Full text of "The American book of the dog. The origin, development, special characteristics, utility, breeding, training, points of judging, diseases, and kennel management of all breeds of dogs"

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THE -AMERICAN

BOOK OF THE DOG.

THE ORIGIN, DEVELOPMENT, SPECIAL

CHARACTERISTICS, UTILITY, BREEDING, TRAINING,

POINTS OF JUDGING, DISEASES, AND KENNEL

MANAGEMENT OF ALL BREEDS OF DOGS.

HON. JOHN S. WISE, BERNARD WATERS, MAX WENZEL, B. F. SEITNER, HARRY MALCOLM, CHARLES
K. WESTBROOK, COL. ROGER D. WILLIAMS, DR. Q. VAN HUMMELL, DR. M. G. ELLZEY, LAW-
RENCE TIMPSON, WILLIAM LOEFFLER, J. L. WINCHELL, WM. WADE, H. F. SCHELLHASS,
P. T. MADISON, WM. A. BRUETTE, F. H. F. MERCER, A. CLINTON WILMERDING,
J. F. KIRK, J. OTIS FELLOWS, GEO. W. KIERSTEAD, AUGUST BELMONT, JR.,~VV. H.
RUSSELL, DR. J S. NIVEN, FRANK F. DOLE, E. F. BURNS, P. H. COOMBS,
J. H. NAYLOR, DR. H. T. FOOTE, Miss A. H. WHITNEY, HENRY JARRETT,
J. E. DOUGHERTY, PROF. J. H. H. MAENNER, F. F.. LA.MB, L. F. WHIT-
MAN, JOHN E. THAYER, MAJ. T. J. WOODCOCK, W. R. FURNESS,
DR. G. IRWIN ROYCE, G. W. FISHER, MRS. ELROY FOOTE,
Miss MARION E. BANNISTER, E. R. SPALDING, AND
DR. J. FRANK: PERRY

EDITED BY G. O. SHIELDS ("COQUINA"),

AUTHOR OF "CRUISINGS IN THE CASCADES," "RUSTLINGS IN THE ROCKIES," "HUNTING IN THE

GREAT WEST," "THE BATTLE OF THE BIG HOLE," "THE BIG GAME OF

NORTH AMERICA," "CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS," ETC.

CHICAGO AND NEW YORK:
RAND, MCNALLY & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS.

1891.

TlIE MORE I SEE OF MEN,

THE BETTER I LIKE DOGS."

Anonymous.

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220G44

PREFACE.

To the ladies and gentlemen who have responded so
generously to my requests for contributions to this book,
I am profoundly grateful. To their efforts alone is due the
production of this the grandest work on the dog ever pub-
lished, in this or any other country. Without the co-opera-
tion of such able and enthusiastic dog-fanciers, such a book
would have been impossible.

I arn also indebted to these and to other kind friends for
the use of drawings and photographs, many of which were
made especially for this purpose, and from which many of
the illustrations have been produced. I am grateful to
Dr. N t Howe, editor of the American Field, for the use of
several electrotypes, and to many others who have contrib-
uted to the success of the work in various ways.

THE EDITOR.

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CONTENTS.

PAGE

INTRODUCTION. .... Hon. John 8, Wise, 13

THE ENGLISH SETTER. . Bernard Waters, 17

Kennel Editor The American Field, and author
of "Modern Training, Handling, and Ken-
nel Management."

THE IRISH SETTER. Max Wenzel, 45

Secretary The Irish Setter Club of America, and

B. F. Seitner,
Vice-President The Pointer Club of America.

THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER Harry Malcolm, 75

President The American Gordon Setter Club.

THE POINTER Charles K. Westbrook, A.M. 97

THE GREYHOUND. . Col. Roger D. Williams, 145

President The Iroquois Hunting and Riding

Club.

THE DEERHOUND. . Dr. Q. Van Hummell, 171

THE FOXHOUND. . . . _ . _ Dr. M. G. Ellzey, 189

Associate Editor The National Economist.

THE BASSET HOUND. _____ Lawrence Timpson. 209

THE DACHSHUND. ______ William Loeffler. 217

THE BLOODHOUND. _ J. L. Winchell. 241

THE RUSSIAN WOLFHOUND _ William Wade. 261

THE BEAGLE HOUND. ______ H. F. Sctiellhass, 269

President The American-English Beagle Club.

THE IRISH WATER SPANIEL. _ P. T. Madison, 291

Secretary The Indiana Kennel Club.
THE ENGLISH WATER SPANIEL. _ _ _ William A. Bruette. 301

THE CLUMBER SPANIEL. _ _ _ _ _ F.H.F. Mercer, 305

Kennel Editor Sports Afield.

THE SUSSEX SPANIEL. _ _ _ _ A. Clinton Wilmerding. 323

THE FIELD SPANIEL J. F. Kirk. 327

THE COCKER SPANIEL. _ _ J. Otis Fellows. 337

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8 CONTENTS.

PAGE.

THE CHESAPEAKE BAY DOG. . . _ _ George W. Kierstead. 357

THE Fox TERRIER. . .' . _ . August Belmont, Jr., 373

President The American Kennel Club, and The

American Fox Terrier Club.

THE BEDLINGTON TERRIER. _ . . _ . W. H. Russell. 395

THE IRISH TERRIER. . _':'. _ . . Dr. J. 8. Niven. 413

THE BULL TERRIER. ... . _ . Frank F. Dole. 425

THE WHITE ENGLISH TERRIER. . E. F. Burns. 433

THE YORKSHIRE TERRIER. . . . ," P. H. Coombs. 437

THE AIREDALE TERRIER. . _ . . . - F. H. F. Mercer. 457

THE SCOTTISH TERRIER. . . . . . John H. Naylor. 465

THE DANDIE DINMONT TERRIER. _ . . John H. Naylor. 471

THE SKYE TERRIER. _____ Lawrence Timpson. 479

THE BLACK AND TAN TERRIER. _ . . _ Dr. H. T. Foote. 489

THE MALTESE TERRIER. - - . . Miss A. H. Whitney. 497

THE COLLIE. _ _ _ . Henry Jarrett and J. E. Dougherty. 505

THE OLD ENGLISH SHEEP DOG. . . , - - William Wade. 515

THE GREAT DANE (German Dogge). . Prof. J. H. H. Maenner. 529

THE ST. BERNARD. _ _ . . i" . . F. E. Lamb. 549

THE MASTIFF. _ _ _ _"_ _. '..'_ William Wade. 571

THE NEWFOUNDLAND. _ _ . , , , _ _, L. F. Whitman. 589

THE BULLDOG. _ _ John E. Thayer. 599

THE DALMATIAN COACH DOG. . . . Maj. T. J. Woodcock. 607

THE POODLE . W. H. Furness. 615

THE ITALIAN GREYHOUND. . _ . _ Dr. G. Irwin Royce. 629

THE PUG. _ . * G. W. Fisher. 639

THE MEXICAN HAIRLESS DOG. _ _ _ Mrs. Elroy Foote. 647

THE TOY SPANIELS. _ ' .. _ _ Miss Marion E. Bannister, 655

Secretary The American Pet Dog Club.

THE SCHIPPERKE. _ . _ _ . E. R. Spalding. 665

DISEASES OF THE DOG, AND THEIR REMEDIES. . Dr. J.Frank Perry, 671

("Ashmont") Author of "Dogs, their Manage-
ment and Treatment in Diseases."

SPANIEL TRAINING. F. H. F. Mercer. 697

FULL PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE.

Chesapeake Bay Dog, Barnum, Retrieving: a, Wounded Goose, . Frontispiece.
Flushed, ...... ... 17

English Setter, Toledo Blade, .... 21

English Setter, Cincinnatus, . ... 21

English Setter, Gloster, _ _ . 34

English Setter, Rowdy Rod, .... . 40

Irish Setter, Ruby Glenmore, .... 46

Irish Setter, Sarsfleld, ___.-_.... 49

Gordon Setters, Malcolm and Gypsey, _ 76

Pointers, Duke of Vernon and Miss Freedom, . 100

Smooth-Coated German Pointer, Walden, 109

Rough-Coated German Pointer, Ratiz, _ . . . . .111

Pointer, Lady Dufferin, . 116

Pointer, Robert le Diable, . ... 122

Dead Bird, .'...--: . 126

Pointer Puppies, ...._...-- 134

Deerhounds, Phyllis, Robin Adair, Lady Dare, and Fergus, . . 180
Irish Water Spaniel, King Slash ___..--- 294
Millie and Jock, .__... 342

Bedlington Terrier, Christmas Carol, - .398

Bulldog, Bellisima, - 601

Bulldog Puppies, . .604

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SMALLER ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE.

English Setter, Daisy Foreman, ._._._._ 32

English Setter, Roderigo, ...... 38

English Setter, Plantagenet, 42

Irish Setter, Tim, . 52

Irish Setter, Elcho, .... .... 66

Irish Setter, Elcho, Junior, . 68

Gordon Setter, Bob, . .... 81

Gordon Setter, Little Boy, _ 86

Gordon Setter, Pilot, _ 91

Pointer, Croxteth, _ 129
Pointer, Patti M., .137

Greyhound, Master Rich, _ _ . 149

Greyhound, Balkis, _ _ 160

Foxhound, Joe Forester, _________ 190

Basset Hound, Nemours, ......... 211

Dachshund, Waldemann II., _ 218

English Bloodhound, Bono, .... .242

English Bloodhounds, Rosemary and Ripple, . 249

English Bloodhound Puppies, _ _ 253

English Bloodhound, Barnaby, . . 256

Russian Wolfhound, Czar, . 262

Russian Wolfhound, Elsie, .... 265

Beagle Hound, Trailer, _ _ 271

Irish Water Spaniel, Dennis O'Donoghuc, 292
Irish Water Spaniel Puppies, . . .297

Clumber Spaniel, Johnny, _ - 307

Clumber Spaniel, Quester, ...... - 310

Field Spaniel, Black Prince, ..... 329

Cocker Spaniel, Doc, 338

Cocker Spaniel, Brant, .......... 341

Cocker Spaniel, Neptune, 346

Cocker Spaniel, Mike, 349

Cocker Spaniel, Jersey, .....--.- 353

Chesapeake Bay Dog, Polly, 359

Fox Terrier, Lucifer, . . . . . . . . .375

Fox Terrier Puppies, 377

Bedlington Terrier, Syrup H. , .404

Bedlington Terrier Puppies, - 408

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12 SMALLER ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE.

Irish Terrier, Nora, . . . . -. ..... .415

Irish Terrier, Mars, . .... . . - . . . . . 420

Bull Terrier, Starlight, _ - , - ... . . .427

Yorkshire Terrier, Lancashire Ben, . . ^ . . _ _ 438
Yorkshire Terrier, Bradford Harry, . . y; .... 447

White English Terrier, White Prince, . . ... _ 434

Airedale Terrier, Weaver, _ _ . . . _ . . _ 458

Scottish Terrier, Meadowthorpe Donald, . . . _ . . . ' 466

Skye Terrier, Lovat, . _ . . . _ . ... .481

Black and Tan Terrier Puppies, _ . . . . .' . 490

Black and Tan Terrier, Meersbrook Maiden, - V . . . 493

Maltese Terriers, Brendoline, etc., . _ . . . . ' . / 499

Collie, Scotilla, . . ... ....'. . 507

Collie, Boss, ___.._.___. 511

Old English Sheep Dog, Sir Cavendish, . .... .517

Great Dane, Minca Mia, . .'.-.. _ . . 531

Great Dane, Don Caesar, ' ' . ...... . _ v . . 535

Great Dane, Major, . . s , , . . . - . 540

Great Dane, Juno, _ . .... . . . . 544

St. Bernard, Sir Bedivere, . . . . . . ' . . 551

St. Bernard, Prince Regent, . . - - - - ... .557

St. Bernard, Otho, . . . ^ ...... 563

St. Bernard Puppies, _ . 568

Mastiff, Beaufort, .'.-.... . . . . 573

Mastiff, Edwy, . ... ... . . . . .579

Mastiff Puppies, _ 585

Dalmatian Coach Dog, . 609

Poodle, Pierrot, . . . u 617

Diagram for Clipping Poodle, ... . . - . - 620

Pug, Dude, . _ . . - . . . .... 641

Mexican Hairless, Me Too, . . '. . .... . - .649

King Charles Spaniel,. Romeo, . . . . ' . . . . 657

Blenheim Spaniel, King Vic 1 tor, . . . . .' . - v - - 66

Schipperkes, Midnight and Darkness, J. ... ,. . . ;. . 667

INTRODUCTION.

BY THE HONORABLE JOHN S. WISE.

jj] T gives me great pleasure, at the request of the editor, to
write an introduction to THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE
/il DOG. Mr. Shields asked me, some months ago, to write
an article on the Pointer for this work, and I deeply
regretted that I was too much engaged at the time to
comply with his request, for I felt then, as I do now, a
deep interest in the success of his enterprise. However,
my inability to join his staff did not prevent him from
having that noble breed ably treated, for the gentleman
whom he secured to write of it has prepared a most able,
exhaustive, and instructive paper, as have nearly all the
other contributors on the various breeds of dogs.

Mr. Shields is too well known to the readers of sports-
men' s literature to require any introduction, and in select-
ing contributors to this work he has displayed rare good
judgment. His list of writers embraces the names of a
great many gentlemen who are recognized as leading
authorities on the subjects of which they write. While
these articles may, in some cases, be more or less tinged by the
peculiar views of their authors, the book, thus drawn from
many different minds, is not only very eclectic in character,
but, in my judgment, much more correct and valuable, as a
whole, than it could be were it the production of an indi-
vidual.

I have been particularly glad to notice that many of the
writers have framed their articles on these lines, and have
quoted largely from the writings of others, not contenting
themselves with merely expressing their individual views.

The book is exceedingly interesting. It is free, too, from
the sameness of expression and treatment so often found in

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14 INTRODUCTION.

books of this character written by one man. It is, more-
over, a very instructive book, and of practical value, in
many features, to the owners and breeders of dogs.

This is an American book, describing the American
standard of dogs, the appearance of American dogs, and the
American diseases of dogs, as well as the American reme-
dies which will cure those diseases. By this I do not
mean to belittle foreign animals or foreign literature on
these subjects. On the contrary, the foreign literature, up
to the present time, is far superior to ours, and all our dogs
are descended from foreign importations. The idea I in-
tend to convey by the above remark is that certain con-
ditions and peculiarities of our climate vary not only the
appearance of our dogs and the standards applicable to
them, from the appearance and standards of other coun-
tries, but the diseases to which they are subject and the
treatment which should be applied to them. All these
things are considered and dealt with in Mr. Shields' book
in a way not, in the nature of the case, to be found in for-
eign authorities, however excellent, and that is why I com-
mend this as an American work.

Another valuable feature of this book is the illustra-
tions. Many of these are artistic and beautiful in a high
degree. The portraits of several dogs of world- wide repu-
tation are shown, and those of many other typical speci-
mens, less widely known, add to the interest and attractive-
ness of the work. Nearly every breed is illustrated, and of
some breeds several good specimens are pictured.

A statement of the value of American dogs would startle
a stranger to the subject. It is no exaggeration to say
that the aggregate salable value of sporting and pet dogs
in this country amounts to several million dollars. Our
bench shows and field trials are in every way equal, if not
superior, to those of Europe. Canine interests in this coun-
try have for years past engaged the careful attention of
many of the most successful business men in this country.
Excellent talent is employed in the larger American cities
for the exclusive purpose of writing upon canine subjects;

INTRODUCTION. 15

and their journals are extensively and profitably circu-
lated.

Knowing all this, I am sure that a great demand will
be found for so excellent and comprehensive a book as
this. The topics treated in this work, to wit : The origin
of breeds; their early history; development up to the pres-
ent standard; special characteristics; utility, excellences
and deficiencies; directions for training, for breeding, and
for kennel management; notes on diseases, with directions
and prescriptions for treatment of same; preparation for
bench show or field trial; the future of the breeds all
these are well selected and well treated.

The special article on diseases and their treatment, by
one of the most eminent living authorities, is of itself a val-
uable addition to the library of the sportsman.

I sincerely hope the book will meet with the cordial
reception it deserves.

NEW YORK, June 26, 1890.

FLUSHED.

THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

THE ENGLISH SETTER.

BY BERNARD WATERS,

Kennel Editor of the American Field, and Author of " Modern Training,
Handling, and Kennel Management/ 1

the origin of the English Setter, nothing
is known to a certainty; but, in this particular, the
tfe u\ absence of knowledge does not differ from that con-

\P cerning all other old breeds of dogs. That the Eng-
lish Setter is a very old breed is beyond question, as will be
shown more fully hereinafter, by reference to some ancient
literature on the subject; but that the ipse dixit of one or
two ancient writers should be given so much credence is
unaccountable. However, the obscurity, which envelops
the past, quite as effectually prevents disproving any errors
in the statements of the old writers as it does the proving
of their statements to be correct. This is more particularly
noticeable as, in the present day, captious critics are ever
ready to differ from those who are more or less recognized
as authorities, while accepting without question the say-
ings of writers of two or three hundred years ago. Accord-
ing to the popular belief, one which is supported by nearly
every author of modern sporting literature, the English
Setter is supposed to have originated in a Spaniel ancestry.
To show on what this belief is founded, a few excerpts from
recognized authorities will be presented.

Stonehenge, in his work, "The Dogs of the British
Islands" (edition of 1867), treats of the Setter as follows:

As some difference of opinion appears to exist with regard to Setters, we
have determined thoroughly to satisfy ourselves as to their origin and best
form, and we have called all the best authorities to our assistance. We pro-

2 (IT)

18 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

pose to place the result of our labors before the public, and to add our own
conclusions.

There is no doubt that the sport of hawking was known and practiced by
the ancient Britons, and that the Roman was totally ignorant of the science;
but the invader at once came to the conclusion that the system might be
improved, and introduced the Land Spaniel, if not the Water Dog also, into
this country.

These dogs roused the game, and this was all that the hawker required of
them in those early days; but in after years, as we shall see, dogs were required
to point, or, in the language of the quaint old WTiter, " sodainely stop and fall
down upon their bellies," and having so done, when within two or three yards,
"then shall your Setter stick, and by no persuasion go further till yourself
come in and use your pleasure."

At first, then, without doubt, the Spaniel was merely used as a springer
for the hawk, which was subsequently neglected for the net; and the pro-
pensity of the dog to pause before making his dash at game was cultivated
and cherished, by breeding and selection, until, at last, gratified by observing
the action of the net, he yielded his natural impulse of springing at all, and
set, or lay down, to permit the net to be drawn over him. After this, the
hawker trained his Spaniel to set; then he cast off his hawks, which ascended
in circles, and "waited on" until his master roused the quarry from its con-
cealment, when she pounced upon it like a pistol-shot.

When used either with hawks or for the net (especially in the latter case),
a far heavier dog answered the purpose than what we call a ' k High-ranging
Setter." The net enveloped a whole covey in its meshes, and few manors
w r ould allow of many coveys being taken in a day; whilst the disentangling
the birds, and securing them, allowed time for the heavy dog to rest and regain
his wind.

Richard Surflet, who wrote in 1600, gives us the following information.
Writing of the Field or Land Spaniel, "of which sith before no author hath
fully intreated," he describes him as "gentle, loving, and courteous to man, more
than any other sort of dog whatsoever;" and as " loving to hunt the wing of any
bird, especially partridge, pheasant, quails, rails, poots, and such like." He
tells us we are " to choose him by his shape, beauty, metal, and cunning hunt-
ing; his shape being discerned in the good composition of his body, as when
he hath a round, thick head, a short nose, a long, well-compast, and hairie
eare, broad and syde lips, a cleere red eie, a thick neck, broad breast, short
and well-knit joints, round feete, strong cleys (high dew-cley'd), good round
ribs, a gaunt bellie, a short, broad backe, a thicke, bushie, and long-haired
taile, and all his bodie generally long and well-haired.

" His beautie is discerned in his colour, of which the motleys or piede are
the best; whether they be black-and-white, red-and-white, or liver-hued-aud-
white; for, to be all of one colour, as all white, or all blacke, or all red, or all
liver-hued, without any other spot, is not so comely in the field, although the
dogs, notwithstanding, may be of excellent cunning.

"His mettall is discerned in his free and untired laboursome ranging,
beating a field over and over, and not leaving a furrow untrodden, or one

THE ENGLISH SETTER. 19

unsearehed, where any haunt is likely to be hidden; and when he doth it, most
coragiously and swiftly, with a wanton playing taile, and a busie labouring
nose, neither desisting nor showing less delight in his labour at night than he
did in the morning.

"And his cunning hunting is discerned by his casting about heedfully,
and running into the wind of the prey he seeketh; by his stillnesse and quiet-
nesse in hunting, without babbling or barking; but when he is upon an assured
and certain haunt, by the manner of his ranging, and when he compasseth a
whole field about at the first, and after lesneth and lesneth the circumference,
till he have trodden every path, and brought the whole circuit to one point;
and by his more temperate and leisurely hunting, when he comes to the first
scent of the game, sticking upon it, and pricking it out by degrees; not open-
ing or questing by any means, but whimpering and whining to give his
master a warning of what he scenteth, and to prepare himself and his hawke for
the pleasure he seeketh; and when he is assured of his game, then to quest out
loudly and freely."

After describing Spaniels which "delight in plains or the open fields," and
others more adapted for covert, he goes on to say: "There is another sort of
Land Spannyels which are called Setters, and they differ nothing from the former,
but in instruction and obedience, for these must neither hunt, range, nor
retaine, more or less, than as the master appointeth, taking the whole limit of
whatsoever they do from the eie or hand of their instructor. They must never
quest at any time, what occasion soever may happen, but as being dogs with-
out voices, so they must hunt close and mute. And when they come upon the
haunt of that they hunt, they shall sodainely stop and fall down upon their bellies,
and so leisurely creep by degrees to the game till they come within two or three
yards thereof, or so neare that they can not press nearer without danger of
retrieving. Then shall your Setter stick, and by no persuasion go further
till yourself come in and use your pleasure. Now the dogs which are to be
made for this pleasure should be the most principall, best, and lustiest Spann-
yel you can get, both of good scent and good courage, yet young, and as little
as may be made acquainted with much hunting."

There is no doubt that the Setter is a Spaniel, brought by a variety of
crosses (or rather, let us say, of careful selections) to the size and form in
which we now find him. He is the most national of all our shooting dogs, and
certainly has existed for four centuries. His form probably has improved.

The net used in different countries required the same character of dog.
He might be slow, heavy, or slack, and soon fatigued, but he would answer
the purpose. But when shooting flying superseded the use of the net, the
moors, the Grampians, the Norfolk turnips (before they were sown in drills),
the Irish potato-fields, the low Scottish wolds, or the fens of Lincoln, all
required dogs of different types, accommodated to their several hunting-
grounds.

The description of the Setter's manner of hunting is
both quaint and spirited; yet there is nothing whatever in
the writings quoted which implies that the Setter had a

20 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

Spaniel origin. Palpably the Setter was then an established
breed, as shown by the assertion that "there is another
sort of Land Spannyels which are called Setters" That
Setters and Spaniels should be classed as being of the same
family, several centuries ago, is not remarkable; nor is it
remarkable that a sporting writer' s dicta at that time should
be unquestioned, since there were but few of them, and
people at large were uneducated in such matters. With
all the advantages of a sporting press, a multitude of
writers, an extensive sporting literature, and numerous an-
nual bench shows and field trials as educational institutions,
there have grown up a wonderful diversity of opinion and
misinformation in respect to the different breeds at the
present day. It is not strange, therefore, that, in the year
1600, Richard Surflet classed the Setter as a Spaniel,
although, as mentioned hereinbefore, he refers to this breed
as "another sort of Land Spannyel."

In the chapter on the Sussex Spaniel, in the same work,
Stonehenge says: "About the year 1555, a duke of
Northumberland trained one 'to set birds for the net;'
and soon afterward the Setter was produced, either by
selection or by crossing the Talbot Hound and Spaniel."
The utter absurdity and thoughtlessness of such an illog-
ical statement is self-evident to anyone.

A duke trained a Sussex Spaniel to point, and soon after-
ward the breed of Setters was produced. Why could not
all breeds be thus taught to point ? This is rendered still
more absurd by the fact, well known to all students of
natural history, that an educational act is not transmitted
to the progeny. That Stonehenge was not quite positive
in his inferences is shown by his remarks in the revised
edition of the same work, published in 1878, wherein he
treats the subject as follows: "The Setter is, without doubt,
either descended from the Spaniel, or both are offshoots of
the same parent stock, originally that is, before the
improvements in the gum introduced the practice of shoot-
ing flying, it is believed that he was merely a Spaniel
taught to ' stop ' or ' set ' as soon as he came upon the

22 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

scent of the partridge, when a net was drawn over the
covey by two men; hence he was made to drop close to
the ground, an attitude which is now unnecessary." There
is thus an absence of positiveness in his later opinions on
the subject; in fact, there is no proof adduced whatever to
support the speculation.

Gordon Stables briefly disposes of the subject, in " The
Practical Kennel Guide," as follows: ''The Setter used to
be called a ' Setting Spaniel,' and was known in England
long before the Pointer, and was probably first introduced
by the Romans."

Laverack, in his work, "The Setter," says:

\ I am of the opinion that all Setters have more or less originally sprung
from our various strains of Spaniels, and I believe most breeders of any
note agree that the Setter is nothing more than a Setting Spaniel. How the
Setter attained his sufficiency of point is difficult to account for, and I leave
that question to wiser heads than mine to determine. The Setter is said and
acknowledged, by authorities of long standing, to be of greater antiquity than
the Pointer. If this be true, and I believe it is, the Setter can not at first have
been crossed with the Pointer to render him what he is.

A more modern writer, one who is generally very sound,
and always instructive, Mr. Hugh Dalziel, treats the subject
at some length. The following quotations give the main
points of his position:

Difficult as it admittedly is to trace the history of any of our modern
breeds of dogs, although in so many instances their manufacture, if I may use
the term, into their present form is of comparatively recent date, there is, in
respect to the Setter, a general agreement among writers and breeders that our
present dog is largely derived from the Spaniel; indeed, the proofs of this are
conclusive. The family likeness is, in many respects, yet strongly preserved;
and in some kennels where they have kept pretty much to their own blood,
following different lines from our show and field-trial breeders, this is markedly
so. The writer on Setters in the Sportsman's Cabinet, 1802, tells us that in
his day, in the northern counties, the Pointer was called the Smooth Spaniel,
the Setter the Rough Spaniel; and although he speaks of this localism with
surprise, as a misnomer, it was really the preservation of an old distinction
the Setters, or Setting Spaniels, being so named to divide them from their
congeners, used for different work, and named Cockers and Springers.

Somewhat inconsistently with the conclusion that "the
proofs are conclusive," Mr. Dalziel continues:

THE ENGLISH SETTEE. 23

Whether the modern Setter has been produced from the Spaniel by care-
ful selection, or by a cross with the Pointer or some other breed, it is difficult
to decide.

In the American Kennel and Sporting Field, the late
Arnold Barges voiced the common belief in the following :

The best of modern writers, among whom I may mention Stonehenge,
Laverack, Idstone, all say that the Setter is a- direct descendant of the Land
Spaniel, and speak of a Setting Spaniel as the first Setter. There is no doubt
that this is the correct theory, and that our Setter is a pure, unadulterated, but
improved Spaniel.

Briefly, nearly all modern writers, owners, and breeders
hold these opinions in the main, there being some variation
here and there; but however much these beliefs may vary
one from another, they all have their inspiration in the facts
that the Setter was in ancient times called a "Setting
Spaniel," and that he has some analogies in common with
the Spaniel.

A few of the objections against the theory that the
aboriginal ancestry of the Setter was in the Spaniel may
be mentioned:

First. The arguments and proofs adduced are founded
on such imperfect data, with no contemporaneous support,
that they could be applied with equal force in proving that
the Spaniel is a variation of the Setter. "Setting Span-
iel" might be a localism, as was calling the Pointer a
"Smooth Spaniel."

Second. Those who assert that the Setter is an improved
Spaniel are not positive or consistent in the assertion, and
depend more upon the numerous repetitions of matters of
hearsay, all of which center more to the inconclusive fact
that some centuries ago the Setter was called a "Setting
Spaniel," than upon any absolute knowledge.

Third. If the Land Spaniel had such an inherent tend-
ency to variation, it would undoubtedly have multiplied
the variations, thus forming numerous sub- varieties, or dis-
tinct breeds. It is well known, however, that the Setter
breeds true to race-forms, as does also the Spaniel.

Fourth. If the Spaniel did throw off a variety for
"without some variation there could not have been any

24 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

change of form it would probably have been lost by inter-
crossing with the parent type, by the natural tendency of
animal organizations to revert to parental forms, or by the
destruction of the variation as being mongrel. This con-
jecture is not improbable, since no breeder at the present
day would consider his stock pure if the progeny were not
true to type, nor would he allow such progeny to exist;
therefore there is no probability that such variation would
be cultivated and preserved, even if it existed.

Fifth. There would, in all probability, be in existence
numerous intermediate gradations of forms from the Setter
to the Springer, showing more or less perfectly the different
stages of transition; for it is hardly tenable to suppose
their total destruction, leaving the two breeds distinctly
established, without any connecting link between them.

Sixth. There is an absurdity in the statement that a
Spaniel was taught to point, and that soon thereafter the
instinct became general; for if one educational matter-
became hereditary, why did not all others become heredi-
tary at the same time and in the same manner ?

Seventh. The pointing instinct, t as exhibited by the
Pointer and Setter, is applied for their own profit in hunt-
ing, and has no reference whatever to the purposes of the
gun.

In advancing on their prey, of which game birds are but
a part, Setters (and, for that matter, Pointers also) must
approach cautiously on the birds which are lying close and
concealed from view. The dog must rely solely on his pow-
ers of scent in his approach to the place of concealment, and
must locate the birds with precision to make a success of
his effort. As he approaches the birds, his muscles become
tense, preparatory to the spring to kill, and he stops for a
few moments to gauge the distance and location of the birds,
then springs with astonishing quickness and precision, and
not infrequently effects a capture. If he has the birds accu-
rately located as he draws to them, the preparatory pause,
technically called the point, will be very short, or perhaps
there will be none. This phenomenon is such as is exhibited

THE ENGLISH SETTER. 25

by dogs in training, and not such as is exhibited by broken
dogs. It requires a long course of training to bring the dog
to steadiness on his points to subserve the purposes of the
sportsman; but this only shows that, by training, the sports-
man has diverted to his own use a quality which is an aid
to the dog in gaining a food-supply in a state of nature, the
dog being a carnivorous animal. That the act of pointing,
so far as its practical application is concerned, is but par-
tially instinctive is demonstrated by the various methods
which the Setter has in pursuing his prey; for instance,
when drawing on the trail of birds, he is mute, and shows
the greatest caution in avoiding making any noise, knowing
that noise would alarm the prey and destroy all chances, as
a chase after birds would be hopeless. In chasing rabbits,
which are a part of his prey, and which he hunts with
greater zest than birds, he gives tongue merrily and makes
no attempt at caution. That this trait of pointing may also
be acquired is a well-attested fact. The writer had a Bull
Terrier which was an excellent squirrel-dog. From seeing
an occasional ruffed grouse shot, he learned that they were
objects of pursuit. When he struck the trail, he would
road cautiously and silently, making a point at the proper
place with excellent judgment, and in this manner, by his
intelligence, giving many good shots. On squirrels, he was
noisy and rapid in his work. There are a number of such
instances mentioned by authors.

Yet the popular belief, in respect to the purposes of the
pointing instinct, is opposed to these views.

The following, from " British Dogs," contains the gist of
the popular teachings and belief on the subject: "I look
upon the form exhibited by Pointers, and some Setters,
when standing to game as an inherited habit, the result
of education. The stop, or point, voluntarily made by our
dogs now, is the inherited result of training the breed, gen-
eration after generation, to forego the spring onto the game
natural to a carnivorous animal, in order to serve the gun."
This is quoted as being an accurate expression of how the
pointing instinct was developed; therefore it will serve as

26 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

an expression of the general belief and not as that of a
single individual.

It does not explain in the least how the instinct origi-
nated, for at the beginning it could not be "an inherited
habit, the result of education." It is still more inexplica-
ble when we remember that so few individuals were taught
to point. Moreover, educational properties are not trans-
mitted; if so, the constant training which dogs have received
in domestic life, for innumerable generations, would be
inherited; that they are not can readily be seen when com-
paring the behavior of a dog which has been reared in and
about the house, from puppyhood, with that of one which
has been reared exclusively in a kennel. Other educational
acts which are constantly taught to all dogs are not inher-
ited; therefore, why should an act taught to a few dogs
become instinctive in a breed of dogs ? It is against all
experience that an educational act taught to one genera-
tion should be transmitted to succeeding generations. The
horse, through many centuries, has been given a thorough
education, one which included a much larger percentage of
the breed than does the education of Setters; yet the colts
of to-day have to be educated precisely in the same manner
as their parents were. Thus if one educational quality
became instinctive by education, why did not all other edu-
cational qualities, which were equally or more uniformly
taught, also become instinctive ? This merely shows an
inconsistency in the position; but even without this, it is
untenable, otherwise the teachings of naturalists must give
way to the speculations of those who have given the matter
superficial consideration.

Darwin, in "The Origin of Species," when speaking of
instinct, says :

Domestic instincts are sometimes spoken of as actions which have become
inherited solely from long-continued and compulsory habit; but this is not
true. Again, as in the case of corporeal structure, and conformably to my
theory, the instinct of each species is good for itself, but has never, as far as
we can judge, been produced for the exclusive good of others.

In other words, an animal never has an instinct for the
benefit of some other animal; instincts being directly for

28 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG'.

the benefit of the individual having them, or the preserva-
tion of the species. This subject admits of much greater
scope in treating it, but sufficient has been advanced already
to give the reader a fair general knowledge of all that is
known of the origin of the Setter. He may have had a
Spaniel ancestry; but whatever his origin, it is now in the
realms of speculation. At best, there is no relation what-
ever between such a trifiing cause and such a great and
unrelated effect; however, the main proofs to sustain the
belief that the Setter had a Spaniel ancestry are fully set
forth, so that the reader can form his own conclusions.
When carefully analyzed, there is but one conclusion; i. e.,
that the origin of the Setter is not known.

The development of the English Setter, and his rise to
his present high place in the appreciation of sportsmen, are
matters of a comparatively recent period. Numerous
strains existed in England, each of which had its admirers
and supporters, and for each special claims of excellence
were made.

In this country, the stages of transition in the develop-
ment of the English Setter have been somewhat irregular
in respect to progress; but, at the present time, it is gener-
ally conceded that the high-class English Setter, as he
exists in this country, has no superiors. The first impetus
given to the general improvement of the English Setter in
America was due to the importation of some of the best
blood from England, and the coincident growth of field
trials. The Laveracks, a strain so called from having been
bred and preserved by the late Mr. Laverack, through his
life-time, had a great deal of prominence in the sporting
world, although the purity of his breeding, and, conse-
quently, the pedigrees which he presented to the public,
were questioned as to their correctness by prominent
breeders, and, it would seem, with a great deal of justness;
for there are many matters incidental to them which it is
difficult to explain consistently with Mr. Laverack' s pre-
tensions.

The first field trials the inception of general progress

THE ENGLISH SETTER. 29

in field sports in America were run near Memphis, Tenn.,
in 1874, under "the auspices of the Tennessee Sportsmen's
Association. For four or five years thereafter, general
progress was slow; breeders having so many conflicting
interests and theories in regard to breeding, as to which
were the best strains, that it required a certain length of
time to determine which were the best dogs, and which
the best methods of training thus approximating to at
least a general agreement on sporting matters. Although
there are still many which are unsettled, because of the
whims, preferences, prejudices, beliefs, different needs and
training of sportsmen, it is a matter for congratulation
that they are educated to a point where differences of
opinion are now confined to large classes of sportsmen-
one class against the other where, a few years ago, it was
each individual's opinion arrayed against those of all
others.

The field trials furnished an available public test to
determine the claims of the different breeds and strains to
superiority. The importation of the blue-bloods, so-called,
led to the keenest of competitions in the field trials with
the native stock; the result demonstrating the superiority
of the imported stock to the native. The win of a dog at
a field trial added largely to his monetary value, as well as
to the satisfaction of his owner in having the best, or one
of the best dogs; thus establishing a standard for others to
strive for. In this manner, the spirit of rivalry or emula-
tion which the competition engendered, created a wide-
spread and active demand for better dogs as to field-work,
and purer blood as to breeding. This, in turn, resulted in
engaging breeders in efforts to supply the demand; and as
the blue-bloods added to their victories over the native Set-
ter, the latter dropped more and more out of the competi-
tion, until, at the present day, they are seldom represented
in the field trials, and but little in the pedigrees of the
favorite lines of breeding in most instances not at all.
En passant, it may be said that the native Setter had
many admirable qualities, but was chiefly deficient in the

30 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE : DOG.

speed and dash of the imported stock. The Llewellin Set-
ter a cross of the Duke-Rhsebe blood on the Laverack a
strain of English Setters bred by Mr. Llewellin (England),
found greater favor with sportsmen in this country than
any other strain; and the fine -bred English Setter in this
country at the present time has more of this blood than
any other, although it has largely lost its claim to the name
of Llewellin; that is, a cross of the Duke-Rhsebe blood on
the Laverack.

With field trials there came a demand for a higher
grade of skillful training; and as the occupation became
fairly remunerative, as well as congenial to men who were
passionately fond of shooting, it rapidly was monopolized
by them, and soon reduced to a fine art at least, in so far
as the complex composition of a dog's nature would permit.

The special characteristics of the English Setter are his
beauty of form; his rich, silky, glossy coat; his intelligence;
his merry, dashing manner of hunting in the field; his keen
scent; and his remarkable judgment in the application of
his efforts, and adaptability to the character of the grounds
and the habits of the game birds which he is hunting.
Combined with these are great pow r ers of physical endur-
ance, which he usually retains until the encroachments of
age impair them. In motion and on point, the English
Setter is the embodiment of beauty, spirit and grace. The
high-class English Setter finds and locates his birds with
great rapidity, when he once catches the scent of them; in
fact, any habitual hesitancy or pottering are elements of
certain defeat, in a competition.

As shown by the records of public competitors, the char-
acter and extent of ownership, and the preference and
opinions of the most expert sportsmen, the English Setter
is the superior of all other breeds for work on game birds.*

* Among those who are prominent as breeders or owners of good English
Setters may be mentioned J. Shelley Hudson, Covington, Ky. ; the Memphis
and Avent Kennels, Memphis, Tenn. ; C. Fred Crawford, Pawtucket, R. I. ;
A. M. Tucker, Charlestown, Mass. ; Dr. S. Fleet Speir, Brooklyn, N. Y. ;
Theodore Morford, Newton, N. J.; A. H. Moore, Philadelphia, Penn.; E. W.

THE ENGLISH SETTER. 31

In breeding Setters, if superior field performances are
the qualities to be attained, the rules for guidance are
simple. Breed only to dogs of the highest individual
merit. Breeding to a poor dog, simply because his brother,
or other blood relation, is a known good performer, is the
most fallacious theory in breeding. The poor dog is much
more predisposed to transmit the poor qualities which he
has than the good qualities of his related blood which he
has not. By such course, the best strain can be, in time,
rendered utterly worthless. Without this care in selection,
or material of the proper quality to select from, but little
progress, if any, can be made in improving the stock. The
Setter, being a working dog, should be bred on as near a
working type as possible a type which admits of a com-
bination of speed, strength, and endurance. The elegant
racing-lines of the Greyhound admit of the exercise of great
speed, but it can not be sustained for any comparatively
great length of time. The Setter requires a symmetrical
but stronger construction, the demands of his work requir-
ing that he should be able to work all day, or several days
in succession, at a reasonably fast pace. Gradually, how-
ever, the breed of English Setters has been diverging into
two types one encouraged by bench shows, the other by
the demands of practical field sportsmen. The former is of
a cobbier type, with a preference for a needless profusion

Jester, St. George's, Del. ; T. Donoglme, La Salle, 111. ; John Bolus, Wooster,
Ohio ; Edward Dexter, Buzzard's Bay, Mass. ; P, Henry O'Bannon, Sperry-
ville, Va.; Thomas Johnson, Winnipeg, Man.; Dr. J. E. Hair, Bridgeport,
Conn.; Davey & Richards, London, Ont.; N. B. Nesbitt, Chesterville, Miss.;
P. H. &D. Bryson, Memphis, Tenn.; W. C. Kennerly, White Post, Va.; F.
Windholz, 528 Sixth avenue, New York City; Dr. N. Rowe, editor American
Field, Chicago, 111.; George W. Neal, Westville, Conn.; the Item Kennels,
Bethlehem, Penn. ; H. F. Schellhass, No. 6 Brevoort Place, Brooklyn, N. Y. ;
S. Gardner, box 160, Mount Vernon, N. Y ; Dr. H. Clay Glover, 1293 Broad-
way, New York City; Gen. W. B. Shattuck, Cincinnati, Ohio; Hempstead
Farm Kennels, Hempstead, L. I. ; Rosecroft Kennels, 102 Chambers street, New
York City; J. E. Dager, Toledo, Ohio; S. L. Boggs, 91 Fifth avenue, Pitts-
burgh, Penn. ; and Cohannett Kennels, Easton, Mass. There are many others
that I should like to mention, but it is impossible, for want of space, to give
anything like a complete list. ED.

32 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

of feather fashion having, in a measure, taken the Setter
from his domain as a working dog and transferred him to
domestic life as a pet and companion; a position to which
his docility, intelligence, symmetry of form, beautiful
coat, and affectionate disposition eminently qualify him.

Bench shows and field trials have become established
institutions, and gain a stronger and wider support year
by year. The preparation of a dog for either, entails a great
deal of skillful labor and diligent attention. For a bench

DAISY FOREMAN
Owned by George W. Neal, Westville, Conn.

show, a dog must be in the highest physical condition;
therefore in the highest state of health. These can only be
accomplished by regular feeding, exercise, grooming, and
cleanliness in his yard and sleeping quarters particulars
which, by the way, should be observed at all times, whether
preparing for competition or not.

A Setter, when mature, should be fed but once a day.
This is sufficient either at work or rest; but it should be
good, wholesome food, and all that the dog will consume.
A liberal proportion of meat may be used; in fact, when at

THE ENGLISH SETTER. 33

work, the dog may with advantage be fed on a meat diet
exclusively. During the close season, the dog, if confined,
should have as large a yard as possible for the purpose of
exercising, and thereto the owner should give him a run
night and morning. The dog is a nervous, restless animal,
generally of unlimited energy and spirits, and plenty of
exercise is an absolute requirement to keep him in good
health. In connection with feeding a dog, it may be men-
tioned that it is a mistake to give a dog a large, hard bone.
The dog will gnaw it by the hour, but he gets no nourish-
ment, and wears out his teeth. Young dogs may be fre-
quently seen with their front teeth worn to the gums, from
the effect of this kind of misdirected kindness. Soft bones,
which the dog can crush easily, such as the ribs of sheep,
etc., keep the teeth white and clean, and gratify the dog's
craving for bones.

Good, clean straw makes an excellent bedding. It
should be changed as often as it gets broken or soiled;
about twice a week will usually be often enough, unless the
weather should be very rainy and the ground muddy,
when it should be changed of tener. Where but one or two
dogs are kept, any dry, clean out-building will do for a
kennel; or a small kennel can be made at little expense.

The field training of a dog is an art on which there is a
voluminous literature. The modern trainer has improved
greatly on the methods of his predecessors, and the Ameri-
can trainer of the present has no peer in his special calling;
a calling which has its hardships, however, for it is shorn
of all artificial advantages which are incidental to training
on a preserve in England. The trainer, when the training
season begins, locates in some favorable section in the South,
where he has an abundance of old fields, open and cover,
and where birds are known to be plentiful; thus training
his dogs in actual hunting. In this manner, they get their
education in practical work. The trainer has to reconcile
himself frequently to the discomforts of poor lodgings,
worse fare, and isolation from congenial civilization. But
fondness for the dog and gun overcomes all the hardships

34 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

of the profession, and the trainer often can not be induced
to engage in more remunerative and settled occupation.
The prices for training a dog vary from $] 00 to $150, accord-
ing to the perfection in training which the owner desires, or
the reputation of the trainer winning at field trials adding
to a trainer' s reputation and to the demand for his services.

An English Setter of good breeding, showing superior
merit and winning in competition, is worth from $500 to
$2, 000, taking the sales of the past few years as a standard
by which to judge.

The training of a dog requires from five to six months to
complete, under the tuition of a skillful trainer. When
the dog is ten months or a year old, he is at the best age
for training, having then sufficient physical development to
endure the work, and mental capacity to understand it.

The methods of training in vogue at the present time
differ radically from those of a few years ago. Then it was
assumed that a dog should be trained in every detail, even
in the manner in which he should perform his work; now
the dog is taught to direct his efforts in the interest of the
gun, but the manner, being natural to him, is developed to
its greatest capacity simply by giving the dog ample
experience to exercise it; for without ample experience to
learn methods of hunting, after his own manner, he can not
make progress in skillful hunting.

The most essential qualities in hunting are pointing and
ranging. To become a skillful performer and proficient in
the first quality, a dog must have delicate scenting powers
and great judgment in using them; to be a good ranger, he
must have good speed which is well and uniformly main-
tained, and great stamina to sustain long- continued periods
of work. To these he must add great intelligence, to the
end that his efforts be directed with judgment; the intelli-
gence displayed in his methods being commonly called
"bird sense." A dog possessing the latter quality will be
incomparably superior to one without it, even if the latter
is equal or superior in other qualities. A dog having
bird sense " hunts out his ground in the most thorough,

. .

THE ENGLISH SETTER. 35

yet intelligent manner. He takes Ms course from one
likely place to another, makes a circuit about likely fields
to strike the trail of anything which may be feeding,
avoids bare, unpromising ground in his casts, and always
takes advantage of the wind in beating about, in thicket or
open. The dog which beats about without any plan in his
work, hunting promising and unpromising ground alike,
never becomes a skillful finder. The dog having "bird
sense ' ' always has a good memory, and if hunted on any
grounds once or twice, will remember the location of every
bevy found, and hunt them out afterward with remarkable
quickness. Therein lies the great superiority, in this
country, of intelligent ranging over the artificial method of
beating out the ground, called quartering, in which the
dog is required to beat out the ground at right-angles to
the course of his handler; thus going constantly in parallel
lines excepting when turning at the ends, the distance
between the parallels being theoretically the range of the
dog's nose. Thus a dog with keen, sensitive functions of
smell could take wider parallels than one whose nose was
dull or poor. In this country, no attention is paid to the
teaching of quartering by the expert handler; and indeed
it is not required. If a dog in hunting out large tracts of
country can not do so intelligently, he is imperfect as a
hunter, and no artificial methods of ranging can supply
the natural deficiency. In England, quartering is useful,
for the reason that the grounds and manner of cultivation
favor it; but what in this respect is advantageous there, is
not so here.

The education of a dog should begin when about ten
months or a year old. It should not be inferred that noth-
ing whatever should be done before such age; on the con-
trary, a great deal is taught, but it is done by taking the
puppy out for exercise runs, and by associating him with
his master, thus enabling him to learn a great deal from his
own observational powers. Hence a puppy should never be
kept chained in a kennel if it is possible to avoid it. At
ten months or a year old, the puppy has outgrown many of

36 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

the frivolous habits of puppyhood, besides having more
physical and mental capabilities.

The trainer first gives the pupil a thorough course of
yard-training, teaching him to "Drop" (to lie down to
order and signal), to "Hold up" (to rise to order and sig-
nal), to " Go on " or " Hie on," to walk at heel, to "Come
in," and to retrieve, although the latter accomplishment is
better left out till his second hunting season.

To teach the dog to drop, tie a cord, about three or four
feet long, to his collar; hold the cord in the left hand, a
whip in the right. Give the order "Drop" and a moderate
cut of the whip on the shoulder at the same instant; repeat
this till the dog lies down, being particularly careful to
avoid hurry and to use the ordinary tone of voice. After a
few moments, speak to him kindly and give the order
"Holdup."

Be careful to guard against such noise or violence as will
frighten the dog. When done properly, no fears are
excited. Let the lesson last about fifteen or twenty min-
utes; then pet the dog a few minutes before giving him his
liberty, so that his fears, if he have any, will be dissipated.
Give two lessons each day, regularly, and regular progress
will soon be apparent.

"Hie on" or "Go on" is easily taught when exercising
the dog; the order which frees him from restraint being-
consonant with his inclinations always, is soon learned.

More time should be taken to teach obedience to the
order "Heel" during the yard-breaking, as, if taught thor-
oughly, the dog may become habituated to walking behind
his master, and may come in from hunting whenever
uncomfortably fatigued or warm, and thus acquire a very
annoying trait, which will be difficult to cure, or may pos-
sibly be incurable.

When actual field-work begins, it is the better way to let
the dog have his own way for several days, and, if he be
timid or indifferent, several weeks, if necessary to develop
his courage or interest. Coincidently, he is learning
methods of pursuit and a general knowledge of details per-

THE ENGLISH SETTEE. 37

taming to hunting. The dog is gradually brought into sub-
jection by regular hunting and skillful use of the check-
cord and whip, always avoiding such punishment as will
destroy the dog's ardor or excite violent fear of his master.
As to the manner of reading and pointing, it should be left
entirely to the dog; the effort of the trainer being directed
toward establishing steadiness on the point and ranging to
the gun. If the trainer be constantly endeavoring to estab-
lish some ideal manner of working, he will find himself
engaged in a most profitless, wearisome, and endless task;
for instance, if the dog roads his birds naturally, it is a loss
of time to endeavor to make him proficient in hunting for
the body-scent, with a high nose, etc. The aim should be
to develop the capabilities which the dog has, rather than the
capabilities which some other dog has and which he has not.

Retrieving is taught either by what is called the natural
method, or by force. In the former, advantage is taken of
the dog' s fondness for play during puppyhood. An object,
commonly a ball or glove, is thrown out, and the puppy
runs after it, takes it in his mouth, and is ready for a frolic.
By degrees he is brought to fetch it to command. With age
the playfulness disappears, and with regular lessons the
obedience, from regular discipline, becomes habitual.

The majority of trainers and handlers order their dogs
too much. The fewer orders that can be given, the better;
and the most artistically trained dog is the one which will
work steadily to the gun without orders.

The following standards and points of judging for the
English Setter are taken from Stonehenge:

Value. Value.

Skull.. 10 Feet 8

Nose 10 Flag 5

Ears, lips, and eyes 4 Symmetry and quality 5

Neck 6 Texture of coat and feather 5

Shoulders and chest 15 Color 5

Back, quarters, and stifles 15

Legs, elbows, and hocks 12 Total 100

The points of the English Setter may be described as
follows :

The sJcull (value 10) has a character peculiar to itself,
somewhat between that of the Pointer and Cocker Spaniel

THE AMEKICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

not so heavy as the formers, and larger than the latter' s.
It is without the prominence of the occipital bone so
remarkable in the Pointer; is also narrower between the
ears, and there is a decided brow over the eyes.

The nose (value 5) should be long and wide, without any
fullness under the eyes. There should be, in the average
dog Setter, at least four inches from the inner corner of the
eye to the end of the nose. Between the point and the
root of the nose there should be a slight depression a,t all

RODERIGO
Owned by Memphis and Avent Kennels, Memphis, Tenn.

events, there should be no fullness and the eyebrows
should rise sharply from it. The nostrils must be wide apart
and large in the openings, and the end should be moist and
cool, though many a dog with exceptionally good scenting
powers has had a remarkably dry nose, amounting in some
cases to roughness, like that of shagreen. In all Setters,
the end of the nose should be black, or dark liver- colored;
but in the very best bred whites, or lemon-and-whites, pink

THE ENGLISH SETTER. 39

is often met with, and may in them be pardoned. The
jaws should be exactly equal in length, a " snipe-nose," or
" pig- jaw," as the receding lower one is called, being greatly
against its possessor.

Ears, lips, and eyes (value 4). With regard to ears,
they should be shorter than the Pointer's, and rounded,
but not so much so as those of the Spaniel. The ' ' leather ' '
should be thin and soft, carried closely to the cheeks, so
as not to show the inside, without the slightest tendency to
prick the ear, which should be clothed with silky hair, little
more than two inches in length. The lips also are not so
full and pendulous as those of the Pointer; but at their
angles there should be a slight fullness, not reaching quite
to the extent of hanging. The eyes must be full of anima-
tion, and of medium size, the best color being a rich brown,
and they should be set with their angles straight across.

The neck (value 6) has not the full, rounded muscularity
of the Pointer, being considerably thinner, but still slightly
arched, and set into the head without that prominence of
the occipital bone which is so remarkable in that dog. It
must not be "throaty," though the skin is loose.

The shoulders and chest Rvalue 15) should display great
liberty in all directions, with sloping, deep shoulder-blades,
and elbows well let down. The chest should be deep rather
than wide; though Mr. Laverack insists on the contrary
formation, italicizing the word wide in his remarks on page
22 of his book. Possibly it may be owing to this formation
that his dogs have not succeeded at any field trial, as above
remarked; for the bitches of his breed, notably Countess
and Daisy, which I have seen, were as narrow as any Setter
breeder could desire. I am quite satisfied that on this point
Mr. Laverack is altogether wrong. I fully agree with him,
however, that the "ribs should be well sprung behind the
shoulder;" and great depth of the back ribs should be
especially demanded.

Back, quarters, and stifles (value 15). An arched loin is
desirable, but not to the extent of being "reached" or
" wheel-backed " a defect which generally tends to a slow,

40 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

up-and-down gallop. StiHes well bent and set wide apart,
to allow the hind legs to be brought forward with liberty in
the gallop.

Legs, elbows, and Jiocks (value 12). The elbows and
toes, which generally go together, should be straight; and
if not, the "pigeon-toe," or in-turned leg, is less objec-
tionable than the out-turn, in which the elbow is confined
by its close attachment to the ribs. The arm should be
muscular, and the bone fully developed, with strong and
broad knees; short pasterns, of which the size, in point of
bone, should be as great as possible (a very important
point), and their slope not exceeding a very slight deviation
from the straight line. Many good judges insist upon a
perfectly upright pastern, like that of the Foxhound; but
it must not be forgotten that the Setter has to stop himself
suddenly when at full stretch he catches scent, and to do
this with an upright and rigid pastern causes a consider-
able strain on the ligaments, soon ending in "knuckling
over;" hence a very slight bend is to be preferred. The
hind legs should be muscular, with plenty of bone, clean,
strong hocks, and hairy feet.

The feet (value 8) should be carefully examined, as upon
their capability of standing wear and tear depends the util-
ity of the dog. A great difference of opinion exists as to
the comparative merits of the cat and hare foot for stand-
ing work. Foxhound masters invariably select that of the
cat; and as they have better opportunities than any other
class of instituting the necessary comparison, their selection
may be accepted as final. But as Setters are especially
required to stand wet and heather, it is imperatively neces-
sary that there should be a good growth of hair between,
the toes; and on this account a hare foot well clothed with
hair as it generally is must be preferred to a cat foot
naked, as is often the case, except on the upper surface.

The flag (value 5) is in appearance very characteristic of
the breed, although it sometimes happens that one or two
puppies in a well-bred litter exhibit a curl or other malfor-
mation, usually considered to be indicative of a stain. It is

THE ENGLISH SETTER. 41

often compared to a scimiter, but it resembles it only in
respect of its narrowness; the amount of curl in the blade
of this Turkish weapon being far too great to make it the
model of the Setter' s flag. Again, it has been compared to
a comb; but as combs are usually straight, here again the
simile fails, as the Setter's flag should have a gentle sweep;
and the nearest resemblance to any familiar form is to the
scythe, with its curve reversed. The feather must be com-
posed of straight, silky hairs; and beyond the root, the less
short hair on the flag the better, especially toward the
point, of which the bone should be fine, and the feather
tapering with it.

Symmetry and quality (value 5). In character, the Set-
ter should display a great amount of "quality," a term
which is difficult of explanation, though fully appreciated
by all experienced sportsmen. It means a combination of
symmetry, as understood by the artist, with the peculiar
attributes of the breed under examination, as interpreted
by the sportsman. Thus, a Setter possessed of such a frame
and outline as to charm an artist would be considered by
the sportsman defective in "quality" if he possessed a
curly or harsh coat, or if he had a heavy head, with pend-
ent, Bloodhound-like jowl and throaty neck. The general
outline is very elegant, and more taking to the eye of the
artist than that of the Pointer.

The texture and feather of coat (value 5) are much
regarded among the Setter breeders; a soft, silky hair,
without curl, being considered a sine qua non. The feather
should be considerable, and should fringe the hind as well
as the fore legs.

The color of coat (value 5) is not much insisted on among
English Setters, a great variety being admitted. These
are now generally classed as follows, in the order given:

(1) Black and white ticked, with large splashes, and more
or less marked with black, known as "blue belton;"

(2) orange and white freckled, known as orange belton;

(3) plain orange, or lemon and white; (4) liver and white;
(5) black and white, with slight tan markings; (6) black

42 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

and white; (7) liver and white; (8) pure white; (9) black;
(10) liver; (11) red or yellow.

To show the present high type of the modern English
Setter, several portraits of well -known prize-winners are pre-
sented. The exquisite symmetry, combined with strength,
in the English Setter are thus made apparent to the eye.

Daisy Foreman (A. K. C. S. B., No. 5711), famous as a
bench-show winner, was whelped June 14, 1885. She is by
Champion Foreman, out of Jolly Nell. She is black,

PLANTAGENET.
Bred by Mr. J. C. Higgins, Wilmington, Del.

white, and tan, with a ticked body, and evenly marked.
Her weight is forty-three pounds. Her winnings are as
follows: First in puppy class, New York, 1886; second
and two specials at Waverly, 1886; first and special for
best English Setter at Danbury, 1886; first at Stafford
Springs, 1886; fourth and special at Newark, 1887; second
and special at Providence, 1887; first at Boston, 1887; first
at Hartford, 1887; first at Hornellsville, 1887; first at Dan-
bury, 1887; second at New York, 1887; second at New
York, champion class, 1888; second at New Haven, chain-

THE ENGLISH SETTER. 43

pion class, 1888; second in challenge class at Boston, 1889;
first in challenge class at Boston, 1890 in fact, she is one of
the best English Setter bitches bred in America, She is
owned by Mr. George W. Neal, Westville, Conn.

Cincinnatus and Toledo Blade are both owned by Mr. J.
E. Dager, Toledo, Ohio, and are renowned as combining
both bench and field-trial qualities. Cincinnatus is black,
white, and tan; is by Count Noble, out of Dido II., the
choicest Setter blood of the world. He divided third, all-
age stake, Southern Field Trial Club, 1888; divided fourth,
all-age stake, Eastern Field Trials Club, 1889. On the
bench, he won first and four specials, Columbus; third,
open class, and first, novice class, New York, 1889; first
and silver medal for best English Setter placed in any field
trial in America, Chicago; first and two specials, Toledo,
1889.

Toledo Blade is black, white, and tan; is by Roderigo,
out of Lillian, famous for the transcendent superiority of
their qualities afield; and the breeding also is of the very
choicest. Toledo Blade won second in the all-age stake of
the Southern Field Trial Club, 1888; second, all-age stake,
of the Eastern Field Trials Club, 1889; first in the all-age
Setter stake, Southern Field Trials, 1889. At bench shows,
he was V. H. C., Columbus; second at Chicago, 1889.

Roderigo, owned by the Memphis and Avent Kennels, is
black, white, and tan; is by Count Noble, out of Twin
Maud, and is recognized as a dog of decided superiority.
He won first in the all-age stake, National Field Trial
Club's trials, 1885. He has distinguished himself as a
wonderful sire, having to his credit a list of remarkable
field-trial winners in his progeny.

Plantagenet is a lemon belton, by Dashing Monarch,
out of Petral, and a celebrated bench-show -dog a few years
ago, although he was not fine enough in form, being too
heavy in the shoulders and a bit coarse to suit modern
ideas of what the Setter's physique should be.

Rowdy Rod, a phenomenal son of Roderigo, out of
Juno A., is a young dog which ran in his puppy form last

44 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

year, and by the very superior character of his perform-
ance, excited the admiration of the most exacting field-trial
fancier. He won first in the Eastern Field Trials Club' s
Derby, first in the Central Field Trial Club's Derby, second
in the Southern Sportsmen's Association's all-age stake,
1890. He is black and white in color, and besides being a
workman, is handsome withal. He is owned by Mr. George
W. Ewing, Fort Wayne, Ind.

Gloster, owned by Mr. James L. Breese, Tuxedo, New
York, is black, white, and tan, by Dashing Rover, out of
Trinket; hence he also has a royal canine parentage. In the
field trials he has been a most formidable and successful
competitor, vanquishing the most noted dogs of the day in
public competition, as the following list of winnings will
show: First, members' stake, and divided second in all -age
stake, Eastern Field Trials, 1886; first in all-age stake and
first in champion stake, same club's trials, 1887; first, mem-
bers' stake, same club's trials, 1888; second, members' stake,
same club's trials, 1889.

THE IRISH SETTER.

BY MAX WENZEL,

Secretary the Irish Setter Club of America, and

B, F. SEITNER,
Vice-President the Pointer Club of America.

LD writers have advanced the theory that our Setter,
as a species, is the product of the mating of a Span-
iel with the Hound; and this seems to be as plausible
as any other that has been offered. The bird-chasing
instinct of the Spaniel, mixed in the offspring with the love
for fur which is inherent in the Hound, may have had the
effect, at the earliest age, of an undecidedness in the pres-
ence of game. Being at first unable to decide whether,
according to Spaniel instinct, to bark and jump the game,
or whether to be ruled by his Hound ancestor and follow
the foot-scent, he may have stopped suddenly; thus estab-
lishing the first point on game. A genius of a sportsman,
seeing the usefulness of such a quality, probably encouraged
and perfected it by further training, giving us the long and
the short haired pointing bird-dog. This theory may
appear to some readers as lacking in the matter of authen-
ticity, and yet to me it appears reasonable.

All breeds of Hounds and Spaniels have no doubt been
used in these numerous crosses, accounting for the great
variety of our pointing dogs; but as regards the Irish
Setter, I am inclined to believe that the Red Spaniel,
crossed on the old English Bloodhound, has formed the
parental stock. I have seen many Red Spaniels; have
examined them closely as to color and coat; I have com-
pared the characteristics of the Bloodhound with the Irish
Setter, also in many individuals, and have plainly met the
points of either one or the other in nearly every speci-
men so examined. Not to appearance alone need we con-
fine ourselves in this investigation, for the Bloodhound

(45)

46 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

type is displayed, not only in the over-prominent occiput,
the pendulous ears, the deep flews, but also in the voice and
in the carriage of the tail; and above all, in the abominable
style of so many Irish Reds in the field, who follow scent
with nose close to the ground, carrying their tails curved
over their backs without any action at all.

Many sportsmen of modern ideas condemn the Red
Setter on account of these defects found in individuals, and
there is a wide-spread prejudice that he is very head-
strong, requiring breaking every season, and is unreliable
on game; yet few that have owned really good ones are
willing to concede all this. Such assertions have their
origin, not in practical trial of good specimens of the breed,
but largely in the rehearsal of superannuated writings.

If you will compare the oldest works on the dog with
our modern writings, especially of English origin, you will
find the same old story, copied by one from another, credit
seldom being given; and the whole breed suffers to-day
from the criticisms probably well deserved of some rank
specimen that may have lived before the flood.

This is not an uncommon occurrence in books on various
subjects, more especially those treating of natural history;
and we may often excuse the author, for he errs through
ignorance.

No breeder of any of our best strains of Irish Setters will
acknowledge that they are less tractable or more forgetful
than other sporting dogs indeed, I know many that are per-
fect in disposition, at home or afield; and while they are full
of fire and are high-strung as a rule, if given the proper train-
ing, they will prove all right, and even more enduring than
most other breeds of Pointers or Setters. The fact that many
professional hunters use and prefer the Red Setter, speaks
volumes in favor of his high' qualities and endurance.
For the hardest kind of every-day work, during the whole
season, we see many market-shooters use the Red dog, as
the most reliable to work on partridge and woodcock, in
cold or hot weather alike. Are not these men competent to
select the dog that suits their purpose best \ They certainly

THE IRISH SETTER. 47

are; and many of them select the Red Irish Setter, for the
reason that it takes the very best dog extant to bag the
grouse and the woodcock in such numbers as to earn
living wages for his master. For the English snipe, the
Red Setter, as a rule, proves the toughest, fastest, and
keenest-nosed Setter; and he is reliable, in all weather and
under all conditions, on this as on other game.

Can any modern Pointer or silk-and- velvet English Setter
do this work as well as the Irish Red ? Let them try the
snipe on a raw, windy March day up to their hocks in slush
and icy water; will they, especially the Pointer, not rather
go around the ditches than through them ? Have you ever
seen the English Setter or Pointer shiver from head to foot
while at such work ? These breeds are good in their places;
but the Red Irish is good under all conditions.

In connection with the claims made here for this breed,
I regret to say that working a Red Irish on game and keep-
ing the same dog for bench-show purposes is generally out
of the question, as work in the field unfits this breed,
almost absolutely, to compete with those specimens that
are kept and pampered for the bench alone, where a rich,
dark, glossy coat seems to be valued above any and every
other quality. So we must either keep one kind or the
other the dude or the workman.

Having exhibited Irish Setters every year since 1876, at
most of our shows, and having been fairly successful as a
breeder, I should be content with my lot; yet the more I
see, the more convinced am I that the improvements we
look for in our favorite breed will not be realized through
bench shows, because the average fancier will be guided by
the awards of the bench-show judge; and that which should
be his object, namely, the raising of good field dogs, will be
lost sight of, unless he can prove, by indisputable evidence,
that the prize dog is also backed by a field record for speed,
style, and above all, nose.

Through the bench shows, it has also become fashionable
to suppress the white in this breed; and nowadays many
sportsmen know little or nothing of this noble breed other

48 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

than the fact that there must be no white on him; and it
has gone so far that a dog, be he ever so good, that has a
white spot would neither be salable, nor would he be ever
noticed at a show. You may rest assured that those who
judge a Red Setter in that manner have not gone any further
than the A, B, C of the matter. I refer all such to the
English Stud Book, wherein it is shown that the white is
perfectly legitimate, and that it may be found in every good
strain for many generations. It is so, has been so always,
and will be so forever. Indeed, it is, in my judgment, a
proof of purity of blood rather than anything else; for less
white is found in strains known to have the Gordon blood
than in the absolutely pure. Besides, the English and our
American standards admit the presence of white on chest or
toes, and a blaze or strip in forehead. The fashion, how-
ever, overrules in this, as in many other things, good com-
mon-sense; and I see that some of our enterprising breeders
are regulating their prices on this basis. Are we progress-
ing 3 Not unless we make it our first aim, in breeding, to
reach that degree of perfection which we find in the modern
English Setter and the high-class Pointer of to-day, in
their field-work.

In order to attain these ends, I see no better way than
the rule followed by old-time sportsmen, to always select
the best working specimens, those possessed of high speed,
grand style, and perfect nose, and mate them with others as
good, or if possible, still better. Pay less attention to breed-
ing on paper and to the pedigree theory. Never mind the
show condition and the dark color, unless we find these all
in the one specimen; but remember what has been said
before on this subject.

That one mating of two good specimens will do all you
desire, can not be expected. I have frequently noticed
that the sire will transmit his good qualities to the bitch
puppies, and they again will reproduce them in their male
offspring, oftener than directly to their own sons. What-
ever quality is bred for, must be constantly looked to for
several generations. This is the only sure way to get

(49,

50 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

uniform results. Inbreeding, to some extent, is not harm-
ful; indeed it is the only reliable course, if practiced within
proper limits, with well-selected individuals, as the breed-
ing of all domestic animals has abundantly proven. It
will take but a few years of such breeding to produce
puppies that will go afield, at almost any age, and instinct-
ively hunt and chase birds. They will be full of point and
style, and will require less than half the breaking 6ur dogs
now require.

I have always made my youngsters mind me, and am
assisted by the example of the older dogs. I have them
come to me when called, teach them to charge anywhere,
and soon have them under full control. All this can be
done by kindness; and while some professional handlers
use and advocate force, I believe the less of it that is used,
the better the dog will be. An expert handler once told
me that the first thing he does with an Irish Setter puppy
when he takes it in hand is to give it a sound thrashing.
It is needless to say that he will never be intrusted with a
puppy of mine.

Most Irish Reds are of a kind, affectionate disposition,
and are easily trained. Desj)ite their reputation, I have
found this so, year in and year out, in my own kennel;
and I have had many that have taken to game as natu-
rally as to walking. ' A long time ago, I owned a fine young
bitch, and wanted her trained. She was sent to a market-
hunter in Sullivan County, New York. Three months later,
I went there to see my dog on game. She was taken out,
reluctantly, by the trainer, who must have been the more
surprised of the two of us, for she pointed both partridges
and quails in good style, and without command; made use
of the retrieving she had been taught by me, in spite of as
I subsequently learned the fact that she had never been
off her chain since I sent her to him. I was satisfied, of
course; and to this day I have not had a better-nosed nor
a stancher dog. I have hunted her for years, to my entire
satisfaction; she is living now, and is nearly fourteen years
old.

THE IRISH SETTER. 51

Another illustration is my old Champion Chief. He has
always been the same steady, reliable, every-day dog; first
or last in the season, he would point his birds stanchly,
and needed no repeated breakings. The first one has lasted
him so far very well; and while "old in years, he still looks
fine and is in perfect health, confirming my experience that
Setters of this breed, while maturing later, outlast most of
the dogs of other breeds. A letter recently received from
South Carolina confirms this still further, as Doctor Jarvis
writes me that his Champion Elcho, Junior, though nine
years old, hunts day in and day out, and does most excel-
lent work for him.

My experience with this breed dates back nearly twenty
years, and I feel able to guarantee this disposition of our
strain of dogs, and to state that in all this time I have never
owned a vicious one. I have seldom seen one that would
not make an excellent playmate for a child, yet I have had
many that were most perfect watch-dogs, and that showed
more than human intelligence in discriminating between
proper and improper sounds and doings at night, without
special training to it.

The management of my kennel is the most simple. I
have no kennel buildings except a rough board box for each
dog, with a wire run in summer and stall and barn for win-
ter, where I place these kennels. If one becomes infested
with vermin, it is burned. The dogs are exercised twice a
day, for half an hour, where they have access to the spring
brooks; are fed once a day in summer and twice in winter.
We boil beef and bones, and soak half a loaf of toasted
stale bread for each dog, varying this now and then with
corn and oatmeal mush cooked in beef broth; and they
relish it all.

When I have a sick dog, I try to find out what his
trouble is, and then treat him accordingly, and am very par-
ticular with young dogs showing symptoms of distemper,
which must be most carefully diagnosed. There is no such
thing as a distemper cure that will fit all cases. Each case
requires special treatment; and hundreds of young dogs, I

52 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

am sure, are killed by distemper cures alone as well as by
the man who " never lost a dog with distemper." The man
who prescribes a lump of sulphur to be put into the patient's
drinking-water is as innocent as his remedy; the man who
physics your dog when lie has the typhoid form of the
complaint, as well as he who insists on putting a seton
through your puppy's neck after he is already too weak
to stand on his legs, should never be employed in any case.

CHAMPION TIM.*
Owned by Mr. Max Wenzel, Hoboken, N. J.

These heroic remedies are freely recommended by many
members of the fraternity of '* Vets," especially of the old
school.

*Dr. William Jarvis, in an article recently published in the American Stock-
keeper, says of this dog: " He was sired by Biz, a field-trial and bench-show
winner, and out of Hazel, a daughter of Elcho and Rose, the latter by the
famous Palmerston. Tim is a large, upstanding, powerful dog, of the correct
type, and very fast. His record is as follows: First, New York, Fanciers'
Club, 1886; third, Newark; third, New York; first and special, Hornellsville ;
second and special, with Chief as brace, Waverly, 1886; fourth, Newark; first
and special, Boston; champion, Hartford; second, champion class, New York,
etc., 1887; first, champion class and special, New York, 1888; second, field
trials, Fisher's Island Club, 1886. ED.

THE IRISH SETTER. 53

To use the proper medicines in the very beginning is the
most important, no doubt; and when I notice a puppy's
stools come of a gray clay color, calomel, in five to six grain
doses, has always the desired effect of regulating the bowels.
The patient should have special care, warm quarters, should
be kept quiet, should be fed better than usual, but a less
quantity; and in case of failing appetite you should use first
some qiiinine. especially if the patient be feverish, and some-
times, in very high fever, tincture of aconite, in one or two
drop doses, as well as five to ten drops of Fowler's solution
of arsenic for a short time, as an alterative.

Yet, with all due care and attempts at half-way scientific
treatment, I' must admit that there is a good dear of "Dutch
luck" in pulling a puppy through a bad case of distemper,
and having him prove sound afterward. In cases where
the puppy is not permanently cured, he would be better
dead than to suffer for years, or for life, with chorea; it is
but an act of mercy to chloroform him. I am not so san-
guine in regard to curing distemper as I was ten years ago.

For breaking young dogs for the field, I usually engage
the se vices of a specialist in that line. My youngsters are
rarely handled before they are a year old, and over dis-
temper, when they are sent south with a professional
trainer.

Below, the standard of the Irish Setter Club of America
is given. It does not suit us all; but when it was adopted,
all questions were fully discussed, and the points varying
from the English standard are those in which our American
dogs required improvement. ,

STANDARD AND POINTS OF JUDGING THE RED IRISH SETTER.

ADOPTED BY THE IRISH SETTER CLUB OF THE UNITED STATES, JULY, 1886.

Head 10 Tail 8

Eyes 5 Coat and feather 8

Ears 5 Color 8

Neck 5 Size, style, and general appearance 14

Body 15

Shoulders, fore legs, and feet 12 Total 100

Hind legs 10

Head should be long and lean. The skull oval (from ear

54 THE AMEKICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

to ear), having plenty of brain-room, and with well-defined
occipital protuberance. Brows raised, showing stop. The
muzzle moderately deep and fairly square at end. From
the stop to the point of the nose should be long, the nostrils
wide, and the jaws of nearly equal length; flews not to
be pendulous. The color of the nose dark mahogany or
dark chocolate, and that of the eyes (which ought not to be
too large) rich hazel or brown. The ears to be of moderate
size, fine in texture, set on low, well back, and hanging in a
neat fold close to the head.

Neck should be moderately long, very muscular, but not
too thick, slightly arched, free from all tendency to throat-
iness.

Body should be proportionately long, shoulders fine at
the points, deep, and sloping well back. The chest deep,
rather narrow in front. The ribs well sprung, leaving
plenty of lung-room. The loins muscular and slightly
arched. The hind quarters wide and powerful.

