15.00 12.00
1887. .38 1.2 41 9.34 413 78 14 16.00 17.00 18.00 10.00 15.00 15.00
1886.. 37 1.2 42 7.36 353 92 13 19.00 17.00 18.00 12.00 12.00 11.00
1885.. 40 1.3 45 9.15 390 161 11 20.00 23.00 19.00 13.00 15.00 12.00
1884.. 39 1.3 48 8.17 396 119 17 18.00 22.00 19.00 11.00 13.00 12.00
1883.. 36 1.3 47 8.21 385 98 13 17.00 18.00 18.00 12.00 13.00 11.00
.1882. .32 1.2 38 9.76 371 86 11 20.00 20.00 18.00 14.00 15.00 12.00
1881.. 31 1.1 35 11.82 415 32 13 24.00 20.00 22.00 16.00 14.00 17.00
1880.. 26 1.2 32 11.62 372 27 14 17.00 22.00 24.00 13.0U 16.00 16.00
1877.. 25 1.2 32 8.50 272 — 7 — — — 9.00 10.00 U.OD
1875.. 24 1.2 28 12.21 342— 7 — — — — — ^
1873..22 1.1 25 13.60 340— 5 — — — — — —
1870.. 20 1.2 25 13.56 339— 7 — — — — — -
1869. .19 1.4 26 12.78 338 — — — — — — — —
1868.. 22 1.1 26 13.46 352— 6 — — — — — —
1867. .20 1.3 26 14.49 373— 5 — — — — — ^
1866.. 18 1.2 22 14.58 318— 9 — — — — — -
• No estimates for year named. Imports and exports for year
ended June 30 therefore apply to crop of preceding^ year.
$ Commercial estimates.
100 AMERICAN AQRICULTURI8T
Apples
THE APPLE CROP AND MARKET.
At no time in the history of farming has more attention
been given to apple culture. Growers are practicing better
care of orchards and are placing the product on the market
in better condition, which ought to result in increased prices
for the best fruit. A feature of the past few years is the
greater desire to observe the principles taught in the schools
of agriculture and horticulture, that best results may be at-
tained. Within the past year or two there has been much
discussion over cultural methods, but all agree on the neces-
sity of proper spraying, a judicious thinning of fruit and
intelligent care in picking, packing and marketing. The last
named includes the very prominent fact of storage on the
farm, in village and in city. Farmers and fruit growers
show progress in solving the problem of storage on the
farm, and a great many cold storage plants have been estab-
lished. The successful orchardist who raises apples for
profit has long since left the ranks of those who pay little
or no attention to the needed requisites.
COMMERCIAL APPLE DISTRICTS.
The Important states are New York, Maine, Michigan,
Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Ohio and Vermont
In the northern and eastern sections of the United States.
But little change has taken place recently, with the excep-
tion that large orchards are each year being put out in
Arkansas and Texas and some other portions of the south-
west. In the highly Important territory of the central Mis-
sissippi basin are included the heavy apple producing states
of Missouri, Arkansas, portions of Kansas, Illinois and Iowa.
Virginia has assumed a prominent position in certain varie-
ties of choice table apples, enjoying something of an export
trade. This branch of horticulture Is also receiving increased
attention In Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky and other
parts of the middle south. West of the Rocky mountains,
California, Oregon and Washington are making steady
growth In apple culture, and Idaho, Montana and Colorado
show excellent results.
The larger middle and eastern states. Including Michi-
gan, New York and part of northern New England, always
furnish a liberal surplus of apples for winter markets. Quite
TBAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 101
a proportion of which is exported. Canada maintains her
enviable reputation as a producer of magnificent fruit, par-
ticularly the provinces of Ontario and Nova Scotia, the last
named in a good year raising 500,000 barrels of fine apples,
which go to the English markets. There Is still a deficiency,
in some of the central states, of the best class of winter
fruit, but orchardists are making commendable progress In
weeding out the poor varieties and replacing with standards.
It may be also noted that urgent need Is still in evidence of
mtelligent work of orchardists in the care of trees and in
battling insect and fungous pests in order to secure perfect
fruit.
PROMINENT COMMERCIAL, FAVORITES.
The standard varieties in winter fruit continue as for
several years past. In the middle and eastern states and
Canada, these include Baldwin, Greening, Northern Spy,
Spitzenberg, etc. The Russet, which for a number of years
was in some neglect, has recently shown more evidence of
again coming into favor. In the west and southwest the
Ben Davis is the most popular variety. Good selling apples
in their season also include such varieties as the Graven-
stein, Pippin, King, Bellflower, Jenneting and Winesap.
WEIGHTS OP VARIETIES OF APPLES PER BUSHEL.
[Bailey.]
The following varieties, when taken from the trees in
October, gave the following weights:
Pounds Pounds
Baldwin 50 Rambo 50
Belmont 50 Rhode Island Greening 52
Ben Davis 47 Roxbury Russet 50
Bunker Hill 49 Rubicon 46
Esopus Spitzenberg 44 Stark 56
Pallawater 48 Swaar 51
Golden Russet 53 Sweet Bough a 39
Lawyer 47 Talman Sweet 48
Nickajack 51 Tompkins King 44
Northern Spy 46 Yellow Bellefleur 46
Pennock 47 ,
102 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
HANDLING THE SURPLUS CROP.
Every year there is a flood of fair to good autumn apples
in practically all markets. This shows that it is easy to
overdo the production of this grade of fruit. Each season
from August to November finds the markets flooded with
soft stock, indifferent in quality, selling at mean prices.
While much of this class of fruit goes from orchard to cider
mills, and large quantities to evaporators, the markets as a
rule are burdened with autumn apples. Most of these must
be. handled by domestic markets, although Europe will take
a moderate quantity of strictly choice autumn fruit for table
purposes. Strictly fancy table stock, by the way, generally
flnds a good market in the autumn.
In handling the crop of winter apples, fruit growers now
generally understand approved methods of storing and keep-
ing apples at home, so that an important part of the crop is
thus cared for, providing prices are temporarily unfavora-
ble. Apple dealers in the cities, particularly In a short year,
get into the field early, and contract many orchards at an
agreed price, picking, packing and shipping the fruit at
their convenience when fully matured in September or Oc-
tober.
A feature of the apple trade. in late years has been the
scarcity and the high price of barrels at picking time. Prices
of these packages have been very high for at least two
years, cutting sharply into the profits of the growers. This
reduced the profits of picking second grade fruit until a
great deal was allowed to go to waste in the orchards. The
season of 1904-5 was marked by a large crop of apples in
New York state, some portions of New England, Michigan
and a few other sections. Barrels were very scarce and
prices for the frUit were such as not to pay for picking infe-
rior stuff. It has also become quite a problem to secure
sufiicient help during the picking season in the large orchard
districts.
EXPORTS OF APPLES.
The export trade in apples has long since assumed a
prominent place, and there is reason for belief that it will
year by year show a greater total. The quantity of apples
that can be shipped abroad depends very largely upon the
home crop and prices, and upon supplies of fruit in western
Europe, the chief consumer of the surplus exported from
America. When our crop is short and prices high, exports
TOAR BOOK AXD ALMANAC lOS
are restricted. But when conditions are favorable, a total
of 3,500,000 barrels apples and upward is shipped from the
United States and Canada in a season, the bulk of these go-
ing to the United Kingdom.
The growth of the trade in American and Canadian ap-
ples on the continent of Europe is uneven, but on the whole
fairly encouraging. As this fruit is regarded by the conti-
nental orchardist a direct competitor of his own product,
the agrarian party in some of the European countries, par-
ticularly Germany, does everything possible to restrict the
entrance of American apples. But, in spite of difficulties of
this character, our apples are each year shown much favor
in central and eastern Europe.
While much of the export trade is made up of barreled
fruit, the apple box is increasing somewhat in popularity
with foreign dealers. On the Pacific coast the box is the
standard package, in which large quantities are exported
to the Orient, as well as to Europe. The apple export trade
of 1903-4 was very encouraging, exceeding 3,800,000 barrels
from the United States and Canada. The season of 1904-5
promises to be equal, if not greater. Perhaps the most pop-
ular seller in the English market is the Baldwin, although
King, Newtown Pippin, Northern Spy, Greening and Russet
are favorites.
Indiscriminate packing and shipping Is a mistake too
often made in exporting. It should be remembered that
foreign buyers demand sound fruit well selected and prop-
erly packed; nothing else should be shipped abroad. Ocean
freights on apples, Boston or New York to Liverpool, are
usually 40 to 70 cents per barrel. Selling charges in Liver-
pool are close to 15 cents, this including dockage, town dues.
Insurance, advertising, sampling and labor in handling. In
addition is the 5% commission on sales. Suppose, for exam-
ple, a parcel of 100 barrels Baldwins, well packed, sells at
16 shillings per barrel, equal to about $3.85; 5% commission
on this would be 19 cents, to which may be added the 15
cents, total about 34 cents, this representing charges for sell-
ing a barrel of apples after reaching Liverpool.
As a rule, apples landing at English markets are sold at
auction and quick disposition Is made of the entire ship-
load, the fruit going in lots of 20 barrels and upward. Great
Britain always has a small to moderate crop of apples; also
imports fair quantities from northern Europe during the
autumn, and in early spring Australia sends some apples to
the mother country. But In the main, the chief dependence
is on the United States and Canada, which ship freely dur-
104
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
ing the winter season, or from September to April inclusive.
Ocean freights on apples, Boston or New York to Hamburg,
the leading German market, are usually 70 to 75 cents per
barrel, occasionally as low as 60 cents.
APPLE CHOP OF UNITED STATES IN RECENT YEARS.
""T""! i90T ~ 1903 1902 ~
^rop oi Barrels Barrels Barrels
New England:
Maine 1,425,000 1,050,000 1,200,000
New Hampshire 940,000 675,000 900.000
Vermont 700,000 430,000 600,000
Massachusetts 995,000 660.000 1,0&0.000
Rhode Island 140,000 113,000 150,000
Connecticut 670,000 479,000 720,000
Total 4,870,000 3,407,000 4,«20,000
Central:
New York 7,200,000 5,250,000 6.250,000
New Jersey 1.250,000 1,120,000 1,400.000
Pennsylvania 4,150,000 8,800,000 3,300,000
Delaware 195,000 150,000 235,000
Ohio 3,275,000 3,100,000 3,500,000
Michigan 3,515,000 3,260,000 3.400,000
Wisconsin 375,000 300,000 280,000
Total 19.960,000 16,980,000 18,365,000
Middle west:
Indiana 730,000 980,000 1,400,000
Illinois 632.000 924.000 2,100,000
Missouri 600,000 466,000 1,400,000
Kansas 540,000 450,000 1,000,000
Nebraska 345,000 214,000 450,000
Iowa 1,550,000 1,306.000 1,250,000
Arkansas 1,100,000 800,000 1,000,000
Total 5,397,000 5,240,000 8,600.000
Southern:
West Virginia 960,000 2,400,000 2.000,000
Virginia 1,850,000 2,250,000 2,500.000
Maryland 375,000 975,000 780,000
Kentucky 2,900,000 2.700,000 2,000,000
Tennessee 2,650,000 2,295,000 1,800,000
Totol 8,735,000 10,620,000 9,080.000
YBAR BQOK AND AI^MANAC W
"IT ~ Barrels ISriili Barr^lp
crop of 1904 1903 1902
■ ■ " » llJUtl--! ■ I i > ■■ ■ !■ 11 HP" •■■ ^ I I . » ■ ■« . ■ > ■ ■
Far west:
Colorado 275,000 mOQO 200,000
Idaho ,, 105,000 95,000 , 100,000
Utah 116,000 110,000 95,000
Montana 26,000 25,000 25,000
California 865,000 1,160,000 1,100,000
Oregon 560,000 502,000 420,000
Washingrton 503,000 437,000 416,000
Total 2,449,000 2.559.000 2,416,000
All other 3,960,000 3,820,000 3,548,000
United States crop 45 ,360.000 42.626,000 46.625,000
Earlier years: 1901. 26,970,000; 1900, 56.820,000; 1899, 58,466,000 (fed-
eral census figures); 1896, 69,879,000; 1889, 57,242,000 (federal census
figures).
EXPORTS DRIED APPIrBS FROM UNITB3D STATES.
Yttur
Year
6nded
Total
Avg.
en4^4
Totftl
Avg.
Juneeo Pounds
value
value
June 80 Pounds
value
▼alA
1904.. 22,730,009
$1,257,900
5.58c
1894.. 2,846,645
$168,054
5.90c
1903. .89,647,179
2,381,469
6.00
1893.. 7,906,819
482,086
6.02
1902.. 15,664,468
1,190,593
7.60
1892.. 26,042,063
1,288,102
4.57
1901.. 28,309.023
1,510,581
5.33
1891,. 6,973,168
409,605
5.87
1900. .34,964,010
2,247,861
6.42
1890. .20,861,462
1.038,682
4.98
1899.. 19,305,739
1,246,733
6.45
1889.. 22.102,579
1,201,070
5.43
1898.. 31,031,254
1,897,725
6.11
1888.. 11,803,161
812,682
7.73
1897. .30,883,921
1,356,678
4.39
1887.. 8,130,396
413.363
5.08
1896.. 26,691,963
1,340,507
5.02
1886.. 10,473,183
548,434-
5.2S
1895.. 7,085,946
461,214
6.50
1885.. 18,416,573
1,062,859
6.77
POINTS IN BARRBLINQ APPLES.
In packing for either domeBtic or foreign markets, proper
selection, uniform M%e of package and good Judgment in
character of the work bring best results. The fruit should
run uniform throughout the barrel, both in quality and size;
should be closeiy and tightly packed, without undue bruis-
ing, one end of the barrel nicely faced, the package well
coopered, and stenciled with- the name of the variety and
quality. No. 1 apples should prove just what they claim,
the barrel containing absolutely no No. 2 fruit. In order to
ship safely and satisfactorily, apples must be packed tight.
No. 1 apples must be 2% inches in diameter if of the fol-
lowing varieties: Ben Davis, Willow Twig, Baldwin, Green-
ing. Varieties such as Romanite, Russet, Winesap, Jona-
106 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
than, Missouri Pippin and others will be 2% inches In diam-
eter. They must be free from worms, not over 10% affected
by defacement of surtace, hand packed, not bruised or skin
broken, and must be of a bright, normal color, and shapely.
A No. 2 apple may be one-quarter of an inch less in size, not
over 20% affected by defacement of surface, etc.
The standard apple barrel of the United. States, i. e., the
barrel adopted by the International Apple Shippers' Associ-
ation, contains 100 quarts, or about the same as the standard
cranberry barrel. Officials of this association state that the
apple barrel should have 17%-inch heads, 28%-inch staves
and 64 inches bulge. This barrel holds three bushels. Bushel
boxes were recommended to be ll%xll%x20 inches on the
inside. While this barrel described is generally considered
as standard, the apple crop of the country is by no means
packed in barrels of this uniform size. While it is used in
most orchards of western New York, the Hudson river dis-
trict uses a smaller barrel known as **the 16%-Inch barrel."
In Nova Scotia, a district which turns out 500,000 barrels of
export apples each year, the 96-quart barrel Is generally
used. In Ontario the 30-inch stave barrel is much used.
LEADING APPLE COUNTIES OF U. S. AND CANADA.
Arkansas— Benton, Carroll. Madison, Washington.
California — Sonoma, Santa Cruz, Los Angeles, Eldorado,
Napa, Santa Clara.
Colorado — Fremont, Jefferson, Boulder, Larimer, Mesa,
Delta, 'Montrose.
Connecticut— Fairfield, Litchfield, Hartford, New Haven.
Illinois— Madison, Adams, Marion, Sh::rlby, Union, Wil-
liamson, Hancock, Wayne, Washington.
Iowa — Adams, Clarke, Decatur, Fremont, Mills, Mont-
gomery, Page, Ringgold, Taylor, Union, Warren, Lee.
Kansas — Labette. Cherokee, Leavenworth, Bourbon.
Brown, Douglas, Shawnee.
Kentucky — Meade, Warren, Hardin, Campbell.
Maine — Oxford, Kennebec, Cumberland, Penobscot, Som-
erset, York.
Maryland— Baltimore, Frederick, Carroll, Montgomery.
Massachusetts— Worcester, Middlesex, Franklin, Hamp-
shire, Berkshire, Essex.
Michigan — Berrien, Oakland, Lenawee, Kent, Allegan,
Van Buren, Cass, Saint Joseph.
Missouri — Nodaway, Jasper, Vernon, Greene, Andrew,
Jackson, Howell, Clay, Texas, Webster.
TEAR BOOK AND AJOiANAC 107
Nebraska — Otoe, Richardson, Nemaha, Cass, Johnson,
Pawnee.
NefW Hampshire— Grafton, Merrimack, Hillsboro, Rock-
ingham, Os^rroll.
New York — Niagara, Monroe, Genesee, Erie, Wayne, Or-
leans, Ontario, Steuben, Oswego, Albany.
Ohio — Washington, Ashtabula, Columbiana, Cuyahoga,
Clermont, gtark.
Oregon — Clackamas, Marion, Linn, Yamhill, Washington.
Pennsylvania — Allegheny, Crawford, Erie, Butler, Sus-
quehanna, Westmoreland, Clinton.
Vermont — Windsor, Windham, Orange, Washington, Rut-
land.
Virginia — Augusta, Rockingham, Albemarle, Patrick,
Rappahannock.
Washington— Walla Walla, Columbia, Clark, Whitmaji,
Spokane.
Wisconsin — Fond du J^ac, Outagamie, Rock.
Nova ScQtia— Annapolis, Halifax, Hants, Kings.
Ontario — Brant, Dundas, Durham, pigin, Essex, Fronte-
nac, Qlengarry, Grenville, Haldimand, Halton, Huron, Kent,
Lambton, Leeds, Lincoln, Middlesex, Norfolk, Northumber-
land, Ontario, Oxford, Peel, Perth, Prince Edward, Stormont,
Waterloo, WeHand, Wellington, Wentworth, York.
Quebec — Chateaugay, Drummond, Huntington, Iberville,
Richmond.
HISTORIC FIRES.
There have been many destructive fires in the history of the
world txovfi Nineveh to Baltimore.
London, 1666, when flve-sixths of the city within the walls
was burned. This was the year following the great plague, and
appalling as was the loss, the gain was even greater, as the
germs of the plague were destroyed, and the new city was built
more openly and hygienically.
MoscoWf 1312, when the French entered the Russian capital,
and fires were started which raged six days and burned nine-
tenths of the city.
In this country, one of the first great fires was in New York,
1835, loss $18,000,000. Portland, Me., was set on fire by Fourth of
July crackers, and suffered a loss of $10,000,000. Chicago, in 1871,
had the most disastrous conflagration of any in the United
States, with a loss of 200 lives, $190,000,000 in property, and the
destruction of thousands of homes. Boston followed in 1872, the
loss being almost entirely in the business section, amount $80.-
000,000. Baltimore, in 1904, burned the commercial center, loss
$50,000,000.
108
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
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YBAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 109
Potatoes
POTATO CROP OF THE WORLD.
The world's production of potatoes in an average year
Is approximately 4000 million bushels. This may be com-
pared with the world's crop of wheat of 3000 millions, of
corn substantially the same, of rye 1300 and of barley 800
million bushels. This brief array of figures shows at a
glance the great Importance of what Is a principal food prod-
uct of modern nations. The potato is a staple of the masses
to such an extent that Surope produces annually 2% times
as much in bulk of this crop as of wheat. The average
potato crop of all Europe reported, including the tjnited
Kingdom, is something like 3500 million bushels. The rate
of yield per acre is larger in the United Kingdom and Europe
than in the United States, hinting at the possibility of great-
ly increased production of potatoes from a given area, pro-
viding conditions are favorable.
The potato crop of 1904 was unusually large, exceeding
anything in recent years. Some development of rot in im-
portant potato producing states, such as Wisconsin, Michi-
gan and New York, cut Into the crop somewhat. According
to final returns of American Agriculturist's county corre-
spondents, carefully summarized, also giving due weight to
all other reliable testimony at hand, the potato crop of the
United States in 1904 approximates 288,700,000 bushels, com-
pared with 255,000,000 bushels one year ago, and 272,000,000
bushels in 1902.
The quality was generally good, although some com-
plaints of rather large and coarse tubers reach us from a few
sections. This quite outside of the development of rot just at
time of harvest, which proved quite serious in portions of
certain states, as indicated.
WHERE THE COMMERCIAL CROP IS LARGE.
In studying the latest comparativ^e figures on the potato
crop by states, it will be noted that the increase in the heavy
producing sections of the northwest compared with 1903 was
very marked. Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota
together showed something like 24,000,000 bushels more po-
tatoes than: in 1903, although the gain is not so marked com-
pared with two years ago.
110 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
New York, always a very important producer, and a
potent factor in shaping values, both east and west, showed
up with much the same crop as 1903, after taking account of
the development of rot, which slightly reduced the average
rate of yield of marketable potatoes. Pennsylvania and
Ohio made a slight increase, while the gain in New England
over 1903 was substantial, owing chiefly to the splendid crop
produced in the Aroostook potato district of northern Maine.
Taking the country at large, the average rate of yield per
acre appeared to be something like ten bushels heavier than
a year earlier, and substantially greater than in any recent
year.
The potato crop of 1904, compared with the production of
recent years, was as follows:
\
Crop of Acres Per acre Bushels
1904 3,026,000
1903 3,004,000
1902 3,016,000
1901 2,919,000
95
288,664.000
85
255,009,000
90
271,777,000
62
183,321,000
In making comparisons it should be borne in mind that
with the exception of 1902 the crops above presented were
all small crops, so that while the crop for 1904 closely crowds
the 300 million mark, as a matter of fact it is only moder-
ately larger than previous good crops, and only slightly
larger than the crop of 1899, as reported by the federal cen-
sus enumeration. In the meantime, the population of the
country has increased by fully 7%, so that the relative potato
supply for the two years in question is not radically changed.
It is a most important factor in making up food require-
ments. A crop universal geographically, yet the main sur-
plus available for markets after harvest is ended is derived
from comparatively few states. These include New England,
New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Colorado, the
Dakotas, and to a less extent Iowa, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
Nebraska, Utah and California. While other sections, in-
cluding the south, turn off liberal crops, these as a rule are
mostly consumed at home, although in certain years various
states not in the commercial belt named have a liberal sur-
plus for export 'beyond their borders. Nor is there much in-
ternational trade in potatoes, nearly every country, both
in America and Europe, consuming almost or quite its entire
production, one year with another. A number of countries
yield a moderate surplus beyond home requirements, export-
fHAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 111
ing this to neigrhborlng territory not so fortunate. But so
far as the United States is concerned, the imports and ex-
ports are insignificant compared with the great volume of
the crop.
A full yield of potatoes in the United States is 280,000,000
bushels. This has been exceeded but once or twice, while in
short years the crop measured only 150 to 175 millions. Where
extended areas have been brought under this crop in some
states, a portion of the normal acreage In other states may
be, one year with another, devoted to other crops, partic-
ularly following a season of low prices.
Owing to the great bulk and perishable nature of the
crop, it cannot be handled as advantageously as many oth-
ers. As a result, in years of big crops, net returns to farm-
ers located long distances from markets are often quite un-
satisfactory. The area under this crop is about 3,000,000
acres.
The potato is a pioneer, in a sense, yielding exception-
ally well in such comparatively new countries as northern
Maine, parts of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, the Dako-
tas and Colorado. Northern grown stock is in great demand
each season for shipment to the middle and southern states
for seed purposes. This applies particularly to quality, rate
of yield and freedom from disease. The chief enemies of
the potato crop are insects, blight and rust, followed by a
tendency toward rapid rotting late in the season and after
harvest. .
THE FOREIGN TRADE IN POTATOES IS SMALL.,
year by year, yet in some seasons makes a respectable show-
ing. When the home crop is poor, considerable quantities
of potatoes ar^ imported from Scotland and northern Eu-
rope, and Imports usually include some stock from the lower
Canadian provinces. Some potatoes are brought to Atlantic
coast cities each winter and spring from the Bermudas,
before our own southern crop is ready for market, but these
exert no appreciable influence on our aggregate crop of
late fall.
We guarantee the reliability of every advertisement In the
American Agriculturist weeklies, and will make good any loss
which any subscriber may sustain, while his subscription lasts,
by trusting any advertiser who may prove to be a deliberate
swindler.
112 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
POTATO CROP BY STATES— ACREAGE AND YIELD.
[In round thousands.]
/ — Acres gruwu — ^
Yield per acre,
bUB.
,^Total production, bus.-^
Crop of
1904
1903
1902
1901
1904
1908
1902
1901
1904
1903
1902
iwa
Me
66'
"63"
m
55"
200
160
125
140
13,200
9,765
7,500
7.700
N. H. .
20
19
20
20
145
100
85
80
2,900
1,900
1.700
1,600
Vt
22
22
24
23
110
125
100
85
2,420
2,750
2,400
1.955
Mass. .
25
24
26
26
125
103
108
65
3,125
2,475
2,808
1,625
R. I. ...
5
5
5
5
100
80
88
85
500
440
484
425
y^^ L* • • ■ • •
20
20
22
22
100
90
98
70
2,000
1,800
2,205
1,540
N. Y...
360
360
365
350
95
85
90
85
30,960
30.600
32.800
29,850
N. J. ..
45
45
46
45
86
100
90
70
4,275
4,500
4,140
3.150
Pa
210
210
220
195
80
80
77
75
17,220
16,800
16,940
14,626
V^« ••••••
173
170
170
168
95
78
100
58
16.436
13,200
17.000
9,744
Mich. ..
268
268
270
210
106
81
85
90
28.408
21,700
23,C00
18.900
Ind. . . .
92
90
94
110
91
77
90
28
8.372
6,930
8,460
3.080
Ill
151
148
145
153
98
72
90
32
14,798
10,666
13,050
4,896
Wis. ...
242
240
235
225
no
65
100
60
26,620
15,600
23,500
13,500
XSi% . . • • .
164
157
175
170
118
68
100
27
19,352
10,675
17,500
4.n90
Minn. ..
150
147
145
130
84
71
96
56
12,600
10,436
13,775
7.280
Mo
85
88
. 92
89
89
71
110
20
7,565
6.248
10,120
1,V80
Kan. . .
85
86
91
90
?0
67
105
24
6,800
5,762
9.556
2,160
Neb. . .
88
85
84
164
110
74
120
34
9,680
6.290
10,080
5.576
S. D. ..
37
36
35
61
90
100
100
50
3,330
3.600
3.500
3,060
N. D. ..
21
22
22
37
104
80
86
90
2,184
1.760
1.870
3.330
Col. ...
40
40
39
38
125
100
100
110
5,000
4.000
3,900
4,180
Cal. ...
42
45
45
30
135
122
140
125
5,670
5.490
6.300
3,750
Ore. . . .
33
33
33
23
90
157
130
146
2,970
5,180
•1,690
3,220
Wash. .
26
26
27
21
115
164
125
115
2,990
4,264
3,375
2.415
Other ' .
550 525 525 460
3025 3005 3016 2919
78
95
75
81
65
90
60
62 2
43,280
41.625
244,445
34,125
29,400
Total ..
288,664 :
271,777
183.321
AMERICAN POTATO CROP FOR 21 YEARS, WITH
COMPARISONS.
The Imports and exports corresponding to the domestic
crop of 1903, are for the fiscal year, ending June 30, 1904, as
all imports are during the period October to June, and so
on for the other years. Boston market prices for November,
January and April, following the harvest, are selected, be-
cause most sensitive to importations. The average value of
imported potatoes is given under ••Imports." The average
prices on farms of United States December 1, as returned to
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC
113
United States department of agriculture, are stated under
"Farm."
Yield in bus.
United States
Prices of potatoes
Crop Acres Per
of p otato es ac re
1904.. 3, 025 .000 95
19a3..3,0O5,0OO 81
1902. .3,016,000 90
1901. .2,919,000 66
1900.. 2, 923 ,000 87
1899. .2,976,000 81
1898.. 2,778,000 73
1897. .2,745,000 64
1896.. 2,865,000 86
1895.. 3, 204 ,000 88
1894.. 2,914. 000 64
1893. .2.605,000 72
1S92.. 2, 506,000 62
1891.. 2,660,000 93
1890. .2,606,000 58
1889.. 2,601 ,000 76
1888.. 2,533,000 80
1887.. 2,357,000 57
1886.. 2,287 ,000 78
1885.. 2,226.000 78
1884. .2,221,000 86
Total
crop
Imports,
DUS.
Exports,
bus.
Imp.
H. Farm
Nov. Jan. Apr.
288,664.000
244.445,000
271,777,000
193,121,000
255,100,000
242,950,000
203,928,000
174,116,000
245,480,000
286,350,000
185,000,000
183,000,000
155.000,000
250,000,000
150.000,000
218,000,000
202,000,000
134,000,000
168.000,000
175,000,000
191.000.000
•18,965
3,166,581
358,505
7,666.162
a71,909
155,413
530.420
1.171,282
247.186
175.240
1,343.000
3,003.000
4,317,000
187,000
5,402,000
3,416,000
883,000
8,260,000
1,432,000
1,937,000
659.000
•213.160
484,042
843.075
628,484
741,483
803,360
581.833
605,187
926.646
680,000
573,000
793,000
846,000
557,000
341.000
407,000
472,000
404,000
435,000
495,000
80,000
$0.58
.66
.41
.61
.95
.56
.40
.58
.73
.45
.42
.47
.95
.51
.40
.36
/.45
.38
.33
.30
$0.50
.47
.77
.43
.39
.41
.55
.29
.27
.54
.59
.67
.37
.78
.40
.40
.69
.45
.53
$0.55
.55
.78
.80
.65
.51
.43
.75
.39
.38
.38
.68
.80
.50
.85
.60
.60
.80
.60
.60
.57
$0.60
.70
.88
.87
.72
.65
.70
.83
.40
.35
.58
.68
1.00
.50
1.05
.70
.60
.90
.60
.85
.58
$1.05
.85
.95
.70
.58
.90
.90
.43
.35
."iO
.80
1.10
.46
1.15
1.00
.60
1.12
.70
.80
.65
Sugar
THE AMERICAN SUGAR INDUSTRY.
The growing of cane and beets in the United States for
the production of sugar is becoming one of the important
industries. The permanent success of the proposition is so
thoroughly bound up with the import trade in raw sugars
that the business is extremely sensitive to tariffs, reciprocity
treaties, or "free trade" between the United States and our
new Insular possessions, such as Hawaii, Porto Rico and
the Philippines. The domestic production of cane sugar,
confined largely to Louisiana, has shown very slow growth
In recent years. Perhaps one of the greatest needs in devel-
oping the cane sugar industry is a higher sugar content
in cane. This Is a matter discussed far and wide, forming
an important topic in every convention of cane growers.
The sugar beet industry has held its own in the past two
or three years, and under favorable conditions Is a profitable
114 AMESRICAN AGRICULTURIST
crop. The beets are either grown by companies who own
factories, or by farmers who live in the neighborhood of
such factories.
So far as the world's production of cane sugar is con-
cerned, this has increased from substantially 3,000,000 tons
annually to upward of 4,000,000 tons. In the season of 1899-0,
cane sugar constituted only 35% of the world's total sugar
production. By 1902-3 this had increased to 42%, and in
1904-6 48%, due to the shortage in beets. According to fig-
ures furnished by the Sugar Trade Journal, and Licht's esti-
mate of European crops, the world's output of cane and beet
3Ugar, 10,471,800 tons for 1903-4, was the maximum in the
history of the sugar industry. The Cuban output of cane
sugar has assumed normal proportions after the war dis-
turbances of recent years. Cuba and Java continue far in
the lead as single producers of cane sugar, making up fully
half the world's total, followed in importance by Hawaii,
the Philippines, Porto Rico, etc. A feature worthy of special
note is the hint that the world's production of cane sugrar is
increasing rapidly, as above indicated.
METHOD OP PAYING FOR SUGAR BEETS.
The matter of paying for sugar beets in the United States
is based primarily on the purity and per cent of 9ugar con-
tent. In all cases, the price is for beets delivered at the fac-
tory net weight less tare. Two methods are in vogue: 1, to
pay a straight price for all beets; 2, to pay a minimum price
for beets containing 12% sugar and a certain fixed sum, usu-
ally 25 cents per ton, for each additional 1% of sugar.
PRICES AT SUGAR FACTORIES.
A glance at the record of prices paid at various beet su-
gar factories during the season of 1904-5 affords interesting
comment on the industry. In Lakin county, Kan., the crop
was between 3000 and 4000 tons, for which growers received
%5 per ton, with $1 additional as bounty from the state. To
stimulate the industry in untried areas, $9000 state bounty
was offered to be paid to growers who marketed and manu-
factured into sugar beets testing 12% or more of sugar. This
resulted in a large increase in acreage and a general stimulus
to the business. At Holland, Mich., the factory was obligred
to give notice to farmers not to deliver their beets except
in small amounts. The crop was very large in that section
YEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC
115
and the factory was deluged with beets. Through some sec-
tions of Wisconsin the crop was not up to standard of sugar
content and farmers did not market the beets, but fed them
to stock, finding good returns in this practice. The great
need throughout beet growing sections is for improvement
in methods of culture and increase in sugar content.
THE SUGAR TRADE IN THE UNITED STATES.
All the figures in the following table (except those of the
beet sugar production for all years and the 1903-4 figures of
the cane sugar production, which are from WiUet & Gray's
Statistical Sugar Trade Journal), were compiled from the
Statistical Abstract of the United States, with advance fig-
ures furnished by the bureau of statistics.
Domestic production
Imports
Consumj
Total, 1
ptlon
Fiscal
Cane,
BMta,
Total* '
Total,
Value.
:*ercap.
pounds
years
long tons
lout tons
191,000
long >ns
531,000
long tons
millions
lonrr nt
1904-.5.
. .340,000
—
l«)S-4.
. .215,000
208.135
423,136
1,651.171
$71.9
—
—
1902-3.
..300,000
195,463
495,4b:
1,882.191
1,779.466
72.1
_
—
1901-2.
. .310,614
163,126
473,740
90.4
2,372,316
68.7
1900-1.
..277,891
76,859
354,750
1,798.252
100.2
2.219.847
65.2
1899-0.
..149,191
95.000
244,191
1.781,361
94.9
2.078.068
62.6
1898-9.
..248,954
32,471
281,425
1,200,857
60.4
2.002.902
61.5
1897-8.
..316,183
40,399
366.582
2.195.493
99.0
2,070.978
64.8
1896-7.
..287,578
40.000
327,578
1.743,901
89.2
1.960,066
62.5
1895-6.
..242,693
30.000
272.693
1,595,763
76.4
1,949,744
6.3.4
1894-5.
. .325.621
20,443
346.064
1,939,818
126.8
2.012,714
66.7
^m-i.
..272,913
20.453
493.366
1,681,448
116.2
1.906,758
64.4
1892-3.
. .206,816
12,091
218.907
1,586,834
104.4
1,853,370
63.8
1891-2.
..165,437
5,359
170,796
1,554,142
. 105.7
1,888,851
66.3
1890-1.
..221,951
2,800
224.751
1,309,826
96.0
l,476,:m
52.8
1889-0.
..136,503
2,600
139,103
1.233,122
88.5
1.416,474
51.8
1888-9.
..153,909
1,910
155,819
1.205,484
74.2
1.519.283
56.7
1887-8.
..167.814
255
168.069
1,400,197
78.4
1.381.714
52.7
1886-7.
.. 85,394
800
86,194
1.200.840
80.7
1,459.^J80
.-)6.9
188.5-6.
. .135,158
600
135,758
1,213.341
72.5
1.298.380
r.1.8
1884-5.
..100.876
953
101.829
1.230.543
98.2
1,309,383
53.4
RATES OF DT'TY ON FOREIGN SUGARS.
1861, 5 cents per pound: 1862, 4 cents per pound; 1864, 5 cents
per pound; 1870, 4 cents per pound; 1874. 5 cents per pound; 1^,
2 1-3 to 3% cents per pound; 1890, y^ cent duty, bounty on domes-
tic sugar, 2 cents per pound; 1894. 40 per cent ad valorem; 1897,
1 to 2H cents per pound, average about 72 per cent. The highest
figures in the present (1897) law are for refined sugar, biu raws
constitute by far the bulk of Imports.
116
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
WORLD'S PRODUCTION OP SUGAR.
[In tons of 2240 pounds.]
Season Beet
Cane
Total
Season Beet
Cane
Total
1904-5*. 5,311,000 4,591,000 9,902,000
1903-4. .6,083,000 4,388,800 10,471,800
1902-3.. 5,717,332 4,117,629 9,834,961
1901-2.. 6,923,487 4,063,282 10,986,769
1900-1.. 6,066,939 3,650,416 9,717,355
1899-0. .5,596,390 2,742,983 8,339,373
1898-9. .5,014,572 2,929,865 7,944,437
1897-8. .4,872,173 2,864,255 7,736,428
1896-7.. 4,954,000 2,839,000 7,793,000
1895-6.. 4,232,000 2,556,000 6,788,000
1894-5.. 4,691,000 3,137,000 7,828,000
1893-4.. 3, 786, 000 3,260,000 7,046,000
1892-3.. 3,444,000 2,769,000 6,113,000
1891-2.-3,445,000 2,785,000 6,230.000
2,597,000
2,138,000
2,359,000
2.541,000
1890-1.. 3,640,000
1889-0. .3,563,000
1888-9.-2,708,000
1887-8.. 2,407 ,000
6,237,000
5,701.000
5.067,000
4.948.000
• Tbe dsrures since 1896-7 are compiled from the following
sources: Cane sugar production of the world and beet suirar
production of the United States, Willet & Gray; beet sugar pro-
duction of Europe, Licht.
Hops
Hops are grown in a sniall way in a number of states,
but there are only two^ distinct commercial hop producing
sections in the United States. The most important is the
Pacific coast, comprising the states of California, Oregon
and Washington. This district raises nearly three-fourths
of the commercial crop of the country. New York produces
practically all the remainder. Wisconsin boasts a few com-
mercial yards, but her total output of hops is light. The
soil and climate of the Pacific hop states are conducive to a
high yield per acre, much more so than New York. In re-
cent years the acreage in the former district has enlarged,
while New York hop growers lost interest in the business
until the better prices of the past season. A continuation of
these may cause a revival of the industry in the Empire
state.
Great Britain is cutting down her hop acreage steadily.
In 1885 United Kingdom farmers devoted 70,127 acres to hops,
whereas the 1904 acreage was only 47,799. Germany is an im-
portant producer of hops, and the same may be said of Aus-
tria. Belgium, France and Russia cut some figure in the
commercial world, and Holland to a moderate extent. Aus-
tralasia grows about 10,000 bales per annum, not enough to
supply her home demand.
Owing to the partial failure of the English crop, and the
general increased, consumption of hops throughout the
world, the 1904 output sold at the highest figures since the
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC
117
sensational prices of 1882. Overproduction in 1894-6 oaused
the lowest values on record. Since that time, however, there
has been a gradual reoovery and prices are at a level en?
couraging to producers.
FOREIGN HOP TRADE.
Exports of hops from the United States for the year
ended June 30, 1904, showed a revival from the low ebb of the
preceding season. As the English crop of 1904 was the small-
est in many years, it was the prediction of dealers that the
United States would be able to se41 her surplus Itops abroad
during 1904 and 1905.
EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF HOPS AND VALUES.
[Last OOO's omitted; year ending June 30.]
«k
«»
»
•k
^
^3
f«
•S
•1
•s
^•2
If
•^
•f
§•
§-n
|§
^s.
IS.
&
l§
s.g
IS.
>a.
8
&%
H4 0*
>g
t^a
6
SS.
S2
^g
1904.
.10,986
2,758
J
^,116
$1,374
1898.
.17,161
2,376
$2,643
$648
1903.
. 7,794
6,011
1,910
1.808
1897.
.11,425
3,018
1,305
630
1902.
.10.715
2,805
1,550
834
1896.
.16,765
2,772
1.479
600
1901.
.14,964
2.606
2,467
851
189&.
.17,523
3,134
1,873
600
1900.
.12,639
2,590
1.708
713
1894.
.17,473
828
484
3,844
1899;
.21,146
1,319
3,626
581
U. 3.
FOREIGN TRADE.
SUPPLY, CONSUMPTION.
t
>.
1
0*
>*
•
1
0t
%
OQ
Ik
9
1
>»
a
9
VI
c
§:
9
I
>f
1
1
a
Total
supp]
tConi
tion
g.
OD
1r^
a
tConi
tion
1903..
. 61
144
15
159
267
1896..
. 63
112
17
129
177
1902..
. 43
152
33
185
247
1895..
. 93
199
15
214
184
1901..
. 60
ICO
16
166
226
1894..
. 97
228
17
240
184
1900..
. 83
125
15
140
219
1893..
. 97
171
5
176
171
1899..
. 70
140
14
154
204
1892. .
. 63
170
15
175
178
1898..
117
98
7
105
208
1891..
. 70
138
13
151
164
1897..
. 95
130
13
143
192
1890..
. 49
143
21
164
157
* Thousands of bales, f Consumption at one pound hops to
a barrel of beer.
118
AMERICAN AGRICULTUIII^T
PRICES AT NEW YORK CITY, CHOICE STATE HOPS.
[In cents per pound.]
1903-4
1902-3
1901-S
1900-1
1899-6
1898*9
Sept.
21({i'S0
26 (&)28
16 #16%
13 @15
12 #14
12#13
Oct.
31@33
26 (0)28
13 #15
13%#15
14 #15
15#16
Nov.
30@32
82 ex)34
14 #15%
18 #19
13 #14%
20@21
Dec.
31(5)33
36 @38
14 #15%
20 #22
13%@14%
20#21
Jan.
34(^37
35 mi
14 #15%
20 #22
12%#14
19#20
Feb.
361/38
35 (??37
14%#16
20 #22
13 #14
19#19%
Mar.
35@36
35 #36
17 #18
20 #22
13 #14
18#19
Apr.
34^38
30 #32
17%#18%
20 #21
13 #14
17#18
May
3.3(^)85
28 ^m
19 #20
19 #20
13 #14
imn
June
33@35
33 #24
20%#2a
18 #19
18 #14
16#17
July
31ca)34
21 #22
21%#23%
17%#18
13 #14%
15#ie
Aug.
33@35
20y2(a)2m
24%#26
17 #18
13 #14
1890-1
15#16
1896-7
9 #12
1893-4
22 #24
1891-3
15 #18
1889-90
Sept.
SWft'iO
23#28
14#16
Oct.
9 mi
9 #11
21 #24
IQ @17
43#47
11#13
Nov.
10^^@15
10 #13
22 #23
19 #21
35#47
11#14
Dec.
14 m6
11 #12% 21i4#23
20 #22
32#45
13@14%
Jan.
........14 015
10%#12
21%(Q^22% 21 #28
32#38
13#16
Feb.
13^(^14
10 #n
21 #23
85 #27
33#3q
13(^20
,Mar.
iv/zmz
10 #n
18 #21
24 #25
28#31
14<g)20
Apr.
10 mi'^^ (?i)10
18 #19
26 #32
27#32
16#18
May
10 mOVa 8 ((i>lQ
16 #18
28 #30
29#32
18#20
June
9 mo
8 # 9
14 #1^
24 #29
30#32
20#22
July
9 #10
8 #9
12 #14
24 (?J26
32#28
20#a8
Aug.
9 mo
7 #10
10 #12
24%#27
17(5)20
@1#28
HOP PRODUCTION BY COUNTRIES.
[In thousands of bales of 180 pounds net, American standard.]
Crop of *3904 1903 1902 1901 1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 1895 1894 1892 1890
Germkny ....265 280 321 190 2G7 336 268 310 353 368 404 300 164
Austria ......125 78 122 210 112 132 76 99 1.36 % 109 79 65
France ...... t63 25 2} 28 44 48 37 38 43
England 180 249 103 404 216 411 222 256 281
Oth'r c'nlrjes 40 91 44
343
38 44 54
395 257 176
Total 673 723 701 832 639 927 603 703 813 848 946 680 459
IT. S 234 205 195 210 208 240 215 225 175 292 320 223 205
Aggregate. . 907 92 8 896 1042 847 11 67 818 903 988 1140 1266 903 664
♦American Agriculturist's preliminary estijnate. This journal
is an accepted authority on America's hop crop, but it frankly
admits this crop is one of the most difficult to report upon, :f6r
obvious reasons. Figures of each crop are subject to final re-
vision at the close of each year, when data are available of the
interior and foreign movement, t Includes Belgium.
TBAR BOOK AND ALMANAC
HOP CROP OP THE WORLD.
119
In the following table are given for a long series of years
the bales of hops produced each season in the United States
and in ESurope (Including England), the total constituting
about 95% of the world's supply. It also shows the number
of bales of each crop exported from the United States, and
the imports of foreign hops into the United States, with av-
erage yearly United States export prices.
HOP CROPS AND PRICES.
[In thousands of bales of 180 pounds net.]
tCrop of
U. S.
crop
European Total
crop crop
673 907
723 928
701 896
832 1042
639 847
927 1167
603 818
703 928
813 988
946 1266
680 903
459 664
717 935
387 512
379 474
428 538
746 939
773 963
720 916
647 799
U. S.
exp'ts
61
43
60
83
70
117
95
63
97
63
49
42
1
43
54
17
I
U. S.
imp'ts
15
33
16
15
14
rr
(
13
17
17
15
21
36
103
12
Lverage
export
price
•U. S.
1904
1903
.... 234
.... 205
19.2
1902
. • . • 19o
24.6
1901
.... 210
14.5
1900 ,
.... 208
16.5
1899
... 240
13.5
1898
1897
.... 215
... 225
17.1
15.4
1896
■1 ."•■
... llO
10.2
1894
... 320
10.7
1892
... 223
23.7
1890
..; 205
26.6
1889
... 218
29.0
1886
21.0
1882
... 125
71.8
1879
9 m • vO
26.3
1874 :
... 110
41.9
Average 1881-1890
1885-1889
...193
...190
t50.1
t20.7
tso.i
tso.o
1881-1885
1876-1880
... 196
... 152
* Average annual export value (in cents per pound) of hops
shipped from the United States. tObserve that the year given is
that in which the crop was produced; therefore, exports from
the United States of the 1904 crop will not be known until
July, 1905. t Highest average annual import value of hops im-
ported Into Hambursr during the period noted.
120 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
Onions
THE COMMERCIAL ONION CROP.
On many northern farms, onion growing Is being followed
on a commercial scale, and In the past year Texas and other
parts of the southwest have also given this crop attention.
While not a staple crop in the same sense as potatoes and
apples, the onion is being given wide attention in a number
of states. To successfully grow onions for autumn and win-
ter markets is little less than a trade, owing to the many
ins and outs in the way of character of soil, handling the
seed, cultivation, battling insect and fungous pests, harvest-
ing and marketing the crop. Much hand labor is involved In
the proper cultivation, even in a large way. There is also
great risk in growing onions through unfavorable climatic
conditions and the ravages of insects.
The commercial onion belt has expanded somewhat in
recent years. For a long time this crop was grown chiefly
in New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Ohio and Michi-
gan. The specialty was later firmly established in parts of
Wisconsin and more recently in Indiana. Outside of the
states named, onions are grown in considerable quantities
in a few counties in Texas, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska,
etc. The growing of onion sets Is quite a s|)eoialty in Indi-
ana, Ohio and Pennsylvania. While the onion industry is
gradually expanding, the acreage remains much the same
from year to year, fluctuating with price and conditions.
The red and yellow standard varieties are being grown
more extensively than others and form the bulk of the crop.
The white onion is a specialty among farmers along the
north coast of Long Island sound in Connecticut. The rate
of yield per acre varies greatly, according to character of the
soil, weather and attention, given the crop. Intensive cul-
tivation under propitious surroundings frequently returns
a yield of 600 bushels per acre, and occasionally small tracts
yield at the rate of 800 to 900 bushels, or possibly more. The
average yield in 1903 on an estimated acreage was 240 bushels
per acre, against 300 bushels in 1902, but in 1904 the acreage and
yields showed a slight Increase, the average being 266 bush-
els per acre. The yield is highest where the crop is held in
greatest esteem, and where the most intelligent attention is
given It; notably the Connecticut valley, central New York,
northern Ohio, etc.
Growers find that onions keep well when properly han-
dled, and in handling the harvest crop they are careful that
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 121
but a small portion remains on hand until spring. Often
serious loss occurs through natural shrinkage, rot and
sprouting. Growers making a business of this crop hold no
uniform views as to best time of selling, being guided by
market conditions. If the price is high in the fall, the
chances are the bulk of the crop leaves first hands early; if
unfavorable, growers often prefer to store and hold rather
than sell direct from the harvest field. The crop is bought
largely by city dealers and speculators, who send their agents
through the onion belt, buying, shipping and storing, with
a view of realizing a profit later in the season. Dampness
and warmth hasten the decay of onions, and fear of this
often impels farmers to sell early, even at relatively low
prices. The crop is practically all consumed at home. A
small quantity is exported, while imports are considerable.
As a rule, the foreign onions coming to this country are fancy
varieties from Spain and Bermuda. In an occasional short
year liberal quantities are imported from Egypt.
THE ONION CROP OF 1904.
Exceeded in occasional years of plenty, the commercial
onion crop of 1904 was after all a generally good one. It
would have been much larger but for the development of
serious damage in New York, and to a smaller extent in
portions of the west and in New England. What may be
considered the commercial crop, i. e., onions which are in
sight for the big distributing markets, approximated 3,300,000
bushels* 10% increase over one year ago, but smaller than
two years ago. The area finally brought to harvest in the
commercial onion belt, estimated at 12,320 acres, was slightly
under that of a year ago. As to quality of the onions, this
was variable. Practically every section had some good
onions, here and there splendid crops, but advices frequently
indicated disappointing size and quality of the bulbs. The
rate of yield was excellent in many counties outside the
damage district, especially where farmers fully understand
the ins and outs of growing onions. While the estimated
average rate of yield for the entire country was 266 bushels
to the acre, in a considerable number of instances crops
made 400 to 500 bushels.
We guarantee the reliability of every advertisement in the
American Agriculturist weeklies, and will make good any loss
which any subscriber may sustain, while his subscription lasts,
by trusting any advertiser who may prove to be a deliberate
i swindler.
122 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
ONION PRICES AND FOREIGN MOVEMENT
For a series of years.
Price per bushel at New York
Crop of
Bushels
f • —
■\ •
Bxports, Importi,
Oc..
Jan.
"|1.00@1.25~
Apr.
bushels
bushels
1904-5 ...
.. 3,288.000
$0.75(0)1.00
—
1903-4. ...
.. 3.090,000
.50® .70
.im .90
|1.00@1.50
144,764
1.171.^2
1902-3 ...
.. 3,822,000
.50@ .90
.50(&) .90
.35(g) .75
145,509
915,599
1901-2 ...
.. 2,990,000
.80@1.10
1.20(&1.60
1.20@1.80
113,531
796^6
1900-1 ...
.. 3,738,000
.50^: .60
1.00@1.20
1.20@l.e0
165,391
773,306
1899-00 ..
.. 4,615,000
.40@ .50
.40^ .70
.70@ .85
171,636
546.705
1898-99 ..
.. 3,100,000
.40@ .70
.60® .90
.80(55)1.20
164,902
771,960
1897-98 ..
.. 2,800,000
.40@1.00
1.000)1.40
.60@1.10
100,148
488,853
1896-97 ..
.. 2,818.000
.20^ .70
.80@1.10
—
73.511
560,13S
1895-96 ..
.. 2,973,000
.25@ .60
.20@ .50
.30® .60
2,916
—
1894-95 ..
.. 1,944,000
.60® .70
.^Mi .80
.80til.20
53,335
—
1893-94 ..
.. 2,330,000
.50@ .80
.50@ .75
.30® .60
—
—
1892-93 ..
.. 2,600,000
.60@1.00
.60@1.00
.80®1.4O
—
—
1891-92 ..
.. 3,200.000
.40@ .70
.80@1.00
.60®1.10
—
—
So far as what is known as the commercial onion crop is
concerned, this is grown on approximately 13,000 to 14,000
acres. The federal census of 1900 placed the area under
onions at 24,282 acres. This, however. Included a very large
number of patches only one-eighth to one-quarter acre, etc.,
which served to swell the aggregate, but did not affect the
commercial crop as a whole. This annually approximates
3,000,000 to 4,000,000 bushels.
THE COMMERCIAL CROP OF ONIONS OF UNITED STATES.
Number of acres Yield in thousands
in crop of bushels
Crop of , ^f ^
1904 1903 1902 1901 1900 1904 1903 1902 1901 1900
Massachusetts 1.320 1260 1200 1025 1065 360 300 432 300 28U
Southport (Ct.) dist.. 900 1000 950 1000 1000 202 135 323 215 250
.Other Connecticut ..300 300 350 425 450 63 78 114 251 113
Rhode Island 250 250 250 200 190 50 62 69 45 38
Orange Co., N. Y.... 1700 1850 1800 1800 1500 510 300 720 405 585
Other New York .... 1550 1900 1950 — — 325 490 439 400 -
Pennsylvania 350 350 300 — — 75 70 67 65 -
Ohio 2700 2650 2700 2400 2600 877 860 1053 744 945
Illinois 900 800 800 660 700 202 200 160 163 227
Indiana 900 900 850 — — 270 225 127 150 -
Michigan 850 950 950 — — 204 214 143 187 -
Wisconsin 600 650 650 700 900 150 156 146 125 815
Total 12320 12860 12750 11040 11150 3288 3090 3794 3050 3700
TBAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 123
Crass Seeds
THE LEADING GRASS SEEDS.
Timothy and clover se.ed for market are grown in the
north central states, while small amounts are produced
throughout many northern states. In a considerable num-
ber of isolated sections, often including a whole county,
farmers have built up quite an industry in growing these
grasses for the seed. Most of the timothy and clover seed
available for domestic and foreign markets Is produced in
the north central states; next to nothing as far east as New
England, and only small quantities east of Indiana and Mich-
igan, both Important producers.
The proportion of the grass crops set aside for seed de-
pends somewhat upon the condition of the seed markets.
But taking a long series of years, certain states which orig-
inally secured large crops now direct their attention to other
things. This is particularly true of clover. The territory
north of the Ohio river and extending west to the Missouri
river forms the clover and timothy seed belt. The crop of
alfalfa, or "lucerne," as it is called in Europe, is grown
chiefly in the semi-arid belt of the west and the rich valleys
of the Rocky mountain and Pacific coast country. But in
the last five years alfalfa has become a highly favored crop
(not for seed purposes) in eastern Kansas and Nebraska,
in portions of the Mississippi valley, and as far east, in
rather more than an experimental way, as New York. Hun-
garian and the millets are favorite catch crops, but no con-
siderable quantities of these grasses are raised and threshed
for seed.
SEED EXPORTS HIGHLY IMPORTANT.
In order to find favor in foreign markets it is very im-
portant to keep the crop of grass seed free from weed seeds.
After home requirements are made up there is always an ex-
port surplus of both clover and timothy, and the price of
every bushel of seed grown depends largely upon the char-
acter of the foreign demand. Germany and the United
Kingdom are the largest European buyers, although there
are some exports direct to Prance and other parts of the con-
tinent. Our trade with Canada is perhaps more important
than all, especially so far as timothy is concerned.
124
AMERICAN AaRICULTURIST
EXPORTS OF GRASS SEEDS.
Tr. ended
June 80
Clover
Timothy
Pounds
Total value Av. value j^ounds
Total value A
V. val.
1904
. 6,440,618
$600,626
9.3c
12,672,676
$480,946
3.7c
1903
. 15,522,527
1,549,687
9.9
18,289,917
853,829
4.7
1902
. 7,256,573
594,733
8.0
5.966,986
373,046
6.6
1901
. U,998.674
1,063,506
8.8
7.275,806
296,640
4.1
1900
. 32,069,371
2,379,372
7.4
15,078.186
505,758
3.3
1899
. 19,980,434
1,264,922
6.3
16,149,611
492,710
3.0
1898
. 31,155,381
1,892,101
6.7
10,238,780
317,173
3.1
1897
. 13,042.994
1.003,157
7.7
16,733,993
574,457
3.4
lo9b • •• • •
. 5,539,787
437,493
7.8
11,894,536
518,755
4.3
1895
. 22,900,672
2,124,997
9.3
4.939,237
277,160
5.6
1894
. 45,418,663
4,540,851
10.0
10,155,867
449,207
4.4
1893
. 8,189,553
988.029
12.1
7,077,131
504.937
7.1
1892
. 19,532,411
1,636,671
8.4
10,318,074
381,651
3.7
1S91
. 20,773,884
1,575,039
7.6
8,757,788
370,151
4.2
1890
. 26.500,578
1,762.034
6.6
11,051,053
473.770
4.2
1889
. 34,253,137
• 3.110,583
9.1
10,200.673
451.728
4.4
1888
. 13,357,899
1,009,695
7.5
2,097,197
117,677
5.6
1887
. 7,932,390
630.850
7.9
6,500,004
2S1.048
U
1886
. 2,652,438
264,882
9.9
4,023,937
175,754
4.3
1885
. 17,653,112
1,525,283
8.6
3.830,737
157,444
4.1
RANGE OF PRICES OF GRASS SEEDS AT CHICAGO.
[Per 100 pounds for prime quality.]
Year
Clover
Timothy
Hungarian
6er. millet
Jan. 1 Mar. 1 Oct. 1 '
Jan. 1 Mar. 1 Oct. 1
Mar. 1 Oct. 1 Mar. 1 Oct. 1
1904 ....
....$11.00 $10.90 $11.75
$2.90
$3.15
$2.80
$1.85
$1.25
$1.30
$1.20
1903 ....
.... 11.00
11.80
10.60
4.25
3.75
2.90
1.60
1.00
1.15
IM
1902 ....
.... o.OU
8.75
9.50
6.45
6.35
3.75
1.75
1.25
2.00
1.00
1901 ....
.... 10.25
10.75
8.25
4.75
4.40
5.35
1.10
1.00
1.20
1.10
1900 ....
.... 8.00
8.25
10.00
2.65
2.50
4.60
.85
.75
1.20
1.10
1899 ....
.... 7.00
6.10
8.50
2.25
2.40
2.35
.85
.60
1.25
.86
1898 ....
.... 5.35
5.15
7.25
2.40
3.00
2.20
1.00
.60
1.10
.80
1897 ....
.... 8.25
7.50
5.30
2.70
2.65
2.77
.60
.66
.75
.80
1896 ....
.... 7.25
• 7.40
8.25
3.60
3.60
2.55
.80
.60
.85
.60
1895 ....
.... 9.10
9.00
7.00
5.52
5.80
4.35
1.65
.80
1.65
.80
1894 ....
.... 10.75
8.85
8.50
4.35
4.10
5.20
1.90
1.25
1.00
1.25
18^3 ....
.... 13.33
13.12
9.25
4.50
4.44
3.20
2.10
1.10
1.60
—
1892 ....
.... 9.16
10.00
10.25
2.73
2.80
3 44
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.20
1891 ....
.... 7.00
7.46
7.16
2.77
2.82
2.77
1.10
.80
1.50
1.00
1800 ....
. . . . 5.66
5.33
6.83
2.64
2.71
2.95
.70
.90
.80
.80
TBAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 125
Flaxseed
Flaxseed production of the united states.
This crop may be called a specialty of the northwest,
for Minnesota and the Dakotas produce more than half the
output of the entire country. Other western states, a little
further south, seem to be losing ground of late in regard
to flax cultivation. However, the industry is quite impor-
tant in southeajstern Kansas and parts of Iowa, Missouri,
Wisconsin and Nebraska. The flaxseed acreage from year to
year is governed largely by prices.
The Chicago range of flaxseed quotations, for No. 1
northwestern, during 1903, was 89 cents to $1.24 per bushel.
Toward the close of 1904 prices were $1.15 to 11.20. In 1901
flaxseed sold up to $1.90 on the Chicago market, while In the
summer of 1896 quotations dropped to 63 cents. Exports of
flaxseed from the United States the past ten years ranged
mostly from 2,000,000 to 4,000,000 bushels per annum. In 1903-4,
however, the movement abroad aggregated only 768,000 bush-
els. The accompanying table shows the flaxseed crop of the
United States in recent years, the acreage and the yield per
acre. These figures from American Agriculturist's special
crop reports.
FLAXSEED CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES.
Year Acres
1904 2,2757000"
1903 3,159,000
1902 3,401,000
1901 3,050,000
1900 2,525,000
1899 ■ 1,679.000
1898 1,553,000
1897 1,130,000
1896 1.145,000
eld in bus.
Bus. per acre
22,190,000
9.8
26,639,000
8.4
29,351,000
8.7
29.079,000
9.5
23,412.000
9.0
20.086,000
12.0
17,217,000
11.1
10,891,000
9.6
17,402,000
11.3
Broom Com
THE BROOM CORN INDUSTRY.
Inconsiderable amounts of broom corn for local or foreign
use are grown in a number of states, the plant thriving
under various climatic conditions and in varied soils. The
bulk of the commercial product, however, is grown in but
126 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
few states, chiefly Kansas, Oklahoma, Illinois and Nebraska.
Until the season of 1904, Kansas and Illinois were the lead-
ing: states, while Nebraska came third and Oklahoma pro-
duced a much smaller amount. This year, as a result of a
combination of a number of conditions, Oklahoma came to
the front rank with a larg^er acreage and almost as larsre a
production as Kansas, while Illinois fell off considerably and
other sections remained about the same.
The large increase in Oklahoma was mostly due to the
substitution of broom corn for abandoned wheat, which -was
destroyed by the severe freezes in the winter of 1903-4. The
soil in Oklahoma is particularly adapted to growing large
yields of the crop. But owing to the fact that the business
is new to the farmers, the product has been put on the mar-
ket in irregular, and, at times, very poor condition.
In Illinois practically all of the commercial crop is pro-
duced in the counties of Coles, Edgar and Douglas; this has
been true for many years. During the past season weather
was unfavorable to the growth and harvesting of the crop,
which was considerably damaged in that section. For years
Illinois furnished the great bulk of the commercial product,
but during the past three or four years leading growers have
apparently lost interest and cut their acreage down very
low. The production in Kansas increased yearly unn^ 1903,
when the totar output fell off about 2,000,000 pounds; 1904.
however, shows a return to almost normal production. In
Nebraska the crop is largely confined to a belt of counties
lying south of the Platte river and west of Hastings, but the
state's total output is comparatively small and of relatively
slight importance.
BROOM CORN ACREAGE AND YIELD, BY STATES.
1904 1903 1902
Crop of /— — N I — s , — \
Acres Yld Lbs Acres Yld Lbs Acres Yld Lbs
Kan. ...32.500 425 14,812,000 29,640 450 13.338,000 37,050 410 15,190.500
Okla. ... 45,000 310 13,950,000 20,000 300 6,000,000 — — —
111 16.000 525 8,400,000 17,500 550 9,625,000 25,600 710 18,105,000
Neb. ... 6,000 475 2,850,000 4,800 500 1,400,000 8,000 500 4,000,000
Others .. 2,000 400 800,000 2,000 420 840,000 5,775 425 2,454,000
Total.. 101, ?>00 404 40.812,000 73.940 422 31,203,000 75,825 524 39,749,500
While nearly all of the broom corn crop is consumed at
home, moderate quantities, both in raw and manufactured
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC
127
state, are annually shipped abroad. Aside from the manu-
facture of brooms of various sizes, its uses are few; probably
the chief one being for artificial stems for flowers by flor-
ists. The chief export is to Canada, with a fair amount to
Cuba, Germany, Australasia and South America. Prices vary
widely from year to year, and even in the same year, as will
be seen by referring to accompanying table.
BROOM CORN PRICES PER TON AT CHICAGO.
Month
1904
1903
1902
1901
1900
1897
1896
1895
18£H
1893'
1890
January . .
'...$70
$50'
$100
$60
$170"^
'$60
$40"
$90
$65'
$100
$115
120
100
170
110
200
70
110
70
110
130
February .
... 80
50
100
60
165
60
40
90
60
100
115
120
95
170
110
200
70
—
110
70
110
120
March
...70
60
80
60
165
GO
45
90
60
100
115
120
95
160
110
200
70
50
110
70
110
125
April
...70
50
80
50
165
60
45
90
60
100
llo
120
96
160
100
200
70
50
110
70
110
125
May
...80
50
80
50
165
60
45
90
60
100
115
125
95
160
100
200
70
50
110
70
125
June
...70
60
80
50
165
60
45
90
60
100
115
120
90
160
100
200
70
50
110
70
—
125
July
...70
45
80
60
150
60
45
90
60
100
110
120
110
170
ICO
200
70
50
110
70
—
130
August . . .
...75
55
80
60
150
60
45
70
70
100
110
•
120
100
170
120
200
70
50
80
80
—
120
September
... 70
55
70
75
110
60
45
70
80
90
110
100
100
125
120
160
70
50
80
90
—
120
October ...
... 60
55
60
75
70
70
60
60
100
80
90
100
120
115
150
120
80
70
05
110
90
105
November
... 60
110
60
100
60
70
60
45
90
75
90
100
125
115
180
110
80
70
50
110
100
December
...65
105
50
100
60
70
60
45
90
65
90
110
120
115
170
110
80
70
—
110
70
HOW TO GET A GOVERNMENT POSITIpN.
A manual of complete information respecting civil service
examinations and appointments, and an application paper for
the departmental service at Washington, the railway mall serv-
ice, the Indian school service, and the government printing serv-
ice, can be obtained upon request made directly to the commis-
sion at Washington. Requests for information and application
blanks for the customs, postal, Internal revenue and other
services should be made to the board of examiners at the ofllce
or in the district where the position is sought.
128 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
3eans
THE FIELD BEAN CROP.
The growing of field beans on a commercial scale is slow-
ly increasing in popularity among farmers. With the excep-
tion of small areas, the production is confined chiefly to a
few states, notably Michigan, New York and California, in
the order named. In the federal census of 1900, Michigan
had the first place, with 167,000 acres credited to that crop,
compared with 129,000 in New York. ' A considerable acreage
is found in Maine, and some attention is also devoted to field
beans in other northern states. The annual crop of the
United States approximates 4,000,000 bushels, and has shown
some gain in the last ten years.
The rate of yield of beans averages 10 to 20 bushels per
acre, while much larger yields are frequently harvested.
In New York, the bean section is confined chiefiy to a num-
ber of counties in the western part of the state, including
Orleans, Monroe, Livingston, Genesee and Wyoming. In
California, Ventura is the leader, other important bean pro-
ducing counties being Santa Barbara and Sacramento. The
crop is fairly well distributed in central and southern Mich-
igan, including such counties a? Livingston, Van Buren and
Jackson.
There would seem to be fair reason for encouragement in
the production of this crop, as the annual yield is materially
under domestic requirements. Exports of beans form a con-
siderable total, in some years closely crowding 1,000,000 bush-
els, but usually nearer half that. On the other hand, im-
ports are very much greater, in some recent years materially
exceeding 1,000,000 bushels.
Navy or hand picked pea beans are perhaps the standard
in regulating market-prices. Several varieties may be found
in any of the general markets. Prices have maintained a
fairly satisfactory level since the low period of the late 90's,
when pea beans sold in Chicago as low as 72 cents a bushel.
During most of 1904 the market has ranged at $1.75 to $2.25.
The accompanying table deals exclusively with dried beans
for table purposes, including such varieties as navy, ,pea,
lima, etc. The rate of duty on foreign beans is 40 cents a
bushel.
In writing to the advertiser say: "I saw your adv in one of
the old reliable American Agriculturist weeklies."
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 129
DOMESTIC PRICES, IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OP BEANS.
Price of pea beans Foreten trade in
per bushel oeans
Y«ar Chicago New York Exports Imports
Nov. 1 M a y 1 Nov. 1 May 1 Bosheis Av. val. B ushels Av.val.
1904-5 $1.75 — $1.85 — •152,994 $2.47 •fiof,^! ■$r24
1903-4 ..... 2.00 $1.80 2.15 $1.85 •248,806 2.19 629,118 1.24
1902-3 2.90 2.10 2.45 2.25 232,841 2.28 1.088,465 1.20
1901-2 1.92 1.85 2.05 1.86 324,481 1.90 881,966 1.30
1900-1 1.87 1.90 2.05 2.10 468,670 1.84 1,099,640 1.18
1899-0 1.85 2.18 1.89 2.25 617,355 1.59 967,031 1.08
1898-9 1.15 1.20 1.27 1.32 883,201 1.43 184,499 .89
1897-8 1.00 1.30 1.13 1.41 854,284 1.28 163,560 .91
1896-7 98 .72 1.25 .90 900,219 1.23 482,986 1.01
1895-6 1.25 .94 1.25 1.18 473,975 1.33 613,801 1.07
1894-5 1.52 1.75 1.85 2.05 242,680 1.76 1,535,960 1.00
1893-4 1.80 1.75 1.90 2.00 326,748 1.74 1,184,081 .94
1892-3 2.00 2.05 2.10 1.95 389,913 1.91 1,754,943 .99
1891-2 1.80 1.75 2.00 1.65 637,972 1.39 874,050 1.09
1890-1 2.25 2.30 2.40 2.35 251,063 1.88 1,656,768 1.26
1889-0 1.75 1.80 2.00 1.95 261,212 2.13 1,250,287 1.04
1888-9 — — 2.05 1.70 294,456 1.90 765,483 1.02
1887-8 — — 2.25 2.90 253,170 1.83 1,942,864 1.12
1886-7 — — 1.70 1.65 387,222 1.45 648,388 .93
1885-6 — — 2.00 1.30 408,318 1.39 649,002 .90
1884-5 — — 1.85 1.60 271,044 1.92 284,770 .89
• Beans and peas, t Three months ended September 30, 1904.
CASTOR BEAN CROP.
Castoi^ beans for commercial purposes are grown princi-
pally in a strip of country beginning In southern Illinois and
extending across Missouri into eastern Kansas. Small
amounts are grown in other localities, notably parts of Okla-
homa and Nebraska. The annual yield is 100,000 to 200,000
bushels, practically all consumed by a few crushers located
at St. Louis. It is a question whether the acreagef annually
devoted to castor beans could be very largely increased and
still 'permit sale at remunerative prices. In many instances
growers consider castor beans a better paying crop than
grain, and would be satisfied with $1.25 per bushel, a figure
OQcasionally touched, although one year with another the
price remains clos© to $1 per bushel to farmers. The mar-
ket is dependent largely upon the actions of the castor oil
combine^
• The American output of castor oil is insufflcient to meet
trade requirements and a considerable amount is imported
1.10
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
yearly. Purthermore, the amount of beans imported is rap-
idly increasing. In 1897 there were 84,128 bushels imported;
in 1900, 136,590 bushels, and in 1904, 498,089 bushels. It win be
seen that in the past seven years the imports of beans have
grown immensely. From 45 to 47% of the Weight of the bean
is oll« which is obtained by expression. In Florida atid
other warm countries the castor bean is a perennial, growing
to a hight of 30 to 50 feet; and in colder climates, it is an
annual, flourishing In latitude 35 to^ 40 degrees, and would
no doubt do well in Ine middle south and west. The yield
varies greatly, often 10 to 12 bushels (of 46 pounds) per &(:iti
occasionally up to 15 or 20. The pomace is considered valu-
able for fertilizing purposes.
IMPORrrS CASTOR BEANS AND CASTOR OIL.
Year
Castor beans
Castor oil
ended rr-"*
JanedftBnshels
Value At. value thity banons
Value i
A. 7- val.
"10.44
pttty
1904 ....498,039
1430,891 $0.86
25c 10,745
14,790
3gc
1903 .... 380.270
867.889 .94
25 6,643
3,635
.54
35
1902 ....312,323
366,901 1.17
25 3,993
3,227
.80
35
1901 ....191,288
255,594 1.33
25 3,668
2,575
.70
35
1900 ....125,590
169,592 1.25
25 3,489
2,048
.58
35
1899 .... 25,003
29,169 1.16
25 8,106
8,470
.42
86
li9S .... 19,661
23,676 1.25
25 4,126
2,987
.12
35
1897 .... 84,128
93,151 1.11
25 4,368
1,829
.42
35
1896 ....145,725
117,945 .81
25 23,574
8,461
.36
35
1895 ....277,231
215,360 .81
25 33,636
11,892
.35
35
1894 .... 47,448
41,931 .88
50 4,256
1,654
.39
80
1I9S ....147,061
148,904 1.01
50 1,518
712
.47
80
1898 ....163,089
160,919 .98
50 2,284
973
.43
80
The Peppermint Crop
Pe^p^rmint Is grown extensively in isolated portiohs of
the United States for its essential oil, largely used ift medi-
cine and the manufacture of candy. The prosperity of this,
small branch of farming, or the periods of depression, de-
pend entirely upon the price of peppermint oil. After a long
stretch of high prices, the level a few years ago sank d6 low
that the business was unprofitable, ahd many farmers quit
the cultivation of the peppermint plant. In the last two or
three years the price of oil has ruled higher, and more at-
tention is now given the industry.
YEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 131
The area given over to peppermint farming was orig-
inally restricted to New York, chiefly Wayne county, but
the peppermint belt has moved westward and to-day the in-
dustry centers in a few counties in southern Michigan and
northern Indiana. Farmers in Wayne county, N. Y., look
upon the crop with a little more favor than five years ago.
Efforts during the last two or three years to produce the oil
west of the Rocky mountains were quite successful in an
experimental way, but the output from that source does not
afCect the commercial supply. Texas and other parts of the
soulh are also experimenting with mint.
The amount of oil produced in the United States Is In
excess of home requirements, and the surplus is marketed
in Europe, where it finds ready sale. The rapid development
of the industry in Japan in the past ten years results in a
big surplus there, and this is also shipped to European
markets, competing sharply with the United States product.
England and Germany and a few other countries also pro-
duce a small amount.
YIELD OP OIL AND PRODUCTION.
When the plant has reached the proper stage of devel-
opment, the crop is cut and the oil distilled. The yield varies
greatly, according to the age and condition of the plants and
to the favorableness of the weather. New fields, if in prime
condition, when harvested, will yield at the rate of 30 pounds
of oil per acre, or possibly more, while from old plants only
half that amount can be expected. The acreage of "black
mint'* is increasing, although the oil commands much lower
figures than regular stock. The so-called black or English
mint produces larger yields, often averaging 75 pounds of oil
to the acre.
The total output for the United States is 200,000 to 250,000
pounds annually. The export trade has fallen off during the
past five or six years very perceptibly, due to small surplus
and attendant high prices in the United States. In 1897 there
was 162,492 pounds of oil exported, while in 1903 the move-
ment was but 13,033 pounds. In 1904, however, exports rose
to 42,939 pounds, due to an increased acreage. Owing to
good prices obtained in 1902, Japan put out a large acreage
for 1903, with the result that that year's distillation was over
300,000 pounds of oil. Again in 1904 their crop was large.
The Japanese oil is of poorer quality than the American,
and the admixture of the two frequently brought about
132 AMBRICAN AGRICULTURIST
much trouble. However, this adulteration Is now quite
easily detected by specific grravity and other means.
Prices of oil are much more satisfactory to producers now
than in the late *90's, when the market suffered a sevefe'e
slump. Oil then sold down to a figure as low as 75 cents to
$1.25 per pound. In the winter of 1903^4 the market was %2M
to $2.60 per pound, and in the summer and autumn of 1904
prices in the principal markets reached 13.50 to 14 per pound,
due to the decreased acreaire and the dlscouratrins condition
of the crop of 1904. According to the New York Oil,
Paint and Drug Reporter, a price as high as $4.37^ per
pound was reached in 1885, while ten years earlier a figure as
high as $5.50 was barely touched. In the early '70's, prices
were largely $2.75 to $3.75, and in the early '80's, $2.25 to $3.
