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INDEX TO VOLUME XVIII
JULY DECEMBER, 1885.
Abattoirs. The Paris, 34
Abbey. St. Albau's, 196
" Westminster, 166
Abbot's Court, Heerliurst, Eng., 142
ABC Process at Aylesbury, Eng., 18
Academy. Architects to be admitted to
the National, 1
" Exhibition. The Pennsyl-
vania, 257
" Names suggested for a "Brit-
ish," 130
Academy's Dictionary. The French, 282
Accident Insurance by the B. & O. Rail-
road, 26
ACCIDENTS:
Caisson capsized in the Schuylkill
River, 261
Fall of a Bakery in Chicago, 182
" Electric-Light Towers in Sa-
vannah, 286
Sewer-burst in London, 146
Walls thrown down by the Swelling of
Bales of Jute, 157
Advertisers. Our, 301
Advice to Students, 255
Allan's Abbey. St., 195
Alwato Language of Andrusius, 86
America. The Oldest Habitations In,
IV.!
American Exhibition at Rome. Perma-
nent, 74
" Forestry Congress, 157
** Picturesque Architecture
from a French Standpoint,
230
" Railroad. First, 106
" Shun Castles, 307
A. I. A. Convention at Nashville, 94,
130. 169, 20,1, 208, 219
" Schedule of Charges, 274
Amsterdam. The National Museum,
82
Ancient Libraries. The Coloring of, 258
" Lights. A Question of, 38
" Marble Quarries found in Al-
geria, 254
ANECDOTES:
Bicoruet and the Devil, 178
Blunders, costly but comical, 202
Book-lenders. A Hint to, 178
Champion Mean Man. The, 226
Counterfeited Pictures, 246
Crazy Quilt Architecture, 20
Crows and Cholera at Ratisbon, 118
Fate of one of the Makers of New
Paris, 82
Rooting the first House in San Fran-
cisco. ISO
Scientific Intolerance at Oxford, 214
Similar Legends. Two, 46
Statue of Huguenot. A, 202
Steel Punches, 238
Identification. A. 254
Ankerwycke. Kng. Sale of, 146
Ant. The White, 1.14
Antwerp Exhibition. The, 280
" New (Juays at, 99
'* Water purified by Iron, 139
Arc de Trioinphe, Paris. The, 10, 308
Arch. Lifting a Masonry, 70
Archaeological Research by the Ger-
man.-. A Year's, 92, 101
CertofH. Pavia. Italy. 177
Eleanor's Cross, Waltham. Restor-
ing, 298
El Fayoum Manuscript. The, 118
Kondac.i rtei Turclii. Venice. The, 215
Fresco discovered at Graz, Styrla. 214
ARCIIJIO LOGICAL :
Qermau Exploring Expeditions. Re-
sults of, 92, 101
Marble Bull. Vicissitudes of a, 193
Masp^ro's Egyptian Researches, 141,
169
Medinet-Habou. Maspgro's Discover-
ies at, 169
Mummy-Eyes. Peruvian, 178
Naucratis. How Mr. Petrie discov-
ered, 260
The Lessons of, 118
Old Mill, Newport, R. I. Restoring
the, 37
Oldest Habitations in America, 262
Olympia. Excavations at, 106
Persia. M. Dieulafoy's Rest- arches in,
97
Pyramid. Mr. Petrie on the Great,
'118
Roman Forum. Tbe Old, 129
Race-Course at Nantes, 262
" Warehouse unearthed, 82
Roof of the Parthenon. The, 212
St. Mark's. Excavations at, 286
Statue of Bacchus found in the Tiber.
Bronze, 190, 308
" " Marcus Aurellus, Rome, 238
Stone Ruins in the South-West. 262
Tiryns, 305
Wooden Book. A Norwegian, 261
Yucatan. The Pygmy Races of, 133
Architect's Books and the Tariff. 154,
190,238
" Commission. Suit for an,
50
Architects. Annual Convention of
Swiss, 122
" Charges of the A. I., 274
" Bribing, 154
" Convention of the A.I.,94,
130, 169, 205, 208, 219
" Convention of the West-
ern Association of, 169,
253,271,282
" New Charter of the H, I.
B., 121
" for Cochin China Public
Buildings, 145
and the Customs Laws, 190
" Licensing. 279
" to be admitted to the Na-
tional Academy, 1
" on Statutory Laws. Wes-
tern Association, 282
Architectural Association. Convention
of the Iowa, 109, 145
" Association of Minne-
sota. Report of the, 237
" Drawings in New York.
Exhibition of, 37, 218,
237,249
" Pottery. English. 52
" Responsibility in France.
An Instance of, 206
" Terra-Cotta, 3
Architecture. Arvernian, 248
" and Bacteria, 223
" Clocks in Relation to, 125
" Corean, 158
" Crazy Quilt, 20
" Fortune in, 67
" Initial Difference be-
tween French and
American, 230
" in New York. The Pass-
ing of Picturesque, 105
" of tne Nineteenth Cen-
tury. French, 39, 78, 91
Architecture, in Parts. Funeral, 104
Relations between Engi-
neering and, 8
" and Sculpture. Sympa-
thy between, 15
Armstrong Works Strike discontinued
by a secret Vote, 170
Art. The Tax on Fine. 154
" Treasures of Paris. Value of the,
33
Arrow Gates of Corea. The, 158
Artesian Well tapped by another. The
Ocean Grove, N.J., 254
" Wells in Tunis, 214
Artificial Earthquakes, 82
Artists as Legislators in France, 193
Arveruian Architecture, 248
Asbestine Plaster, 213
Albbury Park interferes with the Ocean
Grove Artesian Well, 254
Association of Architects. Convention
of the Western, 169, 253,
271, 282
" " Architects on Statutory
Laws. The Western,
282
" *' Minnesota. Report of the
Architectural, 237
" for Mutual Defence. The
French. 37, 98
Atmospheric Humidity, 44
Australian Big Timber, 189
Aylesbury, Eug. The ABC Process
at, 18
Bacchus found In the Tiber. Bronze
Statue of, 100, 308
Bacteria. Architecture and, 223
Bakery in Chicago. Fall of a, 182
Balloon-steering Experiments, 190
Baltimore. Dispute over an Obnoxious
Porch, 298
B. & O. Railroad. Accident Insurance
by the, 26
Bed-uugs and Hemlock Timber, 214
Bell Side of the Telephone Controversy.
The, 289, 290
Belleisle. Damming the Straits of, 266
Benares. Earthquake at, 154
Bending Cast-Iron, 284
Bennlngton Battle Monument. The, 88
Berlin Collections. The, 16
" Modern Buildings in, 27
" and New York, 27, 40
" Poor. Housing the, 308
" Sewerage System. The, 97
Bicornet and the Devil, 178
Big Australian Timber, 189
Bituminous Coal, 81
Blistering of Paint. The, 20
Blizzards. The Abolishment of, 262
Blowing Sands on the Landes of Gas-
cony, 57
Blue-Prints. Reverse, 58
Blunders, costly hut comical, 202
Boiler. A new Tubular, 268
Bologna, 87
Book. An old Norwegian Wooden, an
Hook-lenders. A Hint to, 178
Books, 254, 286, 298
A List of Architectural, 254
" and the Tariff. Architects, 154,
190,238
Bore-Hole. The Deepest, 46
Boston Society of Architects on Profes-
sional Charges, 241
BOSTON:
Court-House Competition Result of
the, 1C*, 181, 197. 289
BOSTON:
Forestry Congress. Meeting of the
American, 187
Library Competition. An Echo front
the Public. 166
Raising the old Masonic Temple, 241
Walls thrown down by swelling Hales
of Jute, 157
Bournemouth, Eng., 243
'" Competition for a
"Drive" at, 289
Bower-Baff Process, 58
Boycotting the Fifth Ave. Hotel, N. Y.,
Brazilian Dam. A large, 18
Breroonller fines the blowing Sands of
the I^aiides of Gascony, 57
Brewer's Participation Scheme. A Cin-
cinnati, 263
Bribing Architects, 1S4
Bricklayers. Terra-Cotta set by Eng-
lish. 217
Bridge. Building the Forth. 146
London. Commission on the
New Tower. .10
Niagara Cantilever, 142
" New Tay, 185
Bridgeport. Conn. Suit about a Chim-
ney In, 214
"British Academy." Members for a,
130
Bronze Statue found In the Tiber. A
190,308
Brooklyn. Consumption of Water In, 117
Brushes. How to clean Paint, !M
Buckingham Palace, London, 308
Buda-1'esth Opera- House, 26.1
Building on unused Cemeteries, 2
Contracts, 14.1
" Law. Provisions of the new
New York, 2.1
" Laws a Cause of Monotony In
ix-nlgn, 205
Huililing " to become a Weekly Jour-
nal. 2.'4
Building Stones. Decay of, 113
Effect of Moonlight
on, So-.'
Water In. 134
Buildings. Regulating the Designing of
Government. 199, 277
Bulk of a given Quantity of Material as
ConenMM
Bull. Vicissitudes of a Greek Marble,
193
Bulwark for lireat Britain. A Pauper,
105
Bureau of Education. Work of the U.S..
265
Barges. William, 67
Burial Customs of the Modern Greek.
301
Burning of Drawings. Complications
arising from the, 288, 307
Burylng-Grounds as Building Sites, 2
Butler and tne New Orleans Statues.
Gen., 34, 70
Byzantine Museum at Ravenna, 178
Caisson Capsized In Schuylkill River, 261
Cambria Iron Works. Crinoline Chim-
neys at the, 32
Campagna. Overcrowding In the Ro-
man, 92
Reclaiming the Roman 69
Campanile of St. Mark's, Venice, 99
Canal. The Nicaragua, 288
North sea Ship, 130
' Panama, 98
IV
The American Architect and Building News. Index. ' (.VOL. XVIII.
Cannon Foundry. Krupp's, 50
Cantilever Bridge. The .Niagara, 142
Cauvey Island. Treatment of Londo
Sewage at, 2i)S
Capitol Competition. Denver, 49, 133
" New Haven, Conn. The old, 29
" Stone for the Texas, 25
Carbonic-Oxide and Cast-Iron Furnaces
61
Carving and Furniture, 111, ICO, 220, 26
Cast-Iron. Bending, 2S4
" Furnaces and Carbonic-Ox
idc, 61
Castles. American Sham, 307
" Sale of English and Scotch, 1-
14C
Casts. The Willard Museum of, 209
Cathedral. Cost of Cologne, 177
" of Graz, Styria. Fresco difa
covered in the, 214
" at Lund, Sweden, 29
" of Mexico, 135
". atRoeskilde, Sweden,
at Upsala, Sweden, 29
Cathedrals. Scandinavian, 29
Ceilings. The Advantages of Low, 206
Cement. Fresh or Stale Portland, 9
14 Robinson's Fire-proof, 68
" Works at Grenoble, France
The, 217
Cemeteries. Building on unused, 2
Cerebotani's Teletopometer, 194
Certosa at Pavia, Italy. The, 177
Chabrand on the Deposit of Metalli
Ores, 133
Champion Mean Man. The, 226
Chapultepec, Mexico, 76
Charcoal Tin, 298
Charges of the A. I. A., 274
" " Boston Society of Archi
tects, 241
" A Question of, 249, 285
Charter of the K. I. B. A. .New, 121
Chemical Mixtures. Spontaneous Com
bustiou of, 242
Chemistry of Pigments, 171, 234
Chicago Bakery. Fall of a, 182
Chimney Construction. Tall, 4, 56, 114
164, 224, 274
" at Mechernich the tallest in
the World, 218
" Suit about a, 214
" Taking down a Mill, 63
" Shafts. Furnace, 286
Chimneys. Crinoline, 32
" in their Kelation to Koofs,
175
" used for Venting Sewers,
189
China encouraging Architects. Cochin,
145
Chinese Sheet-Lead, 170
Cholera. Asiatic, 146
" and Crows at Ratisbon, 118
Christ Church, England, 243
Church in London. The Oldest, 29
Churches. Peculiarities of English
Country, 63, 75
Cincinnati Brewer's Participation
Scheme. A, 265
Circular Hospital Wards, 186
City-Hall Competition. The Richmond.
61
Clarifying London Sewage, 298
Clock. A Curious, 302
Clocks. Early Public, 238
" in Relation to Architecture,
125
Coal. Bituminous, 81
Cochin China encouraging Architects,
Code of the Western Association of Ar-
chitects, 282
Collection of Paintings. Humphrey
Roberts's, 293, 304
Collections. Probable Sale of the Dud-
ley, 308
Some Curious 238,
Cologne Cathedral. Cost of, 177
Colorado Capitol Competition, 49, 133
Coloring of Ancient Libraries. The 258
Colors. The Chemistry of, 171, 234
Columns. Crushing Limits of, 250
Combustion. Spontaneous, 242
Commission charged by Boston Society
of Architects, 241
on the New Tower Bridge,
London, 250
A Question of, 249, 285
Suit for an Architects', 50
Commissions recommended
by the, A. I. A., 274
Common-Sense Lumber-Dryer, 290
Competition. An Echo from the Boston
Library, 166
Evil. Alleviations for
the, 73
of the Lyons Society of
Architects. Prize, 1
COMPETITIONS:
Boston Court-House, 166, 181, 197 289
Denver Capitol, 49, 133
Driveway at Bournemouth, Eng., 289
Grant Monument. The, 49, 66, 73, 94
109, 122, 134, 138, 145, 165, 176, 214
Richmond City-Hall, 61
Toronto Court-House, 73, 81
Competitions. Unremunerated, 249
Western Association of
Architects on, 253, 271
Concrete. Bulk of a given Quantity of
Material as, 206
Cupola of Brompton Ora-
tory, 7
under Water. Laying, 170
Coney Island Elephant. The Ancestor
of the, L'U2
Congress. The American Forestry, ir>7
Connecticut. The failing, 10
Construction of tall Chimneys, 4, 5t
114, 164, 224, 270
Consumption of W r oods and Forests, It
Contracts. Building, 145
" and Seals. 237
Convention of the A. i. A. Nineteent
!U, 130, 169,205,20!
219
" " " Iowa Architectur
Association, 10
145
" " Swiss Architects, 122
" " the Western Associa
tion of Architects, 169
253, 271, 282
Copenhagen, 58
Copper vs. Galvanized-Iron, 81
Corea. The Arrow Gates of, 158
Cork for Deafening. Granulated, 190
Cost of Cologne Cathedral, 177
" Solid ami Fluid Fuels, 34
Counterfeited Pictures, 246
Country Churches. Peculiarities of En
lish, 63, 75
Court-House Competition. The Boston
166, 181, 197, '2'J-
" " Competition. The Toronto
73,81
" Theatre, Vienna, 151
Crazy Quilt Architecture, 20
Cresting. Who should put up the, 117
Crinoline Chimneys, 32
Cross, Waltham. Restoration of an
Eleanor's, 298
Crows and Cholera at Ratisbon, 118
Crude Petroleum as Fuel, 193
Cupola. Brompton Oratory Concrete,
Cure for an Old Complaint. New, 298
Curious Collections. Some, 238
Customs Laws. Architects and the, 154
190,238
" of the Modern Greeks. Burial
301
Cutting Glass by Electricity, 70
Cylindrical Iron Jail. A, 154
Dam. A large Brazilian, 18
Damage from Fire. Indirect, 157
Damages granted against the Lessor o
an Insanitary House, 62
Damming the Straits of Belleisle, 266
Danger from super-heated Steam, 34
Dangerous Structures, 115
Deateuiug with double Glass, 238
" Granulated Cork for, 190
Decay of Building Stones. The, 113
'' Stone on the Ground Level. 19
Wood. The, 130
Decoration and Finishing, 116
Decorative Competitions. Unremuner
ated, 249
Deepest Bore-Hole. The, 46
Defence Association. The French Mu-
tual, 37, 98
Delauney's Predictions of Coming
Earthquakes, 33
Jelay. A Case of Forfeiture for, 218
Jenver Capitol Competition, 49, 133
Jephosphorizalioii of Iron, 302
Jeposition of the Precious Metals, 133
Design. Monotony of, caused by Build-
ing-Laws, 205
Designing of Government Buildings.
Regulating the, 199, 277
Designs. Paying for the use of Pub-
lished, 238
' Pirated, 141
Jevil and Bicornet. The, 178
>eville and Troost's Experiment on
Carbonic Oxide and CasHron, 62
Dictionary of the French Acadeinv.
The, 282
Dieulafoy's Explorations in Persia. M
97
Disinfection as practised by the Penn.
R. R., 50
Donie at Nice. Floating Observatory,
Donaldson, Architect. Death of Prof.
T. L., 73
Life of Prof.,
121
>oors. Fire-proof, 189
Joultou Ware, 52
drainage Regulations. Glasgow, 33
)raining the Piusk Marshes, Russia, 262
Drawings. Complications from the
Burning of, 285, 307
in New York. Exhibition
of Architecture, 37, 218
237, 249
Jryer. Common-Sense Lumber, 290
)ry-Rot. Prevention of, 31
Judley Collections. Possible Sale of
the, 308
Jurability of Galvanized Ironwork, 286
Durham, England, 183
)utch National Museum. The, 82
)uties on Professional Books. 154. 190
238
)warf Races of Yucatan. The, 133
'welling antedating the Conquest, 142
)ynamite Gun. A, 302
Sarthquake at Benares, 154
Earthquakes, 22
Approaching, 33
Artificial, 82
!choing Room. An, 46
dinburgh Vegetable Market, 55
dition of the American Architect. A
More Expensive, 301
ducation. Work of the U. S. Bureau
of, 265
gypt. Maspgro's Discoveries at Med-
inet-Habou, 169
gyptian Researches. Maspero's, 141
Eisenach, Germany, 233
Eleanor's Cross at Waltham. Restore
tion of a St., 298
Electric Motors on the New York El
vated R. R., 170
" Light for Light-Houses, 240
" " Towers in Savanna]
Fall of, 286
Electricity. Cutting Glass by, 70
Elephant. The Ancestor of the Cone
Island, 262
Elevated Railway. Electric Motors fo
the N. Y., 170
Elevators in New York. Regulating, 18
Embankments preserved by Popp
roots. Railroad, 254
Emlyn's Windsor Order, 262
Employer's Responsibility, 14
Engineering and Architecture. Kelj
tions between, 8
ENGINEEKING:
Antwerp's new Quays, 90
Artesian Wells in Turin, 214
Bridge. The Forth, 146
Campagna. Reclaiming the Roman
85
Canal. Nicaragua, 286
North Sea Ship, 130
" Panama, 98
Chimney Construction. Tall, 4, 56, 11-
164, 224, 270
" Taking down a Mill, 63
Concrete under Water. Laying, 170
Crinoline Chimneys, 32
Crushing Limits of Columns, 250
Dam. A Large Brazilian, 18
Damming the Straits of Belleisle, 26
Draining the Piusk Marshes in Russia
262
Flood-Rock. Blowing-up, 182
Hell Gate. The Works at. 85
Irrigation of Laud In the U. S., 26
Lifting a Masonry Arch, 70
Mississippi Reservoirs. Opening the
166
One-Rail Railroad in Boston, 22
Panama Canal. Thr, 98
Railroad up Mount Kearsarge, N. H.
106
Raising the old Masonic Temple, Bos-
ton, 241
Reclamation of Malarious Countries
The, 184
Sand Bags. The Uses of, 238
Sea- Wall at Hove, Eng., 174
Tay Viaduct. The, 186
Tunnel. The, Severn, 202
" Straits of Northumberland
214
Water-Supply of Roman Cities, 153
England approves of overhead Wires, 1.
" Notes from, 183, 243, 258, 292
304
English Architectural Pottery, 52
" Competition like that for Bos
ton Court-House. A, 289
" Country Churches. Peculiar!
ties of, 63, 75
" Custom as to setting Terra-
Cotta, 217
Painters. Modem, 258, 304
" and Scotch Castles. Sale of, 14
146
Jquestrian Statue of Jackson at Nash-
ville, 237
ixamiuations. The R. I. B. A., 255
Excavations in New Orleans. The Dan-
ger of, 190
" at Olympia, 106
" St. Marks, 286
" " Susa, Persia, 97
Exhibition. The Antwerp, 280
of Architectural Drawings
in New York, 37, 218. 237,
249
Burning of the Indian Ex-
hibit at the Inventions,
14
of the Pennsylvania Acad
emy, 257
" 1889. Raising Funds
for the Paris, 122
at Rome. Permanent
American, 74
Expenditures of Paris. The Municipal,
118
!xplosion. Vibrations of the Flood-
Rock, 228
ixtinguishers. Hand-Grenade Fire, 229,
274
'alguieres's Group to be removed from
the Arc de Triomphe, 308
Calling Bodies. Percussive Effect of, 94
'arm. Success of the Pullman Sewage
289
'arms, Sewage, 297
'ee. A Question of, 249, 285
ees charged by the A. 1. A., 274
" Boston Society of Ar-
chitects, 241
Ifth Ave. Hotel, N.Y. Boycotting the,
IBE8:
Burning of the India Exhibit at the
Inventions Exhibition, London, 14
Montezuma Hotel, 86
ire causes Indirect Damage. A, 157
Extinguishing H and - Grenades.
The Truth about, 157, 229, 274
Insurance Decisions, 43
Loss. The August, 130
Losses, 86
for 1884, 61
ireplaces. Old New York, 250
ire-proof Doors, 10, 189
Flooring in St. Louis, 237
Plastering, 68
Fires caused by Steam-Pipes, '.'CD
" to be checked by Insurance Rates,
80
" in French Apartments. Respon-
sibility for, 158
First Railroad in America, 106
Flood-Hock Explosion. Vibrations of
the, 238
Floor Area of the Philadelphia Post-
Office, 106
Flooring. Fire-proof, 237
Floors. Impervious Coverings on Wood,
128
Fluid and solid Fuel. Cost of, 34
Fondaco del Turchi, Venice. The, 245
Forest Preservation, 22
Forestry Congress. Ameiican, 157
Forfeiture for Delay. A Case of, 218
Forth Bridge. The, 146
Forum. New Discoveries at the Roman,
129
Fortune in Architecture, 67
Foundry. Krupp's Cannon, r>o
Franklin Institute tests Hand Gren-
ades, 274
Freezing Mixtures, 251
French Academy's Dictionary, 282
" and American Architecture.
The Initial Difference be-
tween, 230
" Architects' Mutual Defence As-
sociation, 37, 98
" " Responsibility. In-
stance of a, 206
" Architecture of the Nineteenth
Century, 39, 78, 91
" Artists in the Role of Legisla-
tors, 193
" Furniture. Prices for Old. 250
" Lessees for Fire Loss. Respon-
sibility of, 168
Fresco discovered at Graz, Styria, 214
Frieze of the Pension Bureau, Washing-
ton, 142
Fuel. Crude Petroleum as, 34, 193
" made out of Sewage, 31
Fuels. Cost of Solid and Fluid, 34, 1S)3
Funeral Architecture in Paris, 104
Furnace Chimney-Shafts, 286
Furnaces and Carbonic-Oxide. Cast-
Iron, 61
Furnishing. Decoration and, 116
Furniture. Carving and, 111, 160, 220, 267
Prices for Old French, 250
Gallery. The National Portrait, 154
Galvanized Ironwork. Durability of,
286
Gamier as Poet. Charles, 302
Garret's obnoxious Porch, Baltimore.
Mr., 298
Gas-burner. Tests of the Siemens, 118
Gas. The Geology of Natural, 46
Gates of Corea. The Arrow, 158
Gelatine Plates. Our, 301
Geology of Natural Gas, 46
'jermau Archaeological Research, 92, 101
jirders. Intermittent Stress on, 190
Glasgow Drainage Regulations, 33
jlass-cutting by Electricity, 70
Glass. Deafening with Double, 238
jloucester, England, 183
Gllyptothek Collection in Danger. The,
Munich, 286
gossip about Salisbury, England, 64, 102
government Buildings. Regulating the
Designing of, 199, 277
granite. Iron Stains on, 274
inuil Monument Competition. The, 49,
66, 73, 94, 109, 122, 134, 138, 145,
165, 176, 214
" Resting-place of General, 49, 73
granulated Cork for Deafening, 190
iraz, Styria. Fresco discovered at, 214
ireat Britain. A Pauper Bulwark for,
105
" Eastern, 250
Greek Sculpture. Vicissitudes of a
Piece of, 193
ireeks. Burial Customs of the Mod-
ern, 301
ireeuhouse heating, 229
Greenhouses. Cheap and small, 229
jrenades. The Truth about Hand, 157,
229, 274
Jreuoble, France. Quarrying Limestone
at, 217
Guilds. History of Trade, 148, 197
Hand-Grenades. The Truth about, 157,
229,274
lavre. Housing the Poor of, 121
[eating Greenhouses, 229
Leights measured by the Teletopome-
ter, 194
Hell-Gate. Blowing-up Flood-Rock in
182
" An Inconsequence c o n -
nected with, 286
" The Works at, 8."i
hemlock Timber and Bud-Bugs, 214
.erkomer, Oxlord Professor of Fine
Arts, 82
^examer on Spontaneous Combustion,
242
igh-Buildiug Law. The New York, 33
" Tides and Hell-Gale. L'M;
ighest Chimney in the World. The,
18
istoric English Estates. Sale of, 14, 146
istorieal Painting. Temple Prize for,
242
istory of Trade Guilds, 14K, 197
oneyman on Low Ceilings, 206
ospltal Planning, 110, 186
" Wards. Circular, 186
ousing thel'oor. French Experiments
in,
JULY -DEC. 1885.] The American Architect and Building News. Index.
Hove. Eng. Sea Wall at, 171
I lll^lli-Il.it. A StlllUU lif, 22
lluniiilil v. At spli. -rle, -44
Hydraulic Pressure. Lead Sheets made
iiy, lot;
Hydrophobia. Pasteur's RCM-.IH-IIC.-I
in, m
l.-i- I'alacc. The St. Paul, Minn., 2<;i
l.-on-, I'aiiiting, 298
llluminiuits. Light-house, 17H
Illustrations. i;ui. ::ni
Impervious Coverings on Wood Floors,
m
Incendiarism, i liecklng, 277
Industrial Training. Bureau of Educa-
tion's Ktiport on, 265
Illigo Jones, 142
InnKeept-r liable in Case of Infectious
lllM-as,-, HI
I nstde l''inish. Ked Oak for, 82
Institute of Architects. American Con-
vention of, 94, 130, 169, 21)5, 208, 219
Institute of \irliii. :,-!-.. American,
Sch.-iiule of Fees, 274
Institute British Architects. NewChar-
ter of the Royal, 121
Insurance by tne II. & O. Railroad. Ac-
eident, 26
Decisions. Fire, 43
" Kates as a Means of Checking
Fires, 80
" Troubles in New Hampshire,
217
Intermittent Stress on Girders, 190
Inwa State Architectural Association's
Convention, 109, 1 1
Irish Martello Powers, 64
Iron. Bending Cast, 284
" by the bower-Bartf Process. Pro-
tecting, 58
" Dephosphorization of, 302
Jail. A Cylindrical, 154
" Ore from Long Island Sand. Mag-
netic, I'.m
" Stains ou Granite, 274
" used in Purifying Water at Ant-
werp, 139
" Works. Krupp's, 50
Irrigation at Berlin. Sewage, 97
of Land in the U. S., 26
Italian Workingmeu's Colony at Schio,
51
Jackson's Statue at Nashville, Tenu., 237
Jade, 308
Jail. A Cylindrical Iron, 154
Joists and Beams, 285
Jones, iufgo, 1 1-
Joy's Substitute for Marble. Mr. Bruce,
Jute throws down Walls. Swelling
Bales of, 157
Kearsarge Railroad. Mount, 1(16
Kitchen. A large Norwegian, 22
Krupp's Cannon Foundry, 50
Landes of (iascony. Fixing the Blow-
ing Sands on the, 57
Land Irrigation in the U. S., 26
Landlords of Insanitary Premises. Re-
sponsibility of. 253
Language. Devising a Universal Com-
mercial, K6
Largest Railway Station. The, 166
lateral Secretion. Theory of, 133
Law for the Erection of Public Build-
ings. The A. 1. A., 199
New York High-Building, 33
" Provisions of the new New York
Building, 25
l.i-iid. Improved Process of making
Sheet, 170
" Sheets made by Hydraulic Pres-
sure, 106
Substitutes for White, 70
Leasing Insanitary Houses, 62
I.KIIAL:
Ancient Lights. A Question of, 38
Artesian Well. Suit for Interference
with an, 254
Building Contracts, 145
" Law. The new New York,
25.33
Cemeteries. Building on Unused, 2
Chimney. Suit about a, 214
Contracts anil Seals, 237
Decisions relating to Fire Insurance,
43
Elevators in New York. Regulating.
181
Employer's Responsibility, 14
Fires in French Apartments. Re-
sponsibility for, 158
Forfeiture for Delay, 218
Government Buildings and the Pro-
posed A. 1. A, Law, 199
High-Building Law. The New York, 33
Insurance Question. A Curious
French, 158
Lawsuit over the Construction of
Niagara's Cantilever Bridge, 142
Leasing an Insanitary House. Dam-
ages tor, 62
Liability of Innkeeper in Case of In-
fectious Diseases, !H
Paying for a Party-Wall, 182
Porch in Baltimore. An obnoxious, 298
Responsibility. Case of French Arch-
itectural, 206
for Defects in a
School-house, 277
Ruling on the Boston Court-House
Competition, 197
l.i '. vl. :
Safe-hoisting Law. The New York, 61
Suit for an Architect's CommlMion,
50
" over an Engine and Boiler 206
Temple Prize for Historical Palming.
Suit over the, 242
Tender of Plans, 286. 307
Trees Real Estate. When are, 110
Valued-Policy Law In New Hamp-
shire, .'17
Legends. Two Similar, 46
Legislators. French Artists in the Role
or, !'.
Le Plouguon ou the Dwarfs of Yucatan,
133
Liability of Innkeeper In Case of Infec-
tious Disease, 94
Libraries. The Coloring of Ancient, 268
Library Competition. An Kchofrom the
Boston, 166
" of the University, Vienna, 152
Licensing Architects, 273, 282
Lifting a Masonry Arch, 70
" the old Masonic Temple, Bos-
ton, 241
Lighthouse llluminants, 178
Lighthouses. Electric-Light for, 40
Lightning. Facts concerning, 2
" Protection against, 210
" Rods with Uas and Water
Pipes. Connecting, 33
on Washington Monu-
ment, 34, 88, 238
" and Telegraph- Wires, 98
Lights. A Question of Ancient, 38
Limestone Quarrying at Grenoble,
France, 217
Liquid Fuel, 34, 193
Locust Pins, 70
London Tower, 106
LONDON:
Buckingham Palace, 308
Building on Unused Cemeteries, 2
Burning of the India Exhibit at the
Inventions Exhibition, U
Bursting of a Sewer, 146
Concrete Cupola of Broinpton Ora-
tory, 7
National Portrait Gallery. The, 154
Oldest Church in, 29
Picture Sale. Prices at a, 14
Pollution of the Thames, 178, 298
Queen Anne's Statue in front of St.
Paul's 166
Sewage Purification, 298
Statues. Discovery of forgotten, 262
Temple Bar, 214
Tower Bridge. Commission on the
New, 250
Westminster Abbey, 166
Long Island Magnetic Sand Mines, 190
Losses by Fire, 86
" " in 1884, 61
Louvre Galleries exposed to Danger
from Fire, 264
Low Ceilings. The Sanitary Advau.
tages of, 206
Lumber-Drier. The Common-Sense, 290
" Trade. Minnesota's, 117
Lund, Sweden. Cathedral at, 29
Lyons Society of Architects. Prize
Competition, 1
Machine for Sawing Stone, 218, 261, 274
Magnetic Sand Mines on lx>ng Island,
1MO
Malarious Countries. The Reclamation
of, 184
Manuscripts. The El Fayoum, 118
Marble. Marmorine, a substitute for,
29
" Quarries found In Algeria. An-
cient, 264
Marcus Aurelius, Rome. The Statue
of, 238
Market. Edinburgh Vegetable, 55
Marmorine. A Substitute lor Marble,
Marshes. Draining the Plnsk, 262
Martello Towers. The Irish, 94
Masonic Temple, Boston. Raising the
Old, 241
Masonry Arch. Lif ting a, 70
Maspero's Discoveries at Medinet-
Habon, 169
" Egyptian Researches, HI
Mean Man. The Champion, 226
Measuring Heights by the Teletopome-
ter, 194
Mechernich Chimney the tallest In the
World, 218
Medinet-Habou. Maspero's Discoveries
at, 169
Meigg's Elevated Railroad, The, 22
Members for a '' British Academy," 130
Mensuration. Books on, 286
Merriam's u Text-Itookon the Mechanics
of Materials." Mansneld, 106
Metric System adopted by Minnesota
Architects, 177
Mexico. Cathedral of the City of, 135
Strolls about, 76, 135, 207
Microbes from Water. Removing, 106
Milk Paint, 46
Mill, Newport, R, I. Restoring the Old,
37
Mlllals's Painting, 268, 202
Minnesota Architectural Association.
Report of, 237
" Architects to adopt the
Metric System. 177
Minnesota's Lumber Trade, 117
Mississippi. Reservoirs at the Head of
the, 166
" Uiver-bed leaking, 7
Mixtures. Freezing. I'l'-l
Modern English Painters, 268, 292, 304
<t< -. ii--l.ttretti ou American
Architecture, 2:111
Monotony in lie-sign caused by Building-
Laws, 206
Monument. Bennlngum Battle, 85
Competition. Tne tirant,
4'.i. i*. -.::. ill, |u:i, 1.'.'. l.-ll.
. 146, Id5, 116, L'll
Lightning Protection for
Washington, :il, &K, 23
Saratoga, II..
Montezuina Hotel. Burning of the, 86
Moonlight on Building Materials. Ef-
fect ol, ::oj
Morris on the Vulgarization of Oxford.
Win., i-i-
Mosaics. The Ravenna, 112
Mummy Eyes. Necklace of, 178
Munich Buildings, 21
" Collections In Danger of Dis-
persal, 286
Municipal Expenditures oi Paris, 218
Museum of Casts In New York. The
Willanl, 21111
Dutch National, 82
" of Hygiene, Washington
Samples of Defective
Plumbing at the, 159
" at Ravenna. The Byzantine
178
Mutual Defense Association. The
French, 37, 98
Nansouty and the Observatory on the
Pic du Midi, i ;.-n., 38
Nantes. Roman Race-course at. 262
Naples. The Palazzo Reale, 10
Napoleon's Elephant Building, 262
Nashville. Convention of the A. I. A.,
at, 94, 130, 169, 205, 208, 218
The Equestrian Statue of
Jackson at, '-'.'-,
National Academy. Architects to he
admitted to the, 1
" Museum. The Dutch, 82
" Portrait Gallery. The, 104
Natural Gas. The Geology of, 46
Naucralis. How Mr. Petrie discovered,
260
" The Lessons of, 118
Necklace of Mummy Eyes, 178
New Hampshire Valued -Policy Law.
The, 217
" Mexican Habitations. Ancient, 262
" Orleans. Gen. Butler and the
Statues at, 34, 70
Danger of Excavating
in, 190
New Haven. Old State House at, 298
Newport, R. 1. Restoring the Old Mill,
37
New York and Berlin, 27, 40
NKW YCIKK:
Boycotting the Fifth Avenue Hotel,
N. Y., 277
Broadway. Traffic over, 10
Building-Law. Provisions of the new,
25, 33
" Laws a cause of Monotony in
Design, 205
Electric Motors ou the Elevated R.R.,
170
Elevators. Regulating the, 181
Flood-Rock. Blowing-up, 182
Fireplaces. Old, 250
Gram Monument Competition. The,
49, 66, 73, 94, 109, 122, 134, 138, 1415,
165, 176, 214
High-Building Law. The, 33
Incendiarism, 277
Landlords of insanitary Premises. Re-
sponsibility oi, 253
Picturesque Architecture. The Pass-
ing of, 205
Report of the N. Y. Chapter, A. I. A.,
209
Exhibition of Architectural Drawings
ill N. Y., 37, 218, 237, 24
Riverside Park to be Gen. Grant's
Resting-place, 49, 73
Safe-hoisting Law. The, 61
N. Y. Trade School and the Trade
Unions, 205
Niagara's Cantilever Bridge. Lawsuit
over, 142
Niagara Falls. The Recession of, 142
Nicaraguaii Canal. The, 286
Nice. Floating Dome lor the Observa-
tory at, 13
" Ventilation of the Opera-Uouse
at, 295
Niernsee, Architect. Death of John R., 1
Nineteenth Century French Architect-
ure, 3!l, 7s, HI
Xiirth Sea Ship-Canal, 130
Northumberland Tunnel. The Straits
of, 214
Norwegian Kitchen. A large, 22
Notes from England, 183, 243, 25K, 2*>, 304
" of Travel, 151, 291
Oak for Inside Finish. Red, 82
OHITUAHY:
Donaldson. Prof. Thomas I.., Archi-
tect, 73
Niernsee. John R., Architect, 1
Page. William, Artist, lea
Thoruycroft, Thomas, Sculptor, 178
Observatory Dome at Nii-e. Floating, 13
on the Pic du Midi, 38
Ocean Grove Artesian Well tapped by
another, 254
Odd Bits of Old Plumbing, 159, 225
Old French Furniture. Prices for, 250
New York Fireplaces, 250
Plumbing, Odd Bits of, 199, 225
State House at New Haven, Conn.,
Oldest Church in London. 'II -
Hal'llalloii.- :n .Vlii. -I - I h.-.
'
' Mynipia. Excavations at, 106
omalia. Neb. A CylllidricHl Iron Jail
Oue-IUIl Elevated Railroad for Boston.
22
Opera-House. Budal'cstli
oratory Concrete Cupola. The Ilioinp
ton, 7
i Inter. Euilyir* \\ in l-or, 283
OuUiJe Plastering
i PI. iviowding iu tue Hoiiian Caiupagna.
92
Oxford. Scientific Intolerance at, 214
" Win. Morrison the Yulgariza-
of, 29U
Page, Artist. Death of William, 16!i
Paint. Blistering and Peeling -
" Brushes. How to clean, V8
" .Milk. h.
Painters. Modern English, 2..
Painters' Union boycott Fifth Ave. Ho-
tel, 277
Painting Icons, 296
Paintings. Counterfeited, 240
Palace. Buckingham.
at St. Paul, Minn. Ice, 261
" St. Petersburg. The Winter, 118
1'alazzo Keale, Naples, 10
Pavia, Italy. The Certoea, 177
Panama Canal, 98
Panihi-on, Paris. The, 82
PA BIS:
Abattoirs at La Villette, 34
Arc de Triomphe. Inscriptions on the
10
" Removing Fal-
guieres's Group
troin, 308
Funds for the Exhibition of 1*89.
Raising, 122
Funeral Architecture, 104
Louvre Galleries. The, 264
Municipal Expenditures, 218
Pantheon. Tne, 82
Post-Office. The New, 14
Sewage. Utilizing, 3u7
St. Julien lu Pauvre. Threatened De-
struction of, l-i
Value of the Art Treasures In, 33
W ash-Houses on the Seine. Threat-
ened Abolition of the, 186
Parson Steam Turbine. The, 2
Parthenon. The Roof of the, 212
Pasadena, Col. Laud Irrigation at, 26
Pasteur's Researches in Hydrophobia,
278
Participation Scheme. A Cincinnati
Brewer's, 265
Party-Wall. Paying for a, 182
Pauper Bulwark for Great Britain, in..
Colony at Wilhelmsdori. The,
176
Paying for a Party-Wall, 182
" " the Use of published De-
signs, 288
Peculiarities of English Country
Churches, 63, 75
Penua. K It. Disinfection as practised
by the, 5u
Pension Bureau Frieze. The, 142
Percussive Effect of Falling Bodies, 94
Permanent American Exhibition at
Rome, 74
Persia. Archa-ological Expeditious to,
Peruvian Mummy Eyes, 178
Peterborough, England, 183
Pelrie on the Great Pyramid. Mr.,
118
" and Naucratis. Mr.. 118,260
Petrified \\ .....I. n;
Petroleum as t ucl. Crude, 193
Philadelphia Exhibition ol the Pennsyl-
vania Academy, ir.7
" Floor Area of the Poet-Of-
lice, lilt;
Photo-caustic Plates, our, 301
Pic du Midi. The Observatory on the,
38
Picture Sale. A London. 14
Pictures. Counterfeited, 246
" Modern Knglish, 2.>, 2IC, :104
Plcturetque Architecture in New Vork.
The Passing of. .'<>'i
Pigments. Ihe Chemistry of, 171, 234
Piusk Marshes In Russia. Draining
the.
Pinakothek Collection in Danger. Mu
nidi, I'M;
Pipes connected to Llgbtning-Rods. Gas
and Water, .U
Pirated Designs, 141
I'lnnning Hospitals, 110
Plans. The '1 emler of, 25, 3o7
Planting Trees and Shrubs, 214
Plaster. Asbestine, 213
Plastering, Economical and Fire-proof,
OS
" Outi.i
Plumbing. Odd bits of old, 159, 225
Poet. Charles Gamier as, yut
Pollution of the Thames, 1.-
Poor in Berlin. Housing the, 3O8
" French Experiments in Housing
the, !), 1-1
Pope's Tomb. Violation of a, 22
Poppies and Railroad Embankments, 2."4
Portland < emi-nt. Fresh or Sia
Portrait Gallery. The National, l.v
1'ost-office. The New Paris, 14
Pottery. English Architectural. '-
Pound-Fool r. Pound Yard, -i
VI
The American Architect and Building News. Index.
[VOL. XVIII.
Powell's Discoveries in the South-west.
Maj., 2fi2
Prague, 123, 136, 147
I'reci ms Metals. Deposition of the, 133
Preservation of Forests. The, 22
Scaffold Ropes, 308
Pressure. Maximum Wind, 178
Prevention of Dry-Rot, 31
Prices for old French Furniture, 250
Prison. A Cylindrical Iron, 154
Prize Competition of the Society of Ar-
chitects of Lyons, 1
" for Historical Painting. Suit over
the Temple, 242
" Professional Books." The Tariff on,
154, 190, 238
Charges. Boston Society
of Architects on, 241
Protection against Lightning, 210
Public Buildings. The A I. A. Law for
the Erection of, 199
" " Regulating the De-
signing of, 199,277
" Clocks. Early, 238
Published Designs. Paying for the Use
of, 238
Pulley. A Powerful, 124
Pump. A Solar, 146
Punches. Steel, 238
Purification of the Thames, 106, 298
Purifying Water by Iron at Antwerp,
139
Pygmy Races of Yucatan. The, 133
Pyramid. The Great, 10
" Mr. Petrie on the Great, 118
Quarries found in Algeria. Ancient
Marble, 254
Quarrying Limestone at Grenoble,
France, 217
Quays at Antwerp. The New, 90
Queen Anne's Statue in front of St.
Paul's, 166
Queretaro, Mexico, 207
Question of Commission. A, 249, 285
Race-Course at Nantes. Roman, 262
Railroad Accident Insurance. B. &O.,
26
" for Boston. A One-Rail Ele-
vated. 22
" Embankment. Poppies for
254
" First American, 106
" up Mount Kearsarge, N. H., 106
Railway Station at Birmingham, Eng.,
166
Raising the Old Masonic Temple, Bos-
ton, 241
" a Masonry Arch, 70
Ratisbon. Crows and Cholera at, 118
Ravenna. Byzantine Museum at, 178
" Mosaics. The, 112
Reading-Room. Declining the Gift of a,
110
Real Estate. When are Trees, 110
Recession of Niagara Falls. The, 142
Reclamation of Malarious Countries, 184
Red Oak for Inside Finish, 82
Reis Telephone. The, 62. 194, 289
Renaissance. Studies in the, 231
Rent. Tlie Inequalities of the Poor
Man's, 121
Report of the Architectural Association
of Minnesota, 237
" the N. Y. Chapter, A. I. A., 209
Research. A Year of German Archaeo-
logical, 92, 101
Reservoirs. Opening the Mississippi, 166
Responsibility. A Case of French Ar-
chitectural, 206
" for Defects in a School-
house, 277
for Fires in French
Apartments, 158
" of Landlords for In-
sanitary Premises, 253
Restoration of an Eleanor's Cross at
Waltham, 298
Retrospect. A, 303
Reverse Blue-Prints, 58
REVIEWS:
"Applied Mechanics," 127
"Art and Decoration," 42
"Buffalo Bui/tler," 43
"Building Budget," 43
"Donatello," 138
"Handy Estimate Blanks," 105
"Healthy Foundations for Houses,"
128
"Gaskell's Hand-Book ot Useful In-
formation," 128
"Guide to Sanitary House Inspection,
247
"Hints on House-Building," 128
"Indian Domestic Architecture," 121
REVIEWS:
"L f Ecntiomixti 3 pratique,'' 88
"Look within," 128
"Plumbing Problems," 105
"Portfolio of Cottages," 104
"Principles of House-Drainage. The,"
294
"Text-Book on the Mechanics oJ
Materials," 105
"Tiryns, 305
"Treads and Risers," 128
"Tuscan Cities," 279
"Useful to Architects, 128"
"Water-Closets," 128
Richest Architect in the Country, 262
Richmond City-Hall Competition, 61
Riverside Park and Gen. Grant's Tomb,
49, 73
Roberts's Picture Collection. Hum-
phrey. 293, 304
Robinson's Cement, 68
Roeskilde, Sweden. Cathedral at, 30
Roman Campagna. Overcrowding in
the, 2
" Cities. Water-Supply of. 153
" Race-Course at Nantes, 262
" Remains in Kgypt, 169
ROME:
Bronze Statue found in the Tiber, 190,
308
Forum. New Discoveries at the, 129
Permanent American Exhibition at,
74
Statue of Marcus Aurelius. Replac-
ing 111", 23<
Warehouse. Discovery of a, 82
R. I. B. A. New Charter of the, 121
Roof of l tie Parthenon. L'12
Roof-Triases. Books on, 286
Rooting the first House in San Fran-
cisco, 13'i
Roofs affect Chimneys. How, 174
Ropes, ('reserving Scaffold, 308
Rossi and the Workingmen of Schio,
Italy. Sig.,51
Hotch Travelling Scholarship, 21
Rough-Cast, 286
Safe-hoisting Law. The New York, 61
Sale of the Dudley Collections. Possi-
ble, 308
English Castles, 14, 146
the Great Eastern, 250
Salisbury. Gossip about, 61, 102
Salmagundi Club. Exhibition of the,
37, 218, 237, 249
Sand-Bags for Engineering Purposes,
238
Sand-Mines on Long Island.. Magnetic.
191)
Sands on the Landes of Gascony. Fix-
ing the, 57
San Francisco. Roofing the first House
in, 130
SANITARY:
ABC Process at Aylesbury, Eng., 18
Architecture and Bacteria, 223
Asiatic Cholera, 146
Atmospheric Humidity, 44
Ceilings. The Advantages of Low,20C
Disinfection as practised by the Penn.
R. R., 60
Excavating in Xew Orleans. The Dan-
ger of, 190
Fouling of Wells, 174
Fuel made out of Sewage, 31
Glasgow Drainage Regulations, 33
Hospital Planning, 11 1
Infectious Disease. Liability of Inn-
keeper in Case of, 94
Microbes removed from Water, 106
Odd Bits of old Plumbing, 159, 225
Pollution of the Thames, 178
Purification of the Thames, 106, 298
Purifying Water by Iron, 139, 298
Responsibility of Landlords for Insan-
itary Premises, 253
Roman Campagna. Reclaiming the,
88
Sewage-Farms. The Pullman, 289
" " Statistics of, 297
" " Utilizing Paris, 307
Sewerage System of Berlin, 97
Ventilation of Sewers by Chimneys,
189
" " Theatre at Nice, 295
Water-Supply of Roman Cities, 153
Saratoga Monument. The, 113
Savannah Electric-Light Towers. Fall
Of, 286
Saw for Cutting Stone, 218, 261, 274
Scaffold Ropes. Preserving, 3'J8
Scandinavian Cathedrals, 29
Schedule of Charges of the A. I. A., 274
" Rating a Means of Checking
Fires, 80
Schio. Sig. Rossi's Experiments at, 51
Schleyer's Universal Language, 86
Scholarship. The Rotch Travelling,
School. The N. Y. Trade and the Trade
Unions, 205
School-house. Responsibility for De-
fects in a, 277
Swiss, 38
Scientific Intolerance at Oxford, 214
Scotch and English Castles. Sale of, 14.
146
Scott. Sir G. G., 67
Sculpture and Architecture. Sympathy
between, 15
" Vicissitudes of a Piece of
Greek, 193
Sea Wall at Hove, Eng., 174
Seals and Contracts, 237
Seine Wash-Houses. Threatened Abo-
lition of the. 186
Servants' Responsibility, 14
Severn Tunnel. Completion of the, 202
Sewage Farm. The Pullman, 289
" Farms. Statistics of, 297
" Fuel, 31
" Purifying London, 106, 298
" Utilizing Paris, 307
Sewer-Burst in London, 146
Sewerage System of Berlin, 97
Sewers vented by Chimneys, 189
Sgratttto Work, 9
Sham Castles. American, 307
Sheet-Lead. Improved Process of mak-
ing, 170
Ship-Canal. The North Sea, 130
Shrubs. When to plant Trees and, 2H
Shutter-Factory. Burning of Wilson's
190
Siemens Gas-burner. Tests of the, Us
Spontaneous Combustion, 242
St. Alban's Abbey, 195
St. Bartholomew the oldest Church in
London, 29
St. .Murk's. Excavations at, 286
Venice. The Campanile
of, '.ill
St. Louis Convention of Western Asso-
ciation of Architects, 1611,
IBS, 271.L'X1!
" Fire-proof Flooring in, 237
St. .lulien le I'auvre, Paris. Threatened
Destruction of, 154
St. Paul, Minn., to have an Ice Palace,
261
St.. Petersburg Winter Palace. The, 118
Stains on Gran te. Iron, 274
" To remove Tar, 46
Stair Treads. Kiiduring, 46
State-House Competition. Denver, 45
133
" " New Haven. The Old, 298
State Regulation of Architects, 273. 2S2
Station the Largest. Birmingham R.R.,
166
Statistics of Sewage Farms, 297
Statue of Bacchus found in the Tiber,
A Bronze, 190, 308
" Huguenot. A, 202
Jackson at Nashville, 237
. " Marcus Aurelius, Rome. Re-
placing the, 238
" Queen Anne in front of St.
Paul's, 166
Statues. Discovery of forgotten Lon-
don. 262
" for the Saratoga Monument,
113
Statutory Laws. Western Association
of Architects on, 282
Steam. Danger from Super-heated, 34
" Pipes. Fires caused by, 2CO
" Turbine. The Parson, 2
Steel Punches, 232
' Strong-Room. A, 188
Stone-cutting Saw. A New, 218, 261, 274
Straits of Northumberland Tunnel.
The, 214
Strength of Columns, 250
Stress on Girders. Intermittent, 190
Strike discontinued by the Ballot, 170
Strolls about Mexico, 70, 135, 207
Strong-Room. A Steel, 188
Students. Advice to, 255
Stone. Decay of Building, 113
" on the Ground Level. Decay of,
19 .
" Effect of Moonlight on, 308
" Ruins in the South-west, 262
" for the Texas Capitol, 25
Straits of Belleiele. Damming the, 260
Street. Geo. Edmund, 67
Structures. Dangerous, 115
Studies in the Renaissance, 231
Subscribing Funds for the Paris Exhi-
bition of 1881, 122
Substitutes for White Lead, 70
Suggestions for the Grant Monument,
94, 170, 214
Suit about a Chimney, 214
Super-heated Steam. Danger from. 34
Supervising Architect on the Designing
of Public Buildings, 277
" Architects' Duties and the
A. I. A., 199
" and the Western Associa-
tion of Architec's, 271
282
Supply. The United States Timber, 296
Surveying Instrument. The Teletopo-
meter, a new, 194
Surveyor's Plan for a Drive at Bourne-
mouth, Eng., 289
Susa, Persia. Excavations at, 97
Swiss Architects. Annual Convention
of, 122
" School-house. 'I he, 38
Sympathy between Architecture and
Sculpture, 15
Ta 1 Chimney Construction, 4, 56, 114,
164, 224, 270
Tallest Chimney in the World, 218
Tar Stains. Removing, 46
Tariff on " Professional Books." 154, 190,
238
Tax on Fine Art. 154
Tay Viaduct. The, 185
Telegraph- Wires and Lightning, 98
Telephone Patents. The, 62
if The Keis, 191, 289
Teletopometer. The, 194
Tellier's Solar Pump, 146
Telpherage, 250
Temple Bar, London, 214
" Prize for Historical Painting
Suit over the, 242
Ten Buildings iu the United States.
The Best, 21
Tender of Plans. The, 307
Terra-Cotta. Architectural, 3
in Knglatid. Setting, 21
" English, 52
Test of Hand-Grenades at the Novelties
Exhibition, 274
Tests of the Siemens Gas-Burner, 118
Texas Capitol. The Stone for the, 25
Thames. Pollution of tlie, 178
" Purification of the, 106, 298
Theatre at Nice. Ventilation of, 295
" Vienna. The Court, 151
Thornycrof t. Sculptor. Death o:
Thomas, 178
Tiber. A Bronze Bacchus found In the
190, 308
Tides and Hell Gate. High, 286
Timber. Big Australian, 189
" Dryer. Common-Sense, 290
" Supply of the U. S., 2111!
" Waste in American, 157
Tin. Charcoal, 298
Tinwortli's Terra-Cotta Sculpture, 52
Tiryns, :i5
Tomb of a Pope violated, 22
Tommasi-Cruiieli on Reclaiming Mala-
rious Countries, 1X4
Toronto Court - House Competition.
The, 73, 81
Toughening Whltewood, 33
Towers. The Irish Martollo, 94
" in Savannah Fall of Elec-
tric-l.ight, I'M;
Trade Guilds. History of. 148, 197
Trade Unions and tlie X. Y. Trade
School, 20.-,
traffic over Broadway, New York.
The. 10
'ravel. Notes of, ir,l, 291
'ravelling Scholarship. The Rotch, 21
'rends. Kiidiiring Stair. 46
.'reaaures of Paris. Value of the Art,
33
L'rees. Big Australian, 186,
Real Estate. When are, 110
and Shrubs. When to Plant,
214
Tubular Boiler. A New French, 266
I'unis. Artesian Wells in, 214
L'unnel. Completion of the Severn, 202
" Straits of Northumberland,
214
Turchi, Venice. The Fondaco dei, 245
Tuscan Cities, 279
rwentificatlon. A, 154
Jnlted States Wood Supply. The, 299
Jniversal Commercial Language. De-
vising. A, 86
Jnremunerated Competitions, 249
Jpsala, Sweden. Cathedral at, 29
Jpsetting Whitewood, 33
Using Published Designs, 238
Value of the Art Treasures of Paris, 33
Valued-Policy Law in Netf Hampshire.
The. 217
Van Schaik's Reading-Room. West-
chester, N. Y., declines to accept Mr.,
110
Vault. A Steel, 188
Vegetable-Market. Edinburgh, 55
Venice. Campanile of St. Mark's, 99
" Excavations at St. Mark's,
286
" Fondaco dei Turchi, 245
Ventilating Sewers by Chimneys, 189
Viiuluct. The Tay, 185
Vibrations of the Flood-Rock Explo-
sion, 238
Vienna Court Theatre, 151
" Library of the University, 152
Violation of a Pope's Tomb, 22
Voting on the Continuance of a Strike.
170
Volapiik.a Universal Language, 86
Vulgarization of Oxford. Win. Morris
on the, 2!I8
Walls. How to build Warm, 70
" in New York. Thickness of. 25
" thrown down by the Swelling
of Bales of Jute, 157
Waltham, Kng. Restoration of an
Eleanor's Cross, 298
Wards. Circular Hospital, 186
Wartburg, Eisenach. The, 233
Washington Monument. Protecting
from Lightning, 34 58,
238
Pension Bureau Frieze. 142
Wash-houses in the Seine. Threatened
Abolition of the, 186
Water in Brooklyn. Consumption of,
117
" in Building Stones, 134
" Laying Concrete under, 170
" Removing Microbes from, 106
" Supply of Ocean Grove and As-
bury Park, N. J., 254
" of Roman Cities, 153
Wells. How a Barrel of Oil polluted
many, 174
" in Tunis. Artesian, 214
Westchester, N. Y., declines to accept
a Reading-Room, 110
Western Association of Architects.
Convention of, 169, 253, 271, 282
Westminster Abbey, 166
White Ant. The, 154
" Lead. Substitutes for, 70
Whitewood. Toughening, 33
Wilhelmsdorf Pauper Colony. The, 176
Willard Museum of Casts in New York.
The, 209
Wind-Pressure. Maximum, 178
\VimlsorOrder. Emlyn's. 262
Winter Palace, St. Petersburg, 118
Wires and Lightning. Telegraph, 98
" approved in England. Overhead.
13
Wood. The Decay of, 130
" Petrified, 46
" Supply. The United States, 296
Wooden Book. An Old Norwegian, 201
" Floors. Impervious Coverings
on, 128
Workingmen's Homes at Schio, Italy, 51
Wyatt. Sir Digby, 67
Yucatan. The Pygmy Races of, 133
Zalinski's Dynamite Gun. Lieut., 302
JULY- DEC., 1885.] Tin- American Architect and i//l : /n/ News. Index.
VII
ILLUSTRATIONS.
[The tigurei refer to the number of the journal, and not to the page.]
ASYLUM.
News-Boys' Lodging-House, New York,
N. Y. K. H. Robertson, Architect, .vi:i
COLLK<iIATE.
Library, of the University, of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, Mich. Van Brunt &
Howe, Architects, 501
DETAILS.
Doorway of the Cathedral, Florence,
Italy, .-i7
44 Corpus Domini Church, t Bo-
logna, Italy, 504
44 Church of the Holy Spirit, Bo-
logna, Italy, 604
Entrances in and about Boston, Mass.,
Font in the Baptistery, Pisa, Italy, 512
Pulpit in First Roformed Church, Al-
bany, N. Y., 517
44 Outside, Prato, Italy, 500
44 Siena Cathedral, :.1L'
House of C. E. Hasbrook, Kansas City,
Mo. A. Van Brunt, Architect, 506
DWELLINGS
Alterations of the House of J. H. Mc-
Avoy, Chicago, III. Addison &
Fiedler, Architects, 514
Cottage for F. W. Oliver, St. Louis, Mo.
Ramsay & Swasey, Architects,r>os
Double Cottage for Gardener and Coach-
man, Gerinantown. Pa. T. P. Chand-
ler, Jr., Architect, . r .20
44 A House by the Sea." John Calvin
Stevens, Architect, ."i(i7
House of Louis A. Barbour, Washing-
ton, Conn. Rossiter &
Wright, Architects, 517
44 " James M. Barnard, Milton,
Mass. W. H. Emerson,
Architect, 502
4 * 4l E, T. Burrowes. John Cal-
vin Stevens, Architect, 498
44 4i W. H. BIymyer. Cincinnati,
O. Des Jardins & Hay-
wood. Architects, 520
44 44 C. L. Carrington, Newark,
N. J. Van Campen Taylor,
Architect, :.nl
44 4( G. B. Chase, Marlborough,
N. H. Van Brunt &
Howe, Architects, 622
44 4( George V. Cressou, Narra-
gansett Pier, R. I. Mo-
Kim, Mead & White, Ar-
chitects, 517
44 44 Mrs. S. E. Guild. Nahant,
Mass . Peabody &
Stearns, Architects, 506
44 4< J. H. Hart, East Orange,
N. J. A. M. Stuckert, Ar-
chitect, 515
44 " Charles E. Hasbrook, Kan-
sas City, Mo. A. Van
Brunt, Architect, 506
44 " Bernard Karz, Patterson,
N. -I. Charles Edwards,
Architect. 500
44 " A. Newbold Morris, Ridge-
field, Conn. Charles A.
Gifford, Architect, 499
14 and Drug Store for I. H. Mack,
Cincinnati, O. Oliver C.