Legs and feet. The hind legs from hip to hock should
be long and muscular, from hock to heel short and strong.
The stifle and hock joints well bent, and not inclined either
in or out. The fore legs should be strong and sinewy, hav-
ing plenty of bone, with elbows free, well let down, and like
the hock, not inclined either out or in. ' The feet rather
small, very firm; toes strong, close together, and arched.

Tail should be of moderate length, set on rather low,
strong at root, and tapering to a fine point; to be carried in
a slight scimiter-like curve or straight, nearly level with
the back.

Coat, on the head, front of legs, and tips of ears, should
be short and fine, but on all other parts of the body it
should be of moderate length, flat, and as free as possible
from curl or wave.

Feathering. The feather on the upper portion of the
ears should be long and silky, on the back of fore and hind
legs long and fine, a fair amount of hair on belly, forming
a nice fringe, which may extend on chest and throat. Feet
to be well feathered between the toes. Tail to have a nice

THE IRISH SETTER. 55

fringe of moderately long hair, decreasing in length as it
approaches the point. All feathering to be as straight and
as flat as possible.

Color and markings. The color should be a rich, golden
chestnut or mahogany red, with no trace whatever of black;
white on chest, throat, or toes, or a small star on the fore-
head, or a narrow streak or blaze on the nose or face, not
to disqualify.

NOTES ON OUR DOGS.

In head we have not enough uniformity, some dogs show-
ing the long, narrow head, without the proper stop at the
eyebrow, giving the face an indescribably brainless expres-
sion; while others have the wide and round skull, entirely
at variance with the standard. The color of eye seems to be
a matter of the strain, some specimens having the beautiful
dark-brown eye, while others are of a hazel, or even near a
dark-oak shade. These are minor points, and I consider
none but the gooseberry eye seriously objectionable. The
ears are often badly set, folding back and outward, and in
this case generally too short; again, many are Hound-
like, thick, and too long (relative of the Bloodhound).
Rarely do we find a perfect neck in our present Red Setter,
and in most specimens it is too short and thick, the head
resting almost on the shoulder-blades; we must improve in
this point.

In body, legs, and feet, our Setters are, as a class, I
believe, more perfect than most other breeds of dogs, having
a deep chest, strong loin, more arched than the English
Setter, and a good development of muscle in the limbs.
Demerits in these parts we must carefully weed out in
breeding; and we have a long way yet to go to reach per-
fection. The Red Setter is supposed to be higher on the
leg than either the English or Black and Tan, and I think it
rather an advantage to leave him so, for the best develop-
ment of speed; yet I am not favoring a " big dog," for we
want no lumber, but a good, upstanding Setter, with per-
fect slope of shoulder, well-bent stifle and the longer the
bone between stifle and hock, the better for speed.

56 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

In raising the scale of points for a good tail, we seem to
have laid the stumbling-block of our present standard; for
it does not suit the bad ones. This change has been made
deliberately, and the committee in charge is willing to stand
or fall thereby. We point to some of our best specimens
of the breed to illustrate the necessity of it. At most
of our bench shows we find specimens with tails carried
either Hound-like over the back, or worse still, hanging New-
foundland-fashion, with a great, big hook, carried between
the legs. Is not the stern of any bird-dog the very soul of
his style ? And it is this very style we need so much more of
in our red dogs. Is it possible to call the carriage of a calf
a point ? I have seen Irish Setters that none but their owner
could tell when they were pointing. We must make sweep-
ing reforms in this respect through careful breeding; for it
is this very lack of style that condemns the red dog at our
field trials, and with perfect justice. A lack of style may do
for the pot-hunter arid novice, but to the true sportsman
and breeder it is an abomination. We can only improve
by knowing where to do it and by acknowledging our
defects.

In color we are ahead of any breed of dogs on this globe;
for the rich, dark-mahogany and golden-chestnut coat of
our favorites is beauty itself, and it shows the superiority
and purity of breeding over that of any other sporting dog
known, because the Irish Red is red plenty of it and every
time no matter how you breed them. You may get some
very green ones, but they will look red nevertheless. I have
had no little fun with a friend, a lover of the English Setter,
who is a great admirer of the blue-ticked color, arid the
owner of as grand a field dog as ever lived, of this color. He
wishes to raise some blue-ticked stock, and to do so, has
bred his bitch to about all the celebrities of the breed; yet
his ardent hopes are not yet gratified, and his bitch throws
any color of pups, from to green white, all black, lemon and
white, orange, red and white, and what he calls blue, but
not the blue he is after. I advised him to try the Red cross,
but he is down on any other color than the one he can't get.

THE IRISH SETTER. 57

I am digressing from the subject; yet this incident serves to
show the difference in the reliability of the two breeds, to
the advantage of the Irishman.

We find two shades of red in this breed, the dark and
the light, the modern fashion favoring the former. The
presence of white has already been spoken of. It is no
fault or blemish.

In coat texture we also find a variety, both, no doubt,
being all right, and a peculiarity of the strain the one
short on body, rather harsh, is frequently the darker, while
the light shade is longer, Spaniel-like, having a sort of
undercoat; and this seems to me the more useful one for the
purpose, giving the better protection from wet and cold.
It is this kind that is so apt to become wavy when exposed
to the hardships of the field; the very thing that handicaps
them at the shows, which, in this breed more than in any
other of the sporting breeds, have actually been detri-
mental to the breed, in placing before any other quality
that beauty of color and gloss of coat of the mahogany
red.

In speaking in this manner of bench shows, I do not
mean to condemn these institutions; for they are useful, and
to the owners and trainers very entertaining, if to the dogs
a torture. They are a sort of necessary evil. No event of
the year equals in interest one of our larger shows, where
all the men interested in dogs seem to gather for a sort of
love-feast; and extreme good-fellowship usually prevails,
especially among those who are favored by the blue, while
the disappointed ones each find some grand, good quality
in his dog, somewhere, which the judge had overlooked,
but which they are bound all shall recognize with them.
Animosity is wiped out, and new friendships are sealed,
around the corner, if it takes all day and a few hours of the
next day. East and West, North and South, all are happy
alike; the St. Bernard man was never known to leave his
row, while the Bulldog man looks with utter contempt
on any breed that can't fight. The Pointer man blows
a bit more than the rest, and the English Setter man feels

58 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

above them' all. The Irish lad is found at the front some-
times, and tries to hold his own, while the rest all talk
together at once. For my part, I would not miss the New
York show if I had to walk a hundred miles to see it, but
am as much of a mystery to myself when it is over as if I
had never seen it; for I, too, never see anything there but
the Red Setter and the boys, old and young and find
myself more fascinated there than when I took my first
premium at the Philadelphia Centennial show with an Irish
Red.

What changes in the Irish Setter and their owners since
then ! I really think I am the oldest exhibitor of these
dogs, and almost the only one still interested in the breed
of those who used to show them at that time. I have seen
all the celebrities of the bench Rufus, Elcho, Rory O'More,
Rose, Flora, Noreen, Plunket, Berkley, Glencho, Lady
Clare, Trix, Hazel, etc. besides all the many fine ones that
never got there, up to the present day. Speaking of the
champions then and now, I fail to see a very great improve-
ment in the dogs. In the bitches we are going backward ;
while in our present open-show classes the average is very
much improved over those of ten years ago, with prospects
for improvement still further.

A few years ago the Irish Setter Club was formed, a
good start made for a field trial at Salisbury, N. C.,
with twenty-two entries; it snowed on the night before the
start. It proved a hard blow to the Irish Setter, for nearly
all of us got discouraged. At the last New York (1890)
show, some of the old hands rallied, young blood was
stirred in, and we now hope for a brighter future, and ask
all lovers of the breed to join that club, whose aim will be
to make as good a field dog of the Irish Red as he is hand-
some. And now that you have finished reading this, you
may as well send your application for membership to the
secretary of the Irish Setter Club.

MAX WENZEL.

HOBOKEN, N. J.

THE IRISH SETTER. 59

The origin of the Irish Setter, like that of his cousins,
the English and the Gordon Setter, is buried in obscurity;
and no additional light is likely to illuminate the past for
the inquiring mind.

Careful research and extensive inquiry among the breed-
ers and fanciers of the Irish Setter in England and Ireland,
have failed to elicit any new facts concerning the origin and
development of this breed.

It has been suggested that he is a descendant of the
liver-colored setting dog. "As a matter of fact," says
Vero Shaw, "the earliest mention that we have been able
to discover of any Setter, peculiar to Ireland, is in the
Sportsman's Cabinet, where, in the chapter on English
Setters, direct allusion is made to this breed of dogs in the
following words: ' The sporting gentlemen of Ireland are
more partial to Setters than to Pointers, and they are prob-
ably better adapted to that country." This seems to indi-
cate that Setters of some kind were used on the Emerald
Isle at the beginning of this century. It must always be a
matter of regret that nothing was said by the writer in
question, or by other chroniclers of his time, of the appear-
ance of these dogs.

However, coming down to the time when the red dog
first began to attract attention in England, his admirers
were divided on the color line, some breeders claiming that
red, without any admixture of white, was the proper color,
while others, with equal fervor, insisted that the red dog
with white points was just as proper and pure an Irish Set-
ter as the all-red dog.

There can be no doubt that both are descended from the
same parent stock, and have, in later years, been inter-
bred, so that it is no uncommon occurrence to see, in a
litter of Irish Setter puppies, several with white markings
on face, breast, and feet.

In the subjoined letter, just received from Rev. Robert
O'Callaghan, the most successful breeder of Irish Setters in
England, and probably the best living authority on this
breed in the world, conclusions similar to my own are

60 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

accurately and fully set forth as to the origin of the breed
and the development of the color:

"BOSTEL HOUSE, ROCHESTER, England.
" To B. F. SEITOER, Dayton, Ohio, U. S. A.

"Dear Sir: In reply to your request for some notes as to
the origin and development of the Irish Setter, I do not
find anything like reliable information on this subject
earlier than the present century. I have no hesitation in
stating my belief that the Irish Setter is the oldest breed
we possess, as well as the purest; but if, as is generally
allowed, the history of all Setters be obscure and difficult
to trace, how much more so the history of the Irish ! The
reasons are obvious; but I will not enter into this ques-
tion, and will only say that after careful and diligent study
of the subject, I feel compelled to give my adhesion to the
now generally received opinion, that all Setters are descend-
ants from the Spaniel. We have it recorded in the Sports-
man's Repository, 1820, that Setters in Ireland used to be
called ' Setting Spaniels.' Now, it is difficult to explain
how our modern Setters were produced. I believe, with
Darwin, in Nature giving us successive variations, and man
adding up these variations in a certain direction useful to
himself, and thus making for himself useful breeds. If,
then, we want a special quality in any animal, we have
only to watch carefully and breed sufficiently, and the re-
quired variety is sure to be produced, and can be increased
to any extent. Wallace says: ' Instinct, speed, form, and
color have always varied so as to produce the very races
which the wants or fancies of men led them to desire.'

" In a word, he looks upon natural or artificial selection
as the simple basis for indefinite modification of the forms
of life. With the opinions of two such authorities before
us, as well as our own experience of what can and what
has been done in the way of breeding, I do not think there
need be much doubt as to the origin of the Setter. The
Irish have always been a sporting race, and no doubt they
paid great attention to their Setting Spaniels. Being

THE IKISH SETTER. 61

required for hard work, they would select the animal best
suited for that purpose; and the breeding of successive gen-
erations of animals capable of hunting the wet bogs and
mountains of Ireland has resulted in building up a race
which may be equaled, but certainly can not be excelled, by
any sporting dog in the world; and so carefully and
jealously were they preserved, and so highly were they
prized, that we are told by a writer (I. Scott) in the Sports-
man' s Cabinet of 1823 of the renewal of a lease given for a
dog and bitch, which lease, if allowed to expire, would
have cleared for the landlord 250 per annum.

"As to their color, this same writer tells us that it was
all red, or deep chestnut and white. No doubt this all red
was obtained by careful selection, with an evident purpose
to subserve a useful end, by Irish sportsmen, and that
long before the days of fire-arms this exquisitely deep
chestnut, so characteristic of the breed, may have been, and
no doubt was suggested to our rude forefathers by the color
of the red deer of their native hills and forests a color
which harmonized so well with the hues of the decaying
bracken and the purple heather as to aid in concealing him
from his enemies. However this may be, the deep dark red
of the Irish Setter would have the advantage of enabling
him to approach closer to his game in fact, would make
him almost invisible, and so all the more capable of serving
his master's ends; and if this be an advantage in the present
day, as it undoubtedly is, how much greater must have
been the advantage in the days of our sturdy sires, whose
rude weapons necessitated a closer approach to their game.

" A well-known writer of our day recognizes the advan-
tage of protective colors in the sportsman's dress, and
advises him, when he expects the birds to be wild, to adopt
garments of a somber hue, avoiding conspicuous colors.
Stonehenge says: ' Because of the wariness of the grouse,
the color of the clothes should be attended to.' He recom-
mends the heather pattern, from its resemblance to the
general covert of the birds. Under all these circumstances,
I think we can have no difficulty in tracing the origin and

62 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

distinctive color of the Irish Red Setter. Many Irish fam-
ilies were celebrated for rare strains of the breed among
them the 0' Conner, or La Touche, the De Freyne, or French
Park, the Lord Dillons, Waterford, and Lismore; the latter
the head of the O 1 Callaghan family.

" But where are all these kennels now? Echo answers
where? Owing to the ruinous prodigality and thriftless
extravagance of the Irish squires of the past century, as
well as the successive convulsions which have rent unhappy
Ireland, its noble race of Setters has been scattered to the
winds neglected and uncared for; and at this moment, I
know of no kennel of the pure race in the country. Shows
have done little, if anything, to improve the breed. The
quantity has increased, but not the quality. The true type
is lost sight of, because the breed is not kept up by practical
sportsmen, or even by men who can lay the slightest claim
to a correct knowledge of the breed, but by those whose
only aim is to make money. The consequence of this is
that our shows are full of snipy, weedy mongrels, which,
save in color, and that only sometimes, are as unlike the
wiry, racy, blood-like Irishmen as they well can be.

"It is to this fact, too, that we must attribute the bad
name given to Irish Setters as being headstrong and
difficult to train. How can it be otherwise? Show animals
bred anyhow, and from untrained parents, are foisted on
the public. If the setting instinct be undeveloped from
generation to generation, reversion to type will be the con-
sequence, and in each successive generation it will become
beautifully less. I notice in America the same state of
things goes on. While large sums of money are expended
in purchasing the best types of English Setters, from the
best breeders, Irish Setters, so-called, are purchased hap-
hazard, from what I call mushroom breeders, because
they are cheap. And thus a race of Setters is perpetuated
which are a libel on the breed, and so widely different from
the true type as the north is from the south.

" What else can one expect from promiscuous and inju-
dicious crossing? How is this state of things to be remedied?

THE IRISH SETTEE. 63

Only by careful and scientific breeding; any remnants of
old families carefully and judiciously bred to would, beyond
a doubt, bring back the family type and characteristics. I
claim to speak with authority on this subject, as I have
bred, broken, and shot over them for a space of forty years;
in fact, I was born and brought up with them. They have
been the playmates and companions of my children, and
are part and parcel of my family. The first of my dogs
was exhibited in 1868, when Grouse, brother to Plunket,
was successful on the bench.

"Plunket's success as a field-trial winner is well known;
his brother Rover was chosen by Stonehenge to represent
the true type of an Irish Setter, and my Grouse II.,
winner of the fifteen-guinea Challenge Cup, Dublin, 1879,
was chosen to represent the breed in the ' Book of the Dog,'
by Vero Shaw. Absence from England in the service of my
country prevented me from doing more than carefully pre-
serving my stock; but since my return home, my success
on the show bench has been unbroken. As to success in
the field, I am to a large extent handicapped, as I have
no trainer of my own, and have to depend entirely upon
trainers who either have their own interests to serve, to
which mine are secondary, or else they are quite incom-
petent.

"Even under circumstances such as these, however, I
undoubtedly put the best Setter I may say, indeed, the
best as well as the handsomest sporting dog in the field
in 1885 Aveline; and, I say it advisedly, she was not
allowed to win first in that contest. Aveline met and
defeated three of the Llewellin Setters, and her final heat
was decided in three and a half minutes! Aveline, now a
champion, is a daughter of Frisco and Grouse II.; and
as you have asked me as to the most successful cross, I
have no hesitation in saying that I have found the Elcho
blood, crossed on the Palmerston, to be the most success-
ful, both in field and on bench. I say pure Palmerston,
because it has come to my knowledge that Palmerston is
credited with having served more bitches than he ever

64 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

did, or in fact could have served. This is why Frisco,
grandson to Elcho, has not been successful as a sire with
mongrel bitches, while matched with a pure Palmerston, the
produce is all that can be desired. I possess at this
moment two sons of Frisco and Grouse II. Shandon II.
and Fingal III. and the daughter Aveline. All are bench
winners at the largest shows, as well as grand in the field;
and one has but to see them to feel at once that he looks
on thorough-breds of their species.

" Desmond II., belonging to Mr. C. T. Thompson, of Phil-
adelphia, bred by me, and winner of field trials at Philadel-
phia, is of precisely the same blood. This same cross it is
that has produced so many bench and field-trial winners for
'Claremont' (Doctor Jarvis, of New Hampshire). . . .
I have still living, and quite good f or * stud purposes, my
Champion Ganymede. He is the sire of Champion Ty-
rone, Kildare, and Geraldine, besides many others, and
the best type of Irish Setter now living, to my mind.
Geraldine II. is granddaughter to Ganymede and Frisco.

"I fear I have already written too much anent my
favorites, but I am sure, under the circumstances, you will
excuse me. < < ROBERT O' CALLAGHAN. ' '

Both Stonehenge and Vero Shaw record the following
as the most noteworthy of the old strains from which the
present race of Irish Setters is descended: Among val-
uable strains of the Irish Setter are the O' Conner, better
known as the La Touche, made famous through Cham-
pion Palmerston; Lord Dillons, Lord de Freyne's, also
called the French Park breed; Lord Lismore's, Lord Clan-
carty's, the Mount Hedges, Lord Rossmore's, and the Mar-
quis of Waterford's. In modern days, Doctor Stone, Major
Hutchinson, Captain Cooper, Captain French, H. B. Knox,
Hon. D. Plunket, Captain Alleway, Mr. Hilliard, Mr.
Lipscombe, Mr. O'Brien, and Miss Warburton; and I must
include, last, although by no means least, Rev. Robert
O'Callaghan. All have won bench-show honors with their
dogs, but only Mr. Plunket, and later Rev. O'Callaghan,

THE IEISH SETTEE. 65

have won field-trial honors with their strains. Mr. Plunket,
by the way, won with a dog (Plunket) bred by the Rev.
O'Callaghan. The high quality of the latter gentleman's
dogs was recognized in the most emphatic manner by the
highest authorities in the canine world. Stonehenge chose
as a subject for illustrating his article on the Irish Setter, in
his book the "Dogs of the British Isles," fourth edition,
Rover, a prize-winner, and brother to the well-known
field-trial winner, Plunket; and Vero Shaw chose from the
same kennel, as an illustration for his "Book of the Dog, 1 '
Grouse II.; these being the most typical specimens of
the breed in their day.

When the Irish Setter first became popular in England
and America, rapid progress was made in the improvement
of the breed; and such grand dogs as Rev. O' Callaghan' s
Grouse, his great brother, the field-trial winner, Plunket,
Champion Palmerston, Rufus, the celebrated Elcho, and
Thornstine delighted the public and became pillars of the
Stud Book. In the history of the introduction and develop-
ment of the Irish Setter in America, an interesting study
is presented to the breeder and sportsman; and to such
gentlemen as the late Arnold Burges, Mr. E. F. Stoddard,
of Dayton, Ohio; Dr. William Jarvis, of Claremont, N. H.;
Charles Turner, of St. Louis, and others, whose liberality
and wisdom placed the best Irish Setter blood in the world
within their reach, the American sportsmen are under last-
ing obligations.

The place of honor as the foremost American breeder of
this grand strain of dogs justly belongs to Doctor Jarvis.
He it was who, by breeding Rose to Elcho, discovered
the wonderful affinity of the Elcho for the Palmerston
blood. His career, however, as a breeder began before
Elcho had been heard of; for in 1873 he brought out a
dog popularly known as Jarvis' Dick, whose portrait was
published in the old American Sportsman and Forest
and Stream. He was of unknown parentage; his sire
and dam, it is said, were imported, but beyond that noth-
ing was known of them. He won the silver cup for best

THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

Irish Setter at the Rod and Gun Club Show at Springfield,
Mass.

Doctor Jarvis then imported from the kennels of Mr.
Llewellin a bitch called Kitty, a daughter of the famous
field-trial winner Plunket. In the fall of 1875, he imported

ELCHO.
Owned by Dr. William Jarvis.

from Ireland the bitch Kathleen, a granddaughter of
Hutchinson's well-known Bob.

About this time, also, Dr. M. Goldsmith, of Rutland,
Vermont, imported the famous dog Champion Plunket;
Arnold B urges his Rufus, and Mr. E. F. Stoddard, Friend.
In August of this year, Friend whelped a litter to Rufus,
several of which the following year made their mark at the
Centennial Show. They were Rufus II. and Fire-fiy. The

THE IRISH SETTEE. 67

St. Louis Kennel Club, or Mr. Charles Turner, of that
organization, imported and brought out Champion Lou II.,
Erin, Elcho, Berkley, and others. Mr. Stoddard, in 1876,
imported Champion Duck and Bob. In the spring of 1877,
Doctor Jarvis purchased from Mr. Turner, of the St. Louis
Kennel Club, Elcho, and thereby secured for his kennel the
best Irish Setter dog in the country.

In the fall of the same year, he imported from the
kennels of Mr. Cecil Moore the now famous bitch Rose, the
beautiful daughter of the great Palmerston out of Flora.
Rose was the first of the Palmerston blood brought to
America, and her record stands to-day unrivaled by that of
any other Setter bitch. Rose bred to Elcho, produced in
her first litter the well-known Lady Clare, the field -trial
and show winners Raleigh and Laura. Leigh Doane, Little
Nell, Yoube, Champion Norwood, and Elcho III. are also
among the descendants of this famous pair.

Doctor Jarvis next imported, from the kennels of Mr.
J. J. Giltrap, Noreen, a daughter of Garryowen, a noted
prize-winner. She too was bred to Elcho. Great as had
been the Doctor's success with Rose and her progeny, he
not only equaled but fairly eclipsed it with ISToreen, for
she produced four champions in one litter one of the four,
Bruce, a field-trial winner, Glencho, Noreen II., and Elcho,
Junior. Here are four dogs that have, individually and
collectively, won more prizes, and have produced and got a
larger number of winners, than any other equal number of
Setters in America. Elcho, Junior, is unquestionably the
best representative of his race ever seen in this country.

Next to these justly ranks Stoddard' s Friend. Mr.
Stoddard' s memory will always be cherished by the lovers
of the Irish Setter for his intelligent and successful efforts
in developing the breed, and compelling public admiration
and recognition of his merits. Friend herself was a grand
bitch in the field. While not as fast as some others I have
seen, she yet proved good enough to win first prize at the
Minnesota field trials of 1878, in a field of thirteen starters.
The Chicago Field's report of that event states that Friend

THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

ran out her score without making a single error. Bred to
Rufus, she produced the Centennial winner Rufus II.,
Fire-fly, Champion Rory O'More, and others. Mr. Stoddard
also bred some good ones from Champion Duck, by his
Bob. He was also the breeder of that grand young, and
now well-known dog, Mack N., owned by Mr. W. N.
Kuhns, of Dayton, Ohio.

There are other breeders that deserve mention. Fore-
most among these are Mr. Max Wenzel, of Hoboken, N. J.,

ELCHO, JUNIOR.
Owned by Dr. William Jarvis, Claremont, N. H.

owner of the noted field-trial and bench-show winner Cham-
pion Chief, by Berkley, out of Duck, and Tim, also a
prize-winner, by the field-trial winner Biz, out of Hazel, a
daughter of Elcho, out of Rose. Mr. W. N. Callender, of
Albany, N. Y., who exhibited Rory O'More at the New
York Show, 1877, has bred a number of good ones, and Mr.
Charles T. Thompson, of Philadelphia, Penn., the present
owner of Desmond II., blood brother to Rev. O'Callaghan's
Shandon II. and Fingal III., and the field-trial winner

THE IRISH SETTER. 69

Aveline, by Frisco, out of Grouse II., has kept well to the
front with his dogs.

Elcho, Junior, is one of the most noted dogs of his race.
In him almost the extreme limit of refinement has been
reached, and breeders can scarcely hope to excel him in
finish; his almost perfect harmony of proportions may
hardly be surpassed. His service should be sought by those
having Irish Setter bitches of the large, heavy-boned, or
short, cobby sort.

His pedigree is as follows :

ELCHO, JUNIOR (3881).

3 Q f O O

p3 8 3

w 3

F* .-

111

70 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

His winnings are as follows :

First, puppy class, Boston, 1882; first, open class, Ot-
tawa, 1883; first, open class, New Haven, 1885; first, cham-
pion class, New York, 1884; first, champion class, Montreal,
1884; first, champion class, New York, 1885; first, champion
class, Cincinnati, 1885; first, champion class (spring), Phil-
adelphia, 1885; first, champion class, South Attleboro, 1885;
first, champion class, Boston, 1886; first, champion class,
Hartford, 1886; first, champion class, Cleveland, 1886; first,
champion class, New York, 1886; first, champion class, St.
Louis, 1886; first, champion class, Boston, 1887; first, cham-
pion class, Pittsburgh, 1887; first, champion class, New
York, 1887; first, champion class, Detroit, 1887; first, cham-
pion class, Syracuse, 1888; first, challenge class, New York,
1889; first, challenge class, Troy, 1889; champion Irish Set-
ter, sweepstakes of America and cup, and special for best
Irish Setter, New York, 1884; special for best Setter dog,
any breed, Montreal, 1884; special for best Irish Setter, New
York, 1885; special for best Irish Setter (spring), Philadel-
phia, 1885; special for best Setter dog, any breed, South
Attleboro, 1885; special for best Irish Setter dog, Boston,
1886; special for best Irish Setter dog, and special for best
Irish Setter dog or bitch, Hartford, 1886; special for best
Irish Setter, Cleveland, 1886; special for best Irish Setter,
special for best Irish Setter dog, and special for best Setter
dog or bitch, any breed, New York, 1886; special for best
Irish Setter dog, and special for best Irish Setter dog or
bitch, St. Louis, 1886; special for best Irish Setter, and
special for best Irish Setter dog or bitch, Boston, 1887;
special for best Irish Setter, and special for best Irish Set-
ter dog, Pittsburgh, 1887; special for best champion Irish
Setter dog, special for best Irish Setter dog, and special for
best Irish Setter dog or bitch, Detroit, 1887; special for best
Irish Setter dog, Syracuse, 1888; special for best Irish Set-
ter dog, Troy, 1889; special, with Lorna, for best pair of
Irish Setters, New Haven, 1885; special, with Lorna, for
best pair of Irish Setters, Cleveland, 1886; special, with
Lorna, for best brace of Irish Setters, St. Louis, 1886;

THE IRISH SETTER. 71

special for one of best kermel, Boston, 1886; special for
one of best kennel, Hartford, 1886.

The most successful sires of the past and present are,
about in the order named. Champion Elcho, Plunket, Rufus,
the great Glencho, Berkley, Erin, Elcho, Junior, Biz,
Champion Norwood, MaxWenzeFs Chief, Rory O'More,
and Stoddard's Bob. The list of winnings these dogs and
their descendants have to their credit would fill a book. It
might be profitable to some of the breeders, and, would-be
breeders, of the present day, to carefully study and con-
sider the breeding of some of these dogs; for in this breed,
as in all others, there is wisdom in choosing from good
families, and in the light of the past it should not be diffi-
cult to pick out the successful dogs.

We come now to consider the Irish Setter as a field dog.
The cardinal points on which depend the value of every
pointing dog are the same in all breeds, and I can not do
better than to quote from one of England' s highest authori-
ties, "Idstone," who speaks of the Irish Setter as follows:

"They have been jealously protected from mongrel out-
crosses for many years by their native breeders, and they
owe their popularity, in Ireland and elsewhere, to their
quality quite as much as their color. They are exceedingly
fast, and very resolute, hardy, and thoroughly blood-like,
genuine Setters. A finer, more open-hearted, frank, good-
tempered race, no man can find. . . ;

" The thorough Irish dog is a very fast and persevering
worker and a rapid galloper. . . . An admirable water
dog, and invaluable in fens and swamps, for snipe. In
heather, his power and muscle enable him to do a long
day's work without fatigue, and he has a comparatively
noiseless and stealthy gallop. He is inclined to be head-
strong, and is accused of being hard to break. He demands
patience, severity, and judgment. . . .

' 4 When, however, he settles down to his work, and dis-
covers the tactics of his owner, he is exceedingly valuable,
and is regarded with envy by all who witness his mathe-
matical precision, his firm style, his stanchness and

72 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

patience, coupled with his docility, which is not excelled
by any Pointer or Setter of any breed."

My own experience and observation justifies me in
asserting that, in natural adaptability, speed, range, endur-
ance, pointing instinct, and bird-sense, the red dog is not
excelled by any race of Setters in the world. Those I have
seen were not more erratic, headstrong, or difficult to con-
trol than other dogs of high courage; and when properly
trained and handled, they are as stanch and true on point
and back as any Pointer. Stoddard's Friend was equally
good on quail and snipe, and was fond of hunting prairie-
chickens; and when retrieving one of those big birds, she
was as proud of the capture as is the novice when he brings
down his first bird.

The assertion that the Irish Setter is harder to break or
train, and keep in field form, than other breeds of Setters, is
not true of the Irish Setter of to-day. I know, from per-
sonal experience, that a well-bred dog of this breed, prop-
erly brought up and trained, is the peer of any Setter in
the world. As companions, they are affectionate, gentle,
and safe with children (I never saw a sour or ill-tempered
dog of this breed in my life), and true to their masters. In
the field, they are enthusiastic, fast, and tireless workers.
One of the best Setters, of any breed, I ever saw in the field
is Mack ET. This dog is as level-headed as any Pointer; a
keen hunter, a fast and wide ranger, quick and positive
when among birds, hunting with great judgment and dis-
crimination, and heeding the slightest whistle or command.

I have not seen Elcho, Junior, in the field, but am told by
those who have that he is an out-and-out good one indeed,
Doctor Jarvis has for years done his shooting over this dog;
and to judge from his work at the Eastern field trials,
where he ran in 1885, although not placed, he is able to
hold his own, with honor, in any company. I know that
no better snipe-dog than Stoddard's Bob ever lived.

That the red dog is lacking in no characteristic or
faculty that is necessary in the make-up of the perfect field
dog, the public trials have abundantly demonstrated. As

THE IRISH SETTER.

before stated, Friend won first in 1878, defeating, among
others, the well-known field-trial winner, Sanborn's Nellie.
Joe, Junior, a half -blooded son of Champion Elcho, defeated
the great and almost invincible English Setter, Champion
Gladstone, every time they met, both in public trials and
in a two-days private match; then Champion Biz defeated
Count Noble.

In 1879, Raleigh won second in the Eastern Field Trials
Club's all-aged stake. An Irish Setter won the members'
cup of the Eastern Field Trials Club in 1881 and 1884.
That more Irish Setters are not run in the field trials is
not because of any inherent fault in the breed, nor has the
breed deteriorated, as the field trials have demonstrated;
for wherever an Irish Setter competed in a public trial he
made it exceedingly interesting for all competitors. Rev.
O'Callaghan's Aveline is a good illustration of the capabili-
ties of the red dog of to-day, as is also Drogheda, winner of
second in the National trials at Shrewsbury.

B. F. SEITOER.

DAYTON, OHIO.

THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER.

BY HARRY MALCOLM,

President The American Gordon Setter Club.

>HE origin of this famous breed of Setters dates back
eighty-nine years ago, or more, to the Duke of Gor-
don's Castle, whence its great fame as a field dog
has spread far and wide. It was from the Duke of Gordon
that our favorite derived his name; and but for this noble-
man we should never have known or been able to perpetu-
ate this neplus ultra of handsome Setter dogs.

About the year 1859, the first specimens of this breed
were introduced in England, and were there called the
Black and Tan, or Gordon Setter. They were bred and
shown in England of immense size, and were entirely too
heavy in make to please the majority of English sportsmen;
and but for the old stock in Scotland, which were merry
little workers, and but for the careful breeding of some
English and American lovers of field sports, which resulted
in getting him back to his proper size for practical field
form, we should not to-day have had the handsomest and
grandest field dog it has ever been the writer' s good fortune
to follow afield, day in and day out. /

Writing of the show bench in England, Stonehenge says,
referring to Kent (E. K. C. S. B., 1600): "His grand head
and rich color drew general attention to him, taking prize
after prize at Cremorne, Birmingham (four times), Islington
(twice), Worcester, and Paris. His extraordinary career
naturally caused a great amount of jealousy, and he was
called, by the opposition party, a 'cur,' a 'mongrel,' a
'half Bloodhound,' and a dozen other hard names. So
convinced, however, was Mr. Pearce of his purity of breed-
ing, that he determined to put the matter to the test of

(75)

76 THE AMEKICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

experiment, and offered to trust one of his stock, out of
Regent, to the care of the writer of this article, to be
brought up where he could not possibly see game, and at
the proper age, namely, nine or ten months, to be first
introduced to it. The result was in accordance with Mr.
Pearce's prophecy, for the puppy not only beat his ground
in fine style, but at the end of a few hours work began to
stand his birds as only a well-bred Pointer or Setter will
do, without any artificial education of any kind. Of course
the report of this trial added greatly to Kent's reputation;
and being followed by the successes of Rex (the above
puppy) at Stafford and Shrewsbury, where he won three
cups, beating in the final trial Mr. Field's Duke (an English
Setter), who had gained a high reputation in previous
years, Kent had so strong a run at the stud for several
years that it would be difficult at the present day to find a
Black and Tan Setter without a strain of his blood. Mr.
Pearce's Regent had several large litters by him, including
Rex, Young Kent, lowne, La Reine, Dane, Deal, and Silk,
all winners at shows or field trials."

I quote the above for the reason that no pure-bred Gor-
don's pedigree to-day can be found that does not trace to
Kent and the above-named dogs, and end with such well-
known Gordon Setters as Lord Bolingbroke' s Argyle and
Ruby I. (E. K. S. B., No. 1683), or Coward's Sam, Joblin's
Nell, or Friday and Fan, Duke of Gordon's Grouse, Duke
of Gordon's Nell, or to Zango, Zara, Major, Nep, Drill, or
Mopsa.

Coming down to the present day, we find that the Gor-
don Setter in America is called, by the opposition, all the
hard names they can think of because some men who breed
dogs simply for show, breed them to a size that utterly
unfits them for field-work. In fact, many of these so-
called Gordons were not Gordons, but a cross-bred dog.
Their being black-and-tan in color was sufficient to mislead
the amateur and the unsophisticated judge. Their owners
called them Gordons, exhibited and sold them as such, and
as a field dog they were a failure. The pure-bred Gordon

THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. 77

had to suffer the odium cast upon him by these impostors,
whereas if the amateur had purchased of breeders who
could trace pedigrees to the above-named dogs, he would
have been a happier and wiser man.

A dog who is simply a prize-winner, no matter if he is
not pure bred, or is even gun-shy, or has never seen game,
is more valued by the average mug-hunter than the finest
field dog in the country. The bench shows were to blame,
in a measure, at least, for this state of affairs, in having
only one class in which this breed could enter, and that for
Black and Tan Setters; when, in fact, they should have had
a class for Gordon Setters, and the Black and Tan should
have been in the cross-bred or English class.

To remedy this evil, and save the Gordon Setter from the
odium that was being cast upon him by having to be
entered in the same class with the Black and Tan (causing
the best specimens of the Gordon Setter to be kept at home
for many years), the field sportsmen, and lovers of the pure-
bred Gordon Setter, met and formed a club, known as the
American Gordon Setter Club. We went before the Ameri-
can Kennel Club, requesting them to give us a class in the
Stud Book for our pure-bred dogs, and to call this strain the
American Gordon Setter. Our request was granted; and in
the future, none but a dog with a pure Gordon Setter pedi-
gree can be registered as an American Gordon Setter.

The cross-bred dog, who depended upon his black-and-
tan color to deceive the public, has now to be registered
in the cross-bred class. The success of the American Gor-
don Setter Club in this matter has saved one of the best
strains of field dogs from utter ruin. So the strain of dogs
that was known at the Duke of Gordon's Castle as the Gor-
don Setter, and in England as the Black and Tan Setter, are
now known in America as the American Gordon Setter.

The Gordon Setter as seen at Gordon Castle was un-
doubtedly black-and-tan, and black, white, and tan. Many
of the best-bred Gordon dogs throw, in their litters, pups
with a toe or two marked with white, or with a white frill
on same. A litter, a few years back, without some white

78 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

was rare; but by careful breeding, and by breeding only
from those with the least possible white, in time we shall
see Gordons without a white hair on them.

I never cast aside a puppy that is nicely made, even now,
if he has white on chest; although I prefer them without it,
and hope soon to have litters with no other markings than
black-and-tan.

Following is the standard adopted by the American
Gordon Setter Club, and all who wish to advance the increas-
ing popularity of the Gordon are breeding up to it:

VALUE OF POINTS.

Head, including muzzle arid nose. . . 15 Stern and flag 8

Eyes, ears, and lips 5 Color and markings 8

Neck 5 Texture of coat and feather 6

Shoulders and chest .... 15 Symmetry and quality 8

Back, loins, thighs, and stifles 15

Legs, feet, elbows, and hocks 15 Total 100

SJcull. The skull should be lighter than in the old type
of Gordon Setters, as was usually seen at bench shows,
must be clean cut, with occiput well denned, and a decided
stop below the eyes; and from eye to occiput should be
from five to five and a half inches in length.

Muzzle. The muzzle must be straight from eyes to end
of nose, without any inclination to what is termed ' ' Roman
nose," and without coarseness; it should be from corner of
eye to end of nose four inches in length. Nostrils must be
full and wide, and nose black in color. Jaws should be
exactly even in length; a " snipe-nose" or "pig- jaw" is a
decided blemish.

Eyes, ears, and lips. Eyes must be of medium size, and
a deep brown in color, mild and intellectual in expression.
Ears should be set low on head, and lie flat to the cheeks,
without any tendency to prick; should be longer than in
other breeds of Setters. They must be thin in leather, and
must be well coated with fine, silky hair, with as little wave
as possible; the hair should extend an inch or two below
the leather. The lips should be slightly pendulous; a trifle
more so than in other breeds of Setters.

Neck. The neck should be of good length, clean and

THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. 79

racy, with gradual rise from shoulders to head, and slightly
inclined to arch; should be almost free of leather, but is not
expected to be as clean on underside as a Pointer's.

Shoulders and chest. The shoulders should be deep,
with moderately sloping blades; should be strong, and posi-
tively free of lumber, and showing great liberty. The
chest must be flat between the fore legs, moderately deep
and narrow, giving the animal a racy appearance in front.
The ribs must be well sprung behind the shoulders, but not
sufficient to give the animal the appearance of being too
round in barrel, and should extend well back toward the
hips.

Back, loins, thighs, and stifles. The back should be
short and straight, with loins strong, and slightly arched;
any tendency to sway-back being decidedly objectionable.
Thighs must be strong, with the muscle extending well
down toward the hocks. The stifles should be moderately
well bent, and set somewhat wide apart; they should be
long from point of hip to hock- joint.

Legs, feet, elbows, and hocks. The fore legs must be
straight, and sufficiently strong in bone, with elbows stand-
ing close to the chest, but not under it. Hind legs to con-
form in bone with the fore legs; they should be moderately
bent. Hocks must be straight. The feet must be round,
hard, arched, and well padded, with hair between the toes.
The " cat-foot" should have the preference.

Stern and flag. The stern should be set on slightly
below the line of back, and carried in very nearly a straight
line from the body the straighter the better; a " tea-pot"
tail is a decided blemish. When carried down with the
hand, it should not reach below the hock- joint; should taper
gradually from the body to a "sting-like" end. The flag
must be fine and straight, any inclination to curl or ropiness
being objectionable; it should taper to nothing at the end.

Color and markings. The color should be a rich, glossy,
plum black, with deep senna or dark mahogany, tan
markings, clearly defined, and without admixture of black,
though a little penciling of black on the toes is admissible.

80 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

The tan should show on lips, cheeks, throat, spot over eyes,
underside of each ear, on front of chest, on feet and legs,
also at vent, but must not extend into flag more than three
inches. The tan should show nearly to elbows on inside of
fore legs, and to the hocks or above them on inside of hind
legs. An American Gordon Setter with a white frill must
not be cast aside; but aim to breed them with as little white
as possible. A good dog must not be disqualified for hav-
ing white as above described. Any white on feet or tail is
a blemish.

Texture of coat and feather . The coat should be fine
and flat, any inclination to curl being objectionable, though
a slight wave is admissible. The feather should be about
the same in quantity as in the English Setter, running down
to feet on fore legs, and to hocks on hind legs, but only
slightly feathered below the hocks.

Symmetry and quality. The American Gordon Setter
should display much character; the general outline must
look the thorough workman all over, and must absolutely
be without lumber. He should be very blood-like in
appearance, combining great quality with symmetry.

The weight of my dogs is from forty-five to fifty pounds;
height at shoulder, twenty to twenty-four and one-half
inches. My bitches are less in height and less in weight
If you increase the above height or weight, you will have
a dog that is a labor to himself, and forever in your way.
The weight given above makes a good -sized dog, and you
can take two of them with you in your light top-buggy,
for a hunt or a run. My advice to all is not to breed them
larger than the size above described. You will find them
just what you desire in looks.

The following pedigree is of the writer's American
Gordon Setter Whip, whose service has been largely
sought after. He has been bred to many of our best Amer-
ican Gordon Setter bitches, as well as to imported bitches.
This pedigree will be found a valuable guide in selecting
pure blood. It traces to the best-bred and best-known
field Gordon Setters that ever lived, in Scotland, England,

THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER.

and America; and the blood of the dogs mentioned in it is
distributed from Maine to California. Whip's descendants
are owned by gentlemen who keep them to shoot over; and
some who have cared to exhibit them at bench shows have
won with them. Some in the pedigree have been winners
at field trials abroad. The Gordon Setter Gordon won
second at a field trial in America, and was justly entitled to

GORDON SETTER BOB.
Owned by Mr. A. H. Moore, Philadelphia, Penn.

first. Ere long, when their owners make up their minds to
run them in public field trials, you will see them go to the
front with ease. I never have shown or run one at a public
trial, but have hunted them in private, in the best of
company, with Setters of other strains, and have never
seen them beaten. Nor do I believe the Setter or Pointer
lives that can work with them, in all kinds of cover and over
all kinds of ground, and defeat them in a long hunt.

PEDIGREE OF THE
A. K. C. S. B., No. 8120. Black and Tan. Whelped June 8, 1887.

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(83)

84 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

I keep my dogs for my own shooting, for pleasure, and
to enjoy with them, alone or with my personal friends, the
pleasures of the field in

" The brilliant autumn-time,

The most brilliant time of all:
When the gorgeous woods are gleaming,

Ere the leaves begin to fall;
When the maple-boughs are crimson,

And the hickory shines like gold;
When the noons are sultry hot,

And the nights are frosty cold;
When the country has no green

But the sword-grass by the rill,
And the willows in the valley,

And the pine upon the hill;
When the pippin leaves the bough,

And the sumac fruit is red,
And the quail is piping loud

From the buckwheat where he's fed."

Pardon my digression, my friends; but the mention of
autumn stirs the fire that is within me, and ever turns my
thoughts afield, and to the above beautiful lines from the
pen of that gifted sportsman, ' ' Frank Forester. ' ' I live from
year to year to enjoy the pleasures that I find afield. In the
early years of my life, I hunted over the old native English
Setters and Pointers; but I believe that, in view of the scarcity
of game to-day, and the hard work the dogs of this age have
to do to find six or eight coveys of quail in a day, the old-
time Setter would not be of much service to us now. The
birds are smarter, and harder to find; they scatter, when
flushed, into the thick cover. The old-time Setter had no
such work to do as our dogs of this age; so I do not hesi-
tate to say that the old-time Setter is a dog of the past,
and alongside of our keen-nosed, nimble-footed Gordon,
would cut a sorry figure.

I never have gone afield with a dog that has given me so
much genuine satisfaction, in every way, as do my Gordons.
I have hunted them in the best of company for days, but
have never yet seen any of the others stand up to their
work for so long a time, day in and day out, as the Gordon

THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. t 85

Setter. Neither have I ever seen his equal, in nose, obedi-
ence, stanchness, and speed. When the nature of the
ground will permit it, he is one of the fleetest dogs of the
Setter breed. At his work, he is naturally a high-headed
dog, always seeking for the body-scent of his game. When
the weather is such as to require it, he is quick to take the
foot-scent as well. His natural instinct is developed in a
marked degree, and it leads him to know where to look for
his game, without that racing over ground that is charac-
teristic of Setters of other strains.

I have ever found them easily broken, and they never
forget, when once taught, what is required of them. You
can shoot over them the first of the season with as much
pleasure as at the end.

The American Gordon Setter has never taken part in public
trials, except on one or two occasions in America. The rea-
son is that they have never been owned by those who cared
for yearly field trials, or for a test of so short a duration.
Most of those who run dogs at yearly trials own either
Llewellin Setters x^r Pointers, and select judges from those
who own the same breeds; and Gordon Setter owners have
been well aware that in running their dogs under them they
would have a poor show.

The field- trial advocates are preparing to organize yearly
trials, in which each brace of dogs are to be run eight
hours. They should have, for these trials, judges from all
the Setter strains, and Pointer men also. This would, I
think, with their eight-hour heats, bring out more dogs
than ever have been seen at any of the thirty-five-minute
heat trials in the past.

Keep your dogs well exercised, for no dog, unless he is,
will keep in health. A dog that is properly exercised will
not, after your first day' s hunt, be running to heel, but on
the contrary, will do all the work you may require of him,
no matter whether for a week or a month. My way is to have
my dogs follow me in my drives for miles. I give them
but gentle exercise in the summer, not over six miles in the
round trip, and over a route where they can find plenty of

86 TE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

water from the streams. After October 1st, I run them
from fourteen to twenty miles every other day. This puts
them in fine condition to shoot over. Never have them too
fat, nor so thin that you can see through them, but in that
happy medium state, so that they look and feel like they
could go for months, and with a will and vim of their own.
I will now take you back to their puppyhood, and give
you some advice, which, if you will follow, and provided
you have the kind of dogs that I have described, you will

CHAMPION LITTLE BOY.*
Owned by Dr. Charles G. Dixon, 2015 Chestnut street, Philadelphia, Penn.

have a dog as handsome as a picture to look upon, a devoted
companion, and a dog that can do your work afield as long
as you care to hunt him, or that will follow your wagon, in
giving him exercise, as long as you care to drive.

* Little Boy is by Pilot, out of Fly, and carries in his veins some of the best
Gordon blood in America. He was whelped November 24, 1882. His winnings
are as follows:

First, New York, 1884; second, Philadelphia, 1885; second, Philadelphia,
1888; first, Boston, 1888; first, Cincinnati, 1888; first, Toledo, 1888; first, Buf-
falo, 1888; first, Syracuse, 1888; first, Richmond, 1888; first, Pittsburgh, 1889;

THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. 87

Always make it a rule in breeding a bitch to have her in
whelp when some of our game birds are in season, so that you
can shoot over her and let her enjoy the pleasure of finding
game. Never breed a bitch, no matter how handsome she
may be, unless she is broken, and has shown all the requi-
sites of a first-class field dog. The same rule that applies
to a bitch must apply to the dog. Never, under any cir-
cumstances, breed to a dog or bitch simply because they
have won several prizes at bench shows. I have known
some of the bench-show champions to be the vilest duffers
afield, and some so gun-shy that the sight of a gun would
make them run for miles to get to a place of hiding. This
I know to be a fact, and it is true of some of the winning
Gordon, English, and Irish Setters, as well as of Pointers;
so be careful in your selection of sire and dam.

When your bitch is in whelp, give her gentle exercise
each day, up to the day she is due to whelp; feed her on soft
food, a little raw beef -liver each day, up to the time she
whelps. After whelping, give her boiled rump-beef, soup,
vegetables, and table-scraps. Feed her well.

When the puppies are about nine or eleven days old,
their eyes will open. When they are four weeks old, begin
to feed them, as it helps to take the strain off the mother,
and helps them to gain strength. You will almost see them
grow.

At this age, if there are symptoms of worms, as there are
likely to be, give each puppy half a teaspoonful, once a

first, New York, 1889; first, Troy, 1889; first, Albany, 1889; first, Utica, 1889;
first, Rochester, 1889; first, Chicago, 1889; second, Philadelphia, 1889; first,
Toledo, 1889; first, Elmira, 1889; first, Danbury, Conn., 1889; second, New
York, 1890; first, Chicago, 1890; first, Rochester, 1890; first, Boston, 1890;
first, Buffalo, 1890.

Special winnings: Special, New York, 1884; special, Toledo, 1888, for best
sporting dog or bitch in show; special, Buffalo and Syracuse, 1888; special,
Syracuse, Troy, Utica, Philadelphia, 1889; Toledo, 1889, for best Gordon Setter
dog or bitch in show, for best sporting dog in show, for best Setter or Pointer
in show, for best Gordon, English, or Irish Setter in show; special, Chicago,
Rochester, Baltimore, and Boston, 1890; Buffalo, 1890, for best Gordon dog in
show. ED.

88 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

day for three days, of Fry's Vermifuge. After giving it for
three days, try them, about two weeks later, to see if the
worms are cleaned out of them, and you will be surprised
to see healthy-looking puppies, that you thought had none,
pass worms in great knots. These worms cause the death of
over three fourths of all the puppies that die. I have never
lost a young puppy in my life all owing to care in looking
well after this worm pest.

Next, look wellto.lice and fleas. I use Thymo-Cresol,
called also cold water dip. It is a great disinfectant, and
is not poisonous. It cures all skin diseases, and I use it in
mange with universal success. You can get it of your
druggist. Use it in the following manner:

When practical, use soft (rain, pond, or river) water.
Dilute to the required strength. Always pour the water
quickly upon the Thymo-Cresol, and not the Thymo-Cresol
upon the water. In winter, protect it from frost; and before
using, shake the can. If it does not mix well with cold
water, mix it with warm water first, and then add cold to
the required proportion. The proportions in which the
Thymo-Cresol should be diluted with water, for various pur-
poses, are indicated. A large teaspoonful of Thymo-Cresol
to a pint of water, or a pint of the Thymo-Cresol to twelve
gallons of water, makes a strength of about "one to one
hundred."

This quantity will do to wash six or eight puppies; then
mix a new lot for any more puppies you may wish to wash.
When you have dipped them in and rubbed it well in, take
them out and dry them. After two applications, you
will find all the lice and fleas have been destroyed. When
they are eight weeks old, wean them, take the bitch to new
quarters, and use the following mixture, rubbing it well
into her breast:

Iodide of potassium, two drams; soap, liniment, and oil
of camphor, each two ounces.

Examine the bitch's breast each day, and draw off all
milk with the fingers that you can. In a few days she
will be in proper shape to work, and will be dried up nicely.

THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. 89

When you have for several weeks fed your puppies on
boiled grits, or boiled oatmeal, and a little cooked meat
twice a week, and they have learned to eat well and take
care of themselves, send the brace, or braces, you may wish
to keep to someone you know in the country, to raise for
you. It may cost you a few dollars each month, but you
will be well repaid in the hardy growth of your puppies.
Wherever you send them, have it distinctly understood
that you wish them to run loose, as your desire is to
develop every bone and muscle in them.

When they are about ten months old, bring them home;
and after the youngsters have learned to know you, and
show by their actions that they have accustomed them-
selves to the change and to the whistle, teach them to drop
and follow well to heel, which you will find a great comfort
to you when you walk them. Then take them in your
buggy when you drive, that they may get accustomed to
the motion of the wagon. Never feed old or young dogs
just before you go out to exercise. When over their first
sea-sickness, as it were, make them drop the moment you
put them in the buggy, and keep them down until you are
ready to let them out for a run.

Nothing is more annoying to me, when I bundle into a
wagon, on a shooting-trip with a friend, than to have him
say his dog has never ridden, and in a few moments to have
him vomit all over the floor. Or if he has not ridden before,
and is not broken to drop in the wagon, but to be all
over it head on the reins and in your lap, I prefer to
get out and walk. Hence this advice as to training dogs
to ride.

As soon as your puppies have been well broken to ride and
drop in the wagon, take one of your old stand-by' s out with
you and your brace of puppies. Let them out on the road
for a run of a mile on the first trip, being careful to select
roads but little traveled until your puppies have learned to
keep away from passing wagons. You must drive slowly,
being careful that you do not run over them. They soon
learn to follow well, and in a short time you can give them

90 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

good long and fast spins with the older dogs. Never run
a puppy until you tire him; it makes him sluggish.

Your next move is to take him afield with one of your
broken dogs, to find game; for of course you are anxious to
fully determine whether his nose is as fine as you have
thought from your early observations in watching him find
his food when thrown in the tall grass, and the several little
things you have seen him do, such as, when running on
the road, to suddenly stop, and turn and hunt out a bone,
or scent a barn-yard hen. All these little things are indic-
ative of a good nose, and to fully satisfy yourself, before
making any further move in his education, is the reason
you wish to see him on game.

I have put down many a puppy on game that at once
began to range, and with tail action of the very best style,
find and point. I love a lively tail action, and the best field
dogs I ever saw all had it. After your old dog has found
game, call your puppy to you with a whistle, if he is not
then on a point with the old dog. He may go in and flush,
but let him alone. Remember you are not out to break
him, only to test his nose. When the birds are scattered,
and the old dog stands, you will probably see him swing
into his first point, at a distance from his game that will
convince you he is the dog you wish to break.

If, however, you go out once or twice before your
youngster gives you any indication of nose, do not be dis-
couraged; you may see it later. If not, after a dozen or
more trials, under favorable circumstances, I should get rid
of him. It is seldom, in the Gordon family, that you see a
well-bred, well-raised puppy but what will stand his game
on the first day' s trial, and most of them show most excel-
lent noses at a very early age.

I knew a Llewellin Setter, imported by a personal friend
of mine, in this city, direct from Mr. Llewellin, that was
placed in the hands of one of the most successful field-trial
handlers in Tennessee. He worked his hardest to develop
the dog, which was then about fifteen months old, but
returned him as being no good. When this dog was over

THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER.

two years old, lie turned out quite a fine worker; he was one
of the late-developing kind. I have never seen this in any
Gordon Setters.

While you had your puppy out, of course you shot over
him, to see that he was not gun-shy. While on this sub-
ject, I will state that of all the dogs I have raised to shoot
over in my life, I have never yet had one prove gun-shy. My
success has been owing to my never breeding to anything
but well -broken dogs, and in not breeding to an unbroken
bench-show dog simply because he won prizes, was hand-

CHAMPION PILOT.
Owned by Dr. Charles G Dixon, 2015 Chestnut street, Philadelphia, Penn.

some, and had a fashionable pedigree. Nor have I ever
permitted my bitch to whelp under a barn, and I not to
see her litter until they were running around. From the
day your puppies are whelped, you should have access to
them, and accustom them to your presence as soon as they
can see to all noises you can make in their hearing. Take
them out with you as soon as large enough to follow,, and
fire several charges from your gun while they are romping
about you. After each time you fire, call them to you,
fondle and romp with them, and you will soon see, when

92 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

you show the youngsters the gun, how delighted they will
be to join you in your tramps, and also how pleased they
are to smell powder.

As regards breaking, my method is the same as most all
sportsmen use, and I will not enter into it for fear of tiring
my readers. I will simply say, if you wish to break your
own dog, buy "Modern Training, Handling, and Kennel
Management," by B. Waters.

My advice to young sportsmen is to get a first-class
trainer to break their dogs, if they can afford it; and when
he is nearly finished, request the trainer to give them a
week's instruction on how to work the dogs after they are
broken.

The Gordon Setter I have always found to be one of the
hardiest, and if well housed arid fed, they seldom require
medicine. I hardly know what distemper is with them,
for I have not had a puppy or grown dog afflicted with it
for over twelve years, and then it was contracted by coming-
in contact with a road dog, while exercising. My bitch
June lived until she was thirteen and one-half years old;
Malcolm died at eleven and one-half, from inflammation of
the bowels caused by swallowing a bone. A few months
before he died, I hunted him for several days, and his nose
was as fine, and his speed and endurance were just as good,
as when he was five years old. The Gordon Setter is game
in all his work. He is willing to face the stoutest briers,
or retrieve his game even if he has to go through a skim of
ice. Many a bird have they brought me that fell on the
opposite side of a stout stream, in mid-winter, and they did
it with as much determination as they showed in retrieving
woodcock in summer.

When starting out for a two-weeks trip, take with you
about seventy-five pounds of corn-meal and twenty pounds
of beef flour. This will be all you require to feed a
brace or two on during your stay. Take of the corn-meal
five pounds, and a tea-cup of the beef flour; mix well before
you wet the meal; then wet and mix and have baked nicely
in bread-pans; feed it cold. In the morning, feed lightly;

THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. 93

but on your return, before you let them go to rest, feed
them strongly. If you do not feed before they are kenneled,
they will not eat well, for the reason that when once put
away they prefer rest to food.

If you can, in the section where you are shooting, secure
some raw fresh beef or mutton, give them a good feed twice
a week. Rest assured, if your dogs are well fed, they will
do twice the work for you that could possibly be gotten
out of them if half -starved. At the same time, do not over-
feed. Never feed them on salt meat while on your shooting-
trips, for if you do you will have them filling themselves
to overflowing with water, and this will spoil your day's
shooting.

When on your trip, if you ride to your shooting-grounds,
see that the wagon-floor is well covered with dry hay or
straw; put your dogs in, both going and returning, thus
saving them all you can and see how they will tuck them-
selves away in the straw on your way home.

When you arrive home and feed them, take them at
once to your room; spread your dog-blanket, which I pre-
sume you have taken with you, before the fire; let them
dry well, or thaw out, as the state of the weather may
require; take a comb and get off all the burs, especially
under the shoulders, and look the toes over to see that no
burs or dried or frozen mud are left there. I prefer to
always keep my dogs in my room at night, and will not
stop at any house where I can not do so, unless it be at a
friend's home.

By following the above instructions, you will find your
dogs as fresh as you would wish them the next morning;
they will be with you until a good old age, and no rheuma-
tism will you see in them at any time. If you wish your
dogs to always look well in coat, wash them well all over
with Spratt's dog soap, rubbing it well in with a stiff root
brush, such as is used for brushing a horse's mane. This
makes a lather, and will kill every flea on them. Commence
this washing in May, and have it done every three weeks
until about October 15th; then you are rid of fleas on them

94 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

all winter. When you have finished soaping them, in about
ten minutes give them a swim or rinse, to get the lather off;
their coats will then look as sleek as though you had oiled
them. During the winter, once or twice a week, have them
brushed well, from head to heel, with the same kind of root
brush mentioned above; give the exercise as directed, and
you will see dogs, in coat, muscle, and health, that will
please the most fastidious sportsman and fancier.

If these instructions are carried out to the letter, you can
dispense with your medicine-case. If you can not keep,
feed, and give your dogs your personal attention, you had
better not keep any. Never forget to permit your dogs to
have free access to grass; they use it for any ills they may
have.*

In regard to x>reparing your dog for a bench show, each
exhibitor has his own way. I am aware that much is done
in the way of doctoring coat, etc. ; but if many exhibitors
would pay more attention to exercise and developing of the
muscle, you would not see so many fat, flabby, undevel-
oped dogs, in bone or muscle, of all breeds of field dogs, at
shows. I like to see them enter a ring before me in perfect
race-horse order, as hard in muscle as it is possible to get
them; not looking like they were too weak to stand, or so
fat that one would suppose they were for the butcher.

I will here describe a hunt I participated in one Septem-
ber, about nine years ago, with several friends. I left Bal-
timore, Maryland, my home and birth-place, about the 28th
of August. We started for the prairies of Iowa, five hun-
dred miles west of Chicago, on the Chicago & North- Western

* Among the prominent owners, breeders, and importers of Gordon Setters
in this country, may be mentioned Dr. Samuel G. Dixon, 2015 Chestnut street,
Philadelphia, Penn ; M. D. Baillie, Arlington, N. J. ; Beaumont Kennels, 159
West Thirty-fourth street, New York City; W. S. Hammett, Philadelphia,
Penn.; H. F. Smith, 1954 North Eleventh street, Philadelphia, Penn.; Meadow -
thorpe Kennels, Lexington, Ky.; J. L. Campbell, Sincoe, Ontario, Canada; J.
B. Blossom, 938 Prospect avenue, Morrisania, N. Y. ; Fred P. Kirby, 135 South
Eighth street, Philadelphia, Penn-.; 8. R. Norton, Lemont, Cook County, 111.;
Playford Kennels, Buffalo, N. Y ; Dr. I. T. Norris, box 764, Baltimore, Md.;
Dr. Myers, New York City. ED.

THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. 95

Railway, for a three- weeks absence, which gave us about
twelve days shooting. We took our tent and a full camp-
ing outfit. In the way of dogs, we had Irish and English
Setters, one black Pointer, and one lemon-and-white
Pointer. I had my brace of Gordons, Malcolm and June.
We were on the road three days and nights, and arrived at
our destination at three A. M.

My friends all retired for a few hours rest, but I remained
up and made arrangements with a liveryman to be at the
hotel at peep of day. When he arrived, myself and two dogs
boarded, and were soon tucked in the straw at the bottom
of the wagon, my friends preferring to breakfast, and follow
later. In an hour we reached a nice-looking stubble-field. I
ordered a halt, and alighted, the dogs following suit. They
were ordered on. June had been on chickens before, but Mal-
colm had not. In about ten minutes, I saw them both make
game, and in a moment draw on and make a fine point. 1
flushed and killed a brace, and in little over an hour had
ten chickens, all killed over points to these two dogs; and
they had not made an error. It is needless to say that after
such a journey, and such a performance, I was justly proud
of my pets. This has been my experience with my Gor-
dons every year. On woodcock, snipe, quail, or ruffed
grouse, I have found them always reliable, stanch, and
obedient.

I have hunted them in several States, over hill and dale,
through brier-patches and in dense forest in fact, wher-
ever the birds would seek refuge; and never yet have I seen
them flurried in the least. They are in appearance and in
nature the gentleman's dog, both to shoot over and as a
companion at his home. They are of the most affectionate
disposition to home folks, but are watchful when a stranger
is about.

On one occasion, in Caroline County, Virginia, in 1878, I
had arrived home and dressed for supper, after a hard day's
tramp, in the month of December. My room had an open
wood fire. My dogs were spread out in front of it. I
closed my door and went down to supper. A gentleman

96 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

from Richmond, who was stopping at the same house for a
few days, knowing me, went into my room to warm up
inside and out. The dogs let him in, but when he started
to go out, he was halted by them, and not until he had
called me from the supper- table did he get out; and if I
had been out of the house, he most certainly would have
had to await my return.

I have seen my bitch Gypsy, on several occasions, while
I have had my birds and traps on the station platform
awaiting a train, jump into and clean up a passing dog for
attempting to nose my game. I always place my game in
the baggage-car under the care of my dogs, on the floor,
and you can rest assured, none will be appropriated by the
baggage-smasher.

Gordons make the best of yard dogs; and why people
will keep a cur when they can have one of these beautiful
and faithful animals, is beyond my comprehension. In the
Gordon Setter, one may have a dog to guard his family, a
playmate for his children, and a dog that will help to keep
the larder full.

I hope all who may read these lines will find something
in them that will be of service, and assist them in securing
a perfect American Gordon Setter. I hope that many a
time, ere this, they have felt that thrill from head to heel-
when they beheld that brace of Gordon Setters, on that
beautiful point on yonder hill, or have sat on that moss-
covered log beside that gurgling brook, and caressed them
fondly for that masterpiece of work, in having retrieved so
well that crippied bird, and without the rumple of a feather
that is the cream of existence to the true sportsman. I
hope you are all lovers of the charms of woodland scenery,
for no man can be a true sportsman unless he is in love with
all Nature, in her rural paradise.

I hope you have enjoyed the sportsman's sleep. If you
have not seen and enjoyed these pleasures, I am sorry for
you, for you do not yet know what pleasure is. The man
who is troubled with insomnia, will, if he take to the field,
find health and sleep.

THE POINTER.

BY CHARLES K. WESTBROOK, A. M.

ISTOBIOGRAPHY. The exact origin of this beau-
tiful and useful branch of the canine family, as
well as that of many other varieties, can not be defi-
nitely stated. The great naturalist, Buffon, was of
the opinion that all the different species of dogs derived
their origin from the shepherd's dog; and while it is
perhaps inappropriate to discuss this question here, it
may be remarked, en passant, that such an assumption may
possibly be a correct one. It would appear quite natural
that, in those early pastoral days, that marked the dawning
era of civilization and human development, as the shepherd
reclined along the borders of the forests which, like a
mighty frame-work, inclosed the feeding-grounds of his
flock, some specimens of the wild dog should find their
way to his side, and, by kind treatment and gradual domes-
tication, become subordinated to his purposes. Gradually,
under the influences operating upon the animal, through
domestication, climate, variety of food, and other effective
causes, his form, habits, and inherited instincts may have
become changed; and by an occasional cross with another
branch of the family, similarly produced, it is possible to
conceive that the theory of Buff on ^ may be approximately
correct. The well-known susceptibility of the dog to varia-
tions in breeding is also a confirmation of the theory; and
it is easy to account for the changes in his instincts, as now
manifested, on the theory that these have become fixed and
confirmed, in each variety, by the uses to which they have
been severally devoted.

However this may be, the history of the world, from
the very earliest period, informs us of the existence of the

7 (97)

98 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

dog as a companion and associate of man. On ancien^
Egyptian monuments is often seen the figure of an animal
very much resembling the Pointer of to-day; and other
ancient works of art, both of sculpture and painting, as
well as family records, justify the belief that the dog, in a
domesticated state, was contemporaneous with the very
dawn of civilization itself .

Regarding the origin of the Pointer, much conjecture
has been indulged in by various writers on the dog. No
two of the early authors seem to agree entirely as to the
precise period when the Pointer came into existence as
such, with all his wonderful instincts and capabilities fully
developed. We must probably seek for that period in
those misty ages of tradition and uncertainty that mark
the origin of our common law, and which Blackstone des-
ignates as ' ' the time whereof the memory of man runneth
not to the contrary."

The earliest printed work, in the English language,
describing the various breeds of dogs, was a "Book of
Field Sports," written by Dame Juliana Berners, prioress
of Sopwell Nunnery, in Hertfordshire, about the end of
the fourteenth century. In this work, this lady says:
"Thyse ben the names of houndes, fyrste there is a Gre-
houn, a Bastard, a Mengrell, a Mastif, a Lemor, a Spanyel,
Raches, Kenettys, Teroures, Butchers Houndes, Dunghyll
dogges, Tryndeltaylles, and Pryckeryd currys, and small
ladyes poppees that bere awaye the flees."

The next work, in point of antiquity, referring to the
same subject, was by Dr. John Caius, physician to Queen
Elizabeth, published in* Latin in 1576, and subsequently
translated into English. The classification of dogs in this
treatise was into three varieties, viz.: "(1) A gentle kind,
serving the game; (2) a homely kind, apt for sundry nec-
essary uses; (3) a currish kind, meet for many toyes." The
first of these classes is divided by Doctor Caius into two
parts, viz. : Venatici, used for hunting wild beasts, and Au-
cupatorii, which were employed in the pursuit of fowl.
The Venatici were further subdivided into eight varieties,

THE POINTER. ^ 99

namely: Leverarius, or Harriers; Terrarius, or Terrars;
Sanguinarius, or Bloodhounds; Agaseus, or Gasehounds;
Leporarius, or Greliounds; Lorarius, or Lyemmer; Yerti-
gus, or Tumbler, and Canis furax, or Stealer. The dogs
used for fowling, or Aucupatorii, were divided into two
classes, viz.: Index, or Setter, and Aquaticus, or Spaniell
probably drawing a distinction between the Land and
Water Spaniel.

In these ancient treatises, we find no mention made of
the Pointer by name, and for that reason many writers
have assumed that he had no distinct existence at that time.
But this assumption is not necessarily a correct one; for
the Pointer may have existed in Spain or England under
another name, even before that period, as a species of
Hound, Lemor, Lurcher, or even a short-haired Spaniel. In
this case, the name "Pointer," which was used by the
Swedish naturalist, Linnaeus [1707-1778], in his classifica-
tion of animals ("Canis Avicularis " ), does not necessarily
carry with it a lack of early origin. The names of dogs
were used interchangeably in early days; the nomenclature
was far from uniform and fixed, and the writer is by no
means certain that the word Spaniel might not at that time
have included the dog subsequently known as the Pointer,
as well as that afterward called the Setter.

This view finds further confirmation by reference to a
work known as "The Gentleman's Recreation," published
by Nicholas Cox in 1697, in which that author writes of the
Setter as follows: ' * The dog which you elect for setting must
have a perfect and good scent, and be naturally addicted
to the hunting of feathers; and this dog may be either
Land Spaniel, Water Spaniel, or mongrel of them both;
either the shallow-flewed Hound, Tumbler, Lurcher, or small
bastard Mastiff." By this it will be seen that the status of
the Setter itself was not clearly established as late as the
year 1700 several of the dogs named above being likewise
short-haired, like the Pointer of to-day.

A very ingenious argument has been adduced by certain
writers, tending to prove that the modern Pointer is a

100 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

descendant of the dog known in English literature as the
"Brach," which is supposed to have been introduced into
England during the Norman invasion, in the eleventh
century; and such may possibly be the case, but the fact
has never been sufficiently verified. The Braque is one of
the varieties of pointing dogs used in France, and was
formerly known under that name, with varied orthography,
in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Germany.

Our American lexicographers deline " brach " as u a bitch
of the Hound kind," and give Shakespeare [1564-1616] as
their authority. Worcester also gives the definition of "a
Pointer, or setting dog," and also uses Shakespeare as
authority for that. Richardson, in his dictionary, defines
" brach" to mean u a kind of short-tailed setting dog,
ordinarily spotted or parti-colored."

It must also be borne in mind +hat the word "hound,"
which is given as one of the earliest varieties of dogs, by
different writers, signifies simply "a dog" in Anglo-Saxon,
or Old English, and also in German; so that one of the
varieties of Hounds existing so early in England may have
been the " Brach," or pointing bird-dog; and it is just pos-
sible that the Spanish Pointer (or Braco) may have been
crossed with the English varieties of the Brach family to
produce certain strains of the modern Pointer. Aldrovan-
dus, a celebrated Italian naturalist of the sixteenth century,
gives the colors of the Brach as black, white, and fulvous,
or brownish-yellow, the color similar to that of the spotted
lynx (ticks), being most sought after as appears in the
Dalmatian Pointer (or coach-dog), and so often in popular
strains of the modern Pointer. A French encyclopedia
also gives the following definition of the Braque : ' ' The
Braque, or pointing dog, is ordinarily of a white color,
ticked with liver or black; his ears are long and pendent,
and his muzzle somewhat large and long."

Sir Walter Scott [1771-1832], in several of his works,
makes reference to the Brach in his description of hunting-
scenes; so that, in view of all the facts, it is not beyond
the realm of reasonable conjecture that a short-haired

THE POINTER. 101

pointing dog, closely resembling the modern Pointer in
form and color, existed in England prior to the advent of
the Spanish Pointer, and may have been utilized in the
breeding development of our present excellent varieties of
the Pointer family.

In this connection, it may prove interesting to the
reader to consider the question of the

COMPARATIVE ANTIQUITY OF THE SETTER AND POINTER.

In touching upon this subject, it must be remarked that
much discussion has taken place among sportsmen regard-
ing the question of origin and antiquity of these two valu-
able breeds. Some writers have firmly maintained that the
Setter is clearly indebted to the Pointer for his existence
as such; while others have, with equal force of logic and
skill of rhetoric, maintained the exact opposite to be the
case. These discussions have usually been carried on by the
respective friends of each breed, oftentimes with considera-
ble virulence. The writer, being a firm friend of both of
these noble varieties of dogs, Avill endeavor to present the
question in as clear and impartial a manner as possible.

All recognized authorities on the dog, unite in ascribing
an early existence to that one known as the Spaniel. They
also agree in the opinion that the name was conferred upon
this variety because it originated in Spain, from whence it
was brought into Great Britain. The exact date of the
importation of the Spaniel is not known; nor do we know
what his appearance and character were at the time. He
may have been a short-haired dog when first introduced into
England, and the climate may have subsequently induced
the growth of his protective coat ; or he may have originally
been a long-haired dog.

Doctor Caius classifies them into Land and Water
Spaniels, and says of them, whether used for the hawk, the
net, the falcon, pheasant, or partridge :

The common sort of people call them by one generall word, namely.
SpanielK As though those kiude of dogges came originally and first of all

out of Spain.

102 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

However that may be, there is little question that the
Spaniel is one of the immediate ancestors of the dog now
known as the Setter. This name was early given to him
because he had been trained to crawl cautiously upon the
birds, and when he had gotten near enough to locate them,
to set or crouch, permitting his owner to draw a net over
him, and the birds as well. This was done as early as 1576,
when Dr. John Caius wrote, and is clearly described in his
book, to which reference has previously been made.

Gervase Markham, the author of "Hunger's Prevention,
or the Art of Fowling," which was published in 1655, under
the heading, "What a Setting Dog is," says :

You shall then understand that a setting dogge is a certain lusty Land
Spauiell taught by nature to hunt the partridges before, and. more than any

other chase whatsoever When he is come even to the very

place where his prey is, and hath, as it were, his nose over it, so that it seems
he may take it up at his owne pleasure, yet is his temperance and obedience so
made and framed by arte that presently, even on a sudden, he either stands
still or falles downe flatte upon his belly, without daring once to open his
mouth, or make any noyse or motion at all, till that his master come unto
him, and then proceedes in all things according to his directions and command-
ments.

In further confirmation of the fact that the original
Setter was a Spaniel, Mr. Daniel, in his "Rural Sports,"
has preserved a document, dated in the year 1685, in which
one John Harris agrees, for the consideration of ten shillings,
to "well and sufficiently mayntayne and keepe a Spanile
Bitch named Quand, . . . and fully and effectually
traine up and teach the said Bitch to sitt Partridges, Pheas-
ants, and other game, as well and exactly as the best sitting
Dogges usually sett the same."