PEPPERMINT OIL, EXPORTS FROM THE UNITED ST ATM.
[Tear ended June 3ft]
1904 1903 1902 igof 1900^ 1898 1896"
Pounds 42,939 13,033 36,301 60,166 89,558 145,375 85,290
Value $124,728 $34,943 $54,898 '$6.3,672 $90,298 $180,811 $174,810
Average value. $2.90 $2.68 $1.51 $1.05 $ 1.01 $1.24 $2.06
The Cranberry Crop
Over nine-tenths of the cranberries grown in the United
States are produced in Massachusetts, New Jersey and Wis-
consin. Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York and Michigan
are 'small producers. The heavy counties of Massachusetts
are Plymouth and Barnstable, constituting Cape Cod. The
chief counties of New Jersey are Burlington, Ocean, Atlan-
tic, Camden and Monmouth. Canada has a few extensive
marshes, but the conditions are generally unfavorable for
the industry.
A normal crop is considered to be about 1,000,000 bushels.
The acreage Is slowly increasing in most of the leading
states. In 1891 there were 760,000 bushels harvested, in 1898
1,000,000, in 1897 415,000, in 1901 950,000, in 1903 935,000 bushels.
In the states where mostly grown, the size of the package
is regulated by law. In Massachusetts, New Jersey and
Wisconsin, the crate must hold one bushel, or 32 quarts
dry measure. New Jersey law provides that the standard
crate shall be 7^x12x22 inches, capacity 1980 cubic inches,
with the barrel three times a crate, or containing 96 quarts.
The Massachusetts barrel is 100- quarts. •• .
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC
133
Practically none of the cranberry crop Is exported. Ef-
forts were made a few years ago, mostly by New Jersey
growers, to build up an export trade, but nothing: of conse-
quencie has ever been accomplished. An ad valorem duty of
25% is placed upon foreign cranberries, which serves to shut
out shipments from Canada.
CRANBERRY CROPS AND MARKETS, BY YEARS.
Crop in
biiRhels
]
Boston price per
bushel
New
New
\
Crop of
England
. 450.000
Jersey
West
Total
October
$2.00 "
Januai
"■$2.50
y May
i«"W • • • •
240,000
75.000
765,000
—
1903 ....
. 425,000
410.000
100,000
935,000
2.25
2.50
—
1902 ....
. 410,000
135.000
1.^,000
675,000
2.00
3.00
—
1901 ...,
. 540,000
300,000
110.000
950,000
2.00
2.00
—
liNH) ...
. . 475.000
250,000
75.000
800,000
1.75
3.00
—
1899 ...
.. 600,000
240,000
120,000
960,000
1.50
2.00
.^
1898 ....
. 425,000
360.000
100.000
875,000
1.75
2.00
—
1897 ...
.. 256.000
120,000
50.000
415,000
2.00
2.50
^—
1896 ...
.. 380.000
130.000
50.000
560,000
1.75
1.25
$1.00
1895 ....
. 420,000
210.000
10.000
640,000
2.50
2.00
2.50
1894 ...
.. 1S5,000
200.000
25,000
410,000
2.50
3.00
.75
1893 ...
.. 575,000
325.000
100,000
1.000,000
1.50
2.50
3.00
1892 ....
. 375,000
160.000
65.000
600,000
1.50
2.25
3.00
1891 ...
.. 4S0,000
250.000
30.000
760,000
2.00
2.26
2.00
1890 ...
.. 375,000
200.000
225,000
800.000
2.25
3.00
3.50
1889 ....
. 350,000
200.000
70.000
620.000
2.00
3.00
5.00
Iwiu ■ • •
.. 260,000
225.000
100,000
585.000
2.00
2.25
1.00
1887 ...
.. 306.000
164.000
141,000
611,000
2.00
3.00
3.00
1886 ....
.. 275.000
234.000
31,000
540,000
1.50
2.75
4.00
1885 ...
.. 280.879
198.125
264,432
743,436
1.70
1.40
.75
locM . . . .
.. 130,583
124,648
24.783
280,014
3.00
4.75
2.75
1883 ....
. 141,964
118.524
135.507
395.996
3.00
3.75
5.60
1882 ....
,. 193,664
78,507
50,000
322,171
3.00
4.50
3.60
1881 ...
.. 160,825
157.014
143.186
461,025
2.00
4.00
3.00
1880 ....
. 250.500
128,700
113,430
492,630
2.00
2.00
1.00
The best soil for the cranberry is a black peat or muck
bottom, w^here plenty of sand is available. It is necessary to
insure best results to have a liberal supply of running water.
The establishment of a cranberry bog requires a large ex-
penditure of labor and money, and even then the business is
haxardous unless thoroughly understood and cared for. The
question of drainage is a highly important one. Cranberry
vines are flooded in the fall, beginning in October, and this
is continued as late as May, when the water is drawn oft.
This furnishes protection from frosts, and in some degree
134 AMERICAN AGBICULTURIST
from insect pests. Blassoms appear in June and with an>
ample supply of moisture the fruit ripens in August and
September, the harvest continuing into October. The cran-
berry frequently suffers both in fruit and vine from the rav-
ages of insects and the crop is also subject to damage
through fungous diseases and drouth.
Experiments in preventing scald by the "use of fungicides
have been conducted. The consensus of opinion of experts
indicates that bordeaux mixture is the most valuable fungi-
cide for use in combating the cranberry scald, provided it
is properly prepared from fresh slaked stone lime, with the
addition of resin mixture.
The fruit should be carefully cleaned when harvested,
screened and assorted, due attention being given to the proc-
ess of ripening or coloring previous to placing in barrels
and crates. Cold storage for keeping cranberries during
early autumn is not generally favored; successful growers
prefer to store the fruit in a cool, dry bog house or cellar,
disposing of it before the cold weather sets in.
Commercial Truck Growing
Asparagus is a vegetable which brings fancy prices early
In the season, but owing to the rapidity with which the crop
develops the market comes to an abrupt drop as soon as a
large supply is produced; only fine, perfect stalks should be
shipped, neatly tied in bunches of even siee and quality, these
packed in boxes holding a dozen or more bunches, and well
protected by loose, soft paper or moss during transit. A
requisite in marketing cauliflower to advantage is to have
the heads good size, bright and cream-like in appearance, as
wilted or badly stained specimens sell poorly. Long Island
is pre-eminent as a grower of cauliflower for market, and
producers are fairly well organized to work together to se-
cure best prices.
Chicago and eastern markets demand head lettuce at
highest prices, while further west the curled variety is a fa-
vorite. These vegetables are Dest marketed in small barrels.
Green peas heat and mold readily, and must be cool and dry
when packed and shipped; the one-third-bushel basket is a
popular size, and of course the earliest on the market com-
mand best prices. Btring beans are easily handled, but all
markets are generally supplied from home gardens after the
opening of the season, and shipments from a distance often
prove unprofitable. Radishes should be washed and dried,
tied in small bunches; pithy roots. should be kept atliom^..
TBAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 135
Tomatoes are nowadays upon the market the year
around, exclusive of those grown under glass. The southern
truck regions are producing large quantities during the
winter, which Alls in the season not supplied by northern
gardens. Beginning with Florida, the season advances rap-
Idly, with a corresponding decline in prices. Only smooth,
bright fruit should be marketed, and of course the earlier
the better. The earliest varieties, grown in the south, are
usually shipped in crates holding six small baskets, but later
crops in the one-third-bushel basket, followed by "home
grown" in the early autumn, in baskets of one-half and one
bushel.
Cabbage is the standard favorite crop of market garden-
ers. Ship in heads solid in texture, having some of the outside
leaves and stems removed, and pack tightly in crates of
about^one barrel capacity, as the shrinkage is considerable.
Celery should be bright, well bleached, and crisp, tied in
bunches of about one dozen stalks and packed in boxes of
six or 12 dozen each. Honey is not subject to the same price
fluctuations common to perishable produce, generally meeting
a slow but steady sale. That shipped from Utah and other
western states is largely the extracted honey, while eastern
producers sell it in the comb, the one-pound frame forming
the uniform package, a case holding 12 to 24 of these, usual-
ly with a glass front.
PACKING AND PACKAGES FOR FRESH FRUITS.
Fruit and vegetables are put on the market In a great
variety of packages. The market demands have not as yet
been able to establish a uniform package for any of these
products. Strawberries are handled in 16-quart, 24-quart
and 32-quart cases. Michigan and Wisconsin ship very
largely in 16-quart cases; southern Illinois, Arkansas and
other parts of the middle south the 24-quart case, northern
Ohio and many of the eastern states the 32-quart case, this
also finding considerable favor in Florida. Strawberries
should not be picked immediately after a heavy rain, as they
are liable to reach the market in a soft condition.
Owing to their very perishable nature, red raspberries
are usually shipped in cases of 24 pints, while black rasp-
berries are handled in both pints and quarts; blackberries
in quart boxes or baskets almost exclusively, these in 24 or
32-quart cases. Gooseberries are handled in the same man-
ner, but should be picked before they begin to turn color.
136 AMERICAN AGRICULTURI0T
Peaches are handled aa a whole in a less satisfactory
manner to producer and consumer than any other variety
of fruit. The markets are often flooded with small, hard,
unripe specimens, lacking: in flavor and other desirable qual-
ities» while at the same time there may he a positive scarc-
ity of this luscious product of the orchard. As a result
prices cover an extremely wide range. The styles of pack-
age vary greatly. The popular one in the west is the one-
fifth-bushel basket, enormous quantities of these being used.
In Michigan. In the fruit sections of the middle and eastern
states, half-bushel and five-eighths-bushel baskets are large-
ly in evidence; early peaches from the south are packed in
crates, these usually holding a number of small baskets.
This shape was also quite popular in the season of 1904 for
peaches grown In the middle states.
Plums are usually marketed in the 24-quart case and in
10-pound baskets. California fruits, so generally recognized
for their standard excellence, are shipped in packages of
uniform size and shape; grapes In crates containing four and
eight baskets of five to seven pounds each, peaches in 20-
pound boxes, pears 40-pound boxes, etc. Oranges, both Cal-
ifornia arid Florida, are universally packed In boxes holding
176, 226 and SOO, etc.
In the important grape sections of New York, Ohio, Mich-
igan, etc., growers have reduced the picking, packing and
marketing to a science. The packages almost universally In
use for autumn, when the large crop is marketed, are the
eight*pound basket and the four-pound or "pony" size, enor-
mous quantities being shipped every week during the season.
Grapes should be handled as little as possible, so as not to
disturb the bloom. Pack stem downward, package well
filled, so that when the cover is removed, an even, stemless
surface is presented. The eight varieties of grapes which
appear on the market earliest are as follows: Niagara,
Moore's Early, Ives, Hartford, Worden, Champion, Concord
and Perkins. First shipments are from Florida, Georgia and
Louisiana, followed rapidly by such as Ives from southern
Illinois, Indiana and Ohio; then Concord from southern Iowa,
Missouri, etc. The first grapes from Michigan are Cham-
pion, followed by Ives and Concord from* northwestern Ohio.
The bulk of Concord, Catawba, late Niagara, Delaware, etc.,
are from northern Ohio, northwest Pennsylvania and New
York state. Large quantities are also grown in the Hudson
valley. In the season of 1904 the Michigan grape crop was
somewhat short, but good yields in western New York
brought the crop average up to about normal.
TEAR 600K AND ALMANAC l87
HANDLING SMALL FRUITS AND GARDEN TRUCK.
The stnall fruit and truck business requires, to assure
profitable returns, the greatest care in handling and dis-
tributing the finished product. This is particularly true of
all perishable products, including fresh vegetables and small
fruits. To secure best results to grower and country shipper
such goods require the keenest attention from beginning to
end. Too often serious loss follows improper handling, and
as a result there is no particular profit to anyone, except
the transportation company, which gets as much for carry-
ing carelessly packed produce, commanding a low price In
market, as. for that which reaches its destination in good
shape ready for quick sale. In shipping such products as
berries, other fresh fruits, and green vegetables, it is impor-
tant to have them reach the wholesale market at a very
early hour in the morning in order to catch the best trade
and consequently best prices. Often delayed consignments
reaching the market in the middle of the day, or in the af-
ternoon, must sell at very low figures, or go over to anothei*
day, and in the latter case may appear to poor advantage.
The attractiveness of the product has a very important
influence upon its sale. Berries should be placed on the
toarket in fresh, clean boxes or baskets, packages free from
inferior, damaged or overripe fruit, and such vegetables as
radishes, young onions, carrots, parsnips, lettuce, etc.,
should be washed clean and present a bright, fl*esh, crisp
appearance. Study the markets to which you expect to ship*
and place your goods thereon ih uniform approved packages,
"honest count, weight and measure," etc. The shipper who
is disposed to "face" his small fruit or vegetables in baskets,
boxes or barrels, is always found out; on the other hand»
honesty of packing and high quality mean quick apprecia/-
tlon.
FIVE DECADES OF AMERICAN CROPS.
In most instances the area given over to the great stajjle
crops keeps pace with the growth of population in th6 United
States, yet there is no overproduction in the main. While
tne general tendency In the great field staples li3 toward an
increased crop production, the home requirements are each
year greater, and under fairly favorable conditions the sur-
plus will find a ready market abroad. In the following table
showing principal United States farm crops in round mil-
lions of bushels, bales and tons, the, figures for the years
138
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
1895 to 1904 inclusive are taken from American Agriculturist,
with the exception of cotton and buckwheat, these trade
estimates. The returns for 1860 to 1894 inclusive are mostly
from the United States department of agriculture.
PRODUCTION PRINCIPAL FARM CROPS BY YEARS.
•a • J,- • « « OD
O S 4*^* ma ^ ^M , .
e___6|__M_6l SB »s is
1904 12. 554 2574 973 30 144
1903 10.1 703 2346 823 .32 139
1902 10.7 760 2556 1028 34 138
1901 10.7 752 1419 700 30 110
1900 10.4 510 2188 832 24 59
1899 9.1 565 2207 869 24 73
1898 11.1 715 1868 799 26 56
1897 10. 589 1823 814 — —
1896 8.5 470 2269 714 24 70
1895 7.2 460 2272 904 27 87
1894 9.5 460 1213 662 27 61
1893 7.5 396 1619 639 27 70
1892 t6.7 516 1628 661 . • ♦
1891 J9. 612 2060 738 • •
1890 t8.7 399 1490 524 29 •
1889 7.5 491 2113 751 28 ♦
1888 6.9 416 1987 701 28 64
1887 7. 456 1456 660 21 57
1886 6.3 457 1665 624 24 59
1885 6.6 357 1936 629 27 58
1884 5.7 513 1795 584 29 61
1883 5.7 421 1551 571 28 50
1882 7. 504 1617 488 30 49
1881 :t5.5 383 1195 416 21 41
1880 5,7 499 1717 418 25 45
1877 t4.8 364 1343 406 21 34
1875 ^4.6 292 1321 354 18 S7
1873 t4.1 281 932 270 15 32
1870 13. 236 1094 247 15 26
1865 0.3 149 704 225 20 11
1860 . . . :^_4.9 173 8.39 173 21 16
♦ No estimate for year indicated by asterisk,
ceding year, t Commercial estimates.
•»
^
u
|a
S5
1
II
15
289
58
15
255
58
15
272
60
15
183
51
10
255
52
11
243
59
12
204
68
14
174
67
15
245
59
13
286
48
12
171
55
•
183
66
*
«
*
«
m
•
12
•
11
202
47
12
134
41
11
168
42
13
175
45
11
191
48
8
208
47
11
171
38
9
109
35
15
168
32
10
170
32
10
167
28
8
106
25
10
115
25
18
101
24
18
111
19
t Crop of pre-
No advertisement is allowed in the columns of the American
Agriculturist weeklies unless we believe that any subscriber
can safely do business with the advertiser.
TBAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 139
IMPORTS' GRAIN AND COTTON INTO UNITED KINGDOM.
[Stated- in round millions.]
Bar-
Calendar Wheat, Flour, ley, Oat8,
year ' cwts. cwte. cwta. cwta.
1904* 80 12 23 12
1903 88 20 26 16
1902 81 19 25 16
1901 .■.;... 70 23 22 22
1900 ....69 22 17 20
1899 -. 67 23 17 16
1898 ....65 21 24 16
1897 63 19 19 16
1896 70 21 22 18
1895 82 18 24 16
1894 70 19 31 15
1893 65 20 23 14
1892 ...65 22 14 16
1891 66 17 17 17
1890 60 16 17 13
1889 ....59 16 17 16
1888 57 17 21 19
1887 56 18 14 14
1886 47 15 14 13
1885 61 16 15 13
1883 64 16 16 15
1881 57 11 10 10
♦ Ten months ended October 31.
Cot-
Corn, Peas, Beans, ton,
cwts. cwts. cwts. cwts.
37
2
2
11
50,
2
2
16
44
2
2
16
51
2
2
16
54
2
2
16
63
3
2
15
57
2
2
19
54
3
3
15
52
3
3
16
34
2
4
16
35
2
5
16
33
2
4
13
35
3
4
16
27
2
4
18
43
2
3
16
36
2
4
17
25
2
3
15
31
3
2
16
31
2
3
15
32
2
4
13
32
2
4
15
33
2
2
15
PRICES FOR THE YEAR 1904.
J an. 1
Sweet potatoes, p bbl...$3.60
Beets, p bbl 3.00
Celery, p doz bchs 50
Cabbage, P bbl 2.25
Cauliflower, p doz 1.65
Turnips, p bbl 1.20
Tallow, No 1. p lb 05%
Dressed hogs, p 100 lbs. 7.25
Dressed veal, p 100 lbs. 10.50
Mess pork, p bbl 14.50
Lard, p 100 Ibs.i 7.50
Bran, p ton 20.50
Middlings, p ton 24.00
Beeswax, p lb 30
Honey, comb, p lb 14
Maple syrup, p gal 95
Boston s
Apr. 1 July 1 Oct. 1
, — New York--*
Jan. 1 Apr. 1
$3.50
3.00
.75
3.50
1.50
1.25
.05H
7.50
10.50
16.00
7.50
21.00
24.00
.29
t51.40
1.75
1.60
.04V4
8.00
10.00
14.00
8.00
21.25
25.00
.30
.14
$2.25
1.00
.50
1.00
•3.25
.80
.04%
7.50
11.00
14.00
8.00
21.25
24.00
.14
1.00 —
$3.50
3.00
.50
2.50
1.75
1.25
.05%
7.50
11.50
14.00
7.20
21.50
23.50
.29
.14%
.85
$4.50
4.00
.75
3.75
1.50
L50
.05
8.25
10.50
14.75
7.16
20.00
23.50
.31
.14
.85
149 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
PRICES FOR THE YEAR 1904— Continued.
/—New York-^ ^ Chicago »
Julyl Oct. 1 Jan.l Apr. 1 July 1 Oct. 1
Sweet potatoes, p bbl... — $2.00 $2.75 $3.50 — $2.75
Beets, p bbl t$1.50 1.25 2.00 2.50 •$1.50 1.00
Celery, p doz bchs — .50 .25 .35 .50 .35
Cabbage, p bbl 1.00 .75 2.75 3.75 $1.50 $.75
Cauliflower, p doz — •3.00 1.25 1.25 .50 .35
Turnips, p bbl ......1.00 .85 1.75 3.00 tl.50 1.00
Tallow, No 1, p lb 04% .04% .04 .05 .04% M%
Dressed hogs, p 100 lbs. 8.50 9.00 6.00 6.00 5.00 6.00
Dressed veal, p 100 lbs. 8.50 10.50 9.00 8.00 8.00 9.00
Mess pork, p bbl 14.00 13.50 13.00 13.25 13.00 11.50
Lard, p 100 lbs 7.50 7.75 7.00 6.25 6.25 7.75
Bran, p ton 19.00 21.00 16.00 15.50 18.00 19.00
Middlings, p ton 21.50 24.00 16.50 16.50 19.50 20.50
Beeswax, p lb 30 .28 .29 .32 .30 .33
Honey, comb, p lb 13 .14 .11 .10% .10 .12
Maple syrup-, p gal 75 — — -- — - --
• p bbl, t P 100 bchs, t P era.
SIX YEARS OF CROPS
in the United States. The figures for 1899 are in most instances
from the federal census. For other years, the American Agri-
culturist's data are the accepted authority.
[In round thousands, last three figures omitted.]
1904 1903 1902 1901 1900 mJf
Corn, bus 2,574,000 2,346,000 2,566,311 1,418,849 2,188,019 2,666,440
Wheat, bus 554,713 703,500 760,350 752,311 610,504 658,634
Oats, bus 973,135 823,138 1,028,220 700,869 832,254 943,389
Rye, bus 30.286 31,822 33,631 30,345 23,959 25,569
Barley, bus 144,451 139.145 134.954 109,933 81316 119,635
Buckwheat, bus.... — •14,000 14,530 15,126 9,567 U,234
Flaxseed, bus 22.190 26,639 29,351 29,079 23,412 19,753
Potatoes (wh.),bus. 288,664 255,009 271,777 193,121 255,100 273.328
Apples, bbis 45,360 42,626 44,220 26,970 66,820 58.466
Onions, bus 3,288 3,090 3.822 3,050 3,738 4,600
Cranberries, bus... 765 935 675 950 800 988
Hay. tons 58,164 57,806 61,000 50.981 52,006 69.000
Tobacco, cs (350 lbs) 149,695 164,080 1181,650 1121.450 tl42,800 668,979
Broom corn. lbs.... 40.812 31.203 39,750 37,150 39,506 —
Cotton, bis (495 lbs) ^10,500 'lO.OOO 10,720 9,966 10,401 9,535
Hops, bales 234 205 196 210* 208 275
Cane sugar, tons... $215 300 $310 $270 $147 9246
Beet sugar, tons. §208 §195 §163 §77 §73 §32
• Preliminary estimates, t Cigar leaf only. $ Exclusive of
Porto Rico and Hawaii. § Commercial estimates.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 141
Live StQck
Cattle
MOVEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF CATTX4P.
The cattle industry of the United States, despite the
breaking up of the^great ranches of the west, is of more
importance than ever before. Each year sees a greater cap-
ital devoted to the rearing, feeding and slaughtering of
beeves. This is not wonderful In view of the ever-growing
requirements for domestic consumption and a continuation
of a healthy export trade. Methods of handling cattle from
range and feed lot, to and through all distributing channels,
are much as in recent years.
Five or six centrally located cities of the United States
slaughter and distribute the larger part of the beef con-
sumed at home and sent abroad, yet a liberal business of
this character is carried on at such eastern points as Pitts*
burg, Buffalo, New York, Philadelphia, etc. New England .
slau^^htering and packing centers pay relatively less atten-
tion to beef than to pork and mutton.
A feature of agriculture in the older middle and eastern
states the past few years is the endeavor, within reasonable
limitations, to build up a local business in fattening, slaugh-
tering and marketing cattle. Progress in this direction has
been slow, however, owing to the very sharp competition of
Western beef interests. These particularly dominate the
meat trade in all the large towns and cities of the east.
The winters of 1903-4 and the entire year of 1904 were
featured by comparatively low prices for cattle. However,
stock marketed during the latter half of the past year was
in most instances bought as feeders at a safe range of prices.
On this account losses on fattened cattle were not so heavy
as during the preceding year, when farmers sold fat cattle
at low figures, and had bought the same stock when thin
at high prices. The great strike of packing house employees
at western markets during the summer of 1904 upset cattle
conditions for many weeks. However, upon the settlement
of difficulties normal conditions were shortly restored. It is
estimated the packing house strike caused a total loss to
slaughterers, feedersandshlppersof many millions of dollars.
144 AMERICAN AORICmiJURIST
NUMBER, AVERAGE PRICE AND FARM VALUE OF CAT-
TLE IN THE UNITED STATES ON JANUARY 1, 1904.
[Department of agriculture.]
Milch cows
Other cattle
States and
territories
u
V
a
— \
9
a
► ■
a
u
g
iz;
8
feS •
— \
s
a
Me 185,417 $29.91 $5,545,822 122,440 $15.74 $1,926,643
N. H 124,904 31.01 3,873,273 102,210 16.33 1,566,580
Vt 288,197 26.32 7,585,345 223,634 13.73 3,070.176
Mass 188,740 40.40 7.625,096 94,334 17.11 1,614,366
R. 1 25,723 40.10 1,031.492 10,549 19.25 203,026
Ct 129,567 39.50 5,117,896 86,609 20.37 1.764.493
N. Y 1,655,328 35.49 58.747.591 936,300 18.08 16.924,184
N. J 179,241 39.04 6,997,569 82,061 20.33 1.668,489
Pa 1.055,071 34.08 35,956,820 798,449 21.83 17.481,341
Del 34,779 33.91 1,179,356 21,390 17.61 376,622
Md 148,912 29.63 4,412,263 132,652 18.49 2.462.663^
Va 255,280 24.76 6.320,733 436,189 17.04 7,431,780
N. C 197,431 22.36 4,414,557 298,539 10.74 3,206.759
S. C 110.812 24.48 2,7X2,678 176,603 11.17 1,972,144
Ga 280.096 22.68 6,352.577 635,494 11.36 7.219.407
Fla 86,149 23.38 2,014,164 522,526 9.09 4,749.132
Ala 232,444 19.57 4,548,929 379,353 7.70 2,922,797
Miss 269,311 22.38 6,027,180 423,132 9.60 4,060,881
La 168,000 24.39 4,097,520 404,945 10.29 4,168.908
Tex 821,991 19.66 16,160,343 8,087.989 10.13 81,928.093
Ark 278,082 18.39 5,113,928 468,964 7.65 3,587,246
Tenn 285,383 22.23 6,344,064 433,657 11.43 4.954,470
W. Va 182,201 28.66 5.221,881 3454»9 20.64 7,123.727
Ky 295,584 25.05 7.404,379 488,561 16.64 8,131.271
Ohio 782,866 33.17 25,967,665 1,154,323 21.37 24,666,963
Mich 550,643 32.79 18,055,584 729,077 16.71 12,180.406
Ind 553,115 30.57 16,908,726 895,583 21.13 1$,919,826
111 1.005.484 33.81 33,995,414 1,683,709 24.78 41.714,062
Wis 1,063,944 31.00 32,982.264 1.137,211 14.59 16.693.165
Minn 820,439 25.45 20,880.173 932,481 11.41 10,636.263
la 1,363,094 29.09 39,652,404 3,502,532 22.10 77,395,457
Mo 581,415 26.04 15,140,047 1,419,132 19.40 27,626,913
Kan 699,246 24.91 17,418,218 2,604,174 18.90 49,228,000
Neb 649,830 26.53 17,240,229 2,355,919 17.48 41.184.298
S. D 386,253 24.93 9,629,287 1,485,417 18.19 27.013.348
N. D 183,332 28.89 5.296,461 610,923 17.65 10.719,863
Mont 53,951 36.20 1,953,026 1,059,045 19.42 20,563,797
Wyo 19,391 32.96 639,127 804,021 19.60 15,760,416
Col 121,775 30.06 3,660,566. 1,260,574 16.45 20,733,666
TEAR BOOK AXD ALMANAC 145
N. M 19.590 $31.30 1013,167 916.095 $14.55 $13,330,466
Aril 18,856 35.91 677»119 656.841 17.30 9,633,401
Utah 69,496 30.93 2,149,511 251.783 17.39 4,378,504
Nev 16.170 36.62 592,145 382,373 22.34 8.541.141
Ida, 57,327 31.28 1,793,189 351,226 17.97 6,310,761
Wash. ......... 154.454 33.41 5.160,308 297,513 19.08 5,676,81Q
Ore. ..:.. 136.199 30.06 4.094,142 575,744 16.25 9.354,628
Cal 344,232 38.55 13.270.144 1.089,532 21.98 23,944.214
OMa. ^ 18»,616 21.05 . 3,970,867 1.351.999 14.06 19.011.943
Ind. Ter. ..:... 10!. 447 -22.64 2,296.760 510,582 13.13 6,705,420
United States. 17,419 ,817 $29.21 $508,841,489 43,629.498 $16.32 $712,178,134
EXPORTS OP BEEF AND BEEF PRODUCTS.
[In round millions of pounds.]
Tear ended
June 30
Beef.
canned
mi 57
1903 76
1902 67
1901 53
1900 56
1899 38
1S98 37
1897 54
1896 64
1885 64
1894 56
1893 79
1892 87
Beef,
fresh
299
254
301
352
329
282
275
290
225
191
194
206
221
Othfr
cure^
57^
53
52
58
50
49
46
68
71
63
64
59
71
Tallow
76
27
34
77
89
107
82
75
53
26
55
62
90
Oleomar-
garine
171
133
144
166
151
148
137
118
109
88
127
117
93
Total
value
$53,286,225
51.048.679
53,230.716
56,556.193
54,080,807-
43,780,976
40.197.094
49.905,389
39,644.482
35,578.071
40.687,708
43,002.657
43,643,645
RANGE OF CATTLE PRICES AT CHICAGO.
Dry butcher Stockers Western
Native steers, cows and and range
Year 1200 to 1800 lbs, heife rs feeders catt le
1904 ^$3.75^7.00 ^.00(&'5y25 $2.00^4.50 ^2725^^5^
1903 ". . . . 4.00@)6.65 2.76Ca)4.75 2.50@5.00 2.50^4.65
1902 3.60@9.00 3.25(^)8.25 1.90@6.00 2.00(^/7.40
1901 3.60(§)9.30 ?.20(g)8.00 1.65@5.15 1.50(g/5.75
1900 3:B0@8.50 3.20(^6.00 2.10(^5.25 3.20^35
1899 4.00^8.25 3.50@6.85 2.50(g)5.40 3.75^5.70
1898 Z.^Om-25 3.20^5.40 2.40(g)4.75 3.25(^5.10
1897 3.25@6.50 1.50@4.50. 2.25(3)4.50 2.25^4.60
1896 3.40@6.50 1.25(g)4.50 1.90@4.10 2.10(g)5.50
1896 3.60(g)6.60 1.50(§)5.75 1.75(§)5.15 1.90@5.76
1894 3.00(g)6.60 1.00(^4.40 1.75(g)4.15 1.50(^1)5.50
18W 4.00@6.75 1.25@5.00 2.00(g)4.90 1.75@6.00
1892 3.75@7.00 1.00(g)4.00 1.50@4.10 1.50^5.25
1^ 4.00^7.15 1.25^4.60 1.75(g)4.75 2.00(3)5.60
146 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
Hogs
Regarding general hog supplies, it may be said that the
' distribution of swine throughout the world is uneven. North
America and Europe probably show 95% of the total num-
ber; the United States, Germany and Russia have nearly
70% of these and the United States alone has 35 to 4&% of
the whole. This distribution is readily accounted for. In the
case of most farm animals grass is a principal foodstuff. In
the case of hogs it is grain. The countries named are the
great grain producers. Of corn, the best hog feed of all, the
United States has the monopoly in production.
Enormous quantities of hog meat and products are con-
sumed annually in the United States and sent abroad. Each
twelve months a total of a,pproximately 30,000,000 hogs are
slaughtered in the United States, of which 20 to 25 million
are handled in the packing houses of comparatively few
cities. Economies practiced where the business is conducted
on a large scale, and facilities for distribution of fresh prod-
uct through the refrigerator .service, constantly tend to fur-
ther concentrate the killing at large' centers.
RECEIPTS OF HOGS AT LEADING POINTS BY YEARS.
[Stated in roiarid thousands.]
THE FOUR LEADING WESTERN POINTS.
1904 1903 1902 '« 1901 l900" 1899 18 9 8 1897 1896 1^
Chicago 5916* 7325 7895 8290 8109 8178 8817 8364 7885 6057
Kansas City . . . 1833* 1969 2279 3716 3094 2959 3673 3351 2458 194?
Omaha 1951* 2231 2247 2414 2201 2216 2101 1611 1187 1460
St. Louis 1618*1700 1330 1924 1792 1801 1728 1627 1085 777
*January 1 to November 10.
THE MIDDLE WEST.
Cincinnati 690* 736 722 767 815 869 895^ 875 773 592
Indianapolis 1273*1530 1251 1487 1323 1546 1681 1253 1109 879
Cleveland 731* 885 926 846 989 1098 918 652 375 270
1 — ■
♦January 1 to November 10.
THE EASTERN MARKETS.
New York 1526*1518 1349 1681 182^~l825 1797 1578 17!S3 1488
Boston 704§ 1266 1448 1401 1275 1681 1495 1420 1400 1873
Buffalo 1876*2440 2227 2040 2032 2160 2558 5621 5256 6058
Pittsburg 2018*2008 1745 1125 _ _ — 1894 1063 999
Philadelphia 135* 146 146 160 198 245 240 250 259 275
*Januarjri to November 10. gJanuary 1 to June 30.
TBAR BOOK AND ALMANAC
ADDITIONAL GROWING TRADE CBNTBRS.
147
1904 1903 1902 1901 1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 1893
St. Paul 717* 759 659 609 495 366 m m ^4 i§4
Sioux City 876*1008 1008 960 833 568 474 360 341 329
St. Joseph 1290tl700 1699 1105 1679 1402 1034 400 252 240
New Orleans .... 16§ 115 11 17 19 — — 18 26 30
Denver 138* 117 87 109 116 120 82 75 48 62
*Jan. 1 to Nov. 10. tJan. 1 to Nov. 1. jYear ended July 1.
' TOTAL HOG PACKING BY YEARS.
[Year ended March 1.]
'■ Live receipts,
Western Eastern N. Y., PhUa. Total
Year packing packing & B altimore supply^
1904 22,375,000 2,780,000 2,461,000 27,6i6;600
1903 20,605,000 2,800,000 1,841,000 25,246,000
1902 25,410,000 2,749,000 2.235,000 30,395,000
1901 23,265,000 2,759.000 2,620.000 28.980,000
1900 22,215,000 3.092,000 2,879,000 28.172,000
1899 23.510,000 3.164,000 2.978.000 29.793.000
1898 20.201,000 3,073,000 2,861,000 26,134,000
1897 16,929,000 2,791,000 2,960.000 22,670,000
1896 15,010,000 2,603.000 2,867.000 20.480.000
1895 16,003.000 3.099,000 2,517.000 21.619,000
1894 11.606,000 2,701,000 2,483,000 16,789,000
1893 12,390,000 3,016,000 2,790,000 18,196,000
1892 14.467.000 2,f71.000 3,684,000 20,912,000
1891 17.713,000 2,540,000 3,713.000 23,966,000
THE 1904 HOG PACK AT LEADING CITIES.
[Year ended March 1.]
Number
Number
ChicsLgo
Kansas City ...
Omaha
St. Joseph, Mo.
St. Louis
Indianapolis ...
.6,713,000 Sioux City 468.000
.2,087,000 St. Paul 811.000
.2,174,000 Milwaukee 846,000
.1,609,000 Cleveland 626,000
.1,571,000 Cincinnati 586,000
.1,124,000 Cedar Rapids, la 502,000
The great hogr-packing section of the United States is
the territory comprising the "corn belt" states of the Mis-
sissippi valley. This is but natural, as the great packing
houses are situated close to the base of supply, and there is
more economy in shipping the finished product long dis-
tances to consuming centers than in shipping the live ani-
mals. But all this granted, there is after all an important
/148 AKBRICAN AGRICnLTTmiBT
packing: business in the middle and eiastern- states, including
such centers as Pittsburg, Buffalo; Jersey City, Worcester,
SpringrHeld, Boston, amounting to 3,000,000 hogs annually.
The following table, compiled from figures furnished by the
Cincinnati Price Current, shows the rate at which hogs have
been slaughtered in the winter periods at western markets.
SEASON OP WINTER PORK PACKING IN THE3 WB3BT.
[Stated in thousands of hogs.]
s
CO
* ® ,2
^Z^ I' i 5 *V I 3 I I"
1903-4 ... 2926 862 747 628 248 423 479 126 6439
1902-3 ... 2952 747 778 504 221 295 359 144 6000
1901-2 ... 3434 1272 939 643 234 322 477 150 7470
1900-1 ... 2970 1178 786 667 245 396 434 144 6820
1899-0 ... 2870 960 729 604 270 339 411 132 631E
1898-9 ... 3249 1220 791 729 297 446 442 19« 7370
1897-8 .:. 2673 1305 550 526 276 508 428 177 6448
1896-7 ... 2285 1025 440 415 240 360 345 120 S230
1895-6 ... 2375 869 . 417 388 250 368 336 129 6i32
1894-5 ... 2475 885 535 373 266 349 308 137 5328
1893-4 ... 1696 585 380 265 190 143 258 104 3611
1892-3 ... 1478 617 408 226 '204 120 205 112 3370
1891-2 ... 2757 863 635 350 289 326 317 101 663S
1890-1 ... 2838 937 584 291 301 338 315 113 5717
1889-0 ... 2179 682 373 349 272 301 326 106 4588
1888-9 ... 1462 712 333 336 300 274 278 153 3^
1887-8 ... 1732 780 364 370 310 219 301 191 4267
1886-7 ... 1844 769 243 371 331 327 352 199 .4436
1885-6 ... 2393 656 106 369 333 343 291 122 4613
1884-5 ... 2368 607 141 442 385 337 317 165 4762
1883-4 ... 2011 427 65 382 365 265 274 142 3931
1882-3 ... 2558 445 91 357 425 294 276 126 4542
1881-2 ... 2368 346 85 316 385 324 249 131 4204
1880-1 ... 2781 340 96 474 522 326 389 231 5159
1875-6 ... 1592 75 18 330 563 182 323 223 3306
1870-1 ... 918 36 — 306 500 241 105 242 2348
1865-6 ... 507 — — 117 354 88 36 91 1193
1860-1 ... 272 — — 80 434 51 39 199 1075
^^^— ^»-
DISTRIBUTION AND VALUE IN THE UNITED STATES.
As the United States is noted for being populated by a
meat-eating people, it is but natural that the domestic con-
sumption of pork in its varied forms is enormous. In addl-
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC
U9
tion, the foreign trade in pork product forms a very impor-
tant part of our export business one year with another.
Probably no other single article in the foreign trade is so
widely distributed. In the United States, the distribution of
hogs and pork is largely the same, geographically speaking.
DOMESTIC HOG SUPPLY IN LEADING CORN STATES.
[In round thousands.]
1904 Number V alue
Ohio 2.540 $T4T986
Indiana 3,144 18,864
lUinois 4,579 29,764
Iowa 7,303 47.470
Missouri 3.321 19.926
Kansas 2.668 15.604
Nebraska 3.323 20.603
Other 26,768 167,217
Year Number Value
1904, total. . .50,664 $312,817
1903 49,017 334,311
1902 46,612 298.805
1900 49,242 45,725
1899 48,934 205.301
1898 49.597 212,063
1897 ...47,646 196,257
1896 46.302 204.402
HOG PRICES AT CHICAGO PER 100 POUNDS.
Heavy packing,
Year 260 to 460 lbs.
1904 * $3.75e'6.30
1903 3.90(S>7.87%
1902 5.70@8.25
1901 4.80@7.37%
1900 4.05@5.85
1899 3.35@4.80
1896 3.10@4.80
1897 2.50@4.50
1896 2.40@4.45
1896 3.25®5.45
1894 3.90®6.7o
1893 3.80@8.75
1892 3.70®7.00
1891 3.25@5.70
Mixed packing,
200 to 250 lbs.
Light bacon,
150 to 200 lbs.
|3.70t^6.20
3.85@5.70
5.65(3)8.20
4.85(g/7.30
4.05^5.82%
3.40(^5.00
3.10@4.70
2.90^4.60
2.75@4.46
3.25(g)5.65
3.90^6.66
4.25@8.66
3.65@6.70
3.25@5.75
|3.60@6.10
3.90<g'7.55
6.40(3/7.96
4.75@7.20
4.00(g)5.75
3.30@5.00
3.10@4.65
3.00(g)4.65
2.80@4.45
3.25(g)5.7U
3.50@6.45
4.40@8.50
3.60(3)6.85
3.15(g)5.95
THE AVERAGE COST
Per 100 pounds of hogs packed in the west in recent years has
been, for the year ended March 1:
Summer
1903-4 $6.11
1902-3 7.06
1901-2 5.92
1900-1 6.12
Winter Year
Summer
1899-0 $4.00
1898-9 3.85
1897-8 3.70
1896-7 3.30
Winter Year
14.74
6.44
5.97
5.02
$5.54
6.81
5.94
6.07
$4.29
3.52
3.53
3.30
$4.11
3.71
3.63
3.30
166 AMERICAN AGRICUL+URIST
SEVEN YEARS' EXPORTS OF HOG PRODUCTS.
[In millions of pounds.]
Year Bacon anc
1903-4 447
xItUm'U •••••••r««««> •4ZX
1901-2 611
1900-1 673
1899-0 709
1898-9... 789
1897-8 850
3 Porlc
L.ard
Total value
140
561
$105,248,666
116
490
. 110.740,915
160
556
126,818,431 ,
169
611
119,253,122
159
661
109,572,863
178
711
115,179^0
100
709
110,801.151
Sheep
There is scarcely a country in the world, except in the
frigrid zone, but what boasts of her flocks. The woolskins
thus constitute one of the great universal species of live
stock. The industry in the United States, prominent for a
century and more, has always been subject to great fluctu-
ations in point of profits to farmers.
Perhaps more than any other agricultural branch of farm-
ing this is affected by legislation. For many years sheep
were kept very largely for their wool product, the fleeces be-
ing regarded the profitable end of sheep husbandry. Because
of this, every infiuence affecting wool prices was reflected
in corresponding changes in the number of sheep kept. But
in the last dozen years there has been a remarkable and
gratifying increase in the consumption of mutton, and the
tendency is now largely in the direction of raising sheep for
slaughter, with wool as an incidental product. However,
the wool market last year proved sensationally high and en-
couraged flockmasters greatly.
SHEEP MOVEMENT IN THE WEST.
, Chicago X
Year Receipts Sh ipm' ts
1904 ♦3,912,000 ' —
1903 4,583,000 1,000,000
1902 4,516,000 832,000
1901 4,044,000 763,000
1900 3,549,000 487,000
1899 3,683,000 387,000
1898 3,589,000 543,000
1897 3. 607. COO 638.000_
•January 1 to November
r Kansaa
Recei pts
♦883^300
1,152,000
1,154,000
961.000
839,000
915.000
963,000
1,115,000
City X
Shipm'ts
-Omaha-
Receip ts Shipm 'ts
— 1,562,500 —
361,000 1,864,000 892,190
411,292 1,743,000 863,250
195,000 1,315,000 563,000
216,000 1,277,000 553,000
308,000 1,087,000 342,000
331,000 1,085,000 483,000
306,000 627.000 206,000
10.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 161
SHEEP IN THE UNITED STATES BY STATES, JAN. 1, 1904.
[United States Department of Agriculture.]
8tate
Number Per~hd.
313*982 $2.84
Value
State
Number P
*er hd.
$2.79
Value
Me. ....
1893,153
Neb. .
. . 493,340
$1,376,664
N. H. ..
82.606
2.83
233,392
S. D. .
.. 927,246
2.71
2.509 .:i^
Vt
246,488
2.83
697,117
N. D.
.. 836.059
2.68
2.252.008
Mass. ..
44,856
4.27
191,424
Mont.
.. 5,270.063
2.31
12,184 ,38o
R. I. ...
8.834
3.69
32.576
Wyo. .
.. 4.602.668
2.58
11.883,603
V/ la ••••••
34,264
4.54
156.532
Col. ..
.. 1,846.518
2.25
4.152.265
N. Y. ..
1.313.974
3.84
5,042,638
N. M.
. . 3,860,466
1.93
7.464.598
N. J. ...
44.685
4.08
182,439
Ariz. .
.. 1.088.188
2.18
2.376.841
Pa
963,421
3.53
3.402,129
Utah .
.. 2.391.947
2.29
5.468.230
Del
11.946
4.03
48.199
Nev. .
. . 879.602
2.48
2.185.283
Md
163.664
3.64
694.686
Ida. . .
.. 3,688,034
2.21
7.913.050
Va
672.314
2.96
1.706,611
Wash.
.. 894,335
2.78
2,490.633
N. C. ..
203.027
1.96
401.426
Ore. ..
.. 2,927,198
2.04
5,976.461
8. C. ...
59,462
1.97
117.311
Cal. ..
.. 2.271,249
2.75
6,237.768
6a
276,660
1.72
476,298
Okla.
64,242
2.58
165,686
Fla
110.966
2.16
238.909
I. T. ..
26.296
2.11
53.488
Ala
Miss. ...
196.773
187,489
1 «t
358.600
314.907
1.68
Total
..51,630,144 $2.59 $133,530,099
La
176.656
1.89
333.012
1903..
..63,964,876
2.63
168,315.750
Tex
1.667.139
1.97
3,285,431
1902..
. .62,039,091
2.65
164,446.091
Ark
196,704
1.65
327,027
1901..
..59,756,718
2.96
178.072.476
Tenn. . .
300.378
2.24
671.584
1900..
..41,883,065
2.93
122.665.913
W. Va...
648.951
3.06
1,995,784
1899. .
. .39.114,453
2.75
107,697,530
Ky
719.779
2.71
1,948,441
1896..
..37.656.960
2.46
92,721,133
Ohio ...
3.171.963
3.20
10.168.528
1897..
. .36.818.643
1.82
67,020,942
Mich. ..
2,120,090
3.14
6,659.416
1896..
..38,298.783
1.70
65,167.735
Ind
1.233.447
3.45
4.249.472
1895..
..42.294.064
1.58
66.685.767
ni
820,184
3.56
2,910,751
1894..
..45.048,017
1.98
89,186,110
Wis
1.355,341
2.94
3,981,721
1893..
..47.273.553
2.66
125,909.264
Minn. ..
513,337
2.61
1.340*631
1892..
..44.938.365
2.58
116.121,290
la
862,118
3.31
2,856.886
1891..
..43.431.136
2.50
108.379.447
Mo
778,121
2.90
2.2M.683
1890..
..44.336.072
2.27
100.659,761
Kan. ...
263,219
2.97
781.312
«
RECEIPTS OF SHEEP AT LEADING POINTS BY YEARS.
[Stated in round thousands.]
THE FOUR LEADING WESTERN l^ARKETS.
1904 1903 1902 1901 1900 1899 1898 1897 1895 1893
Chicago ... 1 3912* 4583 4516 4044 3549 3683 3589 3607 3407 3031
Kansas City .... 883* 1152 1154 980 860 953 980 1134 865 570
Omaha 1562*1864 1743 1315 1277 1086 1085 627 205 252
St. Louis 604* 528 523 520 416 409 436 609 455 350
'January 1 to November 10.
162
AMERICAN AORICULTURlflT
THE MIDDLE WEST.
1904 1903 1902 1 90 1 1900 189 9 1898 1897 1895 1893
Cincinnati 354* 394 356 332 283 387 427 M 652 ^
Indianapolis 78* 101 103 126 67 65 85 98 122 83
Cleveland 168 * 194 187 143 130 96 70 73 90 62
^January 1 to November 10.
THE EASTERN MARKETS.
New York 1514*1944 2038 2162 1953 1762 1883 1631 2375 2055
Boston 195t 426 476 450 367 375 493 559 784 530
Pittsburg 1126* 703 — — — — — 1011 843 716
Buffalo 1876*2440 1129 2061 1668 1712 1784 18T8 -3228 257^
Philadelphia 427* 437 492 473 369 341 339 376 677 45»
*January 1 to November 1. f January 1 to June 30.
ADDITIONAL GROWING TRADEi CENTERS.
St. Paul 636* 876 601 331 486 382 429 300 • 175 158
Sioux City 23* 42 61 67 61 36 21 10 14 27
St. Joseph, Mo... 7148 599 561 S26 390 258 121 14 22 26
New Orleans .... 6t 6t 13 12 12 — — 13 23 29
Denver 331* 318 317 226 306 221 _284 306 156 130
*Jan. 1 to Nov. 10. §Jan. 1 to Nov 1. tYeaFended July 1.
EXPORTS OF SHEEP AND MUTTON; IMPORTS OP SHEEP.
eldSd g^^^P ^
JiineaO yamber Value
1904 * 301,313
1903 176,961
1902 358,720
1901 297,925
1900 125,772
1899 ..? 143,286
1898 199,690
1897 244,120
1896 491,565
1895 405,748
1894 182,370
1893 37.260
1892 46,960
1891 69,947
1890 67,521
DxporUh
Muttbn
$1,954,604
1.067,860
1,940,060
1,933,000
733,477
853,555
1,213,886
1,531,645
3,076,384
2.030,886
832.763
126,394
161,105
261,109
243,077
465,255
6,144,020
430,351
690.121
773,760
379.110
329.169
361,955
422,950
591,499
2,197,900
108,214
101,463
199,395
256,7U
$40,618
532.476
37,067
46,643
64,313
29,427
27,961
28.341
31,793
47.832
174,404
9,175
9.022
18,959
21,793
imports
Sheep
Pounds Value Number
236.841
299,886
266,953
331,488
381,792
345,911
392,314
405.633
322,692
291,461
242,368
459.484
380,814
345.766
393,794
Valtie
f7§TM
1,036,934
955,710
l.Sd6,277
1,365,026
1,199,081
1,106,322
1.019,668
853,630
682,618
788,181
1.682.977
r;i4o.53o
l»219.a06
1.268.209
TBAR POOK AND ALMANAC
RANGE OF PRICES OP FLEECE WOOL.
153
Wholesale prices at New York city, in cents pe» pound. The
Ohio wools are washed clothing, the Kentucky and Indiana are
unwashed.
, Jfiitntti^
ApHl-
July-
r\
October
•d
•o
■ ^
"O
— ^ 1
•6
•O
■ \
•d
s
o
®s5
-2
*2
ss
o
S rsap
Oct*
s
*
o
§1
3
o
^1
*5
Year
2><
2|"§
32
53
25
ox
33
2|l
o€3
32
£3
25%
o'A OS a
34% 33
30
2a
ox
m2
aJatI • ■ 9
34
34
30
1903 ...
30
31
23%
29%
30%
22%
33
25
25
34
25%
25
1902 ...
251^
26%
21%
25
26%
21%
27
27%
22%
28
28%
22%
1901 ...
26
29
23%
25
27%
22%
25
26
19%
25
26%
20
1900 ...
35
36%
28
32%
36
27%
30%
34
25
27
28%
24
1899 ...
26%
29
21%
25
28
21%
28%
31
23
31
33%
24
1898 ...
28
30
22
29
29%
22
28
29%
22
28%
30
22%
1897 ...
19
20
17
21
22%
20
21%
23%
20
27
29
33
1896 . . .
19
21
17%
19
21
17
17
18
14%
18
19
15
1895 . . .
17H
20
17
16%
20
17
18
21
19
18
21
19
1894 ...
23
24
19
21
23
19
20
20
17
18%
21
18
1893 ...
29%
33
25%
30%
33
25%
24%
27
21
23
25%
20
QUOTATIONS ON SHEEP AND LAMBS AT CHICAGO.
[Poor to best, per 100 pounds live weight.]
Native
Year sheep
1904 $2.25@6.00
1903 2.25(9)7.00
1902 1.25@6.50
1901 1.40@5.25
1900 2.00@6.50
1899 2.25@5.65
1898 2.00@5.25
1897 1.500)5.35
1896 1.75@4.60
1895 1.75(8)5.50
1894 1.50@5.40
1893 1.25(8)6.25
1892 2.25(^6.90
laa 2.00(8)7.00
Native
lambs
$3.50(8)7.10
2.50@8.00
2.00(8)7.25
2.00@6.25
3.00@7.60
3.50(8)7.45
3.50(g)7.10
3.00P6.aO
1.85(56.60
1.75(8)6.35
1.00(^^6.00
2.25(8)7.55
3.00(8)8.25
3.25(g)8.50
Western
sheep
$2.50(85.50
2.75^t'3.75
1.25(8^6.30
1.50(&'5.25
3.00(^6.50
2.50(8)5.55
3.00(8)5.25
2.00@4.60
1.15(g)4.30
1.50(8)5.35
1.10(8'5.40
1.25(g)6.45
3.00(§)6.75
3.25@6.85
Tex. and Mex.
sheep
and lambs
$2.50@7.50
2.50(9)7.60
2.75@5.90
4.00(8)7.60
4.00(8)7.00
3.75^6.75
2.00(8)4.25
1.25(g)3.75
1.00@5.15
1.00(g)4.50
1.25@5.60
2.25@6.36
2.06(g)5.76
154 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
WOOL CLIP OF UNITED STATES, BY STATES.
State
Clip of 1904,
pounds
Me 1,380,000
N. H.
Vt. ..
Mass.
R. I.
Ct. ..
N. Y.
N. J.
• •••••'
390.600
%0,000
174,000
35,750
150,000
4.050.000
160,000
Pa 5,100,000
Del 39,000
Md; 500,000
W. Va 2,517,500
Ky 2,875,000
Ohio 12,198,432
Mich 7,800,000
Ind 4,550,000
111 3,806,250
Wis 4,525.000
Minn 2,450,000
la 3,510,000
Mo 3,737.500
Va 1,507,500
N. C 820,000
S. C 200,000
Ga 950,000
Fla 350,000
Ala 700,000
Miss 920,000
La 573.500
Ark 800,000
Tenn 1,105,000
Kan 1,360,000
Neb 2,000,000
S. D 3,881,250
N. D 2,925,000
Mont 37,773,000
Scoured
equiv't,
pounds
828.000
195,300
480,000
96,700
20,735
90,000
2,025.000
84.800
2,448.000
19,500
265,000
1,359.450
1,782,500
5,855,247
3,900,000
2,275,000
1.827,000
2,353,000
1,176,000
1,725,000
1,906,125
934,650
475,600
116,000
570,000
210,000.
420,000
533,609
315,4S
464,(
663,(
435,2Q0
640,000
1,552,500
1,170,000
13,598,280
State
Clip of 1904,
pounds
Scoured
equiv't,
pounds
Wyo 29,450,000 8,835,000
Ida 14,950.000 5,232,500
Wash 4,480,000 1,4.33.600
Ore 14,500,000 4.495,000
Cal 11,781,250 2,770.000
Nev 4,200,000 1,260.000
Utah 13,162,500 4.324,635
Col 9,100.000 2,912,000
Ariz 4,340.000 1.345,400
N. M 17.325,000 6.237.000
Tex 9,360,000 2,995,200
Okla. I. T... 360.000 115.200
Total 249,783.032 95,795,147
Pulled wool. 42,000,000 28,140.000
G'd total,*04.291,783,032
1903 287,450,000
1902 316,341,032
1901 302,502,382
1900 288,636,621
1899 272,191,330
1898 266,720.684
1897 259,153,251
1896 272,475,000
1895 294,297,000
1894 325,211,000
1893 348,538,000
1892 333,018,000
1891 307,402,000
1890 309,475,000
1880* .155,682,000
1870* 100,102,000
I860* 60,264,000
1850* 52,517,000
1840* 36,802,000
123.935,147
124,366.405
137,912,085
126,814.690
118,223,120
113,958,468
111.661.581
111,365,987
115.285.000
125,719.000
140.292,000
151,104.000
145,.^00.000
139,327.000
139.628,000
♦United States census.
Our Dairy Department
BUTTER AND CHEESE.
The standard of excellence was never higher, nor were
cheese factories and creameries ever better manned than at
the present day. The production of cheese continues con-
siderably greater than domestic requirements and the foreign
outlet should be greatly expanded. The situation is some-
what different in butter. The splendid home market* ab-
TBAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 155
sorb practically the entire output of creamerleB and dairies.
True, a moderate quantity of butter is exported each year,
.•l»ut this is very small compared with the total product.
In the single item of butter the annual production on
farms and in creameries approximates 1,500,000,000 pounds.
The annual cheese production, includinsr that made on farms
' and in factories, to about 300,000.000 pounds. In butter, sub-
stantially two-thirds of the total is made on farms, while
in cheese the situation is very different, factory production
coDstitutingr over 90% of the total. The ten most important
stateg in dairying, according to the federal census of 1900,
arranged in order of rank as follows: New York, Iowa, Illi-
nois, Wisconsin. Pennsylvania, Texas, Ohio, Missouri, Min-
nesota and Kansas; this based on the number of dairy cows
in each of the states. But, if prime consideration be given
to gallons of milk produced, Pennsylvania would take third
place. Wisconsin fourth, with Texas at the foot of the list. If
greatest weight be given to farm value of dairy produce, the
ord«r is as follows: New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Iowa,
Wisconsin, Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota, Texas, Missouri.
It will be noted that from every point of view New York
ranked as the leading dairy state, but the central west is a
close second. In fact, in the years 1900-1904, inclusive, the
great west has niHarly dominated the butter trade of the
country, and 1905 has much of promise. Outside of a few
western states of the highest Importance as dairy sections,
'such as Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota, dairy cows are
kept as incidental to the more general live stock interests.
It is now generally agreed that good butter can be made
wherever good beef can be raised. The older middle and
eastern states. Including northern New England, are favored
with nearness to splendid consuming markets, which readily
absorb every pound of butter that can be produced. The
great central west is favored with excellent pastures, and
cheap grain and millfeeds, but is obliged to pay fairly heavy
freights to the Atlantic seaboard.
THE FOREIGN OUTLET SHOULD ENLARGE.
The weakest spot in the dairy trade is the woful lack of
a foreign outlet. True, exports are considerable, but should
be greatly enlarged. The splendid cheese made In Canada
is a sharp, competitor and exports for the United States in
recent years have fallen far short of a decade ago.
Commendable efforts are being made by the trade In
enlarging the foreign outlet for butter. The United King-
156
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
dom, an enormous consumer of foreign made butter, con-
tinues to be our best consumer for the comparatively small
amount we export. Denmark enjoys the lion's share of the
trade with England, getting annually about half of it, Rus-
sia coming second. Canada ships to England about five
times as much butter as goes from our own borders.
In the accompanying tables may be seen the movement'
at the two chief distributing centers. Receipts of butter at
Chicago are substantially heavier than a dozen years ago,
while there is less difference in the movement toward New
York city. Prices of butter and cheese both averaged low
during the summer of 1904.
DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN MOVEMENT OP BUTTER.
F
oreign trade in butter.
Chic
iago
New York
year ended .1 tine 30
/•
00
^
•
5
<D
OD
1
iReeeipts,
pounds,
millions
and tenth
III
IReeeipts,
1 pounds,
I millions
and tenth
V .-. g
Rxports,
pounds,
millions
and tenth
Average
value, C6D
Imports,
pounds
Average
value, cen
Rate Of
duty, cent
1904.
. . —
*17'??26
♦120.0 •17^/^(5)26
10.7
16.5
153,536
22.6
6
i9a'j.
..232.0
\%W12&V2
129.7
19(?i29
8.9
18.0
207,007
24.9
6
1902.
..219.3
19@28
115.9
20@29
16.0
18.0
453.978
17.7
6
1901.
..253.8
18@24
122.4
19(g)25
23.2
17.2
93,669
20.7
6
1900.
..244.4
18@26
115.3
16(5)27
18.3
17.2
49,791
19.6
6
1899.
..231.0
17@26
113.9
18®27
20.2
16.1
23,700
16.7
6
1898.
..222.6
16(S)22
117.1
17@23
25.7
15.0
31,984
17.1
6
1897.
..225.5
14(9)23
126.6
14(5)24
31.3
14.3
38,000
16.0
4
1896.
..2.'i6.8
15@24
129.6
15(g)26
19.4
15.2
52,000
16.4
4
1895.
..186.2
16@25
108.8
17(9)28
5.6
16.2
72,000
18.0
4
1894.
..167.4
15<g)27
93.8
17@28
11.8
17.5
144,000
16.2
6
1893.
..150.7
19(8)33
97.6
20(5)35
8.9
18.7
73,000
18.4
6
1892.
..154.1
17(3)31
99.8
17(5)32
15.0
16.3
114.000
14.5
6
1891.
..137.8
17(5)35
109.5
t22(9)26
15.2
14.5
381,000
15.4
6
1890.
..147.2
14^29
113.5
t20(6)23
29.7
14.0
76,000
18.0
1889.
..158.1
il6
122.6
t21(5)23
15.5
16.6
179.000
13.7
1888.
..103.5
tl8
101.9
t24(5)26
10.5
18.0
143,000
18.4
1887.
..107.7
$15
100.7
123(5^35
12.5
15.8
236,000
16.1
1886.
..106.2
J15%
98.9
t25r5)07
19.0
15.6
179,000
15.8
1885.
—
16@40
99.4
ta0(5)?4
21.7
16.8
187,000
18.7
1884.
—
»8
93.3
t20(5)?5
20.6
—
—
—
—
1883.
~.
tl8
93.4
120(9^36
12.3
18.6
—
—
—
1882.
—.
tl9
80.5
t28@32
14.8
—
—
—A
—
1881.
—
tl9
89.1
t24(5!27
31.6
—
—
—
—
1880.
—
18(5)37
—
—
39.2
17.1
—
—
—
•January 1 to November 15. tAverage for western extra
creameries. ^Represents average price for all.
TIDAR BOOK AND AUfANAC
chhbsb: movement and foreign trade.
167
Chicago
New York
Foreign trade In cheese,
year ended June 30
9
^ .-.5
1903 82.1
1902.... 88.7
1901.... 116.3
1900.... 115.3
1899.... 99.4
ioHo. ... 0.7.0
loai • . • . o4. 1
1896 .... 73. 1
1895.... 58.3
1894.... 60.4
1893.... 59.3
1892.... 64.4
1891.... 63.9
1890.... 68.8
1889.... 56.8
1888.... 51.8
1887.... 44.3
1886.... 35.9
loo4. ... "^
1882. ... —
•7(?n2%
10^14V6
9^13
9<ft^l2
7(9)12%
8(^13
8(5)11
imt
6(3)10
mm
1(1112
8'ffl2
7(512
7(5^11
t9
t 9
t8
tio
til
♦55.0
67.3
60.7
69.0
70.1
59.3
58.8
79.9
55.4
62.8
79.8
78.5
100.1
89.3
99.8
96.5
99.6
99.7
97.1
120.3
117.6
El
ias
4
6V^(5)12
9%Ca)15%
9@13%
mi2^
9(5)13%
7%(5)13
7(5)11
7(5)12
6ra)ll
6v5)12
9(5^2
9(512
9(5^13
tlO(5;ll
t 9(5 10
tlO<5)ll
tlO(ft)ll
tll(512
t 9(5)11
t 9(5)12
tl0(®13
c a-S**
saa3
22.7
20.7
17.0
15.0
13.3
11.7
10.0
12.3
10.7
10.3
8.7
10.2
8.3
8.9
9.3
8.2
8.8
6.6
6.3
<>_
14.4
15.4
14.9
13.9
13.1
13.2
13.4
13.5
13.6
14.1
14.2
14.0
14.9
15.3
14.0
13.8
13.9
13.3
13.5
II
6 ^
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
4
4
4
4
•January 1 to November 15. tAverage price for the year.
STATE STANDARDS FOR MILK AND CREAM.
Milk
' Bolidfl
8tatft Total not
solids fat
%__% _
Dist. of Col... —
aa — 8.5
III 12 -
Ind — 9
la. 12.5 —
Ky 12 -
Me 12 —
Md 12.5 —
Mass 13 9.3
Mich 12.5 —
Minn 13 —
Mont 12 —
Neb. ..:?.....;.— —
Fat
c
/o
a
%
u
Fat
%
20
15
1.-,
15
3.5
3.5
3
3
3
3
3 —
3.5 —
3.7 —
3 -
3.5 20
3 —
3 15
Milk
' Solids ~^
Stat« Total not
solids fat Fat
N. w 13 n.r. 3.5
N. J 12 — —
N. Y 12 — 3
N. D 12 — 3
Ohio 12 — 3
Ore 12 9 3
Pa 12.5 — 3
R. 1 ...I. \ii '~~ 2.5
S. C —- 8.5 3
\j lan ... .••..«. ""~ •"" •■"
Vt 12.5 9.25 4
Wash — 8 3
Wis — -3
«e
«
u
V
Fat
lO
15
18
158 AMBRICAN AGRICULTURIST
AREA PRINCIPAL. FARM CROPS BY YEARS.
[In round millions of acres. U. S. department of agriculture.]
Buck
Fkv
Tear
Cotton Wheat Corn
Osts
Bye
Barley
wlieat
tatoes
Bay
1904 ....
31
48
93
29
2
5
__
3
40
1903 ....
29
155
t91
t30
t2
t5
tl
t3
t40
1902 ....
28
t52
94
29
2
4.7
0.8
3
t«
1901 ....
28
t52
91
29
2
4.3
0.8
2.8
39
1900 ....
25
42
83
27
1.6
2.9
0.6
2.7
39
1899 ....
23
45
82
26
1.7
2.9
0.7
2.6
41
1898 ....
25
44
78
26
1.6
2.6
0.7
2.5
43
1897 ....
24
t39
t83
t29
—
—
t2.7
144
1896 ....
23
137
81
t30
1.8
3
0.8
t2.8
43
1895 ....
20
34
82
130
2
3.3
0.8
3
44
1894 ....
24
35
63
27
2
3.2
0.8
2.7
48
1893 ....
20
35
72
27
2
3.2
0.8
2.6
SO
1892 ....
tl8
39
71
27
*
«
*
•
«
1891 ....
t21
40
76
26
*
«
*
*
•
1890 ....
t21
36
72
26
*
•
*
•
•
1889 ....
20
38
78
27
•
•
*
•
•
1888 ....
19
37
76
27
2.4
3
9
2.5
39
1887 ....
19
38
72
26
2
2.9
9
2.4
38
1886 ....
18
37
76
24
2
2.7
9
2.3
37
1885 ....
18
34
73
23
2
2.7
0.9
2.3
40
1882 ....
17
37
66
18
2
2.3
0.8
2.2
32
1880 ....
15
38
62
16
1.8
1.8
0.8
1.8
26
1875 ....
, —
26
45
12
1.4
1.8
0.6
1.5
24
1870 ....
, —
19
39
9
1.2
1
0.5
1.3
20
1865 ....
—
12
19
7
1.4
0.5
1.0
1
16
•No
estimate for year indicated,
. tCommerclal estimate.
The Poultry Industry
Each year finds this branch of farmingr more strongrly in
favor. As a specialty, poultry farming is given wide atten-
tion in the older middle and eastern states, particularly in
territory contiguous to the big cities. Yet the bulk of the
qupply is still centered in the middle west and southwest,
where there is plenty of range and where grain and feeds
are cheapest. Poultry raising has assumed the proportions
of a distinct industry, largely replacing the position it held
a generation ago of a mere incident in general farming. Per-
haps the feature of the past 18 months is the relative scarcity
In turkeys. Supplies for market have been short for two
winters and prices high.
In recent years the keenest consideration has been ac-
corded egg production, broiler raising, capon rearing and
the dressing of poultry for city markets. It requires con- ,
TBAR BOOK AND AI«MANAC
159
siderable capital and much skill to succesBfully enffage in
the raising of early spring chickens or broilers, but the incu-
bator, the brooder, various other devices and a wider under-
standing of care of poultry make good profits possible. Cold
storage has also been a powerful factor in developing the
poultry industry, serving to regulate prices here, as in many
other lines of perishable farm produce. It is estimated that
the cold storage capacity for eggs and poultry increased 60%
during the ten years ending with 1900, and since then the
enlargement in storage capacity has been heavy.
Poultry on farms was given much consideration when
the last federal census was taken. It was difficult to secure
comprehensive data, because so many farmers had failed to
give the poultry business the proper consideration, and many
of the county returns were little more than estimates at best.
Farmers of the United States experience no difficulty in
finding a good domestic market for their eggs. Compared
with the total production, foreign shipments of eggs from
this country are very small. Our exports have fallen off re-
cently to much smaller proportions than a few years ago,
owing chiefly to the enormous demands for home use. The
duty of 5 cents per dozen shuts out foreign eggs, although a
few filter across the border from Canada each year.
FOREIGN EGG TRADE, YEAR ENDED JUNE 30.
/ Exports ^
Tear Ayg. val.,
pozent cen ts
r904 ...1,7X6.32 22.3~~
1903 1,517,189 21.4
1902 2,717,990 1S.4
1901 3.692,875 113
1900 5,920,727 16.6
1899 ..'. 3.6«3,811 17.3
\m 2,754,810 15.9
1897 l,300,lR 13.9
1896 328,485 14.6
1896 151,007 16.7
1894 163,061 16.1
189S 143,489 23.1
1892 183,063 17.4
1891 363,116 17.6
1850 380,884 15.4
1889 648,750 13.8
1888 419,701 16.0
1887 373,772 16.3
18IS ....: 240,768 21.5
..;> 360,083 20.8
r
Arg. yal.,
Dtity;
cents
Dozens
cents
496.825
12.4
5
368.480
8.0
5
384,070
9.7
5
126,520
8.2
5
135,088
—
5
226,180
9.4
6
166,810
—
S
579,681
8.2
3
947,132
9.3
3
2,705,502
11.7
3
1.791,430
11.1
5
3,318,011
11.8
6
4,188,492
12.4
6
8,233,043
10.8
5
15,062,796
13.7
free
15,918,809
15.2
free
15.64a,861
14.8
free
13,936,064
14.1
free
16,098,450
16.4
free
15,S79.065
.17.4
free
160 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
EGG MOVEMENT AND MARKET; RECEIPT& AND PRICES
AT LEADING POINTS.
New York
Chicago
Boston
Prices (in cents)
Prices (in centB^
>
PriceffCtn cents^
r4
*4
ft
.d
«'Od
H ^. .
■H
i-»
^
Tear
III
•
4a
A
Rect
mill]
dose
Apr.
Sept
Q
<
■ta
1
25
1
P
1904 ....
....♦93.6
19
24
3^
t*63.1
18 21
27
19
38
1903 ....
.... 88.2
20
26
38
94.0
18 21
28
20
28
40
1902 ....
.... 82.3
18
24
29
79.8
16 20%
25
18
22
30
1901 ....
.... 87.3
14
22
31
83.5
12% 17
A
14
ao-
30
1^ ....
.... 84.0
18%
14
29
74.3
11%' 16
26
12%
22
30
1^ ....
.... 78.7
'14V6
21
24
62.9
13 16%
20
13%
17
25
1S98 ....
.... 76.3
11%
17%
27
64.4
10% 14%
26
U
18
25
1897 ....
.... 83.1
11
19
25
65.0
9% 13%
19
14
•23
32
1896 • • . .
.... 77.8
12%
18
27
69.0
10% 11%
22
16
20
33
1895 ....
.... 68.5
14%
17
27
64.6
12 13
20
15*
2»
28
1894 ....
.... 69.7
12
19
27
63.2
10 15
21
13
22
ao
1893 ....
.... 63.4
16
18
28
51.9
14% 14
21
18
22
.%
1892 ....
.... 6D.7
13%
22
32
64.6
13 17%
24
15
26
35
1891 ....
.... 56.0
20
19%
29%
41.8
17% 16%
26
22
23
35
1890 ....
.... 51.5
17
24
32
44.3
14 a6%
25
18
24 -
35
1889 ....
• • • • "'
14%
16%
29
30.6
10% 14%
24
15
22
32
1888 ....
• • • • ""^
22
20%
26
18.7
14 16
22
21
21
30
1887 ....
• • • • "^*
13%
17%
26
13.5
— —
—
16
21
30
1885 ....
• • • • ^«*
15%
16
28
11.4
— —
—
17
18
28
1883 ....
.... 21.0
20
23%
31%
—
— —
—
21
24
32
* Jan. 1 to Nov. 10. t Not including^ through shipments.
Hides
In a sense a by-product of the farm, the trade in hideJEi
and skins is always interesting. A sentiinent of some breadtJi
has appeared in the east demandingr the importation of hides
free of all tariff. This has been in evidence during^ the past
12 months, and took accentuated shape in the Massachusetts
election in November, 1904, when it was made somewhat of
an issue in the state campaign. In a general way, however,
congress is loath to open the tariff question, and any effoi^t
to do so would be bitterly opposed by protection interests.
For many years foreign hides and skins were on the free list,
but at the last revision of t^e tariff laws in 1897, were placed
on the dutiable list at the rate of 15% ad valorem. The law
provides, however, that upon all leather exported, made
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 161
from imported hides, there shall be allowed a drawback
equal to the amount of duty paid on such hides. This prac-
tically amounts to free hides so far as the business is con-
cerned in manufacturing leather and leather goods for the
foreign markets.
In the wholesale markets, domestic hides are placed in
two general classifications, country skins and packer hides.
The shrinkage from green weight at time taken off to green
cured weight, at which they are sold, is about 15%. This
shrinkage varies with the season at which hides are taken
off. In some instances, long haired hides taken from cattle
killed during the winter will shrink as little as 9 to 10%,
while short haired hides from summer killed cattle will
shrink 18 to 20%. Hides taken off by packers will run about
as follows for average weight: Native steers 65 pounds, na-
tive cows 55 pounds, Texas and western range steers 60
pounds, Texas and western range cows 50 pounds. The
weight of the green hide in percentage of the total weight of
the live animal is 5 to 6% in the case of fat corn fed native
stocii, up to 8 to 9% on rough grass fed steers from the range
territory of Texas and other western sections.
Situation in Oteo Traffic
The evidence in the case goes to show general wisdom in
framing the federal oleo law in effect in 1902, and its enforce-
ment since. The criticisms made by ihe cattle feeding inter-
ests at the time, no doubt thoroughly sincere, have quite
disappeared. There is no further suggestion that beef cat-
tle, or for that matter swine, would turn more dollars into
the farmers' pockets if it were not for the restrictions of
the oleo law.
About the only ripple of novelty in the situation is the
development late in 1904 of an effort among oleo interests look-
ing toward a repeal of the law. This immediately followed the
announcement of a decision of the supreme court to the effect
that the use of palm oil constitutes "artificial coloration,"
which is directly against the provisions of the law. Oleo
manufacturers have shown a disposition to get together,
create a fund, form a lobby and seek to secure changes in
the federal law which will enable them to do about as they
please in handling the traffic. The dairy interests are keenly
alive to the situation, however, and will resist any attempt in
this direction.
162 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
THE ANNUAL OUTPUT OF OLEO
is now only one-third what it was at the high water mark.
During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1904, 48.000,000 pounds
were manufactured, against 73,000,000 pounds in 1903, and
126,000,000 pounds in 1902, the last year under the low tax
rate of 2 cents a pound. It will be recalled that under the
present law, oleo colored in imitation of butter pays 10 cente
a pound, and that sold in its natural color % cent per pound.
During the first three months of the fiscal year 1904-5, the
total production of oleo, colored and uncolored, was only
7,660,000 pounds, compared with 11,638,000 pounds the same
period one year earlier. This showed a decrease of the bogus
butter in three months of the present fiscal year of 4,000,000
pounds.
'The claim of the oleo people that a regulated traffic in
the product would mean permanently higher prices for but-
ter, this in turn unfavorably affecting consumers, has fallen
flat. Butter really averaged somewhat lower in 1903 and 1904
than prior to these years. Stated differently, the cost of but-
ter to consumers has not been unfavorably affected by the
new oleo law. During the first year in which the present
law was in effect, the output of oleo was smaller by 50,000,000
pounds, yet dairymen prevented any shortage in requisite
butter supply, increasing their output of the latter to such
an extent that there was plenty at prices anything but ex-
orbitant.
In fact, there was a considerable excess in the produc-
tion of butter over the amount necessary to take the place
of supplanted oleo, and in consequence butter prices through-
out much of the summer and autumn of 1904 ruled rather
low. These conditions will right themselves in time.