Smith and Walter R. For-
busli, Architects, 519
44 in the Place de la Pucelle, at
Rotten, 614
Houses on St. Nicholas Avenue, New
York, N. Y. T. M. Clark,
Architect, 519
44 for Workingmen, Schio, Italy,
501
An Idle Hour's Suggestion for a Sea-
side Cottage, by If. A. Nisbet, ."..ill
Loredan Palace, Venice, Italy, 499
Old Houses. Halberstadt, Germany, 49K
Palazzo Foscari. Venice, Italy, 503
semi-detached Houses at Ml. Auburn,
Cincinnati, O. Bruce Price, Archi-
tect, 508
Study for a Town-House. H. P. Kirby,
Architect, 513
Thorn Mountain House and Cottagus,
for Gen. M. C. Weutworth. Win. A.
Bates, Architect, 520
ECCLESIASTICAL.
Apostle! Church, Cologne, 520
Cathedral, Bordeaux. Part of East
End. 51 iL 1
44 C'hartres. 514
44 Coutances, France, 521
Kerrara, Italy, 606
44 Florence, Italy. South Door-
way, 507
44 Limoges. Door to South
Transept, 502
44 of S. Martiiin. Lucca, Italy,
611
44 Lyons, France, from North
Aisle, 517
Mexico, Mex. ,508
14 Notre Dame, Paris, France.
After an Etching by Lu-
cien Gautier, 518
Cathedral, Perigueux, France. Tower,
" Placenza. Italy, 510
Plstoja, Italy, 501
Koueu, France, 600
Worms, Germany, 520
Church of the Cross, Queretaro, Mex-
ico 514
1 the Epiphany, Winchester,
Mass. Rand & Taylor, Ar-
chitects, 508
" Gravllle, 516
" the Holy Crow, St. Lo,
France. Western En-
trance, 517
" the Holy Spirit, Bologna.
Italy. Doorway, 604
" Oyestreham (West Front),
618
' St. Francis, Assisl, Italy, 513
" S. Maria della Pieve, Arezzo,
Italy. Marchioune, Ar-
chitect, 607
Cloister of St. John Lateran, Rome, 511
Confessional (restored), Lyons Cathe-
dral, Prance, 517
Doorway, Corpus Domini Church, Bo-
logna, Italy, 504
Font in the Baptistery, Pisa, Italy, 512
Fonts in English Churches. Old, 498
Memorial Rood-Screen, Church of the
Redeemer, Bryu Mawr, Penn. C. M.
Barns, Jr., Architect, 519
Mission Chapel of Trinity Church, New-
ark. N. J. Charles A. Gifford, Archi-
tect, 508
Monumental Church, Richmond, Va.
Built 1811, 319
New Hollis-strcet Church, Boston,
Mass. Geo. F. Meacuam, Architect,
499
Outside Pulpit on the Cathedral, Prato,
Italy, 600
Piazza of St. Mark's, Venice, Italy, 506
Presbyterian Church at Fox Chase, near
Philadelphia, Pa. T. P. Chandler,
Jr. Architect. 511
Pulpit in the Cathedral, Siena, Italy,
612
" Old, in First Reformed Church,
Albany, N. Y. Built in Hol-
land, 1658, 517
St. Alban's Abbey. New West Front.
Sir Edmund Beckett, Q. C., Architect,
613
St. Crolx, Bordeaux. France, 498
S. Maria Maggiore, Rome. 521
" della Salute, Venice, 522
St. Paul's Church (Episcopal), Ratcliffe-
boro, S. C. Built 1819, 519
S. Stephen's C'uurcu, Wilkesbarre, Pa.
Charles M. Burns, Jr., Architect, 511
Temple Emanuel, Fifth Aw., New
York.N. Y. Leopold Eidlitz, Archi-
tect, 514
FOREIGN.
Anhalt Railway Station, Berlin, Ger-
many, .-.(in
Apostles' Church , Cologne, 520
Belfry, Bruges, Belgium, 498
Campanile of St. Mark's, Venice. Meas-
ured and drawn by C. H.
Blackall, 505
" Pistoja, 521
Canal at the rear of City-Hall, Bruges,
Belgium, 506
Cathedral, Bordeaux. Part of East end,
502
" Chartres, 514
" Coutances, France, 521
" Ferrara, Italy, 505
" Florence, Italy. South Door-
way, 507
" Limoges. Door to South
Transept, 502
" of St. Martino, Lucca, Italy,
611
" Lyons, France. North Aisle
from, 517
" Mexico, Mex., 508
*' Placenza, Italy. Ap*e of, 510
'* Notre Dame, Rouen, France,
500
44 Worms, Germany, 520
Church Doorway, Corpus Domini, Bo-
logna, Italy, 504
" of the Cross, Queretaro, Mex.,
514
" " Gravllle, 616
44 *' the Holy Cross (western en-
trance), St. Lo, France,
617
" " the Holy Spirit Doorway,
Bologna, Italy, 504
" " Oyestreham. West Front.
518
" St. Francis, Assisi, Italy, 513
" " S. Maria della Pleve,
Arezzo, Italy. Marchlonne,
Architect, 507
Citadel at Chapultepcc, Mexico, 503
Cloister of St. John Laterau, Rome, 511
Confessional (restored), Lyons, France,
517
Fondaco Del Tarchi, Venice, Italy, 517
Font In the Baptistery, Pisa, Italy, 512
Giralda Tower, Seville, Spain, 521,522
Hotel de Ville, Beaugency, France, 522
House in the Place de la Pucelle, at
Roueu, 514
Homes for Workingmen, Schlo, Italy,
601
l-oredui Palace, Venice, Italy, 499
Notre Dame, Parii, France. After an
Etching by Luclen Gautier, MX
Old Font* In English churches, 49(1
Houses, HalDerstadt, Germany, 49ft
Outside Pulpit on the Cathedral, Prato,
Italy, 500
Palazzo del Coniune, Plaoensa, Italy,
M
" Comunale, Brescia, Italy, 613
" Foscari, Venice, Italy, 603
Piazza of St. Mark's, Venice, Italy. 506
Piazza of the Cathedral, Ptsloja, Italy,
612
Pulpit In the Cathedral, Siena, Italy,
SOI
Sketches from Bo'.ogua, Italy. C. H.
Blackall, 504
" France. Win. C. Rich-
ardson, 518
" the Wartburg, Elsen-
ach, Germany, C. H.
Blackall, 516
St. Alban's Abbey. New West front. Sir
Edmund Beckett. Q.C., Architect, 613
St. Croix, Bordeaux, France. 498
S. Maria Maggiore, Konie, 621
" della Salute, Venice, 622
Staircase In the Palazzo del Conti Guldl,
Piacenxa, Italy, 510
Street View, Brunswick, Germany, 522
Tower, Compiegne Town-Hall, 521
41 Perigueux Cathedral, 607
Rioin, Franco, 521
" Stendal, Germany, 521
44 Tcrmonde, France, 621
Windsor Castle. After au Etching by
Luclen Gautter, 506
GELATINE.
Broad St. Station of the Penn. Railroad,
Philadelphia, Pa. Wilson Bros. & Co.,
Architects, 509
Casino Theatre, New York, N. Y. Kim-
ball & Wlsedell, Architects, 605
(late-Lodge, No. Easton, Mass. H. H.
Richardson, Architect, 522
.Jell ers. in Market (Third District) Court-
House, New York, N. Y. Frederick
C. Withers, Architect, 500
Metropolitan Opera-liouse, New York,
N. V . J. Cleaveland Cady & Co., Ar-
chitects. 618
Store of W. & J. Sloane, New York, N.
Y. W. Wheeler Smith, Architect, 618
Street View, Brunswick, Germany, 522
Temple Emanuel. Fifth Ave.. New
York, N. Y., L. Eidlllz, architect, 514
"Tombs," The, New York, N. Y. John
Haviland, Architect, 605
INTERIORS.
Libra
ibrary of George E. Lelghton, Ksq., St.
Louis, Mo. Henry C. Isaacs, Archi-
tect, 602
Sketchesof Interior Work at Patterson,
N. J. Charles Edwards, Architect,
515
MERCANTILE.
Boston Terra-Cotta Co.'s Building, Bos-
ton. Win. G. Preston, Architect, 497
House and Drug Store for I. H. Mack,
Cincinnati, O. Oliver C. Smith and
Walter R. Forbush, Architects, 519
Office- Building for Standard Oil Co.,
Pittsburgh, Pa. W. S. Fraser, Archi-
tect, 602
Store-Front, 204 Middle St., Portland,
Me. John Calvin Stevens, Ar-
chitect, 615
14 of W. & J. Sloane, New York, N.
Y. W. Wheeler Smith, Arch-
itect, 618
MONUMENTAL.
Competitive Designs for "Grant Memo-
rial," 509, 511
Marble Statues, " Labor" and "Science."
New front of Post - Office, Boston,
Mass. Daniel C. French, Sculptor,
505
Memorial Rood-Screen, Church of the
Redeemer, Bryn Mawr, Pa. C. M.
Burns, Jr., Architect, 5l'.i
Monument, Savannah. Ga. The Gor-
don. Van Brunt & Howe, Architect*,
522
Monumental Church, Richmond, Va.,
519
MISCELLANEOUS.
Bay-Wlndow Parlor-Car, Penna. R. R.
Co. Bruce i'rice, Architect, 503
Campanile of St. Mark's, Venice, Italy.
Measured and drawn by C. H. Black-
all, 605
Canal at the rear of City-Hall, Bruges,
Belgium, 506
Citadel at Chapultepec, Mexico, 503
Design for a Gateway, at East Rook
Park, New Haven, Conn. A. H. Howe.
Jr., Architect, 508
Fondaco Del Turohl, Venice, Italy, 617
Gate Lodge, No. Kaston, Maw. II. II.
Rlcuardton. Architect, 822
Newgate Prison, East G ran by, Conn.
Sketched by M. P. Ilapguod. 618
Secular Towers, Modern Jam half nine-
teenth century), 512
L*t Medieval, 621
Sketches about Wethenfleld, Conn. M.
I', llapgood. 499
at Albany, N. Y., 5IS
44 Cohawel, Maw., 507
44 Hlnaham. Maw., 604
44 from Bologna. Italy. C. H.
Blackall, 504
" the Wartburg, Eisenach,
Germany. C. H. Black-
all, 516
41 " Franee. Win. C. Rich-
ardson, i -
44 In and around Boston, Maw.,
!-, :-'. -."j
Terra-Cotta Ba*-Rellef (The Release of
Barabban). G.
T I n w o r t h,
Sculptor. Ml
(The Sou of
Cydlppe.) G.
Tin worth.
Sculptor, 601
Windsor Castle, after an Etching bv
Luclen Gautier, 606
PUBLIC.
Anhalt Railway Station, Berlin, Ger-
many, 600
Belfry, Bruges. Belgium, 498
B. & L. R. R. New Station, West Mod
ford. Maw. Rand & Taylor, Archi-
tects, 518
Broad St. Station of the Penn. Railroad
Philadelphia, Penn. Wilson Bros. *'
Co., Architects. 509
Casino Theatre, New York, N. Y. Kim-
ball & Wlsedell. Architects, 506
Converse Memorial Library, Maiden
Mass. H. H. Richardson, Architect,
510
Design for chamber of Commerce, Cin-
cinnati, O. Bruce Price
Architect. 497
44 the Chamber of Commerce
Cincinnati. E. M. Wheel-
wright and A. G. Everett,
Architects, 515
14 Music Hall, Buffalo, N. Y.
H. T. Schladerinundt, 506
44 " the Building of the Y. M. C.
A., Richmond, Va. John
Stewardson and Walter
Cope Architects, 516
Jelferson Market (Third DinirictlCourt-
House. New V..rk. N. Y. Frederick
C. Withers, Architect, 500
Metropolitan Opera-House, New York
N. Y. J. Cleaveland Cady & Co., Ar-
chitects, 518
Palazzo Comunale, Brescia, Italy, 613
delCoroune, Piacenza Italy 606
Public School Building. Hanover, 'Pa
J. A. Dempwolf, Architect, 616
Staircase In the Palazzo del Conti Guldl
Placenza, Italy 51(1
Station of the N. Y. C. & H. R. Rail-
road, Schenectady, N. Y. K. II. 1Mb
erson and A. J. Manning, Architect*
614
Tombs," New York. N. Y. John Hav.
Hand. Architect, 605
Town-Hall, Ware, Mass. H. W Hart
well and Win. C. Richardson, Archi-
tects, 499
STABLES.
Design for $1.500 Stable by "Ad rem" 502
Design for 91 Jim Stable by "At the ,l,r-
nil, Hour," 502
Design for (J1.500 Stable by 'Feilinn-
Ifnlt, II," 602
Design for f 1,500 Stable by "Sun-Jlower,"
Design for 11,500 Stable by ' Tom " 610
Design for 1,500 Stable by " 7>i An-
glt," 497
Stable for R. Martin. South Orange N
J. T. A. Roberts & Son, Architects
515
Stable for S. J. Meeker, Newark, N. J
John E. Baker, Architect, 510
INITIAL CUTS.
( That fgwrtt rt/cr to Ike fayet.)
Animal Carvings. Nat. History Mu-
seum, Ixindon, 44, 66
Bedstead in the Van Renseelaer House
Albany, 219
Belvedere, Prague. 147
Berlin Churches, 27
Kol< .gut*- Sketchw, 88
Boulle Commode. 223
Bridge, Prague, 124
Bucharest. View In, 303
Capitals, 16, 87, 92, 104, 114, 127, 129, 135
139, 141, 185, 196, 234 ' '
Chairs, 31, 32, 40, 43, 111, 174, 1*3, 267
Chateau de Fleurlgny, 268
Church, Schio, Italy, 62
Vlll
The American Architect and Building News. Index.
[VOL. XVIII.
City Gate, Siena, Italy, 279
" Hall Neuilly-sur-Seine, 295
Confessional, St. Paul's Church, Ant-
werp, 220
Crewe Hall, Eng., 220
" ' of Spiritual Temple, Boston.
Side, 305
Dormers. 291
English Country Churches, 63, la
Entrance Arch, Antwerp Exhibition,
280
Farrn-House, Siena, 280
Fireplaces, 213, 261
Fonts, 10, 151, 153, 164, 175, 184, 189
Fountain of S. Sulpice, Paris, 305
1 Gables, 66, 291, 294
i Gargoyle, 29
Handles. Brass, 255, 303
John of Bologna's Devil, 279
Lion's Head, 8, 31, 42, 81
Lyons Cathedral. Interiors, 246
; Mantel, 297
Nicolai Thor, Eisenach, 233
Oeil de Breuf, 3, 39
Palace of Lucretia Borgia, Venice, 245
Perigueux Domes, 126
Powder Tower, Prague, 123
Priory Church. Christchurch, Eng., 243
Renaissance Carvings, 100, 101,231, 232
School. Village. 292
Settle. Oak, 221
St. Croix, Bordeaux, Interiors, 19
Staircase, 91, 221
Steeples, 67, 186, 197, 270
Statue of Chas. IV, Mexico, 76
" Schio, Italy, 51
Table, 18
Table-leg, 222
Thein Kirche, Prague, 123
Tomb, 148
Traps. Old, 15;i, >:,
Vegetable Market, Edinburgh, 55
Venice, 99
Wrought-Iroii Work, 33,68,75, 101, 102,
224, 248, 284
INDEX BY LOCATION.
[The figures refer to the number of the journal, and not to the page.']
Albauv, N. Y. Old Pulpit In First Re-
formed Church, 517
" Sketches, 513
Allahabad, India. Tower, Allahabad
Univ W. Emerson, Architect, 512
Ann Arbor, Michigan. Michigan Uni-
versity Library. Van Brunt & Howe,
Architects, 501
Arezzo, I taly. Church of S. Maria della
Piove Marchionne, Architect, 507
Assisi, Italy. Church of St. Francis,
Beauzency, France. Hotel de Ville. 522
Berlin. Germany. Anhalt Railway Sta-
tion, 500
Boogna, Italy. Doorway. Church ^
K " Doorway, Corpus
Domini Church, 51)4
<i " Sketches of Palazzo
Bevilocqua, by C.
H. Blackall,504
11 " Sketch of Palazzo
Fava, by C. H.
Blackall,504
" Sketch of Tower of
San Pietro, by C. H.
Blackall, 504
Bordeaux, France. Cathedral. Part of
East End, 502
" " St. Croix, 498
Boston Mass. Boston Terra-Ootta Com-
pany's New Building.
Wm. G. Preston, Archi-
tect, 497
" " Marble Statues, New
Front of Post-Office.
Daniel C. French,
Sculptor, 505
" New Hollis St. Church.
George F. Meachatn,
Architect, 499
( - Sketches in and around
Boston. 493, 500, 502
" Tower, Boston Offices of
the Vlutual Life Ins.
Co., of New York. Pea-
body & Stearns, Archi-
tects, 512
Brescia. Italy. Palazzo Communale,
513
Bruges, Belgium. Belfry, 49X
ir it Canal at the Rear of
City-Hall, 506
Brunswick, Germany. A Street in,
Brvii Mawr, Pa. Memorial Rood-Screen,
Church of the Redeemer. C. M.
Burns Jr., Architect. 519
Buffalo N. Y. Design submitted for
Muiie-Hall, by H. T. Schladermundt,
Architect, 500
Chapultepec, Mexico. Citadel, 503
Chariest , S. C. St. Paul's Church
(Episcopal).
Cliartres, France. Cathedral, after an
etching by Dalauney, 514
Chicago, 111. Alterations of House of
J. H. MeAvoy. Addison & Fiedler,
Architects, 514
Cincinnati, O. Competitive Design for
the Chamber of Com-
merce. Bruce Price,
Architect, 497
" Competitive Design for
Chamber of C o m -
merce. Edmund M.
Wheelwright and Ar-
thur G. Everett, Ar-
chitect, 515 '
Cincinnati, House of W. H. Blyra-
yer. Des Jardius &
Haywood, Architects,
520
" House and Drug-Store
forl.H. Mack. Oliver
C. Smith and Walter
R. Forbush, Archi-
tects. 51S
" Semi-Detached Houses
at Mt. Auburn. Bruce
Price, Architect, 508
Cohasset, Mass. Sketches, 507
Cologoe, Germany. Apostles' Church,
5M
Corapiegne, France. Tower of Hotel de
Ville, 521
Coutances, France. Cathedral, 521
East Granby, Conn. Newgate Prison,
518
East Orange, N. J. House of J. H.
Harte. A. M. Stuckert, Architect,
515
Eisenach, Germany. Sketches from the
Wartburg, by O. H. Blackall, 516
Ferrara, Italy. The Cathedral, 505
Florence, Italy. South Doorway of the
Cathedral, 507
Fox Chase, Pa. Presbyterian Church.
T. P. Chandler, Jr., Architect, 511
Germantown, Pa. Double Cottage for
Gardener and Coachman. T. P.
Chandler, Jr., Architect, 520
Glasgow, Scotland. Tower of the Muni-
cipal Buildings. W. H. Lynn, R. H.
A., Architect, 512
Graville, France. Church, 516
Halberstadt, Germany. Old Houses,
498
Hanover, Pa. Public School Building.
J. A. Dernpwolf, Architect, 516
Hingham, MASS. The First Church, 504
" Typical Cottages, 504
Jackson, N. H. Thorn Mountain House
and C ittages. Wm. A. Bates, Archi-
tect, 520
Kansas City, Mo. House of Chas. E.
Hasbrook. A. Van Brunt, Architect,
506
Lancashire, Eng. Towers. G.E. Gray-
son, Architect, 512
Limoges. Cathedral. Door to South
Transept, 502
London, Bug. Record Tower. G. E.
Street, R. A., Archi-
tect, 512
" " Tower of National Lib-
eral Club. A. Water-
house, A. R. A., Ar-
chitect, 512
Lucca, Italy. Cathedral of S. Martino,
511
Lyons, France. Cathedral. 517
Maiden, Mass. Converse Memorial Li-
brary. H. H. Richardson, Architect,
510
Marlborough, N. H. House of G. B.
Chase. Van Brunt & Howe, Archi-
tects, 521
Mexico, Mex. The Cathedral, 508
Nahant, Mass. House of Mrs. S. E.
Guild. Peabjdy & Stearns, Archi-
tects, 506
Narragansett Pier. R. I. House of Geo.
V. Cresson. McKim, Mead & White,
Architects, 517
Newark, N. J. House for C. L. Car-
rington. Van Cam-
pen Taylor, Archi-
tect, 501
Newark, N. J., Mission Chapel of Trin-
ity Church. Charles
A. Gifford, Archi-
tect, 508
" Stable for S. J. Meeker.
John E. Baker, Ar-
chitect, 510
New Haven, Conn. Suggestion for a
Gateway at East Hock Park. H. A.
Howe, Jr., Architect, 508
New York, N. Y. Casino Theatre.
Kimball & Wise-
dell, Architects, 505
" " Houses on St. Nicho-
las Ave. T. M.
Clark, Architect,
519
" " Jefferson Market
Court-House. F. C.
Withers, Architect,
500
" " Metropolitan Opera-
Ho'- T Cleave-
laiK. Co.
" " News-..,..,.. _...-iiig-
House. R. H.Rob-
ertson, Architect.
503
" " Store of W. & J.
Sloane. W. Wheel-
er Smith, Archi-
tect, 518
" " Temple Emanuel.
Leopold Eidlitz,
Architect, 514
" " Tombs. John Havi-
land, Architect, 505
North Easton, Mass. Gate-Lodge. H.
H. Richardson, Architect, 522
Paris, France. Notre Dame. After an
etching by Lucien Gautier, 618
Patersou, N. J. House of Bernard
Karz. Chas. Ed-
wards, Architect,
500
" Sketches of Interior
Work. Chas. Ed-
wards, Architect,
515
Perigueux, France. Cathedral, 507
Philadelphia, Pa. Broad-street Station
of Penna. Railroad. Wilson Bros. &
Co., Architects, 509
Piacenza, Italy. Apse of Cathedral, 510
" Palazzo del Comune,
506
" Staircase, Palazzo del
Conti Guidi. 510
Pisa, Italy. Font in the Baptistery, 512
Pistoja, Italy. Piazza of the Cathedral,
501, 521
Pittsburgh, Pa. OKce - Building for
Standard Oil Co. W. S. Fraser, Archi-
tect, 502
Portland, Me. House of E. T. Bur-
rowes. John Calvin
Stevens, Architect,
498
" New Store-Front, 204
Middle St. John Cal-
vin Stevens, Archi-
tect, 515
Prato, Italy. Outside Pulpit on the
Cathedral, 500
Queretaro, Mex. Church of the Cross 514
Richmond, Va. Building of th Y. M.
C. A. John Steward-
son and Walter Cope,
Architects, 616
Richmond, Va., Monumental Church
519
Ridgetield, Conn. House of A. New-
bold Morris. Chas. A. Gifford, Archi-
tect, 499
Riom, France. Clock-Tower, 521
Rome, Italy. Cloister of St. John Lat-
eran, 511
" " S. Maria Maggiore, 521
Rouen, France. Cathedral, oitO
" " House in the Place de la
Pucelle. 514
S.avannab, Ga. Gordon Monument.
Van Brunt & Howe, Architects, .-.22.
St. Alban'B, Eng. New West Front, St.
Alban's Abbey. Sir Edmund Beckett,
Q. C., Architect, 613
St. L6, France. Church of the Holy
Cross. Western Entrance, 517
St. Louis, Mo. Cottage for F. W. Oli-
ver. Ramsay & Swa-
iwy, Architects, 508
" " Library of George K.
Leighton. Henry G.
Isaacs, Architect, 502
Schenectady, N. Y. Station of the N.
Y.C. & H. K. Railroad. R. " >>-
ertsou and A. J. Manning, .
514
Schio, Italy. Houses for Woritingmen,
501
Seville, Spain. The Giralda Tower, 521,
522
Sheffield, Eng. Tower of New Commer-
cial Exchange. Hadfleld & Sons, Ar-
chitects, 512
Siena, Italy. Pulpit in the Cathedral,
512
South Orange, N. J. Stable for R. Mar-
tin. T. A. Roberts Son, Architects,
515
Stendal, Germany. Inglinger Gate, 521
Stratford-on-Avon, Eug. Shakespeare
Memorial Tower, 512
Suffolk, Eng. Old Fonts, 498
Terraonde, France. Town-Hall Tower,
521
Thetford, Norfolk, Eng. Old Font, St.
Mary's Church, 498
Venice, Italy. Campanile of St. Mark's,
505
" " Fondaco dei Turchi,517
" " Loredan Palace, 499
u " Palazzo Foscari, 503
" " Piazza of St. Mark's, 505
" " S. Maria della Salute, 522
Wakeflelil, Eng. Town-Hall Tower. T.
E. Colcutt, Architect, 512
Ware, Mass. New Public Hall. Hart-
well & Richardson, Architects, 499
Washington, Conn. House of Louis A.
Barbour, Rossiter & Wright, Archi-
tects, 517
West Medford, Mass. B. & L. H. R. Sta-
tion. Rand & Taylor, Architects, 51s
Wetherstteld, Conn. Sketches by M. P.
Hapgood, 499
Wilkesbarre, Pa. S. Stephen's Church.
Charles M. Burns, Jr., Architect, 511
Winchester, Mass. Church of the
Epiphany. Rand & Taylor, Archi-
tects, 508
Windsor, Eng. Windsor Castle, after
an etching by Lucien Gautier, 505
Worms, Germany. Cathedral, 520
York, Eng. Old Font in Bederu Chapel,
498
" " Terra-Cotta Bas - Reliefs.
George Tiiiworth, Sculp-
tor, 501
THE AMERICAN ARCHITECT AND BUILDING NEWS.
VOL. XVIII
Ooprrl(ht, IBM, JAM u K. (Mooon ft Co., Beaton, Mi
No. 497.
JULY 4. 1885.
Entered at the Post-Offlce at Boston aa second-claM matter.
CONTEXTS.
SUMMARY:
Death of ,Jnhn It. Niernsce, Architect. Proposed Admission
of Architects to tin- National Academy. The Prize Compe-
tition of the Society of Architects of Lyons. Settlement of
tin- Question of the Ki^ht to Imild on disused' Cemeteries.
Some Considerations concerning Lightning. The Parson
Steam Turliine 1
ARCHITECTURAL TERRA-COTTA. II 8
TALL CHIMNEY CONSTRUCTION. II. 4
THK ILLUSTRATIONS:
Design for the Chamber of Commerce, Cincinnati, O. Boston
Tcrni-Colta Company's Premises, Boston, Mass. Competi-
tive Designs for .Stables 6
CONSTRUCTION OF THB BKOMITON URATORY CUPOLA 7
THK RELATIONS BSTWKEN ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE. . 8
COMMUNICATION :
Sgraffito Work in This Country. Fresh or Stale Portland
Cement. 9
NOTES AND CLIPPINGS. . '. 10
R. JOHN R. NIERNSfiE, one of the oldest and most re-
spected architects in the United States, died in Columbia,
South Carolina, on the 7th of June. Mr. Niernsee was
born and educated in Vienna, but came to this country when a
young man, bringing with him the well-try "'It mind which Ger-
man technical education gives. EnginewA'ipf high theoretical
attainments were not so common here forty years ago as they
are ri("V^, and he soon found employment under the United
States Government in the survey of the coast of Georgia and
Florida, and, later, in the construction of various important
fortifications on the Southern coast. Returning from these
duties, he settled in Baltimore, where he was employed by the
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company, and gained at the same
time some note as an architect. A few years before the war,
he was selected as the architect of the new State-House which
the State of Suuth Carolina had determined to erect, and re-
moved to Columbia, to devote himself to the work. The build-
ing was still unfinished when the war broke out, interrupting
building operations completely ; ami he returned to Baltimore,
where he continued to practise his profession quietly, but with
ever-increasing success. In 1873, on the occasion of the great
Industrial Exposition in Vienna, he was chosen as the United
States Commissioner to the- Exposition, and revisited in that
capacity the home of his early years. A few years later, he
was selected by the trustees of the Johns Hopkins bequest as
consulting architect in the construction of their noble hospital
buildings, and continued to act in that capacity until called
South by the Government of South Carolina, which had deter-
mined to resume the construction of its State-House, and re-
quested its former architect to assume again the direction of
the work so unhappily interrupted. Although nearly twenty-
five years had p-issed since he laid down his pencil in Columbia,
Mr. Niernsee gladly accepted the invitation to complete the
most important of his works according to his original intention,
and removed again to Columbia, but he had hardly entered
upon his duties before he was attacked with an illness which
soon proved fatal. In private life Mr. Niernsee was one of
the most amiable and honorable of men, devoted to his profes-
sion and zealous for the interests of its members. He was one
of the earliest members of the American Institute of Archi-
tects, and did much to gain for it the reputation and authority
of which his successors now enjoy the benefit.
'IT PROPOSITION has been made to extend the member-
/i ship of the National Academy of Design so as to include
a certain number of architects, who would be elected to
the two grades of associate and full members, just as architects
of distinction are admitted to the Royal Academy in England,
or the Institute of France. Whether the proposition is likely
to be carried into effect we do not know, but it seems to us that
such a change in the constitution of the Academy might be
productive of good, both to architects and to the painters and
sculptors who now alone enjoy active membership, although
several architects have been elected honorary members. It is
much to be desired that architects and other artists should be
brought more together in this country, and every movement
for bringing about more intimate relations will be warmly pro-
moted by those who best understand the advantages to be ginrd
in this way. Most architects who interest themselves in the
successes of their professional brethren have probably observed
that the highest reputation has almost always come to men who,
either from inclination or through the habits acquired abroad,
have sought the acquaintance and cooperation in their work of
the best artists. Whether the painters and sculptors in these
cases have gained fame by reflection from that of their friend
the architect, or whether he has borrowed plumes from them, is
of less importance than the fact that the joint work of two or
three men of different artistic professions working together has
in several conspicuous instances gained for each a good deal
more reputation than cither could have acquired by the same
amount of labor independent of the other. Something of this
effect may perhaps be due to the novelty of the combination,
but much ought also to be attributed to the influence of each in
criticising and inspiring the other, and to the redoubled power
which two artists, enforcing at once the same sentiments by dif-
ferent modes of expression, can give to the design on which
they work together. It is true that the simple election of a
man as a National Academician would not imbue him with ar-
tistic feeling, or secure to him always the cooperation of his
brother Academicians in his work ; but it would do something
to interest him in other artists, and them in him, while the
admission of architectural drawings to the annual exhibitions
would do still more, and the social intercourse which it is in-
tended to promote in the Academy by regular meetings of the
members would perhaps do most of all ; and the mutual ac-
quaintance of persons of tastes so similar could not fail to be
in some way pleasant and serviceable to all.
llE Society of Architecture of Lyons, as our readers will
remember, holds each year a competition, open to all
architects, upon a given programme, offering as prizes
medals of gold and silver. The programme for the present
year proposes a design for a law-school. The building is sup-
posed to be situated in a lot bounded by four streets, and to
be set back on all sides from the street line; the intervening
space being planted with shrubbery. The plan must include a
large salle deg Pas Perdits, or waiting-room, after the French
manner, from which must open three court-rooms. One of
these court-rooms is to be devoted to public exhibitions and
distributions of prizes, and must be large enough to accommo-
date three hundred spectators, besides all the professors and
dignitaries, who are to have a platform to themselves. The
two other court-rooms must hold one hundred and fifty persons
each, and each is to be provided with a seat for the judge.
Besides these, six lecture-rooms must he provided, each having
an area of about one hundred square metres, and a library, to
contain twenty-five thousand volumes, with one or two general
reading-rooms, to accommodate fifty readers in all, and a 8|>e-
cial reading-room for the professors, and offices for the libra-
rian and his assistant. Each of the twenty professors is also
to have a room to himself ; and a general meeting-room for all
the instructors, with a dressing-room and ante room, must be
provided, besides an office and ante-room for the dean, and a
suite of at least ten rooms for the habitation of the dean and
his family. The secretary must also have a lodging, consisting
of five rooms, and the janitor and his assistant must each have
rooms. Five drawings are required, all at a small scale. The
plans of the first anil second story only are called for, at one
two-hundredth the full size, or about one-sixteenth of an inch
to the foot, with the principal elevation and a longitudinal sec-
tion at double this scale, and a detail, either of the facade or
the section, at one-twentieth the full size. The drawings are
to be delivered to the Secretary of the Society of Architecture,
at the Palace of Fine Arts in Lyons, on or before the sixth
day of December next, and the designs will first be examined
by a committee of seven members of the Society, who will
present a report upon them; and the prizes are finally to be
awarded by the vote of the whole Society. We hardly sup-
pose that any of our readers are likely to enter a contest so
remote, but it will do no harm to suggest to the younger ones,
particularly those who have the necessary leisure, that there is
no more valuable exercise than an occasional effort, carried out
to reasonable success, at solving an extensive, but well-studied
The American Architect and Building News. [VoL. XVIII. No. 497.
programme like this. An architect who is not sometimes
called upon to design large and monumental buildings loses the
capacity for thinking architecturally in a monumental way
which he ought to have acquired in his student days, and as
this is one of the most valuable faculties which an architect of
mature years can possess, U is only prudent for those in the
earlier stages of their career to try to keep their knowledge
fresh by setting themselves occasionally imaginary programmes
of a sort more ambitious than those which their business at
that period is likely to bring them.
@UR readers will remember the case of the enterprising Lon-
don builder, who set up a private cemetery at Bethnal
Green, and after making a good income for many years by
the sale of permits to inter bodies in it, finally completed his
speculation, after the extension of the city had reached the lo-
cality, by cutting up the ground into building lots. A great
deal of comment was m ide on the case by persons interested in
sanitary matters, who remembered, among other things, that the
bodies of many victims of cholera were buried there, and feared
the consequences either of disinterring them or of building
houses over them, and, as it seems, one result of the agitation
was to deter a builder, who had contracted to erect houses on
the land on a building lease, from carrying out his agreement.
After the facts had been made public, an Act of Parliament
was passed, forbidding the construction of any building on a
disused burial-ground, and the contractor was thus cut off en-
tirely from fulfilling his promise. The owner of the land, how-
ever, professing to believe that this did not affect his right to
claim rent for the land, brought suit not long ago to recover
about two years' arrears of the ground-rent specified in the con-
tract. In point of law there would be, perhaps, a question
whether the neglect of the builder for a year and a half to do
what he had promised to do, and might at that time have done,
did not give the owner some claim to be reimbursed for the loss
which he had suffered through the failure of the other party to
the contract to do what lie had agreed, befoie he was prevented
from doing so by the Act ; but the judge, with that airy wisdom
so characteristic of English magistrates, disposed of this argu-
ment in a moment, announcing that in iiis opinion the contract
between the owner and the builder involved a violation of the
rights of those who had paid money on the faith that their
friends and relations should lie in this ground undisturbed ; and
although there was no evidence whatever that anybody had paid
any money on this faith, he proceeded to infer from his suppo-
sition that the contract in question " amounted to a conspiracy,"
and was, therefore, illegal. On this ground, therefore, he ren-
dered judgment for the defendant. The question as to who
should pay the costs was disposed of by a process of reasoning
about as admirable as the preceding one, his lordship remark-
ing that " there were no merits in the case, and it was an un-
holy proceeding altogether," and ordering accordingly that each
party should pay his own costs.
llfllE Builder quotes from a book by Colonel Parnell, who
JJ has recently made himself conspicuous in discussions on
the effects of lightning, a table compiled from the recorded
observations of the last one hundred and fifty years, showing
the kinds of material most likely to be affected by a lightning
stroke, and indicating in this way the character of the action of
lightning. Colonel Parnell's opinion is that lightning, far from
being a stream of fire descending from the sky, is, as he says,
an electric explosion, resembling that of a torpedo, and acting
in the majority of cases upward, from the ground to the clouds.
The action of the stroke is primarily mechanical, and in most
cases nothing but mechanical effects are observed, although a
part of the force may be converted into heat, just as happens
occasionally with any other sort of motion. The table given in
the book certainly confirms these views. It is found, for instance,
that the material most frequently disturbed by lightning is stone,
in the form of rock or of masonry. We are apt to suppose
that trees are the most common object of the attack of light-
ning, but it appears that rocks or stone walls are affected six
times as frequently as trees, and, in fact, trees suffer one-half
as often as animals or men. AVhen trees are struck, the effect
upon them is in about fourteen cases out of fifteen to split or
tear them, without burning them at all. Ill the fifteenth in-
stance the wood is scorched. When men or animals are struck,
on the contrary, indications of burning are observed in about
three-fifths of the cases. Stone walls or ledges show signs of
burning or melting only once in every two hundred cases.
Metal is melted much more frequently, this effect being pro-
duced almost as often as the purely mechanical effects of break-
ing or bending. Gunpowder is usually exploded when struck,
but this is probably a mechanical rather than a chemical effect,
since any sharp shock, as a blow with a hammer, for instance,
may have the same result. G.is, however, is also ignited by
lightning, either directly, or, more probably as a consequence
of the heating of some imperfectly-conducting substance in con-
tact with the gas. It is singular that the bare ground is dis-
turbed by lightning almost as often as trees. We have heard
of a lightning stroke which ploughed up nearly an acre of
ground in an instant; and it seems that some such mechanical
effect as this upon the soil often accompanies thunder-storms.
T E GENIE CIVIL gives an illustrated account of the new
Parson steam-engine, or "steam-turbine," as it is called.
Strictly speaking, it has no right to this name, since the action
of the steam in it is totally different from that of water upon a
turbine wheel, but the fact that all the working parts revolve
together inside a stationary casing gives its movement a distant
resemblance to that of a horizontal water-wheel. Independent
of its name, however, it is a very interesting machine. Perhaps
the most nccurate way of describing it would be to call it an
oscillating engine with four cylinders, fixed on the inside of a
pivoted drum-like case, and so connected as to cause the drum
which carries them to revolve about the shaft by the move-
ment of the pistons. The transformation of the reciprocal mo-
tion of the pistons into a smooth rotary movement of the cylin-
ders is effected by an ingenious application of the geometrical
theorem that the line described by any point on the circumfer-
ence of a circle rolling on the inside of the circumference of a
circle of a diameter twice as great, is a straight line, coinciding
with a diameter of the larger circle ; and that a second point
on the circumference of the small circle, directly opposite the
first, will in rolling describe a diameter of the large circle at
right angles with that described by the first. Reversing these
conditions, if any number of opposite and alternating forces
are applied at opposite points on the circumference of a disk or
shaft free to turn, but not to move laterally, their combined
action, which, if the absolute direction of the forces were fixed,
would result in nothing but cross strains on the shaft, may, by
allowing the absolute direction of the forces to change in one
plane, that is, by making the cylinders free to revolve.be so
modified as to cause the shaft to move with a rolling motion upon
the inside of a real or imaginary circumference of twice its
own diameter, while the cylinders revolve with a uniform cir-
cular movement around a centre which is also the centre of the
circle within which the shaft rolls. In practice, the pistons of
the four cylinders used are simply applied to a crank, so de-
signed that the diameter of the circumference described by its
outside line is twice its own diameter; and as the small circles
must turn twice in rolling once around the large one, the cyl-
inders in the engine revolve for every two trips of the pis-
tons. Such applications of pure geometry to practical mech-
anism do not always prove so successful as the theory promises,
but in this instance the crank and pistons seem to follow the
courses marked out for them by mathematics with the utmost
docility, and the engine can be run at a speed far surpassing
that of any other now in use ; one now on exhibition in London
giving without difficulty twelve thousand revolutions of the
shaft per minute, or about ten times as many as the swiftest
engines hitherto made have attempted to furnish. This fright-
ful rapidity of movement may be better appreciated by consid-
ering that a locomotive with eight-foot driving wheels, running
with this speed of shaft, would go from New York to San
Francisco in about an hour. Of course, no locomotive could en-
dure such a strain upon it, and the Parson engine has so far
been employed chiefly for driving dynamo-electric machines,
which are attached directly to the shaft, without belts or gear-
ing to multiply the speed. During the construction of the
Suakin-Berber railway, which was built mostly at night to
avoid the heat of the sun, these machines were used for fur-
nishing electric-light. An engine, with its boiler and dynamo-
machine, was set upon a platform car, which carried also
portable tripods, thirty feet high, at the top of each of which
was placed a Brush electric lump. The tripods, which were
made to shut up like a telescope, were set up about a hundred
feet apart, and connected by wires with the dynamo, which
could be shifted to any position desired.
JULY 4, 1885.]
The American Architect and Building News.
\ c7 Mndovf.(oal3elxef)
s' Kom Francs (cl^, <fm Con}
L"""
- *' ''
ARCHITECTURAL TERKA-COTTA. II.
TF you should visit
L IVrlli Amboy, in
i .;i r New Jersey, you
would find that pleas-
ant old town pictur-
esquely located on the
banks of the Kill-von-
Kull, and by following
a wagon -load of the
buff, or of the rich rc<l
clay, after the material
is mined from the pits,
you would bo carried
into one of the largest
terra - cotta manufac-
tories in the United
States. The buildings
constituting the facto-
ry are very numerous,
their upper ' stories
being connected by
means of bridges and
the whole terminating
in a dock, where the
finished articles are
finally carried for ship-
ment" to the various
portions of the States.
Piercing the roofs of some of the buildings, and towering for great
distances above them, are the tops of enormous terra-cotta kilns,
which, when you come to examine them within, have the appearance
of tremendous brick bottles, securely bound every few feet in height
with great encircling bands of iron. The loads of clay are thrown
out and spread over large Hoors in order to deprive it of its moisture,
and after being properly dried, the clay is next conveyed by eleva-
tors or otherwise to the pulverizing machine, where it is thoroughly
disintegrated. After being thus treated, the clay is next mixed with
powdered old terra-cotta, or with ground flint, sand or other vitrifia-
ble substances. The clay, after being properly prepared and mixed,
next passes into a machine called a" pug-mill," and into this machine
there passes a stream of water sufficient to "pug" the clay, or in
other words to impart to the material the desired degree of plastic-
ity, and the operation is materially assisted by the arms or knives at-
ta'ched to the shaft of the pug-mill which cut the clay in every direc-
tion and thoroughly mix it, and finally, when the material issues from
the bottom of the pug-mill, it possesses the desired consistency or
"temper." The clay, after being pugged anil slightly dried, is
next cut into masses and conveyed into the workshop of the moulder
or tin; studio of the modeller. When single pieces are ordered, the
modeller produces his design in clay, which is afterward carefully
dried and then fired. If more than one are wanted, as in the case of
friezes, strings, tiles, simple cornices and capitals, or other orna-
ments which run through a large space, or are often repeated upon a
building, moulds of the object are taken in plaster, and one of the
most interesting spectacles to the visitor to the terra-cotta works is
the department where these moulds are made, an operation which re-
quires considerable skill and dexterity. The plaster-of-Paris is usually
mixed in a mill similar to a pug-mill, used for tempering the clay,
and as the plaster rapidly hardens, and at the same time shrinks
so much during the hardening process that a large mould requires to
be made in different sections, and, in cases of intricate design, in a
great many pieces.
Numerous men and boys flit about the department, swiftly perform-
ing the requisite manipulations as they pour the fluid plaster-of-Paris
into forms or into moulds which stiffen while they are smoothing it into
shape. In cases of designs which have under-cut ornaments the
highest skill and experience are requisite, and in such cases, on ac-
count of the rapid deterioration of the moulds, it is possible only to
obtain a few casts, and such designs are usually cast first in gelatine,
which is readily withdrawn from the under-cut portions of the mould,
and upon being released readily resumes its proper form, and in this
way the moulds are reproduced and kept uniform. By means of the
ordinary plaster moulds, the more common ornaments can be indefi-
nitely reproduced, and in cases of continuous moulding it is not an un-
common practice to shape the moulding by passing it, or, rather, ex-
pressing it, from a machine constructed similar to au ordinary express-
ing brick and tile machine. In case the designs are produced by the
latter method, a die of the proper shape is attached to the mouth of
the machine, and as the tempered clay is forced through it the mould-
ing is performed. In this way crown mouldings for cornices, etc., are
cheaply produced of the desired form and thickness, and are after-
ward divided by wires into the necessary lengths. When the plaster
moulds are employed the clay is pressed'with the hand into the mould
and the objects are afterward finished with the lingers, care being
observed to have the object of uniform thickness throughout, other-
wise "warping" or twisting from the heat not reaching nil tile mate-
rials equally ami simultaneously will be the certain result. For ex-
ample, when a mould is employed, the clay is not forced into it en
Continued from page 28, No. 49
maiue.but the plastic material is deftly pressed only against the side*,
the moulder following the varying surface* of the mould and leaving,
us nearly as p.i-sible, a nni'orm thickness of clay in llie various pai I-,
and if (he design is of such a character that it would not, in it- hol-
low form of undried and unbiirned clay, retain its sha|H! unimpaired
until fired, then braces or " struts " of clay arc formed in the inte-
rior so as to sustain the design until it paws through the kiln, and
also to add increased strength after being burned. The thickness of
the clay of course varies with the nature and different purposes fur
which the objects of terra-cotta are to be employed ; but the average
thickness is about seven-eighths of an inch; this, however, is exceeded
where strength is a requisite.
A uniform thickness of the material is an imperative necessity in
all classes of terra-cotta, whether it is to be used for ornamental pur-
pose* or simply as .building-block*, this requisite being more readily
attainable in the latter case than in the former, as the blocks are sim-
ply hollow pieces of terra-cotta, having walls of equal thickness.
There is no question of the reliability of the material, even in a hol-
low form, for sustaining great weight; but in some cafes the blocks
are required to be placed in such positions that the hollow |K>rtions
require to be filled with cement or with cement concrete, and in Mich
cases a material should be employed which will not swell in dr\in_:.
In order to prevent the bursting of the filled pieces, fat cement, so
delusive to many, should not be employed, it being much better to use
clean sand and a minimum proportion of cement.
Many of the ornaments reproduced from plaster moulds are very
pleasing, but the real beauty of terra-cotta lies in the ease with which
the plastic material lends itself to the skill of the modeller, who can
impart to it his grandest and broadest conceptions, ami then have
them transformed into a material which is more imperishable than
granite ; but to do this successfully, the modeller must posM'ss dignity
and great sweep of imagination, lie must love his work and ! ali-
sorbed in it, and habituated to executing his ideas in a manner hold
and free, or otherwise his production-, will be a failure, as the design
must necessarily be viewed from a distance, and show a symmetry of
proportion entirely unattainable by one who dissipates his force by
attention chiefly to minute details ; hut the grace and harmony of
separate proportions should be preserved in that of the finished
whole. Different subjects, of course, require different treatment, but
if the design be a panel in high relief it should show spirited model-
ling ; and if the subject is foliage, the curves in the leaves should
give good shadow; but whatever maybe the object, the result should
show genuine artistic skill. The importance of sufficient time being
allowed for making moulds, models, and drying the moulded or modelled
pieces cannot be over-estimated, and there should be less of that too
frequent hurrv now so common in the execution of orders. The
pieces should be dried just sufficiently to give them the right texture,
for if they are too damp or "green" they will crack or be crushed
during the firing; should they be too dry, they will crack even during
drying, and should there be a great variation in the different por-
tions of an article in regard to thickness, or in proportion of moisture,
it is extremely liable to be distorted by twisting, owing to unequal
contraction, both during drying and while in the kiln. The objects
after being removed from the plaster moulds are finished by hand, and
should the workman leave portions of the surface unevenly finished,
or one part less smooth than the remainder, which not infrequently
results from some partial tooling arising from an after-thought after
the article is partially dried, the difference in the texture of the sur-
face will prove another source of danger while the article is in the
kiln, as it would be very liable to distortion because of the moisture
contained in the clay being drawn from the smoother portions and
dispelled through the more porous, thereby causing the former to
contract. The system of piece-work, which is generally adopted
in English ami by some American terracotta works, is an unmiti-
gated evil, and is not infrequently the cause of much of the crack-
Tug, distortion, twisting, warping, or the irregularities which have
come to be commonly regarded as inevitable.
There is, of course, good trra-colta, as well as lower grades of the
same material ; but architects often have only themselves to blame
for the inferior quality of this material, which not infrequently finds
its way into buildings, because they allow the control of this branch
of the work oftentimes to pass into the hands of irresponsible con-
tractors, who have no interest in the matter beyond the profit which
they can make by placing the order. If architects would treat
directly with manufacturers of terra-cotta, and give them a reason-
able time in which to execute their designs, there would be less com-
plaint on the scores which have been mentioned, and valuable time
would in many instances be saved. When the execution of the
designs in terra cotta are entrusted to the general contractor, he will
naturally seek to have the work executed as cheaply a< possible, and
as all the better manufacturers of this class of material compete on
almost equal terms, the probabilities are that the execution of the
architect's designs will in the end fall into the hands of manufactu-
rers who do not possess sufficient facilities and are not over particu-
lar in regard to the work which they turn out, or the promises which
thev make.
There are stones of good quality and others of poor quality, anil
there are some which are soft and others which are hard, and with
terra-cotta it is just the same. ; some being bad in color, bail in tex-
ture, and bail in every other respect, and such material is produced
from clay which is wholly unsuitable for the purpose, as the shrinka-c
Tlie American Architect and Building News. [Vou XVIII. No. 497.
is uneven and excessive, consequently requiring an undue proper
tion of " grog " to be mixed with it during the pugging, and wind
is intended in some degree to obviate the imperfections of the clay
but (he common result is that the color, if it be red, is oftentimes
completely ruined. In order to give the surface the desired red color
the moulded or modelled terra-cotta, after being dried, is washei
over or dipped into a "slip" of clay containing oxide of iron, ant
after being burned, the object thus treated presents for a short time
a good appearance; but after a time, as the wash can never be made
to permanently adhere to the terra-cotta body, owing to alternate
frost and thaw, atmospheric and other changes, it finally falls off ant
discloses an undesirable, mottle-colored surface, which permanent!)
disfigures the structure. It may be said in this connection, by some
persons, that they can not see any additional reason why the archi
tect should control and hold in his own hands the execution of his
designs in terra-cotta, than for any of the other materials which enter
into the construction of a building; but, as the architect will be hek
more rigidly responsible for any failure, artistic or otherwise, in the
terra-cotta than in the ordinary materials, we can see no good reason
why he should allow it to be executed through the general contractor
any more than he would allow the frescoing or other h'ne decorative
features of a building to be performed by that individual.
There are, of course, delays in supplying all materials for a build-
ing which require to be produced upon special order, and this is
especially true in regard to those which have to be subjected to the
action of fire, as there must necessarily result a certain percentage o)
loss, and it is this which oftentimes causes the annoying delays in
supplying terra-cotta. The question naturally arises, how are such
delays to be obviated? Undoubtedly the proper way is for an archi-
tect, when his client and himself have decided that terra-cotta shall
be used in the structure, and the plans and specifications have been
fully agreed upon, is to immediately prepare the working details of
his designs, and forward them to the manufacturer whom he may
select for their execution, and while tenders are being received for
the work of constructing the building, and while the excavation is
being made, the terra-cotta manufacturer can be turning out his
work, so that when the builder is in readiness for the first consign-
ment, it is more than probable that the terra-cotta manufacturer will
have the major portion of the work accomplished, and in such cases
there would ho no procrastination. The delays in receiving terra-
cotta, because of which so many complaints arise, are caused in al-
most every case, by a block usually some very important construc-
tional one in the building being destroyed either in the drying
or burning, and if the manufacturer could obtain a sufficient lead
of the contractor, lie would have an opportunity to replace such a
block by another, before it would be required in the work. It is,
however, not only because of the delays, but also on account of qual
ity, that time is so important to the manufacturer of terra-cotta ; for
in nine cases out of ten, it is when the work requires to be unduly
hurried through the moulding or modelling and the drying and firing,
in order to keep the building " going," that the defects of cracking,
twisting and warping take place. If this material is properly treated,
and allowed sufficient time, it will issue from the kiln as true and as
beautiful as if it were carved from stone with the chisel and the
mallet.
Manufacturers are sometimes delayed in getting out terra-cotta
work by the manner in which the working-drawings are prepared, as
few architectural draughtsmen possess the necessary extensive expe-
rience requisite to properly prepare such drawings. The form of the
pieces, as well as their size, require to be taken into consideration :
the manner in which they are bonded and keyed, the joints, etc.
I have dwelt thus long upon the delays which are liable to occur
in the execution of architectural designs in terra-cotta, and the man-
ner in which they can be avoided, for the reason that such delays or
the apprehension that they will occur often militate seriously against
the employment of the material.
After the pieces have been carefully and thoroughly dried, they are
carried to the kiln, in which they are skilfully set, the smaller pieces
being packed in " seggars," and in delicate pieces of terra-cotta relief
work, in order to preserve the sharpness and definition of texture,
they are sometimes packed in a less fusible powder, like quartz grain
or canister. The entrances to the kilns, after they are filled, are
finally walled up with brick, and daubed or plastered over with clav,
and fires are then lighted in the furnaces underneath. The kiln
used is an up-draught kiln, so constructed that the fire does not come
into contact with the object to be burned, the flame passing from the
gates, at the base of the kiln, through a pipe set up in the centre. The
objects are placed in the kiln in tiers, separated by fire-brick, the
larger pieces being placed in the topmost portions of the kiln, and
the time and method of burning are about the same as in the case of
fire-brick.
When terra-cotta has been improperly fired, there is constant
danger that it will rapidly disintegrate after a short season of expo-
sure, owing to the fact that it failed to receive sufficient heat to impart
to the perishable clay the chemical change upon which its indestruc-
tible character depends. The simplest tests are usually sufficient lo
distinguish inferior terra cotta from that of good quality, for a wcll-
biirni-d and enduring material will emit a sharp, metallic, ringing,
bell-like sound, when forcibly struck with a piece of steel, which will
cause a spark to be emitted ; but such a blow will not dent or disfig-
ure the terra-cotta, the only visible mark being such as would be
made, by a black lead-pencil.
The advantages of this material are its superiority and its cheap-
ness, consequently allowing greater ornamentation lo be used in the
construction of a building. These advantages become at once mani-
fest, if we recall what a tiresome and expensive piece of work it is to
carve a long piece of repeated design in stone, and how compara-
tively cheap and easy it is to make an elegant, delicate model almost
as clear-cut as a ciimco, in soft clay or on a plnster-of-Parh slab, take
a mould from it, and reproduce from twenty-five to filty pieces, or as
many as may be required, in fact, by simple mechanical labor. How
much must an artist lose by conveying his ideas through mallet and
chisel, while with a touch of his finger he imparts to the soft, yield-
ing clay the impression of his soul, which, on being properly dried
and burned, will lasl forever. It is an interesting sight to stand in
the studios of a modern terra-cotta factory, and witness the work of
the artists in this material, who, alert with keen intelligence, stand
before large easels supporting masses of clay, carving the bas-reliefs
from sketches hanging above them, and many of them seem to truly
love their work.
While stone and all other natural productions used for building
crumble away by the action of the weather, or crack and twist into
all kinds of conceivable shapes under the influence of fire, terra-colta
never changes, and presents the only lasting triumph of man over
nature ; the material being absolutely indestructible, excepting
through sheer wantonness.
Architects are now coming to the conclusion that in the construc-
tion of fire-proof buildings there should be employed just as litile iron,
stone, wood and galvanized-iron as possible, substituting terra-cotta
wherever possible, in the place of each of them.
CHARLES T. DAVIS.
TALL CHIMNEY CONSTRUCTION. 1 II.
ST. ROLLOX CHEMICAL WORKS CHIMNEY, GLAS-
GOW.
T TESSRS. CHARLES TENANT & CO.'S
lYI chimney, projected by the late W. J. Mac-
J quorn Rankine, C.B., LL.D., designed by L.
D. B. Gordon, and built by the late Mr. Mclntyre,
ranks second in height, being in
ft. in.
Height from foundation to top . . 455 6
" *' ground surface to top 436 6
Outside diameter at foundation . . 5U
ground surface 40
top 13 6
It has an inner cone of the fol-
lowing dimensions :
ft. in.
Height of inner cone from foundation to top 263
Height of inner cone from ground surface to top 243
Inner cone inside diameter at foundation 12
Inner cone inside diameter at top 13 6
The use of the inner cone is to protect the principal stalk from
various kinds of gases.
No piles were driven in the foundation, it being founded on a bed
of concrete fifteen feet thick on the top of the rock, the upper sur-
face of the concrete, the better to resist any downward pressure,
being finished at right angles to the line of the principal shaft, which
inclines inwards for a considerable height.
The outline of the chimney, it may be said, is taken from the Eddy-
stone Lighthouse, or the natural form which a chain would assume in
being stretched from a height to a point on the ground beyond that
of its upper end.
The late Mr. Peter Wilson, C.E., resident on the Highland Rail-
way, was entrusted by the designer of the chimney to superintend
the erection of this important shaft.
The highest chimney-stack in England is the
LARGE CHIMNEY-STACK OF MESSRS. DOBSON & BARLOW, KAY
STREET MACHINE-WORKS, BOLTOX, LANCASHIRE.
The large chimney-stack connected with seven boilers, ventilating-
Hues, furnaces, etc., at these works was completed in November, 1842,
and was then intended to serve a chemical-works. Shortly after,
;he ground occupied by the chemical-works was included in Messrs.
Dobson & Barlow's works, and consequently the chimney came into
their possession.
The following are some principal particulars :
Total height from ground level, three hundred and sixty-seven feet,
six inches.
Octagonal in plan, fourteen feet on every side, or one hundred and
wolve feet girth at bottom.
Thickness of brickwork at bottom, eight feet.
Thickness of brickwork at top, one foot, six inches.
Five feet, six inches on every side, or forty-four feet girth at top.
Eight hundred thousand bricks and one hundred and twenty tons
of stone-work were consumed in the building. The top witii cor-
nices and mouldings required thirty tons of stone and cement.
1 A paper by R. M. Bancroft and F. J. Bancroft, read before the Civil and
Mechanical Engineers' Society. Continued from No. 4!)3, page 209.
JULY 4, 1885.]
The American Architect and Jiiiifiliny New*.
EDINBURGH GAS-WORKS CIIIMXKY.
ft. in.
This chimney is 34 1 6 from foundation to top.
" 329 " ground "
Stono foundation 40 6 square, and 6,}ft. drrp.
" pc.lr-ial 71 high.
Stone pedestal 30 square at ground line.
" " 27 9 " top.
Brick shaft 264 high.
" " 26 3 diameter at bottom.
" " 15 " top.
The main brick shaft is diminished in five steps of the following
successive heights:
ft. In.
1st bottom portion 35 by 35
2d portion 4' " 30
3d 48 " M
4th " 88-20
5th " 84 "
An inner chimney of brickwork ninety feet high by thirteen feet.
The next chimney that I shall notice is the one at Barmen the
interest attaching to this is another example of straightening when
out of perpendicular.
MESSRS. WKSEXFIKLD * CO.*8 CIIIMXKY. CHEMICAL FACTORY,
BARMEN, PRUSSIA.
This chimney is 345 ft. from foundation to top.
" 331 " " ground "
The foundation was made of large flat quarry stones with terrace
mortar: One lime, one river sand, one terrace, which latter is a kind
of puzzolana.
Twenty feet square pedestal, by forty feet high by seven bricks
thick.
Octagonal shaft two hundred and ninety-one feet high.
Octagonal shaft, exterior diameter seventeen feet at base by five
bricks thick; this diameter is reduced two-and-one-balf inches every
ten feet, so that at top of shaft it is two bricks thick.
According to the original design, it was intended to only build it
two hundred and sixty feet high, but as the building was proceeding
in a very satisfactory manner, it was considered safe to increase the
height without altering the dimensions of the base; and it has been
calculated that in the lowest part of the shaft the brickwork sus-
tained a pressure of twenty-one thousand three hundred and thirty-
five pounds per square foot, or one hundred and forty-eight pounds
per square inch.
The interest attaching to the chimney is that a few months after
completion it got out of the straight, and had to be put right in a
similar manner to the " Port Dundas " chimney, described at the be-
ginning of my paper.
The chimney was built with great care, the mortar being prepared
every morning the proportions used for the pedestal being one
lime to two of river sand.
Cement mortar was used on rainy days, mixed in the proportions
of one cement to two of river sand, and the crown of the chimney
of cement exclusively. The joints of the brickwork were (lushed up
with cement.