The first recorded importation of the Spanish Pointer
(who is fully described in a subsequent chapter) into Great
Britain was about the year 1600. At that time, the setting
dog, as we have seen, might have belonged to several differ-
ent breeds. Shooting with fire-arms came into common
practice, among the gentry, about the same period, and
seemed to call the Pointer into use as a dog who would
indicate the place where the birds lay, while standing erect,

THE POINTER. 103

instead of crouching, as the setting dog did. For a long
time, therefore, the pointing dog was the fashion among
sportsmen, and the setting dog fell into disuse. After
awhile, however, sportsmen began to use the setting Spaniel
to shoot over, notwithstanding his sudden drop and point
made it difficult to see him in cover, turnips, wheat,
standing clover, furze, or ling.

A little later still, we find the Setter dog standing up to
his work like the Pointer. By what process this result
was accomplished, whether by the gradual education and
development of the Setting Spaniel, or by a Pointer cross,
is a question that has never yet been finally settled.

Doubtless there may have been early strains of Setters
that were kept comparatively free from alien blood, in the
gradual process of development from the Setting Spaniel.
On the other hand, there is most excellent authority for
believing that many strains were greatly aided 'and im-
proved by the introduction of Pointer blood. On this point,
it will be well, probably, to quote a few authorities, as many
lovers of the Setter strenuously adhere to the belief that
that dog is purely an original one, with no Pointer or other
alien blood in his veins.

The author of the Sportsman's Cabinet, published in
1803, makes the following broad assertion:

The dog passing under this denomination [Setter] is a species of Pointer,
originally produced by a commixture between the Spanish Pointer and the
larger breed of English Spaniel.

Mr. William Lort, one of the prominent breeders of the
Setter in England, and a man of recognized authority on
the question under investigation, has written as follows:

As to the origin of the Setter, I am not so sure of the correctness of my old
and valued friend, Mr. H. Hubert, when he says: " There is no doubt what-
ever that a true Setter is a pure strain of unmixed Spaniel blood, the only
improvement produced in the breed arisiug from its judicious cultivation," etc.
I am quite sure that years ago, say from forty to fifty, it was no uncommon
thing to get a dip of Pointer blood into the best kennels of Setters. Some-
times it answered well, and though for a generation or two it diminished the
coat not always, though, at the cost of appearance it fined and strengthened
the stern, giving life and motion to it; and what, whether rightly or wrongly,
in early times was thought a good deal of it rounded the foot.

104 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

I know how shocked some of our modern breeders .will be at the idea of
their favorites having in their veins a drop of Pointer blood. It is well, per-
haps, that it is not generally known how many fashionable strains have been
vitiated with much more objectionable blood than that of the Pointer. I have
seen Droppers, yes, and dogs bred from Droppers, possessing exquisite powers of
scent, lovely tempers, and great pace. I think there is reason to believe the
Spaniel to be the foundation of our present Setter.

As a case showing that it is possible for cross-bred dogs to breed true, I
know of a black Setter bitch, three crosses from Pointer, belonging to Robert
Warner, of Leicester Abbey. She was good herself, having all the qualities
of a pure Setter, and curiously enough, she bred well from either a Setter or
Pointer. Mr. Warner gave his keeper (who afterward came into my service)
a brace of black puppies, by a Pointer, of this bitch. They looked all over
Pointers, they worked like Pointers, they were excellent Pointers, and were
sold, when broken, at forty guineas a good price in those days. I myself had
Setters from her, and they were good Setters and showed all Setter character-
istics.

The above explicit statement was made in a letter to
Mr. Vero Shaw; and the latter, in his valuable work, the
"Book of the Dog," adds:

A strong confirmation of Mr. Lort's theory is to be found in the subjoined
engraving from a painting by the famous French artist, Alexander Franyois
Desportes. This great animal painter born in 1661, and died in 1743 was
elected a member of the French Royal Academy of Painting in 1699, and of
its Council in 1704. For many years he occupied the court position of histori-
ographer of the chase, created expressly for him by Louis XIV. ; and his pict-
ures, which are very numerous, can har.lly be surpassed for their fidelity to
Nature. The engraving we reproduce from his pencil is entitled, " Dogs and
Partridges," and is valuable as distinctly showing that the Pointer had been
crossed with the Spaniel before and during his time, and that the result was a
dog very like our modern Setter.

Mr. Shaw, on another page of his work, also places the
seal of his indorsement on the reasonableness of a theory
advanced by the well-known writer, Elaine, in regard to the
conversion of the ancient Spaniel into the modern Setter.
Mr. Elaine's suggestion is that a cross with one of the
celeres, or swift-footed dogs, was resorted to, and that the
Pointer is probably a cross between the Spaniel and one or
other of the pugnaces. Mr. Youatt, in his valuable work
on the dog, also says: "It was long the fashion to cross
and mix them [Setters] with the Pointer."

As further evidence that alien blood may have been used
in establishing some strains of Setters, the following quo-

THE POINTER. 105

tation from one of the works of Mr. Tolfrey, author of
" The Sportsman in France," "The Sportsman in Ireland
and Scotland," and "The Sportsman in Canada," is given,
it being his recipe for making a strain of Setters:

The preliminary step, is to put a fine-bred and unexceptionable Pointer
bitch to a noted Foxhound ; you will then have laid the foundation of three
essential qualities speed, nose, and courage. Docility and sagacity are also
requisites, and to obtain them, cross the offspring with the small and slender
race of Newfoundland dog. The produce will be as near perfection as
possible; they will take to the water, retrieve, and for general shooting will
be found the very best and most useful animal the sportsman can desire.

The writer does not believe that many breeders were
induced to follow the absurd process recommended by Mr.
Tolfrey, but simply presents that gentleman's views as
showing the tendency of the time to cross and recross in
order to bring the Setter up to a certain standard.

In the light of all this authentic history, it is difficult to
arrive at any other conclusion than that the modern Setter
and Pointer are both the results of judicious selection,
breeding, and crossing the Pointer, as will be seen later,
bearing the same relation to the old Spanish Pointer, here-
inafter described, as the Setter does to the original Setting
Spaniel. Without doubt, other dashes of alien blood have
been infused into certain strains of each variety, and certain
strains may be stronger in Spaniel and Spanish blood than
others; but the fact remains the same, that both of these
valuable varieties of dogs have been built up by scientific
crossing. This being the case, it is neither necessary nor
important to inquire into the antiquity of the respective
ancestors of each. Neither can with certainty be accorded
precedence in point of age.

The present dog, of either variety, breeds true to type,
reproduces himself in form, color, qualities, and intellect-
ual traits, and is none the less valuable, in the opinion of
the writer, because certain judicious drafts have been made
on other families of dogs to improve his natural qualities,
and the better to adapt him to the uses for which he is
intended.

106 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

Owing to the constant experimentation in the breeding
of our canine friends for hundreds of years (and even at the
present time), it would seem absurd, to the thinking,
intelligent reader, to claim any breed of dogs as the only
great and original creation. Education, climate, food,
infusion of new blood, domestication which corresponds
to civilization in man have done as much for the canine
as they have for the human family. And it is perhaps
well for the whole race of dogs that outside blood has, at
times, been sought for and obtained, and the deteriorating
effects of too close inbreeding thereby happily averted.
Mr. Laverack has himself confessed that at one time he lost
many of his dogs by too continuously breeding-in his strain;
and he not only admits that he once infused a valuable dash
of liver-and- white blood, from the North of England, into
his kennels, but that he made two separate visits to Ireland
for the purpose of looking up a suitable Irish dog to use
for a similar purpose.

THE OLD SPANISH POINTER.

Notwithstanding the uncertainty that exists regarding
the time when the Spanish Pointer was first introduced
into England, there seems to be a general consensus of
opinion that the year 1600 is about the period that marks
his advent under that name. The dog known as the ' ' Old
Spanish Pointer'' was the representative of the type at
that time, and has been described by Sydenham Edwards,
in " Cynographia Britannica" (1805), as follows:

The Spanish Pointer is a heavy, loose-made dog, about twenty-two
inches high, bearing no small resemblance to the slow Southern Hound.
Head large, indented between the eyes; lips large and pendulous; ears thin,
loose, and hanging down, of a moderate length; coat short and smooth; color,
dark-brown or liver-color, liver-color-and- white, red-and-white, black, black-
and-white, sometimes tanned about the face and eyes, often thickly speckled
with small spots on a white ground; the tail thin, smooth, and wiry; frequently
dew-claws upon the hind legs; the hind feet often turning a little outward.

The Spanish Pointer was introduced into this country, by a Portugese

.merchant, at a very modern period, and was first used by an old reduced baron

of the name of Bichell, who lived in Norfolk, and could shoot flying; indeed,

he seems to have lived by his gun, as the game he killed was sold in the London

THE POINTER. 107

market. This valuable acquisition from the Continent was wholly unknown
to our ancestors, together with the art of shooting flying; but so fond are we
become of this most elegant of field sports, that we now excel all others in the
use of the gun, and in the breeding and training of the dog.

The Spanish Pointer possesses, in a high degree, the sense of scenting,
so that he very rarely or never goes by his game when in pursuit of it ; requires
very little training to make him stanch most of them standing the first time
they meet with game; and it is no uncommon occurrence for puppies of three
months old to stand at poultry, rabbits, and even cats. But as they grow old
they are apt to get idle, and often go over their ground on a trot, instead of
galloping; and from their loose make and slowness of foot, w T hen hunted a
few seasons, soon tire, have recourse to cunning, and in company let the
younger and fleeter dogs beat wide the fields, whilst they do little more than
back them, or else make false points. They then become useless but for hunt-
ing, singly, with a sportsman who is not able or not inclined to follow the
faster dogs.

There are other varieties of the Pointer, as the Russian, in size and form
like the Spanish; coat not unlike a drover's dog, rough and shaggy, rough
about the eyes, and bearded; color like the Spanish, but often grizzle-and-
white; they differ in coat, some being more rough than others. This is probably
a cross between the Spanish Pointer and the Barbet, or rough water dog. He has
an excellent nose, is sagacious, tractable, and easily made stanch; endures
fatigue tolerably well, takes water readily, and is' not incommoded by the most
cold and wet weather.

To this description of the Spanish Pointer, by an early
authority, may be added that of Mr. Taplin, at the opening
of the present century :

Every fact upon record respecting their appearance in England is that
they were, in very early ages, introduced from Spain, and that they were
natives of that country from which their name was derived. . . . The
Pointer of this description is short in the head, broad in the forehead,
wide in the nose, expansive in the nostrils, simply solicitous in aspect, heavy
in the shoulders, short in the legs, almost circular in the form of the car-
cass, square upon the back, strong across the loins, and remarkably so in the
hind quarters. Although this breed, like the English Pointer (by the many
collateral aids so much improved), are produced of various colors, yet the

bold brown, liver-and-white, are the most predominant The

Pointer we are now treating of, though exceedingly slow, must be generally
admitted to be sure; indefatigable and minute in his researches, he is rarely
seen to miss his game when game is to be found. When a covey of birds is
separated, by repeated shots, and are afterward found singly, the Pointer
under description has opportunity to display his best ability in most indus-
triously recovering these scattered birds, the major part of which (if accom-
panied by a good shot) are generally picked up to a certainty. To the
recovery of winged birds, the patient perseverance of this dog is peculiarly

108 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

adapted; and for the sport of snipe-shooting alone they are entitled to the
preference of every other.

The Russian branch of this family of dogs is said to
strongly resemble the later Russian Setter, and many good
authorities consider them almost identical. It is not appro-
priate here to enter into any extended description of the
Russian Setter, further than to say that he is considered a
very superior dog on game, and that several dashes of his
blood have been infused, with benefit, into some strains
of our modern Setters.

The German Pointer is a heavy-set, large-boned dog, with
prominent news, and considerable throatiness; generally
liver or liver-and-white in color, though not always. He is
believed to be particularly strong in the blood of the Span-
ish Pointer, and his slow but sure methods of hunting con-
firm the belief. He is extensively used in Germany, and as
an all-around game dog has few superiors. There are two
varieties of this useful dog, the Smooth-coated and the
Rough-coated the latter probably being akin to the Rus-
sian Pointer, above referred to. With reference to these
dogs, we quote the following letter, recently published in
the American Field, and written by a prominent German
sportsman:

Our dogs must have a different training from the dog used by sportsmen
in England or America. We can not successfully hunt here with the Pointer
or Setter. We need dogs Oebrauchshunde adapted to all purposes, a sort of
an all-round dog. This rule especially applies to the Government forester, who
is compelled to be out in the forest every day in the year, and whose dog must
not only be insensible, in a high degree, to all temperatures, but must also, in case
of need, render assistance to his master against game-sneakers, who frequently
are a dangerous class of men, and often make a murderous attack on the officer
w r hen he interferes with their unlawful pursuits.

English Pointers and Setters are the acknowledged champion bird dogs,
but very few of them can be trained to retrieve a hare or fox at a great dis-
tance, or to bring a duck out of the cold water and through thick weeds, or to
follow the trail of a wounded stag or roebuck.

Yet a hunting dog in this country must combine all these qualities. He is
expected to have a good nose, to search the field all day, in the hot month of
August, for partridges, and make a firm stand when he finds them; lie must
work in water for ducks, in warm or cold weather; he must follow a wounded
hare or fox, when brought on the trail, for miles, and retrieve the game the

C109)

110 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

same* distance. He must never hesitate to attack and kill a wounded fox, otter,
marten, etc.; must pull down a wounded roebuck, or, if he finds the roebuck
or stag dead, commence to bark, and continue to do so until his master is at his
side.

If he follows his master stalking, he must never advance a foot ahead of
him, must "drop" when winked to do so, and remain "down" until com-
manded to come, even if his master remains away for hours, and meanwhile
has repeatedly fired at game.

We have several breeds of dogs: The German Pointer, German Setter,
and the Rough-coated German Pointer, which, if properly trained, will acquire
the perfection in question.

Of late, the Rough-coated Pointer of one of which, Ratiz (No. 3201 Ger-
man Dog Register), I herewith furnish you an illustration is one of the most
favorite sporting dogs in this country. Ratiz is owned by Korthals, stands
twenty-six inches at the shoulder, and is bluish-gray mixed with brown. The
structure of his body resembles closely the German Pointer; his coat of hair
resembles that of the griffon. He is the connecting link between these two
breeds of dogs, and may have originated from one or the other, or perhaps may
be considered a cross-breed of the two.

The Rough-coated Pointer is not equaled by any dog in endurance and
his insensibility to changes of temperature. His nose is almost as good as
that of the finest English Pointer; and his retrieving qualities, his courage,
are simply marvelous. Frequently, one of these dogs, when on the trail of a
slightly wounded fox, svill follow Reynard for miles, kill him, and return
with him to his master. He will battle with a wounded otter in the water,
and either go down with the latter or bring it on land. He will bay a wounded
stag and pull him down if he get the favorable opportunity. He will quietly,
and with no sign of discomfort, lie down in front or at the side of his master,
in snow, and await developments.

We have two celebrated kennels of Rough-coated Pointers in this country,
the Korthals and the Bontant.

The most popular color of the Rough-coated Pointer is a bluish-gray or
faint brown. Light colors are at u discount, since a white dog in this country
is too good an object to notice for the larger game, and the weeds in the open
field are never too high for the gunner to keep his dog constantly in sight.

I also inclose a portrait of one of the finest and best short-haired German
Pointers, and the favorite dog of the German Emperor. Waldin is of the purest
blood, with a good pedigree, is brown in color, and was whelped July 26, 1884.
His nose is claimed to be equal to that of the best of English thorough-breds.
His figure is almost faultless, and his qualities fir'st-class. He, like most German
Pointers, is less nervous and restless than the English Pointers. He is not a
one-sided field-trial dog, but a dog for all purposes a " Gebmuchshund."
Waldin received his training from one of the best German dog-trainers, and is
exercised continuously in the field or forest, and thus is in a uniform good
hunting condition.

When the partridge season opens, and the Emperor enters the field near Ber-
lin to enjoy the sport of partridge-shooting, Waldin is always present, and the
Emperor follows with delight the fine work of this dog.

(Ill)

112 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

Waldin has won twice the first, and once the second prize, at the German
field trials. He has been painted in oil by Sperling, the celebrated German
artist, eminent for animal painting, of whose skill the accompanying illustration
is only a faint sample.

THE ENGLISH POINTER,

Following close upon the Spanish Pointer appeared the
English Pointer, which is generally acknowledged to be the
result of a cross, either of the Spanish Pointer and the
Southern Hound, or Brach, or of the former and the Fox-
hound. The burden of authority seems to favor the latter
hypothesis. As field sports gradually became popular, and
the art of shooting on the wing more generally known, game
became somewhat scarcer and more wary, and the old
Spanish Pointer, with his slow, methodical ways and potter-
ing style, came into disfavor. More dash, speed, and range
were required, even at the sacrifice of a certain degree of
stability and stanchness, and sportsmen began to look
around for an infusion of blood that would add the desira-
ble qualities, with the least sacrifice of the old and valued
traits of character.

Sydenham Edwards, speaking of the improved Pointer,
in 1800, thus writes :

The sportsman has improved the breed by selecting the lightest and gayest
individuals, and by judicious crosses with the Foxhound, to procure courage
and fleetness. From the great attention thus paid, has resulted the present
elegant dog, of valuable and extensive properties, differing much from the
original parent, but with some diminution of his instinctive powers. He may
thus be described : Light, strong, well-formed, and very active; about twenty-
two inches high; head small and straight; lips and ears small, short, and thin;
coat short and smooth, commonly spotted or flecked upon a white ground,
sometimes wholly white; tail thin and wiry, except when crossed with the
Setter or Foxhound, then a little brushed.

This dog possesses great gayety and courage, travels in a grand manner,
quarters his ground with rapidity, and scents with acuteness; gallops with his
haunches rather under him, his head and tail up; of strength to endure any
fatigue, and an invincible spirit. But with these qualifications he has concomi-
tant disadvantages. His high spirit and eagerness for the sport render him
intractable, and extremely difficult of education; his impatience in company
subjects him to a desire to be foremost in the points, and not give time for the
sportsman to come up to run in upon che game, particularly down wind; but

THE POINTEK. 113

if these faults can be overcome in training, if he can be made stanch in
standing, drawing, and backing, and to stop at the voice, or token of the hand,
he is highly esteemed; and those who arrive at such perfection in this country
bring amazing prices. . . .

The most judicious cross appears to have been with the Foxhound, and
by this has been acquired speed and courage, power and perseverance; and its
disadvantage, difficulty of training them to be stanch. I believe the cele-
brated Colonel Thornton first made this cross; and from his producing excellent
dogs, it has been very generally followed.

The foregoing description of the origin of the modern
English Pointer is confirmed by other early writers, and is
generally believed to be accurate. Among the early products
of this cross were many dogs possessed of double noses a
deep fissure in the center of the nose completely dividing
the nostrils; but the superstition that such animals were
possessed of keener scenting powers than others, has long
since passed away, and such a manifestation is now con-
sidered a great defect.

That a cross between the Spanish Pointer and the Fox-
hound was made in France as early as the year 1700, is
explicitly proven by another painting by Desportes, also
published in Vero Shaw's book, and made about that period,
wherein are shown two dogs clearly illustrating the cross
of the Pointer with the Hound.

Besides the Foxhound, other families of dogs are said
to have been drawn upon by early breeders, to introduce
certain qualities that were esteemed desirable. For the
purpose of obtaining more speed and lightness of movement,
the Greyhound cross is said to have been resorted to by
some breeders, although it is difficult to conceive how a dog
that hunts by sight instead of scent could greatly improve
the breed.

The Bulldog cross is also said to have been employed to
give stamina and courage to the product of the Greyhound
cross; but neither of them are believed to have been fol-
lowed up to any great extent. The cross with the Fox-
hound was probably the most effectual and beneficial in its
results, and such may be considered to have been the foun-
dation of our modern strains of Pointers.

114 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH POINTER,

When the improved Pointer first began to be the fashion
in England among sportsmen, the Duke of Kingston had
the reputation of possessing one of the finest strains; and
after his death, his dogs were sold for what were considered
enormous prices in those days. Subsequently, the breed
deteriorated somewhat, because of a too rash use of Grey-
hound blood to secure speed, and ghastly -looking dogs bore
the name of Pointers, possessing but few of the natural
qualities of that noble dog, and being defective in pluck,
vigor, and constitution.

In the early part of the present century, Mr. Mattingley,
in the North of England, and Mr. Webb Edge, as late as
1845, did a great deal for the proper development of the
breed. Mr. Meynell and Mr. Osbaldiston, together with
Lord Derby, Lord Lichfield, Lord Sefton, Lord Stamford,
Sir E. Antrobus, Mr. Whitehouse, Mr. Comber bache, Mr.
Darbyshire, Lord Kennedy, Sir R. Sutton, Sir R. Musgrave,
Mr. Greene, R. J. Lloyd Price, Lord Berwick, and Messrs.
Pilkington, Garth, Brockton, and Brierley, were also among
those to whom the modern lovers of the Pointer owe the
deepest obligations for their intelligent and judicious efforts
in his behalf. Upon this point, the Rev. Thomas Pearce,
who, under the pseudonym of " Idstone," has published one
of the most lucid, comprehensive, and valuable of our smaller
works on the dog, remarks as follows :

As soon as dog-shows became general, several eminent dogs came to
the front, the first celebrity being Mr. Newton's Ranger, a grand liver-and-
white dog of the Edge kennel stamp and color. When the first trial of dogs
in the field took place, Ranger had lost his pace, and the chief distinctions
were gained by Mr. Brockton's Bounce, liver-and-white, for large dogs, and
by Mr. Garth's Jill, and Mr. Whitehouse's orange-and-white Hamlet, for dogs
of less size. Amongst other dogs which acquitted themselves well, were Mr.
Swan's Peter, a white dog of exquisite form, with liver head and liver-and-
white ears, and Mr. Peter Jones' Brag.

Hamlet subsequently gained great and deserved popularity by winning
the Bala sweepstakes, of twenty-five guineas each, against any dog that could be
brought against him; although, from a mistake of the judge in counting his
marks, much unpleasantness ensued the real winner being the Marquis of
Huntley's Young Kent, according to the rules laid down.

THE POINTER. 115

This celebrated dog, Hamlet, has been one of the most successful dogs
of the day, numbers of his offspring combining first-class form with excellent
stamina and nose. Mr. Whitehouse's Hap, a dog of the same color, excels
the old dog in general outline, though in style of working Hamlet never
will be surpassed.

These orange-and- whites are closely connected with Mr. Lang's breed;
Bob, the father of Hamlet, having been the property of a Mr. Gilbert, who
had the mother from Mr. Lang.

The following are the best specimens which have been exhibited of late
years : Bounce, the property of Mr. W. R. Brockton, Farndon, near Newark;
Peter, Mr. S. Swan, of Lincoln; Don, the property of Mr. Darbyshire, Pen-
dyffryn, Conway; Silk, the property of R. Garth, Esq., Q. C., Wimbledon;
Hamlet, Rap, and Nina, the property of Mr. Whitehouse, Ipsley Court, War-
wickshire; Sancho and Chang, Mr. Francis, of Exeter; Mr. Richard Hem-
ming's Flake; and Mr. Lloyd Price, of Bala, possesses Lady Alice, the General,
and many more; while Mr. Antrobus, Mr. Comberbache, Mr. H. Meir, of Tun-
stall, Mr. Holford, and many others, are celebrated for their breed of Pointers.

For m any years, Devonshire has been the great home of
the Pointer in England Mr. Francis, of Exeter, and Mr.
Sam Price, of Devon, being especially successful in produc-
ing some fine representatives of the breed. One of the
best dogs bred by the latter gentleman (afterward owned
by R. J. Lloyd Price) was Champion Wagg, by Champion
Sancho, out of Sappho, whelped in March, 1871. He was
liver-and-white in color, weighed sixty-five pounds, and
made a great record, both at the field trials and on the
bench. Many of our best American dogs were also bred by
Mr. Price, and deservedly assumed a high place in this
country. Another great dog in England was Sir R. Garth's
Drake, who was purchased, after the death of that gentle-
man, for one hundred and fifty guineas, and died April 22,
1877. He was by Rap, out of Doll; Rap by Mr. Comber-
bache' s Don and Lord Lichfield's Jilt, and Doll by Mr.
Newton's Champion Ranger, and Mite, representing Lord
Derby' s kennels.

Drake was a fine, upstanding liver-and-white dog, two
feet and one inch at the shoulder, three feet from nose to
root of tail, and weighing about sixty -five pounds. His
winnings on the bench, and especially at the field trials,
have seldom if ever been equaled; and his record as a pro-
ducer of winners stands almost unrivaled. He was the

116 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

sire of Dandy Drake, Beau, Mallard, Romp, Lucky Six-
pence, Gipsy, Yellow Drake, Luck of Edenhall, Tick,
Lord Downe's Bang, Drake II., Mars, Grace, Jill, Bounce,
Lord Derby's Drake and Duchess, Lord Lichfield' s Daisy,
Barclay Field's Riot, Mr. Price's Rose, Garth's Mite II.,
and many other field- trial and bench-show winners. He was
also the grandsire of Mr. Field' s Drake and Pride, and of
Mr. Pilkington's Garnet and Faust, the latter being im-
ported to this country at a cost of $2,250, and becoming
one of our most valuable dogs, and a most excellent and
prepotent sire.

Another prominent Pointer in England was R. J. Lloyd
Price's Belle, a handsome liver-and- white bitch, bred in
1870 by Lord Henry Bentinck, out of Grouse, by his
Ranger. This bitch weighed fifty-five pounds, stood
twenty-four inches at the shoulder, and measured three
feet two and three-quarters inches from nose to root of tail.
Her reputation is based chiefly on her field-trial perform-
ances, which is very much to her credit; and having been
very successful in competition with the Setters, it may
prove interesting to give a portion of her record, which is
as follows:

County stakes for all -aged bitches at Yaynol Field
Trials, 1872, and with Judy, the Bangor stakes for Pointer
braces, at the same meeting; county stakes for all-aged
Pointer bitches at the National Pointer and Setter Field
Trials, held at Combermere, Shrewsbury, April 29, 1873;
and with her daughter, Grecian Bend, the Acton Reynald
stakes for Pointer braces at the same meeting; also at
the Grouse Field Trials, 1873, she won second, with Roman
Fall, her son, in the Penllyn stakes for braces, August
13th, and first in the Rhiwlas stakes for all-aged Pointers
and Setters, August 16th, beating Mr. Macdona's Ranger,
Mr. Llewellin's Countess and Flax, Mr. Statter's Rob Roy,
and other celebrated animals; after which performance she
was withdrawn from public competition, and' used for
breeding purposes only.

At the Yaynol Trials in 1872, this wonderful bitch made

THE POINTER. 117

a perfect score of 100 points, on the following basis of work:
Nose, 30; pace and style of hunting, 20; breaking, 20;
pointing (style and steadiness in), 15; backing, 10; draw-
ing on game, or reading, 5; total, 100.

Belle was rather too light in muzzle and head to suit
many of our modern critics, and lacked heaviness of bone
and a certain coarseness which many later favorites have
possessed; but she represented a very successful type and
weight of dog, of which we have ourselves owned and shot
over many grand specimens. It is a question whether a
resort to her type might not do away with much of the
pottering and " heel- work" in which many of the present
field-trial dogs are so expert.

What the Pointer needs is more dash, vim, energy, love
of his work, and less lumber to carry with him. He needs
lengthening out and narrowing, and less stockiness and
bulkiness of form. The fact has long ago been demonstrated
that the long, narrow, deep-chested dog, well ribbed behind,
and properly set on his legs, with a correspondingly rakish
head, is the proper type of dog to breed, for speed and
endurance combined.

FIELD QUALITIES.

Much has been written concerning the field qualities of
the Pointer, especially when compared with the Setter; but
general public sentiment seems to have accorded to him a
place by no means inferior to that of any breed of sporting
dogs.

There is no question that for all the purposes to which a
dog hunting to the gun can be employed, the Pointer has
no superior. His excellent nose, his great stanchness, his
power of endurance, and his ability to go without water
for a long time, strongly recommend his use for general
shooting. While it may be true that his coat does not so
well adapt him for constant use in briery thickets, and
rough, mountainous countries, ' yet, per contra, this 'very
shortness of coat constitutes his strongest recommendation
in warm climates, for summer shooting, or in open sections

118 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

of country, where cockle-burs, sand-fleas, nettles, and other
pests which annoy the long-haired dog, most abound.
On this point, Forester, in his " Field Sports," says:

The Pointer's skin becomes infinitely tender, and his whole frame more
delicate and fine-drawn, by high breeding, but so much does he gain thereby
in pluck and courage, that I have seen pure-blooded dogs of this strain
tearing away through cat-brier brakes, literally bleeding at every pore, and
whimpering with pain; while great, coarse-bred, hairy brutes, of six times their
apparent power of frame and capacities of endurance, slunk away like curs,
as they were unable to face the thorns.

It is also true that the Pointer's feet are not so well
padded as the Setter's; but Nature seems to have provided
for that by increasing the thickness and toughness of the
flesh and skin of the foot, enabling it to stand a great
amount of work before becoming tender. It must also be
remembered that the round, compact foot of the well-bred
Pointer is inherently stronger and more enduring than the
weak and loosely constructed hare-foot of many strains of
Setters. Besides, the Pointer has inherited the foot of the
Foxhound, which for a hundred years or more has been
cultivated and developed to withstand hard usage and
constant wear.

In the field trials of 1889, held in Ireland, under the
auspices of the Irish Setter Club, and on the roughest of
moors and heathery mountain-sides, the Pointer bitches
Perdita and Mopsa, and Devonshire Lady and Sail, carried
off first and second prizes in the Brace stakes, and Mopsa
the Champion Cup, valued at twenty guineas, over some
of the best Irish and English Setters in Ireland this,
also, during stormy, raw, and most disagreeable weather.
Devonshire Sail also won the final stake in the Derby, for
both Pointers and Setters.

So far as the field trials are concerned, the Pointer has
not, as a general rule, been as successful as the English
Setter, because (1) he has not been entered in equal num-
bers; (2) so much time and money have not been expended
in his development; and (3) because, as a rule, he does not
start off to his work with the snap and dash of the Setter,
is not at first so wide, and extensive in his range, and is

THE POINTER. 119

often beaten before he lias really gotten to work, by his
more showy and dashing competitor.

So long as field trials are conducted under artificial
rules, thoroughly at variance with practical and continued
work, and so long as the tendency to run fast from the
word "go" is considered the point of highest excellence,
the Pointer may preferably be kept in the background^ for
the use of those gentlemen who were not born with wings,
who do not hunt j on horseback, and who require a careful,
moderately fast dog, possessed of excellent nose, thoroughly
stanch, and capable of doing a whole day's work, or more,
without tiring.

It is generally admitted that the Pointer is more natu-
rally inclined to point, and at an earlier age, than the Setter;
that he is more easily broken, more obedient, retains his
training longer, and endures punishment with greater forti-
tude than the Setter. It is also our observation and expe-
rience, that the Pointer is fully as fond of the water as the
Setter, and can be as easily trained to enter it for retriev-
ing purposes.

Many instances have been related illustrating the re-
markable stanchness of the Pointer. Pluto and Juno,
Pointers owned by Colonel Thornton, an early sportsman
of England, are said to have held a point for one hour
and a quarter, while being sketched by Mr. Gilpin, by
whom they were afterward painted for their owner.

" Idstone" tells us of other Pointers that did not break
their point for five and twelve hours, respectively; and
also relates the case of another Pointer, who, in 1814, was
frozen to death while on point, quoting as authority a rela-
tive of his own, who claims to have witnessed the fact,
while journeying from Leicester to Oxford, during the
memorable frost of that year.

With regard to the field qualities of the modern Pointer,
a great deal of nonsense has been written by men who
ought to have known better. "Frank Forester" has been
the means of handing down a great many fallacies promul-
gated by early writers, an^. has himself given utterance to

120 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

views regarding the Pointer which are as absurd as they are
fanciful and unreal. The fact is, that a great deal that
is written nowadays concerning both the Setter and the
Pointer is but the echo of ancient fallacies, espoused by
early writers, who" knew nothing of the modern dog, and
whose opinions are unsubstantiated by practical experience.

For instance, Dr. E. J. Lewis, who edited an American
edition of "Youatt on the Dog," in 1863, says: "The
Pointer displays but little fondness for those by whom he
is surrounded, and hunts equally as well for a stranger as
for his master." When the fact is, that the exact contrary
is true, in both instances, as to average specimens of the
breed. The writer has never owned more affectionate and
faithful canine friends than his Pointers, and none that
were more loyal to him, more averse to making new
acquaintances, or to working for strangers.

He is further constrained to say, that some of the best
dogs he ever owned, or saw in the field, were Pointers; and
he has never been called upon to admit the inferiority of
the Pointer in any kind of shooting in which it gives a
gentleman pleasure to indulge, whether in winter or sum-
mer.

The dog has been bred for many generations in the
South, and in ante-bellum days was recognized as the gen-
uine canine aristocrat of that section. "Frank Forester"
admits that more of the blood of the old Spanish Pointer
is to be found in the dog commonly used in this country
than in the English breed; and it is largely to that fact that
the special excellencies of many of our native strains are to
be ascribed.

The fine field qualities of the Pointer can not be better
or more fittingly described than in the following eloquent
language of "Idstone : "

He is a model of beauty, worthy of the capital material from which he
has descended. He is to be found now in every kennel of mark, with all the
attributes and properties of the highest class, and with intelligence and obser-
vation deserving the name of reason. His airy gallop, his lashing stern, his
fine range, his magnificent dead-stop on game, his rapid turn to catch the wind
of the body-scent, his perseverance, under a trying sun, to reach a faint and

THE POINTER. 121

hardly perceptible stain of game borne to him on the breeze; his glorious
attitude as he becomes (directly his wide-spread nostrils assure him he is right)
stiff and motionless, with limbs wide-spread, head aloft, stern high-held, and
his implicit obedience to the lessons he learnt perhaps two or three seasons past
all these wonderful gifts put him on a level with that paragon of Hounds
with which he claims relationship.

And such is the Pointer of the present day, as he is to be found in the
kennels of Mr. Whitehouse, of Ipsley Court, in Warwickshire; of Lord Lich-
field, Mr. Garth, Mr. Vernon Derbyshire, or Mr. Brockton, of Ferndon, a bet-
ter dog than whose Bounce I never saw on game.

THE POINTER IN AMERICA.

The Pointer has always occupied a high place in the
esteem of American sportsmen. This is not only owing to
his attractive form and fine field qualities, but also to the
fact that in southern sections of the country, where field
sports were most indulged in during the earlier years of our
national existence, his short coat, his ability to go without
water for a longer time than the Setter, and his superior
nose in a warm, dry climate, entitled him to preference.

Many dogs of fine quality were imported from abroad by
our Southern friends long prior to the war, and by judicious
interbreeding with our excellent native strains, families of
Pointers were established there which were not inferior, in
any respect, to the best imported strains. By degrees these
became generally disseminated throughout the country,
where other fine strains had also been established, so that
the American Pointer became noted for his superiority and
general excellence as a sporting dog.

Among the earlier importations of Pointers, of which we
have any record, was Sefton, by Star, out of Lord Sef-
ton's Sam; Star by Cotter, out of Macdona's Miranda.
This dog was white, with liver-colored ears, and was im-
ported by Dr. N". Rowe, now editor of the American Field.
In 1867, Sir Frederick Bruce, the English Minister, imported
the liver-and-white dog George, from the Duke of Beau-
fort's kennels, which, together with Captain Graf ton's
imported black-and-white dog Peg, subsequently became
the property of Dr. A. R. Strachan, of New York. In the
same year, Mr. S. G. Phelps, of East Hartford, Conn.,

122 THE AMEEICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

imported Bruno, a lemon-and- white dog, and Mr. Charles
Porter, of Roslyn, L. I., the liver-and- white bitch Fanny.

In 1874, Mr. B. W. Jenkins, of Baltimore, imported a
liver-and- white dog, Sancho, by Walker's Dan, out of Fair-
head's Juno (Hamlet-Belle), who won the Tolly gold medal,
at Watertown, in 1875. In the latter year, Messrs. Seeley
and Stevens, of New York, imported the liver, gray, and
white dog Rap, by Lord Carlisle's Rap, out of Bess, by
Hon. Nore Hill's Blunder, out of Shaw's Helen; Rap by
Lord Downe's Shot, out of Wilson's Staffa.

Besides these imported dogs, excellent strains were bred
about the same time by Mr. Wisner Murray, of Gfoshen,
N. Y.; A. C. Wardell, of Newton, N. J. (now of Kansas);
James Cassady and Charles H. Winfield, of New Jersey;
Mr. Colt, of Hartford; Dwight L. Roberts and Capt. J. P.
White, of Savannah; Edward H. Lathrop, of Springfield,
Mass. ; and Gr. A. Strong and E. A. Kelsey, of West Meri-
den, Conn.

The first effort at a bench show in this country was made
at the meeting of the Illinois State Sportsmen' s Associa-
tion in Chicago, June 2, 1874. The second was held at
Oswego, N. Y., June 22, 1874, by the New York State
Sportsmen's Association. The first real success in that
direction was achieved at Mineola, L. L, October 7, 1874.
Other exhibitions soon followed, at Memphis, Detroit,
Springfield, Watertown, Paris, Ky., and at Manchester,
N. H.

The first bench show in New York was held in 1877, at
which R. J. Lloyd Price, of England, exhibited Snapshot
in the champion class, and won with him, the Columbus,
Ohio, Kennel dub winning in the same class for bitches
with Belle. The exhibition of 1878, in the same city,
brought out the St. Louis Kennel Club's champion Slea-
ford, and in bitches, E. Orgill's Romp and Rose. Many
fine dogs appeared subsequently at this series of exhibi-
tions, among them being Faust, Croxteth, Tramp, Lord
Dufferin, Rush, Rapp (W. R. Hobart's), Tom (John S.
Wise), Donald (A. H. Moore's), King Bow, Water Lily,

ROBERT LE DIABLE.
Owned by Hempstead Farm Company, Hempstead, Long Island, N. Y.

THE POINTER. 123

Lalla Rookh, Meteor, Drake, Pilot, Munson's Bang, Bravo,
Bow, Beaufort, Robert le Diable, Fritz, Rue, Robin Adair,
Jilt, Rhona, Modesty, Rosa, Bracket, Meally, Revel III.,
Tammany, Duke of Bergen, Consolation, Nick of Naso,
Bang-Grace, Seph G., Bloomo, Young Beulah, Neversink,
Tuck, Patti M., Duke of Hessen, Yanderbilt, Puck, Hamlet-
Sleaford, Naso of Devonshire, Penelope, Wanda, Stella,
Sensation, Jimmie, Shirley, Amine, Clover, Springbok,
Bangso, Malite, Jersey Bang-Bang, Roger Williams, May-
flower, Naso of Kippen, Lad of Bow, Lass of Bow, Lucky-
stone, Madstone, Glauca, Gladys, Kate VIII., Golden Rod,
Duke of Vernon, Graphite, Lord Graphic, Brake, Leba-
non, Tory White, Transit, Belle Randolph, Cicely, Lap ford-
Pearl, Woolton Game, Queen Fan, Pommery Sec, Ossining,
Tribulation, Miss Freedom, Merry Legs, Stella B., Sally
Brass II., Meally' s Baby, Glamorgan, Lady Tammany, and
numbers of others whom space will not permit us to men-
tion.

Among the organizations that are entitled to great credit
for the efforts that they put forth, about 1877, for the im-
provement of the Pointer in America, are the St. Louis
Kennel Club in the West, and the Westminster Kennel
Club in the East, each composed of wealthy, representative
sportsmen, having the true interests of the breed at heart.
These gentlemen imported, at heavy expense, some of the
choicest English blood, and by its injection into the veins
of our already excellent strains of dogs, vastly raised the
standard of the American Pointer.

The St. Louis Kennel Club's stud dogs, Champion Faust
and Champion Bow, were two of the best Pointers of their
day, and have further established their claims to distinction
by proving their prepotency through a long line of worthy
descendants. Champion Sleaford also added greatly to the
reputation which the club had achieved as the importers
and breeders of some of the best Pointers that America has
seen, adding to their bench qualifications that still more
desirable characteristic, superior excellence in the field.

The Westminster Kennel Club was among the first to

124 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

establish bench shows in this country, and through that
medium has done much to improve the form and appearance
of the Pointer, importing such excellent dogs as Bang-
Bang and Naso of Kippen, and by their energy and influ-
ence inducing a wider distribution of the Pointer, and a
higher recognition of his claims as a useful and valuable
sporting dog.

The annual bench show held by this club, in the city of
New York, is recognized as the leading one in the United
States, and the prizes there bestowed are most highly
cherished by breeders. The long line of important shows
now held in this country, at Boston, Providence, Spring-
field, Rochester, Elmira, Buffalo, Philadelphia, Baltimore,
Pittsburgh, Chicago, St. Louis, Denver, St. Paul, Cincin-
nati, and other large cities, owe their origin and inspiration
to the influence and example of the Westminster Kennel
Club. The Graphic Kennels, at Netherwood, N. J., the
Neversink Lodge Kennels, of Orange County, IN". Y., and
the Hempstead Farm Kennels, of Long Island, are also
prominent Eastern breeders of Pointers; while Messrs. John
S. Wise, F. R. Hitchcock, A. E. Godeffroy, Fred S. Under-
bill, A. D. Lewis, J. H. Phelan, J. H. Winslow, Charles
J. Peshall, L. Gardner, Charles Heath, James L. Anthony,
E. R. Bellman, John White, Luke W. White, J. R.
Purcell, P. T. Madison, Robert C. Cornell, Thomas H.
Terry, B. F. Seitner, A. 'C. Collins, C. M. Munhall, C. G.
Stoddard, C. H. Odell, O. W. Donner, Edward Dexter,
Amory R. Starr, John M. Tracy, C. W. Littlejohn, George
DeF. Grant, Ed. S. Shultz, E. C. Sterling, Bayard Thayer,
Samuel T. Colt, W. E. Hughes, J. B. Turner, A. A.
Whipple, A. C. Waddell, and C. C. Pettit, are among those
gentlemen to whom breeders are indebted for intelligent
and successful efforts in the development of the Pointer.

A large number of champion Pointers had been evolved,
and had won well -merited honors at the various exhibitions,
before the organization of the present American Kennel
Club. Among these were Faust, Sleaford, Bow, Water
Lily, Meteor, Bravo, and Patti M. As kennel interests

THE POINTER. 125

began to assume a more prominent place in America, the
necessity for the organization of a national association, with
a view to directing and fostering such interests, and adopt-
ing uniform rules for the government of shows and the
distribution of awards, became apparent, and resulted in the
organization of the American Kennel Club, at Philadelphia,
on September 17, 1884.

This club has present control of American kennel affairs,
publishing the only official stud-book for the registration
of pedigrees, as well as the Kennel Gazette, and promulgat-
ing uniform rules for the government of shows and distri-
bution of awards. It also publishes in the Gazette, as
''Champions of Record," the names of all those dogs, still
living, who have attained the title of "Champion," the
qualifications being that a dog shall have won four first
prizes in the ' ' open class " to be eligible to the ' ' challenge
class," and three first prizes in the latter class to be entitled
"champion" the exhibitions at which such awards are
given to be such as are duly recognized by the club, and the
contest to be under rules promulgated by themselves. The
club is composed of a membership comprising the different
bench-show and field-trial clubs of America, represented
by delegates, and a large body of associated individual
members, also represented by delegates.

Those living Pointers recognized as champions by the
American Kennel Club, down to 1890, are: Bracket (7835);
Clover (2867); Donald (2879); Graphic (4067); Juno S. (8010);
King Bow (4076); Lad of Bow (7880); Lass of Bow (8020);.
Meally (4201); Naso of Kippen (5552); Nick of JNaso (5553);
Queen Bow (8057); Queen Fan (5607); Revel III. (8062);
Robert le Diable (5556); and Rosa (11206).

Contemporaneously with the establishment of bench
shows in the United States, appeared the public field trials,
which were designed to develop and demonstrate the useful
and practical qualities of the Pointer and Setter. The first
field trial in America was held October 8, 1874, under the
auspices of the Tennessee Sportsmen's Association, in which
the judging was under English rules, by points. On Octo-

126 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG

ber 26, 1875, the same association also held extensive trials
in the field, at which first prize for Pointers was won by
Maj. J. M. Taylor's Duke, by Captain Day's Mac, out
of Ida; second, by Captain Lightburne's Sandy, by Bang,
out of Queen. In the bitch class, first went to Gr. Muller' s
Fanny, by Ben, out of Hoffman's imported bitch; second,
to Doctor Sanders' May, by Sam, out of Gibson's Nelly.

One of the earliest prominent field-trial organizations, and
one to which Pointer breeders are chiefly indebted for early
encouragement, was the Eastern Field Trials Club, organized
in 1878, and still in active existence. During the first few
years, the club furnished but one all-aged stake annually to
which both Setters and Pointers were eligible. While the
latter won a fair share of the competitive honors, they were
so heavily handicapped by the greater numbers of the Set-
ters, affording a larger field for selection, that Pointer
breeders were dissatisfied; and it was not until the club
established separate all-aged stakes for the two breeds, that
the excellent field qualities of the Pointer were clearly
demonstrated, and his improvement became rapid. The
two breeds still contend together in the Derby for dogs
born on or after January 1st of the year of, or year preced-
ing the contest and also contend together for the champion
stake, to which winners of a first prize in an all-aged stake
are eligible.

The Robin's Island Club, organized in 1881, is still in
existence; while later organizations that are engaged in the
commendable work of developing the field qualities of the
Pointer and Setter are the Central Field Trial Club, Southern
Field Trial Club, Indiana Kennel Club, Texas Field Trial
Club, Pacific Coast Field Trial Club, Philadelphia Kennel
Club, Southern Sportsmen's Association, Canadian Kennel
Club, and Manitoba Field Trial Club.

The following is a fairly correct list of the winning
Pointers at the leading field-trial contests held in America,
down to 1890:

Croxteth (Lowe's Young Bang-Macdona' s Jane); Sensa-
tion (Price's Jim-Nell); Count Fauster (Mainspring-Dolly

THE POINTER. 1*27

Fauster); Rue (Snapshot-Ruby ) ; Tammany (Tory-Moon-
stone); Mainspring (Mike-Romp); Scout (Croxteth-Belle) ;
Bang-Bang (Champion Bang-Princess Kate); Robert le
Diable (Croxteth-Spinaway); Prince (Minnesota Prince-
Countess); Springbok (Mainspring-Curfew); Nick of Naso
(Naso Il.-Pettigo); Trinket's Bang (Croxteth-Trinket);
Lalla Rookh (Sensation's Son-Grace); Dexter (Nip-Tuck);
Roger Williams (Bang-Bang-Lalla Rookh); Sensation, Jr.
(Sensation- White's Grace); Darkness (Chipps-Nettie); Tick
(Bob-Dido); Drake (Croxteth-Lass); Drab (Dan- Arrow);
Bang-Grace (Bang -Bang-Grace); Consolation (Bang-Bang-
Grace III); Go-Bang (Graphic-Leach's Bloomo); Ossian
(Croxteth-Amine); Old Black Joe (unknown); Lottie B.
(Professor-Grace B.); Nestor (Gladsome-Forest Queen II.);
Onyx (Wat-Flash); King Cotton (Tyler-Dream S.); Phi-
nette (Lossing-Ress); Lily Talbot; Ress (Bruce Ranger-
Frank); Wat, Meteor Fred, Juno, Vandevort's Don
(Price's Bang-Letheridge' s Peg); Cornerstone (Meteor-Ac-
cident); Jimmie (Start-Maud); Bow, Jr., Spring (Main-
spring-Curfew); Belle, Bert, Adams' Mack, Dillsey (Me-
teor-Dee); Tansey (Meteor-Dee); Tennie (Rod-Nell); Rod
(Meteor-Dell); Rod's Gal (Rod-Juno); Lad of Bow (Graphic
-Climax); Vandevort's Don (Price's Bang-Peg); Richmond
(Vandevort's Don-Beulah); Spot Bel ton (Dick B. -Belle
Belton); Lebanon (Tim-Peg); Rip-Rap (King of Kent-
Hops); Woolton Game (Gough-Lockspur); Ightfield Bleithe
(Dancer-Ightfield Bloom); Joy, Jr. (Flockfinder-Ion); Miss
Meally (Graphic-Meally); Tempest (Beppo III. -Lass of
Bow); Beau of Portland (Graphic-Zitta); Duke of Hes-
sen (Luck of Hessen-Blarney); Ladj; Zeal (Croxteth-Am-
ine); Ben Lanier (Jo Bowers); Cherrystone (Trinket' s Bang-
Pearlstone); Zetta King Don (King Don-Queen Faust); Ber-
traldo (Cornerstone-Bessie Beaufort); Tennie (Rod-Nell);
Rod's Gal (Rod- Juno); Tribulation (Beppo III.-Lass of
Bow); Galena (Trinket' s Bang-Cremorne) ; Pontiac (Milton
Bang III. -Climax); Bryn Mawr Mona (Bang-Vandalia);
Hoosier Harry (unknown); Pearl's Dot (Trinket's Bang-
Peaiistone); Thomastone (Cornerstone-Firenzi); Fancy Free

128 THE AMEEICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

(Donald-Lady Bow); Lord Graphic (Graphic-Daphne);
Tamarack (Tarn CT Shanter-Croxteth' s Rival Queen); Ban-
nerman (Osborne Ale-Keswick); Breezo (unknown).

Too much can not be said in praise of those enterprising
gentlemen who have devoted time and money without stint
to the support and encouragement of field contests; and
while severe criticisms have been made on the methods
often employed at the trials, the rules under which they are
run, and the work of the dogs, yet it must be borne in
mind that the conditions under which these races are run
are of the most trying character.

It is a contest for supremacy between owners, handlers,
and dogs. The latter are thrown among strange competi-
tors, oftentimes after being carried hundreds of miles by
rail; must work on strange grounds, followed by a crowd;
listen to unaccustomed sounds and commands, and work in
confusion generally. It is only a wonder that the dogs per-
form as well as they do; and it is generally admitted that it
takes a good dog to win at these trials in the face of all these
difficulties. Many of the successful field-trial winners are
afterward used as stud dogs, and produce some excellent
descendants for all-around work, which proves their own
inherent good qualities.

If less prominence were given to pace and range, and
more to nose, style, and quality of work, stanclmess in
pointing, backing, and retrieving, it would redound more to
the credit of the field trials, and result in giving us better
dogs for general private use throughout the country.

The tendency now seems to be to adopt more rational
and sensible rules in judging the work of the dogs; and a
wild, half -trained animal, knowing but little else than how
to run fast for a short time, does not now necessarily win
the contest.

Among the most potent sires that have ever been im-
ported to this country were Sensation and Croxteth. The
former, by Price's Jim ( Whitehouse' s Hamlet-Judy), out
of Nell (Old Rap-Miia), was bred by Mr. J. D. Humphries
in 1874, and during his life-time won seven prizes in Eng-

THE POINTER. 129

land and thirteen in the United States, including third
prize in the Eastern Field Trials, and the cup for the best
Pointer, in 1880. He was a dog of most excellent quality,
lemon-and-white in color, and has produced many noted
descendants.

He was one of the first dogs of note that was brought to
America, and his importation marked the beginning of the
interest in the development of the Pointer that has culmi-
nated in our present high standard of excellence. He was
imported in 1876, having been selected and purchased, for

CROXTETH.
Owned by Mr. A. E. Godeffroy, Neversink Lodge Kennels, Guymard, N. Y.

the Westminster Kennel Club, by Mr. George De Forest
Grant. His field qualities were of a high order, many of
his fine attitudes on point having been preserved by brush
and pencil. He died of old age, at Babylon, Long Island,
in June, 1887.

Following close upon Sensation was Croxteth. He was
bred by the well-known English sportsman, E-ev. J. Gum-
ming Macdona, in January, 1878, from whom he was pur-
chased by Mr. A. E. Godeffroy, of New York. When first
imported, he was in very poor condition, and did not show
up well at the New York Exhibition of 1880, where he was

130 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

only awarded two letters. In the summer of 1880, lie began
to improve in condition, and ran in the all-aged stake of
the Eastern Field Trials, where he won his first heat, but
failed to get placed. At the New York Show of 1881, he
won third in the open class, and in the fall of the same year
again ran at the trials of the Eastern Field Trials Club,
where he defeated all the Pointers present, winning the
special Pointer cup. He then ran for first prize over all,
against the orange-and-white Setter Grousedale, but after a
close race was declared defeated a decision which caused
considerable heated discussion in the sporting press, many
believing that Croxteth had justly won the contest. His
owner withdrew him after this race, and would not permit
him to contend for second money.

In 1882, the New York Exhibition awarded him first in
the open class for heavy-weight dogs, and the silver medal
for the best Pointer with a field-trial record. He was
shown against the well-known dog Faust, and scored nine-
ty-five and one-fourth points, out of a possible one hun-
dred, against ninety by Faust. The same year, he ran
again in the all-aged stake at the Eastern Field Trials,
beating all Pointers, and again winning the special Pointer
cup. He won second in the general contest, out of thirty-
seven entries, being defeated for first place by London.
His son, Lord Sefton, ran in the Derby at the same time,
and won the silver cup, over sixty-five dogs, for special
excellence; he also won second in the puppy class at the
New York Bench Show, the same year.

The summarized winnings of Croxteth are as follows:
Second prize (in puppy class), International Show at
Hanover, Germany, 1879; fourth in English Field Trial
Derby, out of one hundred and twenty-seven entries, 1879;
second in bench show, Rochester, N. Y., 1879; H. C., bench
show, New York City, 1880; third, bench show, New York
City, 1881; special cup for best Pointer in Eastern Field
Trials, 1881; first in open class, New York Bench Show,
and silver medal for best field- trial Pointer in the show,
1882; special cup for best Pointer in the Eastern Field

THE POINTER. 131

Trials, 1882; second in all-aged stake in Eastern Field
Trials, 1882; silver medal, best kennel of Pointers, New
York, 1883; silver medal, best field-trial Pointer, New
York, 1883; best stud Pointer in the show, appearing with
four first and second winners, New York, 1884; silver
medal, best kennel of Pointers, New York, 1885.

He was never shown except in New York State, and
after 1885 retired on his laurels, being in extensive demand
as a stud dog, and becoming the sire of many winners, both
on the bench and in the field. Among the well-known
dogs of whom he was the sire were Elliot's Scout, Drake,
Trinket's Bang, Robert le Diable, Keswick II., Dee, Dell,
Modesty, Lady Zeal, Romp, Lady Croxteth, Neversink, Jilt,
Lord Sef ton, Doncaster, Rapp, and Ossian. No dog that we
have had in America has achieved a more favorable reputa-
tion as a dog of high character, and a successful stock-
getter, than Croxteth; and when he died, in March, 1888,
the result of a cold caught during the great blizzard of that
month, general regret pervaded Pointer circles at the loss
of so shining a light among their favorites.

Croxteth was by Lowe's Young Bang, out of Macdona's
Jane; he by Price's Bang and Davey's Luna, and she by
Lord Sef ton's Sam, out of his Flirt. Through his ances-
tors, Sam, Hamlet, and Drake, he inherited the best blood
of Lord Sef ton's, Mr. Whitehouse' s, and Sir Richard
Garth's strains; he was half-brother of Sir Thomas Len-
nard' s Priam and Scamp, and grandson of Champion Bang,
the winner of ten field trials in England, and with an
invincible bench record as well. In bench-show form,
Croxteth weighed seventy pounds, his measurements being:
Round chest, two feet, five inches; nose to root of tail, three
feet, two inches; height of shoulder, two feet, one and one-
fourth inches; head, skull-bone to nose, ten and one-half
inches; round face, under eyes, eleven inches; round thigh,
one foot, four inches; round loin, one foot, ten and one-half
inches; round skull, one foot, five and one-half inches;
skull-bone to shoulder, eight inches.

In color, he was dark liver-and- white ticked; grandly

132 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

sensational on point, and impressing anyone who saw him
with the beautiful character and expression of his head, his
grand frame, and muscular development. His legs and
feet were excellent, his carriage lofty; never trailing, but
hunting for the body-scent, going at a steady, long-striding
gallop over the roughest of ground, and never seeming to
be tired. He was also a superior all-around dog, being as
good on ruffed grouse and snipe as he was on quails. A
sketch, representing him in one of his grand points, at
High Point, IS". C., in 1882, was published in Forest and
Stream, December, 1882, and was copied by European sport-
ing papers. He was also painted by the well-known artist,
Mr. J. M. Tracy, when on point, handsomely backed by
Sensation, the picture being now owned by the Westminster
Kennel Club.

Another excellent stud dog that has just passed away,
leaving many noted descendants, was Bang-Bang, by Price's
Bang, out of Princess Kate. He was bred by Mr. F. C.
Lowe in January, 1881, and imported to this country in
July, 1882. Previous to leaving England, he won the puppy
stakes at Shrewsbury, including the champion puppy stake;
the 50 prize at the Blandford Trials, the third puppy stake
and all-aged stake at the St. Hubert Trials, Belgium, and
first at the Crystal Palace Show, in 1882. In this country,
his winnings were: Second, Cleveland; first, light-weight
Pointer sweepstakes, New York, 1884; first, Philadelphia,
1885; first, Waverly, 1887; first, Syracuse, 1888; field-trials
Pointer stake, Eastern Field Trials Club, 1885; divided
second in same stake, 1886. Bang- Bang was an attractive
lemon-and- white dog, built on wonderful racing lines, of
grand style, fine nose, and excellent disposition.

Pointer breeders are also indebted to Champion Graphic
for the contribution of certain excellent qualities to our
American kennels. He is by Fursdon' s Juno, out of Leach' s
Bonus Sancho; was whelped April 15, 1881, and bred by
Mr. Norrish, of Devonshire, England. His sire, Bonus
Sancho, is by Price's Champion Bang, out of Leach's Belle,
a union which produced, in different litters, Bang II., Bow

THE POINTER. 133

Bells, Merry Bells, Bona Bell, and other winners. Leach's
Belle is by Champion Sancho out of Leach's Fan; Sancho
was the sire of Champion Wagg and brother of Champion
Chang.

Graphic was imported in 1886. He is a typical liver-and-
white dog, and has scored many winnings in England and
this country, including the champion prize at Crystal Palace
in 1884 and 1885. His held performances in England and
America have been good, and he is the sire of many first-
class dogs, including Go- Bang, Champion Bracket, Cham-
pion Lad of Bow, Lass of Bow, Romeo, Champion Revel
III. , Wanda, Stella B. , Graphite, Lord Graphic, Pommery
Sec., Merry Legs, and Sally Brass II.

Champion Robert le Diable is one of the most prominent
and popular dogs that have been bred in this country. He
is a grand liver-and-white ticked dog, of great symmetry,
weighing about sixty pounds, and built on correct lines for
practical work. He was bred by the St. Louis Kennel Club,
whelped June 12, 1883, subsequently owned by the High-
land Kennels, Red Bank, N. J., and now by the Hempstead
Farm Kennels, Hempstead, Long Island. He is by Croxteth
-Spinaway; she,' a small but symmetrical bitch, by Pilking-
ton's Garnet, out of Keswick. The latter was imported
by the St. Louis Kennel Club, and won first prize in Eng-
land, in the puppy stakes of the Sporting Dog and Field
Trial Club' s trials, in 1879. Robert le Diable is distinguished
for his successful bench-show and field-trial record, and
defeated a large and formidable aggregation of Pointers at
the Eastern Field Trials Club's meeting in 1886, winning
the all-aged stake. He also won first and special for best
Pointer or Setter in the New York Show in 1885; first at
St. Louis and Cincinnati, the same year; championship and
special for best Pointer, in 1886, at St. Louis and Pitts-
burgh, besides other prizes; first and special, for the best
Pointer with a field-trial record, for the best Pointer in the
show, and for the best stud dog shown with two of his
get, at New York, 1890.

Tammany, by Pilkington's Tory, out of Moonstone, im-

134 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

ported in utero, and whelped August 24, 1883, is another
of our noted Pointers who has just passed into the great
hunting-grounds beyond the setting sun. His death occurred
on February 16, 1889. His dam, Moonstone, was a full sister
of the St. Louis Kennel Club's Bow, and of Young Bang,
the sire of Croxteth and Priam. He was a strong, heavy-
weight, liver-and-white ticked dog, lacking somewhat in
symmetry, but built for the manifestation of power in the
field, where he achieved his greatest successes. He won
first in the Eastern Field Trials Club's members' stake, and
first in the all-aged Pointer stake, in 1887, defeating several
prominent competitors, and has left a number of descendants
who aid in sustaining his good reputation. His bench win-
nings were: Third, Philadelphia, 1885; second, Newark,
1886; second, Hartford, 1886; first, New York, 1886: first,
New York, and first, Hartford, 1887; second, Boston, in 1887;
and in champion class in 1888. The immediate ancestors
of Tammany were such excellent dogs as Garth's Drake,
Doll, Coham's Bang, Price's Yesta, Lord Cole's Cole,
Francis' Bell, Brockton's Bounce, Postan's Yenus, Hamlet,
Mite, Ranger, Jilt, and Don. He was one of the few
Pointers we have had in this country who displayed the
same style and courage on game that is manifested by the
best strains of Setters.

Champion Nick of Naso, by Naso II. and Pettigo, is a
handsome liver-and-white dog, imported from England at
great expense, and has achieved a worthy prominence in
Pointer circles, being a well-known winner on the bench,
and in the field trials proving himself a formidable com-
petitor, where he also won deserved honors. He has also
proven a useful and valuable sire.

Another excellent dog is the liver-and-white ticked dog
Duke of Yernon, owned by Mr. L. Gardner, of Mount
Yernon, N. Y., and exhibited at the various shows in recent
years. He manifests strong Pointer character, is admirably
set on his legs, symmetrical and strong, and with a per-
fectly carried stern. His winnings are: First and two
specials, Buffalo, 1888; second, Richmond, 1888, when in

THE POINTER. 135

field-form only; first, New York, 1889; first, Troy, the same
year, and second, New York, 1890. He is by Glendale, out
of Spotless, and includes in Ms pedigree such excellent
dogs as Lort, Lass of Bow, Jaunty, Sleaford, Pride, Dawn,
Price's Bang, Luna, Belle, Nina, Gen. Prim, Coham's
Bang, Yesta, Juno, Sancho, Hamlet, Sal, and Nellie.

Champion Lad of Bow is now owned by the Westmin-
ster Kennel Club. He was bred by Mr. Sam Price, of Bow,
North Devon, England, March 19, 1884, and imported to this
country in May, 1886. He is by Champion Graphic, out of
Climax; she by Champion Bang, ctut of Juno, by Mike,
out of Bastin's Belle; Bang by Coham's Bang, out of
Yesta. Lad of Bow is a large liver, white, and ticked
Pointer, weighing about sixty -five pounds, and of fine form
and appearance. He is longer in body than his sire; a racy-
looking animal, with great depth of chest, and fine dispo-
sition, measuring four and one-half inches from end of nose
to corner of eye; across skull, six inches, and standing
twenty-four inches high at shoulder. His bench winnings
in England include second at Crystal Palace Show, 1886.
In America, he won first and special for best large-sized
stud dog with two of his progeny, awarded with his sire,
Graphic, and half-brother, Champion Bracket; also special
as one of the best kennel of Pointers, Boston, 1887;
also dividing third at American Field Trial Club's trials,
all-aged stake, Florence, Ala., 1887; second and two spe-
cials as one of best kennel, and for the best Pointer dog-
that has been placed in any American field trial, New
York, 1888.

Champion Bracket was bred by Mr. R. P. Leach, Devon,
England; whelped February 8, 1884, and imported to this
country in January, 1886. He is by Champion Graphic, out
of Bloomo. His record in England was : Second, Crystal
Palace, 1885; third, Crystal Palace, same year; H. C.,
British Kennel Association's Show (there being no small
dog class), Sheffield, 1885; also special for best team of
Pointers or Setters, won by Bracket, Revel III., and Beau
Ideal; first and cup, small dog class, Birmingham, 1885.

136 THE AMEKICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

In this country, his record of winnings- is large, including:
First, Pittsburgh, 1886; also in sweepstakes, first as best
Pointer under fifty-five pounds, and special as best light-
weight Pointer, in open class; first and five specials,
Newark, 1886; first and three specials, Boston, 1886; first
and two specials, Hartford, 1886; champion and special,
New York, 1886; champion, Newark, 1887; special as one
of best kennel, special for best large stud dog with two of
his progeny (awarded with his sire, Graphic, and his half-
brother, Lad of Bow), Boston, 1887; and champion and
special, New York, 1888.

Bracket is dark liver, white, and ticked, weighing about
fifty-four pounds, measuring four and one-fourth inches
from end of nose to corner of eye, five and one-half inches
between the ears, and standing twenty-two and three-
fourths inches at shoulder. He is full of quality, some-
what heavy in head, with good shoulders, capital loin and
body, and good disposition. He has been shown a great
deal in this country, and also given a good deal of work in
the field, where he is said to manifest a most excellent nose,
combined with speed, stanchness, and tractability.

Champion Donald was imported by Mr. A. H. Moore, of
Philadelphia, in 1880. He was bred by Mr. R. Andrews,
of Devonshire, being whelped in 1877. His record on the
bench is a good one, both in England and this country.
He won first at Exeter, June, 1879; first at Falmouth, in
July, the same year; first, in October, at Bristol, and first
at Birmingham, in December. He finished his public
career in England by capturing first, and cup, at Margate,
February, 1880. In this country, he won first at St. Louis,
1880; first champion, and first, with others, as best kennel
of dogs, New York, 1882; first champion at Boston, 1882;
and first champion at Cleveland, 1882.

He is the sire of Patti M., Dress, and Donald II., all
well known. In color, he is liver, white, and ticked, of
medium size, rather stocky in build, with capital neck, fair
shoulders, and good body and legs. He has sired some
most excellent dogs by Revel III. and other bitches.

THE POINTER.

137

In working condition, he weighs about fifty-two pounds,
measuring four and one-fourth inches from end of nose to
corner of eye; between ears, five and one-half inches, and
in height, twenty-two and one-fourth inches at shoulder.

A dog of excellent quality, that has recently been devel-
oped in the West, is Mr. P. T. Madison's Ossian, by Crox-
teth-Amine. He was bred by Mr. John S. Wise, in May,
1886, and trained by Capt. D. E. Rose, of Lawrenceburg,
Tenn. His field winnings are: Divided third in Eastern

PATTI M.
Owned by C. M. Munhall, Cleveland, Ohio.

Field Trials Club's Derby, in 1887; third in same club's all-
aged stake, in 1888; second in Southern Field Trial Club's
all -aged Pointer stake, in 1888; and first in Indiana Ken-
nel Club's all-aged Pointer stake, in 1889. He has been
shown but twice on the bench, winning second in open class,
Indianapolis, 1889, and first at Indianapolis, 1890. Ossian
is a high-headed, stylish, liver, white, and ticked Pointer,
weighing about sixty pounds, with plenty of bone and mus
cle, strong and enduring, and obedient and tractable in the
field.

138 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

At the terrible canine holocaust at Columbus, Ohio, Jan-
uary 11, 1888, several excellent Pointers were burned.
Among them were Bow-Faust (Rapp-Dove) ; Planet (Meteor-
Accident); Pap Smizer (Meteor-Diana); Business (Don-
ald-N y mpher) ; Rumpty (Meteor-Diana); Hamlet- Sleaford
(Young Sleaford-Lillie); Lily Bang (Bang-Bang-Lass);
Dolly Fauster (Fauster-Ny mpher); Lady Trinket (Young
Meteor-Zolo Faust); Corsicana Tobe (Tory-Kelley' s Belle),
besides several fine puppies belonging to the Idstone Ken-
nels, of Dayton, Ohio; and last, but not least, the two fine
bitches, Lady Croxteth, combining most excellent field,
bench, and brood qualities, and the peerless Champion Patti
M., a bitch of rare quality who was rapidly pushing her
way to the front. Patti M., by Champion Donald (Bob-
Sappho), out of Devonshire Lass (Imp. Don-Imp. Lady), was
whelped August 9, 1882, and was a litter sister of Donald
II. Her winnings were: First and special, Milwaukee,
1886; first and two specials, Latonia, Ky., 1886; first and
special, Waverly, N. J., 1886; champion prize and two spe-
cials, Dayton, Ohio, 1886; first, Boston, 1887; first and two
specials, Pittsburgh, 1887; champion prize, New York,
1887; champion prize and special, Detroit, 1887; champion
prize and three specials, Columbus, Ohio, 1888. Patti M.
was only bred twice, to Croxteth and Nick of Naso, all of
her progeny proving good.

Other dogs that have proven decidedly prepotent in
impressing their own fine qualities on their offspring, in
America, and whom space will not permit us to describe at
length, are Naso of Kippen; Mainspring, King Bow, King
Don, Vandevort's Don, Duke of Hessen, Beaufort, Beppo
III., Cornerstone, Consolation, Meteor, Pontiac, Moulton
Baron, Osborne Ale, Freedom, Trinket's Bang, Tarn
O'Shanter, Dancer, Flockfinder, Sensation's Son, Rod,
and Bang.

These dogs, together with many other native and im-
ported specimens of high character, have done much in
elevating the standard of Pointer breeding in America.
Already the latest successful blood in England has been

THE POINTER. 139

imported; and with the experience gained in the trials, and
the exercise of the principles of scientific breeding, there is
every reason to believe that the Pointer will always hold
his place in the front rank of our sporting dogs.

At the same time, as now bred, he needs more enthusi-
asm in his work, and should carry a higher head than he
does, feeling more for the body-scent and less for the foot-
scent of game, and working out his ground with more judg-
ment. In these respects, the Setter has been wonderfully
developed and improved by the field trials. The Pointer
has among his promoters many of our leading sportsmen,
and all that money can accomplish, united with earnest
endeavor and intelligent experimentation, will doubtless be
done to make him the equal of the Setter in every respect.
The organization of a club, in 1888, devoted to his interests
and development, is also a move in the right direction; and
if the counsels of this body are wisely governed, it can
accomplish much in unifying the interests of the breed in
America, making the types of breeding more uniform, and
securing proper recognition for the Pointer.

The Pointer Club of America is now officered as follows:
Hon. John S. Wise, president, New York City; George W.
LaRue, secretary and treasurer, New York City; James L.
Anthony, first vice-president, New York City; F. R. Hitch-
cock second vice-president, New York City; B. F. Seitner,
third vice-president, Dayton, Ohio; A. C. Collins, fourth
vice-president, Hartford, Conn. Executive Committee: C.
M. Munhall, Cleveland, Ohio; Dr. J. R. Daniels, Cleveland,
Ohio; Charles Heath, Newark, N. J.; James P. Swain, New
York City; J. H. Winslow, Philadelphia, Penn.; J. M.
Arnolt, New York City; Charles G. Stoddard, Dayton, Ohio;
M. Y. B. Saunders, Detroit, Mich.; John S. Wise, New
York City; George W. LaRue, New York City; James L.
Anthony, New York City; F. R. Hitchcock, New York
City; B. F. Seitner, Dayton, Ohio; A. C. Collins, Hartford,
Conn. Its membership includes most of the prominent
Pointer men in the country, but the limits of our space pre-
clude the possibility of giving the full list.

140 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

Pointer breeders should not lose sight of the lack of
uniformity in type with which the friends of the dog have
always had to contend. Large dogs and small dogs, long
and short, have been interbred so that it is difficult to
predict uniformity in type in any litter. Greater care
should be exercised in this regard, and the two weights of
dogs should be carefully bred within themselves. An
occasional graft of the heavy breed onto the light weight
might, however, be allowed, with a view to counteracting
excessive fineness of bone and muscle in the latter, and
heaviness in the former.

DESCRIPTION VALUE OF POINTS COLOR SIZE.

The style of dog that is now being bred in the United
States conforms entirely to the description given by Stone-
henge in his valuable work on the "Dogs of the British
Isles" a standard that has also been adopted for judging
by the Westminster Kennel Club, of New York, for use at
their annual bench shows, and which is generally used
throughout the country. For the benefit of the readers of
this work, the epitomized description compiled by the late
William M. Tileston is herewith given, as follows:

The skull (value 10) should be of good size, but not as
heavy as in the old Spanish Pointer, and, in a lesser degree,
his half-bred descendants. It should be wider across the
ear than that of the Setter, with the forehead rising well at
the brows, showing a decided "stop." A full development
of the occipital protuberance is indispensable, and the
upper surface should be in two slightly rounded flats, with
a furrow between.

The nose (value 10) should be long (four inches to four
and three-fourths inches) and broad, with widely-open
nostrils. The end must be moist, and in health is cold to
the touch. It should be black, or very dark brown, in all
but the lemon-and- whites; but in them it may be a deep
flesh-color. It should be cut oif square, and not pointed-
known as the " snipe-nose," or "pig- jaw." Teeth meeting
evenly.

THE POINTER. 141

The ears, eyes, and lips (value 4) are as follows: Ears
soft in coat, moderately long and thin in leather, not fold-
ing like the Hound's, but lying fiat and close to the cheeks,
and set on low, without any tendency to prick. Eyes soft
and of medium size; color brown, varying in shade with that
of the coat. Lips well developed, and frothing when in
work, but not pendent or flew-like.

The neck (value 6) should be arched toward the head,
long and round, without any approacli to dewlap or throat-
iness. It should come out with a graceful sweep from
between the shoulder-blades.

The shoulders and chest (value 15) are dependent on each
other for their formation. Thus a wide and hooped chest
can not have the blades lying flat against its sides; and con-
sequently, instead of this and their sloping backward, as
they ought to do in order to give free action, they are
upright, short, and fixed. Of course, a certain width is
required to give room for the lungs, but the volume
required should be obtained by depth rather than width.
Behind the blades the ribs should, however, be well arched,
but still deep; this last, depth of back rib, is specially
important.

The bacTc, quarters, and stifles (value 15) constitute the
main propellers of the machine, and on their proper
development the speed and power of the dog depend. The
loin should be very slightly arched, and full of muscle,
which should run well over the back ribs; the hips should
be wide, with a tendency even to raggedness, and the
quarters should droop very slightly from them. These last
must be full of firm muscle, and the stifles should be well
bent and carried widely apart, so as to allow the hind legs
to be brought well forward in the gallop, instituting a form
of action which does not tire.

Legs, elbows, and liocks (value 12). These chiefly bony
parts, though merely the levers by which the muscles act,
must be strong enough to bear the strain given them, and
this must act in the straight line of progression. Substance
of bone is therefore demanded, not only in the shanks but

142 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

in the joints, the knees and hocks being especially required
to be bony. The elbows should be well let down, giving a
long upper arm, and should not be turned in or out, the
latter being, however, the lesser fault of the two, as the
confined elbow limits the action considerably. The reverse
is the case with the hocks, which may be turned in rather
than out, the former being generally accompanied by that
wideness of stifles which I have already insisted on. Both
hind and fore pasterns should be short, nearly upright, and
full of bone.