PRODUCTION OP OLEOMARGARINE.
Yr. ended Production,
Revenue
Yr. ended
Production,
Revenue
June 30
pounds
to U. S.
June 30
pounds
to U. 8.
1904
.. 48,071,000
$484,097
1895
. 56,958,000
$1,409,000
1903
.. 71,211,000
443,272
1894
. 69,622,000
1,723,000
1902
..126,316,000
2,944,000
1893
. 67,224,000
1,671,000
1901
..104,944,000
2,518,000
1892
. 48.364,000
1.266,000
1900
..107,045,000
2,544,000
1891
. 44.392,000
1,078,000
1899
.. 83,130,000
1,967,000
1890
. 32,824,000
786.000
1898
.. 57,516,000
1,316,000
1889
. 35,664,000
894,000
1897
,. 45,531,000
1,034,000
1888
. 34,326,000
864.000
1896
,. 50,853,000
1,219,000
♦1887
. 21,514,000-
724.000
•From November 1, 1886, to June 30, 1887.
TBAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 163
Milk Statistics
ORGANIZATIONS OP MILK PRODUCERS.
For a number of years influential organizations have
been maintained in the east for co-operative effort in mar-
keting milk at advantageous terms. Perhaps the best of
these organizations is in New England, contiguous to the
Boston market. Another fairly strong association covers the
territory shipping into New York city, and there are still
others handling milk in the Philadelphia territory, in the
Pittsbure: territory, Chicago, etc.; although organization in
the west, as a whole, is wholly inadequate to enable produc-
er to secure reasonable profits.
Long known as the New England Milk Producers' Union,
a large number of milk farmers within a radius of 75 miles
of Boston have been associated to secure reasonable prices,
with a margin of profit. A year or two ago the name was
changed from union to association, and in 1904, by vote of the
members, it was merged into the Boston Co-operative Milk
Producers' Company. The officers of this company are as
follows: President, M. A. Morse of Belchertown, Mass.; first
vice-president, J. Bemis of Charlton, Mass.; second vice-
president, Stanley H. Abbott of Wilton, N. H.; clerk, W. A.
Hunter of Worcester, Mass.; treasurer, M. P. Palmer of
Groton, Mass.
The Five States Milk Producers' Association has been in
the field for a number of years in the milk territory tribu-
tary to New York city. This includes southeastern New
York, northwestern Pennsylvania, northern New Jersey,
western Connecticut and one or two towns in Massachusetts.
The organization has done good work in advancing the in-
terests of producers, and in securing a general advance in
price, compared with the low level of a few years ago. The
officers of the F. S. M. P. A. are as follows: President, Ira L.
Snell of Kenwood, N. Y. ; vice-president, I. P. Moore of Rox-
bury, N. Y.; secretary-treasurer, H. T. Coon of Homer, N. Y,
THE NEW YORK MILK BUSINESS.
No material change has taken place in the past year and
more m methods of handling the business in Greater New
York. The milk exchange, which is composed of a few of
the larger dealers and some producers, "flyes the price of
milk shipped to the New York market" monthly or oftener.
This exchange price includes the freight from country to
164 AM&RICAN AGRICULTURIST
city. On milk from west of the Hudson river, 5 cents per
can is deducted from this price as an "allowance" for ferri-
age or transfer. The cans hold 40 quarts, and are generally
furnished by the shipper; there is much complaint of lost
cans. Instead of the uniform freight rate of 32 cents per
can of 40 quarts that had prevailed for years (except that
a very short haul near market was charged 25 cents), the
interstate commerce commission decreed in March, 1897, a
23-cent rate for all stations in the zone within 40 miles of
the terminal at New York city, Jersey City, etc.; between
40 and 100 miles, 26 cents; between 100 and 190 miles, 29 cents;
beyond 190 miles, 32 cents. Milk is hauled 400 miles to the
New York market, and 135 miles to Boston. The exchange
price is based on zone B; thus $1.31 per can, less freight 26
cents and ferriage 5 cents, nets the producer $1 per can, or
2H cents per quart if he gets the full market price. Hence,
$1.31 per can is said to make "the exchange price 2V6c per
quart." How this operates at various distances is here
shown:
FREIGHT ZONES AND RATES FOR NEW YORK MILK.
t Zones — — ^
A B C D
Miles from market 40 41 to 100 101 to 190 Overl90
Freight rate per can of 40 qts... $0.23 $0.26 $0.29 $0.32
Add for ferriage on milk deliv-
ered on west side of the Hud-
son, per can 05 .05 .05 .05
Total cost of getting milk to
market from west side of river. .28 .31 .34 .37
Suppose exchange price at New
York is, per can 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31
Deducting freight and ferriage
leaves presumable net price at
farmers' stations, per can 98 1.00 .97 .94
Equal to, cents per quart 2.45c 2.5c 2.425c 2.35c
— — — ' ' ■ — ■ — — --■■■.
Many farmers sell to a creamery at their local railroad
station that is operated by a city dealer, instead of shipping
direct to dealers in the city at exchange price. In such cases
the farmer often agrees to accept % or % cent per quart
less than the exchange price. In other words, these farmers
get ^ to % cent less than fixed prices. In consideration of
this discount, the creamery usually agrees to take all the
milk, whereas one who ships to a peddler may have to keep
at home his surplus, or accept what it will sell for at auction
on the railroad platform at the city terminal, unless the
dealer agrees to pay full price for all he sends. If the sup-
TBAR BOOK "AND ALMANAC , 165
ply is overlarge, the exchange reduces the price, bo fhat
dealers practically control both ends . of the trade. In all
cases the producer bears the labor or cost of hauling the
milk from the farm to the local shipping station or cream-
ery. In the past year, 1904, commendable progress has been
made In New York state in the organization among milk
producers of co-operative creameries, and a helpful associa-
tion of these has been formed. This is known as the Five
States Co-operative Creameries Association. The president
is D. C. Markham of Port Leyden, N. Y., and the secretary
William Hunt, of Great Bend, Pa.
WHOLESALE PRICES OF MILK IN NEW YORK MARKETS.
Year t^S^ ^i*-' ^ « c^i 3 !!
^_«_^ !^ < _w ^O _J5 ft _•? b4 S H S_
1904 2%. 2% 2 2 2% 2i/i> 2% 314 3% 3% 3 3 32% 2.27
1903 3% 2% 2% 214 214 2% 3 3 3% 3% 3% 3% 34% 2.84
1902 2% 2% 2% 2V^ 2% 2^^ 3 3^ 3% 3% 3^ 3 34% 2.88
1901 2% 2% 2 214 2% 2% 2% 3% 3% 3 2% 2% 31% 2.63
1900 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 3 3 3% 3 3 2% 32% 2.72
1899 2% 2% 2 2% 2^4 2V2 2% 3% 3% 2% 2% 2% 30% 2.53
1898 2% 2% 1% 2 2% 2% 2% 2% 3 2% 2% 2% 28% 2.39
1897 2% 2 1% 2 2 2^4 2% 3 3 2% 2% 2% — —
1896 2% 2 1% 2 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 27% 2.28
1896 2% 2 2 2 2% 2% 3 3 3 3 2% 2% 30% 2.54
1894 2% 2 1% 2 2% 3 3% 3% 3 2% 2% 2% 31% 2.59
1893 2% 2% 2 2% 2% 3 3 3 3 3 2% 2% 33% 2.76
1892 2% 2% 2 2 2% 2% 3 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 32% 2.71
1891 2% 2% 2 2 2% 2% 3 3% 3% 3% 3 3 32% 2.71
1890 2% 2 2 2 2% 2% 2% 2% 3% 3 3 2% 30% 2.57
1889 2% 2 2 2 2 2% 2% 3 3% 3% 3% 3 31% 2.59
1888 3 2% 2 2^ 2% 2Vz 3 3% 3% 3 3 3 33% 2.80
1887 3 2% 2 2% 2% 2% 3 3% 3% 3% 3% 3 35 2.91
1886 3 2 2 2% 2% 2% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3 3 34% 2.87
1885 3 2% 2% 8 3 3 3 3% 4 3% 3% 3 37 3.08
1884 3% 1% 2% 3 3 3% 3% 4 4 3% 3% 3 39% 3.29
1883 3 2% 2% 3 3 3% 3% 4% 4% 4% 3% 3% 41% 3.45
1882 3 2% 2% 2% 3 3% 3% 3% 4% AV4. 3% 3% 40% 3.37
1881 3 2 2 2 2% 3 4 5 4% 4 4 3% 39% 3.29
1880.. >. .3 2 2 2% 2% 2% 3 4 4 3% 3% 3 35% 2.95
1879 2% 2 2 2 2 2 2% 3% 3% 3% 3 3 31% 2.62
1878 3 2 2 2% 2% 2% 2% 3 3% 3 2% 2% 30% 2.56
1877 3 2% 2% 2% 2% 3 4 4 4 4 3% 3 38% 3.20
1876 3 3 2% 3 3 3 3% 4 4 4 3% 3 39% 3.29
1874 3^ 8 2% 3 3 3% 3% 4 4% 4 4 4 42% 3.56
1872 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 5 4 4 46 3.83
1870 4 3% 3 3% 4 4 6 6 6 5 4% 4 53% 4.47
1868 4% 3% 3 3% 4 4 5 6% 7 6 6 6% 68 4.83
166 AMERICAN AGRICULTURICT
MAGNITUPK OF NEW YORK MILK TRADE.
[New York department of agriculture.]
Year
Receipts, 40-qt. cans
1903 17,349,000
1802 14.814,527
1901 14.000,000
1900 13,504,610
1899 13.121,655
1898 12.382,106
1897 10,388,356
1896 ^ 10,975,417
Year Receipts, 40-qt. cans
1895 .¥,336.827"
1894 9,485,018
1893 9,303,315
1892 9,084.781
1891 8.269,953
1890 8.141.983
1889 6,630,278
1888 6,062,216
MONTHLY PHILADELPHIA MILK PRICES, PER QUART.*
Year c^'SsS^c-^^t^ ►wS ^
1904.... 74 " 4 4 4 4 3V2 'iVs 'SVa 3V^ 4 iW^lii 47 3,91
1903 4 4 4 4 4 .'U^ 4 3% SV2 AV2 A% 4Va 48 4
1802 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3% 3^2 4 4^^ 4^ 48 4
1901 3^^ 31/2 3y2 3V^ 3V& 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 42% ZM
1900 4 3% 3% 3Vo 31/3 31/2 3% 3% 3% 3% 4 4 44% 3.70
1899 3% 3% S Va 3% 2% 2 % 3 3 3% 3 % 4 4 4 3.33
*Freight i» included in these prices and averagres about V^
cent per qu«irt,
PHXLAPELPHIA MILK RECEIPTS IN QUARTS.
[In round thousands.]
Yfar Pepn . R 7R. R eadin g I ^^ti ig b B .~<S;7 ). V^^ ro^^|^ Tot*l
1903 47 .985 38,842' 10.201 7701^ 7,200 111.243
1902 44,295 86.836 9,885 6,503 7,200 104.719
J901 42,042 37,587 10,340 6,268 7,200 103.437
1900 39,821 39.491 10,016 6,029 7,200 ' 108,557
1899 38.632 38,243 9,625 5,880 7,200 99,590
1^98 38.091 34.635 8,688 6,106 7,200 94.7^0
1897 37,101 33.414 8.060 6.384 9.000 93,959
1896 38.202 84.971 7,431 6,875 9.000 9«.|7»
1895 ♦40,043 84.054 6,988 6,134 9,000 9^,319
1894 ♦39.490 85,945 7.056 6.549 9,500 ^98.540
1893 ♦39,296 35.484 3.705 6,055 10,000 94,540
J892 ♦38.243 36.749 ^ 5.687 10,600 91.2T9
1891 ^36,204 36,785 — 5,006 10,600 88,506
1890 ♦35,350 37,888 — 5,420 10,600 89,21)8
1889 ♦32,510 37,390 ^ 5,236 10.500 85,636
1898 ^31,079 37,524 — 3.608 10,000 83,311
mi *30. 617 36.152 — 1,410 10.000 79.179
♦Philadelphia^ an4 Camd«n receipts included.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 167
MILK PRICES AT BOSTON FOR A PERIOD OF YEARS.
Yearly average
Seaaon gZ^^
*'^?L_
1904-5 371/20
1903-4 371/^
1902-3 33-34
1901-2 33
1900-1 33
1899-0 31
1898-9 31
1897-8 33
1896.7 33
1895-6 33
1894-5 33
1893-4 33
1892-3 33
1891-2 33
1890-1 32
1889-0 32
1888-9 32
1887-8 30
1886-7 30
1885-6 30-32
1884-5 34
1883-4 35
1882-3 35
It
I
a*
37%c
37%
37%
34%-38%
37
33
33
33
35
37
37
37
37
37
36
38
38
36
36
36-37
42
40
43
37%c
37%
35%
35%
35
32
32
33
34
35
35
35
35
35
33
35
35
33
33
34
3S
39
38
4.4c
4.4
4.2
4.2
4.1
3.8
3.8
3.9
4.0
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
3.9
4.1
4.1
3.9
3.9
4.0
4.5
4.6
4.5
MONTHLY CHICAGO MILK PRICES, PER 8-GAL CAN.*
%
Jan.
•
•
•
u
June
^ 5 1 S
•
1
Dec.
Arer.
p. can
1
<9^
19(M..
.$1.15
$1.15 $1.15
$1.05 $.75 $.75 $.85 $.85 $.95 $.95 $1.15 $1.15 $.99 $.030
1903..
. 1.15
1.15
1.10
1.05
.80
.80
.90 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.15
1.15 1.02
.032
1902..
. 1.10
1.10
1.00
.95
.75
.75
.85 .90 .95 .95
1.15
1.15 .97
.030
1901..
. 1.10
1.10
.95
.90
.75
.75
.85 .90 .95 .95
1.15
1.15 .96
.030
1900..
. 1.10
1.10
.95
.90
.75
.75
.85 .85 .95 .95
1.15
1.15 .95
.029
1899..
. 1.00
1.00
.90
.90
.75
.75
.85 .85 .95 .95
1.15
1.15 .93
.029
1898..
. 1.00
.80
.80
.80
.65
.65
.75 .85 .90 .90
1.15
1.10 .86
.026
1897..
. .90
.80
.75
.75
.65
.65
.70 .75 .80 .85
1.00
1.00 .80
.026
1896.
. .90
.90
.75
.70
.65
.65
.75 .75 .80 .85
.85
.80 .78
.024
1895.
. .80
.80
.75
.70
.60
.60
.65 .65 .70 .70
.85
.87 .72
.022
♦The above prices are for milk delivered at railroad depot in
Uie city.
168
AMERICAN AaRICULTUBier
Horses
DISTRIBUTION OF HORSES.
The distribution, January 1. 1904, in the leading agricul-
tural states and the total number and value of horses in the
United States on January 1 of each year since 1895, accord-
ing to estimates prepared by the statistical bureau of Ameri-
can Agriculturist, are as follows:
NUMBER AND VALUE OF HOflSES, BY STATES, 1904.
State Nujvn ber V alue
N. Y., 632;000 $48;032,000'
Pa 597,000 42,984,000
Tex. 1,274,000 55,483,000
Tenn 342,000 22,230,000
Ky 471,000 28,590,000
Ohio 1,123,000 80,014,000
Mich 604,000 45,300»000
Ind 779,000 58,503,000
111 1,378,000 100,043,000
Wis 583,000 47,340,000
Minn 758,000 56,850,000
la 1,409.000 102,859,000
Mo 916,000 59,540,000
Statte Num ber Value
Kan. 98M()0 $63,183,000
Neb 818,000 50,307.000
Others .... 6,534,000 364,809,000
Total, '04.19,213,000 $1,226,067,000
1903 19,068,000 1,147,517.000
1902 19,015.000 1,031.640.000
1900 14,886.000 678,941,000
1899 14.801,000 699.446,000
1898 14,873.000 534.926.000
1897 15.633.000 52S.723.000
1896 15,867.000 550.632.000
1895 16,082,000 678.807.000
FOREIGN TRADE IN HORSES.
Year
ended ^
Jan eao No.
1904 42,001
1903 34,007
1902 103,020
1901 82.250
1900 64,709
1899 45,778
1898 51,150
1897 39,352
1896 25,126
1895 19,984
1894 5,246
1893 2,967
1892 3.226
1891 3,110
1890 3,501
1888 2,263
1885 1,947
Exports
Imports
Value
■$37189,100"
3,152,159
10,048,046
8,873,845
7,612,056
5,444,342
6,176,569
4,769,265
3,530,703
2,209,298
1,108,995
718,607
611,188
784,908
680,410
412,774
377,692
No.
4,728
4,998
4.832
3,785
3,103
3,042
8,085
6,928
9,991
13,098
6,166
16,451
14,074
22,537
49,116
62,411
40,255
Value
$1,460,287
1,533,796
1,577,254
985,738
596.622
541.060
414.889
464.806
662.691
1.055.191
1.319.672
2,388,267
2,455.8tt
3,265.254
4,840,485
5,405,863
3.292.297
TBAR BOOK AND AliMANAO 169
RB5CEIPTS OF HOUGHS AT LBADINO POINTS BY YBARS.
[Stated In thouMinda.]
1904 1908 1902 1901 1900 1899 1898 lafl? 189^^896 iSU 1893
Chicago 875 100 102 109" 99 112 119 112 106 118 97 82
Kansas City .... 571 67 77 97 103 34 17 87 .^ 53 44 36
Omaha 44t 62 42 36 60 34 10 7 10 7 8 12
St. IxkuiR 1501 128 109 129 146 119 HO 88 93 21 13 12
Cincinnati 17* 17 8 5 9 5 3 2 4 8 4 5
Indianapolis .... 27* 34 36 33 33 28 80 30 a^t IS 8 7
Sioux City 4t 12 19 18 31 8 1 t t t 1 2
St. Paul et78 15 2761ttttl
St. Joseph, Mo.. 24taoa028 14 9 1138ai2
De nver ........... 12^ 16 24 17 23 10_ 5 2 8 8 6 8
tLess than 1000 head. JJan. 1 to Nov. 10. jJan. 1 to Oct. 1.
IMPORTS OP ANIMALS, MEAT AND DAIBY PRODUCTS
INTO UNITED KINGDOM.
[Stated in round thousands.]
■•— ^.»
Bacon M«r- >
^. _ and B««f, Bfefi But- gar-
Calmdsr Osttl*, Sheep, hams, fresh, salted, t«r, Ine, Cheetf
yo e yo» yp. cw t B« o wt s, owu. c wts. cwts . 4?w te.
1904» 462 307 5573 3663 119 mT^ 774 2098
19Q8 622 354 6298 4160 173 4061 8S2 2694
^M 419 283 6571 3707 163 8975 966 2546
1901 496 384 7632 4509 204 370S 962 2587
1900 496 383 7443 4128 193 3879 920 2706
1899 504 608 7782 3803 178 8890 953 2384
1898 569 664 7683 3101 209 8209 901 2389
1897 618 618 6729 3010 175 3818 937 2603
1896 562 770 6009 2660 247 3038 926 2246
1896 416 1065 5353 2191 220 2826 940 2134
1894 475 485 4819 2104 242 3576 1109 2266
1898 340 63 4187 1808 201 2827 1300 2077
1892 502 79 5135 2080 275 2188 1306 2238
1891 507 345 4716 1921 248 2136 1235 2041
1890 643 358 5000 1855 276 2028 1080 2144
1889 655 678 4484 1886 262 1828 1248 1908
1888 377 966 3594 887 227 1671 1140 1918
1887 296 971 3928 656 218 1818 1276 1837
1888 320 1039 4211 807 191 1644 888 1735
1888 373 751 4058 903 239 12401 -* 1834
1884 426 945 3418 878 212 2476 ^ 1927
1888 475 m6 3696 806 289 2334 — 1800
1888 844 1184 2904 464 228 2170 ^ 1695
1881 319 936 4627 817 261 20 47 >■ 1840
•Ten months ended Oct. 81. t Includes **marfarine/'
a IF :
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[8
tfiAtt B66K AND ALMANAC Itl
EXPORTS DOMB38TIC AKlMALfl AKD MEAT PRODUCTS
FROM UNITED STATES.
[Stated in round mlllionB.]
Bo *
oc -
*.» C «D OB ®
ft s*" * "2 s s • • • -1 is • to I ?
« fi«D £^ is^ ^ ^ 5 iSh ^ si: 2 '5 i H
i 2I £l ll I 2 S 21 j I& I S I I
I
•04. .r.93 6 46 flOl 57 2W 57 76 249 194 112 561 171 165 11 28 1776
03.. 402 4 38 177 76 254 52 27 207 214 95 491 133 126 9 1ft 1617
02.. 393 8 131 358 67 .'$01 49 34 883 228 116 557 144 139 16 X\ 2717
01.. 469 22 116 298 53 :{5l 55 77 456 217 139 Oil 166 162 23 40 a602
'00.. 8^ 51108 125 56 329 47 89 512 196 133 662 151 147 18 48 6M0
'99.. 389 3S 52 143 38 282 47 107 563 226 137 711148 142 20 38 3693
'9i. .439 14 59 200 37 275 44 82 6ri0 200 88 709 187 138 26 58 2764
'il7..392 29 40 244 54 290 69 75 500 165 67 568 5 114 31 51 I8OO
'96. .372 21 31 492 64 225 71 53 425 129 69 510 6 103 19 37 828
'96..332 7 16 406 64 191 62 26 453 106 58 475 10 78 6 60 ISl
'94.. 869 2 7 132 56 194 63 65 417 87 64 448 4 123 12 74 163
4 37 79 206 68 62 392 82 t^^ 366 3 114 9 81 143
5 61 110 194 90 112 516
7 129 51 138 65 78 367
3 122 43 84 36 63 364
•98. .287 27
•»..875 96
'89. .206 45
'87.. 106 75
82 ri2 366
84 81 498
43 64 318
56 86 .322
3 114 9 81
2 80 15 82 363
2 28 16 35 649
1 46 13 81 373
• Expressed in thousands.
IMPORTS, ANIMALS AND MEAT PRODUCTS.
[Stated In round thounanda.]
Ttar
aided C4ttl«, Hcrriefi, Rheep, Kggs,
Jttneao _ No. J^o. No. tloz.
W04 7 16 5 ~ l38 "497
1903 66 5 301 368
1902 96 2 267 384
1901 146 4 331 127
1900 181 3 382 135
200 3 346 225
292 3 .392 166
329 7 406 680
1996 218 10 323 947
1895 150 13 291 2,706
1894 2 6 243 1.791
1893 3 15 459 .3.318
1892 2 14 381 4,188
1881 12 22 346 8,233
1889 62 69 405 15,919
188? 87 56 480 13,d36
Hides,
skins,
dollars
Butter, Cheese,
lbs. lbs.
52.006
164
22,V07
58.031
207
20,671
58.006
454
17,068
48.220
94
15.329
57,926
42
13,445
41,988
24
11,826
37.069
32
10,012
27,863
38
12,319
30.520
52
10.728
27.oa3
72
10,276
16,796
144
8,743
28,.348
73
lo.ls^b
26.850
144
8,305
27,931
381
8.864
26,128
179
8.207
24.219
286
6.692
Agricultural Topics
1S98 it appeared
many counties
central Tesat
3 enemy to the cotton crop In
1835 It ha<3 spread
In
IMS It coverea t
thirda of the state
and was found In
Isolated coloniea In
adjacent sections.
It has appeared at
two points In L.ou-
The [naect Is very
destructive, reduc-
ing the crop fully
ever it has become
estahllshed. It is
estimated that the
money toas of the
Pig a^-Cotton boll weevil larva
at left pupa at right— about five
times natural size (Qrlglnal)
The adult Wfe\ll itierages about
length ind hu" a beak aliout one h.
It [■) of grH\l3h or reddish brown col
size (origins
Texas erowers caused by-
wee vll In 1903 was JIS.OOO.-
000. The Slate of Texas
ha" appropriated funds
for the Invei^tlgatlon and
destruction of the weeill
since IMS and the United
States government since
1901 Cotton growers
throughout the affected
portions of Texas have
held many conventions to
dcvlae means of combat
tng this enemy The in-
sect threatens to spread
to all cotton growing
sections of the pountr\
one quarter ol an Inch in
If the length of the bodj
ir Us general appearance
TIAfi BOOK AND
!)
:i
ll
H
I!
f
I
1
e of boll wepvll —
the adult woevll iBSues, and In about seven days beglna thi
producllon of another generation. Climatti! conditions cauai
considerable variations, but on an average It requires from twi
to three weeks for a weevil to develop from the egg to the adult
The plainest Indication of the presence or the weevil In t
cotton field Is in the Haring (Fig. 4) and falling of the sqiiarei
or forma which lake place. In general, wUhln a day or twi
after the egg is deposited. However, as alt plenterg are aware
heavy rains after drouth, ax well as Bomp other climatic con-
ditions, have the same efTect upon the plants. It the planter
should observe an tinimual shediUns of the fruit he may eaally
determine the ciiiise by gathering n fpw of the fallen BguareB.
If upon cuilinE open thene Hquares he llnds a Bmall, whlllsh,
curved Krub, there la but little doubt that the cause ot th«
trouble la the boll weevil. The specimen should then be »ent to
an entomoloBlst far final determination.
No aatlBlactory meanH ot destraylns the weevil by polMM
W InsecttcldeB have been found, because It ia protected by the
176
n square or boll within which it hatches But it ha-- 1 en
talned that by planting early varieties and hastening md'
turltj by earU planting good cultivation and fertilialii; the
crop will be made before the weevil appears In lirge i \ nbera
Planting In rows 4 or E (e«t apart is al'o advocated thTt the
worms In the fallen bolls mav be destroyed bi dr>lng 1 -un
shine As soon as the crop Is gathered the cotton stalk" hould
be burned If the stalks are not destroyed the weevil iMll ll\c
o\er winter and appear in destructive numbers the following
seison unless the winter has been \fr-\ wet and the succeedlne
summer is very dry
SAN JOSE SCAI.E
The pernicious or San Jose scale was found In destructive
numbers in many California orchards in IKSO it Is lupposed tn
ha\c been brought to that state about 11
on plants received from China In 13OT it
WAS discovered tn Virginia and In New
Jersey in 18M It probablj was scattered
througii many states b> infected niir<<ery
stoik before Its preseni.e wai suspected
'" ' V firmly established In almos'
fruit setti
una
The SOS
the 1
noHt serious orchard
enemy eve
r encountered It la so Inslgnifl-
d^oVe
the c
oior of bark that it
entire orcliard before
the owner
s wh
»l it is It raultlplU s
in summe
r and
fall
pidlty and destroys bv sucking the juices
of the plant It la dormant In winter and
is not killed by te\ere cold It is spiead
from tree to tree on the feet of birds and
perhapa b\ the wind An Infested trep
generallt dies In three years and some-
Tour g of Chinese The Mcale la destroved by hidrocjanlo
Ladv Peetle sold gsi-i and in manj states nurserjmen
are compeikd bj law lo fumigate all stock
with this gas before shipping Nurseries are also Inspected by-
stale entomologltts annually \\ here su(h precautions are fol-
lowed, there Is little danger of young trees being infested. But
the scale Is already so generally disseminated that fruit growers
cannot expect to escape It.
The moat available and satisfactory means of destroying (ho
scale in an orchard la by spraying the trees in winter or early-
spring with a solution of lime, sulphur and salt; this must be
in eoual ouantltiea to form a sulphide, which Is Ibe de-
ment of the compound. Frequently an excexa
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 177
of lime is used to insure perfect combination. A proper
formula is: Lime 20 pounds, sulphur flour 15 pounds, salt ten
pounds, water 50 gallons. This is made by slaking the lime with
hot water and then mixing the sulphur with it, forming a paste
free from lumps. This is poured into a pot of water and boiled
for two hours, the salt is added and the material strained Into a
spraying barrel and applied. Another well-known formula is: 50
pounds lime, 50 pounds sulphur and 50 pounds salt, with 150 gal-
lons of water. It is claimed that the mixture can be made with-
out boiling by adding two pounds of caus-
tic potash to the mixture; the potash gen-
erates a great heat-
One of the natural enemies of the San
Jose scale is an Asiatic ladybird, Chilocor us
similis, recently Imported by the United
States department of agriculture from
China. Many colonies of this insect have
been sent to experiment stations and indi-
viduals having large orchards. The results
have not been generally satisfactory. How-
_,. , _ , ever, in some of the southern states, par-
Chinese Lady- ticularly Gfeorgla. the little beetle seems to
Beetle. be thriving. Because of adverse natural
conditions this Insect does not multiply as
rapidly in our central and northern states as in the more conge-
nial southern environments. There is. however, encouraging
promise that this friendly insect may eventually become estab-
lished in some sections and that it may be a factor in holding
the scale in check to some extent.
COMPETITION IN TROPICAL AGRICULTURE.
It is undoubtedly true that the near future is to see a new
form of competition for American producers. This will be due
to the great enlargement of agricultural production in the
tropics. The unlimited fertility of the soil and climate In Cuba,
Porto Rico, the Philippines and other tropical countries, makes
It possible for those sections to produce sugar, tobacco, rice, ■
cotton and many other crops at vastly less cost than these
crops can be produced for in the United States.
Whether such tropical produce shall be admitted into the
Hnited States duty free, or at reduced rates of duty, will be one
of the great economic issues of the next few years. Our domes-
tic farmers will have to decide whether they want to meet such
tropical competition without any protest, or whether they will
Insist upon high tariff protection against It, just as manufac-
turers of iron, steel and other goods have been protected against
foreign competition.
The prospects of tropical development were emphasized in
an address to the international geographical congress New
York, September 13, 1904, by O. P. Austin, chief United States
bureau of statistics, who said:
The 20th century duty of commerce and geography com-
bined is the development of the tropics. The temperate zones
178
AMBRICAN AQRICTTLTURIST
have during: the last century been pretty well developed, espe-
cially the north temperate sione, and they have become the pro-
ducers of more than three-fourths in value of the products enter-
ing: into international commerce. While the temperate sones
have one-half thp world's population, they furnish much more
than one-half of its natural products and nearly all of the man-
ufactures, and supply more than three-fourths of the merchan-
dise which enters into international commerce.
On the other hand, the tropics with the other half of the
world's population and by nature the most productive section,
supply in fact less than one-fourth of that which enters into
international commerce. The world is demanding tropical prod-
ucts In rapidly Increasing: quantities. The value of tropical
products imported into the United States at the present time !s
about 430 million dollars a year, against 140 millions in 1870. This
is a threefold gain in value, while the fact that prices have
fallen more than one-half in most of these articles meantime,
indicated that the quantity of tropical products now imported Is
fully six times as great as in 1870.
The United States draws its chief supply of sugar from the
tropics, while European countriee^produced it in the temperate
zone from beets. Even in sugar it seems not improbable that
the application in the tropics of the same high degree of skill
now applied to sugar production in the temperate zones might
produce sugar in the tropics at such low cost as to permit the
temperate zones to again utilize for the production of bread-
stuffs some portion of the lands now devoted to sugar, and thus
adjust production to natural conditions of soil and climate in
both the temperate and the torrid zones.
The great causes of delay in development of the tropics were
their unhealthfulness for whites from the temperate zone, dlffl-
culty of applying mechanical power to the development, indis-
position of native races to labor, and uncertainty as to gov-
, ernmental protection for life and investment. In all of these,
conditions have greatly improved in recent years.
VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OP POULTRY AND
GAME, 1884 TO 1904.
Imports Exports
Fiscal of poultry of Doultry
year ana game a nd game
i904"T. — $1,009,304
1903 — 1.079,056
1902 — 856,801
1901 - 1,070,190
1900 $311,638 753.399
1899 265,032 505,540
1898 239,681 385,914
1897 211.122 140,858
1896 226.600 80.399
1895 233.416 69,287
1894 274,789 71.880
^ , Imports
Fiscal of poultry
_year anagame^
1893 .;7$525".269
1892 307,752
1891 357,927
1890 413,491
1889 392,712
1888 358,204
1887 305,402
1886 338,840
1885 280,123
1884 590,791
of poultry
ana game
$61,094
37.989
34,340
120.725
95.968
67,692
68.687
87,315
97,012
69,61S
R B0017 AND ALMANAC
Fertilizers
USE OF FERTILIZERS IILLU ST RATED.
In tho unshaded states, less thaji 1 per cent of rhe average
annual value ot cropa la expended (or commercial fertilizers;
(2) llghtsat Bhadins. l to 3 per cent; (3) medium shading, 3 X'l
5 per cent: (I) darkest shading. G to 10 per oent. Yet It la prob-
able that the average farm profits are greatest In the sections
where the largest proportion o( the crop goes for lertlllzlng
NUMBER OP POUNDS OF FERTILIZER REQUIRED PER
ACRE APPLIED IN ROWS.
ir 10 pounds ot tei
the rows are 1« Inch*
h* needed per acre, a
No. 1
p. 100 ydti.
18 Ir
2ft. 2\itt.2%tt. aft. 3^4 ft. itt. 4Wft. 5ft.
1*70 1175 1065
. ZS40 220i 1766
1330 1225 1050
. 3430 2S15 2060 1865 1715 1470 1286 114E 1030
.3920 2940 S360 sm iHo 1680 1470 uoe un
180 AlifliaCAN AdfttCm.TURtBT
FORMULAS FOR MIXING AGRICULTURAL CHBMICAL.S.
[As used by many farmers and analyzed by various experiment
stations.]
Composition of mikturei AfialyseiLi^er «lt
#■* ■ " ■ . ■ I 1.1^ olf lbs* ox dMsli
fi Crop tof Which Is S *-g S- -jg 5- •gll "*'"* -
S is intended g'S ^ •§! rS §» %i Sdr^S ^ «'
1 General use.... 834 6«6 208 292 — — _ — 4. 9. 77fe
2 General use.... 1000 450 170 280 200 — — — 3. 10. 7.8
3 General u««.... 400 — 200 200 400 — 200 600 3. 12. 5.t
4 General Use.... 1060 750 — 100 — 100 — — 3. 10. 2 A
5 Potatoes 400 {200 200 200 400 100 100 400 3.4 10. 7.4
6 Potatoes 900 t200 200 — — 450 260 — 4.8 8. 11.
7 Potatoes 800 500 — — — 450 250 — S.4 8. 11.
8 Potatoes 800 6OO 400 — — 675 250 — 5.8 6. 12.
9 Potatoes 500 750 — 200 — 300 350 — 4. 5.3 12.
10 Whtat , oats , ry e ,
oOrn 600 tlOO 50 150 ~ — 100 — 2. 10. 7.i
11 Corn 1000 500 300 250 700 ~ — — 8. 8. 4.
12 Oats 120 — — 160 — ~ 120 120 3. 9. 13.
13 Rye 280 t320 — 180 — — — 280 2. 8. 8.6
14 Barley 140 — 235 65 — — — — 10. 5. 7.
15 Buckwheat .... 160 — — 100 — — 160 160 6. 9. 12. *
16 Fruit trees 425 — 50 100 — ~ — — 1. 10. 9.
17 Mrkt grardening 700 — — 400 700 — 200 — 1. 9. 10.
18 Tomatoes 320 — — 160 — — 160 — 3. 8. 11.
19 Melons 80C — — 100 — — 200 800 2. 18. 4.
20 Cabbage 448 — — — 112. — 224 — 4. 11. —
21 Beans 500 JlOO 50 250 — — — — 2. 9. 14.
22 Beets 100 — 100 100 — — 100 100 7. 8. 14.
23 Clover 300 — —♦400 ^ -- loo — 1.8 6. 6.
24 Cotton 200 tlOO —•300 — — — 200 1. 8. 6.
25 II Tobacco — — — — — 180 140 260 3. 11. 1.6
* Kainlt. t Cottonseed meal, t Dried blood. S Ground ftsh.
II This Was Used at the south. The popular mixture in the Con->
nectlcUt valley for raising prime cigar wrapper leaf tobaoco is
cottonseed meal 2000 pounds, high greule cotton hull ash 1000
pounds, oyster shell lime 500 pounds, land plaster or gypsum
500 pounds, on each acre. Various modifications of the formula
are used.
Air-slaked lime, as has been observed in other eitperiments,
has had a wonderfully beneficial effect in connection With cer^
tain plants, which has been attributed by us not only to its
direct fertilizing action, but also largely to its having overcome
the acidity of the soil or to its having effected the decomposition
oC constituents of the same Which exerted an injurious influence
upon the growth of certain plants*
TBAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 181
Irrigation
THE NATIONAL IRRIGATION LAW.
It is entitled "an act approprlatingr the receipts from the
Bale and disposal of public lands in certain states and territo-
ries to the construction of irrigation works for the reclamation
of arid lands." It was approved June 17, 1902 (32 Stat., 388).
This law is one of the most Important ever enacted by Con-
gress. The law has stood the test of experience. The act \b
yery gr^neral and allows wide executive discretion in its appll«
cation, experience shows that the law should be left alone
until some of the works authorized have been actually con-
structed and lands reclaimed. Then will be time enough to
consider whether any radical changes are required.
The law provides that all moneys received from the sale and
disposal of public lands in Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho,
Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Da-
kota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington
and Wyoming shall be set aside in the national treasury as
a reclamation fund. This fund is to be used "in the examina-
tion and survey for and the construction and maintenance of
irrigation works for storage, diversion and development of wa-
ters. Including artesian wells, for the reclamation of arid and
semi-arid lands in the said states and territories."
This fund now amounts to nearly 30 millions of dollars.
Lands needed for irrigation works, or to be reclaimed by these
works, may be withdrawn from hon^estead entry or sale, until
the fvasibility of such works is decided upon. Lands irrigated
by government works are reserved to actual settlers in tracts
of not less than 40 or more than 160 acres. The cost of construct-
ing irrigation works is apportioned upon the land thus reclaimed.
The settler is entitled to acquire such land at said price, pay-
ment to be made in ten equal annual installments. When
these payments have been completed for the major portion of
the lands irrigated, the management and operation of the irri-
gation works shall pass to the owners of the lands irrigated,
and the works are to be maintained at their expense. This
permits the government not only to construct, but to operate
the works for a period sufficiently long to get everything in
good working order. The management then can pass gradually
Into the hands of an association of the water users.
Thus the settler, in the course of time, returns to the gov-
ernment every dollar it spends in constructing the irrigation
works. Thereafter the owners of the land irrigated operate
such works In their own interest, and simply have to pay the
bare cost of maintenance. This insures an ample supply of
water to the land owner at bare cost. Title to the water koea
with the land, and no middleman or corporation can take it
away.
Since government derives the capital of the reclamation fund
from the sale of public lands, and has the money returned to
192 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
it from year to year to be used in additional works, this great
system involves no expetlAd whatevfei' to the taxpayers of the
country. It provides lands and waters ^r actual settlers at
actual cost, but makes the water Inhere to the land. The new
law also provides for its operation with due regard to the stat-
utes of the different states. It virtually divides the fund de-
rived from the sale of land in each state, so that 51 per cent of
the fund must be expended within said state if there are sufll-
cldnt feasible irrigation projects therein, while the other 49 per
cent Can be expended in any one of the states or territories.
tJilder this law an immense amount of work has already
be6h dohe by the reclamation services of the department of the
interior, with headquarters at Washington, D. C. This i^ork
consists largely of surveys and measurements of water* but
now vaHous irrigation works are under actual consttuctldh.
V*u\\ particulars of the lands open to settlement under each df
these irrigation projects may be obtained, free of cost, by ad-
dresBlng Reclamation Service, Washington, D. C.
STEALING THE PUBLIC LANDS.
The federal , irrigation law promises to be of the utmoiit
beneflcence. It should be supplemented by such refotms of the
public land laws, and such Improvements In the lawd pertain-
Ing to forestry, as will forever Insure that the remaining pilbUc
lands and forests shall be consierved and administered In the
interejlt of actual settlers arid the public welfare, as thotougrhly
as the Irrigation law aims to conserve the public interest in the
land and waters reclaimed under the provisions of this law.
The forests of the west are being located by timber thieved
and timber speculators under the timber and stone act. The
fertile lands which should be reserved for the home-maker ar«
Deing located by speculators and stockmen who have no thougrht
or purpose of ever making a home upon them. Under the des-
ert land act the public domain is being butchered and gutted,
and hundreds of thousands of acres of irrigable lands are being
annually absorbed into private ownership in the hands of those
Who will either devote them to the raising of live stock, and
make of them ranges for cattle and sheep, or hold them in
speculative hands against the day when the home-builder Will
want the land, or when the government will want it to reclaim
for the home-maker. And under the commutation clause of
the homestead act, the hobo locator, the cowboy or the sheej}
herder, who is the tool of the big live stock outfit, the other
lands are fast being absorbed, to be fenced In with barbed wire
fences against the Incoming settler.
Particulars about public lands available for entry under the
various land laws now existing may be obtained upon applica*
tion to the commissioner of the general land office, Washing*
ton, D. C. In a few of the Western states considerable ar<*li9
are still the property of the state. Texas has the greatest
wealth in such state lands.
BOOK ANn ALMANAC
Forestry
'i^'"r:::rr'>iyC\
~m
PRINCIPAL FOREST AREAS IN THE UNITED STATES.
The rapid diminution of American lorestB ia emphaalied by
the above map. The constant upward tendency In pricpH ol all
lumber eraphttBlies the serlouBnesa of the forestry question.
It is of t>ie utmost Importance that both state and federal
governments co-operate In a policy that will encourage the de-
velopment of new forests and the b<'St care of existing forests.
ARBOR DAT OBBBR VANCE.
Alabama - "lSS7 "February " 22- ' '
Alaska Not observed.
Arizona VeO. — . 1S95 Friday following 1st day of Apr.,
also Friday following 1st day
of Feb.
Arkansas Dec. 15.1895 Dec. 15 {Irregularly observed).
CalKornla Observed by separate counties.
but not generally.
Colorado IS9* Third Friday In Apr.
Connecticut 1S86 Appointed by governor, last Fri-
day in Apr. or first in May
Delaware 1901 Appointed by governor, usually
1S4
AMSmCAN AQRICULTURIBT
ARBOR DAY OBSERVANCE— Continued.
When first
S tate observed ^Annual observance
platrict of Columbia Not obaerved. '
Florida Feb. 9, 1886 First Friday In Feb.
Georg-la 1890 First Friday in Dec.
Xda)io 1, 1886 Last Monday in Apr.
Illinois 1888 Date fixed by governor and supt.
of public Instruction.
Indian Territory Not observed.
Indiana 1884 Last Friday in Oct.
Iowa 1887 Date fixed by proclQ,mation of
governor.
Kansas 1875 Do.
Kentucky 1894 Not regularly observed.
ILiOuisiana Not observed.
Ihlaine 1887 Date fixed by proclamation of
governor, usually early in May.
Maryland Apr. 10, 1889 In Apr.; date fixed by proclama-
tion of governor.
Massachusetts 1886 Last Saturday in Apr.
Michigan Apr. —, 1885 Last Friday in Apr.
Minnesota 1895 Date fixed by proclamation of
governor, usually last of Apr.
or first of May.
Mississippi Dec. 10, 1902 Dec. 10.
Missouri , . . , Apr. 16, 1886 Friday after Ist Tuesday In Apr.
Montana Mar. 11. 1895 Second Tuesday In May.
Nebraska Apr. 10, 1872 Apr. 22.
Nevada 1887 Date fixed by proolamation of
governor, usually in Apr.
New Hampshire 188S No date fixed, usually In May.
New Jersey Apr. 18, 1884 Usually third Friday in Apr.,
appointed by governor.
New Mexico Feb. 16, 1891 Second Friday In Mar.
New York May 3, 1889 Friday following 1st day of May.
North Carolina Oct. 12, usually ob.served.
North Dakota May ~, 1890 First Friday in May.
Ohio Apr. 27,1882 Second or third Friday in Apr.
Oklahoma Second Friday in Apr.
Oregon Apr. — . j»87 Appointment by governor In
Apr. or May.
Pennsylvania 1887 In Oct.; appointment by supt.
of instruction.
Rhode Island Apr. 29, 1886 Second Friday in May.
South Carolina...Nov. — , 1899 Third Friday In Nov.
South Dakota , Date fixed by governor.
Tennessee ..,, 1887 Pate fixed annually in Nov.
Texas Feb. 22, 1889 Feb. 22.
Utah 1896 Apr. 15.
Vermont 1885 Latter part of Apr. or first of
May.
Virginia 1892
TEAR BOOK AND ALMAWAC 185
ARBOK DAY OBSKRVANCB-Continued.
When first
State observed Annual obser vance
Washingrton .7.7."." Irregularly observed ; date set
by governor; different daten
east and west of the C^ascadeH.
West Virginia 1881 Third Friday In Apr. and third
Friday in Nov.
Wisconsin 1889 Date fixed by governor.
Wyoming 1888 Do^
Fisheries
PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES.
The necessity of maintaining the fish supply in public and
private waters is becoming more urgent each year, and the
applications for all kinds of fish now greatly exceed those of a
few years ago, taxing to the utmost the resources of the various
hatcheries. In order to keep pace with the increajsed catch by
commercial fishermen and anglers, the establishment of addi-
tional hatcheries from time to time is demanded, and larger
appropriations are required to operate existing hatcheries to
their full capacity.
The number of fish and fertilized ova distributed in 1903
was somewhat less than in the previous year, the decrease being
due to seasonal conditions which could not be foreseen or obvi-
ated; the distributions were as follows: Bggs 182,238^73, fry
1,0S6,988,743, fingerlings, yearlings and adults 6.830,359, total 1,226,-
067.475.
FISHING STATIONS.
The following stations, some of which are auxiliary, are
operated by the commission: Green Lake, Me.; Crais Brook.
M6. ; Grand Lake Stream, Me.; Nashua, N. H. ; St. Jonnsbury,
Vt.; Swanton* Vt. ; Gloucester, Mass.; Woods Hole, Mass.; Cape
Vincent. N. Y.; Steamer Fish Hawk (Delaware river); Batfery,
Md.; Bryans Point, Md.; Fish Lakes, D. C; Wytheville, Va.;
White Sulphur Springs, W. Va.; Erwin, Tenn.; Cold Springs,
Ga.; Qdenton, N. C; Weldon, N. C; Put in Bay, O.; Northvllle,
Mich. ; Detroit, Mich. ; Sault Ste Marie, Mich. ; Charlevoix, Mich. ;
Alpena, Mich.; Quincy, III.; Manchester, la.; Bellevue, la.;
Neosho, Mo.; San Marcos, Tex.; LeadviUe, Col.; Spearfish. S. D. ;
Boseman, Mont.; Baird, Cal.; Battle Creek, Cal.; Mill Creek,
Cal.; Clackamas, Ore.; Little White Salmon, Ore.; Big White
Salmon, Ore, Eagle and Tanner creeks, Ore.; Rogue River,
Wash.; Baker lake. Wash.; Birdsview, Wash.
Lobster was cultivated at two fishing stations in 1903, cod
at two, flatfish two, shad four, pike perch two, yellow perch
two, whitefish sev^n, lake trout five, salmon 11.
'P-gS«8IS" I I M I 1^ I I I 1 ISg""g"SfS IK"
'"I lass 1 I I M 1 I I 1"! 1 I I 1 I I 1 I I IS* l^«
ip3
r 4 rtf a v Q
ISnnQQi
I 1 I I I I igi I I n 1
III ii
188
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
Manufacturing
RELATIVE CONDITIONS IN THE MANUFACTURING AND
NON-MANUFACTURING SECTIONS OF
THE UNITED STATES.
Manufacturing section includes area north of the Potomac
and Ohio, and east of the Mississippi, viz., the New England and
Middle states, and Maryland, District of Columbia, Ohio, Indi-
ana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin.
Manufacturing
section
Per cent of total population of U. S... 50.9
Per cent of total area of U. S 14.1
Gross value of manufactures in 1900.. $10 ,021 ,718, 461
Per cent of total manufactures pro-
duced in section 77
Salaries and wages paid in mfg. in 1900. $2,194,936,683
No. persons employed in mfg., 1900... 4,437,714
Av. value per acre of all farm lands.. $24.07
Av. p acre of all farm lands and bldgs. 32.60
Average value per acre of land (im-
proved only) and buildings 58.60
Av. value buildings per improved acre. 15.25
Other sta tes
49.1
S5.9
$2,988,318,053
23
$536,471,666
1,273,917
$12.78
14.86
3t66
6.6i
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 189
Manufacturing
sec tion Other states
Av. value of implements owned per
improved acre $2.54 $1.47
Average value p head of milch cows. :{3.62 27.46
Average value per head of horses 60.87 43.82
Average value of all farm products
per Improved acre 141.00 101.40
Average value of farm products, per
person engaged 619.25 394.50
Deposits in savings banks, total 2.200.439,838 249.108,047
Deposits in savings banks, per capita. 56.90 6.67
Deposits in all banks, total 5.949,984.845 1.384.666,395
Deposits in all banks, per capita 153.80 37.10
Bank clearings, total 78,856,970,422 8.225,479,659
Bank clearingrs. average per capita... 1,973.50 220.40
Banking resources, total 8,613,200.000 2,167,500,000
Banking resources, average p capita. 222.65 58.10
Real and personal property, assessed
valuation 23,445,809,898 10,388,667,238
Real and personal property, p capita. 606.25 278.50
Salaries paid teachers in pub. schools. 85,234,961 52,452,785
Newspapers published, number 9,151 9,075
Newspapers, aggregate circulation ... 6,168,125,616 2,000,023,133
PRODUCTION OF IRON AND STEEL IN THE UNITED
STATES.
[Showing increase in exportations.]
_ 1 880 1890 19 00 190 3
Pig iron produced, millions of tons 3 9 ^13 18
Crude steel produced, millions of tons 1 4 10 —
Domestic iron used, per cent 78 98 98 —
Price of pig iron. No. 1 foundry, dollars per ton. 28 18 19 19
Price of steel rails, dollars per ton 67 31 32 28
Price of wire nails, dollars per 100-lb keg — »2.51 2.76 2.13
Manufactures imported, millions of dollars 71 41 20 51
Manufactures exported, millions of dollars 14 25 12 1 96
The Canning Industry
The canning of fruits, vegetables, fish and meat has become
one of the great industries of the United States. There has
been a tremendous growth in the trade during recent years
and factories have sprung up in great numbers throughout
the country. On the next page are given statistics showing the
number of concerns in the various states and the kind of goods
canned in each state.
190
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
STATE CANNERIES.
No. Of
State factories Goods canned
Ala 3 Oysters, lima beans, tomatoes.
Alaska 60 Salmon.
Ariz. 1
Ark. 7 Tomatoes, berries, corn and potatoes.
CaL 8 Fruit and vegetables.
CoL 9 Tomatoes, fruit and vegetables.
Ct 7 Tomatoes, corn and other vegetables.
Del 62 Peas, peaches and tomatoes.
Fla 9 Fish, pineapples, guavas.
Ga 15 Oysters, peaches, vegetables.
Ill 67 Corn, tomatoes, beans, pumpkins.
Ind 65 Tomatoes and vegetables.
la 32 Corn, tomatoes.
Kan 7 Tomatoes, peas, apples, pumpkins.'
Ky 14 Tomatoes, peas, corn, vegetables.
I^a 5 ^rui*,, beans, oysters.
Me 138 feardines and shell fish, corn, berries.
Md 370 Tomatoes, peas, corn, sauerkraut, oysters,
fruit.
Mass 18 Meats, fish, baked beans.
Mich 33
Minn 6
Miss 12 Fruits, beans, figs, oysters, crabs.
Mo 53 Tomatoes, corn, fruits.
Neb 6 Corn, tomatoes, apples, pears.
N. C 19 Tomatoes, peaches, oysters.
N. J 84 Tomatoes, beans, corn, berries.
N. M 2
N. Y 219 Vegetables and fruits.
Ohio 77 Corn, tomatoes, fruit and vegetables.
Okla 1
Ore 43 Salmon, fruit and vegetables.
Pa 45 Corn and tomatoes.
S. C 9 Shell fish and vegetables.
S. D 1
Tenn. 18 Fruit and vegetables.
Tex 12 Vegetables, shell fish.
Utah 16 Tomatoes.
Vt 8 Maple sugar, jelly.
Va 183 Tomatoes, peaches, pears, shell fish.
Wash 45 Salmon, tomatoes and corn.
W, Va. 10 Fruits, berries, vegetables.
Wis 34 Peas, tomatoes, corn.
No advertisement is allowed in the columns of the American
Agriculturist weeklies unless we believe that any subscriber
can safely do business with the advertiser.
TEAR BOOK AND ALICANAC
191
Finance
SAVINGS BANK DEPOSITS.
■
The total deposits In all the savings banks of the world,
according to latest official information received by the depart-
ment of commerce and labor, through its bureau of statistics,
amounted to over 10*^ billion dollars, contributed by 82,640,000
depositors. Of this total the United States shows aggregate
deposits of $3,060,179,000. credited to 7,305,000 depositors. As the
figures used in arriving at the grand totals cover about one-
half of the population of the world, viz, over 770 million, it
appears that the United States, with less than 9V^ per cent of
the total population considered, contributes over 29 per cent
of the total savings deposits recorded.
NUMBER DEPOSITORS. AMOUNT DEPOSITS, AVERAGE
DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS, AND AVERAGE DEPOSIT PER
INHABITANT IN POSTAL AND OTHER SAVINGS
BANKS OF WORLD.
Am't
Number Aver- P6r
Country of Total age iuhabi-
depositors depo alta deposit t aiit
Australia, commonwealth of... 1,086,018 $164^161,981 $161.15 $43.47
Austria 4,946,307 876,941,933 177.29 33.47
Belgium 2,088,448 141,851.419 67.92 20.37
Canada 213,638 60,771,128 289.14 10.99
Denmark 1,203,120 236,170,057 196.29 96.41
France 11,298,474 847,224,910 75.01 21.75
Germany 15,432,211 2.273,406,226 147^8 39.98
♦Prussia 9,377,503 1,485,793,500 158.44 43.10
Holland 1,330,275 72,738,817 54.83 13.60
Hungary 1,717,515 432,810,515 251.91 21.92
India, British 866,693 34,656,371 39.98 .15
Italy 6,740.138 482,263,472 71.55 14.52
Japan 7,467,452 40,887,186 5.48 .90
New Zealand 261,948 38,332,823 146.34 49.61
Norway 718,823 89,633,481 124.69 39.94
Roumania 145,507 7,426,031 51.04 1.26
Russia, including Asiatic part. 4,950,607 445,014,951 89.90 3.16
.Finland 226,894 21,144,278 93.19 7.60
Sweden 1,892,586 151,480,442 80.54 29.14
Switzerland 1,300,000 193,000,000 148.46 62.26
United Kingdom 11,093,469 966,854,253 87.15 22.82
Other British colonies 354,275 32,936,217 92.97 2.78
Total 75,334,398 $7,609,706,491 $101.01 $11.00
United States 7,305.443 3,060,178,611 418.89 37.38
Grand total .82,639.841 $10,669,885,102
*Not included in the total.
192 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
FINANCIAL STANDING OF THE WORLD.
Popniation
in round
milllonB
Millions of dollars
Dollars
1 per capita of
Gonntry
■a
! ^
I
a
a
G
9
>
62
1
60
1
479
r
1
100
1
a
7.00
•
g
1
Argentina
... 4
173
99
13.00
Australasia
... 3
213
203
140
142
1084
287
11.00
37.00
Austria-Hungary
.. 45
349
387
75
75
1107
24
1.12
1.67
Austria
... 26
—
—
350
350
739
28
1.31
13.40
Hungary
...19
—
—
220
221
1038
53
2.00
11.00
Belgium
... 6
358
439
122
116
544
81
4.00
18.00
Brazil
... 4
177
113
137
99
540
37
1.00
9.00
Canada
... 5
213
224
58
50
271
49
2.00
10.00
Chile
... 3
61
48
38
44
107
35
1.00
12.00
China
...407
134
198
62
71
613
1
.07
.15
Cuba
... 1
77
58
18
19
—
—
11.00
Denmark
... 2
85
116
20
20
G6
26
.89
8.00
Egypt
... 9
87
73
60
56
500
51
2.00
6.00
France
... 38
820
848
95
695
6856
150
5.00
17.00
German Empire .
... 58
1143
1340
495
653
698
11
.12
8.00
British India
...294
408
255
371
346
1102
4
3.52
1.00
Italy
...32
284
342
375
356
2560
78
.47
11.00
Japan
... 45
127
135
133
132
261
5
.67
2.00
Mexico
... 13
88
74
29
27
175
12
2.61
2.15
Netherlands
... 5
732
867
61
61
463
86
1.00
11.00
Norway
... 2
45
78
27
27
70
31
—
11.00
Peru 4
... 4
17
392
21
305
7
101
7
1116
23
3414
5
24
1.07
4.00
1.63
Russia
...141
7.00
Spain
... 18
154
176
197
187
2061
110
.61
10.00
Sweden
... 5
105
134
49
49
92
17
.26
9.00
Switzerland
... 3
217
168
20
20
17
5
—
6.00
United Kingdom
... 41
1379
2579
737
897
3S85
92
3.63
17.00
United States —
... 80
1392
1025
694
644
925
11
—
8.00
GOLD AND SILVER COINAGE IN MINTS OF THE WORLD.
[In round millions.]
f Gold ^ , Silver ^
Year Fine ounces Value Fine ounces Value
1902 10 $220 149 ^$193 ~"
1901 %.. 12 248 . 107 138
1900 17 354 143 185
1890 7 149 117 152
1880 7 149 65 84
1873 12 257 101 131
Total, 1873-02..288 6,954 3,127 4,044
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 193
Pensions
•
The pension system was the greatest as a burden to tY^^
people of the United States in 1893, since which time the burdei
has been constantly decreasing until it has shrunk in 11 years
from $2.24 to less than $1.32 per $1000 of taxable wealth. In 10
years more the burden will cease to be noticed.
SUMMARY FOR FIVE YEARS.
190t 190n 1902 1901 1900
Number Cca ses~( ) n~ha n d .'. . ...T. .2s:..523~~304.Sl)9 ~339,"4::6~4o:{.r,t)9"~~4:{7'.l(!4
Clerks 1.7:U 1,7.'{6 1.7^6 1,741 1.711
Applications filed 2.'.4.r.:J 225.871 18S.626 219.179 181.005
Admissions 151.211 i:50.109 117.2HS 106.990 102.596
Rejections 108.114 113.794 llS.4<^i 110.254 116,129
Benefit cases 8.725 8.203 10.441 9,8:?6 8,000
Total num ber cases ad judged. 268 .050 2.52.106 246.173 227.080 226.7L5
PENSION CLAIMS FJURD AND AI^I^OWED.
[Issues in round thousands.]
1862
i8ro
INSO
1890
1893
19(i:{
1904
24
18
141
19
105
66
119
121
52
40
55
44
Applicatioiis 2
Claims allowed —
PENSIONS OF THE SEVERAL WARS.
War of the Revolution (estimated) $70,000,000.00
War of 1S12 (service. withDUt r<\i?ard to di.sability). . 45.:i26.774.16
Indian wars (service, without reirard to disability). 6,980,896.93
War with Mexico (service, without reirard to dis-
ability) 35,162,130.35
War of the Rebellion 3,011,373,235.13
War with Spain 8..586.200.09
Regular establishment 2,287.924.99
Actual total disbursements in pensions $3,179,717,161.65
The amounts paid as pensions on account of disabilities and
deaths as results of military and naval service during the wars
of 1812 and with Mexico and in time of peace to the beginning of
the war with Spain are included in the r»ayments on account of
the war of the Rebellion. However, beginning with the last
fiscal year, those pensioned on account of disabilities incurred
in time of peace since the close of the war of the Rebellion
have been classified as the "regular establishment." Hereafter
this expenditure will appear as a separate item, and not charged
to the war of the Rebellion as heretofore.
194 AMERICAN AORICULTURIST
The number of pensioners In the United States in 1904
989,852; the total amount paid, $140,257,000. There were also 4910
pensioners residing outside of the United States, drawing $722,440.
On the pension roll there were 720,315 soldiers, 273,841 wldo^rs
and 606 army nurses.
Total wealth Cost of pen- '
of the U. S. sion systeni
Tear in round billions per $1000
1904 nilO $1.32
1903 *107 1.32
1900 94 1.50
1895 77 1.90
1893 '72 2.24
1890 6 5 1.40
*EsUmated.~
AVERAGE VALUE OF PENSIONS.
1904 1903 1902 1901 1900
Average annual value each pension... $i:i4 $1.33 $1.'?2 $131 $132
regular establishment 173 — -- — —
under general law 180 176 171 168 167
under act 1890 110 108 108 108 108
war with Spain ._. -^.132 J37_ HO 153 169
CLASSIFICATION OF PENSIONERS, JULY 1, 1904.
m
^"" •? I ^ sl s-l ►•I »i s-S
9 c I @i il si §s g|
»15
3
_
_
_
_
__
7
-_
—
—
_
.—
._
-—
238
84
2
1
.606
—
—
433
161
16
7
-^
—
11
4
.494
.202
— —
—
—
7
2
1
I
—
Revolutionary — 1 2
War of 1812 1
•Indian wars 2
•Mexican war 5
•Civil war (after March, '61). —
•Civil war (after June, '90)... —
•War with Spain —
Reg ular esta blishm ent —
♦Number in thousands.
Total number of pensioners, 994,762.
Population
The increase of population In the United States from 1890 to
1900 was 21,253,303, or 34 per cent, of which R.083,fi83 was due to
annexation of new territory. The eastern half of the country
holds 90 per cent of the total population, the Atlantic coast
alone holding 40 per cent.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC
195
ONE HT^NDRED T.ARGEST CITIES, U. S. A.
[Census of 1900.]
Xew York
Chicago, 111
Philadelphia, Pa
St. Liouis, Mo
Boston , Mass
Baltimore, Md
Cleveland, O
Buffalo, N. Y
San Francisco, Cal..
Cincinnati , O
Pittsburg, Pa
New^ Orleans, I^a
Detroit, Mich
Milwaukee, Wis
Washington. D. C. ..
Newark, N. J
Jersey City, N. J
Louisville, Ky
Minneapolis, Minn. .
Providence, R. I
Indianapolis, Ind. ...
Kansas City. Mo. ...
St. Paul, Minn
Rochester, N. Y
Denver, Col
Toledo, O
Allegheny, Pa
Columbus, O
Worcester, Mass
Syracuse, N. Y
New Haven, Ct
Paterson, N. J
Fall River, Mass
St. Joseph. Mo
Omaha, Neb
Los Angeles, Cal
Memphis, Tenn
Scranton. Pa
Lowell, Mass
Albany, N. Y
Cambridge, Mass
Portland, Ore
Atlanta, Ga
Grand Rapids, Mich....
Dayton, O
Richmond, Va
Nashville, Tenn
Seattle, Wash.
Hartford, Ct
Reading, Pa
3,437
1 .6'JX
1 ,29:i
57.')
5«0
5UX
381
352
342
325^)2
• • • • '
321
287
285
285
278
2U?
206
204
202
175
169
163
163
162
133
131
129
12:)
118
lOS
108
105
104
1('2
102
102
102
102
94
94
91
90
89
87
85
85
80
80
79
78
202
575
097
238
892
957
768
387
782
616
104
704
315
718
070
433
731
718
597
164
752
065
508
859
822
896
560
421
374
027
171
853
979
555
479
320
026
969
151
886
426
872
565
533
050
865
671
850
961
Wilmington, Del 76.508
Camden, N. J 75.935
Troy, N. Y 75.057
Trenton, N. J 73,307
Bridgeport, Ct 70.996
Lynn, Mass 68,513
Oakland, Cal 66,960
J^awrence, Mass 62.559
New Bedford, Mass 62,442
Des Moines, la. 62,139
Springfield, Mass 62,059
Somerville, Mass 61.643
lloboken, N. J 59,364
Evansville, Ind 59,007
Manchester, N. H 56,987
THica, N. Y 56,383
Peoria, 111 56,100
Charleston. S. C 55,807
Savannah. Ga 54,244
Salt Lake City, Utah... 53,531
San Antonio. Tex 53,321
Duluth, Minn 52.969
Krie, Pa 52.733
Elizabeth, N. J 52.130
Wilkesbarre. Pa 51.721r
Kansas City, Kan 51.418
Harrisburg. Pa 50.167
Portland, Me 50.145
Yonkers, N. Y 47.931
Norfolk, Va 46.624
Waterbiiry , Ct 45.859
Holyoke, Mass 45,712
Ft. Wayne, Ind 45.115
Youngstown, 44.885
Houston, Tex 44,633
Covington, Ky 42,938
Akron, 42,728
Dallas. Tex 42.638
Saginaw. Mich 42.435
T^ancaster. Pa 41,459
Lincoln. Neb 40.169
Brockton, Mass 40.063
Binghamton, N. Y 39,647
Augusta, Ga 39,441
Honolulu. Hawaii 39.305
Pawtucket. R. 1 39,231
Altoona, Pa 38.973
AVheeling, W. Va 38.878
Mobile, Ala 38,469
Birmingham, Ala 38,415
196
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
OUR POPULATION BY STATES AND TERRITORIES.
Totals by thousands
St ates, terri tories 1880 1890 1900_
Alabama .....T. . . .TTTTlMz 1,513 1,828
Arkansas 802 1,128 1,>11
California 864 1,208 1,485
Colorado 194 412 539
Connecticut 622 746 908
Delaware 146 168 184
Florida 269 391 528
Georgia 1,542 1.837 2,216
Idaho 32 84 161
Illinois 3,077 3,^26 . 4,821
Indiana 1,978 2,192 2,516
Iowa 1,624 1,911 2,231
Kansas 996 1,427 1.470
Kentucky 1.648 1.858 2,147
Louisiana *... 939 1,118 1,381
Maine 648 661 694
Maryland 934 1.042 1.188
Massachusetts 1.783 2,238 2.805
Michigan 1.636 2,093 2,420
Minnesota 780 1,301 IJOl
Mississippi 1,131 1,289 1,551
Missouri 2.168 2.079 3.106
Montana 39 132 243
Nebraska 452 1.058 1,066
Nevada 62 45 42
New Hampshire 346 376 411
New Jersey 1.131 1,444 1,883
New York 5,082 5,997 7,268
North Carolina 1,399 1,617 1,898
North Dakota 36 182 319
Ohio 3,198 3,672 4,157
Oregon 174 313 413
Pennsylvania 4,282 5.258 6.302
Rhode Island 276 345 428
South Carolina 995 1.151 1.340
South Dakota 98 328 401
Tennessee 1,542 1.767 2,020
Texas 1,591 2,235 3.048
Utah 143 207 276
Vermont 332 332 343
Virginia 1,512 1,655 1.854
Washington 75 349 518
West Virginia 618 762 958
Wisconsin 1,315 1.686 2.069
Wyoming 20 60 92
Alaska _ 30 63
Arizona 40 59 122
District Qt Columbia. 177 230 278
Admitted to Union
December
June
September
August
•January
•December
March
•January
July
December
December
December
January
June
April
March
•April
•February
January
May
December
August
November
March
October
♦June
♦December
♦July
♦November
November
November
February
•December
•May
•May
November
June
December
January
March
•June
November
June
May
July
14, 1819
15, 1S36
9, 1850
1, 1876
9, 1788
7, 1787
3, 1846
2, 1788
3, 1890
3, 1818
11, 1816
28, 1846
29, 1861
1, 1792
30, 1812
15, 1820
28, 1788
6, 1788
26, 1837
11, 1858
10. 1817
10, IJjiil
8. 1889
1. 1867
31, 1864
21, 1788
18, 1787
26. 1788
21, 1789
3, 1889
29, 1802
14, 1859
12, 1787
29, 1790
23, 1788
3, 1889
1, 1796
29, 1846
4, 1896
4, 1791
25, 1788
11, 1889
19, 1868
29, 1848
U. 1890
YEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 197
OUR POPULATION BY STATES AND TERRITORIES-Contiuued.
_ .^ . Totals by thousands
Territories U^j^O 1^90 1900
Indiarr~Territory — — 392'
New Mexico 110 153 195
Oklahoma — 61 398
Totals 50.155 62,(J52 76,212
*Tho 13 original states. The dates indicate when those states
ratified the constitution of the ITnited States.
The United States Army
Commander-in-chief, Theodore Roosevelt, President.
Secretary of War, William H. Taft.
Assistant Secretary of War, Robert Shaw Oliver.
GENERAL STAFF OF THE ARMY.
Lieutenant General, Adna R. Chaffee, Chief of Staff.
Major General, George L. Gillespie.
Brigadier General, Tasker H. BliSs.
Brigadier General, John P. Story.
THE NEW ARMY LAW.
The principal change involved in the military organization
by this law is the establishment of a General Staff Corps, **to
be composed of officers detailed from the army at large, under
such rules as may be prescribed by the President." * None of
these officers may be below the grade of brigadier-general, and
shall be detailed for a period of four years, unless sooner re-
lieved. 'The entire corps shall consist of four Colonels, six
Lieutenant-Colonels, 12 Majors and 20 Captains, whose duties
shall be "to prepare plans for the national defense and for the
mobilization of the military forces in time of war; to investigate
and report upon all questions affecting \he efficiency of the
army and its state of preparation for military operations; to
render professional aid and assistance to the Secretary of War
and to general officers and other superior commanders, and to
act as their agents in informing and co-ordinating the action
of all the different officers who are subject under the terms of
this act to the supervision of the Chief of Staff; and to perform
such other militarj' duties not otherwise assigned by law as
may be from time to time prescribed by the President."
The President's command is exercised through the Secretary
of War and the Chief of Staff. The Secretary of War is
charged with carrying out the policies of the President in mili-
tary affairs. He directly represents the President and is bound
always to act in conformity with the President's instructions.
198 AMEEICAN A0RICUi:.TUltiaT
Under the law and the decieiona of the Supreme Court, lii^ acts
are the President's acts, and his directions and orders are the
President's directions and orders.
The Chief of Staff is charged with the duty of Bupervieing,
under the direction of the Secretary of War, all troops of the
line, the Adjutant-General's, Inspector-General's, Judge-Advo-
cate-General's, Quartermaster's, Subsistence, Medical, Pay and
Ordnance departments, the Corps of Engineers and the Slgrnal
Corps. He performs such other military duties not otherw^ise
assigned by law as may be assigned to him by the President,
The assistant offlcers of the General Staff Corpe wUl per-
form such duties as may be assigned them under the law by
the Chief of Staff.
STRENGTH OF THE ARMY.
At the date of the last reports received from the mlUtary
departments (October 15, 1904), the actual strength of the regu-
lar army was 3744 officers and 56,439 enlisted men, distributed
as follows:
Country Officers Enlisted men Total
United States 2,892
Philippine Islands 779
Porto Rico 5
Haw^aiian Islands 7
China 5
Alaska 56
Total 3,744
43.570
46.462
11,538
12.317
5
10
209
216
181
136
986
1,042
56.439
60.183
The distribution among the different branches of the ser-
vice is as follows: General officers and staff organizations, 410S;
cavalry, 12,846; artillery, 15,580; infantry, 25,546; recruits and nnis-
cellaneouB, 2103.
OUR ARMY.
Compared with the military powers of Europe, our standiner
army of 60,000 is very small. Germany has 4,000,000 on war foot-
ing; France, 3,500,000, and Russia, 4,500,000. Austria, Italy, Great
Britain, Turkey and Spain even, have all possessed armies
greatly outnumbering our own. The great strength of the
United States, however, lies in the 10,000,000 untrained men avail-
able for military duty.
The pay of the officers in active service is as follows: Lieu-
tenant*General, $11,000; Major-General, $7500; Brigadier-General,
YEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 199
15500; Colonel, $3500; Lieutenant-Colonel, $3000; Major, $2500;
mounted Captain, $2000; Captain on foot, $1800; a regimental Ad-
jutant, $2000; regimental Quartermaster, $2000; First Lieutenant,
mounted, $1600; First Lieutenant, on foot, $1500; Second Lieuten-
ant, mounted, $1500; Second Lieutenant, on foot, $1400. . All of
the officers, from the Colonel down, receive additional amounts
after five, ten, 15 and 20 years' service, but there is a limit to
this amount; thus the maximum pay of a Colonel is $4500 per
annum. The pay of a private, whether artillery, cavalry or In-
fantry, is $17 per month for the first and second years, $18 for
the third, $19 for the fourth year, $20 for the fifth year. After
five years' continuous service they receive $2 per month extra.
The national guard or militia is a voluntary organization
for state defense, but liable to national duty upon summons
of the President of the United States. The militia in each state
is divided into brigades, regiments and companies. In February,
1901, Congress enacted a law that the army of the United
States, Including the existing organizations, "shall consist of 15
regiments of cavalry, a corps of artillery, 30 regiments of infan-
try, one Lieutenant-General, six Major-Generals, 15 Brigadier-
Generals, an Adjutant-General's Department, an Inspector-
General's Department, a Judge-Advocate-General's Department,
a Medical Department, a Pay Department, a Corps of Engi-
neers, an Ordnance Department, a Signal Corps, the officers of
the Record and Pension Ofl^ice, the Chaplains, the oflflcers and
enlisted men of the army on the retired list, the professors,
corps of cadets, the army detachments and band at the United
States Military Academy, Indian scouts as now authorized by
law, and such other officers and enlisted men as may hereinafter
be provided for."
RECRUITING STANDARD OP THE ARMY.
Applicants for first enlistment must be between the ages of
18 and 35 years, of good character and habits, free from disease,
and must be able to speak, read and write the English language.
No person under 18 years of age will be enlisted or re-enlisted,
and minors between the ages of 18 and 21 years must not be
enlisted without the written consent of father, only surviving
parent, or legally appointed guardian. Original enlistments will
be confined to persons who are citizens of the United States, or
who have made legal declaration of their intention to become
citizens thereof. Married men will be enlisted only upon the
approval fif a regimental commander. For infantry and heavy
artillery, the hight must not be less than 5 feet 4 inches, and
weight not less than 120 pounds and not more than 190 pounds.
For cavalry and ll^ht artillery the hight must be not less than
5 feet 4 Inches and not more than 5 feet 10 inches, and weight
not to exceed 165 pounds.
It is not necessary that the applicant should conform exactly
to the figures indicated in the standard table of proportions. A
200
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
variation not exceeding ten pounds in weight or 2 inches in
chest measurement (at expiration) below the standard giV6n in
the table Is admissible when the applicant is active ahd has
firm muscles. The term of service is three years.
TME MILITIA ACT.
Of equal importance with the general staff in its relation
to the general military efficiency of the country is the act to
promote the efficiency of the militia, approved January 21, 1908,
supplemented by an appropriation of $2,000,000 in the tirmy ap-
propriation act of March 2, 1903. The act proceeds mainly upon
the ideas that whenever the United States becomes involved
in war, the regular army will form but a small part of its
armed force, and the country must rely, for immediate and
special exigencies, upon militia, and for service going beyond
the proper limits of militia upon volunteers. .
The total strength of the organized militia by states is as
follows:
MILITIA FORCE OF THE UNITED STATES.