The three masons who did the whole work daily changed their
positions on the chimney, so as to equalize any unevenness in the ma-
sonry that might be caused by imperceptible differences in the manip-
ulations of the different individuals. At distances of fifty feet, single
layers of brickwork were painted black outside, to afterward facili-
tate an estimate of the height of any point of the chimney above
ground. The chimney was built from the outside without a scaffold,
the materials being hoisted by a steam-engine put up temporarily near
the place of construction. The motion was transmitted by three roll-
ers or drums. The frame which supported the upper drum was moved
higher up after the completion of every three or four layers of brick,
and was, at the same time, turneil horizontally from one side of thu
octagon to the next one, to equalize the effect of the pressure of the
frame on the masonry. The holes made into the masonry to support
the frame were filled up with brick and mortar immediately after the
removal of the frame to a higher level. The construction of the
chimney was thus successfully completed in October, 1867, was per-
fectly vertical, and answered the requirements for which it was erected.
But "in the spring of 1868, remarkable for vehement and long-con-
tinued gales and storms, this chimney suddenly assumed an inclined
position toward the northeast. The injurious action of the south-
west wind was probably favored by the bold proportions of the struc-
ture, by the yet subsisting softness of the mortar, and by_the large
size and the shape of the ornamented chimney crown. This crown
caught the wind, and thereby caused it to act as on a Ions; lever. The
chimney was thus bent, and the mortar not being perfectly dry the
brickwork did not yet possess the necessary elasticity to return to its
original shape.
The deflection of the chimney was considered at the end of May,
and seemed yet to increase, and threatened an overthrow.
As before mentioned, some layers of bricks in the chimney at dis-
tances of fifty feet from each other were painted black outside. The
height of these black lines above the pedestal being known, these
lines were, by means of a theodolite, projected on a plank situated
on the pedestal of the chimney, to find the deviation from the verti-
'.1 that the
cal line at these different heights. It was thus ax
hiiimey, at a height of
251 ft. was out of line 45 in.
210 " " " 30 "
160 " " " 16 "
110 " " " 5 "
The pedestal stood perpendicular. As the deviation was (till in-
creasing, and as it would have dune too serious an injury to the man-
ufacture of the establishment to set the chimney temporarily out of
use, it was necessary that immediate action should be taken in the
matter. The ordinary method of straightening chimney* was at first
resorted to. A hole was made through the whole thickness of the
masonry on that side of the chimney which required lowering, at a
listance of four feet above the top of tlie pedestal. Intn this ln>le n
aw was introduced with which a horizontal cut through one-half the
chimney was attempted. But as the thickness of the wall was con-
siderable and the bricks hard, and as the naw could he manipulated
from one of its extremities only, the effect of sawing after two hours'
work was scarcely perceptible.
A hole through the chimney having been made without trouble,
the difficulty experienced in sawing led to the idea to gradually re-
move a whole layer of bricks, replacing it by a thinner layer, thus to
produce the desired slit. Before, however, this o|>eration was per-
formed, the experiment was made with an old inclined chimney, one
liundred and twenty feet high. When the method had there proved
practicable and successful, it was concluded to treat the new chimney
in the same way.
A layer of bricks was broken out by means of pointed cast-steel
bars from one-and-a-half to five feet in length.
Purposely-made flat shovels, with long handles, were used to lay those
bricks which had to be placed near the inside of the chimney. A
space of five inches was left each time between the newly-laid bricks
and the old ones of the next division, to break out the latter with
greater facility.
The width of each single diviiion was two feet to two-and-a-half
feet. The masonry was sufficiently dry above not to give way when
a layer of that width was removed below it.
The act of settling by oscillations lasted from eighteen to thirty-
six hours, corresponding to the width of the slit, which was different
in the different cuts performed, in a similar way at different heights
of the same chimney. The oscillations were the greater and the
livelier, the higher up the cut was which produced them.
At the highest cut, one hundred feet from the top, the oscillations
were such that the. mason became frightened and left the place ; the
slit became alternately wider and narrower by three-fourths of an
inch. The facts before mentioned seem to prove the elasticity of the
whole structure. Four cuts were made into this chimney ; the
1st 4 feet above the pedestal, greatest width j)
2d 100 " " " " " H
3d 140 " " " " " U
4th 191 " " " " " I
After the completion of these operations, the chimney continued
during several weeks to settle slightly in the direction opposite to its
former inclination, the brickwork on that side being now subjected to
a higher pressure than before.
This circumstance had to be carefully considered beforehand, or else
the slits would be made too wide, and produce an inclination of the
chimney in an opposite direction. A severe storm which occurred on
the 6lh and 7th of December, 1868, and which threw over several
chimneys in the neighborhood, did not affect the above. The result
of the straightening operation before described is perfectly satinfac-
torv, and the structure is now stronger and steadier than ever.
I have yet to speak of the means by which the upper parts of the
chimney were made accessible to perform the upper cuts. This was
done on a new and interesting plan. Standing on the lowest plat-
form, the masons made a number of holes all on the same level, four
feet above the platform, into the exterior wail of the chimney. They
stuck iron bars into these holes, and fixed boards to them, so as to
form another platform. Standing then on the latter, they made
another one four feet higher up in the same way, and so forth." Every
second platform was again removed, so that the remaining platforms
were eight feet apart.
They were then joined by ladders to make the ascent possible and
easy. This method is, however, only practicable when the chimney
has a considerable diameter, and when the mortar is sufficiently dry
not to give way under the one-sided pressure of the bars and plat-
forms which would make the arrangement loose and unsafe.
In December, 1868, another chimney at Duishurg was straight-
ened by the method above described. But as the diameter of the
chimney was not as large as that of the Barmen chimney, and as
the mortar was yet soft, a wooden scaffold was erected around the
chimney, to get at the upper points which required cutting. The
breaking out and replacing of the bricks could not be done there
in divisions wider than five to ten inches, otherwise the upper
masonry, not being dry, would have settled down. When the chim-
ney was straight, a further settling towards the side of the cut was
prevented, by driving iron wedges covered with mortar into the slit.
It is needless to add that great care must be used in the method of
straightening chimneys here described, for without precaution it may-
end in a fatal manner, as recorded farther on in a case at Oldham,
where, owing to the reckless manner in which it was done, one man
lost his life.
The American Architect and Building News. [VOL. XVIII. No. 497.
Mr. Edwin Nash, in a paper referred to before, cites two other ease
of straightening chimneys. There is one near the canal, betweei
London and New Cross, which leaned over soon after it was built, bu
was brought back to the perpendicular by boring holes in the mortal
joints near the base on the contrary side to the lean, and being don<
with much caution. A large one, in Yorkshire, which had a ven
great lean and was likely to fall, had part of a course of bricks en
out from the bottom, slowly and carefully, and filling in the cavity a:
the operation went on with new lime and earth, and when the cut wa:
complete- the chimney gradually assumed its perpendicular, squeezing
out the lime and earth as it came over.
MKSSRS. EDWARD BROOKS & SONS' CHIMNEY, FIRE-CLAY WORKS
HUDDKRSFIELD.
The shaft is built entirely of fire-clay.
It is 330 feet high from foundation to top.
315 " " ground "
Concrete foundation.
Ragstone footings 36 feet square at base.
" " 31 " ground.
Brick shaft 27 feet outside diameter at ground.
" "15 " inside " ground.
" "12 " outside " top.
" " 9 " inside " top.
The chimney contains the following weights:
144 cubic yards concrete.
2452 " feet ragstone footings.
3341 " feet ashlar.
2227 " yards brickwork.
The cap being so large, and overhanging so much, has cost the firm
at least 700. In the first instance the covering blew down; it was
entirely removed and covered flat with lead, which also blew off, and
all had to be taken down. Then the action of the acids emitted from
the chimney decayed the stone ; one of the overlapping stones fell off ;
Messrs. Brooks then removed all down to K, and rebuilt the top to its
original height.
The firm, from their experience, have arrived at the conviction that
chimneys should be built with one regular batter from bottom to top,
and no stone should be used at top, any overlapping to be gradually
formed by hard-burnt radiated fire-bricks fourteen inches by fivfe
inches by three inches.
CHIMNEY AT MESSRS. MITCHELL BROTHERS, MANCHESTER ROAD,
BRADFORD.
This stone chimney is octagonal.
Height from foundation to top 330 feet
" " ground " 300 feet
Flue perpendicular 7-0 dia.
The foundation consists of
1 course of concrete 22 ft. by 22 ft. by 1 ft.
1 " " 21 ft. by 21 ft. by 1 ft.
The stack itself measures
20 feet across foundation
9 feet at summit.
The architect who designed the shaft was Mr. Mark Brayshaw,
and the builders, Messrs. John Moulson and Son.
CIRCULAR CHIMNEY STACK, ADAMS'S SOAP WORKS, 8METHWICK,
NEAR BIRMINGHAM.
ft. in.
Height from bottom of foundation to top 326 10
Height from ground surface to top . . 312
Outside diameter at ground surface . . 272
Inside " " "... 15 2
Outside " at top 56
Inside " " 40
Weight of brickwork 2000 tons
Weight of concrete, sand, and lime . . 150 "
This chimney was built in 1835, and at the time of its erection it
was the highest in the kingdom. The builder who began the work
felt alarmed when about half way through his work, and the firm had
to finish it themselves.
It has been five times struck by lightning; once during the build-
ing, and four times since. No very serious damage wag done to it
by the electric fluid, but once, when perhaps, from the same cause,
and the abstraction of the lime by hydrochloric acid from the mor-
tar, the owner was compelled to take' down a portion of the top. A
few years ago, about thirty feet more were removed by a Mr. Fri h,
builder, of Coventry, by means of a kite, without stopping the works!
The total height is now about two hundred and fifty feet.
THE ILLUSTRATIONS.
[Contributors are requested to send with their drawings full and
adequate descriptions of the buildings, including a statement of cost.~\
COMPETITIVE DESIGN FOR THE CHAMBER OP COMMERCE, CIN-
CINNATI, O. MR. BRUCE PRICE, ARCHITECT, NEW YORK, N. Y.
TTTIIIS building is designed in the spirit of the French Renaissance
JJ- of the early sixteenth century, when brick and stone and tile
were the materials employed. The design embodies the same
materials. ihe old municipal buildings of that period were carried
up with great square towers, high, peaked roofs, and lono-, taperinf
dormers like the pinnacles of the ecclesiastical structures that [ire-
ceded them. Upon the walls were sculptured the arms of the guilds
and the triumphs of their champions. These motives entered into
the spirit of all their details. Heavy mullioned stone windows, reach-
ing from floor to roof, lit their great halls, and enormous fireplaces,
with richly-carved canopies, warmed them. In plan and general
requirements these city-halls of Northern France and the Low Coun-
tries were in many respects analogous with the requirements of the
proposed Chamber of Commerce.
The Great Hall, one hundred feet long by seventy-six feet wide,
and fifty feet high, is placed to the rear of the second tier, with great
windows on two sidesof it. On the front is the lesser hall, with bay-
windows commanding the corner at Fourth and Vine Streets. This
room opens into the Great Hall through broad, high portals, and is
virtually a continuation of it. In it are the files of the reports, news-
papers, the tickers and everything pertaining to the contemporary
operations of commerce. Directly oft' both halls is the members'
lobby, with the grand staircase leading down to the Fourth-street
entrance. In this space, broken with columns and the parapet sur-
rounding the stair-well, members can meet for hurried instruction or
hasty conference with their friends and clients, the space being so
planned and designed by its peculiar features as to give that sort of
lobby accommodation always required in such buildings. Apart from
these rooms, on the level of the Great Hall, are others set apart for
the use of the Chamber of Commerce, which are arranged upon the
half-story levels coming in between the floor and ceiling of the Great
Hall. These are: first, a visitor's gallery, arranged over the clerks'
room and lavatories, and also the gallery story of the lobby (see sec-
tions B and C) ; second, the entre-sol story just over the gallery,
which contains two large rooms on Fourth-street front ; third, the
mezzanine floor, which is eight feet in the clear, coming between the
entre-sol and the first office floor of the building. This floor con-
sumes the space in the balance of this level not occupied by the roof
of the Great Hall. The mezzanine floor contains five excellent
rooms.
Above the level of Great Hall roof are two full stories, with thir-
teen fine offices in each, and two additional stories in the tower, with
five offices in each. The illustrations exhibit the remaining features of
the planning.
In elevation the design rises out of this plan in stone and brick,
with tiled roofs. The great entrance on Fourth Street is through
triple portals; the central one, leading directly to the grand staircase,
is arched. The whole of the great entrance, with the lobby above, is
treated under one frontispiece, with carving emblematic ol commerce
and trade, and the name of the building across the lintel. The tower
rises on the corner of Fourth and Vine Streets, girdled at the level
of the eaves with a sculptured procession of figures of heroic size, in
high relief, typifying the arts, sciences, manufactures, commerce and
agriculture. Upon the tower and Fourth-street fronts are arc-lights
designed as features of the elevations.
Whilst a general motif runs through the entire mass, as in the
design of the windows and their enrichment, there are certain dis-
tinctive features that claim for the building a pronounced public
character ; notably the tower and its processional frieze, the treat-
ment of the roofs, the entrances, and the general outline of the whole.
In detail, the leading features are designed for special treatment; the
entrance lobby, grand staircase and members' lobbv are designed for
marble wainscot, steps and columns, with trabeated ceilings in stucco
and tiled floors. The corridors of ground floor and basement to be
the same. The Great Hall to be built of cut-stone to the seat of the
girders, with oak wainscot to the height of the doors. The roof of
Great Hall to have deep panels between the beams, the meeting of
the girders treated like pendant beams, and the walls and ceilings of
the panels heavily enriched to give the effect of a deeply-timbered
roof. The lesser hall to have a high oak wainscot, carved stone
chimney-piece, and a trabeated ceiling.
On the sections of the Great Hall certain designs are shown in
the pediments of the arches. Those over the gallery are designed
for mosaic, and those over the bays for glass-mosaic, but all to be of
subjects bearing upon the arts, commerce, etc. The floors of great
and lesser halls to be of oak parquetry. Throughout the building the
finish to be in quartered antique oak, and the whole structure to be
absolutely fire-proof. As to the cost of such a work, that can only
be arrived at by comparing it with buildings of a like character
erected throughout the country. The design is in nowise an extrav-
agant one, but will compare in finish and detail with such eight and
;en story fire-proof structures as the United Bank Building of New
York, which cost between thirty dollars and thirty-three dollars per
square foot of surface covered. Basing an estimate upon that and a
inowledge of prices in Cincinnati, which are considerably less than
juilding prices in New York, there seems no doubt that the building
an be erected for the sum of five hundred thousand dollars.
BOSTON TERRA-COTTA COMPANY'S PREMISES, FEDERAL STREET,
BOSTON, MASS. MR. W. G. PUESTOX, ARCHITECT, BOSTON,
MASS.
THE extraordinary and well-earned success of the Boston Terra-
Jotta Company has necessitated the enlargement of the premises
ccupied by them on Federal Street. They own a very large and
aluable frontage and will eventually cover the whole with buildings
or their own use. With a view to future developments and growth
flND BUILDING $EWS. Jlfl.Y 4 Io55
COPYRIGHTED .16^5 JAMtS R. OSGOOD A CP
BVIUWNC-
BOSTON
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FOUKTH-ST
'VINE -ST:
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JULY 4, 1885.]
TJie American Architect and Building News.
they very wisely anil prudently, before comment-in'.; improvements,
took in the wl.ole situation by having prepared u skcidi of their
ultimate facade, and, adln -ring >ti icily to that, erected their first
instalment as an integral part of the whole. The smaller drawing
will explain the general design of the final block. The whole front
as far as now built is of common brick and terra-cotta. Although it
is to be regretted that the lack of time prevented the adherence to
all the details of the architect's design (there being introduced into
the work many and various samples of past work made from moulds
on hand in the shop), still the result as a whole is broad and charac-
teristic. The building is of mill construction throughout. A large
quantity of manufactured gootls were on the plank roof at the time
of the late fire, and to the mode of construction is due the fact that
the structure remained intact after a fire which would have brought
an ordinarily constructed building to the ground.
COMPKTITIVK DESIGN FOR A STABLE SUBMITTED BY "Try-Angle."
CINCINNATI, O., December 17, 1884.
FROM estimates I have made from the plans and 8|>ecificatious of stable
submitted by " Try-Anqle," it can be built for $1,670.00.
J. M. < ; vr.i.r.
COMPETITIVE DESIGN KOR A STABLE SUBMITTED BY " Stlltjlotaer."
CONSTRUCTION OF
THE BROMPTON ORATORY CU-
POLA.i
PAVING aid all that I consider necessary
on the subject of marble, I think I could
not do better than allude to the material of
which the vaulting and cupola are composed,
namely, concrete. Some ten years ago, when
I first made an attempt to furnish a design for
the Oratory Church, I was an ardent admirer
of the ancient temple of Minerva Medica at
Rome, which is circular, or rather pentagonal,
on plan, and 75 feet in diameter, and sur-
rounded by a concrete cupola, the apex of
which is 85 feet from the ground. Now, with
this example before me, I felt that what was
done in the days of the Romans may be ac-
complished by the people of the nineteenth
centlirV)am i so I suggested the same material
for the ceiling of this church, the nave of which is 51 feet wide antl
the cupola 53 feet in internal diameter; but when the time arrived
which made it necessary to be particular in giving instructions, I ex-
perienced a little anxiety about it, but nevertheless commenced in the
case of the vaulting over the nave by filling up the haunch of one
angle to a specified height, and then allowed it to rest. The opposite
angle was next dealt with, and so on, after the same manner, until
the four were filled up. By this time the first one was sufficiently set
to allow the commencement of the vaulting proper, which was, I think,
14 inches thick, and finishing at the apex with a thickness of only 7
inches. To assist the workman in properly diminishing his thickness,
I had a number of blocks of various heights temporarily tacked on to
the centring by way of a gauge, which were easily removed as his
work reached them, and his progress in one angle woidd be about 2
feet at a time, when ho would leave it for the next angle, and so on
until the completion of the four. It was then allowed to rest one
month, when the centring was removed and transferred to do tluty in
another bay. My first impression was that the concrete could not be
made to retain its shape unless it had some protection on the extra-
dos, but my experience showed otherwise. It is true that the more
perpendicular the curve the less should be the height of the rings.
For instance, in the case of the dome, I first commenced with a fw
inches, and gradually thickened it, and after arriving at a certain
thickness, of, say, 18 inches, I continued it by a 6-inch layer in a spi-
ral manner, as one would wind the cord around a boy's top, and if
the concrete is conscientiously made, a night's rest will enable the
work done on the previous day to be sufficiently solidified to com-
mence the next course ; and the whole process seemed to be of the
most simple description, and was carried out by an ordinary navvy.
The composition of the concrete was originally specified as composed
of six parts, viz., one of cement, two of washed sand, and three of
crushed clinkers, engine slag, and burrs; but I must inform you that
I eventually did not adhere to this arrangement, as I abolished the
use of the slag and the clinkers totally, fearing that such an ingre-
dient would prove detrimental to the surface of the plastering by
unsightly stains, and consequently destroy the frescoes or such other
decorative treatment as may hereafter be indulged in. I therefore
confined myself to the brick burrs, with a slight admixture of crushed
stone, a little ballast, and but a comparatively small quantity of sand.
My reason for lessening the quantity of the latter is that, the brick
burrs and the stone being broken by a steam crusher, it produced a
large amount of dust and fine material, which did the duty of the
sand; in fact, the proportion was continually varied, according to
circmnstances. All that was wanted was to secure a well-mixed com-
position, of the consistency of a puddle, and as free as possible from
any adulteration of clayey gravel, and if I recollect rightly each cu-
1 From a paper read before the Civil and Mechanical Engineers' Society,
Wednesday, March 25, 1885, by Herbert A. K. Oribble, A.K.I.B.A.
bic foot weighed just 112 pounds to 1 18 pounds, and, according to
this calculation, each bay in I he nave averaged from 60 to 70 tons in
weight, and the cupola above the arches, including the upright por-
tion of the dado, woidd reach to at least 2,000 tons, of which the
marble columns have to take their pro|H>rtion of the pressure. The
time elapsed since this portion of the work was completed is two
years, and during that period there has been no indication of weak-
ness, or of its having played its part falsely ; in fact, I look upon it
as having done quite the reverse, and it has proved most satisfactory.
There always exists one enemy to deal with in adopting a concrete
made with Portland cement, antl that enemy is, I am sure, well known
to you all its tendency to expand on the point of setting; and al-
though I demanded that all cement should be well air-slacked under
my own observation for at least three weeks before using, the cupola
did expand, and the result is most vividly seen in the outer octagonal
wall of the cupola, which was started at the angles by tin- pressure
conveyed to the eight buttresses. Notwithstanding the annoyance
caused by this unfortunate propensity, it has many good qualities
which we must all acknowledge, such as its great strength and facil-
ity for setting rapidly. For instance, let us inquire into the time
occupied in forming the .vaulting, and compare it with that which
would be absorbed t>y a bricklayer. First, there were, 1 think, six
men engaged in mixing the concrete ; one assisting at the steam hoist,
one witn a barrow from the lift to the vault, and one navvy whom I
shall call the distributor nine men in all ; and each bay with an arc
of, say, 70 feet, and 30 feet wide, containing about 70 tons of mate-
rial, was finished within a week that is to say, we commenced on
Monday morning and finished on the following Sat unlay evening;
and I feel that if the same were executed in brickwork it would have
occupied at least four times the period, and a proportionate increase
of expense. The cupola, to the best of my recollection, was com-
pleted within three weeks of its commencement, but is not wholly of
concrete, as the upper portion is built of brickwork in cement, anil
the ring upon which the stone lantern will ultimately rest is of Port-
land stone.
I feel it is needless for me to tell you that the present unsightly
exterior of the cupola is only temporary, the design for the perma-
nent structure being at least 1 1 feet more in diameter and 14 feet
higher to the base of the lantern, which latter will add another addi-
tional 22 feet or thereabouts. Nothing has been definitely settled
about the material with which it is to be covered, but at the time this
portion of the work is undertaken, if the funds permit, I shall rec-
ommend its being covered with copper, on account of its lilnness;
but I would not hesitate to-morrow to use five-pound lead. 1 certainly
look upon the circumstance of our not completing this part of the
structure (whilst all the plant and machinery ws at hand) as a great
calamity, for to do so at a future date will probably increase its cost
by about 70 per cent. You will observe the form that 1 have given
to this section of the dome, which is considerably lilted, and at the
point of rupture I have placed wrought-iron bands; not that I think
they will contribute much to the stability of the structure after the
concrete has set, but I thought they would assist in preventing a Haw
while it was green. There can exist not the slightest doubt but that
the cupola is one of the strongest of constructional forms, for al-
though its section is that of an .arch but being circular on plan
it is really composed of an innumerable nuu.ber of rings having a
lateral bond, which must be torn asunder before any fracture can
take place.
I may also inform you that it was my original intention to have
embedded in the middle of the concrete vaulting hoop-iron bond in-
terlacing each other, for the purpose of securing a toughness to the
material ; but subsequently I felt that the presence of iron in such a
substance would eventually do more harm than good by its oxidation,
and, on the other hand, if the concrete was unable to support it, no
amount of hoop-iron bond would enhance its stability, and to I aban-
doned it altogether. Among the diagrams exhibited to you I have a
drawing giving a bird's-eye view of the drum of the cupola, iliowing
the general features of its construction, and also another giving a ver-
tical section through the pendcntives. In the first }ou will observe
the method 1 adopted in lightening the weight of the drum by re-
OBttM and cavities, and also the expedient adopted to resist the lat-
eral pressure of the ring on the four arches caused by the inward
tendency of the four pendenlives, which are so arranged that the
force is resisted by the vaulting of the nave and transepts. A rough
estimate of the weisht coming on the four internal arches amounts
to about 2,000 tons, less the reduction for the recesses, etc., 100 tons,
or nearly 500 tons on each arch, which are composed of ten 4^-inch
brick rings in Portland cement, bonded into each other and springing
from skewbacks, as shown on the drawings, which I carried up in
horizontal courses to at least one-third the height of the arch. '1 his
arrangement enabled me to get on to the top of the skew back the
maximum of perpendicular weight, instead of throwing it on the ex-
trados of the arch.
THE MISSISSIPPI KIVI.I: HKI> LKAKINC. Minneapolis, which lias
long boasted of having one of the beet, if not the best, of water-powers
in the world, is deeply disturbed over an apparent failure thereof. The
water in the Mississippi has gradually been growing more unreliable
for milling purposes for some time. Lately a discovery was made that
about forty thousand gallons per minute are escaping from above St.
Anthony's Kails in some mysterious manner. '1 lie supposition U that
the water vanishes through a subterranean channel. Milwaukee Even-
ing Witcotuin.
8
The American Architect and Building News. ("VOL. XVIII. No. 497.
W
THE RELATIONS BETWEEN ENGINEERING AND
ARCHITECTURE. 1
HAT are the relations between engi-
neering and architecture ? We may
take them to be, on a reduced scale,
the relations between science and art. In-
deed, it is scarcely an exaggeration to say
that the numerous objects brought together
in the groat museums of science and art are
but illustrations of engineering and archi-
tecture in the widest sense, with their ac-
cessory arts and sciences. These two great
departments of knowledge and skill are
complementary to each other, as the mascu-
line and feminine natures, strength predom-
inating in the one and grace in the other ;
and, although they have many characteris-
tics in common, they have each their special
place and functions. It may be useful, there-
fore, and will at least be interesting, to es-
say a brief consideration of their relative
positions and values as honorable and lucra-
tive professions. In order to get clear ideas on the subject, let us
trv to attach a definite meaning to the expressions employed.
"What is engineering? Koran answer to this question we natu-
rally turn to the great Society which is the recognized embodiment
of all that is foremost in the engineering world. Now, the Charter
of the Institution of Civil Engineers contains a lengthy attempt at a
definition of " that species of knowledge which constitutes the pro-
fession of a Civil Engineer." It is there described as " the art of
directing the great sources of power in Nature for the use and con-
venience of man, as the means of production and of traffic in States,
both for external and internal trade." This is the gist of the defini-
tion, which then goes on to specify five main branches of "the art,"
"as applied (1st) in the construction of roads, bridges, aqueducts,
canals, river navigations and docks, for internal intercourse and ex-
change ; and (2il) in the construction of ports, harbors, moles, break-
waters and light-houses; and (3d) in the art of navigation by artifi-
cial power for the purpose of commerce ; and (4th) in the construc-
tion and adaptation of machinery ; and (5th) in the drainage of
cities and towns." This definition is not very clear, and not quite
comprehensive. There is no mention of railway, mining, hydraulic,
gas, or electric engineering; and it is only with great difficulty that
these important branches of the subject can be brought within the
scope of the definition. The fact that some of them had not been de-
veloped at the date of the Charter is not a sufficient answer to the
objection, and even this explanation does not account for the omission
of mines and water-works. Too much stress is laid on using the
power of Nature " as the means of production and of traffic " for
purposes of trade, whilst, at the same time, what has come to be
called "sanitary engineering " is distinctly included. These consid-
erations incidentally show the wisdom exercised by the founders of
the Liverpool Engineering Society in adopting so expressive and
practical and comprehensive a title, and in admitting to its member-
ship " engineers of a ay branch of the profession." It is engineering
with which we are concerned, not any one branch of it, not even such
an extensive one as that known as cieil engineering. And, without
venturing on any exact definition, it will perhaps be sufficient to say
that engineering is that entire system of knowledge and skill which
comprises all mechanical pursuits so far as they supply the material
wants of men.
What is architecture? " The art of ornamental and ornamented
construction," chiefly as applied to buildings and such-like structures.
Building, considered as a science, is clearly an important branch of
engineering. And, as architecture is chieriy concerned with build-
ing, it follows that engineering is, in one aspect, an essential compo-
nent of architecture, though the science may subsist without the art.
In other words, whilst there can be no architecture without engi-
neering, there may be engineering without architecture. Therefore
we areled to the conclusion that architecture is the development and
refinement of an important branch of engineering. Thus, in a cer-
tain sense, the profession of architecture is in its higher capabilities,
more honorable than that of engineering. For it is disparaging to
any particular architect to say of him 'that he is merely an engineer,
since this is equal to saying that, so far as his artistic abilities are
concerned, he is not an architect but a builder. And on the other
hand it is not regarded as a discredit to an engineer to pronounce
him to be no architect. The sum of these considerations is that en
gineering construction is scientific and utilitarian ; whilst architectu
ral construction is not only scientific and utilitarian, but is also orna-
mental, and even artistic or beautiful. This distinction is not exact
and cannot be made so. At the same time it is practically conve
nient, and expresses the principal facts.
Having cleared the way thus far, it may be profitable to inquire
(1st) whether the relations between engineering and architecture ar
fixed and unalterable, and (2d) whether, if they are not permanent
it is desirable that they should be modified in practice. Now, when
we endeavor to ascertain whether the relative positions of thesi
pursuits are stable or not, we have to glance at their history. Will
'A papar read before the Liverpool Eugineeriug Society, April 22, 1886, by W
Golds traw.
egard to engineering, many of the mechanical arts and sciences com-
>rised in it are so modern in their origin and development that they
an hardly be said to have a history. Engineering, as a profession
istinct from architecture, is a thing of to-day. Architecture also, as
" profession," is comparatively modern. But engineering and ar-
hitectural pursuits have occupied men's talents and energies from the
;arliest times. They were always formerly practised by the same per-
ons. The new feature is that they now diverge into separate channels.
This is, of course, only a phase of the nineteenth-century system of
lie division of labor. And as that principle is constantly operating
n all departments of knowledge and skill, and must go on dividing
ind subdividing every trade ami profession as the knowledge and
kill grow more exact and positive, it appears quite probable that
ngineering and architecture, as now understood, will never again
je practised together to any great extent by the same persons at the
ame time. But, as we have said, it was not always so. And there
s no reason in the essential nature of things why it should be so now.
Jhiefly what may be said is that the requirements of latter-day sci-
nce liave made it inconvenient and difficult for any one man to fol-
ow at once engineering and architecture equally well.
And, secondarily, it must be acknowledged that modern ideas as
o the province of the architect have much to do with the severance
which we are considering. It appears to be taken for granted that
he work of the architect should be confined entirely to buildings.
Jut the modern historian of architecture (Fergusson) maintains that
' there are no objects that are usually delegated to the civil engineer
which may not be brought within the province of the architect. A
>ridge, an aqueduct, the embankment of a lake, or the pier of a har-
>or. are all as legitimate subjects for architectural ornament as a
emple or a palace. They were all so treated by the Romans and in
he Middle Ages, and are so treated up to the present day in the re-
mote parts of India, and wherever true art prevails." Now this is
>ut equal to saying that in many large public works there is room for
he engineer and the architect alike, or, at least, for their special tal-
ents. riie architect should have some advantage, however, in the
act that the scope of his calling is wider, if fairly regarded, as it in-
cludes much that is simply engineering. But if the principle of the
livision of labor is to run to its natural issue, architecture will be
;onsidered as supplementary to engineering, not subordinate, per-
uips, but rather superior, in the sense of its being the application of
embellishment to the naked structure, or the incorporation of orna-
ment into it, or the tasteful disposition of its parts. For, as Fergus-
ind shade, and outline to produce a form that, in itself, shall be per-
manently beautiful." If these considerations are allowed to have due
weight, they tend to show that, although the connection between en-
gineering and architecture has become relaxed, it is quite capable of
aeing drawn tighter, and that the two branches of construction are
by no means firmly settled apart, notwithstanding the force of con-
venience and custom, and the general disregard of art and beauty.
It is, therefore, practically possible that the engineer should be more
of an architect, and that the architect should be more of an engineer.
We may now turn to the second part of our inquiry. For if we
have shown that the relations between engineering and architecture
are not fixed and unalterable, the question naturally follows, whether
it is desirable that those relations should be modified in practice.
Now, the answer to this question will depend upon another, which
has already been touched at some points : How does the present ar-
rangement work? Take, for instance, the specially modern case of
a railway and its appurtenances. The actual railway itself, both as
to the surveys for its course and the planning and construction of its
different parts, is the work of the engineer. The tunnels and bridges
are as properly assigned to him as are the track and the signals.
And, in many instances, the station buildings are regarded as com-
ing equally w'ithin his province to design. If, however, the buildings
are of great extent, and occupy an imposing site in a large town,
they are sometimes put into the hands of an independent architect,
with a view to insuring, amongst other things, a fairly artistic effect.
This is constantly the case when the station buildings are connected
with an hotel placed so as to mask the station itself. And, although
the smaller or country stations are frequently designed by the engi-
neers of the company, there are instances where high-class archi-
tectural firms are employed to take in hand everything in the nature
of buildings connected with these stations, including even the roofs
of iron and glass, which are often of greater extent than the actual
buildings, and attract more readily the notice of the public. So that
in these examples, whilst we see the architect and the engineer each
venturing into the other's domain, or what is usually so considered,
we see also that the architect is the chief aggressor, and gets most
of the spoil. When, however, the engineer reaches the open country,
or even the streets of the town, he works his own will on the bridges,
viaducts, embankments, tunnels, ventilating shafts, el hoc genius omne.
Especially with regard to goods-stations and warehouses, the engi-
neer has it all his own way, and directs the expenditure of vast sums
on these buildings, acting in the capacity of an ordinary architect.
In this respect the architect may consider that his preserves are
being poached by the engineer.
Turning now to another branch of engineering, that connected
with water-works, what do we find? The reservoirs and pipe-lines,
and the works connected therewith : tunnels, bridges and pumping-
JULY 4, 1885.]
The, American Architect and Building News.
stations, with their buildings nml machinery, all come naturally with-
in the engineer's It gitiimile business. And none of these works are
now even thought, of us belonging to architecture, although there is
miirh scnpc for architectural taste in maiu of the embankments,
aqueducts, towers, engine-houses and such-like structures. At any
rule, since the MM- of engineering as a separate prafwMODi the archi-
tect IIHS had to yield up pMMMkin of these works. When, however,
the, water has been duly conveyed to a large town, and the question
of providing public baths and wash-houses presents itself, the archi-
tect either steps in or is called in, and the buildings at least, are
made to receive the impress of his art, even though the actual pur-
poses of the edifice have to be fulfilled by the special work of me-
chanical and hydraulic engineers. In some cases, it is true, the local
authorities do not employ an independent architect, to design such
buildings, but entrust them to their own town surveyor, borough en-
gineer or water engineer, or whatever his oflicial style happens to be.
This cillircr, from the nature of his duties, IIHS really a dual charac-
ter : with regard to the now more or less distinct vocations of engi-
neering and architecture, be lias to fulfil a double function, which is,
of course, not confined to the erection of the buildings we have men-
tioned, but extends to all the. various engineering and architectural
works of the public authority in whose service he is engaged. And
so with the dock or harbor engineer. Although in his case, un-
doubtedly the bulk of his work is such as must be classified imw-a-
duys as engineering, yet he is called upon to design and construct
manv buildings and other structures which have, or should have a de-
cidedly architectural character, such as piers, light-houses, hydraulic-
machinery buildings, public waiting-rooms and offices, clock-towers,
and other erections. Here, again, the engineer may be said to trench
upon the hereditary domains of his cousin the architect. Even in
connection with the partially lapsed art of canal-making, the engi-
neer is probably destined to renew his acquaintance with the archi-
tectural features of numerous locks, bridges and aqueducts, to be
constructed (even in this iron age) for the most part of stone, which
has always been the pet material of the architect. As to the follow-
ers of the more purely mechanical branches of engineering, so closely
connected with machinery, they are developing a kind of natural af-
finity for architectural work in quarters, where it was least expected.
In times not long past, the projectors of extensive factories and
works to be fitted up with peculiar or costly machinery were accus-
tomed to employ an architect for the erection of the building, and a
special engineer for the supplying and fixing of the machinery. Con-
sidering that an ordinary architect is equally ready to design a church
or a distillery, it is hanily surprising that his Isnmaelite relation, the
engineer, should wrest from him some of the specialities, and appro-
priate them to himself. Accordingly, we find new tribes of the
great engineering family flourishing as gas-works engineers, sugar-
works engineers, brewery engineers, cotton and silk mill engineers,
and so forth, who undertake the designing and constructing of the
great piles of building which are to enshrine the machines and en-
gines required for that particular trade or industry. Occasionally it
happens, nevertheless, that an architect of high standing, elderly con-
cerned with the more artistic siile of his vocation, is employed to plan
and execute buildings which are now by general consent, regarded
as the proper work of the engineer. In such cases as these, whether
it is of their own will, or at the will of the public, the members of
the two professions are playing a friendly game of tit for tat. The
present condition of things, then, appears to be this: The practical
relation between engineering and architecture are not sharply defined
nor carefully observed.
We may now recur to the question whether these relations ought
to be modified. If so, should the two great branches of constructive
skill be drawn closer together, or should they be made more dis-
tinctively separate? Now, can it be maintained that the present
state of affairs is satisfactory? This is not a quasi-philosophical
question, but a very practical one. Two kinds of interests are in-
volved in it the interests of the persons whose occupation or live-
lihood is concerned in it. and the interests of art in its (esthetic as-
pect, whereby intellectual happiness is influenced. Well, in so far
as uncertainty and contusion exist in the relations between engi-
neering and architecture, it seems expedient that their boundaries
should be more exactly laid down. Like two great political states,
these two great professions, as they grow more powerful and ap-
proach more closely, have the greater need of a clear understanding
as to their natural and scientific frontiers. In this age, few profes-
sional men can govern in both provinces. Even the admirable
Crichtons will have enough to do with their talents in either domain.
But as things are, we see one practitioner styling himself " Civil En-
gineer and Architect," whilst another is described as " Architect and
Civil Engineer." These ine.n are no doubt at present performing a
special ami useful function. But the race will die out. A pupil ar-
ticled to such an engineering architect must be greatly perplexed
by his divided allegiance to Kankinu on the one side, and Palladio or
Pugin on the other. It was much easier for Tintoretto to live up to
his motto, " The dav to Titian: the night to Michael Angelo," than
for a nineteenth-century student to set his affections profitably on
Gothic vaulting or the Ionic capita!, when he is chiefly engaged in a
sewerage, scheme, or a system of tramways. Clearly, it is desirable
that he should understand, as far as possible, the distinction between
engineering and architecture, even if he has to draw an arbitrary
line for his own observance. But in thus making the two professions
more distinctively separate, there is no reason why the natural bond
between them should not be respected or even drawn tighter. If
architecture is the muihcr and engineering the daughter, they should
be on good terms. Nevertheless, a man dues not marry his mother-
in-law, and HS a rule they agree better when living apart. Let the
engineer and ihe architect each stick to his last. \\ hii.-i, however,
he practises his special calling only, he ought to have a considerable
knowledge of the other profession in those points where he necessa-
rily touches it. The architect cannot be well qualified generally if
he is ignorant as to the capabilities of iron columns and girders, and
of concrete Doors, the overturning force of the wind, the pressures of
embankments against walls, and the laws of mechanics. Nor can
the engineer satisfactorily design his bridges and towers if he has no
knowledge whatever of either the Classic order* or Gothic styles.
For, although, as Fergusson remarks, "it in not essential that the
engineer should know anything of architecture, it is certainly desira-
abfe that he should do MI." On the other hand, it is indispensably
necessary that the architect should understand construction. With-
out that knowledge, he cannot design ; but it would be well if, in
most instances, he could delegate the mechanical part of hU task to
the engineer, and so restrict himself entirely to the artistic arrange-
ment and ornamentation of his design. This division of labor is es-
sential to success, and was always practised where art was a reality ;
and no great work should be undertaken without the union of the
two. " Perfect artistic and perfect mechanical skill can hardly be
found combined in one person, but it is only by their joint assistance
that a great work of architecture can be produced." If this be so,
and it will hardly be doubted, the work of the man who styles him-
self architect and engineer is not likely to be of the very highest
merit. In the present relations between the two professions, how-
ever, such a practitioner makes himself respected or feared on both
sides, and deservedly so. But as the distinction between them be-
comes better defined and more generally recognized by the public,
his position will be increasingly dillicult, and in the end untenable,
This need cause no regret, for, as we have seen, it is desirable in the
interests of both professions that they should be as much as possible
jirnriixnl apart, even when a considerable acquaintance with both
confers an advantage on its possessor.
We appear, then, to have been lud, whether we are willing or not,
to the conclusion that engineering and architecture ought to be made
more distinctively separate. But can they not, at the same time, be
in some way more closely united? If an ordinary man is not Colossus
enough to bestride the strait between the two professions, may he
not t.ike his stand on one side, and join hands with his friend on the
other? Now this thought brings us to a practical suggestion, with
which this paper may filly be drawn to a close. Seeing that engi-
neering and architecture are both concerned with building work,
and must always approach each other more or less nearly, it would
probably be a successful working arrangement in many cases if a
well-qualified engineer ami a well-qualified architect were to join in
partnership. Such a style as 'Septimus Jones, F. K.T.I). A., and
Orlando Smith, M. Inst. C.E., Architects and Engineers," if justified
by the quality of the work done by the linn, would carry weight with
tint public, and would secure many commissions which Jones or
Smith by himself would fail to get, or would imperfectly carry out.
Thus we finish with a marriage, ami every one is happy, or ought to
be so. Should the blessing of Providence rest on it, and any good
issue result from it, then the lime spent in considering this subject
will not have been utterly wasted.
SGRAFFITO WORK IN THIS COUNTRY.
PHILADELPHIA, PA., June 23, 1S8S.
To THK EDITORS OF THK AMKRICAN ARCHITECT:
Dear Sirs, My attention has just been called to the inquiry of
Messrs. Wahrenberger & Beekman, in your issue of June 6, anil in
reply thereto 1 will state that I have made sgraffito work to some
extent during the last four years, for the interior and exterior deco-
ration of buildings in Philadelphia and vicinity, and it h.is proved
substantial and generally satisfactory.
Yours respectfully, J. GIBSON.
FRESH OR STALE PORTLAND CEMENT.
New YORK, Jane 22, 18*6.
To THK EDITORS or THK AMERICAN ARCHITKCT:
Dear Sin, Having noticed a question with an editorial comment
on the above subject in the last number of your valuable paper, and
being somewhat familiar with the subject, I take the liberty of throw-
ing out a few hints which may prove to be of gome interest to you and
to many of your readers.
A good Portland cement, prepared on accurate technical lines,
when kept in the barrels, and if preserved from damp and kept out
of draughts, will retain its power and value for many years; it will
become somewhat more slow-setting, but increases in cohesive power
when set. If there is one quality in Portland cement more valuable
than another, it is the property of retaining its power and value for
an indefinite period of time.
In Germany, where testing is much more general than in any other
country, and where, therefore, a better knowledge of the subject pre-
vails, a manufacturer who would advertise his cement as being
"always fresh," would render himself very ridiculous, because every
10
The American Architect and Building News. [VoL. XVIII. No. 497.
intelligent user of cement there knows very well, and has known it
for years, that a Portland cement which is good only when fresh can-
not be a first-class article. In fact, many German manufacturers of
concrete, when buying first-class Portland cements, always ask for
old cement, becaus'e they know from experience that it is stronger
and more economical, allowing a larger addition of sand than the
fresh cement.
Dr. \V. Michaelis, of Berlin, gives the chemical analysis of a first-
class German Portland cement as follows :
Silica 22,850
Alumina 5,511
Oxide of iron . . . . 2,760
Lime 64,409
Magnesia .... 1,235
Potash of soda . . . 0,923
Sulphate of lime . . . 2,865
and of such always uniform, strictly first-class brands there are only
three in Germany, and none that I know of in England. English
architects and engineers, before using Portland cements, do well there-
fore in having them air-slaked, as described in your paper, a savage
method which should never be applied to strictly tirst-class Portland
cements, which do not contain free lime.
Further and mure ample information can be gathered by the peru-
sal of the best English book on the subject, Henry lljid's "Practical
Treatise on Natural and Artificial Concrete, and its Varieties and
Constructive Adaptations" (E.'& F. N. Spon, 46 Cliaring-Cross, Lon-
don, and 35 Murray Street, New York), showing, also, the danger,
costliness and inadvisability of using inferior brands of Portland cem-
ents. I am, Daar Sirs, Yours obediently,
GUSTAV GRAWITZ,
NOTES AND CLIPPINGS.
THE PALAZZO RBA'LE, NAPLES. 'Those who know Naples," says
the London World, " and, of course, the Palazzo Reale, will be much
interested to learn that tlie King of Italy lias ordered, at his own ex-
Alfomio, of Aragon ; Charles V, Charles III, of Bourbon ; Joachim
Murat, and Victor Emanuel. The sculptors selected, all Neapolitans,
are Amendola, Belliazzi, Caggiano, Jerace, U'Orsi, Franiiesehi, Gemito,
and Solari."
THE ARC DE TRIOMPHK; PARIS. The number of names of battles,
sieges, and captured towns engraved untm the Are de Triomplie, Paris,
is 153, the first being the battle of Valmy (September 20, 1792), and
the last the eombit of Ligny, which preceded the battle of Waterloo,
and is claimed by the Frcoeh as a victory. The number of marshals,
generals, and other field-officers whose names are also to be read upon
the walls of the areh is 638, of whom 12(3 were killed upon the field of
battle. The first of the 033 names is that of "Chartres," the son of
Piiilippe Egalite, better known to history as Louis Philippe, who, like
his father, distinguished himself at Valmy. Upon the summit of the
arch, facing the suburb of Neuilly, is the inscription, which, translated
into 'English, would read, "This monument, commenced in 1806 in
honor of the Grand Army, for some time left unfinished, was continued
in 18:5(5 by King Louis Philippe I, who has consecrated it to the glory
of the French armies." Tlie Arc de Triomplie is the largest monument
of its kind, being 163 feet high by 150 feet broad and 75 feet thick. It
is rather more than double the height of the Arch of Constantine at.
K'Jine. The total cost of the Arc de Triomphe was 372,140. Ex-
change
THE GREAT PYRAMID. Mr. J. B. Bailey writes to the St. James
Gazette as follows, with reference to the desirability of exploring the
great pyramid : Now that Great Britain is dominant at Cairo, would it
not be a good plan to clear away the sand and rubbish from the base
of the great pyramid right down to its rocky foundation and try to dis-
cover those vast corridors, halls and temples containing priceless curi-
osities and treasures with which tradition in all ages has credited the
great pyramid? The wonderful building, of sueh exquisite workman-
ship, was erected many years before any of the other pyramids, which
are only humble imitations, built by another nation, and also for other
purposes ; for neither King Cheops nor anybody else was ever interred
beneath this mighty mass of stone. The smaller pyramids also exhibit
neither the nicety of proportion nor the exactness of measurement,
both of which characterize the first pyramid. From internal evidence
it seems to have been built about the year 2170 B. c., a short time be-
fore tlie birth of Abraham, more than four thousand years ago. This
one of the seven wonders of the world in tlie clays of ancient Greece
is the only one of them all still in existence. The base of this
building covers more than thirteen square acres of ground. Its four
sides face exactly north, south, east and west. It is situated in tlie
geographical centre of the land surface of tlie globe. It was originally
485 feet high, and each of its sides measures 702 feet. It is computed
to contain 5,000,000 tons of hewn stone, beautifully fitted together with
a mere film of eem'ent. And these immense blocks of stone must have
been brought from quarries five hundred miles distant from tlie site of
the building. The present well-known king and queen chambers, with
tlie various passages, might also be thoroughly examined by means
of the electric or lime lights. The astronomer royal of Scotland some
years since closely and laboriously examined all that is at present
known of tlie interior of this enormous building. He states that meas-
urements in the chambers, etc., show the exact length of the cubit of
the Bible namely, 25 inches. This cubit was used in the building of
Noah's ark, Solomon's Temple, etc. He also maintains that the pyra-
mid shows the distance of the sun from the earth to be 91,840,000 miles.
THE FAILING CO.VXECTICUT. The Connecticut River, given over to
the timber-drivers, has become a canal. Heefs are blasted out. Bulk-
heads are built to turn the current into the central channels. The
melting snows, no longer held back in the spongy mosses of the forests,
and the spring rains, are hurried swiftly down in freshets which destroy
property in the lower country. The freshets are utilized to bring down
every spring the timber from thousands of acres, where no pine wood
will ever grow again. The summer comes, hot and dry, with low water
in the rivers, which were formerly full all the summer from the slow
drain out of the dark shades in the upper country. The natural reser-
voirs, which thus gave out slowly their reservoirs of water, are gone,
and all the water comes down with a rush after every rain. Manufact-
uring companies everywhere have found it necessary to make artificial
reservoirs to take the place of the lost natural reservoirs. Hills that
were once forest-covered are bleak masses of rock, growing drier year
by year. If there was ever an instance of killing tlie goose that lays
golden eggs, it is in this method of treating our northern forests. In
hundreds of valleys, where water was abundant in former years, the
water line in the ground is now below the reach of ordinary wells. The
tendency is toward that condition which in a century or two will com-
pel a resort to irrigation for ordinary agricultural purposes. Dr. }V. C.
Prime in the New York Journal of Commerce.
THE DAILY TRAFFIC OVER BROADWAY, NEW YORK. Whatever
may be thought of Jacob Sharp's Broadway surface-railroad, he has
been the cause of the gathering of some interesting statistics regarding
the enormous amount of traffic in Broadway. Four men were recently
stationed at Fulton Street and Broadway to count the vehicles passing
through Broadway at that point from 7 A. M. to p. M. The total num-
ber was 22,308 for the period of eleven hours about 2,000 an hour,
thirty-three a minute, or one every two seconds. The largest number
of any one kind of vehicles was of single and double trucks, 7,384; the
smallest number was two; these were ambulances. There were 3,390
single and double express wagons. The 2,310 stages and the 1,022 cabs
were next in order of quantity, pedlers' wagons numbering 93S, produce
wagons 440, rag trucks 375, carriages 351, coal carts 324, and venders'
wagons 300. Then there was a drop to hacks, 288, and butcher wagons
223. The variety of vehicles was striking, there having been eighty
kinds according to the schedule. Every conceivable article of transfer
appears to be poured into Broadway. The private carriages were
completely engulfed in the 150 ash-carts; the two ambulances and
three funerals made a melancholy showing amid tlie seventy-three loads
of dead hogs, the sixty-four garbage and tlie seventy-three dirt carts.
The lager beer wagons and the orange pedlers flourished on an equality ;
the bone and lumber wagons went neek-and-neck ; the pie and the
sugar wagons were half-and half, which should give the pies s.weetness;
the milk were left behind by the swill wagons. The mixture presented
was something appalling. Kerosene, milk, old iron, sawdust, rags,
sugar, ice, beer, bones, oranges, ashes, pie, hogs, tripe, tin, tallow, tea,
tar and undertakers were commingled in a bewildering confusion.
Broadway is certainly a remarkable thoroughfare. New York Tribune.
FIRE-PROOF DOORS. The most efficient fire-proof doors are of wood
covered with tinned iron. The door is made of two thicknesses of
tongued and grooved boards, crossing each other diagonally and thor-
oughly nailed together. The sheets of tin are bent over 'at the edges,
forming locked joints as in a tinned roof; it is important that the
edges, as well as the sides of the door, be covered, as its resistance to
heat lies in the fact that the fire cannot burn the wood thus protected
against exposure to the air, nor can it warp it, as is the case with an
iron fire-door subjected to slight heat. If a fire proof door is hung on
hinges, especial care must be taken to insure their security by fasten-
ing them to the door by means of bolts, rather than screws, and con-
necting them to the wall in an equally secure manner. The latches
should be selected with a view to durability, as such a heavy door is apt
to be destructive of weak latches. Where the position of the doorway
permits sliding doors, it is preferable to have them on tracks, care
being taken that cleats be placed on the floor each side of the door-
way, so as to secure the door at its lower corners when shut. In the
Boston Storage Warehouse, United States, there are a large number of
such doors in the fire-walls, arranged to close an electric circuit when
they are all shut, and the fact is recorded on the paper dial of the
watchman's clock at certain intervals. Fire-proof doors are frequently
arranged to close in advance of a fire by means of the yielding of an
alloy fusible at 160 Fahr. The track upon which such a door is hung
inclines about one foot in eight feet, and the door is kept from closing
by means of a round stick about one inch in diameter, which reaches
from one edge of the door to the opposite side of tlie door-frame. At
the middle, the stick is cut in two diagonally, and a ferrule made of
two pieces of thin copper soldered together longitudinally with the
fusible alloy, covers the joint in the stick. When this ferrule is ex-
posed to a temperature of 100 Fahr., its yielding causes the ferrule to
split open, and the stick separates into pieces and allows the door to
shut. In order that the stick shall not fall in the way of the door, and
that the door may be shut at any time, the stick is connected to the
top of the door-frame by small chains near to each end. This simple
device was designed by Mr. Lewis T. Downes, president of the What
Cheer Mutual Insurance Company. Another method of utilizing this
fusible alloy to close fire-proof doors and shutters, is by means of a
wire extending around the room, and containing in various places links
made of two pieces of brass soldered together. When the solder melts
and allows the two pieces of brass to separate, the wire allows the
shutter or door to close. Mr. Frederick Grinned has improved the
ordinary link by cutting a slot in one of the pieces of brass, and laying
a short bit of wire therein, when they are being soldered together; the
solder flowing around this wire presents a resistance in three planes, in
place of the ordinary j"int, which may be imperfect and lies in a single-
plane, concealed by the sheet brass so as to prevent inspection. For-
merly solid links of fusible alloy were used, but the metal has so little
resilience that it is apt to gradually lengthen, and finally break at
some inopportune time.. Engineering.
JILY 4, 1885.]
The American Architect and BuUdiny News.
11
bUILUlNG INTELLIGENCE,
(hrj.Mirtf<l ior Th* American Architect and Bulldinic News.)
{Although a large portion of the built? faff \ntelligmc9
it jtrorttlffl by their regular cnrrexpoi.fients, the editor*
yi'tntiy ttfsire to receive voluntary information, ?Mpc-
guUlyf~om the amattcr and outlying town*.}
BUILDING PATENTS,
\Printeti tpecifcationi of any patents herementionrd
together with full tletail iltuHtratimts, may be i>t>tanifil
if the CbMMMMMT of J'ateitli, at Washington, fat
twenty-Jive centa.l
3I!),*J7I. WATER-CLOSET. Thomas Gunning and
.James Quigley, New Haven, Conn.
:il!i,UK4. MIXED PAINT. Thomas N. Le Row, Roch-
ester. N. Y.
319.81(9. SHUTTER- WORKER. George E. Potter
Palmer, Mass.
32II.INI2. VENTILATOR FOB GAS-MAINS. James J.
Kicketts, nttsburgh. Pa.
320,1122-024. HOISTING DRUM KOB ELEVATOBS.
Peter L. Weimer, Lebanon, Pa.
320,0 4. WI..ATHI-B-STKIP. OrsonE.Woodburyand
Henry W. storck, Madison, Wis.
320.0''6. KI.II..B ANI> SlDKWALK CONSTRUCTION.
Peter H. Jackson, San Francisco. Cal.
320,07*2. FtKE-PimxF LATH KCIK SLATES. William
H. Lane and Louis I^ane, Newark, obio.
32,079. BKAM, JOIST, kTC. Webster W. Martin,
Bos on, Mass.
320,083. AUTOMATIC HATCHWAY-GUABD. Walter
S. Morton, St. Paul, Minn.
:i2i>,<>!'7. AIIOKB. James Swan, Seymour, Conn.
320,120. WEATHKB-SIRIP. Joseph Fisher, Attle-
borough, Mass.
320,155. MOKTISE-LOCK. Frank W. Mix, New Brit-
ain, Tonn.
320.161. WINDOW-BEAD FASTENER. Charles It.
Nelson, New York, N. Y.
;uii n;:;. WIBK- CLOTH LATHING. William Orr,
Trenton. N. J.
32ii,16. SAW-HANDLE. Christopher Richardson,
Newark, N. J.
320,176. S.SH-FASTENER. Jos. R. Rusby, Uloom-
fleld. N. J.
S.'O.lxfl. CISTKBN AND TANK CLEANER. -Raymond
B. S. udder, Nw Orleans, La.
320, IKI. KKIOIIO.N I >iti i.l, BR*rK._ Richard S. Sol-
omon, Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope.
320,1*15. WiNDOW-S.iSH. Henry Vale, Chicago, 111
3211,203. STE .M- RADIATOR. _ Juan U. Arc! and
Jiihn Chapman, Brooklyn, N. Y.
320.224. VISE. George A. Colton, Syracuse, N. Y.
32,'.'3V CONSTRtrrioN OK SKvLIGUTS, ETC.
A!,. In..,-" Friedrick. Brooklyn, N. Y.
:;-n. !. VESTILATOK. Reiuhold E. Hennlnges
Cleveland, O.
320,263. HINGE. David K. Jackman. PoughkeeD-
sie. N. V.
320.2X9. WINDOW-SCREEN. Morris Roberts, Phil-
adelphia, Pa.
3.1*,2!M. SroNij-CuTTtNO MACHINE. William L.
Sauiiders, Jersey City, N. J.
320.323. RATCHET-BRACE. John F. Allen, New
York. N. Y.
320.324. GUTTER -Box OB TROUGH. Frederick
Axt, Franklin, Ind.
320,3.'7. SASH-FASTENER. John W. Beatty, Erie,
Pa.
320.32!). DRIVE-SCREW. Amos Broadnax, Brook-
lyn, N. Y.
S-'O.SSS. SASH-FASTENKB. Reinhold E. Hennlnges,
Cleveland, O.
320,a*>7. WttENCH. Jacob Huber, Toledo, O.
:fji>.:i.-i'i. GKAININO WOOD. George H. Hulmes,
Cbartiers, Allegheny County, and William Shone
Millvale, Pa.
320.371. KorK-l)BiLLiNG MACHINE. Martin Mac-
dennoit and WilliHin Glover, London, England.
320 373. DEVICE FOK DRIVING SCBEWS. Frank M.
Maley. Cincinnati, O.
320,374. SAFETY DEVICE FOB ELEVATORS. John
II. Manning. Hartwell.O.
320,3!*. DKVN-E FOB FLCSHINO TANKS, SINKS,
ETC. Andrew Kosewaler, Omaha, Neb.
320,4 . DECORATING WALL- HANGINGS AND OTH-
EB FABBICS. Wiljiam Sochefsky, New Vork, N. Y.
320,411. VAPOII AI'PABATUS FOB HOT-Houi-*,
ETC. Hermann Sleinke, Brooklyn, N. Y., and Max
Limprecht, L nion Hill, N. J.
320.428. RooFixo-GiUGE. Amazon W. Brightwell,
Owen. Ind.
320.435. TBAP FOR SOIL AND OTHER PIPES. Sam-
uel S. Hellyer, London, County of Middlesex, Eng-
land.
SUMMARY OF THE WEEK.
Baltimore.
STOKES AND DWELLINGS. Morris Oppenheim, F.sq.,
is lo have built 2 tliree-sf y brick buildings on I'- mi
sylvania Ave., near Bid, lie St., on lot 28' x 120', to
cost J|8,oo<i, from designs by George Archer, archi-
tect; John Hoswell & Son, builders.
George Archer, architect, is preparing plans for
Fdward Ferry, Ksq , for a two-sl'y and attic frame
cottage, 26' ti" x 36', lo cost S2.5UO.
Brii.iM.Mi PKUMITS. since our last report thirty
two permits have been granted, the more important
of which are the following:
John Kruno, 2 three-st'y brick buildings, s s Mul-
berry St., between Pine ami Penn Sts.
G. \V. Dnahuc, 5 two-st'y brick buildings, e s
Duncan Alley, s of .Monument St.
John .Mehagen. l' two sl'y brick buildings, s 8 Bid-
die St., s e cor. Proctor Alley.
Aug. Strunz, 2 two-st'y brick buildings, n e cor.
Ricigely and Bayard Sts.
T. II. Graham, 2 two-st'y brick building*, ws CHI-
mor St.. and 2 iwo M'y brick buildings, e B Vincent
All.-y, between hami-ny Hi.il Mellenry Sts.
U. N. M<M>re, 5 twost'y brick buildings, ws Carl-
ton SI., between Saratoga anil Lexington sti.
J. A. .Mriiregor, la two sfy brick buildings, es
Payson St., l>elween Kamsay and f.'hriMiaii Su.
M. I'aul Church, three-M'y brick building, s e cor.
Cathedral St. and Chapel Alley.
Frederick liurgur, 12 two-st y brick building*, n s
ll.ii i. > si , beiwt'eii liyrdsi. and liivcrside Are.
Win'. Collett. i. three-si' y brick buildings, w Bol-
ton St., between Ijiurens and Uobert Sts.