The feet (value 8) are all-important; for, however fast
and strong the action may be, if the feet are not well
shaped and their horny covering hard, the dog will soon
become foot-sore when at work, and will then refuse to leave
his master's heels, however high his courage may be.
Breeders have long disputed the comparative good quali-
ties of the round, cat-like foot, and the long one, resem-
bling that of the hare. In the Pointer, my own opinion is
in favor of the cat-foot, with the toes well arched and close
together. This is the desideratum of the M. F. H., and I
think stands work better than the hare-foot, in which the
toes are not arched, but still lie close together. In the Set-
ter, the greater amount of hair to a certain extent condones
the inherent weakness of the hare-foot; but in the Pointer
no such superiority can be claimed. The main point, how-
ever, is the closeness of the pads compared with the thick-
ness of the horny covering.

The stern (value 5) must be strong in bone at the root,
but should at once be reduced in size as it leaves the body,
and then gradually taper to a point like a bee's sting. It
should be very slightly curved, carried a little above the
line of the back, and without the slightest approach to curl
at the tip.

Of symmetry and quality (value 7) the Pointer should
display a goodly proportion, no dog showing more differ-
ence between the gentleman and his opposite. It is impos-
sible to analyze the essentials, but every judge carries the
knowledge with him.

THE POINTER. 143

The texture (value 3) of coat in the Pointer should be
soft and mellow, but not absolutely silky.

In color (value 5) there is now little choice, in point of
fashion, between the liver and lemon-and- whites. After
them come the black-and- whites (witli or without tan),
then the pure black, and lastly the pure liver. Dark liver-
ticked is, perhaps, the most beautiful color of all to the
eye.

While on this question of color, it may be appropriate to
remark that fashion and caprice have always been con-
sulted in awarding the palm of preference to one color over
another; however, the liver-and- white dogs have been the
most generally sought after, taking it all through, and are
the popular dogs of the present day. After them come the
lemon-and- whites and orange-and-whites. The latter color
was, at one time, popularized by Mr. Whitehouse, whose
strain, headed by Hamlet, proved most excellent animals.
The Duke of Kingston's strain of black Pointers was also
at one time quite the thing among sportsmen in England,
and some most excellent dogs of that color are now owned
in this country, being largely descended from the kennels
of Mr. Pope.

With regard to the weight of pointers, it is customary,
in the shows in this country, to separate them into two
divisions dogs weighing over and under fifty-five pounds,
and bitches weighing over and under fifty pounds. On this
point, Mr. Yero Shaw remarks as follows:

For old sportsmen, the heavy dogs, partaking, as they do, largely of the
character of tile old Spanish Pointer, are chiefly to be recommended, as from
their greater weight they are not so fast or so active in the field. On the other
hand, there is a far greater development of pace to be found in the light
weights, and their stanchness in many instances is very slightly, if at all,
inferior to the heavier animals. ... It may, therefore, we are of opinion,
be taken that the medium-sized Pointers are, as a rule, by far more valuable as
sporting dogs than either of the extremes in weight, as they may be reasonably
expected to combine pace and stanchness to an extent which is likely to com-
mend itself to every sort of sportsman. It is, we believe, a pretty generally
admitted fact among sportsmen that modern Pointers are deficient in nose when
compared with what they used to be; in other words, nose has been sacrificed
by the almost insane importance which has been attached to pace. Breeders

144

THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

appear to have in many instances only had in view the production of an animal
that can gallop, and thereby cover more ground than other dogs which might
be brought against them; and nose has thereby suffered to a great extent.

With regard to breeding, management, and training,
nothing further need be added to those departments of
canine lore than can be found elsewhere in this volume, for
the observations and instructions given on those points
with especial reference to other breeds will apply with
equal force to the Pointer. This dog is easily bred true to
type, is not difficult to rear and keep in a state of health,
and is more easily trained than any other sporting dog;
also remembering his lessons the best.

THE GREYHOUND.

BY COL. ROGER D. WILLIAMS.

jf| T is not my intention to trace the history of the Grey-
hound from his origin, through his gradual improve-
/il ment and development, up to the present state of
perfection. Nor shall I repeat all the arguments that
have been advanced by other writers as to the origin and
the derivation of the name of this breed; yet a few lines
may not be amiss as to his early history. The exact date
of the origin of the Greyhound is unknown, but represen-
tations upon Egyptian monuments, tombs, and obelisks
prove beyond perad venture his existence over three thou-
sand years ago. According to Holinshed, the breed was
first introduced into Britain during the third century.
Other authorities, probably not as reliable, claim as early
as B. C. 25.

Arrian, writing in his Cynegetticus, about A. D. 150,
describes coursing in many of its details. Thus it will
be seen that this sport is of great antiquity at least seven-
teen hundred years old.

The early Egyptians had several breeds of dogs, but the
Greyhounds were evidently always their favorites. They
looked upon them with great veneration, and the death of
one of them was lamented as a misfortune. With them
they were considered a valuable animal, and occupied a
conspicuous place in their households and traditions.

Herodotus has recorded that when a Greyhound died,
all the members of the family to whom he belonged shaved
their heads, and the body of the dog was buried in conse-
crated ground. In olden times, none but the nobility were
allowed to own Greyhounds; and the killing of one, under
the then existing game laws, was punishable with death.

10 (145)

146 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

The Gauls coursed with Greyhounds both the smooth
and rough coated varieties for the pleasure and excite-
ment of the chase. The oldest coursing club we have any
record of was that founded by Lord Orford, at Norfolk, in
1776. At the present day, there are a large number in
England alone. The natives of Sahara (Northern Africa)
have great love and admiration for the Greyhound. No
matter how useful other breeds may be in watching, hunt-
ing, etc., they are looked upon as comparatively worth-
less, troublesome, and deserving of the great amount of
abuse usually heaped upon them; while the rich regard the
Greyhounds as fit companions for their pastimes, and to the
poor they prove bread, or rather meat, winners; therefore,
neither class begrudge them the best of care and attention.
Herds of goats are often kept to feed the Hounds, and
instances are recorded of women themselves having nursed
the whelps of a particularly promising litter.

Sir Walter Scott was a great admirer of dogs, and was
especially fond of the Greyhound. His famous dog, Maida,
was presented to him by the Chief of Glengarry. It is
said that this dog could eat from his master's table stand-
ing flat-footed. He was said to be the finest specimen of the
breed in Scotland, not only on account of his symmetry of
form, but also on account of his extraordinary size and
strength. He had a cross of Staghound in him. Scott's
poem to Bonny Heck, a celebrated Greyhound, will live as
long as the memory of Scott itself. Kings, and noblemen
of all ranks, in all ages, have loved and fostered the Grey-
hound, and, have honored him with a place in their homes
and by their firesides.

By his respect for decency, his cleanliness, and his dig-
nified aspect, the Greyhound sustains the exalted position
he occupies; and the daintiness with which he handles
coarse or unclean food proclaims him the aristocrat of all
canines. He is full of self-love and vanity, rivaling the
peacock in these qualities. He is much more affectionate
than he generally gets credit for being, and there are few
passions felt by man that he does not share. Nor is he

THE GREYHOUND. 147

devoid of imagination, as many suppose. I have often seen
an old courser, in his dreams, work himself into almost a
frenzy while pursuing an imaginary jack-rabbit; jump to
his feet, and then appear to feel very silly when he has
found that he was merely dreaming.

There can be no doubt that the English, Scotch, Persian,
Russian, Grecian, and Italian Greyhound, the Irish and
Siberian Wolfhound, the Scotch Deerhound, and the
Whippet, are but varieties of the same breed. Stonehenge
classifies and divides the English Greyhounds into the
Newmarket, Lancashire, Yorkshire, and Wiltshire. These,
however, seem to amount to distinctions without differ-
ences.

None of the native American dogs, so far as known, in
any way resembled the Greyhound. The native wild dog
of Australia is built on the same lines as the Greyhound,
but is nearly extinct, being now rarely, if ever, met with.
In Africa, India, Ceylon, and other tropical countries, the
ordinary breeds of hunting dogs, especially the Pointer,
the Foxhound, and Bloodhound, deteriorate rapidly, both
physically and mentally, losing strength and energy; but
such climate seems to have but little, if any effect, on the
Greyhound. These dogs seem equally at home in high
altitudes, being capable of great and continued exertions,
even as high as timber line.

In shape and form, the modern Greyhound is far supe-
rior to that of olden times, if we may judge by the por-
traits and engravings handed down to us. In elegance of
form, the improvement has been very marked, especially in
the beauty of the head and neck.

The qualities desired in this, the most elegant, the hand-
somest of his race, are speed, courage (without which
he is not worth kennel-room), strength, stanchness, and
endurance. He must have an affectionate disposition, but
must also have plenty of vital force, dash, and spirit.

It is a general supposition that the Greyhound is entirely
devoid of the power of scent. This is a great mistake, as
can be attested by anyone who has ever hunted them, gen-

148 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

erally, in the West, upon large game. Of course, scent is
not as well developed in the Greyhound as in other breeds,
because the uses to which he is put do not require scent,
and, under the law of evolution, it has deteriorated as a
natural consequence. Unrivaled in speed and endurance,
these qualities have been developed and bred for, while
the olfactory organs have been neglected, necessarily, by
restricting the work of the dog to sight-hunting.

Size and external form are of the greatest importance.
Yet the fact that they can and do run in various sizes and
forms is, nevertheless, generally apparent. These cases, of
course, are the exception, and in making selection of stud
dogs, or brood bitches, it should be remembered that those
formed in the mold most like the greatest number of win-
ners, will be the speediest.

For open coursing on rabbits, I prefer a dog of medium
size, say fifty-five pounds, because, being nimble in turning,
he is enabled to work close to the game, and to rapidly run
up a large score of points, when once placed, that a larger,
more unwieldy, and longer-coupled dog, that necessarily
runs wide at the turns, can not wipe out, unless placed
repeatedly. For general use, on the Western plains, the
larger and stronger the dog the better; for, by his immense
powers of endurance, hardihood, and strength, he brings
the larger game to bay, and either holds, kills, or harasses
it until the arrival of his master.

My old Snowflight, standing thirty inches at shoulder,
weighing one hundred pounds, measuring sixty -five inches
from tip to tip, the hero of many a hard-fought battle on
the Plains and in the Rockies, also winner of numerous
coursing matches, and first prizes on the bench, was the
typical dog for this purpose. The smaller dogs would
stand but little show against the sharp hoofs and pointed
antlers of the mule deer and buck antelope, to say noth-
ing of the glistening ivories of the gray timber- wolf, who
is a most formidable antagonist when run down to a death
finish.

For an inclosed coursing meeting, similar to those held

TH1J GREYHOUND.

149

by the National and Eastern Coursing Clubs, the smaller
dogs have an undoubted advantage over either of the
former. Misterton, winner of the Waterloo Cup in 1879,
the greatest sire of modern times, having taken in over
$20,000 in stud fees, trained and ran at sixty-three pounds.
Princess Dagmar, who sold at public auction for $8,000,
weighed fifty-eight pounds. Coomassie, twice winner of
the Waterloo Cup, weighed but forty-two pounds when in

CHAMPION MASTER RICH.*
Owned by Rockwood-Landseer Greyhound Kennels, Lexington, Ky.

working condition; while Honey wood raced in great form
at sixty -four pounds. Mullingar, winner of more money

* Master Rich (A. K. C. S. B., No. 10976) was whelped May 20, 1887.
His height at shoulder is twenty-nine inches; weight, sixty-five pounds. His
winnings are : First in the Derby, American Coursing Club, 1888; first,
Chicago, 1889; first, Akron, 1889; first, Richmond, Ind., 1889; first, Columbus,
18S9; first, Knoxville, 1889; second, New York, 1890; second, Chicago, to his
kennel mate, 1890; first, Baltimore, 1890; first, Boston, 1890; first in challenge
class, Cincinnati, 1890. ED.

150 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

than any other courser, is even larger than his sire, Mister-
ton. Among the winners and runners-up at the meetings of
the American Coursing Club, Sandy Jim, Master Rich, Lord
Neversettle, and Trales are large, -Belle P., Midnight, and
Whitesocks are medium, and Bessie Lee, Meta, and White
Lips are small.

DESCRIPTION.

The head should be long and narrow, slightly widening
at the back; low between the eyes; however, not cut away,
or dished, along the nose; jaw lean and full-muscled.

The eye should be bright, quick, and full, denoting ani-
mation.

The ears should be small, and carried close.

The teeth should be white, strong, and of sufficient length
to take and retain a firm hold.

Neck-length and pliability are of the greatest impor-
tance, and should never be overlooked. A short neck will
not only impede action, but pace as well. It should be
well-muscled, but not enough so to affect its flexibility and
suppleness.

Chest and loins. The chest should be deep and hatchet-
shaped, and yet not too wide for the shoulders to play
smoothly upon. Some authorities, Stonehenge among
them, claim great depth of chest a fault. This I have
never found true. A chest must have capacity to hold the
heart and lungs, and, as width undoubtedly interferes with
the movement and actions of the fore quarters, in depth
only can the heart and lungs get free action.

The back should be broad and square, well arched, with
a roll of muscle standing clear above each side of the spine.
Many prefer the flat, straight back so popular in England
at one time; but for an all-around good dog, at both long
and short distances, the arched back is far preferable. The
length of back should be between shoulder and last rib,
rather than between last rib and hip-bone. If too much
length to the latter, the power to make a quick turn or
wrench will be seriously interfered with. The loins should

THE GREYHOUND. 151

not only be wide and strong, but deep, with a good meas-
urement around. Herein lies the power to gather quickly
and extend.

The tail should be long, and tapered, and nicely curved,
though not ringed; not too coarse, though it may be heavy
at the butt.

Fore quarters. Elbows straight, neither turned in nor
out. The distance from the elbow to the knee should not
be less than double same from knee to ground. Oblique
shoulder-blades, to allow the legs to be well thrust forward.
Shoulder muscular, without being over-developed or loaded;
strong pastern joints, well stood upon; feet compact, rather
round than long; perfectly straight knuckles, well up.

Toes close, with long claws; sole thick and tough, and
indurated by use.

Hind quarters. The hind quarters are the chief agent
in propulsion, and should be strong and wide across. The
stifle should be well bent; legs set straight, with no ten-
dency to cow- hock; mediumly well apart, and short from
hock to ground, with plenty of strength below the hock.
Muscles hard and firm, and unless they are large and pow-
erful in haunches and thighs, both speed and endurance
will be lacking. The hind feet should not be too round,
nor toes too upright; yet this is preferable to the long, flat
foot that lacks elasticity and springiness. A moderately
flat hind foot will be found to stand the strain better.

Color and coat. Color I have never known to cut any
figure; however, I have never seen a rich, red brindle that
did not prove a good stayer in a killing race of three to five
miles. I believe it but a coincidence, however, that Belle
P., Master Rich, Bessie Lee, Rich and Rare, and Trales,
winners at American Coursing Club meetings, were all
brindle. The mouse or blue color seems to be most in
demand, though the red or fawn color is oftener met
with. The texture of the coat is a proof of good breed-
ing. It should be neither coarse nor fine; should be short
rather than long. Above all, avoid the woolly or fur coat,
as it is a sure sign of a cross, and generally denotes a

152 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

delicate constitution, besides being hard to keep clean and
healthy

The following are the relative values of points in judg-
ing for the bench : Head, 10; chest, 15; legs, 15; neck, 10;
loin, 15; tail, 5; back ribs, 10; feet, 15; color and coa.t, 5.
Total, 100.

The improvement of the Greyhound in this country,
within the past two or three years, has been very marked;
and nowhere is it better demonstrated than at the meetings
of the American Coursing Club. I predict that within ten
years the fabulous prices realized in England will be dupli-
cated here. R. F. Walsh, of London, in a recent letter to
the Philadelphia Times, however, gives some startling
figures in connection with Greyhounds. He states that
4 'over 1,000,000 is paid at long odds on the 'long odds'
chances of the Waterloo Cup. Thomas Walsh, of Kin-
sale, Ireland, refused 1,000 for Willful King when but a
puppy. Mr. Gladstone was offered 6,500 for a promising
puppy; and Mr. Crosse, owner of Cui Bono, often paid as
high as 2,000 for a good Greyhound."

TRAINING.

The successful breeding and training of a kennel of
Greyhounds is a precarious matter, requiring, in unlimited
quantities, capital and patience, coupled with firmness and
judgment, and a large fund of love for the dog. Unfortu-
nately, many men, though possessing many good qualities,
do not number among them a due consideration for their
canine friends. They are apt to think that anything is
good enough for a dog, either in the way of food, shelter,
or bedding. This is a serious error. Anything that is
unfit for a human being is unfit for a good dog.

Exercise is as necessary to a Greyhound's health and
spirits as sufficient food itself is to other breeds. Almost
invariably, proper exercise is denied them. They should be
constantly in the open air, or should have access to same,
and should not be injured by the restraints of a kennel, or
enervated by the heat of a close room or fire.

THE GREYHOUND. 153

In preparing a dog for a certain meeting, or a special
event, he should be specially taken in hand not less than
four weeks in advance; and if he has not had sufficient
active and regular work previously to keep his muscles
hard and his flesh down, five weeks will be necessary. The
first 'point to be ascertained is the general health of the
dog, and he should be watched carefully and closely for a
few days. To insure his being free from worms, after a
twenty-four-hour fast, he should be given a pill of thirty
grains of areca-nut and four grains of santonine, followed
two hours later with a dose of castor-oil.

See that he is entirely free of vermin, eczema, and sores
of all kinds. Never trust an attendant to feed for you
see personally every mouthful the dog eats. It is the con-
stant watchfulness of a dog's every movement, action, and
mood that denotes the thorough trainer. The result to be
obtained should come from proper feeding quality, and
not quantity of food, being the end to be considered. No
rules as to the quantity of food can be given, as dogs vary
too much in their demands; the too rapid increase or
decrease of flesh should regulate this. I do not believe in
the sloppy food and stirabouts, containing oat and corn
meal, so highly recommended by many, but prefer slightly
cooked beef, with table-scraps containing, where possible,
vegetables and bread.

The bowels can be kept in proper condition by an occa-
sional feed of Spratt's Greyhound biscuits, and where
these can not be had, corn-bread, with cracklings, baked
hard and brown, will be found a cheap and excellent sub-
stitute. If very constipated, boiled liver should be given,
in preference to harsh medicines. If the dog will eat it
raw, its laxative powers will be found more beneficial in this
state. The digestive canal of a dog is especially sensitive
to the action of medicines, and they should only be used as
a last resort. A couple of raw eggs once or twice a week
can be given, especially should the coat feel rough, and be
lacking in gloss. During the first few days of training, the
dog should be taught obedience; and this I have always

154 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

found promptly and willingly rendered. He should be
taught to come to heel and remain, and to range forward
when ordered. It is absolutely necessary that he be taught
to fence fearlessly, and to jump in and out of vehicles at
command. Strict attention to this will save much trouble
and worry later on.

Never punish a Greyhound unnecessarily, and never at
all unless he understands thoroughly what it is for. When
once thoroughly under command, he will remain so, rarely
requiring punishment; in this respect being unlike other
dogs that are credited with more sense.

The first day, the trainer, mounted on horseback, or in a
vehicle, should, after feeding a biscuit, have the dog (if
two, they should be coupled with swivel couples) follow
him a distance of five miles, taking a moderate gait, avoid-
ing turnpikes and macadamized roads where possible.
Upon return to the kennels, the feet and legs should be
thoroughly washed and dried and minutely inspected; then
well bathed in listerine; some use tannic acid and glycerine.
The objection to this is that it hardens the pad of the foot,
which thereby loses its toughness, and causes it to crack.
The entire body should then be well rubbed and frictioned
by the hand never against the grain. The muscles of the
thighs, shoulders, fore legs, and loins should be well
kneaded and manipulated for not less than thirty minutes
each day.

On the second day, the run may be increased to ten
miles, followed promptly by the same treatment upon
return to the kennel. From this on, the distance can be
increased a mile daily until, at the commencement of the
third week, he can do his twenty miles a day, with no
signs of being sore-footed or stiff. This work should get
his muscles and wind in proper condition, and remove all
superfluous flesh, inside and outside. At this stage, speed,
to a certain extent, must be sacrificed to lasting qualities
and stamina, and training should be conducted so as to
develop the general muscular powers, especially in the
heart and lungs. Care should be taken, however, not to

THE GREYHOUND. 155

force beyond his capacity or to overwork a young dog, as
the aim will be attained at a sacrifice of durability, with
diminished strength of constitution. During the last week,
the distance can be cut down gradually to a couple of miles
daily, until the day before the event, a simple gallop across
the turf should find him in a high state of efficiency as to
wind and pow r er to sustain fatigue.

During this training, if the dog has never before been
slipped upon jack-rabbits, he should have from two to three
courses a week on these, being slipped with a single good
worker, willing and capable of doing his share. If you
want a true and honest worker, do not work him on too
many jacks, and never in a crowd of dogs, as he will soon
learn to run cunning, thereby ruining his chance as a stake-
winner; for the habit once acquired is seldom overcome.

Never blanket your dog during training, if it can be
avoided; but have blankets at hand, in case of cold or wet
weather during the meeting. Working a dog under blank-
ets to reduce flesh is more injurious than beneficial. The
better plan is to increase his work, and change the quality,
not the quantity, of his food. The day of the running, the
dog should be kept muzzled. Two or three hours before
going to the slips, feed one-quarter pound of raw meat,
chopped fine, with an egg broken over it. Feed nothing
more till night. See that the dog has an opportunity to
relieve his bowels.

While in the slips, stay close to him, and watch carefully
for any signs of his having picked up a sand-bur, prickly-
pear, or cactus; and in case he does so, it should be
promptly removed. If he shows any indication of a desire
to relieve himself, see that the slipper indulges him. This
is important.

Encourage him with your presence, and do all you legiti-
mately can to see that he is sighted promptly. Spare no
pains or expense in getting a good mount, and keep as close
as possible to him during the course. After the kill, take
him up at once, sponge out his mouth, give him a few swal-
lows of water from a bottle, and rub gently, yet firmly,

156 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

until natural breathing returns. If very much exhausted,
a . little cold coffee may be given him from a bottle.
Blanket close, and keep moving briskly, out of draft.
After a course, wash and examine the stoppers, dew-claws,
nails, and feet thoroughly. When a nail or claw is partly
detached, trim it neatly with sharp scissors, bathe thor-
oughly in listerine, and before going to the slips for
another course, rub with caustic, which will deaden the
pain.

Should the stoppers be injured, make a light cap or
patch, with soft kid, and apply with warm shoemaker's
wax. This is far preferable to the boot, as not interfering
with the movement and action of the legs. Should the dog
go lame in the fore-arms, through a wrench, twist, or over-
exertion, do not let anyone persuade you to "fire 1 ' him.
While it undoubtedly stiffens and strengthens the muscles
temporarily, the custom is a barbarous one, seldom effect-
ive, and the after-results disastrous. Try the effect of
complete rest, rubbing and bathing freely in Pond's
Extract.

Never, under any circumstances, dispute the decision of
a judge. It is time wasted. If you are satisfied you are
not getting justice, draw your dog.

If the dog is to be trained for track or flat racing, the
same treatment should be given, with the following excep-
tions : Limit the maximum distances to fifteen miles a day,
and at the commencement of the second week, take a pair
of well-mated dogs to a level stretch of country, or, better
still, a race or trotting track. Place them at the head of
the quarter or home stretch, in independent slips, handled
by an attendant with whom they are not familiar. Engage
and retain their attention as you walk off, say a furlong;
flourish a red flag, call them sharply, and as soon as both
are well sighted, have the attendant slip them. When they
reach you, show your appreciation of their smartness;
encourage them, pet and fondle them, giving each a small
bit of biscuit. This should be repeated several times, night
and morning, taking care to stop as soon as they show the

THE GREYHOUND. 157

first signs of flagging interest. The distance can be gradu-
ally increased daily, as desired. Should one of the pair
show a disposition to bite, play with, or jostle his mate,
slip the faster dog a second or two sooner. Should the
faster dog be the offender, a spiked collar on the other will
soon teach him better manners. You will be astonished to
find how rapidly they learn, and what genuine interest they
take in this sport.

In preparing for the bench, the foregoing instructions
for training should be followed as nearly as possible; but as
there are many who probably have not such facilities, to
them I say: Give all the exercise you possibly can; teach
your dog to retrieve a swiftly thrown ball; have him follow
you as much as possible, and train him to jump a cane,
stick, or umbrella; and indulge him in it to the fullest
extent, for he will soon become fond of it. Rub, knead,
and roll all his muscles a half -hour at a time, and not less
than three times a day. Brush briskly with a stiff hair-
brush, and finish off with soft chamois-skin. Clean his
teeth thoroughly, removing all discolorations. Give sev-
erai good dressings to his coat with oil of tar and sulphur,
followed by bath in tepid water, using the yelks of eggs
instead of soap. Keep blanketed when not exercising.
Feed as many eggs as his stomach will stand without
becoming bilious, and let him lap a pint of milk daily.

Teach him to lead kindly with the chain, and to stand
perfectly still, with head and neck extended, feet and legs
straight, and well under him. Do not feed for twenty -four
hours previous to judging. A few minutes before taking
into the judge's ring, however, give a small piece of raw
beef, say the size of two fingers. While in the ring, do not
crowd your dog up close to the judge, but get as far away
as the ring will permit. If he is a good one, the judge will
never overlook him. If the sawdust in the ring is deep,
clear a space, that his feet and toes may be seen.

If you do not succeed in getting his muscles hard and
firm, stomach off, and body devoid of surplus flesh, forfeit
your entrance money and keep him at home. When show-

158 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

ing on the bench, ascertain the location of the nearest
vacant lot or park to the exhibition building, and give him
a good long romp of not less than an hour daily. If unac-
customed to the "patent biscuits" usually fed at bench
shows, feed on lean beef or mutton.

If these instructions are carried out faithfully, the con-
dition of your dog will remain good for several weeks;
otherwise the close of the first show on the circuit will find
him a physical wreck. When at home, between, dates of
shows, keep up his work, even if it be only for a few days.

CARE AND WASHING.

Greyhounds are naturally cleanly, and require but little
washing. When necessary (never before), make a solution
of one part Carbolic Sheep Dip to fifteen parts lukewarm
water; never ^use hot water on a dog under any circum-
stances; soak thoroughly, rubbing well in with the hand,
being careful of the eyes. Follow this immediately with
a mild soap. Bathe, and finish up by lathering freely with
the yelks of several eggs. Drench with cold water, and
rub thoroughly dry. No dog subjected to this treatment,
regularly, will ever be troubled with vermin, eczema, or
mange in any of its forms. If persisted in, it will cure
the worst case of chronic mange that can be found.

As before stated, the digestive canal of the dog is par-
ticularly irritable, and very sensitive to the action of medi-
cines; therefore, give as little medicine as possible. When
medicine must be given, it should be administered with
caution, in homeopathic doses. Rather give him access to
a woodland or garden once or twice a day, and he will find
Nature's remedies for his ailments.

FOOD.

The Greyhound is seldom a glutton, and naturally
requires but little food, except when in training. Once
in twenty-four hours is as often as he should be fed, and
a fast of forty -eight hours causes no inconvenience. Avoid
grease and fatty substances. While boiled corn-meal is a

THE GREYHOUND. 159

most excellent food for the average dog especially the
Foxhound it should rarely, if ever, be given to a Grey-
hound, it is very heating in its nature. Greyhounds are
especially susceptible to skin diseases, and if they do not
get an abundance of exercise while fed upon mush, will
break out in troublesome sores and eczema. For a steady
diet, table-scraps containing bone, with an occasional meal
of vegetables, will keep them in excellent condition. Never
give them any food until it is perfectly cold; and, where
possible, have a regular hour for feeding late in the after-
noon being the best time.

The kennels should be dry and well ventilated, with an
elevated sleeping-bench, .with circulation of air under it.
No bedding at all in summer, and hemp hurds in winter.
These remain free of vermin and moisture, and preserve
the gloss of the dog's coat.

I have here advocated the simpler, cheaper, and more
practical methods of training, showing, and rearing Grey-
hounds. I am fully aware that many of the swell own-
ers, who dress their imported Greyhound pets in costly
blankets, feed them high-priced patent foods, wash them
with scented soaps, and have a valet walk them through
the parks, will turn up their noses at these instructions;
but whenever their pets meet dogs that have been treated
as I have directed, either on the bench or in the field, the
difference will be as glaringly apparent to their owners as
to others.

BREEDING AND REARING.

In the breeding of bitches and rearing of whelps, the
same rules apply to Greyhounds as to other breeds. I have
often had Greyhound bitches, especially the younger ones,
refuse to allow the dog to serve them, although fully in
heat. It is common to use force upon such occasions:
This should never be allowed; but repeated trials should be
made. Nature will regulate the matter finally.

While in whelp, the bitch should have plenty of exer-
cise, and, until too heavy, an occasional hunt. She should

160

THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

not be allowed to get too heavy in flesh, nor yet kept too
thin; a medium between the two should be maintained.
Remove the dew-claws on puppies when one week old, pull-
ing them off with pincers; it will be unattended with pain.
Allow the puppies to remain with the bitch as long as
her condition warrants it. Should you desire to train or
show the bitch after whelping, provide a foster-mother

CHAMPION BALKIS.
Owned by Mr. H. W. Huntington, 148 South Eighth street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

are

for the puppies, and gradually relieve her until all
transferred.

After weaning, the puppies should be fed three or four
times a day (not less), and should be given bones to gnaw.
If there be not plenty of limestone in the water used, a
little phosphate of lime sprinkled on their food once a day
will strengthen and enlarge their bones, thereby preventing
standing over, or springing of the knees, so common in
young Greyhounds.

THE GREYHOUND. 161

The inclosed coursing meetings, recently introduced into
this country, and rapidly becoming popular, will do much
to increase the popularity of the Greyhound, and awaken
interest in coursing in the Middle and Eastern States. At
the same time, they will have a tendency to destroy some of
the best and strongest qualities of this breed, such as stam-
ina and staying qualities. I predict that it will be but a
short time, comparatively, until a weak, light specimen, of
the Whippet order capable of a fast short spurt will be
much sought after; while the great, game animal, with the
heart and courage of a lion, capable of keeping up his
speed to the end of a bruising four or five mile course, will
be confined to the open meetings of the Far West.

Great credit is due the following gentlemen, among
others, for their untiring efforts in advancing the Grey-
hound interests in America : Mr. H. W. Huntington, New
York; Dr. Q. Van Hummell, Kansas City; Montgomery
Phister, Cincinnati; Dr. N. Howe, Chicago; Dr. G. Irwin
Royce, D. IN". Heizer, M. E. Allison, H. C. Lowe, Kansas;
A. C. Lighthall, Denver, and C. G. Page, Nebraska.

Among other prominent breeders or owners of Grey-
hounds may be mentioned the Devon Kennels, 82 Front
street, New York City; Alpine Kennels, Thirty-eighth
street and First avenue, New York City; J. Herbert Wat-
son, 79 Downing street, Brooklyn, N. Y.; John E. Thayer,
Lancaster, Mass.; J. Yan Schaick, 32 Broad street, New
York City; Woodhaven Kennels, Woodhaven, Long Island,
N. Y. ; Mrs. Sarah Leggett Emory, 253 Fifth avenue, New
York City; F. G. Stuart, box 83, Hoosick Falls, N. Y.;
W. E. Stevens, Riverside, 111.; Frank Welch, box 172,
Lemont, 111.; A. M. Young, 93 Park street, Albany, Ind.;
Ed. G. Howell, Denver, Colo.; D. H. Stine, Newport, Ky.,
and Middleton Kennels, Cassopolis, Mich.

Among the many good dogs which Mr. Huntington has
imported or bred may be mentioned Champion Balkis, a
large, up-standing, well-built dog, and a famous bench-show
winner, both in this country and in England. His winnings

in America are :
11

162 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

First and special, Hartford, 1887; first and special, Bos-
ton, 1887; first and special, Troy, 1888; champion and
special, New York, 1888; champion, New Haven, 1888;
champion, Boston, 1888; champion and special, Buffalo,
1888; champion and special, Syracuse, 1888; champion,
New Bedford, 1889; champion and special, New York, 1889;
challenge, Troy, 1889; challenge, Albany, 1889; challenge,
Utica, 1889; challenge, Worcester, 1889; second challenge,
Boston, 1889; challenge, Toronto, 1889; first, Danbury,
1889; one special, Danbury, and two specials, Toronto,
1889; challenge, New York, 1890; challenge, Boston, 1890;
challenge, Buffalo, 1890.

Mr. Huntington's Highland Chief is a handsome white
and black dog, and though only three years old, has the
following winnings to his credit :

First, special, and second special, Syracuse, 1888; first,
Richmond, 1888; first and special, New Bedford, 1889;
special, New York, 1889; first, Troy, 1889; first, Albany,
1889; first and special, Utica, 1889; first challenge, Chicago,
1890; second challenge, New York, 1890; third and special,
Buffalo, 1888; third, New York, 1889.

Among Mr. Allison's best dogs are:

Champion Sandy Jim (5337), who won first at Great
Bend in 1886, and first in all-age stakes at same meet-
ing.

Reno Belle (5342), runner-up in championship stake at
same meeting, is the mother of Sandy Jim.

Terry, litter brother of Sandy Jim, was runner-up in the
all- age stake at the same meeting.

Mr. H. C. Lowe's White Lips is a remarkably clever
bitch. She has seldom been exhibited at bench shows in
this country, but has done some good work at coursing
meets, and has an excellent record for field-work on ante-
lopes, wolves, and jack-rabbits. I consider her one of the
quickest and closest workers on jack-rabbits I have ever
seen, and nothing but force of circumstances held her down
to the position of runner-up in the American cup race in
both 1888 and 1889.

THE GREYHOUND. 163

A general impression prevails that the Greyhound is a
timid animal, lacking heart and courage. This may be true
of some strains of the breed; but could the reader have
ridden several courses with me at meetings of the American
Coursing Club which I have judged, and have seen Grey-
hounds, as I have seen them, run until their hind legs
refused to propel them farther, and then crawl on their
breasts after a thoroughly used-up jack-rabbit but a few
feet in advance, the singing and whistling in their
throats audible at fifty yards literally in the last gasp
of death, trying to reach their prey he or she would agree
with me in crediting them with both the qualities men-
tioned.

In hunting the antelope it is not an uncommon thing to
see a Greyhound, especially in hot weather, continue the
chase until he drops and dies before his master reaches him.
An uninjured antelope is capable of giving any Greyhound
all the work he can stand, and unless the latter is in prime
condition, his chances are poor indeed to throttle. A pecul-
iar feature of the Greyhound is that he -always attacks
large game in the throat, head, or fore part of the body.
I have even seen them leave the line of the jack-rabbit to
get at his throat.

Old " California Joe," at onetime chief of scouts with
General Custer, in 1875 owned a grand specimen of the
Greyhound, called Kentuck, presented to him by General
Custer. I saw this dog seize and throw a yearling bull
buffalo, and the former was then dragged on his back over
rough stones, trampled and pawed until his ears were split,
two ribs broken, and neck and fore shoulders frightfully cut
and lacerated, yet he never released his hold until a Sharps
rifle bullet through the heart of the buffalo ended the
unequal struggle. Talk about a lack of courage ! What
Mastiff, Bulldog, or Great Dane could excel in courage
Old Kentuck ?

I have seen many a Greyhound, single-handed and alone,
overhaul and tackle a coyote, and, in a pack, have seen
them close in and take hold of a timber wolf or a mountain

164 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

lion, and stay through the fight, coming out bleeding and
quivering, with hardly a whole skin among them.

Sir Samuel Baker, in his explorations in Africa and his
jungle-hunting in Ceylon, was always accompanied by a
pack of Greyhounds, and the deeds of valor performed by
them on wild game, as recounted by him, prove their cour-
age beyond doubt.

In point of speed, courage, fortitude, endurance, sagacity,
and fine, almost human, judgment, no grander animal lives
than the Greyhound. He knows no fear, he turns from no
game animal on which he is sighted, no matter how large
or how ferocious. He pursues with the speed of the wind,
seizes the instant he comes up with the game, and stays in
the fight until either he or the quarry is dead.

The following revised rules have been adopted as the
standard for American coursing, and anyone training Grey-
hounds should be perfectly familiar with them in all their
details :

1. THE JUDGE shall be appointed the night the drawing takes place.
The slipper and other field officers shall also be appointed on the night of the
draw.

2. Two WEEKS' NOTICE shall be given of the day of the drawing,
through the public press.

3. THE DRAWING shall take place at least three days previous to the run-
ning, when the time and place of putting the first brace of dogs into the slips
shall be declared. A card or counter, bearing a corresponding number, shall
be assigned to each entry. These numbered cards or counters shall then be
placed together and drawn indiscriminately. This classification, once made,
shall not be disturbed throughout the meeting, except for the purpose of
guarding, or on account of byes. Dogs whose position on the cards has been
altered in consequence of guarding, or of byes, must return to their original
position in the next round, if guarding does not prevent it.

4. GUARDING. When more than one nomination in a stake is taken in
one name, the Greyhounds, if bona fide the property of the same owner, shall
be gua'rded throughout. This is always to be arranged, as far as possible, by
bringing up the dogs from below to meet those which are to be guarded. This
guarding is not, however, to deprive any dog of a natural bye to which he
may be entitled, either in the draw or in running through the stake.

5. BYES. A natural bye shall be given to the lowest available dog in
each round. No dog shall run a second such bye in any stake, unless it is
unavoidable. When a dog is entitled to a bye, either natural or accidental,

THE GREYHOUND. 165

his owner or nominator may run any Greyhound he pleases, to assist in the
course; provided, always, that in sapling stakes, only a sapling may be used,
and in puppy stakes, none older than a puppy. But if it be proven to the sat-
isfaction of the stewards that no puppy can be found to run an accidental bye,
the owner shall have the power of substituting an old dog. No dog shall run
any bye earlier than his position on the card entitles him to do so. The judge
shall decide whether enough has been done to constitute a course, or whether
it must be run again. If at the commencement of any round in a stake one
dog in each course has a bye, those byes shall not be run, but the dogs shall
take their places for the next round as if the byes had been run.

6. POSTPONEMENT OP A MEETING. A meeting appointed to take place
on a certain day may, if a majority of the committee (and the stewards, if
appointed) consider the weather unfavorable for coursing, be postponed from
day to day; but if the running does not commence within the current week,
all nominations shall be void, and the expenses shall be paid by the subscribers
in proportion to the number of nominations taken by each. In the case of
produce stakes, however, the original entries shall continue binding, if the
meeting is held at a later period of the season.

7. TAKING DOGS TO THE SLIPS. Every dog must be brought to the
slips in proper turn, without delay, under a penalty of five dollars ($5). If
absent for more than ten minutes (according to the report of any one of the
stewards), its opponent shall be entitled to claim the course, and shall in that
case run a bye. If both dogs be absent at the expiration of ten minutes, the
steward shall have power to disqualify both dogs, or to fine their owners any
sum not exceeding twenty-five dollars ($25) each. No dogs shall be put into
the slips for a deciding course until thirty minutes after the decision of the
course in the previous round, without the consent of its owners.

8. CONTROL OP DOGS IN SLIPS. The control of all matters connected
with slipping the Greyhounds shall rest with the stewards of a meeting.
Owners or servants, after delivering their dogs into the hands of the slipper,
may follow close after them, but not so as to inconvenience the slipper or in
any way interfere with the dogs; nor must they halloo them on while running,
under a penalty of five dollars ($5). Any Greyhound found to be beyond con-
trol may be loosed out of the slips, and the course decided by the rules of
the club.

9. GREYHOUNDS OF SAME COLOR TO WEAR COLLARS. When two
Greyhounds, drawn together, are of the same color, they shall each wear a
collar, and the owners shall be subject to a penalty of one dollar ($1) for non-
observance of this rule; the collar to be red for the left-hand side and white
for the right-hand side of the slips. After the first round, the upper dog on
the card for the day will be placed on the left hand, and the lower dog on the
right of the slips

10. THE ORDER TO SLIP may be given by the judge or by a slip steward,
or the stewards of a meeting may leave the slip to the sole discretion of. the slip-
per. The length of slip must necessarily vary with the nature of the ground,
but should never be less than eighty yards, and must be maintained of one
uniform length, as far as possible, through each stake.

166 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

11. THE SLIPPER. If one Greyhound gets out of the slips, the slipper
shall not let the other go. In the case of slips breaking, and either or both
dogs getting away in consequence, the slipper may call both dogs back and
put them again in the slips, at the discretion of the stewards.

12. THE JUDGE shall be subject to the general rules which may be estab-
lished by the American Coursing Club for his guidance. He shall, on the ter-
mination of each course, immediately deliver his decision aloud, and shall not
recall or reverse his decision, on any pretext whatever, after it has been
declared; but no decision shall be delivered until the judge is perfectly satis-
fied that the course is absolutely terminated.

13. THE JUDGE shall decide all courses upon the one uniform principle that
the Greyhound which does the most toward killing the hare, during the con-
tinuance of the course, is to be declared the winner. The principle is to be
carried out by estimating the value of the work done by each Greyhound, as
seen by him, upon a balance of points, according to the scale hereafter laid
down, from, which also are to be deducted certain specified allowances and
penalties all races to be run by courses.

14. THE POINTS of the courses are :

(a). Speed. Which shall be estimated as one, two, or three points, accord-
ing to the degree of superiority shown. (See definition a below.)

(b). The Go-by. Two points, or if gained on the outer circle, three points.

(c). The Turn. One point.

(d). The Wrench. Half a point.

(e). The Kill. Two points, or in a descending scale in proportion to the
degree of merit displayed in that kill, which may be of no value.

(/). The Trip. One point.

DEFINITION OF POINTS.

(a). In estimating the value of speed to the hare, the judge must take into
account the several forms in which it may be displayed, viz.

I. Where, in the run-up, a clear lead is gained by one of the dogs; in
which case one, two, or three points may be given, according to the length of
the lead, apart from the score for a turn or wrench. In awarding these points,
the judge shall take into consideration the merit of a lead obtained by a dog
which has lost ground at the start, either from being unsighted or from a bad
slip, or which has had to run the outer circle.

II. When one Greyhound leads the other so long as the hare runs
straight, but loses the lead from her bending round decidedly in favor of the
slower dog, of her own accord; in which case the one Greyhound shall score
one point for speed shown, and the other dog shall score one for first turn.

III. Under no circumstances is speed without subsequent work to be
allowed to decide a course, except where great superiority is shown by one
Greyhound over another in a long lead to covert.

If a dog, after gaining the first six. points, still keeps possession of the
hare by superior speed, he shall have double the prescribed allowance for the
subsequent points made before his opponent begins to score.

(b). The Go-by is where one Greyhound starts a clear length behind his

THE GREYHOUND. 167

opponent, and yet passes him in a straight run, and gets a clear length before
him.

(c). The Turn is where the hare is brought round at not less than a right-
angle from her previous line.

(d). The Wrench is where the hare is bent from her line at less than a
right-angle; but where she only leaves her line to suit herself, and not from
the Greyhound pressing her, nothing is to be allowed.

(e). The merit of a Kill must be estimated according to whether a Grey-
hound, by his own superior dash and skill, bears the hare; whether he picks
her up through any little accidental circumstances favoring him, or whether
she is turned into his mouth, as it were, by the other Greyhound.

(/). The Trip, or an unsuccessful effort to kill, is where the hare is thrown
off her legs, or where a Greyhound catches her, but can not hold her.

15. THE following allowances shall be made for accidents to a Greyhound
during a course; but in every case they shall only be deducted from the other
dog's score:

(a). For losing ground at the start, either from being unsighted or from a
bad slip, the judge is to decide what amount of allowance is to be made, on
the principle that the score of the foremost dog is not to begin until the second
has had an opportunity of joining in the course.

(&). Where a hare bears very decidedly in disfavor of one of the dogs
after the first or subsequent turns, the next point shall not be scored by the
dog which may be unduly favored, or only half his point allowed, according
to circumstances. No Greyhound shall receive any allowance for a fall, or any
accident of any description whatever, with the exception of being ridden over
by the owner of the competing Greyhound or his servant (provided for by Rule
25), or when pressing the hare, in which case his opponent shall not count the
next point made.

16. PENALTIES are as follows:

(a). Where a Greyhound, from his own defect, refuses to follow the hare
at which he is slipped, he shall lose the course.

(b). Where a Greyhound willfully stands still in a course, or departs from
directly pursuing the hare, no points subsequently made by him shall be scored;
and if the points made by him up to that time be just equal to those made by
his antagonist in the whole course, he shall thereby lose the course; but where
one or both dogs stop with the hare in view, through inability to continue the
course, it shall be decided according to the number of points gained by each
dog during the whole course.

(c). If a dog refuses to fence where the other fences, any points subse-
quently made by him are not scored; but if he does his best to fence, and is
foiled by sticking in a hedge, the course shall end there. When the points are
equal, the superior fencer shall win the course.

17. IP A SECOND HARE be started during course, and one of the dogs
follows her, the course shall end there.

18. A "No COURSE" is when, by accident or by the shortness of the
course, the dogs are not tried together; and if one be then drawn, the other
must run a bye, unless the judge, on being appealed to, shall decide that he

168 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

has done work enough to be exempted from it. An undecided course is where
the judge considers the merits of the dogs equal; and if either is then drawn,
the other can not be required to run a bye, but the owners must at the time
declare which dog remains in. (See Eule 21.) The judge shall signify the
distinction between a " no course " and an " undecided " by taking off his hat
in the latter case only. After an "undecided" or "no course," if the dogs,
before being taken up, get on another or the same hare, the judge must follow,
and shall decide in favor of one, if he considers that there has been a sufficient
trial to justify his doing so. A "no course" or "undecided" may be run
again immediately; or, if claimed on behalf of both dogs, before the next
brace arc put into the slips; or, in case of "no course," if so ordered by the
judge; otherwise it shall be run again after the two next courses, unless it
stand over to the next morning, when it shall be the first course run. If it is the
last course of the day, fifteen minutes shall be allowed after both dogs are
taken up.

19. IMPUGNING JUDGE. If any person openly impugns the decision of
the judge on the ground, he shall forfeit not more than $25, nor less than $10.

20. OBJECTIONS. An objection to a Greyhound may be made to any one
of the stewards of a meeting at any time before the stakes are paid over, upon
the objector lodging in the hand of such steward, or the secretary, the sum of
$25, which shall be forfeited if the objection proves frivolous, or if he shall not
bring the case before the next meeting of the club, or give notice to the stew-
ards previous thereto of his intention to withdraw his objection. The owner
of the Greyhound objected to must also deposit $25, and prove the correct-
ness of his entry. All expenses in consequence of the objection shall be borne
by the party against whom the decision may be given. Should an objection be
made which can not at the time be substantiated or disproved, the Greyhound
may be allowed to run under protest, the stewards retaining his winnings until
the objection has been withdrawn, or heard, and decided. If the Greyhound
objected to be disqualified, the amount to which he would otherwise have been
entitled shall be divided equally among the dogs beaten by him; and if a piece
of plate or prize has been added, and won by him, only the dogs which he beat
in the several rounds shall have a right to contend for it.

21. WITHDRAWAL OF A DOG. If a dog be withdrawn from any stake
on the field, its owner, or someone having his authority, must at once give
notice to the secretary or flag steward. If the dog belongs to either of these
officials, the notice must be given to the other.

22. STAKES NOT RUN OUT. When two Greyhounds remain in for the
deciding course, the stakes shall be considered divided if they belong to the
same owner, or to confederates, and also if the owner of one of the two dogs
induces the owner of the other to draw him for any payment or consideration;
but if one of the two be drawn without payment or consideration, from lame-
ness, or from any cause clearly affecting his chance of winning, the other may
be declared the winner, the facts of the case being clearly proved to the satis-
faction of the stewards. The same rule shall apply when more than two dogs
remain in at the end of a stake which is not run out; and in case of a division
between three or more dogs, of which two or more belong to the same owner,

THE GREYHOUND. 169

these latter shall be held to take equal shares of the total amount received by
their owners in the division. The terms of any arrangements to divide the
winnings, and the amount of any money given to induce the owner of a dog to
draw him, must be declared by the secretary.

23. WINNERS OF STAKES RUNNING TOGETHER. If two Greyhounds
shall each win a stake, and have to run together for a final prize or challenge
cup, should they not have run an equal number of ties in their respective
stakes, the Greyhound which has run the smaller number of courses must
run a bye, or byes, to put itself upon an equality in this respect with its oppo-
nent.

24. GREYHOUND GETTING LOOSE. Any person allowing a Greyhound to
get loose, and to join in a course which is being run, shall be fined $5. If the
loose Greyhound belong to either of the owners of the dogs engaged in the
particular course, such owner shall forfeit his chance of the stake with the
dog then running, unless he can prove to the satisfaction of the stewards that
he had not been able to get the loose Greyhound taken up after running its
own course. The course is not to be considered as necessarily ended when a
third dog joins in.

25. RIDING OVER A GREYHOUND. If any subscriber, or his servant,
shall ride over his opponent's Greyhound while running in a course, the owners
of the dog so ridden over shall (although the course be given against him) be
deemed the winner of it, or shall have the option of allowing the other dog to
remain and to run out the stake, and in such case shall be entitled to half the
winnings, if any.

26. DESCRIPTION OF ENTRY. Every subscriber to a stake must name
his dog at or before the entry, giving the names (the running names, if they had
any) of the sire and dam of the dog entered, if possible, with the color of the
dog entered. For puppy stakes, the names, pedigrees, ages, and colors shall be
detailed in writing to the secretary of a meeting at the time of entry. No
Greyhound is to be considered a puppy which was whelped before the 1st of
January of the same year preceding the commencement of the season of run-
ning. A sapling is a Greyhound whelped on or after the 1st of January of the
same year in which the season of running commenced, and any Greyhound
whose marks and pedigrees shall be proved not to correspond with the entrj*
given, shall be disqualified, and the whole of its stakes or winnings forfeited.

27. BREEDING PUPPIES. Every member of the club breeding puppies
shall notify the secretary, in writing, within ten days after the birlh of any
puppies, of the number of dogs and bitches, colors and other distinguishing
marks, date of birth, and the name of sire and dam. Any member violating
this rule will not be allowed to enter or run any of such puppies in a puppy or
sapling stake.

28. ALTERATION OF NAME. If any subscriber should enter a Grey-
hound by a different name from that in which it shall have last run in public,
he shall give notice of the alteration to the secretary at the time of entry, and
the secretary shall place on the card both the late and present name of the
dog. If notice of the alteration be not given, the dog shall be disqualified.

29. PREFIX OF "Ns." Any subscriber taking an entry in a stake, and

170 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

not prefixing the word "names" (Ns) to a Greyhound which is not his own
property, shall forfeit that Greyhound's chance of the stake. He shall like-
wise, if requested, deliver in writing to the secretary of the meeting the name
of the bonafide owner of the Greyhound named by him; and this communica-
tion is to be produced should any dispute arise in the matter.

30. PAYMENT OF STAKES. All moneys due for nominations taken must
be paid at or before the entry, whether the stakes fill or not, and although,
from insufficient description or any other cause, the dogs named may be dis-
qualified. No entry shall be valid unless the amount due for it has been paid
in full. For all produce and other stakes where a forfeit is payable, no decla-
ration is necessary; the non-payment of the remainder of the entry money at
the time fixed for that purpose is to be considered a declaration of forfeit.
The secretary is to be responsible for the entrance money of all dogs whose
names appear upon the card

31. DEFAULTERS. No one shall be allowed to enter or run a Greyhound
in his own or any other person's name who is a defaulter for either stakes, bets,
dues, or fines.

32. JUDGE OR SLIPPER INTERESTED. If a judge or slipper be in any way
interested in a Greyhound running, the stewards shall appoint others to judge
or slip any course which that Greyhound may run.

THE DEERHOUND.

BY Q. VAN HUMMELL, M. D.

jj] 1ST this animal we have the aristocrat of all the canine
I race. He is the best guard, the best companion, and
/ll is capable of giving us more royal sport than any other
breed of sporting dogs. I say this without fear of suc-
cessful contradiction. A high-bred and properly trained
Deerhound has more courage and can stand more punish-
ment than any other dog. He has stronger attachment for
his master or mistress, will fight for him or her quicker and
more desperately, will never forget them, and when taken
to the field he can run fast enough to catch an antelope, a
jack-rabbit, coyote, wolf, deer, or elk, and can kill either of
them alone and unaided. He will tree a mountain lion or
a black bear, and will even fight a grizzly bear long enough
for you to climb a tree or get off a good distance, so that
you may kill him without danger to yourself.

These dogs combine more rare good qualities as a gentle-
man' s companion than any other breed in the known
world.

Idstone says of them:

Pet dogs, of course, are a matter of taste and locality, and space must
have much to do with the selection of a companionable dog. If, however, size
is no objection, it would be impossible to name any dog superior to the true
Deerhound, whether employed in his proper vocation or not, He is gentle in
manners, unless roused by the sight of his game and excited to pursue it; he is
no sheep-biter; he is a good guard; he "follows" well; he can keep up with
hack or carriage; he is not a self -hunter that is, he does not skulk off poach-
ing; he is faithful to his master; he is gentle with children, like the far-famed
Gelert, his prototype; and he is majestic in appearance. Witness the pict-
ures of him by Sir Edwin Landseer, in every variety of attitude, and sharing
in all the pleasures ay, even the sorrows of his master. With the hawk or
falcon he made up the equipment of the old baron, and slumbered in front of
his yule-log, shared in his wassail and revelry, and formed a feature in his

172 THE AMEKICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

pageant and procession. He has been the companion of kings and emperors,
and pulled down his game in the open by dexterity, force, and speed, without
the aid of toils or cross-bow immaterial to him in old days whether it were
boar, wolf, or hart no day too long, no game too strong or dangerous, until
his eye became dull, his limbs stiff, and his teeth worn down, not so much
with years as the hard work, exposure, and wounds inseparable from his
occupation, and he was retained at the hall or grange as a pensioner or a com-
panion for the rest of his life.

He has the grand form, the elegant outline, the graceful
attitudes and amiable disposition of the Greyhound, but
far surpasses him in harmonious color and in texture and
quality of coat. The writer has had as many as forty
Deerhounds in his kennels at one time, and all have har-
monized in color so perfectly as to please the eye of the art
connoisseur. A number of them may not be all of exactly
the same color, but they will breed true to a color.
They may be steel-gray, lemon, or tawny.

One family that came from Imported Forum was canary-
colored, and every one proved true to that color. Not so
with any other known breed. There is always a strong
family resemblance in a strain of Deerhounds.

A dog of good proportions should stand thirty-one inches
at the shoulder; should measure thirty-five inches around the
chest; his fore-arm should measure from eight and one-half
to nine and one-half inches; his weight should be from ninety
to one hundred and five pounds. He should be compactly
built not too long in the loin; this is one of the faults in
, many Deerhounds of the present day. When we remember
that this dog must have great speed, must often make im-
mense leaps after his game, and when he catches it must
have sufficient power to kill it which is often a difficult
task we see the necessity of a powerful muscular con-
formation.

He must be quick at a turn, to avoid the sharp hoof of
the stag. This requires a short, powerful loin and strong
quarters. The ooat should be harsh, not wiry, about three
inches long; and there should be a good thick under-coat,
bristly at the muzzle. On shoulders, neck, and back the
outer coat should be coarser than elsewhere. The head

THE SCOTCH DEERHOUND. 173

should be of the Greyhound type, only stronger, somewhat
thicker, and more powerful.

The eye should be full, intelligent, and of dark color.
The ear should be small, coated with fine, short, silky
Lair of close texture. It should be carried close to the
head until the dog is excited, when it should stand semi-
erect.

The neck should be strong and not too long. The Grey-
hound neck can not be too long, because he must reach to
the ground to pick up his game; but the Deerhound, if a
good killer, jumps on his game's neck, and hence needs no
extra length in his neck, but does need extra strength there,
as elsewhere, in order to hold on. His shoulders should be
oblique and well muscled, his back strong and well arched,
his hind quarters strong and powerfully muscled. His
stifles should be well bent and his hocks well let dow r n.

The stem should be large at the wat. This denotes a
strong spinal column. It should taper down gradually to
the tip, where the bone should be fine. It should be well
covered with coat, and curved upward and sidewise. It
should be of good length.

In fact, his general build must be on speed lines. His
feet must be close and high -knuckled, of the cat-like order.
Here is where the Deerhound will first weaken if not prop-
erly knit and closely muscled. His work in following his
game over the rocky cliffs and over fallen timber, at full
speed, is of the most trying kind. The writer has often
seen the flat or hare-footed Deerhound get foot-sore in a
few hours' work, while the strong-footed dog will work
day after day for an entire week, and never show distress.

STANDARD AND POINTS OF JUDGING.

In skull (value 10), the Deerhound resembles the large,
coarse Greyhound, it being long and moderately wide,
especially between the ears. There is a very slight rise at
the eyebrows, so as to take off what would otherwise be a
straight line from tip of nose to occiput. The upper sur-
face is level in both directions.

174 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

Nose and jaws (value 5). The jaws should be long, and
the teeth level and strong. Nostrils open, but not very
wide, and the end pointed and black; cheeks well clothed
with muscle, but the bone under the eye neither prominent
nor hollow.

Ears and eyes (value 5). The ears should be small and
thin,-, and carried a trifle higher than those of the smooth
Greyhound, but should turn over at the tips. Pricked ears
are sometimes met with, as in the rough Greyhound, but
they are not correct. They should be thinly fringed with
hair at the edges only; that on their surface should be soft
and smooth. Eyes full and dark-hazel; sometimes, by
preference, blue.

The neck (value 10) should be long enough to allow the
dog to stoop to the scent at a fast pace, but not so long and
tapering as the Greyhound's. It is usually a little thinner
than the corresponding part in that dog.

Chest and shoulders (value 10). The chest is deep
rather than wide, and in its general formation it resembles
that of the Greyhound, being shaped with great elegance,
and at the same time so that the shoulders can play freely
on its sides. The girth of a full-sized dog Deerhound
should be at least two inches greater than his height, often
an inch or two more; but a round, unwieldy chest is not to
be desired, even if girthing well. Shoulders long, oblique,
and muscular.

Back and back ribs (value 10). Without a powerful
loin, a large dog like this can not sustain the sweeping
stride which he possesses, and therefore a deep and wide
development of muscle, filling up the space between wide
back ribs and somewhat rugged hips, is a desideratum.
A good loin should measure twenty-five or twenty-six
inches in show condition. The back ribs are often rather
shallow, but they must be wide, or what is called " well
sprung," and the loin should be arched, drooping to the
root of the tail.

Elbows and stifles (value 10), if well placed, give great
liberty of action, and the contrary if they are confined by

THE SCOTCH DEERHOUKD. 175

being too close together. These points, therefore, should
be carefully examined. The elbows must be well let down,
to give length to the true arm, and should be quite straight;
that is, neither turned in nor out. The stifles should be
wide apart, and set well forward, to give length to the
upper thigh. Many otherwise well-made Deerhounds are
very straight in their stifles.

The high symmetry (value 10) of this dog is essential to
his position as a companionable dog, and it is therefore
estimated accordingly. Quality is also to be regarded as
of great importance.

Legs and quarters (value 7|). Great bone and muscle
must go to the formation of these parts, and the bones must
be well put together at the knees and hocks, which should
be long and well developed. The quarters are deep, but
seldom wide, and there is often a considerable slope to the
tail. Some of the most successful dogs lately exhibited
have been nearly straight-backed, but this shape is not
approved of by deer-stalkers.

The feet (value 7J) should be well arched in the toes,
and cat-like; a wide-spreading foot is often met with, but
they should be specially condemned.

Color and coat (value 10). The colors most in request
are dark-blue, fawn, grizzle, and brindle, the latter with
more or less tint of blue. The fawn should have the tips
of the ears dark, but some otherwise good fawns are pale
throughout. The grizzle generally has a decided tint of
blue in it. White is to be avoided either on breast or toes,
but it should not disqualify a dog. The coat (value 5) is
coarser on the back than elsewhere, and by many good
judges it is thought that even on the back it should be
intermediate between silk and wool, and not the coarse hair
often met with; and there is no doubt that both kinds of
coat are found in some of the best strains. The whole body
is clothed with a rough coat, sometimes amounting to shag-
giness; that of the muzzle is longer in proportion than else-
where; but the mustache should not be wiry, and should
stand out in regular tufts. There should be no approach

176 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

to feather on the legs, as in the Setter, but their inside
should be hairy.

The tail (value 5) should be long and gently curved,
without any twist. It should be thinly clothed with hair
only.

Value. Value.

Skull 10 Symmetry and quality 10

Nose and jaws 5 Legs and quarters 7i

Ears and eyes 5 Feet. . . 7i

Neck 10 Color and coat 10

Chest and shoulders 10 Tail 5

Back and back ribs 10

Elbows and stifles 10 Total 100

The origin of the Deerhound seems to be shrouded in
mystery. The writer has owned and bred Deerhounds for
over thirty years, and has during that time read everything
relating to them that he could obtain. He has closely
questioned every Scotchman whom he has met concerning
this breed of dogs, The history given in books has always
proved contradictory and of no avail; while every well-
informed Scotchman has argued that the Deerhound was
the native dog of the Scottish Highlands, and that all other
Scotch dogs were merely the result of crosses of the Deer-
hound on some alien. They always point to the rough
coats of the Collie; the Terrier, and the Scotch Greyhound,
and say, ' ' Don' t it show for itself that the remote cross is
there." Yet the question as to the real origin of tiie breed
is still a mystery, and will probably always remain so.

. Up to 1860, Deerhounds were not plentiful in England,
and but few were exhibited at English shows for some years
after that date. America at that time had but few. Scotch-
men inform me, however, that in the Highlands of Scot-
land they were always plentiful, but owners of kennels
cherished them, sold none, and gave away but few. It was
some years after the above date that inquiries for them
began to be frequent, and since then they have become
immensely popular with lovers of the chase, and are
rapidly advancing to a high place as companions for both
gentlemen and ladies. Of late years, certain sportsmen in
the Great West have secured many fine specimens.

THE SCOTCH DEERHOU1O). 177

BREEDING.

It is presumed that the breeder owns his stud dog and
brood bitches, and hence my directions will be applied to
both.

All dogs of the high nervous organization of the Hound
require a large amount of exercise to keep them in proper
muscular development. Therefore I would advise only per-
sons who live in the .open country to try the breeding of
the Scotch Deerhound.

This breed can not bear confinement in close quarters.
It is safe to say that the two prominent breeders in Amer-
ica do not raise one out of ten puppies whelped in their
kennels. This is largely owing to lack of proper condition-
ing of sire and dam. In selecting a brood bitch, take one
with strong loin and roomy chest, not under two years old.

For two months before she is due in season, give her
from ten to fifteen miles of regular, slow exercise behind a
horse. To properly muscle a Deerhound it is not necessary
to give her much fast work. Let her follow a carriage
through the country, or if you live on a farm, let her fol-
low the farm team around every day. Feed well at night, so
that she will have all the night in which to digest her food.

If your work is slow, she will take it every day, and
gradually develop muscle and vigorous health. The eye
will become clear and large, the muscle hard and firm, the
constitution vigorous, the step elastic, and the courage
great. If you can now give her a race or two, to fully open
her bronchial tubes, and thus develop full chest-power, it
will be well. If she is now coming in season, exercise her
until she is ready for service, and then let her have com-
plete rest for two or three days before the dog is allowed to
serve her.

The stud dog, of course, should have had the same treat-
ment, and hence be in perfect condition. If so, one .service
will be better than more; and if either are out of condition,
you had better not breed them. After service, the dog can
take his rest, but the brood bitch should be left alone for a
12

178 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

week, and then put back at the same work and worked
slowly, but daily, until the seventh week; then stop her
work and let her rest, feeding well.

This brings us up to her whelping-time. If on a farm,
let her hunt her own place to whelp in. She will generally
find a good location, and bring forth a large litter of strong,
healthful puppies. Allow no stranger to disturb her dur-
ing the first week. Some brood bitches are exceedingly
nervous, and if disturbed will become restless, get up
and turn over frequently, trying to cover up their whelps.
Thus they are liable to lie on them and kill them.

If you have such a bitch, it is best to prepare a kennel
for her to whelp in. This should be made roomy, and along
the sides a strip should be nailed, four inches wide, and
four inches from the floor. For bedding, tack carpet on the
floor, so she can not cover up her puppies and then lie on
them. This board along the side of the kennel will give the
puppies a chance to crawl under; also behind the dam,
while she can not get on them.

If the weather be warm, it will be well to have nothing
but the board floor for them to lie on. If it be cold, it
will be well to remove the carpet in four or five days and
give a bed of clean straw, which should be changed twice a
week. The writer prefers to have a bitch whelp on nice
clean, dry earth; it acts as a disinfectant, and puppies
always have done better and have been less liable to dis-
ease when whelped and raised on an earthen bed.

I have, during my experience of over thirty years in
breeding and rearing Deerhounds, made it a rule never to
feed the dam until she comes out of her kennel after food,
and then to give her some nice soup and scraps of cooked
meat, beef or mutton being preferable. She is now re-
quired to supply milk freely, and her diet must be strong,
and of good quality and quantity. Give her different kinds
of food oatmeal, cooked meats, bread, vegetables of dif-
ferent kinds, Spratt's codliver-oil biscuit, raw meat, and
plenty of bones to griaw at.

Many writers and breeders say never to let a dam raise

THE SCOTCH DEERHOUND. 179

more than six or seven whelps. My experience is that if
you help a good mother she will raise eight or ten just as
well as five or six, and much better than if she has no help
with the smaller number. Puppies at three weeks old will
begin to eat soup, and should have it four or five times
daily. At four weeks old they will eat codliver-oil cake,
softened in strong beef or mutton soup, and should have it
three times daily all they will eat. Always keep your
feeding-pans sweet and clean. When you feed the puppies,
remain with them until they are done eating; then take
away what they leave, give it to the dam, and wash your
feeding-pan, so it will be clean when next wanted. Under
such treatment you will notice that the dam has very little
trouble with her litter, and she will not begin to grow fat.
At six or seven weeks of age her puppies will be weaned.
She will have raised ten just as easily as she would have
raised five, and if they are bred for sale it makes a vast dif-
ference in the income.

Many people say that Deerhound puppies are exceed-
ingly hard to raise. I have never found it so. Give them
plenty of exercise and good food and they will raise them-
selves, anywhere and in any climate.

It is well to give puppies, once a month, a dose of san-
tonine, to clean out any worms they may have.

I have never lost a puppy with distemper, and have
always made it a rule to have them in good condition at all
times; then when distemper has taken hold of them, they
have usually had but a slight attack, and have gone
through it in good shape. I have never yet seen a Deer-
hound that was afflicted with chorea.

TRAINING.

I do not believe in early training, and hence have never
worked or prepared a Deerhound under twelve to fifteen
months old. My experience is that the breed develops
slowly, and for this reason a puppy at nine months old is
not strong enough to follow a deer in any of our American
forests. A carefully reared puppy can, at nine or ten

180 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

months old, be given slow work behind the saddle-horse
or carriage. This should continue for at least two months;
and if three months can be given to this conditioning work,
it will prove all the better. While a puppy is growing
rapidly and filling out, he takes on muscle slowly, and for
this reason his exercise should be continued for a longer
period than is necessary for old dogs.

The Deerhound is used for hunting the deer, in the
Western country, in two entirely diiferent ways, and for
each the training must be distinct and precise, according to
the way he is to hunt his game. One is still- hunting, the
other is coursing the deer. For still-hunting, the Deerhound
is the dog par excellence. In training a puppy to still-
hunt, take him on a leash, and with a snap so arranged that
he can be loosened instantly. It is well to show him the
game before firing, and at the first move of the puppy let
him go.

If the deer be only wounded, he will follow it, and if from
the right kind of sire and dam, he will catch and kill the
deer. If his family connections have been of the timid
kind, he will bay the wounded deer, and you can follow and
kill it; but if his ancestors have been used on game, and
your puppy is strong and of good age, he will kill the first
deer he sees just as a well-bred Setter will point the first
quail he scents. After a few lessons, your puppy will stay
to heel until you shoot, without a leash; and as he grows
older, he will frequently lead you to the game by his keen
scent, merely sniffing the air as he cautiously proceeds by
your side or just in front of you.

Of course it is necessary to teach him obedience and not
to allow him to break away. Should this occur, he will
soon be coursing the deer, and leave you many miles be-
hind; then his lessons must begin again at the leash. If
carefully done, his teaching will be easy, and he will soon
stand with the game in full view and not move a muscle;
but will quiver with excitement, every muscle and nerve on
extreme tension waiting for his master to fire, when he is
away with the speed of the falcon.

THE SCOTCH DEERHOUND. 181

For coursing the deer, antelope, wolf, and coyote, the
Deerhound is much used throughout the Far West. For
this purpose they are generally used in packs of from three
to ten. A good courser will begin the preparation of his
dogs by the 1st of August, so that when the weather gets
cool enough for them to bear hard and fast running, say in
October, they will be in prime condition hard in muscle,
in strong good health, and eager for the sport.

It is not necessary to train a Deerhound for coursing.
All that is needed here is to show him the game and turn
him loose. It is always best to take a puppy out with
one or more older dogs, who will take hold oi any kind of
.game, and thus educate the puppy to seize and kill the game
he is running. The only proper way to course deer, ante-
lopes, wolves, or coyotes is to have a cage on a light vehicle,
for the purpose of confining the dogs and keeping them at
rest until you sight your game. Then drive as close to it
as possible, so that your dogs will be fresh when the game
starts. If this is not done, you will soon find that a jaded,
tired dog can not catch a fresh deer, antelope, wolf, or
coyote.

I have frequently coursed deer and antelopes on the
Western plains by taking out six good dogs in a cage, on
a light wagon, and several friends following on good run-
ning-horses. The cage was so arranged that the driver
could pull a spring, open the door, and let out the three
loose dogs for a run, while the three to be retained in the
cage were chained to the lioor or sides. By driving in such
a direction that it would appear to the game as though the
wagon would pass by about two hundred yards away, and
then angling toward the game, I could often approach
within one hundred and fifty yards before they would start;
and the moment the game would throw up their heads, the
driver would pull the spring-door, out would come the
loose dogs, and away would go game, dogs, and horsemen,
the wagon coming along to pick up the game and tired
dogs. The latter would then be given water, put back in
the cage and chained, and the three fresh dogs would next

182 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

be slipped. One day of such work, where the game is
plentiful, will educate any well-bred young Deerhound.

Preparing for the bench requires an entirely diiferent
course of treatment after your dog is in good condition.
Up to that point the work may be of a similar nature. He
should be brushed and combed daily, and well hand-
rubbed, so that his muscular development will be promi
nent to the touch. Teach him to romp and play with you
while you have a collar and leash on him. This will insure
gay carriage in the judge's ring; and when you have a Deer
hound with his eye bright, head up, and tail properly car-
ried, if otherwise equal, he will always win over a sulky,
drooping, cheerless dog.

I have always had better success, in the ring and in the
field, with dogs of my own rearing, than with those reared
by others. They are always more tractable, more ready to
obey my wishes, and much more cheerful than those pur-
chased after they are grown. The latter always act for
me as though they were looking for a lost friend. My
advice is to rear your own dogs, so that they may know no
other master than yourself.

The memory of the Deerhound seems to surpass that of
any other breed except the Greyhound. I have sold old
dogs and have not seen them for two years, and without
seeing me they would at once recognize my whistle when
t*hey heard it, and would come bounding to me in a perfect
ecstasy of delight. How much longer they would have
remembered me I can not say, but doubtless for many
years.

COURSING THE DEERHOUND.

Thirty-four years ago, in the Blue Mountain Range of
Pennsylvania, I began this sport. In the spring of 1856, a
Scotchman, a watch-maker by trade, located in the little
village of Lehigh Gap. He brought with him two Deer-
hounds, a dog and a bitch. After a short residence at the
Gap he had to go back to Scotland, and left his horse and

THE SCOTCH DEERHOUND. 183

two dogs with me until he should return the next spring.
He never returned, and I became the owner of a line horse
and two excellent Deerhounds. I hunted those dogs after-
foxes, lynx, wildcats, and deer until worn out by old age
and hard work. They would run with a pack of Foxhounds
that were kept in the vicinity as though trained with them
from birth. They would trail with them, and whenever the
fox appeared in a field, they would at once leave the pack,
run by sight, and catch the fox. There was no sport that
they enjoyed more.

The ease with which a Deerhound may be educated to
do a certain part of any sport is remarkable. In a portion
of the Pocoivo Mountains, north of the Blue Range, deer
were at that time plentiful. Much of the country is very
rough, and it was impossible for the Deerhounds to catch a
deer that was not wounded; so we used to take a pair of
slow trail-hounds to drive the deer into and across the
valleys, and would then take the Deerhounds into the val-
leys to sight the deer as they came out. The second time
we went there with our dogs was in November, 1856. We
arrived about daylight, and our trail-dogs struck a track
and gave tongue before we had our team unhitched from
the wagon.

While we were putting out the team, the Deerhounds
got away from us, and we supposed they had followed the
yelping trail-hounds. We ran to the valley below, some
half-mile away, as fast as we could, knowing that the game
would cross there. When we got within sight of the runway,
to our great astonishment we found Bevis and Leda at their
posts, eager for a sight of the game. When I say that on
our previous hunt, one month earlier, we had always kept
collar and leash on these dogs, and that they caught on
that hunt but two deer at this point, the remarkable
sagacity ^of the Deerhound may be realized. Had the Fox-
hounds started on a trail in the Blue Mountains, the Deer-
hounds would have gone with them to catch the fox; but
not so here. They had been here once on entirely different
business, and so well did they remember it that they imme-

184 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

diately sped to their posts of duty. And well did they
perform their work. The deer came out close to them,
and they caught and killed it before it ran two hundred
yards.

This dog Bevis was the only Deerhound I ever saw
that was trained to do tricks of various kinds. He would
fetch, carry, go to the post-office or butcher- shop, carry
notes to neighbors and take back anything that was given
him in return for the letter. I remember distinctly that he
once did a trick never before required of him. I was
driving a fractious horse, in a sulky, and dropped my
whip. I was afraid to get out to regain it, and called to
Bevis to pick it up, which he did immediately; then I
called to him to bring it, which he also did, and placed it
in my hand.