State I g
§3
Me 108
N. H 110
Vt 60
Mass 382
R. 1 155
Ct 194
N. T 859
N. J 273
Pa 700
Del 42
Md 139
Va 146
W. Va 112
N. C 176
8. C 352
aa 338
Fla 104
Ala 220
Miss 153
La 128
Tex 251
Ark. 126
Ky 119
Tenn 91
Ohio 416
Ind 186
Mich 195
e'S
I
n
&
se-c
^1,156
1,232
716
4,737
1,258
2,425
13,551
3,765
8,643
326
1,915
2,185
883
1.684
2,677
4,429
1,348
2,361
1.220
1,390
2,829
1.516
1.658
1.213
5,585
2,222
2,911
o
1,264
1.342
776
5,119
1.413
2.619
14,410
4,038
9.343
•368
2,054
2.331
995
1,860
3.029
4.767
1,452
2.581
1.373
1.518
3.080
1.642
1.777
1.304
6.001
2.408
3.106
State
Ho
i
111 470
Mo 193
Wis 195
Minn 183
la, 218
Neb Ill
Kan .115
Nev 11
Ore 104
Cal 299
Col 78
N. D 71
S. D 95
Mont 24
Wash 71
Ida 31
Wyo 26
Utah 43
Territories
Ariss 42
N. M 50
Okla 60
Hawaii 46
Dist. of Col.. 130
I
to 3
»o&
6,524
2,484
2,578
1.789
2,412
1,484
1,196
127
1,176
3,173
1,005
647
854
316
887
637
297
483
341
562
566
495
1,130
6.994
2.6r7
2,773
1.922
2.630
1.595
1.311
138
1.280
3.472
1.0^
718
949
340
968
323
526
883
612
626
541
1.260
Aggregate.8,751 106.998 116.749
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 201
UNITED STATES FORTS, BARRACKS AND CAMPS, ARSE-
NALS AND HOSPITALS.
Forts,
barracks Arse- Hospl-
and camp s nals tals
Me 5 — —
N. H 1 _ -
Vt 1 _ _
Mass 8 2 —
Xw« Xa ■ •• • • • • TI ~ — ^
Ct 2 — —
N. Y 13 2 —
Pa — 2 —
Del 2 — —
Md 6 — —
Va 4 — _
N. C 1 — —
S. C 4 _ _
Ga 3—1
Fla 6 — —
Ala 2 — —
La 2 — —
Tex 7 1 —
Ark 1—1
Mo 1 — —
Tenn — 1 —
Ky 1 - -
1 — _
Forts.
barracks Arse- Hospl'
and c amps na ls tals
1 1 1 ~~l 1 — ~
Mich 2 — —
Minn i — ^
la 1 _- . —
Neb 3 _ —
Kan 2 — —
Okla 2 — —
Col 1 _. -.
Wyo 4 — —
Mont 4 — —
N. D 1 — —
S. D 1 — —
Ida •... 1 — —
Utah 2 — —
N. M 1 — 1
Ariz 4 — —
Cal 11 2 —
Ore 1 — —
Wash 10 — —
Alaska — 6 — —
Hawaii — 1 -- —
Porto Rico. 2 — —
Wash.,D.C. 1 — —
TROOPS ENGAGED IN WARS OF UNITED STATES.
Wars Years
iTevoiutlon .77777. 7T1775-83"
Northwest Indians 1790-95
With France 1798-1800
With Tripoli 1801-05
Creek Indians 1813-14
War of 1812 1812-15
Seminole Indians 1817-18
Black Hawk Indians 1831-32
Creek Indians 1836-37
Cherokee troubles 1836-37
Florida Indians 1835-43
Aroostook troubles 1838-39
Mexican 1846-48
Apache, etc 1849-55
Seminole Indians 1856-58
Civil war 1861-66
With Spain 1898
•Naval forces.
Total troops
309,781
8,983
•4,593
•3,330
13,781
556,622
7,911
6,465
13,418
9.494
41,122
1.500
112.230
2,561
3,687
2,778,304
225,000
202 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
UNITED STATES SOLDIERS IN THE CIVIL WAR.
State AgRTcgato
New York "7. ~ .77. .7.7 . . . 455,5(38"
Pennsylvania 366,326
Ohio 317,133
Illinois 258,217
Indiana 195,147
Massachusetts 151 .785
Missouri 107,773
Wisconsin 96.118
Michigan 90,119
New Jersey 79,511
Kentucky 78,540
Iowa 75,860
Maine 71,745
Connecticut 52,270
Maryland 49,730
Vermont 35,256
State Ag-gregate
New Hampshire 34,605
West Virginia 30,003
Minnesota 25,034
Rhode Island 23,711
Kansas 20,097
District of Columbia.... 16,872
Delaware 13,651
Total 2.653,062
The total number called for,
under all calls made by the
President, from April 15, 1861«
to April 14, 1865, was 2,759,049.
Their terms of service under
the calls were from three
months to three years.
ADMISSION TO WEST POINT ACADEMY.
One cadet may be nominated from each congressional dis-
trict and from each territory by the representative of his dis-
trict or territory; two cadets at large are appointed from each
state by the state senators, and 40 cadets are appointed by the
President from the country at large and the District of Colum-
bia. The representative may nominate two legally qualified sec-
ond candidates, to be designated alternates. The alternates will
receive from the war department a letter of api)ointment, and
will be examined with regular appointee, and if duly qualified,
the first will be admitted to the academy in event of failure of
principal to pass prescribed examinations, and the second in
event of failure of the first alternate. Appointees must be be-
tween 17 and 22 years, free from any infirmity which may ren-
der them unfit for military service, and able to pass a careful
examination in reading, writing, orthography, arithmetic, gram-
mar, geography and history of the T'nited States. Many appli-
cants are rejected because of physical defects. Candidates must
be residents of the district from which appointment is made.
The academy was founded in 1802. It is located near the
Hudson river at West Point, N. Y. A thorough course of four
years is given. Academic duties begin September 1 and continue
until June 1. Examinations are held in each January and June,
and cadets found proficient in studies and correct in conduct
are given the particular standing In their class to which their
merits entitle them, while those pupils deficient in either con-
duct or studies are discharged. Cadets are allowed but one
leave of absence during the four years' course, and this is
granted at the expiration of the first two years.
Cadets are paid $500 per year, and allowed one ration per
day, or an equivalent of 30 cents per day, makingr the entire
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 203
allowance $609.50 per year. Graduates must remain at least four
years longer in government service, unless sooner discharged.
They are appointed to duty in the military department for
which they s^em best adapted. Young men who wish to try for
admission to West Point should apply to the congressman from
their district.
The JVaVy
NAVY OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES.
ACTIVE LIST.
_ _ _ Salaries
Admiral. George Dewey of~Vermont. .~ .77 7.77.77.77.113^500
24 Rear Admirals, G. C. Remey, J. C. Watson, Silas
Casey, F. J. Higginson, F. Rodgers, Louis Kempff, Q.
W. Sumner, A. S. Barker, C. S. Cotton 7,500
R. D. Evans, S. W. Terry, Merrill Miller, J. J. Read,
H. C. Taylor, M. L. Johnson, F. Wildes, Henry Glass,
C. E. Clark, P. H. Cooper, A. S. Crowninshleld, J. B.
Coghlan, J. H. Sands, Yates Stirling, W. C. Wise 5.500
75 Captains 3,500
118 Commanders 3,000
177 Lieutenant Commanders 2,500
306 Lieutenants l.gOO
73 Lieutenants (Junior Grade) 1,500
138 Ensigns 1,400
125 Midshipmen 500 to 950
24 Chaplains 1900 to 2500
MARINE CORPS.
Major-Oeneral commandant. Colonels 7
Charles Hey wood Lieutenant-Colonels 6
Adjutant and Inspector's De- Majors 15
partment 15 Captains 72
Quartermaster's department 10 First Lieutenants 75
Paymaster's department — 4 Second Lieutenants 19
ADMISSION TO NAVAL ACADEMY.
Each member or delegate of the national house of repre-
sentatives may nominate a naval cadet to the academy at
A.nnapolis, Md.; and one is appointed for the District of Colum-
bia and ten at large by the President. Candidates must reside
in the district for which they are nominated. Candidates for
cadet engineers are chosen by the secretary of the navy with-
204 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
out. regard to number or residence, and from these candidates
25 arc selected on competitive examination.
Applicants for admission to tlie academy must be between
13 and 20 years of age, pliysically sound, well formed and of
robust constitution. Cadets are given a six-year course of
study, two of whicii are given at sea, and must serve two years
after graduation, unless discharged.
INCREASE IN NAVY.
The amount given below, $23,826,860, is the estimated amount
required to be appropriated for work on new vessels authorized
by Congress for "increase of the navy, construction and ma-
chinery," for the liscal year ending June 30, 1905.
Amount required under bureau of construction and repair:
For fiscal year 1908-4 $19,815,340
For fiscal year 1904-5 16,408,404
$36,223,744
Under bureau of steam engineering:
For fiscal year ]90:;-4 $9,375,922
For fiscal year 1904-5 8.242,800
■ 17,618,722
Aggregate $53,842,466
Balance in treasury available for above July 1, 1903 (less
the sum of $260,000 for one gunboat to take the place
of the Michigan on the (ireat I^akes. authorized
by act approved May 4, 1898, said vessel to be built
as soon as permitted under treaty) 30,015,606
Appropriation required for fiscal year 1904-5 $23,826,860
HOW VESSELS COMMUNICATE.
The code of signals used by vessels at sea is prepared by a
committee appointed at the Intent, tional Marine Conferences
that are held every few years. J*:aih ship has a set of flags
and a supply of rockets which represent 200 or 300 combinations.
These can be interpreted by the code book into sentences cov-
ering almost every conceivable situation. Ships that pass in
the night make signals by fire; in the day, by Hags. The won-
derful wireless telegraph system, now rapidly coming into use,
will speedily work great changes in methods of communication
between vessels at sea.
TBAR BOOK AND ALMANAC
206
UNITED STATES NAVY.
1ST CLASS BATTLESHIPS.
Building or Authorized.
ARMORED CRUISERS-Con.
Name
Tons Sp'd Guns
Name .T?**?_
Alabama 11 ,565
Connecticut ....16,000
Georgia 14,948
Idaho 13,000
Illinois 11,565
Indiana 10,288
Iowa 11,340
Kansas 16,000
Kearsarge 11,540
Kentucky 11,540
Louisiana 16,000
Maine 12,300
Massachusetts. .10,288
Minnesota 16,000
Mississippi 13,000
Missouri 12,230
Nebraska 14 ,932
New Jersey 14,948
Ohio 12,508
Oregon 10,242
Rhode Island . . .14.932
Vermont 16,000
Virginia 14,948
Wisconsin 11,564
Bp' d Gun s
17 48
18
19
17
17.4
16.5
17
18
16.8
16.8
18
18
16.2
18
17
19
19
18
16.7
18
19
17.1
74
66
52
46
45
48
74
56
60
74
44
48
74
52
44
66
66
44
46
66
74
66
46
Washington ....14,500 22 68
West Virginia ..13.680 22 66
PROTECTED CRUISERS.
2D CLASS BATTLESHIP.
Name Tons
Albany 3.769"
Atlanta 3,000
Baltimore 4.413
Boston 3,035
Charleston .... 9,700
Chattanooga ... 3.200
Chicago 5,000
Cincinnati 3.213
Cleveland 3,200
Columbia 7,375
Denver 3,200
Des Moines 3,200
Galveston 3,200
Milwaukee 9,700
Minneapolis .... 7,375
Newark 4.098
New Orleans.... 3,769
Olympia 5,870
Philadelphia .... 4.410
Raleigh 3,213
San Francisco .. 4,868
St. Louis 9.700
Tacoma 3,200
~8p'd Guns
20.5
15.6
20
15.6
22
16.5
18
19
16.5
22.8
16.5
16.5
16.5
22
23
19
20
21.6
19.6
19
19.6
22
16.5
30
21
83
21
68
25
32
24
25
28
25
25
25
68
28
32
80
36
90
25
28
68
24
Name
Texas
To ii8~8'p'd"GiIHg UNPROTECTED CRUISERS.
6,315 17.8 30 -^
ARMORED CRUISERS.
Name
Detroit ,
Marblehead
Montgomery
Toii8_
"2.089
2.089
2.089
Sp'd Guns
18.7
18.4
19
21
21
20
Name Tona_Sp'd Guns
Brooklyn 9,215 21.9 43
California 13,680 22 66
Colorado 13,680 22 66
Maryland 13,680 22 66
New York 8,200 21 32
Pennsylvania ..13,680 22 66
South Dakota ..13,680 22 66
Tennea— 14,600 22 68
HARBOR-DEFENSE
TORS.
MONI-
Na me Ton s Sp'd Gane
Arkansas 3,200 Tl.S 17
Florida 3,200 11.5 IT
Nevada 3,200 11.6 17
Wyoming 8.200 116 17
206
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
SINGLE TURRET MONI-
TORS.
COMP. GUNBOAT^— Con.
^Naine T(ni8_Sp\i Guns
Canonicus 2,100 6 4
Jason 1,875 5-6 4
Lehigh 1,875 5-6 4
Montauk 1,875 5-6 4
Nahant 1.875 5 -6 4
DOUBLE TURRET MONI-
TORS.
_N»me Tons_Sp'd Guns
Amphitrite 3,960~10.5 " 16
Miantonomah .. 3,990 10.5 13
Monadnock 4,005 12 14
Monterey 4,084 13.6 16
Puritan 6,060 12.4 30
Terror 3.990 10.5 16
STEEL GUNBOATS.
Kam e To ua Sp'd Gun s
Bancroft > 839 14.3 14
Bennington 1,710 17.5 16
Castine 1,177 16 15
Concord 1,710 16.8 14
Don Juan de
Austria 1,130 14 12
General Alava.. 1,390 10.5 5
Isla de Cuba.... 1,125 14 12
Isla de Luzon... 1.125 14 12
Machias 1,177 15.4 16
Petrel 892 11.7 10
Topeka 2,300 16 15
Yorktown 1,710 16.1 16
Gunboat No. 16. — — —
■ 1
LIGHT DRAFT GUNBOATS.
Name T ou" 8~Sp 'djCiiuiB
Helena 1,397 15^5 19
Nashville 1,371 16.3 16
Wilming to n .... 1 .39 7 15.0 2
COMPOSITE GUNBOATS.
Ua me T oii b 8 p' d Gu ns
Annapolis 1,060 13.1 13"
Dubuque 1,050 12.5 14
Marietta 1,000 13 13
Name Ton s S p'd Gu na
Newport 1,(J00 12.2 13
Paducah 1,050 12.5 14
Princeton 1,100 12 13
Vicksburg 1,000 12.7 13
Wheeling 1,000 12.8 13
SPECIAL CLASS.
Name
Tons Sp'd Guns
Dolphin, steel
dispatch boat. 1,486 15.5 11
Vesuvius, steel
dynamite gun-
boat 929 21.4 8
TORPEDO BOATS.
Name T o ns
Bagley 175
Bailey 280
Barney 175
Biddle 175
Blakely 196
Cushing 105
Davis 154
Dahlgren 146.4
De Long 196
Du Pont 165
Ericsson , 120
P^arragut 279
Fox 154
Foote 142
Goldsborough 255
Gwin 45.7
Mackenzie 65
Manley —
McKee 65
Morris 104.7
Nicholson 178
O'Brien 178
Porter 165
Rodgers 142
Rowan 210
Shubrick 200
Somers 150
Stockton ,.200-
Stringham 340
T. A. M. Craven 146.4
Talbot 46.5
.5
.4
.5
.1
.1
.5
^peed
29.1
30.1
29
28.5
26
22
23
30
25.5
28.5
24
30
2:i
24
30
20.8
20.1
19.8
24
26
26
28.6
24.*
27
26
17.5
26
30
30.5
2L1
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC
207
TORPEDO BOATB-Con.
SUBMARINE BOATS-Con.
Nfcmc T onft Speed
Tlngey 165 26*
Thornton 200 27.5
Wilkes 165 25.9
Wlnelow 142 24.8
Guns — Each boat has two or
three torpedo tubes and three
or four guns.
TRAINING SHIP - NAVAL.
ACADEMY— SHEATHED.
1 Nam«
Tons
8p'd G
.M.
Sp'd G
16.1
UU8
I Chesapeake 1,175
ARMORED RA
14
Name
Katahdin
Tons
.. 2.155
runs
4
TORPEDO BOAT DESTROY-
ERS.
Namt
Bainbridge 420
Barry 420
Chauncey 420
Dale 420
Decatur 420
Hopkins 408
Hull 408
Lawrence 402
Macdonough 402
Paul Jones 480
Perry 480
Preble 480
Stewart 420
Truxtun 433
Whipple 433
Worden 433
Ton s 8pe ed
^ 29
29
29
28
28.1
29
29
30
30
28.9
28.3
28
29
29.5
28.5
30
Guns— Two tdrpedo
and seven guns each.
tubes
SUBMARINE BOATS.
Name ;To ns Speed
Adder 122.5 8
Grampus 120 8
Name
Tons"
Holland 74
Moccasin 122.5
Pike 120
Plunger 122.5
Porpoise i22.5
Shark 122.5
^peed
"8
8
8
8
8
8
Guns— One torpedo expulsion
tube and three torpedoes each.
OTHER BOATS IN UNITED
STATES NAVY.
TI
ass
No.
Iron and wooden ste m ves-
sels U
Wooden sailing 7
Steel, iron, wooden steam
tugs 41
Auxiliary cruisers 5
Converted yachts 23
Colliers 16
Hospital a nd supply ships... 11
VESSELS UNDER CON-
STRUCTION OR AU-
THORIZED.
Class
No.
First-class battleships 14
Armored cruisers 8
Protected cruisers 9
Gunboat for Great lakes (not
begun) 1
Composite gunboats 2
Steel torpedo boats 6
Training ships t
Training brig 1
Tugs^.^ ^ 2
VESSELS UNFIT FOR SEA
SERVICE.
Class
No.
Iron single-turret monitors.. 5
Wooden cruising vessels,
steam 10
Wooden sailing vessels 8
20S AMERICAN AQRICULTURIST
HISTORIC VESSELS OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY.
Le Bon Humme Richard, the ship with which the intrepid
John Paul Jones won his figlit witli the larger and stronger
British ship, the Serapis, in 1779.
Alliance, Commodore Jones's ship in cruise of British waters,
1779; and capture of British shi[)s. Atalanta and Trekassey, 1781.
Dolphin, defeated two British ships, 1812; and a British
squadron, 1813.
Enterprise, successful in battle of Lake Champlain, 1776; in
French war, 1800; at Tripoli, 1801; and war with England, 1813.
Constellation, defeated the French warships, Insurgcnte,
1799, and Vengeance, 1800.
Intrepid, recaptured the Philadelphia at Tripoli, 1804.
Constitution, never lost a ])attle; principal victories against
the British Guerriere and Java in 1812, and the British Cyane
and Levant, in 1815.
Wasp, defeated the British Frolic, 1812; Reindeer, 18J4; and
Avon, 1814.
Essex, defeated British ship Alert in 1812, and was captured
by Phoebe and Cherub in 1814.
Hornet, defeated British ships Peacock in 1813, and Penguin
In 1815.
Chesapeake, commanded by Capt. Lawrence, captured by
the British Shannon, 1813, one of the defeats, like that at Bun-
ker Hill, as glorious as a victory.
Lawrence, Perry's flagship, victory of Lake Erie, 1813.
Saratoga, McDonough's flagship, victory on Lake Cham-
plain, 1814.
Mississippi, flagship, expedition to Japan, one of the "victo-
ries of peace," 1853.
Hartford, Farragut's flagship, passage of Forts Jackson and
St. Philip, 1862; of Vicksburg batteries, 1862; battle of Port Hud-
son, 1863; Mobile Bay 1864; and in Formosa expedition, 1867.
Kearsarge, defeated the Confederate Alabama, 1864.
Monitor, first of the kind, built by John Ericsson, attacked
and drove away the Confederate Merrimac, after it had de-
stroyed the Cumberland and Congress at Hampton Roads,
in 1862.
Olympia, flagship of Admiral Dewey's squadron, battle of
Manila Bay, May 1, 1898.
New York, Sampson's flagship, blockade of Santiago.
Oregon, record voyage from San Francisco to Florida March
19-May 24, 1898; blockade of Santiago, destruction of Spanish
fleet, July 3, 1898.
Texas, blockade of Santiago and fight, 1898.
Brooklyn, blockade of Santiago and battle, 1898,
Iowa, blockade of Santiago and battle, 1898.
Indiana, blockade of Santiago and battle, 1898.
TBAR BOOK AND ALMANAC M
American Insular Affairs
CUBA.
The Republic of Cuba, established July 3, 1002, is now enjoy-
ing its third year as such, under the administration of Presi-
dent Tomaso lilstrada Palma. Under the constitution, the leg-
islative power is exercised by two elective bodies— the house
of representatives and the senate, conjointly called congress.
The senate is composed of four senators from each of the six
provinces, elected for eight years by the provincial councilmen»
and by a double number of electors, constituting together an
electoral board. The house of representatives is composed of
one representative for each 25.000 inhabitants or fraction thereof
over 12,500. elected for four years by direct vote. One-half the
members of the house are to be elected every two years. The
house now consists of 63 members. The six provinces into
which Cuba is divided are looked after by governors.
Reports at the end of the first year showed that a good
financial condition existed in the island, the surplus in the treas-
ury then being $3,522,681. During the year 1903 the exports
amounted to $67,097,676 and the imports $78,486,409, making a to-
tal of $145,564,085 for the foreign commerce. The trade of Cuba
with the United States during the fiscal years (ended June 30)
from 1899 to 1903 was:
Value of Value of
Year imports from U. S. exports to U. S.
1903 $20,140,132 $62,942,790
1902 25,012,109 34,694,684
1901 24,100,453 43,423,088
1900 25,236,808 31,371,704
1899 17,247,952 25,408,828
Since the reciprocity treaty has been in operation between
the United States and Cuba (practically since January 1, 1904),
the trade and commerce between the two countries has greatly
increased. According to statistics compiled by the department
of commerce and labor, the United States' exports to Cuba dur-
ing the first three months of 1904 amounted in value to $6,495,149,
against $9,211,063 during the first three months in 1903, an in-
crease of nearly 25 per cent. The percentage of increase of im-
ports from Cuba into the United States is still greater, amount-
ing to nearly 100 per cent. The principal articles of export are
sugar, tobacco and cigars, iron and manganese ore, fruit, coffee,
cocoa, molasses and sponges; of import, animals, breadstuffs,
coal and coke, iron and steel, wood, liquor, cotton, chemicals
and vegetables.
The following is the amount of sugar produced since 18^9:
1899 335.000 tons, 1900 284,000, 1901 875,000, 1902 826,646, 1903 975,000.
The total area of Cuba is 44,000 square miles, and about 10
310
AMBRtCAN AGRICVLTT7RI0T
per cent of the cultivated area of the island ie given over to
the raising of tobacco; in its cultivation and in the manufac-
ture of cigars, etc., nearly 100,000 people are employed. In 1902
there were 15,444 tons of leaf tobacco exported, besides 208,166,000
cigars and 11,509,000 packages of cigarets.
The population of Cuba at the last census was 1.672,846. IXL
1899 there was only about 10 per cent of these who had a good*
thorough education. About 2 per cent could read but not write,
38 per cent could write and 64 per cent could neither read nor
write. During the short regime of the United States, the whole
school system was reorganised, and in 1900 there were 180.000
children enrolled in 8099 schools*
GOMMJBRCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH PORTO RICO
AND THE HAWAIIAN AND PHILIPPINB
ISLANDS PROM 1897 TO 1903.
Oommerce with
Porto Rico
June 80— jjp^jjj i^g ^
Forto Porto
Bioo Rico
1903 $11,057,195 $12,246,225
1902 8,378.766 10,882,653
1901 5,883,892 6,861,917
1900 3.078,648 4,640,449
1899 3.179,827 2,685,848
1898 2.414,856 1,505,946
1897 2,181,024 1,988,888
Commerce with the
Hawaiian tslands
Imports
into U. 8.
from
Hawaii
Export*
from
U.S. to
HawaU
^S^S&V*^*
[Blaads
r «\
Imports Exports
into U. 8 ^2^"^^
PhU%. PhlUp.
pinea pinei
111.372,584 14,039.909
6,612,700 5,251,867
4,420.912 4,027.064
5,971.208 2,640.449
4,409,774 404.193
3,830,415 127,804
4,383.740 94,597
$26,242,869 $10,840,472
24.730,060 —
27,903,058 —
20,707,903 13.509,148
17,831,463 9,805,470
17,187.380 5,907,155
13.687,799 4,690,075
THE GOVERNMENT OP PORTO RICO.
The island of Porto Rico was ceded to the United States by-
Spain at the treaty of Paris. April 11, 1899. For a time a military
government was maintained until a civil government was effected
by an act of Congress, April 12, 1900, known as the Foraker act.
In accordance with this act, the island was obliged to pay du-
ties on all imports until a system of local taxation could be put
in operation which would meet the expenses of the government,
when the Legislative Assembly was to notify the President. It
also paid 20 per cent of the regular rates of duty upon Porto
Rican articles imported into the United States. On July 25, 1901,
the President issued a proclamation, since which date free trade
has existed between Porto Rico and the United States.
The chief executive of the island has the official title of
"The Governor of Porto Rico." and is appointed by the Presi-
dent of the United States, by and with the advice and consent
of the Senate; his term is for four years and until his successor
is chosen and qualified, unless sooner removed by the President.
The powers of the governor are similar to those of the governors
TBAB BOOK AND ALliANAC 211
of the territories of the United States. He may veto any legis-
lation enacted, but is responsible to the President for his con-
duct of public affairs. He Is also commander In chief of the
militia of the island. An annual report to the President of the
condition of affairs in Porto Rico is required of the governor.
The President also appoints, by and with the consent of the
Senate, a secretary, an attorney-general, a treasurer, an au-
ditor, a commissioner of interior and a commissioner of edu-
cation; these with five other persons of good repute, likewise
appointed by the President, comprise the executive council.
All legislative powers are vested in the Legislative Assem-
bly, which consists of two houses— the executive council, just
mentioned, and the house of delegates. The latter consists of
35 members elected biennially by the qualified voters. For the
purposes of such elections Porto Rico has been divided by the
executive council into seven districts, as nearly equal as possible
in population, and each district is entitled to five members in
the house of delegates. The Legislative Assembly enacts laws
known as revised statutes. These laws apply to the particular
needs of the people and are subject to the approval of Congress.
The present governor of Porto Rico is William H. Hunt, who
resides at San Juan, the capital.
EDUCATION IN PORTO RICO.
Spain has done little toward educating the people, and build-
ings, system and teachers have all had to be provided since the
island came into the possession of the United States. As fast
as possible, the native teachers are being taught English, and
eaci summer a party of them is brought to Boston for study
and to learn our ways and language. There are now (report of
1901-02) in the island 322,393 children of school age, not quite one-
fifth of whom are on the school rolls. There were in June, 1902,
921 schools open, 47 being night and special schools. The aver-
age number of teachers employed each month was 911, 96 Amer-
ican. The Porto Ricans show an enthusiasm for learning, espe-
cially among the teachers, which is most encouraging.
THE PHILIPPINES.
Civil Governor, Luke E. Wright, salary $15,000.
Vice Civil Governor and Secretary of Finance and Justice,
Henry C. Ide, salary $10,500.
Secretary of Interior, Dean C. Worcester, salary $10,500.
Secretary of Public Instruction, Gen. James F. Smith.
Attorney-General, L. R. Wilfley.
Director of Posts, C. M, Cotterman.
The government of the Philippine archipelago is in the hands
of the governor, who acts with the advice and consent of the
Philippine commission, appointed by the President of the United
States. The governor is also president of this commission, of
which the following are members: Dean C. Worcester, Henry
'
ni AinDIIiaA.K AORXOnZiTUllXST
C. Ide, Gen. James F. Smith, Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera,
Benito Legarda and Jose Luaurlafca.
There are four executive departments— interior, finance and
justice, commerce and police and public instruction. The leg-
islature is biennial and one branch is elected by the Filipino
people. The islands are divided into 39 provinces, each with
a governor, secretary and treasurer, elected by the people
through the municipal councilors of each town, the latter being
elected by direct vote.
Among the great mass of the people there is now no dis-
order and no disposition to violence, but the island of Samar
has a population on the mountains, many of whom are given
to raiding the towns along the coast. Ladronism is now less
prevalent on all the islands, as it has been vigorously pursued
and punished by the scouts and constables. There are about
12.000 American troops on the islands.
Although agriculture is the chief line of industry, the meth-
ods of production on the islands are crude and labor is .rather
unreliable, so that the progress toward up-to-date farming has
been slow. The chief products are sugar, tobacco, copra, rice,
hemp, corn, cocoanuts and cocoa. There are also many mines
in the Philippines, such as gold, lead, coal, copper, iron ore,
sulphur, marble and silver, but the mining fields have never
been properly prospected. During the fiscal year ended June
30, 1904, exports from the Islands were $80,226,127, Imports ^,221,-
250. Exports fell off as compared with 1903, because of a de-
crease in copra and sugrar crops, due to small amount of rainfall
in certain sections and to plague of locusts. Of exportatlons,
$21,794,900 was hemp; of importations, $11,548,814 was rice, the
principal food of the people.
The population is 7,635,426; of these, 6,987,686 are civilized and
647,740 wild. Manila has 219,028 inhabitants. The wants of the
average native are but few, as his diet consists mostly of rice
and fish, with but little meat, and his clothing is scant. The
wild Inhabitants are as primitive as any to be found upon the
globe. The total area of the Philippine Islands, which are vari-
ously estimated from 1200 to 1800 in number, is 119,642 square miles.
EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES.
English is made the language of the schools. There are nu-
merous native dialects and In only two Is there the least attempt
at literature; therefore a knowledge of reading in any of them
would lead to nothing broad in education. The Filipino teachers
are regularly instructed In English, and many can now teach
and malce their reports In that language. There are in the
archipelago 17 school divisions, 3400 Filipino teachers, 847 Ameri-
can teachers and superintendents, over 200,000 children on it)Us
of day schools, and 25,000 pupils on rolls of night schools.
Agriculture and trades are taught In many of the schools,
especially In the country districts. American teachers have
shown much devotion and heroism, most of them acting as
nurses during a visitation of cholera, four dyinv of the disease.
TBAR BOOK AND AIjMANAC 21B
PHILIPPINE CL.A8SIFIBD SERVICE.
The employees in the insular service of the Philippine Is-
lands are not embraced in the classified service of the United
States, but are appointed In conformity with civil service rules
promulgated by the civil governor of the islands, under author-
ity vested in him by an act passed by the United States Phil-
ippine commission on September 19, 1900. This act provides for
a civil service board of three persons, and in other respects Is
similar to the United States civil service act. The United States
civil service commission assists the Philippine civil service
board by conducting examinations for the Philippine service in
all states and territories of the United States, and extends its
aid to the Philippine board in all practical ways.
Provision is made in the United States civil service rules for
the transfer to the federal classified service of employees who
have served for three years in the Philippine classified service.
HAWAII.
The eight Islands comprising this territory were discovered
by Capt. Cook in 1778. They were annexed to the United States
in 1898, organized as a territory in April, 1900, and the new gov-
ernment was inaugurated in June, 1900. The governor is San-
ford B. Dole. The population is over 150,000—30,000 native Ha-
waiians and the rest Portuguese, Japanese, Chinese, Scandina-
vians, Spanish, British, German and Americans. The school
children of the first four-mentioned nationalities number 16,229;
of others, 1505, and the former have increased more rapidly. In
the year ending June 30, 1903, out of 9967 arrests, 7480 were of
Hawaiians, Japanese and Chinese, the offenses being chiefly
gambling, illicit selling of liquor and drunkenness.
Exports for the year ending June 30, 1903, exceeded in value
those of the preceding year by $1,481 ,703, sugar and coffee leading.
The total exports in 1902 were $24,793,735; in 1903, $26,275,438;
total imports In 1903 were $15,817,039.
Agriculture is a profitable business, and Is largely carried on,
the products grown ranging from rubber, bread fruit and simi-
lar tropical plants to oats, barley and onions. Sugar cane, cof-
fee, rice and tropical fruits are at present most profitable. There
are two companies of fortillzor manufacturers, which sell some
35,000 tons a year, the material entering Into the fertilizer being
mostly imported. A farmers' institute was organized in 1902,
and is doing good work.
There are four steam railways, for freight and passengers,
and one electric for passengers. Two more are incorporated,
but not begun. There are 144 public and 59 private schools, with
a total teaching force of 450, and 18,415 pupils, of whom 16,218 are
between six and 15, the age at which attendance is compulsory.
About lUOU below six attend kindergartens, and rather more
above 15 are at high schools, colleges, etc. Besides these regu-
lar schools, there are two Industrial reform schools, and sew-
ing, carving, agriculture bamboo work, weaving, drawing and
214 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
singing: are taught in the public schools. I^eprosy is the curse
of the natives, and a few of other nationalities contract the dis-
ease. All lepers are confined to the leper settlement on the
island of Kalawao, but the number of patients on June 30, 1903,
was somewhat less than a year before.
CIVIL SERVICE IN PORTO RICO AND HAWAII.
The federal positions in Porto Rico and Hawaii are em-
braced in the scope of the United States civil service act, and
are filled in the same ways as federal positions in the United
States. The civil service system has not yet been extended to
the insular and municipal positions of the islands.
GUAM.
This is an interesting little island of 150 square miles and
9000 people. It was ceded to the United States by Spain and is
the largest of the Ladrone archipelago. It is in direct line from
San Francisco to the Philippines, 900 miles from Manila, and
5200 from San .Francisco. The Important industry is the produc-
tion of copra.
THE SAMOAN ISLANDS.
The importance of these islands is their position as a coaling
station, lying as they do in a direct line between San Franclscc
and Australia, about 2000 miles south and 900 miles west of the
Hawaiian Islands. The group consists of ten inhabited and
two uninhabited islands, the total area being about 1700 square
miles and the population 36,000 people. The United States has
taken possession of the island of Tutuila and erected a coaling
station at its chief harbor, Pago Pago. The Islands are fertile,
producing cocoanuts, cotton, sugar and coffee, the most Im-
portant being cocoanuts, from which the "copra" of commerce
is obtained, and which is exported to Europe and the United
States, being used in the manufacture of cocoanut oil. The
entire exports amount to about $250,000 a year, one-tlfth of
which comes to the United States.
In New Haven, Ct.. in 1647, a young man was sent to the
whipping post on Monday for not going to church on Sunday.
Two brothers were beaten by their father for visiting young wo-
men on Saturday after sunset, and lived unmarried to their
deaths from mortification!
In Central Africa, a traveler reports a tribe of crane-like na-
tives, who dwell on marshes, feed on frogs and fish, and stand
for hours on one leg.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 215
The Dominion of Canada
Scat of Government— Ottawa.
Governor General— The Right Hon. Earl Grey, G. C. M. G.
($48,667).
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL.
President of the Privy (\)uncil (first minister)— Right Hon.
Sir Wilfrid Laurier, G. C. M. i\.
Minister of Trade and Commerce— Right Hon. Sir Richard J.
Cart Wright, G. C. M. G.
Secretary of Stnte— Hon. Richard William Scott. K. C
Minister of Militia and Defense— Hon. Sir Frederick W. Bor-
den. K. C. M. G.
Postmaster General— Hon. Sir William Miilock. K. C M. G.
Minister of Agriculture— Hon. Sydney Arthur Fisher.
Minister of Finance — Hon. William Stevens Fielding.
Minister of the Interior— Hon. Clifford Sifton.
Minister of Customs — Hon. William Paterson.
Minister of Public Works — Hon. James Sutherland.
Minister of Justice— Hon. Charles Fitzpatrick, K. C.
AVithont portfolio— Hon. W. Templeman.
Minister of Marine and Fisheries— Hon. J. Raymond Prefon-
taine.
Minister of Railways and Canals — Hon. Henry R. Emmerson.
Minister of Inland Revenue— Hon. Louis P. IJrpdeur.
Without portfolio— Hon. C^harles S. Hyman (acting minister
of public works, Mr. Sutherland being in poor health).
HOW CANADA IS RULED.
The form of Canadian government is modeled after that of
Great Britain. The king is the source of authority, represented
by the governor-general and privy council of 14 members. Leg-
islature is composed of two branches; a senate of 81 members
appointed for life by the king on nomination of the prime min-
ister. The speaker's salary is $40(X), while the members receive
$1500 per session. The house of commons is the second branch,
composed of 214 members, who are elected by the ballot of qual-
ified male voters for a five years' term.
Each province has a separate local parliament and admin-
istration under a lieutenant-governor appointed by the gover-
nor-general and paid by the Dominion. Local legislation is
generally left to the provinces. Counties and townships have
local councils which attend to local affairs, such as schools
and taxes.
The highest court is the supreme court of Canada, with a
chief justice, salary $8000, and live judges, 'Salary, $7000; also a
court of exchequer for trying cases connected with the revenue.
All other courts are in the various provinces and include courts
of chancery, king's bench, common pleas, error and appeal,
216
AWBtttCAS AORICfTTL'PTmiST
superior and county, general sesalons. division courts, besides
nuinerous local police courts. Trial by jury prevails and the
system of law is based largely upon that of Engrland.
The number of representatives to the house of commons and
the population to each member are as under:
Number of
Province representatives
Ontario 7.77. 86
Quebec 65
Nova Scotia 18
New Brunswick 13
Prince Edward Island 4
Manitoba 10
British Columbia 7
Northwest territories 10
Yukon 1
214
Population to
each member
25.383
25.367
25.532
25,470
25.812
25.521
25,522
18,443
27,219
25,100
POPULATION OF CANADA BY PROVINCES.
■ 1901 _
Canada 5,3717315'
British Columbia 178,657
Manitoba 256,211
New Brunswick 331.120
Nova Scotia 459.574
Ontario 2,182.947
Prince Edward Island. 103,259
Quebec 1,648,898
The Territories 211,649
•Decrease.
% in-
crease
11.14
81.98
67.16
3.06
2.04
3.25
•5.34
10.77
113.86
1891
4,833,239
98,173
152,506
321,263
450,396
2.114.321
109,078
1,488,535
98.967
POPULATION.
[Cities and Towns Over 10,000]
% in-
crease
ri.76
98.49
144.95
0.00
2.23
9.73
0.17
9.53
75.33
Brantford 16,619
Charlottetown 12,080
Guelph 11,496
Halifax 40,832
Hamilton 52,634
Hull 13,993
Kingston 17,961
London t.... 37.981
Mile End 10.933
Montreal 267,730
Ottawa 59,928
Peterboro 11,239
Quebec 68,840
Ste. Cunegonde 10.912
St. Henri 21,192
St. John 40,711
St. Thomas 11.486
Sherbrooke 11,765
Toronto 208,040
Valleyfleld 11.056
Vancouver 26433
Victoria 20,816
Windsor 12,153
Winnipeg 42.340
TBAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 217
VAL.UE3S OP THE IMPORTS INTO AND EXPORTS FROM
CANADA, BY COUNTRIES.
[Six months ended Dee. 31— Values given in round thousands.]
C ountriea Imports Exports Imports Exports
British empire.
Great Britain $27,417 $81,225 $32,129 $79,184
Hritish Africa 34 763 39 1,379
British Australasia:
Australia 24 1,370 40 1,398
New Zealand 18 256 2 301
British Bast Indies 978 20 1,417 9
British aulana 105 243 794 201
British West Indies 734 978 1,833 1,026
Newfoundland 849 1,394 876 1,861
Other British colonies 61 42 152 99
^mm^-m^^-^^m^^ MM^B^BiaM^^ ««a*i^HBriMMa^B ^HW^B^MM^Ha^
Totals $30,224 $86,294 $37,283 $85,461
Foreigni countries.
Argentine Republic $350 $563 $151 $696
Austria-Hungary 184 /I 508 —
Belgium 970 1,345 1,838 786
Brazil 105 406 82 314
China 309 75 374 89
Chile 41 80 17 121
Prance 3,365 685 3,011 1,080
Germany 6,083 1,264 4,958 1,259
Holland 593 186 475 642
Italy 153 140 194 137
Japan 813 206 1,218 153
Norway and Sweden 55 61 131 258
Spain 595 77 618 47
Switzerland 430 6 641 3
United States 60,389 40,271 71,881 40,844
West Indies:
Cuba 141 344 184 476
Porto Rico 141 210 147 226
Other foreign countries.... 1,090 810 953 846
Totals $75,816 $46,688 $87,390 $47,835
Grand totals $106,040 $132,982 $124,674 $133,286
In experimenting with aluminum horseshoes In the Russian
cavalry, it has been discovered that these shoes last longer and
preserve the foot better than those of iron.
218 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
QUANTITIES AND VALUES OF GRAINS EXPORTED FROM
CANADA DURING FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1903.
Grains Values
Parley ^$457,233"
Beans 79,801
Buckwheat 175.394
Indian corn 1,085,601
Oats 2,632,886
Peas 1,056,266
Rye 701,288
Wheat 29,088,781
All other 3,299
Total $35,280,549
Bushels
947,012
51,095
314,349
2,132,908
7,753,049
1,149,157
1,205,022
38,998,923
5,450
52,556,965
SEA FISHERIES IN CAN-
ADA, 1902.
T" ; Value by
Province millions
Nova Scotia $7.3
New Brunswick 3.9
British Columbia 5.2
Quebec 2.0
Prince Edward Island 8
Tota l .^y ^19.2_
FRESH WATER FISHER-
IES, 1902.
Province
Value by
millions
Ontario .".'... $1.2
Manitoba and territories. 1.1
_Total_ $2.3
LEGISLATURE AND VOT-
ING.
In all the provinces there is
manhood suffrage, limited by
residence and citizenship, but
In Prince Edward Island 15 are
elected on a special real estate
(jnaliflcation. In all the prov-
inces the duration of the as-
sembly is four years, unless
sooner dissolved. Sessions are
annual. In all of the prov-
inces the speakers of the as-
semblies are elected by the
members. In both houses
members are paid. Members
require no property qualifica-
tion. The legislative powers
of the legislatures are defined
by the British North America
act of 1867. Widows and un-
married women, when taxed,
can vote at municipal elections
in Ontario and the Northwest
Territories; in Manitoba and
British Columbia, all women
who are taxed In their own
right can vote at such elec-
tions.
EDUCATION AND RELI-
GION IN CANADA.
There are over 18,000 public
schools in Canada, and over
1000 other schools— high, nor-
mal and model. .For the main-
tenance of these schools $11,-
000,000 is expended. As there is
no state church, religious liber-
ty, equal to that in the United
States, is enjoyed. About 142
different denominations exist
throughout the Dominion, em-
bracing 99.17 per cent of the
whole population.
TEAK BOOK AND ALMANAC
Th0 Orient
in nniy rnaltip 1
t 1h pOBslbte <^hlna wbh 1
world force whtn the
mine felt In China In nearly ever?
iiina nad been the ceacher of the eastern
inn wer<> ntlll barbarlarm, It was not easy
the
United States.
leeatlona. The leaders
serloualy consider this
and Anally r"- ■ —
marched upon Peking in defence
of th^ empire began Immediate
proposition of foreign aggresslv .. ._ , _
aroused from Itg sleep of centuries. The victories Of Japan
have undoubtedly had their due influencee as well.
It la notable in this regard that among lis substantial im-
provements are those looking to military strength, In prepara-
tions and plana for the prompt mobilization, equipment iind
most Improved instruction and training of a. powerful army.
220 AMERICAN AGRICULTtTRIST
Heretofore China's people have been buried In study and the
close pursuits of business. Hereafter, following the example of
Christian nations, we may expect memorials to be erected to
her successful soldiers. Referring to the Disarmament Society
instituted by Austria, a circular is widely distributed calling
attention to the fact that shortly after this, war was instituted
between various nations. This manifesto declares that: "If
there is any member of this society who has played peace-
maker, we have not heard of him. Germany has, consequently,
seized our Kiao-chau and Russia our' Port Arthur. Since the
Disarmament Society was formed, great countries have ener-
getically purchased men-of-war and used every means to obtain
a power balance." The most significant declaration of this
notable address is that: "If we maintain an army, the "weak
countries will fear us and the strong will respect us. If "we
ally ourselves with Europe, then Europe will win, if with Asia,
then Asia will win."
At last the Chinese have learned that their only road to
national prestige is to help thomselves; that Confucianism -will
not be abolished by modern methods; and that, aided by mod-
ern forces and influences, their religion may be widely es-
tablished.
It should be remembered that this dawn of a new era in
China is not the awakening of a savage nation, but that they
were civilized before our ancestors and that they had a printed
language, shown in the oldest newspaper in history, published
at Peking, and that China was creating classics long before
many western nations had established^ an alphabet.
Too generally the American people are ignorant of China's
strenuous shaking free of the conservatism of centuries. How-
ever, it is a positive and decisive movement that will soon inter-
est the business world of America, as well as other commercial
nations.
JAPAN.
A countless chain of islands, large and small, lying in the
northwestern corner of the Pacific ocean, and close to the east-
ern coast of Asia, constitute the empire of Japan, an empire
ruled over for more than 2550 years by an imperial house of
unbroken lineage— this in marked contrast to the adjacent
countries in Asia, China and Korea, where the dynastic changes
have been many.
In ancient times the administrative system in this empire
was very simple, there being no distinction made between mili-
tary and civil affairs, but the whole nation considered as one
big family, with the emperor over it. During the middle ages,
however, the military classes pushed the court into the back-
ground, and for several centuries the real power of government
was vested in several successive regencies, until in 1867, when
the imperial regime was again established. Twenty-two years
after this restoration, a constitution was promulgated and
TBAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 221
Japan became a constitutional monarchy, with the imperial pre-
rogative strictly defined.
In the existing administrative system there is the privy
council as the supreme advisory organ to the emperor, wliile
on the other hand there is the cabinet as central administrative
headquarters, having under it the nine departments of state—
the departments of foreign affairs, home aftalrs, finance, war,
the navy, justice, education, agriculture and commerce, and
communications.
In 1899 Japan had a population of 44,260,604 people, of whom
22,329,925 were males and 21,^30,681 females. The large majority
of these people are engaged in agricultural pursuits, chiefly rice
culture, Japan's biggest industry, and in silk worm raising,
which comes next in importance as an article of domestic pro-
duction, and as an article of export leads all others. On account
of the position of the country and its many indentations, the
ftshini? industry is naturally large, and it is estimated that there
are 900,000 families of fishermen. Fish, it should be said, forms,
together with rice, almost the entire diet of the people, for meat
is very little used.
Only 15.7 per cent of the total area of Japan, or 14,995,272
acres of the land, is arable, and it is estimated that 55 per cent
of the agricultural families cultivate less than two acres apiece.
Of course it is the low standard of living that enables the people
to get along ^th farms of this size, though the income of most
of the owners is generally increased by engaging in silk worni
raising, reeling silk and working for wages in the intervals of
farm work. The government has encouraged modern methods
of farming by the establishment of experiment stations and
the maintenance of six agricultural schools.
The principal exports from Japan are raw silk, habutaye
(silk tissue), cotton yarns, matches, fancy matting, tea, cam-
phor, marine products, copper, coal, etc. Of these, raw silk and
habutaye lead in volume and value, arid have their best cus-
tomers in the United States and Prance. The principal imports
are machinery, iron ware, petroleum, sugar, raw cotton, cotton
fabrics and woolen goods. The following table shows the value
of exports and imports of the principal commodities for five
years beginning 1898, the values being given in millions of yen
(not quite 50 cents):
Tear
Exports
yen
Imports
yen
Tota 1 Excess of imports
yen yen
1902
258
271
255
287
220
277
590 13
1901
252
508 3
1900
204
491 82
1899
214
435 5
1898
165
443 111
The department of education superintends the educational
affairs of the country, besides maintaining institutions essen-
tial for the state. A^ordix^ to statistics compiled in 1901, there
222 AMERICAN AG-RTCULTTTRTST
were 20,284 primary schools throughout the country, together
with 6726 branches, making a total of 27,010. The teachers on
duty numbered 102,700 and pupils in attendance 4,980,604. There
were also 54 normal schools and two schools for the blind, and
deaf and dumb, one at Kyoto and the other at Tokyo. The im-
perial library at Tokyo is maintained by the g'overnmont and
has 418,592 volumes. There are 49 other libraries in the country
and these contain altogether 408,570 books.
In 1902, Japan had over 81.903 miles of telegraph line.s and
telephone lines extending over about 105,762 miles. The railroad
service possessed 4237 miles on March 31, 1903.
Immigration
There Is a slight decrease in the immigration figures for
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1904, there being in all 812,870
immigrants who arrived in this country, against 857,046 for the
year ending June 30, 1903. Italy sent us the largest number,
though Russia and Austria-Hungary were not far behind. Im-
migrants came also from all the other European countries,
China, Japan, India, Turkej' in Asia, Africa, Australia, Philip-
pine Islands, British North America, Central America, Mexico,
South America and West Indies. During the first ten months
of 1904, ending September 30, the number of immigrants to ar-
rive at the various ports in the United States was as follows:
Baltimore 30.696. Boston 48.500, New York 452,034, Philadelphia
14,159, San Francisco 14.359.
IMMIGRATION STATISTICS FOR ELEVEN YEARS.
Sex of immigrants
Years ending June 30: . Male Female Total
i90T 7. i.... ... ] 549,100 ^263,770 812,870
1903 613,146 243,900 857,046
1902 466,369 182,374 648,743
1901 3.31,055 156,863 487,918
1900 304,148 144,424 448,572
1899 195,277 116,438 311,715
1898 1.35,775 93,524 223,299
1897 135,107 95,725 230,832
1896 212,466 130.801 343,267
1895 149,016 109,520 258,536
1894 169,274 116,357 285,631
THEATER FIRES.
Brooklyn Theater, 1876, 295 lives lost.
Ring Thoater, Vienna, 1881, nearly 1000.
Charity Bazaar, Paris, 1897, over 150.
Iro(iU()is Theater, Chicago, 1903, between 600 and 700.
TBAH 900K AND ALMANAC 223
Transportation and Communication
PROGRESS OF GOOD ROADS LEGISLATION.
[By Assistant Director M. O. Eldrldge, Office of Public Road
Inquiries, Department of Agriculture, prepared especially for the
American Agriculturist Year Book and Almanac]
Road legislation in the various states is steadily progressing
along practical lines. The old method of working out the road
tax is now generally recognised as totally inadequate and is
being superseded by some form of cash tax, the revenue thus
secured being expended under the direction of expert road engi-
neers in the construction of Improved highways. Many of the
states, especially in the south, are working their convicts on the
public roads with most satisfactory results, the convict labor
being thus removed from competitive lines of work and placed
In non-competitive. In many states, counties are authorlEed to
issue bonds for the purpose of raising funds for road improve-
ment. In some states the revenues arising from certain speci-
fied sources are applied to the improvement of the public high-
ways.
The most important feature of state legislation, however. Is
state aid. From the following statistics it will be seen that the
New England states, the four central states, and Maryland,
Ohio, Illinois, Iowa and Michigan, have all adopted this system
or have established state highway commissions. In some cases
the state paj's half the cost of the roads, in others one-third, in
others one-fourth. This system provides ample funds, skilled
supervision, uniformity of plans, and economy in expenditure.
LEGISIaATION, STATE APPROPRIATIONS AND MILEAGE
OF ROADS IN VARIOUS STATES.
Alabama— Recent legislature passed a general law permitting
counties to vote at any tlm« for bond issue or special levy.
About 1000 miles of gravel (Including chert) roads and 300 miles
of stone road, already built.
California— State has a bureau of highways with one com-
missioner. Most of the roads constructed by county boards of
supervisors by direct taxation. State controls 140 miles of
mountain roads and pays entire cost of construction. State
spent for mountain roads in 1897, |44,900; in 1899, $74,500; in 1901,
S23,0e0; In 1903, $58,360.
Connecticut— Total road mileage 15,000. About 500 miles of
permanent roads have been constructed since 1895 at about $4000
per mile, the state paying two-thirds and in some cases three-
fourths of the cost, the balance being paid by the towns. State
sp^nt between 1896 and 1902 the sum of $1,233,000, the counties
$^0,942. The last legislature appropriated for state work for
1903-4» 1225,000.
224 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
Delaware — State aid bill passed in April, 1903, providing for
three commissioners and for $30,000 a year for two years, the
state to pay half the cost and the counties half. The money is
to be equally distributed among the three counties, Newcastle,
Sussex and Kent.
Florida— 200 miles of shell and gravel roads and 150 miles
of stone roads already built. The last legislature set aside pro-
ceeds of Indian war claims recently authorized by Congress for
road improvement. From this sum state will realize over a half
million dollars. In June, 1903, the legislature provided that all
money in the internal improvement fund, or which may be de-
rived from the sale of swamp lands, shall be devoted to the
construction of hard roads. The money to be divided among-
the several counties in proportion to their assessed valuation.
The legislature of June, 1899, provided that all one-year con-
victs shall be worked on the public roads.
Georgia— Total road mileage, 45,000; 1000 miles of gravel roads
and over 200 miles of stone road already built. Convicts used
and money raised by direct taxation.
Illinois— In 1903 the legislature provided for the appointment
of a good roads commission, consisting of three persons to study
road problems in the state and to report to the next legislature
recommending suitable legislation. The commission is now en-
gaged in the work and is making an effort to carry into effect
the existing law, which provides that the convicts at state peni-
tentiaries shall be used in preparing rock for road building,
such material to be furnished the counties free of cost.
Indiana— Total mileage, 58.000. Said to have 8000 miles of
good gravel roads, all built by local assessment, no state aid
being provided.
Iowa— Total mileage, 100,257. An act was passed by the gen-
eral assembly and approved April 13, 1904, providing for the ap-
pointment of a state highway commission and designating the
Iowa state college at Ames to act as such commission.
Kentucky — Mileage of gravel roads, 2000; of stone roads,
5600, mainly built as toll roads, but now free.
Maine— State aid was adopted in 1901 to a small extent, the
law providing that any city or town may receive from the state
treasury one-half the sum actually appropriated for a state
road within the corporate limits of such city or town, but the
sum to be received from the state shall in no case exceed $200.
Maryland— Total mileage, 16,000, of which 497 are toll roads.
There are about 900 miles of stone, shell and gravel roads main-
tained by the counties. It is estimated that the counties spend
$600,000 annually for road maintenance and that the people of
the state pay $140,000 annually in tolls. Highway commission
established in 1896. The general assembly passed an act In 1904
providing state aid and appropriating $200,000 for the purpose.
The amount received by each county is In direct proportion of
the road mileage of the county to the total mileage of the state.
Massachusetts— Total mileage, estimated, 20,000. The state
appropriates annually $490,000 in the form of state aid. The state
YEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC
225
STCCu
VALUE OF IMPROVED ROADWAYS.
Comparative capacity of an animal pulling loads over dif-
ferent kinds of highway.
226 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
pays the entire cost of the road, but 25 per cent of the cost is
assessed on the counties. The recent legislature appropriated
$2,250,000, to be expended for state highways during the next five
years; 504 miles built or under contract up to January 1, 1904.
Highway commission established in 1894.
Michigan— Every township has right to raise money by bond-
ing to the extent of 5 per cent of its valuation to build roads.
Any county may adopt the county road law and assess a '2 mill
tax. Has state highway department, but no money has been
appropriated for state aid. Total mileage, 80,000.
Missouri— 89,946 miles of public roads, of which 1262 miles are
macadam, gravel and slag roads, the remainder being earth
roads. No state aid.
New Hampshire— Legislation has been enacted proviaingr for
the appointment of a state engineer, who is to prepare a high-
way map of the state and plan a system of continuous main
highways, $15,000 being appropriated for the purpose. It also
provided that the governor and council shall prepare for the
next general assembly a bill providing fully for the inauguration
of a system of state work and state expenditure. The next gen-
eral assembly meets in 1905.
New Jersey— State aid was adopted in 1891 and became op-
erative in 1892. In 1895 a more comprehensive law was enacted
under which the state bore one-third of the expense, property
owners on line of road one-tenth and the county the balance.
Another law was passed in 1903 permitting an increase in the
state appropriation to $400,000, giving the counties the right to
assess upon their ratables for road purposes to the extent of
1 per cent, exclusive of the state appropriation, and allowing the
townships to pay 10 per cent instead of the property owners
along the line. Under the law of 1895, 900 miles of roads have
been built; under the law of 1903, 65 miles have been built and
several hundred miles projected. Total number built by the
state to July 1, 1904, 1100. The state appropriates $250,000 per
annum as state aid. Total mileage, 20,000.
New York— State aid was adopted in 1898, the state paying
50 per cent of the cost of roads, the counties 35 per cent, and the
towns or abutting property owners 15 per cent. Total mileage,
74,097. Up to July 1, 1904, nearly 700 miles of roads were con-
structed or in process of construction, in accordance with state
aid law. Total amount appropriated by the state, counties and
towns for improvement, repair and maintenance of public high-
ways, $11,707,667.24. Total amount available for year 1904, $3,524,-
480.19. The legislature has once passed a constitutional amend-
ment providing that the state may bond itself for $50,000,000, of
which $5,000,000 is to be available each year for ten years for
road improvement. This amendment must be passed by the
next legislature and then submitted to the popular vote before
it becomes effective.
North Carolina— Has a highway commission established
three years ago. Has 400 mi)es of gravel roads and 300 miles of
stone roads.
J
TICAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 227
Ohio— The last general assembly enacted legislation provid-
ing for a state highway department, and for state aid in the
following proportion: One-fourth to be paid by the state and
three-fourths to be a county charge, but one-third of said three-
fourths to be paid by the township. In apportioning the 25 per
cent to be paid by the township, 10 per cent shall be a charge
upon the whole township and 15 per cent a c;^arge upon the
abutting property. No appropriation for construction under
this act has yet been made. The total mileage of the state is
about 80»000.
Pennsylvania— The legislature of 1903 adopted a state aid
law, approved April 15, 1903, creating a state highway depart-
ment, and providing that two-thirds of the cost of rebuilding
roads is to be borne by the state, one-sixth by the county, and
one-sixth by the township. A total appropriation of $6,500,000
was made, distributed as follows: $500,000, for each of the first
two years, $1,250,000 for each of the next two years, and $1,500,000
for each of the next two years. The total mileage is 99,224.
Rhode Island— The last legislature passed a resolution ap-
propriating $100,000 for the construction and maintenance of
highways under the direction of the state board of public roads,
which was created by the preceding legislature. Out of 2240
miles of highway in Rhode Island, about 500 miles have been
improved by the use of gravel and stone.
South Carolina— Counties are allowed to hold elections to de-
cide upon bonding for permanent improvement of the highways
to an amount not to exceed $200,000, or 8 per cent of the assessed
valuation. Other legislation has been enacted permitting coun-
ties to work convicts . with ten-year sentences in chain gangs.
Tennessee— 1200 miles of gravel roads and 1000 miles of stone
roads in the state. No state aid.
Texas— 2000 miles of gravel roads and more than 200 miles of
stone roads. No state aid.
Vermont— The Vermont plan for state aid assesses an an-
nual state tax of 5 mills on the dollar, to which is added the
revenues from the local option license law. The fund for the
year 1904 is $130,811.37. This is apportioned to the towns in the
proportion the mileage of each bears to the total mileage of the
state. Vermont has a state highway commissioner. Total road
mileage, 14,019.
Virginia— 300 miles of gravel roads and 550 miles of stone
roads, mainly built as toll roads. State legislation not yet es-
tablished.
Public sentiment in favor of better roads has grown so rap-
idly that the office of public road inquiries is being constantly
appealed to for engineers skilled in the art of road building to
take charge of state and county work, and the demand for such
men exceeds the supply. It would therefore seem advisable that
in connection with this office there should be established In
Washington a post-graduate school, where graduates in civil
engineering from the land-grant colleges could secure' a thor-
ough course in road building.
228
AUBRICAN AGRICULTURIST
OUR MERCHANT MARINE SINCE 1S90.
Tonnage of the sailing: and steam vessels of the merchant
marine of the United States employed in the foreign and coast-
wise trade and in the fisheries.
Tear
•2p«
1
*■©£
"d Id 0} a
•
. a
=2
Annual in-
crease or
decrease,
per cent
ended
June 80
Forelir
trade, 1
thousa
Coastw
trade, 1
inillioii
Whale
eries, t
thouaa
God an
uiacke
tisheri
tons
thousa
Total 1
lions ol
1903
879
5.1
9.5
57.5
6.0
4.99
1902
873
4.8
9.3
56.6
5.7
4.95
1901
879
4.5
9.5
52.4
5.5
6.96
1900
816
4.2
9.8
51.6
5.1
6.18
1899
837
. 3.9
11.0
50.6
4.8
2.41
1898
726
3.9
11.4
52.3
4.7
-0.40
1897
792
3.8
12.7
66.6
4.7
1.38
1896
829
3.7
15.1
68.6
4.7
1.47
1895
822
3.7
15.8
69.0
4.6
—1.30
1894
899
3.6
16.4
71.5
4.6
—2.90
1893
883
3.8
16.6
70.5
4.8
1.26
1892
977
3.7
17.0
69.4
4.7
1.71
1891
988
3.6
17.2
68.9
4.6
5.88
1890
928
3.4
18.6
68.3
4.4
2.71
STEAMBOAT INSPECTION.
[For fiscal year ending June 30, 1903; latest published report.]
Vessels inspected, number and tonnage
, ^
Division For. steamers Dom. steamers Motor vessels
No^ Tonn age N o. Tonnage No. T'age
Pacific coast .7 29 124^712 984 316;2'74 39 27260
Atlantic coast 216 1,347,090 3,659 1,197,818 66 2,977
Western rivers 4 819 918 137.492 31 1^43
Northern lakes 61 47.030 2.095 1,479.374 — —
Gulf and coast 50 147,003 640 128,163 17 470
Total 360 1.666.664 8.296 3.259,121 . 153 ^ 6.850
Total number of accidents resulting in loss of life during
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903: Fire, one; collision, 23;
breaking of steam pipes, mud drums, etc., three; explosions,
four; snags, wrecks and sinking. 15; accidents to machinery,
three; total. 49; decrease over previous year of six.
Total number of lives lost by accident from various causes
during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903: Fire, one; collisions,
49; breaking of steam pipes, mud drums, etc.. 14; explosions or
accidental escape of steam. 23; snags, wrecks or sinking, 49;
accidental drowning, 145; miscellaneous causes, 11; total, 292; de-
crease over previous year of 153.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 229
FOREIGN CARRYING TRADE OF UNITED STATES.
[In millions of dollars.]
i SHO ^]S7Q I'SS O 1 890 l"900 1903
American^^ssels r.07 :irj2 2r.8 202 1 95 21 4
Foreign vessels 255 (538 1124 1871 1894 2 '26
Total sea trade 762 991 1482 1573 2089 2240
Und vehicles — — 20 73 154 205
Total trade 762 991 1503 1647 2244 ' 2415
Per cent.
Trade of American vessels.. 66 35 17 12 9.3 9.1
United States Railway Statistics
[Poor's Railway Manual, 1903.]
RAILROADS OF THE UNITED STATES BY STATES AND
TERRITORIES.
[Miles completed, December 31, 1902.]
States and territories
Total
miles
States and territories
Total
miles
Alabama 4
Arkansas 3
California 5
Colorado 4
Connecticut 1
Delaware
Florida 3
(reorgia 6
Idaho 1
Illinois 11
Indiana 6
Iowa 9
Kansas 8
Kentucky 3
Louisiana 3
Maine ••■.. 2
Maryland 1
Massachusetts 2
Michigan 8
Minnesota 7
Mississippi 3
Missouri 7
Montana 3
Nebraska 5
Nevada
New Hampshire 1
,857.12
,530.99
,772.59
,801.54
,025.90
337.14
,435.81
,109.73
,433.91
,398.07
,801.87
,559.48
,803.18
,177.74
,065.01
,002.13
,369.00
,114.94
,241.10
,285.40
,099.15
,148.03
,234.27
,777.66
960.53
.191.95
New Jersey 2,238.14
New York 8,137.49
North Carolina 3,798.03
North Dakota 3,079.35
Ohio 8,971.76
Oregon 1,711.94
Pennsylvania 10,508.45
Rhode Island 209.29
South Carolina 3,011.44
South Dakota 3,027.74
Tennessee 3,280.87
Texas 10,874.17
Utah 1,611.40
Vermont 1,052.31
Virginia 3,870.58
Washington 3,112.31
West Virginia 2,645.97
Wisconsin 6,873.40
Wyoming 1,313.31
Arizona 1,617.49
District of Columbia... 24.87
Indian Territory 2,144.03
New Mexico 2,349.20
Oklahoma 1,663.83
Ignited States
.203,131.61
In Europe, 86,592 people die each year from accident; in the
United States, 86,000 in the same time.
Nine hundred people in 1,000,000 die of old age.
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234 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
UNITED STATES RAILROADS.
1883 1890 18% 1902
Length of lines, in thousands of miles 120 163 179 199
Capital stock, in billions of dollars 3 4 5 6
Dividends, per cent upon stock 2.77 1.80 1.58 2.93
Funded debt, in billions of dollars 3 5 5 6
Interest, per cent upon bonds and debt 4.58 4.13 4.09 4.03
Passengers carried, in millions 312 520 529 655
Avg. receipts p passenger, cents p mile... 2.42 2.17 2.0 2.0
Freight carried, in millions of tons 400 691 755 1192
Average receip|:s per ton, cents per mile... 1.0 0.93 0.84 0.76
Gross earnings of railroads, thousand dol-
lars per mile 7 6 6 8
Net earnings of railroads, thousand dol-
lars per mile 2 2 12
Per cent of expenses to earning s 63 68 70 67
RAILWAY FACTS.
In 1904 there were more than 200,000 miles of railroads in this
country. There are 37,000 passenger and 1,600,000 freight cars;
locomotives number 41,000, of which 10,000 are for passenger ser-
vice. A modern locomotive costs from $15,000 to $18,000. Freight
trains carry 1,250,000,000 tons per year. It would require 25,000,000
teams to do the work now done by railways. The passeng'er
rolling stock would make a solid train 500 miles long.
RAILWAY STATISTICS OF CHIEF NATIONS.
[Railway Gazette.]
Miles Miles
1 900 open 1900 open
Great BritaiiTr. .T 21.864~~'Scandinavia ' 8.320
France 26,611 Belgium 3,948
Germany 31,933 Switzerland 2,357
Russia 29,892 Europe (total) 176,174
Spain 8,300 United States 197.237
Italy -jiiL-:^ 9,810 The world 490.962
RAILROAD ACCIDENTS IN THE UNITED STATES.
[From report of interstate commerce commission.]
, 1902 , , 19()1 , , 1900-
Killed Injured Killed Injured Killed Injured
Passengers 303 C,089 282 4,988 249 4,128
Employees 2,516 33,711 2,675 41,142 2,550 39,643
Total 2.819 39,800 2,9.')7 46.130_ 2.799_ 43.771
In 1JXI2 there were 5042 train collisions and .%.'« derailments, or
a total of StiTf) accidents, involving a total monetary loss of
$7,645,406.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 2S5
STREKT AND ELECTRIC RAILWAYS, 1890 AND 1902.
[U nited States Csnsus R eports.]
Average
Total no. no. rides
fare passen- per In-
Geographic divisions Year Populatlon*_ gers carried habitant
United "states !.r....Tri902 " 75, '994, 575 ~ 4,809,554,438 63
1890 62.622,250 2,023.010,202 32
Increase 13..372.325 2,786,544.236 31
North Atlantic 1902 21.046,695 2,618.528.979 124
1890 17,401,545 1.141,187.460 66
Increase 3.645,150 1,477,341,519 58
South Atlantic 1902 10,443,480 332.541,075 32
1890 8,857,920 101.647,174 11
Increase 1.585.560 230.893,901 21
North central 1902 26,333.004 1.344,000.951 51
1890 22,362,279 538.309.887 24
Increase 3,970,725 806.691,064 27
South central 1902 14,080,047 210,103,861 16
1890 10,972,893 98,005,026 9
Increase 3,107,154 112,098,835 6
Western 1902 4,091,849 304,379,572 74
1890 3,027,613 143,860,655 48
Increase 1.063,736 160.518,917 26
•Population shown for 1902 Is that reported by census of 1900.
Prom this table It appears that the most extensive use of
street and electric railways is in the North Atlantic states,
where the average number of rides per inhabitant in 1902 was
124; the Western states come next with an average of 74. The
greatest increase in this respect is shown for the South Atlantic
states, where the average was almost three times as great in
1902 as it was in 1890. The average number of rides per inhabi-
tant for the entire United States has almost doubled during the
12 years.
STREET A ND EL ECTRIC R AI LWAYS. CENS US FIGURES^
/ r~^*®~Tr-r-^ ' —isw , , %i,l^^,e^:jz;
Number Miles Number Miles Number Miles
Character ofcom^ single of com- single of com- single
of power panics track panics track panics ^track
United States.849* 22,589.47 761* 8.123.02 il76 178.1
Electric 747 21,920.07 126 1,261.97 492.9 1,637.0
Animal 67 259.10 506 5,661.44 86.8 95.4
Cable 26 240.69 55 488.31 52.7 50.7
Steam 9 169.61 74 711.30 87.8 76^
♦This total is based on motive power.
236 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
COMPARATIVE SI'MMARY, ALL COMPANIES, 1890 AND 1902.
%m-
Items_^^ 1902 1890 crease
Number of companies ~~ 987~ 706 39.8
Cost construction and equipment. $2,167,634,077 $389,357,289 456.7
Capital stock issued $1,315,572,960 $28^,058.133 355.1
Funded debt outstanding $992,709,139 $189,177,824 424.7
Earnings from operation $247,553,999 $90,617,211 173.2
Operating expenditures $142,312,597 $62,011,185 129.5
% operating expenses of earnings. 57.5 68.4 —
Number of passenger cars 60,290 32,505 85.5
Number faro passengers carried.. 4,809.554.438 2,023,010,202 137.7
Number of employ ee s* 133,6 41 70,764 88.9
♦Efxclusive of salaried officials and clerks.
STARTING A RURAL TELEPHONE LINE.
Every up-to-date farmer should have a telephone. He can-
not afford to be without the great time saver and distance an-
nihilator. The way to secure telephone service is to try to get
it from an existing company if possible. If they will not give
service at reasonable rates, say for $10 to $18 per year, depend-
ing Upon the distance you are from the line or from central,
then organize your own company, build your own lines and
operate them.
The first thing is to agitate and discuss the question among
the neighbors and business men who should, be connected by
telephone. Call a meeting, appoint a committee on organization
and construction, who will arrange to form a stock company
and incorporate under the laws of the state. This will not hin-
der the fullest co-operation on the part of all who desire to
work or furnish materials, because they can take their pay in
stock. Encourage many small stockholders rather than a few
large ones.
Before incorporating, make a careful canvass of the terri-
tory and get promises in writing from all who will take instru-
ments. Then make estimates of the number of miles of line
that will have to be built, not forgetting to secure a franchise
from the highway commissioners to build along the highway,
also consent from the property holders.
On nearly all lines it is best to build a two-wire or a me-
tallic circuit, which will avoid "crosstalk." If. however, it is
for most part a country line and away from trolley and electric
light disturbances, and also if the service is to be purely local,
it may be most economical to build a one-wire or grounded
circuit line. In either case it will be best to buy "bridging"
telephones, rather than the "series," and to buy good ones,
which need not cost more than $13 to $15 each. The wire should
be No. 12 BB galvanized, which weighs about 165 pounds to the
mile.
TBAR BOOK AND AUfANAC 237
The poles generally should be 26 feet long and 8 to 9 inches
in diameter at a point 4% feet from the butt. Holes should be
4 to 4^ feet deep. Chestnut or cedar poles are both light and
durable. They will probably cost $1.25 each delivered at the
hole, all pe^ed and ready to set. Small poles rot oft too quickly.
Holes can be dug for 10 to 20 cents each, depending upon the
nature of the soil. The poles should be set from 150 to 175 feet
apart. For heavy lines the former is better; for straight lines
that carry but two wires the latter distance will do. Avoid
kinks and shun trees as you would a pestilence. It will cost
more in the end to hunt trouble and make repairs caused by
trees than it would to have set poles and dodged them. A line
will cost complete from |75 to $100 per mile, if It is built to stay,
and contains crossarms, etc., to carry several wires. For rais-
ing poles a "dead man" and four or Ave very live men are
needed to do the work fast.
AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPAI^Y
STATISTICS.
[From January 1, 1900-1904.]
1900 1901 1902 1903 1904
Exchanges 1.239 1,348 1,411 1,514 1,609
Branch offices 1,187 1,427 1,594 1,861 2,131
Miles wire on poles and
buildings 524.123 M4.730 841.140 1,109,017 1,868,140
Miles wire underground 489,250 705,269 883,679 1.328,685 1,618,691
Miles wire submarine.. 3,404 4,203 4,200 6,048 6,358
Total miles wire 1,016.777 1,354,202 1,729,019 2,443.750 2.983,189
Total circuits 422,620 508.262 592,467 742,654 798,901
Total employees 25.741 32,837 40,864 50.350 53,795
Total subscribers 632,946 800,880 1.020,647 1,277,983 1,525.167
THE TELEGRAPH BUSINESS.
[Statistics of the Western Union Telegraph Company.]
1900 1901 1 902 1903 1904
Miles of line 192.705 193.589 m^l^ 196.517 199.350
Miles of wire 933.153 972.766 1.029,984 1,089,212 1,155,405
Number of offices 22,900 23,238 23,667 23,120 23,458
No. messages sent, millions.. 63 65 69.3 69.7 67.9
Receipts, millions of dollars. 24 26 28 29 29
Bxpenses, millions of dollars. 18 19 20.7 20.9 21.3
Profits, millions of dollars... 6 6 7 8 7
Average toll per message — 30.8 30.9 31.0 31.4 ( 31.7
Average cost per message... 25.1 25.1 25.7 25.6 ^ 28.1
238 AMBRICAN AaRlCITl.TURIST
GROWTH OP THE TELEGRAPH.
Number of messages, 1870: Russia 2,716,300, Norway 466,700,
Sweden 590,300, Denmark 513,623, Germany 8,207,800, Belgium
1,998.800, France 5,663,800, Switzerland 1,629,235, Spain 1,050,000, Italy
1,289,000, Austria 3,388,249, Hungary 1,489,000, United States 9,157,-
646, Great Britain and* Ireland 9,650,000.
Number of messages, 1901: Russia 19,257,456, Norway 2,267,915,
Sweden 2,749,483, Denmark 2,293,246, Germany 45,146,281, Belgium
14,322,560, France 50,486,435, Switzerland 3,272,345, Spain 5-,131,495,
Italy 11,178,282, Austria-Hungary 30,048,910, United States (In
1903) 91,300,000, Great Britain and Ireland (in 1902) 90»432,041.
WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY.
It is over ten years ago since Marconi first announced his
success in transmitting intelligence to a distance by means of
wireless telegraphy, but it was not until the year 1902 that the
successful issue of this system was witnessed. To-day, how-
ever, the Marconi system is not alone, for almost every civi-
lized nation has developed one or more systems of wireless
telegraphy. In the United States the De Forest and Fessenden
systems are mostly in use in the wireless telegraph stations
along the coasts, but the government employs no less than four
different systems in its various departments— namely the Slaby-
Arco, by the navy department; the Braun system, by the army
for land operations; the Wildman system, by the signal corps
of the army, and the .Fessenden system, or modification of that
system, by the weather bureau.
The apparatus required for the operation of this wireless
telegraphy is a generator for setting up the electric oscillations
in a vertical wire, or antenna as it is called, from which the
electric waves are radiated into free space, together with a
vertical wire at a receiving station, which intercepts and ab-
sorbs some of the electric waves, which are transformed into
electric oscillations in that wire, where they are detected by a
receiver of electric oscillations. The received oscillations are
very weak as compared with the oscillations in the transmit-
ting wire, but by employing very sensitive detectors of such
oscillations, the signals transmitted may be received at a great
distance from their source. The United States government is
now seriously considering the advisability of obtaining, by con-
gressional enactment or otherwise, the exclusive control of all
wireless telegraph stations on the coasts of this country^ on the
ground that only in this way can the coast be properly defend-
ed in time of war, so far as wireless telegraphy may be useful
to that end.
TBAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 289
United States Postal
RURAL FREE DELIVERY.
The ^owth of rural free delivery in this country has been
wonderfully rapid. At the beginning of the fiscal year 1899, there
were less than 200 routes in operation, while now there are almost
25,000, bringing a daily mail service to more than 12,500,000 rural
dwellers. This system is now established in 142 counties in the
United States. It is proving a great factor in bringing the
country people into closer touch with the outer world, among
its advanJLages being that it advances general intelligence
through the increased circulation of legitimate journals and
periodicals, encourages a desire for letter writing, quickens bus-
iness transactions, and so on.
Por the benefit of people living in remote districts where the
population is too scanty to justify the establishment of rural
free delivery, the postoflice department has arranged for the
delivery of mall into boxes along the lines of 20,000 star routes,
aggregating 249,000 miles in length, and over 500,000 people are
having their mail delivered to them by star route carriers in
this way. All reports so far are to the effect that the service
is proving satisfactory.
The appropriation made by Congress for the continuation
and extension of rural free delivery service for the year endinir
June 30, 1904, was $12,921,700.
TELEPHONE SERVICE IN CONNECTION WITH FREE
DELIVERY.
The extension of the rural free delivery service and the con-
sequent increase in the use of the mails by the patrons residing
along the rural routes, together with the extension of the tele-
phone service into the farming districts of the country, has sug-
gested the propriety of extending the privilege of the special
delivery of such letters, or the contents thereof, by means of
the telephone, it being proposed that a special stamp be pro-
vided covering the cost of such transmission, the use of which
stamp would authorize the postmaster at the office of delivery
to open such letter and telephone its contents to the person to
whom it is addressed. It will be seen that if such plan is feasi-
ble, 24 hours' time will be saved in the transmission of impor-
tant messages to many people residing along the line.s of rural
delivery routes.
240 AMERICAN AGRICULTUMST
COST OF RURAL FREE DELIVERY SERVICE.
Number Cost of service
Year of carriers in millions
190:J 15,119 $8,011
1902 8,466 3,993
1901 4,301 1,749
1900 1,276 420
1899 391 149
1898 148 49
1897 44 —
RURAL BOXES.
Patrons of the rural free delivery service are required to
furnish at their own cost a box for the reception of their mail,
complying with certain specifications as to size, shape and "work-
manship, and made of galvanized sheet Iron or sheet steel, the
same to be approved by the postoffice department.. There are
severe penalties for the depredation of approved boxes.
THE DISCONTINUANCE OF STAR SERVICE.
The star service discontinued during the year ended June
30, 190H, by reason of the establishment of rural free delivery
service, amounted to $303,195.94. In some cases the postoffice
department subsequently found it necessary to re-establish the
star service, but the cost of service as re-established has not
been deducted from the amount above named.
POSTAL CHECKS.
The rapid extension of the rural free delivery service has
Increased the demand that the government shall provide some
easy, convenient and safe method for the transmission of small
sums of money through the mails, and the importance of pass-
ing some law which will insure the people this advantage is
being urged upon congress. As the free delivery service has
been extended, the number of letters carrying small sums of
currency has greatly increased. At present there is no con-
venient method provided in the rural districts for making such
remittances through the mails, except in currency or postage
stamps* and such remittances are a constant temptation to
those handling them. The post check or the coupon dollar
shown herewith seems to be the simplest and safest means of
obviating this evil.
TEN CENTS ,,
TEN CENTS
-artf*l>*i>fif»i^Sr*t»-
01
TWENTYFWE CENTS
FIFTY CENTS
n
242
AMERICAN AGBICULTURIST
POSTOFFICES BY STATES AND KINDS.
[Fiscal year ending June 30, 1903.]
Number
Whole of pres-
States and number idential
. territories of offices offices
Alabama 2,550 55
Alaska 101 4
Arizona 257 21
Arkansas 2,037 60
California 1,658 152
Colorado 752 57
Connecticut 446 89
Delaware 132 15
District of Columbia. 1 1
Florida 1,181 40
Georgia 2,474 80
Idaho 501 30
Illinois 2.347 314
Indiana 1,862 185
Indian Territory 668 39
Iowa 1,633 285
Kansas 1,475 161
Kentucky 3269 77
Louisiana 1,314 43
Maine 1,166 72
Maryland 1,020 38
Massachusetts 790 177
Michlgran 1,929 233
Minnesota 1,586 169
Mississippi 2,187 61
Missouri 2,813 170
Montana 546 33
Nebraska 1,002 126
Nevada 186 12
New Hampshire 527 54
New Jersey 875 125
New Mexico 387 14
New York 3,319 392
North Carolina 3,082 74
North Dakota 768 51
Ohio 2,920 261
Oklahoma 863 47
Oregon 870 42
Pennsylvania 4,912 360
Rhode Island 137 23
South Carolina 1,246 39
South Dakota 649 59
Tennessee 2,477 63
Gross
Money Total receipts,
order offices thou-
offlces 4th class sands
683
2,495
$1,054
21
97
35
89
236
219
600
1,977
887
847
1,506
3,852
342
695
1,470
282
357
1,988
57
117
224
.—
—
871
418
1.141
673
671
2,394
1.719
163
471
313
1,159
2,033
13,696
831
1,677
3,342
166
629
373
1,003
1,348
3,433
764
1.314
1,980
607
3,192
1,812
366
1,271
1.220
455
1.094
1,320
307
982
1.965
432
613
7,542
810
1,696
4.252
640
1*417
3,379
393
2,126
816
1,192
2,643
6,071
169
613
514
491
876
1.788
47
174
117
248
473
713
403
750
3.367
109
373
198
1,587
2,927
23,062
468
3,008
1,129
244
717
680
1,265
2,659
7,764
246
816
601
334
828
789
2,379
4,562
11,666
75
114
827
273
1,207
632
252
590
586
495
2,414
1,622
TBAJt BOOK AND ALMAXAC 248
POSTOPFICES BY STATES AND KINDS— Continued.
Number Gross
Whole ofpres- Money Total receipts
States and number idential order offices thou-
territori es of offices offices offices 4th class sands
Texas ..~ 3,313 197 1,087 3,116 2.865
Utah -330 17 126 313 413
Vermont 533 47 290 486 ,648
Virginia 3,722 72 764 3,650 1,763
Washington 945 56 363 889 1,170
West Virginia 2.230 58 356 2,172 980
Wisconsin I.«i75 165 710 1,510 3,044
Wyoming 331 16 92 315 181
Hawaii 91 4 53 87 117
Porto Rico 81 4 28 77 91
Tutuila (Samoa) 1—11 —
Guam 1 — 1 1 —
Midway Islands 1 — — 1 —
Total 74.169 5.039 2 6. 164 69. 130 $93,466
STATISTICS OF THE POSTAL SERVICE.
[From the annual reports of the postmaster general.]
[In millions of dollars.]
Expended for ^
transportation of ^ P
Year Post- Extent Revenue , s 75 ^
ended offices of post of dep't Domltic For'^n ^g
June 30 routes mail mail ^ ^
Number Miles Thousands
1903 74,169 506,268 $134 $63 $2,580 $138
1902 75,924 507,540 121 59 2,410 124
1901 76,945 511,808 111 56 2,148 115
1900 76.688 500,990 102 54 2,100 107
1899 75,000 496,949 95 52 1.769 101
1898 73,570 480.461 89 50 1,760 98
1897 71.022 470,032 82 48 1,890 94
1896 70,360 463,313 82 47 1,530 90
1895 70,064 456,026 76 46 1,173 86
1894 69,805 455,746 75 45 1,239 84
1893 68,403 453.833 75 41 1,097 81
1892 67,119 447,591 70 39 774 76
1891 64,329 439,027 65 37 620 71
1890 62,401 427.990 60 34 563 65
1889 58,999 416,159 56 32 541 01
1888 57,376 403,977 52 29 547 56
1887 55.157 373,142 48 27 402 53
1885 51.252 365,251 42 27 331 50
1880 42,898 343,888 33 20 199 36
1876 36,383 281,798 28 17 753 33
244 AMERICAN AGRICUI.TURIST
RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES OP POSTOPFICE SERV-
ICE BY DECADES, AND FOR 1903 AND 1904.
[Receipts, expenditures, surplus and deficit, in thousands.]
Year No. of offices Receipts Expenditures Surplus Deficit
1904 71,131 $143,582 $152,362 ^^^^^ $8,779
1903# 74,169 134,224 138,784 — 4,560
1902 75,924 121,848 124,809 — 2,961
1892 67,119 70,930 76,980 — 6,050
1882 46,231 41,883 40,482 $1,400 —
1872 31,863 21,915 26,658 — 4.742
1862 28,875 8,299 11,125 — 2,825
1852 20,901 6,925 7,108 — 182
1842 13,733 4,546 5,674 — 1,127
1832 .: 9,205 2,258 2,266 — 7
1822 4,709 1,117 1,167 — $50
1812 2,610 649 540 109 —
1802 1,U4 327 269 57 —
1792 195 67 54 12 —
ESTIMATES.
Postal revenue, year ending June 30, 1903 $134,224,443.00
Add 9 per cent 12,080,199.87
Estimated revenue for 1904 146,304,642.87
Appropriation for 1904 153,511,549.75
Estimated deficit for 1904 7,206,906.88
Estimated revenue for 1904 $146,304,642.87
Add 9 per cent 13,167,417.85
Estimated revenue for 1905 159,472,060.72
Estimated expenditures for 1905 168,085,770.00
Estimated deficit for 1905 8,613,709.28
ELECTRIC CAR SERVICE.
On June 30, 1903, there were In operation 379 electric and
cable car routes, with a total length of 4283 miles, an annual
travel of 8,585,950 miles, and costing $46,216. The increase in
length was 775 miles, in annual travel 1,051,193 miles, and in
annual expenditure $46,867.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 245
MAIL TRANSPORTATION.
On June 30, 1903, the total number of domestic routes of all
classes was 33,448; their length 506.268 miles, and the annual
travel 493,193,359 miles. Compared with the preceding year this
Is a decrease in length of routes of 1272 miles, but an increase
in annual travel of 18.958,671 miles. The expenditure for such
service for the last fiscal year was $63,594,542.34, an increase of
$4,312,664.81.
INTERNATIONAL MONEY ORDERS.
Special forms of application for foreign money orders will be
furnished to persons who desire them.
The value of the British pound sterling in L^nited States
money is fixed by convention at $4.87; the German mark at 24
cents gold; French and Swiss franc and Italian lire at 19.4 cents
gold; Swedish and Norwegian kroner at 27 cents; Netherlands
florin at 41 cents, Portuguese milreis at 80 cents.
International money orders are issued payable in Africa,
Algeria, Arabia, Australia, Austria, Azores. Bahamas, Ber-
muda, British Bechuanaland, Borneo, British Guiana. British
Honduras, Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Colony, Ceylon, Chili, China,
Crete, Cuba, Cyprus, Danish West Indies, Denmark, Dutch. East
Indies, Egypt, Falkland Islands, Faroe Islands, Finland. France,
Germany, Gibraltar, Great Britain and Ireland, Hawaiian Is-
lands, Honduras, Hongkong. Hungary. Iceland, India, Italy,
Jamaica, Japan, Java. Leeward Islands, Luxemburg, Madeira,
Malacca^ Malta, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, New South
Wales, Newfoundland, New Zealand, North Borneo, Norway,
Orange River Colony, Panama, Persia, Porto Rico, Portugal,
Queensland, Rhodes, Roumania, Russia, St. Helena, Salvador,
Servia, Siam, South Australia, Spice Islands, Straits Settle-
ments, Sumatra, Sweden, Switzerland, Tasmania, Tobago, Trans-
vaal, Trinidad, Tripoli, Tunis. Turkey, Victoria, Western Aus-
tralia, West Indies, Windward Islands and Zanzibar.
Fees collected on international money orders:
Not exceeding $10 $0.10 Not exceeding $60 $0.60
Not exceeding $20 20 Not exceeding $70 70
Not exceeding $30 30 Not exceeding $80 ZC
Not exceeding $40 40 Not exceeding $90 90
Not exceeding $50 50 Not exceeding $100 1.00
Rates of fees for Mexico, Costa Rica, Liberia, the Transvaal
and Bolivia:
Orders for sums $10 or less.$0.0S Over $50, not exceeding $60.. $0.30
Over $10, not exceeding $20. . .10 Over $60, not exceeding $70. . .35
Over $20, not exceeding $30. . .15 Over $70, not exceeding $80. . .40
Over $30, not exceeding $40. . .20 Over $80, not exceeding $90. . ,45
Over $40, not exceeding $50. . .25 Over $90, not exceeding $100. .50
246 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
The maximum amount for which a singrle international
money order may be drawn is, for orders payable in—
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Cape Col-
ony and Jamaica (as heretofore) £10 5s 4d= ^
New Zealand £20 10s 8d= 100
Queensland £20 10s 8d= 100
France, Algeria and Tunis Francs 515= 100
Belgium Francs 515=r ICO
Switzerland Francs 515= 100
Italy Lire or francs 515= 100
Portugal Milrels 113.640 rels= 100
Netherlands Florins 243.90 cents= ICO
Germany Marks 416.67= 100
Sweden Kroner 370=:= 100
Norway Kroner 370= 100
Denmark Kroner 370^ 100
Canada 100
Hawaiian (or Sandwich) Islands 100
Japan 100
Honduras 100
Newfoundland 100
New South Wales £20 10s 8d^ 100
Victoria £20 10s 8d= 100
Tasmginia £20 10s 8d= 100
Windward Islands £20 10s 8d= 100
Leeward Islands £20 10s Sd= 100
Bahamas £20 10s 8d= 100
The Colony of Trinidad and Tobago £20 10s 8d= ICO
Austria Francs 515= 100
Hungary Francs 515= 100
British Guiana £10 5s 4d= 50
Bermuda £10 5s 4d=r 50
South Australia £20 10s 8d= 100
Luxemburg, Grand Duchy of Francs 515= 100
Salvador 100
Hongkong 100
Finland Kroner 370= 100
Servia .Francs 515=: 100
Egypt 100
Chili 100
British Honduras £20 10s 8d=:= 100
Cuba 100
Porto Rico 100
Mexico 100
Russia 194 rubles 33 copeks= 100
YEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 247
COST OF DOMESTIC MONEY ORDERS.
On orders not exceeding $2.50 $0.03
Over $2.50 and not exceeding $5 05
Over $5 and not exceeding $10 08
Over $10 and not exceeding $20 10
Over $20 and not exceeding $30 12
Over $30 and not exceeding $40 15
Over $40 and not exceeding $50 18
Over $50 and not exceeding $60 20
Over $60 and not exceeding $75 25
Over $75 and not exceeding $100 30
RATES OP POSTAGE.
First-Class Matter— Letters, matter wholly or partly in writ-
ing, drawings and plans containing written words, letters or de-
scriptive figures, and matter wliich is sealed against inspec-
tion, are flrst-class matter, and subject to the postage rate of
2 cents for each ounce or fraction thereof. This rate applies also
to letters for Canada, Mexico, Porto Rico, Guam and the Phil-
ippine Islands.
On local or drop letters, 2 cents for each ounce or fraction
thereof; where there is no carrier system, 1 cent an ounce.
Postal cards having anything attached except a label of
address, or having writing or printing on the face other than
the address, are subject to letter rates of postage.
Second-Class Matter— Embraces "all newspapers and other
periodical publications which are issued at stated intervals and
as frequently as four times a year, originated and published for
the dissemination of information of a public character, or de-
voted to literature, the sciences, arts' or some special industry,
and which have a legitimate list of subscribers, provided, how-
ever, that nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to
admit to the second-class rate regular publications, designed pri-
marily for advertising purposes or free circulation, or for circu-
lation at nominal rates." On newspapers and periodical publica-
tions of the second class, when sent by others than the publisher
or news agent, the postage shall be prepaid at the rate of one
cent for each four ounces of fractional part thereof.
Thlrd-Class Matter— Embraces books, circulars, photographs,
printed labels, proof sheets, corrected proof sheets with manu-
script copy accompanying the same, seeds, cuttings, roots,
scions and plants; and postage shall be paid thereon at the rate
of 1 cent for each two ounces or fractional part thereof.
Fourth-Class Matter— Embraces blank address tags or labels,
patterns, playing cards, visiting cards, ornamented paper, en-
velopes plain or printed, paper ba^s plain or printed, and sam-
ples of merchandise, models, samples of ores, metals, minerals,
cut flowers, or any other matter not Included in the first, sec-
248 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
ond or third classes, and which is not liable to destroy or other-
wise damage the contents of the mail bag. Postage rate thereon,
1 cent for each ounce or fractional part thereof.
The act regulating second«class matter was passed March 3,
1879, and remained legally unchanged until March, 1900, when it
was decided that "the legitimate list of subscribers prescribed
by law must approximate 50 per cent of the number of copies
regularly Issued and circulated by mail or otherwise." The
phrase "periodical publications" is now ruled to include "only
those which consist of current news or miscellaneous literature
matter or both, not excluding advertising." Another rulingr of
interest is that, interpreting the phrase "for the dissemination
of information of a public character" as barring local religrlous
publications. Among the various phases of the mailing problem
now under consideration are: The attempt to stop the practice
of subscribing in bulk for publications, the admittance of sann-
pie copies at the same rate as those subscribed for, and the
"recommendation of a rate of 4 cents a pound for all publica-
tions excepting dailies, weeklies, semi-weeklies and tri-weeklies."
The Parcels Post
HOW THE EXPRESS COMPANIES AND THE POSTOP.FICB
IMPOSE A HIGH TAX UPON THE TRANSPORTATION
OF PACKAGES— A SIMPLE REMEDY IN THE PARCELS
POST.
From the cradle to the grave, every individual in America
is constantly, insidiously and unjustly taxed, by reason of the
extortionate charges for transporting merchandise packages by
either express or mail. The abuse is one of the rankest to which
the public submits.
No consideration exists which justifies a longer continuance
of this evil. On the contrary, the time is ripe for the introduc-
tion of a parcels post that shall make easy and cheap the trans-
portation of large or small parcels between the people of this
country.
The parcels post long since became indispensable in Great
Britain and most European countries, at rates from 25 to 95
per cent less than the postage or express charges in the United
States. It is absolutely certain that the parcels post could be
introduced here on a basis that would be self-sustaining.
Already the postofflce carries each year 2000 million parcels
of magazines and newspapers at 1 cent per pound, the limit
of weight being a 220-pound mail sack.
Over 100 million parcels of magazines and newspapers are
mailed by the general public annually at 4 cents per pound, and
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC S4i
nearly 1000 million parcels of books are posted yearly at 8 cents
per pound, the weight limit in these two cases being four pounds
per package.
Over 300 million parcels of magazines and local newspapers
are carried post free eac|i year within the county of publication.
But of general merchandise, only about 75 million parcels
are carried in the mails yearly, because the rate is 16 cents per
pound, and the weight of a single package cannot exceed four
pounds.
The total number of parcels carried in the mails each year
now probably exceeds 4000 millions in number, and 250,000 tons
in weight. This greatly exceeds both in number of pieces and
weight, the letter post.
The public want the merchandise rate of postage reduced
to 1 cent for three ounces, 5 cents for one pound, and 25 cents
for 11 pounds.
Express companies are fighting this reform tooth and nail,
because they say it would transfer much of their business to
the mails.
The express companies also oppose the public demand for
a suitable postal currency, to supersede the present inconvenient
and costly postal money order service. The latter seems to be
cleverly designed to compel people to send money by express
orders. It is a notorious fact that the express companies thus
obtain the use of millions of capital, not only free of cost ex-
cept for transportation, but are actually paid for handling the
money. It is as though a depositor not only received no inter-
est on his money in the bank, but actually paid the bank 1 or
2 per cent per annum on his deposit for having the use of his
money!
The express companies compete with the postofflce in every
possible way. They transport and deliver certain parcels at a
fraction less than the postage rate.
But the express companies in Great Britain and Europe
compete profitably even with the low rates on parcels post
which prevail in those countries. In Germany, parcels are car-
ried all distances at a total cost of only 12 cents for an 11-pound
package, while parcels up to 110 pounds in weight may be posted
at a proportional reduction per pound. In Switzerland the rates
are much less.
In the United States the postage on merchandise averages
about 16 times as much as the rate in Germany. For instance,
it costs 64 cents to mail four pounds in the United States, while
in Germany 110 pounds may be mailed for only 60 cents.
There is a library post in Germany and Switzerland by
which, at a cost of only 3 cents for four pounds, you can have
any book you want mailed to you from the public library and
carried back from your home to the library, the 3 cents cov-
ering postage both ways.
In the United States the rate is 16 cents per pound each
way« making four pounds of library books cost $1.28 for the
260 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
round trip from home to library and back. The library post is
therefore three times as expensive here as abroad.
Tlie free delivery of letters and papers has been a great
convenience to farmers, so much so that this year congrress ap-
propriated $20,000,000 for this service, whereas only a few years
ago it utterly refused to even authorize the experiment of rural
free delivery.
But the farmer is still compelled to hitch up his team and
go to the postofRce every time he wants to receive a package
of merchandise or mail a pound of produce.
Not only that, but the rate of postage is so high as to make
the mails practically prohibitive for his business. The farmer,
like other people, therefore, has to pay the express companies
their robber tariff.
Yet the rural mail carrier is going right by every farm-
house every day. Here is an agency by which, were the rates
reasonable, farmers could ship their produce fresh every day
direct to consumers, and in return could have any kind of
merchandise they want delivered at the farmer's door.
If the postage on parcels post were reduced to say 1 cent
for three ounces, 5 cents for one pound, and 25 cents for 11
pounds, the service would doubtless be self-sustaining. And
there would be business enough left for the express companies
to earn a reasonable dividend on their actual investment. But
Uncle Sam would better buy out the express companies, at the
present market quotation, rather than delay making lower
rates on the parcels post.
Of course the express lobby at Washington is, at first sight,
a hard one to overcome, since Thomas C. Piatt, United States
senator from New York, is president of the United States ex-
press company.
Yet a grand, overwhelming demand for parcels post, unani-
mously voiced and insisted upon by the great public, will com-
pel favorable action by congress, just as it compelled favorable
action for rural free delivery.
It's a shame the way the express companies tax the public
through excessive rates on small parcels. This is due to the
high postage on merchandise. Here in America the postage is
16 cents per pound on merchandise and package must not exceed
four pounds in weight. In Switzerland, the rate is only 3 cents
per pound up to 11 pounds, and in Germany 6 cents, with 11
pounds limit.
During the fiscal year 1904 there were received by the United
States 54.078 parcels, with a total weight of 192,396 pounds. Com-
pared with the previous year this shows a decrease in the num-
ber of parcels of 20,072 and a decrease in weight of 276,449 pounds.
Parcels post conventions have recently been completed with
Hongkong, Japan and Norway. Each of these conventions re-
stricts the value of any parcel to $50 and its weight to 4 pounds
6 ounces, which restrictions now ap[)ly also to parcels exchanged
between this country and Germany.
TBAR BOOK AND AUCANAC 261
PARCELS POST REGULATIONS.
In Bolivia, Chiie, Guatemala, British Guiana, Honduras*
British Honduras, Nickragua. Salvador and Venezuela, the
greatest length allowable for a package is 3 feet 6 inches, and
the greatest length and girth combined 6 feet; in Colombia,
Costa Rica and Mexico, the greatest length is 2 feet and the
greatest girth 4 feet. The greatest weight allowable is 11
pounds in all of the countries. The postage for a parcel not
exceeding one pound is 12 cents, and 12 cents for every additional
pound or fraction of a pound, In all of the above mentioned
countries except Bolivia and Chile, where 20 cents Is charged
for a parcel not exceeding one pound, and 20 cents for every
additional pound or fraction of a pouivd. The exchange post-
offlces. which may dispatch and receive parcels post mail are
shown in the following table:
f Exchange postofflces %
Countries United States Latin America
Bolivia New York and San La Paz.
Francisco.
Chile New York and San Valparaiso.
Francisco
Colombia ,. All offices authorized to exchange mails
Costa Rica between the two countries.
Guatemala New York, New Or- Guatemala City,
leans and San Retalhuleu and
Francisco. Puerto Barrios.
Guiana, British All offices authorized to exchange mails.
Honduras New York, New Or- Tegucigalpa, Puerto
leans and San Cortez, Amapala
Francisco. and Trujillo.
Honduras. British.. New Orleans. Belize.
Mexico All offices authorized to exchange mails.
Nicaragua New York, New Or- Bluefields. San Juan
leans and San del Norte and Co-
Francisco, rinto.
Salvador New York and San San Salvador.
Francisco.
Venezuela All offices authorized to exchange mails.
252 , AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
Education
SUCCESS OF CONSOLIDATION OF SCHOOLS.
There are now 20 states where Ihe plan of uniting several
small ungraded schools into a single large graded one is in
operation in the rural towns to a greater or less extent. Con-
solidation has proved a succes"^ in every case, and has been
found less expensive than the district schools, even after pay-
ing for the transportation of the children living at a distance.
In Massachusetts, over 65 per cent of the townships have been
consolidated in whole or in part. Consolidation exists largely in
Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont, Ohio,
Indiana, Iowa and Kansas, iand to some extent in Maine, Rhode
Island, New York, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North
Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Missouri, Louisiana and
Florida. The following will show the comparative cost of the
two plans;
DISTRICT PLAN.
Salaries for seven teachers for seven months $2492.00
Institute fee for seven institutes 124.60
Fuel for seven rooms at $30 per room 210.00
Supplies for seven rooms at $10 per room 70.00
Repairs at $20 per room 140.00
Total $3036.60
CONSOLIDATION PLAN.
Salaries for 'four teachers for seven months $1442.00
Institute fee for seven institutes 72.10
Fuel for four rooms at $30 per room 120.00
Supplies for four rooms at $10 per room 40.00
Repairs at $20 per room 80.00
Total $1754.10
Transportation at $8.87 per day $1225.00
Difference in favor of consolidation 57.50
$3036.60
AGRICULTURAL HIGH SCHOOLS.
Agricultural high schools between the country school and
the college of agriculture have proved successful and very prac-
tical in Minnesota, Nebraska and North Dakota. They are more
practical for country young people than are city high schools
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC
268
for city youth, and other states, as Maine, Alabama and Wis-
consin, are starting them.
Large agricultural high schools, in which each student has
the advantages of a large equipment of laboratories, improved
live stock, etc., and of a strong faculty of specialists, and to
which come students from consolidated rural schools prepared
in the academic studies, can provide the technical training in
agriculture and country home making in the shortest practica-
ble time, at the least expense to the state and pupil, and in the
very best way.
A state agricultural college, supplied with graduates of agri-
cultural high schools, would be able to give advanced work
that would turn out teachers, experimenters and specialists in
farming of a high order. This system would provide experiment
farms, demonstration farms and model farms. Each state would
have its central experiment station farm at the agricultural
college, and a branch station farm at each agricultural high
school. These would serve for purposes of instruction as well
as for experimental work. At each consolidated rural school
a miniature farm of 10 acres would serve to demonstrate many
of the things wrought out by experiment stations and many
practical details of farm work.
STATISTICS OF SCHOOL SYSTEMS.
Estimate
of popula-
tion in 1902
United States 78,544,816
North Atlantic division... 21 ,802 ,750
South , Atlantic division... 10.696, 435
South central division 14,715,700
North central division.... 26 ,912 ,400
Western division 4,417.531
-No. children of school age-^
Boys Girls Total
11,217,401
11,044,462
22,261,863
2,666,035
2,633,755
5,329.790
1,7U,395
1.689,728
3.401.123
2,445,342
2,383,097
4,828,439
3,833,806
3,760,164
7,593,970
560,823
547,718
1,108,541
NUMBER OF PUPILS OF ALL AGES ENROLLED IN
SCHOOLS IN 1902.
Boys
United States 8,609,418
North Atlantic division.1,872.442
South Atlantic division. 1,120 ,271
South central division.. 1,584,924
North central division.. 2, 968 ,396
Western division 463,385
Per cent of
school popu-
lation en-
Girls
Total
rolled, '02
7,916,469
15,925,887
71.54
1.861.241
3,733,683
70.05
1,159,019
2,279,290
67.02
1.571,666
3,156,590
65.37
2,898,000
5,866,396
77.25
426,543
899,928
80.28
264 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
AVERAGE MONTHLY SALARY OP TEACHERS.
Male
TnTted States $49.05'
North Atlantic division 59.01
South Atlantic division 30.50
South central division 44.28
North central division 50.85
Western division 65.90
Female
~$39.77~~
40.17
28.60
36.88
39.60
53.73
WHOLE NUMBER OF TEACHERS
SCHOOLS.
EMPLOYED IN
Male
Female
Total
United States 122,392
North Atlantic division 18,069
South Atlantic division 19,567
South central division 30,652
North central division 48,152
Western division 5,952
317,204
439,596
90.003
108,072
31,818
51,385
34,848
65.500
139,691
187,843
20,844
26,796
SCHOOL EXPENDITURE.
Total
expended
in roun
1889-90
amount
I for schools
d millions
1901-2
$235
91
14
16
93
19
Per capita
of population
1889-90 1901-2
United States
North Atlantic division.
South Atlantic division.
South central division..
North central division..
Western division
$140
48
8
10
63
10
$2:24 $2.99
2.76 4.18
.99 1.32
.97 1.14
2.81 3.48
3.37 4.39
AVERAGE NUMBER DAYS
SCHOOLS WERE KEPT.
1889-90
1901-2
Avg. no. days
attended by
each pupil en-
rolled in 1901-2
United States
134.7
145.0
177.3
115.8
100.6
156.5
143.9
100.1
North Atlantic division.
South Atlantic division.
South central division ..
North central division .
Western division
66.6
99.9
. . . ( . 88.2
148.0
135.0
130.2
73.4
66.9
100.4
99.2
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 255
PUPILS IN SPECIAL SCHOOLS, 1901-2.
[Report of Coipmissioner of Education.]
City evening schools, estimated 207,162
Business sciiools 137,247
Schools for defectives 28,827
Reform schools 35,247
Government Indian schools 24,120
Indian schools (five civilized tribes) 13,864
Schools in Alaska 3,441
Orphan asylums 15,000
Private kindergartens , 105,932
Miscellaneous 50,000
620,840
Schools and colleges, public and private 17,460,000
18,080,840
NORMAL SCHOOLS.
The first training school for teachers was opened in Stettin,
Prussia, in 1735. The first one in the United States was at Lex-
ington. Mass. (now moved to Framingham, Mass.), in 1839.
Now every state and territory, excepting Wyoming and Ne-
vada, where teachers are educated in the state colleges, has at
least one normal school. There are in the United States (1901-2)
173 public and 109 private normal schools, with a total of 3277
instructors, 65,068 students and 10,005 graduates.
PUBLIC NORMAL SCHOOLS.
Alabama— Florence, Jacksonville, Livingston, Montgomery, Nor-
mal (colored), Troy.
Arizona— Tempe.
Arkansas— Pine Bluft.
California— Chico, Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose.
Colorado— Greeley.
Connecticut— Bridgeport, New Britain, New Haven, Willimantic.
Delaware— Wilmington.
District of Columbia— Washington.
Florida— De Funiak Springs, Tallahassee.
Georgia— Athens, Milledgeville. ^
Idaho— Albion, Lewis ton.
Illinois— Carbondale, Chicago, Station O, Normal.
Indiana^-Indianapolis, Terre Haute.
Iowa— Boonesboro, Cedar Falls, Dexter, Rockwell City, Wood-
bine.
Kansas— Emporia.
256 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
Kentucky— Corinth, Frankfort (colored), Hazard, Louisville,
Magnolia, Temple Hill, Upton.
Louisiana-^Natchitoches, New Orleans.
Maine— Cas tine, Farmington, Fort Ivent, Gorham.
Maryland— Baltimore (Maryland State Normal School; Baltimore
Normal School for Education of Colored Teachers).
Massachusetts — Boston (Boston Normal School; Massuchusetts
Normal Art School), Bridgewater, Cambridge, Fitchburg,
Framingham, Lowell, North Adams, Salem, Westfield, Wor-
cester.
Michigan— Detroit, Mount Pleasant, Tpsilanti.
Minnesota— Mankato, Moorhead, St. Cloud, St. Paul, AVinona.
Mississippi— Abbeville, Holly Springs (Holly Springs Normal In-
stitute; Mississippi State Normal School), Paris, Sherman,
Troy, Walnut Grove.
Missouri— Cape Girardeau, KirksvIUe, St. Louis, Warrensburg.
Montana— Dillon.
Nebraska— Peru.
New Hampshire— Plymouth.
New Jersey — Newark, Paterson, Trenton.
New Mexico— Silver (iity.
New York— Albany, Brockport, Brooklyn, Buffalo, Cortland,
Fredonia, Geneseo, Jamaica, New Paltz, New York, Oneonta,
Oswego, Plattsburg, Potsdam, Syracuse.
North Carolina— Elizabeth City (colored), Fayetteville (colored),
Franklinton, Goldsboro, Greensboro, Plymouth, Salisbury.
North Dakota— Mayville, Valley City.
Ohio— Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Dayton, Geneva, Wads-
worth.
Oklahoma— Edmond.
Oregon— Ashland, Drain, Monmouth, Weston.
Pennsylvania— Bloomsburg, California, Clarion, East Strouds-
burg, Edinboro, Indiana, Kutztown, Lockhaven, Mansfield,
Millersville, Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Shippensburg, Slippery
Rock, West Chester.
Rhode Island— Providence.
South Carolina— Rockhlll."
South Dakota— Madison, Spearflsh, Springfield.
Tennessee— Nashville.
Texas— Detroit, Huntsvllle, Timpson.
Utah— Cedar City, Salt Lake City.
Vermont— Castleton, Johnson, Randolph.
Virginia — Farmville, Hampton, Petersburg.
Washington— Cheney, EUensburg.
West Virginia— Athens, Fairmont, Glenville, Huntington, Insti-
tute (colored), Shepherdstown, West Liberty.
Wisconsin— Milwaukee, Oshkosh. Plattsville, River Falls, Ste-
phens Point, West Superior, Whitewater.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 257
SCHOOLS FOR MANUAL TRAINING.
There were in 1901-2, 163 schools devoted chiefly to manual
training, with nearly 50,0C0 pupils; 39 of these schools were for
Indian children. Besides these special schools. 270 public schools
in 1901-2 gave manual instruction to the pupils. This work be-
gan in 1890 in :^7 cities, and has steadily increased until the last
report shows 270 cities giving this training.
SCHOOLS IN ALASKA.
In 1901-2 there were in Alaska 27 schools, with 33 teachers,
and a total of 1791 pupils. Four of these schools were for white
pupils, three for both white and native, and the rest for natives,
including Eskimos, Aleuts and Indians. Fifty Alaskan children
were also attending the Carlisle Indian school, most of them
doing well in all ways. Missions of 11 denominations have
schools in connection with their religious work.
SCHOOLS FOR THE DEFECTIVE CLASSES.
There are reported 39 schools for the blind, with 487 instruc-
tors and 4315 pupils. There are 105.804 books in the libraries of
these schools, and in the year 1901-2 $77,877 was expended for
buildings and improvements, and $1,072,512 for support.
In 121 schools for the deaf are 1,315 teachers and 11,938 pupils.
The sum of $467,124 was expended for buildings and $2,189,677 for
salaries and support. Of these institutions, 57 are state, 49 pub-
lic day schools, and 15 private.
There are 20 state and 12 private schools for the feeble-
minded, wnth 339 teachers, 801 assistants and 12,579 pupils.
STATE INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND.
Alabama— Talladega, Alabama Academy for the Blind.
Arkansas— Little Rock, Arkansas School for the Blind.
California — Berkeley, California Institution for the Deaf and
Blind.
Colorado — Colorado Springs, Colorado School for the Deaf and
Blind.
Florida— St. Augustine, State Institute for the Deaf and Blind.
Georgia — Macon, Georgia Academy for the Blind.
Illinois — Jacksonville, Illinois Institution for the Education of the
Blind.
Indiana — Indianapolis, Indiana Institution for the Education of
the Blind.
Iowa— Vinton, Iowa College for the Blind.
Kansas— Kansas City, State Institution for the Education of
the Blind.
268 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
Kentucky-^liouisville, Kentucky Institution for the Bducation
of the Blind.
Louisiana—Baton Rouge, State Institution for the Kducation
of the Blind.
Maryland— Baltimore, Maryland School for Colored Blind and
Deaf; Maryland School for the Blind.
Massachusetts— South Boston, Perkins Institute and Massachu-
setts School for Blind.
Michigan— Lansing, Michigan School for Blind.
Minnesota— iFarlbault, Minnesota School for Blind.
Mississippi— Jackson, Institution for the Blind of Mississippi.
Missouri— St Louis, Missouri School for Blind.
Montana— Boulder, Montana Deaf and Dumb Asylum.
Nebraska— Nebraska City, Nebraska Institute for the Blind.
New York- Batavia, New York State School for the Blind.
New York, New York Institution for the Blind.
North Carolina— Raleigh, North Carolina Institution for the Ed-
ucation of the Deaf and Dumb and Blind.
Ohio— Columbus, Ohio Institution for the Blind.
Oregon— Salem, Oregon School for the Blind.
Pennsylvania— Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Institution for the In-
structlon of the Blind.
Pittsburg, Western Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind.
South Carolina— Cedar Springs, South Carolina Institution for
the Education of the Deaf and Blind.
Tennessee— Nashville, Tennessee School for Blind.
Texas— Austin, Deaf, Dumb and Blind Institute for Colored
Youth; Texas Institution for the Blind.
Virginia— Staunton, Virginia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb
and the Blind.
Washington— Vancouver, Washington School for Defective
Youth.
West Virginia^Romney, West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and
Blind.
Wisconsin— Janesville, Wisconsin School for the Blind.
STATE INSTITUTIONS FOR THE DEAP.
Alabama— Talladega, Alabama Institute for the Deaf.
Arkansas— Little Rock, Arkansas Deaf Mute Institute.
California— Berkeley, California Institution for the Education of
the Deaf and the Blind.
Colorado— Colorado Springs, Colorado School for the Deaf and
Blind.
Connecticut— Hartford, American School for the Deaf.
Mystic, Mystic Oral School for the Deaf.
District of Columbia— Washington, the Columbia Institution for
the Deaf; Gallaudet College; Kendall School.
Florida— St. Augustine, State Institution for the Deaf and the
Blind.
Georgia— Cave Spring, Georgia School for the Deal
YEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 259
Illinois — ^Jacksonville, Illinois Institution for the Education of
the Deaf and Dumb.
Indiana— Indianapolis, Indiana Institution for the Education of
the Deaf.
Iowa— Council Bluffs, Iowa School for the Deaf.
Kansas — Olathe, Kansas Institution for the Deaf and Dumb.
Kentucky— Danville, Kentucky Institution for the Education of
Deaf Mute^.
Louisiana— Baton Rouge, Louisiana Institution for the Deaf
and Dumb.
Maine — Portland, Maine School for the Deaf.
Maryland— Baltimore, Maryland School for the Colored Blind
and Deaf.
Frederick, Maryland School for the Deaf and Dumb.
Massachusetts— Beverly, New England Industrial School for
Deaf Mutes.
Northampton, Clarke School for the Deaf.
Michigan— Flint, Michigan School for the Deaf.
Minnesota— Faribault, Minnesota School for the Deaf.
Mississippi— Jackson Institution for the Education of the Deaf
and Dumb.
Missouri— Fulton, Missouri School for the Deaf.
Montana — Boulder, Montana Deaf and Dumb Asylum.
Nebraska— Omaha, Institution for the Deaf and Dumb.
New Jersey— Trenton, New Jersey School for Deaf Mutes.
New Mexico— Santa Fe, New Mexico School for the Deaf and
the Blind.
New York— Albany, Albany Home School for the Oral Instruc-
tion of the Deaf.
Fordham, St. Joseph's Institute for the Improved Instruction
of Deaf Mutes.
Malone, Northern New York Institution for Deaf Mutes.
New York (904 Lexington avenue). Institution for the Im-
proved Instruction of Deaf Mutes; (Station M), New York
Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb.
Rochester, Western New York Institution for Deaf Mutes.
Rome, Central New York Institution for Deaf Mutes.
North Carolina— Morgantown, North Carolina School for the
Deaf and Dumb.
Raleigh, North Carolina Institution for the Deaf, Dumb and
Blind.
North Dakota— Devil's Lake, Deaf and Dumb Asylum.
Ohio — Columbus, Ohio Institution for the Education of the Deaf
and Dumb.
Oklahoma— Guthrie, Oklahoma Institute for the Deaf.
Oregon — Salem, Oregon School for Deaf Mutes.
Pennsylvania— Edgewood Park, Western Pennsylvania Institu-
tion for the Deaf and Dumb.
Philadelphia, Home for the training in speech of deaf children
before they are of school age.
Mount Airy, Philadelphia,, Pennsylvania Institution for the
Deaf and Dumb.
260 AMBRICAN AaRICULTURIST
Scran ton, Pennsylvania Oral School for the Deaf.
Rhode Island—Providence, Rhode Island Institute for the Deaf.
South Carolina^Cedar Springs, South Carolina Institution for
the Education of the Deaf and the Blind.
South Dakota— Sioux Falls, South Dakota School for Deaf
Mutes.
Tennessee— Knox ville, Tennessee Deaf and Dumb School.
Texas— Austin, Deaf, Dumb and Blind Institute for Colored
Children; Texas School for the Deaf.
Utah— Ogden, Utah State School for the Deaf and Dumb.
Virginia— Staunton, Virginia Institution for the Deaf and Blind.
Washington— Vancouver, Washington School for Defective
Youth.
West Virginia— Romney, West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and
Blind.
Wisconsin— Delavan, Wisconsin School for the Deaf
STATE INSTITUTIONS FOR THE FEEBLE-MINDED.
California— Eldridge, California Home for the Care and Training
of Feeble-Minded Children.
Illinois— Lincoln, Illinois Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children.
Indiana— Fort Wayne, Indiana School for Feeble-Minded Youth.
Iowa— Glen wood, Iowa Institution for Feeble-Minded Children.
Kansas— Winfield, Kansas State Asylum for Idiotic and Imbe-
cile Youth.
Kentucky— Frankfort, Institution for the Education and Train-
ing of Feeble-Minded Children.
Massachusetts— Waverly, Massachusetts School for the Peeble-
Minded.
Michigan— Lapeer, Michigan Home for the Feeble-Minded and
Epileptic.
Minnesota— Faribault, Minnesota School for the Feeble-Minded.
Nebraska— Beatrice, Nebraska Institution for Feeble-Minded
Youth.
New Jersey— Vineland, New Jersey Training School- for Feeble-
Minded Children; New Jersey Institution for Feeble-Minded
Women.
New York— Newark, New York Custodial Asylum for Feeble-
Minded Women.
New York, School for Feeble-Minded.
Syracuse, Syracuse State Institution for Feeble-Minded
Children.
Ohio— Columbus, Ohio Institution for the Education of Feeble*
Minded Youth.
Pennsylvania -El wyn, Pennsylvania Training School for Feeble-
Minded Children.
Washington— Vancouver, Washington School for Defective
Youth.
Wisconsin— Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin Home for Feeble-Minded.
YEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 261
SCHOOLS OF MUSIC.
New York City— Grand Conservatory of Music, 250 West 23d
street. James F. Neill, recording secretary.
Metropolitan College of Music, 21 East 14th street. John G.
Griggs, secretary.
National Dramatic Conservatory, 23 West 44th street. T.
Francis Brien, secretary.
New York College of Music, 128 East 58th street.
New York Conservatory of Music, 112 East ISth street. Etta
F. Hull, secretary.
New York German Conservatory of Music, 37 West 42d street.
New York Institute for Violhi Playing and School for Piano
and Vocal Culture. 230 p:ast 62d street.
Boston. Mass.— New England Conservatory of Music.
Faelten Pianoforte School, 162 Boylston street.
Virgil Clavier School.
Chicago, 111.— Chicago Musical College, 202 Michigan avenue.
Chicago Auditorium Conservatory, Auditorium building. Roy
Arthur Hunt, Manager.
Chicago Piano College. 421 and 243 Wabash avenue.
Cincinnati, O.— Cincinnati (Conservatory of Music, Highland ave-
nue, Burnet avenue and Oak street.
College of Music of Cincinnati.
SCHOOLS OF ART.
New York City— New York School of Applied Design for Women,
200 West 23d street. Miss Harriet Z. BIckford. secretarj'.
School of Industrial Art and Technical Design for Women, 1,')9
West 23d street. Henry D. Crisp, secretary.
New York School of Art, 57th street.
Woman's Art School, Cooper Union. Miss Mary A. Vinton,
president.
Art Students* League, 215 West 57th street, Elna de Mier,
secretary.
National Academy of Design. 53 East 23d stroet.
Boston, Mass.— Massachusetts Normal Art School, 'Exeter street,
corner Newbury street.
Museum of Fine Arts, Dartmouth street, corner St. James
avenue.
South Boston School of Art, junction of Emerson and East
Fourth streets.
Cowles Art School, 221 Columbus avenue.
Chicago, 111.— School of Illustrating and .Designing (School of
Black and White), 115-llC Auditorium building.
Art Institute School of Art.
School of Elementary Art Instruction, 730 and 203 Michigan
avenue.
School of Illustration, 26 East Van Buren street.
$62 AMERICA^ Aa^gyf.Tyiti9T
Art Students' LeafiTue, Art Institute.
School of Progrres^ive Art, ^ Auditorium building.
St. Louis, Mo.— School of Fine Arts, Locust street, pear corner
19th street. H. C. Ives, director.
San Francisco, Cal.— School of Design, in connection wltl^ the
San Franeisoo Art Association, Mark Hopkins Institute
of Art.
Philadelphia. Pa.— Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Inc^ustry,
Chestnut street.
Philadelphia School of Design for Women, North Broad and n
Water streets. ' j
Cincinnati, O.— Art School of the Cincinnati Museum Association, ;
EJdian Park.
PertveTi'Qol. ^Students' School of Art, 1517 Tremont street. ^
SCHOOLS OF DOMESTIC SCIENCE. I
[And Institutions W|ilcli Have Courses In Domestic Sciepee
and Cookery.]
Alabama— Auburn, Agricultural College Normal School for Col-
ored Pupils.
Arizona— Tucson, University of Arizona.
California — Oakland, School of Training for Domestics.
Palo Alto, Leland Stanford, Junior, University.
Colorado— Fort Collins, State Asrlcultural College.
Greeley, State Normal School. •
Connecticut— Bridgeport, Telegram-Union Cooking School.
Middletown, Summer School of Chemistry and Blolog5' at "Wes-
leyan University.
New JIaven, Bpardman School.
Storrs, Connecticut Agricultural College.
Waterbury, the Young Women's Friendly League.
Florida— Tallahassee, State Normal and Industrial College.
Georgia— Athens, State Normal School.
Atlanta, Atlanta University.
MllledgevIUe, Georgia Normal and Industrial College.
South Atlanta, Clark University for Colored Students.
Illinois— Carthage, Carthage College.
Chicago, Domestic Science Training School, 53 Dearborn street;
School of Domestic Science and Arts, 147-153 Fifth avenue;
University of Chicago.
Decatur, James Mllllken University.
Evanston, School of Domestic Science.
Urbana, State University.
Indiana— Lafayette, Purdue University.
Iowa— Ames, Iowa State College.
Kansas— Manhattan, State Agricultural College.
Kentucky— Berea, Berea College.
Frankfort, State Normal School for Colorecl Studentf.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 263
Louisiana — New Orleans, Southern University.
Ruston. Louisiana Industrial Institute.
Maine— Lewlston, Bates College.
Massachusetts— Auburndale. LaseU Seminary.
Boston. Boston Cooking School, Boylston street; Miss Farm-
er's Cooking School, 30 Huntington avenue; Simmons College;
Y. W. C. A. School of Domestic Science.
Cambridgeport, Y. W. C. A. School.
Northfleld. Northfleld Seminary.
Northampton, Smith College.
South Framingham, State Normal School.
Michigan— Agricultural College, State Agricultural College.
Minnesota — St. Anthony Park, University of Minnesota.
Missouri — Columbia, University of Missouri.
Jefferson City, Lincoln Institute.
St. Louis. Women's Training School, 1728 Locust street.
Montana — Bozeman, State College of Agriculture and Mechanic
Arts.
Nebraska— Lincoln, University of Nebraska.
New Hampshire— Exeter, Robinson Female Seminary.
Nevada— Reno, State University.
New Mexico — Mesilla Park, State University.
New York— Brooklyn, Adelphl College; Pratt Institute.
Buffalo. Women's Educational and Industrial Union.
Chautauqua, School of Domestic Science.
New Brighton, S. J., McKinley Domestic Training School for
Colored Students.
New York, Teachers' College of Columbia University; New
York Cooking School, Fourth avenue, corner 22d street;
Greater New York Cooking School, 2 East 42d street.
Niagara Falls, Oread Institute.
Potsdam, Thomas H. Clarkson School of Technology.
Rochester, Mechanics' Institute.
Syracuse, Classical School.
North Carolina— Asheville, Home Industrial School.
Concord, Scotia Seminary for Colored Girls.
Greensboro, Agricultural and Mechanical College for Colored
Students.
Raleigh, Shaw University for Colored Students.
North Dakota— Agricultural College, State Agricultural College.
Ohio — Columbus, State University.
Painesville, Lake Erie College.
Toledo, Toledo Polytechnic School.
Xenia, Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home.
Oklahoma— Stillwater, Agricultural and Mechanical College.
Oregon — Corvallis, State Agricultural College.
Sllverton, Silverton College.
Pennsylvania— Philadelphia, Philadelphia Cooking School, 1715
Chestnut street; School of Housekeeping, 12th and Sansom
streets; Drexel Institute.
Pittsburg, the School of Domestic Arts.
Ridgeway, classes for housekeepers and cooks.
ZM AMERICAN AQRICULTURIST
Rhode Island— Providence, Providence Cooklnpr School.
South Carolina— Orangeburg, Claflin Upiverslty; Colore^ Normal
College.
South Dakota— Brookings, State Agricultural Cojlege.
Tennessee— Harriman, American Uriiyerslty of Harrfman.
Utah— Logan, Agricultural College; Brlgham Young College.
Virginia— Hampton, Normal an^ Agricultural Institute.'
West Virginia— Morgan town, Wfst Virginia University.
Wisconsin— Menomonee, Stout Manual Training School.
Milwaukee, Y. W. C. A. School of Domestic Arts; Downer
College.
Cape Breton— Sydney, Training School and Home for T^ady
Immigrants.
Nova Scotia— Truro, Truro Normal Training School of pom^g^ic
Science.
Ontario — Hamilton, Ontario Normal School of Domestic Science;
Mrs. M. C. Bradley's Hamilton School of Cookery.
Ottawa, Y. W. C. A. Scliool of Domestic Science.
Toronto, Lillian Massey Normal School of Domestic Science,
145 Jarvis street; School of Domestic Science, 18 Elm street.
Quebec— Montreal, Y. W. C. A; School of Cookery.
Porto Rico — San Juan, Heye Ifemorial School of Domestic
Science.
TRAINING SCHOOLS FOR NUBSBS.
Albany, N. Y.— The Albany Hospital Training School for Nurses.
Anji Arbor, Mich.— University of Michigan Training School for
Nurses, 1131 East Catherine street.
Baltimore, M<J.— The Johns Hopkins Hospital Training School
for Kurses, Broadway.
Maryland Geiieral Hospital Trailing School for Nurses.
Mount Hope Retreat Training School (or Nurses.
Bangor, Me.— Bangor Training School for Nurses.
Beverly, Mass.— Beverly Ifospital Training School for Nijrses.
Blnghamton, N. Y.— Binghamton State Hospit^.1 Training Sel^ool
for Nurses.
Boston, Mass.— The Boston City Hospital Training School for
Nurses:
MQ.ssachMsetts Homeopathic Hospital Training Scfipol for
Nurses, Sast Concord street.
Training School for Nurses at New England hospital for
Women and Children, DimocK street.
Training School for Nurses of the Boston Children's Hospital.
Training School for Nurses of the Boston Lying-in Hospital,
24 McLean street.
Bridgeport, Ct.— Bridgeport Hospital Training Scl)ool for Nurses.
Brooklyp, N. Y.— Brooklyn Maternity apd I^ew York State School
for Training Nurses. Washington avenue an4 Douglass street.
Brooklyn Homeopathic Hospital Training School for Nurses,
100 Cumberland street.
Brooklyn Hospital 7ralnl^g School (or Nurses.
TfiAit BOOK ASH AL.MA17AG 2(5
iyd6ltlyii dlty Tfalnlnig School.
Lens Island College Host)ltal Tralhing School for Nurses.
M^moHkl 1* l-alnlng School for Nurses.
Training School for Nurses at Methodist Episcopal Hospital.
Buffalo, N. Y.— Buttald General Hospital 'training School for
Nurses, 100 High street.
Buffalo State Hospital I'l'aining &thooi for Nurses.
Children's Hospital Trainihg School for Nurses.
BuHin^tdn. Vt.^Mary Fletcher Hospital Training School for
-Nursfes.
Charleston, S. C— Charleston Training School for Nurses, City
Hospital.
Chelsea, Mafe6.---Rtifii8 S. Frost Qenel-al Hospital Ttaihitig
School tot Nurses.
Chidagd, 111.— Eiaptist Host)itai Training School fdf Nlirses,
34th street.
Hahnemann Hdi^^ltai Traihirig fiUsHdolfor Ntlf^es;
Illinois t'railiing St3h&dl fob Nurises, 9D4 Monroe str^^.
Llikdside Hospital Tfainihg School for Nurses, 4147 Lake avenue.
Mercy Hospital Training School for Nurses, Calumet avfenue
ktiti 26th street.
Michael Reese Hospital School for Nurses, 39th Street and
Gf oveiand avenue.
National Temperance Hospital Training School for Nurses,
1619 Diversey avenue.
Passavant Hospital Training School for Nurses.
Post-Graduate Training School for Nurses, 3400 Dearborn street.
St. Luke's Hospital Training School for Nurses, 1420 Indiana
avenue.
School for Nurses of Mary Thompson Hospital, cornel* of Ad-
ams and Paulina streets.
Training School for Nurses at Women's Hospital of dhi^ago.
Wesley Hospital Gaining School for Nurses, 25th and Deaf-
born streets.
Cintittnatl^ O.— Cincinnati Hospital /training School for NurSsefe.
Clarinda, la— Training School for Nurses at the to^a Hospital
tbr the Insane.
Cleveland, O.— Cleveland State Hospital Training School for
Attendants. . . ^ . .,
Clinton, Mass.--Ti^alifilnt fe6h©61 fdl- Nut-fees at CliiitOh Hdsjiitdl.
Columbia, S. C— South Carolina State Hospital fdr the Insane
Training School for Nurses.
Colutnbus, O.— t*fbtfestant Hospital Training School for Nurses,
Park street.
Concord, N. H.— Margaret Pillsbury General Hospital Training
School for Nurses.
Neiv Hampshire Asylum for the insane Training School for
Nurses.
Danvers, Mass.—'training School for Nurses at the Danvers in-
sane itospital.
Danville, Pa.— Training School for Attendants at the State lios-
pltal for the Insane.
266 AMERICAN AGRICULTUBIST
Denver, Col.— Colorado Training Scliool for Nurses in connection
witli the Arapahoe County Hospital.
Des Moines, la.— Cottage Hospital Training School for Nurses,
1121 Fourth street.
Detroit, Mich.— Detroit Emergency Hospital Training School for
Nurses.
Farrand Training School for Nurses.
Grace Hospital School of Nursing.
Fall River, Mass.— Fall River Hospital Nurse Training School.
Fergus Falls, Minn.— Training School for Nurses, Hospital for
the Insane.
Grand Rapids, Mich.— U. B. A. Home and Hospital.
Hartford, Ct.— Hartford Hospital "training School for Nurses.
Training School for Nurses at the Retreat for the Insane.
Independence, la.— Attendants' Training School at Iowa Hospi-
tal for the Insane.
Indianapolis, Ind.— City Hospital Training School.
Jersey City, N. J.— Christ Hospital Training School for Nurses.
Kalamazoo, Mich.— Training School for Attendants at the Mich-
igan Asylum for the Insane.
Kankakee, 111.— Illinois Eastern Hospital for the Insane Training
School for Nurses and Attendants.
Lawrence, Mass.— Training School for Nurses at General Hos-
pital.
Lewiston, Me.— Central Maine General Hospital Nurse Training
School.
Lowell, Mass.— Lowell Hospital Association Training School for
Nurses.
Maiden, Mass.— Nurse Training School of the Maiden Hospital.
Manchester, N. H.— Training School for Nurses at the Elliot
Hospital.
Marion, Va.— Training School for Attendants at the South West-
ern State Hospital.
Middletown, Orange County, N. Y.— Training School ^for Nurses
at Middletown State Homeopathic Hospital.
Minneapolis, Minn.— Northwestern Hospital Training School.
Morris Plains, N. J.— New Jersey State Hospital Training School
for Nurses.
Mount Pleasant, Ta.— Training School for Attendants at the Iowa
Hospital for the Insane.
Newark, N. J.— City Hospital Training School for Nurses.
Newburyport, Mass.— Newburyport Training School for Nurses.
New Haven, Ct.— Connecticut Training School for Nurses.
New London. Ct.— Nurse Training School of the Memorial Hos-
pital Association.
New Orleans, La.— Charity Hospital Training School for Nurses.
Touro Infirmary Training School for Nurses.
Newport, R. I.— Newport Hospital School for Nurses.
Newton, Mass.— Nurse Training School at the Newton Hospital.
New York, N. Y.— City Hospital Male Training School. Black-
well's island.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 267
New York City Training School for Nurses, Blackwell's island.
Hahnemann Hospital Training School for Nurses.
New York Hospital Training School for Nurses, West 15th
street.
Manhattan State Hospital West Training School, Ward's island.
Mount Sinai Training School for Nurses, 149 East 67th street.
The Presbyterian Hospital Training School for Nurses.
St. Luke's Hospital Training School for Nurses, 113th street
and Amsterdam avenue.
New York Training School for Nurses, 426 East 26th street, in
connection with Bellevue Hospital.
Margaret Fahnestock Training School for Nurses.
Northampton, Mass.— Northampton Lunatic Hospital Training
School for Nurses.
Norwich, Ct.— William W. Backus Hospital Training School for
Nurses.
Orange, N. J.— Orange Training School for Nurses.
Philadelphia, Pa.— Friends' Asylum for the Insane Training
School for Nurses.
Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Training School for
Nurses, 3400 Spruce street.
•Methodist Episcopal Hospital Training School for Nurses.
Pennsylvania Hospital Training School for Nurses.
Philadelphia Hospital Training School for Nurses.
Philadelphia Polyclinic Training School for Nurses.
Presbyterian Hospital Training School for Nurses, 51 North
39th s-treet.
Training School for Nurses of the Protestant Episcopal Church
Hospital.
Woman's Hospital of Philadelphia Training School for Nurses,
North College avenue and 22d street.
Pittsburg, Pa.—Training School for Nurses at Western Penn-
sylvania Hospital.
Pittsfleld, Mass.— Henry W. Bishop Memorial Training School
for Nurses.
Pontiac, Mich.— Eastern Michigan Asylum Training School for
Attendants.
Portland, Me.— Maine General Hospital Training School for
Nurses.
Portsmouth, N. H.— Training School for Nurses at the Ports-
mouth Cottage Hospital.
Poughkeepsie, N. Y.— Hudson River State Hospital Training
School for Attendants.
Providence, R. I.— Rhode Island Hospital Training School for
Nurses.
Quincy, Mass.— Nurse Training School of the City Hospital.
Rochester, Minn.— Rochester State Hospital Training School for
Nurses.
Rochester, N. Y.— Training School for Nurses, Rochester City
Hospital.
Training School for Nurses, Rochester State Hospital.
Rockford', 111.— Rockford Hospital Training School for Nurses.
268 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
St. Louis, Mo.— St. Louis Training School for Nurses, 1224 Dillon
street.
St. Peter, Minn.— Training School for Nurses at St. Peter State
Hospital.
Salt Lake City, Utah— Nurses' Training School of St. Mark's
Hospital.
San Francisco, Cal.— Hospital for Children and Training School
for Nurses, 3700 California street.
St. Luke's Hospital Nurse Training School.
Scranton, Pa.— Moses Taylpr Hospital Nurse Training School.
Scranton Training School for Nurses.
Somerville, Mass.— Somerville Hospital Training School for
Nurses.
South Framingham, Mass.— Framingham Training School for
Nurses.
Springfield, Mass.— Nursing Institute, 563 South Main street.
Syracuse, N. Y.— Syracuse Training School for Nurses, Hospital
of House of Good Shepherd.
Taunton, Mass.— Morton Hospital Training School for Nurses.
Tewksbury, Mass.— State Hospital Training School for Nurses.
Tuscaloosa, Ala.— Alabama Bryce Hospital Training School for
Nurses.
Utica, N. Y.— Training School for Attendants at Utica State
Hospital.
Washington, D. C— Garfield Memorial Hospital Training School
for Nurses.
Waverly, Mass. — McLean Hospital Training School for Nurses.
Westboro, Mass.— Training School for Nurses in connection with
the "Westboro Insane Hospital.
Wilkesbarre, Pa.— Training School for Nurses of the Wilkesbarre
City Hospital.
Willard, N. Y.— Training School for Nurses at the Willard State
Hospital.
Williamsport, Pa.— Training School for Nurses of the Williams-
port Hospital.
Worcester, Mass.— Worcester City Hospital Department of Nurs-
ing.
Memorial Hospital Training School for Nurses.
There were two passages in the address of David J. Brewer,
justice of the United States Supreme Court, before the interna-
tional congress of lawyers and jurists at St. Louis in Septem-
ber, 1904, which were greeted with especially prolonged applause.
This was one of them: "You can see 20 acres of Philippine life
at the world's fair, but you cannot see a square rod of the
constitution." And the other was of a character to make the
great applause of similar significance: "The purchase which this
great exposition commemorates was not the result of conquest
and came not at the end of war. Not a gun was fired or a life
lost. A lawyer, not a soldier, made the transfer. The glory of
that transfer is one of the laurels of our profession."
TEAR BOOK AND AUC ANAC M9
Libraries in the United States
The library at Peterboro, N. H.. was establlqibed in 1S33 and
is consi<)ere€| tbe first public library In tbe country supported
wholly or partly by public taxation. A f re« public library was
established at Wayland, Mass., and opened to the public in 1850.
A third was opened In March. 1883, at New Bedford, Mass. The
public library movement is an American idea, but waa tak^n up
in England to some extent as a result of a parliamentary com-
mlQfiion, whiob reported ip 1850.
SOURCES OF SUPPORT.
[Ubraries of ov«r looo volumesi.]
— — ■ . — ^— — — ^^^^^- ^— ^— ^— ^^— ^— ^— ^-^— - . . I
V^est'
NA SA SCNC ern
Number dlv ^div div div div U.S.
Owning buildlngra 612 54 44 m 3f^ld4d
Renting buildings 386 23 19 203 61 592
Supported by taxation 10S9 113 94 931 208 2975
Supported by corporation 1329 302 269 793 177 2870
Supported by both 115 6 11 4 8 138
Free 1417 88 85 946 198 2784
Free for reference 701 233 191 486 124 1735
aubaoriptlon 355 lOO 98 296 65 914
Circulating 251 21 14 141 20 447
Reference 459 128 124 341 96 U48
Both ciroiilating and reference.. 1768 m 236 1846 871 3788
LX9RAI%Y OF CONGRESS.
The Library of Congress was established in 1800: destroy td
by fire in 1814. Jn 1851, 35,000 volumes were destroyed by fire.
The library Is increased by appropriation, by copyright depositi,
by gifts and exchangea. Special accessions have been: Peter
Foro« collection, 82,529 volumes, and 37,000 pamphlets, 1$67; Count
de Rochambeau colleotion; MBS., 1883; Toner coHection, 84,484
volumes, a «ift. 1882; Hubbard colleotion. gift, 1898. The total
volumes. 1.292,993. June 30, 1903, is the largest in the Western
Hemiaphere. In 1897 the collection was removed to the new
library building, erected at a coat of |6.347,000, additional cost of
land S^.OOO, occupying a floor space of about flight agres, and
will acQommodate 2.200,000 octavo volumes. The book stacks con-
tain about 45 miles of shelving. There are 231 employees. The
L<aw I4brary for congressional reference remains at the capitoi.
.wi-
The more boolcs of the right Hind are read, the more ef-
fioient a nation becomes. To deny that books of the right kind
contribute to human efHcienoy. or that the great books of a
nation contribute to a nation's efficiency, is like a refusal to
acknowledge that heat comes from the sun. or motive power
from ateam. No man or woman who contests that sort of prop«
osition deserves a hearing.— [Sidney Lee.
J= Iff «SEdolldl|°f2&||||"^l
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'St'Si' I lESlBSSiiiisSSlIsliSSl '
is?i§S5issBigisgii§5fii§igsgB§§
"l^-B-S"
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m
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ihn
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21
iM
n
u
jJ.O
i
s
iiil-
r
i
^3^2 5
£:;£»££»t-BSaSE^es
272 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
TOTAL NUMBER OF LIBRARIES AND NUMBER OF VOL-
UMES IN THE UNITED STATES.
States and ciS
territories g ^ «
Me llf
N. H 143
Vt 96
Mass 571
Ct 197
N. Y 718
N. J 154
Pa 401
Del 13
Md 80
Dist. of Col.... 74
Va 64
W. Va 23
N. C 57
S. C 39
Ga 55
Fla 16
Ky 76
Tenn 77
Ala 43
Miss 30
La 40
Tex 69
Ark 28
ODO
40
58
79
122
16
73
295
120
197
10
31
16
38
15
34
31
53
15
to
57
20
37
18
77
21
o « ®
^ c "•
cflS®
151"
201
175
693
98
270
1013
274
598
23
111
90
102
38
91
70
108
31
119
134
63
67
58
146
49
08^
States and 'ci®
territories ST 5
Im td 3
ti®>_
Okla 8
Ind. Ter 3
Ohio 266
Ind 164
111 309
Mich ..193
Wis 165
Minn 123
la 170
Mo 141
N. D 16
S. D 26
Neb 51
Kan 104
Mont 14
Wyo 8
N. M 11
Ariz 5
Utah 13
Nev 6
Ida 9
Wash 31
Ore 24
Cal 212
8
4
212
157
197
164
144
92
199
129
23
20
78
111
16
5
28
4
4
19
6
4
19
26
699
"5 =
©od
H>ea
10
7
478
321
506
357
309
215
369
270
39
46
129
215
30
13
82
15
9
32
12
13
50
50
911
LIBRARY SCHOOLS.
Four library schools have been organized within 15 years to
meet the demand for systematic training of librarians and as-
sistants. Men and women are admitted. The schools are: New
York State Library School at Albany; Pratt Institute Library
School, Brooklyn; Library School of Drexel Institute, Philadel-
phia; University of Illinois State Library School. Summer
courses in library training are offered at the New York State
School at Albany, also at Chautauqua, Iowa State University,
Wisconsin State University and the Amherst College Library.
Two new schools have been established, one for the training
of children's librarians, with two years' course, at the Carnegie
Library of Pittsburg, and one at Simmons College, Boston,
for young women only. A library school has also been organ-
ized at Western Reserve College, Cleveland, with an endowment
from Andrew Carnegie.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 27S
Religion and Temperance
THE RURAL CHURCH.
As the number of abandoned farms multiplies each year,
the churches in rural villages have a more serious problem to
contend with. They cannot draw upon the government for
their support, as do the schools, and hence any shrinkage in
the population of a village has an impoverishing effect upon the
churches. Then, too, in many country places, owing to poor
roads, the people do not attend church, and offer no contribu-
tion to its support. In not a few instances it is the immigration
of city people to the country alone that saves the churches
from depletion. There are in the state of Maine 95 towns which
have no religious services whatever, and the same condition
exists in more villages in Illinois than in any ether state in the
Union. .It is said that over half the state of Vermont never
goes to church.
CHURCH STATISTICS.
[As compiled by Dr. Henry K. Carroll of the New York In-
dependent.]
During 1902 there was a net gain of 720 ministers, 1261
churches and 403,743 communicants in all the denominations in
this country. The increases for the various larger denomina-
tions, as far as communicants are concerned, are:
Catholics (eight bodies) 120,634
Methodists (17 bodies) 98,184
Lutherans (22 bodies) 49.320
Baptists (13 bodies) 48,654
Presbyterians (12 bodies) 30.001
Disciples of Christ 27,836
Protestant Episcopal (two bodies) 16,355
Congregationalists 13,330
United Brethien (two bodie.s) .^ 10,345
Adventists (six bodies) 9,782
Reformed (three bodies) 8,498
Germa,n Evangelical Synod 5,875
Evangelical (four bodies) 4,311
Decrease: Dunkards, communicants 9000; German Evangelical
Protestants, communicants 16,500; Latter-Day Saints, ministers
400, churches 86, communicants 3324; United Brethren, ministers
158, churches 172.
According to the revised (1898) edition of Mulhall's Diction-
ary of Statistics, there are 476,100,000 Christians and 654,200,000
non-Christians in the world. The same authority places the
number of Roman Catholics in Europe, America and Australia
at 223,090,000; Protestants, 157,050,000, and Greeks, 88,660.000. It has
been estimated that there are in the world 256,000,000 followers
of Confucius, 190,000,000 Hindoos, 148,000,000 Buddhists, 118,000.000
Polytheists, 43,000,000 Taoists, 14,000,000 Shintoists and 12,000,000
Jews.
274 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
RELATIVE STANDING.
Year Year
1890 Den ominations 1902
1 Roman Catholic 1
2 Methodist Episcopal 2
4 Regular Baptist, South 3
3 Regular Baptist, Colored 4
5 Methodist Episcopal, South 5
8 Disciples 6
7 Presbyterian North 7
6 Regular Baptist. North 8
9 Protestant Episcopal 9
11 African Methodist Episcopal 10
10 Congregational 11
12 Lutheran Synodical Conference 12
13 African Methodist Episcopal, Zion 13
14 Lutheran General Council 14
21 Latter-Day Saints 15
15 Reformed German 16
16 United Brethren 17
18 Presbyterian, South 18
17 Lutheran General Synod 19
20 German Evangelical Synod 20
23 Colored Methodist Episcopal 21
19 Cumberland Presbyterian 22
22 Methodist Protestant 23
25 United Norwegian Lutheran 24
26 United Presbyterian 26
27 Reformed Dutch 27
The Latter-Day Saints have shown in 12 years the greatest
gain in standing, having moved from the 21st to the 15th position.
Dr. Carroll notes that a new Lutheran Synod, the Slovakian,
has been organized in this country during the year, composed
of Finns.
THE RELIGIOUS EDUCATION ASSOCIATION.
Owing to a general feeling throughout the country that the
Sunday schools are not accomplishing all that they might do,
and that the young people seem to be deficient in religion and
morality, a meeting of those interested in bettering these con-
ditions was called in Chicago in 1903. The meeting was at-
tended by representatives of 15 denominations, from 23 states
and from Canada, and the result was the forming of the Re-
ligious Education Association, having 17 departments fully
organized and dealing with colleges, theological seminaries,
churches, Sunday schools, public schools, teachers, youngr peo-
ple's societies, the home, libraries, summer assemblies, music
and the like. The ofllcers were chosen from all parts of the
\
TBAR BOOK AND ALMANAC
275
country. The association now has over 1800 members and is
constantly growing; there are members in every state in the
Union, besides Canada, England, France, Germany, Turkey,
India and Japan and South Africa. Its headquarters are at
1S3-155 Lasalle street, Chicago. The preside^Ht of the association
at present is Charles Cuthbert Hall, president of l^nion tlieo-
logical seminary, New York city, and Ira Landrith of Chicago is
the general secretary.
SUNDAY SCHOOLS IN THE UNITED STATES.
[Compiled by the American Sunday School Union.]
These statistics do not include Roman Catholic, Hebrew nor
non-Evangelical church schools (except in Maryland). There
are about 750,000 scholars in Roman Catholic Sunday schools; and
about 225.000 in other schools not counted. This would leave
from 7,000,000 to 9,000,000 youths between four and 16 years of age
in the United States not in Sunday schools of any denomination.
Schol-
Stato or ter. Schools ars
Ala 4,000 2i5.006~
Alaska 39 2,074
Ariz 85 5.660
Ark 2,050 151,000
Cal 1.688 118,845
Col 841 66,575
Ct 1,260 125.000
Del 392 39,592
Dist. Columbia. 252 46,667
Fla 2.400 94.870
Ga r 4,616 253,410
Ida 205 11.527
111 7,981 717,307
Indian Ter 387 16.393
Ind 5,617 515,568
la 4.243 378,734
Kan 4.293 261,763
Ky 3,234 208,985
La 820 55.000
Me 2,006 110,315
Md 2.531 206,156
Mass 1.917 277.492
Mich 4.538 370,707
Minn 1.928 174,569
Miss 2,025 101,280
Mo 6,725 651,111
Mont 321 17,334
Schol-
Stato or ter. Schools ars
"NebT". . .T.T77. . . . . 2,557 168,515
Nev 59 3,342
N. H 624 42,482
N. M 97 3,651
N. Y 8,487 1,061.873
N. C 5.817 342,734
N. D 816 55,488
Ohio 7.671 713,413
Okla 1,000 50,000
Ore 1,093 81,474
Pa 9,931 1,283.843
S, C 4.703 340.303
S. D 800 48,378
Tenn 4,870 285.266
Tex 5,591 343,024
I^tah 135 7.053
Vt 781 54,230
Va 4,800 330,000
Wash 1,451 81,575
W. Va 2,024 152,945
Wis 6.768 447.617
Wyo 124 6,847
Hawaii 230 15,840
Total 139,501 11,474,441
2T§ amnixcAK aoriculturibt
MIB8IONAIIY TRAINING 8CHOOL8.
Atlanta. Ga.— Stewart Missionary Foundation for Afric^'
(Metho^tat).
Berrien Springs, Mich.— Emanuel Missionary College (Indus-
trial Institute).
Boston, Mass.— Gordon Missionary Training School (Inde-
pendent).
Oriental Missionary Seminary (Independent).
Brooklyn, N. Y.— Union Missionary Training Institute (In-
dependent).
Chicago, 111.— Moody Bible Institute (Independent).
Training School for City. Home and Foreign Missions (Meth-
odist).
Missionary Training School (Baptist).
Hartiford, Ct.— School of Bellglous Pedagogy (Indiependent).
Special Missionary Courses (Hartford Seminary).
Herkimer, N. Y.— Folfs Mission Institute (Metl^odlst- for
#omen).
Kansas City. Mo.— Scarriet Bible and Training School
(Methodist).
Los Angeles, Cal.— Training School for Christian Workers
(Independent).
New York, N. Y.— Deaconess' Home and Training School
(Methodist).
Training School for Deaconesses (Protestant Episcopal).
Bible Teachers' Training School (Independent).
NyacK. N. Y.— Bible Teachers' Training School (Independent).
Northfleld, Mass.— Bible Training School (Independent).
Philadelphia, Pa.— Training School for Christian Work
(Baptist).
San Francisco, Cal.— Missionary Extension School (Inda<r
pendent).
Wooster, O.— Bible and Missionary Training School (Pres*
byterian),
Xenia, O.— Training School for Christian Workers' (Inde*
pendent).
RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.
Actors* Church AUiance^Rev. W. B. Bentloy, secretary, New
York City.
American Purity Alliance^Mrs. Anna R. Powell, secretary.
943 East Sixth street. Plaintield, N. J.
American Society of Religious Education— J. E. Gilbert, D. D.,
general secretary, 12th and G streets, N. W., Washington, D. C.
American Unitarian Association— Rev. C. E. St. John, secre*
tary, 25 Beacon street, Boston, Mass.
Baptist Young People's Union of America— Rev. Walter Cal*
ley, general secretary, 324 Dearborn street, Clhicago, 111.
Boys' Welcome Hall Association— Mrs. F. McCammon. secre*
tary, 185 Chauncey street, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Brotherhood of Andrew and Philip— Rev. J. G. Haminer«
Jr, general secretary, Newark, N. J.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 277
Brotherhood of St. Andrew—HerbeVt Carleton, secretary,
Pittsburg, Pa.
Christian and Missionary Alliance— Rev. A. E. Funk, general
secretary, New York City.
Girls' Friendly Soceity in America— Miss K. Alexander, sec-
retary, 659 West I^exington street. Baltimo-re, Md.
Mission Board of Seventh Day Adventlsts— W. A. Splcer, sec-
retary, Battle Creek, Mich.
National Christian League for the Promotion of Social Pu-
rity—Frances M. Applegate, corresponding secretary, 33 East
22d street. New York City.
National Conference of Unitarians— Rev. W. F. Greenman,
general secretary, 25 Beacon street. Boston. Mass.
Salvation Army— Col. E. J. Higgins, secretary, 120 and 124
West 14th street. New York City.
Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions— F. P.
Turner, general secretary, 3 West 29th street. New York City.
United Society of Christian Endeavor— J. W. Baer, general
secretary, 646 Washington street. Boston, Mass.
Ignited Society of Free Baptist Yoking People— H. S. Myers,
general secretary, Hillsdale, Mich.
Volunteers of America— 38 Cooper square. New York City.
Women's Centenary Association— Mrs. N. M. Stouder, corre-
sponding secretary, Muncie, Ind.
Woman's Home Missionary Society of the Methodist Pro-
testant Church— Mrs. W. A. Morris, corresponding secretary,-
Kansas Citys Kan.
TEMPERANCE ORGANIZATIONS.
Young People's Prohibition League ; secretary, Susie A.
Stearns, Saratoga, N. Y.
National Woman's Christian Temperance Union; correspond-
ing secretary. Mrs. Susan M. D. Fry, Chicago, 111.
Prohibition Union for Christian Men; secretary, Howard L.
Wilson, Rochester, N. Y.
Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America; secretary, Rev.
A. P. Doyle, New York City.
Good Templars; secretary. Col. B. F. Parker. Milwaukee, Wis.
Young People's Christian Temperance Union; corresponding
secretary, Mattle G. Squires, Chicago, 111.
Intercollegiate Prohibition Association; secretary, Harry S.
Warner, Chicago, 111.
American Anti-Saloon League; corresponding secretary,
James L. Ervln, Washington, D. C.
The best work for temperance Is a temperate fife. You may
be a teetotaler, yet be Intemperate In food or speech. Most adults
eat too much and we surely all talk too much.
278 AMERICAN AORlCULTURISf
LAWS REGULATING SALE OF LIQUOR.
The following table shows the legal attitude of the various
states and territories as to the liquor traffic, whether prohibi-
tion, county option, local option or license. Where license pre-
vails, the iamount is given, and where this amount varies, the
minimum and maximum are indicated. "County option" in-
cludes also local option; the term "local option" indicates the
right to prohibit in cities, towns and villages only:
Alabama^— County option for prohibition, license, dispensary;
fee, $175— $350.
Alaska— Prohibition under acts of Congress.
Arizona— Local option; quarterly fee, $48-4200.
Arkansa»-<?ounty option; fee, $800.
California— Local option; fee fixed by local authorities.
Colorado— Local option; fee, $25— $900 in counties, $500-^600 in
towns and cities.
Connecticut— Local option; fee, $150—1450.
Delaware— License by courts; fee, $100— $450.
District of Columbia— License by commissioners on consent of
property owners; fee, $500.
Florida— County option; fee, $500.
Georgia-A^ounty option for prohibition, license or dispen-
sary: fee in Atlanta, $1000— 12000*; in counties. $200.
Idaho— License by authorities; fee, $300— i$500; hotels out of
towns, $100.
Illinois— Local option; fee, $500, minimum. •
Indiana— Local option; fee, $250—1350.
Kentucky— County option; fee, $100— $150.
Louisiana— State or local license; fee according to amount of
business, $5— $3500.
Maine— Prohibition.
Maryland— Local option; fee, $18-4460.
Massachusetts— Local option; fee not less than $1000; number
limited, one to 1000 inhabitants; in Boston, one to 500.
Minnesota— Local option; fee, $500— $1000.
Mississippi— County option; fee, $600— $1200.
Missouri— Local option; semi-annual fee, $30(V^-|600.
Montana— Local option; semi-annual fee, ^50^-1300.
Nebraska— Local option; fee, $500— $1000.
Nevada— License by county commissioners; fee, $3(^-1800.
New Hampshire— Local option; high license.
New Jersey— Local option; fee, $100— $250.
New Mexico— License by county commissioners; fee, $100—
$400.
New York— Local option in towns, but not in cities; fee, $100—
$800, according to population.
North Carolina— County option; semi-annual fee of $50.
North Dakota— Prohibition.
Ohio— Local option; fee, $350.
Oklahoma— License by county officers; fee, $200.
Oregon— License on petition of voters; fee, $200.
Pennsylvania- Ltcense under control of courts; fee, $7&-4LOO0.
TBAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 279
Rhode Island— Local option; fee, $200— $1000.
South Carolina— State control.
South Dakota— License by local authorities; fee, $400— $600.
Tennessee— Prohibition except in cities of over 5000 inhabi-
tants; fee, $150— $200.
Texas — License issued by courts; fee, $300.
Utah— License granted by local authorities; fee, $400.
Vermont— Local option; high license.
Virginia— County option; fee, $100— $200, 8 per cent on rental
value.
Washington— License issued by local authorities; fee, $300—
$1000.
West Virginia— License by courts and local authorities; feo,
$350.
Wisconsin— Local* option; fee, $100— $200, with power in voters
to increase from $400— $500.
Wyoming— License issued by local authorities; fee, $100— $300.
INCREASE IN LIQUOR CONSUMPTION.
Distilled spirits, wines and malt liquors, quantities consumed
and average annual consumption per capita in the United States
from 1899-1903:
Total consumptioQ
per capita
"N
>ljS_ O « a ^S S = S H m ^ •;= 3 o ^_o 3_oa Sogfe
•03.. 117, 251 ,716 — 1,449,879,377 — 1.46 — 18.04 —
'02.. 107 ,452,151 49,754,403 1,381.875,437 1,539,081,991 1.36 0.63 17.49 19.48
'01.. 103 .086,839 28,791,149 1,258,249,391 1,390,127,379 1.33 0.37 16.20 17.90
'00.. 97,248,382 30,427,491 1,221,500,160 1,349,176.033 1.27 0.40 16.01 17.86
;99.. 87.310,228 26,36 0,696 1.136,520.629 1,249,191,553 1.17 0. 35 15.28 16.80
REVENUES FROM INTOXICANTS.
The following table shows the governmental revenues from
alcoholic beverages, from statistics published in 1901:
Net rev- Proportion
enue from to total
tax on drink national revenue
United Kingdom $47,870^00 36^er cent
France 22,034,000 19 per cent
Germany 13,717,000 18 per cent
United States 39,968,000 29percent
280 AMBfttCAN AORtCtTLTUItlSl*
CENSUS CLASSIFICATION OP LtQUOR OCCtJl^Af !dN.
the fdllowlng table does not include the lat"g:6 nufilb^t' of
those whom the census lists as hotel keepers, restaurant k66perB
and under other classifications, and who are also S^16dn ke^|S6fft.
The women who keep saloons are found in evefy state ailfl ter-
ritory except Alaska. Florida, Hawaii, Indiah Territory, North
Dakota and Oklahoma:
Male
Saloon keepers 81 ,789
Banendei-B 88,497
Brewers and maltsters 20,709
Distillers and rectifiers 3,115
Liquors and wines 12,928
207.038
Female
~ 2.0"86~
445
275
se
191
3,022
210.UtiO
AMERICAN AND BRITISH DRINK FIGURES.
In United
Consumption in 1903 States
Coffee, per capita, pounds 10.79
Tfea, per capita, pounds 1.3
Distilled liquors, per capita, gallons 1.46
Wines, per capita, gallons 0.48
Malt liquors, per capita, gallons 18.04
In Great
Britain
0.68
6.05
1.05
0.36
30.24
LITERATURE VS. LIQUOlt.
... It has been estimated that the people of the Uhited Stftt^i
Qpend $174,965,625 annually for literature, ihcluding: hew8))aper^,
periodicals and books, while the nation's ahntlal dHhk Wit
^mounts to $1,249,191,553. In other words $1,074,225,^ more i$
paid out every year for intoxicating liquors than for Hteratutft
of all kinds. In Great Britain. $34,000,000 is annually expended
for literature, against $800,000,000 for liquors, the drink bill In
this case amounting to $766,000,000 more than What is paid for
reading matter.
Nothing is so great a friend to the mind of man as temper-
ance, it strengthens the memory, clears the apprehension and
sharpens the judgment, and, in a word, gives reason its full
scope of action.— [Dr. South.
Intemperance is a crime leading to all other crimes.—t«J^u8-
tice Fitzgerald, England.
The skeleton of an average whale weighs 25 tons.
TI14R BOQK AND ALMANAC
J\iarria00 qnd PiVqrce
MARRIAGE LAWS.
Marriage Licenses— Required In all the states and territories,
exeet)t New Mexico, New Jersey, New York, North pakofa,
Qklalioma and ^quth Carolina.
Marriage, Prohibition of— Marriages between whites and
persor.3 of nesro descent are prohibited and punishable in A,ia-
bama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Color^.ao, Delaware, Dis-
triiBt of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Kentucjcy,
Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, North C^r-
dlina, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas,
l^tlih, VIriginia and West Virginia.
Marrialed between whites an^ Indians are void in Arizona.
Nevada, North Carolina, Oregon and South Carolina.
Marriages "between whites and C|iinese are void |n Arizona,
Nevad$i, Oregon and Utah.
Th<B marriage of first cousins is forbidden in Ariaonaj,, Ar-
kansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, Nevacjia,
New Haraipshire, Nortji Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, 3QUth
Dakota, Washington and Wyoming, arid in some of th^m'is
declared incestuous and void, and marriage with step-rela-
tives is forbidden in all the states, except California, Colorado,
Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Louisiana, Minnesota, Nebraska, New
Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Utah and Wis-
consin.
Marriage, Age to Contract, Without Consent of Parents—
In all the states which have laws on this subject, 21 years is
the age for males, and for females 21 years in Connectici^t,
Florida, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
Rhode Island, South pakota, Virginia, West Virginia and Wyo-
ming, arid 18 in all the btjier states having laws, except Mary-
land', in which it is 16 years.
Marriages, Voidable— Marriages are voidable In nearly all
the states when contracted under the age of consent to cohab|t.
DIVORCE LAWS.
Alabama— Divorce may be obtained for the following causes:
Impotency, adultery, desertion for two years, habitual drunk-
enness, imprisonment for two years and continued cruelty. An
allowance must be made by the court, out of the husband's
estate, for the support of the wife pending suit; also an allow-
ance when the decree is maTde. The custody of minor children
may be given to either parent, in the discretion of the court.
Arizona— Divorcp may be granted for the violation of tlie
marriage vow, physical incapacity, willful desertion for Six
months, habitual drunkenness, conviction for felony, cruelty,
failurei by husband to provide for six months.
Aritansas— Divorce may be granted for impotency, bigamy,
adultery, conviction of felony, habitual drunkenness, willttil
eleserilpn for one year, cruel and barbarous treatment. Plaia-
i\U iBUst reside in the state ope year before - bringing suit.
CQurt way £^11qw alimony to tjie wife.
282 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
California~Divorces are granted for adultery, extreme cru-
elty, conviction of felony, willful desertion, neglect or habitual
intemperance continued for one year. No divorce can be
granted by default.
Colorado— Divorces may be granted for adultery, impotency,
bigamy, willful desertion for one year, habitual drunkenness
for two years, extreme cruelty or conviction for felony or infa-
mous crime. One year's residence in the state is required be-
fore bringing suit, except where the offense was committed in
the state or while one or both parties resided there.
Connecticut— Absolute divorce may be granted by the supe-
rior court for adultery, fraud, duress or force in obtaining
the marriage, willful desertion for three years, seven years'
absence without being heard of, habitual intemperance, intol-
erable cruelty, sentence to imprisonment for life, the commis-
sion of any crime punishable by imprisonment in the state
penitentiary, and any such misconduct as permanently destroys
the happiness of the petitioner and defeats the purposes of the
marriage relation. Three years' residence in the state is neces-
sary before filing a petition. Either party may marry again
after divorce, and the court may change the wife's name and
make order for alimony and custody of the children.
North and South Dakota— Divorce may be granted for vio-
lation o-f tU,e marriage vow, willful desertion, conviction for
felony, cruelty and physical incapacity.
Delaware— Divorce may be granted by the superior court for
adultery, impotency at the time of marriage, habitual drunk-
enness, extreme cruelty, desertion for three years or conviction
of crime sufficient to constitute a felony. In the case of mar-
riage by fraud or for want of age, the wife being less than 16,
the husband being less than 18 at the time of marriage, abso-
lute divorce or divorce from bed and board may be granted,
at the discretion of the court. The wife receives all her real
estate and such other allowance and alimony as the court may
decree where the husband is proved to be in fault. Willful
neglect of the husband to provide' the necessities of life also
forms sufficient grounds for divorce.
District of Columbia— Divorce may be granted for violation
of the marriage vow, physical incapacity, willful desertion for
two years, habitual drunkenness, conviction for felony, cruelty,
insanity or idiocy at time of marriage.
Florida— Applicants for divorce must have resided two years
within the state. Absolute divorces may be granted only by
the circuit courts^ Adultery, impotency, bigamy, extrenie cru-
elty, habitual intemperance or desertion for one year are suffi-
cient causes. Alimony may be granted to the wife by the
courts, and provision for a division of property when a decree
is granted.
Georgia— Grounds for' total divorce are as follows: Marriage
within the prohibited degrees of affinity or consanguinity; men-
tal or physical incapacity at the time of marriage, force, men-
ace, duress or fraud in obtaining it: adultery, willful desertion
by either party for three years; cruel treatment by, or habitual
Intoxication of either party; or sentence to the penitentiary
for two years or over for any offense involving moral turpi-
TBAB BOOK ANQ ALMANAC 383
tude. No total divoroe may be granted except by tbe concur-
rent verdict of two Juries, rendered at different times of court;
and when a divorce is granted, the jury rendering the final
verdict determines the rights and disabilities of the parties.
Jdaho—Divorce may be granted for violation of the mar-
riage vow, willful desertion for one year, habitual drunkenness,
conviction for felony, cruelty, failure of husband to provide
for one year, insanity and confinement in an asylum six: years.
JlUnois— Divorce may be granted, where complainant has
been a resident of the state for one year, for impotency, big-
aniy, adultery, desertion or drunkenness for two years, at-
tempts upon the life of the other by poison or other means
showing malice, extreme cruelty, conviction of felony or Other
infamous crime. If no defense is interposed, decree niay be
granted on testimony of complainant alone; but examination of
witnesses must be had in open court, and the judge is required
to he satisfied that all proper means have been taken tq notify
defendant. When decree is granted, the court may restore the
wife's maiden name. During pendency of suit, the court may
reauire the husband to pay 'such sum as may enable the wife
to maintain or defend the suit, and alimony When declared
just and equitable.
Indiana—Petitioners for divorce must be bona fide residents
of the state for two years, and of the county at the time of.
and for at least six months prior to, filing the petition; the
oath of two resident freeholders being reauired to this fa<^t.
Decrees may issue by the superior or circuit court for the fol-
lowing causes: Impotency at marriage, adultery (where con-
nivance or collusion is not proven), habitual cruelty or habitual
drunkenness by either party, abandonment for two years, fail-
ure by the husband to provide for the family for a period of
two years, and conviction of either party of an infamous
erime at any time subsequent to marriage.
Iowa— Divorce may be granted by the district or circuit
court of the county in which plaintiff resides. Plaintiff must
declare under oath that he or she has resided in the state for
one year next preceding the filing of the petition, unless defend-
ant is resident, knd received personal service of the writ. A de-
cree may issue against the husband for adultery, willful deser-
tion for two years, conviction of felony subsequent to marriage,
habitual drunkenness and continued ill treatment. The husband
m&y obtain a decree for like causes, and also when the wife
at the time of marriage was pregnant by another. Bigamy
or impotency at the time of marriage is also a sufficient cause
to annul.
Kansas— To obtain a decree of divorce, plaintiff must bring
suit in thP county or residence. Decrees are granted in the cir-
cuit court on the following grrounds: Adultery, impotency,
fraudulent contract, extreme cruelty, habitual drunkenness,
gross neglect, abandonment for one year or conviction of felony.
Kentucky— Before a petition can be presented for a decree
of divorce, one year's continuous residence In the state is re-
quired. Jury trials are not permitted,, and decrees are granted
\(y courts having equitable jurisdiction. An absolute divorce
may be granted to the party not in fault on the ground of adul-
284 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
tery, impotency, etc, separation for five years, condemnation *>
for felony subsequent to the marriage, force, duress or fraud )^
in obtaining the marriage, or uniting with any religious society ^
which requires a renunciation of the marriage contract. Ha- s
bitual neglect or maltreatment on the part of the husband, or J
where the husband is a confirmed drunkard, may give the vrife i
a divorce; and where the wife is proven unchaste, or pregnant :;
by another man at the time of marriage, the husband is entitled m
to divorce. The parties are free to marry again, and their per-
sonal property is restored. l
Louisiana— Sentence of either party to imprisonment in the \
penitentiary is sufficient grounds for divorce. A decree may jr
also be obtained by either party for adultery, habitual Intem- ?j
perance or cruel treatment of such nature as to render living X
together insupportable. ••
Maine— The supreme judicial court grants divorce for impo- '
tency, adultery or for three years' willful desertion. Alimony ^
may be allowed and dower if the husband is to blame. j
Maryland— Absolute, for adultery, three years' abandonment, ^
or ante-nuptial misconduct of wife. Partial, for cruelty, a,ban- .,
donment, and desertion. Alimony and restoration of wife's ^
property. ,
Massachusetts— Unfaithfulness ^ incapacity, three years* de- :
sertion, cruelty, drunkenness, neglect to provide, sentence to
five years' imprisonment and joining a sect which disavows
marriage, are grounds for absolute divorce. Alimony is allowed .
and where the husband is at fault the wife's personal property 1
is restored. '
Michigan— Absolute divorce may be granted for incapacity
at the time of marriage, adultery, two years' continuous deser-
tion, drunkenness or three years' sentence to imprisonment. A ,
life sentence dissolves the marriage without any proceedings in
court. Divorce from bed and board for cruelty and neglect to
provide. Separation of property, dower and alimony as per
statute.
Minnesota— Absolute divorce for unfaithfulness, incapacity,
three years' abandonment, one year's drunkenness, cruel treat- ;
ment or sentence to state's prison. Limited divorce for abuse,
desertion or failure to support. Plaintiff, except where breach
of faith occurred in the state, must have been one year a res-
ident. The court may order alimony and custody of the chil-
dren, and the wife regains possession of her real estate, unless
decree has been obtained on account of her bad conduct.
Mississippi— After one year's residence in the state, divorce
may be obtained for impotency, adultery, bigamy, cruelty, two
years' abandonment or imprisonment in the penitentiary. Ali-
mony is allowed when the wife is the injured party, and the
court awards the custody of minor children.
Missouri — Grounds: Impotency at time of marriage, unfaith-
fulness, bigamy, conviction of crime, drunkenness, cruelty, and
one year's desertion. Petitioner must have been one year a res-
ident of the state. Trial without jury.
Montana— Divorce may be granted for violation of the mar-
riage vow, physical incapacity, willful desertion one year, ha-
bitual drunkenness, conviction for felony, cruelty.
TBAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 28S
Nebraska— Unless the marriage took place in the state, and
the plaintiff has since continuously resided therein, a residence
in the county of six months next preceding the application is
necessary. Divorce is granted on the grounds of impotency at
the time of marriage, adultery, two years' desertion, drunken-
ness, cruelty, three years' sentence to Imprisonment, or failure
on the part of husband to support wife. The court may order
alimony, and where a decree is granted on account of the hus-
band's bad conduct the wife takes dower.
Nevada-'PlaintifiC must have resided six months in the coun-
ty. Grounds of divorce are physical incompetency at time of
marriage, adultery, one year's desertion, drunkenness, cruelty,
conviction of crime, and failure oh part of husband to support.
New Hampshire — Divorces are granted by the superior court
for physical incompetency, adultery, drunkenness, cruelty, three
years* desertion, one year's sentence to prison or adherence to
a religious sect that condemns marriage.
New Jersey— Absolute for adultery, bigamy, two years' aban-
donment and intolerable cruelty. Applicant must reside in the
state, unless the marriage or the alleged misconduct occurred
here.
New Mexico— Divorce may be granted for violation of the
marriage vow, habitual drunkenness, cruelty, failure of husband
to provide.
New York— Only for adultery will an absolute divorce be
granted. Partial divorce Is ordered for cruelty, desertion and
neglect. Marriages are annulled for fraud or force, idiocy, lu-
nacy or impotency at the time of marriage, or for bigamy.
North Carolina— Only for Imootency or adultery can absolute
divorce be obtained. Partial divorce Is granted for cruelty, de-
sertion or drunkenness.
Ohio— Divorce is granted for unfaithfulness, bigamy, incapac-
ity, cruelty, drunkenness, deception, three years' neglect and
abandonment, or imprisonment in a penitentiary. Alimony may
be granted: and If the decree is obtained on account of the hus-
band's ill conduct, the wife has her separate property and her
maiden name restored.
Oklahoma— Divorce may be granted for violation of the mar-
riage vow, physical incapacity, willful desertion one year, ha-
bitual drunkenness, conviction of felony, cruelty.
Oregon — Plaintiff must have been a resident for one year
before bringing suit. Grounds are impotency, adultery, two
years' drunkenness, three years' abandonment, cruelty, convic-
tion of felony. Plaintiff gaining the suit has a right to one-
third of the real estate belonging to defendant: and if a success-
ful plaintiff be the wife, she may have a maintenance awarded
her.
Pennsylvania— Plaintiff must have been a resident of the
state for one year next preceding the application. Grounds:
Deception or force in procuring the marriage, impotency, adul-
tery, bigamy, cruelty and two years' abandonment, and two
years' sentence to imprisonment. Divorce will not be granted
on the ground of adultery if proved to have been condoned.
Even after a divorce, defendant is not allowed to marry a co-
286 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
respondent. A wife may obtain partial divorce and alimony for
ill treatment.
Rhode Island— Divorce is granted for Impotency, adulteryf
cruelty, drunkenness, neglect to support, five years' abandon-
ment, conviction of murder or arson, presumption of death from
long absence, or for defect in marriage rendering it void. Di-
vorce may only be decreed by supreme court. Alimony may be
ordered, and restoration of wife's separate property.
South Carolina— Has no divorce laws.
Tennessee— The applicant must have been a resident of the
state for two years next preceding the petition. Grounds: Phys-
ical incapacity at time of marriage, bigamy, adultery, two years'
abandonment, conviction of crime, imprisonment in peniten-
tiary, drunkenness, ante-nuptial immorality of wife, attempt of
either party upon the life of the other. Limited divorce may be
granted for cruelty, desertion or failure to provide.
Texas— Applicant must be really an inhabitant of the state
and a resident of the county for six months previous to filing
petition; grounds: adultery, three years' desertion, unendurable
cruelty.
Utah— Divorce may be granted for violation of the marriage
vow, willful desertion one year, habitual drunkenness, conviction
for felony, cruelty, failure of husband to provide, parties can-
not live in peace and union.
Vermont— Divorce is grant^ for adultery, cruelty, three
years' abandonment, three yearfe' imprisonment in penitentiary
or seven years' absence without being heard of. The wife may
obtain divorce where the husband, being able, fails to support.
A^irginia— Grounds: Impotency, adultery, sentence to peni-
tentiary, guilt of either of infamous crime before marriage,
the other being ignorant, notorious immorality of wife before
marriage, five years' abandonment. Partial divorce for cruelty
or desertion. Alimony and maintenance of children are decreed,
and the care of the children is given to either party at the dis-
cretion of the court.
West Virginia— Divorce is granted for mental or physical
defect at time of marriage, unfaithfulness, three years' aban-
donment, sentence to penitentiary, conviction of crime before
marriage, or notorious immorality of either before marriage,
the other party being ignorant. Partial divorce may be obtained
for cruelty or desertion. Alimony and custody of children is
decreed by the court.
Washington— Divorce may be granted for violation of the
marriage vow, physical incapacity, willful desertion one year,
conviction for felony, cruelty, fraud and fraudulent contract,
Indignities as render life burdensome, insanity lasting ten years.
Wisconsin— Unless the parties had been married and since
remained in the state, the applicant must have been for one year
a resident before filing a petition. Absolute divorce is granted
for impotency, adultery, one year's abandonment, five years'
separation, three years' sentence to penitentiary, cruelty and
drunkenness. Partial divorce for desertion, cruelty, drunken-
ness or failure to provide. The court may decree alimony, and
the wife regain her separate property.
TBAR BOOK AND ALMANAC
287
Wyomlnir— Divorce may be granted for violation of the mar-
riage vow, physical incapacity, willful desertion one year, ha-
bitual drunkenness, conviction for felony, cruelty, failure of
husband to provide one year, indiRnities as render life burden-
some, vagrancy of husband.
TO RAISE THE AGE OF CONSENT
In many of the states, the age at which a girl may consent
to her own ruin is deplorably low; in fact, years before the age
of discretion has been reached, as in Alabama, Mississippi and
some of the other southern states, where it is only 10. It is
rather a sad state of affairs when mere infants can be seduced
and no redress is obtainable, and shows the crying need of a
raise in the age of consent. If a uniform age, say 18 years,
could be established throughout the country, and all cases under
that counted as rape, the number of wronged girls might be
decreased. Common law fixes at 14 years the age at which a
male can commit rape and be held responsible. The following
table shows the age of consent in all the states and territories:
Alabama 10
Arizona 18
Arkansas 16
California 14
Colorado 18
Connecticut 16
Delaware 18
Florida 10
Georgia 14
Idaho 18
Illinois 14
Indiana 14
Indian Territory 12
Iowa 15
Kansas 18
Kentucky 12
Louisiana 12
Maine 14
Maryland 16
Massachusetts 16
Michigan 16
Minnesota 16
Mississippi 10
Missouri 18
Montana 16
Nebraska 18
Nevada 12
New Hampshire 13
New Jersey I6
New Mexico 14
New York 18
North Carolina 10
North Dakota 16
Ohio 16
Oklahoma 14
Oregon 16
Pennsylvania 16
Rhode Island 16
South Carolina 14
South Dakota 16
Tennessee 14
Texas 15
Utah 18
Vermont 14
Virginia 12
Washington 16
West Virginia 16
Wisconsin 14
Wyoming 18
UNIFORM DIVORCE LAWS.
Strong efforts are now being made by the Reform Bureau
at Washington, Rev. Wilbur F. Crafts, superintendent, and
also by the National League for the Protection of the .Family,
to bring about the enactment of the proposed amendment to
the United States constitution, whereby Congress shall have
power to establish uniform marriage and divorce laws through-
288 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
out the United States, and to provide penalties for violations
thereof. Already Congress has enacted a uniform marriage lavt
for all the territories, and made the term of residence in their
one year before a divorce can be obtained, but it is desired tC'
bring the divorce laws in all the states up to the highest grade;
found in state laws, namely, to that of New York, where abso-
lute divorce with permission to remarry is allowed only in oases
of adultery.
Thirty-five states have created commissions on uniform
legislation to prepare a bill on uniform procedure in divorce
cases, but so far as can be learned, nothing has yet been done
by them.
The National League for the Protection of the Family was
organized in 1881 by ex-Pres. Wooisey of Yale and others of
high standing, for the purpose of counteracting the evils
that threaten the integrity and efficiency of the family. The
president of the league is Hon. Nathaniel Shipman of Hartford,
Ct., and the corresponding secretary Rev. Samuel W. Dike of
Aubumdale, Mass.
WEALTHIEST PERSONS IN THE UNITED STATES.
Estimated wealth
John D. Rockefeller $800,000,000
Andrew Carnegie 400,000.000
William Rockefeller ;]00,000.000
Russell Sage 125,000,000
John Jacob Astor 90,000.000
Willis D. James 75,000,000
William Weightman •. 75,000.000
George F. Baker 50.000.000
A. G. Vanderbilt 45.000.000
Mrs. Hetty Green 35,000,000
Mrs. Sarah Van Rensselaer 12,000,000
FOURTH OP JULY CASUALTIES IN 1903.
Died of lockjaw caused by injuries 406
Died of other injuries 60
Totally blinded 10
Numljor who lost one eye 75
Arms and legs lost 54
Number who lost fingers 174
Number of Injured who recovfrc d 3.083
Total number of casualties in the I'nitcd States 4,349
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 289
Popular Amusements
INDOOR SPORTS FOR THE HOME.
Indoor sports which combine fun, recreation and social inter-
course with physical exercise are needed by every normal man
to keep him in trim. Of these games, there are plenty which
require a small amount of physical work and yet are suitable
for the home. Billiards and pool are good games to alternate
with more active sports, but there is a greater amount of exer-
cise to be derived from shuffleboard. This game consists of slid-
ing iron disks over a shuffleboard and trying to "land" them in a
given line. The game Is more enjoyable if the board is covered
with canvas, to do away with the dust and noise. Bowling is
an excellent mode of exercise, but the outfit required is rather
an expensive one for most homes.
Indoor golf is a game in which any number may compete,
and is quite amusing. A board 3 feet square with a hole cut
in the center 6 inches in diameter, placed in the corner of a
room at an angle of 45 degrees, forms the objective point. Rugs,
290
AlIBRICAN ▲GRICULTURIST
o
chairs, etd., are the hazards, li'he club to use is the mid iron
or lofter, and of course only approach shots are possible.
Although ping-pong has diminished greatly in popularity,
there is every reason why it should be retained among indoor
sports, as it affords a great chance for physical activity. In
order that the most beneficial results may be obtained, the
room in which it is played should be a large one, with plenty
of fresh, cool air. Other good indoor games which also afford
exercise, are handball, squash, slow running, and rope skipping.
For men, such combative sports as fencing, broadsword, spar-
ring and wrestling are available sports, though fencing is rather
hard to learn, and wrestling most too strenuous for a medium-
sized man.
s
YEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 291
GAMES FOR. YOUNG AND OLD.
HORRORS.
' For this exciting game, the players are told to stand in a row
along the center line of the parlor tloor, and when this is done,
all the lights are extinguisned. The hostess then produces a
basket, which she says is filled with the most awful objects.
She tells the players that the horrors will be passed along the
line, from hand to hand, and that anyone opening his eyes or
making an exclamation of any kind will be put out of the game.
Eyes are then ordered closed, and the mysterious objects begin
to wend their way down the line. As a usual thing most of
the players have to be banished from the ranks in short order,
and only about a couple are left to be rewarded by some trivial
prize. As to the horrors, a kid glove filled with mush and left
on ice for half an hour, will produce about the same sensation as
having a severed hand thrust into one's own in the dark; or a
strip of narrow hose, plunged in ice water the minute before,
will suggest a slimy snake. The hostess can use her own inge-
nuity in devising many other dreadful , things.
TELEGRAMS.
Ask each of your guests to suggest the first letter for each
word that is to compose the telegram, after which let them
take turns in making -up the messages to be sent. As an exam-
ple, if the letters, M. A. T. P. D. P. R. are mentioned, the mes-
sage may read: "Mary arrives to-morrow. Please don't plan
reception."
FOX.
Ring games are always enjoyed by the children, as they can
generally be played by the little ones with help. In this game
one of the child foxes stays outside the ring and shyly slaps the
shoulder of one of the children. *'Fox" runs to the left, the child
to the right. They meet, and pass each other, going at full
speed around the ring. The one who gets back to the "den"
(the place in the ring where the child was standing) may hold
that place, and the other must be the fox and try a race with
some other child.
THE GAME OF NUMBERS.
Each guest draws from a basket on the table a slip of paper
bearing a number, and a half minute is allowed to give some
old proverb, adage, fact or rhyme containing the number. If
the player fails to respond within the time, a forfeit is required
and afterward redeemed in some manner to entertain the com-
pany. To make the game more clear, suppose the number drawn
is ten, then quickly follows, "Ton cents make one dime"; if
number nine, "Of the muses of old, there were nine we are
told"; if number two, "Two is company, three is none"; if num-
L
292 AMERICAN AGRICULTTTRIST
ber one, "One, two, buckle my shoe." It seems easy, but one
must think quickly to give the required proverb, fact or what-
ever it may be in the time allowed.
PH0ORES8IVE CONVERSATION.
There should be no wall flowers in this game, where every-
one is furnished with something to talk about. Eaoh lady is
provided with a card on which is a topic for conversation. At
the ringing of a bell each man finds his partner and talks -witli
her until the time is up, when he passes on to the next lady.
After every man has conversed with every lady in the room,
ballots are taken, the ladies voting for the men they found most
entertaining, the men for the lady. The first prise is awarded
to the person of each sex receiving the largest number of votes.
BOOK REVIEWING.
Each guest writes an author's name on a slip of paper, which
is folded over and passed to the one who sits next to her, -who
writes the title of a book; the paper is again folded and passed
to another, who writes a criticism upon it. As many slips are
made use of as there are participants in the game. When these
papers are read, the jumble of authors, books and reviews is
most amusing.
MAGIC BRIDGE.
The magic bridge is another game popular with the children.
For this they join hands and form*" a ring. If the number is
large, there should be four "bridges" at the quarter points of
the ringf these being numbered one, two, three and four — one
opposite three, and two opposite four. The bridges are formed
by two children who raise their joined hands for the others to
pass under. The pianist leads with a bright, familiar air, and
the children all follow the time, singing tra-la-la, tra-la-la, as
they dance and skip along, keeping step to the music. They go
one or more times around in a circle, the leader indicates where
a "bridge" is to be made. Two children raise their joined hands,
and the two children standing opposite in the ring cross the
center of the circle. All the others following after, pass under
the "bridge." Then turning to right and left respectively, the
two lines follow the path of the circle as formed first, meet,
join hands again and a new circle is formed. Another "bridge"
appears as If by magic, and the children opposite It lead again
through it, the while keeping the merry measure with song and
dance. This is a good game to play when things begin to get a
little quiet at a party, as it makes the children get up and
jump around; in fact, children always prefer games in which
t})ere is need for activity to those which put a tax upon their
mental capacity.
io
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 293
Etiquette
WHEN AND HOW TO CALL.
In the city, a woman pays her formal calls between 3 and
half-past 5 o'clock in the afternoon. If a friend has a day "at
home," it is better to call then if possible, though it is not
improper to call at another time. In towns and country neigh-
borhoods, calls are frequently made in the morning and evening
and after church, or in the afternoon on Sunday. A man utilizes
evenings and Sunday afternoons to pay his calls.
It Is proper for brides and strangers to wait to receive the
first call. AVhen two women return to town after a summer
vacation, and no Indebtedness exists, the younger one would
call first upon the older. An unmarried woman would call first
upon a matron, however, unless the latter be decidedly her
junior.
Veils, gloves and lighter wraps should not be removed when
calling, though if the weather is bad, umbrellas, overshoes and
raincoats should be left in the hall. A man never wears his
overcoat Into a lady's drawing room, and it is a rare thing for
him to carry his cane or hat In either. At a regular "at home,"
women do not kiss in greetinfe^ and retain their gloves when
taking tea. A man in calling with a lady always waits for her
to give tho signal for departure.
CARDS AND WEDDING INVITATIOxs a. 1905.
By Harriet Gillespie.
Fashion exacts from her votaries strict obedience to law, and
In no one particular does she exercise her prerogative to a
greater degree than in the correct usage of cards. Latitude
such as she sometimes tolerates in the realm of feminine rai-
ment has no place in this department of social observance, and
the rules governing their usage are defined to a nicety.
A continuance of the custom of using the Roman or Old
English style of lettering on the modish visiting card still ob-
tains, exclusive society favoring the latter. The graceful, quaint
form expressive of so much dignity and refinement, doubtless,
is largely responsible for its con,tinued popularity. The easy,
flowing script is used to a moderate degree by conservative wo-
men, who are loath to depart from old customs or to be the
first to follow alter strange gods. One arbitrary rule, essential
to good taste, is to the effect that but one style of lettering
should be used on a card, and furthermore that a set of cards
belonging to one family should be alike. Mongrel lettering
should be as rigidly eschewed as an association of several styles
of architecture. As the latter is considered the hight of bad
form, the former should be discouraged on the same ground.
Certain uniform sizes are prescribed for all cards except
those intended for a specific purpose, and this by the best au-
294 AMBRICAN AGRICULTURIST
thority in the country. A visiting card for a man should be 1%
by 3 Inches; 6t a young woman, 2 by 3 Inches; and of a married
woman, 2% by 3^ inches. Dinner, luncheon, tea, ball and recep-
tion cards vary in size according as taste and the amount of
lettering dictate. Fashion now decrees that names, residence
numbers, dates and time, also titles when used as preflxee,
junior, etc., should be engraved In full. The Important excep-
tion to this rule is in the case of the eldest married woman of
the elder branch of the family, who may omit all Christian
names on her card if the simpler form appeals more strongly
to her.
The prefix "Mr." should always appear on a visiting card,
but may be omitted on a business card. Clergymen occasionally
drop their formal title in favor of plain **Mr." among intimate
friends, but the idea does not generally obtain. The lower left-
hand corner invariably indicates the club or society, If the
man belong to such; the hospital, if a physician; the church,
if a mmister ot the gospel. If it be a society women, the same
space contains the reception day, and where the ordinary visit-
ing card is utilized as an invitation to an Informal function, as
is often the case, the *'at home," hours and character of the
entertainment are designated. Tbe lower right-hand corner in-
variably contains the address.
Under no consideration should a woman's card fail to carry
the prefix. The card of a married woman should always carry
her husband's name in full, together with her reception day and
address. As the young woman is not supposed to have a dif-
ferent reception day from her mother, her card is innocent of
this inscription.
The young debutante has little use for a special visiting
card, for custom requires that her maiden calls be made exclu-
sively with her mother, therefore her name, directly below that
of her mother, will appear upon a special card bearing the
reception day and address. The Christian name is omitted In
case of the eldest daughter, while the names of the younger ap-
pear in full. Frequently the daughters' names combined are
placed beneath that of the mother.
It is customary for a bride to have a special card engraved
with her own and husband's name. No reception day Is given,
for the young people are supposed to visit together. Special
cards are provided for such occasions. The use by a widow of
her husband's name, while not legally acknowledged. Is per-
missible, but not altogether advisable. Sentiment, however,
often supersedes cohventionallty, and the empty symbol is re-
tained for the sake of old memories.
When a married son is named for his father, complications
are avoided if the Christian name of the mother be omitted
entirely from her card. A funeral custom which has gained a
conservative following is the sending of engraved cards express-
ing suitable sentiment to friends and acquaintances in ac-
knowledgment of condolatory messages, flowers and the like,
sent in the hour of affliction. Their use is confined prlndiMLlly
\
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 295
to cases where the decedent was a prominent personage, and
even then personal replies are sent to intimate friends.
Surpassing^' dainty and attractive are the diminutive bits of
pasteboard that do duty as visiting cards for young girls and
boys. The dignity ot paying formal calls nowadays is by no
means confined to the older members of the family, and cun-
ning little cards 1 by 2 Inches in size, engraved by black type
with the prefix "Miss" or "Master," without the address or
other lettering, represent the perfection of simplicity and good
taste In this direction.
If it happens that a prospective bride and groom have a large
circle of friends, occasionally betrothal announcements are sent
out, which are handsomely engraved in Old English or Roman
lettering, the conventional sheet being used.
The custom of sending out birth cards prevails to a great
degree. A dainty slip of cardboard of minute proportions, en-
grossed with the infant's name, is tied to that of its parents
by a pure white ribbon. Altogether it forms an attractive and
interesting souvenir for the friends and relatives of the little
newcomer.
The ordinary visiting card fills a multitude ot offices in the
invitation line. It not only does duty as a tea card, but is
utilized for entertainments of a special character, when the
word "music," "cards," "readings," etc.. Is used. In the event
of an evening affair, the husband'» name appears with that of
his wife. An afternoon function of a more formal character
will be announced by an engraved card sent out in the name of
the hostess, with the word denoting the special character of the
diversion offered In the lower left-hand corner.
If the hostess be assisted, the names of the receiving wo-
men or those for whom the affair is given will appear below.
In another style of at home card, blank spaces are left for the
name of the guest, hours and date to be inserted. These are es-
pecially desirable for a woman who entertains largely. Ultra
luncheon, dinner and tea invitations are similarly engrossed,,
except that the hostess "requests your presence."
Invitations for balls are engraved on a generous sheet of
paper and Inclosed in two envelopes, the style of wording fol-
lowing that for formal dinners and receptions, but for the word
"cotillion," "dancing," or whatever it may be, which occupies
its usual place.
In the event of a formal ball given for charity or other
object of a semi-public character, the invitation would sitate
that "the pleasure of your company is requested," etc., with the
name of the patronesses below. When given in honor of some
distinguished guest, it is usual to precede the Invitation with
the form, "To meet the Hon. Frank W. Higgins, Governor of
New York." Ordinarily the legend Is placed either at the top
or at the bottom of the regular reception form. Frequently a
special card is engraved with a space for filling in the guest's
name.
296 AitBKiCAN AfiBtcmj*rutam*
Very stately and dignified, both as regrard type and .wording
—as properly befits such a solemn occasion-~are tlie hewest
forms at, wedding invitations. The parents of the brld^'^eiect
"request the honor" of your presence at the ceremony, and tile
"pleasure" of the same at the reception, if the ceremony be
private, all of which is en$rraved in the grraceful Old Bnsrlish,
which fashion and good taste now pronounce the most elegant.
Ultra-fashionable folk favor the form which omits the names
of the contracting parties from the invitations proper, but in-
cludes the individual cards of the prospective bride and groom,
similarly engraved. But in any event, whether the names be
included in the regular form or inclosed separately, a blank
space is left in which is inscribed the name of the person to
whom the invitation is sent, a method which carries with it a
gracious suggestion of personal interest, pleasing to the recipi-
ent, even though she be aware that tickle fashion alone nromnts
the formality.
DON'TS FOR THE TABLE.
Don't—
Put your elbows on the table.
Trifle with knives and forks.
Clink the glasses together.
Tuck the napkin In your waistcoat or collar.
Fold the napkin at conclusion of a meal.
Convey food to the mouth with the knife.
Mash food with the fork.
Hold knife and fork in the air while the plate is A«li\g
replenished.
Place soiled knife or fork on table linen.
Allow spoon to stand in cUp while drinking from it«
Blow on soup to reduce its temperature.
Drink from the end of a spoon.
Masticate the food noisily.
Converse with the mouth full.
Hold food in the air while conversing.
Blt6 mouthfuls of bread from a slice.
Precede the ladies to the table.
Use a toothpick at the table.
PREPARATIONS FOR A BIG DINNER.
First cover the table with heavy felting or double canton
flannel, and over this lay the damask dinner cloth, so placed
that the central crease will divide the table In half. Place a
large dolly In the middle of the table, and on this set the artis-
tically arranged floral centerpiece with the canHlesticks about
It. Then dispose about the table a convenient number of decan-
ters, pepper boxes and salt cellars and little dishes of bonbons
and almonds. On each plate place a large white napkin, fold«d
or ironed square, with a dinner roll between the folds. Three
TB2AR BOOK AND ALJtfANAC 287
silver forks are put, points of ]>ron^ up, to the left of the
plate, and to the right two large knives and one small knife,
sharp edires toward the plate; on this side also groes the large
soup spoon, and next to it the oyster fork. Close to the tips
of the knife blades set the glasses— a tumbler or goblet for
water, and if wines are served glasses appropriate for the
different kinds. On each napkin is placed a card bearing the
name of the guest who is to have that particular seat.
The lady Q,t the right of the host should be served first, and
then each guest in regular order. Dishes should be served at
the left of a person. Be sure that plates for hot courses are
warmed or the dish will be spoiled. The host never carves at a
very large dinner, as none of the dishes are set upon the table,
the work of helping being left entirely to the servants. It is
best not to have so many guests that the table will be crowded.
The following is the menu for a rather elaborate dinner:
Oysters on the half shell
Oxtail soup
Toung turkey Cranberry jelly
Chestnut boulettes Baked tomatoes
Mashed potatoes
Olives Salted nuts Radishes
Sweetbreads with Madeira in chafing-dish
Lettuce salad with French dressing
Cheese croquettes Pastry strips
Pumpkin fanchonettes
Orange ice Old-fashioned hickory nut cakQ8
Black coffee
Roasted chestnuts
ORIGIN OP TOASTS.
The proposal of a health in an after-dinner speech dates
back to mediaeval times. At that time the loving cup was
used at every banquet. It was filled to the brim with wine and
in the center was placed a piece of toasted bread. The cup
circulated the table, each one present taking a sip of the wine.
When it came back to the host he drained the remaining wine
and ate the piece of toast in honor of all the friends assembled
at his table.
The ancient Greeks, the Romans, the Assyrians and the
Egyptians drank each other's health at dinner, but post-prandia^
oratory was not a4opted until modern times. The GreeK toast
was, "I salute you, be happy"; that of the Romans, "I drink
your health."
298
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
Health
DISEASES THROUGH MOSQUITOES.
Yellow fever is only transmitted from one person to another
by means of mosquitoes. To this great discovery is due the
fact that yellow fever is no longer a plague. It is prevented by
stamping out the mosquito pelst and by taking proper precau-
tions against mosquitoes.
Malaria is also transmitted by one person to another only
through the bite of the mosquito. These are two of the greatest
hygienic discoveries of modern times.
There Is only one single genus of mosquitoes that transmits
malaria to human beings, and its name is Anopheles. The spar-
row malaria is transferred by the genus Culex.
The mosquito on the left, standing parallel to the surface on
which it rests, is harmless, whereas the noxious Anopheles, on
the right, stands at right angles.
These two genera are easily distinguished, as mosquitoes of
the genus Anopheles hold their bodies nearly at right angles to
the surface upon which they are resting, as shown in the illus-
tration, while Culex keeps its body nearly parallel.
It is only the female mosquito, however, that transmits the
disease, the male being harmless. Steps should therefore be
taken to check the propagation of these harm-doing insects.
The stagnant pools and ponds where the eggs are deposited and
which the larvae inhabit, should be drained wherever it is pos-
sible, but if it is not practical to drain the breeding places, the
Introduction of small flsh into the pond will materially lessen
the number of larvae. A thin film of kerosene over the surface
of water will effectually destroy mosquito larvae. A small quan-
tity of kerosene poured in an open cistern, tub or rain barrel
will retard their breeding.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC
YET^I..OW FEVER.
299
The way this disease is communicated by mosquitoes was
discovered by Major Walter Reed of the United States army
medical division, in Cuba, in 190O. He was born in Gloucester
county, Va., September 13, 1851, died at Washington, D. C, No-
vember 23, 1902, and for
this discovery ranks as
one of the great benefac-
tors of humanity. Havana
Is now one of the health-
iest cities of the world,
but prior to 1900 was rav-
aged by yellow fever al-
most yearly. Safeguard-
ing against mosquitoes is
eradicating yellow fever
wherever the new method
is thoroughly enforced.
Lives without number,
and wealth beyond meas-
ure are thus being saved.
Reed's conclusions are:
1. The specific agent in
the causation of yellow
fever exists in the blood
of a patient for the first
three days of his attack,
after which time he
ceases to be a menace to
the health of others.
2. A mpsquito of a sin-
gle species, Stegomyia
fasciata, ingesting the blood of a patient durlne? this infective
period, is powerless to convey the disease to another person by
its bite until about 12 days have elapsed, but can do so there-
after for an indefinite period, propagating the remainder of
its life.
3. Yellow fever cannot in nature be spread In any other
way than by the bite of the previously infected Stegomyia.
4. Articles used and soiled by patients do not carry Infec-
tion and need not be destroyed.
OUR ENEMY, THE HOUSE FLY.
The little house fiy is a dangerous enemy to human life, as
it has the ability to gather upon its tongue and carry from any
moist substance a great many pathogenic germs, which it de-
posits on food, in milk jug or wherever It happens to alight.
It has been found that wherever excrement is not properly cared
for, the house fly carries virulent typhoid germs and transmits
them to food substances in the house.
The typhoid germs may be found in excreta for some time
On the left the harmless male
Anopheles, on the right the dan-
gerous female.
AMERICAN AORICDLTUKIST
the right.
before the charaoti
quite a while after
n be recognized, and also
■ecovered. A3 It Is known
definitely that the
house fly breeds in
this substance, it la
surprising that ty-
phoid Is not more
prevalent than It la,
when we consider
the great numbera in
which the fly awarms
In ao many Ititchens
and dining n
r bacterial ii
all
decrease the n
bers of this Insec
trying ta stop
breeding. Mai
piles, where the
TSAR BOOK AND AUtfANAC 301
PRECAUTION AGAINST TUBERCULAR INFECTION. '
[Prom *'The Great White Plague," by Dr. John B. Ruber,
Popular Science Monthly for August, 1904.]
To-day every third or fourth adult dies of consumption. In
the periods between birth and senescence every seventh death
is caused by It.
The tubercle bacillus gets Into the body either with the air
we breathe, or with tuberculous foodstuffs, or rarely through
wounds. Wherever it implants Itself an inflammation may oc-
cur about it, with the result that a tubercle is formed (tuoer Is
Latin for root or bulb). This tubercle is in size from that of a
millet seed to a hickory nut or larger. Its development is
called tuberculosis. Under favorable circumstances it becomes
surrounded by fibrous tissue, somewhat like the scar which
would follow a wound of the skin; and then the tubercle will
be comparatively harmless to the organism.
Besides these predispositions to tuberculosis, there are many
others. There are the family relations. If one member is con-
sumptive, his sputum may in various ways be infected. It may
be spat upon the floor, and if there Is an infant. It will. In
playing about, pick up bacillus-laden objects, and, after the
habit of Infants, put them into its mouth. Then, after weeks or
months the child becomes tuberculous. So that on such ac-
counts as these it was formerly considered that the disease itself
was of hereditary origin. Then "neglected colds," fevers and
exhausting diseases, such as typhoid or malaria, enervate the
body and make it a fruitful soil for mlcroblc germination.
Direct injury, or open wounds, or the shock occasioned by in-
jury, or depressing emotions generally, may predispose. There
are many trades which may stand in a causative relation to
tuberculosis. In the excellent book entitled "Dangerous Trades,"
there are nearly 60 such occupations specifically considered.
The sputum of the consumptive must be de.«?troy€d; and our
government inspectors must see to it that no tuberculous meat
and milk get Into our markets. These are practically the only
sources of tubercular infection we need fear, and If these were
thoroughly attended to, there would be no danger of infection.
NECESSITY OP CHEWING THE POOD.
If the food is correctly chewed, it has been found by actual
tests that a man can live on about one-third as much as is usu-
ally consumed In a day by one person. The diet must be made
up of the simplest food, but much time must be consumed in
chewing. 30 movements of the* jaw not being too many for such
easily swallowed things as raw oysters.
By thus thoroughly chewing, the food Is made so digestible
from the chemical action of the julcej? of the mouth, that When
it reaches the stomach it Is ready to perform its various func-
tions in renewing the body. Not so with unchewed food, which
\
302 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
reaches the stomach in lumps, and causes the stomach to over-
work in order to pass it into the intestines. Sometimes, also,
when too much unchewed food has been swallowed at a meal,
the lumps pass into and clog up the intestines, and fermentation
and decay soon set in.
One finds after a few months of simple living that all su-
perfluous flesh soon passes ofC without any loss of physical
strength. On the contrary, exercises which cause fatigue to the
heavy feeder can be taken without any after effects.
The more the food is chewed, the less one eats and the more
one craves simple things. Besides, more pleasure is to be had
from eating, as the full flavor of the food is tasted, aiid a good
digestion is the reward for the time it takes.
TO DEVELOP THE BODY.
Some sort of exercise should be taken by everyone, either
upon rising in the morning or retiring at night, and what is
more, it should be done methodically, and the proper forms gone
through.
The following are a few exercises for the principal parts
of the body, suggested by a teacher of physical culture:
Neck — Bend the head slowly forward and backward, and
from side to side. If a harder exercise is desired, resist the
movement of the head by pushing in the opposite direction with
the hands. This will fill up the hollows in the neck.
Tipper Arm (biceps)— Curl dumbbells. That is, drop the arms
full length at the side and curl the bells up to the shoulder.
"Chinning," if one has a convenient place, is a splendid exercise.
A low branch of a tree in the garden wMll do nicely. Reach up
and grasp the limb with both hands, the backs of the hands
toward you, and try to pull yourself up until your chdn is on a
level with your hands.
Forearm— Open and shut the hand— squeeze a rubber ball; or
a sheet of newspaper made into a ball will do.
Chest— To broaden the chest, swing your dumbbells shoulder
high in front of you, and, keeping them shoulder high, swing
arms as if to try and touch the hands in back. To deepen the
chest and develop the shoulder muscle (deltoid), take the dumb-
bells in either hand at the side and raise the arms shoulder
high. Above all, for the chest, take long, deep breaths.
Bust— Bend the body forward, bend your arm and swing
both dumbbells, in one hand, close in front of you — directly
across the body. To make sure you are doing this correctly,
place the unoccupied hand directly above the bust (over the
pectoral muscles) and experiment until you can feel the muscle
work properly.
Waist— To keep the waist line down, place hands on hips
and slowly bend the body far forward and then backward (keep
the head up), and then bend from right to left.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 808
Hips— To develop, swing leg to the side and forward and
backward.
Thigh— With back straight, heels together, bend knees, rising
on your toes as you do so, and sink down until your hips touch
your heels; rise quickly to correct position. Qreat care must be
taken not to bend forward in the least, or the value of this exer-
cise will be lost. Lifting knee to the chin is also a good exercise.
Calf— Rising on toes and then heels.
Abdomen— To decrease flesh; lie on the floor, placing hands
under hips and with feet together, legs straight, raise legs over
head. Repeat, raising them again just before the feet reach
the floor.
RULES FOR A HYGIENIC BED.
The bed should be placed well away from the windows, where
no draft can strike the sleeper, as it is quite as injurious to
sleep in a draft as it is in a room with no ventilation whatever.
If it is impossible to have the windows open without a draft
screens should be provided as a protection against it. A metal
bedstead is more readily cleansed and therefore preferable to
wood.
The sheets and blankets should be of generous size, and one
should have a light comforter or extra blanket for cold nights.
Do not sleep under the counterpane, as it is unhealthy to do
so. Avoid too much bedclothlng, as that is the cause of much
of that tired feeling which many people complain of after a
night's repose. It is a good plan, for those suffering from rheu-
matism particularly, to have an old blanket for the under sheet,
and also a slip cover for the pillows under the ordinary case.
Much attention should be paid to the proper airing of beds.
The bedclothlng should be entirely removed every morning,
and exposed to the air and sun. The best plan of all is to put
bedclothlng, pillows and even the mattresses, right out on the
line, so that all odors may be easily blown away. At least an
hour should elapse after rising before the bed is remade. The
bedroom windows should remain open as much of the day as
possible and always at night.
PREPARATIONS FOR HOSPITAL TREATMENT.
Address all communications to the Resident Physician of
the hospital to which admission is desired. Applications for ad-
mission are best made through a local physician. Take no lug-
gage larger than a suit case. Place hair brush and comb, tooth
brush, soap, manicure articles, hand mirror, writing materials,
stamps and telegram blanks in compact boxes which can be
put in the small table drawer allowed each patient.
Provide no underclothing unless arrangements are made for
laundry work to be done outside the hospital and without the
supervision of the numes.
804 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
Dressing gowns in full length and slippers are the only
clothing needed in the wards and these e^xe provided when
desired.
Street clothes are stored with regard to economizing space.
It is a good plan to have them sent when the patient is dis-
charged.
No line of work is more exacting than that of nurses in
training. They seldom fail to attend to actual needs, but they
have no time to listen to grievances. Their routine duties will
not often permit them to write letters, and errands outside the
hospital cannot be done by them.
Make yourself ready to believe that the wisest treatment will
be given your case. Your personal views are not to be matched
against those of physicians and nurses.
Telephoning concerning a patient in a large hospital is only
allowable in dangerous cases, and all communications arei best
carried on through the medium of the visiting hour.
Don't believe your own case to be the worst in the hospital
and that it demands the most attention.
Resolve to be cheerful; there are social duties and crimes
In hospitals as elsewhere.
Go with the single thought of getting well and make any
sacrifice to bring about this result in the shortest possible time.
QUICK REMEDIES FOR THE NURSERY AND THE HOME.
By a Physician Whose Specialty Is the Treatment of Chil-
dren's Diseases.
Nosebleed— Saturate absorbent cotton with witch hazel,
strong tea, alum water or salt water, and plug the nose. Soak
the feet in hot water. Sometimes a clothespin put tightly on
the nose will stop the bleeding.
Pink Eye— Lay a poultice, of grated raw potato in fine gauze
on the sore eye and have the patient lie still in a dark room for
several hours. Bathe with witch hazel. Burn everything that
has touched the eyes, as the discharge from pink eye is in-
fectious.
Chilblains— Apply camphorated oil or equal parts of spirits
of turpentine and ichthyol.
Chafing— Wash the sore places with castlle soap, dry thor-
oughly and dust with buckwheat flouj or a good baby powder.
Infantile Convulsions— Hot baths and mustard water for the
feet. Bathe the spine with cold water; warm water on the head.
Whooping Cough— For a hard attack, fill the room with
cresolene vapor; an emetic of powdered alum in honey is help-
ful. Hold the child on its stomach on nurse's lap with its head
lowered till the emetic works. Spray the throat several times
a day with one teaspoon of listerine ia two ounces of water.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 8(H>
Oroup— Make the room at temperature of 80, All with steam
of boiling vinegar. Bathe child In hot water till he sweats.
Pat compress on throat, wrung out of cold water and vinegar.
Give ipecac if fever subsides but cough continues.
Earache— Give hot foot baths and apply to the ear a hop bag
wrung out of hot water, a bran or salt bag heated in the oven,
or put the heart of a roasted onion in the outer ear. One part
of menthol in 20 parts of oil of sweet almonds often gives in-
stant relief when dropped in the ear.
Foreign Substances In the Ear— Put the pipe of a tightly
working syringe in the ear, then draw back the piston. The
foreign substance will be sucked out.
Fainting— Lay the patient on the back with head lower than
the heart, loosen the clothes, dash cold water In the face, slap
the chest over the heart and apply ammonia to the nose.
Blistered Feet— Mix the tallow dropped from a candle with
alcohol and rub the blistered spot gently, or moisten the blister
and rub with baking soda.
Ivy Poisoning— Bathe the affected parts with water as hot
as can be borne, then with sugar of lead dissolved in water.
Burns and Scalds— Exclude air at once from the burned sur-
face. Sprinkle bicarbonate of soda over the burn, then wrap the
part in moist gauze and a layer of absorbent cotton held se-
curely in place by a bandage. If blisters form, soak Unt in a
mixture of equal parts of lime water and olive oil and keep in
place by a bandage. Change the soaked bandages frequently.
Choking— Pick child up by its feet, hold it head down for a
few seconds, and administer a few sharp blows between the
shoulders.
Swallowing Coins, Buttons, Etc.— Follow the act as soon as
possible with a dose of castor oil.
Foreign Bodies in the Nose~If the obstruction cannot be
hooked out with a hairpin or glove buttoner, give the child a
pinch of snuff to induce sneezing.
Foreign Matter in the Eye— Lift the lid, find the foreign
substance, and wipe It off with the corner of a soft handkerchief
or with a toothpick if imbedded inside the lid.
Sunstroke— Lay the patient down with head and shoulders
up and put an ice bag on the head. Sponge the body with
ice water.
Colic— Give dry, hot fomentations and rub the abdomen. Hot
peppermint tea wijl frequently give relief.
Diarrhea— Apply warmth to the bowels and wrap the body
in flannel. Give a dose of castor oil.
Thrush— Each time the baby feeds, wash Its mouth with a
solution of warm water and borax. Or, wash the baby's mouth
once in two hours with one dram of borax dissolved in one
ounce of strained honey.
Growing Pains— Wring a towel from strong cold salt water
306 AMBRICAN AaRICULTURIST
and wrap about the aching limb. Make the child lie down, then
swathe the bandaged leg in dry, warm flannels.
Sprains— Make the patient lie level and take entire rest tintil
a physician can be called. Bathe with hot water. A lotion of
lead water and laudanum will reduce the pain and swelling.
HOW TO SLEEP.
Do not expose yourself to a draft when retiring, or inrliile
sleeping.
Do not go to bed in a room where lamp or gas has been
burning for hours. Put out light, throw open the windows as
wide as possible, and get the pure oxygen before retiring. Then
leave the window so that there is a circulation of good air all
night long.
The less nightclothing worn to bed, the better. Also avoid
overloading the body with bedclothing.
No one should sleep in a room that has not at least one
window open.
Go to bed at a regular, early hour, not later than 10, and get
up as soon as you awake in the morning, or at least avoid taking
k second nap.
A hot bath before going to bed will induce almost Instan-
taneous sleep upon retiring.
Sleep with the body as nearly horizontal as possible. Most
persons sleep on the right side, though there are physicians who
say that one should lie on the left side with the arm thrown
behind. Sleeping on the back is not recommended.
TO KEEP YOUNG.
[From Success.]
Expect a good, long, useful life.
Hold young thoughts persistently.
Simply refuse to grow old by counting your years or antici-
pating old age.
Keep in the sunlight; nothing beautiful or sweet grows or
ripens in the darkness.
Avoid excesses of all kinds; they are injurious. The long
life must be a temperate, regular life.
Never look on the dark side; take sunny views of every-
thing; a sunny thought drives away the shadows.
Be a child; live simply and naturally, and keep clear of en-
tangling alliances and complications of all kinds.
Don't live to eat, but eat to live. Many of our ills are due
to overeating, to eating the wrong things, and to irregular
eating.
Don't let anything interfere with your regular hours of work
and rest, but get plenty of sleep, especially what is called
"beauty sleep," before midnight.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 307
Keep busy; idleness Is a great friend of age. but an enemy
of youth. Regular employipent and mental occupation are mar-
velous youth preservers.
Take regular exercise in -the open air every day In all weath-
ers; walk, ride, row. swim or play; but whatever you do, keep
out of doors as much as possible.
NOISE AND HEALTH.
A noted physician has recently made the statement that
noise has a decidedly injurious cfTect upon the health of indi-
vidiiaLs and demands attention from the sanitary officers .in
cities and towns. Of .course a certain number of noises are
necessary in connection with public utilities, but these, he
thinks, could be reduced In number, as for instance, by doing
away with flat-wheeled cars and some other noise nuisances.
HIGHT AND WEIGHT OF MEN.
[According to Life Ass(tciation Records.]
Hight Pounds Hight Pounds
5 ft ^....... ....... 120 to i;i4 5 ft 8 inT^ 146 to 163
o ft 1 in 122 to 136 5 ft 9 in 150 to 168
5 ft 2 in 124 to 138 5 ft 10 in 154 to 174
5 ft 3 in... 127 to 141 5 ft 11 in 159 to 180
5 ft 4 in l.il to 145 6 ft 165 to 185
5 ft 5 in 1.34 to 149 6 ft 1 in. 170 to 189
5 ft 6 in 138 to 153 6 ft 2 in 176 to 196
5 ft 7 in 142 to 158 6 ft 3 in 181 to 204
HIGHT AND WEIGHT OF WOMEN.
[IJfe Association Records.]
Hight Pounds Hight Pounds^
5 ft 98 to 132 5 ft 7 in ..123 to 167
5 ft 1 in 102 to 138 5 ft 8 in 126 to 170
5 ft 2 in 106 to 144 5 ft 9 in 1.31 to 179
5 ft' 3 in Ill to 150 5 ft 10 in 136 to 184
5 ft 4 in 115 to 155
5 ft 5 in 119 to 161
5 ft 6 in 121 to 165
5 ft 4 in 115 to 155 5 ft 11 in 128 to 190
5 ft 5 in 119 to 161 6 ft 141 to 196
Long livers are small eaters.
The strongest animals in the world are those that live on.
a vegetable diet.
Miscellaneous
TO BUILD A HOUSE WAGON.
one is to take such a. trip, the house must flrst of all be n
proof. Buy a Light two-horse farm wagon with springs belw
the bed and the running gear (It will coat about tSO), and o
IL House on Wheels.
WHKun build a tent of ca
done the end i^urtsln can
stove lighted and the prlVG
n down The outside
THAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 309
legs of the cots are fastened to the ends of two light pieces of
timber which run underneath the bed of the wagon — one before
and the other behind the rear wheels. These are held in place
by iron straps looped around them, and can easily be pulled out
and packed with the cots in the wagon, when one is traveling
over narrow mountain roads. The frame for the wagon cover
should be of sufficient hight to allow of standing room under-
neath, and should be covered with eight-ounce canvas. In the
accompanying illustration the canvas lean-tos, which covered
the cots, were constructed with walls about 2 feet in hight, and
these were held in place by light rods braced on the inside of
the canvas. Lightness and strength must be the keynote of
your building, for there will be many long mountain grades to
climb and sandy spots to pull through.
COMMON ERRORS.
It is a mistake to labor when one is not in a fit condition
to do so.
To think that the more a person eats the healthier he will
become.
To go to bed at midnight and rise at daybreak and Imagine
that every hour taken from sleep is an hour gained.
To imagine that if a little work or exercise is good, violent
or prolonged exercise is better.
To conclude that the smallest room in the house is large
enough to sleep in.
To eat as if you only had a minute to finish a meal in, or to
eat without an appetite, or continue after it has been satisfied
merely to satisfy the taste.
To believe that children can do as much work as grown
people and that the more hours they study the more they learn.
To take off proper clothing out of season, simply because
they have become heated.
WORDS OFTEN MISUSER.
Alapaca, a popular error for alpaca.
Allow, often used in the sense of think, or believe.
Any place, used erroneously for anywhere..
Avocation, used when vocation is meant.
Balance, should be only used as an accountant's term.
Banister, for balustrade.
Calculate, for intend.
Corporal punishment, not corporeal.
Claim, for assert.
Expect, for intend, believe and suppose.
Fix, for arrange.
Folks, for people.
Jewelry, for Jewels.
zxo
AMERICAN AGRICUIL.TUBIBT
WEDDING DAY SUPERSTITIONS.
If a bride wear a yellow garter tied by a girl friend, the lat-
ter will be married inside the year.
Three times a bridesmaid, never a bride.
It is a sign of lU luck to take off the wedding ring.
If the bride just before leaving the house throws her bouquet
over the banisters, the one who catches it is next to be wedded.
The wedding day is the bride's day, and the weather fore-
tells her married life. The following is the bridegroom's, and
his married life is shown in the same manner. The third day
shows how they will live together.
Old slippers or rice must be thrown after a bride for good
luck.
Wednesday is the luckiest day on which to be married. Sat-
urday is the unluckiest. Friday is also unlucky.
A double wedding is unlucky; one of the marriages will prove
unhappy.
A bride must not look in the glass after her toilet is com-
plete, i. e., she must add a glove or some article after leaving
the mirror.
The bride should wear
Something old,
Something new,
Something borrowed,
And something blue.
THE WEDDING ANNIVERSARY.
At end of first year comes
the Cotton wedding.
2d year— Paper wedding.
3d year— Leather wedding.
5th year— Wooden wedding.
7th year — Woolen wedding.
10th year— Tin wedding.
12th year— Silk and Fine Lin-
en wedding.
15th year— Crystal wedding.
20th year — China wedding.
25th year — Silver wedding.
30th year — Pearl wedding.
40th year— Ruby wedding.
50th year— Golden wedding.
75th year— Diamond wedding.
GEMS AND FLOWERS FOR THE MONTH.
January — Garnet and snow-
drop.
February— Amethyst and prim-
rose.
March— Bloodstone and violet.
April— Diamond and daisy.
May— Emerald and hawthorn.
June— Moss agate and rose.
July— Ruby and water lily.
August— Sardonyx and poppy.
September— Sapphire and gol-
denrod.
October — Opal and hops.
November — Topaz and chrys-
anthemum.
December — Turquoise and
holly.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC
LANGUAGE OP GEMS.
311
Amethyst— Peace of mind.
Diamond— Pride.
Emerald— Success in love.
Ruby— A cheerful mind.
Sapphire— Chastity.
Topaz— Fidelity.
Pearl— Purity.
Turquoise— SuQcess and hap-
piness.
Garnet— Fidelity in every en-
gagement.
Onyx— Reciprocal love.
Opal— Pure thoughts
STATE FLOWERS.
Alabama 'Sunflower
Arkansas jApple Blossom
California tGrolden Poppy
Colorado.. *Colorado Columbine
Delaware .... *Peach Blossom
Idaho Syringa
Indiana *Corn
Iowa ♦Wild Rose
Kansas tSunflower
Louisiana tMagnolia
Maine ..*Pine Cone and Tassel
Michigan ♦Apple Blossom
Minnesota ♦Moccasin
Mississippi 'Magnolia
Missouri ♦Goldenrod
Montana 'Bitter Root
Nebraska 'Goldenrod
New York 'Rose
North Dakota 'Goldenrod
Oklahoma Territory. 'Mistletoe
Oregon 'Oregon Grape
Rhode Island 'Violet
Texas tBlue Bonnet
Utah 'Sego Lily
Vermont ♦Red Clover
Washington JRhododendron
West Virginia
'Rhododendron Max.
Wyoming 'Gentian
'Chosen by school children.
tChosen by state legislature.
iChosen by women's clubs.
POPULAR NAMES OF CITIES.
Baltimore — Monumental City.
Boston— City of Notions; Hub
of the Universe.
Brooklyn— City of Churches.
Chicago — Garden City; also,
Windy City.
Cincinnati— Queen City.
Cleveland— Forest City.
Detroit— City of the Straits.
Hannibal, Mo —Bluff City.
Indianapolis— Railroad City.
Keokuk, la.— Gate City.
Louisville, Ky.— Falls City.
Lowell, Mass.— City of Spin-
dles.
Nashville, Tenn.— City of Rocks.
New Haven— City of Elms.
New Orleans— Crescent City.
New York— Empire City.
Philadelphia— City of Brother-
ly Love; also, Quaker City.
Pittsburg, Pa.— Iron City; also,
Smoky City.
Portland, Me.— Forest City.
Rochester, N. Y.— Flour City.
St. Louis— Mound City.
Springfield, Mass.— City of
Homes.
Springfield, O.— Flower City.
Washington— City of Magnifi-
cent Distances.
The first fire engine used in America was sent from England
in 1751.
The fastest rate at which a swallow has ever been timed to
fly is 128^ miles an hour.
312
AMERICAN AQRICUL.TURIST
WOMEN'S EXCHANGES.
Bureaus for the buying and sellingr of needlework, preserves,
wines, pickles, cake, hand-painted articles and burned leather
and wood, now exist in 18 states. Information concerning these
may be obtained from the secretaries of the respective organi-
zations. At Christmas and Easter special sales are held, ^nd
at this time articles for gifts are most in demand. With many
of the exchanges there are employment agencies, where an ef-
fort is made to provide work for all classes of women workers.
Those in charge report that there is the greatest demand for
women in domestic service. There is also a steady call for
dressmakers, nurses, copyists, saleswomen, shampooers and
housekeepers. Below is given a state directory of women's
exchanges :
CALIFORNIA.
Oakland, 5S4 14th St.
San Francisco, 26 Post St.
San Jose, 31 South 2d St.
Santa Barbara, 729 State St.
CONNECTICUT.
Bridgeport, 187 .Fairfield Ave.
Hartford, 73 Pearl St.
New Haven, 151 Orange St.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Waehington, 811 Vermont Ave.
GEORGIA.
Atlanta, 158 Whitehall St.
Macon, Cotton Ave.
ILLINOIS.
Chicago, 34 Washington St.
IOWA.
Des Moines, 516 Walnut St.
MAINE.
Augusta.
Lewiston, 184 Bates St.
MASSACHUSETTS.
Boston, Women's Educational
and Industrial Union, 264
Boylston St.
MISSOURI.
St. Louis, 510 No. Grand Ave.
NEW JERSEY.
East Orange, the Women's Ex-
change of the Oranges, 531
Main St.
Englewood, Engle St.
New Brunswick, 185 Neilson St.
Passaic, 22 Bloomfield Ave.
Plainfield, 502 Watchung Ave,
Trenton, 17 South Warren St.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Portsmouth, Women's Educa-
tional and Industrial Union,
62 State St.
NEW YORK.
Brooklyn. Schermerhorn St.
and Flatbush Ave,
Buffalo, 1094 Main St.
Dunkirk, 413 Swan St.
Hornellsville, 196 Main St.
Newburg, 150 Liberty St.
New York City, 334 Madison
Ave.
Poughkeepsie, 352 Main St.
Utica, 241 Genesee St.
OHIO.
Cincinnati, 438 Race St.
PENNSYLVANIA.
Erie, 702 French St.
Philadelphia, 13th and Walnut
Sts.
Pittsburg, 412 Penn Ave.
RHODE ISLAND.
Newport, 24 Washington Sq.
Providence, 38 Dorrance St.
TEXAS.
Houston, 706 Main St.
VIRGINIA.
Richmond, 300 E. Franklin St
WASHINGTON.
Spokane, 507 Sprague Ave.
TfiAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 813
PATRIOTIC WOMEN'S SOCIETIES.
[Some of the more prominent ones.]
Colonial Dames ot America (national and separate state or-
ganizations).
Daughters of the American Revolution.
Daughters of the Revolution.
United States Daughters of 1812.
Daughters of the Holland Dames.
The American Historical Red Cross,
United Daughters of the Confederacy.
Woman's Relief Corps.
Mt. Vernon Ladles' Association.
WHERE WOMEN VOTE.
The legislature of New York in 1901 passed a law providing
that "a woman who poHsesses the qualifications to vote for vil-
lage or town officer.s, except the qualification of sex, who is the
owner of property in the village assessed upon the last pre-
ceding assessment roll thereof, is entitled to vote upon a prop-
osition to raise money by tax or assessment."
In Colorado, Idaho, Utah and Wyoming, women have full
suffrage and vote for all officers, Including presidential electors.
In Indiana, women may hold any office under the school
laws, but cannot vote for any such officer. In Kansas, women
exercise the suffrage largely in municipal elections.
In some form, mainly as to taxation or the selection of
school officers, woman suffrage exists in a limited way In Ari-
zona, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Iowa. Kentucky, Massa-
chusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska. New Hamp-
shire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma,
Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Vermont, Washington and Wig-
consin.
WRITING FOR PUBLICATION.
Have something to say.
Consider how many it will interest.
Be sure it is Worth saying.
Say it in the fewest possible words.
Then try saying it In less.