I>:U!>Y Thompson, three-st'y brick building, M -
Chase St , between Charles -St. and Maryland Ave.
L. C. sum li. 3 two-sl'y brick building*, n s Kamey
St.. between Hanover St. and Goodman Alley, and
10 two st y brick buildings, o s Charles St., between
Birk bead and Clement Sts.
.las. W. Llndall. tj three-st'y brick buildings, w s
Valley St., between Chase and Eager Sts.
Aug. Mencker & liro. four-st'y brick warehouse,
n w cor. Paca St. and Cider Alley.
L. K.-it/. & llro., litre csi'y brick building, s Bal-
timore St.. between Popp.eioii St. and Calendar
Alley.
A. Lurman, three-st'y brick building, s w cor. II il
len and Forrest Sts.
111"-. H. Blick, i \v. . sfy brick buildings, w s A'f-
qu ili St., n of Point Lane, and 5 two-st'y brick
buildings, es point Lane, n of Aisqtiitb St.
ALTERATIONS. Messrs. l>eford & Co. are to make
alterations to their warehouse, to nost 44.SOO, from
designs by W. F. Weber, arcLit :ct; Chas. Ogle,
builder.
Boston.
BUILDING PERMITS. Wnod. rriweton St., A'o. 349
dwell., 1'J' x 28'; owner, Wilbur Goodwin; builder
Isaac Pratt.
Gmrge SI., near Shirley St., dwell., 21' x 42'
owner and builder, G. A. Clifford,
Rockwell St., 300' from Milton Ave., dwell., 24' z
30'; owner, W. P. Waterman; builder, R. M. Pit-
man.
Unnamed St., n of Quincy St., near New York
New England K. R., mechanical building, 1.-' x 50 r
owner, Thomas Rice; builder. A. C. Klce.
East Sixth St.. fin. 659, dwell.. 24' x 3s'; C. A. Bor
den. owner; Jacob L. Smith, builder.
Brooklyn.
BUILDING PERMITS. Drcatur St., s s. 125' w
Ave.. 4 twost'y brick dwells., tin roofs; cost, each
$5,000; owner, Gco. W. Spear, 25.H Grand Ave.; archi-
tects, Hall St Newkirk; builder, W. C. Spear.
t'ultnn HI., s s. 3UO'e Howard Ave., 10 three-st'y
brown-stone dwells., gravel roofs; cost, each, sn.imi
owner and builder, Thomas Douohue, 103 Stuyv
sant Ave ; architect, B. T. Hobbln.
liualiwick Aor., A'.). 653, e s, 82' 7" S Adams St.,
three-st'y frame (brick-tilled) store and tenement,
tin roof; cost, 84.000; owner and builder, Anton Kii
sel, 5.")9 Buidiwlrk Ave.; architect, Th. Kngelhardt.
lli-Qtvlway. A'o*. 4111 anil 421. n e s, H8' n w Union
Ave., rear 1 lot, 2 tuo-st'y brick dwells., tin roofs;
cst, S5,iKK>; owner, Caroline iiroistedt, 378 Broad-
way; architect, Th. EngelbarJl; builders, Geo. Leh
man's Sons.
limit/way, AVw. 416 and 421, 2 four-st'y brick stores
and tenements, tin roofs, iron cornices: cost, 816,000;
owner, architect and builder, same as last.
Suuih 1'orilanil /lee., A'o. 1*1, e s, BOH' s Hanson
PI., twost'y brick and brown-*tone dwell., with
stable, tin roof; cost, *8.000; owner. G. B. WlUm,
21 South Portland Ave.; architect, W. A. Mundell;
builder. L. W. seaman, Jr.
Greene Ave.. n w cor. Nostrand Ave.. 5 three-st'y
brown-stone dwells., tin roofs; cost, each, $10,600;
owners, G. H. Benner and L. Zeller, 81 Cedar St.,
New York; architect, A. Munch.
Fourteenth M., Ao. Ul, s s, 77' 10" w Fourth Ave.,
two-st'y and basement brick dwell., tin roof; cost,
$4,500; owner, Alexander Balmanno, 226 Seven-
te nth St.; architect, A. J. Stater.
Delmanico //., .Vo. 31. e s, 51' r" s Hopkins St.,
threest'y frame (brick-filled) tenement, tin roof;
cost, *4,370; owner. Win. Kolb. Ellery St., cor. Del-
nionico PI ; archilect, Th. Engelhardt; builders,
J. Rueger and J. Fucbs.
Hart at., n s, 133* w Marcy Ave., 6 two-ami a-balf-
st'y brown-stone dwells., tin roofs; c st, each,
$5.000; owner. F. K. lioerum, Nostrand Ave. and
Yernon Ave.; architect, I. J. Reynolds; builder, T.
E. Greenland.
lierketey //., s s, 3.W e Seventh Ave., 3 three-st'y
brown-stone dwells., tin roofs: cost. eacb. Mn.noii;
owner, David N. Ito .<ly. 20K Berkeley PI.; architect
and builder, K. H. sturges.
I'ni-ft HI., s s, K.I' a Kushwick Ave., three-st'y
frame tenement, tin roof; cost, *4,OIK); owner, C.
Becker, I4R Varet St.; architect. F. Holmberg;
builder, J. Rueger.
Fulton St., s s, 100* w Rockaway Ave., 10 three-st'y
brown-stone stores and dwells., gravel roof*; cost,
each, $5.000; owner, George R. Brown, 34 South
Portland Ave.: bu Ider, I.. E. Brown.
Evrryreen Are., A'o. I.i7, e s, thre-st'y frame
dwell., tin roof; cost, $1.200; owner, M. Limiuerothe,
186 Kllery St.; architect, H. Vollweller.
Fairfax St., n s, 206' e Broadway, three-st'y frame
(brick-tilled) hospital, tin roof; cost, $3,200; owner,
German Evangelical Aid Society, on premises:
architect. H. Vollweiler; builders, Mr. Dauken and
D. Kreuder.
nergen St.. n s, 225* e Smith St., four-st'y brick
flat, tin roof; cost. $11,500; owner, John Newman,
Court St. and Bergen St.; architect. R. Dixon.
tiulltran St.. Ao. 29, four st'y brick tenement., tin
roof; cost, $6,80il; owner, Henry Spawer, 30 Wolcott
St.; architect, L. Cook.
AiiithAre.,se cor. Braxfm St., three-Bt'y brick
school, tin roof; cost, *1C,IIOO; owner, Thomas S.
O'Keilly, Mnth Ave., cor. Braxton St.; architects.
Partiit Kros.
Hull .">'/.. n s, 20ii' w Stone Are.. three-Bt'y frame
(brick-filled) tenement, tin roof ; cost. $4,200; owner,
John Gardner, 2084 Broadway; architect, J. Purlng;
builder, M. Horn.
fitrtrnlii[) St., w s, 150' n Putnam Ave., three-st'y
brick dwell., tin rool, COM, S4 ..VKI, ouu, i.,j. it. \\i.
son. 421 Grand Ave.; an -Inirct. A. Hill.
Iterkrlry /'/., n s, 16<l' w Seventh A ve., 3 thrre-sl'y
brick dwells., tin roofs: col, *7,lKHi; owner, .I'.ln.
.Monds, !I2 1'ark PI.; archliect and contractor, J. J.
Gillegan; mason,.). Monas.
C.ay A7.,ss, 125' w Oakland St., three st'y frame
tenement, gravel roof; cost, $3,UOO; owner, I'atrlek
Relley. Clay M.; architects aud builders, Itandall &
Milk-r.
Bt'lftfil Avr.. e s, 67' 3"s Flushing Ave., lhret'y
frame dwell., tin roof; c<*t, $3,M)n; owi.cr, Margarat
Colgan, -III Bedford Ave.; archilect, M. ilarblsou;
builder, C. Colltnp.
Greene Are., 11 w cor. Washington Ave. ,3 four-K'j
brick and brown-none dwells., tin and hlat>- roolr
cost, $52,5 0; owner, Geo. Harvey, 14U Greene A>.- ,
architect, Merceiu Thomas; builders, C. Cameron
and M. C. hush.
Hamburg St., w cor. Magnolia St., three-st'y
fiame slore and tenement; cost, $6,000; own, r".
Lorenz Debold, 18 Wall St.; architect and maeon, K.
Loerch; contractor, M. Melzen.
ALTHBATIONS.- ricmjinut St., \o. 118, Interior alter-
ations; cost, $4,00(1; owner, D. A. Houghtallng, X'l
Cliiaon Ave.; architects, hastmau & 1/aviB; builder
F. D. Norrls.
Myi tie Art., Xoi. 680 anil 6X2, three-si *T brick ex-
tensl. n, tin roof. Iron cornice; cost, $a,(k.O: owner
etc., J. Clarke, 675 Willougbby Ave.
Chicago.
BUILDIXG PERMITS. W.S. II ink ley, 4 cottages Oak-
let ..\e.; coj-t, $2,600.
S. V\ . Scoville, nve-st'y factory, 94 to 102 West
Washington St.; cost, Ktn.nou; architects, Adlur ft
Sill. i van; builder, A. U. Cook.
Hewitt Manufacturing Co., factory, 213 Ontario
St.; COM, $2,suo.
V. Hulacek, three-Bt'y flats, 719 Loomls St.; cost
$15,000.
F. Knaswlcka, 2 three-st'y stores and dwells. 721
to 723 Eighteenth St.; cost, $12.iM!0.
K. A. Bell, two-sl'y dwell., ,V3 North Oakley Si
cost, *3,2 0.
A. Lowinski & Mlketynskl, four st'y factory, 242
to24U North Green St.; co>t, *.<iuO.
D. Hays, four-m'y store and dwell., 103 Wesl Adams
St.; cost, * 12,000.
J. A. Vale. U three-st'y stores aud dwells., 16H to
184 West Van Buren st.: coat, $GO,o<iO.
M. Harris, addition, 123 Deaplaiues St.; cost $3 -
000.
McKeever Bros., 4 two*t'y dwells.; cost, $16,000:
architects, Thomas & Kogcrs.
J. T. Lund, three si'y dwell., 213 Townsend St.;
cost, $5,<0i); archil ecu, o>ilin< Si Bourgeois.
Mrs. H. Lewis, two-st'y dwell., 31 Wesl Indiana
St.; cost, *2.500.
J. L. Cochrane, B Ihref-st'y dwells., 470 to 478 Klin
St.; c-o-t. jln.tHHi. architect, I.. J. llaluerg.
D. F. Crilly, 12 two st'y dwells., North 1'ark Are.-
cost. 25,nou.
R. L. Martin, 6 three st'y dwells., 92 to 102 Arl-
ington St.; cost, 1 1 J.IHM.
K. L. Martin, two-st'y storehouse rear, 92 to 102
Arlinitt. n St.; cost. *IO.OOu.
J. 11. i ndi, two-sfy Hats, 93 Gay St.: cost. $2.500.
W. H.st. CUir, nve-st'y slore, 171 to 173 West
Madison St.; cost, *50,ouu; architects, Buruham &
Hill.
G. W. Williams, two st'y flats, 62 Evergreen PL;
cost, 3 700.
C. J. Kuril, 2 two-sfy dwells., 207 to 209 Wood St.;
cos:, $4,0i.o.
C. C. House!. 3 two-sfy dwells., 427 to 431 Centre
Ave., cost, #15,000; architect. D. blggot.
W. F. li ickox, 3 two-sl'y dwells., MI, io 899 Monroe
St.; cost, MK.IHHI; archilect, W. Thomas.
H. N. Hanson, iwo-st'y dwell., Mii Monroe St.;
cost, $10,000; arcbilect, W. Thomas.
Mrs. S. Troy, two-sfy dwell., 4;i Maplewood Ave.;
Cost, S2.7IKI.
Chicag . City Railroad Co., additional story, 3062 lo
3000 Archer Ave.; cost, $20,' 00.
J. A. Heatb, 2 tw -fy dwells., 3128 to 3130 Prairie
Ave.; cost, $13,000.
W. Sallevauer, two st'y dwell., 109 Fremont St.;
cost, .>-'. :.IHI.
W. D. Price, additional story, 117 to 123 State St.;
cost, lo.ovo.
A. Stanford, three-st'y dwell., 101 North Centre
Ave.; cost, M..H.HI.
C. U. Hlckok, 2 two-sl'y dwells., 3130 to .11:1.' Ver-
non Ave.; cost. *<l,ouu.
I. P. McAsey. -i iwo-si'y dwells., 480 West Taylor
Si.; cosi, ? :I.M.. n.
J. L. Campbell, 7 two-sl'y dwells., Seeley Ave.-
cost, $28,000.
Cincinnati.
BUILDING PILBMITS. Mrs. C. C. Brown, fonr-st'y
brick building, Kigblli and cutler Sts.; cost, *ti,AOu.
E. S. Freeman, three aud-oue-hait-si'y buildli.g
Gest St.; cost, *4.ouo.
Aug. Uoy, iw^-ond-one-balf-st'y building, Fiudlay
aud liallon sis.: cost, j:t, 00.
Jacob Xan Hart, two-sl'y building, Melanclhon
and Central Ave.; cost. $2,2UO.
S. Richards, two-sl'y building, Lincoln and Gilbert
Sts.: cost, s)16,0oo: J. H. Macu, builder.
liiierualional Panorama Co., iwo-t'y Iron-clad
Seventh and Elm Sts.; cost, 8^5,000.
Mrs. BilDcher, Fiudlay and Linn Sts.; cost, $3 000.
Dr. Kaheler, two-sl'y frame building Balliuiure
Pike; cost, $2.100.
H. l.ackinan, two-anil one half-sfy building, Cole-
man Ave.. near Lalayetle; cost, $3,600.
Win. McCamon, Jr., flre-sfy building. Race aud
Elm Sis.; COM, *20,oou.
Henry Bosch & Uro. (Henry Thinly), two-st'y frame
building, Fargus and Wayne sis.; cost, ti,!x*\.
Henry Boscu, lwo-and-.>li-half-fl'y building Vine
and Si. Clair Sts.; cost. $2.500.
St. George s Church, addition to two-st'y brick
bulldlug. i:,-illi.>iin and Mailison Sts.; eosu $.'i.460.
Geo. Kieinescbneider, Highland and Auburn Ave :
cost, $2,200.
12
The American Architect and Building News. [VoL. XV11I. No. 497.
J W. Cotteral, two-st'y building, cost. $3,500.
H. Krucke, addition to two-st'y bail. ling, Fiftli
anil Stoue tils.; Jasper & Erchbusch, builders; cost,
$2 000.
E. Becbman, tbree-st'y bailding, Western Ave.
ami Findlay St.; cost, *4.5;io.
H. Fuchs, two-st'y building, 15 Ravine St.; cost,
$3,000.
Kepairs costing $8,935.
Total ainonut to date, $1,283,710.
Total permits, 587.
Kunxai City, Mo.
CHURCH. The Cavalry Baptist Society will probably
build a $ Kl.liOO church.
THK V. M. C. A. BlULDiNC,. Ihe work of excava-
tion for tbe new structure has been pushed tbe past
week and tbe arcbitect is busily engaged In drawing
tbe plans and specifications for the new building.
BulLDix'* PKRMITH. H. C. Morrison, brick business
block, 142'i Grand Ave.; cost, * 1,500.
E. .1. Gump, brick dwell., 1330 and 1332 Oak St.;
Minos'' Clark, brick dwell., Washington St.; cost,
$7 1)00.
J. A. Swarthout, frame dwell., Troost Ave.; cost,
4 ooo.
Kugene Carlat, brick stable, Walnut St., bet. Thir-
teenth and Fourteenth Sts.: c. st, $5.000.
T. H. Brougham, brick dwell., 615 West Sixteenth
St.;' cost, $3,000.
J. W. Jordan, brick business house, 1422 Kast
Eighteenth St.; cost, $4,000.
H. W. Hatch, brick dwell., 513 and 515 Holmes St.;
cost, $4.000.
W. Small, Jr. A A. W. Bristowe, brick dwells.,
413 and 417 Oak St.; cost, $15,000.
MinneapollB, Minn.
Btui.mxo PKKMITS. Robert Russell, five-st'y brick
store building, n H side fifth St., bet. Heunepin and
Nicollet Aves.; cost, $25,000.
Fletcher. Loring & Co.. improvem-nts on St.
James Hotel, cor. Washington and Second Aves., s;
COS', $7,000.
Fletcher. I/iring & Co.. two st'y brick store and
flat n w s Second Ave., s, bet. Washington Ave. and
Se-ondSt.; c.l, $8.000.
luring & Wlniloin, four-st'y stone business block,
extension of Winduin B ock. 76' front, Second Ave.,
f, belo* Washington Ave : C"8l, $35,000.
L. T. Soule Elevator Company, wooden elevator,
Tenth St. and Twenty-ninth Ave, s e; cost, .$20.0110.
Anna Slmy, double two-st'y wooden dwell.. Mar-
thai Ave , bet. Sixth and Seventh Aves., u e; cost,
$2.500.
J. H. Weller, three-st'v brick veneer store, tene-
ment ami ball. cor. Frankliu St. and Sixteenth Ave.,
B; cost, $7,000.
J. H. Towsley, two-st'y wooden dwell, and barn,
Stevens Ave., bet. Lake and Thirty-first Sts., n w
cost, $4,750.
J A. HHglin,lhree-st'y brick dwell., Fourth Ave.
bet. Klglith and Ninth St-.; cost, $6.5iH>.
Minneapolis B ittle Manufacturing Co., one st'y
brick-and-wood factory, e a Thirty-eighth Ave., bet.
Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh Sis.; 8 w; cost,
$15,000.
James S. IJUIP, two-st'y wooden dwell.. Seventh
St., bet. Seventh and Eighth Aves., s e; cost. $3,000.
Mew York.
Bim.nixG PERMITS. /iro'tne St.. n w cor. Lewis St.,
four st'y brick tenement wiih stores, tin roofs; cost,
$18,000: owner, John Katt, 314 Monroe St.; archi-
tect. J. Kastner.
West Sen-nty-Jirst St., All. 413, 100' w Ninth Ave.,
three-st'y brick' and brown-stone dwell., tin roof;
cost, $18,000; owner, Mrs. Julia A. Hull, Seventy-
fitlh St , cor. Boulevard: architect, H. .1. Harden-
bergh: bull lers, Jno. Bant-i and H. L. Hamilton.
lloulemnl, cor. Tenth Ave., One Hundred and
Thirteenth and One Hundred and Twentieth Sts.,
two-st'y and mansard brick detached asylum, tin
an I slate roof: cost, about *25.00(); owner, Society of
N. V. Hospital; architect, U. Towuse'id.
Seventy-second SI., 88. 175' e Ninth Ave., 4 four-
st'y brick and brown-Hone dwells., mansard slate
and tin rx>fs; cost, $40,000 and $50,000 each; owner,
C. W. Luyster, 237 West Fifty-third St.; architect,
J. n. Duncan.
One Hundred and Fifth St., n s, 375' w Tenth Ave.,
2 four-st'y Connecticut brown-stone tenements, tin
roofs; cos't, $25,000; owner and contractor, Donald
Mitchel, 176 East Eightieth St.; architect, U. J.
Hardenbergb.
West End Ave (F.leventh Ave.), n w cor. Seventy-
eighth St., 8 three-st'y brick dwells., slate nn.i tin
roofs; cost, each, $9,000; owner. Henry H. Hewett.
411 West Twenty-eighth St.; architect, F. B. While.
Stcth. Ane., u w cor. One Hundred and Twenty-
thir i St., two-st'y Ohio stone church and parsonage,
slate ro<>f; cost, $80,000; owner, Reformed Low
Dutch Church, Harlem. One Hundred and Twenty-
third St. Mint Sixth Ave.; architect, J. K. Thomas;
builders, List & Lennon.
Seventh Ape., w s, extending from One Hundred
and Twentv-fourth St to One Hundred and Twenty-
fifth St., six-sl'y brick family-hotel, tin roof; cost.
$150.000; owner, Alva S. Walker, 43 West One Hun-
dred and Thirtieth St.; architect, T. E. 'I homson.
Sew At'e., n w cor. One Hundred and Forty-fifth
St., 5 three-st'y frame, brick and tiie dwells. ,sliingle,
slate, tile or tin roofs: owner. S. M. Millikeu, 83
Leonard St.; architect, T. M. Clark.
Kait One Hundred and Twenty-ninth St., A'o. 11!?,
four-st'y brick shop, tin roof; cost, $3.000; owner and
b lild'T, Thomas Overington, 501 East Forty-second
St : architect, K. Ixnnas.
Seventh Ave.. w s. between One Hundred and For-
ty-first and One Hundred and Forty-second Sts.,
tivo-st'y ami atiic frame drt'tll., shing.e roof; cost.
$",,000; owner, .M. Hainmurslein, 203 hast One Hun-
dred and Fifteenth St.; architect, Alex. I. Finite!.
Seventh Ave., w s, from One Hundred and Korty-
fo.irth to One Hundred find r'orLy-titth St., oue-st y
br.ck anil timber engine repair sho|>, tin ro >f; cost,
$2i,it(in. owner, etc., Manhattan Railway Jo., 71
Broadway.
Eighth Ave., e s, from One Hundred and Forty-
fourth to One Hundred and Forty-fifth Sts., and east
a distance of 5'-'5' from Eighth Ave., five systems
(three tracks each) of wood trestle storing car* and
engines; cost, $3:"i,0'iO: owner, architect and builder,
Manhattan It. R. Co., 71 Broadway.
I'/l/jress Are.., s e cor. One Hundred and Forty-
ninth St., three-st'y frame tenement, tin roof; cost,
$4,xoo; owner. Lina Dahler. on premises; architect,
A. PfeitFer; builder, not selected.
H'ashiifiiton Ave., A'o. 1132, four-st'y frame tene-
ment and extension, tin roof; cost, $10,000; ou ner,
Edward Biker, 341 West Twenty-eighth St.; archi-
tect. W. W. Gardiner; builders, VViswell & Gander.
Church St., w s, ISO's Putnam St., two-st'y frame
dwell., slate and tin roof; cost, 3, 000; owner, Mary
A. Norton, Ivingsbridge; builder, S. L. Berrian.
One Hundred and Eighty-fourth St., s 8, about 100 f
w Webster Ave., three-st'y frame dwell., shingle
roof; cost, $3,000; owner, I'eter Handibode, 1432
Franklin Ave.: architect, T. W. Ringrose; builders,
P. Handibode and J. Richardson.
A'orr/i Third Are., w s, 25' 9" n One Hundred and
Fifty-tilth St., fonr-st'y brick store and tenement,
tin root; cost, $8,000; owner, John D. Thees, 2314
Thi'd Ave.: architect, A. Spence.
Dieison St., A'o*. 136 and 138, five-st'y brick tene-
ment, tin roof; cost, $14,000; owner, Fajbush Lib-
man, 18 East Broadway; architect, Win. Graul.
Henry St., A'o. 3ti. five-st'y brick tenement, tin
roof; cos', $18.ooo; owner. Wolf Boroschek, 156
Henry St.; architect, Win. Graul.
Sonth Fifth Ave.. six st'y brick and iron factory,
gravel roof; cost. $65,000; owner, W. B. Marvin, 265
Broadway: architect, Oscar S. Teale.
jtroailwan. n w Howard St., five-st'y brick, iron
and stone warehouse, tin roof; cost, #35,01)0; owner,
John S. Kice, et al., 28 West Forty-ninth St.; archi-
tects, A. Zucker & Co.
West fifteenth St., A'o. 225, five-st'y brick tene-
ment, with extension, tin roof; cost, $17,000; owner.
Win S. Wright, 36 West Twenty-seventh St.
West Seventeenth St.. A'o. 450, five-st'y brick tene-
ment, tin roof; cost. $14,000; owner, Andrew Ward,
816 Ninth Ave.; architect, J. F. Wilson; builder,
Robert Hayes.
West Tivelily-eiah'h St., A'o. 527, two-st'y brick
ptsbl*, tin roof; cost. $6JO; owner, Frank Farrell,
524 West Twenty-ninth St.
Em! Fortieth St., A'o. 326, five-st'y brick tene-
ment, tin ro >f : cost, $12,000; owner, Bridget Golden.
321 East Fortieth St.; architects, A. B. Ogden &
Son.
AI.TKKVTIONS. Liberty St., No. 41, raised eighteen
inches, new brick front, ttre-proi-f stairs, iron beams;
cost. $10,000: owner, Leonard J. Carpenter. 56 East
Twenty-third Si.; architect, H. J. Hardenbergh.
Carmine .SV., A'o. 76, raised one-st'y and four-st'y
brick extension, tin roof; cost, about $6,50i>; owner,
J. J. Campion, 20 East Tenth St.; architect, M. W.
Morris.
K'iKt Fourth St., A'o. 98, repair damage bffire:
cost, $4,500; owner, Joseph Schaeffier, M Second
Ave.; architect, J. Boekell; builders, J Schaeftler &
Son.
East Thirty-ninth St., No. 33, 2 two-st'y brick ex-
tensions, tin roofs; cost, $6,000; owner, J. A. Ham-
ilton. 7 East Thirty-fifth St.; architect, C. C. Haight;
builder, L. H. Williams.
E titt Twenty-ninth St., A'o. 227, five-st'y brick ex-
tension, ro.'f raised, front above first story taken
down and rebuilt, internal alterations; cost. $5,000;
owners. Cbas. Dorn and J. Snitzer, 370 Third Ave.;
architect. F. S. Barus: builder, not selected.
Hleecker St., Aos. 32, 31 and 36. and Mu't St., A'o.
311, repair damage by fire and rebuild entirely fire-
proof: cost, $85,''00; owners, Schumacher & Kttlin-
ger, 33 Bleecker St.; architect, E. E. Raut; builder,
not. selected.
Thirty-seventh St., 8 R, 56' 6" w Lexington Ave.,
four-st'y brick extension, tin roof: cost, $6,000;
owner, Jas. C. Fargo. 56 Park Ave.; architect, J. H.
Duncan; builders, McKenz-ie& McPherson.
West Sixteenth St., A'oa. 310. 312 and 314, raised
three stories, peak roof: cost, $40,000; owner, Thus.
McMullen & Co., 44 Beaver St.; architect, A. Hat-
field.
Madison Ave.. Kos. 91 and 93, additional story on
rear; cost. $4,000; owner, T. A. Emmet, 89 Madison
Av.; architect, T. K. Jackson.
West Tmenlij.fiiu.rth St., A'o. 20, three-st'y brick
extension on front, also two and one-st'y rear ex-
tension, tin roofs; cost, $5,000; owner, Henry Mil <>n.
Ki'Urth Ave. and Ninth St.; architect, E. D. Harris;
builder, F. Lyons.
Madison Ave., s e cor. Twenty-fourth St.. one-st'y
brick extension, tin roof, parts of cellar excavated,
and new brick piers, etc , built; cost, *3 i.IKH); owner.
Madison Square Presbyterian Church, on premises;
architects, .1. C. Cady it Co.; builders, M. Eidlitz &
Son and Jeans & Taylor.
OIK Hundred and Sixty fifth St., s w cor. Twelfth
Ave.. building raised and moved; cost, $9,nOO; own-
er. Institute for Deaf and Dumb. Twelfth Ave.,
near One Hundred and Sixty-tilth St.; architect, O.
P. Hattteld; builders, C. K. Terwillinger and . N.
Bninerd.
Tenth St., n e cor. West Fourth St., raised eigh-
teen inches, one-st'y brick extension, internal, front
and rear alterations, iron columns and beams; cost,
about #5,000; owners, H. A. & M. Harlman, 46 Clark-
son St.; architect, P. H. Gilvarry; builders, G. Derr
and C. Lehmann.
Philadelphia.
BUILDING PKKMITS. Smedley St.. s of Venango St.,
U two-st'y dwells., 15' x 42'; J. B. Clarey, contrac-
tor.
d
54'; G. Thompson, contractor.
Kex Jrr., w of Twenty-ninth St., three-st'y dwell.,
22' x 3D'; W. C. Mucker, contractor.
Thirty Jiist St., cor. Springneld Ave., 2 two-st'y
dwells., 18' x 65'; contractor, same as last.
S/irin<iJield Are., e of Thirty-tirst St., 4 three-st'y
dwells., 20' x 4X'; contractor, same as last.
Harrey St., w of Main St., 9 two-st'y dwells., 15' 6"
x 21'; contractor, same as last.
Spruce St., w of Twenty-first St., 2 three-st'y
dwells.. 20' x 77'; C. W. Build, owner.
How'ant St., n of Norris St., 9 two-st'y dwells., 14'
x 37'; W. Teckienburg, contractor.
Adams St., near Commerce" St., 4 two-st'y dwells.,
14' x :)0'; I. L. Kelly, contractor.
J,mker St., cor. Taylor St., two-st'y factory; El-
dredge & Stewart, contractors.
t'lnrl;on Ace., w of Thirteenth St., one-st'y stable;
W. R. Dougherty, contractor.
.l*fimrad St.. w of Main St., 6 two-st'y dwells., 15'
X311'; Win. Grtrvin. contractor.
Fmrtult St.. n of Huntingdon St., addition to fac-
tory; R. J. Whitside & Son, contractors.
Ontario St.. w of Twentieth St., 2 three-st'y
dwells., 16' x 56'; Jiio. Haverstick, contractor.
Spruce St., w of Forty third St., alteration and
tW'>-st y addition, 20' x 20'; J. R. Garver. conlract-r.
/lacolah St., w of Thirty-second St.. 13 two-st'y
dwells.. 16' x 40': W. F. Albright, owner.
Etyhth St., between Free and Daley St., 7 two-st'y
dwells., 15' x 5i'; owner, same as last.
Free St., between Seventh and K-ghth Sts., 18 two-
st'y dwells., 14' x 4 i'; owner, same as last.
.\tica St., w of Forty-fourth St., two-st'y dwell.,
Iti' x 43'; Jno. Aiken, contractor.
Maud St.. w of Twenty-seventh St., 19 two-st'y
dwells., 15' x 39'; J. E. Kiilgwav. contractor.
Ma' statt St., n of Columbia Ave. ,3 two-st'y dwells.,
15' x 2"' and 3't'; owner, same as last.
A/utter St ,6 of I.ehigh Ave., 6two-st'y dwells., 12'
x 28'. C. A. Snyder, owner.
H'eber St., Xos. 2110 and 2112, one-st'yaddition, 17'
x B6'; E. H. Flood, contractor.
Diamwifl .S/., w of Twenty-tirst St., two-st'y office,
19' x 2*'; contractor, same as last.
Etyhtli St., s ol l-ebigu Ave., u two-st'y dwells., 15*
z 50'; M. L. Heish, owner.
St. Louis.
BriuuiNO PERMITS. Fifty-nine permits have been is-
sued since our last report, thirteen of which are lor
unimportant frame houses. Of the rest those worth
$2.500 and over ure as follows:
Mrs. C. Wohlfurth, two-st'y brick store and d*ell.;
cost, $3,500; F. J. Capitaiue, architect; F. u.
Brt-hine, coniractor.
Jos. Roser, two-st'y double brick tenement; cost,
$3.400; G. L Guber, contractor.
A. Sehwalbe, two-st'y brick ttore and rooms
above; cost, $3,000; H. Hofmeier, contractor.
J. A. Lynch, two-st'y brick dwell.; cost, $4,000; F.
C. McCormack & Son, contractors.
Win. Skramker, three-st'y brick store and dwell.;
cost, $8,000; C. K. Ramsey, architt-ct.J
John Wilderimtth, two-st'y brick dwell.; cost, $2,-
50!); J. Wildermulh, contractor.
L. A. Bowlan. two-st'y brick dwell.; cost, $3,300;
C. S. Dunn, architect; Jas. Klamory, conti actor.
James A. Monks, five-st'y brick store-building,
cost, *30,00n; J. G. Cairns, architect; sub let.
J. J. Sylvester, two.st'y brick dwell.; cost, $10,-
000: Jos. W. Givens, contractor.
J. P. Nastime, two-st'y brick dwell.; cost, $5,600;
E. Mortimer, architect. J. V. Mayors, contractor.
John shankey, two-si'y brick dwell.; cost, $2,900;
J. K. Legg, architect ; P. Brennan, cont- actor.
Win. Brandt, 3 adj icent two-st'y brick tenements;
cost, $5,00"; P. Kiechors, contractor.
Mrs. Gallagher, two-st'y brick dwell.; cost, $3,500;
A. Beinke & Co., architects; P. Riechors, con-
tractor.
Mrs. C. Bradburn. two-st'y double brick tene-
ment; cost, $3,ooo; P. J. Bradburn, contractor.
A. Heburn, two st'y brick dwell.; cos*, $2,800;
John Low, contractor.
S. Hamaiier. to-st'y brick dwell.; cost, $3,000;
Paulus & Wiedmuller, contractors.
A. Weinrich. 2 double brick two-et'y tenements;
cost, $7,000; A. Dietz, contractor.
Manewal Lange Cracker Co., two-st'y brick ware-
house and office; cost, $8,000; Goesse & Keunuers,
Contractors.
Dr. s. G. Moses, two st'y brick store; cost, $9,000;
F. D. Lee, architect; B. Weber & Co., contractors.
T. S. Noonan, two-st'y brick dwell.; cost, $3,500;
O. McGinnis, contractor.
T. S. Noonan, two-st'y brick dwell.; cost, $3,500;
O. McGinnis, contractor.
T. S. Noonan, two-sry brick dwell.; cost, $3,500;
O. McGinnis, contractor.
C. E. Fuchs, three-st'y brick s ore and rooms
above: cost, *6,000; O. P. Koeuig, architect; J.
Marlztotf, contractor.
Gen. W. T. Sherman, one-st'y brick dwell.; cost,
52,600; C. Lingennanii, contractor.
F. E. Kspenshied, two st'y brick dwell.; cost, $4,-
500; J. H. JJuulap, contractor.
St. Paul.
BUILDING PERMITS. Two-st'y frame double dwell.,
n s of Lincoln Ave., bet. 1'ale ami Oakland MS ,
cost, $3,700: owner, Christopher Kutt".
Two-st'y brick store and dwell., s s of Susan St.,
bet. State and Greenwood Sts.; cont, $8,000; owner,
Peter liothansen.
Two-st'y brick veneer store and dwell., n w side of
Kice St., bet. Iglehart and Tittou Sts.; cost, $3,250;
owner, A. W. Schwake.
Two-st'y frame dwell., s s of Fuller St., bet. Arun-
del and Western Sts.; cost, $2,500; owner, Margaret
Carter.
Two-st'y frame college; cost, $4,000; owner, John
Ireland.
Three-st'y brick business block, s s of East Sev-
enth St., bet. Robert and Minnesota Sts.; cust, $18,-
000; owner, M. L. Potter.
Two-st'y frame dwell., e s of Josette St., bet. Mar-
tin and duller Sts ; cost, $2,nOO; owner, John Liud-
quist.
Three-st'y brick double dwell., s s of Eleventh St.,
bei. Cedar and Minnesota Sts.; cost, $9,000; owner,
James Culleli
Two-st'y double frame dwell , e s of Wilkin St.,
bet. Kamsay and Exchange Sts.; cost, $5,000; owner,
David Swank.
Two-st'y frame dwell, and barn, e s of Maple St.,
bet. Sixth and Seventh Sts.; cost, $2,000; owner,
Mrs. E. K. Spindle.
THE AMERICAN ARCHITECT AND BUILDING NEWS.
VOL. XVlii
Copyright. 1885, .IAMKH K. UHOOOD A Co., Boiton, M*u.
No. 498
JULY 11. 1885.
Entered at the I'ost-Offlco at Boston M second-das* nutter.
CONTENTS.
SUMMARY:
An Knglish (iuvcrnmental Committee favors overliead Wires
Mori- Particulars about the New Observatory Dome at
Nirr. -Tin. l!i mil Kire at the Inventions Kxliiliition, l,on
don The Sale of Scotch and Knglish Castles. A Question
of Employer's Kesponsibility. A London Picture Sale.
The New Paris Post-Office 13
TlIK SOUHCK!) OK SVMI'ATHV 1IKTWKKN AllCHITKCTUHK AND
SCULl'TURK. 16
Till. Ml.IM.IN ('()! I.I.IMIONS. II 18
TIIK A B C PHOCESS AT AYI.KMBUIIT, KNGLAND 18
THK ILLUSTRATIONS:
St. Croix, Bordeaux, France House at Portland, Me. The
Belfry, Bruges, Belgium. Scene in Halberstadt, Germany.
Dwelling-house Doorways about Boston 19
THK DKCAY OK STONE ON THE GIIOUND LKVEL. 10
CltAZY QlJIl.T AltCHITKCTUKK 20
Wll M C\l:- PUNT TO Bl.lSTKR AND PliKI. ? HuW TO PltKVKNT
IT 20
COMMUNICATIONS:
The Rotch Travelling Scholarship. The Best Ten Buildings.
A Driving Platform 21
NOTES AND CLIPPINGS ' 22
IN the midst of the discussion which rages at present in this
country in regard to the placing of telegraph and telephone
wires underground, it is a little startling to learn that a
Government Committee, appointed in England to consider the
best methods of carrying such wires has just reported decidedly
in favor of leading them through the air, instead of under-
ground. It is true that the Committee does not approve of
obstructing streets or sidewalks with telegraph poles, but it be-
lieves that the best of all places for setting up standards and
stringing wires is on the housetops. In reply to the denuncia-
tions of this system which have been so prevalent within the
past few years, the Committee expresses the opinion that the
dangers and inconveniences to be apprehended from it have
been greatly exaggerated, and that there is no good reason why
wires should not be carried in this way in all directions, with
proper care, and under official supervision. Any damage caused
by the wires or frames should, of course, be paid for, and the
Committee advises that all wires should be so distinguished
that the person or corporation responsible for each shall be
readily ascertained ; and that all lines, the ownership of which
is not indicated should be immediately cut down by the inspec-
tors ; but in consideration of this it recommends that telegraph
and telephone companies should be empowered, in case of the
refusal of the owner of a house to allow frames to be placed on
his roof, to apply to the local authority for permission to enter
by force on the premises, and place whatever frames or wires
may be necessary for its purposes, paying to the owner such
compensation as the local government might order.
T E GENIE CIVIL describes at length the new floating
dome designed by M. Gamier and M. Eiffel, and con-
structed by the latter, which the- banker Bischoffsheim has
just presented to the Observatory of Nice. The history of the
building of this dome is interesting. Some ten years ago,
M. Bischoffsheim, who has been a most generous friend to
science, gave to the Observatory of Paris a large meridian
circle, which has been used ever since in making interesting
and delicate observations. Among the incidental observations
which were made with it, however, happened to be some which
showed that the Observatory building was subject to continual
movements of various kinds, tending, however, in the direction
of a gradual settlement of the whole structure. These irregu-
lar motions, which were first disclosed by the great circle, must
obviously affect the accuracy of observations made with instru-
ments, the very principle of which depends upon the absolutely
vertical or horizontal position of some part of them ; and, apart
from matters of this kind, any deviation from a horizontal
plane of the base of the movable dome which usually crowns
observatories, gives rise to difficulties in moving the dome,
which must then roll partly uphill on its cannon-ball supports,
and with much more hindrance from friction than when in its
normal position. For example, the present dome of the Paris
Observatory, although not very large, being only forty feet in
diameter, needs several men to move it, and even then requires
r orty-live minutes to make one turn. This is far too slow work
for an astronomer, bent upon making as many observation! M
possible in the few nights clear and still enough for using a
arge telescope ; and a gag-engine is now used in Paris, which
drives the dome around in ten minutes. Even this is slow, and
the Government Directors of the Observatory, finding them-
selves likely to be deprived, on this account, of much of the
advantage which they hoped to derive from their fifty-foot
equatorial telescope, invited designs, about four years ago, for
a movable dome on some improved principle. Seven projects
were presented, of which one, placed second in the award of
prizes, on account of the hazardous novelty of the principle on
which it was based, was by M. Eiffel, the distinguished de-
signer of the Douro and Garabit viaducts, and proposed a dome
of sheet-iron, furnished with a circular box at the bottom,
which floated in a tank of corresponding shape, rilled either
with water or some liquid not subject to freezing or evapora-
tion.
NATURALLY, this startling departure from the ancient
precedents occasioned much discussion, some critics claim-
ing that the floating part of the dome could not be repaired
without great difficulty, and others representing that the lateral
movements caused by the wind would interfere with the accu-
racy of the revolutions. It is hardly necessary to say that M.
Eiffel found no difficulty in replying to these criticisms, and his
plan was warmly favored by Admiral Monchez, a scientific
man of the highest reputation, and by M. Gamier, who inter-
ested himself greatly in the matter, and suggested several mod-
ifications. M. Rischoffsheim was also pleased with the plan,
and as the Government officials still hesitated to adopt it. he
applied to M. Eiffel to carry it into execution at once on a
large scale, with the cooperation of M. Gamier, for the new
observatory which he was building at Nice. The principle
modification, suggested by M. Gamier and afterwards adopted,
consisted in furnishing the dome with rollers, running on circu-
lar tracks outside of the tank in which the cylindrical foot
floated, arranged in such a way that the weight could be either
sustained entirely by floating or lowered in any desired degree
upon the rollers, in order to secure lateral stability, as well as
the means of operating the dome in case of repairs to the tank,
and additional resistance to any displacement by the wind was
provided by arranging horizontal rollers, fixed upon the immov-
able substructure, within which the dome revolved, just touch-
ing them all.
WITH these improvements the dome was. constructed as
designed, but with dimensions much greater than those
specified for the Paris dome, the diameter of the mov-
able hemisphere being eighty-four feet, and its weight about
sixty-five tons. The skeleton of the dome is formed by two
large semi-circular lattice ribs, placed parallel to each other,
and ten feet apart, and fourteen other ribs, placed radially.
Fourteen smaller ribs subdivide the lower portion of the spaces
between the others, and the whole is tied with horizontal bands
and wind-braces, and covered, with the exception of the trap
for observations, with rolled steel plates riveted together. The
trap for observations, a very necessary part of such a dome,
occupies the space between the two great parallel ribs on one
side of the hemisphere, extending from the base to the summit,
so that every part of the sky is at the command of the
observer. The common mode of closing such traps is by means
of shutters, arranged to slide one over the other ; but for a
dome so large, and with so wide an opening, such slimier.-,
would be so heavy as to be almost unmanageable, and the trap
is provided instead with two long, curved shutters, which roll
laterally on tracks fixed to the exterior surface of the dome, in
such a way that they can be drawn together, either wholly or
partially, over the trap, making a weather-tight covering.
These shutters weigh three and one-half tons each, but can be
opened or closed in three-quarters of a minute, bv means of a
winch placed in a convenient position. The movement of the
dome itself is, in proportion to its weight, still more easily reg-
ulated. By actual test, a pressure of six pounds on the dome
is sufficient to start it from a position of rest, and keep it mov-
ing with constantly accelerating motion. In practice, a wind-
lass on the floor of the observatory is employed to turn the
dome, and the friction of this, and of the endless chain by
14
The American Architect and Building News. [VOL. XVIII. No. 498.
which the effort is transmitted to the dome, add something
the outlay of power necessary ; but a steady pressure of sevei
and one-half pounds on the handle of the windlass will turn th
great dome, only a little smaller than that of the Capitol a
Washington, entirely around in three minutes. The liquid ii
which the dome floats is a solution of chloride of magnesium.
TITHE English Government, as well as the public generally
'X has suffered a serious loss in the destruction by fire of th<
Indian Department of the Inventions Exhibition in Lon
don. The name of Inventions has in this particular exhibitioi
been extended to cover a great variety of objects, and an im
mense number of costly and beautiful articles had been lent t<
the managers by the South Kensington Museum, and were to
tally destroyed. The special collection gathered by the Princi
of Wales in India, although exhibited with the rest, was saved
but most of these things were of comparatively modern work
manship, and possessed much less interest than the master
pieces of barbaric luxury, which had been brought home by th
earlier English colonists or invaders, and were stored at South
Kensington. The fire is said to have caught from an over
heated flue in contact with the wood-work of a cheap restau
rant, and as the articles destroyed, however well insured, can
never be replaced or duplicated, it may be hoped that the oc
currence will serve as a warning to the owners of valuable
property not to trust it in places where such combinations oi
flues and cheap wood-work are possible.
PEOPLE who have a taste for ghosts and historical associa
tions, and have money enough to gratify that taste, can do
so very effectively at present in England by buying and
occupying one of the ancient castles now offered for sale. The
depression of business, and still more, perhaps, the depression
of agriculture in Great Britain, has, according to the Builder,
brought an unusual number of historical estates into the mar-
ket, and with them all the associations, as well as substantial
privileges, which belong in England, much more than in any
other country, to the possessor of landed property. Among
others, the Castle of Fyvie, in Scotland, where King Edward
the First, of England, spent a night five hundred and eighty
years ago, is offered for sale. This castle has been held suc-
cessively by the Lindsays, Prestons, Setons and Gordons, some
of whom have been nobles and some simple gentlemen, but
nearly all distinguished in some way ; and the place is redolent
of reminiscences. The worst of these reminiscences are sup-
posed to be associated with a mysterious room, known as the
" Chamber of Horrors," which is walled up, and is further de-
fended by a tradition that if it is ever opened, trouble will
come upon the family which holds the estate. In England, the
famous ruins of Guilford Castle are for sale, with the estate to
which it belongs. The purchaser would have some trouble in
making the castle inhabitable, but it is at least defensible, hav-
ing a central tower, or keep, seven hundred years old, and
seventy feet high, with walls ten feet thick. So far as the dig-
nity of its possessors goes, Guilford surpasses the Scotch es-
tate, having been the property of the Crown, and occasionally
the residence of the king, until about two hundred and fifty
years ago, when it was bestowed upon an earl, whose succes-
sors and descendants have kept it until now.
TT RECENT decision in England has added something to the
rj common law in respect to the responsibility of servants,
' which is well worth remembering. According to the
Builder, the Corporation of Liverpool has for some time em-
ployed a certain contractor to furnish men and horses for work-
ing the city watering-carts, paying him for the use of them, but
leaving to him the care of paying the men individually. The
city, however, furnished an inspector, who superintended the
watering of the streets, and directed the drivers where to go.
One day a watering-cart, by some neglect on the part of the
driver, ran into a carriage and injured it, and the owner of the
carriage brought suit against the city for compensation for his
loss. The first court before which the suit was brought decided
the Corporation was liable for the consequences of the driver's
carelessness ; but on appeal to the Queen's Bench Division, the
judges reversed the previous decision, holding that the Corpo-
ration was not liable. The Builder supposes that the principle
on which this judgment was based is the same as that adduced
in a similar case some time ago, which was explained to be that
the person who chooses the servant, and has the power of dis-
missing him is the one who is responsible for his misdeeds ; not
the person who has temporary authority to give him directions.
This is clear enough ; but it would be interesting to know how
far the principle would be modified if the agreement between
the city of Liverpool, for instance, and the contractor, had con-
tained a clause, as such agreements often do, to the effect that
the agents of the Corporation should be at liberty at any time
to discharge men who appeared incompetent or unruly.
HE British Architect mentions a recent auction sale in Lon-
don of pictures, in water-color and oil, which has some in-
terest. Among the water-colors was one by Samuel Prout,
whom architects take a just pride in claiming as the best
sketcher of architectural subjects that ever lived, and whose
works ought to be accessible as models to all draughtsmen.
The subject was a view in Milan, and the price paid for it was
four hundred and eighty guineas, or twenty-five hundred dol-
lars. This is a large price for a water-color drawing, and
would seem larger still if another one, by De Wint, had not
been sold at the same time for the enormous sum of nine hun-
dred and sixty guineas, or a little over five thousand dollars.
A water-color sketch by J. M. W. Turner, was sold for two
hundred and fifty guineas, which seems a .small price, consider-
ing the exaggerated reputation which his works have enjoyed
since Mr. Ruskiu took it into his head to " write up " his draw-
ing-master, but it may have been a small, hasty scrawl, like so
many others of his. Among the pictures in oil, were several
by Dante G. Bosetti, who certainly had a happy faculty of
choosing names for his pictures, whatever one may say about
his rendering of the subjects. The highest price among these
was brought by one called " La Bella Mano," which sold for
eight hundred and fifteen guineas, and the next by " Venus
Verticordia," which brought five hundred and sixty guineas,
or nearly three thousand dollars. Only one picture by the re-
creant member of the Pre-Raphelite Brotherhood, Millais, was
sold with those of his former chief. This was a portrait of
Carlyle, which must have been either a poor picture or a poor
portrait, since it brought only a little over twenty-five hundred
dollars ; while several feebly-named pictures by Burue-Jones,
were sold at prices varying from this to three thousand dollars.
EDOUARD MARIETTA gives, in Le Genie Civil,
, a description of the new post-office in Paris, which,
although not a very large building, is fitted with appli-
ances for carrying on a large amount of business in the most
rapid and convenient way. Every one knows that the Paris-
ians use the mails very freely, and it is said that more than
seven hundred millions of letters, newspapers and other objects
now pass through the Paris office every year. The division of
the matter, and of the different services which occupy the new
building, is much the same as in other post-offices, although, as
the Parisians have been accustomed to depend wholly on local
delivery, the space allotted to boxes, which are introduced for
;he 'first time, is very small compared with that needed in the
New York or London post-offices. The public portion of the
Duilding comprises an open portico, with a janitor's office at
one end, and an information office at the other, connected with
which is a public telephone-office, containing four instruments.
The portico opens into a large hall, around which are thirty
openings for the sale of stamps, the issue and payment of
money-orders, the reception of letters, and so on, together with
several telegraph-offices. Adjoining this is the "paste restante,"
or delivery-room, which has a separate entrance from the out-
side. This completes the public portion. The administration-
rooms comprise the usual sorting and stamping rooms, with
ifts, chutes for letters and packages, and conveniences for
lelivery and reception of mails, among which is to be counted
a stable for one hundred horses, as a supplement to the private
accommodations of the contractors who transport the mails
hrough the city. There is a certain novelty in the shape of
he tubes through which the letters are dropped from the upper
o the lower rooms. It is found that in high buildings the let-
ers and packages dropped through vertical shafts suffer contu-
ions of the corners and abrasions of the surface, which it is
esirable to avoid, and to obviate these inconveniences the
"aris tubes are made in the shape of a corkscrew. Two of
hem, twisting about each other like amiable snakes, ascend in
ach shaft, so that they take much less room than would be
ccupied by inclined planes, and the interior surface being of
ak, well polished, the letters descend smoothly and safely.
JULY 11, 1885.]
The American Architect and BuUdincj News.
16
THE SOURCES OP SYMPATHY BETWEEN ARCHI-
TECTURE AND SCULPTURE.
TITIIEKE is an obvious and natural
J I '' fellowship us among all the fine
arts, so most obviously and natu-
rally between sculpture and architect-
ure. The architect deals to a great
extent with the same solid materials
as the sculptor. The chisel and the
mallet are active in the service of
both, in compelling stublxjrn material
to assume forms expressive in what-
ever different ways of grace and pro-
priety, of dignity and beauty. The
sculptor must be beholden to the archi-
tect if any of his works, except those
which are designed to stand free in the open air, have an opportu-
nity for fair display ; if all the best refinements of his art are really
to be visible, not shrouded in darkness or obliterated by glare. On
the other hand, the noblest enrichment of even external architecture
is obtained by association with sculptured models of living form,
human or merely animal, or pertaining to the vegetable world, and
treated in whatever style, from the ennobled to the fantastic, from
the simplest adherence to nature to the wildly imaginative or conven-
tional decoration.
If any lesson may be learned by the architect from the practice
and principles of sculpture, it may well lie in the appreciation of the
value of harmonious and graceful outline, of silhouette. The connois-
seur who derives most enjoyment from sculpture is of all others best
aware of the importance of the command of most favorable general
outline, and ever seeks and seizes upon it most infallibly. Freedom
and purity of bounding outline characterize all the finest statues
which we have received from antiquity. In some examples these
qualities become manifest from various points of view, though one
among them is ever incomparably supreme. The group of wrestlers
at Florence, the Lottatori, is a remarkable achievement in this
respect. View it from almost whatever point we will, the compli-
cated action explains itself, and the lines fall into admirable com-
position. Scarcely less can be said of the Medicean Venus; but
there are certain statues which are not the less of the highest class
because they are open, it may be, but to a single favorable aspect.
The Venus of Melos, transcendently beautiful from one point of
view, is little less than intolerable from one or two others, indeed,
from almost any other. This was of the less consequence as the
statue was manifestly set up where it could not easily be seen
obliquely, and not at all from behind. The prototype of the Medi-
cean Venus was, as we learn from Lucian, erected in a building
which purposely admitted of various aspects. Pausanias states that
Phidias himself marked on the pavement of the Olympian temple the
place from which he wished his great masterwork of Olympian Zeus
to be contemplated. But in the absence of such guidance, there are
constantly details of management in the statues themselves which are
helpful to the same effect. The sculpors had stratagems by which a
false aspect was made gratuitously unattractive ; and so it is that we
fiml ourselves yielding even unconsciously to compulsion, till we gain
the intended place. The Venus of Melos supplies an apt illustration
of this calculated adjustment. If we take our stand considerably to
the right of the goddess, a protruding "knob" of her hair breaks,
very unpleasantly, the clear outline of her neck. Even those who do
not distinctly recognize the warning are induced by it to move away
from a position of which it does not constitute the worst disadvantage.
If we care to linger in it, we must do violence to our better judgment
if we are not offended by the apparent unequal lengths of the god-
dess's legs, and also by the not engaging profile of her face. We
move gradually away to our own right until the intrusive " knob "
vanishes behind the outline of the neck, and at that moment all the
lines of the statue seem to fall into harmony, as naturally as when a
landscape seen through a telescope is brought by adjustment into
accurate focus. The same trick, if so unceremonious a word may be
allowed when goddesses are in question, is observable in the Diana of
Versailles. In the case of male statues, the best aspect will always be
found insisted upon from a position which allows the eye to travel
down a continuous outline from Hank to thigh, without interruption
by the emergence into sight of the glutseus muscle beyond.
Now as regards architecture, we have a right to expect analogous
gratification in following the general comprising lines of any struc-
ture which has pretensions to importance and character. Here, also,
there should be inducement for the spectator to linger involuntarily
at certain positions of chief interest ; he will hardly do so unless his
attention is detained by the delight of travelling from part to part
with perfect exemption from a sense of abrupt disconnection or jar.
Discontinuousness of outline is never more unpleasing than in such
an instance as a spire emerging from behind a portico, whatever the
beauty of the spire in itself, borne rational and easily apprehended
relation of superstructure to ground plan and its leading fines is all-
important. In buildings of pretensions far inferior to the national,
municipal or ecclesiastical, all architectural charm is liable to be
vitiated by a confused or vulgarized sky-line. May the day be near
at hand when a practicable solution shall be found for the problem of
heating dwelling-houses without the necessity of ejecting coal-smoke
into the upper air. Architects will then bo relieved from the task of
contriving how conduits of foulness may be made inconsistently
picturesque, or still more inconsistently dignified, with the conscious-
ness that after all they are only preparing a field for the profanations
of the smoke-doctors.
And the value of beautiful general outline is not the only lesson
which the architect may learn from the sculptor and the sculptor's
special model. The combinations which are involved in the perfect
human organism have been recognized, since the days of the ancienU,
as constituting the noblest type of the same problem, and that admi-
rably solved, which is presented to the skill and genius of the archi-
tect. Organs of marvelous variety of form and function are disposed
unsymmetrically in a manner to promote harmonious cooperation,
and yet consistently with concealment within a symmetrical exterior.
We have here no such parallels to the constructional makeshifts
which too often do violence to our sense of propriety an well as to our
convenience, yet are forced upon us and have to be submitted to, in
dwellings and offices. A window which appears single without is
divided in the interior from top to bottom between two apartments ;
or still worse, it is divided horizontally, and the half which lights an
upper floor lights it, so far as it may, from the level of the floor ; or
a cornice, which is necessary for the completion of an external order,
has such projection that it cuts off all the view of a garden below
from a first-class bedroom. If these are architectural necessities, we
groan none the less, and those who impose them will search in vain
In find precedents where Nature has been driven to a compromise so
humiliating. Nature again sets before us an example in the human
limbs as indeed in the limbs of all other animals, though most per-
fectly in the human of that harmonious effect which results from
contrasted yet cooperating energies being provided for by differentia-
tion of identical elements. The functions of the arms and hands are
to pull or grasp, and those of the legs and feet to push and press ; yet
they answer to each other bone for bone, and in respect of magnitude
are controlled by governing limits of proportion, each to each.
Here, if anywhere, the architect may con the lesson of penetrating by
study on the one hand to the fundamental analogies of members of
his composition as, for instance, of door and window and the
recognition, on the other, of the special characteristics which claim to
be superinduced, and which it remains for imagination or invention
to gracefully supply.
A triumph indeed it is when art can in any degree vie with Nature
in such a union of economy of primary elements with fertility of re-
source in adaptation. Fine art is bound to be decided, character-
istic, specific, and when a sculptor would evolve the full effect of
expressiveness of the human form, he superinduces upon character-
istic form characteristic action ; he exhibits character characteristi-
cally swayed by passion or purpose, by emotion or sentiment. This
is technically motive motive justly so named, as it disarranges the
primary plain, symmetrical arrangement of parts and members, with
reference to some particular influence or design. Sublying symme-
try is recognizable still; it continues to be at once a controlling and
directing power, and only acquires concentration under excitement,
as if responsive to the predominance which is given to the right hand
and right side of the organism, relatively to the left, under the influ-
ence of energetic action.
It may seem rather desperate to intimate the possibility of an
analogy as applicable here, among the rigid forms of architecture.
Can we, it may be said, venture to disturb bilateral symmetry in
buildings of any importance, without forfeiting its value? This is
partly a question of degree. To take the simplest illustration, the
symmetry of the garden-front of a mansion need not be vitiated,
though the plain window of a library or billiard-room at one end is
replaced at the other by the bay-window appropriate to the lady's
morning-room or drawing-room. Otherwise, a main symmetry would
not be vitiated by distinctly subordinate adjuncts on one side or the
other ; nay, it may be questioned whether in the case of the cathe-
drals, which are often, and usually indeed, so strictly symmetrical, a
certain advantage is not occasionally apparent from the towers not
being absolutely on a par in elaborate ornament or dignity. At the
same time so important is it in architecture that no irregularity
should be capable of impairing its prime characteristics of solidity,
stability and repose, that only the nicest sense of propriety can
decide how far the reins of discipline can be relaxed at what pre-
cise point the advantage is secured of release from rigorous pedantry
in details and security from that lapse into disorder which is fatal to
unity of effect.
It seems to have been a familiar and favorite maxim with the
ancients of certain periods, that the columns of the several Orders of
architecture were even in some manner derived from the projmrtions
of the developed man, the matron, the maiden, and so forth. Such a
comparison is fair enough, so long as it is kept within the bounds of
analogy and not pressed to definite agreement in special details, as
when the closer flutes of the Corinthian or Ionic were supposed to
copy the vertical folds of feminine dress. But a closer and more
instructive comparison may be instituted between the adaptations of
the human form to those circumstances of external environment
which are common to it to the body we live in, with the structures
in which the body has to live. These have their most concentrated
expression in the configuration of the human visage. It is here that
the most delicate organs ministrant to sensation are assembled and
are of necessity exposed to "the skiey influences," to the impact of
weather and glare of sunlight. There is, in consequence, something
more than mere fantastic analogy between tho profile of the face and
16
The American Architect and Building N~ews. [Vou XV] II. No. 498.
that of a combination of the essential elements of a structure con-
trived to protect inmates, and to be capable of self-protection against
sun and wind and downfall of rain. Fine draughtsmanship is as
important for the architect as mastery of all the refinements of curv-
ature for the sculptor. It is by appreciation of the forms and of the
propriety and significance of the forms of the human figure and the
human face especially, that refinement and truthfulness of outline will
be most certainly achieved by either artist.