I was then a school-boy, and took great pains to teach
this dog; something I never had the time nor patience, in
after life, to repeat with any of my other dogs. I now
remember many fine specimens that have often displayed
intelligence of a superior order, which needed nothing but
training and teaching to make them trick-dogs. I fully
believe that a properly shaped Deerhound could be edu-
cated for high leaping so as to surpass all dogs in that
work. A strong, short-backed, powerfully muscled Deer-
hound leaps easier and higher than any other dog that I
have ever seen in the field. No doubt it is only the high
price that keeps them from getting into the hands of
training showmen, who would otherwise bring them for-
ward in this amusing novelty.

To illustrate their jumping power, I will relate an
amusing incident which happened several years ago in
a Western village. My dog* Imported Champion Mac
delighted in killing all the cats he could find. While on
a wolf -hunt we were just starting out in the early morn-
ing, and the dogs feeling extra fresh, Mac came up a cross^
street after a cat; the cat went under our horses, and Mac,
in a tremendous leap, went over both horses. This dog
never had any special training in leaping, but when after

THE SCOTCH DEERHOUND. 185

game he was never known to stop at any obstruction that
could be scaled.

The courage and game qualities of the high-bred Deer-
hound can not be better illustrated than by describing a
wolf -hunt which took place in Montana. Some years since,
I sold a trained pack of six Deerhounds to the Sun River
Hound Club of Montana. This club was composed of
wealthy cattlemen, who were losing thousands of dollars'
worth of cattle annually through the ravages of the large
gray timber wolf. They hired Mr. I. N. Porter, an expe-
rienced wolf -hunter, to handle this pack of Deerhounds on
their cattle-range for one year. I had guaranteed the dogs
to kill any wolf in the territory. Mr. Porter took the
dogs with him to deliver them to the club. He and the
writer had killed many prairie wolves in Colorado with
these dogs, but had never tackled the large gray timber
wolves of the Rocky Mountains. It seems that one
of the members of this club had a large flock of sheep,
and one certain wolf had been preying on them for four
years past. It was to this ranch that Mr. Porter and the
dogs were first taken, and this tremendous wolf was to be the
first one that the pack was to tackle. If they could catch
and kill him, my guarantee was to be considered fulfilled,
I had carefully instructed Mr. Porter how to work the
dogs, and above all to have them in prime condition when
they saw the first wolf. This ranch was located some
seventy-five miles from railroad communication, and the
dogs had to travel this distance on foot; so that when they
arrived at their future home their feet were worn to the
quick, and they had to be rested. The second night after
their arrival this wolf, with two smaller ones, came and
killed four sheep, and naturally Mr. Porter's curiosity was
aroused to see whatkind of an imimal these dogs were to
kill; so after daylight he mounted his horse and followed the
wolves, merely to get sight of them and learn their habits.
The following is quoted from a letter which was written
on his return to the house after seeing this large wolf :

186 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

"Dear Doctor: The dogs and I arrived safe, only very
sore from long travel. These men are very anxious to see
what kind of work these high-priced dogs will do. Last
night, that big wolf they wrote you about killed four sheep
near the house, and I followed him five or six miles merely
to see what he looked like. I saw him. and I want to tell
you now that I think my job and your dog-money will be
gone whenever I allow the dogs to go near that wolf. But
I can't hold these men much longer, so I promised to go
after him day after to-morrow."

Two days later I received the following letter:
"Dear Doctor: Last night, or rather just before day-
light, we heard the wolf in the sheep-corral, and went out
to scare him away. He had already killed one sheep and
eaten of it freely. At daylight, myself and three club
members took four of ttie dogs (Oscar and Meta being still
too sore to work) and started after the big fellow. We fol-
lowed him for at least ten miles before we could show him
to the dogs. They went to him very quickly, he depending
more on his fighting than running qualities. Colonel and
Dan reached him first, and struck him with such force that
he went down never to get up again. They killed him in a
short time, and neither of the dogs got a scratch. The Col-
onel took his old hold at the throat, and never let go until
I choked him off. Colonel, you know, is just thirty inches
high at the shoulder. We stood this wolf up beside Col-
onel, and he was one inch taller than the dog.

"We brought the wolf home, to see what he would weigh,
and he tipped the beam at one hundred and seven pounds.
To say that the club members were delighted with the dogs
is putting it too mild. They were simply crazed. Dan was
still sore in his feet, and they carried him home on horse-
back. I will now rest the dogs up, and get them in perfect
form before I work them again. This country is alive with
wolves and other game."

During the season of 1886, Mr. Porter killed with these
dogs one hundred and forty-eight gray wolves and over

THE SCOTCH DEERHOUND. 187

three hundred coyotes. Among many letters from him
extolling the wonderful courage of these grand dogs, the
following shows what six dogs well trained to their work
can do:

"Dear Doctor: To-day I suddenly came upon a pack
of iifteen full-grown wolves. I had all six dogs with me,
and they were in good form. I was satisfied that unless we
did good work, and that quickly, the wolves would kill the
dogs; so I jumped among them, and as fast as the dogs
got one down I stuck my knife into his heart. In this way
we killed twelve out of the fifteen; but I am sorry to say
that poor old, faithful, courageous Dick was killed."

If there is a breed of dogs on earth that combines so
many sterling qualities as the Scotch Deerhound, I am not
acquainted with that breed.

THE FOXHOUND.

BY DR. M. G. ELLZEY.

>HE article here proposed to be written on the Fox-
hound will have special reference to the American
Hound, with which the writer has had a life-long
familiarity. Never having been in England, he has no
personal familiarity with English packs, nor with English
methods of training and hunting. He has seen many
Hounds imported from English packs run in this country,
and has had the pleasure of hunting with gentlemen who
have owned and hunted packs in England. His judgment
of English Hounds of modern packs is based on specimens
he has seen run here. As to the ancient Hounds of Eng-
land, he knows the current statements of authors, which
need scarcely be copiously extracted in this place.

It may as well now be stated that the writer is not an
Anglo-maniac on the one hand, nor inspired by extrava-
gant or irrational prejudice against that which is English
on the other. There is much in the history of the English
people so great and grand as to be beyond the reach of
envy. There is much also which no one should be so great
a fool as to besmatter with silly panegyric. There are many
things admirable in England which are totally absurd and
ridiculous in America. Out of England undoubtedly origi-
nally came all that is greatest and best in America, both
men and things less than men.

The old English Hound seems to have been a large-
boned, coarse, heavy animal; and the packs of those days
must have caught very few foxes on fair terms. The
earlier importations into America, far back in colonial
days, were probably similar to the early English Hounds;
but in this country their character was soon changed, as it

(189)

190 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

was also in England. In that country, changes were
attempted, in the way of better adaptation to the modern
chase, by crossing with the Greyhound, and, to a small
extent, with the Pointer. In this country, the change
adaptive to the environment came about rather by uncon-
scious selection, and breeding from the best red fox Hounds
only.

It soon came to be realized that in running down and

JOE FORESTER.
Owned by Brunswick Fur Club.

killing an American red fox main strength and awkward-
ness had no place it was a matter of speed and bottom.
The English mode of selecting the Hound was based upon
his suitability to a particular pack in size, color, tongue,
and speed. A Hound too fast for them was much out of
place in the pack, and was a spoiler of their somewhat cut-
and-dried notions of sport. The American method was
based on the ability of the Hound, as an individual, to kill
a red fox on such ground as must be run over in this coun-

THE FOXHOUND. 191

try; and the American pack was made up from such as
could keep company with the leader.

To breed a red fox pack, it was necessary to mate the
best dog with the best bitch; and this method led to the
creation of a type peculiar to America not modeled on size,
and tongue, and color, and questions of packing well, but
a type modeled on speed, courage, and endurance. And
the architect of the model was the American red fox; for,
in the language of a famous turfman, he it was who cut
out the running and set the pace, and to beat him, the race
had to be run from " eend to eend." For a pack bred and
put together on any other plan, the red fox chase resulted
always in one and the same finale, viz. : Reynard first, the
rest nowhere.

Precisely the principle of selection, breeding, and train-
ing which produced our great four-milers on the turf, pro-
duced our red fox Hounds. The formula is simple, viz. :
Breed to the winners. Upon this principle the American
Foxhound shaped itself to the model most lit to do the
work of killing the red fox, becoming lighter and more
rangy in form, and shriller in tongue than its English
ancestor. The bones, like those of the race-horse, became
notably smaller and lighter, and at the same time more
solid and stronger. The lungs also became more capacious,
and less encumbered with coarse, inelastic tissue and fat.
The muscular fiber finer, and more effectively endowed with
contractile power. The heart the great central motor
power of the circulation and the contractile muscular
coats of the vessels themselves participating in the organic
evolution along the same lines of development.

Thus, in process of time, there came to be American
packs capable of dealing with American red foxes on fair
terms. The main architect and master builder of those packs
was the American red fox. Like that ill-fated eagle which
furnished the feather that winged the arrow which pierced
his own heart, the American red fox trained those packs
which were, eventually, able to kill American red foxes.
Without the fox, the packs could not have been produced.

192 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

In England, doubtless their hard and fast notions of the
right make-up of a pack, and the stiff and rigid technical-
ities of the meet and hunt, have prevented in some
degree that complete adaptation of means to ends which
has been perfected with us, who have never been in love
with pomp and vanities and stilted torn-fooleries. Never-
theless, in England, it began after a time to be seen
that faster Hounds must be had if any foxes were to be
caught, and hence crosses were made to the Greyhound,
he having already been crossed to the Bulldog, and the
result has been more rangy, speedier, smaller, and fiercer
Hounds.

To keep within sound of such packs, moreover, the
hunting-horse of our great-grandfathers had to be replaced
by one of more blood, more speed, more courage, more
endurance at the .highest rate of speed all of which
points were covered at a stroke by more blood. Following
this development, a new style of horsemanship was de-
manded; and the English country gentleman is no dude
on horseback. The style of the pert Newmarket jockey,
imported, aped, and loved by American fashionable dudism
rampant, is by no means the style of the English gentle-
man on horseback.

The man capable of making a creditable exhibition on
an English hunting-field to day must be a great horseman,
riding a great horse. Now the central force which gave
to this evolution its initial impulse, and has carried it for-
ward to its acme of development, is the speed and bottom
of the English fox.

It is not to be disputed that the thing hunted determines
all the details of the hunt. If a man attack a grizzly,
away back in some lonely canon, he will soon perceive that
a Winchester Express is one of the modern details of the
combat, nicely adjusted to the fighting- weight of Ursus
Tiorribilis. In this view of the case, the red fox can claim
a dignity which has not been accorded to him hitherto
the dignity of statesmanship as the producer of important
national and international results. British horsemanship

THE FOXHOUND. 193

has played an important part on more than one great mod-
ern battle-field.

Mainly contributory to the highest type of British
horsemanship has been the school of the hunting-field.
The best cavalry-horses have been bred for and fallen some-
what short of the requirements of the hunting-field.

In America we have never had horses especially bred
for hunting, and mainly for the reason that in those parts
of the country where hunting was practicable the saddle-
horses in common use by the country gentleman were suf-
ficiently well-bred for hunters, and were in fact commonly
used in the chase. There was, indeed, that degree of
attachment for his "riding-horse" on the part of our
country gentleman which disqualified every other horse, in
his eye. No person other than himself was ever permitted
to mount his favorite, and he would not himself mount
any other horse except under the stress of necessity. Thus
it came to be that a more splendid horsemanship never
characterized any people than that of the Southern country
gentry of the United States.

The place of the Foxhound in that civilization was not
a low nor unimportant one. In the school which devel-
oped the manly prowess and the " saving common-sense "
of such men as George Washington and his great lieu-
tenant, the dashing ' ' Light-horse Harry, ' ' the red fox
and red fox Hound were not insignificant educational
factors.

The hero-sage of Mount Yernon maintained, to the last
of his life, an unexcelled pack; and he loved no diversion
as he did fox-hunting, in which he never lost a chance to
participate with his friends and neighbors, the Fairfaxes,
the Lees, the Chichesters, the McCartys, the Masons, and
others. No sport so well merits the position of a recog-
nized national sport, and none can ever be so greatly trib-
utary to manly prowess and hardihood. Superior horse-
manship is the most elegant and useful accomplishment
ever possessed by a lady or gentleman. One of the con-
siderations favorable to fox-hunting as the national sport

194 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

is, that it can be kept out of the hands of "professionals"
and within reach of people of moderate means.

If the view be correct that the English and American
red foxes, respectively, have developed the modes of the
hunt and the characters of the packs in the two countries,
we must look for any material differences between the
English and American hunt to the difference between the
foxes of the two countries. That in speed, endurance, and
stratagem, in front of a dangerous pack, the American fox
is greatest, there is little doubt. It follows that in speed,
bottom, a/id trailing the American Hound is superior to
the English. Of this I have, personally, not the smallest
doubt. I have seen many imported Hounds run in this
country, and they have been of undoubted excellence, but
never equal, over our country, to our best American
strains. This is in accordance with plain and simple com-
mon-sense. No doubt the English packs would excel ours
on their own ground, on all except speed.

I do not believe, and I can not be made to believe, until
it is done, that the best pack in England can do anything
at all whatever with an Old Virginia red fox. It is not
believed by many of the fox- hunters of the Northern States
that any pack of Hounds can catch their foxes. I am
too strongly impressed by what I know of the difference in
the habits of the same species of wild animals in different
localities, to be willing to adopt an opinion adverse to the
prevailing opinions of competent observers in localities with
which I am not familiar. Nevertheless, I suggest to our
Northern friends that they are not familiar with the speed
of the packs in our best hunting country, and that their
mode of hunting by standing, after the manner of deer-
driving, and shooting the fox in front of the dog, would
soon utterly ruin our best packs.

I do not take part in the harsh criticisms of the North-
ern method of hunting. I have no doubt Northern sports-
men enjoy their sport; and enjoyment is the object of all
sport. I have no doubt that it is the only way to kill their
foxes, as they protest. I do not think I could enjoy it myself.

THE FOXHOUND. 195

I take it to be inferior to deer-driving, and I think that infe-
rior to any field sport I ever participated in. De gustibus
non "Every man to his liking." Until the matter is
tested and the contrary established, I shall believe that
such a pack as the Wild Goose pack is reputed to be can
kill red foxes anywhere, on any ground fit to be run over
by Hounds.

The speed of the Foxhound appears to be rather greater
than the speed of the best race-horse. There is, however,
very little authentic information on this point. I can state,
as a matter of experience in riding to Hounds, that I have
never seen a horse that could keep pace with a good pack
of Hounds for a single mile across country. I have seen
only a few Hounds which seemed nearly equal to a red fox in
speed, if the fox was at his best. I have never seen a pack
kill a red fox unless they could keep him hard-pressed
from start to finish; and in general, when I have seen kills,
I have thought the Hounds had the advantage in bottom
rather than in speed. The fox is a gluttonous feeder, and
if full-fed he is taken at great disadvantage. I doubt if
any pack can kill a good specimen of the red fox if in the
pink of condition, running on favorable ground. As a gen-
eral principle, I think the fox has rather greater speed, the
Hound rather greater endurance; and they are so nearly
matched in both respects that the issue of the chase is in a
great degree a question of condition.

Rough, uneven ground is favorable to the fox, and sel-
dom indeed is one in good condition killed by a pack when
the chase is over rough, uneven country for a greater part
of the distance. If the premises here stated are accurate,
the conclusion follows that only a skilled huntsman, who
knows how to make the conditions favorable to the pack,
and to put the Hounds in the very best condition for the
race, has any chance to make kills, unless the fox has the
misfortune to be gorged with carrion when the start is
made, or is in some other way sick or out of condition. It
appears to me, therefore, that some Northern fox-hunters
have fallen into error as to the superiority of Northern

196 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

to Southern foxes. They have purchased dogs of well-
known Southern strains, and upon their failure to kill the
foxes of the North as handled by those who hunt on foot,
and very probably shoot the fox before the Hounds,
conclude that these Hounds are not able to catch their
foxes. The conclusion does not necessarily follow. If a
fox from Maine were taken to Virginia, and put down be-
fore a red fox pack handled by skilled huntsmen, would
that be considered fair to the fox ? No more is it fair to
the Southern Hound to take him to Maine' to be run by
huntsmen who never saw a kill, who deny that any Hound
can kill their foxes, and that therefore the legitimate and
only way to kill Maine foxes is by standing on the run-
ways and shooting them before slow Hounds.

A great deal of acrimonious dispute has arisen over this
question, between the fox-hunters of the two sections,
which it has seemed to me that a little good-temper and a
little good-sense might have prevented. That some packs
can and do make frequent kills in Virginia and Maryland
of what seem perfect specimens of the red fox, in seemingly
good condition, is a matter that is known to be true by all
fox-hunters of those States. I am of opinion that south of
Virginia more kills are made because the ground is likely
to be more favorable to the pack and less favorable to the
fox, and for no other reason.

It seems likely that in Maine the ground may be so
favorable to the fox and unfavorable to the Hound, that
even if the chase were made to kill with Hounds instead of
shooting, kills would be rare.

In the matter of breeding for a pack of red fox Hounds,
the principles which govern the science of successfully
breeding for any other purpose apply. The inheritance
must be through ancestors of known ability to kill red
foxes, and they must have gone through the training and
practice which enable them to show by actual kills that
they can kill.

No turfman would expect to breed a winner from a

THE FOXHOUND. 197

stallion and mare neither of which had ever been trained
or raced. No sportsman would expect to breed a Setter or
Pointer from untrained parents which would win a place
at a field trial. No cocker would expect to win a main
with cocks bred from birds which never fought. Why,
then, should a huntsman expect to breed a killing pack of
red fox Hounds from stock that had never run or never killed
a fox? The thing can not be done. Therefore it goes
without saying, that a Hound should not be bred from
until fully matured, trained, and experienced in killing
foxes.

Something else is wanted besides a pedigree. True
enough, a knowledge of not merely the names, but the
performances of the ancestors is essentially necessary, and
this is doubly and trebly true of the immediate progenitors.
If a bitch which has killed red foxes be bred to a Hound
that has killed red foxes, the progeny will be born, most
likely, capable of being developed into Hounds capable of
killing red foxes. But be it remembered, that though
orators and poets may be born, not made, a red-fox-killing
pack has to be made; they are not born able to do it. They
must be made able by judicious and skilled practice and
training after being bred right.

Nor can they be trained by a man who never rode to a
killing pack. If a man does not know how the thing is
done, how shall he teach the Hounds ? By sheer force of
hereditary instinct, it would be more likely the Hounds
would kill in spite of the huntsman, and show him the
way to do it.

In this place we may profitably review the question of
the best form and size of Hound to be selected from
which to breed a pack capable of dealing with a red fox.
The question, to kill or not to kill a red fox, is not, as
already hinted, a question of main strength and awk-
wardness, but of speed and endurance. Remember that
the fox leads the chase, and in a great number of cases
outruns and outlasts Hounds, horses, and men, and simply
runs away and leaves them. This animal is but little more

198 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

than a foot high, and weighs not above twelve pounds in
good running order. The largest bone in his skeleton does
not exceed the diameter of a goose-quill. The whole
osseous frame weighs scarcely a pound. It is quality, not
" substance," which lands Reynard a winner.

It is the firm opinion of the writer that the best red
fox dogs are not above medium in size and weight. The
dog should not exceed twenty-three inches in height nor
fifty -five pounds in weight; the bitch less by about ten
per cent.

Hounds of this size will be fleeter and more enduring,
as a rule, than larger and heavier animals, and their shoul-
ders and feet will suffer less from the tremendous concus-
sion which they must bear in a protracted chase at such a
pitch of speed as will be necessary; for to kill a fox he
must be put to his best from start to finish.

The head of the Hound is rather small in proportion to
his weight, and the muzzle rather finer in the modern Hound
than in the older type; the nose is large and the nostril
thin; the eyes large, bright, and expressive, placed rather
close together and directed forward; the stop is not as
sharply defined as in some breeds. A very important
point, and one much overlooked, is that the jaws should
be well spread at the angle, so as to give ample room for
the thrapple, and to secure that easy amplitude of motion
between the head and neck so essential to carrying the
scent at the tremendous speed of the chase.

The ears are longish, but shorter and narrower than in
old-time packs; they are placed on the skull low down, and
are decidedly pendulous; the leather is neither fine and
papery to the feel nor by any means coarse, harsh, and
inelastic. The neck must be long, and wholly free from
any coarse, loose flaps of thick skin or useless cellular tissue
and fat.

The shoulders ought to be not only sloping, but pos-
sessed of very free motion, and yet powerfully mus-
cled and strong. The elbow ought to be well developed,
and well away from the body, but placed perfectly true

THE FOXHOUND. 199

. .

neither out nor in. A Hound with weak or badly formed
shoulders is a deformed and crippled beast, and can never
be expected to amount to anything.

The fore-arm should be not too long, but powerfully
muscled, and having sufficient clean, fine bone to bear the
weight thrown upon it by fifty-five pounds bounding at
terrific speed. The foot must be of firm texture, and well
padded; the shape is a matter of less moment, bench-show
men to the contrary notwithstanding. I have seen Hounds
that were great performers Hounds that I have seen lead
a great pack, and pull down and kill numerous red foxes
that would have been pronounced by these authorities
defective in the feet; perhaps ridiculed as " splay-footed. "
I have seen Hounds with feet the form of which would
have been pronounced perfect, but which nevertheless were
tender-footed, and could by no means stand a desperate
chase over rough ground. I am not sure that the despised
hare-foot is not the best form for the Hound; giving him a
better hold and purchase upon the ground, and being in no
way correlated with lack of hardness of the foot.

The Hound should be deep in the heart-place, and
the breast-bone keel-shaped; but the breast must not be
weak and contracted. The back ribs should spring off
well from the backbone, and barrel out well, so as to give
ample room for the heart, lungs, and great vascular trunks;
for here is the ultimate source of power, speed, and
endurance.

The loin should be high, well arched, broad, and power-
fully muscled: for here is the origin of a group of muscles
of tremendous power, which are, with those of the hip and
thigh, the main propellers which carry the body forward
at so great a rate of speed. The tail should be placed
nearly on a level with the sway of the back, though the
arching of the loin and the slope of the quarters somewhat
deceives the eye, so as to make it appear to be set lower
than is actually the case. The tail of the Hound curves
well upward; recent importations, I think, too much so.
It is stout, of moderate length, well haired, and even with

200 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

something like a brush, in many superior specimens. I
think it might be bred finer with advantage.

The stifle is well bent, and the hock placed near the
ground; but the leg, as compared with some breeds, rather
straight I think, in some cases, a little too straight.

It is upon the outlines suggested by these remarks that
I would advise selections for the breeding-stud. In the
matter of color, we are fancy free. The best Hounds I
ever knew were black-and-tan, and that is a beautiful
color. The best Hound I know of at present is a lemon-
and- white. The old so-called "blue-mottled" Hounds
were beautiful. On a clear blue (not a black and white
mixture) ground-color were fancifully arranged spots of
black,, yellow, and white. If the spot around either eye
was blue or white, that eye was blue; the other eye being
in a dark spot, was dark, or in a yellow spot, yellow. I
have seen good Hounds of a solid yellow, or yellow with
white feet and a white streak in the face. Color may be
to suit taste.

The standard by which Foxhounds are judged at our
bench shows is as follows:

Value. Value.

Head 15 Elbows r>

Neck 5 Legs and feet 20

Shoulders 10 Color and coat 5

Chest and back ribs 10 Stern 5

Back and loin 10 Symmetry 5

Hind quarters 10

Total 100

The head (value 15) should be of full size, but by no
means heavy. Brow pronounced, but not high or sharp.
There must be good length and breadth, sufficient to give in
the dog Hound a girth in front of the ears of fully sixteen
inches. The nose should be long (four and one-half inches)
and wide, with open nostrils. Ears set on low and lying
close to the cheeks.

The neck (value 5) must be long and clean, without the
slightest throatiness. It should taper nicely from the
shoulders to the head, and the upper outline should be
slightly convex.

THE FOXHOUND. 201

The shoulders (value 10) should be long and well clothed
with muscle, without being heavy, especially at the points.
They must be well sloped, and the true arm between the
front and the elbow must be long and muscular, but free
from fat or lumber.

Chest and ~back ribs (value 10). The chest should girth
over thirty inches in a twenty-four-inch Hound, and the
back ribs must be very deep.

The back and loin (value 10) must both be very muscu-
lar, running into each other without any contraction or
"nipping" between them. The couples must be wide even
to raggedness, and there should be the very slightest arch
in the loin, so as to be scarcely perceptible.

The hind quarters (value 10) or propellers are required to
be very strong, and as endurance is of even more conse-
quence than speed, straight stines are preferred to those
much bent, as in the Greyhound.

Elbows (value 5) set quite straight, and neither turned
in nor out, are a sine qua non. They must be well let down
by means of the long true arm above mentioned.

Legs and feet (value 20). Every master of Foxhounds
insists on legs as straight as a post, and as strong size of
bone at the ankle being specially regarded as all-important.
The desire for straightness is, I think, carried to excess, as
the very straight leg soon knuckles over; and this defect
may almost always be seen more or less in old stallion
Hounds. The bone can not, in my opinion, be too large, but
I prefer a slight ankle at the knee to a perfectly straight
line. The feet in all cases should be round and cat-like,
with well-developed knuckles and strong horn, which last
is of the utmost importance.

The color and coat (value 5) are not regarded as very
important, so long as the former is a l ' Hound color " and
the latter is short, dense, hard, and glossy. Hound colors
are black, tan and white, black and white, and the various
"pies" compounded of white and the color of the hare and
badger, or yellow, or tan.

The stern (value 5) is gently arched, carried gaily over

202 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

the back, and slightly fringed with hair below. The end
should taper to a point.

The symmetry (value 5) of the Foxhound is considerable,
and what is called "quality" is highly regarded by all
good judges.

The music of the pack is one of the greatest charms of
the chase. Even the fox himself undoubtedly enjoys this
glorious melody when running in front of a pack which is
not dangerous, and which, with marvelous intuition, he
almost immediately realizes. It always appeared to me
that my father, the keenest and most ardent fox-hunter
of his time in Virginia, enjoyed the music more than any-
thing else about it. He would put a good Hound out of his
kennel and give it away, because, as he said, it did not
chime with his pack. He had a splendid ear, a magnificent
voice, and a natural talent for music. A discord was an
agony to him, and his pack was, I believe, the most melo-
dious in tongue ever heard in Virginia, The qualities of
the voice in the Hound are strongly hereditary, and may
easily be bred for with success.

It is of the greatest importance that the dog should not
be bred from until fully matured. No animal is so easily in-
jured by excessive or premature taxation of the procreative
powers. A dog of great value should be strictly limited to
the best and most promising females, for nothing is more
certain than that the character of his progeny will begin to
be disappointing as soon as he begins to be overtaxed.

The Foxhound bitch is a very prolific animal. On sev-
eral occasions I have known them litter as many as twenty
whelps. Thirteen whelps to a litter are nothing unusual.
I do not believe any bitch can properly care for more than
six whelps. If a foster-mother can not be had, all above
that number should be drowned not later than the day
after they are born; saving, of course, the most vigorous and
prettily marked. In all cases, any appearing decidedly
defective should be immediately drowned. As has been
already suggested, the best dog should be mated with the

THE FOXHOUND. 203

best bitch, without much regard to the question of kinship;
for Hounds bear close inbreeding well if they are rationally
managed in other respects, as they are naturally preemi-
nently hardy and free from constitutional diseases of a her-
editary nature.

A strong prejudice against what is called incestuous
matings is deeply implanted in the human mind, but it is
due rather to social considerations than to physiological
data notwithstanding that persons most ignorant of
physiology clinch their arguments by the pet phrase
''physiology teaches" so and so. It is safe to say physi-
ology teaches nothing of the kind; nor do such writers
know anything whatever about what physiology teaches.
The natural laws of hereditary transmission act upon the
offspring in one and the same way whether the parents be
near of kin or strangers in blood. . The kinship or non-
kinship of parents, near or remote, does not in any respect
or in any degree modify the laws of heredity affecting their
progeny.

It is curious how hard people find it to get over precon-
ceived notions. My father repeatedly bred daughter to
sire, and produced in that way some of the finest Hounds he
ever had in his kennel. I remember very well when, on
one occasion, a friend of his, who had repeatedly bred from
full brother and sister, said to him that he could not help
thinking that to breed from daughter and sire was a little
too close. My father said :

" Why, man', you breed closer than that."

"Oh, no," said he; "I never bred closer than brother and
sister, and that don't hurt a bit."

"Well," said my father, "the blood of brother and
sister is, as I understand the matter, identical, whereas the
daughter has only half the blood of the sire and half of the
dam; and I think you breed twice as close as I do." This
little analysis seemed to strike the man dumb.

" It certainly does seem that way," said he, "when you
come to look at it; but it always seemed to me it was a heap
closer to breed a daughter to her own father."

204 THE AMEEICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

" Than a brother to his own sister," said my father with
a laugh.

Breed the best to the best is the best rule I know by
which to breed red fox Hounds.

A Hound not capable o,f catching a red fox is of no value
to a fox-hunter. Ninety -nine out of one hundred of the
Hounds of the country can not do it. And if the American
Hound is to be made what he should be, it is time to begin
at once to find out where any such Hounds are as have
demonstrated, by actual kills, their fitness to be bred from.
It is of no use to bring English Hounds here expecting
them to be able to do anything with our foxes; nor to
expect to produce a killing pack by breeding from im-
ported Hounds. I know at present one Hound only, bred
even on one side (the dam's) from an imported Hound, that
is able to kill a red fox. I have never seen an imported
Hound able to do it. If killing packs are located by those
ambitious to become owners of such Hounds, they must
not expect to get them fora low price; one hundred dollars
would be only a moderate figure for a good Hound. I know
many dear at a dollar per hundred. No animal that lives
is more worthless than a worthless Hound.

A few thoughts and suggestions as to kennel manage-
ment are now in order. Let everything in this line be
simple, natural as possible, and inexpensive. Expensive-
ness means artificiality, and that means a worthless pack.
A pack of Hounds should associate together as much as is
allowable with a minimum of restraint. One good-sized
building in the center of a yard inclosed by a picket-fence
is the best arrangement. There should be no floor except
the ground, and there should be an ordinary door to admit
a man of full height without stooping; also a good and
well-hung and latched gate to the yard, and a lock on door
and gate.

Ordinarily the door should stand open, and should be
hooked to the side of the building to keep it open. The
floor must be kept littered with clean straw or shavings, or

THE FOXHOUND. 205

in summer with green pine-tags; no trees near by. When
the Hounds are kenneled at night, or for any purpose in
the day-time, take the couples off, put the Hounds in the
yard, lock the gate, and allow them to go in and out of
the house at pleasure.

After feeding in the morning, put the couples on, and
let the Hounds out to go as they please. Do not couple
puppies at all, nor kennel them, except at night. At all
seasons of the year, let the pack out to follow the owner
about as often as possible, always uncoupled. Give pup-
pies and young Hounds the utmost liberty possible, but
never let them be out of the kennel at night. Whenever
the Hounds are wanted, blow them up with a horn, ^fever
punish them except it be necessary, and then whale them
soundly with a good whip. JSTo dog becomes more attached
to his owner, nor is more easily controlled by one who
understands it. Some men do, some men don't; some men
can, some men can't. The last three Hounds I owned, of
the old blue-mottled breed two dogs and a spayed bitch-
were so attached to me that it was actually dangerous for
anyone to suddenly approach me if they were near by.
They were never coupled, and only kenneled at night to
prevent them from being suspected of mischief.

When the young Hounds are about a year old, they
should be taken, one or two at a time, with one or two old
Hounds and taught to run. If you take young ducks to the
water, they will swim; and if you take young hounds, well
bred, to the field, they will run. Experience is all they want;
and this a man who knows how to hunt knows how to give
them. At first, the old Hounds will show the way and the
inexperienced will follow at their heels; but in no long
time, a youngster, grown ambitious, will push for the lead.

It is worth while to suggest that a very necessary adjunct
to a breeding kennel is a dog-proof apartment, with room
enough for two, for bitches in season. This apartment
must be such that no dog can, by any possibility, get in or
out except through the door. It must have a light floor, or
some dog is sure to dig under and get in.

206 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

In the matter of feeding, variety is necessary. No
animal thrives well confined to one sort of food. The
Hound is a large and most energetic animal, and must be
liberally fed. It is the potential energy of the food which
develops into the dynamical energy of speed and endur-
ance. It is the protoplasmic substance of food which is
converted into muscle and nerve, and the minerals of the
ash of the food which are converted into bone, by the marvel-
ous workings of the animal economy. The Hound itself,
in its perfection, the music of its tongue, and the arrowy
swiftness of its pace, are neither less nor more than the
varied products of the vital metamorphoses of its food.
Give it plenty; it is greedy not without a cause; give it
variety, for it has the same disgust for eternal sameness
that you and I have. Give scraps from the table bread,
meat, bones, vegetables; from the kitchen, hot liquor and
the varied offal which accumulates there. Meal, ground
of equal parts of rye, oats, and corn, and baked in thick
pones, is a good working diet. The dairy will furnish skim-
milk, curds, whey, buttermilk, bonny-clabber. When you
butcher a beef or kill hogs, unkennel the pack and let them
gorge; it delights and does them good. Bear in mind that
we are trying to follow nature, rather than a cut-and-dried
artificial system.

This article is written from the stand-point of the coun-
try gentleman helping to make helpful suggestions to those
who desire to adopt the fox-hunt as the manliest and most
invigorating, the most delightful, of the sports of the field,
and to help to make it the national sport of America.
Therefore, those to whom the hunt is a mere fashionable fad,
will probably not find much to amuse and less to instruct
them, seeing that they know everything which is "really
so English, don't you know," It is hoped that gentle-
men of moderate means, lovers of horse and hound, will
be encouraged to take up the sport and to maintain a
pack, which can be done at a very moderate expense. If a
gentleman be so situated that he can breed and train his
own hunting-horse, I am sure he will take more pleasure in

THE FOXHOUND. 207

him than he could otherwise do. All that is here recom-
mended is the result of the writer's personal experience,
which has been a ID pie.

Shooting and fishing have been so overdone that it is
evident that what remains of them, worth attention, will
be rapidly taken up and preserved by the exclusive and
the wealthy. The noble sport of fox-hunting remains,
and will ever remain, within reach of the people. It can
never be preserved. It can neither be monopolized by pro-
fessionalism nor ruined by "records." It is a sport in
which ladies may and should freely participate, and hence
it can scarcely be vulgarized.

From an experience of thirty years in the medical pro-
fession, the writer is of opinion that there are fifty delicate
women who would be physically regenerated by horseback
exercise to one who would be in the ]east degree injured
by it. Unless we become a nation of fox-hunters, we
shall very surely become a nation of dog-carters. A mul-
titude of arguments in favor of hunting suggest them-
selves; it is difficult to find one valid argument of a contrary
effect.

It remains to glance at the subject of the diseases of
Foxhounds. If the rational system of kennel management
be adopted, and the hygiene of the kennel be attended to,
there will seldom be a sick Hound. They are a race of
animals naturally preeminently hardy. The hygiene of
the kennel consists in a few simple things. Let the ken-
nel be clean, dry, light, and warm. Let the Hounds be out
as much as possible, but always kennel them at night. If
a neighbor has sheep killed by curs, he can not lay it to the
Hounds if they were locked up in the kennel. When the
Hounds are let out, they may be coupled; and they should
always be broken to the couple, but should not be kept
coupled merely from habit. If they are not likely to
get into mischief, let them run loose. The couple should
be a stiff iron rod, not over six inches long, with an inch ring
for the collar at each end. If longer, they are always liable

208 THE AMEEICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

to get hung by all sorts of obstructions, and are bent and
twisted out of shape.

In the make-up of a pack I have found spayed bitches
to be desirable. They are in no respect inferior to dogs,
and they are in every way more pleasant to handle, being
far less disposed to wander out of bounds or get into any
kind of mischief. The greatest couj)le of Foxhounds I ever
have known were litter sisters, spayed when about two
months old, which is the best time to spay. The operation
is simple and safe, and if performed prior to sexual devel-
opment is not productive of the least tendency to obesity,
even in old age. I have always believed that the instincts
of spayed bitches, if the operation precedes sexual devel-
opment, were, like those of worker bees, superior to the
sexually developed individuals. The most remarkable
exhibitions of nose I have ever seen, both in the Hound and
the Setter or Pointer, as well as the Field Spaniel, were by
spayed bitches. And the thing much in their favor is,
that they are much more patient than dogs or open bitches
of kennel discipline, and in my opinion, at least, less sub-
ject to disease.

This article must now be brought to a close. If it shall
aid in inducing lovers of the Hound to act in concert to push
this sport to the front as the recognized national sport of
the American country gentleman, the object of the writer
will have been accomplished. If wealthy clubs of city
gentlemen are disposed to join in the movement to Ameri-
canize and nationalize this great sport, they will find the
country gentlemen ready to cooperate in every way. That it
is a matter of national importance, in connection with the
development of the American saddle-horse and the Amer-
ican horsemanship of the future, the writer does not doubt.
He pleads guilty to a rank enthusiasm for horse and
hound and horn, but he believes that he is not mistaken
in supposing that unless fox-hunting becomes our national
sport, our national horsemanship will dwindle until it
amounts to nothing, and all our people will take to dog-
carts. Whether this will be a national calamity there
ought not to be two opinions.

THE BASSET HOUND.

BY LAWRENCE TIMPSON.

Basset Frangais, or the Basset Hound, as lie is
known to us, is undoubtedly one of the oldest
breeds of dogs, and has existed in France in exactly
the same type that he does to-day for many centuries.
The French, however, have kept no systematic records of
sports and sporting dogs, and it is only within the last few
years, since the English have taken up the breed, that the
history of the Basset Hound has been collected and written.

They were down to the seventeenth century known in
France as Chiens d'Artois, but since then this name has
been transferred to and used only to designate the large
Picardy Hounds, and the breed under discussion has been
given the name of Basset.

The Basset Frangais and the Basset Allemand, or, as he
is better known, the Dachshund, had undoubtedly a com-
mon origin; but the Basset Hound of to-day has main-
tained all the characteristics of a true Hound, whereas the
Dachshund has some of the attributes of a Terrier.

The Basset Frangais is divided into two strains, the
smooth-coated and the rough-coated; the former coming
originally from the province of Artois and the latter from
Flanders. Both these strains are divided again into three
classes: (1) the crooked-legged (Basset d janibes tortues),
(2) the half crooked -legged (Basset d jambes demi-tortues\
and (3) the straight-legged (Basset d jambes droites).

In France, all crooked-legged dogs are spoken of by
the people generally as Bassets, the same as in Germany
such a dog would be called a Dachs; so the term sometimes
conveys as little (or still less) significance as the word
Terrier does with us.

14 (209)

210 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

The six classes of the Basset Francais that I have
named all have their respective admirers; but for the pur-
poses of this article I shall only take and describe as the
Basset Hound the smooth-coated Artois strain, with crooked
legs, as it is the type generally preferred and recognized.

All the six classes have a general similarity to one
another. The rough-coated strain, or Basset Grifon, as
they are called, correspond more closely to the English
Otter-hound in coat and coloring, have more courage
and worse tempers, and are much less desirable as pets than
the smooth-coated strain. The half crooked-legged variety
are lighter in build than the crooked-legged; and the
straight-legged ones are much lighter and faster still,
approaching, in the smooth-coated strain, more nearly to
the English Beagle.

All friends of the Basset Hound owe a great debt of
gratitude to the Count le Couteult de Canteleu. He has
for some years gone to great trouble and expense collect-
ing all the information possible about the history of this
ancient breed, in which he justly takes such a patriotic
pride, and in obtaining the best specimens in existence in
France, breeding them, and establishing the breed again
in public favor. It is directly from him, or through him,
that most of the English breeders have obtained their dogs.
He is one of the few French noblemen of to-day who
love and devote themselves to sport for sport's sake, living
the life of a grand-seigneur on his magniricent estate.

The history of the Basset Hound in England begins in
1874, when Mr. Everett Millais first saw one in the collec-
tion at the Jardin d' Acclimation . at Paris. He was so
taken with the looks of the breed that he purchased and
imported Model, whom he showed that year at Wolver-
hampton. Lord Onslow was, I believe, the next one across
the channel to take this breed up, commencing in 1875 to
form his little pack, which had so many merry little runs in
the neighborhood of Guilford. Mr. Millais was forced, a
few years later, to give up breeding and go abroad, on
account of ill-health, and Lord Onslow, for some reason,

THE BASSET HOUND.

211

broke up his pack at the same time. About this time Mr. ;,-
Krehl joined the ranks of the Basset Hound men, and the
subsequent popularity and success of the breed in England
is owing in a great part to his energy.

In February, 1883, at a meeting of the principal English
breeders at 25 Downing street, London, the Basset Hound
Club was formed, for the purpose of encouraging the breed-
ing of Basset Hounds for exhibition and for hunting pur-
poses. The following members were enrolled :

Messrs. Blaine, Munro, D. C. Crake, G. R. Krehl, W. P.

CHAMPION NEMOURS.
Owned by the Maizeland Kennels, Red Hook, N. J.

Alleyne, H. B. Watson, H. Wyndham Carter, G. Barton, H.
Blackett, C. Collett, A. Masson, E. Durant, C. Blackburne,
and A. Krehl. Count le Couteult de Canteleu was elected
president, and Lord Onslow and Mr. G. R. Krehl, vice-
presidents; Mr. G. R. Krehl, honorary treasurer; Mr.
H. Wyndham Carter, honorary secretary; and Messrs. W.
P. Alleyne, E. Durant, H. B. Watson, G. R. Krehl, and
H. Wyndham Carter, a committee.

It was proposed to form a pack for hunting, with its
headquarters at Maidenhead Mr. Alleyne, who was elected

212 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

huntsman, kindly consenting to allow the club the use of
his kennels there.

About this time, too, Basset Hounds came into royal
favor, as Mr. Krehl presented a brace of puppies by
Jupiter to H. R. H. the Prince of Wales for his use in
Scotland for rabbit-shooting, which gift His Royal High-
ness was graciously pleased to accept, sending Mr. Krehl,
as a mark of his appreciation, a scarf-pin in the design of
the Prince's Plumes, and the initials "A. E." set in brill-
iants. In 1883, Mr. Chamberlain purchased -Nemours from
Mr. Krehl, and brought him out to America for the Maize-
land Kennels. To Nemours belongs the honor of being the
first Basset Hound brought to America, except, perhaps,
the brace by Jupiter that the late Lord Aylesford brought
out about the same time to use for rabbit-shooting on his
ranch near Big Springs, Texas.

In the following spring, 1884, the Westminster Kennel
Club kindly made a class for Basset Hounds at the New
York Show, and Nemours made his bow to the American
public. "

The first to follow Lord Aylesford' s and Mr. Chamber-
lain' s lead and import Basset Hounds to America, was Mr.
C. B. Gilbert, of New Haven, who. in 1885, brought out Ber-
trand, by Bourbon, and Canace, by Jupiter. He has since
bred a brace of good puppies out of them Jose and Juan.
The only others that have been imported and exhibited here,
as yet, are Babette, by Merlin, who made her debut at
New York in 1889, being shown by Mr. Charles Porter, of
Philadelphia, and Mr. Cornelius Stevenson's Chasseur, by
Farmer, who appeared at New York this year. I trust that
soon these beautiful little Hounds will receive the attention
they deserve from American fanciers and sportsmen.

Basset Hounds are by all odds superior to Beagles for
rabbit-shooting, beating them in nose, tongue, and staying
powers. Their powers of scent are marvelous; and so well
do they indicate their excitement by their waving sterns,
that as the scent becomes warmer and warmer one can tell
almost exactly the moment when they are about to open

THE BASSET HOUND. 213

on it. Their clear, deep, bell-like notes are far sweeter than
those of any other Hound, and when they are hidden in
cover, tell exactly what they are doing. When once heard,
the clear ring of their notes is never forgotten. Their short,
crooked legs seem almost incapable of being tired, and their
natural pace is about seven miles an hour. For hunting
on foot they are as superior to Beagles as for being shot
over on rabbits, but their value renders a pack of any size
out of the question. The scratch pack that the members of
the Basset Hound Club kept, showed very good sport.

Basset Hounds have the best of tempers. I have never
known of one to attempt to bite, except in the case of pup-
pies when being punished for some misdemeanor or other,
and then they did it from fright more than from ill nature.
In fact, their disposition is a trifle too mild and inoffensive
for a sporting dog; although they run game with the utmost
keenness, and when their quarry is standing "at bay"
they will give tongue with the utmost fierceness, usually
showing no desire to go in for blood, even in the case of a
rabbit. In the latter case they would usually play with it
as though it were a puppy, if left to themselves: Against
other dogs, too, they seldom try to defend themselves.

Puppies are rather hard to rear, especially in a cold
climate, but the old dogs are very hardy. Even among the
best-bred specimens, the teeth are sometimes very small,
unusually many in number, and the lower jaw shorter than
the upper. Basset Hound puppies are most whimsical-
looking little beggars, and their big bright eyes have the
softest, dreamiest expression imaginable.

There is something of an Old World air about a Basset
Hound; his appearance has something quaint and mediaeval
in it. It makes one think insensibly of old tapestries rep-
resenting a grand cTiasse at the forest court of one of the
old Valois kings at Fontainbleau, where the Basset Hound
undoubtedly "posed," not only in his sporting capacity,
but as the pet of the great ladies, who probably held him in
as high favor as the ladies of Elizabeth's court did Basket
Beagles.

214 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

Below is given the standard and scale of points of the
Basset Hound :

Value. Value

Head 25 Coat 10

Neck and chest 10 Color 10

Fore legs and feet r . 15 Size and symmetry 10

Ribs and loin 10

Hind quarters and stern 10 Total TOO

Head, resembling that of the Bloodhound in shape and
dignity of expression, long, rather narrow, and well peaked,
with little or no stop. Jaws long, strong, and level; teeth
rather small. Nose usually black; but some good ones
have had considerable white about theirs. Mouth well
flewed. Ears long, large, and soft, hanging like the softest
velvet drapery. Eyes are a deep brown, very expressive,
rather deeply set, and showing a good deal of haw; expres-
sion affectionate, intelligent, and good-humored, though
occasionally reflective and melancholy.

Neck and chest. The neck is long, but very powerful,
with flews extending nearly to the chest. The chest is well
developed, overhanging, and extending to within nearly two
inches of the ground

Forelegs and feet. The shoulders are of great power.
Legs very short, and turning inward at the knees; and the
feet, which appear to be a mass of joints, considerably bent
out.

Ribs and loin. The back and ribs are strongly put
together, and the former is of great length.

Hind quarters and stern. The hind quarters are very
strong and muscular, the muscles standing out, and clearly
defined down to the hocks.

Coat. The skin is soft, and the coat smooth and close,
though moderately hard and very weather-resisting in qual-
ity, and when the dog is in condition, showing a beautiful
natural gloss.

Color. The tri-color, which has a tan head and a black
and white body, is much preferred; but they come in all
the varieties of white and black-and-tan.

Size and symmetry. Bassets come in all sizes, from nine

THE BASSET HOUND.

215

to twelve inches at shoulder and at from twenty-six to
forty-eight pounds in weight and over. The best size is say
about eleven or twelve inches at the shoulder and about
forty to forty-five pounds in weight. The Basset has more
bone in proportion to his size than any other breed, and his
symmetry is an important point in his make-up.

No especial care is necessary in preparing Basset Hounds
for the show bench, further than ordinary attention to
health, condition, and coat. These dogs usually c ' show
up" well on the bench, and rather appear to enjoy their
outings at shows.

The subject of our illustration, Champion Nemours (E.
K. C. S. B., 14068), owned by the Maizeland Kennels, was got
by Champion Jupiter (12152), out of Vivien (13340). He was
whelped March 21, 1883, and was bred by Mr. George R.
Krehl, Hanover Square, London. His winnings are: First,
New York; first, Philadelphia; first, National Breeders'
Show, 1884; first and two specials, New Haven; first, Bos-
ton; first, New York, 1885; second, New York; champion,
Boston, 1886; first, New York, 1888.

THE DACHSHUND.

BY WILLIAM LOEFFLEK.

origin of the Dachshund is in doubt, our best
authorities disagreeing as to the beginning of the
breed. Some writers claim that he came from
Spain, while the fact that no Dachshunds exist there, which
can be traced back to Spanish origin, places this statement
in doubt. Other authorities claim the Dachshund to be
the oldest breed known, as carvings have been discovered
on Egyptian monuments resembling the Dachshund of the
present day. I lean more to the theory that the Dachs-
hund originated in France, as the Basset Hound is known
to be of French origin, and the two breeds have many
characteristics in common. There undoubtedly exists a
close relationship between the two breeds, as the contour
of the fore legs and paws in both breeds is identical.

It has been proven that during the invasion by the
French armies, in the seventeenth century, the Basset
Hound was first seen in Germany, while previous to that
time we have no positive proof that the Dachshund
existed there. We may therefore reasonably suppose
that by inbreeding of the Basset Hound in Germany,
since that period, the size of the breed has been reduced,
thereby better adapting the dog for the purposes required
of him in that country, but that by judicious breeding, cer-
tain traits and qualities have since been developed which
have established the Dachshund in his present form.

Suppose a Hound set upon short legs, say from four to
six inches high, with a long-stretched body, and you have
the outlines of the Dachshund's appearance in brief. At
the first glance you see that he is intended for underground
work, nearly all his muscular power being developed in

(217)

218

THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

the forepart of his body. The appearance of the Dachs-
hund is striking, and to those unacquainted with the

DACHSHUND WALDEMANN II.
Owned by Mr. William Loeffler, 168 Sherman street, Milwaukee, Wis.

breed is such as to attract great attention. It has taken a
long time for American observers to become accustomed to
him, and to learn to like him.

THE DACHSHUND. 219

There are two types of the Dachshund, the Hound and
the Terrier type. Both are of equal value, and are most
carefully bred. In the southern parts of Germany, and in
all England, the Hound type is more generally found, and is
more popular, while in the northern part of the Empire
the Terrier type appears to be the favorite. Both types
are used for one and the same purpose, both have the same
characteristics, and it is only a matter of fancy as to which
is the better.

As soon as bench shows were introduced in Germany,
the question of course sprung up as to which is the most
correct type; but this question, up to the present day, is
not decided, and probably never will be. Of late, the
Hound type seems to be in general favor at all shows on
the Continent, in England, and in America. I have always
preferred the Hound-like dog, as I consider him the best-
looking one of the two species. I shall now give a detailed
description of the Hound type.

STANDAKD AND VALUE OF POINTS.

Value. Value.

Head and skull 12 Loin 8

Ears 6i Stern 5

Jaw 5 Body 8i

Chest 7 Color 4

Legs and feet 20 Symmetry and quality 11

Skin and coat 13

Total 100

Head. Large; resembles that of a Hound, with the
exception that it is more wedge-shaped.

Nose. Large and well developed; black in dark-colored
dogs, and flesh-colored in reds, mostly.

Teeth. Very large, showing two large fangs on lower
and two on upper jaw.

Ears. Long, high set, and so thin as to show the veins;
covered with short, silky hair.

Eyes. The Dachshund has beautiful large eyes, full of
expression; in dark-colored dogs, mostly jet-black; in reds
a brown color prevails. Some red strains show black noses
and jet-black eyes, and this is no fault.

The head rests on a very strongly developed neck.

220 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

Chest. No other breed of dogs shows such depth and
breadth of chest as does the Dachshund, the chest-bone
standing out of the body, and on a good specimen the
chest fills out nearly the entire space to or within an inch
or inch and a half of the knees. The chest hangs so low
as to be only from three to four inches from the ground.

Legs and feet. The fore-arms, strong-boned and well-
muscled, run inward so that they almost form a right-angle
with the lower extremities. At the knees, the legs come
together, then are vertical for about an inch, and from here
the feet take a side and outward course and form the long
and flat paws.

Toes. Long and flat; have very long claws, which in
black-and-tan dogs should be black, and in reds a dark
brown or black. A white claw is a defect. It is a question
of great interest as to how the formation of such shaped
legs originated, or was developed. It may have come from
some freak of nature; but if so, it has been by careful
breeding kept up, and is now one of the most marked
features of the breed.

The hind legs are longer than the fore legs, thus giving
the long body an inward curve, commonly called saddle-
back. In nearly all good specimens, well-developed dew-
claws can be found; but these are often removed, as they
are liable to annoy the dog a good deal when wading
through crusty snow. The claws on these extra toes grow
long and in a perfect circle, and should at least be trimmed,
or else they grow into the flesh and cause the dog a great
deal of pain.

Body. Round, long, and lithe.

Tail. Heavy at root, and tapering; should be carried
high, as in the Foxhound; but under no circumstances
should the tail be carried in a curve over the back, which is
a great fault.

Color. The most prevailing and most familiar colors
are black-and-tans, chestnut and tans, and solid reds
from a fawn -color to a beautiful deep red. Besides these
colors, specimens are occasionally found of black, white,

THE DACHSHUND. 221

and tan color, called in Germany Tiger-dachs; or steel-
blue and tan, a magnificent color, but rarely seen.

Skin. Exceedingly loose. You may take hold of the
skin on neck or back and raise it four to six inches; it
seems as if the skin were intended for a body twice the size
of the one it covers. The loose skin is a great advantage to
the dog, as a badger or other animal when attacking the
Dachshund will get hold of a mouthful of skin instead of
solid flesh, and the dog suffers no serious damage. No
other breed of dogs shows this characteristic in such a
marked degree.

Coat. Short and thick.

Here is the measurement of a Dachshund that I consider
as near perfection as has yet been obtained : Head, eight
inches long; length, from nose to root of tail, thirty-three
inches; tail, eleven inches; tip to tip, forty-four inches;
height at shoulder, ten to ten and one-half inches; girth of
body, behind fore-arms, nineteen and one-half inches; girth
of neck, fourteen and one-half inches; spread of ears,
fifteen inches; around main muscle of fore-arm, five and
one-half inches; chest, from ground, four inches; weight,
twenty to twenty-two pounds.

Specimens of the Terrier type are, as a general rule,
much smaller and of lighter build than those of the Hound
type. The difference in shape lies mainly in the head,
which in the former is shorter and more pointed, or
sharper toward the nose; the ears are not so long; the legs
are slightly straighter. In weight, specimens of the Terrier
type vary from ten to sixteen pounds.

It makes no difference, however, whether you send a
large or a small Dachshund after a fox; both varieties are
equally savage and ferocious in their attacks, and the pluck
and grit they exhibit deserve our greatest praise and
admiration.

Much has been written of the Spiel-dachs, or Toy
variety of the Dachshund. In former years he was valued
by the ladies in Germany as the Pug is at the present day
in this country. The Spiel-dachs was nothing else than a

222 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

Terrier Dachshund that by inbreeding was reduced in
size. He is now rarely met with, but could at any time be
reproduced.

The long-haired Dachshund is a variety which has
become popular of late. Occasionally a puppy is whelped
by a smooth-coated mother which shows longer hair than
the rest of the litter. By mating such specimens with
others of their kind, the long-haired variety was estab-
lished.

The wire-haired Dachshund, also a fashion of later
years, undoubtedly originated by introducing the blood of
the Scotch Terrier.

The disposition of the Dachshund is peculiar. He will
seek a quarrel with any dog he may meet; the larger in
size, the more he seems to enjoy it. He will go up to the
largest Mastiff, with tail erect, and snap at him. Does the
Mastiff show a desire to fight, the trouble begins at once,
and will not end until one or the other has had enough and
seeks safety by flight. The Dachshund seldom runs, and
in case he finds his opponent's strength superior to his
own, he will lay on his back and snap at the larger animal
from below, thus often doing great injury.

In addition to his quarrelsomeness, he is the most inde-
pendent dog in existence; and he generally does what he
pleases. He will not obey even his own master, and all the
punishment you may give him will not make him obedi-
ent. Could this great fault be overcome, he would make
the hunting dog par excellence, for he is untiring, possessed
of the greatest endurance, has scenting powers and good-
will for hunting. He will do no training, and has all the
good qualities a sportsman could reasonably ask a dog to
possess, except that of obedience. This trait of following
his own instinct when hunting, and not minding his mas-
ter' s commands, allows us only to use him on game living
underground, as fox or badger, or on such game as,
when pursued, can be brought to bay or be " treed." Then
the Dachshund will stay, and by giving tongue will in this
way guide his master to the game.

THE DACHSHUND. 223

The Dachshund is full of faults, but his great excel-
lences, his unparalleled courage and endurance, stand so
high to his credit that all deficiencies are overlooked, and
the breed kept up by the most judicious breeding. It is
the pride of European sportsmen to own courageous speci-
mens of the Dachshund, and as long as the fox follows his
instinct to destroy game the Dachshund will be bred and
used to check his ravages.

Never leave any furs within reach of the Dachshund,
for he will tear them to pieces, or at least damage them to
a great extent. The tiger-robe in your parlors, or the fine
seal-jackets of the ladies of the house, are in as great
danger from being torn up as the raw coon-skin which is
nailed to a tree to dry.

In Europe, especially in Germany, the Dachshund is
principally used in assisting to destroy the natural enemy
of all game, the fox. Being about the same height as the
fox, he can follow him into his haunts; and possessing the
strongest muscular development and unparalleled courage,
he will fight his foe underground and chase him out of his
burrow, where he becomes an easy victim for the hunter,
who is stationed near the entrances. A fox generally
has more than one outlet to his burrow, and a practical
hunter uses a dog for each outlet. The brave little dogs
enter at once, and give tongue when assured that Rey-
nard is at home. The fox thus attacked can not escape
their sharp teeth, and no matter how bravely he defends
his life, he can not resist such a fierce attack, and is bound
to run for his life or be exterminated, and often pulled
above ground.

When a single dog undertakes the difficult task of driv-
ing out the fox, he will certainly find an equally brave foe;
and many dogs lose their lives in this way. A hunter
who loves his dog will not send him alone against a fox.

Equally as much as for driving foxes out of their burrows,
the Dachshund is used for hunting the badger. This ani-
mal does not try to save his life by flight, as the fox does,
.but will stand his ground, and will fight the battle with

224 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

his enemies underground. When attacked, he retires to
the "kettle," or his lair, into which all gangs center; and
here he receives his antagonists, the Dachshunds, and
defends his life with the greatest bravery.

The fight may last for hours; in most cases the dogs are
victorious, but often the fight will not come to an end, and
to finish the work, the hunters are obliged to use pick and
shovel to dig down and fork the badger. By laying the
ear close to the ground to listen to their dogs barking, the
badgers whereabouts are easily located, and the work of
unearthing with the shovel begins. The nearer the hunters
get to the badger, the clearer they can hear their dogs.
Now one man watches with the "fork," which is a spear-
like instrument, and- the minute the badger is seen, the
4 ' fork ' ' is put over his neck and he is caught. You can
not hold the dogs back from finishing their foe.

The dogs now present a very different aspect from that
shown when they entered. Eyes and ears red and full of
dirt, the tongue dry and hanging near the ground, their
breath short and quick, and bleeding from the wounds made
by their enemy, make the dogs appear more like demons
than dogs. It is not seldom that, when the badger is lifted
up, a dog whose teeth are set deep into his body hangs to
him and can not open his jaws, and it takes hours before
the excitement is over and he has control of the muscles of
his jaws again. A great many have thus died of lock-jaw.

One of the best dogs I knew lost his life in a singular
way. The badger managed to get hold of the lower jaw
of the Dachshund, and literally bit it off. Lock-jaw set in,
and the dog that had been victor in nearly fifty battles;
whose ears were nothing but fringes; whose chest, neck,
and whole body showed one scar near the other had to die.
Every hunter within many miles felt this loss deeply; for
all these men looked upon this dog as upon a dead hero.

No matter how many wounds a Dachshund has received,
as soon as he is in such shape as to be able to walk and
bite again, he is ready for another chase; and he will fight
fiercer than ever.

THE DACHSHUND. 225

In Europe, it is the game-keeper' s duty to take care of
the game intrusted to him; and a fox destroys more game
in a season than the average hunter kills. Having found
the proofs that such a robber has made his home on his
intrusted domain, the forester has no rest until the
intruder is exterminated. Has the fox made his home
among the bluffs and rocks, the hunter lays in wait until
a chance offers to shoot Reynard. To simply shoot the fox,
in this case, is more advisable than to risk the lives of val-
uable dogs, who would certainly be in great danger, as the
nature of the bluffs and rocks, filled with caves and crev-
ices, is such that the dogs, in their endeavor to get at the
game, would be likely to fall into them.

In many cases the fox takes possession of an old badger-
hole. The saying is, that a badger, who is a clean animal,
will leave his lair after a fox has deposited his manure
there. The badger mostly digs his hole in loose earth, and
if the fox is found on such ground, the Dachshund will be
brought to act; and this is the work nature has specially
fitted him for. The dogs are relieved of their collars, that
they may be able to use their body to the best advantage.
It is a grand sight to see a couple of Dachshunds enter a
fox-hole, chase the mother-fox out of the ground, and then
go for the kittens, which are brought out one by one, dead,
of course, every time. This is a grand opportunity to teach
a puppy a good lesson.

The German game-keepers value these dogs about the
same way as the Arab does his horse; they belong to the
family, and it is difficult to procure a serviceable Dachs-
hund from them. When I was in Germany selecting
Dachshunds for my kennels, I looked for them among
practical hunters, to obtain the right stock. I went along
to see their work and ways of hunting; found beautiful
dogs, but as soon as I offered their owners a price for them,
our friendship was nearly ended.

One incident I must here mention, which happened in
the woods of Thueringen, away from all traveled roads,
and deep in God's nature. I ran onto a black-and-tan of

226 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

such beauty, and of such excellence for practical work, as
I had never before seen, and I made up my mind to procure
this specimen under any circumstances. After we returned
from a hunt, and were sitting in the game-keeper' s cabin,
talking of nothing but Dachshunds, of course, I mentioned
that I would like to buy Peter from him. The good-
hearted man looked at me and said :

" That dog you can not buy at any price. I am a poor
man, as everybody knows, but as long as I have ti bite of
bread left, Peter stays with me. ' '

Well, I never put the question to him again, and I was
assured that I could not offer Peter a better home than the
one he had. The price offered for the dog was nearly equal
to the game-keeper's annual salary.

Besides hunting foxes and badgers, the Dachshund is
used extensively for tracking wounded deer and roebuck,
and no surer trailer lives. The dog is taken by the line,
and he follows a track slowly, but as infallibly as can
be, and it seldom happens that he fails to succeed. When
running loose, he will give a few short barks when the
game is found, and then start at once to lick the wound;
then commence to eat, and will eat until he can not eat
any more.

This is a bad habit, but all Dachshunds possess it. But
you must take these dogs as they are, with all their good
qualities, and with all their many faults. I therefore
recommend the use of the line when tracking wounded
game. Besides the above mentioned, the Dachshund can
be used successfully to hunt minks and other vermin.
When allowed to run at will, he will hunt anything, from a
mouse up.

Now that I have illustrated the value of the Dachs-
hund for Europe, let us see what success we can have with
him here in America, for he is no more a stranger among
us. We have imported as fine stock as Europe could pro-
duce though, as stated, we have had great difficulty in
buying them and hundreds of them are now in the hands
of practical American sportsmen. Many are dissatisfied

THE DACHSHUND. 227

with them; others, who know how to handle them, praise
their good qualities.

I have used them with great success in thick under-
brush and briers, where larger dogs could not work, on
rabbits; and a few sportsmen, stationed in the right way,
have found their chances for good sport excellent.

In deep snow, when even the Foxhound could not be of
service, I have brought my Dachshund (as a general rule
only one, and never more than a couple) to new breakings,
where there were plenty of brush -piles, the favorite resort
for rabbits. Don't let your dog follow you in deep snow,
and get him tired out before his work begins. Carry your
little dog in your arms, or in the game-sack. He will enter
a brush-pile at once, and in a minute 1 s time you will know
whether you may expect a rabbit here or not. If he gives
tongue, you may with certainty expect a shot; for he
never barks before he is dead-sure of the presence of game.
His scenting powers are the keenest, and he does not make
a mistake. As I said before, as soon as the dog barks, be
ready to shoot, for the rabbit will be obliged to run when a
Dachshund is after him. The dog works his way through
the brush almost like a snake, and will get to the rabbit
sooner or later. As soon as a shot is fired, he will come
out and follow the trail, and in case the rabbit is missed,
will bring him to shot again.

Should the snow be too deep, don't allow him to follow,
for he is too small to work against deep snow. Take to
the next brush-pile, and try your luck again. In this way
I have often shot from ten to twenty-five rabbits in half a
day, and on a comparatively small field.

When hunting with a pack of Dachshunds, you will
notice the following : As soon as unchecked, all dogs will
at once scatter, and each will hunt for a trail by himself.
For awhile you will not hear a sound from your dogs, but
as soon as one of them has scared up game, he will utter a
shrill, sharp bark, something like ' ' kiff, kiff -kiff ! " As soon
as the rest of the pack hear this signal, they will meet at
once, and chase the rabbit in a body, under full cry. They

228 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

now act in the same way as a pack of Beagles or Fox-
hounds, and surely bring the game around. But should
the rabbit go to earth, your hunt, for an hour, or may be
for all day, is over; for the dogs will now follow their
instinct, and commence to dig fpr their game.

If the ground is not frozen, or if no rocks interfere,
they will always succeed in pulling out the rabbit, no mat-
ter how long it takes them to do it. It is impossible to
call the dogs away from this work. Often they stay under-
ground for an hour at a time before they show themselves
at the entrance. The smallest dog goes to dig first, a larger
one is near to clear the loose earth out of the hole; and you
can not see a more interesting sight than such a one. The
earth flies in all directions, and in a very short time the
dogs have dug their way in so far that you can hardly hear
them bark. Small roots which come in their way will be
gnawed in two; soon you will notice a dog back out, hold-
ing the rabbit, and every dog that is near will want his
reward by helping to kill it, and if the hunter is not at
hand to stop this performance, the rabbit will be torn to
pieces in less than ten seconds.

This is the great disadvantage in hunting rabbits with a
pack of Dachshunds. If you see them at work in this
way for the first time, it will certainly interest you greatly;
but when accustomed to it, you will pronounce it a bad
interruption of your sport. For this reason I say, when
you want to hunt rabbits with a pack of dogs, use the
Beagle, for he does not possess the desire for digging, as
does the Dachshund.

When at work underground, should you have an oppor-
tunity of preventing one or two dogs from entering, you
may chain them and take them miles away, but the minute
they are at liberty they will run back and finish their
work. You may wish to call them back, but will not suc-
ceed, and you will find that your control over your dogs
ends right here.

Three of my dogs once worked two days and a night at
the same hole before they returned home. There is one

THE DACHSHUND. 229

good thing about it, and that is, you need not be afraid of
their getting lost; they will find their way home under all
circumstances. I have had them on grounds ten to fifteen
miles from my home, in places where they had never
been before, but I could leave them there to finish a job of
digging without fear of losing them. They always return
when ready. How they manage it is a mystery to me,
unless by the use of their superior scenting powers they trace
their return. I have had hundreds of them, but never lost
a single one.

As to their value for tracking wounded deer, I can not
do better than to repeat the words of Mr. N. A. Osgood,
of Battle Creek, Mich., who owns the beautiful bitch
Gertie. He says that while hunting deer in Northern
Michigan, it happened that several were wounded and
could not be found; among them the largest buck they
had seen during their stay. He was tracked by all the
dogs they had with them, but all gave up the hunt when
the tracks run to a stream. After all the other dogs were
chained up, Gertie trailed the buck alone, and on reaching
the stream plunged in, swam across, hunted up the lost
trail on the other side, and soon the well-known "kiff-
kiff" assured Mr. Osgood of Gertie's success; and he states
that no more wounded deer were lost after that time.
Gertie, of course, became the pet of the camp.

Another gentleman, after returning from a northern
hunt, wrote me that his eight-months-old Dachshund
exhibited a great deal of pluck by holding his ground
near a bear after several other dogs left the field. By
steadily barking and circling around the bear, he held its
attention until the hunter approached and killed it.

If you wish to hunt foxes or badgers, the Dachshund
will perform the same work for you here as he does for
your brother sportsman in Europe.

The Dachshund can also be used for "treeing" par-
tridges (ruffed grouse) or squirrels; and as rat-killers they
can not be excelled. He is a capital companion for the
man who enjoys hunting alone. If you once gain his

230 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

friendship, he will do almost anything for you. I can
always tell what game my dogs are pursuing by their dif-
ferent ways of giving tongue, and have become so accus-
tomed to their ways and methods of hunting that I have
never been misled by them but once. In that instance they
gave the bark I generally* heard when a squirrel was treed,
only fiercer. On walking up to them I saw, lying fiat on
the limb of an oak-tree, a large wildcat. I fired at her, and
had the satisfaction of seeing her fall among my dogs, who
covered her at once. I soon discovered that she was far
from dead, and she proved as lively a corpse as could be
imagined. She defended what life was left in her valiantly.
My dogs were bleeding, and the cat kept on dealing terrible
blows upon them. I could not shoot, for I would have
killed my dogs also. When the battle was at its height, I
noticed one dog, which weighed only eighteen pounds,
retire slowly, while the two remaining ones were attacking
the cat as furiously as ever. All at once the little dog who
had retired a minute before, returned, leaped suddenly
from behind on the cat's back, landing his teeth in the
back of her neck. The surprise was complete, and in a
second's time one of the other dogs caught hold at her
throat, and the fight was over the cat killed. The little
dogs that showed so much courage a few minutes before
were all in terrible condition, and as weak as could be from
loss of blood.

As a watch or house dog, the Dachshund ranks high,
and I can almost pronounce him superior to any other
variety; he will notice the slightest noise the faintest
footstep about the house and will give alarm. He is kind
to the members and friends of the family, but as savage as
a dog can be to the intruder. He is an invaluable assistant
to the farmer, who can sleep safely when knowing that a
Dachshund watches over his property especially his poul-
try at night. No mink, 'coon, skunk, or other vermin will
live long in his neighborhood; this little dog will work day
and night to kill these pests that nearly always infest
farms where poultry is kept, and which do so much dam-
age if not checked by a good dog.

THE DACHSHUND. 231

. Before closing this chapter, allow me to mention the fol-
lowing: It has been tried to allow a Dachshund to run
with a pack of Foxhounds, but was always given up as
unsuccessful, for the simple reason that the Dachshund
will not stand it to have a superior over him; the leader of
the pack and the Dachshund will soon begin to quarrel,
and in the end the chances are that the small dog will kill
the large one.

One of the most important rules for keeping a lot of
Dachshunds is to have plenty of ground for them, as they
do not thrive well in too close confinement. Have the yard
divided in, say three or four apartments; but it will not do
to have the fences go simply down close to the ground, for
you would not leave them ten minutes when you would
find that the dogs had dug out, and were enjoying a walk
outside. Lay out the plan for your building and yards,
set the fence-posts three feet into the ground, dig trenches
for a foundation (as for a building) two feet deep, fill this
full of large rocks, cover all with earth, then nail your
boards on the posts. Don't use any boards with knot-
holes, as the dogs will begin to gnaw at them, and in time
enlarge them so that they can go through them. In this
way I succeeded in managing my dogs all right, with the
exception of one, who beat all my plans. He dug a hole
down under the rocks and up on the other side in about an
hour, and I thought it advisable to take him to my house;
for when the rest would have such an able teacher in their
midst, I could see no end of trouble. When outside he
behaved well for awhile, but soon he got a desire for a
hunt in good company; so he commenced to dig a hole
from the outside, and soon liberated all the dogs kept in
that yard.

Before I was obliged to build a stone foundation, I drove
sticks into the ground, which were set as close together as
I could set them. This plan is no success, as the dogs will
dig all the earth away until the sticks stand free, when they
are easily removed by them. The fence must be at least five
feet high. I here give the plan of what I consider a prac-
tical kennel for the breed :

232 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

Ground required, 60x45 feet; kennel building to be
15x60 feet. Have a hallway in the same, say 4x60 feet;
the balance, 11 x 60 feet, divide into four apartments,
which will give each apartment the size of 11 x 15 feet.
Separate hall from rooms by wire netting. Lay the floors
one foot from ground, so as not to take too much dampness
in wet weather; and the floor must be laid slanting, to allow
the water to run oif when scrubbing the floor. Benches to
be one. and one-half feet from floor, but not under the win-
dow, as the dogs would stand up and gnaw through the
sash.

The balance of your ground should be divided into four
yards, so that each room of the building is connected with
a yard 15 x 30 feet. The rooms, as well as the yards, must
be so arranged that the dogs in one can not see those in the
other, which is done by erecting tight board partitions or
fences between them. The outside fence may be of wire
netting; this will improve the appearance of your kennels.
The building must be light and well ventilated; doors to be
so arranged that you may enter your grounds from all
sides, from one yard to the other, and from the yards to
the rooms. If wire netting be too expensive, you can, of
course, build board fences instead. A kennel of this
description affords room for twelve to fifteen dogs.

It is not advisable to keep such a number in one yard,
for they will not agree, and you must separate them in
order to keep them from fighting; if you don't, you will
find some of your dogs killed before long. As a general
rule, two stud dogs are enemies, and their hatred knows no
bounds; all tricks imaginable are brought to play to find
some means of coming together, and if successful, one dog
will be destroyed.

Bitches, when fighting, seem to be even more savage
than dogs. When two of these are fighting, you may lift
one up, and are sure to raise the other, for when their jaws
close on each other they hold fast, and you can swing both
around your head a dozen times, still they will hold on to
each other firmly. Separate them by taking a firm hold at

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234 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

their necks and choking them, and as soon as loosened
throw one over the fence. These two will never after be
friends. Often you may keep from six to eight dogs in one
yard, and have no trouble. When admitting a strange dog
to your kennels, you must first find out in what yard you
can locate him, and be careful about this matter.

It would be cruelty to keep these dogs closely confined,
for their instinct drives them to hunt, and you should give
them, as frequently as possible, a chance to hunt, or to run,
at least.

Bitches in whelp ought to be at liberty to go where they
please. My kennels were located in the heart of a good
game country, and as soon as I opened the door of their
yards, my dogs had the chance to begin hunting at once.
Dachshund kennels should be only in such localities.
Rather let the dogs hunt once in awhile on their own
account than deprive them of their liberty for too long a
time.

To take care of a dozen or fiiteen Dachshunds, in the
proper way, is all a man is able to do. Half of the day
should be spent in working them; the balance is necessary
to keep the kennels in good order, etc.

My bitch Gretchen, well known to all Dachshund
breeders in the country, when in whelp, would hunt until
the last day of her confinement. Once she was gone two
days, and I had no idea where she was; her time to whelp
was at hand. Half an hour after her return she gave birth
to the first puppy, and by morning a family of six had
arrived. She was an excellent mother; but on the second
day after whelping went on a trip again, not returning
until night. All her puppies were brought up by their
mother, and all proved excellent dogs.