L6t your theories go unstated; most people have more of
their own than they can manage.
Write with black Ink on one side of the paper.
Number your pages.
Put your name and address on each sheet.
Do not fold more than once.
Don't send your work the hour you finish writing. Read it
over a week later.
314
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
IN WRITING LETTERS.
Write distinctly, with espe-
cial attention to names.
Unruled paper is considered
better taste.
When expecting reply, send
stamp for return postage.
Colored inks or lead pencils
are not desirable.
Business letters should be di-
rect, and as brief as is con-
sistent with clearness.
Letters of friendship should
be written in an easy, natural
manner, without set phrases,
but with care and tact.
Letters which accompany
gifts should be brief and sim-
' pie.
In letters expressing sympa-
thy for misfortune, the writer
should strive to realize the
state of mind of the sufferer,
and should strive at least not
to chill or aggravate the re-
cipient. Brevity is desirable in
most cases.
THE USE OF CAPITALS.
1. Every entire sentence
should begin with a capital.
2. Proper names and adjec-
tives derived from these should
begin with a capital.
3. All appellations of the De-
ity should begin with a capital.
4. Official and honorary titles
should begin with a capital.
5. Every line of poetry should
begin with a capital.
6. Titles of books and the
heads of their chapters and di-
visions are printed in capitals.
7. The pronoun I and the ex-
clamation O are always cap-
itals.
8. The days of the week and
the months of the year begiti
with capitals.
9. Every quotation should be-
gin with a capital letter.
10. Names of religious denom-
inations begin with capitals.
11. In preparing 'accounts,
each item should begin with a
capital.
12. Any word of very special
Importance may begin with a
capital.
AMERICAN TITLES.
Archbishop Most Rev.
Bishop Rt. Rev.
Doctor of Divinity D. D.
A minister, rector, priest or
rabbi Rev.
Doctor of Laws LL. D.
Physician or surgeon
M. D. or Dr.
Dentist. Dr., D.D.S., or D.M.D.
General Gen.
Lieutenant-General . Lieut-Gen.
Colonel Col.
Admiral ^ Adm.
Commodore Com.
Captain Capt.
Professors In colleges or sem-
inaries, eminent teachers of
science or the classics, dis-
tinguished scholars or scien-
tists Prof.
Officers of the Ignited States
civil service, members of le-
gal profession, aldermen,
magistrates, etc Esq.
Men of all conditions and
classes Mr.
The President of the Ignited
States, governors of states and
ministers to foreign countries
are alluded to as "His Excel-
lency."
The Vice-president of the
United States, members of the
Cabinet and members of Con-
gress, heads of departments,
assistant secretaries, comptrol-
lers and auditors of the treas-
ury, clerks of the Senate and
House of Representatives,
state senators, law judges,
mayors of cities, etc., are
addressed, ''Honorable," or
*'Hon."
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 315
Laundry Work
EQUIPMENT FOR THE LAUNDRY.
The completely furnished laundry has set tubs, clothes boiler
(tin or copper), clothesline, washboard, clothespins, clothes
basket or pail, water pail, scrubbing: brushes, saucepan for
starch, spoon for starch, strainer for starch, agate pan for
starching, heavy cloth for tubs and boiler, clothes horse, duster
for lines, bosom board, skirt board, sleeve board, small pointed
irons, heavy irons, iron holders, flannel, iron rest, wax, polish-
ing iron, heavy paper, small pieces of muslin and cheesecloth,
ironing table covered with canton flannel, or coarse blanket and
fine cotton cloth.
THE ROUTINE OP WASHING.
Wash the clothes first on the right side, then on the wrong
side, after which rinse in clear water. Soap the clothes all over
and place in a boiler with cold water, adding a few pieces of
soap to make a suds, boil five minutes, or longer if necessary,
then give two more rinsings in cold water before bluing. Open
the clothes well before putting in the bluing, so that they will
not be streaked. The water should be well stirred every time
the flothes are added, as the indigo settles at the bottom. After
bluing, wring the clothes and starch them, the thickness of the
starch depending upon the articles. Next hang in the open air,
being sure that the lines are perfectly clean and also the pins.
The line shojild always be taken down and put away after the
clothes are taken in. When the clothes are dry, they should
be stretched and folded, and before ironing should be sprinkled,
rolled and allowed to stand an hour or so. Have the irons of
various sizes; heavy ones for table and bed linen, small ones
with points for small clothing, and polishing irons for cufCs. If
the irons are rusty, rub while warm with beeswax and then rub
quickly with a cloth. Irons should always be kept in a dry
place.
STAINS.
To remove blood stains from clothing, wash in cold water
until the stain turns brown, tTien rub with naphtha soap and
soak in warm water.
For brass stains, rub either lard or olive oil on stain, then
wash in warm water.
Chocolate and tea stains are removed by sprinkling with
borax and soaking in cold water first, and then rinsing in boiling
water.
For coffee stains, spread stained part over a bowl, pouring
boiling water on it from a hight so as to strike the stain with
force.
For glue, apply vinegar with a cloth until stain is removed.
For fruit stain, use Javelle solution and boiling water In
equal quantities and immerse stained portion.
316 AMERICAN AORICULTURI8T
For grass, wash in naphtha soap and warm water. If color
may be affected, use molasses or a paste of soap and cooking
soda; spread on and allow to stand for several hours.
For indigo stain, wash in boiling water.
For ink, place stained portion In milk and allow to stand.
If stain is dry and well set, cover with salt and lemon juice.
For iodine stain, let stand in ether or chloroform until iodine
Ib dissolved and disappears.
,For iron, spread stained portion over bowl containing 1 quart
water and 1 teaspoon borax. Apply hydt-ochloric acid, drop by
drop, until stain brightens, then dip stain at once into water.
For mildew stains, put on lemon juice and let stand in sun-
light.
For milk or cream, wash in cold water, then follow with
soap.
For paint, rub with benzine or turpentine.
For wine stains, put thick layer of salt on stain as soon as
made, then pour on boiling water.
USEFUL HINTS.
Colored clothes, instead of being soaked, should be rinsed in
water containing salt or vinegar. This may set the color before
washing. Use little soap and wash as quickly as possible in
clear water. Do not boil colored clothes. Underwear and stock-
ings are pressed off after drying. Blankets may be stretched in
curtain stretchers to dry instead of being hung. For black
waists, the starch may be darkened with % cup coffee solution,
reducing the boiling water that much. Blue waists may have
blue water added to starch. Lace handkerchiefs should be
washed and partly dried, then put in the hot starch and wrung
out t.hen clapped and ironed. For starching shirt bosoms, cuffs,
collars and front plaits, use 5 tablespoons of starch instead of
V^ as used for the body.
Household Helps
EXTERMINATING HOUSEHOLD PESTS.
To prevent moths, garments to be laid away during the sum-
mer should be thoroughly aired and brushed, so as to remove
all eggs and larvae. If the clothes are hung in a closet, that
should be thoroughly cleaned and if necessary tlie cracks in
the floor and baseboards sprayed with benzine. J?-ich repellents
as tobacco, camphor, napthaline cones or balls and cedar chips
or shavings, will all aid in warding off the moths, but will not
destroy eggs or larvae already in the garments. Fine dresses
and furs should be wrapped in many layers of paper and in-
closed in cotton, linen or even paper bags. The simplest and
easiest method is to procure large pasteboard boxes, fill them
with garments and seal the crack around the lid with gummed
paper.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 817
For cockroaches, mix equal parts of dry flour and plaster
ot paris, stirring in a little pulverized sug^ar; spread it on a
plate or shallow basin or pan and set on the floor where the
pests are most numerous. Fill a second plate or pan with water
and connect the two with a few small pieces of wood, thus
forming a bridge from one to the other. The roaches will eat
the mis^ture, drink the water and soon cease to give further
trouble.
Pyrethrum is the most effective in exterminating the many
species of ants that frequent pantries and other places in the
house. It should be kept in an air-tight box and frequently
dusted along the runways where the insects abound. The only
satisfactory method of getting rid of termites or white ants is
by the removal and destruction of all infested wood. When
their burrows are discovered, benzine or bisulphide of carbon
should be poured into them.
Sow bugs, or pill bugs, will succumb to freshly sliced raw
potato, poisoned by dipping into a strong arsenical solution or
dusted with dry arsenic, paris green or green arsenoid, and
distributed around the Infested area.
Bedbugs require constant vigilance on the part of the house-
wife when once they infest a place. Benzine, turpentine, corro-
sive sublimate solution or even pyrethrum are the best destroy-
ers of this pest.
UNTIL THE PLUMBER COMBS.
If a leak occurs in the pipes, turn off the water. Generally
the boiler connection is with a tank at the top of the house and
the stop handle is there; sometimes, with galvanized boilers in
use, it is in the cellar. Every housekeeper should know the spot
in her house where the water turns off. Let the water out of
faucets also. In the most of these handles there is a small hole
at the side called the stop waste. This should be plugged, or
every bit of water will be siphoned out of the boiler.
A small leak in the boiler or pipe can be stopped absolutely
by the use of electric tape. Every housekeeper should keep
some fn the house. If there be a small hole, stick one end^of the
tape in hole and then bind the tape tightly around the boiler.
For a larger hole, just bind around tightly. It will hold perfectly
for several days. If one has no electric tape, a mixtui:^ of
common yellow soap and whiting, mixed with water, will often-
times stop a leak as effectively as solder, temporarily, providing
you turn the water on again rather slowly, as a sudden rush
might force it out.
When the boiler begins to snap and crack and the pipes be-
gin to bang, turn on the hot water faucet and let the st^m
escape. This almost always means a stoppage in the pipes.
Probably they are choked with iron rust. As long as there is
water in the boiler It will not burst. In case of a leak in the
pipe between the stove and the main pipe connection, let out
the fire.
318 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
RUNNING A FURNACE.
For the general, everyday working of a furnace, the follow-
ing rules, offered by an experienced furnace man, can be relied
on to keep up a good fire: 1. Close check in chimney pipe and
the slide in door. 2. Open the air box a little, then shake the
grate till live coals begin to fall. Leave the lower door open.
As soon as there is a good draft put on a little fresh coal and
open cold air box fully. 3. While waiting for the fire to get a
good start, remove all the ashes. If there are any clinkers or
bunches of ashes in the bottom of grate, they should be broken
up and raked out. 4. In about five minutes close the drafts,
which can be regulated during the day according to the house
temperature. 5. At night shake the fire down more or less as its
condition demands and put on fresh coal; not so much, how-
ever, as in the morning. 6. Close the air box two-thirds or
wholly- if little heat is required during the night. Open the check
and the slide in the door.
RULES FOR CLEANING.
To clean white silk, spread upon a smooth white cloth and
cleanse with a mixture composed of three-fourths of starch to
one-fourth of fine salt. Rub this in on both sides with a clean,
soft brush; shake gently and cover with pure, powdered starch
also rubbed in. Cover to exclude dust and leave for 24 hours,
when you can shake and brush out the powder and find a spot-
less garment.
To cleanse white chiffon, take two parts finely powdered
starch to borax one part.
To cleanse white grenadine, spread the goods smoothly upon
a board covered with a clean white cloth. It Is better to pin
the grenadine to keep it in place. Then rub with a mixture
composed of equal parts of fine salt and dry flour. Use a soft
brush, like a complexion brush, to rub the mixture in. Scrub
as if you were scrubbing with soapsuds and water. Then cover
thickly with flour and leave for several days.
To' clean white cloth, shake the garment well to free from
dust as much as possible; cover with clean bran, then rub with
a ball made of equal parts of pipe clay and whiting tied up in
a piece of old white muslin. After rubbing thoroughly, shake
off the bran.
For cleaning white belts or shoes, use pipe clay or gasoline;
the pipe clay is much to be preferred on account of its free-
dom from odor and its safety.
White china silk and pongee can both be easily cleaned by
washing in tepid water (using soap to form the suds), rinse well,
wrap in a clean, dry cloth and iron while still wet.
,For sleeping rooms, white is said to be the most sanitary
color, as it is the most restful and least absorbent of germs and
odors. Have white washable curtains and a bare floor or one
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 319
covered with matting which can be washed up with salt and
water. Have wool blankets; eschew silk comforters, for silk is
a non-conductor.
HOME MILLINERY.
Buy frames, straw braids, ribbons and flowers from whole-
sale houses.
Use strong thread and short round-eyed needles.
Make every stitch secure against stiff breezes.
In sewing wire Into bows, cotton thread* Is better than silk.
Velvet may be renovated by steaming.
Never dye ribbon without first cleansing thoroughly.
Study the prevailing styles and modify them to Individual
needs.
Choose colors that harmonize and consider the value of
shades and tints of one color.
Watch out for loose ends of threads and braids.
Clean white straw hats with dry sulphur and salt in equal
parts. Rub on with an old tooth brush.
No article of clothing repays care more than hats. Brush
free from dust as soon as removed and place in boxes. Never
put a hat, unprotected, on a 'shelf.
PROPER SWEEPING.
One of the secrets of sweeping a carpet is to hold the broom
almost perpendicular and take short strokes. Do not lift the
broom more than 2 Inches from the floor. If the carpet is very
dusty, tear paper into small bits and soak In water for a few
minutes, then press out the water and sprinkle the paper over
the carpet. The damp paper will absorb the dust. It .improves
the carpet to wipe it aftet sweeping with a cloth which has
been wrung out of ammonia water — one tablespoon of household
ammonia to one quart of water.
When sweeping bare floors, the broom or brush should be
slanted slightly and kept close to the floor. The stroke should
be long.
USEFUL HOUSEHOLD SUGGESTIONS.
One of the best and handiest things to clean bone, ivory or
pearl knife handles is moist, fine salt. Polish afterward with a
dry, soft cloth.
Spirits of camphor will remove white spots made by wet
or hot dishes on polished and varnished furniture.
Never leave a lamp turned low. It creates gas and uses
up as much oil as when It burns brightly. If it is necessary to
have a light during the night in a sick room use a tiny night
lamp and burn it at full force.
320 , AMERICAN AQRICUL.TURIST
Dark spots in the kitchen floor which hint of grease-spilling
at a long past date will generally disappear with repeated ap-
plications of benzine. Do not apply it when there is any light
arou.id, and set doors and windows open to allow the fumes
to evaporate.
If windows have to be cleaned in zero weather, dampen the
cloth with alcohol instead of water. It will prevent an ice film
forming on the glass.
A good thing for cleaning brass or copper is sweet oil and
putty powder. Afterward, wash in hot water and soap, then
polish.
Sometimes a knife with which onions have been cut will
keep the odor in spite of scouring. Jab it in the damp earth
a few times and it will be cleansed perfectly.
Equal parts of ammonia and spirits of turpentine will take
paint out of clothing, no matter how hard or dry it may be.
Saturate the spot two or three times, and then wash out in
soapsuds.
Discolored tea and coffee pots and pans that are not too
" badly discolored should be filled with soft water and have
thrown into them two or three spoonfuls of wood ashes, letting
the water come just to the boiling point.
Small mops, which can be obtained at any furnishing store,
are most useful in cleaning bathroom vaults, etc.
After buying table and bed linen, it is well to erase the pen-
cil marks before laundering, as it is difficult to eradicate them
afterward.
Do not starch curtains while they are wet; they will soil
much faster than if allowed to dry beforehand.
When making bags to put away silverware, always use the
unbleached material. Sulphur is used for bleaching, and its in-
fluence will quickly tarnish the silver.
When washing gilded china, never put soda in the water,
as it injures the gilding. Use soap, which answers just as well
and has -no ill effects.
Knives and forks not in general use will keep bright and
rust free if lightly rubbed with olive oil before they are put
away.
Rust on steel will generally yield to a paste made from fine
emery powder and kerosene. Rub the spots with this, let it
stand for several hours, then polish with oil.
Tin covers screwed 'down tightly on jars are easily removed
by taking hold of them with a piece of sandpaper.
Two long linen runners, one each way of the table, are now
used in some fashionable circles in preference to the whole cloth
or doilies.
After' cleaning the pantry, set a small jar of lime in some
shelf corner. It will keep the room dry and make the air pure.
Repeat the same process for the cellar, using lime in larger
proportion.
When a floor is washed it should be allowed to get perfectly
dry before the carpet is put down again. Carelessness in this
matter has much to do with the prevalence of moths in some
houses.
YEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC
321
To remove rust stains from matting, cover the stain with
paper and place a warm iron on this. When the spot is warm,
dip a glass rod in a bottle of muriatic acid and go over the rust
spot with it. wetting every part with }:he acid. The spot will
turn a bright yellow. Instantly wash it with an old tooth-
brush dipped In boiling water, then wash with a cloth or sponge,
and clear cold water; rub dry with woolen cloth. Before begin-
ning the work, have all appliances ready and then work rapidly
from start to finish. Muriatic acid corrodes metals, therefore
keep the bottle corked tight when not using It. Two or three
rinses of the acid will be ample.
To clean silver, dissolve one ounce of powdered borax in
one-half pint of boiling water; when the liquid is cold, pour
it on four ounces of precipitated chalk and beat until smooth.
Add one gill of alcohol and bottle. Shake well before using.
To make leather waterproof, saturate It with' castor oil.
To remove tar from cloth, rub it well with turpentine.
To set the color in lawn, dissolve a half pound saltpeter in a
pailful water and dip the lawn in it several times before washing.
To remove egg stains from spoons, rub with common salt.
To remove the stains of fruit from the hands, wash your
hands in clear water, dry slightly and while yet moist strike a
sulphur match and hold your hands around the flame. The
stains will Immediately disappear.
To clean furniture, rub with cotton waste dipped in boiled
linseed oil; then ruB clean and dry with a soft flannel cloth.
To test whether an article is gilt or made of a gold -colored
alloy, a solution of bichloride of copper makes a brown spot on
alloy, but produces no effect on a surface of gold.
To restore gilt frames, rub with a sponge moistened In tur-
pentine.
COOKING WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
To make one pound, use:
2 cups lard.
2 cups butter.
4 cups pastry or bread flour.
3% cups entire wheat flour.
4'^ cups graham flour.
4 1-3 cups rye flour.
2 2-3 cups corn meal.
4% cups rolled oats.
2 2-3 cups oatmeal.
4 1-3 cups coflfee.
2 cups granulated sugar.
2 2-3 cups powdered sugar.
3^/2 cups confectioner's sugar.
2 2-3 cups brown sugar.
2 cups chopped meat.
1% cups rice.
2 cups raisins (packed).
21/4 cups currants.
2 cups stale, bread crumbs.
9 large eggs.
2 tablespoons butter make 1
ounce.
4 tablespoons flour make 1
ounce.
6 tablespoons baking powder
make \^ ounce.
3 teaspoons make 1 table-
spoon.
16 tablespoons dry ingredient
make 1 cup.
322
AMERICAN AGRIOULTITRIPT
KITCHEN "NEEDFULS" AND THEIR RETAIL PRICE.
TIN AND STEEL WARE. AGATE WARE.
Round tin pan $0.10
Biscuit cutter 05
Doughnut cutter 05
Quart measure 10
Flour sifter lO
Colander 15
Large grater lo
Wire broiler ]0
Nutmeg grater 05
Set skewers ■ .25
Steamer 25
Baking sheet 25
3 bread pans 30
2 cake pans 20
2 pie plates 10
Quart pudding mold 25
Salt shaker 05
Pepper shaker 05
Flour dredger 05
Soap shaker 05
Wire dishcloth 05
Dustpan 25
Dish drainer 10
Hand basin 10
Soap dish 05
Large egg beater 20
Omelet pan 10
Spider 20
Frying basket 10
Vegetable knife 10
Bread knife 25
Wire fork 05
Wire whisk 05
Extension soup strainer... .18
Cream whip 15
Meat chopper 1.25
Small strainer 10
Skimmer 05
Potato ricer 25
Dipper 10
Bread raiser 35
Dish pan of heavy tin 50
Teakettle 60
Quart saucepan with cover.$0.25
2-quart saucepan with
cover j^5
3-quart saucepan with
cover 45
Soup kettle .55
Pint saucepan with rover. 15
Coffeepot 50
EARTHEN AND
WARE.
12.25
GLASS-
Glass measuring cup $0.10
2-quart yellow bowl 15
4 small earthen bowls 20
2 oval pudding dishes 20
Large cake mixing bowl... .30
Bean pot 15
Glass lemon squeezer 10
WOODENWARE.
$1.20
Flour bucket $0.10
Molding board 20
Rolling pin 10
Wooden mixing spoon 10
Small scrubbing brush for
vegetables 10
Large scrubbing brush 12
Towel rack 10
Blacking brush 10
Broom 25
Mop 10
LINEN.
$1.27
6 dish towels...' $0.60
6 glass towels 60
Dishcloth 05
$6.73
$L25
u
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 323
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324 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
FOODS IN SEASON.
IN THE MARKETS, OR OBTAINABLE AT MOST PLACES.
In January: Salmon, smelts, oysters, crimped cod, mullet,
mackerel, turbot, eels, lobsters, crawfish, haddocks, crabs, tur-
keys, ducks, capons, quails, geese, ducklings, pheasants, snipes,
wild ducks, hares, fowls, guinea fowls, partridges, teal, rabbits,
pigeons, woodcocks, ptarmigans, beef, veal, mutton, house la'mb,
asparagus (forced), cucumbers, artichokes, mushrooms (forced),
brussels sprouts, cauliflower, lettuces, French beans (forced),
radishes, carrots, rhubarb, turnips, spinach, small salad, cel-
ery, grapes, walnuts, pears, pines, apples and oranges.
In February: Salmon, mackerel, lobsters, eels, trout, mullet,
fresh herrings, cod, turbot, oysters, haddock, crabs, smelts,
turkeys, ducks, capons, quails, fowls, ducklings, guinea fowls,
goslings, woodcock, ptarmigan, pigeons, geese, wild ducks, snipe,
beef, mutton, veal, house lamb, asparagus (forced), artichokes,
brussels sprouts, spinach, cauliflower, radishes, cucumbers,
French beans (forced), mushrooms, turnips, celery, lettuces,
small salad, carrots, rhubarb, pines, grapes, pears, apples and
oranges.
In March: Salmon, eels, oysters, turbot, fresh herrings, lob-
sters, cod, mullet, crabs, trout, mackerel, crawfish, turkeys,
capons, ptaimigan, goslings, fowls, ducks, guinea fowls, duck-
lings, pigeons, quails, beef, mutton, veal, house lamb, spinach,
rhubarb, parsnip, lettuces, turnips, cucumbers, small salad, cel-
ery, French beans, mushrooms, radishes, pines, strawberries
(forced), pears and apples.
In April: Salmon, eels, oysters, trout, fresh herrings, prawns,
turlK)t, mullets, lobsters, cod, smelts, crabs, goslings, guinea
fowls, black game, ducks, pigeons, ptarmigan, ducklings, quails,
fowls, beef, mutton, veal, lamb, asparagus, spinach, peas, cauli-
flower, new potatoes, French beans, sprouts, radishes, mush-
rooms, small salad, strawberries (forced), cherries (forced), apri-
cots (forced) and pears.
In May: Salmon, smelts, eels, turbot, mullets, whitebait,
trout, mackerel, lobsters, cod, crabs, goslings, fowls, ducks,
guinea fowls, ducklings, pigeons, capons, quails, beef, mutton,
veal, lamb, asparagus, spinach, mushrooms, peas^ cauliflower,
cucumbers, French beans, turnips, lettuces, carrots, small salad,
strawberries, cherries, pineapples, gooseberries, apricots, cur-
rants, grapes and melons. \
In June: Salmon, turbot, lobsters, trout, mackerel, white-
bait, red mullets, turkey poults, fowls, pigeons, goslings, guinea
fowls, ducks, peafowls, buck venison, ducklings, quails, beet,
mutton, veal, lamb, asparagus, spinach, cucumbers, peas, cauli-
flower, mushrooms, French beans, turnips, lettuces, carrots,
small salad, pineapples, melons, raspberries, grapes, currants,
peaches, strawberries, gooseberries, apricots and cherries.
In July: Salmon, turbot, lobsters, trout, mackerel, whitebait,
red mullet, turkey poults, fowls, goslings, pigeons, ducks, buck
venison, ducklings, leverets, beef, mutton, veal, lamb, peas,
cucumbers, French beans, mushrooms, broad beans, lettuces.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 325
cauliflower, small salad, pineapples, melons, raspberries, grapes,
currants, peaches, strawberries, gooseberries, apricots, cherries
and plums.
In August: Salmon, oysters, trout, lobsters, cod, mackerel,
turbot, mullet, turkey poults, fowls, buck venison, goslings,
pigeons, ducks, grouse, ducklings, beef, mutton, veal, lamb, peas,
cucumbers, French beans, mushrooms, lettuces, cauliflower,
small salads, melons, apricots, currants, pears, gooseberries,
peaches, grapes, plums, mulberries and cherries.
In September: Salmon, mullet, oysters, turbot, lobsters,
crabs, mackerel, eels, turkey poults, fowls, hares, geese, part-
ridges, ducks, grouse, larks, ducklings, buck venison, beef, mut-
ton, veal, lamb, French beans, spinach, peas, cucumbers, arti-
chokes, mushrooms, cauliflower, salad, pineapples, plums, figs,
currants, grapes, cherries, melons and quinces.
In October: Salmon (Dutch), mackerel, oysters, turbot, lob-
sters, cod, eels, turkeys, pheasants, wild duck, geese, partridges,
ducks, grouse, venison, fowls, hares, beef, mutton, veal, lamb,
French beans, cucumbers, artichokes, mushrooms, cauliflower,
salad, pineapples, peaches, grapes, apples, flgs, quinces and
pears.
In November: Salmon, cod, lobsters, turbot, oysters, ejels,
smelts, turkeys, pheasants, wild ducks, ptarmigan, geese, wood-
cock, larks, ducks, Llack game, golden plovers, snipes, fowls,
widgeon, teal, venison, beef, mutton, veal, lamb, French peas,
mushrooms, spinach, cucumbers, artichokes, lettuces, cauli-
flower, salad, pineapples, apples, grapes, figs and pears.
In December: Salmon, oysters, turbot, cod, lobsters, red mul-
let, dory jsmelts, turkeys, pheasants, geese, partridges, larks,
ducks, grouse, ptarmigan, hares, fowls, wild ducks, doe venison,
golden plovers, beef, mutton, veal, lamb, asparagus (forced),
spinach, rhubarb, sea kale, French beans, lettuce, artichokes,
cucunibers, salad, caulifiower, mushrooms, pineapples, walnuts,
grapes, pears and oranges.
TO COMBINE INGREDIENTS IN COOKERY.
Next to correct measuring comes the care in combining In-
gredients, a fact often overlooked by the inexperienced. There
j.re three methods to be considered— stirring, beating, cutting
and folding.
To stir, means to mix by using a circular motion, widening
the circles to thoroughly blend the materials. This is the
motion ordinarily used.
To beat, we continually turn the ingredients over and over
so as to bMng the under part to the surface. By beating we
inclose a large amount of air into the mixture.
To cut and fold we combine two ingredients by the use of
two motions— the one a repeated vertical downward motion of
cutting, and second, by turning the ingredients over and over
from the bottom, allowing the bowl of the spoon to touch the
bottom of the dish each time. These two motions are repeated
until the mixture is well blended.
226
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
By stirring, Ingredients are blended; by beating, a large
amount of air is Inclosed, and by cutting and folding, the air
already beaten in is carefully retained.
PISH FOR CHOWDER.
Cod and halibut (mixed),
halibut, haddock, eels, little
neck clams, long clams, round
clams, oysters.
FISH BEST BOILED.
Salmon, cod, red snapper,
halibut, swordflsh, haddock,
black bass, sturgeon.
PISH FOR STEWING.
Lobster, little neck clams,
oysters, shrimps, round clams
(chopped), scallops.
FISH TO PRY.
Butterflsh, shad, ood (steak),
swordflsh, bluefish, porgies,
taonito mackerel, pickerel, cis-
coes, yellow perch, brook trout,
smelts, haddock, halibut, sal-
mon, eels, tinker mackerel,
bullheads, white perch, white-
fish, soft shell crabs, live lob-
ster, long clams, scallops, larg^e
oysters.
PISH TO BROIL.
Fresh mackerel, bonito mack-
erel, cod scrod, chicken hali-
but, shoal halibut, sea trout,
weakfish, Spanish mackerel,
fresh salmon, bluefish, largre
eels (split), shad, whlteflsh,
trout.
PISH TO BAKE.
Bluefish, shad, mackerel,
haddock, halibut, striped bass,
whiteflsh, lake trout, long
shell clams, live lobster, large
oysters.
COOKING EGGS.
Eggs should never be cooked in water which makes them
hop merrily about. They only grow tough, horny and indiges-
tible in boiling water.
If cooked in water at a low temperature, they may be di-
gested by a child or an invalid. It is not generally understood
why eggs should be differently treated for different sorts of
dishes.
Eggs to be used for cakes, souflSes and omelets must be
divided, the yolks and whites beaten separately. The success of
such dishes depends wholly upon the amount of air beaten into
the eggs. The expansion of that air by rather slow cooking
means the success of such dishes. Beat the yolks until they are
thick and lemon colored, the whites till so stiff and dry that
they fiy from the beater like foam. While beating the white of
eggs hold the Dover beater at an angle instead of straight up
and down in a bowl. The work in this way can be done in
much 16ss time. Use, too, the wrist movement, not the strength
of the whole arm. By remembering these two rules you will
not grow so tired or find your arm becoming lame before the
eggs are beaten.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 327
The eggn for custards require the yolk and white to be
beaten together, not as hard as for an omelet. And one more
rule for cooking: of eg^gs, never break them all into the same
dish at once. Drop them one by one in a cup. In this way if
a bad ogg should occur, it would not ruin the half-dozen that
came before.
CANNING AT HOME.
TO SEAL JARS.
Have erood. sound cans, covers and rubbers. Have cans,
covers and fruit hot. .Fill the cans full, and if any air bubbles
form, press down the fruit with a spoon and the bubbles will
rise to the top. Put on good rubbers, press down firmly onto
the can. Put on cover and screw down tightly, either
with a good wrench or a good strong hand. Set up the cans
and let them decidedly alone. Do not be tempted, when the
strong man of the house comes in. to have him give an extra
turn, for here Is a great mistake. The fruit and can being hot,
the rubber expands and sets, and when turned again it never
sets the same, and so there is a chance for air holes and poorly
Kept fruit. If possible, put fruit away in a dark closet.
STRAWBERRIES.
Place 4 lbs. of granulated sugar and 1 cup cold water over
the fire, boil until perfectly clear, then turn into it a gallon of
fresh, not overripe, strawberries of the small variety, and gently
boil the whole for 10 minutes, keeping the fruit well covered
with the syrup, but do not stir It. By means of a wire strainer
transfer the berries to hot glass cans, filling nearly full. Boil
the syrup 10 minutes longer, fill up the cans, let stand till cool,
add a tablespoon of brandy to each can and seal. When cold,
wrap in paper and place in the dark.
WHOLE GRAPES.
Clean the grapes by pouring cold water over them, pick all
the perfect ones from stems, fill glass can with the ripe grapes.
Pour on boiling water till they are covered, and turn off when
cold, doing this four or five times, each time using fresh boiling
water. Have a syrup made of good white sugar, boiling hot,
and pour over the grapes, then seal up.
BLUEBERRIES.
Pick over berries, wash and drain them, then measure and
for every quart of berries allow 1 cup granulated sugar and l^
cup cold water. Put sugar and water in kettle and let come to
a boil, add the berries and boil 10 minutes. Have ready your
glass jars, dip them sideways in scalding water, allowing water
to come in contact with inside and out at the same time, drain;
328 AMERICAN AGRirULTURIST
have ready a pan, pour in about an inch of hot water, stand
your Jars in this and fill with the boiling fruit. Put on a new
rubber and screw down the top tight while hot. Wipe dl-y.
Turn upside down on a table and see If they leak. If they do.
try an extra rubber. After you are sure they are airtight, set
away on a shelf, in a dark, cool corner of the cellftir, Whefe th6y
will be ready for use at any time.
RHUBARB.
Wash the stalks and put into self-sealing cans, packing the
stalks as closely as possible. Fill the cans full with fresh cold
WataJr at&d close the covers tight. Keep in a cool place.
PEACHES.
rPake 1 peck of ripe cling peaches, pare and place In an
earthen vessel. Ream out the seed with a sharp pocket knife,
and thus have the peaches in halves. This quantity will All
two half-gallon jars. Put on the preserving kettle, which
should be thoroughly clean. Then put In the kettle % pt. water
and 2 lbs. sugar. Let the sugar dissolve and add the peaches.
Place the jars to be used, each in a plate, with rubber on and
cap alongside, on the apron of the stove. Turn frequently so
as to prevent heating too much on one side. Let the peaches
boil moderately for about 20 minutes. Then, when still Dolling.
Without removing from the stove, proceed to fill the jars, using
a common cooking spoon. Fill the jars well, leaving no cavity
for air. Then, as quickly as possible, place on the caps, and
screw down as tight as you can, using two dry cloths, one to
hold the jar and the other to hold the cap, to prevent burning.
When the caps are well tightened, remove the jars to a table
and Wash with warm water, as cold water will break the Jars.
Store in a cool, dry place, where they will not freeze in winter.
VEGETABLES IN GENERAL.
For sweet corn, cut the raw corn from the cob, pack it Into
the jars firmly, place rubbers on jars, and fill with cold water.
If Lightning jars are used, place the wire over cover but do not
press side wire down. If Mason jars, screw on the cover suf-
ficient to lift the jars by it. Place laths, hay or something of
the sort in the bottom of the wash boiler. Place jars on it to
keep them from the bottom of the boiler, also place some hay
between the jars to prevent breaking. Fill boiler with cold
water to cover body of jars, leaving tops out of water. Place on
fire, and when boiling, keep boiling three hours, adding more
hot water if necessary. When done, remove jars from boiler,
fasten covers firmly, keep in paper bags or in dark places. For
peas, shell, pack in jars, add 1 teaspoonful salt before filling jars
with water; proceed as for corn. Green beans should be cut or
broken into small pieces, then proceed as for peas. Squash,
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 329
pump]i(ins or any other vegetable may be canned this way. Cut
and Pf re squash and pack in firmly, also the pumpkin. When
ready to use, pour away the water in the jars, place fresh water
on and cook as fresh vegetables, but not so long.
EAST INDIA PRESERVES.
Take 8 lbs. whole pears, with skins off, and slice. Add 6 lbs.
granulated sugar, 3 lemons (the rind shaved off in thin slices,
the white skin discarded and the lemons sliced), and 2 oz. green
ginger root, washed, scraped and chopped fine. Put all together
and boil slowly three hours, then put in jelly glasses. Put paraf-
fin over top, or parchment paper dipped in alcohol, to keep
from molding. Fixed in this way they will keep as long as
you wish.
PICKLED GREEN PEPPERS.
Take a few green peppers and cut them crosswise into halves.
Take out the seeds. Put the peppers into a bowl of strong vine-
gar, which has been very strongly salted. In 24 hours you will
have an unsurpassed relish for the dinner table.
CRISP SOUR CUCUMBERS.
Select rather small cucumbers, wash and put in Jars. To
each gallon of cucumbers sprinkle 1 teacup coarse salt, pour on
boiling water to cover and let stand over night. In the morning
wipe out of brine and pack in cans. Heat at the rate of 1 tea-
cup coarse salt to a gallon of vinegar and pour over pickles.
Seal. If pickles are wanted for immediate use, they may be
put in crocks. Pickles put up in this manner are very crisp
and sure to keep if put in good vinegar.
CHILI SAUCE.
Pour boiling water over 12 ripe tomatoes, remove skins, cut
in slices. Chop fine 2 large green peppers and 1 large onion.
Put 1 pt. cider vinegar, 1 tablespoon salt, 1 cup brown sugar,
1 teaspoonful each of allspice, cloves, nutmeg and ginger in a
porcelain-lined kettle, add the tomatoes, peppers and onion, and
boil all together till all is soft.
SWEET PICKLE PEPPER.
Take ripe sweet peppers, remove the seeds, cut in quarters,
and soak in salt water over night. Drain and scald in weak
vinegar until tender. Drain and put them into hot water, rinse
cans and cover them with a syrup made of 1% cups granulated
sugar and 1 cup vinegar (not too sour), boiled sufficiently for the
sugar to be melted. Have the syrup boiling hot when filling cans
and seal at once.
880 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
TIME-TABLE.
BAKING AND ROASTING.
FISH AND MEATS.
Baked beans with pork^6 to 8 hours.
Beef, fillet, rare— 20 to 30 minutes.
Beef ribs or loin, well done, per pound—12 to 16 minutes.
Beef ribs or loin, rare, per pound— 8 to 10 minutes.
Chicken, per pound— 15 minutes or more.
Duck, domestic— 1 hour or more.
Duck, wild— 12 minutes per pound.
Fish, whole, as blueflsh, salmon, etc.— 10 minutes per pound.
Goose, 8 to 10 pounds— 2 hours or more. .
Grouse— 25 to 30 minutes.
Ham— 15 minutes per pound.
Lamb, well done, per pound— 15 tcf 18 minutes.
Liver, whole— 12 minutes per pound.
Mutton, leg:, well done, per pound— 15 minutes or more.
Mutton, leg, rare, per pound— 10 minutes.
Mutton, saddle, rare, without flank, per pound— 9 minute^
Mutton, shoulder, stuffed, per pound— 15 to 25 minutes.
Partridge— 35 to 40 minutes.
Pork, well done, per pound— 20 minutes.
Small fish and flllets— 20 to 30 minutes.
Turkey, 8 to 10 pounds— 12 minutes per pound.
Veal, well done, per pound— 18 to 20 minutes.
Venison, rare, per pound— 10 minutes.
BROILING.
Bacon — 4 to 8 minutes.
Lamb, or mutton chops— 8 to 10 minutes.
Liver— 4 to 8 minutes.
Quail— 10 to 15 minutes.
Quail in paper cases—10 to 12 minutes.
Steak, 1 inch thick— 8 to 12 minutes.
Steak, 1% inches thick— 9 to 15 minutes.
Shad, blueflsh. etc.— 15 to 30 minutes.
Slices of flsh— 12 to 15 minutes.
Spring chicken— 20 minutes.
Small flsh, trout, etc.— « to 12 minutes.
Squabs— 10 to 15 minutes.
FRYING.
Bac6n fried in its own fat— 2 to 3 minutes.
Chops, breaded— 8 to 10 minutes.
Doughnuts and fritters— 3 to 5 minutes.
Fillets of flsh— 4 to 6 minutes.
Potatoes— 2 to 5 minutes.
TEAR feOOK AND ALMANAC 381
BOILING.
MEATS.
Chicken— 1 to 1% hours.
Corned beef (rib or flank)~4 to 6 hours, according to siae.
Corned beef (fancy brisket)— 5 to 8 hours.
Corned tongue— 3 to 4 hours.
Fowl, 4 to 5 pounds~15 minutes per pound, if tender.
Fresh beef— 4 to 6 hours.
Ham — 4 to 6 hours.
Mutton— 15 mhiutes per pound.
Turkey, per pound— 15 to 18 minutes.
FISH.
Clams and oysters— 3 to 5 minutes.
Codfish and haddock, per pound— 10 minutes.
Bass and bluefish, per pound— 10 minutes.
Halibut, whole or thick piece, per pound— IB minutes.
Lobster— bO to 40 minutes.
Salmon, Whgle or tnick piece, per pound— 10 to 20 minutes.
Small fish— 6 to 8 minutes.
BOILING VEGETABLES,
Asparagus— 20 to 25 minutes. •
Beans, string— 1 to 2 hours.
Beans, lima— 30 to 40 minutes.
Beets, new— 45 minutes to 1 hour.
Beets, old— 4 to 6 hours.
Brussels sprouts— 15 to 25 minutes.
Cabbage— 30 to 80 minutes.
Carrots (old)— 1 hour or more.
Cauliflower— 20 to 30 minutes.
Celery— 20 to 30 minutes.
Corn— 10 to 20 minutes.
Macaroni— 20. to 50 minutes.
Onions — 45 minutes to 2 hours.
Oyster plant— 45 to 60 minutes.
Parsnips— 30 to 45 minutes.
Peas— 20 to 50 minutes.
Potatoep, white— 20 to 30 minutes.
Potatoes, sweet— 15 to 25 minutes.
Rice— 20 to 30 minutes. j
Squash— 20 to 30 minutes.
Spinach— 20 to 30 minutes. j
Tomatoes, stewed— 15 to 20 minutes. ,'
Turnips— 30 to 45 minutes.
332 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST '
STEAMING.
Brown bread— 3 hours.
Puddings, one quart or more— 2 to 3 hours.
Rice — 45 to 60 minutes.
BAKING OF BREAD, CAKES, CUSTARDS AND PUDDING.
Fruit cake— 2 to 3 hours.
Layer cake— 15 to 20 minutes.
Loaf bread— 40 to 60 minutes.
Muffins, baking powder— 20 to 25 minutes.
Muffins, yeast— About 30 minutes.
Pie crust— ;30 to 45 minutes.
Plain loaf cake— 30 to 90 minutes.
Potatoes— 30 to 45 minutes.
Rolls, biscuit— 10 to .30 minutes.
Scalloped and au g-ratin dishes— 10 to 20 minutes, according to size.
Spong:e cake, loaf— 45 to 60 minutes, according to size.
Timbales— About 20 minutes.
The instructions given above must be modified by circum-
stances; the age and quality of meat, vegetables and flsh, tlie
size of loaves and so forth. It is not possible to make out a
table which shall be absolutely accurate. Experienpe is the one
trustworthy teacher.
THE FIRST OF THINGS.
The Chinese Invented paper in 170 B. C.
Envelopes were first used in ISoD.
Iron horseshoes were made in 481.
Telephones were invented in 1861.
The first Atlantic cable was operated in 1858.
The pianoforte was invented in Italy about 1710.
The first lucifer match was made in 1829,
The first steamer crossed the Atlantic in 1819.
Telescopes were invented in 1590.
The first steel pen was made in 1830i
Watches were first constructed in 1476.
Gold was discovered in California in 1848.
Qu^tion
-W
4,«w«-.-w^ -.t 11 A
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 338
The Young Folks
CHILDREN'S PARTIES.
The Invitations for these give room for any amount of pret-
tiness and ingenuity. They may be written by the mother, or
the child may pen them in his or her own wabbly characters;
they may be In rhyme, or may be decorated with tiny water
colors of Mother Goose people, or any other suitable subject.
The little guests all reply as soon as possible, having also a
wide range in the matter of their notes.
There are a few secrets about making a party for little
folks successful. There should be as much music as possible;
the games should be well planned beforehand, so that no drags
occur; the refreshments must be simpte and wholesome, and
easily handled by chubby fingers; and Instead of one or two
handsome prizes for skill in certain games, the aim should be
to see that every child carries home some pretty trifle in the
way of a favor. If the occasion Is a birthday, and the guests
bring gifts, good taste demands that these be simple and In-
expensive; and a wise mother takes this occasion to teach my
lady the why of removing cards from presents, explaining
that their display Invites comparison which Is unpleasant.
Indeed, the value of these little parties as an opportunity
to Inculcate the principles of good breeding Is very great; for
the man or woman who learns manners *and deportment before
the age of ten never loses them in the 60 or more years of after
life.
WALKING LETTERS.
By Mary Dawson.
An excellent game for young people from six to 11 years Is
called Walking Letters. The children present are formed Into
two bands or sides, each band containing exactly the same
number of players. The bands are separated when the game Is
about to begin, each side taking up Its position In one end of
the room. Lots are drawn to decide which band will be first
to choose a letter. The side drawing the slip marked * "Begin"
consult among themselves and choose a letter— any letter In the
alphabet, from A to Z. The letter Is kept strictly secret from
members of the opposing band and Is walked by one of the be*
ginning side, who takes up his position In the center of the
floor, and forms the letter by walking about In any direction
necessary to describe an imaginary character upon the carpet.
Each letter is walked three times, very slowly and carefully.
If the opposing party can guess Its name, a point is won for
their side and chalked upon the blackboard where score is kept.
If they fall to guess It, nothing is won, and the turn passes to
the opponents, who now endeavor to guess a second letter out-
lined by one of those who were formerly guessers. And so the
fun goes on until each side has had plenty of chances. When
334 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
the guessing side wins a point, that is, when they guess the let-
ter correctly, they may demand other letters, and go on gruess«
ing and winning until they lose fi point, when the turn reverts
to the opponents.
Numbers can be walked as well as letters, and will be found
to make a pleasant deviation in the long game. Walking Let-
ters offers a suggestion for an afternoon party which can be
arranged for in half an hour by using the idea and securing a
few pretty things for prizes. Members of the side winning the
most points draw among themselves for the first prize. It is
just as well to have inexpensive consolation gifts on hand for
all who fall to win a trophy, thus preventing a lot of dis-
appointment.
A PAPER PARTY.
By Virginia Van De Water.
The invitations for this party should be Issued long enough
beforehand for the parents of the children to prepare for them
costumes of tissue paper. This will not be found as difl^cult
as it sounds. Any woman who is deft with her fingers can
make such a costume for her small boy or girl. The mother of
each guest may send word to the hostess what color her cos-
tume will be and the hostess will then get a fancy paper cap
to match each dress and suit.
The parlors and hall and dining joom can be decorated with
Chinese lanterns and tissue paper flowers and streamers. Over
the dining table may be hung a huge paper umbrella of the
Japanese variety, and from the tip of each rib of this is sus-
pended a paper bag containing some trifle, such as a tiny
Chinese doll. The table is spread with a white cloth, and lighted
by candles with colored paper shades. Refreshments are served
in papier mache plates. Japanese paper napkins are at each
place.
When the little ones are assembled all are told to hunt for
the caps that match their costume. These caps are hidden about
the rooms, and each child is instructed not to touch any cap
except one that is of the same color as his clothes. This gives
rise to a great deal of merriment, for the boy or girl who care-
lessly or rashly puts the tip of a finger on a cap of any hue
save the one belonging to him or her Is required to pay a for-
feit, and after the head coverings are all found, a game of
forfeit follows.
Then provide each child with a pair of scissors, a pencil,
and a sheet of paper. Each names some animal that she will
first draw, then cut out. The one making the best picture wins
a prize, the one making the funniest receives a booby prize.
The first prize for the girls may be a pretty paper doll with
her wardrobe, that can be put on and off. The first prize for
the boys is a handsome paper covered book. The booby prize
for the girl can be a tiny fan, for the boys a small grotesque
YEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 335
Japanese doll. After the prizes are distributed, each child takes
hia place in the middle of the group and tells what animal he
has attempted to draw, while the circle of children make the
noise natural to the animal named.
Then come the refreshments, after which clear the dining
table* and move away the chairs. Stand the children in a row
around the board, and hand to each in order a long stiff switch
or stick; or you may give the switches to all at once. With
these the little ones are to hook the bags off the tips of the
umbrella ribs. It will require a little care to slip the end of the
stick through the loop of string by which the paper bag Is
suspended and lift it down without dropping it. Fortunately,
the contents of the parcels are of the unbreakable variety, so
no damage is done if they fall.
If there is any time left before the hour for departure, have
some comparatively quiet games such as "ring around a rosy, '
or "hunt the slipper," always bearing in mind that paper cos-
tumes, while pretty and effective, are not proof against the
rough handling Inseparable from romping games.
POLITEkESS FOR CHILDREN.
Talk but little in the presence of your elders, unless spoken
to. Learn to be a good listener.
Never enter a room, church or hall first, with an elder per-
son ; let them go first.
On entering a house or room, always speak first to the lady
of the house, and always take leave of her first.
Nevef take the most comfortable seat or position in a room
if there Is an older person present.
CLEVER BOOKS FOR CHILDREN.
[From Good Housekeeping.]
Stories Told to a Child Jean Ingelow
Fairy Tales Hans Christian Andersen
In the Child's World *..... Emilie Poulsson
Seven Little Sisters Series Jane Andrews
Ten Boys Jane Andrews
Story Mother Nature Told Jane Andrews
The Story Hour Wiggin, Smith
In Story Land Elizabeth Harrison
The Book of Fables Edited by Horace Scudder
The Book of Folk Stories Edited by Horace Scudder
the Book of Legends Edited by Horace Scudder
Kindergarten Stories and Morning Talks ^ara Wiltse
StofieS for Kindergartens and Primary Schools Sara Wiltse
A Brave Baby, and Other Stories Sara Wiltse
dHmni's Fairy Tales Edited by Sara Wiltse
336 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
Child Life in Prose Edited by J. G. Whittier
Story of a Happy Home Mary Hewitt
A New Year's Bargain Susan Coolldge
What Shall We Talk About?. Published by Thomas Nelson & Sons
Granny's Wonderful Chair Frances Brown
At the Back of the North Wind George Macdonald
Tanglewood Tales Nathaniel Hawthorne
Wonder Book Nathaniel Hawthorne
Water Babies Charles Kingrsley
Books of Saints and Friendly Beasts Abbie .F. Brown
Red Book of Animal Stories Andrew Lang
Grandfather Stories James Johonnat
Little Brothers of the Air Olive T. Miller
Little Folks in Feathers and Furs Olive T. Miller
Five Minute Stories Laura E. Richards
Mother Nature's Children.
Mother Nature's Rules.
Parables from Nature '. Mrs. Gatty
Little Folks (magazine, bound volumes).
St. Nicholas (magazine, bound volumes).
POETRY.
The Child World Gabriel Setoun
Child Stories and Rhymes E. Pqulsson
Through the Farmyard Gate E. Poulsson
Child's Garden of Verses R. L. Stevenson
Tne Listening Child Compiled by Lucy Thacher
Lilliput Levee William B. Rands
Little Folk Lyrics F. D. Sherman
Child Life in Poetry Edited by J. G. Whittier
Poems for Children Celia Thaxter
Cockle Shells and Silver Bells M. F. Butts
Poetry for Children. Charles and Mary Lamb
Our Baby — Mrs. Warner
Rhymes and Jingles M. M. Dodge
With Trumpet and Drum Eugene Field
Poetry for Children Mary Hewitt
The Little One's Annual.
Young ^Folks' Book of Poetry.
Open Sesame. Volume 1 Edited by Bellamy and Goodwin
Grandma's Rhymes and Chimes.
Mother Play Friedrich Froebel (translated by S. E. Blow)
Little Songs Eliza Lee Follen
The Posy Ring Edited by Wiggin and Smith
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC • 337
For the Youthful Genius
PINHOLE PHOTOGRAPH y.
What is known as pinhole photography Is photography in
Its very simplest form, and the camera required for this Is so
very easily made that most any boy or girl can possess one. It
consists of a box with a pinhole In one end. and a plateholder
for the sensitive plate at the other end.
Herewith Is shown a drawing of the camera complete. The
box should be 8 Inches wide. 6 Inches long and 6 inches deep. It
should be put together accurately, so that not the faintest sug-
gestion of light can get in anywhere. The inside should be
painted black, or If black paint is not available, rub on shoe
blacking until the
whole Interior Is black-
ened. Before the box
ia nailed together,
small cleats should be
tacked to all sides
about half an Inch
from the end, and
made to hold in place
a 5x7 plateholder. as is
shown at 6 e in the il-
lustration, part of the
top being removed to
show how the plate-
holder flts. This must
be done carefully, so
that when the plate-
holder is In position no
light can get into the
box. In the middle of
the front end. which
is the one directly op- '
poslte the plateholder. bore a half-Inch hole. Now secure the
thinnest piece of copper that you can. the thinner the better.
You will not need a piece over an inch .square. With a lile
and emery paper work the center of this down as thin as possi-
ble wlthoiit going through. The copper can be worked down in
this way almost as thin as tjsaue paper. If no copper is avail-
able, a copper cent can be poiinderi flat on an anvil and made
thin enough for the purpose.
Then take a No. 11 needle, which will be next to the smallest,
put the eye end into a cork for a handle and placing the bit of
copper on soft wood, press the needle through the thin part In
the center until It projects perhaps half an Inch, then pull It out
gently. This will leave some rough edges on the other side
which must be shaved off. This can be done with a razor with-
out injuring the razor blade. It is absolutely necessary that all
the edges should be perfectly smooth.
A Pinhole Camera.
338 ^ AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
Now if it is possible, get a little nitrate of silver, with which
to make a very Weak solution. Heating the copper, drop it into
the solution; this will oxidize the shiny edges of the inside of
the hole, which is quite necessary. When this is done, tacle-the
bit of copper over the hole in the end of the camera at a in the
illustration, being sure that the needle hole in the copper comes
exactly in the center of the half-inch opening in the front. A
thin, hard rubber plate can be used instead of copper, and Will
not need to be oxidized. Now your camera is complete With
the exception of the plateholder. This you will have to buy. and
you can get it from a dealer in photographic goods. You will
want a 5x7 plateholder, which will hold two plates. If you get
a plateholder in which is what is called a kit for holding 4x5
plates, you will have a camera capable of taking two sizes of
pictures. There being no lens in this camera, it is necessarily
what is called "slow"; that is, you cannot take a picture of a
moving object. Landscapes, buildings and objects which are
stationary you can photograph, ^hen you have learned how
long an exposure is required. Objects close to require a longer
exposure than objects at a distance.
THE P^IRST STEPS IN ELECTRICITY.
Electricity— The name given to the unknown cause of electric
phenomena.
Ampere— (1) The practical unit of electric current. (2) A rate
of flow of electricity transmitting one coulomb per second. (3)
The current of electricity which would pass through a circuit
whose resistance is one ohm, under an electro-motive force of
one volt.
Volt— (1) The practical unit of electro-motive force. (2) Such
an electro-motive force as is induced in a conductor which cuts
lines of magnetic flux at the rate of 100,000,000 per second. (3)
Such an electro-motive force as would cause a current of one
ampere to flow agfiinst a resistance of one ohm.
Ohm— (1) The practical unit of electric resistance. (2) Such
a resistance as would limit the flow of electricity under an
electro-motive force of one volt to a current of one ampere, or
one coulomb per second.
Ohm's Law— The strength of a continuous electric current in
any circuit is directly proportional to the electro-motive force
acting on that circuit, and inversely proportional to the resist-
ance of the circuit.
Watt— (1) A unit of electric power. (2) A volt ampere. (3)
The power developed when 44.25 foot pounds of work are done in
a minute, or 0.7375 foot pounds of work is done in a second.
Dynamo— A dynamo-electric machine or generator.
Motor Electric— A device for transforming electric power into
mechanical power.
Magneto— (1) A magneto generator. (2) A small magneto-
electric dynamo machine.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC
339
Galvanometer— An apparatus for measuring the strength of
an electric current by the deflection of a magnet needle.
Transformer— An induction coll employed either for raising
or for lowering electric pressure.
Regulating Box— A rheostat Inserted in the fleld circuit of a
generator or motor ior regulating the current passing through
the field magnet coils.
Safety Fuse— A wire, bar, plate, or strip of readily fusible
metal, capable of conducting without fusing the current ordi-
narily employed on the circuit, but which fuses and thus auto-
matically breaks the circuit on the passage of an abnormally
strong current.
Short Circuit— (1) A shunt or by-path of neglible or compar-
atively small resistance placed aro-utid any part of an electric
circuit through which so much of the current passes as to vir-
tually cut out the parts of the circuit to which it acts as a shunt.
(2) An accidental direct connection between the mains or main
terminals of a dynamo or system, producing a heavy load of
current.
Phase— The fractional part of a period which has elapsed
since a vibrating body last passed through the extreme point of
its path in the positive direction.
Direct Current— A current whose direction Is constant, as
distinguished from an alternating current.
Alternating Currents— (1) Currents which flow alternately in
opposite directions. (2) Currents whose directions are period-
ically reversed.
Multiple Circuit— A circuit in which a number of separate
sources or separate devices, or both, have all their positive poles
connected to a single positive lead or conductor, and all their
negative poles connected to a single negative lead or co^nductor.
Series Circuit- A circuit in which the separate sources or
separate electro-receptive devices, or both, are so placed that
the circuit produced in it or passed through it passes success-
ively through the entire circuit from the first to the last.
BOOKS FOR INGENIOUS BOYS.
Amateur Mechanic's Work-
shop.
American Boy's Handy Book,
*by Beard.
Jack of All Trades, by Beard.
How to Make Common
Things, by Bower.
Textbook of Elementary Me-
chanics, by Dana.
Bench Work in Wood, by
Qoss.
Amongst Machines, by Lukin.
Young Mechanic, by Lukin.
Boy Engineer, by Lukin.
Mechanical Drawing Self-
Taught, by Rose.
Mechanic's Own Book, by
Spon.
A Boy's Workshop, by Waite.
Wood-working for Beginners,
by Wheeler.
910 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
Useful to Know
A GUIDE FOR FARMERS.
To find the number of tons of hay In a mow or stack, mul-
tiply together the length, breadth and depth in feet, and divide
the product by 400 or 500; in a deep mow about 400 cubic feet of
hay will make a ton, while on a scaffold or shallow mow, It will
require 500 cubic feet.
To find the number of bushels of potatoes, apples, etc., in a
bin, multiply the cubic contents by 8 and point oft one figure in
the product.
To find the number of bushels of shelled corn in a crib or
bin of corn in the ear, divide the cubic contents by 2; to find
the number of bushels of ear corn, divide the cubic contents in
feet by 2%, as one bushel of ear corn is contained in 2%. cubie
feet. A wagon box 10 feet long, 3 feet wide and 25 inches deep,
will hold 27.8 bushels ear corn, or 50.2 bushels shelled corn.
To ascertain the weight of cattle, measure the girth close
behind the shoulder, and the length from the fore part of the
shoulder blade along the back to the bone at the tail, which is
in a vertical line with the buttock, both in feet. Multiply the
square of the girth, expressed in feet, by five times the length,
and divide the product by 21; the quotient is the weight, nearly,
of the four quarters. In Imperial stones of 14 pounds avoirdupois.
In very fat cattle, the quarters will be about l-20th more, while
in very lean ones, they will be about l-20th less.
SOME EVERYDAY ARITHMETIC— MISCELLANEOUS
TABLE OF SOLIDS.
128 solid feet (4x4x8) make 1
cord.
40 solid feet of round timber
make 1 tun.
50 solid feet of hewn timber
make 1 tun.
1 11-45 solid feet of shelled
corn make 1 bushel.
6 2-9 solid feet of shelled corn
make 1 barrel.
2 22-45 solid feet of ear corn
make 1 bushel.
12 4-9 solid feet of ear corn
make 1 barrel.
28% solid inches make 1 wine
pint.
231 solid inches make 1 wine
gallon.
282 solid inches make 1 beer
gallon.
268 4-5 solid inches make 1
gallon, dry measure.
1828 solid inches make 1 bush-
el unslaked lime, coal or coke.
A box 14x14x13% inches in the
clear holds 1 bushel.
A box 14x7x13% inches in the
clear holds ^^ bushel.
A box 7x7x13% inches in the
clear holds 1 peck.
A bucket or other cylindrical
vessel 1 inches in diameter and
6 inches deep holds 1 gallon,
wine measure, and a similar
vessel 7 inches in diameter and
7 1-3 inches deep holds 1 gallon,
beer measure.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC
341
METRIC SYSTEM.
Apothecaries.
10 milligrams=l centigram.
10 centigrams^:! decigram.
10 decigramszr:! gram.
10 grams=l decagram.
10 decagrams=l liectogram.
10 hectograms=l kilogram.
10 kilogramsr=l myriagram.
10 myriagram s=:l quintal.
10 quintals=l ton (metric).
Linear Measure.
10 millimeters^l centimeter.
10 centimetersr=l decimeter.
10 decimetersrrrl meter.
10 meterszirl decameter.
10 decameters=:l hectometer.
10 hectometers=l kilo.
A box 8 inches by 8 inches
square, and 4.2 inches deep,
will contain one-half peck, or
268.8 cubic inches.
A box 7 Inches by 4 inches
square, and 4.8 Inches deep,
will contain a half-gallon, or
134.4 cubic Inches.
A box 4 inches by 4 Inches
square, and 4.2 inches deep,
will contain 1 quart, or 67.2
cubic inches.
The measures all come with-
in a small fraction of a cubic
Inch of being perfectly accu-
rate; as near, indeed, as any
measures of capacity have
ever yet been made for com-
mon usse. The difficulty of
making them with absolute
exactness has never yet been
overcome.
Cubic and Capacity Measure.
10 milliliters=:l centiliter.
10 centilitersirrl deciliter.
10 deciliters=rl liter.
10 liters^rl decaliter.
10 decaliterszzzl hectoliter.
10 hectoliters=:l kiloliter.
TABLE OF BOX MEASURE.
A box 24 Inches by 16 inches
square, and 28 inches deep, will
contain a barrel, or 10,752 cubic
inches.
A box 24 inches by 16 inches
square, and 14 inches deep, will
contain a half -barrel, or 5376
cubic inches.
A box 16 inches by 16.8 inches
square, and 8 inches deep, will
contain a bushel, or 2150.4 cubic
inches.
A box 12 inches by 11.2 inches
square, and 8 inches deep, will
contain a half -bushel, or 1075.2
cubic inches.
A box 8 inches by 8.4 inches
square, and 8 inches deep, will
contain 1 peck, or 537.6 cubic
inches.
SURFACE MEASURE.
The surface units in the
metric system are the linear
units squared, and for land
measures 100 square meters are
called the *'ar" (for area).
100 arsz=l hectar.
One acre contains 160 square
rods. 4840 square yards, 45,560
square feet. One rod contains
30»4 square yards, 272*4 square
feet. One square yard contains
nine square feet. The side of
a square must measure as fol-
lows to contain:
Feet Rods Paces
lU acres 660.00
1 acre 208.71
Half acre... 147. 58
Third acre.. 120.50
Fourth acre.104.38
Eighth acre. 73.79
40.00
12.65
64
8.95
45
7.30
37
6.32
32
4.47
22%
To double the length of the
side makes four times the area
of the field.
842
AMEJtllCAX AGRlCULTUniS*
DOMESTIC WEIGHTS AND
MEASURES.
Apothecaries' weight — 20
grains=l scruple, 3 scruplesiirl
dram, 8 dramB=l ounce, 12
©uncesizzl pound.
Avoirdupois weight (short
ton)— 27 11-32 grains^l dram, 16
drams=:l ounce, 16 ounces=rl
pound, 25 poundsml quarter, 4
quarters:=l hundredweight. 20
hundredweights=:l ton (2000
pounds).
Avoirdupois weight (long
ton)— 27 11-32 grainsml dram,
16 dramsr^l ounce, 16 ouncesn:
1 pound, 112 poundsnrl hun-
dredweight, 20 hundredweights
=£1 ton* (2240 pounds).
Troy weight— 24 grainsr^l
pennyweight, 20 pennyweights
ounce, 12 ouncesml pound.
Circular measure— 60 seconds
minute, 60 minutes=rl de-
gree. 30 degrees=zl sign, 12
slgnsizil circle.
Cubic measure— 1728 cubic
Inchesrzrl cubic foot, 27 cubic
feetr=l cubic yard.
Dry measure — 2 pintsml
quart, 8 quarts=:l peck, 4 pecks
=1 bushel.
Liquid measure— 4 gillsr=:l
pint, 2 pints=dL quart. 4 quarts
=1 gallon, 31% gallonsml bar-
rel, 2 barrelsz=l hogshead.
Fluid measure— The minimzr:
0.95 grain, 60 minimsr^l fluid
drachm, 8 fluid drachms=:l
fluid ounce (455.69 grains) or 480
minims.
Long measure— 12 inches=r:l
foot, 3 feetrrJL yard, 5V^ yardszn
1 rod or pole, 40 rods=rl fur-
long, 8 furlohg8i=l statute
mile, 3 miles=l league.
Nautical measure— 6 feetr^rl
fathom, 608 fathomsnzzl cable
length. 71/^ cable lengthsrrrl
mile. 5280 feet=l statute mile, •
6080.27 feet=l nautical mile.
Square measure— 144 square
inchesrrl square foot, 9 square
feetr^l square yard,' 30*4 square
yards=:rl square rod or perch,
40 square rods=l rood, 4 roods
r=l acre, 640 acreszzJ. square
mile, 36 square miles (6 miles
square)=J. township.
Time measure — 60 seconds:zz:l
minute, 60 minutesnzl hour. 24
hoursrzrl day, 7 daysml week,
4 weeksrrl lunar month, 365
daysrrl year, 366 days=l leap
year.
Diamond weight — 4 grains=rl
carat, 16 partsizrl grain;iiH0.8
Troy grain, carat=r3.2 Troy
grains.
Measure of number — 12 units
rrrl dozen, 12 dozen=l gross, 20
unitsrrl score.
Mariner's measure— 6 fi>«»t — i
fathom, 120 fathoms=l cable.
A nautical mile or knot, 6080.27,
while a common mile is 5280
feet.
Iron, lead, etc.— 14 poundsnzl
stone, 2m stone=l pig, 8 pigs
r^l fother.
Beef, pork, etc.— 200 pounds=
1 barrel, 196 pounds (flour)==l
barrel, 100 pounds rfiah) — 1
quintal.
The commercial weights and
measures of the United States
are the avoirdupois pound (7000
grains)r=16 ounces of 437.5
grains each. The wine gallon
(231 cubic inches)=i4 quarts, ot
8 pints of 16 fluid ounces to
each pint.
Various miles— The distance
called a mile varies greatly ih
different countries. Its length
in yards is as follows: Nor*
way 12,182, Sweden 11,660, Hun-
gary 9139. Switzerland 8648,
Austria 8297, Prussia 8288, Po-
land 8100, Italy 2025, England
and the United States 1760,
Spain 1522, Netherlands 1094.
The nautical mile is l^^OOth the
length of a degree at the equa-
tor, or 2025 yards.
Cloth measure— 2^ inches — ^1
nail. 4 nailB=l quarter. 4 quar-
tersirrl yard.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC
343
Chain measure— 7.d2 inches=r
1 link, 25 linksr^l rod, 100 links
=1 chain, 80 chalns=l mile, 10
square chains=l acre.
Paper measure— 24 sheets=l
quire. 20 quireszril ream, 2
reams=l bundle, 5 bundle8=:l
bale.
Various units— A cubit Is 4
hands and a half, or 1 foot and
a half. A yard Is 36 inches or
2 cubits. A square yard is 9
square feet. A cubical yard is
27 cubical feet. An ell is 1
yard and a quarter, or 45
inches. A geometrical space Is
5 feet. A fathom i^ 6 feet, or
2 yards. A square is 100 square
feet. A pace is 3 feet. A palnn
is 3 inches. A hand is 4 inches.
A span is 6 inches. A Bible
cubit is 21.8 inches.
Liquids— 1 gallon oil weighs
9.32 pounds avoirdupoisr, 1 gal-
lon distilled water 10.32 pounds,
1 gallon proof spirits 9.08
pounds.
EQUIVALENTS.
1 acre equals .4047 hectare.
1 bushel equals 35.24 liters.
1 centimeter equals .3937 inch.
1 cubic foot equals .023 cubic
meter.
1 cubic inch equals 16.39 cubic
centimeters.
1 cubic meter equals 35.31 cu-
bic feet.
1 cubic yard equals .7645 cubic
meter.
1 foot equals 30.48 centimeters.
1 gallon equals 3.785 liters.
1 grain equals .0648 gram.
1 gram equals 15.43 grains.
1 hectare equals 2.471 acres.
1 inch equals 25.40 millimeters.
1 kilogram equals 2.205pounds.
1 kilometer equals .6214 mile.
1 liter equals .9081 quart (dry).
1 liter equals 1.057 quarts (liq-
uid),
1 yard equals .9144 meter.
1 meter equals 3.381 feet.
1 mile equals 1.609 kilometers.
1 millimeter equals 0.394 Inch.
1 ounce (avoirdupois) equals
28.35 grams.
1 ounce (Troy) equals 31.10
grams.
1 peck equals 8.809 liters.
1 pint equals .4732 liter.
1 pound equals .4536 kilogram.
1 quart (dry) equals 1.101 li-
ters.
1 quart (liquid) equals .9464
liter.
1 square centimeter equals
.1550 square Inch.
1 square foot equals .0929
square meter.
1 square Inch equals 6.452
square centimeters.
1 square meter equals 1.196
square yards.
1 square meter equals 10.76
square feet.
1 square yard equals .8361
square meter.
1 ton (2000 pounds) equals .9072
metric ton.
1 ton (2240 pounds) equals 1.017,
metric tons.
1 ton (metric) equals .9842 ton
(2240 pounds).
GREAT DISASTERS AT SEA.
Steamship Bourgogne was lost in 1898, with 545 lives. The
steamer Elbe, in 1896. was lost with 334. In 1895, the Victoria
was rammed by the Camperdown and went down with 430 men.
In 1899, a British excursion steamer, the Stella, struck a reef
and 104 people were drowned. In 1902, a German excursion boat
sank In the Elbe river with 112 people. But all five exceed by
less than 500 the death rate of the General Slocum, in June, 1904,
when more than 1000 men, women and children were drowned,
burned or crushed, besides many injured.
344 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
SPECIFIC GRAVITY— COMPARED WITH WATER.
Liquids.
Water 100
Sea water 103
Dead sea 124
Alcohol 84
Olive oil 92
Turpentine 99
Wine 100
Urine 101
Cider 102
Beer 102
Woman's milk 102
Cow's milk 103
Goat's milk 104
Porter 1U4
Timber.
Cork 24
Poplar 38
Fir 55
Cedar (jl
Pear 66
Walnut 07
Cherry 72
Maple 75
Apple 79
Ash 84
Beech 85
Mahogany 106
Oak 117
Ebony 133
Sundries.
Indigo 77
Ice 92
Gunpowder 93
Butter 94
Clay 120
Coal 130
Opium 134
Honey 145
Ivory 183
Sulirfiur 203
Porcelain 226
Marble 270
Chalk 279
Glass 289
Metals and Stones.
Granite 278
Diamond 353
Zinc 691
Cast iron 721
Tin 729
Bar iron 779
Steel 783
Brass 840
Copper 895
Silver 1,047
Lead 1*135
Mercury 1,357
Gold 1.926
Platina 2^150
I To get weight of a cubic foot of above, multiply gravity by
10— thus, a cubic foot of ice weighs 920 ounces avoirdupois.
FREEZING, .FUSING AND BOILING POINTS.
Fahr.
Olive oil freezes at 50
Quicksilver freezes at — 39
Water freezes at 32
Copper fuses at 2,200
Gold fuses at 2,618
Iron fuses at 2,800
Lead fuses at 617
Silver fuses at 1.832
Fahr.
Sulphur fuses at ."^39
Tin fuses at 442
Zinc fuses at 773
Alcohol boils at 167
Ether boils at 96
Iodine boils at 347
Water boils at 212
YEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 345
TIME ON SHIPBOARD.
One bell— 12.30, 4.30 and 8.30, either morning or evening.
Two bells— 1, 5 and 9, either morning or evening.
Three bells— 1.30, 5.30 and 9.30, either morning or evening.
Four bells— 2, 6 and 10, either morning or evening.
Five bells— 2.30, 6.30 and 10.30, either morning or evening.
Six bells— 3, 7 and 11, either morning or evening.
Seven bells— 3.30, 7.30 and 11.30, either morning or evening.
Eight bells — 4, 8 and 12, either morning or evening.
The day on shipboard begins at noon, and is divided into
seven watches.
Afternoon watch— 12 noon to 4 p. m.
First dog watch— 4 p. m. to 6 p. m.
Second dog watch— 6 p. m. to 8 p. m.
First watch— 8 p. m. to 12 midnight.
Middle watch— 12 midnight to 4 a. m.
Morning watch— 4 a. m. to 8 a. m.
Forenoon watch— 8 a. m to 12 noon.
THE VALUE OF FOREIGN MONEY
Varies from month to month, but averages as follows:
Austria-Hungary— Crown, equals $0,203, say 20c
Belgium— Franc, equals 193, " 20c
France— Franc, equals 193, " 20c
Germany— Mark, equals 238, " 24c
Great Britain— Pound, equals 4.84
India— Rupee, equals 32
Italy— Lira, equals 193, " 20c
Japan— Yen, equals 50
Russia— Ruble, equals 515, *' 52c
Spain— Peseta, equals 193, " 20c
Switzerland- Franc, equals 193, " 20c
WORTH KNOWING.
There are 640 acres in a square mile.
A barrel of pork weighs 200 pounds.
A barrel of flour weighs 196 pounds.
Sound moves at the rate of 743 miles an hour.
Storm clouds move 36 miles an hour.
Light moves 192,000 miles per second.
Five hundred and eighty-seven languages are spoken in
Europe.
Australia has an artesian well 500 feet deep.
346
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
MISCELLANEOUS TABLE
OF THINGS, DIS-
TANCES, BOOKS,
ETC.
A book composed of sheets
folded into 2 leaves is a folio.
A book composed of sheets
folded into 4 leaves is a quarto.
A book composed of sheets
folded into 8 leaves is an oc-
tavo (8vo).
A book composed of sheets
folded into 12 leaves is a duo-
decimo (12mo).
A book composed of sheets
folded into 16 leaves is a 16mo.
12 units make 1 dozen.
12 dozen make 1 gross.
12 gross (144 dozen) make 1
great gross.
20 units make 1 score.
56 pounds of butter make 1
firkin.
100 pounds of fish make 1
quintal.
196 pounds of flour malie 1
barrel.
200 pounds of beef, pork, shad
or salmon make 1 barrel.
24 sheets of paper make 1
quire.
20 quires make 1 ream.
2 reams make 1 bundle.
5 bundles make 1 bale.
Z barleycorns make 1 Inch.
18 inches make 1 cubit.
22 inches make 1 sacred cubit.
9 gallons make 1 English fir-
kin.
2 firkins make 1 kilderkin.
2 kilderkins make 1 barrel.
25 pounds make 1 keg (pow-
der).
100 pounds make 1 cental
(grain measure).
100 pounds make 1 cask (rais-
in measure).
256 pounds make 1 barrel of
soap.
280 pounds make 1 barrel of
salt. ^ -
31% gallons make 1 barrel
(wine measure).
42 gallons make 1 tierce (wine
measure).
63 gallons make 1 hogshead
(wine measure).
84 gallons make 1 puncheon
(wine measure).
126 gallons make 1 pipe (wine
measure)
252 gallons make 1 tun (wine
measure).
8 bushels of wheat (of 70
pounds each) make 1 quarter
(European measure).
8 bushels of salt make 1 hogs-
head.
36 bushels of coal make 1
chaldron (English).
32 bushels make 1 chaldron
(American).
14 pounds make 1 stone.
21% stones make 1 pig (iron).
8 pigs make 1 fother.
24% cubic feet (masonry)
make 1 perch.
100 square feet (carpentry)
make 1 square.
1760 yards (5280 feet) make 1
statute mile.
2028.63 yards (6085.9 feet) make
1 nautical mile.
3 miles make 1 league.
69 1-6 statute miles make 1
degree (of latitude).
60 geographical miles make 1
degree (of latitude).
360 degrees make 1 circle.
60 pairs of shoes make 1 case.
9 inches make 1 quarter (of a
yard).
3 quarters make 1 ell (Flem-
ish).
5 quarters make 1 ell (Eng-
lish).
6 quarters make 1 ell (Prencn").
4 inches make 1 hand (meas-
uring horses).
6 feet make 1 fathom (depth
of water).
120 fathoms make 1 cable-
length.
7 1-3 cable lengths make 1
mile.
640 acres make 1 square mile.
36 square miles make 1 town-
ship.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 347
Virectorp of Agricultural Colleges, Ex-'
per intent Stations and
Societies
AaRTCULTTTRAL. AND MECHANICAL COT^LEGES.