When Socrates, according to the report of Xenophon, was arguing
with a certain Aristodemus, that it was but reasonable to refer the
adaptations of Nature which have reference to intelligible purposes,
to an intelligent cause, he instanced the protection afforded to that
tender organ the eye. Besides the lid which closes over it sponta-
neously in sleep, and the lashes which intercept flying dust, he drew
attention to the service of the eyebrow, which, cornice-like, stays or
diverts the perspiration which comes down from the forehead. This
protection of the inset eye by brow and eyebrow is a repetition of
that afforded to head and brow itself by the hair ; again below, the
orifices of the nose are protected by the covering wings of the nos-
tril ; below these again the mouth is protected from offence by the
slight upward curve of the lip and its projection, slight as this is,
beyond the under lip. The moustache indeed here performs the
same functious as the eyebrow above, and the downllow of the beard
from cheek and chin protects the throat.
Those who will pass from the study of the delicate curves and
degrees of projection of the several features of the profile of a well-
preserved and fine Greek statue will be best prepared to appreciate the
refinement of the profile of the order of the Parthenon. The minutely
accurate plates of Penrose's "Principles of Athenian Architecture"
enable us to appreciate within what narrow limits of dimension
expression could attain its acme. In an architectural profile we may
theoretically regard all projections beyond a plain face or a vertical
line as mouldings. The attainment of appropriateness and delicacy
in these marks an epoch of culmination both in Greek and Gothic
architecture. And in both it is no over-refinement to say that this
achievement was coincident with and mainly dependent on apprecia-
tion of the form and function of the drip-moulding or larmier ; that is
of an edge of a certain projection, and so undercut or throated thai
water cannot draw back along its under side, but must needs fal
clear of the retired surface. Most pronounced examples are given
by hood-mouldings of Gothic windows, and the so-called bird's-beak
moulding of the Greek cornice. The Greek cornice is itself so
boldly undercut as to protect the face of the entablature; the bird's-
beak moulding in turn protects the face of the cornice. We have
only to pass our eyes over any of the historical series of examples ol
Norman mouldings, to observe how very gradually and occasionally
the indispensable function of this moulding was recognized, and then
with what avidity it was seized on by the Early-English architects.
In their hands it proved susceptible of an extraordinary variety of
developments and combinations, and among these, many which a"s in
Greek architecture were adopted for the sake of beauty in situations
where it was without justification on the score of usefulness. It is
applied to the ciipital of an anta of the Parthenon, at the back of a
deep portico, as it reappears and is repeated among the mouldings of
the pier arches of a cathedral. There is something in this empha-
sizing of the principle of shelter which harmonizes with the transi-
tion of society from rude indifference to the inclemencies of weather to
a state of tenderer sensibilities and milder and more careful manners.
It is needless to insist that we are concerned here with analogies,
not parallels. The profile of an order is something very different
to that of a face, but it is dominated by like conditions. A fa9ade
crowned by a bold cornice but with windows destitute of mouldings,
shucks us like a face without the ornament of eyebrows. Equally
offensive is such an exaggeration of the pedimental or segmental
mouldings over windows that they exceed the projection of the main
cornice above. And a cornice which has a projection out of all pro-
portion to that of tha mouldings which it is responsible for protect-
ing is repulsive after a fashion which, if analyzed, will be found to
owe much to associations with human deformity.
W. WATKISS LLOYD.
THE BERLIN COLLECTIONS. 1 II.
BERLIN, 1885.
HE next step from the picture-gal-
leries is, of course, to the print
collection ; and, however time may
press, every visitor to Berlin will make
a point of here seeing at least the last
great acquisition, that which almost
wrung tears from all English amateurs
the manuscripts from the Hamilton
sale. I will not delay over the splen-
did illuminated missals, all, apparently,
in perfect preservation. I will only
, give a word to the pearl of greatest
price the Botticelli D.tnte. A few
of its leaves are displayed under glass. The others, making, I ihiuk,
eighty-four in all, are carefully mounted so tluit both sides show, and
'Continued from No. 4-J6, page 3t. "
are kept in locked portfolios which, however, are willingly opened
and intrusted to the hands of any enquirer. When one remembers
for how many years they were all but lost to the world, and notes the
spots and stains of dampness and the perforations which seem to tell
of the undisturbed admiration of non-human book-worms, one re-
joices at their present safety and publicity. And when one puts the
Berlin print-room, with its wide, well-lighted apartments, and its broad
tables and unlimited elbow-room inviting to leisurely enjoyment, in
contrast to the crowded cavern known as the print-room of the
British Museum, one cannot even regret that they were brought across
the Channel. And yet how strange it seems that just in these years
when Mr. Ruskin has been preaching the gospel of Botticelli with
such insistence, when Mr. Burne-Jones has been producing a nine-
teenth-century pseudo-version of its charm, and when the Botticelli
cult seems absolutely to have moulded the cheeks and chins of young
feminine England into a likeness with its own ideals, this unique ex-
ample of the master's art should have been let go forever from Eng-
lish keeping.
The drawings are all executed on folio sheets of parchment, the
long side forming the base; and the text is very simply written in
the same direction and in four columns on the reverse side. When
placed in order, each drawing illustrates the text of the following
sheet that is, of the page opposite to itself. One of the Inferno
series is fully colored in rather heavy tones, the dark brown of the
demons contrasting sharply with the light flesh-tints of the human
souls. All the others are in outline pen-and-ink, with the exception
of a few which are incomplete, in which the first faint intention of
the point has not been gone over with the pen. They are illustrative
drawings in the simplest sense not planned with an eye either to
decorative or to strictly pictorial effect. Certain pages show but a
single incident, but in the majority we have many moments joined
together in the na'ive early way, Dante and his companion being re-
peated over and over again in the successive steps of their wander-
ings, yet the whole forming but a single composition. The figures
vary in size from less than a couple of inches to a span's length, but
the most are perhaps three inches in height. And in the artistic
value of the pages there is also much diversity; it is not hard to see
which subjects interested the artist most over which he passed with
comparative carelessness, and upon which he dwelt with loving care,
elaborating them with a draughtsmanship that is consummately com-
plete and perfect yet extremely free and spirited. Much dramatic
power and imaginative emotion is shown in the Inferno and Purgato-
rio series; but Botticelli as we know him in his paintings Botticelli
with his strangely intense feminine type, his peculiar phase of senti-
ment, and his love of drifting motion shows most clearly in the
Paradiso drawings, and most triumphantly, I think, in those pages
where he gives us the figure of Beatrice on rather a large scale. The
intensity of the effect he sometimes produces as where he shows us
the Circles of Paradise, for instance is not more remarkable than
the beauty of his result, and almost less remarkable than the extreme
simplicity of his artistic method. Fortunately, for all lovers of art,
and especially for the lovers of that which is peculiar, I may say
unique, among the relics of the art of other days, these drawings are
now being reproduced by some photographic process. They will hold
a place by themselves in the collector's cabinet. There is little else
save a few isolated drawings of the same period, with which in ex-
ternal form they have affinity. And there is certainly very little in
the subsequent history of art with which they have any spiritual affin-
ity. They make one think sometimes of Blake (in their spirit only,
I mean, not in their form), but certainly not of any other artist much
later than their own creator.
Turning to the Berlin collections of sculpture one must begin, of
course, with the greatest acquisition they have ever made, the Perga-
mon marbles. Theirs was truly, as the Germans say, an ' epoch-
making" discovery epoch-making for Berlin, as it raised the mu-
seum to the rank of the greatest, giving it a treasure not only splen-
did in quantity and quality, but absolutely new in kind; and (since
this last is true) epoch-making, also, for the world at large. Unfor-
tunately, the^ Museum has no space in which to exhibit them all at
their best. The majority are placed upon the ground in a slightly
inclined position along both sides of a long room where even thelight
is not all that could be wished. But the finest groups of the larger
and the smaller frieze are admirably shown around the great rotunda,
mounted on backgrounds colored into keeping with their own grey
tone, but themselves, of course, undefiled by any so-called restora-
tions. A marvellous amount of patient skill has been used in placing
the smaller dissevered fragments as far as possible in their proper
relations to the larger masses; hut no tinkering has been done even
with frankly-displayed plaster. When restorations are essayed in a
properly-conducted museum, they are essayed in entire casts, not by
the use of original fragments.
The condition and the character of these remains have often
enough been described. I will only record my own experience that
,he mutilation of the great frieze, deplorable though it is, is far less
'atal to the effect of its main groups than I had supposed. And also
"hat no verbal or photographic pictures at all prepare one for the
remendous impression made by the colossal originals take awav at
all from the freshness with which one feels their passionate power
and beauty, or from the exciting sense with which one realizes that
lere is not only something admirahl-, but something absolutely novel,
omething quite unlike all the plastic art we had-ever known, vet
triumphantly vindicative Of its own plastic Tightness* These marbles
JULY 11, 1885.]
The Anu-r'n-nn Architect and J!//i/</iity
17
do Mniii'iliini; much more interesting tlian enlarge our catalogues and
deepen a knowledge we bad already had. They enlarge our whole
artistic liori/.on and give us a new knowledge of the sculptor's possi-
bilities, paths, and goals. This heing so, is it treason, is it barbar-
ism, to say that perhaps we owe a greater debt of gratitude to the
German explorers than though they had unearthed for us a new se-
ries t'miii the hand of L'hidias himself? It does not so seem to me,
especially as I cannot but feel that these Pergamon sculptures come
nearer to the modern heart than do the relies of the greatest age of
(! recce, and therefore may possibly have some direct influence on the
sculpture of the future. Nearer to the modern heart, I say. I am
not speaking of the purely aesthetic sense of the judgment of eye
and mind, of the realization of the noblest possible physical, intellect-
ual, or spiritual ideals. I am speaking of the inborn emotional na-
ture of modern men. This we may imaginatively cast off when de-
light or theoretic knowledge is our end, but we cannot cast it off when
production is in question. Or more, truly, we can, but at the sacrifice
of all vitality and of all but a cold, superficial worth in our results.
And the emotional nature of the modern world, I repeat, seems to
me more akin to that which expresses itself at Pergamon then
to that which expresses itself at Athens. Magnificent, awe-inspir-
ing though they are, these passionate creations do not, like the
serene Parthenon creations, seem quite hopelessly out of reach of
mortal rivalry, enthroned on an absolutely unapproachable Olym-
pian height. They are super-human, truly, but they are not quite
divine. It is possible for one to conceive of their spirit being again
incarnated, and in a modern shape. But I do not think it is possible
to conceive this of the spirit of Phidias, not as the world is to-day.
If these things are true, does it not seem as though the Pergamon
relics might indeed be the very best gift which the ancient world
could have yielded up to us ? Does it not seem as though they may
prove a mine of wealth in a very literal sense that from them may
come an inspiration and a lesson which may make the art of the
twentieth century something different from what it would have been
had they slept on in the city of Attalus?
The smaller frieze from the great altar is interesting, as showing a
treatment of the relief which admits landscape and other back-
grounds and figures on a second plane a treatment, used of course,
by the Assyrians and the Romans, but not by the Athenians of the
great age. Fragments of the temple of Athene Polias, which stood
on the extreme height of the Acropolis, above the platform occupied
by the altar, are also to be seen in the museum, among them a Doric
column from the lower and an Ionic column from the upper story of
the exterior, and decorative reliefs bearing tropics of arms and mili-
tary implements, which filled the intercolumniations in the latter,
and which offer valuable evidence as to current military fashions.
Still more interesting, I should say, considering its site and its com-
panions, is a slender column which formed one of the interior supports
of this same temple. It has a deep palm-leaf capital of purely Egyp-
tian type, a type absolutely identical, for instance, with one found at
Sesebi in Nubia, and illustrated by Lepsius and Perrot. Statues of
more or less importance and of different epochs have been brought
to light in and about the temple, among them a standing hermaphro-
dite, and one of the rare representations we know of the Jupiter
A in UK MI. Among the inscriptions is one which, considering its pres-
ent resting-place, cannot but be called a great curiosity. It was set
up by the citizens of Pergamos in honor of that Quintilius Varus
who was a Roman functionary in the East ere he faced Hermann in
the Teutoburger forest. Certainly, the Germans seem destined to
triumph over their enemies in retrospective, as well as in other, ways !
I must not delay over the other newly-won Greek sculptures of the
Berlin Museum, not even overthe beautiful Attic reliefs of the former
Salmroff collection. Nor must I attempt to describe the rooms de-
voted to the minor relics of Greece and Rome bronzes, vases,
glass, terra-cotta; to the remains of Egypt and Assyria these less
rich, of course, than those at Paris and at London ; to the Central
American and to the North European antiquities. Among the very
latest acquisitions are casts and a few genuine fragments from the re-
cent Syrian explorations.
The mention of casts suggests the fact that of these Berlin pos-
sesses a richer and more representative collection than elsewhere
can be found. But the reflection, also, that in this enviable posses-
sion there is no real occasion for our envy, since it depends only upon
our own apathy how long we shall remain without the like. A really
representative collection of the pictorial art of other days we can
never hope for, though it makes one sick with regret to remember
that we might have begun when London and Berlin began, and per-
chance outbidden both, and that even the gleanings which still remain
in no despicable quantity (as the history of the last fifteen years in
Berlin so clearly shows) are being hourly snatched away from under
our unappreciative eyes. Nor can pictorial art be profitably repro-
duced by any copyist. But plastic art can thus be reproduced, and
in a way which for its most essential qualities those of form, not of
color or of delicate surface treatment equals the original effort.
Indeed, a full museum of casts not only all but supplants the need
for a sight of its originals, but is now recognized as a necessity, even
for students who have seen these originals in their widely-scattered
lioiues, supplying an opportunity for comparison and consecutive
study which is quite essential to accurate knowledge. And the ex-
pense of forming such an one is comparatively very small. Why,
indeed, have we not yet gone about it in earnest? Why has Boston
but a fragmentary beginning, and New York not vu this, when
every large town in America tnijlii and ought to have a collection
completer even than that in Berlin?
If one iiecileil to be converted to a belief in the beauty and utility
of these reproductions, he could not do better than view the Olympia
series in Berlin, which for want of room is not included in the' main
collection, but has Ijeen relegated to the Campo Santo of the cathe-
dral near by. Here, amir_; very many minor relics one sees the
Hermes of Praxiteles, the NikiS of Paionios, and the great pediment
groups, all shown both in their mutilated condition and in tentative
restorations. Again our ideas with regard to ancient sculpture guilt
a distinct enlargement, although we cannot say that a new kind of
perfection is revealed as it is in the Pergamon frieze. A large part
of the fresh knowledge we gain lies rather in the opposite direction ;
proves that what we once deemed Qreek perfection was, in truth,
out Aliiriiiiin perfection of the Periclean age. The exact date of
the pediment sculptures has not been fixed ; but the temple was not
finished until B.C., 450, so at the most they cannot have preceded
Phidias's pediments by more than a dozen years. Yet an infinitude
of distance seems to stretch between them; as compared with the
Athenian, the Olympian works are distinctly undeveloped and tenta-
tive alike in their composition and in their execution. And, further-
more, they do not seem only and merely undeveloped, tentative, when
placed in thin comparison. They seem different in their very essence,
we feel they would have been essentially different even had their
technical perfection been as great. They strike a distinct new note
of their own in that chorus of Greek art which, we are yearly learn-
ing, was an infinitely more diversified art than its worshipers once
believed. Their spirit, their emotional character is quite their own
as distinct from the stony, smiling impassivencss of Egina as from
the animated yet supremely reposeful divinity of Athens, or the su-
perhuman passion of Permon. Perhaps I may use a bad word for
want of a better, and say that it is more realistic than the spirit of
either earlier or later work, holding a stage which often comes be-
tween archaic conventionality and perfected idealism. Not only in
the facial type of some of its actors, which have an almost savage
character it seems strange to associate with their land and time ; but
in composition and action too the western pediment called of Paion-
ios (which is much better preserved than the other), seems almost
crudely human. But its humanity has a primeval, fierce intensity
which is extremely powerful, and has, moreover, a strange fascina-
tion of its own. I do not know just how much credit is now given in
the highest critical circles to the hypothesis that they were executed
by comparatively unskilled workmen after mere designs by a master.
But to the unlearned (at least to myself as one among these), the
fact seems not essentially unlikely ; their intention seeming so much
greater than their technical expression. I do not think one has just
the same sensation before true transitional work like that of Egina,
for example.
The beautiful Nike 1 is indisputably from the hand of Paionios, and
is again a revelation. One would hardly have expected a classic
sculptor to seek in a statue of this size the very incarnation of that
swift motion which theorists tell us lies without the plastic field ; but
Paionios sought it here, and with astonishing success. And yet the
theorists are not entirely put to shame. For forcible, and beautiful
and eminently successful in the desired expression though his result
certainly is, it is not perfect in its beauty; and its imperfections are
the direct sequence of the subject chosen this we find what we
once would not have believed both that Greek sculptors did so-
called " illegitimate " tilings, and also that their products were not
always flawless even when the artist was flawless in technical power.
Have not indeed the varying voices of Pergamon, of Olympia, and
Tanagra quite revolutionized the world's traditional ideas with regard
to classic art ? And in each case to hear the new voice as distinctly
as possible, we must hear it in Berlin.
The Berlin Museum of Renaissance sculpture has also received
noteworthy additions within the last few years. One of the very
rare bronze busts of the Florentine school of the fifteenth century
lias been added to another, donated some time ago by the King of
Prussia ; and, oddly enough, it is plain that they both represent the
same individual. A colored terra-cotta bust, which tradition and
internal evidence alike pronounce, the work of the painter Francia,
and which represents a singularly beautiful young man, was secured
in 1876, at the recommendation of the Crown Princess, who perceived
its value as it stood neglected on a chimney-piece in the Palazzo
Pepoli in Bologna; its recently-deceased owner having used it as his
wig-block ! An uncolored (or no longer colored) terra-cotta bust from
Venice is anonymous, but most interesting in its simple realism which
differs greatly from the subtilely artistic realism of the Tuscan school.
A fine marble bust of Florentine workmanship is also anonymous, but
shows much analogy with the work of Rossellino. But the greatest
treasurers of recent date came from the Palazzo Strozzi along with
the paintings already noted. They include a colored terra-cotta bust
of Filippo Strozzi, evidently the model for Benedetto da Majano's
marble now in the Louvre; a marble bust of Niccolo Strozzi by Mino
da Fiesole ; and more beautiful than aught else Desiderio da Set-
tignano's famous marble of Marietta Strozzi. No work of the time
has been more highly praised than this, from the pages of Vasari
down to those of Mr. Perkins who rediscovered lifteenth-century
sculpture, and of his very latest followers. And none better deserves
all that the most delicately sympathetic pen could write. In all the
great gallery of Renaissance portraiture it has no superior in execu-
tion and no equal, save the lovely l\mm* Inconnut of tb<t Louvre, in
18
The American Architect and Building News. [VOL. XVIII. No. 498-
rare and elusive charm. It incarnates the most attractive side of
Italian sculpture as it was in the second half of the fifteenth century ;
that sculpture which is called realistic as compared with the art of
the Periclean age, but which is in truth ideal too, though in a very
different way. The feminine theme of Phidian art was woman in
the broadest, deepest, noblest meaning of the word ; the abstract,
archetypal, elementary woman raised to a divinely ideal height. The
feminine theme of the later fifteenth-century Florentine sculptors on
the other hand was the actual woman of their own day, the refined
complex sophisticated woman actually produced by centuries of hu-
man life and culture ; the modern lady if I may be allowed the word.
This theme many artists ideally expressed in their saints, madonnas,
and allegoric figures ; and, still more distinctly, yet still ideally, it
seems to me in portraiture. We never say of these Renaissance
women that they are grand, superb, imposing and divine hot al-
ways even that they are academically beautiful ; but we always say
that they are incomparably charming, exquisite and refined, inimita-
bly yes, ideally, high-born, well-bred, aristocratic, gentle. Look at
this Marietta Strozzi with her slightly tilted head so haughtily, yet
so graciously poised, with her firmly-carried shoulders, her half-closed
lids and her vanishing smile, and you will see what, for want of a
better word, I must call again the very ideal of ladyhood. And a
similar sort of charm lies in the workmanship too, which seems so
very simple and direct, yet is in reality one of the most sophisticated,
carefully calculated, subtilely finished results that have ever been
seen in art of any kind. Are there no more Strozzis, one wonders,
or have they souls of stone and eyes of clay that they should turn
into money this exquisite piece of their own flesh, which a great ar-
tist had turned for them into exquisite and imperishable art? Cer-
tainly there is no need to-day for the lover of art to join the commu-
nists ; for are not the nobles of England stripping their homes as fast
as they can ; perhaps I should write as fast as they dare ? Are not the
conservative burghers of Germany, and the aristocrats of Italy alike
ready to part with the most intimate memorials of their former
greatness t And are not all their treasures falling with a steady
stream into the public's lap ? It is curious to see how rapidly the
days of the traditional connoisseur, dilletante and private collector
are passing away. The most authoritative critics now write for the
general public ; the amateur usually " realizes " on his treasures in
his own lifetime ; and whether he does or not, his hoard goes not to
another cabinet, but to an open temple where the lowliest may wor-
ship, and the most ignorant may learn. Art is getting again to be,
as of old, a thing for the people ; but in a different way, with the
museum standing instead of the church, the town-hall, and the semi-
public palace.
I may add that besides the busts I have named (which with earlier
acquisitions make the Museum of Berlin the richest in Renaissance
portraiture save only that of Florence), the statuette of David with
the honey-comb, all but universally believed to be by Michael An-
gelo, has lately been purchased; and also a well-known feminine
bust from Scala ; one of the two works which are illustrated in every
hand-book as the only known relics of Italian portraiture of the thir-
teenth century.
Many minor Berlin collections must go without even a mention. I
have space but to speak of the Museum of Industrial Art which was
founded in 1867 as part of the general Industrial Museum but soon
achieved independent existence and has lately been lodged in an im-
mense new building of its own. Large purchases were made at the
Vienna Exposition, and from private collectors. For the treasures
of Baron Minutoli thirty-seven thousand five hundred dollars were
paid in 1869, and a few years ago one hundred and sixty-five thous-
and dollars were given for the plate of the city of Liineburg ; thirty-
six large pieces of Gothic and Renaissance silversmith's work. In
1875 no less than nine thousand objects were transferred to the
Kunslgewerle Museum from the Royal Kunstkammer, and gifts, be-
quests and purchases are daily increasing the list. The collection
already ranks as one of the very finest on the Continent, and it seems
to me the richest in Germany in works of the Renaissance period,
though inferior to Munich and Nuremberg in Gothic examples. As
an instructive contrast to the way in which the Metropolitan Mu-
seum, for instance, is managed, I will note lhat here the utmost free-
dom and encouragement are given to students, and that the cata-
logue or rather guide is really instructive. (It would be almost
impossible fully to catalogue such a collection and to keep the work
always up to date ; but additional information is afforded by an in-
telligent labelling of all the principal objects). No one need ask
permission to draw from any exhibited object save such as are loaned
or are of modern make. To reproduce these the consent of the owner
is essential. An excellent library of books, periodicals and photo-
graphs is connected with the Museum and is also most liberally ad-
ministered. In this despotic land the public collections are, in fact
as well as in name, for the use and the good of the public; but there
are certain cities in a free country of which I do not think the same
can be said. M. G. VAN RENSSELAER.
A LARGE BRAZILIAN DAM. An enormous dam, says the American
Enyineer, is to be built in Brazil, under the direction of French engi-
neers. The main portion will be 940 feet long by 58 feet high, and two
smaller ones will close side depressions. It is calculated tliat this work
will back the water over some 1,500 acres, and retain 14,000,000 cubic
metres of water, sufficient, it is claimed, to provide for all tlie cattle of
the region during a period of three years, and for the irrigation of five
thousand acre* of flat bottom-land alongside thy river-bed below.
/rt>m (Hdflirmfurf (WfcJiazt a/Me
THE ABC PROCESS AT AYLESBURY, ENGLAND.
HE directors of the Native
Guano Company have just
published the report of
the experiments recently made
on the ABC process by Dr.
Tidy and Professor Dewar, the
results of which, as recorded in
diagrams and tabulated state-
ments, certainly go far to estab-
lish the fact of its producing a
satisfactory effluent. The ex-
periments were conducted very
carefully, precautions having
been taken to guard against a
possibility of particularly favor-
able or unfavorable conditions
influencing the results, by collecting samples of the raw sewage and
effluent every half-hour, and mixing equal portions of four consecu-
tive half-hour samples for chemical examination. By this means
three series of experiments were obtained, differing in the quantity
as well as in the strength of the raw sewage to be dealt with. The
mode in which the process is carried out appears to be that the B C
mixture is first run evenly into the sewage, and completely and
immediately deodorizes it, no escape of offensive odors into the sur-
rounding air taking place. The alum solution is added afterwards,
as it was found that the addition of the precipitating ingredients
separately afforded better results.
In the first series of experiments, attention was more especially
directed to the matters in suspension and solution, both in sewage
and effluent, and the relation between the organic and inorganic por-
tions respectively, the quantity of organic matter being determined
by the amount of oxygen required to oxidize it, and which was found
to average 1.795 grains per gallon in the sewage, and 0.522 grains in
the effluent, showing that 74.8 per cent of the organic matter had
been removed. Of the suspended matter, 89.3 per cent had been
intercepted, while the ratio of inorganic to organic matter was in
the sewage as 1 to 1.18, and in the effluent as 1 to 6, which showed
that the suspended matter left in the latter was principally organic.
The matters in solution yielded a mean of 46.3 grains per gallon in
the raw sewage, and 57.5 grains in the effluent.
The second series of experiments was devoted to a consideration
or the character of the organic matter, both in the sewage and efflu-
ent, before and after filtration. The results obtained showed that
83.3 per cent of the oxidizable organic matter had been removed by
the treatment in the unfiltered state, and 61.4 per cent from the fil-
tered sewage; also that one-seventh of the organic matter in the
sewage, and one-sixth of that in the effluent, was volatile. The sus-
pended matter removed in this series reached as high as 96.8 per
cent, while a great improvement in the deposition of the sludge over
that observed in the first series was apparent, although the quantity
of precipitating material used was only slightly more than one-third
of the total weight of sludge produced. This series of experiments
was characterized by a very large flow, a greatly increased strength
of sewage, and the improved working of the process.
The third series was taken principally on account of the very dry
weather which had been prevailing, and the consequent unusual
strength of the sewage. The results showed a removal of 86.3 per
cent of oxidizable organic matter, while the removal of the suspended
matters, notwithstanding they reached the abnormally large amount
of 246.3 grains per gallon, was so complete that the effluent was
devoid of turbidity, and contained only 0.98 of a grain. The con-
clusion arrived at is that the ABC process is capable of producing
a uniform effluent under very varying conditions and degrees of con-
centration of the sewage.
After concluding the experiments with the first part of the process,
viz., the purification of sewage, the second process that of the dry-
ing of the sludge and its conversion into a salable manure under the
name of Native Guano was subjected to examination.
The manure is, in fact, only the partially-dried precipitated sludge
mixed with some sulphate of magnesia and ground. One curious
feature of the process is, it is explained, the large amount of heat
developed in the interior of the heaps of the cylinder-dried manure,
both before and after grinding, which continues for many months in
the stacked manure without any apparent diminution, reaching a
maximum temperature of 113 Fahrenheit, at which it remains, with-
out emitting steam or any apparent sign of heating on the surface of
the heap until it is turned over. Instead of any loss of ammonia
resulting from this action, an examination of the gases showed that
they contained only .01 per cent of ammonia, and 5 per cent of car-
bonic acid, suggestive of the action being due to oxidation, and not
to any fermentative process. But direct experiments for determin-
ing the actual loss of ammonia in the preparation and subsequent
heating brought out the fact that a manure was obtained containing
only twenty per cent of moisture without its manurial value being
sensibly affected, so far as the loss of available ammonia was con-
cerned.
It must be admitted that the experiments carried out by Messrs.
Tidy and Dewar prove that the ABC process is unquestionably
very effective, as far as the purification of sewage and the produc-
tion of a sufficiently pure effluent are concerned. Of course the
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The American Architect and Building News.
19
commercial aspect of the question is not one into which they were
called upon to enter. How far tin- expense of the process will admit
of its adoption in other localities, or whether any or what proportion
of the outlay is recoverable from tin- sale of the manure, are points
which must be ^determined or explained by the commercial results to
the < pany i'tself. It has been repeatedly asserted by eminent
authorities ami experts that sludge, however treated, is not worth its
carriage for agricultural purposes, except under very exceptional
circumstances. Sewage, however, cannot await the determination of
its commercial value, but must be got rid of from all great centres of
habitation as quickly and effectively as possible, and economically if
practicable. Whether tin- last condition is an accompaniment of the
A 13 C process yet remains to be demonstrated. The Builder.
THE ILLUSTRATIONS.
[Contributors are requested to send with their drawings full and
adequate descriptions of the buildings, including a statement of cott.~]
ST. CROIX, BORDEAUX, FRANCE. 1
HE cburch
of St. Croix,
Bordeaux, is
a highly interest-
ing building of
various epochs,
dating from the
tenth century,
but including
considerable
work of the elev-
enth and twelfth
and lastly (this
being of a differ-
ent nature) of
the nineteenth.
The successive
additions and
alterations are
easily traceable.
Externally, for
example, the
piece of facade
between the
north lower and
the old Roman-
esque nave-end
is clearly Gothic
of a later period
than anything
around it. The
more ancient
doorways are very fine examples of the early architects' success witli
this, their favorite feature. It was no ordinary ability which
designed arches in
these highly-elabor-
ated orders, which
retain their simplic-
ity and force with
such exuberant dec-
oration. The bases
and stylobates are
very effective, too,
though somewhat
complicated. They
were probably not
quite accurately re-
produced in the mod-
e r n restorations,
winch were, howev-
er, apparently very
thorough and care-
ful works. The fa-
9ade above has the
characteristic con-
trasts of carving and
massive plainness,
and, although so cut
up into detail, has a
certain breadth
which is necessary.
The upper parts of
each section, how-
nets! STnxTS;
always the troublesome feature in this style, and is rarely successful.
Internally, less is left of the old edifice". The apse is exceedingly
good ; the proportions and details are excellent. But there is
another valuable hint to the modern architect, who hesitates for so
many reasons to imitate Romanesque round arches in circular walls.
1 See also an Illustration publUhad la the American Architect for Dcembr 6,
UM.
The effect here is that of a circular wall, but the arches are all
straight on plan, the very obtuse angles in the masonry being only
such slight departures from a curve that the half-dome above it not
at all injured in effect. Rather, on the contrary, the walla get an
accession of strength in their rectilinear arrangement. It is the solu-
tion of a problem which many students have despaired of. Perhaps
externally the device will not be so good, because sunlight will define
too sharply the different pla'nes, but for internal effect with practica-
ble details, this Bordeaux apse is a better model than any I know of
in the style.
Tin- vaults of the nave are later than the original. It appears
that there had been a plain barrel or tunnel vault with transverse
arches which were retained ; diagonal ribs supported upon flat clut-
ters of shafts being added on cacti side of the massive column. The
result is not particularly happy, but it is interesting, and is a good
example of how such buildings declare their own history.
K. W. GIBSON.
HOUSE OF B. T. BURROWK8, ESQ., PORTLAND, ME. MR. J. CAL-
VIN STEVENS, ARCHITECT, PORTLAND, Ml -
THIS house is to be built of wood, with broad, overhanging gables.
Finished in a substantial manner, using hard-woods in lower story.
It will cost about $7,500.
THE BELFRY, BRUGES, BELGIUM.
THIS well-known belfry forms the striking feature of the market-
place in which it stands. It was built in the last part of the four-
teenth century although it bears on its front the date 1619 the
date of some probable restoration. The tower is 350 feet high, and
is somewhat out of the vertical to the south-east.
SCENE IN HALBERSTADT, GERMANY.
DWELLING-HOUSE DOORWAYS ABOUT BOSTON.
THE DECAY
STONE ON THE GROUND LEVEL.
1 III IK decay of stone on the ground level
J I * of buildings is a subject of great impor-
tance and anxiety to those responsible
for substantial erections in this material ; for
in many instances, before the work can be
got out of hand by the contractors, signs
of disintegration present themselves, and
before many years have passed the evil hag
intensified to such an extent that the lower
parts of the building are in a state of decay
^^< Jbullinglonjng. bordering u[K>n ruin. The same evil pre-
" sents itself in connection with old buildings,
and it is invariably the case that this dissolution in the lower part of
the building hastens the process of disintegration over the whole
fabric.
This detail of decay in stone is traceable in a primary sense to
absorption of water from the foundations, but in a secondary sense
to a variety of causes. Absence of a damp-course, as in old buildings,
is a prime'cause of this decay of stone on the ground line, and ineffi-
cient damp-course is a secondary cause. These are intensified by
thick walls, lilled-in with rubble and grout, backed by a damp or
humid atmosphere. In some cases it is accelerated by the finished
ground being inadvertently brought above the damit-course, or by
stone paving being brought up to its level, wherein the beating rain
gets access to the superstructure. The character of the stone used
fn the building of a house is an important factor. A porous sand-
stone, like the millstone grit of the Carboniferous system, is ex-
tremely durable; whilst a porous limestone, like the Bath and
Ancaster stones of the Oolitic system, is extremely perishable.
The reason of this is not far to seek, for the cementing medium in
the sandstone is silica, impervious to the action of water travelling
to the face of the stone to evaporate in the rarefied atmosphere ;
while the cementing medium in the limestone is carbonate of lime,
more or less in a state of crystallization, but nevertheless more or less
solvent in water, containing as it does, in important centres, a dan-
gerous amount of carbonic acid. In the former case the stone will
give out its water without ruin being stamped upon its face, whereas
in the latter the mineral matter, unable to pass into the air, will crys-
tallize on the outer face or skin, an operation that will mark the
decay of the stone by disintegration.
In a humid climate like England, stone, independently of its con-
nection with the foundation of a building, will, during half the year,
be conducting the process of absorption. This is an operation so
well known that stone walls have an unenviable character for their
dampness, a character that invariably causes them to be built hollow,
or lined with brick or a framework of wood. The same stone, dur-
ing the summer season, will be giving off its stored-up moisture, an
oileration of no moment on the north side of a building, where the
absorbing power of the sun is not experienced, but one that on the
south side will be carried to a great and a dangerous extent. It is
to the absence of the sun on the north side of a building, and the uni-
form character of the moisture in the stone, that it is always in a
better state of preservation than the south side, and it is to the pres-
ence of the sun on the south side, and the extremes of moisture, heat
and dryness experienced by the stone, that it is invariably found
in a decayed or ruinous state. The moisture present in the north
20
The American Architect and Building News. [VOL. XVIII. No. 498.
and south walls of a building in the winter or humid season is
identical, the reverse being the case in the summer, for the north
wall, if the surroundings are favorable, will be coated with moss
or lichen, whilst the south wall will be dry and arid. It is to this
high or active state of evaporation in the sun that the decay of
stone on the ground line is, if not actually brought about, certainly
accelerated. So much is this the case, that if we examine the north
wall of a building we shall find the line of disintegration on the
ground level scarcely marked, while the line on the south or other
sides exposed to the influence of the sun, illustrates an advanced
state of decay. It naturally follows that special attention should be
brought to bear on all but the north sides of a building ; the damp-
course should here be most effectual, and the walling upon it placed
above any possible contact with the ground, or the influence of beat-
ing rains. The ashlar work should be constructed in a stone whose
power of absorption is of a low order, for it is to the large measure
of absorption and evaporation, in the absence and presence of the
sun, that dissolution is brought about. In carrying out this policy,
care should be exercised in avoiding all projections, recesses, etc.,
which collect and distribute water, on what is known as the drip
principle, a principle most markedly at variance with the preserva-
tion of stone. If these features are imperative, arrangements should
be made for collecting and removing the water, a thing by no means
impossible where wall pipes are introduced in connection with the
roofs. .If a porous stone is used, more especially if it be limestone
or dolomite, we advise the coating of the same with preservative
composition, a material, on the one hand, that prevents undue
absorption, and, on the other, undue evaporation. In giving this
advice we are not unmindful of the fact that it gives to the stone a
paint-like surface for a time ; but it has proved so efficient in the
extensive restorations carried out on the south side of York Cathe-
dral, bv the late and lamented G. E. Street, that we have no hesita-
tion in advocating it. W. S., in the Building News.
CRAZY QUILT ARCHITECTURE.
fHE following from the pen of
Bill Nye, in the Chattanooga
Times, contains more truth
than fiction, and is well worth
reading :
It may be premature, perhaps,
but I desire to suggest to any one
who may be contemplating the
erection of a summer residence for
me, as a slight testimonial of his
high regard for my sterling worth
and symmetrical escutcheon a
testimonial more suggestive of ear-
nest admiration and warm perso-
nal friendship than of great intrin-
sic value, etc. that I hope he will
not construct it on the modern plan
of mental hallucination and mor-
bid delirium tremens peculiar to
recent architecture.
Of course a man ought not to
look a gift house in the gable end,
but if my friends don't know me
any better than to build me a sum-
mer-house, and throw in odd win-
dows that nobody else wanted,
and then daub it up with colors
they have bought at auction, and applied to the house after dark with
a shotgun, I think it is time that we had a beUer understanding.
Such a structure does not come within either of the three classes
of Renaissance. It is neither Florentine, Roman nor Venetian. Any
man can originate such a style of architecture if he will drink the
right kind of whiskey long enough, and then describe his feelings to
an amanuensis. Imagine the sensation that one of these modern,
sawed-off cottages would create a hundred years from now, if it
should survive. But that is impossible. The only cheering feature
of the whole matter is that these creatures of a disordered imagination
must soon pass away, and the bright sunlight of hard horse sense
shine in through the shattered dormers and gables of gnawed-off
architecture of the average summer resort. A friend of mine, a few
days ago, showed me his new house with much pride. He asked me
what I thought of it. I told him I liked it first rate. Then I went
home and wept all night. It was my first falsehood.
The house taken as a whole looked to me like a skating-rink that
had started out to make money, and then suddenly changed its mind,
and resolved to become a tannery. Then ten feet higher it had lost
all self respect and blossomed into a full-blown " drunk and disor-
derly," surmounted by the smoke-stack of a foundry, and with the
bright future of thirty days ahead with the chain-gang. That's the
way it looked to me.
The roofs were made of little odds and ends of misfit rafters and
distorted shingles that somebody had purchased at sheriff's sale, and
the rooms and stairs were giddy in the extreme. I went in and rambled
around among the cross-eyed staircases and other nightmares till rea-
son tottered on her throne. Then I came out and stood on the archi-
tectural wart, called the side porch, to get fresh air. This porch was
painted a dull red, and it had wooden rosettes at the corners that
looked like a bran new carbuncle on the nose of a social wreck. Far-
ther up on the demoralized lumber pile I saw now and then places
where the workman's mind had wandered, and he had nailed on his
clapboards wrong side up, and then painted them with the Paris green
that he had intended to use on something else. It was an odd-look-
ing structure, indeed. If my friend got all the material for nothing
from people who had fragments of paint and lumber left over after
they failed, and then if the workmen constructed it nights for men-
tal relaxation, and intellectual repose, without charge, of course the
scheme was a financial success, but architecturally the house is a
gross violation of the statutes in such cases made and provided, and
against the peace and dignity of the State.
There is a look of extreme poverty about the structure which a
man might struggle for years to acquire and then fail. No one could
look upon it without feeling a heartache for the man who built that
house, and probably struggled on year after year, building a little of
it at a time as he could steal the lumber, getting a new workman each
year, building a knob here and a protuberance there, putting in a
three-cornered window at one point, and a yellow tile, or a wad of
broker} glass and other ddbris at another, patiently filling-in around the
ranch with any old rubbish that other people had got through with,
and painting it as he went along, taking what was left in the bottom
of the pot after his neighbors had painted their bob-sleds or their tre
boxes little favors thankfully received and then surmounting the
whole pile with a pot-pourri of roof, a grand farewell incumbus of
bumps, and hollows for the rain to wander through and seek out the
different cells where the lunatics live who inhabit it.
I did tell my friend of one thing that I thought would improve the
looks of his house. He asked me eagerly what it could be. I said
it would take a man of great courage to do it for him. He said he
didn't care for that. He would do it himself. If it only needed one
thing, he would never rest until he had it, whatever that might be.
Then I told him that if he had a friend one that he could trust
who would steal in there some night while the family were away, and
scratch a match on the leg of his breeches, or on the breeches of any
other gentleman who happened to be present, and hold it where it
would ignite the alleged house, and then remain there to see that the
fire department did not meddle with it, he would confer a great favor
on one who would cheerfully retaliate in kind at call.
WHAT CAUSES PAINT TO BLISTER AND PEEL?
HOW TO PREVENT IT.
TTTHIS subject has
* I been treated by
many, but out of
the numerous ideas that
have been brought to
bear upon it, the writ-
ers have failed to eluci-
date the question fully,
probably owing to the
fact that in most parts
they were themselves
dubious as to the real
cause. Last year W.
S. gave a lengthy de-
scription in the Build-
ing News l in which he
classified blistering and
peeling of paint into
one of blistering only.
He stated in the be-
ginning of his treatise
the following :
" The subject of blis-
tering of paint has from
time to time engrossed
the attention of prac-
tical men ; but so far
as we can follow it in the literature pertaining to the building trade,
its cause has never been clearly laid down, and hence it is a detail
enshrouded in mystery."
W. S. dwells mostly, in his following explanations on blistering
paints, on steam raised in damp wood. Also an English painter,
according to the Painters' Journal, lately reiterates the same theory,
and shows sundry ways in which water will get into wood through
paint, but is oblivious that the channels which lead water into wood
are open to let it out again. He lays great stress on boiled oil hold-
ing water in suspense to cause blistering, which is merely a conject-
ure. Water boils at 212 F., and linseed oil at 600 F., conse-
quently no water can possibly remain after boiling, and a drop of
water put into boiling oil would cause an explosion too dangerous to
be encountered.
It will be shown herein that boiled oil, though in general use, is
unfit for durable painting, that it is the cause of most of the troubles
painters have to contend with, and that raw linseed oil seasoned by
age is the only source to bind pigments for durable painting; but
how to procure it is another trouble to overcome, as all our American
> See tUu American Architett for June 2, U83.
JULY 11, 1885.]
The American Architect and Building News.
21
raw linseed oil lias been heated by tlie manufacturers, to qualify it
for quick drying and an early market, thereby impairing its quality.
After linseed oil lias been boiled it hccniiics a poor varnish; it re
mains soft and pliable when used in paint, giving way to air pressure
from tlie wood in hot weather, forming; blisters. Turpentine causes
no blistering ; it evaporates upon being exposed, and leaves the
paint in a porous condition for the gas in the wood to escape; but
all painters agree that blistering is caused by gas, and on investiga-
tion we find two main sources from which gas is generated to blister
paint one from the wood, the other from the ingredients of the
paint. The first named source of gas is started in hot weather by
expansion of air confined in painted wood, which presses against
the paint and raises blisters when the paint is too soft to resist.
Tough, well-cemented paint resists the pressure and keeps the air
back. These blisters mostly subside as soon as the air cools and re-
turns to the pores, but they subsequently peel off.
AV. S. and others assert that damp in painted wood turns into
steam when exposed to sun heat, forming blisters, which cannot be
possible when we know that water does not take a gaseous form
(steam) at less than 212 F. They have very likely been deluded
by the known way of distilling water with the aid of sunshine with-
out concentrating the rays of the sun, based upon the solubility of
water in air, viz.: Air holds more water in solution (or suspension)
in a warmer than in a cooler degree of temperature ; by means of a
simple apparatus sun-heated air is guided over sun-heated water,
when the air saturated with water is conducted into a cooler, to give
up its water again. But water has an influence toward hastening to
blister paint; it holds the unhardened wood-sap in solution, forming
a slight solvent of the oil, thereby loosening the paint from the wood,
favoring blistering and peeling. There is a certain kind of blister
which appears in certain spots or places only, and nowhere else,
puzzling many painters. The explanation of this is the same as
before soft paint at these spots, caused by accident or sluggish
workmen having saturated the wooil with coal oil, wax, tar, grease,
or any other paint-softening material before the wood was painted,
which reacts on the paint to give way to air pressure, forming blis-
ters.
The second cause of paint blistering from the ingredients of the
paint happens between any layer of paint or varnish on wood, iron,
stone, or any other substance. Its origin is the gaseous formation of
volatile oils during the heated season, of which the lighter coal oils
play the most conspicuous part; these, being less valuable than all
other volatile oils, are used in low-priced japan driers and varnishes.
These volatile oils take a gaseous form at different temperatures, lie
partly dormant until the thermometer hovers at 90 F. in the shade,
when they develop into gas, forming blisters in air-tight paint, or
escape unnoticed in porous paint. This is the reason why coal-tar
paint is so liable to blister in hot weather ; an elastic, soft coal-tar
covering holds part of its volatile oil confined until heated to gener-
ate into gas; a few drops only of such oil is sufficient to spoil the
best painted work, and worse, when it has been applied in priming,
it settles into the pores of the wood, needing often from two to three
repetitions of scraping and repainting before the evil is overcome.
Now, inasmuch as soft-drying paint is unfit to answer the purpose, it
is equally as bad when paint too hard or brittle has been used, that
does not expand and contract in harmony with the painted article,
causing the paint to crack and peel off, which is always the case
when either oil or varnish has -been too sparingly and turpentine too
freely used. Intense cold favors the action, when all paints become
very brittle, a fact much to be seen on low-priced vehicles in winter
time. Damp in wood will also hasten it, as stated in blistering, the
wood-sap undermining the paint.
To avoid peeling and blistering, the paint should be mixed with
raw linseed oil in such proportions that it neither becomes too brittle
nor too soft when dry. Priming paint with nearly all oil and hardly
any pigment is the foundation of many evils in painting ; it leaves
too much free oil in the paint, forming a soft undercoat. For dura-
ble painting, paint should be mixed with as much of a base pigment
as can possibly lie spread with a brush, giving a thin coat and
forming a chemical combination called soap. To avoid an excess of
oil, the following coats need turpentine to insure the same propor-
tion of oil and pigment. As proof of this, prime a piece of wood
and a piece of iron with the same paint; when the wood takes up
part of the oil from the paint and leaves the rest in proportion to
harden well, where at the same time the paint on iron remains soft.
To be more lucid, it need be explained, linseed oil boiled has lost its
oleic acid and glycerine ether, which form with the bases of pigments
the insoluble soap, as well as its albumen, which in boiling is thrown
out. It coagulates at 160 F. heat; each is needed to better with-
stand tlie action of wind and weather, preventing the dust from
attaching itself to a painted surface, a channel for ammonia in damp
weather to dissolve and wash off the paint. In later years linseed
oil has been extracted from linseed meal by the aid of naphtha and
percolation, the product of a very clear, quick-drying oil, but lacking
in iis binding quality, no doubt caused by the naphtha dissolving the
fatty matter only, leaving the glycerine and albumen in the meal. ^
All pigments of paint group according to their affinity to raw lin-
seed oil into three classes. First, those that form chemical combina-
tions, called soap. This kind is the most durable, is used for prim-
ing purposes, and consists of lead, zinc, and iron bases, of which red
lead takes up the most oil; next, white lead, the pure carbonate
Dutch process mode, following with zinc white and iron carbonates,
as iron-ore paint, Turkey uml>er, yellow ochre; also faintly the
eliminates of lead chrome-green and chrome-yellow, finishing with
the poorest of all, modern white lead, made by the wet or vinegar
process. The second class, being neutrals, have no chemical affinity
to linseed oil ; they need a large quantity of drier to harden tho
paint, and include all blacks, vermilion, Prussian, Paris, and Chinese
blues, also terra de Sienna, Vandyke brown, Paris green, verdigris,
ultramarine, genuine carmine, and madder lake. The last seven are,
on account of their transparency, better adapted for varnish mixtures
glazing. The third class of pigments act destructively to linseed
oil; they having an acid base (mostly tin salt, hydrochloride of tin,
and redwood dye) form with the gelatinous matter of the oil a jelly
that will neither work well under the brush nor harden sufficiently,
and can be used in varnish for glazing only ; they are not permanent
in color, and among the most troublesome are the lower grades of
so-called carmines, madder lakes, rose pinks, etc., which contain
more or less acidous dyes, forming a soft paint with linseed oil that
once dry on a job can he twisted or peeled off like the skin of a ripe
peach. All these combinations of paint have to be closely observed
by the painter to insure his success.
Twenty-five years ago a house needed to be painted outside but
once in from five to seven years ; it looked well all the time, as no
dust settled in the paint to make it unsightly. Painters then used
the Dutch-process-made white lead, a base, and raw linseed oil, a fat
acid, which formed the insoluble soap. They also put turpentine in
the following coats, to keep up the proportions of oil and pigment.
All held out well against wind and weather. Now they use the wet-
process-made white lead, neutralized by vinegar, with oil neutralized
by boiling, from the first to the last coat, and fail in making their
work permanent.
W. S., in the Building News, relates an unaccountably mysterious
blistering in a leaky house, where the rain-water came from above
on a painted wood wall, blistering the paint in streaks and filled at
the lower ends with water, which no doubt was caused by the water
soaking the wood at the upper ends where there was no paint, and
following it down through the fibres, pushed and peeled off the soft,
inadhesive paint. Green, sappy and resinous wood is unfit for dura-
ble painting, and to avoid blistering and peeling wood should be well
seasoned and primed with all raw linseed oil, some drier, to insure a
moderately slow drying, and as much of a base pigment as the
painter can possibly spread (much drier takes up too much oil acid,
needed for the pigment base to combine with), which insures a tough
paint that never fails to stand against blistering or peeling, as well
as wind, weather, and ammonia.
The coach, car and house painter can materially improve his
painting where his needs lie by first oiling the wood with raw oil,
then smoothing the surface down with lump pumice-stone, washing it
with a mixture of japan drier or, better yet, gold sizing and turpen-
tine, wiping dry, and following it up with a coat of white lead, oil
and turpentine. The explanation is: the raw oil penetrates the
wood and raises the wood fibres on the surface to be rubbed down
with pumice-stone, insuring the best surface for the following paint-
ing; to harden the oil in the wood it receives a coat of japan drier,
which follows into the pores and there forms a tough, resinous mat-
ter, resisting any air pressure that might arise from within, and at
the same time acts on the first coat of lead as a drier. This mule
insures the smoothest and toughest foundation for the following
painting, anil may be exposed to the hottest July sun without fear of
either blistering or peeling. Louis Malern, in the Scientific Ameri-
THE UOTCII TRAVELLING SCHOLARSHIP.
BRICK CHURCH (Eawi County). N. .!., June 26, 1885.
To THE EDITORS OK TDK AMKRICAN ARCIUTKCT:
Dear Sirs, Can you inform me about the " Kotch Travelling
Scholarship," or where I can get information of the same? Whether
there will be a competition this year? What is required of the com-
petitors to gain admission? And what is the subject for competition,
etc. ; and kindly oblige " INQUISITIVE."
[ADDKKSS Mr Arthur Rotch, 85 Devonshire St., Boston. Eos. AMF.ICI-
CAN ARCHITECT.]
THE BEST TEN BUILDINGS.
NKW YORK, Jane 26, 1885.
To THE EDITORS OF THE AMERICAN ARCHITECT:
Dear Sir*, Having read the results of your canvass, to discover
the ten architecturally best buildings in America, and being very
much interested in the result, will you kindly allow me to a-k you
whether it is impossible, or not, for you to print sketches or draw-
n<*s of them, sav on one sheet, for better comparison. Some of
vhern have alreadV appeared in the American Architect, I know, but
would not the vafue of the result you have obtained be very greatly
.nhanced by an op|wrtunity given your readers to judge of them side
jy side? Hoping that you may see your way clear to this. I remain,
Very truly yours, ONE INTKKKSTKD.
[PUBLICATION in the form sucgerted would be very ansatisfactoi
drawing* at the small scale prescribed In the size of our pa^e would prove
o be mere outline sketches. Sooner or later all the biiildin;;* mentioned
will lie published in our iiaj:es. A juiim- reason (or railing nut the vnu.
was to furnish ourselves with a list of building* which would form desirable
subjects tor illustration. EDS. AMBBJCAS ARCHITECT.]
22
The American Architect and Building News. [ VOL. XVIII. No. 498.
EXETKB, N. H., June 29, 1885.
To THE EDITORS OF THE AMERICAN ARCHITECT:
Dear Sirs, Can you kindly inform me if illustrations of the above
buildings have appeared in the American Architect? If so, in what
issue? "(The dates of same?) If not, will they appear in future
issues ? I am a subscriber to your journal, and possess a complete
file, from Vol. I, No. 1. Very truly yours,
CHARLES MARSEILLES.
[GELATINE prints of Trinity Church, Boston, appeared in the American
Architect for February 3. 1877; of the United States Capitol, December 21,
1878; of the State Oapttol at Hartford, Conn., .January 31, 1885; of the
Town-Hall, North Easton, Mass., May 1!>, 1883. Views of the Albany Cap-
itol (proposed alterations) appeared March 11,1873: and of the Jefferson
Market Court-House, June 15, 1878. EDS. AMERICAN ARCHITECT.]
BALTIMORE, MB., June 27, 1885.
To THE EDITORS OF THE AMERICAN ARCHITECT:
Dear Sirs, If not too much trouble would like answers to the
following questions : 1. What three languages do you consider the
most important to an architect ? 2. To whom would it be necessary
to apply at Harvard College for information, concerning qualifica-
tions, etc., to enter ? Yours respectfully, F. K. T.
[1. ENGLISH, French, German. 2. Address Mr. C. J. White, Registrar of
Harvard College, Cambridge, Maas. EDS. AMERICAN ARCHITECT?]
A DRIVING PLATFORM.
HUNTINGDON, PA., July 3, 1885.
To THE EDITORS OF THE AMERICAN ARCHITECT:
Dear Sir, I have a sort of a platform or deck to make some 60'
x 14', which is to be a driving platform, exposed to the weather
above, and to act as a roof to what is below. I propose to put down
a floor on heavy joists and girders of, say, one-inch flooring oak, then
on top of that some water-proof substance, and on top of all four-inch
strips of two-inch oak. Now what would you advise to put between
the upper and lower course? If tin, it will rust. How would two
or three ply tarred roofing-felt, then a coat of hot pitch and nail the
two-inch strips down into that.
Probably you can suggest some other plan, or can supply an article
especially desirable for the centre coating.
Very truly, J. C. BLAIR.
[THE flooring manufactured by W. L. Dolbeare, 522 Atlantic Ave., Bos-
ton, has given excellent satisfaction in stables, where the horses are kept on
the upper floors. The New England Felt Roofing Co.. 22 Milk St., Boston,
make somewhat of a specialty of making floors on much the same plau as
indicated by our correspondent, and we believe that the New York Mastic
Works, 29 Waverley PI., New York, produce a satisfactory floor by using
some of their bituminous preparations. EDS. AMERICAN ARCHITECT.]
NOTES AND CLIPPINGS.
EARTHQUAKES. M. Perey, a Dijon astronomer, offers a novel expla-
nation of the frequency of the earthquakes which have produced so
much disturbance on the surface of our planet of late. His theory is
that they are caused, like the tides, by the attraction of the sun and
moon, and he argues that it is only natural to suppose that the sea of
fire in the interior of the globe obeys the same influences as the ocean
on its surface. M. Perey has investigated the particulars of no fewer
than 5400 different shocks of earthquake, and a comparison of their
dates demonstrates that these phenomena are most frequent during the
periods of full and new moon. He has further ascertained that the
shocks have been most violent when the moon has been in the meridian
of the place where they occurred, just as the tide in a seaport over
whose meridian the moon is passing is higher than that in any of the
neighboring ports. Boston Herald.
FOREST PRESERVATION. At the opening of the morning session of
the second day of the Convention of the American Society of Civil
Engineers, Mr. F. Collingwood, of Elizabeth, N. J., read a paper on the
preservation of forests. The paper presented a large number of statis-
tics collected from various sources, its purpose being to show the neces-
sity of exercising economy in the use of forest products and the appar-
ent possibility of a wood famine. The writer concluded tiiat the
supply of white pine in the United States is certain to be exhausted
before the end of this century, and probably in Canada also. Of
Southern pines, at the present rate of consumption there is stated to be
one hundred and fifty years' supply of spruce and hemlock. East of
the Mississippi there is probably twenty-five years' supply of hard
wood. The supply of black walnut and ash is being rapidly exhausted.
The supplies of other kinds of wood are, however, so abundant that a
famine cannot be predicted. In reference to tree planting, the writer
states that intelligently undertaken in regions where timber is scarce,
a fair return is made on the investment. In the discussion that fol-
lowed it was insisted by Messrs. Collingwood, Eggleston and others,
that timber planting can be made as profitable as crop planting. New
York Commercial Advertiser.
VIOLATION OF A POPE'S TOMB. The Stampu, a prominent Italian
Liberal journal, tells the following strange story : On the night between
the 19th and 20th of May the old church of Sta. Maria de Gradi, in the
city of Viterbo, was entered by the Secretary to the Municipality, the
City Engineer, and a band of workmen. They proceeded to the tomb
of Pope Clement IV, whose body had lain in a marble sarcophagus in
the church since his death in 1268. The sarcophagus was opened, and
an inner coffin of wood was found. Upon opening this they found the
remains in a fair state of preservation, and clad in the vestments suita-
ble to the Papal rank. They did not touch anything, but closed both
coffin and sarcophagus. Next morning they returned, accompanied by
the Sindico of the city and the Sub-Prefect of the district. The corpse
was then taken out of the coffin ; the ring, in which there was a precious
stone, was taken from the finger ; the richly embroidered silk gloves
and sandals were torn off. The agraffe which fastened the cope on the
breast, and which was richly mounted with precious stones, was cut
out; and those portions of the cope which were of gorgeous workman-
ship and in good preservation were cut away. The remains were then
huddled into a box and sent off to the municipal buildings; the articles
that had been removed were, according to the Sindico, to be placed in
the museum of Viterbo. The Stampa observes that if a poor man's
grave were thus violated, the law would give some months' imprison-
ment to the criminals. Will not the same measure be given to the dis-
turbers of a Pope's tomb, which is one of Italy's historic monuments ?
And it calls on all the newspapers of the peninsula to publish the out-
rage, and bring public opinion to demand the punishment of the princi-
pals, whoever they may be.
A GIGANTIC KITCHEN. Mr. 0. V. Morgan, who recently paid a visit
to Norway, speaks in terms of praise of the great public kitchen, which
is one of the lions of Christiana. Established in 1857, this kitchen had
for several years but a chequered existence ; however, for years past
it has been a highly successful institution. The capital employed in
building, etc., approaches 10,000. Attached to the kitchen and eat-
ing-rooms is a shop, where meat, bread, dairy produce, etc., are on sale
at very moderate prices. Upwards of 3,000 meals are served daily.
The dinners consist of soup or some farinaceous dish (porridge being a
favorite), meat, vegetables, and one sweet, all of good quality, and nicely
served. The cost of such a meal is 47 ore, equal to 6rf. By reducing
the number of plates, a corresponding saving is effected. A somewhat
reduced price is made to those who take the food away, instead of eat-
ing in the spacious halls. The establishment is directed by a Board,
consisting of three members, selected by the shareholders, and act with-
out salary. The Board engages the general manager, who has charge
of all the purchases, and superintends the daily business. There are
also engaged a cashier, a book-keeper, a head cook with three assistants,
a machinist, two ticket-clerks, three ladies in the shop, four waiters,
four under-waiters, an out-door servant, and twenty-nine women, occu-
pied with the distribution of the dinner in plates, its delivery, and other
work. The cooking is performed in double cast-iron boilers of 600
quarts size ; according to the circumstances, direct or indirect steam is
used. There are seven boilers. The roasting is done on a kitchen-
range, heated in the usual way. The steam necessary to the kitchen,
the laundry, the heating of the dining-hall, and the working of the en-
gine for the manufactory of forced meat, is supplied by a steam-engine
of 25-horse power. The annual consumption of the following articles
amounts to : Meat, about 650,000 Ibs. ; bacon, 40,000 Ibs. ; butter, 20,-
000 Ibs.; dried cod, 30,000 Ibs.; peas, 45,000 Ibs.; rice, 11,000 Ibs.;
barley groats, 33,000 Ibs. ; raw sugar, 22,000 Ibs. ; refined sugar, 20,000
Ibs.; prunes, 9,500 Ibs.; juices for flavoring, 33,000 quarts; potatoes,
900,000 Ibs. ; different kinds of greens, 80,000 Ibs. ; bread, 130,000 Ibs. ;
milk, 110,000 quarts; beer, 10,000 quarts ; and spices, 2,200 Ibs. Sani-
tary World.