Nearly all Dachshunds enjoy robust constitutions, and
you will not be troubled much by diseases among them.
You must, however, keep your kennels and yards scrupu-
lously clean, or mange the terror of all breeders will be
admitted.

To keep a lot of dogs in good health depends mainly on

THE DACHSHUND. 235

clean kennels, plenty of exercise, and on their being prop-
erly fed. After trying different methods of feeding, I pro-
nounce the following the best: Raw meat is excluded.
Mutton and beef scraps, onions and beets, and seasoning
of salt, are boiled until the meat falls off the bones; this is
mixed with oatmeal, corn-meal, or rice-mush, bread, or
mashed potatoes. When fed warm to the dogs it makes
the best meal, and is very much relished by them; but do
not give the same thing day after day. One day mix the
broth and meat with bread; the next day with oatmeal,
and so on. By so doing you will not see your dogs' appe-
tites fail, and they will always be in first-class condition-
ready for the bench show at any day of the year. Boiled
liver will do about once a week, as it acts as a laxative.
Pork, given occasionally, is all right; if given too often it
will produce mange. Feed your dogs twice a day; once in
the morning, and the second meal just before dark, as they
will then be much quieter during the night.

Don't allow any dishes with remnants of a meal to stand
around your kennel-yards; wash the dishes as soon as the
meal is over. Your kennels and kitchen must be in such
condition at all hours of the day that you need not be
embarrassed to show a lady through them. Give from
three to four times a day a good supply of fresh water.
Buttermilk once or twice a week is recommended.

I am opposed to chaining dogs, especially Dachshunds,
which, thus kept, will be too savage and musical.

When a bitch is due to whelp, you will notice, as a gen-
eral rule, that she favors a certain place; and I always let
her use her own judgment in selecting her bed, for she will
then feel more contented. She will most always prefer to
whelp on the bare ground; and let it be your care that she
is not molested by other dogs. Of course this does not
apply to winter, when she must be kept in a heated room.

A litter of puppies will afford you much pleasure as
lively as crickets, chasing and frolicking all day long; their
odd shape and intelligent ways will make them favorites
with all. When six weeks old, I begin to feed them milk

236 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

and bread, and continue this diet for about a month; then
give them same food as the old dogs eat.

The remedies that I found to be of value in the treat-
ment of a few diseases, I learned by years of practical
experience in handling dogs. I will simply tell you in
what ways I conquered the many troubles that every ken-
nel-man is subject to.

The mange will appear in the best-managed kennels,
and, if not rooted out, will be the cause of endless trouble.
Many kennels have been broken up because the disease
could not be eradicated. When a dog shows the disease, I
separate him from the rest, and he has to make his home
in a small building put up for this purpose, which I call
the " ash-box." The floor is covered with dry wood ashes.
The dog is now bound to walk on ashes; will he lay down
to sleep, he will sleep on ashes. Kept for one or two weeks
in this place, you will find your dog well, and the mange
cured. You must let the patient have exercise every day,
and it will be good to wash him once a day; but be sure
that he does not come too close to your healthy dogs.

I will tell you how I came to introduce the "ash-box."
I received a dog from Europe that was covered with the
disease. All remedies that I tried failed to cure him he
was in a horrible condition; and after all remedies had
failed, I decided to shoot him. When going to the woods,
intending to kill the poor animal, I met a farmer, whom I
told of my intention, and who requested me to let him
have the dog, to which I consented. I had not heard from
the man or the dog for several months, when, while hunt-
ing, I came near his home, and being anxious to find out
how the dog was getting along, started to his house. I
soon saw the Dachshund coming toward me, and was sur-
prised to see him in the finest possible condition.

On inquiring how it was possible to have cured him, the
farmer said he had done nothing to him whatever but let
him run wherever he wanted to; and the first day he dug a
hole in a pile of wood ashes, and had slept there ever

THE DACHSHUND. 237

since. It was at once plain to me that the ashes had acted
as a remedy for the disease, and I thereupon built an ash-
box. With it I have cured every case of mange that has
occurred in my kennels since, and friends whom I have
advised to use it on their dogs report the same results. In
severe cases, you may take a sponge saturated with ben-
zine and apply it to the sores before placing the dog on his
ash-bed.

Worms. Ask your druggist for the common brown
worm -powder which is given to children (Semen Cynce, pul-
ver.)', mix half a tea-spoonful of this powder in your pup-
py' s food, and you will be surprised what an amount of
worms he will pass the next day. Repeat this once a day
for three succeeding days, and give a tea-spoonful of cas-
tor-oil about four hours after each dose was taken. I
know of no better remedy.

For distemper, I give one of the distemper-pills adver-
tised in the sporting papers to such dogs as are over seven
or eight months old. I find it to be of good service, and
have cured many dogs troubled with the disease. But
when a litter of puppies, say from two to three months
old, are attacked with distemper, I have so far failed to
find a successful remedy. A good dry bed and a warm
place to sleep is all I can offer them, and I have to take
my chances for their recovery.

Fleas. Take a piece of linen, saturate it with kerosene,
rub this backward against the dog's hair, and you will see
the fleas crawl to the tip of the hair at once and die. Now
wash your dog with soap and water, and when dry you
will not find a single flea left to bother him. Sprinkle the
floor of your kennels about once a week with kerosene.

Lice. Common Persian insect-powder, rubbed into the
hair, and the use of comb, brush, soap, and water is what I
have used to get rid of these pests.

The Dachshund, if well bred, will not need any train-
ing, and will follow his natural instinct in hunting. Teach
him obedience when young, and give him enough oppor-

238 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

tunities to hunt and develop. The best method I have
found, is in building an artificial fox-burrow in the yard
for puppies, made of rocks, with three outlets from a
larger place (kettle) in the center. Cover this with earth
and brush. Catch a rabbit in a trap, and liberate it in the
presence of your puppies. A puppy three or four months
old will at once begin to chase the rabbit, follow it through
the holes or brush, and, rest assured, will never forget this
lesson.

Do all in your power to develop courage, the main char-
acteristic of the breed. Don't punish the puppy when he
has done an act you dislike; many good dogs have been
spoiled by misapplied punishment. When the age arrives
at which he should be used on game, take a dog whose
work satisfies you, and the puppy you wish to introduce in
field work, and in a few weeks' practice the puppy will do
his work satisfactorily.

When you wish to buy a Dachshund, be sure to procure
a puppy. Do not allow everybody to take care of him and
to feed him; let him know that you are his friend and mas-
ter. Let him accompany you as often as practicable. As
soon as you notice the development of his hunting in-
stincts, try to give him a chance to catch and kill a rabbit;
you will then discover that your dog is on a steady lookout
for them, and in a short time will master all the tricks of
the rabbit. Before he is fully developed, do not allow him
to fight a fox alone, for he may receive a severe punishment
at the beginning of his career, which may produce bad
effects for the future. If, by ill management, you lose the
dog's good-will toward you, you may be a first-class
breaker of other breeds, but the Dachshund's stronghead-
edness you will never be able to s-ubdue; while, on the other
hand, by kind treatment, you may bring up a dog which is
devoted to you, and may make a useful companion of him,
without any trouble.

The same rules that apply to the breeding of other
breeds will apply to the Dachshund, except in the matter
of color. In this breed you have black and tans, chestnut

THE DACHSHUND. 239

and tans, fallow-red, and deep red, all distinct and eligible
colors; and you may cross, for instance, a black-and-tan
bitch, with a red dog, or a chestnut and tan with a red one;
the result will always be a litter of puppies showing the
above-mentioned colors distinct and true to type never a
mixed color, such as a black-and-tan dog showing a red
spot on his back, etc. I have bred over six hundred pup-
pies, but never yet saw one which was not correctly marked.
I have bred reds to reds for generations; have often received
a litter of pure reds; but you can not depend on this as a
rule, for in the fourth or fifth generation a black-and-tan,
or a chestnut-and-tan puppy, of perfect color and mark-
ings, may make his appearance.

My advice is, pay no attention to color, but attend
strictly to the other and more important qualities. Don't
cross a Hound type Dachshund with one of a Terrier type,
as you can not expect a well-shaped puppy from such a
cross. The broad, deep chest, strong limbs and crook, good
head and ears, well rounded ribs, and long-stretched body
are the points you should breed for.

As the paws are used by these dogs as shovels, I may
say that, in order to get the correct stock, you should breed
as big shovels on their legs as possible. Another impor-
tant point to look to is the size. A Dachshund should not
stand higher at shoulder than ten and one-half or eleven
inches; when larger they are too large to enter a fox-hole,
and consequently are disqualified for the purpose nature
has intended them for.

Many specimens are overshot; that is, the teeth on the
upper jaw stand out one-fourth or one-half inch farther
than those of the lower jaw. Although an animal with
such teeth may appear to have the most beautiful head
imaginable, he should be disqualified for breeding pur-
poses. A Dachshund without any white markings is pre-
ferred to one which has such; but should the dog otherwise
be perfect, I would not object to a little white on his paws,
chest, or under throat.

THE BLOODHOUND.

BY J. L. WlNCHELL.

Two dogs of black St. Hubert breed,
Unmatched for courage, breath, and speed,
Fast on his flying traces came,
And all but Avon that desperate game.

For scarce a spear's length from his haunch,

Vindictive toiled the Bloodhound staunch;

Nor nearer might the dogs attain,

Nor farther might the quarry strain.

Thus up the margin of the lake,

Between the precipice and brake,

O'er stock and rock, their race they take.

Scott, in "The Lady of the Lake."

And hark! and hark! the deep-mouthed bark

Comes nigher still, and nigher!
Bursts on the path a dark Bloodhound;
His tawny muzzle tracked the ground,

And his red eye shot fire.

"Lay of the Last Minstrel '

., DDISON, in the Spectator, contends that the English
Bloodhound is a descendant from Vulcan's dogs.

In proof of his statement he adds this bit of his-
tory: "It is well known by the learned that there
was a temple on Mount ^Etna dedicated to Yulcan, which
was guarded by dogs of so exquisite a smell," says the his-
torian, "that they could discern whether the person that
came thither was chaste or otherwise. They used to meet
and fawn upon such as were chaste, caressing them as
friends of their master, Yulcan, but flew at those that were
polluted, and never ceased barking at them till they were
driven from the temple. After they had lived there in
great repute for several years, it so happened that one of
the priests, who had been making a charitable visit to a

16 (241)

242

THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

widow who lived on a promontory of Lilybeum, returned
home late in the evening. The dogs flew at him with so
much fury that they would have killed him if his breth-
ren had not come to his assistance, upon which the dogs
were all of them hanged, as having lost their original
instinct." If this had taken place in the nineteenth cent-
ury, the priest would have been hanged and the dogs would

ENGLISH BLOODHOUND BONO.
Owned by Edwin Brough.

have won collars inscribed with words of commendation
and glory.

Until comparatively recent times these Hounds were only to be found in
the kennels of the nobility, and even now well-bred Bloodhounds are in the
hands of very few breeders, and are all closely related.

Jesse says the earliest mention of Bloodhounds was in the reign of Henry
III. The breed originated from the Talbot, which was brought over by
William the Conqueror, and seems to have been very similar to the St. Hubert,

THE ENGLISH BLOODHOUND. 243

a breed from St. Hubert's Abbey, in Ardennes, which, according to the old
legends, was imported by St. Hubert from the south of Gaul about the sixth
century. The Talbot was the popular Hound from the twelfth to the sixteenth
century, but became extinct about the end of the last century. The Southern
Hound, another very old breed showing many characteristics of the Blood-
hound, is difficult to find now in his pure state, although many of our old
packs of Harriers are descended chiefly from him. The best authorities agree
that the St. Hubert, Talbot, and Bloodhound are all closely allied. Edwin
Brough in "The Century"

In the twelfth century, Henry III. gave the following
instruction:

Whereas Eduard, the king's son, has intrusted to Robert DeChenney, his
valet, his dogs to be accustomed to blood, it is commanded to all foresters,
woodmen, and other bailiffs and servants of the king's forests, and keepers of
the king's warrens, that they allow the said Robert to enter with them the
king's forests and warrens, and to hunt with them, and to take the king's
game, in order to train the said dogs. This to hold good till the Feast of St.
Michael next ensuing.

Witness the king, at Woodstock, 20 Feb., 40, Henry III.,

which would mean February 20th, A.D. 1256.

We can have no better authority of the period than that
of the statements of Doctor Caius, written between 1555
and 1572:

The greater sort, which serve to hunt, having lippes of a large syze, and
eares of no small length, doo not onely chase the beast while it liveth, but being
dead by any maner of casualtie, make recourse to the place where it lyeth,
havyng in this poynt an assured and infallible guyde, namely, the sent and
savour of the blood sprinckled heere and there upon the ground. Thes ; kinde
of dogges pursue the deede dooers through long lanes, crooked reaches, and
weary wayes, without wandring away out of the limits of the land whereon
these desperate purloyners prepared their speedy passage.

Yea, the natures of these dogges is such, and so effectual is their foresight,
that they can bewray, separate, and pycke them out from among an infinite
multitude and an innumerable company, creep they never so far into the thickest
thronge; they will find him out notwithstanding he lye hidden in wylde woods,
in close and overgrowen groves, and lurke in hollow holes apte to harbour
such ungracious guestes. Moreover, although they should pass over the water,
thinking thereby to avoyde the pursuite of the Hounds, yet will not these dogges
give over their attempt, but presuming to swim through the streame, persevere
in their pursuite; and when they be arrived and gotten the further bancke,
they hunt up and downe, to and fro run they, from place to place shift they,
until they have attained to that plot of grounde where they passed over. And
this is their practise, if perdie they can not at ye first time smelling finde out
that way which the deede dooers tooke to escape . For they will not pause or

244 THE AMEKICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

breath from their pursuite until such tyme as they bee apprehended and taken
which committed the f acte.

These Houndes, when they are to follow such fellowes as we have before
rehersed, use not that liberty to raunge at will which they have otherwise when
they are in game (except upon necessary occasion whereon dependeth an urgent
and effectual perswasion when such purloyners make speedy way in flight), but
beyng restrained and drawn backe from running at random with the leasse,
the end whereof the owner holding in his hand is led, guyded, and directed with
such swiftnesse and slownesse (whether he go on foote or whether he ryde on
horseback) as he himselfe in haste woulde wishe for the more easie apprehen-
sion of these venturous varlots. In the borders of England and Scotland (the
often and accustomed stealing of cattell so procuring), these kinde of dogges
are very much used, and they are taught and trained up first of all to hunt
cattell, as well of the smaller as of the greater growth, and after wardes (that
qualitie relinquished and left) they are learned to pursue such pestilent persons
as plant theyre pleasure in such practises of purloyning as we have already
declared.

Two or three centuries ago the Bloodhound was much used in England
and Scotland, not only to track felons, but to pursue political offenders. They
were kept at one time in great numbers on the border of Scotland, and not
only set upon the trail of moss-troopers, but upon fugitive royalty. Bruce was
repeatedly tracked by these dogs, and on one occasion only escaped death from
their jaws by wading a considerable distance up a brook, and thus baffling their
scent. A sure way of stopping a dog was to spill blood, and thus destroy its
discriminating powers. A captive was sometimes sacrificed on such occasions.
A story of William Wallace is related, as follows:

The hero's little band had been joined by an ally, a dark, savage, suspi-
cious character. After a sharp skirmish at Black Erncside, Wallace was forced
to retreat with only a section of his followers. The English pursued with bor-
der Bloodhounds. In the retreat the ally tired, or appeared to do so, and would
go no farther. Wallace having in vain argued with him, in hasty anger struck
off his head, and continued his retreat. The English came up, but the Hounds
refused to leave the dead body, and the fugitive escaped.

The Bloodhound has, for many centuries, been a favorite
in England. He came with the conquerors, and was their
faithful follower then as he is their companion now, and
some of the old English lords point with pride to their
favorite Hounds, and say: " This same strain has been with
our family since the Conquest." Who can doubt the
ancient ancestry of the Bloodhound when we note his
sedate and stately bearing, his thoughtful, dignified man-
ner. These bespeak at once his ancient lineage and his
long-extended pedigree, which is written on his wrinkled
face and in his deep-set eye.

THE ENGLISH BLOODHOUND. 245

They were used by Henry VIII. in the wars in France,
by Queen Elizabeth against the Irish, and by the Spaniards
in Mexico and Peru.

At a still later time, Bloodhounds were used for the capture of sheep-
stealers and others, and a tax was often levied for their maintenance for this
purpose.

It is only in very old writings that we find Talbots, or white Bloodhounds,
mentioned. The "thick, round head" Somerville describes would certainly
not be admired now, and I believe was never an accurate description of the
Bloodhound. A long, narrow, peaked head is indicative of great scenting
powers, and large flews and dewlap of a deep, mellow voice.

The Bloodhound has a much more delicate nose than any other known
breed of Hound, and can puzzle out a cold scent under the most adverse condi-
tions. He is remarkable for adhering to the scent of the animal on which he
is laid. Some years since a pack of Staghounds was kept in Derbyshire, and
it was no infrequent occurrence for the hunted deer to take refuge among a
herd in some park. In this case the pack was whipped off and a couple of
Bloodhounds laid on, who stuck to the hunted deer until they got him clear of
the herd, when the pack was again laid on.

The Bloodhound is easily entered to hunt anything, and with a strong scent
will sometimes absolutely sit down on his haunches for a few seconds and
throw tongue in sheer delight. The note is deep, mellow, and prolonged, and
may be heard for miles. The bay, or " singing," of a kennel of Bloodhounds
just before feeding or exercising is most melodious. Edwin Brough in "The
Century."

We make use of the delicate faculty of sense possessed by animals to aid
us in the chase, and are so accustomed to rely upon it that its marvelousness
escapes attention; but we have no pli3 7 sical faculty so exquisite as this. . .
Everyone who has gathered wild plants knows what an immense variety of
odors arise from the scents upon the ground; this is the first complication.
Next upon that (though we can not detect it) are traced in all directions differ-
ent lines of scent laid down by the passage of animals and men; this is the
second complication. "Well, across these labyrinths of misleading and disturb-
ing odors the dog follows the one scent that he cares for at the time (notwith-
standing its incessant adulteration by mixtures) as easily as we could follow a
scarlet thread on a green field. If he were only sensible to the one scent he
followed, the marvel would be much reduced; but he knows many different
odors, and selects among them the one that attracts him at the time. Hamer-
ton on Animals.

There is a dog in the Southern States called the Blood-
hound, used to find escaped prisoners and desperadoes,
which is somewhat related, probably, to the English Blood-
hounds, and there are well-trained packs of them; but, as
a general rule, the cross-bred dog is a treacherous one.

246 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

They are so well trained that they hardly ever attack the
man pursued if he remains quiet and does not resist. Not
long since a desperado was brought to a stand by three of
these dogs. They smelled him over, but were perfectly
friendly, with no intention of harming him, until he, hear-
ing his pursuers near him, turned to run. In an instant the
Hounds were upon him. When the sheriff arrived with his
men, they found two dead Hounds covered with knife-
wounds, and the third uninjured, with his terrible fangs
fastened on the throat of the dying criminal. The remarks
of the sheriff at the time were worth pages of explanation:
" That fool just flung his life away fighting three dogs
with a knife. Why didn't he keep still ? "

Following is the description and value of points of the
Bloodhound as adopted by the American Kennel Club:

Value. Value.

Head 20 Legs and feet 15

Ears and eyes 10 Color and coat 10

Flews 5 Stern 5

Neck 5 Symmetry 10

Shoulder and chest 10

Back and back ribs 10 Total 100

The head (value 20) is the peculiar feature of this breed,
and I have accordingly estimated it at a very high rate. In
the male it is large in all its dimensions but width, in which
there is a remarkable deficiency. The upper surface is
domed, ending in a blunt point at the occiput; but the brain
case is not developed to the same extent as the jaws, which
are very long and wide at the nostrils, hollow and very lean
in the cheek, and notably under the eyes. The brows are
moderately prominent, and the general expression of the
whole head is very grand and majestic. The skin covering
the forehead and cheeks is wrinkled in a remarkable man-
ner, wholly unlike any other dog. These points are not
nearly so developed in the bitch; but still they are to be
demanded in the same proportionate degree.

Ears and eyes (value 10). The ears are long enough to
overlap one another considerably when drawn together in
front of the nose; the ''leather" should be very thin, and

THE ENGLISH BLOODHOUND. 247

should hang very forward arid close to the cheeks, never
showing the slightest tendency to "prick;" they should
be covered with very short, soft, silky hair. The eyes are
generally hazel, rather small, and deeply sunk, showing the
third eyelid, or "haw," which is frequently, but not always,
of a deep red color; this redness of the haw is, as a rule, an
indication of Bloodhound cross whenever it is met with,
whether in the Mastiff, Gordon Setter, or St. Bernard,
though occasionally I have met with it in breeds in which
no trace of the Bloodhound could be detected.

The flews (value 5) are remarkably long and pendent,
sometimes falling fully two inches below the angle of the
mouth.

The neck (value 5) is long, so as to enable this Hound to
drop his nose to the ground without altering his pace. In
the front of the throat there is a considerable dewlap.

Chest and shoulders (value 10). The chest is rather
wide than deep, but in all cases there should be a good
girth; shoulders sloping and muscular.

The back and back ribs (value 10) should be wide and
deep, the size of the dog necessitating great power in this
department. The hips, or "couples," should be especially
attended to, and they should be wide, or almost ragged.

Legs and feet (value 15). Many Bloodhounds are very
deficient in these important parts, owing to confinement.
The legs must be straight and muscular, and the ankles of
full size. The feet also are often flat, but they should be, if
possible, round and cat-like.

Color and coat (value 10). In color the Bloodhound is
either black-and-tan or tan only, as is the case with all
black-and-tan breeds. The black should extend to the
back, the sides, top of the neck, and top of the head. It is
seldom a pure black, but more or less mixed with the tan,
which should be a deep, ricli red. There should be little or
no white. A deep tawny, or lion color, is also coveted, but
seldom found. The coat should be short and hard on the
body, but silky on the ears and top of the head.

The stern (value 5) is, like that of all Hounds, carried

248 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

gaily in a gentle curve, but should not be raised beyond a
right-angle with the back.

The symmetry (value 10) of the Bloodhound, as regarded
from an artistic point of view, should be examined care-
fully, and valued in proportion to the degree in which it is
developed.

People generally have a mistaken idea about the Blood-
hound. They look upon him as a vicious animal one that
will tear you to pieces the moment he gets to you. This is
not the case. A pure English Bloodhound is the most gen-
tle dog in the world. If he is laid on the trail of a man,
and overtakes him, all the man has to do is to stop and he
will not be harmed. When you have once won the esteem
of a Bloodhound, he is your friend forever. To illustrate
their gentleness, I will relate an incident: A short time
ago the Duchess of Ripple was lying by the grate in my
house. My little boy became convinced that her ears were
too long, and getting a pair of shears, he got astride of her
and began trimming them. All the Duchess did was to
howl. She offered the lad no violence, and did not even try
to run away. When I got there, I found the boy with the
shears in one hand and the bleeding ear in the other.
Nothing could have induced her to injure him.

The most striking characteristic of the Bloodhound is
his wonderful scenting power. The Duchess will follow a
trail and be several rods away from it. She will run par-
allel with it at great speed. If she loses a trail, she will
make a circuit until she strikes it again, and away she will
go. Bloodhounds could be trained to do great police duty.
Put one of them on the trail of a thief, and he would not be
long in locating the culprit. I sold one to a man in Detroit.
One night the man' s horse got out of the barn and disap-
peared. Hours afterwaxd the dog was put on the trail, fol-
lowed it for eight miles, finally found the horse in a pasture
and picked it out from among many other horses.

The Bloodhound is in every sense a gentleman's dog.
When you have once won his esteem, you may depend upon

THE ENGLISH BLOODHOUND. 249

him as your life-long friend. He has a stately bearing, a
thoughtful and dignified air, to which his long pedigree
and princely birth justly entitle him. If you are fond of
outdoor exercise, what more exciting sport can be had than
a run, or witnessing one, with these dogs. If you want a
new sensation, or are overworked, try it. Come out into the
country, start away some early morning, a couple of hours

ENGLISH BLOODHOUNDS ROSEMARY AND DUCHESS OF RIPPLE.
Owned by Mr. J. L. Winchell, Fairhaven, Vermont.

ahead of the Hounds, with your stopping-place in your
mind; then choose your course, so you may enjoy the trail-
ing of the Hounds and hear their deep voices resounding in
the chase as you sit in your chosen position watching them
as they near you, see them carefully casting for your trail
under difficult circumstances, hear their deep, bell-like
notes resounding in the dark forest and on the mountains,
with a cry unbroken. The music, the poetry of it, as it

250 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

rings through the clear air, is a grand, wild concert; now
faintly heard in low, distant murmurs as it comes floating
over the low hills, then louder, swelling, and finally burst-
ing in a grand chorus as they near you. Once heard, it
can never be forgotten.

"Why is this dog called the Bloodhound?" many ask.
The name is a misnomer. He is not blood-thirsty, more than
any other dog; but it is owing to the peculiar instinct which
he probably acquired in tracking wounded game.

Could a pack of Bloodhounds be trained so as to enter
into the spirit of the chase on the stage, could they be seen
in their excitement, heard in their full cry, what a madden-
ing encore they would receive.

When we consider the marvelous attributes of the Bloodhound, it is diffi-
cult to understand how it could possibly have gone almost out of use, as it
evidently did. Probably this decadence began when he was no longer required
in border warfare. As a matter of course, the breed became scarce, and
was only kept up by old families who were loath to part from their ancient tra-
ditions, or who had deer parks and used Bloodhounds for tracking wounded
deer. Fortunately, dog shows came to the rescue, or the breed would probably
have, by this time, become extinct.

I fear that dog shows, and their attendant changes of fashion, have done an
immense amount of harm to some of our most useful breeds; but luckily the
Bloodhound has been estimated most highly for his best and most character-
istic qualities, and the long, narrow, peaked head, always associated with
special scenting powers, and the long ears and immense dewlap, indicative of
voice, are much more common now than ever before. The chief alteration has
been in the lines denoting speed, and we now have a much faster Hound than
in the moss-trooping days; in fact, many Bloodhounds are quite as fast as
average Foxhounds.

We have, however, been intensifying the type and formation indicative of
the special properties inherent in him, and I am satisfied that with a reasonable
amount of careful training we may obtain much more wonderful results in the
tracking of criminals than have ever been attained before. We have now few
Hounds trained to hunt the "clean boot ' i. e., merely the natural sctmt of a
man throuiih his boots and the very few Bloodhound owners who attempt
anything of this kind do not devote sufficient time to the pursuit to bring
their Hounds to even a moderate degree of excellence.

I am convinced that the time has now come when we may hope to see this
matter taken up in a thoroughly intelligent manner; and if this is done, we
shall, in a few years, be quite unable to understand why the Bloodhound was
ever allowed to fall into disuse for this purpose. Each succeeding generation of
trained Hounds must become much more proficient than the last one; and when
they have come into general use, the deterrent effect on crime will be incalcula-

THE ENGLISH BLOODHOUND. 251

ble. Such detectives would be incapable of accepting a bribe, and would often
discover criminals when other means could only end in failure. Edwin

Brough in ' ' The Century. "

The Bloodhound stands alone among all the canine race
in his fondness for hunting the footsteps of entire stran-
gers. Almost any dog will follow the footsteps of his master
or of one whom he knows, but a Bloodhound will follow
those of a stranger with all the eagerness of an old, trained
Foxhound in close pursuit. If he is first trained on man,
he will follow the trail of any animal, for the trail left by
man is less than that of any other. Bloodhounds kept for
trailing man should be kept by themselves, and great care
should be exercised in keeping their quarters clean. They
should have their daily runs; their feed should be always
sweet and fresh. A small piece of decayed meat will render
a Hound almost useless for hours; and in training puppies
it is best that the attendant should be a stranger to them.
Mr. Edwin Brough describes the method by which he has
trained his so successfully, for the last twenty years, in
the following words. Nothing more could be added, only
that if you wish them to show great proficiency you must
give them abundant practice:

One method of training advocated is to rub the boots of the man who runs
for the Hounds with blood, and to discontinue this gradually as the Hounds
become more expert. This is a bad plan. It is quite easy to enter Blood-
hounds without any artificial aid of this kind, and it is much more difficult to
get them to run man after they have become accustomed to a stronger scent. I
consider that Hounds work better when entered to one particular scent, and
kept to that only; and I never allow my Hounds to hunt anything but the
clean boot. You can scarcely commence too early to teach puppies to hunt
the clean boot. I often give mine their first lessons when three or four months
old. For the first few times I find it best to let them run someone they know;
afterward it does not matter how often the runner is changed. He should
caress and make much of the puppies, and then let them see him start away,
but should get out of their sight as quickly as possible, and run say two hun-
dred yards up-wind, on grass land, in a straight line, and then hide himself.

The man who hunts the puppies should know the exact line taken, and
take the puppies over it, trying to encourage them to hunt until they get to
their man, who should always reward them with a bit of meat. This may
have to be repeated several times before they really get their heads down; but
when they have once begun to hunt, they improve rapidly, and take great
delight in the quest. Everything should be made as easy as possible at first,

252 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

and the difficulties increased gradually. This may be done by having the line
crossed by others, by increasing the time before the puppies are laid on, or by
crossing roads, etc. When the puppies get old enough, they should be taught
to jump boldly, and to swim brooks where necessary. When the young Hounds
have begun to run fairly well, it will be found useful to let the runner carry a
bundle of sticks, two feet or two feet six inches long, pointed at one end, and
with a piece of white paper stuck in a cleft at the other end. When he makes
a turn or crosses a fence, he should put one of these sticks down, and incline it
in the direction he is going to take next. This will give the person hunting
the Hounds some idea of the correctness of their work, though the best Hounds
do not always run the nearest to the line. On a good scenting day I have seen
Hounds running hard fifty yards or more to the leeward of the line taken.
These sticks should be taken up when done with, or they may be found mis-
leading on some other occasion.

The Hounds will soon learn to cast themselves, or try back, if they over-
run the line, and should never receive any assistance as long as they continue
working on their own account. It is most important that they should become
quite self-reliant. The line should be varied as much as possible. It is not
well to run Hounds over exactly the same course they have been hunted over
on some previous occasion. If some Hounds are much slower than the rest, it
is best to hunt them by themselves, or they may get to " score to cry," as the
old writers say, instead of patiently working out the line each for himself.

It is a great advantage to get Hounds accustomed to strange sights and
noises. If a Hound is intended to be brought to such a pitch of excellence as
will enable him to be used in thoroughfares, he should be brought up in a town
and see as much bustle as possible. If he is only intended to be used in open
country, with occasional bits of road work, this is not necessary.

Bloodhounds give tongue freely when hunting any wild animal, but many
Hounds run perfectly mute when hunting man. This is, however, very much
a matter of breeding. Some strains run man without giving tongue at all,
others are very musical.

Anyone who is fond of seeing Hounds work, but who has only a limited
amount of country to hunt over, will find an immense amount of pleasure in
hunting man with one or two couples of Bloodhounds. In such circumstances
it is a great convenience to be able to select the exact course, which could not
be done if hunting some animal; and a great variety of different runs can be
contrived over limited ground. I know nothing more delightful than to see
Bloodhounds working out a scent carefully under varying circumstances, and
to hear their sonorous, deep, bell-like note. There is not, of course, the slight-
est danger to the runner, even if the Hounds have never seen him before.
When they have come up and sniffed him over, they manifest no further inter-
est in him.

The head is the chief characteristic of the breed, and should be estimated
highly; the skull is long (in good dogs it generally exceeds eleven inches in
length), narrow, and very much peaked; muzzle deep and square; ears thin,
long, and pendulous, set on low, hanging close to the face, and curled upon
themselves; eyes hazel-colored, deep set, with triangular-shaped lids, showing

THE ENGLISH BLOODHOUND.

253

the haw. Flews long, thin, and pendulous, the upper lip overhanging the
lower one. Neck long, with great quantity of loose skin, or dewlap. The
skin of the face should be loose and wrinkled, and when the nose is depressed
a roll of loose skin should be seen on the forehead. The coat should be close,
but rather silky in texture, and the skin thin. Height, dogs from twenty-five
to twenty-seven inches at shoulder, bitches rather less. Shoulders deep and
sloping, brisket particularly well let down, forming a sort of keel between the
fore legs; loins broad and muscular; powerful, muscular" thighs and second
thighs; good legs and round feet, hocks well bent; tapering, lashing stern.

The color most generally admired now is black and tan, the legs, feet, and
all or part of the face being a tan-color, and the back and sides and the upper

ENGLISH BLOODHOUND PUPPIES.
Owned by Mr. J. L. Winchell, Fairhaven, Vermont.

part of neck and stern black. There is generally a white star on the chest, and
a little white on the feet is admissible. Some fifteen years since, it was not at
all uncommon to see white flecks on the back making the Hound look as if he
had been out in a snow-storm and a white tip to stern. The former pecul-
iarity seems, unfortunately, to be quite lost, but the white tip to stern is still
sometimes met with. A deep red with tan markings is common; but to my
mind, the most beautiful color of all is a tawny, more or less mixed with black
on the back. It is, however, rare, and I only know one or two Hounds of this
color. The bitch is somewhat smaller than the dog, and in her the head prop-
erties are not so fully developed.

254 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

The illustrations are from well-known show dogs, and
are the best type of the Bloodhound of to-day. That of
the three puppies is from a photograph taken on the
day they were two months old. They are the average ones
of a litter of eleven which the dam raised without any
assistance. The sire was Burgho, dam Rosemary. They
are of the St. Hubert type, spoken of by Sir Walter Scott.
They are darker in color and generally larger and more
powerful than most of the breed. One of this litter, at six
months old, weighed over eighty pounds, had ears measur-
ing twenty-six inches, and his head was twelve inches long.
Champion Barnaby is one of the best all-round Blood-
hounds of England; his sire is Champion Nobleman, dam
Brevity. The red and tan Duchess of Ripple, and the
black and tan Rosemary, are proving themselves two of the
best breeding bitches of England. Duchess is a great
prize-winner, besides being the dam (6f more and greater
show dogs than any Bloodhound living. Her sire was Tim-
bush II. , dam Patti. Rosemary, her companion, has prob-
ably more of the Southern or St. Hubert blood than any
Bloodhound known. The illustration of Bono is from a
photograph taken when he was twelve months old. He is
strong in all Bloodhound points, but is particularly grand
in his head. He has been shown at all the principal bench
shows in the last year, and never beaten; besides winning
the principal prize at the greatest show at Manchester,
England, the challenge cup for the best sporting dog,
unanimously awarded by all the judges of the different
classes. A wonderful record for a dog of his age. I doubt
if there is a dog in England that can score as many points.
His dam was the Duchess of Ripple. The first kennel was
exhibited here by Mr. Edwin Brough at the Westminster
Kennel Club's Show, in New York, in February, 1888.
In it were Champion Barnaby and Duchess of Ripple.
Previous to this time, I can safely say there was not a fair
specimen ever exhibited at any of our shows. Probably
the reason of their not being introduced here before was
their scarcity and the price they commanded in England.

THE ENGLISH BLOODHOUND. 255

Within the last two years, we have imported, bred, and
sold over seventy Bloodhounds in America, and have ex-
hibited a kennel of them at our principal shows during
that time. They have gone to California, Mexico, and
Texas, and in the East have been taken principally by
ladies as companions, and have become a fashionable house-
hold dog.

To be a successful breeder means more than the rearing
of many dogs. There would have been no Maud S. , Sunol,
or Axtell had their breeders followed the hap -hazard style
of mating practiced by many dog fanciers. There is as
much science in the production of a high-class dog as in the
breeding of a great trotter. Strains properly united pro-
duce champions as well as great trotters. The rearing of
healthy puppies depends largely upon the sire and dam,
both before and after breeding. Their age, hereditary con-
stitutions, and the frequency of breeding of the dam must
all be looked to in order to obtain the best results. Once a
year is as often as any bitch should be bred.

My aim is to keep my dogs in the most perfect show
condition at all times more particularly my stud dogs and
breeding bitches. They have their morning lesson on the
trail, for an hour or so, besides a large yard connected with
their kennels supplied with running water. They are well
groomed every day, and the kennels are kept clean at all
times.

After the bitch has been bred, I make no change in her
treatment for a month or so; then I begin gradually to
reduce the amount of her exercise, and to feed more liber-
ally, with a greater variety of food. I probably feed more
meat at all times than most breeders. The bitch is trans-
ferred to her temporary whelping quarters long enough
before the time she is to whelp to have her feel at home
there. I have ^her keeper, or someone whom she is famil-
iar with, remain with her while whelping, in order that he
may render her or her puppies any assistance necessary.

Most bitches are very sensitive at this period, and must

256

THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

be treated with great gentleness. None but those she is
familiar with should be allowed near her during the first
week or so after whelping. When the puppies are about
two days old, she may be transferred to her permanent
kennels, after she has been cleaned and groomed. She
will probably not take exercise enough for her health,

ENGLISH BLOODHOUND CHAMPION BARNABV.
Owned by Edwin Brough.

unless taken out for a walk two or three times a day.
Keep her warm; do not let her become chilled. Feed her
often, anything she craves boiled mutton, beef broth,
with bread and rice, buttermilk, etc. Keep fresh water
always by her. Remove any remnant of her food when
she is through eating. I have raised eleven and twelve
puppies, respectively, in two different litters, from Rose-
mary by this method of treatment. At five weeks old, so

THE ENGLISH BLOODHOUND. 257

even a lot were they that one could scarcely be told from
another.

When I commenced feeding the puppies, which was
when they were between four and live weeks old, they were
fed on nearly the same food I had been giving the dam;
but they were fed four or five times a day, the keeper
always remaining with them until they were through eat-
ing, so as to encourage the weaker ones and restrain the
stronger ones from imposing on the others. Their dishes
were always removed and cleaned as soon as they were
through eating. The smaller and weaker puppies should
be given codliver-oil twice a day.

It is a well-known fact that more puppies die from
worms than from any other cause. My remedy for this is
the juice of pumpkin-seeds given with their food, and as
a preventative, charcoal or buttermilk.

Exercise is most important for puppies. They should always be either
sleeping or running about, except when eating. If the weather is wet or cold,
they should have a roomy place, under cover, to run about in, with large bones
to pick, or some other amusement. The bone-picking is necessary to keep the
teeth in good order.

When two or three months old, I take my puppies out to exercise in a field,
and as soon as they have become pretty handy, on the road for a few times,
with a lad to whip in; and then they go out for an hour's exercise daily with
the other Hounds. When five or six months old, they should be under nearly
as good command as the old Hounds. If taught to lead at this age it is much
less troublesome than when it has been left till they are nearly full grown.
With some puppies this is easy to accomplish; others throw themselves about
and are obstinate, but soon resign themselves to their fate if handled quietly.

If a puppy declines to budge, it is a mistake to pull him about forcibly.
Wait until he decides to move, and then let him go in the direction he prefers.
He will soon get accustomed to restraint, and in a few days will allow you to
choose the road. If he then pulls unpleasantly, he should be taught, by a few
taps on the nose with a switch, to walk soberly at your side without straining
at the chain.

PREPARATION FOR THE SHOW BENCH.

In a properly kept kennel the dogs will always be in
good show condition. But if they are covered with skin
diseases, if alive with vermin, or if they have been kept in
dirty quarters, they will need a great deal of preparation to
fit them for the show bench. Your kennel can not be a

258 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

success unless you breed with an object in view. If you
breed good dogs, the next consideration is that they shall
be well kept. A good kennel-man is as rare as a good
breeder.

In preparing dogs for the show bench, one of the most
important considerations is that they shall be well broken
to the chain and shall not be afraid of strangers. Much
depends on the way a dog appears in the ring, before the
judge. The number of extra pounds of flesh which you
may crowd on the dog will not win the prize with a good
judge.

He should be given a gentle run or walk twice a day,
much as has been his habit, and on his return he should be
groomed and given dry sleeping quarters. We often hear
this old adage, " A good grooming is better for a horse than
a feeding," and it is equally applicable to a dog. His gen-
eral appearance will depend very much on the grooming he
gets. Use nothing that will irritate the skin. N ever exhibit
puppies unless you are going out of the business. You may
escape distemper once, but the people who may possibly buy
your puppies may not be so fortunate. In shipping to the
show, it is better to go with your dogs yourself, or send a
man, to see that they get there safely, and also to take them
into the ring. Do not consider your kennels well kept
unless your dogs are always in condition for the show
bench.

Nature has evidently intended the Bloodhound as a com-
panion, a guardian, a household pet. The difficulty that
has been experienced in England in rearing them does not
exist here. The change in climate, food, and surroundings
seems to have infused new life into the breed; and a Blood-
hound bitch that I received from England in whelp, and
from whom I was unable to raise more than three or four
puppies without foster-mothers, after the second or third
litter here raised eight to twelve. I have no difficulty now
in rearing as many puppies from my Bloodhounds as from
my Mastiffs.

THE ENGLISH BLOODHOUND.

259

The breeders and trainers of the Bloodhound, both here
and in England, have always had one object in view,
namely, the improvement of his natural scenting powers;
and most admirably have they succeeded. Americans have
the credit of knowing a good thing when they see it, and I
have no doubt, therefore, that the Bloodhound will become
as great a favorite here as he is in England.

THE RUSSIAN WOLFHOUND, OR BARZOI.

BY WILLIAM WADE.

IN beginning an article on this breed, the question of a
by-stander, "Why, what do you know about that
breed T' is most pertinent. I really do not know
anything about them in the sense that a writer on
other breeds is supposed to know of the breed he has under
consideration; but the consolation in this case is that, little
as I know, nobody else knows much more. The breed has
never been, in this country or in England, a regularly rec-
ognized one, with points and characteristics well defined
and authoritatively established. It may be aptly said that
the Russian Wolfhound, or Barzoi, is an immense Grey-
hound in conformation, with all the elegance of contour
of that grand animal, but much larger. The chief distin-
guishing feature of this breed is the coat, which is long,
fine, dense, and should be flat, although many specimens
have a roughness or waviness of coat suggestive of a Deer-
hound cross.

That it is true that there is no definite, fixed type of the
breed, even in Russia, is incidentally shown by Mr. A. J.
Rosseau, of St. Petersburg, in the London Fancier's Gazette
of February 7, 1890. He says that Russian breeders have
been trying for seventy-five years to divide the two types,
the long and short haired dogs, and that, in spite of their
endeavors, puppies of either type will come in one litter.
This is simply confessing the most lamentable incapacity
of the Russian breeders, for English breeders have revolu-
tionized Pointers, Setters, Spaniels, and Terriers in much
less time than this, and have actually created the race of
Bull Terriers from the incongruous elements of the waspish
old English Terrier and the Bulldog. As there is every

(261)

262 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

probability of the Russian Wolfhound being taken up
in real earnest in England, a few years will doubtless see
the development of a recognized, fixed type; and until this
is done, the only type to be considered is the dog of power,
elegance, and beauty, viewed in the light of the commonly
accepted requirements, which are found, in some degree, in
all good breeds of dogs.

RUSSIAN WOLFHOUND-CZAR.
Owned by J. Sperber, 23 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Penn.

General features, such as size, build, coat, and color,
seem to be about the extent of the requirements of a " spec-
imen." In Russian Wolfhounds, therefore, only charac-
teristics applicable to all breeds of dogs are of weight in
forming an opinion of any particular specimen. Thus for
a long coat, on a dog that is at all of Greyhound type, it is

THE RUSSIAN WOLFHOUND, OR BARZOI. 263

plainly requisite that it be flat. A rough or shaggy coat is
evidently incongruous. The same as to head. The dog
belongs to the Greyhound family, and must have a long,
clean, narrow head; great strength and arch of loin; depth
and capacity of chest; firmness of feet; muscle in the fore-
arm and hind quarters; length and carriage of tail. Well-
bent hocks and an absence of all useless lumber are plainly
requirements of the breed.

As to the history of this breed, there seems to be no
authentic records. "The Book of the Dog," by Yero
Shaw, is the first work in English that mentions them.
Their uses seem to be in general those of the Greyhound.
Mr. Rosseau was disposed to resent the application of the
name of "Wolfhound" to them, saying that they were used
for coursing hares and chasing foxes, and were in no sense
wolf -hounds. However, the industry of Mr. F. Freeman
Lloyd disinterred pictures of the breed showing them in
combat with a wolf, with the wolf at bay, a huntsman
astride of it, holding it by the ears while an assistant cut
its throat.

This acrobatic performance was so hard to swallow that
it raised a storm of criticism, which resulted in bringing
out evidence that the feat was actually practiced; It seems
probable that in the more settled districts of Russia, where
wolves are extinct, the dog is used for coursing hares only;
while in the wilder districts, where wolves are still to be
found, these dogs are used for hunting them. Certainly it
would indicate a lack of judgment on the part of the Rus-
sians if they did not use a breed so peculiarly fitted for
wolf -hunting in that sport; this dog having the speed,
power, and courage for the task. As confirmatory of the
opinion that they are so used, I note the report of a cours-
ing-match near St. Petersburg, given in the Fancier's
Gazette, of London, in December, 1889, wherein it is stated
that after coursing hares for some time, the gameness of
the dogs was tried on wolves, with the result that a single
bitch chased, caught, and threw a dog wolf; and, with all
due respect for the cracks among Greyhounds and Deer-

264 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

hounds, I do not believe that one of them can be produced
capable of duplicating the last part of this performance,
unless Russian wolves have degenerated from the standard
of power and ferocity with which they were credited in our
early days.

The correspondent of the Fancier' s Gazette arrived at
the conclusion, however, that the Russian dogs would stand
no chance whatever with an English Greyhound in cours-
ing; and this has always been the opinion of the most com-
petent and impartial observers in England. Whether the
Russian dog be he Greyhound, or Wolfhound is the dog
wanted in the Far West for hunting wolves, or not, it is
certain that there is one ' ' use ' ' for which he is preemi-
nently fitted; i. e., as the "chien de luxe." No other
breed combines elegance, speed, and power to the same
degree. The Mastiff has the power and disposition for an
efficient guard and companion, but lacks the speed and
elegance; notwithstanding his distinguished dignity, the
same is true of the St. Bernard, and also of the Newfound-
land; the Boarhound may have the speed, and doubtless
has the power, and the finer drawn specimens have a certain
degree of elegance, but there is an expression of ferocity on
their faces that unfits them for companions, especially of
ladies. With all his elegance and speed, the Greyhound
lacks the appearance of power; and the Deerhound has
such an air of joughness that elegance seems an impossible
attribute. In each and every one of these particulars, the
Russian dog is superexcellent; and there is a peculiarly
aristocratic, high-bred look about the dog that can be more
easily realized than described. As the companion of a
well-dressed woman in her walks in park or country, or as
the finishing off of a handsome span of horses, I can
imagine nothing to equal this dog.

A most important qualification to this statement is, pro-
vided the temper of the particular animal be trustworthy.
In this matter there is great diversity; Czar and Ivan, two
well-known specimens in this country, are perfect demons
in temper toward other dogs, while Elsie is gentle and

THE RUSSIAN WOLFHOUND, OR BARZOI. 265

peaceable to a fault. ' I fancy that Russian breeding tends
to develop the savagery in the breed, while English breed-
ing will draw out the gentle, peaceable traits generally
characteristic of all English breeds of dogs. The pictures
of Czar and Elsie fairly represent, in a general way, one
type of the breed, one that might be called the Setter-
Greyhound type; Czar's being a good likeness of the dog,
while Elsie's shows much more bone, and less muscle in

RUSSIAN WOLFHOUND-ELSIE.
Owned by Mr. J. Otis Fellows, Hornellsville, N. Y.

quarters than she really has. Neither picture does justice
to the coats; Czar's being much smoother, with the com-
monest grooming, and Elsie's being scant on account of
low condition. Czar is a powerful, well-made dog, about
twenty-nine or thirty inches at the shoulder, but hardly as
long in back as other specimens I have seen; in which
point Elsie shows an extreme development, and an undesir-
able one. Czar was selected at the Jardin d' Acclimation as
an unusually fine specimen; and Elsie was selected by Mr.
F. Freeman Lloyd, in England, as the most promising

266 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

brood bitch he could find, either in England, Paris, or
Brussels.

In Opromiote, who was recently illustrated in the
American Field, we have a totally different type the
stilty, chucked-up appearance, the absurdly small head
and short neck, the shaggy coat and drooping nose being
most marked; and it is simply a matter of taste as to which
of these diverse types shall be considered the correct one.
Opromiote, being the property of a Russian grand duke,
maybe supposed to be the Russian ideal of the "correct
thing;" but I fancy that Occidental taste will scarcely
approve this selection. This, however, is a matter for
future determination.

The defects commonly objected to in nearly all specimens
of the breed are bad carriage of tail, many carrying it
in sickle fashion away up in the air most un-characteristic
of the Greyhound family; wavy and even shaggy coats,
coarseness of coat (it should be the very finest of the fine,
so that when the dog is in motion it actually waves in the
wind), and of course the bad hocks, quarters, and feet that
occasionally occur in any breed. Some Greyhound men in
England have cited the unusual length of body as an objec-
tion to some specimens, but from all I can gather, this is a
tolerably common characteristic of the breed. If not
accompanied with extra muscular strength of loin, this
extra length is certainly an objection; but in most of
the specimens I have seen, this muscular development
was so marked a feature that no weakness was the result,
while it certainly adds to the elegant appearance of the
dog.

Another decided blemish is the drooping nose; i. e., one
not parallel with the general line of head in profile. This
fault is conspicuous in the case of Opromiote, and was
noticeable in the dog Rival and bitch Zerry, shown at the
New York show of 1890. It can not be a characteristic of
the breed in general, as the illustrations of Czar and Elsie
show fairly level heads, while the dog Ivan Romanoff, the
winner at New York in 1890, was much like Elsie in this

THE RUSSIAN WOLFHOUND, OR BARZOI.

267

respect. The greater elegance of the level line of profile is
too obvious to need further remark.

It is highly probable that the importation and breeding
of these handsome, stately dogs will increase, and that the
breed will soon attain the popularity in this country that it
so richly deserves.

THE BEAGLE HOUND.

BY HERMAN F. SCHELLHASS ( " Pious H.").

Thro' miry swamp and wooded vale,
The Beagles run the cotton-tail.
The Hounds give tongue; the welkin rings;
'Tis music fit for lords or kings.

>HE Beagle is undoubtedly one of the oldest breeds of
dogs in existence. As in the case of most of the old
breeds, its origin is unknown. In examining the
various prominent works on the Dog, we find frequent
reference to the Beagle during the times of George IV. and
Queen Elizabeth, and in once instance, at least, Shakes-
peare mentions it. This breed is also spoken of in the
Sportsman's Cabinet, an old English work published in
1803, and in other old works, and from the descriptions
there given it seems to have been, in form and character,
the same as it is to-day.

While, as remarked, the origin of the breed is lost in
obscurity, it was unquestionably derived by selection, and
evolved from the ordinary Foxhound, the latter having been
bred down until the desired size was obtained. The true
Beagle is, as designated in the standard, " a miniature
Foxhound."

Of all the breeds of field dogs used in this country, the
Beagle, the most musical of the Hound family, has unques-
tionably advanced the most in favor and standing with the
sportsman. This is partly owing to the fact that compara-
tively few of our sportsmen had seen him at home on the
trail of a rabbit, as we commonly call our hares and, as
a result, his good qualities and value as a field companion
were unknown, and consequently could not be appreciated.
His having advanced so fast, of late, in favor and apprecia-

(269)

270 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

tion is partly due to the natural order of events, in that, as
certain parts of the country become thickly settled and the
feathered game exterminated, lovers of field sports, who
have heretofore devoted their time in the field to bird-shoot-
ing over Setters, Pointers, and Spaniels, finding the game
so nearly exterminated as to destroy the pleasure of seek-
ing it, discard their bird dogs in favor of the Beagle; for so
prolific is the natural game of this Hound the rabbit and
hare that even in the immediate vicinity of the largest
cities one can usually find enough of it to furnish a joyous
day's sport afield.

The writer can cite several instances where, as stated
above, the bird dogs have been discarded and a small pack
of Beagles taken in their place, for the reasons advanced.
He also knows of a place, nearly in the heart of the city of
Brooklyn, where some wild hares have found their way
and located. He can name several spots within a half-
hour's walk of the above-mentioned place where hares are
to be found, and where, by not hunting them with the gun,
but by merely

List'ning to the music o' the hounds,

he has been able to enjoy many an hour's sport, and to
break in his young puppies, as, "at dewy eve," he has sat,
watched, and listened to them as, with their musically clear
and flute-like notes, and

With ears that sweep away the evening dew,
And voices matched like bells,

they trailed the little cotton-tails.

It is, but a few years since any nondescript mongrel that
would run a rabbit was called a Beagle; and when we speak
of "rabbit dogs," we have to admit that, popularly consid-
ered, that includes all the small mongrel dogs in existence
whose owners imagine, or have been told, will trail a hare.

While, as remarked above, the Beagle is an old breed, it
can not be said that, except in a few instances, we have
bred this Hound in our country systematically until within
the last few years.

THE BEAGLE HOUND. 27,

The lamented late Gen. Richard Rowett a number of
years ago developed a strain so well and favorably known,
both for their field and show qualities, that they came to
be generally known as the " Rowett Hound."

The imported Hounds Sam, Dolly, and Warrior were
to the Rowett Hounds what Ponto, Moll, and Pilot were to
the famous Laverack Setters the foundation of the strain.
Mr. N. Elmore, a number of years ago, also imported sev-
eral good Beagles, including his famous Ringwood, now

BEAGLE HOUND-TRAILER.
Owned by Mr. H. F. Schellhass, No. 6 Brevort Place, Brooklyn, N. Y.

dead, from which he bred many of our most prominent
Hounds. These two strains, together with some other
blood to which Mr. Pottinger Dorsey has bred, form the
nucleus of the blood we have in our Beagle.

It remained, however, for the American Beagle Club,
formerly the American English Beagle Club, organized in
1884, to create an impetus among the admirers of the breed,
and bring the merits of the little Hound before such of
the sportsmen as were not aware of its value.

Several of our most prominent Beagle breeders met and
formed the above-named club. A committee was appointed

272 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

to draft a standard; bench shows were requested to provide
suitable classes, where previously only one or two and per-
haps no classes at all had been assigned the breed; special
prizes were offered by the club to stimulate competition,
and show managers were requested to appoint as judges
men who were especially interested in the breed rather than
men who perhaps had never seen a Beagle at work, and
consequently could not know, from a practical stand-point,
what is required of one to make it an ideal working Hound.
The result is that the different shows have adopted the
standard of the said club, invite its members to judge, and
where the entries at the principal shows had previously
consisted of one or two mediocre specimens, and perhaps as
many nondescripts, under the plea that they were ' f rabbit
dogs," the quality of the classes is now on fully as high a
plane as that of any of the other breeds of field dogs exhib-
ited, and our breeders are now breeding them as carefully
and as true to type as any other breed of field dogs is
bred.

The entries at the prominent shows now number in the
thirties and forties, and where, formerly, all types and sizes
were represented, the classes now exhibit an evenness here-
tofore unseen. The scene at the Westminster Kennel
Club, New York show, in 1888, when the open dog class of
Beagles was being judged, was such that it will not soon
be forgotten by the writer, nor by many other fanciers of
the Beagle who witnessed it. The class consisted of some
fifteen or more Hounds, everyone of them I believe worthy
a mention, and all of them Hounds which a few years since
would have been capable of winning first prizes or cham-
pionship honors at any of our shows. They exhibited such
a marked similarity of type and size that I remarked to my
friend Mr. S. T. Hammond, while looking them over, that
one might well suppose they were representatives of a
single pack which had been selected by their owner to
represent his type, whereas the Hounds present repre-
sented drafts from several different kennels.

The manner in which they appeared is as vivid in the

THE BEAGLE HOUND. 273

mind of the writer as though the scene was occurring at the
present instant, so fascinating was it.

It was indeed a beautiful sight, and one long to be re-
membered. As handsome a pack of Beagles as ever graced
a show ring; all of working size and all looking as though
thorough-bred workers and fielders; all showing as beauti-
ful Hound character as any pack of Foxhounds could; in
fact, they looked and carried themselves like a pack of min-
iature Foxhounds. Such is the style of the Beagle one
meets nowadays at our shows and in kennels of admirers
of the breed, in contrast to the Beagles of all sizes and types
found a few years since in our shows and kennels.

Several of our prominent sportsmen here in the East
have packs of various sizes, while a large number have one
or more Hounds. To show how wonderfully the Beagle
has increased in popular favor with us during the last few
years, it is only necessary to say that the writer has, dur-
ing the past four years, collected a list of some nine hun-
dred names of individuals owning Beagles.

Among our sportsmen who own packs, as above men-
tioned, may be named: Pottinger Dorsey, New Market,
Md. ; Somerset Kennels, F. C. Phoebus, manager, Bernards-
ville, N. J.; Belmont Purdy, Hempstead, N. Y.; Dr. J.
W. Downey, New Market, Md. ; N. Elmore, Gfranby, Conn.;
W. H. Child, Philadelphia, Penn. ; George Laick, Tarry-
town, N. Y.; Louis Smith, East Saginaw, Mich.; Col.
F. G. Skinner, Lexington, Ya. ; Dr. C. E. Nichols, Troy,
N. Y. ; John Davidson, Monroe, Mich.; F. D. Hallett,
Winsted, Conn.; Maj. J. M. Taylor, R. F. Mayhew, New
York, N. Y.; H. C. Wolfe, Lewisburg, Penn.; George
H. Hill, Madeira, Ohio; C. E. Verges, Lowell, Ohio;
James Gibson, Apollo, Penn.; J. M. Fronefield, Jr.,
Wayne, Penn.; F. J. Darcy, Mt. Vernon, Ohio; A.
McArthur, Waukegan, 111.; Dr. W. F. Mead, Boston,
Mass.; H. L. Krueder, Nanuet, N. Y. ; J. W. Appleton,
New York, N. Y.; Cyrus Field Judson, Dobbs Ferry, N.
Y.; Charles Thoman, St. Louis, Mo.; W. L. Crittenden,
Pine View, Va.; A. H. Wakefield, Providence, R. I.; A.

274 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

C. Krueger, Wrights ville, Penn.; W. H. Ashburner, Phila-
delphia, Penn. ; W. S. Clark, Linden, Mass. ; W. F. Rutter,
Lawrence, Mass.; Arthur S. Aborn, Wakefield, Mass.; T.
M. Aldridge, Manton, R. I.; W. S. Applegate, New
Albany, Ind.; Joseph W. Appleton, Ipswich, Mass.; John
Aspinwall, Barrytown, N. Y.; Capt. William Asherton,
Rock Springs, Va. ; L. K. Avery, Bremen, Ind. ; Winthrop
B. Atherton-Newton, Lower Falls, Mass.; E. C. Barrett,
Concord, Mass.; George L. Barnes, Tyringham, Mass.;
J. M. Berghold, Canal, Fulton, Ohio; Dr. J. J. Board,
Lynch' s Station, Ya. ; Gen. F. A. Bond, Jessnps, Md.; E.
Bullard, Medfield, Mass. ; A. Y. Bradrich, College Corner,
Ohio; C. G. Browning, Worcester, Mass.; Hiram Card,
Elora, Ontario, Can. ; F. W. Chapman, Melrose, Mass. ;
B. Y. Covert, Ovid, K Y.; J. S. Cusson, Fredonia, K Y.;
Charles S. Davol, Barrington, R. L; F. J. D'Arcey, Mt.
Yernon, Ohio; Morris Darrach, Germantown, Penn.; W. E.
Deane, Somerset, Mass.; J. B. Dunn, Providence, R. I. ;
S. T. and C. J. Eyanson, Columbia City, Ind. ; C. W. and
W. C. Fromm, Cleveland, Ohio; Charles A. Fales, Central
Falls, R. I. ; A. M. Gerry, South Paris, Me. ; Harry S. Gil-
bert, Millersburg, Penn. ; H. C. Graff, Cadiz, Ohio; F. J. Hall,
Jr., Riverside, Cal; T. W. Hemphill, Glen Mills, Penn.;
H. C. Huidekoper, Dover, Mass.; E. W. Jester, St. George's,
Del. ; H. G. Jerome, Uncasville, Conn. ; John F. Jolly, Den-
ner, S. C.; Charles F. Kent, Monticello, K Y.; W. C.
Kennerly (Old Dominion), White Post, Ya.; C. H. Laing,
White Cloud, Mich.; F. T. Lane, Glencoe, 111.; Prof. W.
W. Legare, Demopolis, Ala.; E. E. and H. W. Lord,
Gildersleeve, Conn.; A. McDonald, Rockland, Me.; Dr. T.
Clay Maddux, Jessups, Md.; William L. Mann, Elizabeth,
N. J.; Orin Miles, Barton, Yt.; J. Shaw Margerum, Wash-
ington, Penn. ; Thomas J. Mastin, Kansas City, Mo. ; Jacob
Moerlin, Cincinnati, Ohio; Louis Melchoir, Battle Creek,
Mich.; Richard Merrill, Milwaukee, Wis.; J. G. Messner,
Pittsburgh, Penn. ; O. H. Mossman, Barton, Yt. ; M. M. Mss-
ley, Elizabethtown, Penn.; Charles W. Nutting, Lynn,
Mass. ; W. J. Percival, Stanton, Mich. ; T. T. Phlegar, Pearis-

THE BEAGLE HOUND. 275

burg, Va. ; Richard Pancoast, New York, N. Y. ; G-eorge
W. Pownall, Christiana, Perm.; A. S. Presbry, Cheever, N.
Y.; George W. Proctor, West Gloucester, Mass.; C. C. Pyfer,
Foreston, 111.; Charles Richardson, Pittsburgh, Penn.;
O. W. Rogers ("O. W. R."), Billerica, Mass.; F. C. Roch-
ester, Logan, Ohio; Dr. F. H. Rehwinkle, Chillicothe, Ohio;
George P. H. Rector, Yicksburg, Miss. ; Charles C. Ruppel,
Buffalo, 1NV Y. ; J. Satterthwaite, Jr., Jenkintown, Perm.;
E. D. Sappinton, Arrow Rock, Mo.; Dr. M. V. B. Saun-
ders, Detroit, Mich.; M. F. Serves, Washington, D. C.;
Charles Schweim, Cincinnati, Ohio; E. E. and J. Shauer,
Pittsburgh, Penn. ; F. A. Simpkins, Youngstown, Ohio; Oscar
Smith, Wilkesbarre, Penn.; R. A. Smith, Grand Crossing,
111. ; S. R. Smith, Pompton, N. J. ; M. M. Spellissy, Troy, N.
Y. ; J. W. Sprachlin, Woodstock, Ontario, Can.; W. A.
and F. C. Stauf, Baltimore, Md. ; Charles Steiger, Phila-
delphia, Penn. ; F. G. Stewart, Hoosic Falls, N. Y. ; Edwin
Still, E. Stine, Philadelphia, Perm. ; W. F. Streeter, Lehigh
Tannery, Penn. ; C. H. and Daniel Storrs, Lebanon, N. H. ;
Hy Strecker, Harmar, Ohio; Dr. H. R. Surles, Worcester,
Ohio; George Taber, Garrettsville, Ohio; E. C. Tarr, Lynn,
Mass. ; F. McKee Thayer, Colorado Springs, Colo. ; F.
Thurlo, E. F. Tebbetts, Newburyport, Mass.; W. H. Todd,
Yermillion, Ohio; Dr. L. H. Twaddell, Philadelphia, Penn.;
Frank H. Twitchell, Lancaster, 1ST. H.; Fred W. Utting,
Plattsburgh, N. Y. ; Eberhard Yollmer, Trenton, N. J. ; A.
Voss, Goshen, N. Y. ; A. C. Waddell, Kansas City, Mo.;
E. R. Watrous, Dayton, Ohio; J. O. Wedell, Elgin, 111.;
Dr. E. B. Weston, Highland Park, 111. ; F. W. Wheaton,
Wilkesbarre, Penn.; C. E. White, Cleveland, Ohio; C. B.
Willard, Westerly, R. L; Willard Bros., Jonesville, 111.;
C. S. Wixom, Covert, 'N. Y. ; Andrew Winsor, Providence,
R. I. ; D. A., J., and J. S. Williams, Lynn, Mass.; Frank
Woodyatt, Savanna, 111.; W. N". Walling, Auburndale,
Mass.; E. B. Walbridge, Petersboro, 1ST. H.; D. D. Will-
iams, Washingtonville, Ohio; R. E. Westlake, Olyphant,
Penn. ; Dr. M. F. Youngs, Littleton, N. H. ; A. M. York,
Conway, Ohio; F. B. Zimmer, Gloversville, N. Y., and

276 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

others whose names are equally familiar, but which slip my
mind at the present moment. The writer also prides him-
self in his own kennel, in which he usually has eight or
ten or more Beagles.

It is scarcely possible .to bestow too much praise on this
little Hound, which has advanced more in popularity dur-
ing the last few years among sportsmen in this country
than has any other breed of field dogs. .This is the natural
result of our sportsmen becoming familiar, by degrees, with
the value of this Hound for field purposes.

As civilization encroaches upon the haunts of the fox
and the deer, causing them to decrease in numbers, sports-
men who have heretofore hunted them with large Hounds,
discover that as this game grows scarce it is better hunted
with the Beagle. Col. F. GK Skinner, than whom no more
ardent sportsman or Hound man is to be found among us,
always advocates the Beagle in preference to Fox or other
Hounds for foxes and deer in sections where they are scarce
or are hunted to the gun, and for foxes when hunted with
the gun, as in the Northern and New England States. This
is owing to the fact that, not being so fast as the larger
Hounds, they give better opportunity for shots, and, par-
ticularly where the game is scarce, they do not frighten it
so as to drive it far away, to remain perhaps for days, as
the larger Hounds do. Doctor Downey, of Maryland, and
his friends always use their Beagles in preference to larger
Hounds when they go on their annual deer- hunt to West
Virginia.

Thus, it will be seen that the Beagle is not only growing
in popularity as we become more intimately acquainted
with his value, but it is also in the natural order of events
for him to grow in favor with us as game becomes scarcer.

Although the Beagle is too slow for fox-hunting, in
some parts of the country, as, for instance, in the South, it
is also used with success for that sport, and preferred by
many to a larger Hound in localities where the foxes are
hunted to the gun, for reasons herein later explained. The
writer was some time ago informed by an acquaintance

THE BEAGLE HOUND. 277

residing in Virginia that, in order to satisfy some friends of
the ability of his Beagles to kill a red fox, he took his pack
of Hounds under fifteen inches in height with an old-
Foxhound to start them on the trail, and soon started a fox.
Being stationed himself on a hill, he was able to watch the
entire hunt, and, after a run of several hours, the Beagles
cai^ght and killed the fox, while the old Foxhound was not
in at the death. I cite this instance because many claim
that the Beagle would be entirely useless in a fox-hunt.

The Beagle is also used for hunting the large white hare
(Lepus Virginianus) which abounds in some parts of this
country. A friend of the writer, residing in Rhode Island,
who has one of the largest and best packs of Beagles in the
country, hunted these hares with his pack last winter, but
says that while the sport is exciting, it is not so much so as
hunting the ordinary cotton-tail (Lepus Americanus).
This is for the reason that the large hare circles much
farther off than the latter, running often miles before re-
turning, and consequently taking the Hounds a greater part
of the time out of the hearing and sight of the hunters.

Anyone residing in any of our large cities can, if he have
a sufficient amount of the instincts of the backwoodsman
to make him worthy the name of a sportsman, find spots
by prospecting, as it were, where he can, almost any day,
take his Beagles and give them a chance to do some trail-
ing. If such persons will do as the writer does, and not
shoot these hares, or allow their Hounds to kill them, but
look upon them in the light of prized jewels, they can have
many an hour's sport, at dusk or after business hours, with
their Beagles. The writer recently had marked down a
small patch of woods, within fifty minutes walk of his
home, which had a solitary hare in it nearly the entire
season, and which has afforded many an hours sport for
him and his Beagles. A few such hares, carefully pro-
tected, may afford sport for a whole season.

While the customary way of hunting the hare with Bea-
gles is for the sportsman to stand at runways or likely
places where the hare will come when brought around by

278 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

the Hounds, and shoot it as it passes, others, again, do not
use the gun at all, but let fhe Hounds run the hare down
and kill it.

The Beagle is the superior of the Basset in that it can
o^et over a rough country much easier, is not so extremely
slow as the latter, and, being a smaller dog, does not re-
quire the room or amount of food that the latter does. The
same amount of room and cooking the latter no small
item as far as inconvenience, work, and expense are con-
cerned that will keep a couple of Foxhounds will easily
keep five or six Beagles. Where one has several Hounds,
the latter points are of no little importance. It will readily
be seen that the Beagle is undoubtedly the best general
utility Hound we have.

While it is beyond the means of the average American
sportsman to keep a large kennel of bird dogs and have
them all broken as they should be, it is but comparatively
little expense to keep a pack of Beagles all broken for field
use. In some portions of this country, particularly the
South, as well as in England, large packs of Beagles are to
be found, owned and maintained by sportsmen for their
private enjoyment.

One of the greatest pleasures of the practical sportsman
is in showing himself a practical breeder, for to possess the
knowledge and ability to become such is no small honor.
To do this, one must have at least several dogs of the
breed he is interested in, in his kennel, and as remarked
above, if he have such a kennel he has use for all his
stock in the field. The amount of pleasure derived from
his kennel by the writer is in proportion to the number of
dogs or Hounds in it, and few sportsmen care to have in
their kennel more dogs than they have use for. This, as I
say, illustrates the advantage of one's being partial to
Hounds.

Outside of his qualities as a field dog, the Beagle is a
desirable house companion; not over-large, short-coated,
and affectionate, he is a most desirable and lovable com-
panion. If educated to it, he is an excellent watch-dog.

THE BEAGLE HOUND. 279

In my kennel I have always found them exceptionally
quiet and peaceable. I have always allowed them to re-
main loose and sleep as they liked, half a dozen or more
in one bed, and they were invariably quiet and friendly
to one another, while my neighbor's Setters, Pointers, and
other dogs are constantly noisy, and frequently quarrel-
some.

It is claimed by some people who are not fully ac-
quainted with their good qualities that Hounds are lacking
in affection, and are given to fighting. As regards the
Beagle, I am pleased to state that such is not the case.
They are fully as affectionate and companionable as my
Setters, Spaniels, or Pointers. As I now write, my chair
is surrounded by several of these little Hounds, com-
fortably stretched out in repose. Every few moments one
or another gets up, places its feet on my lap, and gazes at
me pleadingly, as it mutely seeks a kind word, or slyly
pokes its nose against my elbow as a more efficacious way
of attracting attention, as some of the singular-looking
hieroglyphics on the manuscript will allow the printer to
attest. At the same time, another one, jealous of the atten-
tion shown the former, is sure to come forward and en-
deavor to push the other one away in order to have all the
attention shown itself; and thus throughout the evening
they are constantly making their presence known. My
Melody lies nestled beside me, always insisting on her right
to a place, while I am constantly compelled to help the
other Hounds, including Trailer, Eiot, Music, Trinket, and
others, down time and time again as they claim their right
to my attention.

As for fighting, while I have known Setters to kill one
another in a fight in their kennel, I have never known of a
single instance where my Beagles have fought among them-
selves, although they run together all day and sleep to-
gether in their kennel at night unchained.

As to breeding, it is generally believed by Beagle fan-
ciers that the progeny usually have a tendency to grow
larger than their dam. It is therefore considered advisa-

280 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

ble to breed to a dam smaller than the sire and smaller than
the size it is desired to obtain in the progeny.

Beagles, generally speaking, require but little training
to make them good workers. They take to their work nat-
urally, and if given plenty of practice on game while
young, they will, with experience, become self-trained. If
kept in the country, where they may run loose and roam
about by themselves, as they grow up they are liable to
wander off from their kennel and hunt on their own account.
They soon become accustomed to the ways and tricks of
bunny, and learn to follow and circumvent him.

If you do not so let your puppies run loose, but wish to
train them yourself, you may take them out with one or
two steady, well-trained old Hounds, and the youngsters
will soon learn to follow and imitate them. Go out, if
possible, about daylight or dusk, when the dew is falling;
then you are more apt to find the hares moving, and, as a
result, warmer trails will then be found than at other
times.

I lead my puppies to a spot where I think I will be most
likely to find the hares, and then quietly take as- comfort-
able a seat as I can find, on a stump or fence-rail, or else-
where, and leave the puppies to their own resources.
Being thus assured that you have no intention of moving
away, and not having their thoughts drawn from what is
instinctively bred in them, namely, the desire to hunt, they
will devote their whole attention to the finding of game.
When thus giving the puppies their first experience, allow
the older Hounds to catch and kill the hare, as an incentive
to the youngsters to hunt more ambitiously for the next
one.

After taking your puppies out thus with a good-working
old dog a few times, they will take readily to the work, and
will soon develop into efficient workers.

It is believed by some breeders of Beagles that they are
more subject to worms than most breeds. My experience
has been that they almost invariably have them. Last year
I bred and raised what wa,s probably, without exception,

THE BEAGLE HOUND. 281

the smallest grown Beagle in this country, it standing in
height only about seven to eight inches and weighing about
four pounds. This Beagle was proportionately small before
weaning. When some eight weeks old, and before weaned,
it passed several large bunches of worms; and nearly all
the puppies I have ever raised have been afflicted with
these pests. 1 have always considered santonine to be the
most efficacious, and, at the same time, the safest remedy
for worms in puppies. My mode of administering it is to
give a dose each morning, a short time before feeding, for
five days. Dose for a puppy, say ten weeks old, two grains.
It may be given in about a teaspoonf ul of milk or in a little
butter; the former is the more convenient, and the puppy
usually is more sure of swallowing the santonine. After
the last dose I give a physic, composed of about one tea-
spoonful of castor-oil, the same amount of syrup (not ex-
tract) of buckthorn, with two or three drops of turpentine
added. It must be borne in mind that any treatment for
worms is useless unless the medicine be administered on an
empty stomach, the plan being to have the worms feed on
the drug, which is poisonous to them.

Regarding preparing Beagles for the bench, it should be
remembered that as the standard calls for a coarse instead
of a fine coat, in texture, the novice should not endeavor to
get the coat, as is done with most breeds, in as fine a condi-
tion as possible. One of the characteristic faults of Bea-
gles is their tendency to being too slack in loin; therefore,
if your Hound is unduly slack in loin, do not have it too
low in flesh. It would, in such a case, be better to have it
over-full in flesh. The former condition aggravates in ap-
pearance the fault mentioned, while the latter tends to cover
it up.