The first agricultural college in the United States was estab-
lished through a land-grant from Congress for that purpose in
1S62. There are now 50 agricultural colleges for whiles (many
of which admit negroes) and 16 for negroes, scattered through
the various states. The total number of teachers in 1901-2, men
and women, was 3692; of students, men 35,404, women 11,643;
number of graduates in 1902, 3466 men and 975 women. The total
value of property Is $69,660,303; the total income for year ending
June, 1902, was $9,167,059, of which the states and territories pro-
vided 46.6 per cent, the federal government 21.8 per cent, and
31.6 per cent from endowment funds, tuition and miscellaneous
sources.
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS
IN THE UNITED STATES HAVING COURSES
IN AGRICULTURE.
Alabama— Auburn, Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
Normal, Agricultural and Mechanical College of Negroes.
Arizona— Tucson, University of Arizona.
Arkansas— Fayette ville. University of Arkansas.
Pine Bluff, Branch Normal College.
California— Berkeley, University of California.
Colorado— jFort Collins, State Agricultural College of Colorado.
Connecticut— Storrs, Connecticut Agricultural College.
Delaware— Newark, Delaware College.
Dover, State College for Colored Students.
Florida- Lake City, Florida Agricultural (^ollege.
Tallahassee, Florida State Normal and Industrial College.
Georgia— Athens, Georgia State College of Agriculture and Me-
chanic Arts.
College, Georgia State Industrial College.
Idaho— Moscow, University of Idaho.
Illinois— Urbana, University of Illinois.
Indiana— Lafayette, Purdue University.
Iowa— Ames, Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic
Arts.
Kansas— Manhattan, Kansas State Agricultural College.
Kentucky— Lexington, Agricultural and Mechanical College of
Kentucky.
Frankfort, State Normal School for Colored Students.
Louisiana— Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University and Agri-
cultural and Mechanical College.
348 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
New Orleans, Southern University and Agricultural and Me-
chanical College.
Maine— Orono, the University of Maine.
Maryland— College Park, Maryland Agricultural College.
Princess Anne, Princess Anne Academy, Eastern Branch,
Maryland Agricultural College.
Massachusetts— Amherst, Massachusetts Agricultural College.
Michigan— Agricultural College, Michigan State Agricultural
College.
Minnesota— St. Anthony Park, the University of Minnesota.
Mississippi— Agricultural College, Mississippi Agricultural and
Mechanical College.
Westside, Alcorn Agriculturs^l and Mechanical College.
Missouri— Columbia, the University of Missouri.
Jefferson City, Lincoln Institute.
Montana— Bozeman, the Montana College of Agriculture and
Mechanic Arts.
Nebraska— Lincoln, the University of Nebraska.
Nevada— Reno, Nevada State University.
New Hampshire— Durham, the New Hampshire College of Agri-
culture and Mechanic Arts.
New Jersey— New Brunswick, Rutgers Scientific School (the
New Jersey State College for the Benefit of Agriculture and
Mechanic Arts).
New Mexico— Mesilla Park, New Mexico College of Agriculture
and Mechanic Arts.
New York— Ithaca, Cornell University.
North Carolina— West Raleigh, North Carolina College of Agri-
culture and Mechanic Arts.
Greensboro, Agricultural and Mechanical College for the Col-
ored Race.
North Dakota— Agricultural College, North Dakota Agricultural
College.
Ohio— Columbus, , Ohio State University.
Oklahoma— Stillwater, Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical
College.
Langston, Agricultural and Normal University.
Oregon— C6rvallis, Oregon State Agricultural College.
Pennsylvania— State College, Pennsylvania State College.
Rhode Island— Kingston, Rhode Island College of Agriculture
and Mechanic Arts.
South Carolina— Clemson College, Clemson Agricultural College.
Orangeburg, the Colored Normal, Industrial, Agricultural and
Mechanical College of South Carolina.
South Dakota— Brookings, South Dakota Agricultural College.
Tennessee— Knoxville, University of Tennessee.
Texas— College Station, State Agricultural and Mechanical Col-
lege of Texas.
Prairie View, Prairie View State Normal School.
Utah— Logan, Agricultural College of Utah.
Vermont— Burlington, University of Vermont and State Agricul-
tural College
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC
349
Virginia— Blacksburg, Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical Col-
lege and Polytechnic Institute.
Hampton, Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute.
Washington— Pullman, Washington Agricultural College nnd
School of Science,
West Virginia— Morgantown, West Virginia University.
institute, West Virginia Colored Institute.
Wisconsin— Madison, University of Wisconsin.
W.voming— I^aramie, University of Wyoming.
AGRTCTn.TURAT. EXPRRTMRNT STATIONS IN THE U. S.
h'
Alabama— Auburn, Uniontown
(Canebrake), Tuskegee.
Arizona— Tucson.
Arkansas — FayettevIUe.
California— Berkeley.
Colorado — Fort Collins.
Connecticut — New Haven
(state). Storrs,
Delaware— Newark.
Florida— Lake City.
rjeorgia — Experiment.
Ida ho — Moscow.
Illinois— Urbana.
Indiana— Lafayette.
Iowa — Ames.
Kansas— Manhattan.
Kentucky— Lexington.
Louisiana — New Orleans
(fruit), Baton Rouge (state),
Calhoun.
Maine— Orono.
Maryland— College Park.
Massachusetts — Amherst.
Michigan— Agricultural (JoUege.
Minnesota— St. Anthony Park.
Mississippi— Agricultural Col-
lege.
Missouri — Columbia, Mountain
Grove (fruit).
Montana— Bozeman.
Nebraska — Lincoln.
Nevada— Reno.
New Hampshire— Durham.
New Jersey— New Brunswick
(state), New Brunswick (col-
lege).
New Mexico— Mesilla Park.
New York— Geneva (state),
Ithaca (Cornell).
North Carolina— Raleigh.
North Dakota — Agricultural
College.
Ohio— Wooster.
Oklahoma— Stillwater.
Oregon— Corvallis.
Pennsylvania— State College.
Rhode Island— Kingston.
South Carolina— Clemson Col-
lege.
South Dakota— Brookings.
Tennessee — Knoxville.
Texas— College Station.
I^tah — Logan.
Vermont— Burlington.
A'irginia— Blacksburg.
Washington— Pullman.
AVest Virginia— Morgantown.
Wisconsin— Madison.
W^yoming- Laramie.
NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS OP FARMERS.
American Cane Growers' Association— D. D. Colcock, secre-
tary'- New Orleans, La.
New England Tobacco Growers' Association— S. C. Hardin,
secretary, Glastonbury, Ct.
Interstate Cotton Growers' Association— J. P. Allison, secre-
tary. Concord, Ga.
National Nut Growers' Association— J. F. Wilson, secretary,
^oulan, Ga.
852 AMERICAN AORICtTLTURIST
American Shropshire Registry. Association— Mortimer Lever-
ing, secr^ary and treasurer, Lafayette, Ind.
Hampshire Down Breeders' Association of America — C. A.
Tyler, secretary, Nottawa, Mich.
American Rambouillet Sheep Breeders' Association— Dwight
Lincoln, secretary, Milford Center, O.
American Suffolk Flock Registry Association— George AV.
Franklin, secretary, Des Moines, Ta.
Black Top Spanish Merino Sheep Breeders' Association — R. P.
Berry, secretary, Washington, Pa.
Dorset Horn Sheep" Breeders' Association of America — M. A.
Cooper, secretary, Washington. Pa.
National Delaine Merino Sheep Breeders' Association— J. B.
Johnson, secretary, CannonsbUrg, Pa.
Dickinson Merino Sheep Record Company— H. G. McDowell,
secretary, Canton, O.
Hampshire Down Breeders' Association— C. A. Tyler, Not-
tawa. Mich.
Improved Black Top Merino Sheep Breeders' Association—
Ij. M. Crothers, secretary, Crothers, Pa.
Improved Delaine Merino Sheep Breeders' Association —
George A. Henry, secretary, Bellefontaine. O.
Michigan Merino Sheep Breeders' Association— E. N. Ball,
secretary, Hamburg, Mich.
National Lincoln Sheep Breeders' Association— Bert Smith,
secretary, Charlotte, Mich.
National Improved Saxony Sheep Breeders' Association-
John T. Clarke, secretary. Washington. Pa.
National Merino Sheep Register Association— R. O. Logan,
secretary, Montgomery. Mich.
New York State American Merino Sheep Breeders' Associa-
tion— J. Horatio Earle, secretary, Skaneateles. N. Y.
Ohio Spanish Merino Sheep Breeders' Association.
Standard Delaine Spanish Merino Association— S. M. Clea-
ver, secretary. East Bethlehem. Pa.
United States Merino Sheep Breeders' Registry Association
.—J. A. B. Walker, secretary, Mountair. Pa.
Vermont Atwood Merino Sheep Club Register— George Ham-
mond, secretary, Middlebury, Vt.
Vermont Merino Sheep Breeders' Association— C. A. Chap-
man, secretary, Harrisburg, Vt.
SWINE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS.
American Berkshire Association— Frank S. Springer, secre-
tary, Springfield, 111.
American Duroc-Jersey Swine Breeders' Association— T. B.
Pearson, secretary, Thornton, Ind.
American Essex Association- F. M. Strout, secretary, Mc-
Lain, 111.
American Small Yorkshire Club— George W. Harris, secre-
tary, 3409 Third avenue. New York city.
Cheshire Swine Breeders' Association— B. R. Badger, secre-
tary, Ouaquaga, N. Y.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 358
Standard Chester White Record Association— W. H. Morris,
secretary, Indianapolis, Ind.
American Poland-China Record Company— W. M. McFadden.
secretary, Chicago, 111.
Central Poland-China Record Association— W. H. Morris,
secretary, Indianapolis, Ind.
Ohio Poland-China Record Company— A. M. Brown, Day-
ton, O.
Standard Poland-China Record Association— G. F. Wood-
worth, secretary, Maryville, Mo.
Victoria Swine Breeders' Association— H. Davis, secretary,
Dover, Ind. , ,
Suffolk Swine Association— W. F. Watson, secretary, Win-
Chester Ind
National Duroc-Jersey Record Association— Robert J. Evans,
secretary. El Paso, 111. , ^ ^ ^.r t^ n «
American Tam worth Swine Association— E. N. Ball, Ham-
burg, Mich. _ _, „,.,
The American Yorkshire Club-E. W. Wilcox, secretary,
Huero, Minn.
DAIRY ASSOCIATIONS.
National Association of State Dairy and Food Departments—
R. M. Allen, secretary, Lexington, Ky.
National Dairy Union- Charles Y. Knight, secretary, Voi
Lake street, Chicago. ^^ « ^
National Creamery Butter Makers' Association— £1. Suden-
dorf, secretary, Elgin, 111. „, . ,t .
New England Milk Producers' Union— W. A. Hunter, secre-
tary, 10 Florence street, Worcester, Mass. ^, _ ^
Five States Milk Producers* Association— H. T. Coon, secre-
^^^Califoniia Creamery Operators' Association— W. H. Saytor,
^sporetarv, San Francisco. „ „r ^ «.
California Dairy Association-Samuel E. Watson, secretary,
^^"conSecUcut Dairymen's Association-J. E. Noble, secretary,
^^Connt'cticut Creamery Association-E. B. Little, secretary,
^*'"Georgia Dairymen's Assoclation-M. L. Duggan, secretary,
^^^Idaho Dairy and Pure Food Assoclation-A. E. Gipson. sec-
'^^^mno^s^^mlrymen's Association-George Caven, secretary,
154 Lake street, Chicago. 4. o>i
Cblcago Milk Shippers' Union-H. B. Farmer, secretary, 84
La Salle street, Chicago.
Indiana State Dairy Assoclation-H. E. Van Norman, secre-
tary, Lafayette. . _ ^ ■»*
Iowa State Dairy Association— P. H. Kieffer, secretary, Man-
chester.
354 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
Kansas State Dairy Association— T. A. Borman, secretary,
505 Polk street, Topeka.
Maine Dairymen's Association— L. W. Dyer, secretary,
Woodfords.
Massachusetts Creamery Association— A. M. Lyman, secre-
tary, Montag^ue.
Michigan Dairymen's Association— S. J. Wilson, secretary,
Flint.
Michigan Grand Traverse Dairymen's Association— D. H.
McMullen, secretary. Traverse City.
Minnesota State Dairymen's Association— J. R. Morley, sec-
retary, Owatonna.
Minnesota State Butter and Cheese Makers' Association —
- C. I. Cole, secretary, Rockford.
Missouri Dairy Association— W. AV. Marplc, president, St.
Joseph.
Nebraska Dairymen's Association— S. C. Bassett, secretary.
Gibbon.
(New Hampshire) Granite State Dairymen's Association —
Ivan C. Weld, secretary, Durham.
New Jersey State Dairy UniouT-G. L. Glllingham, secretary,
Moorestown.
New York State Dairymen's Association— Robert McAdam,
secretary, Rome.
North Dakota State Dairymen's Association— E. E. Kauf-
man, secretary, Fargo.
Ohio S^ate Dairymen's Association— D. A. Crouner, secretary,
West Jefferson.
Oregon Dairymen's Association— F. L. Kent, secretary, Cor-
vallis.
Pennsylvania Dairy Union— Dr. M. E. Conard, secretary.
West Grove.
Creamery Association of Eastern Pennsylvania and Vicinity
— G. R. Meloney, secretary, 1937 Market street, Philadelphia.
South Carolina— G. M. Davis, secretary, Clinton.
South Dakota Dairy and Butter Makers' Association— C. P.
Sherwood, secretary, Desmet.
Texas Dairy and Live Stock Association— G. E. Adams, sec-
retary, Florence.
Utah Dairymen's Association— C. Z. Harris, secretary, Rich-
mond.
Vermont Dairymen's Association— F. L. Davis, secretary,
North Pomfret.
Washington State Dairymen's Association— Mrs. E. Car-
michacl, secretary, Yakima.
Wisconsin Dairymen's Association— George W. Burchard,
secretary, Fort Atkinson.
Wisconsin Cheesemakers' Association— W. S. Baer, secre-
tary, Madison.
Wisconsin Butter Makers' Association— F. B. Fulmer, secre-
tary, Ettrick.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 355
POULTRY ASSOCIATIONS.
American Dorking Club— Watson Westfall, secretary, Sayre,
I*a.
American Bufif Plymouth Rock Club— W. C. Denny, secre-
tary, Buffalo, N. Y.
American Black Minorca Club— W. D. Davis, secretary and
treasurer, North Dana. Mass.
American Cochin Club— Arthur R. Sharp, secretary, Taun-
ton, Mass.
National Exhibition Game and Game Bantam Club— W. W.
"Withee, secretary, Lacrosse, Wis.
American Houdan Club— Thomas F. Rigrg, secretary, Iowa
Falls, la.
American Leghorn Club— W. W. Babcock, secretary, Bath,
N. Y.
American Plymouth Rock Club— H. P. Schwab, secretary,
Rochester, N. Y.
American Indian Game Club— C. S. Whitney, secretary,
Corfu, N. Y.
Eastern White Wyandot Club— W. E. Mack, secretary, Wood-
stock, Vt.
Minorca Club of Northwest-rDr. H. B. Fay, Minneapolis,
Minn.
National Bantam Association— Charles Jehl, secretary, El-
beron, N. J.
New England Light Brahma Club— G. W. Cromack, secre-
tary. North Windham, Vt.
National Fanciers' Association— Fred L. Kinney, secretary,
Morgan Park, 111.
Boston Poultry Association— C. Minot Weld, secretary, 131
Devonshire street, Boston, Mass.
Wolverine Poultry, Pigeon and Pet Stock Association— Gus
Williams, secretary, Bay City, Mich.
St. IjouIs Fanciers' Association— R. C. H. Hallock, secretary,
6317 Clifton avenue, St. Louis, Mo.
Mid-Continental Poultry Association — F. M. Slutz, secretary,
Kansas City, Mo.
IntM-state Poultry Association— R. Horrocks, secretary, Falls
City, Nob.
Buffalo Poultry Association— E. C. Pease, secretary, Buf-
falo. N. Y.
Madison Square Garden (New York) Poultry and Pigeon As-
sociation— H. V. Crawford, secretary, Montclair, N. J.
Northern Ohio Poultry and Pet Stock Associaltion- F. R.
Hunt, secretary, Cleveland. O.
Buckeye Poultry Association— George B. Wetzel, secretary,
Dayton. O.
Tri-State Poultry Association— J. A. Mcintosh, secretary.
East Liverpool. O.
Pittsburg Fanciers' Club— A. P. Robinson, secretary, 110
Second avenue. Pittsburg, Pa.
Piedmont Poultry Association— B. W. Getsinger, secretary,
Spartansburg, s. c.
356 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
Nashville Poultry Association— Nashville, Tenn.
Tacoma Poultry Association— A. Hartley, Fern Hill, Wash.
Western Bantam Breeders' Association— A. E. Brown, sec-
retary, Morgan Park, 111..
STATE POULTRY ASSOCIATIONS.
Colorado— F. E. Kimball, secretary, Denver.
Illinois— Edward Craig, secretary, Albion.
Kansas— J. W. F. Hughes, Topeka.
Kentucky— Charles Hess, secretary, Louisville.
Louisiana— J. D. Schmidt, secretary, 126 Carondelet street.
New Orleans.
Michigan— John A. Grover, secretary, Concord.
Minnesota— C. L. Smith, secretary. Box 28, Minneapolis.
Missouri— H. P. Mason, secretary, Fayette.
Nebraska— Luther P. Ludden, secretary, Lincoln.
New York— E. M. Santee, secretary, Cortland.
North Carolina— J. S. Jeffrey, secretary, Raleigh.
Ohio— D. C. Hale, secretary, Dayton.
Oklahoma— Samuel M. Lyon, secretary, Guthrie.
Pennsylvania— George C. Watson, secretary. State College.
Rhode Island— William I. Brown, secretary. Providence.
Texas — S. J. Hoppin, secretary, Dallas. ^
Virginia and Tennessee— M. D. Andes, secretary, Bristol, Tenn.
Vermont— H. M. Barrett, secretary, St. Albans.
West Virginia— J. B. Garvin, secretary, Charleston.
Wisconsin— J. L. Herbert, secretary, Stevens Point.
SPORTSMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS.
Arizona Sporstmen's Association— K. L. Hart, secretary,
Tucson.
Arkansas State Sportsmen's Association— Paul R. Litzke,
secretary. Little Rock.
California Game and Fish Protective Association — E. A.
Mocker, secretary, San Francisco. •
(California) Cooper Ornithological Club— C. R. Keyes, secre-
tary, Berkeley.
Connecticut Association for the Protection of Fish and
Game— George P. McLean, Simsbury, secretary.
Delaware Game Protective Association— J. Danforth Bush,
secretary, Wilmington.
Game and .Fish Protective Association of the District of
Columbia— Dr. W. P. Young, secretary, Washington.
Illinois Fish and Game Protective Association— H. A. Sulli-
van, secretary, Chicago.
Illinois State Sportsmen's Association— Edward Bingham,
secretary, Chicago.
Iowa State Sportsmen's Association— L. D. Crissman, secre-
tary, Ottumwa. , ^
Kentucky Field Trials Club— Dr. F. W. Samuel, secretary,
Louisville, Ky.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 357
Kentucky Fish and Game Club— Hamilton Griswold, secre-
tary, Louisville.
Maine Ornltholoerlcal Society— Arthur H. Norton, secretary,
Westbrook,
Maine Sportsmen's Fish and Game Association— Col. B. C.
Farrington, secretary, Augusta.
Maryland State Game and Fish Protective Association-
Oregon M. Dennis, secretary, Baltimore.
Massachusetts Central Committee for the Protection of Fish
and Game — H. H. Kimball, secretary, Boston.
Massachusetts Fish and Game Protective Association— H. H.
Kimball, secretary, Boston.
Rod and Gun Club of Massachusetts— W. C. Thairlwall, sec-
retary, Boston.
Massachusetts Sportsmen's Association— F. B. Crowninshield,
secretary, Boston.
Michigan State Game and Fish Protective Association— R. F.
Woodliff, secretary, Jackson.
Minnesota Game and Fish Protective Association— William
L. Tucker, secretary, Duluth.
Minnesota Hunters' and Anglers' Protective Association— C.
S. Brown, secretary, Minneapolis.
Missouri State Game and Fish Protective Association— Frank
Cunningham, secretary, St. Joseph.
Missouri Sportsmen's Game and Fish Protective League—
A. J. Dienst, secretary, St. Louis.
Montana Fish and Game Protective Association— A. L. Pal-
mer, secretary, Helena.
Nebraska Ornithologists' Union— E. H. Jones, secretary,
Dunbar.
New Jersey State Sportsmen's Association— Marshall Her-
rington, secretary, Belgrove drive, Arlington, N. J.
New York Association for the Protection of Game— Robert
B. Lawrence, secretary; 76 Williams street. New York.
New York Fish, Game and Forest League— Ernest G. Gould,
secretary, Seneca Falls.
North Dakota State Sportsmen's Association— G. E. Car-
penter, secretary, .Fargo.
(Ohio) Cuvier Club of Cincinnati— W. J. Lawler, secretary,
1380 Myrtle avenue, Cincinnati.
Ohio Fish and Game Protective Association— George C.
Blankner, secretary, Columbus.
Oklahoma Territorial Sportsmen's Association— J. B. Wall,
secretary, Ardmore.
Oregon Fish and Game Association— A. E. Gebhardt, secre-
tary, Portland.
(Oregon) John Burroughs Bird Society— Clarence H. Gilbert,
secretary, 1346 Yamhill street, Portland.
Sportsmen's Association of the Northwest— H. L. Mercians,
secretary, Portland, Ore.
Pennsylvania State Sportsmen's Association— J. M. Runk,
secretary, Chambersburg.
(Pennsylvania) Delaware Valley Ornithological Club— Wil-
liam H. Evans, secretary, 56 North Front street, Philadelphia!.
36S AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
(South CarQlina) Western Carolina Game Protective Associa-
tion—Charles F. Schwing, secretary, Greenville.
South Dakota Stale Sportsmen's Association— E. E. Aney,
secretary, Springfield.
Texas Game Protective Association— Turner E. Hubby, sec-
retary, Waco. *
Texas State Sportsmen's Association— George Tucker, sec-
retary, Brenham.
Utah State Fish and Game Protective Association— Georgre
D. Alder, secretary, Salt Lake City.
Vermont Bird Club— George H. Ross, secretary, Rutland.
Vermont Fish and Game League— B. T. Bradley, secretary,
Swanton.
Eastern Shore Game Protective Association of Virginia-
Thomas W. Blackstone, secretary, Accomac.
West Virginia State Sportsmen's Association— Edward O.
Bower, secretary, Sistersvllle.
Wisconsin Game Protective Association— August Plambeck,
secretary, Milwaukee.
Dominion of Canada Trap Shooting and Game Protective
Association— G. Easdale, secretary, Ottawa.
Province of Quebec Association for the Protection of Fish
and Game— William J. Cleghorn, secretary, 4460 Sherbrook street,
Montreal.
Sportsmen's Fish and Game Protective Association of the
Province of Quebec— E. T. D. Chambers, secretary, Quebec.
FORESTRY ASSOCIATIONS.
NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS.
American Forestry Association— Edward A. Bowers, secre-
tary, New Haven, Ct.
International Society of Arboriculture— J. P. Brown, secre-
tary, Chicago.
Society of American Foresters— George B. Seedworth, secre-
tary, Washington, D. C.
STATE ORGANIZATIONS.
(Arizona) Salt River Valley Water Supply Protective Asso-
ciation— H. M. Chapman, secretary. Phoenix.
California Water and Forest Association— T. C. Priedlander,
secretary, San li'rancisco.
(California) Sierra Club— Prof. W. R. Dudley, Stanford Uni-
versity.
Colorado Forestry Association— Jabez Norman, secretary,
Denver.
Connecticut Forestry Association— Miss Mary Winslow, sec-
retary, Weatogue.
Massachusetts Forestry Association— Edwin A. Start, secre-
tary, Boston.
Michigan Forest, Game and Fish Protective Association— R.
P. Alden, secretary, Saginaw.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 359
Minnesota State Forestry Association— William T. Cox, sec-
retary, Lowry.
Nebraska Park and Forest Association— L. D. Stilson, secre-
tary, York.
(New Hampshire) Society for the Protection of New Hamp-
shire Forests— Joseph T. Walker, secretary. Concord.
(New York) Forestry, Water Storage and Manufacturing As-
sociation of the State of New York.
New York State Fish, Game and Forest League.
(New York) Association for the Protection of the Adiron-
dacks— Henry S. Harper, secretary. New York.
North Carolina Forestry Association— W. W. Ashe, secre-
tary. Chapel Hill.
North Dakota State Sylvan Society— Miss Mary G. Buck,
secretary, Lakota.
Oregon Forestry Association— Martin W. Gorman, secretary,
Portland.
(Oregon) The Mazamas— Martin W. Gorman, secretary, Port-
land.
Pennsylvania Forestry Association— Mrs. John P. Lundly,
secretary, Philadelphia.
(Pennsylvania) Franklin Forestry Society— W. E. Bowers,
secretary, Chambersburg.
Tennessee Forest Association— L. C. Glenn, secretary, Van-
derbllt University, Nashville.
Utah Forestry Association— A. C. Nelson, secretary. Salt
Lake City.
Wyoming State Forest Association— W. C. Deming, secretary,
Cheyenne.
Washington Forestry Association— Edmond S. Meany, sec-
retary, Seattle.
HORTICULTURAL AND KINDRED SOCIETIES.
NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS.
American Association of Nurserymen— G. C. Seager, secre-
tary, Rochester, N. Y.
American Carnation Society — Albert M. Herr, secretary, Lan-
caster, Pa.
American Cranberry Growers' Association— A. J. Rider, sec-
retary, Hammonton, N J.
American Fruit Growers' Association— J. C. Mangan, secre-
tary. Bridge, Minn.
American Pomological Society— Prof. John Craig, secretary,
Ithaca, N. Y.
American Rose Society— Leonard Barron, secretary, 136 Lib-
erty street. New York.
Chrysanthemum Society of America— F. H. Lemon, secretary,
Richmond, Md.
Cider and Cider Vinegar Association of the Northwest-
George Miltenburger, secretary, St. Louis, Mo.
Eastern Nurserymen's Association— William Pitkin, secre-
tary-treasurer, Rochester, N. Y.
360 AMERICAN AGRlCtJLTUKIST
Farmers' Club of American Institute, Horticultural Section-^
Leonard Barron, secretary, 136 Liberty street. New York.
Mississippi Valley Apple Growers' Association— James Hand-
ly, secretary, Quincy,. 111.
Missouri Valley Horticultural Society— Mrs. Harriet E.
Chandler, secretary, Argentine, Kan.
National Apple Shippers' Association— A. Warren Patch, sec-
retary, Boston, Mass.
Northwest Fruit Growers' Association— C. J. Sensel, secre-
tary, Boise, Ida.
Peninsula Horticultural Society— Wesley Webb, secretary,
Dover, Del.
Society of American Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists
—William J. Stewart, secretary, Boston, Mass.
Southern Nurserymen's Association— Charles T. Smith, secre-
tary and treasurer. Concord, Ga.
Western Association of Wholesale Nurserymen— B. J. Hol-
man, secretary, Leavenworth, Kan.
STATE ORGANIZATIONS.
Arkansas State Horticultural Society— Ernest Walker, secre-
tarv Favetteville
California State Floral Society— Mrs. H. P. Tricon, secretary,
814 Grove street, San Francisco.
Colorado State Horticultural Society— George E. Richard-
son, secretary, Alcott.
Connecticut Pomological Society— H. C. C. Miles, secretary,
Milford.
Connecticut Horticultural Society— L. H. Mead, secretary,
Hartford.
Florida State Horticultural Society— Stephen Powers, secre-
tarv Jacksonville.
Georgia State Horticultural Society— Charles T. Smith, sec-
retary, Concord.
Idaho State Horticultural Society— J. R. Field, secretary,
New Plymouth.
Illinois State Horticultural Society— L. R. Bryant, secretary,
Princeton.
Indiana Horticultural Society— W. B. Flick, secretary, Law-
rence.
Iowa State Horticultural Society— Wesley Greene, secretary,
Davenport.
Kansas State Horticultural Society— William H. Barnes, sec-
retary, Topeka.
Kentucky State Horticultural Society— J. C. Hawes, secre-
tary, Buechel.
Maine Slate Pomological Society— D. ,H. Knowlton, secre-
tary, Farmington.
Maryland State Horticultural Society— J. B. S. Norton, sec-
retary. College Park.
Massachusetts Fruit Growers' Association— Prof. S. T. May-
nard, secretary, Northboro.
Massachusetts Horticultural Society— William P. Rich, sec-
retary, Boston.
TJJAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 361
Michigan State Horticultural Society— E. Bassett, secretary,
Pennville.
Minnesota State Horticultural Society— A. W. Latham, sec-
retary, Minneapolis.
Missouri State Horticultural Society— L. A. Goodman, sec-
retary, Kansas City.
Montana State Horticultural Society—C. W. H. Heldeman,
secretary, Missoula.
Nebraska State Horticultural Society— L. M. Russell, secre-
tary, Lincoln.
New Hampshire Horticultural Society— W. P. Baker, sec-
retary, Qulncy.
New Jersey State Horticultural Society— Henry I. Budd, sec-
retary^ Mount Holly.
New Mexico Horticultural Society— Jose D, Sena, Santa Fe.
New York State Fruit Growers* Association— F. E. Dawley,
secretary, Fayetteville.
Horticultural Society of New Tork— Leonard Barron, secre-
tary, 136 Liberty street. New York.
North Carolina State Horticultural Society— H. H, Hume,
secretary, Raleigh.
Ohio State Horticultural Society— E. M. Woodard, secre-
tary, Willoughby.
Oklahoma Horticultural Society^-J. B. Thoburn, secretary,
Gruthrle.
Oregon State Horticultural Society— E. R. Lake, secretary,
Corvallis.
Pennsylvania Horticultural Society— David Rust, secretary,
Philadelphia.
Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association— Enos B. Engle,
secretary, Waynesboro.
Rhode Island Horticultural Society— Charles W. Smith, sec-
retary, Providence.
South Carolina State Horticultural Society— Charles E. Sham-
blin, secretary, Clemson College.
South Dakota State Horticultural Society— N. E. Hansen,
secretary, Brookings.
Texas State Horticultural Society— Samuel H. Dixon, sec-,
retary, Houston.
Vermont Horticultural Society— William Stuart, secretary
and treasurer, Burlington.
Virgrlnia— State Horticultural Society— S. L. Lupton, secre-
tary, Winchester.
Washington State Horticultural Society— C. A. Tommson,
secretary, Tacoma.
West Virginia State Horticultural Society— Fred E. Brooks,
secretary, Morgantown.
Wisconsin State Horticultural Society— J. L. Herbst, secre-
tary, Sparta.
Wisconsin State Cranberry Growers' Association— W. H.
Pitch, secretary, Cranmoor.
In writing to the advertiser say: *'I saw your adv in one of
the old reliable American Agriculturist weeklies."
362 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATIONS.
National Beekeepers' Association— George W. York, secretary,
Chicago, 111.
California State Beekeepers* Association— F. E. Wells, sec-
retary, Selma.
Colorado Honey Producers' Association— Frank Ranchfus,
secretary, Denver.
Colorado State Beekeepers' Association— H. C. Moorehouse,
secretary; Boulder.
Connecticut Beekeepers' Association.
Idaho State Beekeepers' Association— F. R. Fouch, secretary,
Roswell.
Illinois State Beekeepers' Association— James A. Stone, sec-
retary, Springfield.
Eastern Iowa Beekeepers' Association— W. A. Hay, secre-
tary, Anamosa.
Michigan State Beekeepers' Association— E. B. Tyrell, sec-
retary, Davison.
Minnesota State Beekeepers' Association— Mrs. W. S. Win-
gate, secretary, Station F, Minneapolis.
Missouri State Beekeepers' Association— W. T. Carey, secre-
tary, Wakenda.
Nebraska Beekeepers' Association.
New Jersey Beekeepers' Association— George N. Wanser, sec-
retary, Crawford.
New York State Association of Beekeepers' Societies— C. B.
Howard, secretary, Romulus.
New York State Beekeepers' Association— J. H. Knicker-
bocker, secretary. Pleasant Valley.
Northeastern Ohio and Northwestern Pennsylvania Bee-
keepers' Association— t3d ward Jolley, secretary, Franklin, Pa.
South Dakota State Beekeepers' Association.
Southern East Tennessee Beekeepers' Association— W. J.
Copeland, secretary, Fetzertown.
North Texas Beekeepers' Association— J. N. Hunter, secre-
tary. Lake Creek.
Utah Beekeepers' Association— T. N. Elliott, secretary, Salt
Lake City.
Vermont Beekeepers' Association— W. A. Larabee. secretary,
Shoreham.
Washington State Beekeepers' Association— L. K. Freeman,
secretary. North Yakima.
Wisconsin State Beekeepers' Association— Gus Dittmer, sec-
retary, Augusta.
PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY.
National officers— Master, Aaron Jones, South Bend, Ind.;
overseer, T. C. Atkeson, Morgantown, W. Va.; lecturer, N. J.
Bachelder, Concord, N. H. ; treasurer, Mrs. Eva S. McDowell.
Rome, N. Y.; secretary, C. M. Freeman, Tippecanoe City. Q.;
executive committee. E. B. Norris, chairman, Sodus, N. Y.; C.
J. Bell, secretary. East Hardwick, Vt.; F. A. Derthick, Mantua,
O. ; Aaron Jones, ex officio, South Bend, Ind.
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC S<3
The PresidentiaJ Election
BLECTOBAL AND POPULAB VOTES, PLUBALITIES, NUMBEB OF
00N6BES8MEN OF EACH PABTT ELECTED IN
EACH STATE, AND NAMES OF NEW
GOVEBNOB8 ELECTED.
The national election, held November 8, 1904, resulted in the
overwhelming victory of Theodore Roosevelt and Charles W.
Fairbanks, the republican candidates for president and vice-
president respectively, over the democratic candidates, Alton B.
Parker and Henry G. Davis, by a plurality of more than 2,500,000
out of a popular vote of over 13,000,000. This plurality was the
largest ever obtained by a party in the United States, the near-
est approach to it being in the election |Of 1872^* when Horace
Greeley was defeated by 763,007 votes out of a total of about
6,500,000 cast. Roosevelt's vote was more than 400,000 in excess of
the vote cast for McKinley ifi 1900, while there were 1,200,000
votes less cast for Parker than for Bryan.
In only three states— Georgia, Mississippi and South Caro-
lina — was Parker's vote larger than Bryan's, and Roosevelt's
smaller than McKinley's. In eight states— Alabama, Kentucky,
Maine, Maryland, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Vir-
grinia— both Parker and Roosevelt received fewer votes than
Bryan and McKinley respectively. In Delaware, Massachusetts,
Rhode Island and West Virginia, Parker's vote was larger than
Bryan's and Roosevelt's larger than McKinley's. In the other 30,
Roosevelt had more votes than McKinley, and Parker less votes
than Bryan. In only 10 of these, however— Connecticut, Idaho,
Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Utah, Vermont,
Washington and Wyoming— did Roosevelt's gain over the Mc-
Kinley vote exceed Parker's loss from the Bryan vote.
In the electoral college, Roosevelt received 336 votes; Parker
only 140. Missouri, which usually goes democratic, at this
election cast its 18 electoral votes for Roosevelt, and while Mary-
land partly made up for this loss by giving Parker seven of its
eight electoral votes, Parker's vote was still 11 short of the total
belonging to the solid south. In the latter state the one repub-
lican elector received a higher vote than any of the democratic
electors, which gave that state to Roosevelt by popular vote.
The vote cast for the third parties— meaning the Debs socialists,
prohibitionists, populists and the socialist-labor party— was un-
usually large, amounting to almost 800,000, which is over 400,000
in excess of that received by these parties in 1900. Debs led the
minor parties with 400,640 votes, against 87,814 in 1900. The tables
given herewith were compiled especially for the American Agri-
culturist Year Book from the official report received from the
secretary of state In each of the respective states.
5^ AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
COMPARISON OF ELECTION RESULTS IN 1904 AND 1900.
GongreBsmen Electoral votes
'69th 68th 1904 1900
State Dem. Rep. Dem. Rep. Dem. Rep. L?em. Rep.
Alabama ""9 — 9 — Tl ^ 11 ^
Arkansas 7 — 7 — 9 — 8 —
California — 8 3 5 — 10 — 9
Colorado — 3 1 2 — 5 4 .—
Connecticut — 5 — 5 — 7 — 6
Delaware — 1 1 — — 3 — 3
Florida 3 — 3 — 5 — 4 —
Georgia 11 — 11 — 13 — 13 —
Idaho _i_i_33 —
Illinois 1 24 8 17 — 27 — 24
Indiana 2 11 4 9 — 15 — 15
Iowa — 11 1 10 — 13 — 13
Kansas — 8 — 8 — 10 — 10
Kentucky ....; 9 2 10 1 13 — 13 —
Louisiana 7 — 7 — 9 — 8 —
Maine — 4.— 4 — 6 — 6
Maryland 3 3 2 4 7 1 — 8
Massachusetts 3 11 4 10 — 16 — 15
Michigan — 12 1 11 — 14 — 14
Minnesota — 9 1 8 — 11 — 9
Mississippi 8 — 8 — 10 — 9 —
Missouri 7 9 15 1 — 18 17 —
Montana — 1 — 1 — 3 3 —
Nebraska — 6 1 5 — 8. — 8
Nevada 1 — 1 — — 3 3 —
New Hampshire — 2 — 2 — 4 — 4
New Jersey 1 9 3 7 — 12 — 10
New York 11 26 16 20 — 39 — 36
North Carolina 9 1 10 — 12 — U —
North Dakota — 2 — 2 — 4 — 3
Ohio 1 20 4 16 — 23 — 23
Oregon — 2 — 2 — 4 — 4
Pennsylvania 1 31 4 27 — 34 — 32
Rhode Island 1 1 1 1 — 4 — 4
South Carolina 7 — 7 — 9 — 9 —
South Dakota — 2 — 2 — 4 — 4
Tennessee 8 2 8 2 12 — 12 —
Texas 16 — 16 — 18 — 15 —
Utah — 1—1—3—3
Vermont — 2 — 2 — 4 — 4
Virginia 9 1 9 1 12 — 12 —
Washington — 3 — 3 — 5 — 4
West Virginia — 5 — 5 — 7 — 6
Wisconsin 1 10 1 10 — 13 — 12
Wyoming — 1 — 1 — 3 — 3
Total 136 250 177 206 140 336 155 292
'
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 365
POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT, 1904.
Cor-
Boosevtflt, Parker, Swallow, Debs, WatBon. regan,
ytate Bep . Dem, Pro. Soc. Pop. 8oc« tab.
Alabama 22,472 . 79,857 612 853 5,051 —
Arkansas 46,860 64,434 993 1,816 2,318 —
California 305.226 89,294 7,380 29,536 — —
Colorado 134,687 100,105 3,438 4,304 824 336
Connecticut 111.089 72.809 1,506 4,543 495 575
Delaware 23,714 19,360 607 146 51 —
Florida 8.314 27,046 5 2,336 1,605 —
Georgia 24,003 83.472 685 197 22.635 —
Idaho 47,7*] 18,480 1,013 4,949 353 —
lllihois 632,645 327,606 37,770 69,225 6,725 4,698
Indiana 368,289 274,345 23,496 12,013 2.444 1,598
Iowa 307,907 149,141 11,601 14,847 2,207 —
Kansas 212,955 86,174 7,306 15,869 6,253 —
Kentucky 205.277 217.170 6,609 3,602 2,511 596
Louisiana 5,205 47J08 — 995 — —
Malhe 64,437 27,630 1,510 2.106 338 —
Maryland 109.497 109.446 3,034 2.247 — —
Massachusetts 257,822 165,746 4.279 13,591 1,296 2,359
Michigan 364,957 135,.^2 13,441 8,952 1,159 1,036
Minnesota 216,651 55,187 6,253 11,692 2,103 974
Mississippi 3,168 53,280 — 392 1,424 —
Missouri 321.447 295,847 7,181 13,008 4.226 1.875
Montana 34.932 21.773 ^35 6,676 1,520 208
Nebraska 138,558 52.921 6,323 7,412 20,518 —
Nevada 6,867 3,982 — 925 344 —
New Hampshire 54,179 33,995 749 1,090 83 —
New Jersey 245,138 164,550 6,838 9,582 3,704 2,676
New York 859,533 683,981 20,787 36,883 7,459 9.127
North Carolina 82,442 124,121 361 124 819 —
North Dakota 52,595 14,253 137 207 163 —
Ohio 600.095 344,675 19.339 36,260 1,392 2,633
Oregon 60,455 17,521 3,806 7,619 753 —
Pennsylvania 840,949 335,430 33,717 21,863 — 2,211
Rhode Island 41,605 24,839 768 956 — 488
South Carolina 22,271 52,863 — 22 1 —
South Dakota 72,083 21,969 2,965 3,138 1,248 —
Tennessee 105,369 131,653 1,889 1,353 2.491 —
Texas 51,242 167,200 4,292 2.791 8.062 421
Utah 62,446 33,413 — 5,767 46 —
Vermont 40,459 9,777 792 854 — —
Virginia 46,450 80,638 1,382 56 359 218
Washington 101,504 28,098 3,229 9,975 669 1,592
West Virginia 132,608 100,850 4,413 1,572 99 —
Wisconsin 280,164 124,107 9,770 28,220 530 223
Wyoming 20,489 8.930 — 1,077 208 —
Total 7,646,838 5,081,068 255,319 400,640 107,037 33,943
366 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
PRESIDENTIAL PLURALITIES.
1904 s , 1900
^ ^^^ Roosevelt Tarker McKlnley Bryan
Alabama _ 57,485 — 41,619
Arkansas — 17,574 _ 36,342
California 115,932 * — 39.770 —
Colorado 34,582 — — 29,661
Connecticut 38,180 — 28,570 —
Delaware 4,354 — 3,671 —
Florida _ 18,732 — 20.693
Georgia — 59,469 — 46,665
Idaho 29,303 — — 2.216
Illinois 305,039 — 94,924 —
Indiana 93.944 — 26,479 —
Iowa 158,766 — 98,606 —
Kansas 125,781 — -23.354 —
Kentucky — 11,893 — 7,975
Louisiana — 42,503 — 39,438
Maine 36,807 — 28,613 —
Maryland 51 — 13,941 —
Massachusetts 92,076 — 81,S69 —
Michigan 229,565 — 104,584 —
Minnesota ..." 161,464 — 77,560 —
Mississippi , — 50,112 — 45,953
Missouri 25,600 — — 37,830
Montana 13,159 — — 11,773
Nebraska 85,637 — 7.822 —
Nevada 2,885 — — 2,498
New Hampshire 20,184 — 19,314 —
New Jersey 80,588 — 56,899 —
New York 175,552 — 143,606 —
North Carolina — 41,679 — 24,671
North Dakota 38,342 — 15,372 —
Ohio 255,420 — 69,036 —
Oregon 42,934 — 13,141 —
Pennsylvania 505,519 — 288,433 —
Rhode Island 16,766 — *13,972 —
South Carolina — 30,592 — 43,657
South Dakota 50,114 — 14,986 —
Tennessee — 26,284 — 23,557
Texas — 115,958 — 146,164
Utah 29,033 — 2,133 —
Vermont 30,582 — 29,719 —
Virginia — 34,188 — 30,215
Washington 73,406 — 12,623 —
West Virginia 31,758 — 21,022 —
Wisconsin 156,057 — 106,581 —
Wyoming 11,559 — 4.318 —
Total 3,050,939 506,469 1,440,918 590,927
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 367
GOVERNORS ELECTED NOVEMBER 8, 1904.
^taie Name Party Term begins
Colorado Alva Adams Democrat Jan 10, '05
Connecticut Henry Roberts Republican Jan i, '05
Delaware Preston Lea Republican Jan 19, '05
Florida Napoleon B. Broward Democrat Jan 2, '05
Idaho Prank R. Gooding Republican Jan 2, '05
Illinois Charles S. Deneen Republican Jan 11, '05
Indiana J. Prank Hanley Republican Jan 2, '05
Kansas Edward W. Hoch Republican Jan 11, '05
Massachusetts William L. Douglas Democrat Jan 5, '05
Michigan Fred M. Warner Republican Jan 2, '05
Minnesota John A. Johnson Democrat Jan 2, '05
Missouri J. W. Polk Democrat Jan 2, '05
Montana J. K. Toole Democrat Jan 4, '05
Nebraska John H. Mickey Republican Jan 6, '05
Kew Hampshire ...John McLane Republican Jan 2, '05
Kew Jersey Edward C. Stokes Republican Jan 2, '05
Kew York Prank W. HIgglns Republican Jan 2, '05
North Carolina ....Robert D. Glenn Democrat Jan 2, '05
North Dakota ...... E. Y. Sarles Republican Jan 2, '05
Rhode Island George P. Utter Republican Jan 2, '05
South Carolina D. C. Heyward Democrat Jan 2, '05
South pakota Samuel H. Elrod Republican Jan 3, '05
Tennessee James B. Prazier Democrat Jan 15, '05
Texas S. W. Lanham Democrat Jan 12, '05
iTtah John C. Cutler Republican Jan 2, '05
Washington A. B. Mead Republican Jan 14, '05
West Virginia Wm. M. O. Dawson Republican Mar 4, '05
Wisconsin Robert M. LaPoUette Republican Jan 2, '06
Wyoming Bryan B. Brooks Republican Nov 9, '04
RATIO OP REPRESENTATION IN THE HOUSE OF REP-
RESENTATIVES. •
From 171»3 to 1905, as provided by constitution 30,000
Prom 1793 to 1803, based on census of 1790 33,000
Prom 1803 to 1813, based on census of 1800 33,000
Prom 1813 to 1823, based on census of 1810 36,000
Prom 1823 to 1833, based on census of 1820 40,000
Prom 1833 to 1843, based on census of 1830 47,700
Prom 1843 to 1853, based on census of 1840 70,680
Prom 1853 to 1863, based on census of 1850 93,420
Prom 1868 to 1873, based on census of 1860 127.381
Prom 1873 to 1883, based on census of 1870 131,425
Prom 1888 to 1893, based on census of 1880 151,912
Protn 1893 to 1903, based on census of 1890 ^ 173,901
From 1903 to 1905. based on census of 1900 194,182
368 AMERICAN AGMCULTtJRlST
QUALIFICATIONS FOR VOTING.
In all the states, except four, the right to vote at general
elections Is restricted to males of 21 years of age and upward.
Women are entitled to vote at school elections in several states.
They are entitled by local law to full suffrage in the states of
Colorado, Idaho, Utah and Wyoming.
Previous residence requhed ~~ ' "
State In lu • In lii Registration and requirements
state county town precinct as to citizenship
♦Ala ly 3in 30 d '30 d Yes; citizen of uVsr or alien
who has declared intention.
•Ark ly 6 m 30 d 30 d No; citizen of U. S. or alien
who has declared intention.
♦Cal ly 90 d 30 y 30 d Yes; citizen by nativity.
naturalization or treaty, ef-
fected 90 days before election.
♦Col 6 m 90 d 30 d 10 d Yes; citizen or alien who
has declared Intention 4 mos.
prior to election, either sex.
♦Ct ly 3m 6m 30d Yes; citizen of U. S. who
reads constitution or statutes.
•Df^l ly 3m Im 30d Yes; citizen and paying
„, . . o ^ county tax after age 22.
Fla ly 6 m — 8d Yes; citizen of U. S. or alien
who has declared intention,
_, ^ ^ paid capitation tax two yrs.
Ga ly 6m — — Yes; citizen of U. S. who
has^paid all his taxes since
^^ ^ „ IS"*?, except soldier or sailor.
I^^ 6 m 30 d 3 m — Yes; citizen of U. S., male
or fem3,le
•J»- 1 y JO d 30 d 30 d Yes ; same as Florida.e
•In^ 6 m 60 d 60 d 30 d No; citizen of U. S. or alien
who has declared Intention
and resided one year in U. S.
„ ^^ ^ and six months In state.
•la 6 m 60 d — — Cities of 3500; same as Pla.
*Kan 6 m 30 d 30 d 30 d Cities of 1st and 2d class;
citizen of U. S. or alien who
«^ , «^ , has declared intention.a
•Ky ly 6m 60d 60d Cities of 3000; same as Fla
La 2y ly — 6m Yes; citizens who can read
and write, or who pay taxes
on $300 worth of property, as-
sessed in their own names,
or whose father or grand-
father was qualified to vote
on Jan. 1, 1867.
♦Me 3 m 3 m 3 m 3 m Towns of 500; same as Flor-
ida, and citizens who had the
right to vote on Jan. 4, 1893,
who were 60 years of age on
that date, and can read con-
stitution.
YEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC
869
J'revlous reRldeuce required
State In In In In
_ state county town preclnct_
♦Mdr'.y....! y 6m 6 m —
•Mass ly 6m 6m 6rh
•Mich 6m20d 20d 20d
Registration and requirements
as to citizenship
*Mlnn ly 10 d 10 d 10 d
•Miss 2 y ly 1 y W y
•Mo ly 60 d 60 d 60 d
♦Mont ly 30d 30d 30d
•N>b 6 m 40 d 10 d 10 d
•Npv 6 m 30 d 30 d 30 d
•N. :i fi m — 6 m 6 m.
•N. J 1 y 5 m — —
•N. Y 1 y 4 m 3«d 30 d
N. C ly 6m 4m 4m
♦N. D 1 y 6 m — 90 d
♦Ohio 1 y 30 d 20 d 20 d
Ore 6 m — — —
Pa lyt — — 2m
•R. I ly — 6m —
Yes; same as Florida.
\es; citizen who can read
constitution Jn Engrlish and
write his name.f
Yes ; citizen or •inhabitant
who has declared intention
under U. S. laws six months
before election and lived in
state 2% years.e
Yes; citizen of U. S. or alien
who has declared intention,
and civilized Indians.
Yes; citizen of U. S. who
can read or understand con-
stitution, after Jan 1, 1892.
Cities of 100,000; citizen of
U. S. or alien who has de-.
clared intention not less than
one year or more than five
before offeringr to vote.
Yes; same as Florida. e
Cities of 7000; citizen of U.
S. or alien who has declared
intention 30 days prior to
election.e •
Yes; same as Florida.
No; same as Florida. e
Yes; same as Florida.
Cities of 5000; same as Cal-
ifornia, except that women
may. vote at villagre elections
on questions relatingr to tax
or assessment providingr they
own property in the village.
Yes; same as Florida.
Towns of 800; citizen of U.
S., alien who has declared
intention one year, and civ-
ilized Indian.! e
Cities of 1st and 2d class;
same as Montana, e
Yes; citizen of U.S. or alien
who has declared intention
one year preceding election.
Yes; citizen of U.S. at least
one month, and if 22 years
old or more must have paid
tax within two years.
Non-taxpayers; same asFla.
r/7r"
■'V
/,■ /, /•.■•'
370
AMERICAN AORICULTURIST
Previous residence required
ftato In In In In
state county town precinct
Begistfation and requirements
as to citizenship
S. C .2 y 1 y 4 m 4 m
•S. D 6m§ 30 d 10 d 10 d
♦Tenn — — — —
•Tex ly 6 m — c
♦Utah ly 4m 60d —
•Vt ..ly — 3mfl —
*Va ly 3 m 3 m 30 d
♦Wash. ...ly 90 d 30 d 30 d
♦W. Va. ..ly 60d — c
♦Wis ly — 10 d 10 d
♦Wyo ly 60 d — —
Ariz ly 30d 30d 30d
N. M 6m 3m 90 d 30 d
Okla 6m 60d 60d 30d
Yes; citizen by nativity or
naturalization who can read
and write any section of the
constitution, and who has
paid all taxes.
Yes; citizen of tJ. S. or alien
who has declared intention;
civilized Indians.r
Yes; citizen of U. S. who
has paid poll tax of preced-
ing year.
Cities of 10,000; citizen of U.
S. or alien who has declared
intention.
Yes; citizen, either sex.
Freeman's oath; same as
Florida except as to poll
taxes.
Yes; citizen of U. S.
Precincts of 250 voters; citi-
zen of U. S.c
No; citizen of the state.
Cities of 3000; citizen of U.
S. or alien who has declared
intention.e
Yes; citizen of U. S., male
and female.
Yes; citizen of U. S. by na-
tivity or orje who has de-
clared Intention or elected to
become a citizen under 1848
and 1854 treaties with Mexico.
Yes; same as Florida ex-
cept as to poll taxes.
No; same as North Dakota.
♦Australian ballot low or a modifications of it in force, f In-
dian must have severed tribal relations two years next preced-
ing election. X Or, if, havinfir previously been a qualified elector
or native, he shall have removed and returned, then six months.
§ One year's residence In United States prior to erection required.
a And females in school and city elections, h Clergymen are
qualified after six months* residence in precinct, c Actual resi-
dence in the precinct or district required, d Three months* resi-
dence in the town required to vote for town representative and
justice, c Women can vote in school elections.
NATURALIZATION LAWS.
The alien must declare upon oath, before a circuit op district
court of the United States, or a district or supreme court of the
territories, or a court of record of any of the states having com-
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC
371
mon law jurisdiction, and a seal and clerk, two years at least
prior to his admission, that it Is his bona flde intention to be-
come a citizen of the United States, and to renounce forever all
allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince or state, and par-
ticularly to the one of which he may be at the time a citizen
or subject.
He must, at the time of his application to be admitted, de-
clare on oath, before some one of the courts above specified,
"that he will support the Constitution of the United States,
and that he absolutely and entirely renounces and abjures all
allegiance and fidelity to every foreign prince, potentate, state
or sovereignty, and particularly, by name, to the prince, poten-
tate, state or sovereignty of which he was before a citizen or
subject," which proceedings must be recorded by the clerk
of the court.
If it shall appear to the satisfaction of the court to which
the alien has applied that he has resided continuously within
the United States for at least five years, and within the state
or territory where such court Is at the time held, one year at
least; and that during that time "he has behaved as a man of
' good mora] character, attached to the principles of the Con-
stitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good
order and happiness of the same," he will be admitted to
citizenship.
Tf the applicant has borne, any hereditary title or order of
nobility, he must make an express renunciation of the same at
the time of his application.
SENATORS WHOSE TERMS OF SERVICE EXPIRE
MARCH 3. 1905.
Name and state Politics
Aldrich, Nelson W., R. I R
Ball, Lewis H., Del R
Bard, Thomas R., Cal D
Bate, William B., Tenn D
Beveridge, A. J., Ind R
Burrows, Julius C, Mich R
Clapp, Moses E., Minn R
Clark, Clarence D., Wyo R
Cockrell, P. M., Mo D
Culberson, Charles A., Tex...D
Daniel, John W., Va D
Depew, Chauncey M., N. Y...R
Dietrich, Charles H., Neb....R
Poster, A. G., Wash R
Name and state Poli tics
Gibson, Paris, Mont D
Hale, Eugene, Me R
Hawley, Joseph R., Ct R
Kean, John, N. J R
Kearns, Thomas, Utah R
Lodge, Henry C, Mass R
McComas, L. E., Md R
McCumber, P. J., N. D R
♦Money, H. D., Miss D
Proctor, Redfleld, Vt R
Quarlee, J. V., Wis R
Scott, Nathan B., W. Va R
Stewart, William M., Nev-.-.K
Taaiaferro, J. P., Fla D
•Renominated to succeed himself, August 6, 1903, for term
ending March 3, 1911.
372 AMBRICAN AGRICULiTURIST
Close of the World's
The Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis was brought
to a close December 1, 1904, after a run of seven months. The
fair was fully as well patronized as had been expected, the total
attendance for the seven months amounting to 18.741,073, against
2^,529,212 for six months of the Columbian exposition at Chicago
in 1893. Although the figures for the St. Louis fair are the
smaller, it should be remembered that that city has now not
half as large a population as Chicago had 11 years ago. As for
the financial side of the fair, the managers are thoroughly sat-
isfied with the outcome, inasmuch as they realized enough to
pay back the government loan of $4,600,000 and to settle all other
claims against the association, which is about all that is hoped
for In an exposition. The total receipts for admissions and con-
(Sessions aggregated nearly $10,000,000. while in the case of the
Chicago fair they amounted to $14,325,900.
As for the exposition itself, it was remarkable more, per-
haps, for its sifee than its quality. There was a lack of harmony
m the architecture of the buildings, a thing in which the Co-
lumbian exposition particularly excelled, and the scenic effects
were not as striking as at Chicago, where there was a beauti-
ful blending of the architectural with the natural in the shape
of landscape gardening. The lagoons in a way made up for
this, but had not quite the same charm.
At the Centennial at Philadelphia in 1876, machinery was
given the foremost display as being the branch of industry of
growing prominence at the time, and at Chicago a special show-
ing was made of electricity, railroads and mining. No one
branch of industry was featured at the St. Louis fair, but this
was made up for by the fine position accorded to education and
social economy; in this respect the fair just closed surpassed all
that have so far been held. Much care was exercised in the
preparation of the transportation department, and the exhibits
made were most interesting, particularly so was the display of
locomotives, showing the development of that machine from the
time of its earliest Invention to the latest examples. The Pike
offered Itsf innumerable international attractions and interesting
sights and diversions were to be found there. After all is said,
however, it must be admitted that the St. Louis fair was not
received with the enthusiasm from the press and the people
that had been looked for and that it really deserved. The fair
came too soon after the Chicago fair to receive its full share of
appreciation.
.^**«kM^«^^.
We guarantee the reliability of every advertlsetuent In the
American Agriculturist weeklies, and will make good any lofls
which any subscriber may sustain, while his subscription lasts,
by trusting any advertiser who may prove to be a deliberate
swindler.
YEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 378
National and State Officers
NATIONAL OFFICERS.
Salary
President, Theodore Roosevelt of New York $50,000
Vice-President, vacant. 8,000
THE CABINET.
Secretary of State, John Hay of Ohio.
Secretary of Treasury, Leslie M. Shaw of Iowa.
Secretary of War, William H. Taft of Ohio.
Attorney-General, William H. Moody of Massachusetts.
Postmaster-General, Robert J. Wynne of Pennsylvania.
Secretary of Navy, Paul Morton of Illinois.
Secretary of Interior, Ethan A. Hitchcock of Missouri.
Secretary of Agriculture, James Wilson of Iowa.
Secretary of* Commerce and Labor, Victor H. Metcalf of
California.
Each member of the Cabinet receives a salary of $8000.
OUR STATES AND TERRITORIES.
ALABAMA, "COTTON PLANTATION STATE."
Governor. William D. Jelks $5,000
Lieutenant-Governor, Dr. R. M. Cunningham (per day) 4
Secretary of State, J. T. Heflin 1,800
Treasurer, J. Craig Smith 2,100
ALASKA, "UNCLE SAM'S ICE-BOX."
Governor, John G. Brady $5,000
Surveyor-General and Secretary, William L. Dlstln 4,000
ARIZONA, "THE SUNSE.T LAND."
Governor, Alexander O. Brodle $3,000
Secretary of State, Isaac T. Stoddard (and fees) 1,800
Treasurer, Isaac M. Christy 2,500
ARKANSAS, "THE BEAR STATE."
Governor, Jeff Davis $3,000
Secretary of State. O. C. Ludwig 2,250
Treasurer, H. C. Tipton 2,250
CALIFORNIA, "THE GOLDEN STATE."
Governor, George C. Pardee $6,000
Lieutenant-Governor, Alden Anderson (per day) 10
Secretary of State, C. F. Curry 3,000
374 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
COLORADO, "THE CENTENNIAL STATE."
Governor, Alva Adams $5,000
Lieutenant-Governor, Jesse F. McDonald 1,000
Secretary of State, James Cowie 3,000
CONNECTICUT, "LAND OF STEADY HABITS."
Governor, Henry Roberts $4,000
Lieutenant-Governor, Rollin S. Woodruff 500
Secretary of State, Theodore Bodenweln 1,500
Treasurer, James P. Walsh 1,500
DELAWARE, "THE DIAMOND STATE."
Governor, Preston Lea $2,000
Lieutenant-Governor, I. Thomas Parker (fees) —
Treasurer, Thomas N. Rawlins (and fees) 1,450
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
NATIONAL CAPITAL— WASHINGTON.
Commissioner, Henry B. F. Macf arland $5,000
Commissioner, Henry L. West 5,000
Commissioner, Major John Biddle 5,000
FLORIDA, "THE EVERGLADE STATE."
Governor, Napoleon B. Broward $3,500
Secretary of State, H. Clay Crawford 2,500
Treasurer, W. V. Knott 2,500
GEORGIA, "THE EMPIRE STATE OF THE SOUTH."
Governor, J. M. Terrell $5,000
Secretary of State, Philip Cook 2,000
Treasurer, Robert E. Park 2,000
IDAHO, "THE GEM OF THE MOUNTAINS."
Governor, Frank R. Gooding $5,000
Lieutenant-Governor, B. L. Steeves —
Secretary of State, Will H. Gibson 2,400
ILLINOIS, "THE PRAIRIE STATE."
Governor, Charles S. Deneen $6,000
Lieutenant-Governor, L. Y. Sherman 1,000
Secretary of State, James A. Rose 3,500
Treasurer, Len Small — 3,500
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 375
INDIANA, "THE HOOSIER STATE."
Governor, J. Frank Hanley $5,000
Lieutenant-Governor, Hugh T. Miller 1,000
Secretary- of State, Daniel E. Storms 6,500
Treasurer, Nathaniel U. Hill 6.500
INDIAN TERRITORY.
Governor, T. M. Bufflngton $1,500
Lieutenant-Governor, Washington Swimmer 600
Secretary of State, J. T. Parks l.OCO
IOWA, "THE HAWKEYE STATE."
Governor, Albert B. Cummins -....$5,000
Lieutenant-Governor, John HerHott (per session) 1,100
Secretary of State, William B. Martin 2,200
Treasurer, G. S. Gilbertson 2,200
KANSAS, "THE SUNFLOWER STATE."
Governor, Edward W. Hoch $3,000
Lieutenant-Governor, D. J. Hanna 1,000
Secretary of State, J. R. Burrow 2.500
Treasurer, T. T. Kelly 2,500
KENTUCKY, "THE BLUE GRASS STATE."
Governor, J. C. W. Beckham $6,500
Lieutenant-Governor, William P. Thorne (per day) 5
Secretary of State, H. V. McChesney 3,000
Treasurer, Henry M. Bosworth 3,600
LOUISIANA, "THE PELICAN STATE."
Governor, Newton C. Blanchard (and house). $6,000
Lieutenant-Governor, Jared T. Landers 1,600
Secretary of State, John T. Michel (and fees) 1,800
Treasurer, James M. Smith 2,500
MAINE, "THE PINE TREE STATE."
Governor, William T. Cobb $2,000
Secretary of State, Byron Boyd 1,500
Treasurer, Oramandel Smith 2,000
MARYLAND, "THE OLD LINE STATE."
Governor, John Walter Smith $4,600
Secretary of State, Wilfred Bateman 2,000
Treasurer, Murray Vandiver 2,500
^76 AMBJRICAN AGRICUt.TURIST
MASSACHUSETTS, "THE BAY STATE."
Governor, William L. Douglas , $8 000
Weu tenant-Governor, Curtis Ouild, Jr *'..'............... 2,000
Secretary of State, William M. OUn 3,600
Auditor, Henry E. Turner ,, , 3,800
Treasurer, Arthur B. Chapin 5,000
MICHIGAN, "THE WOLVERINE STATE."
Governor, Fred M. Warner $4,000
IJeutenant-Governor, Alexander Maitland ,,. —
Secretary of State, George A. Prescott 800
MINNESOTA, "THE NORTH STAR STATE."
Governor, John A. Johnson .,.,,., , > i . t • t .,....,,»* t » t »$5,C00
Lieutenant-Governor, Ray W. Jones ,,,,., .»..*# —
Secretary of State, Peter E. Hanson »...» 8.B00
MISSISSIPPI, "THE? BAYOU STATE."
Governor, J. K. Vardaman ,, $3,500
Secretary of State, J. W. Power . . , , —
Treasurer, W. J. Miller —
MISSOURI, *'THB BULLION STATE."
Governor, J. W. Folk ,,,,,, $5,000
Lieutenant-Governor, J. C. McKinley 1,000
(and $7 per diem during sessions)
Secretary of State, J. B. Swanger , 3,000
MONTANA, "THE BONANZA STATE."
Governor, J. K. Toole , $5,000
Lieutenant-Governor, E. C. Norris (per day) 10
§©cretary of State, A. N. Yoder , . . , 3,Q00
reasurer, J. B. Rice , 3.000
NEBRASKA, "THE ANTELOPE STATE."
Governor, John H. Mickey $2,500
Lieutenant-Governor, Edmund G. McGilton (per diem) —
3i0oretary of State, A. Galusha 2,000
Treasurer, Peter Mortensen 2,500
NEVADA, "THE SAGE BRUSH STATE."
Governor, John Sparkes $4,000
Lieutenant-Governor, Lemuel Allen 1,900
Secretary of State, W. G. Douglass 2,400
Treasurer, D. M. Ryan , , 2,400
TBAK BOOK AND ALMANAC 877
NEW HAMPSHIRE. "THE GRANITE STATE."
Oovemof , John McLane $2,000
Secretary of State, Edward N. Pearson 3,000
Treasurer, Solon A. Carter 2,500
NEW JERSEY, "THE GARDEN STATE."
Gkjvernor, Edward C. Stokes $10,000
Secretary of State, S. D. Dickinson 6,000
Controller, J. Willard Morgran 6,000
Treasurer, Frank O. Brig^^ 6,000
NEW MEXICO, "THE LAND OP SUNSHINE."
Governor, Migruel A. Otero $3,000
Lieut. -Governor and Secretary of State, J. W. Raynolds... 1,800
Treasurer. J. H. Vaughn 3,000
NEW YORK, "THE EMPIRE STATE."
/
Gtovernor, Frank W. Higglns $:'0,000
Lieutenant-Governor, Matthew Linn Bruce 5,000
Secretary of State, Jolrti F. O'Brien 5,000
Controller, Otto Kelsey 6,000
Treasurer, John Wallenmeier, Jr 5,000
Attorney-General, John Cunneen 5,000
NORTH CAROLINA, "THE OLD NORTH STATE."
Governor, Robert D. Glenn $4,000
Lieutenant-Governor, F. D. Winston (per day) 6
Secretary of State, J. Bryan Grimes (and fees) 2,000
Treasurer, B. R. Lacy *.... 3,000
NORTH DAKOTA, "THE SIOUX STATE."
% Governor, E. Y. Sarles $3,000
Lieutenant-Governor, David Bartlett 1,000
Secretary of State, E. F. Porter 2,000
Treasurer. A. Peterson 2,000
OHIO. "THE BUCKEYE STATE."
Governor, Myron T. Herrick $8,000
Lieutenant-Governor, W. H. Harding 800
Secretary of State, Lewis C. Laylin 4,000
Treasurer, W. S. McKinnon 4,500
OKLAHOMA, "THE BOOMERS' PARADISE."
Governor, Thompson B. Ferguson $3,000
Secretary of State, William Grimes —
Treasurer, C. W. Rambo —
378 AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST
OREGON, "THE WEBFOOT STATE."
Governor, George E. Chamberlain $1,500
Secretary of State and Auditor, F. I. Dunbar 1.500
Treasurer, Charles S. Moore gOO
PENNSYLVANIA. "THE KEYSTONE STATE."
Governor, Samuel W. Pennypacker $10,000
Lieutenant-Governor, William M. Brown 5,000
Secretary of State, Frank M. Fuller (an(f fees) 4.000
Auditor-Gereral, E. B. Hardenbergh 4,000
Treasurer, W. L. Mathues 8,000
Attorney-General, Hampton L. Carson (and fees) 3,000
Secretary Board of Agriculture, N. B. Critchfield 3,000
RHODE ISLAND, "LITTLE RHODY."
Governor, George P. Utter $3,000
Lieutenant-Governor, F. H. Jackson 500
Secretary of State, Charles P. Bennett 3,500
Treasurer, Walter A. Read 2,500
SOUTH CAROLINA, "THE PALMETTO STATE."
Governor, D. C. Heyward $3,000
Lieutenant-Governor, John T. Sloan (per day) 8
Secretary of State, Jesse T. Gantt ' 1,900
Controller, A. W. Jones 1.900
Treasurer, R. H. Jennings 1 ,900
SOUTH DAKOTA, "THE COYOTE STATE."
Governor, Samuel H. Elrod $3,000
liieutenant-Governor, J. E. McDougall (per day) 10
Secretary of State, D. D. Wipf 1.800 _
Treasurer. C. B. Collins 1.800 '
TENNESSEE. "THE VOLUNTEER STATE."
Governor, James B. Frazier $4,000
Secretary of State, John W. Morton 3.<J00
Treasurer, Reau E. Folk 3.500
TEXAS, "T^IE LONE STAR STATE."
Governor. S. W. T. Lanham $4,000
Lieutenant-Governor, George D. Neal (per day) 5
Secretary of State, J. R. Curl 2,000
Controller, J. W. Stephens 2,500
Treasurer, John W. Robbing 2,500
.» f
YEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC 379
UTAH, "THE INTER-MOUNTAIN STATE."
Governor, John C. Cutler $4,000
Secretary of State, C. S. Tingey 3.000
Treasurer, James Christiansen 1,S00
VEHMONT, "THE GREEN MOUNTAIN STATE."
Governor, Charles J. Bell $1,500
Lieutenant-Governor, Charles H. Stearns
(per day, during session of legislature) 6
Secretary of State, Frederick G. Fleetwood 1,700
Treasurer, John L. Bacon 1,700
VIRGINIA, "THE OLD DOMINION STATE."
Governor, A. J. Montague $5,000
Lieutenant-Governor, Joseph E. Willard 400
Secretary of Commonwealth, D. O. Eggleston 2,800
Auditor, Morton Marye 3,000
Treasurer, A. W. Harman, Jr 2,000
-Commissioner of Agriculture, George W. Kolner 2,000
WASHINGTON. •*THE EVERGREEN STATE."
Governor, A. E. Mead $4,000
Lieutenant-Governor, Charles E. Coon —
Secretary of State, Samuel H. Nichols 2,500
Treasurer, George E. Mills 2,000
WEST VIRGINIA, "THE PAN HANDLE STATE."
Governor, A. B. White (term expires March 4, 1905) $5,000
Secretary of State, William M. O. Dawson 4,000
Auditor, A. C. Scherr 4,500
Treasurer, Peter Silman 2^500
WISCONSIN, "THE BADGER STATE."
Governor, Robert M. LaFollette $5,000
Lieutenant-Governor, James O. Davidson 1,000
Secretary of State. Walter L. Houser 5,000
Treasurer, John J. Kemp 5,000
Secretary Board of Agriculture, John M. True 1,200
WYOMING, "THE EQUALITY STATE."
Governor, Bryan B. Brooks $2,500
Secretary of State, Fenmore Chatterton 3,000
Auditor. Leroy Grant 2,000
Treasurer, William C. Irvine • 2,000
INDEX
A
Age of consent 287
Agricultural colleges 347
Experiment stations ....349
Almanac calculations, 1905... 2
Amusements— Games for old
and young ..291
Indoor sports 289
Paper party 334
Walking letters 333
Apples— Commercial district. 100
Crop and market 100
Domestic prices 108
Exports dried apples 105
Exports 102
Foreign movement 108
Handling surplus crop.. 102
Leading apple counties.. 106
Points in barreling 105
Prominent favorites 101
Weights varieties 101
Arbor day observances 183
Army— Admission to West
Point 202
Forts, barracks, etc 201
General staff of 197
Militia act and force 200
New army law 197
Officers and salaries 198
Recruiting standard of.. 199
Soldiers in civil war 202
Strength of 198
Troops in various wars.. 201
Astronomy— Explanation of
tables 4
For each month 6-50
Morning and evening
stars 2
B
Barley— Crop of 1904 89
Distribution 90
Increase in crop 89
Prices at Chicago 90
Beans 128
Beekeepers* associations 362
Boll weevil .• 172
Broom corn ...125
C
Calendars— Church days 2
For 1906 5-49
Canada 216-218
Canning at home •. . .327
State canneries 190
Cattle— Exports of beef 145
Foreign trade 143
Imports into U. K 142
Movement and distribu-
tion 14i
Number, average price
by states 144
Numbers and values in
United States 143
Prices at Chicago 145
Receipts at leading
points 142
Children— Books for 335
Paper party 334
Parties 333
Politeness for 335
Walking letters 333
China 219
Cleaning, rules for 3i8
Coinage, gold and silver 192
Congress— Appropriations ... 54
Ratio representation in.. 367
Cooking — Combining ingre-
dients 325
Eggs 326
Fish 326
Time-table for ..i 330
Weights and measures... 321
Cuba 209
Corn— Acreage by states 82
Crop in United States 80
Distribution 80
Home consumption 83
Prices at Chicago 83
Visible supply. United
States and Canada 81
World's crop 82
Cotton— Acreage by states.. 91
Crop in 1904-5 92
Imports into U. S 92
Cranberry crop 132
Crops of six years 140
D
Dairy associations 353
Dairy— Butter and cheese ...154
Butter movement 156
TEAR BOOK AND ALMANAC
INDEX— Continued.
381
Dairy— Cheese movement ...157
Foreign outlet 155
State standards milk and
cream 15/
Directories 347-362
I>isasters at sea 343
r>ivorce laws 281-287
E
Kcllpses 2
Education— Agricultural high
schools 252
Consolidation of schools.252
Statistics of schools, pu-
pils and teachers... 253-255
Electricity, first steps in.... 338
Etiquette— Cards, wedding
Invitations, etc 293
Dont's for table 296
To give a big dinner ....296
When and how to call... 293
Exports animal and meat
products 171
Farm crops 98
Value of United States.. 178
F
Farm crops— Area by years. 158^
Yield by years 138
Farm work for each month.8-52
Fertilizers— For mulas 180
Pounds required per acre. 179
Use of 179
Finance— Financial standing
of world 192
Savings bank deposus...l91
Fires, historic 107
Fisheries 185
Flaxseed 125
Foods— Classification of 323
In season 324
Foreign carrying trade 229
Forestry 183
Forestry associations 358
Fruit— Handling small 137
Packing fresh 135
Furnace, Running a 318
G
Good roads— Legislation in
various states 223
Value of improved road-
ways 225
Government— Officers 373
Grass seeds 123
Guam 2i4
Grain trade— Best foreign
markets 71
Handling 71
Selling by sample 71
Shaping influences . in
prices 70
World's best customer... 69
World's market places... 68
H
Hawaii ?13
Hay— Crop and market 96
Crop in United States 99
Health— Diseases through
mosquitoes 298
House fly, danger of 299
How to sleep 306
Hygienic bed 303
Noise and health 307
Preparations for hospxi.al
treatment 303
Quick remedies 304
To develop the body 302
To sleep well 306
Tuberculosis, precaution
against 301
Yellow fever 299
Help on farm 58
Employment bureaus 58
Hides 160
Hogs— Average cost 149
Distribution in U. S 148
Exports hog products 150
Pack at leading cities... 147
Prices at Chicago 149
Receipts at leading
points 146
Supply in corn states ...l49
Total packing by years.. 147
Winter pork packing 148
Hops 116-119
Crops and prices 119
Exports and imports 117
Prices at New York 118
Production by countries. 118
Horse breeders' assoclations.351
Horses 168-170
Horticultural societies 359
Household suggestions 319
House wagon, to build 308
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