BOSTON'S ONE-RAIL ELEVATED ROAD. They now have a charter
which allows them to form a company and build one mile of their road
in the city of Cambridge. When that is done, if the Railroad Commis-
sioners approve the new road as practical and safe, the company will be
allowed to build into and upon Boston streets, provided the City Gov-
ernment gives permission. The work they have just begun is the build-
ing of a 2500-foot section of their peculiar new railroad, also an engine
and a car such as they propose to use. The new railroad is somewhat
difficult to describe without a technical knowledge of engineering and
the use of technical terms. Its chief characteristic is a single rail ele-
vated upon a line of posts, at a height of fourteen feet from the ground.
It is called a single, though perhaps a more correct description would
be two rails placed one above the other at a distance of four feet, and
connected by a series of braces. The supports or posts are placed at
distances of forty-five feet, and are almost exactly like those of the
New York elevated railroad, except that the lower end is firmly encased
in concrete and rests upon a solid bed of concrete several feet under-
ground. The truck frame of the cars is placed astride the rail, like a
saddle upon the back of a horse, and each truck frame has six wheels.
Upon either side two of these wheels run upon the lower part of the
rail, inclining upward and outward from the point of contact at an
angle of forty-five degrees. The other two wheels are placed horizon-
tally under the car and level with the top of the rail, along the sides of
which they run, one upon either side. By means of hydraulic pressure,
applied from the engine, they are made to clasp the rail tightly, and by
this power of traction the forward or backward motion is secured.
Each wheel has an independent axis of its own, and, by a most inge-
nious contrivance under the car, the opposing wheels are always kept
at right-angles with the rails, regardless of curves. Some of the curves
may be very sharp ; steep grades may be overcome by means of the
traction power. The truck frames of the locomotive are like those of
the car, with the connecting rods attached to the horizontal wheels
upon either side of the rail. The pressure of the wheels upon the rails
is such as to make it almost impossible for them to leave it, but in case
this should happen the car could not leave the track. It would simply
drop an inch and a half and slide along, resting upon the top of the
rail, the truck frame serving as a substantial brace upon both sides.
The cars are of novel pattern, cylindrical in form, and built of iron. In
carrying out their plans for this unique railroad, the builders have, of
course, to guard against horizontal strain upon the rail, which surface
roads have nothing to do with, but they are confident that the precau-
tions they have taken will make accidents almost impossible. People
are very quick to laugh t the idea of putting an engine and cars four-
teen feet from the ground upon a single rail, but the scheme is certainly
bearing tliu rigid inspection of engineers and other scientific men won-
derfully well, and nobody has yet risen to prove that the principles on
which it is based are not sound. Letter to the Minneapolis Tribune.
JULY 11, 1885.]
The American Architect and Building News.
BUILDING INTELLIGENCE.
(Reported (or The American Architect and Building New*.
h n large portion of the building intclliuetic
u pror tried by their regular carresjtoiidtnts, the editor
yi'entiy rfefire to receive voluntary information^ tpe
ttn/ii/ j'-"in thf smaller and outlying townt.}
BUILDING PATENTS.
[Printed tpecijlcaliont nf any patent there men! umnl
together trilli full detail illiutrations, may be obtainri
/ the Commissioner of I'atcnti. at Washington. /
twenty-Jim centt.l
320,472. LATCH AND LOCK COMBINED. Willian
Hill, Mount Vernon, III.
320,474. FiRE-E8<-APE.-Marshall B. Ingersoll, Ke-
glna, Manitoba, Can.
320,480. REGISTERING FAUCET. Louis C. Lane
Cincinnati, O.
320,1x5. LKVKR-LATCH. John J. Maas, Albany
N. Y.
320,506. PLUMH-LKVKL. Charles Schofleld, Min
neapolls, Minn.
3-20,508. ROOFING. Charles H. Starr, Logansport
1ml.
320,518. WOOD ORNAMENTATION. Gardner A
Watkins, Gardner, Maes.
320,521. LOOK. Charles E. Whittlesey, New Haven
Conn.
320,527. DOOB - CHECK. Wllbelm Babre, Berlin
Germany.
320,537. SPIBIT-LEVKL. Bozwell B. Butt, Newark
N. J.
3iv,r>51. SASH-LOCK. Horace E. Gilmore, Spring
Hill, Kuns.
320,555. CHAI.K-LINE REKI,. Henry F. Haslam
New Britain, Conn.
320,567. TILE-SETTING. Andrew H. Lord, Chicago
111.
320,589. APPARATUS FOB HOLDING SHINGLES FOR
PAI.VTINO. William W. Robinson. Ripon, Wi.
320.602. KNOB ATTACHMENT. Garret Van Winkle
North Plainfleld, N. J.
320,008. CHIMNEY TOP AND VENTILATOR. Wil-
liam P. Wilson, Trenton, N. J.
320,616. APPARATUS FOB UNITING WOOD FOE
FLOOR COVERINGS. Henry Beisheira, Rochester,
N. Y.
320,026. CISTERN FOR WATER-CLOSETS. Peter
Carney, New York, N. Y.
320,648. PORTAIILK HEATING APPARATUS. Ch&t
D. P. Gibson, Jersey City, N. J.
320,r>nO. BURGLAR-ALARM. Alexander Jacob!, St
Clalr, Mich.
320,661. GAS-TIGHT EXPANSION-JOINT. Demlng
Jarves, Detroit, Mich.
320,664. FIRE-ESCAPE. Ogden G. Lee, Ponghkeep-
sie, N. Y.
320,667. DRAIN AND DRAIN-TILE. Francis M. Mar-
quis, Zanesfleld, O.
320.074. TRESTLE. George W. Murray, Mount
Crawford, Va.
320,673. SASH-LOCK. Thomas R. Nichols, Lynn,
Mass.
320.685. ELECTRIC BELL. Henry B. Porter, Chi-
cago, 111.
320.686. BUEOLAR-ALARM. Morris Pratt, Milton
Junction, Wis.
320,ti!)6. APPARATUS FOR UNITING WOOD FOR
FLOOR COVERINGS. ETC. Charles F. Rider, Roches-
ter, N. Y.
SUMMARY OF THE WEEK.
Baltimore.
r.i n HIM. PERMITS. Since our last report twenty-
two permits have been granted, the more important
of which are the following:
R. Armiger & Son, four-st'y brick factory, 33' x 70',
w s irreenmount Ave., bet. Preston ana Hoffman
Sts., and four-st'y stone building. 50' x 73', in rear.
A. W. Heath, three-st'y brick building, n s Pres-
ton St., bet. Valley and Holland Sts.
Seth A. Marohaut, 26 two-t'y brick buildings, e s
Chester St., bet. Jefferson and McElderry Sts., and
4 two st'y brick buildings, s s McElderry St., bet.
Chester St. and Duncan Alley.
ivter Bremer, 12 two-st'y brick buildings, w s
Payson St., com. s w cor. McHenry St; 7 two-st'y
brick buildings, s s McHenry St., w of Payson St.;
and 7 two-st'y brick buildings, n s Wilhelm St., wof
Payson St.
J. S. Mogarity, 4 three-st'y brick buildings, s s
Preston St., e of Boud St.
Jos. H. Riemar, 2 three-st'y brick buildings, s s
Camel Alloy, e of Linden Ave.
Jas. B. McKee, three-st'y brick building, w s Eu-
taw St., a of Hill Ave.
M.E. Iceman, 2 two-st'y brick buildings, w s Penn-
sylvania Ave., s of Baker St.
John O. Richler, 11 two-st'y brick buildings, w s
Fulton Ave , bet. Lorman St. and Fulton Terrace.
John Schonewolf, etc., 4 two-st'y brick buildings,
w s William St., s of Glttings St.
Thos. Hitaffer, 6 three-sfy brick buildings, w s
Fulton Ave., com. s w cor. Lorman St.
Jewish Hospital, three-t'y brick addition to hos-
pital n w cor. Monument and Ann Sts.
A. Strauss & Bro., three-st'y brick building, n w
cor. Canton Ave. and Duncan Alley.
BOH ton.
BUILDING PERMITS. Wood. Station St., on Line
Boston & Providence R. R., storage, 25' X 40'; owner,
Boston b Providence It. It.; builder, G. F. Kolsoui.
.S.iriii St., near Warn-n St., dwell., 23' x W;
owner Leonard Wilson; builders, Wilson Bros.
Qibson St., near Adams St., mechanical building.
ir,' x 22'; owner, F. L. Nichols; builder, J. K. A
wood.
/...</ St., near Savin Hill Ave., dwell., 16' x .19
owner, Mrs. S. M. M.-N.-il; builder, -Mm Haw.
t'.lm St., near Ford St., sublo, 21" x W; owne
John Booth; builder, U. W. Adams.
Iteniim i/inn St., near Moore St., stable, 11' x 14
owner and builder, C. K. Randall.
\orth Beacon St., near Kveretl St., shed, 30' x 4"'
owner and builder, <i. W. Wild.
llt,tnir<l ./!., near Dudley St., dwell., 20'x40'
owner, W. Klliott; builder, C. A. Jefferson.
liinlltii St., near Centre St., storage, 18' x 24
owner and builder, John Hill.
Cotlman St., near Hutcblnson St., storage, W
70'; owner, City of Boston; builder, Paving Depar
inent.
Sullivan St., near Florence St., mechanical-bull*
ing, 20' x W and 30'; owner and builder, J. Rlchan
son.
M St., \o. 172, dwell. 2.V x 38'; stable, 33' x 46' S'
owner, Fred Louis; builder, D. A. Berry.
li, nm.-i St., near Moreland St., dwell., 17' x l'>
owner and builder, B. F. Bean.
Brooklyn.
BUILDING PERMITS. Monroe St., s, 25> e Marc
Ave., 5 tbree-st'y Connecticut browu-stone dwells
tin roof; cost, 929,000; owner, John Hooper, 63 Cen
tre St., New York; architects, Win. Field & Son
builder, Paul C. (ironing.
Ifr'i'ittirui/, w **, abt. 2.V s Sunnier Ave.. two-st*
frame dwell., tin roof; cost, $1,260; owner, Ellzabet!
Furman, Broadway, cor. Sunnier Ave.; architect an
builder, C. A. Le Quesue.
Java .>'., n s, 25' e West St., 3 three-et'y fram
(brick-rilled) tenements, gravel roofs; cost, $13.400
owner, Mrs. Mary A. Bliss, 207 Washington Park
architect, F. Weber; builders, Post & Walker.
Jlrmuitcay, .\o. 303, n s. bet. Ninth and Tenth Sts.
four-st'y brick store and tenement, tin roof; cost
8,000; owner, Wm. F. Garrison, 96 Bedford Ave.
architect and mason, Jas. Rodwell; contractors, C
L. Johnson's Sons.
Atlantic Ave., n B, 75' w Nostrand Ave., two-st''
brick stable, tin roof; cost, $4,000; owner, John J
Drake, 397 Fulton St.; architect, J. H. Van Winkle
Third St., D w cor. North Eighth St., four-st'y
brick store and tenement, tin roof, iron cornice
cost, $11,000; owner, Kr. Mesloh. 3> Third St.; ar
chitect, A. Herbert; builder, V. Bruchhauper.
Cliniiiicrij St., .Vns. 203-2031, n S, 275' e Patchel
Ave., 2 two-st'y and basement dwells., tin roofs
cost, each, 82,'iCO; owner, John Bryan, 31 Wil
loughby St.; builder, J. Dbu.
Carlton Ave.. w s, 257' 4" n Atlantic Are., four
st'y brick dwell., tin roof; cost, abt. (<2,000; owner
Jas. L. Dougherty, 49:1 Fulton St.; architect, C. E
Hebberd.
(fuini'y St., n s, 100' w Patchen Ave., 5 two-st'y
brick dwells., tin roofs; coat, each, $4,500; H. Bat-
terumn, Reid Ave., cor. Qulncy St.; architect and
builder, Thos. Miller.
Huron St., A'o. 131. being 455' e Franklin St., four-
st'y frame tenement, gravel roof; cost. $5,800; own-
er. H. J. Babin 223 Hewes St.; architect, A. Van
Dien; builders, Post & Walker.
Elm St., A'o. 145, n s, 260' 4" w Central Ave., thrce-
st'y frame dwell., tin roof; cost, $4,iH)0; owner,
Robert I). Miller, 12K Jefferson St.; architect, Thos.
Engelbardt; builder, T. D. Eadic and Casper Wan
ler & Son.
Nineteenth St., s s, 22V w Ninth Ave., one-st'y
brick building, tin roof; cost, 86,000; owner, Wm.
M. Brasher, Eighth Ave.. cor. Eighteenth St.; archi
tect, Griffin; builder, Win. Corrlgan.
Htniii'i'l'li St., e s, from Moore to Varot St., 8
three-st'y frame (brick-filled) stores and tenements,
tin roofs; cost, each, $3,300; owner and builder,
Charles Engert, 182 Montrose Ave.; architect, F. J.
Berlenbach, Jr.
SI. Janet /'(., n w cor. Atlantic Ave., fouMt'y
brick tenement, tin roof; cost, $7,000; owner, Wm.
Moses. 281 St. James PI.; architect, A. Hill; builder,
J. Stafford.
Green/mint Ave., n s, 100' w Manhattan Ave., 5
four-st'y brick stores and tenements, tin or gravel
roofs; cost, each, $6,000: owners, architects and
builders, Randall & Miller, 49;! Fourth St., of 4
houses, and Thomas McHugh, owner of 1 building;
mason, Van Riper.
Fort (freeit I'l., 8 w cor. Lafayette Ave., four-st'y
brick dwell., gravel roof; cost, $8,i>OO; owner, Thos.
Clark, 685 Fulton St.; architect, J. Mumford; build-
ers. T. B. Itutan and W. S. Wright.
Third Ave., n e cor. Carroll St., three-st'y brick
store and dwell., tin roof; cost, $,000; owner, Mi-
chael Maber, 494 Carroll St.; architect, F. Ryan;
builder, J. R. Anderson.
Van Brunt St., e s, 25> Dikeman St., four-st'y brick
store and tenement, tin roof, wooden cornice; cost,
$7.995; owner, J. N. Brandenborg, :I85 Van Brunt
St.; architect, P. H. Gilvarry; builders, J. Kolleand
C. M. Detlefsen.
.LTERATIONS. Fulton St., A'o. 95 and 97, add 3' to
height ; also, three-st'y brick extension, tin roof;
wrought-lron beams, etc.; cost. $5,800; owner, Hel-
ene Klesel, 85 Fulton St.; builder, J. G. Porter.
Sixth St., s 8, 175' w Second Ave., two-st'y frame
extensloD, gravel roof; cost, $4,000; owners, Arndis
& Gecour, foot Sixth St. Gowanus Canal; architect,
C. Arndis; builder, O. Christmaun.
Marshall St., on water front, bet. Hudson Ave.
and Gold St.. one-et'y brick extension, gravel roof;
cost S6.225; owners, Atlantic Whit* Lead Co.; ar-
chitect and contractor, W. N. Hae; mason, P.
Castner.
Chicago.
I'lLiMNi) PERMITS. C. Keeper, 2 two-st'y dwells.,
14 Warren Ave.; cost, $3,500.
J. Freund, two-st'y addition, 14 Warren Ave.;
cost, $3,500.
Mrs. M. Smestb, two-st'y dwell.. 38 Astor St.; cost,
$5 000; architects, Frohman & Jebo.
Mrs. D. Evers, three-st'y 8tore and flats, 298 Sedg-
wick St.; cost, $4,000.
A. Pearson, stores and dwells., Oakley St.; cost,
$8,000.
J. A. McLennen, flve-nl'y stores and Main, Thirty
Ant St.; eo>t, $100,000; architect, ,1. A. McLenneii.
E. Wel*e, three-st'y store and flat". WU Clybuurne
Ave.; 00.1, $4.500.
F. & M. Kelly, twost'y flats. 249 Ixx>mls St.; cost,
$4(100.
H. Wimliordt & (Jo., two-M'y storehouse, 402 t< > Ml
North W.K1 St.; cost. $1,000.
I!. S. 'II,. ..I .1- .... I!,:.- H I latt, I* lOlfcN ', I
ooit, $4,000; architect, B. S. Tbnodoraon.
J. Mergon, three.st'y store and flat*. 1 1. MI Mllwau
kee Ave.; wnt, $8.(KK>; architect, H. Clay.
Cummins A Howard, addition to hotel; Wabash
Ave. and Adams St.; cost, $75,000; architect*, Treat
AFolt*.
H. Sibley, 2 two-tt'y warehouses, 2 to 18 North
Clark St.; cost, $10,000.
K. Snowhook & Co., tureu-st'y (tore and flats,
165 Chicago Ave.; cost, $1,000.
V. P. Smith, two-st'y dwell., X!3X to XM6 Cottaga
Grove Ave.; cost, $V,000.
W. L. Potter, twosfy dwell., 478 Beldeu Are.;
ooet, $10,000.
K. Hudson, two-st'y dwell., 3201 to 3203 Wabash
Ave.; cost, $13,000,
A. K. Janime, three-st'y store and dwell., MM to
208 Milwaukee Ave.; cost, $6,000.
Mrs. U Coleman, three-st'y dwell., Prairie Ave.;
cost, $35,000; architect*, Cobb & Frost.
H. Redlck, two-st'y flats, 63 Slegel St.; cost, $2,500.
II. Poepeke, one-st'y engine-house; cost, $6,000,
W. Muhliiiaiin, two-sfy flats, 246 West Division
St.; cost, $4,000.
Chicago Gas Light & Coke Co., two-st'y purifying
house, 190-20* Hawthorne Ave.; cost, $20,0110; build-
er, R. E. Mass.
G. W. Burchard, 3 two-st'y dwells., 3362 :ti6 Cal-
umet Ave.; coct, $13,500; architect, J. Austin.
H. Kielman, three-st'y flats, 1~>9 Larrabee St.; cost,
$6,(Kio: architect, J. Bruhnf.
E. P. Roberts, three-st'y flats, 119 Lincoln St.;
cost, $4.0(10; architect. W. II. Drake.
L. H. Kames, two-st'y dwell., 531 State St.; oost,
$12,000; architect, L. G. Halberg.
C. L. Jenks, one-st'y addition, cor. Taylor and
Clark Sts.; out. * 1,500; arehltect, Spyer.
S. G. Delxiasy, two-st'y dwell., 2212 Dearborn St.;
cost, $5.300.
J. Morris, 5 two-st'y dwells. .Groveland Park Ave.;
cost, $l5,mio; architects, Wheelock & Clay.
H. M. Dicker, twost'y dwell., Groveland Park
Ave.; cost, $3.500.
P. Nelson, 2 two-ft'y stores and dwell*., 293-295
West F.rie St.; cost, $7,000.
E. L. Bonney, two-st'y dwell., 1103 (lenesee St.;
cost, $3,:MO.
J. H. G.iult, two-st'y dwell. ,493 Congress St.; cost,
$5,000; architect. L. B. Dlxon.
J. C. Thor, two-st'y dwell., 178-180 West Ohio St. ;
cost, $4,000.
F. W. Wolf, two-sfy office, 5t>0 North Halsted St.;
cost, $5,000 ; architect, F. W. Wolf.
Cincinnati.
BUILDING PERMITS. Y. A. Sefel, 3 two st'y brick
buildings, Addison and Spring Grove; cost, $6,000.
A. Schindler, three-st'y brick building, Poplar St.
and Western Ave.; cost, $6,000.
Rebecca Driknuin, three st'y brick building, Wade
and Greene St*.: cost, $4,900.
McMara & Conner, three-st'y frame building, Hat-
stead and KlizaSts.; cost, $7,000.
Aug. Kennel, three-st'y brick building, ooet. $5,-
000.
M. S. Glenn, two-and-one-half-t'y brick building,
460 West Third St.; cost, $3,500.
Total, $31,400.
Repairs, $6,610.
Total to date, $1,322,720.
Total permits to date, 599.
Kaunas City, Mo.
BriLDiNG PERMITS. Dr. S. F. Campbell, double
brick house on Grove St.; cost, $5 noo.
W. T. Johnson, brick business block In Perry PI.;
cost, $10.000.
K. (1. Estelle, 7 brick business stores and dwells,
on Fifteenth St., near Charlotte St.; ooel, $23.000.
A. G. Redenbaugh, 4 frame bouses, cor. Seven-
teen th St . and Tracy Are. ; cost, $6,000.
George Slieidley, brick and cut-stone business
block, four-st'y, at 8O8 Walnut St.; cost, $15,500.
Thomas E. Glllespie, double brick house, three-
st'y, on Central St.; cost, 10,000.
Minneapolis, Minn.
JUILDING PERMITS. H. Rusbford, two-st'y brick
veneer dwell., Buchanan St. cor. Twenty-fourth St.,
n e; cost, $3,000.
Swan Peterson, two-st'y brick store-building and
flat, Twentieth St., bet. Fifteenth and Sixteenth
Aves., s; oost, $3,500.
C. K. Gates, boiler-and-engine house, Grant St
bet. Willow St. and Spruce PL; cost, $3,600.
t'arglll ft Itagley, elevator-building, cor. Twenty-
niuih St. anil Eleventh Ave., s; cost, $26,000.
Miner Ball, flve-st'y brick block, n e cor. Third
Si. and Ninth Ave., s: cost, $30,000.
George B. Shepherd, two-st'y frame dwell., e cor.
First Ave. and East St.; cost, $10,000.
Martin Keller, two-st'y frame dwell, and barn,
Western Ave., bet. Fourteenth and Sixteenth Ave.,
n; cost, $5,800.
Mew York.
There is hardly any estimating now being done,
but there continues to be great activity amongst the
speculators.
AC TO'RV. A flve-st'y brick factory, SO> x 100', and
a tenement. 27' x 80', will be built on the e cor.
of Avenue A. and Eightieth St., for Mr. G. P. Lies,
from plans of Messrs. Schwarzmann & Buohman.
iii:KS. Mr. Terence Kiesman will build 4 four-st'y
first-class houses, 18' 9" front, on the nsnf Eighty-
fourth St., 100' w of Kigbth Ave., to cost about $7n,-
000.
On the s w corner of Sixth Ave. and One Hundred
and Sixteenth St., 12 four-et'yand basement dwells.,
W front, are to be built for Mr. Jacob D. Butler, at
24
The American Architect and Building News. [VOL. XVIII. No. 498.
a cost of about $240,000, from plans of Messrs. Hu-
bert Pirssou & Co.
On the s s of Seventy-second St., 450'e of Eleventh
Ave., two houses, 20' x K8', are to be built for Mr.
Thos G. Denniston, at a cost of about 860,000, from
plans of Mr. C. H. Gilbert.
On the s s of One Hundred and Twenty-first St..
bet. Sixtn and Seventh Aves , Mr. F. Crawford will
builds three and four story houses, 20' x 60', from
plans of Mr. G. A. Schellenger, to cost about $140,-
000
BUILDING PKIIMITS. Bowery, No. 233, one-st'y brick
dwell, and store, tin roof, cost, $3,000 to $4,000;
owner's agents, E. A. Cruikshank & Co., 176 Broad-
way; architect, Henry Dudley.
East Fifty-eighth St., No. 355, four-st'y brick car-
penter-shop, tin roof; cost, $8,000; owners and
builders, George and John Schmeckenbecher, 238
East Fifty-ninth St.; architect, J. G. Michel.
East Twenty-third St., Nos. 418 and 420, two-st'y
brick stable on rear, tin roof; cost, 86,000; owner,
Henry Maurer, 219 Second Ave.; architect, Oswald
Fifty-eighth St., n s, 50' e Madison Ave., four-st'y
brick stab'le and coach-house, tin roof; cost, $20,000;
owner, William McGuire, 154 East Fifty-seventh
St.; architect, F. S. Barus.
East One Hundred and Tenth St., A r o.203, four-st'y
brick tenement with store, tin roof; cost, $8,000;
owner, Louis Pieper, 205 East One Hundred and
Tenth St. ; architect, Bart. Walther.
Ave. A, w s, 16' n Seventy-fourth St., two-st'y brick
stable and carpenter-shop, tin roof; cost, $5,000;
owner, Annie E. Kelly, 434 East Seventy-fifth St.;
architect, G. A. Schellenger.
First Ane., s e cor. Seventieth St., six-st'y brick
factory, tin roof; cost, $60.000; owners, Bondy &
Lederer, 56 Bast Sixty-eighth St. and 241 East For-
ty-ninth St.; architects, Schwarzmann & Buchman.
First Ave., s, 46' 5" s Seventieth St., 2 five-st'y
brick tenements, tin roofs; cost, each, $16,500;
owner, etc., same as last.
Seventieth St., a s, 110' e First Ave., 2 ttve-st'y
brick tenements, tin roofs; cost, each, $15,000; own-
er, etc., same as last.
Fourth Ave., Nos. 1382 to 1386, w s, between Sev-
enty-eighth and Seventy-ninth Sts., :i four-st'y brick
dwells., tin roofs; cost, each, $15,000; owner and
architect, Anson Squires, 100 Kast Seventy-eighth
Sixty-ninth St., n s, 125' w Fourth Ave., 3 flve-st'y
brick dwells., tin roofs; cost, each, about $16,000;
owner, Union Theological Seminary (M. Kingsley,
Treasurer), Sixty-ninth St. and Fourth Ave.; archi-
tects, Win. A. Potter and J. B. Lord.
Eightieth St., n 8. 106' e First Ave., 7 flve-st'y
brick tenements, tin roofs; cost, each, $18,500;
owner, H. H. Bowman, 243 Division St., Paterson,
N. J.; architect. George Chew; builders, John As-
key and J. A. O'Connor & Co.
East One Hundred and Sixth St., No. 242, flve-st'y
brick tenement, tin roof; cost, $10,000; owner, Otto
Ebel, on premises; architects, Berger & Baylies.
One Hundred and Second St., 88, 345' e First Ave.,
two-st'y front and one-st'y rear shi>p and tenement,
tin roof; cost, $4,000; owner, Patrick Hogan, 302
Kast One Hundred and Seventh St.; architect, An-
drew Spence.
Madison Ave., No. 781, four-st'y brick dwell., tin,
tiled and slate roof; cost, $21,500; owner, E. Guil-
bert, 787 Madison Ave.; architect R. H. Robertson;
builders, L. N. Crow and Jeans & Taylor.
West Seventy-first St., Nos. 647 to 557, 6 fonr-st'y
brick dwells., tin and tile roofing; cost, each, about
$11,')00; owners, Founer & Lowther, 841 Broadway;
architect, K. L. Angell; builders, Stewart & Devlin
and Lewis Botchaet.
Ninety-fifth St., s s, 23& e Tenth Ave., 6 three-8t'y
brick dwells., tin roofs; cost, each, $10,000; owner,
architect and builder, Wm. J. Merritt, 152 West One
Hundred and Twenty-seventh St.
Ninety-seventh St., n s, 500' w Eighth Ave., 6 three-
st'y brick dwells., tin roofs; cost, each, $12,000;
owner, Franklin E. Robinson, 97 Sixth Ave., Brook-
lyn, E. D.; architect and builder, Wm. J. Merritt,
152 West One Hundred and Twenty-seventh St.
Ninety-ninth St., s s, 100' e Grand Boulevard, flve-
st'y brick tenement, tin roof; cost, $18,000; owner,
J. F. Dunker, One Hundred and Twenty-fifth St. and
Tenth Ave.; architect, Adam Munch.
One Hundred and Twenty-third St., n e cor. St.
Nicholas Ave., 5 three and four st'y brick dwells.,
tin roofs; cost, three $10,000 each and two $12,000
each; owner, H. Josephine Wilson, 325 East Four-
teenth St ; architect, D. T. Atwood; builder, Rob-
ert Wilson.
West One Hundred and Twenty-fourth St., Nos.
226 and 228, 2 flve-st'y brick (stone-front) tenements,
with stores, tin roofs; total cost, about 836,000;
owner, Fernando Yost, 316 East One Hundred and
Twenty-fifth St.; architect, Andrew Spence.
One Hundred and Twenty-ninth St., n s, 160' e
Fifth Ave., 3 three-st'y brick dwells., tin roofs;
cost, each, $5,500; owner, John W. Auken, 873
Broadway; architect, W. B. Tuthill; builders, Rob-
inson & McDowell, Stapleton, N. Y.
Tenth Ave., n w cor. Manhattan St., 3 flve-st'y
brick tenements, tin roofs; total cost, $39,000;
owner, John Becker, Tenth Ave., cor. Manhattan
St.; architects, Babcock & McEvoy.
Tenth Ave.,e s, 49' n One Hundred and Fifty-sixth
St., three-st'y frame dwell., tin roof; cost, $5,200;
owner, Martin Sponlein, One Hundred and Thirty-
seventh St., cor. St. Nicholas Ave.; architect, Wm.
Kusche.
North Third Ave., s w cor. One Hundred and For-
ty-eighth St., four-st'y brick tenement with store,
tin roof; cost, $14,000; owner, Ferdinand Hecht, 50"
North Third Ave.; architect, A. Pfeitfer.
ALTERATIONS. Bmn-rtj No. 233, internal alterations
and repairs; cost, $3,0 ! '0 to $4,000; agents, Cruik-
shank & Co., 176 Broadway; architect, H. Dudley.
First Ave., No. 112, attic raised to full story, one.
st'y brick extension, tin roof; cost, $4,000; owner
Bernnard Westheimer, 91 Ave. C; architect, J. Boe
kell.
Lexington Ave., w s, bet. Forty-first and Forty
second Sts., rooms built of brick for storage pur
posse; cost, $6,000; owners, Manhattan Storage and
Warehouse Co., Forty-second St. and Lexington
Ave.; architect, R. Bliss; builder, R. Deeves.
Madison Ave., Nos. 777 and 779, one-st'y stone ex-
tension, tin and slate roof; cost, $7,000 ; rector, Ed-
win Guilbert, 787 Madison Ave.; architect, H. H.
Robertson ; builders, L. N. Crow and Jeans &
Taylor.
Kast Twenty-third St., No. 418, front of first story
rebuilt; also, internal alterations; cost, $4,000;
owner, Henry Maurer, 219 Second Ave.; architect,
O. Wirz; builder, not selected.
East Forty-fourth St., No. 6, main building and
extension, each raised one-st'y; cost, $6,000 to $7,-
000; owner, John S. White, on premises; architects,
C. Bnek & Co.; builders, W. Cowen & Son and A.
Campbell.
Water St., ^0.229, attic raised to full story; also
five-st'y brick extension, tin roof; cost, $5,000;
owner, Geo. Starrett, 60 Hancock St., Brooklyn;
architect, C. Hartwell; builders, P. Tostevin's Sons
and G. Culgin.
Philadelphia.
BUILDING PERMITS. Emerald St., s of Tioga St., 12
two-st'y houses, 16' x 30'; Ed. Develin, owner.
Warnock St., above Germantown Ave., 4 three-
st'y houses, 15' x 40'; Wm. K. Sullen, owner.
Aspen St., w of Thirty-eighth St., 19 two-st'y
dwells., 14' z 28'; N. Shoemaker, contractor.
Highland Ave., w of Twenty-eighth St., three-st'y
dwell., 16* i 41'; Jouirson Bros., contractors.
Twelfth St., n of Lehigh Ave., one-st'y chapel., 50'
x 50' ; H. M. Martin, contractor.
Germantown Ave., n of Butler St., one-st'y chapel,
36' z 65'; B. Walker, contractor.
Logan St., w of Seybert St., 4 two-st'y dwells., 14'
x 28'; B. Walker, contractor.
Sixty-first St.. sot Pine St., 3 two-st'y dwells., 16'
x 44'; Jno. Pratt, contractor.
Eighteenth St., n of Race St., alteration, 44' x 60' ;
E. F. Durang, architect and builder.
Victoria St., bet. Lambert and Richmond Sts., two-
st'y dwell., 14' x 42'; Cliss Dear, contractor.
front St., n of Alleghany Ave., 2 two-st'y dwells.,
12' x 32'; H. Barraclough, contractor.
Sixth St., n w cor. Vine Hall, three-st'y dwell., 65
9"x 84'; C. C. Carman, contractor.
Alaska St., w of Sixth St., two-st'y bath-house, 16
x 65'; J. G. Ruff, contractor.
Woodland Ave., w of Sixty-seventh St., 2 three-
st'y dwells., 18' 6'' x48'; G. N. Crumbach, contractor,
Sixth St., n of York St., 2 three-st'y dwells., 17' J
45'; 1). B. Wendell, owner.
Morris St., n of Queen St., 4 two-st'y dwells., 12
6" x 28'; J. W. Hewis, owner.
Kensington Ave., near Cambria St., 4 three-st'y
dwells., IV x 52'; S. Brown, contractor.
Jiuth SI., near Cambria St., 5 two-st'y dwells., 12
z 40'; S. Brown, contractor.
Marston St., w of Twenty-first St., 10 two-8t'y
dwells., 16' x 28'; H. Coulomb, owner.
Adams St., e of Terrace St., two-st'y dwell., 18' x
45'; A. Kutter, contractor.
Main SI., near Mechling St., two-fit'y dwell., 20' x
68'; T. Shustis, contractor.
Fifty-third St., n of Girard Ave., 2 two-st'y dwells.
14' x 31'; R. Dobbard, owner.
St. I. nil in.
BUILDING PERMITS. Seventy-six permits have beei
issued since our last report, twenty of which are fo
unimportant frame houses. Of the rest those worth
$2, 500 and over are as follows:
Mrs. B. A. Kretzer, 3 adjoining two-8t'y tene
ments, cost, $7,000; Thos. Kelly & Co., contractors
A. D. Fassell, two-st'y brick dwell.; cost, $3,000
Thos. Kelly & Co., contractors.
Mt. Calvary Episcopal Church, one-st'y brick ad
dition to church; cost, $10,000; sub-let.
John Dwyer, 2 adjacent two-st'y brick dwells,
cost, $2,500; John Dwyer, contractor.
W. Kealing, two-st'y double brick store and room
above; cost, $6,000; F. Capitain, architect; P. Bren
nah, contractor.
Henry Savers, 3 adjacent three-st'y brick store
and rooms above; cost, $15,000; J. B. McElfatrick &
Son, architects; N. S. Wickwire, contractor.
H. Fritsche. two-et'y brick store and rooms above
cost, $3,000; J. Shulte, contractor.
Judge W. C. Jones, two-st'y brick dwell. ; cost, $7
000; F. J. Capitaiu, architect; W. J. Hegel, con
tractor.
W. J. Seattle, two-st'y brick dwell.; cost, $3,000
W. J. Beattie, contractor.
Chas. Hoffman, three-st'y double brick store ane
rooms above; cost, $11,080; Aug. Beinke & Co., ar
chitects; Hermann & Schumacher, contractors.
M. A. Rosenblatt, three-st'y brick store and flats
cost, $50,000; N. S. Wickwire contractor.
A. Voeltz, two-st'y double brick tenement; cost
$5,000; C. F. May. architect; H Drees, contractor
F. Hanse, two-st'y brick dwell.; cost, $2,500; F
Hanse, contractor.
John A. Wohlflnger, two-st'y double brick tene
ment; cost, $7,000; Ed. Thomssen, contractor.
M. Sheahan, two-st'y brick dwell.; cost, $3,000; F
Mueller, contractor.
Chas. Fuehner, one-and-three-st'y store anddwel
and shop; cost, $4,500; P. F. Meagher & Son, arch
ter.ts; Wm. Popp, contractor.
R. Smith, two-st'y brick dwell. ; cost, $2,560; Tho
Roach, contractor.
Frecl. Hettinger, 2 adjacent two-st'y tenemen _
cost, $8,000; A. Beiuke & Co., architects; Thoma
Roach, contractor.
J. G. Hanausky, two-st'y brick dwell.; cost, Sv
600; T. B. Annan, architect; J. G. Hauausky, con-
tractor.
Wm. Gahl, two-st'y brick dwell.; cost, $4,000; A.
Whri, contractor.
P. Schumacher, two-st'y brick dwell. ; cost, $2,600;
A. Whri, contractor.
Cha?. Rahing, two-st'y brick dwell.; cost, $4,000;
A. Beinke & Co., architects; II. Schulte, contractor.
W. Jos. Gannon, two-st'y brick dwell.; cost, s:;.
900; J. G. Cairns, architect; Dr. Cregan. contractor.
H. A. Steiuwander, two-st'y brick dwell.; cost,
$3,500; E. C. Janssen, architect; Rernmers & Thomp-
son, contractors.
St. Paul, Minn.
UILDIXG PEKMrrs. Two-st'y frame dwell., s s of
Bluff St., bet. St. Peter and Kice Sts.; cost, $2,400;
owner, E. L. Makoru.
Two-st'y frame double dwell., n s of Dayton Ave.,
bet. Kent and Dale Sts.; cost, $4,900; owner. Emma
E. Teuny.
Alteration and repair two-st'y brick dwell., w 8
of Farrington Ave., bet. Laurel and Summit Sts.;
cost, 92,700: owner, J. M. Rogers.
Two-st'y brick veneer double store and dwell., us
of West Seventh St., bet. flames and Randolph Sts.;
cost, $4,500; owner, Edward Hammer.
Two-st'y frame dwell., w s of Nina St., bet. Selby
and Laurel Sts.; cost, $5,000; owner, G. Dressel.
Two-st'y frame dwell., ws of Josette St., bet. Nel-
son and Iglehart Sts.; cost, $4,600; owner, C. V.
McKey.
Two-st'y stone electric-light building, ss of Wash-
ington St., bet. Eagle and Ontario Sts.; cost, $7,500;
owner, St. Paul Gas Light Co.
COMPETITION.
BOUNTY JAIL.
J [At Montgomery, Ala.J
OFFICE OF THE BOARD OF REVENUE, )
OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY,
MONTGOMERY, ALA., July 6, 1885. 1
Plans and specifications for the construction of a
ail in the city of Montgomery, Ala., will be received
y the Board of Revenue, of Montgomery County,
mtil Monday, July 37th, 1885, at 18 M.
Said jail to hold at least 100 inmates, and contain
>fflce and 4 rooms for jailor, kitchen, dining-room,
hospital, misdemeanant and solitary cells for both
male and female, whites and blacks separate, heating,
ventilating and water arrangements, all after the
nodern improvements.
Length of building not to exceed 100', and width not
more than 44'. This provides for light on each side of
he building. Size of lot 50' x 160'.
The building to cost not more than $35,000.
The successful architect to receive 2 per cent on the
cost of the building.
The Board of Revenue reserves the right to reject
any and all plans and specifications.
By order of the Board of Revenue.
499 W. H. HUBBARD, Clerk.
PROPOSALS.
FIRE-PROOF BUILDING FOR ARMY MED-
ICAL. MUSEUM AND LIBRARY.
[At Washington, D. C.]
WASHINGTON, D. C., 612 Seventeenth St., 1
July 9, 1885. \
Sealed proposals for the erection of a fire-proof
building for the Army Medical Museum and Library,
to be three-st'y in height, with basement and attic, to
cover about 23,000 square feet of surface, and to be
located at the s e cor. of the Smithsonian Grounds,
will be received at this office until August 7th,
1885, at 12 M., and opened immediately thereafter
[n the presence of bidders.
Specifications, general instructions to bidders, and
blank forms of proposal will be furnished on applica-
tion to this office. THOS. LINCOLN CASEY.
500 Colonel, Corps of Engineers.
CARPETS.
[At Washington, D. C.]
TREASURY DEPARTMENT, 1
WASHINGTON, D. C., June 17, 1885. }
Sealed proposals will be received at this department
until o'clock, P.M., Tuesday, July 81, 1885, (or
supplying 10,000 yards of Brussels aud Wilton carpet,
with the necessary border for the same, and 8,000
yards of carpet lining for U. S. public buildings dur-
ing the fiscal year ending June 30, 1886.
No bid will be considered unless made by a manu-
facturer or regular dealer in carpets, and accompa-
nied by a deposit of $1,000.
The department reserve the right to increase or de-
crease the quantity, and to reject any or all bids, or
parts of bids, and to waive defects.
499 DANIEL MANNING, Secretary.
/CEMENT.
\J [At Nat'l Military Home, O.]
June 24 1885.
Sealed proposals, with a copy of this advertisement
attached, will be received at the Treasurer's office un-
til a P.M., July 88, 1885, for supplying and deliver-
ing at this Home, free of freight and all other
charges, the following-named stores, to wit:
450 bbls. (more or less) Louisville cement, best
quality.
1,600 bushels (more or less) nnslacked fresh lime, in
bulk, for purifying gas.
1,100 bushels (more or less) uuslacked lime, in bulk,
for builders' use.
40,000 Ibs. (more or less) sal soda in casks.
16,000 Ibs. (more or less) borax chip soap in barrels.
The cement in car-load lots, and the lime in smaller
lots, as ordered.
The chip soap, one-half In the beginning of August,
1885, and the balance in the early part of January,
1886.
The sal soda, one-half iu October, 1885, and the bal-
ance in February, 1886.
All goods must be first-class in every respect.
The Home reserves the right to reject any or all
proposals, or to divide the contract between two or
more bidders.
A sufficient bond will be required from the success-
ful bidders, and in addition ten per cent of contract
price will be retained from each payment until the
contract shall have been completed.
Blank forms of bids will be furnished on applica-
tion to Treasurer's office.
Envelopes containing proposals should be indorsed
" Proposals for (name of goods bid upon)," and ad-
dressed to the undersigned. J. B. THOMAS,
Treasurer.
P.O. address, National Military Home, O. 498
THE AMERICAN ARCHITECT AND BUILDING NEWS.
VOL. xviii.
Copyright, IKWi, JAMKR R. OSOOOD * Uo., Boiton, Mui.
No. 499.
JULY 18. 1885.
Entered at the Post-Ofllco at Boston as aecoiul-alaM matter.
CONTENTS.
SUMMARY:
The new New York Building-Law and some of its Provisions,
and Omissions. What Stone may be used for the Texas
Capitol. Artificial Irrigation of Land in the United States.
The Accident Insurance System used by the Baltimore &
Ohio Railroad, and its Working 25
BERLIN AND NEW YORK 27
Tin-: OLDEST CHURCH IN LONDON 29
SOME CATHEDRALS OF SCANDINAVIA 29
THB ILLUSTRATIONS:
Sketches in Wethersfield, Conn. Palazzo Loredan, or Ven-
dramin-Calergi, Venice. Town-Hall, Ware, Mass. House,
Ridgefield, Conn. New Hollis St. Church, Boston, Mass. . 31
SEWAOI-: FUEL AND THE PROCESS OP MAKING IT 31
PREVENTION OF Ditr-RoT IN TIMDKK 31
THE "CRINOMNK" CHIMNEYS OF TUB CAMBRIA IRON COMPANY. 32
SHALL WATER-PIPES AND GAS-PIPKS BE CONNECTED WITH LIGHT-
NINO-RODS 33
THE NEW YORK HIGH BUILDING LAW 33
NOTES AND CLIPPINGS. 22
TITHE new building law for the city of New York, which has
A J u9t t> een published, proves to be in many respects better
and more convenient than that which it supersedes ; and
although we are rather disappointed to find that some of the
improvements which might have been adopted have not been,
the statute, on tfie whole, marks a decided advance in the offi-
cial regulation of construction in this country. Among its
other merits, the text of the new law embodies many regula-
tions and decisions of the Inspector, which have hitherto
formed, so to speak, a part of the common law in regard to
building operations, but, not appearing in the official edition of
the statute, were only to be learned by architects at the ex-
pense of a good deal of trouble and annoyance ; and these, par-
ticularly the younger ones, will be glad to have at least the
greater part of what they are expected to know presented to
them in shape for use. One of the principal points of differ-
ence betweeu the new and the old law relates to the thickness
of brick walls ; stone walls, by the way, being entirely ignored
in both laws. According to the former statute, no authority
could be obtained for building any brick walls less than twelve
inches in thickness. The powers of the law seem to have as-
sumed that no New Yorker, however poor, would condescend
to live in anything less imposing than a four-story house ; and
they obliged the builder of a house ten feet high to make all
the walls exactly as thick as if it were fifty-five feet high. This
provision, by unreasonably increasing the cost of small dwell-
ings, has undoubtedly tended strongly to drive the poorer peo-
ple of the city into the tenement-houses, which form the re-
proach of New York ; and the new law, very wisely, as we
think, modifies the rule so far as to allow houses not more than
twenty feet wide, and thirty feet high, to be built with eight-
inch walls above the basement, and blocks of houses twelve
and one-half feet wide, and not over fifty feet high may be
built with every alternate party-wall eight inches thick. There
is no question that an eight-inch wall, which is, in proportion
to its mass, the strongest wall which can be built with bricks,
possesses ample strength, if properly built, for carrying the
floors and roof of a dwelling house of such modest dimensions ;
and although the brick-makers may regret the change, hun-
dreds of independent and home-loving workingmen will wel-
come it as bestowing upon them the long-desired privilege of
building and owning nouses on terms as favorable as those
which their brethren in Philadelphia and other cities enjoy.
would IK; twenty-eight inches thick to a height of fifteen feet
above the curb, twenty-four inches thick thence to a height of
sixty feet, then twenty inches thick to a height of niin-iy
feet, and sixteen inches thick from this point to the top,
These dimensions actually give a far stronger and more stable
wall than those specified in the old regulations, the advantage
in strength being, roughly speaking, about seventeen per cent,
and in stability at least thirty pur cent, yet the average thick-
ness of the wall above the curb on the new model is exactly
twenty-two inches, in place of the twenty-two and fifty-five
one-hundredths of the old model, and costs, notwithstanding
its great superiority, two and one-half per cent less. Similar
provisions apply to the walls of warehouses, which are, in gen-
eral now only required to be four inches thicker than those of
dwelling-houses of the same height. These modifications alone-
in the old law will save many thousands of dollars every year
to the owners of real estate in New York, with positive advan-
tage to the general character of construction in the city.
I
FOR dwelling-houses of more ambitious character the new
rules require walls in some cases thicker and in others thin-
ner than those specified in the old law. The gradation of
thicknesses is, however, made with much more discrimination
than under the old law, and the future high dwelling-houses
will have walls at once less expensive, lighter and stronger
than those of similar buildings constructed under the recent
regulations. If we take as an example an apartment-house
with walls one hundred and ten feet high, we find that under
the old law all the walls would be required to be twenty-four
inches thick to a height of seventy feet above the curb, and
twenty inches thick from that point to the top, making the
average thickness above the curb twenty-two and fifty-five one-
hundredths inches; while the same walls under the new law
T is unfortunate that the same care which has been displayed
in amending the sections relating to the thickness of walls
should not have been employed also upon those regulating
the strength of stone, iron and wooden beams ; but these, the
least praiseworthy sections of the old law, have been retained
with nearly all their objectionable features, if not with a few
additional ones. In speaking of stone lintels, for instance, both
the old and the amended statute specify, without regard to the
sort of material employed, that lintels over openings, whether
" of stone or iron," shall be not less than eight inches in height
for an opening not more than four feet in width, and twelve
inches in height for openings not more than six feet in width ;
and so on ; and lintels over openings not more than six feet in
width may be of the same height, but four inches only in
thickness, provided the opening is covered through the remain-
ing thickness of the wall by a flat arch turn'ed over a wooden
lintel. It is needless to point out the absurdity of lumping
stone and iron lintels together in this way, as if the materials
possessed the same transverse strength ; and it is hardly less
absurd to specify the same dimensions for all kinds of stone.
Every one knows that the transverse strength of stones varies
greatly, and while an eight-inch lintel of blue-stone might
safely support a wall over a four-foot opening, a similar lintel
of many of the sandstones used in New York would be in con-
stant danger of collapse. If the lintel extends only partly
through the wall, and is backed by an arch, the danger of
breaking it is, although the law does not recognize any differ-
ence, much greater than when the lintel is the only support ;
since the compression of the joints of the arch throws an inten-
sified strain upon the unyielding lintel ; and blocks of ordinary
building stone of the heights and span specified, would be al-
most sure to give way sooner or later. The provisions for deter-
mining the sizes of wooden floor-beams, though apparently more
scientific, are in reality little better than those governing the
dimensions of lintels ; the new rules, like the old, authorizing in
set terms the use of timbers which would, according to the re-
sults of recent investigations, break under their load ; while
even the air of comedy which characterized the old sections on
the subject has been maintained in the improved statute by the
retention of the ridiculous clause providing that " in all store-
houses the weight that each floor will safely sustain upon each
superficial foot shall be estimated by the owner thereof, and
posted in a conspicuous place on each floor thereof; " just as if
any floor would ' safely sustain " the same weight upon " each
superficial foot ; " or as if most owners of storehouses were likely
to be able, even if they wished, to " estimate " the strength of
their floors by any process more complicated than that of writ-
ing down the three figures which first came into their heads.
LIVELY discussion has been going on in Texas about
the stone to be used for the exterior of the new Capitol.
Although, as we understand, the contractor for the build-
ing is not required by the specification to use local stone, it
seems to have been taken for granted that the opportunity of
displaying the resources of the State in the way of building
stones should be made the most of, and as it was inconceivable
that a State of such enormous size should not contain all
varieties of stone, the natural inference was that the whole of
the materials would be of native origin. Even the contractor
appears to have had the same idea, and it was not until
26
The American Architect and Building News. [VOL. XVIII. No. 499.
investigation had shown that no stone of good and uniform color
was within reach in sufficient quantity to face the walls of the
building that he proposed to use Bedford limestone, from Ind-
iana, for the external portions. The question of the use of a
foreign stone was brought before the Capitol Commissioners,
the majority of whom favored it, but the Governor, who has a
very proper preference for granite as a material for large
buildings, and, as a member of the Commission, has a right to
express his preferences, opposed the conclusion of the majority
in a very earnest public protest, taking the ground that al-
though the granite hitherto obtained had not been found quite
suitable, further search would undoubtedly 'bring to light stone
enough for the building, of quality in every way unobjection-
able. The State, with great liberality, has offered the con-
tractor the labor of a thousand convicts for either one or two
years, at a nominal cost, to be used in opening the granite
ledges of Burnet County, and in working the stone obtained
from them, and has consented to extend the time for the com-
pletion of the building as much as may be necessary for making
the requisite explorations ; and it is not strange that the Gov-
ernor should believe that everything had been done to insure
the use of Texas stone throughout the building, and should be
disappointed at the reluctance of the contractor to accept the
offers of the State. On the other hand, it is hardly more to be
wondered at that the contractor, who probably knows more
than the Governor about the uncertainties of stone quarries,
and dreads to take any chances in carrying out his agreement,
should prefer the certainty of obtaining an admirable stone, in
any quantity and within the shortest possible time, at a certain,
even if a high price, to the prospect of spending a great deal of
time and money in the granite quarries, with only a chance, in
the end, of securing stone enough for his wants, possessing the
uniformity of color and texture, and the freedom from defects,
which are so rarely found combined in granite.
N Irrigation^Commission was recently deputed by the Gov-
eruments of the various Australian colonies, acting in
concert, to examine the methods of irrigation in use in the
United States, and report the result of their investigations for
the benefit of their own countrymen. Every one knows that
in many parts of the West, particularly in California and Col-
orado, the artificial irrigation of land is carried on in a very
scientific manner, and on a large scale, millions of acres of the
richest agricultural land in the world depending for their pro-
ductiveness entirely upon the moisture brought from rivers
many miles away, but the methods of irrigation differ greatly
in various parts of the country. The system which seems, ac-
cording to the Builder, to have made the greatest impression
on the Commissioners was that which they found in use at
Pasadena, a noted fruit-raising district near Los Angeles, in
Southern California. The distribution of water here is carried
on by a stock company, composed of the proprietors who use
the water, and each share of stock, costing two hundred and
fifty dollars, entitles the owner to a regular supply of water
enough to keep ten acres of land in productive condition. The
indirect profit on the investment is enormous, for, apart from
any dividends which might be earned on the stock by disposing
of surplus water to persons not connected with the company,
the introduction of the water has increased the value of the
land under irrigation more than a hundred-fold, while, even at
present prices, the irrigated land is excellent property, the net
annual return from an acre of it, when planted with orange
trees, being from two hundred and fifty to five hundred dol-
lars, after paying all expenses.
HE supply of water is limited, so that it is necessary to
avoid the waste by evaporation and soakage which would
take place if it were conveyed in open channels, and in
place of these iroii pipes are used as conduits. The construc-
tion of these pipes is, we think, quite novel, and is certainly
well worth remembering. Each separate section is eight feet
long, and is formed of two tubes, one within the other, made
by rolling up plates of sheet-iron and soldering the joints,
which are lapped an inch. The difference in diameter between
the outer and inner tube is sufficient to leave a space between
them, when one is placed inside the other, of one-sixteenth of
an inch, and the two are put together under the surface of a
bath of melted asphalt, which not only coats all the surfaces
with a protecting film, but forms a continuous packing be-
tween the outer and inner tubes, preventing any possibility of
leakage, and appreciably increasing the strength of the pipe.
TLJARPEKS W EEKLT gives an account of a system of
accident insurance recently adopted by the Baltimore &
Ohio Railroad Company, which is interesting, not only in itself,
but as being the first to be carried out on a large scale in this
country. The former president of the railroad company, Mr.
John W. Garrett, who was a man of exceptional thoughtfulness
as well as ability, was struck, when travelling abroad, with the
value of the provisions for insuring workmen against accidents
which are so commonly made by railway companies and manu-
facturers there, and on returning to this country he set himself at
work to devise a scheme for extending similar benefits to the per-
sons employed by the great railway company whose affairs he
administered. His son, who entered warmly into his plans, as-
sisted him in the work, and was therefore well prepared, on his
succession, after the death of his father, to the presidency of the
road, for the development of the good work which they had
begun together. In 1880 the corporation set aside one hun-
dred thousand dollars, as the nucleus of a fund for insuring
persons employed in its service against accident, disability or
death. All the employes of the company were invited to avail
themselves of the advantages offered by this provision, by con-
tributing a small monthly sum for keeping up the guarantee
fund, and the subscribers were allowed to share, equally with
the railway company, in the management of the insurance asso-
ciation and its funds, by the election of five out of the ten
directors. The minimum rate of contribution was fixed at one
dollar a month for men receiving thirty-five dollars a month or
less as wages, increasing regularly to five dollars a month for
those receiving a salary of more than one hundred dollars a
month. In case of disabling accident, the men who paid a
dollar a mouth were entitled to draw indemnity at the rate of
fifty cents a day for six months, if their inability to work should
continue so long, and twenty-five cents a day afterwards, until
they were able to return to their tasks, or fifty cents a day for
not more than a year, in case of sickness, or injury from other
than accidental causes. If one in this class should die of inju-
ries received in the company's service, his family received five
hundred dollars ; and in the event of his death while in the
service, from any cause except accident, his family received one
hundred dollars. This series of indemnities was known as a
" benefit," and the regular payment of any multiple of one dollar
a month entitled the contributor making such payment to a cor-
responding multiple of the indemnity attached to a single benefit.
' it FTER a time, subscription and contribution to the insur-
fjL auce fund, which was at first optional with the employes
' of the company was made compulsory, on all entering
the service, as it is in most cases abroad, and the new workmen
in each class now have their contribution deducted from their
wages. Each man is, however, allowed the privilege of sub-
scribing for extra benefits if he wishes, so that men who have
large families, or a little extra income, may purchase special
security. for them. In four years and five months, to October
1, 1884, more than seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars
had been paid out in indemnities under this system. The
largest single item of disbursements was on account of sickness,
more than two hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars hav-
ing been paid for nineteen thousand cases of natural ailments.
The next item, as would perhaps be expected on a great rail-
road, "was on account of death by accident, two hundred and
one deaths having occurred, involving indemnities amounting
to two hundred and seven thousand dollars, and one hundred
and fifty-five thousand dollars were paid out on account of in-
demnities and expenses of surgical treatment for nine thousand
cases of injury from accidents. Three hundred and eighty-
three deaths from natural causes drew one hundred and thir-
teen thousand dollars out of the fund, showing that the aver-
age number of benefits held by each person is about three. At
first sight, the cost of this insurance to those who enjoys its
benefits seems rather unreasonably large, the premiums on both
life and accident policies for the same sums in companies of the
ordinary sort, for men of the average age of those entering the
service of a railway company, being only about one half of the
contributions required by the Baltimore and Ohio corporation ;
but it must be remembered that these contributions cover in-
demnity against sickness, which none of the ordinary insurance
companies touch, and which, as it appears, absorbs more than
one-third of all the money paid out, and that railroad men, on
account ol the dangers incident to their profession, always have
to pay a much larger premium for insurance than those en-
gaged in other occupations.
JULY 18, 1885.]
The American Architect and Building News.
27
BERLIN AND NEW YORK.
HKUUN.
'fjS I said in a recent letter, a vast
t~\ amount of building, much of it of a
/ very ambitious kind, has lately been
done in Berlin. Of course ita results
li;n i- been discussed from time to time in
German publications; but I think they
have not, attracted much attention abroad,
mi i am almost sure they have
" not been dwelt upon in these
columns. I wish very sin-
cerely that some professional
correspondent of the Ameri-
can Architect were here
to write of them in my
stead ; no one being bet-
^~ '~? ter aware than I that it
is, to say the least, a
little reckless for a mere
layman to speak of archi-
tecture to a professional
audience, and es-
pecially of con-
temporary archi-
tecture, where he
cannot often fall
back for guidance
and support on
the dicta of print-
ed a u t horities.
But Berlin lies so
Die Dankei Kircht, Berlin. far OUtSlde the
usual track of the travelling student that I hardly imagine any well-
trained observer is likely just now to be looking about him here with
the intent to take notes and " mayhap to print 'em " in these col-
umns. And even should such be the case, he certainly will not find
his work forestalled by my remarks, which shall be strictly and con-
scientiously superficial ; I having no faintest desire to do more than
show how, to a mere interested outsider, the current results of archi-
tecture here seem to compare with its current results at home.
As every one knows, there is nothing in the older architecture of
Berlin that is first-rate ; very little that is even second-rate in quality.
There are two or three rather unimportant mediaeval churches, and
one wing of the palace dates from the sixteenth century, but all else
is baroque or modern. The secular work of the last century is only
pretty good not half so interesting as that in Dresden or Vienna
while the churches are conspicuously ugly. I will only note as a
curiosity that standing free in the Gendarmen Markt, with the
theatre between them, one sees a pair of churches, built by Frederic
the Great, which are absolutely identical, an architectural inspiration
that I do not remember to have seen elsewhere incorporated, and
that certainly does not strike one as felicitous.
The Classic style which everywhere came in with this century
found here a good exponent in Schinkel. His Schauspielhaus (the
Royal Theatre, not the Opera-House) is an excellent example of what
can be done with Greek, or more truly by Grecicizing, forms kept
free from all Roman intermixture. And his Old Museum is effective
and grandiose outside, though within it was as badly planned, both
for monumental beauty and for its special purpose as one could well
imagine. Owing to Schinkel's enormous influence, and still more,
perhaps, to the taste of Frederic William the Fourth, the Classic
fashion persisted in Berlin long after all the rest of Germany had
been swept into the current of the " national-romantic " movement.
Its hold was finally broken only about fifteen years ago, when the
present period of great activity began. On the whole, contemporary
architects have had almost as good a field here as they have with us.
That is to say, if a field is good in proportion as it is open, free from
those noble relics of a great period which set an uncomfortably high
standard, and to a certain extent mark out the path modern men
must take to reach it.
' It may be said in general of Berlin, both old and new, that it is a
city without visible roofs, to a degree almost ifnot quite unparalleled
in Northern Europe. Nowhere in secular work that is not strictly
recent do we see the sign of a roof, save only in the oldest wing of
the palace ; and even in the recent work the same state of things
largely prevails. Among the new shops and apartment-houses one
sees, indeed, certain visibly-roofed examples with French mansards
or German dormers. And in the villa quarters steep little roofs are
getting to be somewhat frequent. But the general aspect of the
town is not yet perceptibly modified, and the traditional rule of no
roofs has hardly been broken through, I think, in a single one of the
many great public structures and private palaces of to-day. This
absence of roofs seems doubly strange and doubly unwelcome if one
happens to have come from Dresden, where, though the roof is some-
what subordinated in current work, it forms the chief feature in all
work that antedates this century where the oldest streets are
crowned with a steep, picturesque mass of red-brown tilfcs, and the
baroque buildings offer as charming a series of studies in the use of
hipped roofs, often with curved profiles and overhanging eaves, as
one could wish to see. Indeed, wherever one may come from, the
rooflessness of Berlin strikes one as a disagreeable anomaly in this
degree of latitude.