I predict that, as the worth of the Beagle becomes better
and more widely known and appreciated, and as the nat-
ural order of events causes him to become the field dog best
adapted to the circumstances that are sure to exist, particu-
larly in the settled localities of the East and the North, he

282 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

will grow greater in popular favor than any of the other
breeds of field dogs.

As the ruffed grouse, or partridge, the woodcock. ' ' Bob
White," and the various other game birds become practi-
cally exterminated, as they do in those parts of the coun-
try which become thickly settled, our sportsmen find
themselves compelled to go hundreds, and even thousands,
of miles to find the amount of good shooting they had pre-
viously been accustomed to enjoy. This requires a longer
purse and greater amount of leisure than the great major-
ity of them possess, and consequently they have to adapt
themselves to the circumstances, and either forego their
sport or seek game which has not as great an antipathy to
civilization, thick settlements, and man, as our game birds
have. The Eastern sportsman will, therefore, in future, have
recourse to our little -short-legged, long-eared friend, and
will enjoy his outing just as well as erstwhile he did when
his Setter or Pointer led him through the fields.

In selecting a Beagle for field use, one should of course
look to those points of the most practical value. Probably
the first matter to be considered is the question of size;
this, of course, the buyer must decide for himself, whether
he be governed by experience, fancy, or the advice of oth-
ers. Next to the question of size, he should bear in mind
that quality more important than speed endurance. In
order to obviate too great speed" in a Beagle, the standard
limits the size of them in height to fifteen inches, as, in
hunting the natural game of the Beagle, the hare, only a
low rate of speed is desired, and when using the Beagle for
fox and deer hunting the object, partly, is to avoid the
greater speed of the Foxhound or Deerhound.

The weak points in the Beagle, and which seem to be
characteristic of the breed, but which should be overcome
by judicious mating and breeding, are an inclination to
snipiness and to being long cast in the loin. The ideal
Beagle can not be better described than by quoting from
the standard: "A miniature Foxhound, solid and big for
his inches, with the wear-and-tear look of the dog that can

THE BEAGLE HOUND. 283

last in the chase and follow his quarry to the death." It is
needless to say that a short, or at least a strong loin, is of
far more importance in a Hound than in a bird dog, from
the nature of his calling, as stated above.

Fully as important a point is the one of selecting a
Hound having good legs and feet. This is a very important
point in a bird dog, and much more so in a Hound. A Bea-
gle should be selected having well-arched toes, and the same
close together, with good hard pads underneath. A foot
afte? 1 the model of a cat's foot is to be preferred to what is
known as a " hare-foot," so called from its similarity to
the foot of a hare.- In noting a Beagle' s feet and legs, it
is also very important to get a good short and upright
pastern, as the same is much stronger and can stand much
more wear and tear than a long or sloping one; besides, the
latter is usually indicative of a hare-foot, or, more properly
speaking, a hare-foot, from its shape, causes the pastern to
slope and be comparatively long.

In a Setter or Pointer a sloping pastern is desired, to
avoid the great strain upon it in suddenly stopping on a
point, and which strain on a straight pastern would cause
the same to knuckle over; but in a Hound the short, straight
pastern is greatly to be preferred, as far stronger and more
enduring; the Hound, from the nature of his work, not
needing to subject himself to such a strain as mentioned
regarding the bird dog. Next in importance I should con-
sider a good coat, which is coarse and of good length.

This is a most important factor, as, from the nature of his
work, the Beagle is compelled to hunt almost entirely in
the thickest of underbrush, which, unless he be well-coated,
will tear his skin and flesh in a cruel manner; and though
he possess the grit and pluck which causes him to appar-
ently not mind it while keeping to his work, the poor
faithful servant suffers for days until he recovers, and in the
meantime is in no condition to hunt if it be desired of him.

To show how thoroughly and comb -like the briers and
brush work through a Beagle' s coat in ordinary hunting,
one needs but to notice any Beagle, with a fair amount of

284 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

white on him, when he starts out to hunt, and, no matter
how dirty and soiled his coat maybe, it requires but a short
hunt to make his coat look as neat and clean as though he
had had a thorough washing.

When hunting, I have often practically convinced my
friends of the same, using* as an illustration a certain
Hound. This dog, which has a good deal of white on
him, keeps his coat always dirty. After hunting some lit-
tle time he will have the appearance of having just been
washed.

I recently received a letter from a gentleman, a stranger,
who had a short time previously become interested in Bea-
gles. He informed me that he had theories of his own in
regard to breeding, whereby he thought he could breed a
Beagle for practical use and at the same time have it show
more beauty points than the Beagle bred to the standard of
the American Beagle Club as given herein.. He wanted
a short, fine, silky coat, and asked for my views in the
matter. Regarding coat, I gave them practically as above
stated. A short time afterward I received another letter
from him, from which I quote verbatim, for the benefit of
any such as may be inclined as he was:

DEAR SIR: I thank you very much for your extended reply to my sug-
gestion about breeding Beagles a little finer. My notion was that they could
be bred to look more stylish without detracting from their field qualities; but
I have no more to say. A hunt I had yesterday demonstrated the absolute
correctness of the present standard. I think I shall have to tell you of it. An
old hunting friend of mine here (in Maryland) has a strain of Beagles he is
very proud of, and we had a pair of them, one rough-coated fellow, and a pair
of year-old youngsters, hardly broken. He says his are Scotch Beagles, what-
ever that may be. They are very small, say six pounds each, and have fine,
short hair, and their skin little beauties to look at. In an open country they
do very well. Yesterday we were on one of my father's farms near the river,
which is full of brier-patches and briery thickets. The rahbits are plentiful,
but the little Scotchmen were literally worthless. In an hour they were cut
up and came to heel, absolutely refusing to work.

The one with a dense coat and a brush on his tail, followed by the brace
of puppies, had to do all our hunting the rest of the day. He dodged in and out
of the briers without getting a mark, while the blood from the rat-tailed brace
made them look as if their throats had been cut. Hereafter I stand by the
American Beagle Club's standaid. My friend's faith was shaken, and he
wants a brush- tailed pedigreed dog to try on his bitches as an experiment.

THE BEAGLE HOUND. 285

He lives in a better-cultivated end of the country, and had not tried his much in
briers before. Since the brier farms are the natural refuge of the rabbits, and
afford much the best sport, he sees that a tougher Hound is more useful. The
day's experience was so exactly a corroboration of your letter, I quite enjoy
giving it to you Very truly,

Also, to avoid having your Beagle cut up more than can
be avoided, it is well to select one having a low and well-
set ear, and as called for by the standard, ' ' closely framing
and inturned to the cheek." The best-hung ears will
spread out considerably when the Hound is running, and a
poorly hung and high-set one will be greatly exposed to
all briers and thorns within reach. Do not merely have in
mind an ear of great length. The shape of the nose or
muzzle is, of course, no positive indication of the scenting
powers of its possessor, but it is well to always choose the
Hound having a wide muzzle and good open and moist nos-
trils, the same usually being indicative of fine scenting
powers, a more important factor in a Hound for rabbit or
hare hunting than any other.

I can not say that I agree with the standard in pref er-
ring a "lull and prominent " eye, as called for, for the same
reason that a fine, soft coat and exposed ear is not desired.
Personally, I prefer an eye somewhat protected and not
as exposed as the one called for, as my experience has
taught me that too "full and prominent" an eye is easily
injured.

While personally, as far as beauty is concerned, I admire
a black-and-tan coat, as giving a Beagle decidedly the ap-
pearance of being ' ' a miniature Foxhound, ' ' I consider it
desirable, and prefer, for work, a Hound having plenty of
white on him, as this enables one to readily see him at
a distance. Beagles, like other Hounds, arejnot specially
obedient as to coming in when called, particularly when
there appear any prospects of soon getting started on a
warm trail; and one can often locate his Hounds if they
possess a fair amount of white, when otherwise they could
not be seen, and one can then get them, if desired, when
otherwise he could not.

286 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

As I stated above, the question of size is one on which,
there is a diversity of opinion. I shall not argue the question
here, or give my views either for or against the large or small
Beagle, but will say, for the benefit of the novice, or inex-
perienced who may contemplate purchasing Beagles, that it
is usually a safe method, when lacking practical knowledge
or experience, to be governed by the choice of what the
majority would prefer or select. The great majority of our
practical Beagle men, who use their Beagles for field pur-
poses, such as the late General Rowett, Pottinger Dorsey,
F. C. Phoebus, of the Somerset Kennels, A. H. Wakefield,
Louis Smith, Dr. C. E. Nichols, W. F. Rutter, W. S.
Clark, George Laick, and others, prefer what is com-
paratively speaking the large Beagle; by that is com-
monly meant a Beagle close in height to the limit allowed
by the American Beagle Club's standard fifteen inches.
The writer himself prefers this last-mentioned type of
Hound, and contends that where a Hound of a certain speed
is desired it is preferable to obtain it in a comparatively
large Hound than in a smaller one, as the former, necessa-
rily, will be built more on the lines of endurance than those
of speed, while the latter will be built more on the lines of
speed than endurance, and while the desired speed is ob-
tained in either, the former will combine it with the greater
endurance and staying powers a most important requisite
in a Hound. Thus, if a twelve-inch and fifteen-inch Hound
are bred to hunt at about a certain pace, the latter must be
a Hound of more substance and bottom than the former or
it will be the speedier; and, as a result, while it has the
desired speed, it also combines the power to hunt longer
than the former.

STANDARD AND POINTS OF JUDGING THE BEAGLE.

Value. Value.

Skull 5 Ribs 5

Ears 15 Fore legs and feet 10

Eyes 10 Hips, thighs, and hind legs 10

Muzzle, jaws, and lips 5 Tail 5

Neck : 5 Coat 5

Shoulders and chest 10

Back and loins .15 Total . . . 100

THE BEAGLE HOUND. 287

Standard and scale of points adopted by the American
Beagle Club, and indorsed by all the leading shows:

Head. The skull should be moderately domed at the
occiput, with the cranium broad and full. The ears set on
low, long, and fine in texture, the forward or front edge
closely framing and inturned to the cheek, rather broad and
rounded at the tips, with an almost entire absence of erect-
ile power at their origin.

The eyes full and prominent, rather wide apart, soft and
lustrous, brown or hazel in color. The orbital processes well
developed. The expression gentle, subdued, and pleading.

The muzzle of medium length, squarely cut, the stop
well defined. The jaws should be level. Lips either free
from or with moderate flews. Nostrils large, moist, and
open.

Defects: A flat skull, narrow across the top of head,
absence of dome. Ears short, set on too high, or when the
dog is excited rising above the line of the skull at their
points of origin, due to an excess of erectile power. Ears
pointed at tips, thick or boardy in substance, or carried out
from cheek, showing a space between. Eyes of a light or
yellow color. Muzzle long and snipy. Pig- jaws or the
reverse, known as under-shot. Lips showing deep, pendu-
lous flews.

Disqualifications: Eyes close together, small, beady,
and Terrier-like.

Neck and throat. Neck rising free and light from the
shoulders, strong in substance, yet not loaded, of medium
length. The throat clean and free from folds of skin; a
slight wrinkle below the angle of the jaw, however, may be
allowable.

Defects: A thick, short, cloddy neck, carried on a line
with the top of the shoulder. Throat showing dewlap and
folds of skin to a degree termed "throatiness."

Shoulders and chest. Shoulders somewhat declining,
muscular, but not loaded, conveying the idea of freedom of
action, with lightness, activity, and strength. Chest mod-
erately broad and full.

288 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

Defects: Upright shoulders and a disproportionately
wide chest.

Back, loin, and ribs. Back short, muscular, and strong.
Loin broad and slightly arched, and the ribs well sprung,
giving abundant lung-room.

Defects: A long or swayed back, a fiat, narrow loin, or
a flat, constricted rib.

Fore legs and feet. Fore legs straight, with plenty of
bone. Feet close, iirm, and either round or hare-like in
form.

Defects: Out at elbows. Knees knuckled over or for-
ward, or bent backward. Feet open and spreading.

Hips, thighs, hind legs, and feet. Hips strongly mus-
cled, giving abundant propelling power. Stifles strong and
well let down. Hocks firm, symmetrical, and moderately
bent. Feet close and firm.

Defects: Cow-hocks and open feet.

Tail. The tail should be carried gaily, well up, and with
medium curve, rather short as compared with the size of
the dog, and clothed with a decided brush.

Defects: A long tail, with a tea-pot curve.

Disqualifications: A thinly haired, rattish tail, with
entire absence of brush.

Coat. Moderately coarse iii texture, and of good length.

Disqualifications: A short, close, and nappy coat.

Height. The meaning of the term "Beagle" (a word of
Celtic origin, and in old English Begele), is small, little.
The dog was so named from his diminutive size. Your
committee, therefore, for the sake of consistency, and that
the Beagle shall be in fact what his name implies, strongly
recommend that the height line shall be sharply drawn at
fifteen inches, and that all dogs exceeding that height shall
be disqualified as overgrown and outside the pale of recog-
nition.

Color. All Hound colors are admissible. Perhaps the
most popular is black, white, and tan. Next in order is
the lemon and white, the blue and lemon mottles; then fol-
low the solid colors, such as black- and- tan, tan, lemon,

THE BEAGLE HOUND. 289

fawn, etc. This arrangement is of course arbitrary, the
question being one governed entirely by fancy. The colors
first named form the most lively contrast and blend better
in the pack, the solid colors being somber and monotonous
to the eye. It is not intended to give a point value to color
in the scale for judging, as before said, all true Hound colors
being correct. The foregoing remarks on the subject are
therefore simply suggestive.

General appearance. A miniature Foxhound, solid and
big for his inches, with the wear-and-tear look of the dog
that can last in the chase and follow his quarry to the
death.

NOTE. Dogs possessing such serious faults as are enu-
merated under the heading of "Disqualifications" are
under the grave suspicion of being of impure blood.

Under the heading of ' ' Defects ' ' objectionable features
are indicated, such departures from the standard not, how-
ever, impugning the purity of the breeding.

In this standard it will be observed that the head is
scored thirty-five points, which is the same number allowed
for the body. In the standards for the various breeds of
bird dogs it has been deemed proper by all the breeders to
allow a much less number of points for the head than for
the body, as certainly a good body is of much greater im-
portance in assisting a dog to be a good or successful hunter
than a correspondingly typical head is.

In a Hound, the difference of importance between the
head and body should be more marked, as not only from
the nature of his work does a Hound rely on his natural
instinct to pursue and kill his game, and not require the
mental faculties necessary in a bird dog, but it is of more
importance that his running and staying powers should be
superior, as his work admits of no rest or let-up until the
game is captured.

I do not mean to convey the impression that I do not
consider a typical head of importance, as in no breed more
than in a Beagle does the head give character to the dog;

290 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

and no one can admire Hound character in a Beagle more
than I do.

I further claim that in assigning the numerical scale of
points in the standard, symmetry should be considered and
allotted a certain number of points. The same is illustrated
in the fact that were two Hounds to be taken and scored,
both scoring the same number of points, and one Hound
should happen to be very nicely and symmetrically built,
and the other out of proportion, say, for instance, short on
the fore legs and long in the loin, the former would un-
doubtedly be selected, even if scoring a point or two less
than the latter, as it would be evident, as far as appearances
went, that the former would be able to stand more work.

While the sentiments expressed in the foregoing article
are those of the writer, individually, I may add they are
the same as have appeared in former articles by myself, and
which I have submitted to several of our most prominent
practical authorities on the breed, and, they tell me, they
are, practically, the views held by themselves.

THE IRISH WATER SPANIEL.

BY P. T. MADISON.

of the greatest, if not the greatest, retrievers of
which we have any knowledge is the Irish Water
Spaniel. Especially is this true of the species from
the south of Ireland.

The breed consists of two distinct varieties, peculiar to
the north and south of Ireland. The northern dog has
short ears, with little feather either on them or on the legs,
but with a considerable curl in his coat. In color he is
generally liver, but with more or less white, which some-
times predominates so as to make him decidedly white
and liver.

The south country Irish Water Spaniel is, on the con-
trary, invariably of a pure liver-color. Ears long and well
feathered, being often twenty-four inches from point to
point, and the whole coat consisting of short, crisp curls.
Body long, low, and strong; tail round and carried slightly
down, but straight, without any feather. Almost all of the
importations to America are from the latter-named species.
The importers and breeders of America have endeavored to
keep the breed pure, and through their efforts this country
can now boast ,of as fine specimens as can be found any-
where in the world.

The writer has in his kennel a dog, now three years old,
by Count Bendigo, out of Foam, which is pronounced by
persons well posted on this breed a typical specimen; there-
fore, in the absence of anything better, I will use the meas-
urements of this dog in giving* a description of my ideal
of the breed.

Height, twenty -four inches at the shoulder; weight, fif-
ty-five pounds; head capacious, forehead prominent, face

(291)

292 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

from eyes and ears down perfectly smooth; ears twenty-one
inches from point to point of leather, and twenty-five inches
from point to point of feather. The head is crowned with
a well-defined top-knot, which stands erect, and is not strag-
gling across, like that of the common rough water dog, but
comes down in a peak on the forehead, giving the head and
face much of the appearance of a merino sheep. His body
is covered with small crisp curls, which extend along the

IRISH WATER SPANIEL-DENNIS O'DONOGHUE.
Owned by Mr. C. B. Rodes, Moberly, Mo.

tail about three inches. From there to the sting the tail is
smooth. His color is pure liver.

The standard as adopted by the English Spaniel Club,
hereinafter given, meets my approval, except as to the top-
knot, which in my judgment should not fall over the eyes,
but should stand erect.

Mr. J. S. Skidmore, a noted English breeder of Irish
Water Spaniels, pays this well-deserved tribute to the good
qualities of the breed:

To a sportsman of limited means, or one who is not prepared to keep
a team of dogs, the Irish Water Spaniel is the most useful dog he can have,

THE IRISH WATER SPANIEL. 293

inasmuch as he can be made to perform the duties of Pointer, Setter, Retriever,
and Spaniel; but, as his name implies, he is peculiarly fitted by temperament
and by a water-resisting coat for the arduous duties required by a sportsman
whose proclivities lie in the direction of wild fowl shooting. In this branch of
sport they have no equal, being able to stand any amount of hardship; this,
combined with an indomitable spirit, leads them into deeds of daring from
which many dogs would shrink. Many are the feats recorded of their pluck,
sagacity, and intelligence. For a well bred and trained specimen no sea is too
rough, no pier too high, and no water too cold; even if he have to break the
ice at every step, he is not discouraged'; and day after day will repeat the ardu-
ous task, As a companion for a lady or gentleman the Irish Water Spaniel has
no equal, while a well-behaved dog of the breed is worth a whole mint of toys
to the children. He will allow the little ones to pull him about by the ears,
will roll over and over with them, will fetch their balls as often as thrown for
him, and will act as their guard in times of danger.

So good an authority as Mr. J. H. Whitman, of Chicago,
says:

I have no hesitation in saying to the sportsman who desires a really first-
class retriever for wild fowls, there is none superior, if equal, to the Irish Water
Spaniel for retrieving ducks, brant, geese, etc., from land or water. I never
saw a dog that seemed to enter into the sport with more zeal, and on whom
cold water had so little effect. I have seen them retrieve ducks when ice
would form on their coats on reaching shore; still they were always ready to
go. I never saw more intelligence in any breed of dogs; they can be taught
tricks as easily as a Poodle. They soon learn that a duck shot dead and
falling in the water can be retrieved at any time, and where two are dropped,
one dead and one wounded, the Irish Water Spaniel invariably goes for the
wounded one first. There is no dog that is so natural a retriever or so easily
broken as the pure Irish Water Spaniel.

I would advise parties owning one of these dogs that
they expect to use as a retriever on game, not to teach him
any tricks, as I have always observed that a trick-dog was
good for nothing else.

In training the Irish Water Spaniel for shooting pur-
poses, you should first instill into his mind obedience, and
when that is fully accomplished your dog is broken, as it is
as natural for him to retrieve, from land or water, as it is
for a Pointer or Setter to point. I have my dog broken to
go as soon as the shot is fired. In this way I lose few, if
any, wounded birds; while, on the contrary, if the dog is
broken to drop to shot, your wounded duck or snipe often
gets away before the dog is ordered on.

294 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

In quail-shooting, a dog is trained to drop to shot, be-
cause other birds often remain within shooting distance
after the gun has been fired, and if the dog were allowed to
break shot he would likely flush many of them while your
gun was empty. But as all ducks and snipes take wing as
soon as. they hear the report of a gun, you run no such
chances in that class of shooting; hence, in order that you
may secure all your wounded birds, I advise you to teach
your Irish Water Spaniel to break shot.

On the subject of training the Irish Water Spaniel, Mr.
Whitman says:

Commence if the puppy is precocious at three months ,old. First throw
a ball or roll of cloth, or any soft substance, calling his attention to it as it
passes from }~our hand; if he does not bring it the first time, he may the second
or third. If he does not, let him go for that time; he is too young to force,
but will soon begin to understand what is wanted and perform more to your
wish. Try him twice a day, but not long at a time; teach him to come to you
when called; at first he may not come; put a cord round his neck, or, if he
wears a collar, attach cord to that. Now call him; if he does not come, pull
him to you, pet him, let him go, and call him again; if he refuse to come,
bring him to you again with the cord. By following this course he will soon
learn that you are his master, and will obey you. Now mak6 him charge or
lie down; say " Charge," "Drop," or any word you like, but invariably use the
same word and raise the hand. As at first he neither understands the mean-
ing of the word nor the uplifted hand, you should take his fore legs and pull
them from under him with one hand while you press down his hind quarters
with the other, using at the same time the word at which you desire he should
lie down. When he will remain in the position in which you have placed
him, looking toward you, raise the hand and repeat the word as often 51 s he
offers to move. In a short time he will do this seemingly well, but as this is a
very important lesson, continue it for days and weeks until he becomes so per-
fect that at your whistle or word of command he will look at you and drop
instantly at uplifted hand. Many dogs want to come to you before they drop,
but insist on their dropping where they first get the signal to do so. Easy
enough said, but how shall it be done? My way is to take the dog back to the
place where he was ordered to charge, walking backward from him, with
hand raised, returning him to the spot from which he started every time until
he remains us desired.

Having taught him to do this well, take a well-trained dog out with him;
charge both, the older one in the rear of the puppy; walk away from them as
before; call the older one by name, when he will come, and undoubtedly the
puppy will come too, but he must be taken back until he is perfect in this.
The importance of this is, should you be hunting with some friend whose dog
is not well broken and runs in at the report of the gun, your dog if so trained

THE IRISH WATER SPANIEL. 295

will not move, even if he is passed by the other dog. Or you may see game
to which you desire to creep; you can then leave the dog behind you.

To teach him to follow at heel, attach the cord to the puppy; say "Heel!"
Carry your whip in hand, and should he attempt to get in front of you, touch
him lightly on the nose; say at the same time "Heel!" Another way is to
couple him to a broken dog, using the same means and word should he try to
get ahead. Having taught him to retrieve anything you may throw for him
when he can see it, now throw it in high grass or weeds, or in fact any place
where he can not see it, and bid him "fetch." He will begin to look for it, and
unless he should find it at once, you should encourage him to find it by, if
necessary, going with him, but do not pick it up yourself; have him do that
and follow you with it in his mouth. It is better to do this with a bird, say a
pigeon or a duck, as I have seen dogs that would bring a ball, roll of cloth,
etc., well, that at. first would not touch a bird. I prefer a bird with which to
teach them to retrieve.

Having now taught him to charge, retrieve, heel, and come at whistle, you
should take him to some stream, where the water is not too deep, to start with,
throwing into the water the object he is in the habit of retrieving on land and
sending him for it. I have not seen one puppy that would not go for it at
once, especially if the water were warm. It is better to teach the puppy this
work in the summer or early fall, before the weather is too cold.

Your dog is now ready for a lesson in duck-shooting. Get on some point
of land where birds pass, and shoot one, having it fall as near shore as possi-
ble; send him for it, and encourage him if he brings it nicely. You should
endeavor to have him watch birds as they fly past; it will soon teach him to
watch them as they fall and mark well the spot, so he can go direct to them. I
would advise you to accustom him to the sound of the gun from his youth,
until you begin to work him on game, commencing with percussion caps or a
small charge of powder no shot. When he shows that for him the report of
a gun has no terror, you are all right; he will not be gun-shy. If he is a little
timid, don't despair, for he finding he is not hurt by the report if properly
handled, will come out all right. If you go with him in boat, have him charge,
and do not allow him to rise until ordered. If he will not mind promptly the
word " charge," tie a rope across the boat from rowlock to rowlock, and fasten
him in the center so that he can not get out. Now shoot, if possible, some
ducks, while he is so confined; when the gun is fired, should he attempt to
move, say "Charge!" and compel him to go down promptly. Repeat this
until he is perfect in not attempting to leave the boat until ordered. He must
be kept in strict obedience; do not allow him to disobey without correcting
him at once. In your ardor to secure the game, don't forget that you have a
dog for that purpose.

I have never seen the weather or water too cold for my
dog to take great pleasure, apparently, in his work. I have
worked him from early morning till late at night, in slush
ice, and he would not suffer in the least. The under-coat
of this breed is similar to that of the beaver or musk-rat,

296 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

and is saturated with an oily substance that almost thor-
oughly protects them from wet and cold.

To fully appreciate the pleasure of duck and snipe shoot-
ing, the sportsman should have a well-broken Irish Water
Spaniel. I would take just as much pleasure in quail-
shooting without my Setter or Pointer as I would in duck
or snipe shooting without my Retriever. I predict for the
Irish Water Spaniel a bright future, as he has only to be
known to be appreciated, and he is becoming better known
every year.

This is a noble dog, and should be developed to the
greatest possible perfection; and in order to stimulate effort
in this direction, I believe that a Retriever club should be
formed in America for the purpose of holding field trials
on some of our numerous lakes, rivers, or marshes, to which
all members of the Retriever family should be eligible.
It would be as easy to formulate rules for the government
of trials of this character as it was for the originators of
field trials for Pointers and Setters to evolve their rules.
While our first efforts in this direction would doubtless be
crude, experience would soon teach us; and by bringing all
the different breeds together, we could in a short time
determine which is best fitted to perform the various
kinds of work. One breed might be found far superior
to another in working in open, rough, and large bodies
of water, while another would excel in the weeds and
grasses of the marsh.

These questions can only be settled by actual competi-
tion, and I am satisfied that great good would result from
frequent trials, as the breeders would take great pride in
possessing a field- trial winner, and in the future would
breed with the sole object of producing the best performers.
By this means the value of each breed would be greatly
enhanced.

I can remember when five dollars was a big price for a
Pointer or Setter puppy, and twenty-five dollars an enor-
mous price for a broken dog. Perfection in breeding,
brought about largely by field trials, has enhanced the value

THE IEISH WATEE SPANIEL.

297

of the Setter and Pointer so much that often we hear of a
fine performer bringing a thousand dollars or more.

I hope to see a Retriever club organized, and will gladly
assist in the good work. I will devote as much of my time
as I can spare from my business to organizing such a club,
formulating rules, and conducting trials.

IRISH WATER SPANIEL PUPPIES.

The standard and scale of points of the Irish Water
Spaniel are as follows:

POSITIVE POINTS.

Head and jaw . , 10

Eyes 5

Top-knot 5

Ears 10

Neck 7i Lank, open, or woolly coat 10

Body c . . . 7i A natural sandy, light coat 15

NEGATIVE POINTS.

Cording, or tags of dead or mat-
ted hair 20

Mustache or Poodle hair on
cheek .... .10

Fore legs , 5

Hind legs 5

Feet 5

Stern 10

Coat 15

General appearance 15

Total.. .100

Furnishing of tail more than half

way down to sting 5

Setter feathering on legs 15

White patch on chest 15

Total . . .90

DISQUALIFICATIONS.

Total absence of top-knot.

A fully feathered tail.

Any white patch on any part of dog, except a small one on chest or toe.

298 TJJE AMEEICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

Head. Capacious skull, rather raised in dome, and
fairly wide, showing large brain capacity. The dome ap-
pears higher than it really is, from its being surmounted by
the crest or top-knot, which should grow down to a point
between the eyes, leaving the temple smooth.

Eyes. Highly intelligent, amber-colored. Dark is gen-
erally preferred.

Nose. Dark liver-colored, rather large, and well-devel-
oped.

Ears. Set on rather low. In a full-sized specimen the
leather should be not less than eighteen inches, and with
feather about twenty -four inches. The feather on the ear
should be long, abundant, and wavy.

Neck. Should be " Pointer-like " i. e., muscular,
slightly arched, and not too long. It should be strongly
set on the shoulders.

Body (including size and symmetry). Height at shoul-
der from twenty to twenty-four inches, according to sex
and strain; body fair-sized, round, barrel-shaped, well
ribbed up. When wet would resemble in contour that of
a sporting-looking Pointer.

Shoulders and chest. Chest deep, and not too narrow.
Shoulders strong, rather sloping, and well covered with
hard muscle.

Back and loin. Back strong; loins a trifle arched, and
powerful, so as to fit them for the heavy work of beating
through sedgy, muddy sides of rivers.

Hind quarters. Round and muscular, and slightly
drooping toward the set-on of the stern.

Stern. A. " whip-tail," thick at base and tapering to a
u sting." The hair on it should be short, straight, and
close-lying, except for a few inches from its root, where it
gradually merges into the body coat in some short curls.

Feet and legs. Fore legs straight, well-boned. They
should be well furnished with wavy hair all round and
down to the feet, which should be large and round. Hind
legs stifle long; hock set low. They should be well fur-
nished except from the hock down the front.

THE IEISH WATER SPANIEL. 299

Goat. Neither woolly nor lank, but should consist of
short, crisp curls right up to the stern. Top-knot should
fall well over the eyes. It and furnishing of ears should be
abundant and wavy.

Color. Dark, rich liver, or puce (to be judged by its
original color). A sandy, light coat is a defect. Total ab-
sence of white desirable; any except a little on chest or a
toe should disqualify.

General appearance. That of a strong, compact, dash-
ing-looking dog, with a quaint and very intelligent aspect
(the light rim round the eye, objected to by some, fre-
quently adds much to their intelligent, knowing expres-
sion). They should not be leggy, as power and endurance
are required of them in their work. Noisy and joyous
when out for a spree, but mute on game.

The following may be mentioned among the many promi-
nent owners and breeders of Irish Water Spaniels in this
country: Charles L. Griffith, 82 Front street, New York
City; John R. Daniels, 151 Ontario street, Cleveland, Ohio;
Hornell-Harmony Kennels, Hornellsville, N. Y. ; Joseph
Lewis, Cannonsburgh, Penn. ; Milwaukee Kennel Club, Mil-
waukee, Wis. ; Anderson & Kilpatrick, 229 Park avenue,
Chicago, 111.; C. B. Rodes, Moberly, Mo.; James Dele-
hewity, 134 Second street, Milwaukee, Wis.; George H.
Hill, Madeira, Ohio; Dr. James F. W. Ross, Toronto,
Ontario; J. H. Whitman, Passenger Department Grand
Trunk Railway, Chicago; Andrew Laidlaw, Woodstock,
Ontario; Devonshire Kennels, Attica, Ind.; T. Donoghue,
La Salle, 111.; John D. Olcott, Milwaukee, Wis.; P. Tin-
dolph, Vincennes, Ind.; C. H. Hampson, Denver, Colo.

(800)

THE ENGLISH WATER SPANIEL.
BY WILLIAM A. BRUETTE.

Y many the old English Water Spaniel is considered
extinct, but this claim I can not allow, for scattered
throughout Great Britain, as well as in a few
instances in America, are perfect specimens of the
breed, in the hands of sportsmen who know their true
worth, and who use them extensively in their private shoot-
ing. Were the good qualities of this dog better known, they
would be very popular among our inland duck-shooters.

The English Water Spaniel is historically older than the
Irish, and all writers on canine histiology, since the four-
teenth century, have described him with more or less care.
Doctor Caius says: "The Water Spaniel is that kind of a
dog whose service is required in fowling upon the water-
partially through a natural towardness and partially by
diligent teaching is endued with that property. The sort is
somewhat big, and of a measurable greatness, having long,
rough, and curled hair, not obtained by extraordinary
trades, but given by nature's appointment." In the Gen-
tleman" s Recreation a similar description occurs. In the
Sportsman's Cabinet, written about 1802, this dog is
described as having the hair long and naturally curled,
not loose and shaggy; and the engraving by Scott, from a
drawing by Reinagale, which accompanies the article, repre-
sents a medium-sized, liver and white, curly-coated Spaniel,
with the legs feathered, but not curled. Youatt, in his
"Book of the Dog," has a wood-cut showing a similar type,
but says: "The Water Spaniel was originally from Spain;
the pure breed has been lost, and the present dog is prob-
ably descended from the large water dog and the English
Setter."

(301)

302 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

All authorities agree that the Spaniel came originally
from Spain, but it is generally admitted that none exist as
imported, without alteration by mixture with allied varie-
ties. It is generally agreed that the English Setter sprung
from the Land Spaniel, and very likely the dogs referred
to by Youatt were in greater part, if not all, Water Spaniels.
From the earliest times, the English Water Spaniel is de-
scribed as differing from the Land Spaniel. Edmond De
Langley, in the k 'Maister of Game," writes of the Land
Spaniel, ' ' White and tawny in color, and not rough- coated;' '
whereas nearly all other writers describe the Water Spaniel
as rough and curly coated, but not shaggy. All the earlier
writers speak of a large and a small Water Spaniel, and I
can easily conceive that two sizes would naturally result
from the requirements of sportsmen living in different
localities. The bay or sea shooter requires a larger and
more powerful dog than the inland sportsman, whose
shooting is confined to the smaller lakes and streams,
where a dog weighing from twenty-five to forty pounds
can work the willows, reeds, and rice to much better
advantage than a larger animal, and is more easily carried
and concealed.

I have found the English Water Spaniel extremely intelli-
gent, particularly fond of the water, which he will enter by
choice in all weathers. His powers of swimming and diving
are immense; he works through mud, rice, and weeds seem-
ingly with as much ease as on land, while his keen nose
enables him to scent the dead or wounded duck at marvel-
ously long distances. He will work out the hiding-place
of a wounded bird with a perseverance and intelligence
that can only be born of a genuine love of the sport. He
requires little if any training, and seems to have inherent
a desire to please his master as well as to gratify his own
love of the sport. He will frequently mark the approach
of the wild fowl before the hunter sees it; will crouch down
till he hears the report of the gun, when he is all anima-
tion to mark the fall of the dead or wounded duck. He is
of a much handsomer appearance than either the Irish or

THE ENGLISH WATEK SPANIEL. 303

Chesapeake Bay dogs, and makes an excellent companion
at home as well as in the field.

The points of the English Water Spaniel are : General
appearance, strong, compact, of medium size, leggy by
comparison with the Clumber, Sussex, or Black Field
Spaniel, and showing great activity. The head is rather
long; the brow apparent, but not very prominent; jaws
fairly long, and slightly but not too much pointed; the
whole face and skull to the occiput covered with short,
smooth hair, and no fore-lock as in the Irish Water Spaniel.
The eyes fairly full, but not watery; clear, brown-colored,
with an intelligent, beseeching expression. The ears long,
rather broad, soft, pendulous, and thickly covered with
curly hair of greater length than that on the body. The
neck short, thick, and muscular. The chest capacious.
The barrel stout, and the shoulders wide and strong. The
loins strong. The buttocks square, and thighs muscular.
The legs rather long, straight, strong of bone, well clothed
with muscle; and the feet a good size, rather spreading,
without being absolutely splay-footed. The coat over the
whole upper part of the body and sides thick and closely
curled, flatter on the belly and under the legs, which
should, however, be well clad at the back with feathery
curls; the prevailing color is liver and white, but whole
liver, black, and black and white, are also described by
some writers. The tail is usually decked rather thick and
covered with curls.

Appended is the standard and points of judging the
English Water Spaniel as adopted by the English Water
Spaniel Club :

Value. Value.

Head, jaw, and eyes 20 Feet 5

Ears...* 5 Stern 10

Neck 5 Coat 15

Body 10 General appearance 10

Fore legs 10

Hind legs 10 Total 100

NEGATIVE POINTS.

Feather on stern 10

Top-knot 10

Total.. . 20

304 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

Head. Long, somewhat straight, and rather narrow;
muzzle rather long, and, if anything, rather pointed.

Eyes. Small for the size of the dog.

Ears. Set in forward, and thickly clothed with hair
inside and out.

Neck. Straight.

Body (including size and symmetry). Ribs round, the
back ones not very deep.

Nose. Large.

Shoulders and chest. Shoulders low, and chest rather
narrow^, but deep.

Back and loin. Strong, but not clumsy.

Hindquarters. Long and straight; rather rising toward
the stern than drooping, which, combined with the low
shoulder, gives him the appearance of standing higher be-
hind than in front.

Stern. Docked from seven inches to ten inches, accord-
ing to the size of the dog; carried a little above the level of
the back, but by no means high.

Feet and legs. Feet well spread, large, and strong; well
clothed with hair, especially between the pads. Legs long
and strong; the stifles well bent.

Coat. Covered either with crisp curls or with ringlets;
no top-knot, but the close curl should cease on the top of
the head, leaving the face perfectly smooth and lean-
looking.

Color. Black and white, liver and white, or self-colored
black or liver. The pied for choice.

General appearance. Sober-looking, with rather a
slouching gait and a general independence of manner, which
is thrown aside at the sight of a gun.

THE CLUMBER SPANIEL.

BY F. H. F. MERCER ("CLUMBER").

NOTHER maner of Houndes there is yat byn clepid Houndis for ye
hauke, and Spaynels for ye nature of him cometh from Spayn, not-
withstandyng yat ther ben many in other countries; and soche
Houndes havyn many good custumes and evel. Also a f aire Hounde
for ye hauke should have a greet heade and greet body, and a faire
hew, white or tawne, for these ben ye fairest, and of suche heve ther byn corn-
only best.

A good Spaynel should not be too jough, but his taile should be rough.
The good custumes yat soche Houndis havyn byn theese; thei loven wel thyr
maistris, and folowe hym withe out losyng, thoo thei be in greet press of men,
and comonly yie goon biff ore hure maister rennyng and playing with hur
taile, and reyson or stertin foules and wilde beestis, but her ryght craft is of ye
perterich and of ye quail e. It is a good thing to a man yat hath a good gos-
hawke or tercelle, or sparhawke for ye perterich, to have soche Houndes, and
also when thei byn taught to be careful, thei byn good for to take perterich
and ye quaile with a nette.

Also thei byn good when yei ben taught to swyme and to be good for ye
revere, and for fowles when thei byn dyved; but in yat other side yei hav many
evil condicions aftere ye cqntrere yat yei byn comon of; for a centre draweth
to two natures of men clepen of beestis and of fowles, and as men clepyn
Greihoundes in ende of Scotland of Britayn, zizth so ye Alamantez and ye
Houndes for ye hawke cometh out Spayn and thei dra wen after ye nature of ye
generation of which thei comen. Houndis for ye hawke byn fighters and grete
baffers, and if ye lede hem on huntyng among runnyng Houndes, what beest
that ye hunte to, she shal make hure come out for thei fayllen, as w T hane thei
goon a right, and leden ye Houndes about and makyn hem overshoot and faile.
Also if ye lede Greihoundes with two other Hounde for ye hawke, yat is to
say a Spaynel, yif he se gees, kyn, or hors, oxen or other beestis, he wil runne
anoon and bygynne to baffe at hem, and bycause of hem ye Greihoundes shal
runne therto for to take ye' beest thorgh his eggyng, for he wil make al the
ryot and al ye harme.

The Houndes for ye hawke have so many other evyl totches, yat but yif I
had a goshawke or faucon, or hawkes for ye ryvere, or sparhawke for ye nette,
I wold rievyr have non namely ther as I shuld hunte. Extract from the "Mais-
ter of Game" by Edmund de Langley, born A. D. 1378.

The Spaniell is so named from Spaine, whence they came. The most part
of their skynnes are white, and if they are marcked with any spottes, they are

2O (305)

306 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

commonly red. Extract from "Dogges," by Dr. Johannes Gains, written during
the reign of Queen Elizabeth.

It has ever been my belief that the dog described in the
foregoing extracts from the works of these, the two oldest
writers on the canine species, is identical with that variety
of the genus Spaniel now known as the Clumber. When
we consider the crudeness of all writings descriptive of men
and things in those early days, it must be conceded that De
Langley's description of the best Hound for hawking and
for the "rivere" fits the patrician of his family with the
most remarkable exactitude. The "Spaniell," he writes,
should have a large head and a large body, with not too
"jough" (curly or wavy) a coat; that the coloring should
be "white and tawne" (lemon), and that the tail
should be "rough." He goes on to enumerate many
traits of Clumber character, though this old aristocrat has
during the lapse of four centuries arrived, doubtless, at the
conclusion that to play with his tail is beneath such dig-
nity as his, and therefore has given over the practice of so
frivolous a pastime.

The "bamng" (barking) propensity with which he
charges them has certainly not been transmitted to their
presumed descendants, the Clumbers, as they are the most
silent of dogs, and in fact are entirely mute when at work.
Still, nothing can be more probable than that their patrons,
the Dukes of Newcastle, finding this noisiness to be an
objectionable feature, as it undoubtedly is, bred out the
noxious habit by judicious matings of the more silent
specimens.

Doctor Caius still further strengthens their claim to great
antiquity, for though the markings nowadays recognized
are not c ' red ' ' in hue, the darker shades displayed by some
individuals might certainly be so denominated. As a mat-
ter of fact, the writer when accompanied by Clumbers of the
exactest shades of lemon and orange has overheard passers-
by remark on their being "white dogs with red ears."
Then again, does any other variety of the genus answer the
hereinbefore quoted descriptions of the "Spaniells" given
by both De Langley and Caius ?

THE CLUMBER SPANIEL.

307

From the former's remarks it would appear that this
presumed Clumber is not only the original Land Spaniel,
but also the progenitor of the Setter.

In Daniel's "Rural Sports" we learn that the immediate
ancestors of the present race were given by a French noble-
man, the Due de Nouailles, to a Duke of Newcastle, prob-
ably about two centuries ago. The name is derived from a
seat of the Dukes of Newcastle^ situated in Nottingham-
shire, Clumber, where they were domiciled from the outset.

CLUMBER SPANIEL CHAMPION JOHNNY.
Owned by Clumber Kennel ( F. H. F. Mercer), Ottawa, Canada.

To those who value things for their associations, the
Clumber is a fit object for appreciation, as from the outset
his associations have been aristocratic the kennels of
dukes, marquises, earls, barons, baronets, knights, and the
leading country gentry of Great Britain and Ireland, not
to mention those of royalty, having been the cradles of the
breed.

Specimens are but rarely met with in America, and until
of late years were scarce even in England, where they were

308 THE AMEKICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

almost entirely in the hands of noblemen and country gen-
tlemen, who kept them on their estates for shooting pur-
poses. These were chary of disposing of surplus stock to
any but their immediate friends, who in turn maintained
them for their private uses. Did an outsider, therefore,
desire to obtain a specimen, he could procure it clandes-
tinely from the game-keeper only, who would report a
puppy as having been destroyed, whereas he had sold it and
pocketed the proceeds of his dishonesty. It is therefore
not difficult of comprehension that under conditions such
as these but few were disseminated among the general
public.

But all this is changed now, and pure-bred Clumbers are
easily to be got in England, though high-class animals are
few and far between in that country, as elsewhere.

That they were prized by the highest class of sportsmen
is borne witness to by Colonel Hamilton in his " Recollec-
tions,"' which are of shooting incidents in the early days of
the century. He writes: " A Spaniel known as the Clum-
ber breed His Grace always shooting over them in his
woods is much sought after by sportsmen." Then he
enumerates their many excellences.

This extract from "The Dog," the work of the late
lamented "Idstone," will be of interest:

The best pictures of the dog extant, perhaps, are those of Clumbers, for
from Bewick to Abraham Cooper we had few, if any, painters, except Mor-
land, who could make anything better than a map of the dog; and norland's
dogs are generally Clumbers, an-1 first-rate specimens.

I have no doubt that some good English Spaniels existed in his day, for I
have seen a good picture by this artist of snipe-shooting in the snow, where
English or colored Spaniels are employed; but evidently the Clumber was the
dog of his time, as it will be of all time.

Somewhere about 1868-69, a fine picture by F. Wheatley, A. R. A., of the
Duke of Newcastle, was exhibited in the Portrait Gallery in London, and was at-
tributed by several persons to Morland, who seldom, if ever, finished so highly
as the former painter. The Duke is represented on his bay shooting-pony, sur-
rounded by a group of Clumbers, which a writer in the Sporting Magazine of
1807, when an engraving of the picture, or a part of it only, appeared in that
serial, calls Springers, or Cock-flushers. William Mansell at that time had had
the care of them for thirty years, and made it his study to produce this race
of dogs unmixed, and they were at this time known as the Duke or Mansell' s

THE CLUMBER SPANIEL. 309

breed. ... It is no easy matter to breed Clumbers successfully. They
will allow of no cross, but they often improve ordinary Field Spaniels, and it is
difficult to produce thick, short-legged ones without an infusion of the blood.
It will be evident from my foregoing remarks that all the Clumbers in the
kingdom sprung from one family and one place, and therefore there can be no
change of blood; and although an interchange of puppies from the few ken-
nels scattered up and down the country does good, it can not refresh the
constitution like a new strain.

From this lack of infusions of new blood, the Clumber
has been constitutionally weakened; but only during pup-
pyhood, to the ills of which he is peculiarly susceptible.
On the attainment of full growth, however, no more hardy
dog exists, and no further trouble on this score need be
apprehended.

Non-converts to the belief that this breed is the original
Land Spaniel, and as ' ' pure ' ' a one as any can be, advance
a number of theories as to how it was evolved. Of these,
the most credible is that it is derived from a union of the
French Basset Hound and the nondescript Spaniel of the
time. Yet another faction hold out that it originated in a
cross between the Turnspit (a very long, short-legged dog,
so named from his being used to turn the spit on which the
meat roasted; the breed, if indeed there ever was a breed,
is now extinct) and the Land Spaniel. But it seems so
highly improbable that a sportsman should invoke the aid
of the kitchen in breeding a sporting dog, that, outside of
every other consideration, I consider the contention unten-
able.

After much research and inquiry, the writer has arrived
at the conclusion that the first specimens brought to Amer-
ica were imported by Lieutenant (afterward Major) Vena-
bles, of Her Majesty's Ninety-seventh Regiment, then in
garrison at Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, in 1842. He
obtained his dogs from the kennels of Marwood Yeatman,
Esq., the Stock House, Dorset, whose ownership of "excel-
lent" Clumbers is especially mentioned by "Idstone" in
his book. The writer has three of the direct descendants
of these dogs in his kennels, and Mr. George Piers also is
the owner of two bitches of the same breeding; but his old
dog Smash II. was accidentally poisoned last year.

310

THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

This initial importation into Nova Scotia was supple-
mented by many others, the breed having at once risen
to the pinnacle of high favor ; and Halifax now undoubt-
edly numbers more Clumbers in its canine population
than any other city on the continent.

Later, some exceedingly well-bred Clumbers were im-
ported by a gentleman in Ohio, whose name I, for the

CLUMBER SPANIEL PUPPY QUESTER.
Owned by Clumber Kennel ( P. H. F. Mercer), Ottawa, Canada

moment, do not recollect. Several were bought by parties
in Baltimore, Md., and Mr. Jonathan Thorne, Jr., of
Pennsylvania, for some years had things all his own way,
on the show bench, with his imported dogs, especially
Trimbush, whose portrait is given in Pope's series of col-
ored lithographs of dogs.

Within the past seven years a powerful colony has been

THE CLUMBER SPANIEL. 311

founded in Ottawa, Canada, the best Clumbers ever seen in
America having been bred there.

As a matter of fact, States-bred specimens have always
had to succumb to the " Canucks " Champion Johnny,
Drake, Champion Newcastle, Tyne, John Halifax, etc., all
being Canadian born and bred.

The year 1889 will ever be a red-letter one with American
Clumber lovers, for in it the importation of leading Eng-
lish prize-winners was inaugurated. In 1887 the writer
secured the celebrated Champion Psycho and his kennel
companions, Snow, Clover, Cherie, Cynic, and two others,
to come to this country, but the negotiation, unfortunately,
fell through. Since then no notorieties had crossed the
Atlantic until Mr. Cameron Bate, of Ottawa, pluckily pur-
chased the English champion, Boss III. (Damper-Lotus),
the winner of an immense number of prizes on the other
side.

This dog, while deficient in several attributes, notably
in head and coat, is wonderfully low on the leg, and alto-
gether a decided gain to the Clumber interests of America.
Shortly after, the same gentleman, on the recommendation
of the writer, purchased the bitch Bromine (Tower-Leda),
a winner of three first prizes in England, and who defeated
several leading winners there, besides being highly eulo-
gized by the kennel press.

The writer has now on the seas the beautiful all white
bitch Snow (Champion John o' Gaunt-Foxley Beauty), a
winner of many first prizes, including the Kennel Club
Jubilee Show at Barn Elms and Birmingham twice, that,
both from her form and splendid breeding, he expects will
prove an invaluable addition to his kennel.

Ottawa, however, is not singular in enterprise of this
description, for Mr. A. L. Weston, of Denver, Colo., having
laid the foundation of a good kennel of the breed by pur-
chases in this country, has bought from the Duke of West-
minster, at a very long price, His Grace's first prize win-
ning bitch at Birmingham.

But the show bench, much as he adorns it by his

312 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

presence, is not the Clumber' s sphere. To appreciate them
at the full, one must see them silently questing for their
game. I am of the firm belief that there is no prettier sight
than a team of good Clumbers stealing ghost-like through
forest or covert. Not a sound is to be heard save now and
then the breaking of the omnipresent dry twig. Mark to
the right ! Drake is feathering. Nell, too, has caught
the scent. Johnny, who has been questing to the ex-
treme left, now comes up to them, and by his manner at
once betrays the proximity of the game. The bodies now
are sunk until they seem to sweep the ground; they look to
have no legs. Their heads point toward some matted,
fallen hemlocks, and with every now and then a backward
glance, for fear of advancing too quickly for the gun,
they swiftly steal along. Now they are within a yard
of the grouse's lair, and their aspects change. With a
bound and a frantic waving of sterns, they are in. Whir-r !
A line old cock is flushed at once. Bang ! One down.
Whir-r ! Whir-r ! Two more up, and only one barrel
charged ! A hen this time presents the easier shot, and to
the report drops, but only wing-tipped.

No more birds being there to flush, the dogs are on the
alert to retrieve whatever may fall. If two birds or more
are down, both Johnny and Drake retrieve, the others not
being allowed to interfere, though if given an opportunity
they will retrieve with alacrity. In this instance Drake
brings in the dead cock, while Johnny pursues the runner.

Flying and running together, a wing- tipped grouse can
encompass space with marvelous celerity, and the object of
Johnny's pursuit is not an exception to the general rule.
The bird doubles and twists in its efforts to escape, thereby
causing the heavy dog to lose ground; but its wiles are of
no avail, and soon he grasps it by the wing, the prisoner
administering heavy punishment about his head with the
free one, and brings it to bag.

From this a conception of the Clumber's manner of land
work may be had, and surely every sportsman will admit
that such silence and stealth in the pursuit of game is a

THE CLUMBER SPANIEL. 313

desideratum. It is killing, certainly, and in an eminently
sportsmanlike way.

Their scent is simply marvelous, and is scarcely subor-
dinate in excellence to that of the Pointer and Setter; indeed
one gentleman in particular takes me to task for, in a
former article, placing them on a par at all, so high is his
opinion of the Clumber's keenness of scent.

They are all-around dogs, good alike in water and on
land. To quote a sixty-year-old sportsman friend, writing
in our leading sportsman's paper, some two years since:
' ' For snipe, woodcock, and partridge (ruffed grouse) shoot-
ing, and for retrieving ducks, I consider them unequaled by
any breed of dogs, and I believe they would also be excellent
dogs to shoot quail over. They hunt so close to the gun that
their flushing the birds without pointing would not be of
any consequence, and in finding scattered birds after the
bevies had been flushed and marked down, I believe they
would not be excelled by the very best Pointers and Set-
ters." In all of which I fully coincide.

Keen-scented, obedient, and withal passionately fond of
his work, he is the beau ideal of the sportsman's compan-
ion. Among his many good qualities is one that should
especially recommend him to the average sportsman, who
has but little time to spend afield, much less in breaking a
dog he is a natural worker, and needs but little training.
While on game he is entirely mute, which is, of course, a
great recommendation, as nothing disturbs game more than
the yapping of a noisy dog.

It is quite the fashion among sportsmen to decry the
Clumber's working capabilities; to say "they're too big"
or "too clumsy," and frequently to conclude by informing
you gravely that " they're no good anyway." But happily
their dictum with the cognoscenti does not carry much
weight. No one that would speak in such a strain could
have seen a good Clumber at work. The writer has tried
them very high, and has never known them to fail. He has
worked one, Champion Johnny, a seventy-pound dog, for
seventeen consecutive days without visibly affecting him;

314 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

also a team on ruffed grouse for sixteen days. They were
weary at the end and foot- sore, but by no means tired out,
and probably the insufficiency of strengthening food was
most to blame. I could fill pages with citations of in-
stances in which Clumbers have not tired out, but can
not recollect a single instance of their having done so.

"Basil," an eminent English authority on shooting,
wrote in a London publication, two years ago, an article on
Clumber Spaniels with particular reference to their superi-
ority over Pointers and Setters at all work save that of
grouse-shooting on the moors. The following is an extract :

For any man who does not shoot on moors, and who wants a general dog, I
say take a Clumber. There is no sort of low country he can not do. I may
go even further, and say he will do grouse ground too, and I believe he would
well, especially in those districts, such as Yorkshire and Derbyshire, where
birds are wild, and where the ordinary sportsman has to go " gruffing," as it is
called, to get game; i. e., stealing up the " gruffs," or gullies and undulations
in the ground, and trying all the clumps of long, old, twisted heather and
broken bogs. Of course my Lord Nabob, who can command an army of men,
can drive his grouse. I talk of the man who enjoys more sport than he; i. e.,
the man who, as I say, wants a general dog. A good retrieving Clumber,
taught, as they mostly are, to drop to hand, fur, wing, and shot, and to keep
at heel when desired, is the most useful dog you can have. On partridge and
low ground shooting he is any dog's equal (I say his master); and by walking
across the open places on the moor, and thus driving the birds forward to deep,
lying bogs and "gruffs" (similar tactics to partridge-shooting), you will find
him a very satisfactory animal to fill the bag. And in Scotch cover, for wood-
cock, blackcock, and pheasant shooting in the long old ling, ferns, and juniper,
which is the undergrowth in Highland woods, he is fully in his element, being
perfectly mute, sagacious, and killing. For any man who wants a general dog
and a general gun, I should say take a good cylinder twelve-bore, and a hand-
some, well-bred, and well-broken retrieving Clumber, and you will not regret
it; ... In my country the Lord Nabobs keep their Pointers and Setters
for the moors, and Clumbers for partridge-shooting. Experience has taught
them that that is the right course, and that is the course pursued when they
kill from one thousand to three thousand brace of birds in a season.
The advantage which a Clumber has over a Pointer for partridges is he
goes much quieter, and when he flushes is within range. . . . Again,
birds when they scatter in turnips often run very much. With a Pointer
roading and reading them, they frequently run all over the field, especially
in windy weather, and thus steal away out of shot or at long distances. A
Spaniel when he comes across game does not give it leisure to play these
tricks; he pounces on it, and it must rise at once. Pheasants, also, in turnips,
often tease a Pointer or Setter terribly, when a good Spaniel would have them

THE CLUMBER SPANIEL. 315

up directly. I have explained that his range is close, therefore he rises them
within shot ; and a Clumber can always be kept to his range.

"Idstone," in his heretofore-mentioned work on "The
Dog, " remarks as follows regarding the Clumber:

Owing to his strong frame and sober disposition, the Clumber lasts longer
than most dogs . He also gains wisdom by experience, and attains value with
age. Thus at seven, when your Setter is slow, your Clumber is an adept, and
you are the envy of all your acquaintances, who, provided they are really fond
of sport, will feel as much pleasure in the work of your dog as in the variety
and abundance of sport you offer them.

During the spring of 1888 I had occasion to search a
tract of several square miles of land, most of it densely
covered with timber, in search of a Clumber, belonging to
me, that had escaped from the train at a neighboring sta-
tion, and, terror-stricken at the strangeness of the surround-
ings, had taken to the brush. On the first day's search I
took with me a Pointer and Setter, and was much struck
with the apparent scarcity of game. The second day I was
accompanied by a Clumber, and in the same woods he
flushed an abundance of game. He "nosed out" what the
gallopers had passed by.

For duck-retrieving from the water they are superb,
being swift and powerful swimmers, and always intent on
coming up with the game. They will dive after a bird like
a Chesapeake Bay Dog (this accomplishment, it will be
observed, is mentioned by De Langley), and catch it under
water. The color is objectionable for this work; but a light
cotton cloth, "dead grass" in color, thrown over him,
will prevent his being seen. No bird can escape them by
hiding in reeds or rushes.

Yet the transcendent merits of this grand dog are
unknown to the vast majority of sportsmen, and those
who know of him through hearsay, and Stonehenge, are
strongly prejudiced against him. That writer, by his utterly
unjust statement that they quickly tire and are but the
rich man's dog, has done great injury to the breed, for
Stonehenge' s books are far more widely circulated than any
other publications treating of the dog. I am often asked:
4 ' If Clumbers are such wonderful dogs, why are they so

316 THE AMEKICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

unpopular 3 ' ' My answer is that they are the victims of
ignorance and prejudice.

It may be pertinent to remark that I know of no one
who has taken up Clumbers who is not more than pleased
and satisfied with them; nay, in nearly every instance they
are enthusiastic in their praise.

Clumbers as bred in America are much higher on the
leg than the general run of English dogs, consequent upon
their having been bred, until the last few years, for shoot-
ing only, and without reference to bench-show points of
excellence. A working Spaniel must have a certain amount
of leg; but then, again, leg can be overdone, just as low-
ness can be, and many of our Clumbers are far too abund-
antly supplied with understandings. But while I dislike
extreme legginess greatly, I also abhor the exaggerated
long and low type, whose bellies nearly sweep the ground.
It is purely a fancy fad that construes "short" in a
standard to mean shortest and "low" lowest. Why we
should rush to extremes, instead of following a midway
course, for the life of me I can not see.

In breeding Clumbers, this tendency to extreme leggi-
ness is to be guarded against. Another general fault is the
un-Clumber-like ear, and few specimens have really well-
shaped and well-hung ones. The ear is so distinctive a
mark of the breed that this is to be deplored. Expression
of the true kind, too, is seldom seen, and heads are far too
apt to be misshapen. In England, I learn, the breed is fast
deteriorating from its old-time excellence; but I hope that
the proverbial American push and intelligence will in time
succeed in resuscitating the Clumber Spaniel.

Probably the best Clumber ever seen Avas Mr. Bullock's
Old Nabob, some time since* dead. I have repeatedly en-
deavored to secure a portrait of him, but without success;
indeed, a prominent English Spaniel owner writes to me:
"I do not think there is a photograph of Nabob in exist-
ence. I knew the dog, and the gentleman who owned him,
during nearly the whole of his show time. Mr. Bullock
was awfully jealous of his dogs, and hardly liked people

THE CLUMBEE SPANIEL. 317

looking at them when at exhibitions." The best of late
years was Champion Psycho, who is sixteen years old.
Champion John o' Gaunt, too, was a good Clumber. At
present there is no dog that stands prominently out from
his fellows. Among the best are Holmes' Tower, Mr.
Farrow's Faust, Ralph, Friar Boss, and Hotpot.

In America, the best native-bred dogs have been Cham-
pion Johnny, Champion Newcastle, Drake, and Tyne, all
sired by one dog, Mr. Palmer's imported Ben, a dog of
direct Clumber House descent.

The leading Clumber owners and exhibitors are Messrs.
Wilmerding and Kitchel, of New York; Mr. Hill, of Ottawa,
who is associated with the writer; Mr. H. W. Windram,
of Boston; and Messrs. Bate and Geddes, of Ottawa. An
important new-comer is Mr. A. L. Weston, of Denver, Colo.

The few Clumbers in this country are owned for the most
part by sportsmen scattered far and wide over the conti-
nent, who do not care to go to the trouble and expense
the exhibiting of dogs entails.

As to preparation for the show bench, little can be said,
for the lesson can only be learned in the school of experi-
ence, and even when learned mayhap it will not apply.
Some dogs can not be properly conditioned. Plenty of
brushing, and judicious feeding, and exercising are the
only means by which the desired end may be attained.

Every sportsman takes pride in the ownership of a hand-
some dog, and the gift of beauty a Clumber possesses in a
high degree. They are withal eminently aristocratic in
appearance. " Handsome is as handsome does" is a time-
honored adage; but when we can combine beauty and util-
ity in one body, surely it is as well to have it so.

"Idstone" goes so far as to characterize the Clumber as
' ' decidedly the handsomest dog ever bred for the sports-
man."

"Dog stories" of late years have been so much over-
done that I will not weary the reader with oft-told tales of
the miraculous performances of my pets; but this omission
must not be construed as being due to a paucity of instances

318 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

of Clumber sagacity for me to elaborate upon. There is no
more intelligent dog in existence than he whom I champion
the noble Clumber.

To their masters they are the most faithful of friends,
and no stranger need expect this aristocrat to take the least
notice of his caresses, if, indeed, he tolerates them at all.

They are splendid watch-dogs, and no intruder can come
about their master's residence without notice being given
of his presence. My Clumbers prevented one burglar that
I know of from u burgling" (he was seen); and a gentleman
writes to me of his Clumber that "he is the most vigilant
watch-dog I have ever known, and I have owned many. He
does not bite, but will bark persistently. On two occasions
he prevented the entrance of burglars, many of the houses
in the neighborhood being entered. But he never barks
unless there is a noise around the house."

This describes their methods very well, though my ex-
perience has been that they will bite at a pinch, and an
ugly wound they can give. I should certainly not care to
have a stranger happen in my kennels at night. There
would be a badly used-up man to comfort, I fancy.

Of ancient and high lineage, useful, strong, enduring,
faithful, watchful, and beautiful surely the Clumber Span-
iel is deserving of popularity.

It is therefore most gratifying, to those of us who know
and love this noble dog, to observe that he is becoming
more and more popular in America every year; that he is
being sought after to-day by sportsmen who a few years
ago either knew or cared nothing for him; that good speci-
mens of the breed now sell readily at prices that a few
years ago would have been thought by every American
exorbitant. It is gratifying to know that, notwithstand-
ing the wide distribution of Clumber owners, already noted,
each year's entry of this breed at our bench shows shows
an increase over the preceding year. All these facts indi-
cate that the Clumber is a coming dog, and it is safe to
predict that in time he will become almost as numerous and
as generally popular in this country as is the Setter to-day.

THE CLUMBER SPANIEL.

319

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320 THE AMEEICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

A representative pedigree, and one tracing back to the
best strains in Great Britain, is that of the fine young dog
Johnny II., bred by the writer. He is brother in blood to
Quester, of whom an illustration is given on page 310.

Subjoined is the standard for judging Clumber Spaniels
as drawn up by me and adopted by the American Spaniel
Club:

Value. Value.

General appearance and size 10 Body and quarters 20

Head 15 Legs and feet 10

Eyes 5 Coat and feather 10

Ears 10 Color and markings 5

Neck and shoulders 15

Total 100

General appearance and size. General appearance, a
long, low, heavy -looking dog, of a very thoughtful expres-
sion, betokening great intelligence. Should have the ap-
pearance of great power. Sedate in all movements, but not
clumsy. Weight of dogs averaging between fifty-five and
sixty-five pounds ; bitches from thirty-five to fifty pounds.

Head. Head large and massive in all its dimensions ;
round above eyes, flat on the top, with a furrow run-
ning from between the eyes up the center. A marked
stop and large occipital protuberance. Jaw long, broad,
and deep. Lips of upper jaw overhung. Muzzle not square,
but at the same time powerful-looking. Nostrils large, open,
and flesh-colored, sometimes cherry-colored.

Eyes. Eyes large, soft, and deep-set, and showing haw.
Hazel in color, not too pale, with dignified and intelligent
expression.

Ears. Ears long and broad at the top, turned over on
the front edge ; vine-shaped ; close to the head ; set on low,
and feathered only on the front edge, and there but slightly.
Hair short and silky, without slightest approach to wave or
curl.

Neck and shoulders. Neck long, thick, and powerful,
free from dewlap, with a large ruff. Shoulders immensely
strong and muscular, giving a heavy appearance in front.

Body and quarters. Body very long and low, well
ribbed-up, and long in the coupling. Chest of great depth

THE CLUMBER SPANIEL. 321

and volume. Loin powerful and not too much arched.
Back long, broad, and straight, free from droop or bow.
Length an important characteristic; the nearer the dog is
in length to being two and one-half times his height at
shoulders the better. Quarters shapely and very muscular,
neither drooping nor stilty.

Legs and feet. Fore legs short, straight, and im-
mensely heavy in bone; well in at elbow. Hind legs
heavy in bone, but not so heavy as fore legs. No feather
below hocks, but thick hair on back of leg just above
foot. Feet large, compact, and plentifully filled with
hair between toes.

Coat and feather. Coat silky and straight, not too
long, extremely dense; feather long and abundant.

Color and markings. Color, lemon and white and
orange and white. Fewer markings on body the better.
Perfection of markings : Solid lemon or orange ears, evenly
marked head and eyes, muzzle and legs ticked.

Stern. Set on level and carried low.

THE SUSSEX SPANIEL.

BY A. CLINTON WILMERDING.

>HE Sussex is one of the many varieties of the Land
Spaniel. In color he is of a golden liver, not over
symmetrical in appearance, nor always graceful in
gait and action, but a substantial worker, a valuable com-
panion in the field, as a rule a good retriever on either land
or water, and gifted, as are all the sporting Spaniels, with
a wonderful sense of smell.

This breed is not so often met with in this country as are
the Field, or Springer, the Cocker, Clumber, and Irish
Water Spaniels; in fact it appears as if but a matter of a
few years when the few pure specimens that we have will
die off, and the breed become practically extinct so far
as we are concerned, unless further acquisitions are sought
from the other side, and more interest taken in this useful
dog, by our Spaniel fanciers and breeders.

It is perhaps an unfortunate condition of things that the
few specimens here have not been kept religiously apart
from the other breeds, instead of being indiscriminately
bred with them. This, however, may be overlooked when
we realize the rarity of the breed, and the difficulty and
expense entailed in mating them when scattered, as they
are, throughout the country. Then, too, with but one or
two exceptions, within our memory, their classification at
bench shows brings them under the head of l ' Field
Spaniels," which title frequently embraces all the larger
Spaniels (over twenty-eight pounds) excepting the Irish
Water; Clumber, Sussex, and Springers often competing
together in this class. Hence it is not to be wondered at
that, with but few of the breed, and the slight inducement
offered to breeders, the disposition has been to breed to the

(323)

324 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

winning blacks among the Springers, to perpetuate strength,
length, and flatness of coat.

Among the early breeders (in England) and owners of
the Sussex, appear such men as S. W. Marchant, who at
one time claimed to be the only owner of the pure Rose-
hill strain; J. Fuller, of Rosehill, Sussex; Rev. W. Shields,
Lord Middleton, Lord Derby, Hon. Captain Arbuthnott, H.
Saxby, Phineas Bullock, and others. These men were cer-
tainly pioneers in the breed, and always stanch upholders
of it.

Among the pure-bred dogs of early date, we lind several
well-known names that figure liberally in the pedigrees of
many of our present prize-winners; especially so with the
Field Spaniels, or Springers. To this ancestry may be
attributed much of the strength, bone, and substance of
our present dogs.

In tracing out the " family tree" of a majority of the
leading dogs of to-day (particularly of the Jacobs stock),
we find the old and familiar names of Burdett's Frank,
Marchant' s Rover, Burgess' Bebb, Old Bebb, Mousley's
Venus, Bachelor, Bob, Bess, Bounce, etc., etc.; these were
all said to be of the pure Sussex breed.

In the field this dog is a strong and cheerful worker, of
great pluck and energy. As a rule he is not silent, al-
though there are frequent exceptions to this. He generally
gives tongue when approaching game. In many parts of
our shooting territory they should be particularly useful
and valuable, in spots where the Setter or Pointer can not
penetrate; the Sussex being powerful and short of leg, and
withal well protected by a thick, flat coat, will fearlessly
press his way through the densest briers and undergrowth,
and ultimately reach and flush the fur or feather secreted
therein.

It seems but fair that this much-neglected breed should
receive the assistance of the Spaniel Club, and, like the
Cockers, the Springers, and the Clumbers, be brought into
public notice and prominence, as the others have been,
through the efforts of this club.

THE SUSSEX SPANIEL. 325

The values of the points and a description of the dog
will at once make themselves clear, in the following stand-
ard for the breed, from " The Dogs of the British Isles,"
edited by the late J. H. Walsh ( " Stonehenge " ), and
adopted by that protector and guardian of the Spaniel
the oldest specialty club in America the American Spaniel
Club:

Value. Value.

Skull 15 Legs and feet 10

Eyes 5 Tail 10

Nose 10 Color 10

Ears 5 Coat 5

Neck 5 Symmetry 5

Shoulders and chest 10

Back and back ribs 10 Total 100

The sTcull (value 15) should be long and wide, with a
deep indentation in the middle, and a full stop, projecting
well over the eyes; occiput full, but not pointed; the whole
giving an appearance of heaviness without dullness.

The eyes (value 5) are full, soft, and languishing, but not
watering so as to stain the coat.

The nose (value 10) should be long (three inches to three
and one-half inches) and broad, the end liver-colored, with
large open nostrils.

The ears (value 5) are moderately long and lobe-shaped
that is to say, narrow at the junction with the head, wider
in the middle, and rounded below, not pointed. They
should be well clothed with soft, wavy, and silky hair, but
not heavily loaded with it.

The neck (value 5) is rather short, strong, and slightly
arched, but not carrying the head much above the level of
the back. There is no throatiness in the skin, but a well-
marked frill in the coat.

Shoulders and chest (value 10). The chest is round,
especially behind the shoulders, and moderately deep, giv-
ing a good girth. It narrows at the shoulders, which are
consequently oblique, though strong, with full points, long
arms, and elbows well let down, and these last should not
be turned out or in.

Back and back ribs (value 10). The back or loin is long,

326 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

and should be very muscular both in width and depth.
For this latter development, the back ribs must be very
deep. The whole body is characterized as low, long, and
strong.

Legs and feet (value 10). Owing to the width of chest,
the fore legs of the Sussex Spaniel are often bowed; but it
is a defect, notwithstanding, though not a serious one. The
arms and thighs must be bony as well as muscular; knees
and hocks large, wide, and strong; pasterns very short and
bony; feet round, and toes well arched and clothed thickly
with hair. The fore legs should be well feathered all down,
and the hind ones also, above the hocks, but should not
have much hair below this point.

The tail (value 10) is generally cropped, and should be
thickly clothed with hair, but not with long feather. The
true Spaniel's low carriage of the tail at work is well
marked in this breed.

The color (value 10) of the Sussex Spaniel is a well-
marked, but not exactly rich, golden liver, on which there
is often a washed-out look that detracts from its richness.
This color is often met with in other breeds, however, and
is no certain sign of purity in the Sussex Spaniel.

The coat (value 5) is wavy, without any curl; abundant,
silky, and soft.

The symmetry (value 5) of the Sussex Spaniel is riot
very marked; but he should not be devoid of this quality.

THE FIELD SPANIEL.

BY J. F. KIIIK.

>HE Field Spaniel is the modern name given to the
larger breed of Land Spaniels, or Springers, to dis-
tinguish them from Water Spaniels and the smaller
Land Spaniel, or Cocker. The name is not especially
happy as to choice, inasmuch as his work is principally
confined to cover-shooting, where he is particularly useful
in finding and raising, or " springing," the woodcock, par-
tridge, or pheasant, and his raison d'etre and popularity
consist in his special excellence and adaptability for such
work.

In the English Kennel Club Stud Book, under the head
of Field Spaniels, are included Springers and Cockers, ex-
cept such as have special classes assigned to them, viz.:
Clumbers and Sussex Spaniels. Thus there are many
varieties, having distinct and separate characteristics,
admitted and recognized under the comprehensive cogno-
men of Field Spaniel; but the intention and scope of this
article is to treat of that most popular and handsome variety
known as the Black Spaniel.

Before going particularly into the points and qualities
of this engaging and beautiful breed, a short glance into
his history and elements will enable the reader to trace the
fact that, as he is at present displayed on our show benches,
to the admiration of all lovers of sporting dogs, he is of
comparatively modern origin. A stupid prejudice, as it
seems to the writer, exists in the minds of many worthy
old sportsmen, that deterioration is the most evident fact to
them in comparing modern Spaniels with the wonderful
dogs of their day. This is pure nonsense, and arises from
a kind of halo of glory with which we are all apt to sur-

(320

328 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

round the memories of oar young and enthusiastic days.
From personal recollection and good opportunities of com-
parison, extending over nearly forty years, I feel positive
that the handsomest Setters which old Laverack used to
bring with him to my native highland moors would not
receive more than a V. H. C. card at our modern shows.
And so with Spaniels. The dogs of thirty, or even fif-
teen, years ago can not be compared with the cracks of the
present day. In candidly admitting this fact, however, I
am quite free to confess that there is a strong tendency on
the part of modern breeders to exaggerate ' ' fancy ' ' points,
and, as a consequence, an undue appreciation is apt to be
given, in the cultivation of the different breeds, to abnor-
mal excess in the admired and difficult-to-be-obtained qual-
ities that differentiate each class from its kindred and allied
breeds, sometimes at the expense of more useful character-
istics. For instance, Spaniel conformation is essentially
4 'long and low," and this has created a rivalry amongst
breeders to produce the " longest and lowest." Now there
is a limit to length and lowness, which is clearly defined as
a point where an exaggeration in those respects interferes
with the necessary activity and ability to work with suffi-
cient ease and vigor in a rough country.

In England, the Clumber, which is the longest, lowest,
and heaviest of the Spaniel tribe, is only particularly use-
ful in pheasant preserves, where rides are cut through the
cover, and where slow, strong, plodding dogs are required.
In examining the old authorities, we find that there were
numerous varieties of sporting Spaniels, and that each
appears to have been selected and bred for the special
peculiarities of the game and shooting that prevailed in
certain districts. In Sussex, the large, handsome, golden-
liver breed was especially prized; in Wales and Devon, the
smaller liver and liver-and-white Cockers were especially
suited, par excellence, for the sport in those counties, while
farther north, and in the midland counties, the black and
black-and-tan Spaniels were the favorites. After the intro-
duction of dog shows in England, about thirty years ago,

THE FIELD SPANIEL.