I may add that until within the last few years Berlin wag also
chiefly a city of stucco. Stone was not a local product, and was dis-
pensed with even on occasions where one might think cost would
have been no object, while the example of that beautiful old brick
architecture which is the only glory of the Brandenburg Mark was
utterly ignored and burnt clay was held fit only to be concealed by
plaster. Even now in ordinary structures plaster still rules and
stone is a rather rare alternative ; but with the growth of wealth and
ambition it is winning its way, and stucco has been banished at leant
from monumental work. Here side by side with a constant use of a
pale yellow sandstone, and a more than occasional use of marble and
granite, we find a brick Renaissance well under way, and it consti-
tutes, I think, the most interesting because the most individual local
feature.
Since I have said that roofs are so exceptional, it will be under-
stood that no favor is shown to Gothic or even to the most charac-
teristically northern early Renaissance forms. 'Mediaeval precedents
are consulted only in ecclesiastical work, and in this itself we seldom
find even an approach to a thorough-going medievalism. The gen-
eral superficial effect of a Gothic church seems to be thought desir-
able; but round arches are almost invariably used just now, and are
never treated in a genuine Romanesque way. When the forms and
details are riot Renaissance they are " Byzantine," after tin: fashion
of Munich in the last generation. The most amiable of tourists
could not say that ecclesiastical work is a strong point with the Ber-
lin school ; the most patriotic of critics acknowledges weakness here,
and even the most self-satisfied of critics tacitly confesses it. For no
one, from the writer of one's guide-book to the driver of one's cab,
lays much stress on the attractions of the newer churches, not even of
that one the Dankes-Kirche which is a monument of popular
gratitude for the Emperor's escape
from assassination. I am told that the
weakness of the local school in this
department is especially marked in the
matter of reconciling interior arrange-
ment with exterior expression. But I
have not been tempted to seek the
inside of any of these churches al-
ways a troublesome and time-consuming
effort in a Protestant land.
It is the Renaissance which rules
Jarusalamer Kircht, Berlin.
unchallenged in Berlin to-day ; chiefly in its later forms and until
very lately only in its Italian varieties. Richard Lucse, who at first
followed Scliinkcl's Classical lead, but was afterwards much influ-
enced by Semper's work in more Southern cities, may be named as
the pioneer in the Renaissance movement generally, and as the
father of its Italianizing branch. To him and to Hitzig are due the
first of a long series of public buildings and sumptuous private hotels
or "palaces," which are often verv excellent examples of one or
another of the late Italian types. But as we have similar examples
everywhere with us on the Continent, we do not stop to study them
here ; and still less do we pause over those other palaces which now
occasionally show the influence of modern Paris. In both types the
sculptor often contributes very largely of his art, but rather to the
increase of general sumptuousness than to that of definite artistic
charm. And the same must be said of the vivid color-work in paint
or mosaic which now is sometimes being added, either on the walls of
loggias or in the upper panels of the facades themselves. The Ger-
mans of the North are proverbially not colorists de race, and one
feels theoretically and from the evidence of these essays, which are
sometimes due to their most accomplished painters that only those
who are colorists by nature can succeed in the difficult task of using
external figure-paintings on a conspicuous scale as to size, and on the
most pronounced and varied scale as to color. A Giorgione could
succeed, perhaps a Makart could have succeeded ; but to my eyes
Professor Werner and his fellows fall a good deal below the mark
28
The American Architect and Building News. [VOL. XVIII. No. 499.
that one's imagination is fain to set. And when the same experi-
ment is tried under worse conditions, as sometimes on great public
caravansaries and commercial structures, the result is certainly showy
enough, but artistically the reverse of inspiriting.
The long new streets of ordinary dwelling-houses (apartment-
houses, that is to say, though not in our towering acceptation of the
term) are varied by all sorts of essays, from that utilitarian plainness
which in Germany is dubbed the " barrack style " to that self-con-
scious and ponderous elaboration which is so often the result when
an average Teuton in any profession tries to be ornate and playful.
Modern Paris and Vienna are often copied, but hardly so as to
preclude the necessity for studying their ideas at home. The most
interesting and the best examples are those, I should say, which have
a more German-Renaissance accent, and which hold a middle course
between barrenness and ornamental excess ; and some of these are
very good indeed.
Among the smaller detached dwellings, again the villas around
the Park and in the outlying quarters time-worn Italian and French
modes vie with those o a more " national " character. A modified
chalet type is conspicuous, and has brought in the steep roofs of
which I spoke. But here there seems to me very little that is inter-
esting : a dead level of work that is rarely bad or unaccomplished,
but never, I should say, really beautiful or really suggestive ; and,
after all, the domestic problems of Berlin are so very different from
those of American towns that we should not get much practical help
here, even did all examples show the distinctest excellence.
In many streets the shops are of course but a subordinate feature of
the apartment-houses; but in others of a more distinctly commercial
character we see in fullest force that tendency toward loud display,
that desire to be conspicuous at all hazards which we have known
so well at home. The general effect of these streets is certainly
more imposing than the general effect of similar streets with
us. But 1 do not think the difference springs from any great pre-
ponderance here of really better architectural elements. Part of it,
and it is a very great degree of difference, as may be guessed, comes
from the fact that here an important business street is very wide,
beautifully paved, extremely clean, not wholly deformed by rampant
signboards, and not hatched over with telegraph-wires. Then every-
thing is brought up to the same high level of shall I say preten-
tiousness, while with us pretentious is very apt to stand side by side
with humble, shabby and sordid insignificance. But in itself the pre-
tentiousness of Berlin does not seem to me of a quality we need envy.
If we examine it in detail we find that it has, indeed, a more " schol-
arly " character than has been the rule with us, in so far that some
recognized style or fashion is the starting-point, or that a mild eclec-
ticism is based upon the elements of such styles. There is none of
the crude originality, none of the aberrant inventiveness, none of the
bold, fantastic wilfulness which we see expressed, I will say, in the
central portion of Broadway, and which were encouraged partly by
the free and independent (and ignorant) nature of the American
soul, and partly, doubtless, by our more general use of iron. But the
result is hardly better, either for true architectural excellence or for
superficial beauty ; while, even hideous originality has perhaps a cer-
tain sort of interest that is wanting to unbeautiful conventionality.
The general effect is, I repeat, distinctly loud and vulgar. There is
an almost entire lack of fundamental architectural ideas, an almost
entire dependence upon applied decoration, and a very marked
tendency in this decoration to confound profuseness with effective-
ness, and over-emphasis with beauty. Even as we stood ten years
ago I do not think we need have greatly envied the commercial
architecture of Berlin, while as we stand to-day such envy would be
most misplaced ; for our latest efforts in this branch seem to me far
better than anything Berlin has to show, very often better in the
spirit which has prompted them, and sometimes much better, also, in
their actual concrete presence. The problems here are easier;
there is neither the cramped ground-plan of New York, for instance,
nor the same tendency towards immoderate height to contend
against. And yet, with a greater freedom and freshness of feeling,
we also display unless, indeed, I have no eyes to see a much
more earnest effort to grasp the properly architectural side of the
art, a stronger impulse toward structural composition, and a distincter
desire to subordinate ornamentation to this. There is with us a
rapidly-growing reaction against superficiality of treatment and also
against loudness and ostentation. But I see no signs of either in the
commercial work of Berlin ; I should be inclined to say, on the con-
trary, that for rampant showiness nothing could ever have been done
anywhere in the world to exceed the great new Kaiser Gallerie, with
its openings on two principal streets, or than a certain structure of
orange-colored brick, with profuse light stone trimmings, that has
recently made itself conspicuous on the Unter den Linden.
Doubtless among all the new buildings in the lower part of New
York there is not one without its imperfections ; and yet there are
very many which I am sure every impartial judge would find archi-
tecturally better than anything of a similar character here archi-
tecturally better in the motive which has ruled their design, and also
more satisfactory to the eye. And it would be ridiculous even to
attempt a comparison with such an example as, for instance, the
Ames stores in Boston. Of course these of our buildings to which I
now refer are still exceptional ; but they are increasing in numbers
so rapidly that they seem to point to a future rule, and in the com-
mercial work of Berlin we do not find even exceptions of the sort.
The only works that even in aim seem to me really good, really archi-
tectural, are some of the bank buildings, and these more properly
belong to the class I have already named as including the private
palaces, since they usually stand outside the main business thorough-
fares and follow rich palatial forms, have no great height and are
discreetly aristocratic and non-commercial in expression. I have, it
is true, seen one shop-front which is interesting and charming, and
doubly so because of its entire unlikeness to all else about it : a nar-
row front which follows a good old German fashion by having the
openings of all its upper stories grouped into a square central bay,
and its shop-window a real window under a great arch, instead of a
mere screen of glass. But this is the only attractive or instructive
item I have noted in the great business streets of the town.
The recent revival of brick constitutes, as I have said, the most
individual feature in current work. In commercial and domestic
structures either a red or a vividly yellow variety is now often used
as the groundwork for an ornamentation in stone so lavish that its
essential qualities almost disappear, except its quality of color, which
is apt to come into spotty and discordant prominence. Rather oddly,
it is to the series of new public buildings we must look for its simplest
and most straightforward treatment.
Schinkel may be said to have started the brick Renaissance with
his Bau Akademie in 1837, though the building was exceptional as
regarded his own practice (his other brick essays having been rather
unsuccessful Gothic churches), and was without immediate practical
influence upon the profession. But it was long and widely discussed,
and has had a numerous late-coming progeny in our own times. If I
am not mistaken, it is illustrated in Fergusson's " Modern Architect-
ure;" but it looks better, I find, on paper than in the body. For,
given the necessity, supposed or actual, for a right-lined, four-square
ground plan, its design is attractive and appropriate, while its treat-
ment strikes one as thin and poor; the basement not pronounced
enough, the angles not solid enough, the buttresses too shallow, the
cornice too feeble, the decoration too small in scale and too meagrely
mechanical in finish.
The first conspicuous effort again to bring brick into favor was
made by Waesemann in his Rath Haus, finished in 1870, which even
local patriots acknowledge to be one of the most colossal architectu-
ral failures of an age which is pretty rich in such. Certainly noth-
ing more unscholarly in conception ever arose even on American
soil. The artist seems to have tried to preserve an Italian flavor,
while basing his work on the great mediaeval and Renaissance town-
halls of the North. The enormous length of his main fa9ade is
broken by pavilions at the angles and in the centre, but they are so
small on plan and so shallow in projection that they do not really
mitigate the effect of dreary monotony. Above the basement there
rises an unbroken succession of very tall, round-headed openings,
which, from the evidence of their heavy transoms, seem to light two
stories within. But we find to our surprise that for the most part
they open with their whole height into very large and lofty apart-
ments. There is no visible roof and but a weak cornice, and the square
tower with open angle-turrets, which rises from behind the centre of
the fa9ade, is as ugly and wire-drawn in design as it is utterly uncon-
nected with the mass below. The main portion of the structure is
red brick, harsh in color and unmitigated in tone, and, since the mass
is so devoid of modelling, unrelieved by any effective shadows. The
light granite used for the basement and certain parts of the decora-
tion is in rather glaring contrast, and the dark sandstone which is
employed only and solely to form the transoms and mullions of the
tall windows, having its existence nowhere else suggested, naturally
appears to be wood or iron. Inside, too, the building is a total fail-
ure, only half-lighted, and very badly planned both for grandeur of
effect and for practical convenience. Even the one redeeming point
which local critics note in the Rath Haus would hardly strike a for-
eigner as such the technical treatment of its brickwork and of its
lavishly applied though quite undecorative decoration. This last,
partly in stone and partly in terra-cotta, is everywhere designed with
the utmost care and academic correctness ; but it is very small and
ineffective in scale, badly disposed, and very mechanical (at least
the terra-cotta) in execution.
The Rath Haus remains an isolated and uncharacteristic example
of local work, if we regard its general aspect, its style or no style.
But it is locally characteristic if we regard its technique, so to say.
The very many recent brick public buildings are all alike in this,
that mechanical exactness seems to have been held equivalent to
artistic beauty, and that terra-cotta ornament is very freely used, but
is very small and ineffective in scale, very flat in relief and very
metallic in execution. A four-square, right-lined ground plan is
almost invariable; indeed, so far as I have seen, quite invariable in
this class of structure. The inspiration as to style comes from north
Italy, not, as one might have predicted, from north Germany or Hol-
land. Round arches are universal and their forms are often boldly
and effectively modelled, showing, in this point at least, an advance
since the days of the Bau Akademie and of the Rath Haus. The
proportions of voids to solids is doubtless, of necessity, greater than
in Italian brick construction of a similar sort ; but there is no attempt
to restore the broad, open fields of wall so essential to the material,
by any grouping of the windows. Indeed, composition is still the
great thing lacking, both in the treatment of the main masses, and in
the disposition of wall spaces and openings. The general effect is
totally different from that of the loud and showy commercial build-
ings I have noted; but the same neglect of strictly architectural
that is, constructive beauty, underlies them both. And in consequence
JULY 18, 1885.]
The American Architect and Building News.
29
we find, though of course in n very different and infinitely less
offensive fashion, the same tendency to the over-use of ornament.
Such plain wall spaces as are left are in reality not left, are as much
broken up and " enlivened " as possible. In the lower story of the
new part of the General Staff Office, for example, there are wide,
solid stretches (the only ones in the building) between the windows;
but they are lined with horizontal rows of tiny, finikin, tin-like
terra-cotta rosettes, until all effect of breadth and strength is lost.
The mouldings of the great round-arched windows above are very
lavishly embroidered wjth very scholarly, very pretty, but quite con-
ventional designs of arabesques and figures, wherein, once more, the
scale is so small, the relief so Hat, and the finish go mechanical that
neither by perceptible Ijeauty of line nor by perceptible contrast of
light and shadow, do they add a note of really decorative charm.
M. G. VAN RENSSELAER.
THE OLDEST CHURCH IN LONDON.
THE following letter has been ad-
dressed to the editor of the New
York Evening Post :
Sir, the relation between our national-
ities is now so close and so intimate, that
an Englishman especially an English
clergyman feels little or no compunc-
tion in asking help of his cousins across
the Atlantic for any object which is in
any sense of national interest. I there-
fore beg permission to ask through the
medium of your columns for help to re-
store the oldest church in the city of
London, viz. : the Priory Church of St.
Bartholomew the Great, West Smithfield.
This church was founded in the reign of
Henry I., A. r>. 1103, by Rahere, founder
also of the adjacent Hospital of St Bar-
tholomew. Much of the original building
is still standing, and is used for public
worship. But apart from the unique and
l-?u]piijJ3rud<y" C@, impressive character of the architecture
\B-loiutn a beautiful specimen of early Anglo-
Norman style the church and parish
possess singular historic interest for Americans and Englishmen.
The founder of Emmanuel College, Cambridge the father of Har-
vard University Walter Mildmay, is buried within our walls.
Milton lived for some years in our parish. Hogarth was baptized in
our font. Benjamin Franklin had his printing-press in our close.
Washington Irving lived hard by in Little Britain, and has written
one of his most charming descriptions upon its inhabitants. All
these great men have doubtless many times worshipped within our
walls. The martyrs of Smithfield suffered within twenty yards of
our gates on a spot which was originally within our precincts. These
associations are precious to all of us, and there is many another
page of history upon which our records throw light.
Saint Bartholomew's Church is well-known and keenly appreciated
by many American visitors, and I am persuaded it only requires
that our purpose should be made clear, to call forth a kindly sympa-
thy and a hearty cooperation from America. A committee has been
formed, with the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of Lon-
don at its head, to try and buy back the old consecrated sites from
secular usage, and to restore the fabric in a maner worthy its his-
tory. The ancient lady-chapel is used as a fringe factory, the
north transept as a shoeing-forge, the north triforium as a school,
while in many places the roof is go faulty and insecure as to let in
rain.
A large sum 20,000 is necessary to carry out our object;
but we are most anxious to raise 7,500 at once to purchase the
ancient lady-chapel and the north transept. If this sum is not
raised within the present summer, there is a fear that these ancient
sites may come to the hammer and be lost to the church forever.
Any help toward these objects will be gratefully received and ac-
knowledged by me. Remittances made to Messrs. Brown, Shipley
& Co., Founders Court, Lothbury, or to the Rev. Arthur Lawrence,
the rectory, Stockbridge, Mass., would also be kindly accepted by
them.
Asking your good offices in this matter, I am, sir, your obedient
servant, W. PANCKRIDOE, Rector.
THE VERTRY, ST. BARTHOLOMEW THE GREAT,
WEST SMITHFIELD, June 26.
MARMORIXE, A SUBSTITUTE FOR MARBLE. Mr. Bruce Joy, an Eng-
lish sculptor, has invented a new material for statuary which he calls
marmorine. It is said to be as beautiful as marble, and scarcely dis-
tinguishable from some tints of Carrara marble, yet much cheaper than
marble, and having the advantage of limitless production from an origi-
nal. Though cheaper than marble, it is still costly, which will prevent
its being used in inferior forms of art. Though something like plaster-
of-Paris, it is so hard that it may be worked upon precisely the same as
marble. Exchange.
SOME CATHEDRALS OF SCANDINAVIA.
HE northern-
most and un-
questionably
the finest of Scan-
dinavian rliiirche*
stands at Thrond-
hjiMii, in Norway,
the highest jH.iut
to which a rail-
way att-iins in Eu-
rope. It it a vast
edifice now undergoing restoration, but has hardly yet emerged from
a state of ruin. Here the Norwegian sovereigns art- crowned, ami
here at one time the Assembly used to meet on occasions of national
importance; but scaffolding and sustaining walls still occupy mm-h
of the great Church of St. Ola!', and make it useless at present to in-
vite anybody's company to so remote a region. Let us, then, pause
at Upsxla on the way thither from Stockholm.
Upsala Can be reached by land or by water from the Swedish cap-
ital. 'I he railway journey occupies a little over two hours, and the
steamer is about twice as long in doing the distance ; but the land route
is intolerably wearisome, through endless and dreary pine-woods, while
the water journey its pleasant and picturesque, affording, ag it does,
peep* at the shrunken ruins of Ligtuna and the imposing square cha-
teau at Skokloster. The old University city itgelf stands on both sides
of a narrow, muddy stream, called the Fyrisa, into which the steamer
very glowly and not without considerable difficulty makes itg way
from an inlet of Lake Malaren, and the paddle-wheels churn up the
clayey soil at the bottom as we pass under a very hideous red build-
ing called locally the Slott, or Castle, and bring-to at the quay of
Upsala, beyond which point the winding little river ceases to be nav-
igable at all. The most prominent, building here is the cathedral
a strictly Gothic structure in red brick, with occasional itdaid pat-
terns of white stone, of which the speckled effect is by no means an
improvement. The exterior is in other respects very plain, there
being little in the row of lateral chapels to break the line of the aisles,
indeed the effect produced is rather ag of a double aisle the
transept being shallow, and the two western towers not sufficiently
high to impress the imagination. The architects of the period were
not such masters of their craft as the mediceval builders at Liibeck
and Nuremberg, in whose hands we learn of what brick is capable,
and the only ornament to be discovered at Upsala is on the elaborate
and pleasing portals north and south. Inside, the church is at first
sight very disappointing, owing to the bare condition of itg white-
washed walls and roof, and the absence of all colored glass ; but when
we have somewhat got over this feeling we cannot choose but admire
the proportions, which are really very striking. Twenty-four col-
umns support the nave and choir a total length of nearly four hun-
dred feet and the capitals of these columns, whose quaintly-con-
ceived animal-forms are carved in the highest relief, are most curious.
Some massive candelabra, and the pulpit, a top-heavy wooden erec-
tion, covered with paint and tawdry gilding, complete the decoration
of the nave ; but a valuable sarcophagus conceals the bones of the
sainted King Erik, and two memorial chapels enclose monuments of
historic and artistic interest which might not improbably be better
appreciated by foreign visitors if the sacristan's knowledge of lan-
guages wag not confined to Swedish. In one of these, under a vaulted
and staring canopy of blue, dotted with golden stars, reposes Ciustavug
Vasa; in the other the fine Italian tomb of John III is placed. More
interesting than either, in a small side chapel acrogg the nave, with no
wretched modern frescoes to grieve the eye, and no false and unseemly
ornament to detract from the dignity of death, rises an obelisk of por-
phyry, on which a medallion exhibits the lineamentg of the greatest
Swede of later days, Linnajns, who is buried beneath the nave. The
treasury contains a large amount of rubbish, and a certain banner
said to have been made by an early queen out of her petticoat, and
sent in derision to a German potentate, who had scoffed at her war-
like propensities of which the natives are very proud : we were un-
fortunately unable to discover it among the mass of old vestments and
relics de|x>Mted there.
At one time three lofty towers, four hundred feet high, gave gran-
deur to Upsala Cathedral ; but the ravages of a fire in 1 702 destroyed
them, and the central tower has never been rebuilt. The two that
now flank the front have only been carried up one hundred and eighty
feet high, just double the height of the choir, and their effect cannot
be compared with those at Lund in South Sweden, which, owing to
the wide extent of the flat plain that encircleg the city, can be geen
from an immense distance, and have scarcely faded out of sight of
the Danish steamboat when it reaches Copenhagen from Malino, a
site well chosen for what was once the metropolitan church of Scan-
dinavia, though Denmark has now itg own archbishopric, and the
primacy of Sweden has been shifted to Upsala.
Lund is a fairly lively little town not far from the southern extrem-
ity of Sweden, and the seat of one of the Universities of the country.
In the sixteenth century its population was nearly twenty times what
it can boast now-a-days, for including students the total is under fif-
teen thousand ; but the town has shrunk with the population, and we
do not see ruined walls or crumbling buildings around to remind us of
the changes that have befallen it. Its glory is the Cathedral, a small
but very pleasing Romanesque building, nearly one hundred feet
30
TJie American Architect and Building News. [VOL. XVIII. No. 499-
shorter in length than the Upsala church ; but, owing to the differ-
ence in level between the nave and transepts, and the perspective
through the double row of columns, the impression upon the mind is
as of a much larger edifice. The east end has a circular apse, and
beneath this is a vast crypt, resting on twenty-four pillars, which is
carried for a length of one hundred and twenty feet or so under the
raised portion of the Cathedral ; and here are quaint old stone fig-
ures, strange brasses, and forgotten tombstones to be seen when the
sun streams down from the open doorway above, or through some ol
the lateral chinks, which on a dull day can scarcely do more than
make the darkness visible. The vaulting of the Cathedral through-
out is elaborately painted in blue and gold ; and, though the result is
somewhat glaring at present while the color is being renewed, it will
doubtless harmonize in years to come well enough with the walls : am]
at any rate, this coloring is preferable to the depressing whitewash
which appals the visitor to Upsala. There is much to note with
pleasure and surprise in this little Cathedral. In one place we fee
some curious winged lions, supporting on their backs angels in the
act of unfolding their pinions to fly away, and, damaged as the stone-
work is, there is much spirit in the sculpture left. In another we find
great brass candelabra surmounted by saintly figures, which also rest
on small lions, and above there are raised slender columns to support
deeply-cut rounded arches sunk in the thickness of the walls. Again,
the carving of the wooden choir-stalls is delightful. It represents the
chase of a nondescript animal, half bear, half beaver, who is alter-
nately hunter and hunted, and on one stall is being dragged from his
den by the tail, while a little further on a larger specimen of the
beast is satisfactorily munching his human adversary. But the lover
of architecture will probably be most interested in noticing the ex-
treme diversity in form and ornament of the solid pillars that bear
the crypt ; their capitals, now plain, now richly sculptured ; the little
figures that crawl up one; the very unusual double-rope marking oi
another; and the deep indentation that is carried from base to capi-
tal of a third; and all supply a fitting framework for the strange
medley of tombs, fragments of stone and iron work, to be found gath-
ered together below and around them.
The growing seaport of Malmo is but a few miles from Lund.
This town possesses several large brick churches whose proportions
are good enough, but spoiled as usual, inside, by dreary whitewash ;
yet, in spite of the importance of the place, none of these rises to the
dignity of a cathedral, and the first to be seen worthy of note on the
way southwards after leaving Lund is the royal burial-place of Roes-
kilde in Denmark, for the great Frauenkirche of Copenhagen is only
redeemed though nobly from ugly insignificance by the master-
pieces of Thorwaldsen that adorn it without and within.
Roeskilde is about seventeen miles distant from Copenhagen ; a
journey that the railway contrives to accomplish in something under
an hour-and-a-half. It is a dreary town enough ; but the situation is
pretty, as it lies in a grassy plain at the head of the inlet of the North
Sea, and a gradual rise from every side culminates in a plateau on
which the Cathedral stands, so that without being on a height in any
fair sense of the word, its slight elevation makes it visible for a long
distance. The Cathedral is a very small building, first consecrated
in 1084, at a time when the rounded arch had not yet made way for
the pointed variety ; but, as repeated conflagrations destroyed por-
tions of the edifice, the ruins were rebuilt in the newer style. The
transepts do not project at all from the body of the church, and the
aisle on either side the nave is carried around the choir. Hence the
whole building presents a rather monotonous appearance when seen
from the outside, which, moreover, suffers from the presence of a
pigmy pinnacle or so in place of any spire or tower, and from the new
pointing to its old brick surface applied during a recent restoration.
Inside along the southern aisle is a row of chapels containing huge
sarcophagi in black and silver, and tasteless monuments where repose
the past Kings of Denmark. The effect of these is overwhelmingly
dismal. The chapels are scarcely in harmony with the original de-
sign, though hetfe and there a good individual detail is noticeable,
such as the vaulting springing from a central shafted column, or the
cupola that caps a dome elsewhere. In one may be noticed some old
frescoes that might have been interesting had they not been ruined
by successive layers of whitewash or injudicious renovation. The
largest of these chapels contains the tomb of Christian IV with his
wife by his side ; and he, almost alone among the sovereigns of the
little Northern Kingdom, seems to have merited much posthumous
honor by his wisdom in counsel as well as his bravery in war. He
befriended art in all its forms, and most of the best architectural
work in the country dates from his time ; nor did he, like too many
of those who preceded and succeeded him on the Danish throne,
waste the finances of his kingdom on useless frivolities, or in gratify-
ing the whims of worthless favorites. Yet others may be lying here
whose memory should be rescued from oblivion, as underneath the
upper choir for at Roeskilde there is a division of the choir, and
one portion is raised above the surface of the other lie buried
many of the early kings and magnates of the land, whose names are
at this time little but a myth at home, and are altogether unknown
abroad. The choir is enclosed by a very handsome old brass railing,
and there is some fine carving on the altar itself, and upon the choir-
stalls. But, on the whole, a pilgrimage to Roeskilde cannot be said
to have the same interest, except for the specialist in Danish history,
as the journey up the lovely arm of Lake Miilaren to Upsala, or grop-
ing in the semi-darkness of the grand old crypt at Lund.
The town is absolutely without interest; it is also without what
hungry visitors would much desire to find in it a good restaurant.
r lhe railway, too, seems to crawl back to Copenhagen more slowly
than it comes from it, but as soon as one reaches the pleasant Danish
capital equanimity is speedily restored. The Saturday Review.
THE ILLUSTRATIONS.
[Contributors are requested to send with their drawings full and
adequate descriptions of the buildings, including a statement of cost.~\
SKETCHES IN WETHERSFIELD, CONN. BY MELVJN P. HAPGOOD,
ARCHITECT, HARTFORD, CONN.
TOTETHERSFIELD is a quiet but handsome village four miles
\rJ from Hartford, on the banks of the Connecticut River, and
much of the fertile land is occupied by seed-gardens, whose
products in small parcels have found their way over the whole
world. There is a tradition that the Wethersfield church was
largely paid for by a special sale of onions, and certainly this odor-
ous vegetable has greatly contributed to the wealth of the commu-
nity. In 1838 the floor of the church was lifted to give space for
furnaces in the cellar, and the high pulpit and the box-pews were
removed. The wainscoting of the latter served for more than forty
years as a fence for a neighboring estate, and the long line of bevelled
panels had a very handsome effect. In 1883 a new chancel was
built to contain the organ, and the south gallery, which had formerly
upheld it, was removed. The side galleries were lowered, and all
the wood-work in the lower part of the church was put into quar-
tered oak. The floor was inclined down towards the new pulpit and
the new oak pews arranged semicircularly. A series of long stained-
glass windows took the place of the two stories of short windows,
and as the old sills were near the floor, in consequence of the eleva-
tion of 1838, carved stone panels were inserted on the outside to
raise the new sills to the height of the wainscoting. This, with the
south porch, makes the only external change from its appearance in
1761. The middle cornice of the auditorium, marking the ledge in
the old wall, with the Ionic pilasters above, supporting the ceiling-
beams, are painted ivory color, and the wall spaces between, includ-
ing window splays, are saffron, with fleurs-de-lis in dull copper
bronze. The ceiling panels are in neutral blue, with an ochre bor-
'der, relieved with a Greek fret in ivory. The organ-loft is painted
Indian red, with an anthemion border around the ceiling. The lower
part of the walls is in deep olive, harmonizing admirably with the
oak, and just above the wainscot is a broad band of dull gold. The
vestibules are painted Indian red, with brownish-ochre ceilings;
ivory cornices. The stained-glass, which, as well as the frescoing,
was designed by the architect, has its principal field of blended tones
of amber and yellowish olive, with some bands of deep red. In the
upper sections, Scriptural texts are in yellow enamel on neutral blue
grounds, with the surrounding rays in yellow and brown. The upper
circles are cut-glass " sun-bursts " with a border of amber jewels.
To harmonize with surrounding structures, nearly all of which are
white, with green blinds, the steeple, cornices, and all other salient
features are painted white, with the wall-surface pale sage-green,
and the sashes, both inside and out. dark bronze-green, and the effect
of the whole is very pleasing. Formerly the walls were lead-color,
with chocolate trimmings, but the dark color greatly obscured the
delicate mouldings and carving of the upper surfaces, and the bluish
lead-color clashed with the greensward and the elms.
PALAZZO LOREDAN, OR VENDRAMIN-CALERGI, VENICE.
THIS palace was built for the Doge Andrea Loredano, about the
year 1481, perhaps by one of the Lombard!. Sansovino esteemed it
among the four most magnificent palaces in Venice, being covered
with Greek marbles, and having its large windows decorated with
Corinthian colnmns. Though built by a Loredan, it was more popu-
larly known as "palazzo del non nobis " (the palace of the not to us),
because of the inscription : " Non nobis Domine, non nobis," engraved
along its basement. Another inscription may be read on the small
tablets decorating the jambs of the central water-entrance : " Domus
pads." This palace, the best that the Venetian architecture of the
Renaissance can boast of, like the glorious sea-front of the Gothic
Ducal Palace, has its origin enveloped in mystery. This un-
necessary uncertainty would seem to show that the world would
rather subject itself to the imputation of forgetfulness than lavish
too much praise on any individual. For this reason it prefers to
attribute many works of arc to the age which produced them. The
conclusion, though it might appear unjust for narrow judges, would
stand the test of philosophical principles. Even those who are
best disposed to believe in a personal Homer must agree that what
places his poems at the head of ancient poetry came from Homer's
surroundings, and that the poet himself was the child of his age.
G. BONI.
TOWN-HALL, WARE, MASS. MESSRS. HARTWELL & RICHARDSON,
ARCHITECTS, BOSTON, MASS.
THE building is to contain in its principal story, a hall seating 700,
with gallery, ante-rooms and stage, with stage dressing-rooms in the
lalf-story below. In the basement are rooms for town officers with
vault, police department with cells, and a district court-room ; the
ourt-room and larger offices can be thrown together, and used as a
>o. 499 KMEHIGSIN ^RGHITEGT ND BUILDING HEWS,. JULY 15 15o5
COPYRIGHTED , I8SS lAMtS R. OSGOOU &. O?
o
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499 IMERIG^N ^RGHITEGT ND BUILDING HEWS, JULY 15 1355
COPYRIGHTED .1864 JAMES K OSGOOD CP
Flrt cholxh.Ru.lt
S*id. CHurchBu.lt
Th.i Ohu,cH Su.lt
A'Ui. ti.nj A(U 1856
UILDING HEWS. JULY 15 Ioo5
t.OSGOOD A O>
MRGHITEGT axo BUILDING $KWS. .Jn.y Idloo5 Ro. 499
ComioHTtD 1H JAMES II OtOOOD I
IMERIGSN UHGHITEGT ^ND BUILDING $EWS, JULY 15 !Bo5 Ro. 4-99
COCTVIOHTID .ltd* JAMES I OHMOB t C
JULY 18, 1885.]
The American Architect and Building News.
31
supper-room. The walls of the building are to be of brick, with
Longmeadow stone trimming. The main hall is to show an open
timber roof.
HOUSE FOR A. NEWBOLD MORRIS, ESQ., RIDGEFIELD, CONN. MR.
CHARLES A. GIFFORD, ARCHITECT, NEWARK, N. J.
THIS house was built at a cost of about $17,000. The first floor
is finished in hard-woods ; hall and staircase in quartered oak, Eliza-
bethan style ; parlor in white and gold, Colonial style. The foun-
dation is built of cobble and field stones laid in cement, the natural"
surface, moss, vegetation, etc., on the stones being disturbed as little
as possible. It was required to keep the room used as bedroom on
first story quiet, yet ready of access from indoors and out, hence the
arrangement of passages in the plan. The plumbing is first-class,
and is arranged in a vertical line for the different stories. The
shingles are left unpainted in all cases, to color with age. The situ-
ation is on a ridge, about 1,000 feet above tide, commanding views in
every direction.
THE NKW HOLLIS STREET CHURCH, BOSTON, MASS. MR. GEORGE
F. MEACHAM, ARCHITECT, BOSTON, MASS.
As we published in our issue for March 7, last, a view of the ven-
erable edifice, which had been abandoned by its owners for a new
structure and a more fashionable quarter of the city, it seemed
worth while to show what sort of a new lamp had been secured in
place of the old.
SEWAGE FUEL AND THE PROCESS OF MAKING IT.
THE following paper by Carl H.
von Klein, A. M., M. D., of
Dayton, Ohio, will be found of
interest as suggesting a means for
the disposal of sewage :
Ever since the fact has been rec-
ognized that zymotic, constitutional
and even local diseases are produced
by miasma or offensive effluvia of
obnoxious gases arising from privy-
vaults and other places where ani-
mal and vegetable matters are de-
posited and there undergo decompo-
sition, it has become a study worthy
the intellect of sanitary scientists to
know wherein lies the remedy.
What shall we do with our excre-
ment and garbage, which contami-
nate the water we drink and the air we breathe ? has been the
inquiry of ages. In my mind there arose several years ago the
question, " Could this decomposed and decomposing matter be meta-
morphosed so as not only to be harmless, but actually advantageous,
to suffering humanity by being converted into fuel?" Here was re-
quired a zeal for scientific and chemical research. I feared, too, that
my knowledge of chemical science was too limited to pursue those
investigations with advantage. In fact, it appeared necessary to
possess the knowledge of a manufacturing chemist, not of an artificer
like myself. Thinking perhaps I would stumble on some excellent
method by borrowing from writings and teachings of others more
competent for the task, many years have elapsed and numberless
experiments have been made without encouragement. Small is the
number of works on chemistry I have not consulted.
For my object they appeared as a mere barren desert. No one to
whose voice I wanted to listen could give me any information re-
specting it. All these obstacles were very discouraging, but I con-
tinued. I now have the honor to disclose the method by which it
can be accomplished. The substance may be treated anywhere, in
the vault or in an open field, in the following manner : For example,
take a vault containing forty barrels of excrement ; throw in one bar-
rel of chloride of sodium (salt). Twenty-four hours after, throw in
fifteen bushels of unslaked lime. This will form chlorinated lime ; the
fumes may be started with four ounces of nitric acid. Let it remain
for eight days ; then it will all be dissolved and the contents disin-
fected. Next add seventy-five pounds sal soda. This will solidify
within ten days, unless there is a very great excess of liquid, in
which case the proportion of lime may be increased, thus completely
and entirely disinfecting and deodorizing the mass ; and it may now
be made into bricks, which will take about thirty days to dry in the
open air and be ready for use as fuel. It is odorless and in every
way cleaner than any other fuel known. It can be seen that all the
ingredients used with the animal and vegetable matter have disin-
fectant qualities. It produces a better flame and retains more heat
than Allegheny coal, the salt and soda both having flame-inducing
qualities, and the lime the heat-retaining quality.
The question now arises as to the expense of producing this fuel.
We will, therefore, estimate on forty barrels of excrement :
1 barrel of salt *'-00
IS bushels of lime at 12 cents per bushel 1.80
75 pounds of soda at 1 cent per pound 78
Labor (one day) 2.00
Total
This will equal three tons of coal at the rate of $3.50 per ton,
making total $10.50, almost within a fraction of one-half the cost of
the cheapest fuel we have in the market. There is another point to
fted
which I desire to call attention, of great importance. The above
mode of preparing the fuel is of that which is collected in vaultn.
If the sewers were provided with receiving-basins at the outfall, into
which all garbage might also IM; placed, the whole mass could there
be treated in the same manner. There is only the question of adop-
tion of this important discovery, the outcome of sanitary science, that
stares us in the face. I cannot see what excuse can be offered to let
it remain idle and jeopardize human life, as the method is cheap,
clean and good The Metal Worker.
PREVENTION OF DRY-ROT IN TIMBER.
'E recently published an article
showing the causes of dry-rot in
timber, and amongst other pro-
cesses of preservation we referred to a
paper by Mr. Boulton on its antiseptic
treatment. As the subject is an impor-
tant one to wood-workers, we now give
the following : " There can be but two
opinions as to the growing importance
of studying the question of timber pre-
servation, having regard more particu-
larly to the reckless manner in which
our own forests have disappeared, and
the little care that is bestowed on those
of our colonies and the United States
forests as yet of vast area, but, nevertheless, thinning so rapidly as
to be palpable to the most casual observer. It is true that the sub-
stitution of iron and steel for wood in the navies of the world has
largely diminished the call for timber in that direction, but this
diminution is made up for by the enormous extension of the railway
system and the demand for sleepers and telegraph poles, as also for
the piles necessary for the great harbor and reclamation works, that
are so numerous at the present day." Any information concerning
the practical preservation of wood is therefore of extreme value,
and Mr. Boulton's pamphlet l (the result of a paper read last
autumn before the Institution of Civil Engineers) is one which
deserves careful study.
The appearance on a large scale of the dry-rot in the ships of th e
British Navy, at a time when they really were the wooden walls of
old England, was naturally a subject of considerable alarm, when we
know that a single seventy-gun ship required for its construction the
oaks of forty acres of forest, and therefore it was not to be won-
dered at, that as early as the beginning of this century, various pro-
posals were made to stem the evil by the use of various salts of
metals. The inquiry assumed more definite proportions, however,
when the railway era was fairly inaugurated, and it was found that
stone sleepers were too rigid to be useful ; and several materials
were experimented upon for timber preservation with more or less
success. The first system of treatment was called Kyanising, after
its inventor, Mr. Kyan, and consisted of the use of corrosive subli-
mate. It answered the purpose very fairly, especially when the
timber was in a dry situation, though it failed when tried under
water, and particularly under sea water. Moreover, corrosive sub-
limate was found to be rather too volatile at ordinary temperatures,
and too injurious to those who had to handle it. Margarising, the
system adopted by Mr. Margary, was the employment of the sul-
phate of copper, which appears to be the most reliable of all the
metallic salts, and is still in use in France. Burnettising (after Sir
William Burnett) was the adoption of chloride of zinc, a good tim-
ber antiseptic, but very soluble in water. It is still in favor in Ger-
many and Holland. Finally came Mr. Betbell's celebrated patent
for creosoting a bad name for the existing process by coal-tar, as
in reality creosote is a product of the destructive distillation of wood,
which has never been used for timber preservation ; and the only
excuse for the name was because somebody discovered carbolic acid
or phenol in both coal-tar and wood distillation, so that it must be
understood that creosote, in its popular application to wood-preserv-
ing, is not creosote, but oil of tar.
The basis of the action of all these remedies was supposed to be
that they coagulated the albumen of the sap, and formed insoluble
compounds that arrested decay ; but as it has been proved by experi-
ence that the salts of metals are not so efficacious or so penuancnt as
the tar-oils, the so-called creosoting process has now for a consider-
able period outlived it competitors. Even in France, where the sul-
phate of copper has held its own longer than anywhere else, partly
because there was a difficulty of getting the creosote, partly because
Dr. Boucherie injected the sulphate in a peculiarly ingenious man-
ner, and partly because it was noted that the salts of metals became
washed out in damp situations, even there the creosoting process has
met with great approbation, since M. Forestire observed how thor-
oughly the timber was protected against that most troublesome pest,
the teredo navalis. Hie oil used in creosoting is thus prepared.
When coal is carbonized for gas-making, the products given off are
four, viz. : illuminating gas, ammoniacal or gas-liquor, coal-tar, and
coke all of them, in their several ways, of extraordinary commer-
cial value, though, in the present case, the coal-tar, a black treacly-
looking substance, is all that we have to deal with. It may be men-
tioned, however, incidentally, that the waste or gas-liquor is the
parent whence the ammonia group is manufactured on a large scale
> Boulton on " The Antacptic Treatment <tf Timber."
32
The American Architect and Building News, [VOL. XVIII. No. 499.
By distilling the coal-tar, three separate groups of products are
obtained : first, the oils which are lighter than water, such as the
naphthas, which are of incalculable importance to the country, as
from them are ultimately procured the aniline dyes ; secondly, the
oils which are heavier than water ; and, thirdly, the pitch, which is
the residuum of the distillation. The lighter oils form a category of
themselves, quite distinct from the heavier ones, and have never been
used for creosoting purposes ; hut they are extremely rich in their
own particular constituents, yielding, amongst other results, the ben-
zoles from which the aniline is obtained, the toluols, the solvent and
burning naphthas, and carbolic acid, whence is derived the picric
acid used for fulminating purposes. The heavy or " dead " oils form
the creosote of the timber-yard, and they were formerly treated en
masse, though now each constituent can be separately removed
according to its volatility. These dead oils are divided by the trade
into two kinds : " London " and " country," the former being the dis-
tillation from the best Newcastle coals, which are usually supplied to
the south of England, and are much richer than other coals in semi-
solid substances, such as anthracite, naphthalene, etc. The country
oils, on the other hand, are distilled from the midland coals, and are
more volatile, besides containing a larger proportion of tar-acids. In
the earlier days of Bethell's patent, the heavy or dead oils were
alone used, it being considered that the crude naphthas were useless
as antiseptics, and that the pitch, from its solidity, would form an
impediment to the injection ; but the fashion gradually came into
use of mixing a small percentage of country with the London oils, as
dilutents of the more solid material, and, in point of fact, the country
oils became popular and mentioned in specifications.
The inspectors liked them because they were thinner and injected
with less trouble, and also because the timber thus treated looked
cleaner and less muddy. The late Dr. Letheby, too, gave a great
impetus to the growing use of the country oils, as he considered that
the carbolic acid (which had been discovered in coal-tar by llunge, in
1834) was the key of the whole position, and that the efficacy of
the treatment consisted in the percentage of carbolic acid. It was
his object, therefore, to exclude the naphthalene and para-naphtha-
lene as of no value, but to include the lighter portions of the oils,
viz., those which distilled between 360 and 490 Fahrenheit, as con-
taining the tar-acids in the greatest abundance. Here, again, inci-
dentally, we may mention that this para-naphthalene, useless in
timber preserving, has been found to ultimately yield anthracene, the
parent of alizarine, that beautiful red dye that has so completely
superseded madder in textile operations.
Dr. Letheby, however, did not have it all his own way, for the
investigations of De Gemini and Rottier, in France, and of M.
Coisne, in Belgium, seemed to entirely disprove his conclusions.
The latter gentleman, an engineer in the service of the Belgian Gov-
ernment, placed shavings in a putrefying pit for four years, saturated
with creosote containing respectively fifteeen per cent, eight per
cent and seven per cent of tar-acid, while one sample was of heavy
specific gravity, and held no tar-acid whatever. This last experi-
ment, however, was the most successful of all, and throughout the
whole series it was evident that the results were in favor of the
heavy oils, and that the tar-acids were of no use at all. The Belgian
Government accepted M. Coisne's statement, and does not stipulate
in its railway specifications tor any tar-acids, though it allows thirty
per cent of naphthalene, one of the very substances discarded by Dr.
Letheby. Following an inverse method of examination, M. Coisne
procured and analyzed some creosoted sleepers that had resisted
decay for twenty years, and found no tar-acids, but on the contrary,
plenty of naphthalene. Similar experiments were undertaken by
Mr. Boulton, in 1882, on sleepers from various railways which had
been in use from sixteen to thirty-two years, and his analysis, says
the Builder, proved four things: 1. That no tar-acids were detected
by the ordinary methods. 2. In the majority of cases the semi-solid
constituents, such as naphthalene, were present. 3. Only small per-
centages remained of oils distilling below 450 Fahrenheit ; all these
facts proving that it was through the action of the heaviest and most
solid portions of the oils that the preservation was effected. 4. He
detected an alkaloid called acridine, which he thought played an
important part in the action, it being undoubtedly a powerful germi-
cide and solidifying within the pores of the timber, without evaporat-
ing or being washed out. Mr. Greville Williams also came to the
conclusion that the antiseptic results of creosote were due more to
the basis of alkaloids than to the tar-acids, the former remaining
while the latter seem to disappear. It is therefore most probable
that it is this unfortunate quality of evaporation that disqualifies the
tar-acids, seeing that, taken perse, there is no doubt but the acids are
powerful antiseptics, and that the presence arrests decay. Mr. Boul-
ton's experiments show that if tar-acids and napthalene be separately
exposed at the same temperatures, the former will evaporate much
more quickly than the latter ; indeed, by repeated washings with cold
water, both carbolic acid and cresylic acid (its near relation and a
constituent of tar-oil) can be completely disposed of, a most impor-
tant fact in connection with the exposure of timber to sea-water.
Viewing all these facts in their bearings upon specifications, it
would seem as if the London oils, as they come from the still, are not
sufficiently volatile, nor do they comply with the requirements as
regards the percentage of tar acids. A pressure is, therefore, put
upon the manufacturer to meet the case by taking out some of the
heavier portions, by which the bulk is rendered lighter and the pro-
portion of the tar acids to the diminished bulk is increased. But Mr.
Boulton considers that this is a mistake, and would rather relegate
the lighter portions of the tar acids, and especially carbolic acid, to
their proper position as sanitary antiseptics for which they are
unrivalled, and would encourage the use of the heavier portions.
He also agrees with the joint creosoting specification of Sir Freder-
ick Abel and Dr. Tidy, who resolved to exclude no semi-solid bodies
which completely melt at 100 Fahrenheit, and further changed the
standard of volatility from ninety per cent at 600 Fahrenheit to
s.eventy-five per cent.
Without going into the vexed regions as to the exact relations of
putrefaction and the germ theory, the conclusions drawn are, that
the best antiseptics for timber are to be found amongst oils and
bitumens, which fill up the pores of the wood. Of such bodies, those
that contain germicides are to be preferred, and other properties
being equal, those which either solidify in the pores of the wood, or
which require an extremely high temperature to volatilize them, and
which are insoluable in water, are the best of all. With regard to
the creosoting process, Mr. Boulton lays great stress on the hygrome-
tic condition of the timber at the time of injection, neglect of which
has often been the cause of failure. The power of absorbtion of
moisture in woody fibres is so great fir timber being able to take
up as much as from sixty gallons to one hundred and fifty gallons of
water to the load of fifty cubic feet -that it has always proved of
great difficulty in the way of treatment, as the subjecting of the tim-
ber to a dry heat invariably results in injury to it. Mr. Boulton has
however, successfully met the difficulty by a most ingenious combina-
tion of air-pump action with the use of creosote heated up to 212
Fahrenheit. With charges of very wet sleepers, he has withdrawn
water equal in volume to fifty gallons per load of timber, the water
being replaced with an equal volume of creosote by the action of the
air-pump alone. Woods and Forests.
THE "CRINOLINE" CHIMNEYS OF THE CAMBRIA
IRON COMPANY.
T the suggestion of Mr. John
Bogart, secretary of the Ameri-
can Society of Civil Engineers,
a number of members of the Society
presented papers on the design and
construction of chimneys containing
features worthy of note. Among them
was one by Mr. George Webb, of the
Cambria Iron Company, on the " crin-
oline " chimneys at Johnstown, which
we quote :
These chimneys are connected to
the boiler-house by underground brick
conduits, and are intended as " up-
takes " for the unused gases. The
surplus gases are used for generating
steam, and but little is left after pass-
i n g under the boilers. Sometimes the
fireg under the ,, oi]ers must be rein .
forced with raw coal, in which case the chimneys convey some
smoke. The ground is bad, and hence there is a deep foundation of
masonry below the surface. From the entrance of the conduit to
about eight feet above the surface the base of the chimney is hexa-
gonal, of hammered stone, surmounted by a cut-stone coping. Six
three-inch anchor bolts are built into this base, and provided with
suitable nuts to hold down a base-plate four inches thick, and with
an upward projecting rim six inches high around a circle twelve feet
in diameter. From this base-plate it is one hundred and forty feet
to the top of the chimney. At the top is a moulded cast-iron plate
similar to the base-plate, with the rim projecting downward, ten feet
two inches in diameter. The batter is therefore twenty-two inches
in one hundred and forty feet. Between these two plates the " crino-
line " is constructed. It consists of sixteen vertical lines of ordinary
wrought-iron railroad rails, four-inch base, with the base outward,
surrounded by forty-five hoops. The rails may be in sections of any
length which will allow of the splice being riveted to a hoop, care
being taken to avoid having more than one rail-splice on the same
hoop. Well-selected old iron rails with good bases, or sound sections
of No. 2 or No. 3 rails, are as good as any.
The hoops are of wrought-iron rolled from iron three-fourths inch
thick. Each hoop is in two pieces, bent cold to a true segment in a
wedge-adjusting bending machine, which allows any desired delicacy
of touch. The piece lies on edge while being bent, the " former "
being more readily tried in that way. If bent hot the curve cannot
be maintained while cooling. The two halves of each hoop are
spliced on the inside with flat plates, secured with four rivets and one
bolt in each end of each section, care being taken that at least three
hoops shall intervene solid before another hoop-splice is made between
the same verticals. There are forty-five hoops, the bottom one being
near the base-plate projection, and therefore about twelve feet in
diameter. The distance in the clear from this hoop to the next one
above is twenty-two inches. The clear distance between each pair
of hoops gradually increases from the bottom to the top, the distance
in the clear between the top hoop and the next below being fifty-four
inches. Each hoop is riveted to each rail with two rivets one in
the upper flat space of the hoop, and the other on the other flange of
the rail in the lower flat space of the hoop.
JULY 18, 1885.]
The American Architect and Building News.
33
The iron skeleton thus made is so stable that no scaffolding is used
in construction. Two boards across a lower ring will hold a portable
forge. A rail section is hauled up, put in place, adjusted and riveted ;
then others in the same way. The central opening of the chimney is
eight feet, which is preserved throughout. The bricks fill from this
central opening to the inner side of the hoops, special bricks being
moulded to fit around the rail heads, and thus save time and waste of
cutting. To save cutting bricks the masons carried the inside parallel
with the outer batter, and when the inside got to eight feet in the
clear they set back on the inside to an even brick, and then followed
the outer batter until the inner diameter reached eight feet again,
and so on. There are about one thousand bricks, average, to one foot
in height of stack. Five bricklayers and nine laborers lined the first
chimney built in twenty-one days, the next in eighteen and one-half
days. They used no scaffolding but two scantlings and a few boards
on the inside at convenient intervals, thus leaving a well-hole open
the entire height. These were removed from the top downward
after completion. A light iron ladder is riveted to, say, every third
hoop the entire height. The convenience of this for construction,
examination and repairs, if needed, is obvious.
The strength of this chimney is in the "crinoline." The bricks
are merely for inclosure of the gases. Their mass is so small and the
walls are so thin that they are never hot. The "crinoline" of the
first chimney was built the entire height before the brickwork was
begun. Some heavy storms occurred while it stood thus, and it never
wavered.
SHALL WATER-PIPES AND GAS-PIPES BE CONNECTED
WITH LIGHTNING-RODS?
EVERY man who builds a house be-
come interested in the subject of
lightning-rods, even if the subject of
electricity had failed hitherto to attract
him. In placing lightning-rods upon a
building, the question immediately arises,
" Shall the water-pipes and the gas-pipes
be connected with the exterior lightning-
rod?"
Theoretically, there is no doubt that
this connection should be made. Great
care, however, should be taken that the
connections should be large enough not
to be melted by a discharge of lightning,
an( l ^at there should not be any break
' metallic continuity caused by paint,
varnish, or cement. In the fifth annual
report of the Water Commissioners of the
city of Fitchburg, Mass., this paragraph occurs :
" During a violent thunder storm on the sixth day of June, two
houses were struck by lightning, one on Burnap Street and one on
Milk Street. The electric fluid in both cases followed the service-
pipes from the buildings to the four and six inch wrought-iron
cement-lined main pipes, and when it reached these mains its path
of ruin was fearful. In some cases a length of pipe would be split
from end to end, others would be perforated with holes, which in
almost every case indicate that the tluid passed from the outside to
the inside of the pipe. Nearly every joint on the two thousand feet
of its course was opened, and one gate and two hydrants were so
badly damaged as to be useless. The pipe was replaced by cast-
iron pipe, and the gate and hydrants by new gate and hydrants, the
total cost of which was nearly $1,700. This loss is added to the
maintenance account of the current year. Three times our main
pipes have been struck by lightning, and each time is more alarm-
ingly suggestive of what accidents may happen from the same cause.
Cannot some electrician give us a plan of protection?"
On investigation it was found that the cement-lined pipe was made
as follows : The wrought-iron shells were eight feet long, made of
about eighteen-gauge iron, lined on the inside with cement one-half
inch thick, and covered on the outside with cement from one-half
inch to one inch in thickness. In laying, the ends were butted
together, over which is a sleeve filled with cement, about six inches in
length, to make a water-tight joint. In laying, the iron of one length
does not usually come in contact with the iron of the next length, being
separated by from one-eighth inch to one-fourth inch of cement.
In taking up the damaged pipe it was generally found burst from
end to end ; then for three or four lengths no trace of lightning could
be discovered on the outside of the cement covering ; but at each joint
one to ten holes could be found punched from the outside of the
pipe into it, from one-tenth of an inch to three-fourths of an inch in
diameter ; then a sleeve would be cut as smooth as could be done with
a pair of snips ; then a length burst ; and then the lightning disap-
peared at a hydrant or gate.
The water-mains of Fitchburg have been damaged seriously by
lightning live times. In every case buildings have been struck, and
the discharge has followed the supply -pipes to the main ; there it has
divided and followed the main each way until it has reached a valve.
In 1877 about 2,000 feet of mains were destroyed in one shower. In
every case the damage has been confined to the old cement-lined
pipes.
It will be seen that the cement-lined pipe when filled with water
constitutes a Leyden jar, which is quickly ruptured by being heavily
charged. It is manifestly unsafe to cover the iron-mains with any
insulating varnish unless metallic connection is made with each sec-
tion of ill.- main at the joints, and these joints are connected to the
water by a unvarnished piece of iron or other metal. If cement-lined
water-pipes are connected with the lightning-rods, it is necessary to
remove the cement at regular intervals to allow contact between the
water and the iron of the pipes. It would be sufficient to insert
pieces of iron here and there in the cement, one end of such piece*
being soldered to the iron of the pipe and the other end being in free
contact with the water.
If the gas-pipes are not insulated from each other at the joints,
there can be no danger in connecting the lightning-rods with them.
The electrical continuity, however, of the gas-pipes should be care-
fully ascertained. The practice of connecting telephone-wirei with
gas-pipes shows that in most cases this electrical continuity is insured
by the present method of laying the pipes. Scientific American.
THE NEW YORK HIGH-BUILDING LAW.
AN Act to regulate the height of dwelling-houses in the city of
New York. Passed June 9, 1885; three-fifths being present.
The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and At-
sembly, do enact as followt :
SECTION 1. The height of all dwelling-houses and of all houiei used
or intended to be used as dwellings for more than one family, and here-
after to be erected in the city of New York, shall be regulated in pro-
portion to the width of the streets and avenues upon which they front.
SECT. 2. Such height, measured from the sidewalk line, and taken in
all cases through the centre of the facade of the house to be erected,
including attics, cornices and mansards, shall not exceed seventy feet
upon all streets and avenues not exceeding sixty feet in width, and
eighty feet upon all streets and avenues exceding sixty feet in width.
Nothing in this act shall be construed as affecting buildings for which
contracts have been signed prior to the passage of this act, or for which
plans have been filed and approved by the Building Department.
SECT. 3. This act shall take effect immediately.
STATE OF NEW YORK, I
Office of the Secretary of State, f "
I have compared the preceding with the original law on file in this
office, and do hereby certify that the same is a correct transcript
therefrom, and of the whole of said original law.
JOSBHH B. CAKK, Secretary of State.
NOTES AND CLIPPINGS.
VALUE OF THE ART TREASURES OF PARIS. An inventory has been
made of all the objects of art belonging to the city of Paris. The total
valuation amounts to 12,250,860 francs, of which 8,078,551 francs be-
longs to the sixty-eight churches of Paris, and 4,178,000 to the secular
buildings. The sculptures at the Hotel de Ville are valued at 1,384,000
francs, the tapestries at 2,250,067 francs. Exchange.
TOUGHENING TIMBER. This is a new process by which it is claimed
that whitewood can be made so tough as to require a cold-chisel to
split it. This result is reached by steaming the timber and submitting
it to end pressure, technically " upsetting " it, thus compressing the
cells and fibres into one compact mass. It is the opinion of those who
have experimented with the process that wood can be compressed 75
per cent, and that some timber which is now considered unfit for use in
such work as carriage building could be made valuable by this means ;
and more especially since the rapid consumption of our best aih and
hickory will sooner or later render some substitute necessary.
APPROACHING EARTHQUAKES. The earthquake shocks which were
felt last week over a wide area in Yorkshire remind us that an authority
on the subject of these phenomena, M. Uelaunay, of Paris, ii of opinion
that next year will see the recurrence of upheavals of the earth's crux
in an intensified form. M. Delaunay is a prophet of evil, but unfortu-
nately all his prophecies have hitherto come true. His specialty is
earthquakes, and he predicts them only too surely. In 1877 he an-
nounced that the year would not conclude without violent disturbance*
of the earth, and as a matter of fact, two frightful catastrophes on the
coasts of South America followed. In 1883 M. Delaunay again pointed
to approaching earthquakes, and soon after the volcanic eruptions in
the Indian Archipelago occurred, by which thousands of human beings
lost their lives, and hundreds of square miles of terra-firma were en-
gulfed by the sea. Toward the end of last year M. Uelaunay once
more raised his warning voice, and the earthquakes in Spain proved
how well founded were his warnings. Quite recently he has prophe-
sied very severe volcanic disturbances for 1886. Having acquired a
well-merited notoriety in foretelling earthquakes, some weight ought
to be attached to M. Delaunay's utterances. He affirms that next year
these natural phenomena will be of a very intense character, and that
they will show themselves either when the earth is under the direct
influence of a planet of the first rank, such as Jupiter, or under that of
a group of asteroids, or at a time when sun and moon are nearest to
our planet at the same time. Iron.
PROPOSED DRAINAGE REGULATIONS. The following excellent regu-
lations have been proposed for the city of Glasgow, Scotland : 1. The
positions and sizes of all drains, pipes, cesspools, or traps, and all soil
and rain-water pipes and conductors shall be shown distinctly upon the
plans submitted, and the weight! per foot of the lead or iron soil-pipes,
conductors and cesspools be marked on the plans in figure*. 2. Forty-
eight hours' notice must be given to the Master of Worki, at his office,
previous to commencing the laying of any drains. The party giving
the notice will' receive a card of permission to open the street, which
card will be held as proof of the notice having been given. 3. All con-
nection between drains and the public sewer will be made by workmen
34
The American Architect and Building News. [VOL. XVIII. No. 499.
of the statute labor department, and shall be paid for by the proprie-
tor. 4. Every drain-pipe must have a uniform fall of not less than one
inch to every lineal yard, and every pipe must be thoroughly packed
and resting entirely on the solid earth. When the Master of Works
deems it advisable, he shall require concrete foundations to be put under
and around the drain pipes. 5. The joints must be well cemented and
all cement projecting on the inside must be removed. 6. Sufficient
traps and ventilation must be provided for, and fixed to the satisfaction
of the Master of Works. 7. Before covering, all pipes must be inspected
by the Master or his representative, and no junction connecting drain-
pipes and plumber-work to be covered up until examined and passed
by him. 8. The Master of Works to have power to use the smoke-test
011 all drains and plumber-work before the building is occupied, and at
any other time he may consider necessary, all expenses connected with
the test to be paid by the owner of the property. 9. No dwelling shall
be occupied until the Master of Works has given a certificate that the
drains and cesspools with traps, have been properly constructed, and the
house otherwise fit for occupation. 10. Proprietors and contractors
will give every assistance to the master of works, for the purpose of
performing the necessary inspection.
THE PARIS ABATTOIRS. The abattoirs at La Villette, which have
replaced the analogous establishments scattered throughout Paris, cover
an irregular surface of nearly fifty acres, and the buildings cover about
58,000 square metres. The general aspect is rather imposing. The
facade towards the Rue de Flandres shows a grille about 20 metres in-
terrupted by pilasters intended for allegorical groups. From the prin-
cipal front six large avenues radiate, intercepted by smaller cross ones.
All the buildings have Cronij stone dressings with filling of rough-
dressed masonry or of brickwork. The partition-walls are in hard
brick covered with Portland cement. The floors are of iron, covered
with plastes and bitumen, the roofs entirely of tiles. To give some idea
of the importance of the abattoirs and of the service they render, we
may add that the work of the establishment occupies 150 slaughter-
houses contained in eight groups of buildings ; that the dwellings for
butchers and shepherds, etc., occupy ten blocks of buildings, and that
the stalls can allow space for 2,000 oxen, 7,000 sheep, 2,700 pigs, and
2,000 calves. Each year there is some new improvement in the general
arrangement. Now it is a special railway to be made around the line
of enclosure, communicating with all the other railways radiating from
Paris to the provinces ; now another suspension railway is constructed
for the quicker circulation of the meat, etc. Farther on, three large
pavilions are occupied in roasting pigs by gas ; not to speak of other
structures for the cleansing of offal, the triperies, the blood store, the
extraction of albumen and animal oil, the preparation of calves' heads
and sheep's feet, etc. For the purpose of having everywhere the
indispensable element of cleansing, water from the Marne and from the
Ourcy is received into sixty iron reservoirs which project into the estab-
lishment at all points. This is not all, for when the buildings are com-
pletely finished they will cover a space of 87,000 metres, and contain 311
slaughter-houses, of which 179 only are at present in work. The works
have cost up to this moment about fc> millions (francs) ; about 7 millions
more will be required to complete them. The cattle market, which
forms the complement to the abattoirs, and opens on the Rue d'Alle-
magne, was commenced in 1867, and has cost about 19 millions. The
Builder.
A REMINDER OF BUTLEK'S RULE AT NEW ORLEANS. Most North-
ern visitors to New Orleans are agreeably surprised and a good deal puz-
zled at reading the highly patriotic and Republican sentiments carved
on the bases of the statues which New Orleans has erected to the mem-
ory of General Jackson and Henry Clay. Beneath General Jackson's
mounted figure is cut in strong, deep letters his famous anti-Calhoun
toast, " The Union : it must and shall be preserved." Below Henry
Clay's impressive form is carved, with equal distinctness, this sentence,
taken from the public declarations of the great Whig leader: " If I
could be instrumental in eradicating the deep stain of slavery from the
character of our common country, I would not exchange the proud sat-
isfaction which I should enjoy for the honor of all the triumphs ever
decreed to any successful conqueror."
The surprise of the Northern visitor on reading this noble tribute to
freedom and the Union on the streets of New Orleans gives place to a
feeling of satisfaction, not unmixed with amusement, when it is recalled
to his mind that these inscriptions, so alien to the sentiments of the
people of Louisiana at the time the statues were erected, and which are
almost in as little accord with the feelings of the dominant race of to-
day, are a relic of General Butler's rule in New Orleans. That doughty
patriot found these statues unadorned by any text from the writings or
speeches of the distinguished men whose memory they were intended to
commemorate. He straightway supplied the omission by having carved
on them the sentiments given above, and they have ever since served to
point a moral to the people of New Orleans, who, little as they doubt-
less relish them, have not seen fit to dig them out of the solid granite
where Butler made them a premanent public record. Philadelphia.
Press,
THE LIGHTNING-ROD ON THB WASHINGTON MONUMENT. A remark-
able assertion is made in regard to the lightning-rod of the Washington
Monument. It is said that electrical tests with a galvanometer discover
a resistance of two ohms. This indicates clearly a very imperfect ground
connection, and shows that the present [former] apparatus cannot per-
form the work expected of it. The inability to discharge a heavy
stroke of lightning into the ground instantly is obvious under the cir-
cumstances, and offers an explanation of why a stone near the rod was
instantly shattered. The only wonder is that more damage has not
been done. The aluminum tip is reported to be all blackened and bat-
tered with lightning already. The placing of a lump of metal on top
of a slender rod is said to be a mistake and another element of danger.
It takes such a charge of electricity that the rod connection below is
not sufficient to carry all away, and there must consequently be more
or less discharge in other directions. In reference to the imperfect
Anthracite.
Bituminous.
Petroleum.
O
Generator
Gas.
Water Gas.
1.00
1.08
1.71
14.92
22.90
8 70
1 00
.71
1 50
8 72
18 30
7 00
1.00
.59
1.56
17.!)
1530
5 80
1 00
.64
1 50
8 75
9 40
3 50
1.00
.61
2.05
7.16
17.70
6 30
Port Natal
1 00
90
1 21
1.00
.34
1.39
1 00
.44
1 03
ground connection, which is the most important point of all, it is sup-
posed that the concrete foundation into which the lightning-rod is sunk
explains the resistance shown by the galvanometer. Although it is
understood that the rod goes through the foundation and buries itself in
the wet earth below, more perfect arrangements could, it is believed,
be made. The scientists lately called upon to make a report on this
subject have, it is understood, recommended additional tips on metallic
prongs about the top of the monument, and these contrivances have
been ordered. Electricians say that this will only increase the danger,
All these criticisms may be but theories, but they come from a source
entitled to tiie utmost consideration. Boston Transcript.
RELATIVE COSTS OF FLUID AND SOLID FUELS. At the last meeting
of the Engineers' Club of Philadelphia, the secretary presented, for Mr.
James Beatty, Jr., a paper upon the Relative Costs of Fluid and Solid
Fuels. After giving the relative advantages in economy of labor in
use, reduction of weight and bulk, ease of manipulation of fire, perfec-
tion of combustion and cleanliness, the principal substances, experi-
ments and processes are noted.
Notes and tables are given as to the compositions of different fuels,
their heat units and evaporative capacities, efficiencies in furnace, prices
per unit, and Ibs. of fuel for $1.00 and Ibs. of water evaporated from
212 F. for $1.00, in various localities. The paper concludes with the
following table of which the author says : " These figures are very
much against the fluid fuels, but there may be circumstances in which
the benefits to be derived from their use will exceed the additional cost.
It is difficult to make a comparison without considering particular cases,
but for intermittent heating, petroleum would probably be more econo-
mical, though for a steady fire, coal holds its own."
DANGER FROM SUPERHEATED STEAM. The Philadelphia Under-
writers Tariff Association recently employed Professor Gibson to pros-
ecute some experiments with steam-pipe coverings claimed to be fire-
proof. The result of the experiments is published in a circular, part
of which we reproduce below :
EXPERIMENTS WITH STEAM-PIPE COVEBINGS.
Name and Kind of
Covering.
Range of
Temperature
Degrees, F.
Results.
Chalmer Spence Co.,
300 to 620
Began to char at a50 F., as wa shown by
Sec. hair felt.
the smoke issuing from it, and continued so
until end of experiment. On subsequent ex-
amination, the first layer of felt was found
completely charred through. No indication
of flaming during the test.
Kelley Scroll Sec. Co.,
300 to 620
Results precisely same as above.
Sec. bair felt.
Shields & Brown, Pat.
300 to 620
Began to char at 350 F., and continued to
insulated air cov.
do so until at the close of the test. This
broke out into a flame, the covering having
been almost entirely consumed.
Kelly Covering Co.,
300 to 620
Began to show signs of charring at 400 F.
Cotton-seed lib re.
On being removed aod examined, the lining
and layer of cotton-seed fibre was found
charred about one-half through.
L. F. Aldrich & Co.,
300 to 720
Showed signs of charring only when the
Pat. metallic covering.
temperature attained 600 F. On examina-
tion, was found charred nearly one-half
through.
The Ainsworth Co.,
300 to 720
No marked signs of burning, but on exam-
Wood pulp paste.
ination was found to be somewhat charred
on the inner surface.
Kelley Scroll Sec. Co,,
300 to 720
Smoked slightly from the first; was found
Black wool.
to be completely charred about one-half
through the layer of wool.
Kelley Covering Co.,
300 to 788
Began to smoke at 350 F., and continued
Champion felt.
to the end of trial ; was found charred one-
half through.
Kelley Covering Co.,
300 to 780
Began to char at about 350 F. The inner
Corrugated paper.
layers next to the pipe were completely de-
stroyed; outer left intact.
Shell of green pine
250 to 680
Began to smoke at 250 F., charring one-
wood closely tilted
eighth to three-sixteenths inch deep in one
to the pipe.
and one-half hours' time. On examination.
the wood was found completely destroyed,
perfect charcoal resulting.
Shell of dry pine wood
250 to 680
Began to smoke at 290 F. At the close of
closely fitted to the
experiment, the charred part did not differ
pipe.
materially in depth from the piece given
above. Ou the edges, the charcoal seemed to
have been formed a little deeper than the
middle. This was the case especially where
the pieces joined together. At the tempera-
ture attained, there was no indication of
blazing, but this is believed to be only a
question of time.
Wheat chaif in asbes-
250 to 680
Began to smoke at 250 F. From the be-
tos shell.
ginning to the end of the experiment, this
smoked heavily, and on examination, over
three-fourths of the chaff was found com-
pletely reduced to ashes, although no blazing
took place during the trial.
JULY 18, 1885.]
The American Architect and Building News.
85
BUILDING INTELLIGENCE,
(hcported for Th Amcrlctn Architect uid Building Ncwi. >
gh a large portion of the building intelligent*
it provided by their regular correspondents, the editors
greatly desire to receive voluntary information,
nallyfrvm the mailer and outlying totems.}
BUILDING PATENTS.
toget
y-five cents.i
320,097. WOOD FLOORING. Chas. E. Rider, Roch-
ester, N. Y.
;i,i>8. WOOD FLOORING-TILE. Charles E. Rider,
Rochester, N. Y.
320.708. FAUCET. Petr Schofleld, Pomona, N. J.
320.709. AUTOMATIC SEAL-TRAP FOB WASH-BA-
SINS AND WATER-CLOSETS. Wm. D. Schuyler, New
York, N. Y.
820,71s. CARPENTER'S SUI-AUK. William Steers,
Brattleborough, Vt.
320,736. TOOL FOR REMOVING CHIPS FROM MOR-
TIHES. Godfrey Wlnzenreid, Schulenburg, Tex.
320.767. SHEATHING FOB BUILDINGS. Dentson S.
Chesebro, Geddes, N. Y.
320.768. APPARATUS FOR COMBINING HOT-AIR AND
STEAM FOR HEATING PURPOSES AND POWER. Win
T. Kenton, New York and David S. B. Beunet, Brook.
lyn, N. Y.
320,786. INSIDE SHUTTER. Walter A. Holbrook,
Milwaukee, Wis.
320.789. SPRING-HINGE. Daniel W. Housley, Chi-
cago, 111.
320.790. DOOR-LATCH OB CIIKIK. Matthew P. Is-
may, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Knglnnd.
320,794. CHIMNEY CAP AND VENTILATOR. Wm. J.
Kaysor and Charles Kayser, Milwaukee, Wis.
320,7%. FASTENIJiG FOB MEETING - RAILS OF
SASHKS. lllntm T. King, Rochester. N. Y.
320,797. WRENCH. llirani T. King, Rochester,
32o!s08. WINDOW. Martin S. Millard, Kansas City,
and George H. King, Salisbury, Mo.
320,813. RADIATOR-VALVE. W. Balrd Patton Du-
Intli. Minn.
320,815. CHIMNEY-COWL. George W. Powers, Jas.
H. Jones, .hunts M. Powers, Streator, 111.
320,822. TILE. Paul Simons, Darmstadt, Hesse,
Germany.
820,843. GUIDE FOR SAWING STAIR-RAILS. Strong
Buruell. Anacortei, Wash.
820.864. FIRE-ESCAPE AND ELEVATOR. Chas. R.
S. Curtis, Quincy, 111.
320.865. BRICK AND TILE MACHINE Frederick E.
Frey, Bucyrus, O.
320.866. BEVEL.- Charles Frless and John N. Todd,
Minneapolis, Minn.
320,868. BIT-BRACE. Hiram E. Fuller, New York,
N. Y.
320.871. BURGLAR-ALARM. William Goldspohn,
Lodi, Wis.
320.872. PIPE-WRENCH. James F. Guthrle, Jr.,
Cambridge, Mass.
320.8*7. MIXING WHITE LEAD WITH OIL. Wm.
H.Pulslter, St. Louis Mo.
SUMMARY OF THE WEEK.
Baltimore.
STORE. Chas. L. Carson, architect, Is preparing plans
for A. S. Alder, Esq., for a I'mir-sfy brick, stone and
terra-cotta building, 22' x 90', to be erected cor.
Eutaw and Clay Sts., and to cost 20,000.
VILLA. Mrs. M. A. Mentz Is to have built a stone
villa on Charles Street, extended, on lot '&' x 200', to
cost (10,000, from designs by W. Claude Frederic,
architect; Geo. A. Foreman, builder.
DWELLINGS. W. Claude Frederic, architect, has pre-
pared plans for Wm. T. Phillips, Esq., for 4 three-
st'y brick and terra-cotta buildings, with basement,
on lot 66' x 160', w s McCulloh St., near Laurens
St., to cost $20.000; Geo. Moke, Jr., builder.
W. R. Llewellyn, Esq., is haviijg built, on lot cor.
Mary St. ami Fulton Ave., 17 two-st'y tenements, of
a novel design, from drawings by W. Claude Fred-
eric, architect.
ADDITION. W. F. Weber, architect, Is preparing
plans for aslx-st'y brick, stone and terra-cotta addi-
tion to the " Hoen Building," 25' x 80', to be erected
on North Street, and to cost 915,000.
BUILDING PERMITS. Since our last report fifteen
permits hare been granted, the more important of
which are the following:
Henry Williams, four-st'y brick warehouse, e s
Charles St., between Caniden and Conway Sts.
J. D. Taylor, 6 two-st'y brick buildings, e s Fre-
mont St., s of Presstman St.
E. W. Havilaud, 2 three-st'y brick buildings, n s
Vine St.. between Pine and Arch Sts.
Chas. Milke, 6 two-st'y brick buildings, e s Chester
St., s of Jefferson St.
Mrs. A. Greeuwald, 2 two-st'y brick buildings,
commencing n e cor. Fairmouiit Ave. and Duncan
Alley.
Richard Henschel, three-et'y brick building, n s
Saratoga St., w of Gay St.
Geo. G. Pedrick, 7 three-st'y brick buildings, w s
John St., commencing n w cor. Mosber St.; and 4
three-st'y brick buildings, n s Moslier St., between
Johu St. and Foster Alley.
Boston.
BUILDING PERMITS. Brick. Tremont St., A'o. 383
anit 3*5, store, 47' x 6U'; owners, Sullivan & McDon-
ald; builders, Sullivan &Tobin.
Xeicbury St., A'oa. 314 and 316, 2 dwells., 18' x 48'
and 25' x 40'; owner and builder, Edwin B. Horn.
Saratoga St., near Byron St., engine-boas*. 9V 9*
x 78' 4"; owner. City of Boston.
Pearl St., A'o*. 117-123, mercantile, 40' 6" and 43< x
73' 5"; owner, J. H. Lee; builder, U. W. POM.
Wood. Sagamore St., near Savin Hill Ave.,
dwell., 24' x 30; owner, Chas. Kelley; builder, f. F.
Hanlon.
Magazine St.. Nos. 29 and 31, dwell., 20> x 46;
owners, John Dimmick; builder, Madden & O'Brien.
Faneuil St., near Parsons St., dwell., 20 x 28';
owner, Patrick Kenney; builder, D. M. O'Connell.
Everett St., near Lincoln St., dwell., 22' x 28';
owner and builder, G. W. Mixer.
Skinner St., near South St.. dwell., 30' x 30;
owner, M. J. Towle; builder, C. W. Hlggins.
Fairrine St., near Train St., dwell., 32' 6" x 41'6";
owners, Stephenson & Appletou; builders, Noyes
Bros.
Tremont St., A'o. 1405, storage, 25 x 40'; owner, B.
& P. R. R. Corporation; builder, F. Folsom.
Boston St., near Hamlet St., mechanical-building,
14' x 30'; owners and builders, John Horsdeld & Co.
Sickford Ave., near Heath St., dwell., 21' x 82;
owner, J. Cole; builder, J. J. Benulck.
Aihmont St., dwell., 2ti' x 34'; owner, G. B. Thayer;
builder, D. R. At wood.
Brooklyn.
BUILDING PERMITS. Twelfth St., n s, 272' w Third
Ave., two-st'y brick factory, tin or gravel roof; cost,
99,000; owner, W. J. Matheson, 20 Cedar St., New
York; builder, A. C. Walbrldge.
Fifty-second St., s s, 260' e Fourth Ave., 2 two-st'y
frame dwells., tin roofs; cost, each, 92,000; owner,
John D. Holsten, 143 Forty-third St.; architect, S.
B. Bogert.
Freeman St.. A'o. 69, three-st'y frame tenement,
felt and gravel roof; cost, 94,400; owner, T. Tapken,
157 Franklin St.: architect, F. Weber; builders,
John Hafford and C. Dunkhase.
Xtwell St., e s, 180* 1" n Van Cott Ave., 3 four-st'y
frame tenements, gravel roofs; cost, each. 95,ooo;
owner, Sarah M. Wentworth, 62 Newell St.; archi-
tect and builder, Edmund Wentworth.
i', Html Ave., e s, 26' u Magnolia St., three-st'y
frame store and dwell., tin roof; cost, 94,000; owner
and builder, Ernest Loerch, 61 Him rod St.; archi-
tect. Frank Holmberg.
Third Ave., n w cor. Forty-fifth St., three-st'y
brick store and flats, tin roof; cost, 94,000; owner,
H. L. Schonberg, s w cor. Third Ave. and Forty-
second St.; architect. W. A. Fries.
Soutk Third St., A'o. 340, three-st'y brick dwell,
and stable, tin roof; oost, 93,000; owner aud mason,
Herman Wild, 340 South Third St.; architect, Th.
Engelhardt; contractor, not selectea.
Oreenpoint Ave., n e cor. Provost St., three-st'y
brick storage, gravel roof; cost, 96,800; owners and
architects, Young & Gerard; mason, Martin Vogel.
Myrtle Ave., s s, 50' e Stanhope St., two-st'y frame
dwell., tin roof; cost, 93,000; owner, Anno Flama,
cor. Park Ave. and Broadway; architect and builder,
Jas. J. Carolan.
Xottrand Ave., e s, between Macon and Halsey
Sts., three-st'y brick and stone school-house, slate
and tin roof; cost, about $100,000; owner. Board of
Education; architect, J. W. Naughton; builders,
F. J. Kelly aud Robert Ferguson.
Waverly Ave., e s, 125' s Greene Ave., three-st'y
brick schoolhouse, tin roof; cost, 925,000; owner aud
architect, same as last; builders, Geo. Philips aud
P. P. O'Brien.
Van Burnt St., n w cor. Reid Ave., three-st'y
brick schoolhouse, tin roof; cost, 945,000, owner and
architect, same as last; builders, John McCJuaid aud
F. D. Norris.
Stockton St., n s, 235' e Marcy Ave., three-st'y
brick schoolhouse, tin roof; cost, 945,000; owner,
architect and builder, same as last.
Jjonmer St., Xo. 668, e s, US' s Norman Ave..
three-st'y frame tenement, felt, cement aud gravel
roof; cost, 94.500; owner, Robert Harrold; architect,
M. D. Randall; builder, Stephen Randall.
Stockholm St., A'o. 133, three-st'y frame tenement,
tin roof; coet, 93,600; owner and builder, M. Jef-
fries, on premises; architect, H. Vollweiler.
Stagg St., Xo. 276. ss, 150' w Waterbury St.. three-
st'y frame (brick-ailed) tenement, tin roof; coet,
94,100; owner, Cbas. R. Baker, 244 Washington Ave.;
architect, Th. Engelhardt; builders, C. Nieber and
J. Auer.
Stagg St., n w cor. Waterbury St., 2 three-st'y
frame (brick-filled tenements, tin roofs; cost, 98,800;
owner, Mrs. Mary S. Baker, 244 Washington Ave.;
architect and builder, same as last.
Power St., Afcg. 9ti and 98, near Leonard St., 2
three-st'y frame brick-filled tenements, tin roofs;
cost, $8,400; owner, George Kern, 31:< West Thirty-
eighth St., New York; architect, H. Vollweiler;
builder. E. Schech.
Butler St., No. 185, s s, 75' e Bond St., three-st'y
frame tenement, tin roof; cost, 93,000; owner, John
Clark, on premises; builder, P. Whelan.
lladde PI., w s, 196' 6" s Herklmer St., two-st'y
brick stable and dwell.; cost, 94,000; owner, A. Stud-
well aud P. Devan. Sumpter St. and Saratoga Ave.;
architect, P. H. Smith; builders, J. Pawell aud T.
H. Smith.
Chicago.
BUILDING PERMITS. Wm. Goldle, three-st'y flats,
2964 Vernon Ave.; cost, 98,000; architect, C. Chap-
man.
F. W. Wolf, two-st'y factory, 326-330 Hawthorne
Ave.; cost, 910,000,
S. M. Parish, two-st'y barn, rear 64 Cottage Grove
Ave.; cost, 93,500.
Mrs. E. C. Hancock,
PI.: cost. 98,000.
Wm. Mertens, three-st'y flats, 238 Sedgwick St.;
cost, $4,000; architects, Forman ft Jebson.
P. Kessler, 2 three-st'y stores and flats., 469-461
State St.; cost, 915,000; architects, Bauer & Hill.
P. Korlege, two-st'y store and fiat, 2UB-300 West
Twelfth St.; coet, $10,OOU; architects, Font ft Ru-
dolph.
C. Schroder, tbree-sl'y store and dwell., 981 Mil-
waukee Ave.; cost, 96,000; architect. Burling.
Fuller & Frost, 3 two-st'y dwells., 3301-3306 Forest
Ave.; cost, 912,000; architects, Cobb & Frost.
, two-st'y dwell., 39 Bellevue
J. Vollmer, two-sfy flat*, 73 Jay St.: cost. tt.B.
Mrs. M. O'Nell, three ify flat*, 119 Flsk St.; oust,
II. Wendt, three-st'y store and dwell., 129 Wl
Chicago Ave.; cost, 94,000.
J. McGrath, two-st'y flats, SBSO Dearborn St.; cost,
TTWolf, three-st'y store aud dwell., 30* Thirty.
seventh St.; cost, 93,000.
M. Klein, Iwo-tt'y dwell., 603 West Congress St.;
oort, 96.000.
J. 3. A Ida M. Dennis, 2 two-st'y dwells., 1227-1236
Washington Boulevard; cost, 916,000.
A. Schumann, three-st'y dwell., 481 HulbertSt.;
cost, 96,000.
A. J. Schnell, 2 three-st'y stores and dwells., 810-
812 Milwaukee Ave.; cost, 916.000.
J. Welsel, two-st'y dwell., 178 Larrabee St.; cost,
E. Lehman, two-st'y store and flats, 18 Francisco
St.; cost, 93,000.
J. C. llowell, 2 two-st'y dwells., 53-55 Grant PI.;
cost, 96,000; architect, H. H. Gage.
J. Mohon, two-st'y store and dwells., 1379 West
Twelfth St.; cost, 93,000.
T. Kelly, three-st'y store and flats, 381 Larrabee
St.; cost, 94,000.
Mrs. W. Johnson, two-st'y dwell., 10 Elizabeth St.:
-,.
.
W. L. Thomas, two-st'y dwell., 588 West Chicago
Av.; cost, 93,20n.
T. J. Hanklns, three-sfy dwell., 230 Warren Ave.:
cost. 96JM.
Mrs. W. How, three-et'y store and dwell., 123
Eighteenth St.; cost, 911,000.
Klkiin & Stern, 2 two-st'y dwells., 500-592 Dear-
born Ave.; cost, 918,000; architect, J. lluber.
H. guetschke, two-st'y dwell., 140 Outre Ave.j
coat, 94,000.
John Cudahy, two-st'y dwell., cor. Thirty-third
St. and Michigan Ave.; cost, 960,000; architects,
Burling Whiiehouse.
E. H. Thompson, two-st'y dwell., 301-303 Beldun
Ave.; cost, 910,000.
W. Jensen, two-st'y store and dwell., 760 West
North Ave.; colt, 92,600.
L. Jensen, two-st'y dwell., 80 Le Moyne St.; cost,
92,700.
K. H. Schau, two-sfy dwell., 82 Le Moyne St.;
cost, 96,000.
W. E. Smith, 3 two-st'y dwells., 321-328 Rhodes
Ave.; cost, 98,000; architects, Wheelock & Clay.
F. Bocka, two-st'y dwell., 473 Twentieth St.; cost,
j. S. Martin, three-st'y dwell., 192 North State
St.; cost, 912,000.
N. Weber, threwt'y dwell., 91 Hurlburt.Sl.; cost,
I. Galles, 2 two-st'y dwells., 233-236 North Market
SI. ; cost, 95,600.
D. Cohen, two-st'y store and dwell., 3340-3342
Michigan Ave.; cost, 927,000; architect, L. B. Dixmi.
E. C. Hartwell, 2 two-st'y dwells., 39-41 Pearson
St.: cost, 912,000.
J. Joerasek, two-st'y dwell., 82 West Division St.;
cost, 94,600.
S. W. Tgrakowskl, two-st'y dwell., S35 North May
St.; cost, *4,000.
C. Corlelt, two-st'y flats, 370 Dayton St.; cost, 93,-
Detrolt.
BUILDING PERMITS. The following permits have
been granted since our last report:
Thomas McGregor, two-st'y brick dwell., 40-42
Fremont St.; cost, 96,250.
G. F. Tinan, two-st'y brick dwell., 70 Abbott St.;
cost, $5,000.
Peter Thirsen, two-st'y double brick dwell., 883-
386 Thirteenth St.; cost, 94,000.
Benjamin Fisher, two-st'y brick dwell., 87 East
Montcalm St.; cost, 93,500.
U. Armstrong, three-st'y brick dwell., 92 Washing-
ton Ave.; cost, 93,800.
Mary E. Glbbs, two-st'y brick dwell., 60 Ersklne
St.; cost, 910,000.
Wm. Scott & Co., flve-st'y addition to Michigan
Stove Works; cost, 914,500.
James Hugau, frame dwell. Seventeenth St.; cost,
93,iO.
James B. McKay, frame dwell. Cass Ave.; cost,
A. Chapoton, Jr., for Wm. Bealls, flve-st'y brick
store, Woodward Ave.; cost, 920,000.
W. B. & J. P. Moran, flve-st'y brick store, Wood-
ward Ave.; cost, 940,000.
N. Flattery, two-st'y brick dwell., 641 Jefferson
Ave.; cost, 915,000.
N. J. Marteli, two-st'y brick dwell., 183-185 East
Montcalm St.; cost, 93,000.
W. C. Lantern, addition to brick dwell., SOS How-
ard St.; cost. 93,000.
W. H. Hollands 'ft Son, brick addition to frame
dwell., 178 East Montcalm St.; cost, 94,600.
Detroit Soap Co., brick storehouse, Dlx Road;
cost, 94,000.
William Cowlr, brick stores, 44-46 Gratiot Ave.;
rat, nun,
A. S. Varney, brick dwell., 22 East Alexandrine
Ave.; cost, 92,900.
S. J. Martin, brick dwell., 443 Third Ave.; cost,
94,000.
H. S. Peoples, block of brick stores, Michigan
Ave., cor. Welch Ave.: cost, 97,600.
C. II. Butler, brick dwell., Woodward Ave.; oost,
915.000.
Herbert Bowen, brick dwell., Forest Ave.; oost,
97,000.
E. U. Bowman, frame dwell., Hancock Ave.; cost,
93.500.
Neil Flattery will erect 2 brick houses on Jeffer-
son Ave.. costing 928,000.
St. Jocbam Church, East Fort St.; cost, 940,000.
W. II. Holland * Son. brick dwell., Uarfleld Ave.;
cost, 96.000.
H. O'Connell & Co., double frame dwell., 91 Led-
yard St.; cost, 94,000.
N. W. Weber, brick dwell., 40 East Forest St.;
rat, te.ooo.
36
Tlie American Architect and Building News. [VOL. XVIII. No. 499.
Kansas City, Mo.
BUILDING PERMITS. R. P. Tribble, 2 brick dwells, at
1402 and 1404 Tracy Ave.; cost, $8,000.
Irving Queal, brick block on Tracy Ave.; cost, $5,-
000.
Mrs. Josephine Shultz, brick dwell, and business
house, cor. Ninth and Troost Aves.
Dr. J. H. Duncan, brick dwell., oor. Thirteenth
and Tracy Aves; cost, $0,500.
Kansas City White Lead Co., brick business block,
cor. Eighth and Mill Sts.; cost, 811,000.
Minneapolis, Minn.
BUILDING PERMITS. John Esslinger, three-st'y brick
store-building, cor. Cedar Ave. and Third St., s;
cost, $5,000.
E. S. Kenney, two-st'y wooden dwell., Park Ave.,
bet. Twentieth and Twenty-second Sts., s; cost, $6,-
E. B. Galusha, two-st'y wooden dwell., cor. Thir-
teenth St. and Yale PI.; cost, $6,000.
E. B. Galusha, two-st'y double wooden dwell.,
Tale PI., bet. Thirteenth and Fourteenth Sts., s;
cost, $6,500.
Mrs. Thomas McClary, two-st'y wooden dwell., Or-
lin Ave. , near Seymour Ave. ; cost, $3,700.
New York.
BUILDING PERMITS. Clinton St., No. 148, flve-st'y
brick tenement, tin roof; cost, $18,000; owner, Ed-
ward Harris, 369 Grand St.; architect, Chas. Uentz.
Lu'llow St., No. 56, five-st'y and basement brick
tenement with stores in basement and first story,
tin roof; cost, $10,000; owner, Joseph L. O'Brien, 92
Bowery; architect, F. Jenth.
Mulberry St., No. 23, five-st'y brick tenements
with stores, tin roofs; cost, $10,000; owner, J. Searle
Barclay, 64 West Thirty-eighth St. ; architect, Julius
Boekell.
Afott St., No. 39, five-st'y brick tenement with
store, tin roof; cost, $9,500; owner, John P. Conlon,
301 West Fifty-fifth St.; architects, Berger & Bay-
Swffolk St., No. 20, in rear, four-st'y brick work-
shop, tin roof; cost, $3,000; owners, Mrs. Theresa
Schappert, 603 East Eighty-eighth St.; architect, J.
C. Burne.
Washington St., No. 659, five-st'y brick tenement,
tin roof; cost, $14,000; owner, Margaret Shaugh-
nessy, on premises; architects, A. B. Ogden & Son;
builder, P. J. Walsh.
Second Ave., s ecor. First St., 3 five-st'y brick ten-
ements, tin roofs; cost, corner $34,000; others, $16,000
each ; owner, Daniel Tier, Westchester, N. Y. ; archi-
tect, M. Louis Ungrlch.
West Eighteenth St., Nos. 148 and 150, three-st'y
brick stable and dwell., tin roof; cost, $20,000; owner,
H. O'Neill, 149 West Twentieth St.; architect, M. C.
Merritt.
Twenty-first St., s a, 50' 3" w Second Are., five-st'y
brick tenement, tin roof; cost, $12,000; owner, J. C.
Bremer, 76 Oakland St., Brooklyn, E. D.; architect,
F. Weber.
East Twenty-fifth St., No. 330. flve-st'y brick tene-
ment, tin root; cost, $12,000; owner, Emil Klappert,
328 East Twenty-fifth St.; architects, Berger & Bay-
lies; builders, C. W. Klappert's Sons.
Eighth Ave., No. 543, four-st'y brick store and ten-
ement, tin roof; cost, $14,500; owner, Emma Meier,
303 West Thirty-eighth St.; architect, M. Louis Un-
grich; builders, Prodger Brothers and Alexander
Moore.
Third Ave., Nos. 1521 and 1523, 2 flve-st'y brick
tenements and stores, tin roofs; cost, each, $18,000;
owner, Eugene D. Bagen, 532 East Eighty-seventh
St.; architect, Fred. T. Camp.
West Ninety-ninth St., No. 20, flve-st'y brick tene-
ment, tin roof; cost, $25,000; owner, Wm. B. Pettit,
444 West Thirty-fourth St.; architects, A. B. Ogden
&Son.
Kif/hth Ave., w , 76' s Ninety-fourth St., 2 five-st'y
brick tenements, tin roofs; cost, each, $20,000; owner
and builder, Abraham E. Benson, 63 North Moore
St.; architect, N. M. Whipple.
Grand Boulevard, e s, 67' 4" s One Hundred and
Fourth St., flve-st'y brick flat, tin roof; cost, $24,000;
owner, Martha A. Lawson, 621 West One Hundred
and Fourth St.; architect, M. Louis Ungrich.
Seventy-second St., n s, 149' 6" e Tenth Ave., 5
four-st'y brick (stone-front) dwells., tin roofs; cost,
each, $25,000; owner, Robert Irwin, 42 West For-
tieth St.; architects, Thoin & Wilson.
One Hundred and Fifth St., e 8. 375' e Tenth Ave.,
five-st'y brick flat, tin roof; cost, $55,000; owners,
Hoefer & Vincent. 446 West Fifty-seventh St.; archi-
tects, Thorn & Wilson.
Tenth Ave.. e s, 75' 11 Ninety-eighth St., 2 five-st'y
brick flats, tin roofs; cost, each, $19,000; owner and
builder, David Christie, 413 West Fifty-seventh St.;
architect, J. F. Wilson.
One Hundred and Tioenty-second St., n s, 75' e
Seventh Ave., 2 three-st'y and basement brick
dwells., tin roofs; cost, each, $12,500; owner and
builder, Isaac A. Hopper, 214 West One Hundred
and Twenty-third St.; architect, H. S. Townsend.
Sixth Ave., s w eor. One Hundred and Twenty-
third St., 9 four-st'y and basement brick (stone-
front) dwells., tin roofs; cost, each, $20.000; owner,
A. B. Van Dusen, 2039 Sixth Ave.; architect, Chas.
H. Beer.
One Hundred and Forty-first St., n s, 150' e Eighth
Ave., 2 four-st'y brick tenements, gravel roofs;
cost, each, $12,000; owner, Mark S. Karr; Mark S.
Stevens, builder and attorney for owner, 226 East
One Hundred and Twenty-seventh St.; architect, J.
H. Valentine.
One Hundred and Forty-second St., n s, 100'
Eighth Ave., 4 four-st'y brick tenements, gravel
roofs; cost, each, $12,000; owner, etc., same as last.
One Hundred and Forty-sixth St., n s, 175' w
Tenth Ave., tive-st'y brick tenement, tin roof; cost,
$10,000; owner, Murtha Garry, One Hundred and
Forty-third St., w of Eighth Ave.; architect, James
S. Wightman.
West One Hundred and Twenty-sixth St., No. 102,
three-st'y and basement brick (stone-front) dwell.,
flat and mansard roof of tin, slate and copper; cost,
$14,000; owner, Henry O'Neill, 222 Wst Fifty-sev-
enth St.; architect, Wm. Collins; builder, G. H.
Hardy.
Lincoln Ave., n e cor. Southern Boulevard, five-
st'y brick piano-factory, tin and slate roof; cost,
$30,000; owner, John B. Simpson, Jr., 12 West One
Hundred and Twenty-ninth St.; architects, A. B.
Ogden & Son.
One Hundred and Fifty-first St., n s, 275' w Court-
laudt Ave., two-st'y frame tenement, tin roof; cost,
$0,000; owner, Christina Ludwig, 677 East One Hun-
dred and Fifty-second St.; architects, Schmidt &
Garwin; builder, not selected.
ALTERATIONS. Fiftieth St. to Fifty-first St., and
Sixth to Seventh Aves., altered for car-house and
stables, iron beams and columns; cost, $20,000;
owner, Broadway & Seventh Ave. R. R. Co., on
premises; architect, S. D. Hatch.
West Thirty-first St., Nos. 223 and 225, raised one
st'y, mansard and flat roof; cost, $4,000; owner,
Hev. Chas. Da Nazzano, 135 West Thirty-first St.;
architect, J. W. Cole; builder, J. Jordan.
East Fifty-third St., No. 1, three-st'y brick exten-
sion, tin roof; cost, $14,000; owner, Jeremiah W.
Curtis, on premises; architect and builder, Richard
V. Breese.
West Forty-fifth St., No. 60, rear altered, iron
beams furnished; cost, $4,000; owner, T. M. Stew-
art, on premises; builder, E. Gridley.
East Fourteenth St., No. 218, fonr-st'y and base-
ment brick extension, tin roof; also internal altera-
tions; cost, $6,000; owner, Chas. J. Goeller, 212 East
Fourteenth St.; architect, W. Graul.
East Eleventh St., No. 528, one-st'y brick exten-
sion, tin roof; cost, $5,000; owner, George Diehl, on
premises; architect, F. Ebeling; builder, not se-
lected.
East Sixty-third St., No. 2, altered to three-st'y
dwell.; cost, $10,500; owner, C. A. Postley, 51 Park
Ave.; architect, R. H. Robertson; builders, L. N.
Crow and Smith & Bell.
One Hundred and Thirtieth St., n s, 100' w Eleventh
Ave., new brick smoke stack; cost, $6,000; owner,
G. H. H. Butler, 126 East Twenty-ninth St.; archi-
tect, G. B. Pelham; builders, Van Dolsen & Arnott.
Grand SL, No. 458, attic raised to full st'y; also,
two-st'y brick extension, tin roofs; cost, $4,000; own-
er, D. Openheimer, on premises; architect, E. W.
Greis.
Philadelphia.
BUILDIMG PERMITS. Point Breeze, one-st'y pump
house. 28' x 33'; Atlantic: Refining Co.. owners.
Point Breeze, one-st'y storehouse, 75' x 80'; Atlan-
tic Refining Co., owners.
Point Breeze, oue-st'y canning shop, 57' x 92'; At-
lantic Refining Co., owners.
Hanover St., n of Thompson St., three-st'y dwell.,
17' x 56'; Jno. S. Boldt & Son, contractors.
Seventeenth St., cor. Christian St., three-st'y
dwell., 18' x 56'; Guilbert & Keefe, contractors.
forty-ninth St., cor. Woodland Ave., it two-st'y
dwells., 16' x 43'; Michael Dehaven, contractor.
West Fetter Lane, No. 10, three-st'y mill, 30' x 80':
J. B. Stanaur, contractor.
Walnut St., w of Forty-second St., 2 three-st'y
dwells., 28' x 59'; Jacob Myers, contractor.
Jefferson St., No. 2623, two-st'y dwell., 17' 6" x 50':
E. Schmidt, contractor.
Long Lane St.. cor. Federal St., 5 two-st'y dwells.
16' x 45'; Thos. S. Marshall, owner.
Cherry St., e of New St., 8 two-st'y dwells., 14' x
44'; W. Steele, contractor.
Hirst St., No. 506, three-st'y dwell., 14' x 27'; F
Fink, owner.
Sixth St., cor. Venango St., two-st'y stable, 15'
30'; John Mander, contractor.
Broad St., s of Barks St., four-st'y dwell., 21'x 85'
Jas. E. Cooper, contractor.
Turner St., above Erie Ave., two-st'y dwell., 16' x
56'; A. Zim, owner.
Grays Ferry Road, cor. Seventy-second St., two-
st'y dwell., 18' x 32'; B. T. Green, owner.
Broad St., n e cor. Washington St., 2 sheds, 42' x
150'; G. B. Newton & Co., owners.
Fairhill St., n of Cumberland St., one-st'y shed
20' x 60'; Geo. Kessler, contractor.
Second St., n e cor. Willow St., flve-st'y factory
30' x 57'; Geo. Kessler, contractor.
Ridge Ave., n e cor. Dauphin St., three-st'y dwell.
17' x 56'; W. Albrecht, owner.
Twelfth St., s of Wolf St., three-st'y dwell., 18' 4
x 44'; W. Albrecht, owner.
Eleventh St., cor. Christian St., addition, 22' x 30
A. Ewing, contractor.
Haverford St., w of Sixty-fifth St., 2 two-st'
.dwells., 16' x 42'; Leger & Bro., contractors.
Armal St., w of Hancock St., two-st'y store, 20' x
32'; A. Jenkinson, owner.
North Sixth St., No. 2131, one-st'y store, 19' x 71
D. C. Schuyler, owner.
Haines St., bet. Chew and Musgrove Sts., 2 two
and-one-half-st'y stores, 16' x 42'; J. Broadbeut
owner.
Ninth St., cor. Mifnin St., 2 two-st'y dwells., 15'
30'; H. Weisner, contractor.
Pine St., w of Sixty-third St., one-st'y mill, 19' 6
x 65'; Wm. Douglass, contractor.
Jefferson St., s e cor. Winchester St., three-st'
store, 17' x 42'; F. Gillett, contractor.
St. Louis.
BUILDING PERMITS. Forty-four permits have bee
issued since our last report, nine of which are fo
unimportant frame houses. Of the rest those wort
$2,500 and over are as follows:
E. Stover, 2 adjacent two-st'y brick dwells.; cos
$7,000; A. Beinke & Co., architects; A. J. Riddl
contractor.
Wm. Lesser, 3 adjacent two-st'y brick dwells
cost, $8,000; A. Beinke & Co., architeois; Beckmeie
& Rieckmann, contractors.
John Leicht, two-st'y brick dwell.; cost, $2,70C
Wm. Gahl & Co., contractors.
McCreeney Heirs, alterations at the Laclede H
tel; cost, 810,000; J. S. Taylor, architect; Higgin
Bro., contractors.
Schlegel, two-st'y brick dwell.; cost, $2,500; F. H
Goss, contractor.
Mrs. E. Meyer, two-st'y brick dwell.; cost, $2,80
Henry Ellermann, contractor.
Henry Feldwisch, two-sfy brick dwell.; cost, $2,-
500; Henry Ellermann, contractor.
A. Temme, two-st'y brick dwell.; cost, 52,500; S.
T. Simmons, architect; H. Schulte, contractor.
Chas. A. Lee, two-st'y brick dwell.; cost, 84,000;
Peabody & Stearns, architects; David Davis, con-
tractor.
Henry Timpken, four-st'y brick carriage factory;
cost, $10,000; McGrath, architect; F. C. Bonsack,
contractor.
Mrs. E. A. Clark, flve-st'y brick business house;
cost, $18,000; I. S. Taylor, architect; B. Weber &
Co., contractors.
Geo. Blackman, two-st'y frame dwell.; cost, $3,-
000; Peabody & Stearns, architects; F. Lane, con-
tractor.
St. Paul. Minn.
UILDING PERMITS. One-st'y brick store-room, s e of
East Third St., bet. Robart and Minnesota Sts.;
cost, $2,000; owner, National German American
Bank.
Two-st'y frame double dwells., n s of Iglehart St.,
bet. Western and Arundel Sts.; cost, 85,000; owner,
C. L. Larpentern.
Two-st'y frame store and dwell., w s of Rice St.,
bet. Wazota and Melford Sts.; cost, $5,000; owner,
P. G. Olson.
Two-st'y frame dwell., s s of Hennlpin St., bet.
St. Albans and Grotto Sts.; cost, $2,000; owners,
Cochran, Rice & Walsh.
Two-st'y brick store and dwell., es of Dakota Ave.,
bet. Colorado and Delos Sts.; cost, $5,000; owner,
Mr. Sheibele.
Two-st'y brick veneer store and dwell., e s of Fort
St., bet. Ninth and Tenth Sts.; cost, $3,000; owner,
John Schreil.
Two-st'y frame dwell., s s of Arch St., bet. Jack-
son and Sylvan Sts.; cost, $2,000; owner, John Lai-
ley.
Four-st'y brick block stores and hotel, n s of Fifth
St.. bet. Wabasha and Cedar Sts.; owner, A. R. Cap-
strain.
Two-st'y brick veneer dwell, and store, n s of
Thirteenth St., bet. Mississippi and Orient Sts.;
cost, $4,800; owner, W. F. Stetson.
Two-st'y frame dwell., e s of Broadway, bet. Tenth
and Eleventh Sts.; cost, $2,400; owner, Andrew Nip-
polt.
Bids and Contracts.
CINCINNATI, O. The following are the bids for furni-
ture for the custom-house:
A. H. Andrews & Co., Chicago, $23,510.30; Tom-
linson & Carsley, Chicago, $30,511.25; Edward E.
Swiney, Chicago, $19,827 (accepted): H. J. Fitzpat-
rick & Co., New York, $22,003.10; Middleton Furni-
ture Manufacturing Co., Middleton, Pa., $25,637.83;
Phoenix Furniture Co., Grand Rapids, Mich., $22,-
350.48; the Robert Mitchell Furniture Co., Cincin-
nati, $23.310.
The following are the bids for gas-fixtures for the
custom-house:
Iden & Co.. New York, $9,609.60; Bergman & Co.,
New York, $9,583,50; Mitchell, Vance & Co., New
York, $9,639.45; R. A. Bobbins, New York, $10,951;
R. Hollings & Co.; Boston, $8,772.76; the Horn, Ban-
ner and Borsyth Manufacturing Co., Philadelphia,
$10.129; the Horn, Banner and Forsyth Manufac-
turing Co., Philadelphia, $9,307.50; the Horn, Ban-
ner and Forsyth Manufacturing Co., Philadelphia,
$7,375.25; the Horn, Banner and Forsyth Manufac-
turing Co., Philadelphia, S(i,:i-,r,.L>5; Mcllenry &Co.,
Cincinnati, $9,444.40 (accepted).
IIKCINNATI, O., BUFFALO, N.Y., AND FRANKFORT;
KY. The following are the bids for standard furni-
ture for United States buildings at Cincinnati, O.;
Buffalo, N. Y., and Frankfort, Ky.:
A. H. Davenport, Boston, $15,960; Middleton Fur-
niture Manufacturing Co., Middleton, Pa., $17,862.30;
R. A. Robbins, NewYork. $21,513.80; Hersee & Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y., $15,636; Tomlinsou & Carsley, Chicago,
$19,896.50; A. H. Andrews & Co., Chicago, 815,726;
Edward E. Swiney, Chicago, $15,937.90; the Robert
Mitchell Furniture Company, Cincinnati, $13,839.53
(accepted).
PEOBIA, ILL. The followingis an abstract of the bids
tor stone-work and setting, and for brickwork of
the post-office, e.c.:
P. G. Straub & Co., stone- work, $12,990.
E. R. Brainerd & Co., stone-work, $11,486; stone
and brick work, $15,425.
Ballance & Jans, stone-work. $13,700.
F. B. Hasbrock, brickwork, 84,775.
A. J. White.brickwork, $4,520.
WASHINGTON, D. C. The Postmaster-General has
awarded the contract for supplying steel mail-catch-
ers, for the entire service, during the coining year to
Manly & Cooper M'f'g Co., cor. Forty-second St. and
Elm Ave., Philadelphia, on their bid of $3.38 each.
The other bids of which there were 12, varied from
$3.43 to $6.95. They will be used on the mail-cars
throughout the United States.
COMPETITION.
COUNTY JAIL.
[At Montgomery, Ala.J
OFFICE OF THE BOARD OF REVENUE, I
OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY, j
MONTGOMERY, ALA., July 6, 18S5. 1
Plans and specifications for the construction of a
jail in the city of Montgomery, Ala., will be received
by the Board of Revenue, of Montgomery County,
until Monday, July 37th, 1885, at 12 M.
Said jail to hold at least 100 inmates, and contain
office and 4 rooms for jailor, kitchen, dining-room,
hospital, misdemeanant and solitary cells for both
male and female, whites and blacks separate, heating,
ventilating and water arrangements, all after the
modern improvements.
Length of building not to exceed 100', and width not
more than 44'. This provides for light on each side of
the building. Size of lot 5ci' x 160'.
The building to cost not more than $35,000.
The successful architect to receive 2 per cent on the
cost of the building.
The Board of Revenue reserves the right to reject
any and all plans and specifications.
By order of the Board of Revenue.
499 W. H. HUBBAIID, Clerk.
THE AMERICAN ARCHITECT AND BUILDING NEWS.
VOL. xvin.
Copyright, ixx-,, JAMES R. OSOOOD * Oo., Boston, M*M.
No. 500.
JULY 25. 1885.
Entered at the Post-Office at Boston w second-claw nitter.
CONTENTS.
SUMMART:
A Proposed Exhibition of Architectural Drawings. The
Present Condition of the Old Mill at Newport, R. I. The
French Association for Mutual Defense- and The Condi-
tions of Membership therein. A Question of "Ancient
Lights " The Origin of the Observatory on the Pic du Midi.
The Swiss School-House 37
FRENCH ARCHITECTURE OF TUB NINETEENTH CENTURT. I. . . 89
BERLIN AND NEW YORK. II 40
THE ILLUSTRATIONS:
Pulpit on the Front of the Cathedral, Prato, Italy. The An-
halt Kailroad Station, Berlin, Germany. House at Pater-
son, N. J. Some Doorways in and about Boston. South
Porch of the Cathedral of Notre Dame, Rouen, France.
The Jefferson-Market Court-House, New York, N. Y. . . . 42
SOME NEW JOURNALS ....:.. 42
DECISIONS RELATING TO FIBS INSURANCE 43
ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITT 44
COMMUNICATIONS:
Tar Stains. An Echoing Room 40
NOTES AND CLIPPINGS 46
WE learn from Building that an exhibition of architectural
drawings is to be held next winter in New York, in con-
nection with the Eighth Annual Exhibition of the Sal-
magundi Club, at the American Art Cilleries, 6 East Twenty-
third Street. The date of opening is fixed at January 11,
1886, and the drawings will be shown until February 1.
Messrs. Cyrus L. W. EidliU, Richard M. Hunt, Robert H.
Robertson, William B. Tuthill, Frederick C. Withers and F.
A. Wright, with Professor William R. Ware, will act as the
Hanging Committee, and will constitute the jury to decide upon
the acceptance or rejection of the drawings. A general invita-
tion is soon to be issued to the architects of the country, speci-
fying the character of the drawings which will be most desira-
ble for showing, and giving particulars of the exhibition. There
is so much excellent material of the kind in this country that a
very interesting and creditable collection of drawings ought to
be easily brought together, and the association of these with
the purely artistic work of the Salmagundi Club will give the
exhibition just the sort of spice which it needs. We hope that
the Hanging Committee will decide to admit photographs of
executed work, as well as drawings. Although this would be
rather an innovation, there is no question that the public takes
much more interest in photographs of buildings than in draw-
ings of them, and we are inclined to think that the public is
not very far wrong in its preference. Great as is the pleasure
which architects take in clever drawings, they know well enough
that the picturesque dash of a drawing often hides the baldness
or ill-studied proportions of a design which loses entirely in ex-
ecution the charm which a brilliant perspective sketch lent to
it, while scores of beautiful buildings, worthy of comparison
with any in the world, obtain but a limited reputation for them-
selves or their designers, simply because the. latter have not
thought it worth while to hire professional draughtsmen to
translate into clever linework for exhibition or publication the
effects which they have succeeded in obtaining in the archi-
tects' true materials of expression, wood, brick and stone. It
is not too much to say that an artist like Prout, or Haig, or
Norman Shaw, using the license which is generally allowed to
perspective draughtsmen, could represent any building, not
spoiled with vulgar ornament, as interesting and attractive,
while a poor perspective would discredit the most beautiful
building'ever designed ; and apart from the question of public
appreciation, the exhibition of architectural work by means ol
photographs would not only afford the fairest means of com-
paring the design of the building represented, but would induce
many architects, particularly those at a distance from the great
cities, who have little use for fancy draughtsmanship, to con-
' tribute illustrations of their work.
tgo removed, and the rude masonry seems since to have suf-
ered rapid deterioration. The stone-work is a coarse rubble,
aid, apparently, in lime mortar, with very wide joints, if,
ndeed, the masses of mortar between the small stones can be
ignified with the name of joints; and some such defence
against the weather as the ivy leaves afforded seems to have
>een essential to the preservation of the ruin in its present con-
iition. For want of this, or from some other less obvioui
:ause, the walls are now foutid to be badly cracked, and the
mortar-joints disintegrated, and some of the stones have fallen
int. To prevent further mischief, it is now proposed to
eplace the fallen stones and point the whole work, inside and
jutside, with cement, retaining, however, as far as possible, the
>resent rude effect of the masonry. At the top of the circular
wall it is proposed to form a coping of Portland cement, to pre-
ent the penetration of water into the masonry from above.
Although various alterations and repairs have already been
made in the building, they are so ancient as to afford, perhaps,
when understood, important indications in regard to the history
of the structure, and it will, of course, be advisable to avoid
nterfering with or obscuring these indications. Whether a
cement pointing all over the work will hide anything of value
s perhaps doubtful, but so much is to be learned from the form
,n<l material of mortar joints in old masonry that most people
would decidedly prefer to have them left undisturbed ; and if a
simple shed over the ruin, with sparing consolidation of the
cracked masonry, would suffice to preserve it, there would cer-
.aitily be an advantage in adopting that means.
IT is rather unfortunate that the so-called Old Mill at New
port, the most interesting ruin in the country, should hav
become of late an object of so much attention as to invite
propositions for restoring or otherwise improving it. For some
mysterious reason, the ivy, which had for so many years
covered it with its beautiful protecting mantle, was not long
FI7IIE discussion in the French Congress of Architects upon
J[ the question of establishing finally the Association of Mu-
tual Defence, about which so much interest has been
excited, seems to have been a rather lively one. Something
more than one hundred and fifty architects in all parts of
Prance have already signed the articles of association, and it
was confidently expected that enough more would join, on the
occasion of the Congress, to complete the number of three hun-
dred, which the provisional plan had set as the limit which
ihould be reached before the association should be definitely
organized ; but this expectation was not fulfilled, and on the
day set apart for the discussion of the matter in the Congress
only about sixty members were present. This made it evident
that the full number of adherents could not be obtained without
iurther exertion, and perhaps considerable delay, and the ques-
tion which naturally presented itself first for discussion was
whether the limit of three hundred should be abandoned, and
the Association organized at once, with the membership already
secured. Although, considering the small entrance fees and
assessments levied on the members, there was apparently some
risk in assuming too soon the responsibilities with which the
Association is to be charged, the members present showed
themselves so impatient to avail themselves of the advantages
which it offers that a motion in favor of immediate organiza-
tion was passed by a great majority of votes. This action
seems to have met with the approval of the distinguished
gentlemen who have done most to promote the movement, foi,
although they have forborne to urge anything like hasty or
rash action, one of them very sensibly pointed out to the meet-
ing that no means of attracting new members, and thereby
strengthening the Association, would be so effective as an
example of a case undertaken by it on behalf of one of its
members, and pressed to a conclusion.
'FJNOTHER point which was discussed at length and set-
j\ tied, as we think, in the most judicious way, was the ques-
tion of accepting or rejecting that article in the draught
of the constitution of the Association which provides that the
ordinary entrance fee shall be six dollars, and the annual dues
two dollars and a half, but that special assessments may, in
case of need, be levied on the members to pay extraordinary
expenses. Although the fixed dues, as proposed, are evidently
very low, so low, in fact, that the Association is likely to find
its usefulness restricted for lack of funds for its work, the feel-
ing of unwillingness to enter into engagements of uncertain
amount, which is very strong among the prudent French,
proved so strong in the meeting that the clause relating to
extra assessments was, by a majority of one, stricken out. The
promoters of the movement, although they knew better than
38
The American Architect and Building News. [VOL. XVIII. No. 500.
any of the others the disproportion of the fixed dues to the prob-
able expenses of the Association, as well as to the advantages
which it will be in a position to afford, submitted gracefully
enough to the rejection of this part of their plan, feeling, as
they said, that if the Association were once constituted, expe-
rience would soon show how much money could be advan-
tageously spent in its work, and how it would best be raised.
No further change of importance was made in the constitution
and by-laws as proposed by the committee on organization, and
they were then adopted as a whole. Nothing further then
remained except to order the filing of these documents in the
office of the prefect, who, under the French laws, then issues
the certificate of incorporation ; and a vote was passed directing
that this should be done, providing, however, that a final
revision should be made by the judicial sub-committee, with
authority to make such alterations in form or wording as might
seem necessary. The first general meeting of the incorporated
Association is to take place in November next, and until that
time the committee on organization will administer its affairs as
a provisional executive committee.
NEW and rather surprising illustration of the common
law relative to " ancient lights " is furnished by a recent
decision in England, in the case of Bullers versus Dickin-
son. It seems that an old building, three stories high, stood
upon a certain street, projecting some feet over the street line.
The building, which was once a toll-house, had been altered into
a shop, and a large window had been put in the front wall of
the first story. The window had been in long enough to have
acquired a right to light under the ordinary rules, when the
city authorities decided to buy and remove the portion of the
building to which it belonged, in order to give the street in
front of it the full width. The old wall was not parallel to the
street line, and it was necessary to cut off a portion of the build-
ing four feet in depth at one end, and seven feet nine inches
at the other ; and the owner, rather than have his property so
, extensively mutilated, pulled the building down, and erected a
one-story structure on the site, with a front on the new line,
and a shop window in it. A large building, which was con-
structed on a neighboring lot, was then found to interfere with
the light of the new window, and the owner of the shop brought
suit to prevent the infringement of what he claimed to be his
ancient right to unobstructed light. The proprietor of the of-
fending edifice maintained that as the window for which his
adversary claimed the protection of the court was in a new
wall, in a different position from the old one, and forming part
of an entirely new building, of different plan and dimensions
from the old one, it could not properly be regarded or entitled
to all the rights which had been enjoyed by the window to
which it succeeded ; but the judge decided that even such mod-
ifications in the circumstances as those which had taken place
did not amount to an abandonment of any original right, and
ordered a decree for the plaintiff.
7T NEW scientific association, comprising a small number of
r^ very distinguished members, has been formed in Paris
under the name of " Scientia." The objects of the asso-
ciation is primarily the promotion of scientific knowledge, but
the members have taken advantage of the present smallness of
their number to give to their meetings something of a social
character, and enliven them with a dinner, at which, as with
many clubs which meet only occasionally, some eminent person
is usually present as a guest. At the last of these meetings,
as we learn from Le Genie Civil, the guest of the evening was
General deNansouty, the originator of the plan for establishing
an observatory on the top of the Pic du Midi, about which we
have already had something to say. This mountain constitutes
a somewhat isolated spur of the Pyrenees, and rises to a height
of more than seven thousand feet above the sea. Although not
high enough to reach the limit of perpetual snow, the top of
the Pic du Midi is exposed to terrible winds, and in winter is
buried in snows which make the ascent to it impracticable.
Nevertheless General de Nansouty, who had been strongly im-
pressed with the value of the mountain, commanding, as it
does, the great southern plain of France, as a site for a mete-
orological station, resolved to attempt a thing that the moun-
taineers said was impossible, and to pass a winter in a hut at
the very summit of the peak. He collected materials, and dur-
ing the summer constructed a little cabin, which he stocked
with provisions and instruments, and pnt in communication
with the outer world by means of a telegraph wire. Before the
winter fairly set in, he established himself in his little hut, and
there, cut off by the snow f 