329

the blacks appear to have monopolized most attention, and
several breeders of historical renown succeeded in improv-
ing, by judicious selection and crosses, the very beautiful
Black Spaniel till he fairly eclipsed all competitors for hon-
ors. More recently, a highly successful experiment of cross-
ing him with the highly esteemed Sussex breed has brought
fame and funds, as the result, to the most intelligent and
persevering breeders of the present day. Thus we see that

CHAMPION FIELD SPANIEL-BLACK PRINCE.
Owned by Mr. A. Clinton Wilmerdmg, 163 Broadway, New York City.

the popular modern Black Spaniel is a product of judicious
and skillful crossing of various breeds.

DESCRIPTION OF THE MODERN FIELD SPANIEL.

The Rev. W. B. Daniel, whose "Rural Sports, 9 ' pub-
lished during the first decade of the century, ought to be
in every sportsman's library, being the work of a thorough
connoisseur and keen critical observer, says: U A Spaniel
can not be too strong; a Spaniel can not be too short on

330 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

the leg; a Spaniel can nofr be too high-couraged." Thus
we see that extremely short, heavy limbs are no modern
innovation, as some claim. I am inclined to think, how-
ever, that if the good and reverend old gentleman lived in
our day, he would be inclined to cry: ' ' Halt! You have got
them short enough in the leg, and heavy enough in bone,
and too many of your prize-winners are too crooked and
clumsy for any sporting purpose. " And he would be right.
The modern tendency is to breed them too heavy in bone
and body, and consequently too heavy and unwieldy for
use. I refer, of course, to the English prize-winners,
because, on this side of the Atlantic, few indeed of this
type have been seen.* Our Spaniels, as seen on the show
benches, are generally absurdly wrong in the opposite
direction. A leggy Spaniel is an abomination, but we
must come to a clear comprehension as to the line to be
drawn between 4 ' long legs ' ' and ' 4 no legs. ' ' Now, a short-
legged dog, which every Spaniel should be, does not mean
of necessity a crawling thing that requires to be helped
over every obstacle a foot or two high. I have seen a
Sussex Spaniel bitch, measuring only fifteen inches full
height at shoulder, and forty inches from tip of nose to

* The following list includes most of the prominent breeders and owners
of Field Spaniels in this country: A. C. Wilmerding, 163 Broadway, New
York City; J. P. Willey, Salmon Falls, N. H. ; George W. Folsom, 826 Con-
necticut avenue, Farragut Square, Washington, D. C.; R. P. Keasby, 6
Saybrook place, Newark, N. J.; D. S. Hammond, Murray Hill Hotel, Forty-
first and Park avenue, New York City; Charles T. Carnell, 190 Washington
street, New York City; R. H. Eggleston, 36 East Forty-second street, New
York City; T. L. Jacques, 217 West Fourteenth street, New York City; A.
Laidlaw, Woodstock, Ontario, Canada; W. T. Payne, 31 West Thirty-eighth
^treet, New York City; W. M. McBurnie, 307 West Fifty-first street, New
York City; George H. Bush, 220 Main street, Buffalo, N. Y. ; Nahmke Ken-
nels, East Patchogue, Long Island, N. Y.; Alexander Pope, 120 Tremont
street, Boston, Mass.; Hornell-Harmony Kennels, Hornellsville, N. Y.; Joe
Lewis, Cannonsburgh, Penn. ; Woodland Kennels, Woodstock, Ontario, Canada;
High Rock Cocker Kennels, Lynn, Mass. ; O. B. Gilman, 40 Boylston street,
Boston, Mass.; B. F. Lewis, Philadelphia, Penn.; L. F. Whitman, 418
Wabash avenue, Chicago; Woodstock Spaniel Kennels, Woodstock, Ontario,
Canada; W. A. Pinkerton, 191 Fifth avenue, Chicago; Dr. J. S. Niven, Lon-
don, Ontario, Canada. ED.

THE FIELD SPANIEL. 331

set-on of tail, able to get over a six-foot fence with ease,
and work a tubby-built eighteen-inch dog to a stand-still in
half a day's work. Why? Because she had grand supple
shoulders, powerful loins and quarters, well-bent stifles and
hocks, the possession of which gave her what Fox Terrier
men call ''liberty," while he, though of great muscular
development and short-coupled, was tied and cloddy in
action. If with length of body and shortness of limb are
combined freedom of shoulder action, straight front legs,
and powerful sickle hocks and stifles, with wide and mus-
cular loins, you have a dog surprisingly active for his
inches. "Idstone," than whom no modern writer knew
better what a Spaniel should be, speaks of the ' ' low, long,
and strong Spaniel." Now, I insist on it, that if your Field
Spaniel has not this conformation, he can not be called a
good one.

The next distinguishing characteristic of a good speci-
men is his stamp of head, including muzzle, eyes, ears, and
"expression." The general contour and profile of the face
and skull should resemble the shape of a reduced Gordon
Setter, but with longer, lower-hanging, and more heavily
feathered ears, darker eyes, and rather clearer-cut muzzle.
The faults to be avoided are heavy, chumpy, "Newfound-
land" heads, high set-on ears, full eyes, and throaty necks
on the one hand, and attenuated, tapering muzzles, with
shallow lips, and flat, narrow, brainless skulls, fishy eyes
too light in color, and showing a limited intelligence and
uncertain temper on the other. Good temper, intelligence,
docility, and courage must be plainly indicated in the
expression of the head and face; and a very important
matter, also, is that the nose should be large, moist, and
wide-spread, showing the possession of high capacity for
keen scent.

Another necessary "mark" of a good Field Spaniel is
the coat. The flatter and straighter the coat lies to the
body the better, but it must not be thin and open, and the
heavily coated ones are often inclined to be wavy, especially
over the neck and rump. It must be of good soft texture,

332 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

and very bright and glossy. A harsher texture of coat is
generally dull in color, but some very excellent Spaniels have
rather strong hair, and this may be, as is by their owners
contended, an indication of strength of constitution. It is
certainly quite becoming when brilliant and straight, but
the tendency of such coats is to be scant and open. The
feather should always be long and straight, or slightly
wavy, very heavy on ears, back of fore legs, under the belly,
and behind the thighs, as well as between the toes, which
gives the feet great protection.

A great deal of interesting contention and discussion
has periodically been occasioned by the interbreeding of
Cockers and Springers, and I have been asked to give my
opinion as to the line of distinction to be drawn between
the Field and the Cocker Spaniel. Well, the actual
difference is mainly one of size and proportions, and also
of temperament. Field Spaniels range from twenty-eight
to forty-live pounds weight. Some exceed this latter limit,
but I think this is not desirable. Cocker Spaniels should
weigh from eighteen to twenty-five pounds, or, as the stand-
ard defines, even twenty-eight pounds. Field Spaniels
should be proportionately lower, heavier in bone, and gen-
erally slower, and longer in body; Cocker Spaniels, pro-
portionately higher, but strong in muscle, more active, and
cobbier in build. While both classes should display the
essential characteristics of the sporting Spaniel, more dash
and energy, and general eagerness (which their more active
build and smaller size indicate), are expected from the
smaller breed; and, on the other hand, a closer range,
stricter obedience to signs and whistles, and the same dili-
gence in work should be looked for in the larger and
heavier breed. The Cocker may be shorter in head and
body, but should exhibit a well-formed muzzle, showing a
well-developed nose and flews, with lips well pendent; and
in both breeds the ears should be long in leather, and with
good feather, set low on head, especially so with the larger
breed. It is esteemed a point of beauty in Field Spaniels to
have the peak of the occiput well marked and rising in a

THE FIELD SPANIEL. 333

distinct point above the origin or highest set- on of the ears,
which must fall close to the head, and hang flat to the
cheek or side of the head. The height at shoulder of a
twenty-two-pound Cocker should not exceed twelve inches,
and eleven inches would be better. A twenty-eight-pound
dog may go to thirteen and a half inches, but not more.
A Field Spaniel of forty-five pounds should not exceed
fifteen inches at shoulder, and a smaller one, say thirty-five
pounds, should be fourteen inches or less. Straight legs in
front should be insisted upon, especially in the Cocker
breed, but not to the extent that obtains in Fox Terriers.
A narrow front is not desirable, and a good depth of chest
and well-rounded barrel, with ribs well developed toward
the loins, which should be muscular and strong, are partic-
ularly required. The hind quarters should be muscular, and
the first and second thighs and hocks well bent, and so
arranged as to give vigorous spring to the movement. Cow-
hocks, or hocks out-turned, are objectionable. The feet are
of great importance, and should be strong and well fur-
nished with heavy, solid, thick pads, horny soles, and
knuckles well sprung and held close together, not splay -,
footed or spreading.

Appended is the standard for the modern Field Spaniel,
or Springer, adopted by the American Spaniel Club, with
scale of points for judging:

Value. Value.

Head 15 Legs and feet 15

Ears 10 Body and quarters 20

Neck 5 Coat and feather 15

Shoulders and arras 10 Tail 10

Total 100

General appearance. Considerably larger, heavier, and
stronger in build than the Cocker; the modern Springer
is more active and animated than the Clumber, and
has little of the sober sedateness characteristic of the
latter. He should exhibit courage and determination in
his carriage and action, as well as liveliness of tempera-
ment, though npt in this respect to the same restless degree

334 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

generally possessed by the Cocker. His conformation
should be long and low, more so than the Cocker.

Intelligence, obedience, and good nature should be
strongly evident. The colors most preferred are solid black
or liver, but liver and white, black and white, black and
tan, orange, and orange and white are all legitimate Spaniel
colors.

Head (value 15) long and not too wide, elegant and
shapely, and carried gracefully; skull showing clearly cut
brows, but without a very pronounced "stop;" occiput
distinct and rising considerably above the set-on of the ears;
muzzle long, with well-developed nose, not too thick immedi-
ately in front of the eye, and maintaining nearly the same
breadth to the point; sufficient flew to give a certain square-
ness to the muzzle and avoid snipiness or wedginess of
face; teeth sound and regular; eyes intelligent in expres-
sion, and dark, not showing the haw, nor so large as to be
prominent or goggle-eyed.

Ears (value 10) should be long and hung low on the skull,
lobe-shaped, and covered with straight or slightly wavy
silky feather.

Neck (value 5) long, graceful, and free from throatiness,
tapering toward the head; not too thick, but strongly set
into shoulders and brisket.

Shoulders and arms (value 10). The shoulder-blades
should lie obliquely and with sufficient looseness of attach-
ment to give freedom to the fore arms, which should be well
let down.

Legs and feet (value 15). The fore legs should be
straight, very strong, and short; hind legs should be well
bent at the stifle-joint, with plenty of muscular power.
Feet should be of good size, with thick, well-developed
pads, not flat or spreading.

Body and quarters (value 20) long, with well-sprung
ribs, strong, slightly arching loins, well coupled to the
quarters, which may droop slightly toward the stern.

Coat and feather (value 15). The coat should be as
straight and flat as possible, silky in texture, of sufficient

THE FIELD SPANIEL.

335

denseness to afford good protection to the skin in thorny
coverts, and moderately long. The feather should be long
and ample, straight or very slightly wavy, heavily fringing
the ears, back of fore legs, between the toes, and on back
quarters.

Tail (value 10) should be strong, and carried not higher
than the level of the back.

THE COCKER SPANIEL.

BY J ' OTIS FELLOWS.

>HE Spaniel is one of the oldest breeds of dogs in
existence, and several other and later breeds owe
some of their best qualities to crosses on this
breed. So far as known, the Spaniel is, as the name
indicates, a native of Spain. From there he was introduced
into England; and by crossing, interbreeding, and manip-
ulation, several strains have been thrown off from the
original parent stock. Dr. John Caius, writing in 1576,
says:

There be gentle dogs serving the hawk, and first of the Spaniel, called in
Latin Hispaniolus. There be two sorts, viz.; the first findeth game on the
land ; the other findeth game on the water. Such as delight on the land play
their parts either by swiftness of foot, or by often questing to search out and
to spring the bird for further hope of advantage, or else by some secret sign
and privy token bewray the place where they fall. The first kind of such
serve the hawk, the second the net or train. The first kind have no peculiar
names assigned unto them, save only that they be denominated after the
bird which by natural appointment he is allotted to take, for the which consid-
eration the Cocker is thus named, as spoken of hereafter. Such be called dogs
for the falcon, the pheasant, the partridge, and such like. The common sort of
people call them by one general word, namely, Spaniels, as though this kind of
dogs came originally and first of all out of Spain. The most part of their
skins is white, and if they be marked with any spots, they are commonly red,
and somewhat great therewithal, the hairs not growing in such thickness but
that the mixture of them may easily be perceived. We are to choose him by
his shape, beauty, mettle, and cunning hunting; his shape being discerned in
the good composition of his body, as when he hath a round, thick head, a
short nose, a long, well-compact, and hairie eare, broad eyde lips, a clear, red
eie, a thick neck, a broad chest, short and well-knit joints, round feete, strong
cleys, good round ribs, a gaunt bellie, a short, broad back, a thick, bushy, and
long-haired taile, and all his body generally long and well haired. He is small,
with a wanton playing taile, and a busie laboring nose, and to give his master
warning of what he scenteth, he doeth it by whimpering and whinnies, making
him adapted for covert shooting. They vary in size from fourteen to twenty
pounds in weight.

22 C337)

338

THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

The Doctor then describes other varieties of the Span-
iel family as follows:

That kind of a dog whose service is required in following upon the water,
partly through a natural towardness and partly by diligent teaching, is endued
with that property. This sort is somewhat big and of a measurable greatness,
having long, rough, and curly hair, not obtained by extraordinary trades, but
given by nature's appointment; yet, nevertheless, friend Gessner, I have
described and set him out in this manner; Pulled and knotted from the shoul-
ders to the hindermost legs and to the end of his taile, which I did for use and.
custom's cause; that being, as it were, made somewhat bare and naked by
shearing of such superfluity of hair, they might achieve more lightness and

COCKER SPANIEL CHAMPION DOC.
Owned by Mr. A. Clinton Wilmerdmg, 163 Broadway, New York City.

swiftness and be less hindered in swimming, so troublesome and needless a
burden being shaken off. This kind of dog is properly called aquaticus, a
Water Spaniel, because he frequenteth and hath recourse to the water, where all
his game and exercise lieth, whereupon he is likewise named a dog for the
duck, because in that quality he is excellent. We use them, also, to bring us
our bolts and arrows out of the water, missing our mark whereat we directed
our level, which otherwise we should hardly recover; and oftentimes they
restore to us our shafts, which we thought never to see, touch, or handle again
after they were lost, for which circumstances they are called inquisitors, search
ers, and finders.

Further on, the good Doctor alludes to "the delicate,
neat, and pretty kind of dogs called the Spaniel gentle, or

THE COCKER SPANIEL. 339

the comforter, in Latin melitocus or totos" of which he
writes:

There is besides those which we have already delivered, another sort of
gentle dogs in this our English soil, but exempted from the order of the resi-
due. Notwithstanding many make much of those pretty puppies called Span-
iels gentle, and though some suppose that such dogs are fit for no service, I
dare say, by their leaves, they be in a wrong box.

Thus it will be seen that the Cocker is one of the oldest
and bluest-blooded strains of the Spaniel family. He was
the friend and companion of nobility in an age when few
other dogs were thus honored.

Stonehenge, in "Dogs of the British Isles,'' says:

The Cocker can scarcely be described, inasmuch as there are so many
varieties in different parts of Great Britain. He may however be said, in gen-
eral terms, to be a light, active Spaniel, of about fourteen pounds weight on
the average, sometimes reaching twenty pounds, with very elegant shape, a
lively and spirited carriage. In hunting he keeps his tail down, like the rest
of his kind, works it constantly in a most rapid and merry way; alone he may
be known from the Springer, who also works his, but solemnly and deliber-
ately, without the same pleasurable sensations which are displayed by the
Cocker. The head is round and the forehead raised; muzzle more pointed
than the Springer, and the ears less heavy, but of good length and well clothed
with soft, wavy hair, which should not be matted in a heavy mass. The eye is
of medium size, slightly inclined to w 7 ater, but not to weep like the toy dog's;
body of medium length, and the shape generally resembling that of a small
Setter. These dogs are well feathered, and the work for their feet and legs
requires them to be strong and well formed. The coat should be thick and
wavy, but not absolutely curled, which last shows the cross with the Water
Spaniel, and that gives too much obstinacy with it to conduce to success in
covert shooting. The color varies from plain liver or black to black and tan,
white and black, white and liver, white and red, or white and lemon. Differ-
ent breeds are noted as possessing some one of these in particular, but I am
not aware that any one is remarkable as belonging to a superior race.

An old work on "The Dog," condensed from Stone-
henge's "British Rural Sports and the Farmer's Calendar,"
contains the following description of Spaniels:

Field Spaniels are divided into two principal groups, the Springers, or large
variety, used for all sorts of covert game ; the Cockers, kept more especially
for woodcocks, to follow which they must be of smaller size. The Springer
is again subdivided into the Clumber, Sussex, Norfolk, and other strains, while
the Cocker includes the Devonshire and Welsh varieties, as well as many other
strains without special names. The Cocker Spaniel is a much smaller dog
than the Springer, seldom exceeding eighteen pounds in weight for bitches

340 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

and twenty-five pounds for dogs. He is much more active than the Springer,
and of any color, more or less marked with white, and closely resemble each
other in other respects. They are nearly mute, but whimper slightly on a
scent, and when well broken they distinguish each kind of game by the note
they give out, especially the woodcock, of which they are very fond.

Mr. A. W. Langdale, a prominent English authority,
quoted by Vero Shaw in his work on "The Dog," says of
the Cocker:

Smaller than their brethren the Springers, they work in a totally different
style, and in a hedgerow or copse, with a thick underwood, are invaluable.
They, like the Springers, are not noisy, but when they do give tongue it is of
such a silvery note as to warm the ardent sportsman's blood. . . . Cockers
run into all sorts of color, from lemon and white, orange and white, and
orange, most generally seen in Wales; to the liver and white, liver and tan, and
roan, generally seen South; and the black and tan of the North.

In undertaking to write an article on the Cocker Spaniel,
I may say that I am no novice in this field. I have bred
them for thirty-five years. Spaniels that I bred won prizes
at the first bench shows in America, and since 1881 we
have won over 1,200 prizes. It was I that first advocated a
club to improve the Spaniels of America. I was selected
by the breeders of America as one of the committee to frame
a standard for the Cocker Spaniel Club, which is the oldest
specialty club in America. The club organized in 1881 is
still alive, with a large number of members ; it is now called
the American Spaniel Club.

Before 1881 anything and everything that looked like a
Spaniel was called a Cocker; they were" generally liver or
liver and white in color, long-legged, snipy-headed dogs,
without any fixed type. All that was required of them
was to hunt, and they certainly could do that. The Cocker
soon improved under the American Spaniel Club standard;
but they were not content with a long, low dog, but must
have the longest and lowest. The standard was made by
practical men, of wide experience with Cockers in the
field, and of course they made a standard for a dog fit for
work; but a lot of dude judges, who never fired a gun or
saw a Cocker at work, step into the ring and spoil the
whole thing by giving prizes to dogs that are cripples,

THE COCKER SPANIEL. 341

practically unfit foi field-work. The worse the dog is
deformed the more prizes he can win. I know I am right
in the stand I have taken against the longest and lowest
abortion, and others know it prominent breeders, profes-
sional breakers, practical sportsmen. Editors of sports-
men's journals, and many others who lov.e a Cocker, often
write me to indorse the position I have taken, but what
good I can do is all spoilt by the non- sporting dude
judges.

For a general purpose dog there is nothing that can
compare with the Cocker Spaniel. He can take the place of

COCKER SPANIEL CHAMPION BRANT.*
Owned by Mr. Charles M. Nelles, Brant Cocker Kennels, Brantford, Ontario, Canada.

the Pointer, Setter, Hound, or Retriever; is not too large
for the house, makes a good watch-dog, and can be taught
as many tricks as a Poodle; but to secure a concentration
of power and endurance he must have a short back, with
immense loin for the weight of the dog; his legs must not

* Champion Brant (A. K. C. S. B. 5856) was whelped September 1,
1885, by Champion Obo II., out of Blackie III. His winnings are: First,
Buffalo, 1887; three specials, Buffalo, 1887; first, Newark, N. J., 1887; first,
Providence, R. I , 1887; first, Boston, 1887; championship, New York, 1887;
championship, Philadelphia, 1887; championship, Detroit, 1887; four specials,
Detroit, 1887; championship, Utica, 1888; special.. Utica, 1888; championship,

342 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

be too short, but straight and well boned, and the feet must
be firm and cat-like, not splay-footed, loose, and flabby, as
we too often see them nowadays.

Until 1887 we imported or owned about all the good
Field and Cocker Spaniels that crossed the pond Bob III.,
Benedict, Beatrice, Dash, Hindoo, Creole, Bub, Jenny,
Dandy, Dinah, Miss Obo II., Newton Abbott Lady, Obo,
Jr., Young Obo, Burdette Bob, Bonanza, Bobo, etc.
The Jacobs strain was useless for field-work; the Farrow,
or Obo, strain not much better, as they had never done
any work in England. The Burdette, or Boulton-Beverley,
were the best of all; crossed with native stock, they are
hard to beat in the field.

In the early days of dog shows, Mr. F. Burdette, the
first secretary of the Birmingham Dog Show, had a breed of
Cockers collected near Latterworth, England, where they
had been bred for many years by an old family named
Footman. They were unrivaled in appearance as well as at
work, taking every prize for which they competed; they
were black and tmn in color. After Mr. Burdette' s death, most
of them were sold to Mr. W. W. Boulton, Beverley, York,
England; and en passant I wish to say that Mr. Boulton is
the oldest Cocker Spaniel breeder in the world, as well as
the greatest authority. Mr. O. S. Hubbell, .while visiting
in England in 1873, purchased a pair of Mr. Boulton for
which he paid $900. They were Beau and Blanche;
black, with rich tan markings. Blanche whelped, October,
1874, eight puppies; one of the litter, Belle, was pre-
sented to Mr. A. C. Waddell. She died in my kennel in
1886, but I had several litters from her by Champion Hornell
Dandy.

Bullock's Spaniels, as exhibited originally, were very
beautiful, but by no means typical, for the very good

New York, 1888, one of best kennel, Philadelphia, 1888; championship, Bos-
ton, 1888; championship, Buffalo, 1888; championship, Syracuse, 1888; two
specials, Syracuse, 1888; championship, London, Ontario, 1888; special, "Cham-
pion of Canada/' London, Ontario, 1888; championship, St. Paul, 1888; special,
St. Paul, 1888. ED

MISS MILLIE FELLOWS AND HER PET, CHAMPION HORNELL JOCK.

THE COCKER SPANIEL. 343

reason that they were crossed with the Irish Water Spaniel
to get the immense feather and ear so much admired in
the early days of dog shows in England, but which so
deeply impregnated the strain with the fatal top-knot and
rough coat that it has never been altogether eradicated.
This strain was also crossed with the Sussex; an own brother
to the famous Flirt and Nellie (blacks) was the pale liver-
colored George, who, mated with his sister Nellie, produced
one of the very best-looking Sussex Spaniels ever exhibited.
This will surely account for the eccentricities of color crop-
ping up now and again in the progeny. The tendency
being to reproduce the original color of their ancestors, the
color, or odd color, is often intensified by the Obo cross, as
no one can say how this strain was produced; and when
papers and letters were sent to Mr. Farrow about the red
and buff puppies got by Silk and Obo II., he was silent as
an oyster. I do not object to the reds and buffs myself, for
Hornell Velda, a buff, was the best Cocker ever seen in
America; and Brantford Red Jacket, a red, and Hornell
Dick, a buff, although of different type, are as good as
any we have.*

Many of the oldest strains of Cockers were lemon, red,
and roan, or these colors were more or less intermingled
with white. In 1861, I bought a buff Cocker from a sailor

* Prominent among the many breeders of Cocker Spaniels in the United
States and Canada may be mentioned; J. P. Willey, Salmon Falls, N. H.; L.
F. Whitman, 418 Wabash avenue, Chicago; American Cocker Kennels, box
277, Philadelphia, Penn.; Dr. J. S. Niven, London, Ontario, Canada; A. C.
Wilmerding, 163 Broadway, New York City; Hornell-Harmony Kennels,
Hornellsville, N. Y. ; O. B. Oilman, 40 Boylston street, Boston, Mass. ; Andrew
Laidlaw, "Woodstock, Ontario, Canada; Woodland Kennels, Woodstock,
Ontario, Canada; George H. Bush, 220 Main street, Buffalo, N. Y.; R. P.
Keasby, 6 Saybrook place, Newark, N. J.; G. Bell, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
C. A. Hinckley, Lee, Mass.; Charles M. Nelles, Brantford, Ontario, Canada;
Miss E. W. Lewis, 192 President street, Brooklyn, N Y. ; High Rock Cocker
Kennels, Lynn, Mass.; William Barnes, 4444 Wood street, Manayneck, Philadel-
phia, Penn.; George T. Whitehe'ad, 441 Chestnut avenue, Trenton, N. J.,
Alexander Pope, 120 Tremont street, Boston, Mass. ; Frank F. Dole, 115 Blake
street, New Haven, Conn.; Woodstock Spaniel Kennels, Woodstock, Ontario,
Canada; R. C. Grignon, Kaukauna, Wis. ED.

344 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

at Port Colbourne. She had been stolen in England; was
buff-colored, and the exact image of Velda.

The real old-fashioned Cocker is not often seen nowa-
days; the present generation of fanciers never saw them,
and surely never used them afield. They simply don't
know what they were, or what they ought to be. As to
the absurdly long body and low formation, which I hold to
be not only a deformity, but altogether contrary to the
true formation and type, it must also be against the very
utility of the breed.

Mr. J. E. Hosford, of Washington, D. C., in an article in
the American Field, speaking of the good qualities of the
Cocker, says:

There is something about this breed of dogs that at once appeals to our
sympathy, and no man can own one and not feel constantly on the alert to
defend it from abuse, slander, or misrepresentation. There is no other breed
of dogs that will win one's affection so completely, and hold it so firmly. A
new Spaniel puppy may never replace, in its owner's heart, some favorite old
Setter or Pointer, but it will be sure to find a place there, and hold it, too,
against all comers. When the shooting season closes, the Pointer and Setter
are laid up in ordinary until the approach of the next season. If owned by
the right man, they are regularly exercised and carefully groomed every day,
and their grateful master never tires of relating their wonderful prowess in the
field. They rest on their laurels contentedly.

Not so with the little Cocker. He and his game have no close season. He
seems to know, intuitively, a thousand and one little tricks and ways to please,
entertain, and surprise his master, in and out of season. He is constantly at
work in a busy, merry, unobtrusive way. He knows your words better than
you do yourself, and governs himself accordingly. If you want him, he is
right here before you, wagging his tail and looking at you intently, as if to
say, " I am ready for anything." If you don't want him, he is away in some
corner quietly dozing, or apparently sleeping, but always on the alert. He is
never troublesome. He is always able to take care of himself, and to do a
great deal else besides.

He is a most noble and faithful guardian of your property and person.
While he is in your possession, chickens do not scratch the flower beds and
wallow around the front porch; rats do not come into the cellar, nor strange
cats into the back yard; your peaches and melons ripen before they are stolen,
and burglars do not tamper with your locks and window-catches. If anything
goes wrong about the place, the little Cocker is almost always the first one to
notice it, and the almost human w T ay in which he comes and tells you of it
touches certain chords in the heart which do not vibrate too often. They are
the handiest little companions of the whole dog race. They ask for but little
room, little food, and little care, yet in return they give a value tangible only

THE COCKER SPANIEL. 345

to those who know how to love and appreciate a good and faithful dog. Their
worth can not be told in dollars and cents, nor compared with other stand
ards.

I know of no other breed of dogs so generally useful and worthy of man's
companionship at all times and places, in town or country; although I have not
had persona] experience on all game, yet from close study of their ways and
methods, and a knowledge of their great intelligence, I am sure they would not
be out of place whether one hunts ducks or squirrels, 'coons, rabbits, partridges,
pheasants, woodcocks, or wild turkeys, and I was not at all surprised to read
in a recent number of the American Field that one of our best-known sports-
men had found them very serviceable while hunting deer. I know the Cocker,
and am not afraid to say that he can make himself more or less useful on any
game that is hunted; and unless a sportsman confines himself to some game to
which another breed of dogs is better adapted, there is no more useful dog for
him to own than a bright, active, intelligent Cocker Spaniel.

Now let me ask, Why are they not more popular? Why are not thousands
instead of hundreds sold every year? When they can be utilized at all times,
and kept in city or country, in the house or outdoors, at an office or a hotel,
why are they counted by ones and twos to a county here and there, while
every town has almost as many Setters, Pointers, and Hounds as there are
men and boys who shoot?

It is simply because the merits and good qualities of the Cocker are not
known to the masses. It is because our favorites have not been advertised and
pushed to the front as the other bre.eds of sporting dogs have; and if Cocker
breeders and Cocker owners would institute field trials for Cockers, thousands
of sportsmen would come and see them run who are now ignorant of their use-
fulness . Then we should see the noble little dog take his place at the front,
where he belongs.

And not only as a field dog does the Cocker excel, but as
a pet, a house dog, a companion for children or adults, he
is without a rival. When desired for this purpose alone,
he may be bred down to twenty pounds or under. No dog-
is more affectionate than the Cocker, and none has so many
ways of showing his affection. None is more faithful as a
guardian of persons or property, and none more quiet, un-
obtrusive, or cleanly in his habits.

In training for the house or field, be gentle, but firm and
patient; as soon as the dog knows what you want, he will
do it himself. Never, under any circumstances, use a whip
or speak harshly to a. Cocker; you can coax him to do any-
thing, but he will not stand the whip.

It is only a matter of patience to teach a Cocker to do
anything that a dog can do. They can almost talk. I now

346

THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

own two that can sing, and they will accompany any instru-
ment that is played. The small dogs seem to learn tricks
quicker than the large ones, and a Cocker never forgets.
My son taught a little Cocker forty-two distinct tricks in a
year. This little dog was better and quicker than any two
messenger-boys in the country; was also a master hand on
woodcock and ruffed grouse.

A friend of mine has a handsome black and-tan Cocker,
Neptune by,uame, who considers himself the chosen friend,
the guardian, the nurse, the messenger of the family.

When his master
comes into the
house, after an
absence of a few
hours, the little
dog is beside him-
self with joy. He
leaps, dances, and
rubs against the
man, and in va-
rious ways shows
his delight. When
his master sits
down, the little
dog will, if in-
vited, leap upon
NEPTUNE, his lap, rub and

caress him in a perfect ecstasy of joy; then, without
waiting for a command, he will leap down, run and get the
man's slippers and bring them to him, as much as to say,
"Here, my friend, put these on and be comfortable." If
the master lies down on the sofa, the dog lies beside him,
either on the sofa or the floor, as directed, and anyone
who approaches him while asleep is warned by an angry
growl and a show of ivory that the atmosphere about
there is unhealthy for intruders. If the master move
uneasily or moan in his sleep, Nep is up in an instant,
peering anxiously into his face, whining, and showing the

THE COCKER SPANIEL. 347

most intense anxiety for his charge. This same delight is
shown when any member of the family returns from even
a temporary absence, and the same solicitude and care are
bestowed upon any member of the family who lies down
during the day. At night, Nep seems to think it his duty
to guard the room of his young mistress. He sleeps just
outside her door, and anyone who attempts to approach
it gets into trouble at once.

There are no small children in this family^ but when
friends call and bring children the little dog is delighted
beyond measure. He at once takes charge of the little
folks, and not even their own mother is allowed to punish
them in his presence. After caressing and romping with
them a few minutes, he sails away, gets his ball, brings
it, and in all but words invites his playmates to a friendly
game. They throw the ball through the halls, he retrieves
it, lays it at their feet, and looking up at them, beseeches
them, with his great dark eyes and eager, excited motions,
to throw it again.

He plays hide-and-seek with them as enthusiastically
and as skillfully as any one of their own number. Some
member of the party holds him and "blinds" him, by plac-
ing his long, silky ears over his eyes. When the signal is
given and he is released, he races through the house with
the speed of a Greyhound for a few moments, in a kind
of general search. Then he cools down and goes about his
work more systematically. He approaches, looks at, and
smells of each child in the room even if there be a dozen
of them apparently in order to learn which one is missing.
Then he starts on a tour of the rooms and halls, searching
for both foot and body scent, and soon locates the fugitive,
no matter where he or she may be. The little children
frequently step into a closet and close the door, but Nep
finds them all the same, and having smelt at the thresh-
old until sure he is right, sets up an emphatic barking that
soon brings the hidden treasure laughing and screaming
into the light.

Once when playing this game with him a little girl hid

348 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

on top of the piano. Nep hunted her through all the
rooms, and finally decided that she was in the parlor. He
ran sniffing and yelping, eagerly, from side to side of this
room, looking in and behind every chair. Finally he
took up her trail and followed it. He found the chair
from which she had stepped onto the piano. Leaping into
this, he stood up, with his feet on the back of it, and this
enabled him to see the little miss perched on the center of
the lid. His barking, though most excited and vigorous, was
well-nigh drowned in the shouts and screams of laughter
in which all the spectators, old and young, joined.

Nep carries notes and packages up and down stairs and
anywhere about the house, thus saving his master and
mistress many a step. These charges he always delivers
to the person to whom he is sent, and it is useless for any-
one else to try to get them from him en route. When
the postman rings the bell, Nep goes down, gets the mail,
and delivers it safely to his mistress.

What is he worth? What do you imagine it would
take to buy such a friend if you owned him ? He is worth
his weight in gold, but that wouldn't buy him. His owner
would as soon sell one of his own children as Nep. And
yet any well-bred Cocker may be taught all these things, if
only a reasonable amount of time, effort, patience, and
horse-sense be devoted to the task.

In breeding, I do not try to have one dog correct faults
in the other, but try to have both as perfect as I can get
them. I do not object to in-and-in breeding, as it fixes the
type, and I have never yet seen any bad results from it,
such as deformities or loss of capacity to learn.

After the bitch has been bred, I give her exercise until
she is ready to whelp. I always give her a quiet place
to whelp in, with plenty of room. The bitch always seems
to do better alone, but care must be taken, in cold weather,
that the puppies shall not get chilled.

Cocker Spaniels are always docked. I do it when the
puppies are from one to two weeks old, before they can
move around much; then the wound heals quicker. The

THE COCKER SPANIEL.

349

operation is painless. Let one person hold the puppy's tail
on a block of wood, while another, with a sharp chisel and
mallet, removes just half of the tail.

All well-bred Cockers are natural hunters and retriev-
ers, and their senses of sight and smell are more acute than
those of either the Setter or Pointer. Captain McMurdo told
me that when breaking Setters and Pointers he always
had his little Cocker bitch at heel, and he could tell by her
actions when near game, although the Setters and Pointers,
ranging ahead, would give no notice of it. When a Cocker
is under control, he is trained. He should be taught to

COCKER SPANIEL CHAMPION MIKE.*
Owned by Mr. Charles M. Nelles, Brant Cocker Kennels, Brantford, Ontario, Canada.

stop instantly and to come in promptly. He will always
work his ground thoroughly, but must not range out of
gunshot, because he flushes his game, and if this be done
too far from the gun, you lose your chance for a shot.

I do not train my dogs to drop to shot or wing, but

* Champion Mike (A.. r K. C. S. B. 7321) was whelped June, 1884, by
Champion Frank, out of Nellie. His winnings are: First, St. Paul, Minn.,
1887; first, Milwaukee, Wis., 1887; second, Utica, N. Y., 1888; first, Phila-
delphia, Penn., 1888; special, Philadelphia, Penn., 1888; first, St. Paul, Minn.,
1888; championship, Baltimore, Md., 1888; championship, Chicago, 111., 1889;
championship, Toronto, Ontario, 1889. ED.

350 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

always to stop, and at the word. I think this is important;
for while you have the dog under better control at a " close
charge," in such a position he does not have a chance to
use his eyes. I have often seen them stand on their hind
feet and jump up to see where the bird has gone. Our best
woodcock- shooting here is in tall corn. Woodcock dogs I
do not train to drop to shot or wing, but let them go for
all they are worth; then the bird will top the corn, and you
can get a fair shot.

A writer in Land and Water gives some excellent advice
regarding the training of Spaniels, and I can not do better
than to quote a few paragraphs in his own words. He says:

Most people are contented if a dog will work within gunshot and push out
the game for him to kill. Almost any mongrel with the necessary practice and
experience will do this, but I assume that the sportsman takes a pride in his
dogs, likes to have good-looking and well-bred ones, and if he wishes to shoot
in comfort and in good form when he uses Spaniels, it is quite as necessary to
have them well trained as any other breed of sporting dog. I will therefore
give such directions as experience has taught me are useful. I know no dog
that more repays the trouble of breaking yourself (that is, if you have the
requisite knowledge and patience) than the Spaniel, who, from the natural tove
and affection he has for his master more than any other dog, should be more
ready to work for him than anyone else. The Spaniel's natural love of and
ardor in hunting require a firm hand over him until he is matured. There is
an old saying that " a Spaniel is no good until he is nearly worn out." There
is a great deal of. truth in this, and the Spaniel's enthusiasm must be largely
reduced before he can get down to cool, earnest work. I recollect an old bitch
that belonged to a Devonshire sportsman that was so cunning that she used to
catch as much game as he shot. When the old man died, I bought the bitch,
as she had a great reputation; but she was far too much of a pot-hunter for me.
I could have backed her against a moderate gun any day. Spaniels get very
knowing in working to the gun after a few months, and it is astonishing what
efforts they will make to maneuver the game out to the shooter. I have seen
numberless instances of this, particularly in hedgerow shooting, when I have
frequently seen a clever old dog, on winding game, not make a rush at it, which
would have had the effect of sending it out on the other side, but pop through
the fence and push it out to you. This, as I have said, is only acquired by ex-
perience; and a young, vigorous Spaniel will sometimes push up the game irre-
spective of lending any aid to the gun. A really good Spaniel, even when he
is busy questing and bustling about, should always have an eye to the gun,
and to work to it instead of for himself and his own gratification and amuse-
ment.

You can not well begin too early to train young Spaniels to get their noses
down and to hunt close; to work thoroughly every bit of ground and every

THE COCKER SPANIEL. 351

hole and corner that can possibly shelter a head of game. This is what the
Spaniel is required to do when he is grown up; and in order to inculcate this
habit in him, and to discourage him in what he is so prone to do namely, go
ahead you should begin by flinging small bits of meat or boiled liver into
small patches of turnips in a garden, or small patches of thick bushes, or any
kind of covert that will cause him to seek for it with his nose and not with his
eyes. By no means enter your young Spaniels to rabbits if you can avoid it ;
they take to them naturally when they get the chance, and there is no fear
of their not having the opportunity soon enough. Enter them to winged game,
by all means, and for this purpose get an old cock partridge, cut one wing,
and put him into a small patch of thick covert.

Never take young Spaniels into large or thick coverts where they can
get away from under your eye. Confine your working ground to small bits
of covert, patches of turnips, bushes, bits of gorse, anything, in fact, where
you will be likely to have thorough control over them, and where they are in
reach of an attendant, whom you should always have with you to turn them
to your whistle. I have found it a first-rate plan to take them out on the
sides of rivers and ponds, where there are lots of moor- hens, and plenty of
sedge and rushes; let them hunt in the rushes till they are tired, and a morn-
ing's work of this kind will do them more good than anything I know of.
They soon become fond of the work; it teaches them to hunt close, and they
are perfectly under the control of yourself and assistant.

Teach them early to drop to hand and shot, and spare no pains about it;
this is a part of a Spaniel's education which is generally neglected. I know
many men who, instead of making them drop to shot, make them come to
heel, using the words "come around," or "heel." It answers every purpose;
and as it brings every dog to you, and he has to work right away from you
again when he gets the signal, it has its advantages in keeping them under con-
trol; but on the whole I prefer the dropping to shot and wing instantly. It is
difficult to make a Spaniel drop to fur; and if you can keep him from chasing,
merely putting up hares and rabbits, but not following them after they are
started, rest satisfied that little more is necessary or desirable.

I once saw an interesting thing of this kind. I was shooting with a gen-
tleman near Southampton, in one of his coverts, to a team of small Clumbers;
we were both standing in a ride, and saw a charming little bitch feathering
near us toward the ride. Just as she got to it, out popped a rabbit and scuttled
down the ride, followed out of the covert by the bitch; but as soon as she
cleared the wood and was in the ride, close on to the rabbit, which she
had not seen till then, down she dropped, entirely of her own accord.
She had not seen either of us, neither did we know that we were each observ-
ing this pretty bit of work until we compared notes a few minutes after, and
agreed that we had never seen anything better. It is rather difficult to
describe, but to me it was worth all the afternoon's shooting, and it made an
impression at the time which is as fresh as ever now. She was, I need
scarcely say, thoroughly broken.

If it is desired to make young Spaniels take water, and they show any
disinclination to it, the best plan is to take them to a stream which you can

352 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

wade through. Walk through to the other side, and they will probably
follow you at once ; if they do not, walk straight away from the opposite side
and go out of sight; they will come after making a little fuss about it. If
you have not a suitable shallow stream, but are obliged to make use of a deep
river for your purpose, get an attendant, whom they do not know, to hold
your puppies while you go round by a bridge out of their sight, and come
down opposite to them, and follow the instructions I have given above.
Remember many young dogs have, at first, a great fear of getting out of their
depth all at once, but will freely dabble into a shallow stream; so that it is best
to lead them on by degrees. Once having got off their legs, and finding that it
is an easy matter to swim, there will be no further trouble. Always choose
warm weather for this teaching. There is, however, no better plan of teach-
ing them to take to the water than letting them hunt moor-hens. As to whether
Spaniels should be taught to retrieve or not will depend upon what your
requirements are, the number you use, and so on.

If you own but one dog, by all means take all the trouble you can to per-
fect him in this business; and for this purpose you should choose your whelp
from a strain that retrieves naturally.

If you work three or four Spaniels together, unless they are thoroughly
broken, they all want to retrieve, and it is often the cause of much trouble.
Nothing looks worse than to see several dogs all tugging at one bird, except,
perhaps, the bird itself afterward. If your dogs are sufficiently broken and
under command, and will drop to shot or come to heel, and you can direct
either one of them to find the wounded game while the others remain down or at
heel, you can let them take it in turn which shall- be allowed the pleasure and
honor of recovering the wounded; but how rarely one sees Spaniels so well
under command as this. In the case of a team of Spaniels, I think it better
that they should not be allowed to retrieve, and this duty is better confined to
a regular retriever.

It is a good plan with young Spaniels to walk round a covert toward even-
ing, when pheasants are out at feed in the stubbles, having an attendant with
you to prevent them getting into covert, and walk in a zigzag way about the
stubbles; you can generally give them plenty of practice in this way, and enter
them well to the scent of winged game. If your puppies do not readily return
to your whistle, but show a disposition to go on, turn your back upon them and
go the other way, which will generally have the desired effect; and a rate or a
crack of the whip from your attendant will greatly aid it. If a puppy is too
fast, put up a fore leg in his collar, or tie a strap tightly round one hind leg
just above the hock; but neither of these must remain long without changing,
or you will produce swelling and inflammation. Apart from the pleasure and
satisfaction there is in shooting to dogs of your own breaking, there is this
advantage, that they learn to understand your ways, and to know thoroughly
your every look and motion, while you at the same time perfectly understand
them.

In selecting young Spaniels to break, if you do not breed your own, be
most particular in getting them from a good working strain, of a sort that a
friend of mine designates as " savage for work." To work Spaniels in thick,

THE COCKER SPANIEL.

353

large woods you should always go with them to work them, or send someone
they are accustomed to work with, or they will become wild or slack.

A writer in the American Field also gives the following
good points on this subject :

I have had an extensive experience in training Cockers, and have always
found them exceedingly tractable and anxious to learn. I use the same meth-
ods for yard-breaking that are commonly used for Setters. The Cocker is a
natural retriever, and readily fetches " to hand." My old dog Gyp I trained
with great care, and had him completely under my control. He would charge

COCKER SPANIEL JERSEY*
Owned by Mr. J. P. Willey, Salmon Falls, N. H.

at word or sign as far as he could hear or see me, and would obey the motion
of my hand in sending him in any direction. He was obedient to whistle, so
that when in motion one whistle would stop him, and when stopped, one
whistle would start him in whatever direction I motioned. One long whistle
would call him to my feet. He would follow to heel anywhere.

* Jersey (A. K. C. S. B. 8519), a solid black Cocker Spaniel, was whelped
July 16, 1887. Sire, Champion Obo II. ; dam, P. Cullen's Darkie. Winnings:
Second, open and puppy class, New York, February, 1888; V. H. C., open
and puppy class, Philadelphia, Penn., March, 1888; first, open and puppy
class, Boston, Mass., April, 1888; special, best Cocker puppy, Boston, Mass.,
April, 1888; special, best Spaniel puppy, Boston, Mass., April, 1888; first, open
23

354 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

When a year old I took him out for woodcock the first time lie was ever
in cover. I had not been on woodcock ground ten minutes before he gave
voice. I knew that meant birds, and immediately gave one short, sharp whistle,
which brought the dog to a stop Taking a good position, I gave one more
whistle, when he started quickly, giving voice, and flushed a woodcock, which
my friend shot. Calling to Gyp to " fetch," he obeyed instantly, bringing the
bird in tenderly. We hunted about four hours, raised nine woodcocks and shot
seven. Gyp found them all, and retrieved every dead bird, never failing to
obey me, and never flushed a bird until ordered to go on, always giving me
warning of the presence of a bird by giving voice. I have been unfortunate in
not living in a partridge country since I was a boy, and for that reason have
never trained a Cocker for partridge-hunting; still I believe I can take any one
of my Cockers and hunt partridges as I have woodcocks; but my friends who
use Cockers for partridge-hunting usually allow the dog to " tree" the birds.
All the experience I have had with Cockers on partridges was when a boy, and
without any trouble I had my little Spaniel trained so he would circle about
a bird, giving voice as he ran, gradually drawing the circle smaller until he
flushed the bird, which would seek refuge in the nearest tree.

For fuller and more complete instructions on this sub-
ject, I would commend to my readers a little book called
" The Spaniel and its Training," by D. Boulton Herrold.
It is an excellent work, and is invaluable to owners of
Spaniels.

I would advise anyone about to purchase a Cocker to
get a puppy, and train it for his own use. The best
worker I ever owned was trained on the street going to
and from my shop. Buy a dog that will mature at about
twenty-six or twenty-eight pounds, a cobby dog, that
stands about fourteen inches at shoulder, with head of
medium length, good straight legs, and hard, round feet.

and puppy class, Albany, N. Y., June, 1888, special, best Cocker, Albany,
N.Y., June, 1888; V. H. C., open class, Buffalo, N.Y., September, 1888; second,
open class, Syracuse, N. Y , September, 1888; first, open class, London, Can-
ada, September, 1888; special, best Cocker dog, London, Canada, September,
1888; first, open class, New York, February, 1889; first, open class, Troy,
N. Y., February, 1889; first, open class, Albany, N. Y., March, 1889; first,
open class, Rochester, N. Y., March, 1889; first,' open class, Boston, Mass.,
April, 1889; second, challenge class, Chicago, 111., April, 1889; second, chal-
lenge class, Philadelphia, Penn., April, 1889; first, challenge class, New York,
February, 1890; special, best American-bred Cocker, New York, February,
1890; second, challenge class, Boston, Mass., April, 1890; first, challenge class,
Buffalo, N. Y., April, 1890; special, best American-bred Cocker, Buffalo,
N. Y., April, 1890.

THE COCKER SPANIEL.

Avoid the long-headed, long-bodied, and short, crooked-
legged dog as you would a serpent, for it is a physical
impossibility for them to do good work; also avoid a dog
with a light- colored eye. For my part, I always prefer a
bitch, as they learn easier, are more faithful, and never
want to roam in quest of sexual pleasures.

Following is the American Spaniel Club's standard for
Cocker Spaniels:

Value. Value.

General appearance 10 Length 5

Head 15 Legs and feet 15

Eyes 5 Coat 10

Ears 10 Tail 5

Neck and shoulders 10

Body 15 Total , 100

A Cocker Spaniel must not weigh more than twenty -
eight pounds nor less than eighteen pounds.

General appearance, symmetry, etc. (value 10). A
Cocker Spaniel should be eminently a well-built, graceful,
and active dog, and should show strength without heavi-
ness or clumsiness. Any of the Spaniel colors is allowable,
but beauty of color and marking must be taken into con-
sideration.

Head (value 15) should be of fair length, muzzle cut off
square, tapering gradually from the eye, but not snipy.
Skull rising in a graceful curve from the stop, and with the
same outline at the occiput, the curve-line being natter, but
still curving at the middle of the skull. The head should
be narrowest at the eyes and broadest at the set-on of ears,
and viewed from the front, the outline between the ears
should be a nearly perfect segment of a circle. The stop
is marked, and a groove runs up the skull, gradually be*
coming less apparent, till lost about half-way to the occiput.
This prevents the domed King Charles skull, and there
should not be the heaviness of the large Field Spaniel, but
a light, graceful, well-balanced head. Jaws level, neither
undershot nor pig- jawed; teeth strong and regular.

Eyes (value 5) round and moderately full. They should
correspond in color with the coat.

Ears (value 10) lobular, set on low; leather fine and not

356 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

extending beyond the nose, well clothed with long, silky
hair, which must be straight or wavy no positive curls
or ringlets.

Neck and shoulders (value 10). Neck should be suffi-
ciently long to allow the nose to reach the ground easily;
muscular, and running into well-shaped, sloping shoulders.

Body (value 15). Ribs should be well sprung; chest of
fair width and depth; body well ribbed back; short in the
coupling; flank free from any tucked-up appearance; loiif
strong.

Length (value 5), from tip of nose to root of tail, should
be about twice the height at shoulder, rather more than
less.

Legs and feet (value 15). The fore legs should be short,
strong in bone and muscle, straight, neither bent in nor
out at elbow; pasterns straight, short, and strong; elbows
well let down; the hind legs should be strong, with well-
bent stifles; hocks straight, looked at from behind, and near
the ground. Feet should be of good size, round, turning
neither in nor out, toes not too spreading; the soles should
be furnished with hard, homy pads, and there should be
plenty of hair between the toes.

Coat (value 10) should be abundant, soft and silky,
straight or wavy, but without curl; chest, legs, and tail
well feathered. There should be no top -knot or curly hair
on top of head.

Tail (value 5) usually docked, carried nearly level with
the back. At work it is carried lower, with a quick, nerv-
ous action which is characteristic of the breed.

THE CHESAPEAKE BAY DOG.

BY GEORGE W. KIERSTEAD.

'OR the past dozen years, much has been written, pro
and con, in regard to this truly American dog;
American at least in name and characteristics, and,
I am inclined to believe, in origin. Strange to say, of all
that has been written and said, scarcely any two writers
agree as to the general make-up and appearance of the
typical Chesapeake. On this account, it is extremely
difficult to handle the subject properly, and it is almost
dangerous to advance ideas and ask that they be accepted
as authority. Having always stood on the results of my own
investigations and experiences on this subject, and having
met, in the press or in the judge' s ring, representatives from
every kennel of Chesapeakes in the United States, only to
see them carry off the field of battle or from the show
bench only such empty honors as were left after all higher
honors were bestowed upon the strain of Chesapeakes which
I champion, I fully appreciate the fact that a great deal
might be quoted that has already been written by men to
whom I give all due respect, but fear it would be of little
benefit to the reader, and that it might only confuse the
uninitiated.

If you will stop for a moment and recall all you have
heard and read on the subject of Chesapeakes, I will ask,
Did not the relater, with two or three exceptions, tell what
some friend had seen, heard, or experienced in regard to
them, and tell little or nothing of his own observations and
experience?

I know nothing, by experience, in regard to the Chesa-
peake Bay Dog' s work on the open waters of Chesapeake
Bay, and do not intend to discuss the subject from that

(357)

358 THE AMEEICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

stand-point, but from the stand-point wherein lies my expe-
rience the marshes, lakes, sloughs, and rivers west and
north of the Ohio River. I contend that a dog that does
good work in this locality can and will do good work on the
open waters of the bay, or in any other ducking- waters; and
I further contend that a dog, to do good and satisfactory
work in this locality, must have marked characteristics
such as are, so far as I know, not possessed by any other
dog than the Chesapeake. It was owing to this fact that I
became interested in the study and breeding of these dogs
fifteen years ago.

During all the subsequent years, I have had the best of
opportunities to study their weak and their strong points, as
well as their history. In all these years of breeding,* I can
say I did not breed for profit alone. From the first, I was
convinced that I was not laboring in vain, but for a noble
purpose. My motto was: ' ' Breed for the advancement of the
Chesapeake Bay Duck Dog, and for the benefit of sports-
men." To this I attribute my success, and success surely
has been the result of my efforts. There is not to-day a
Chesapeake Bay Dog in the West, of anything more than
local note, that does not owe his or her origin to the Sun-
day-Nellie strain, of which I have the honor of being the
originator. As duck-retrievers, these dogs have no supe-
riors. It is a question yet unsettled by public trial as to
whether their equals have been produced.

There is no breed of dogs whose history extends back so
far as that of the Chesapeakes of which so little is known
by the general public, and the origin of which is so closely
veiled in mystery. No such breed was known in the United
States until near the end of the eighteenth century. There
is no question as to the fact that the breed originated along
the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries, and that it derives
its name from this fact.

From the best authorities obtainable, we learn that about
the year 1807, the ship Canton, of Baltimore, Md., fell in at

*See frontispiece. ED.

THE CHESAPEAKE BAY DOG.

359

sea with an English brig, in a sinking condition, bound
from Newfoundland to England. The crew were taken
aboard the Canton; also two puppies, a dog and a bitch.
The English crew were landed on their native soil, and the
two puppies purchased from the captain for a guinea
apiece and taken to Baltimore.

CHESAPEAKE BAY DOG POLLY.
Owned by Jay F. Towner, Perryman's, Maryland,

The dog puppy, a dingy red in color, was called Sailor,
and was given to a Mr. John Mercer, of West River. The
bitch was black, was called Canton, and was given to Dr.
James Stewart, of Sparrow Point. These dogs were com-
pactly built not so large as the Newfoundland; hair
not long, but thick and wavy. They individually attained

360 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

great reputations as duck-retrievers, and it is said of them
that they would follow a cripple for miles through ice and
a heavy sea, and if successful in a capture would always
bring it back to their owner. The dog, Sailor, became the
property of a gentleman of wealth, and was taken to his
estate on the east shore of Maryland, where his progeny is
still known as the Sailor breed.

There is no positive proof that there were ever any dogs
produced from the union of these two Sailor and Canton;
neither is there anything to show there was not a produc-
tion from them. The natural supposition is that there was,
and it is to these two dogs that we feel we can give credit
for the now famous breed of Chesapeake Bay Duck Dogs.

There is now to be met with a great variety of what are
called Chesapeake Bay Duck Dogs, but my opinion is that
if the pedigree of some of these were obtainable, you would
find that a cross or two has been made on either the Setter
or Spaniel, and it is in this way that I account for the dif-
ferent types to be seen. The reason this cross-breeding has
been resorted to is that the Chesapeake Bay Dog, with an
authenticated pedigree, is not to be met with every day,
and especially since the close of the late civil war, which
made such devastation in the Southern States.

While there are a number of dogs used for breeding pur-
poses, and their produce sold as Chesapeake Bay Dogs,
which do not even reproduce themselves, much less trans-
mit the qualities claimed for the Chesapeake Bay Dogs, yet
there are, and have been for years, dogs used for breeding,
the progeny of which can be depended upon to reproduce
themselves and transmit this with their other good quali-
ties; and this I consider the best evidence obtainable that
the Chesapeake Bay Duck Dog does now exist in purity,
and that it is as distinct a breed as the Setter, Pointer, or any
other breed, though much fewer in numbers. Many breeds
of dogs have a tail of mongrels hanging to them, which is
in some cases larger than the breed itself; and, unhappily,
the Chesapeake Bay Dog happens to be one of the cases
where the tail is trying hard to wag the dog.

THE CHESAPEAKE BAY DOG. 361

For years this promiscuous breeding to which we have
attributed the different types of dogs to be seen which are
called Chesapeake Bay Dogs was kept up along the shores
of the Chesapeake Bay, and to obtain specimens that would
conform to the description of Sailor and Canton was well-
nigh impossible. Still they did, and do now exist, and the
sportsmen of to-day can thank O. D. Foulks, J. J. Turner,
and one or two others in the East, and the writer and one
other breeder in the West, for the perpetuation and produc-
tion of the most perfect specimens that are now obtainable. *

A correspondent of the American Field, who signs
" Banshee," gives this as his idea of the correct type of
this breed:

The genuine and true type of the Chesapeake Bay Ducking Dog Should
not be taller than a medium-sized Setter, though a good deal heavier in body;
short legs, long neck, rather a pointed nose, running back into a broad head
reminding one very much of the other with rather small ears, set up high on
the head, its face having a very quick, bright, and intelligent expression; with
short, straight hair, without a wrinkle in it, from one and one-fourth to one
and one-half inches long in the longest places, and very short about the head
and legs; and under this short, straight hair, by opening it, you will find a kind
of fur about half an inch long.

The characteristics of the Chesapeake Bay Dog that
especially commend him to wild fowl shooters are, first,
his good, hard common-sense. There is no retriever so
cool-headed and quiet as the Chesapeake; and for this rea-
son he does not use up his strength foolishly, going after
he knows not what, and many times nothing. You have
all seen hot-headed dogs do this frequently.

Your Chesapeake has the strength and power to go where
he will, and he has the will to go to where your duck falls;
be it through ice, mud, rice-beds, or what it may, he will get

* There are other breeders and owners of good Chesapeakes, among whom
we may mention the following: Chesapeake Kennels, Malvern, Iowa; Edmond
Brooke, 41 P. O. Square, Boston, Mass.; John N. Lewis, Ramsay, N. J. ; Jay
F. Towner, Ferryman's, Md.; Robert Milbank, 154 West Forty-eighth street,
New York City; Osceola Kennels, Osceola Mills, Wis.; Dr. G. G. Hammond,
Boston, Mass.; John M. Sellers, 514 La Salle avenue, Chicago; George Oliver,
5604 Wentworth avenue, Chicago; J. D. Boardman, 244 Beacon street, Boston,
Mass. ED.

362 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

there. When he does get there, if the duck proves to be a
cripple, he has the sticktoitiveness to follow the trail until
he picks up Mr. Cripple. He also has a nose that does not
require him to go chasing all over the marsh in the hope
of running onto the duck he goes directly to it and
retrieves it. Many men are of the opinion that the Chesa-
peake depends largely on sight to secure his game. It is a
mistaken idea. His nose is equal to that of either the Set-
ter or Pointer.

Dr. James Norris, of Baltimore, Md., writing of the
intelligence and sagacity of a noted dog of this breed, says:

There are many wonderful exploits attributed to this famous animal,
which pass the supposed bounds of animal instinct and enter the domain of
human reason; and although substantiated by living witnesses, I would hesi-
tate to repeat them, lest they might be pronounced, at least, apocryphal.
There is one of his performances, not only well authenticated, but so fre-
quently imitated by some of his offspring that I will relate it. When retriev-
ing ducks, after a successful shot over decoys, he would not only pass the
dead, but those that were severely wounded, and pursue those that were only
slightly hurt and that human reason alone would teach that unless immediately
pursued would escape. After securing these, he would collect the remainder,
deposit them at his master's feet, and quietly resume his position ; his eyes,
barely above the front of the blind, gazing as eagerly and intently as the
sportsman at the approaching game.

The Chesapeake has a coat the like of which is possessed
by no other known breed; it must be seen to be appreciated.
In color it is dead grass or sedge, a reddish-brown or
brownish-red not liver-color. In length the hair is from
half an inch to an inch and a half; is very dense and
wavy not curly. In the fall of the year it looks as
much like an old, faded-out buffalo-robe as anything one
can imagine. Like all other haired animals, the Chesa-
peake Dog takes on a fall or winter coat. With this
new coat each fall comes what we shall call a filling coat,
that in a great measure protects the skin from coming
in contact with the water. They will come out of the water,
give one or two shakes, and I will defy any man to find one
of them wet down to the skin; or even take them before
they shake, and you can not. This filling coat can be
detected best by taking a clip of the coat and looking at the

THE CHESAPEAKE BAY DOG. 363

butt-end of it. There seems to be something about it, say
what you can, but you can't describe it, for there is no
other dog's coat that looks like it or that acts like it in
water.

They are intelligent and quick to catch your meaning,
and when they do, they never forget; show them once or
twice what you want them to do, and they will never forget
it. As companions they are perfect, for the reason that
they are fond of one master and will know no other per-
son.

There seems to be no limit to the amount of endurance
they possess. For example, I will cite the dog Monday,
by Sunday, out of Nellie. This dog went into the hands
of a market-shooter on the famous Kankakee marshes, in
Indiana, at the age of about fifteen months; for nine years
worked on an average four days out of seven, from the
time ducks came, in September, until they left, when the
marshes froze up. His work was done for a man that aver-
aged a thousand ducks every fall. We have an actual record
of this dog having retrieved over eleven thousand ducks.
Yet Monday is no exception to the rule as to the matter of
endurance. One of these dogs will last the most ardent
duck-shooter, with ordinary care, eight to ten years.

The general utility of these dogs is a strong point in
their favor, especially where a man keeps but one dog.
While I claim they are the best duck-retrievers on earth,
this is not their only virtue; I consider them the best
all-around dog a man can keep about his place. I use my
Chesapeakes for jumping pheasants and quails, treeing
squirrels, running rabbits, and in fact all sorts of upland
shooting, and I know others who do likewise. As 'coon dogs,
they have no equals at the shake-out, as they never turn taiL
As guardians of property they are equal to the Mastiff,
and have not the objectionable features of the Bulldog.

To substantiate these assertions as to the general utility
of these dogs, I deem it but just to quote from a few auto-
graph letters I have received from brother sportsmen in
regard to them:

364 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

"MTJSCATINE, IOWA, Nov.C, 1886.

1 1

Dear Sir: I presume you are always glad to hear of
the doings of the Chesapeake, so I write you a word or two
about the puppy Jack.

4 'He is growing very fast and seems full of life and
health, and yet is as dignified and watchful as a Mastiff.

" I took him out hunting, with a fine Setter bitch, a week
ago, not expecting to ask him to do any work, but only to
get used to the sound of a gun. He watched Nellie bring
out one or two ducks, and then we shot three mud-hens,
to try him. Nellie brought two, and Jack one. Then we
let one of the boys go down the lake and shoot mud-hens
at various points out of our sight. Making a circuit, we
came to the lake a mile below, and shot a mud-hen or
two to warm him up, and then walked up the bank of
the lake, which is full of water-lilies, etc. Now we
couldn't see the mud-hens killed by our companions,
and didn't know where to look for them, and Nellie made
no sign to get any of them; but Jack did not miss one, going
without a word of command sometimes fifty yards out into
the lake, and in one instance making three trips, and bring-
ing a bird each time. This may not be new to you, but I
must confess I have never heard of such work in a young
dog; and no one here has.

" He seems to love the water, and will, from choice, break
the ice along shore to play in the water, his magnificent
coat being an absolute protection against cold or wet.

"My children are perfectly delighted with him; my wife
'never saw so nice a dog,' and I well, I wouldn't look at
$100 of any man' s money in exchange for him.

" He is watchful, plucky, and strong; embodies all I
could ask in a Mastiff or a Newfoundland, and has so many
other excellent qualities, that if he is a fair sample of the
breed (and I presume he is), I wonder that anyone would
prefer the breeds of single virtues to this ' omnibus ' dog.
When I ordered him I thought I was getting a good
retriever, but I find that, besides retrieving better than any

THE CHESAPEAKE BAY DOG. 365

dog I have ever seen, he excels also in virtues not claimed
for him."

" FERGUS FALLS, MINN., Sept. 23, 1885.

" Dear Sir : I have been in the field every day since re-
ceiving the Chesapeake puppy. I received him at Crooks-
ton September 2d, took him immediately out of the box,
fed him, and while sitting on the express office steps with a
number of my friends, the puppy saw a piece of paper blow-
ing along the road, and, without a word, went and got it,
laid it down at my feet, and crawled up into my lap.

" I took him into my wagon- the same day and carried
him out into the country twenty-five miles; returned in
two days; took him out with me shooting mallards with
a number of my friends, who wanted to see more of him;
and the first mallard I shot was in a small, shallow pond
of mud and water, not deep enough to allow him to swim.
The puppy was at heel when the duck fell, and I did not
intend to send him for it alone; but without a word he
started out, felt his way timidly at first, reached the duck,
which was a monster, took hold of its body -first and tried
hard to lift it out of the mud and water, but could not;
then took hold of its wing and tried to carry it, but of
course would step on it. He finally became discouraged,
laid it down, and commenced to cry. I at once waded out
and helped him bring it in, and you never saw a prouder
dog in all your life, or perhaps a prouder man. All this
was done without a word of command and entirely at his
own free will. I would not allow him to do or try to
do much work, as he is too young; but he has never re-
fused anything that I have asked, and I can only express
my opinion of him by saying he is a dandy. Very intelli-
gent, he is easy to control, and I now have only to point my
finger at- him to make him down; and on my third trial
he would creep behind me on a ' sneak' on ducks."

NOTE. This puppy was whelped May 31, 1885, and was
less than four months old at the writing of the above letter.

366 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

Speaking of the courage of the Chesapeake, Mr. Poy-
neer says:

Their pluck and courage is indomitable, and the more incessant the shoot-
ing the more tierce and determined they are in their work; and woe unto the
dog that gets too near them when they are after a duck. Upon several occa-
sions, when shooting late in the season, I have tested their courage when
everything was frozen up but a few open holes in deep lakes, these holes being
kept open by the ducks congregating in such large numbers that the water
could not freeze. The shooting at such a place can be imagined. Three and
four guns would be kept warm. At such times I have seen one Chesapeake
Bay Dog do all the retrieving, and every time he brought a duck he had to
climb on the ice. Other dogs in the party got scared or froze out, and could
not be induced to go in.

I never saw a Chesapeake refuse to go, it matters not how cold the weather
might be. A stiff current, with running ice, or any obstruction, is all the same
to them. Quitting is not in their vocabulary. Irish Water Spaniels and
other retrievers have been tried beside them on the Chesapeake Bay, and inva-
riably have quit.

From the above quotations, the reader may infer that
the Chesapeake needs little or no training. While this is
true to a certain extent, it is just as necessary to subject
him to your will as if he were a Setter or a Pointer. My
plan in handling the Chesapeake has been to make him my
companion as much as possible. He will take naturally
to retrieving as soon as he can run. Allow him to follow his
inclination in this matter, and indulge him on every possi-
ble occasion. Teach him to deliver in hand, and thus avoid
the possibility of losing winged birds after your dog has
brought them to the boat or blind. By the time he is four
or six months old, he will be doing all sorts of retrieving
for you about the house.

When four or six months old if this period comes in
the fall take him to the shooting-grounds. It is to be
supposed that in his companionship with you he has mean-
time learned to love the gun. Shoot your duck, and see to
it that you are on favorable rather than unfavorable ground
for your puppy to see it fall. Go with him for the first one,
if he gives you time to do so. If the fall be a favorable
one, the chances are you will have no occasion to go. From
this time on, if you use judgment in your shooting, for a

THE CHESAPEAKE BAY DOG. 367

few outings, you will have little or no trouble. It will be
but a short time until you will find you will only have to
look for the ducks coming, and your dog will look after
those you knock down; and when he once goes at his work
in this way, do not interfere with him by trying to make
him come into the blind, or get down in the boat out of
sight; his coat and color provide for this, and he appears
to be aware of the fact.

I am a strong believer in natural instincts, and insist
that to have a dog do his work satisfactorily, he must do it
for the love of the sport, rather, than because he is forced
to do it. I have never yet seen a forced retriever that could
be depended upon at all times. They are liable to become
sulky at times, and when they do, the owner is liable to get
in the same mood; then the sport is over, for that day, at
least. Companionably handled, the chances are this trouble
will be avoided. I would not be understood as saying that
all that is necessary is to buy one of these puppies, grow
him up to six months, take him to the marsh, and you have
a thorough retriever for ten years to come. Far from it.
The first six months it may be ten or twelve months of
his life are to be a continuous period of breaking and training
not a breaking all jammed into one week, or two, but
continuous, little by little; and when the six or twelve
months are past, you will be surprised to see how much
your puppy will do for you, and how little trouble he has
been. In my opinion, dog-breaking is a thing in which no
stated rules can be followed. The most necessary thing is,
first, fair material on which to work, and then lots of good,
hard common-sense on the part of the trainer.

A few words on breeding may be of interest. First of
all, if you wish to be successful, do not attempt cross-breed-
ing. By this I mean do not attempt to improve the breed
of Chesapeakes by an infusion of other blood, such as
Setter, Spaniel, etc. Those experiments have already been
made, and with the worst possible results. For instance,
on the Irish Setter; result, a litter of all black puppies. On
the English Setter; result, a litter of all colors but the

368 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

desired one. On the Irish and English Spaniels; result,
dark liver and black the predominating colors, as a rule.
Large ears, and so rattle-headed that nothing could be done
with them. A second cross on the half-breeds; no better
results than the first.

For my breeding stock, I always select from the litters
with a view to producing the color desired. I make it a
rule to breed a bitch inclined to white to a dog inclined to
black, and vice versa. By this I mean a bitch that showed
a lighter shade of color at the end of hairs than close to
the skin, and a dog whose coat showed as dark or darker
at ends than at the skin. I do not think it advisable to
mate an extra light-colored bitch with an extra light-colored
dog, or an extra dark bitch with an extra dark dog. The
happy medium is what I always try to strike as to breed-
ing stock. I have never failed to get good results as to
color when these rules were observed.

I have known litters thrown in other kennels that con-
tained two and three cream- white puppies; I have known
of dark livers and blacks. In all these cases, it was no
fault of the breeding of either sire or dam, but simply the
result of improper blending of colors; and color I consider
one of the essential points in the Chesapeake. I have
known the eyes to be decidedly off color, both too light and
too dark, from the same improper cause. Breeding Chesa-
peakes is just like breeding any other class of dogs, a deal
of good, hard common-sense must be used to obtain the
best results. To overcome a weak or objectionable feature,
you must counter- balance it with the opposite feature; and
it may take two or three, or even more generations, to
eradicate it.

These dogs are not early developers as to form, seldom
coming into perfect form and coat under eighteen months
or two years. On this account I would advise not breeding
under this age. Another advantage to be gained by late
breeding is, you have time to have your dog fairly well
broken, and then if he or she proves a successful sire or
dam, you are so much the gainer.

THE CHESAPEAKE BAY DOG. 369

The bitch should have entire freedom from the time of
service until the puppies are weaned. Chesapeake puppies,
as a rule, are hardy and easily raised, there seldom being a
frail one among them. At the age of three to five weeks
they should be separated into yards, with not more than
two to the yard, as they are savage fighters and are liable to
ruin one another. I have known nearly the entire litter to
jump on one of their number and literally tear it to pieces.
I may say here that if ever you are so fortunate as to
own a Chesapeake Dog, you will not be likely, under any cir-
cumstances, to be called upon to take his part in a fight, as
he will be able to do that himself, unless beset by several
big dogs at once. He will generally be found capable of
taking care of himself in the field, the marsh, on the road,
or in a fight; and woe be to the man that attempts to chas-
tise you or yours in his presence.

In the writing of this article I have tried to avoid any-
thing that might confuse the reader, especially the con-
troversial points in regard to the different types; and lest
some may not clearly understand me on this subject, I beg
to reaffirm that there is but one true type of Chesapeake
Bay Duck Dog, and he has the thick, heavy, wavy coat.

The future of the Chesapeake Bay Dog is somewhat
uncertain, and yet I can see no reason why, with the number
of good specimens now distributed all over the North and
West, this breed should not rapidly increase in numbers
and in popularity; especially so since the willing, rather
than the forced, retriever is becoming more and more the
choice of sportsmen every day.

STANDAKD AND POINTS OF JUDGING THE CHESAPEAKE

BAY DOG..

Value. Value.

Head, including ears, lips, and eyes . 15 Stern 4

Neck 6 Symmetry and quality ' . . 6

Shoulders and chest 15 Coat and texture 16

Back quarters and stifles 15 Color 8

Legs, elbows, hocks, and feet 15

Total 100

Head. Broad, running to nose only a trifle pointed, but

370 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

not at all sharp; eyes of yellow color; ears small, placed
well up on the head; face covered with very short hair.

Neck. Should be only moderately long and with a firm,
strong appearance.

Shoulders and chest. Shoulders should have full lib-
erty, with plenty of show for power and no tendency to
restriction of movement; chest strong and deep.

Back quarters and stifles. Should show fully as much,
if not more, power than fore quarters, and be capable of
standing prolonged strains. Any tendency to weakness
must be avoided. Ducking on the broad waters of the
Chesapeake Bay involves, at times, facing a heavy tide and
sea; and in cases of following wounded fowls, a dog is fre-
quently subjected to a long swim.

Legs, elbows, liocks, and feet. Legs should be short,
showing both bone and muscle, and with well-webbed feet
of good size; fore legs rather straight and symmetrical. It
is to be understood that short legs do not convey the idea
of a dumpy formation. Elbows well let down and set
straight, for development of easy movement.

Stern. Should be stout, somewhat long the straighter
the better and showing only moderate feather.

Symmetry and quality. The Chesapeake Bay Dog
should show a bright, lively, intelligent expression, with
general outlines good at all points; in fact, a dog worthy of
notice in any company.

Coat and texture. Short and thick, somewhat coarse,
with tendency to wave over shoulders, back, and loins,
where it is longest nowhere over one and a quarter to one
and a half inches long; that on flanks, legs, and belly
shorter, tapering to quite short near the feet. Under all this
is a short woolly fur, which should well cover the skin, and
can readily be observed by pressing aside the outer coat.
This coat preserves the dog from the effects of the wet and
cold, and enables him to stand severe exposure; a shake or
two throws off all water, and it is conducive to speed in
swimming.

Color. -- Nearly resembling wet sedge-grass, though

THE CHESAPEAKE BAY DOG. 371

toward spring it becomes lighter by exposure to weather.
A small white spot or frill on the breast is admissible. Color
is important, as the dog in most cases is apt to be outside
the blind, consequently too dark is objectionable; the deep
liver of the Spaniel making much greater contrast, there-
fore it is to be avoided.

The weight of dogs should be sixty to seventy pounds,
and of bitches, forty-five to fifty-five pounds. The height
should be about that of a medium-sized Setter, but heavier
in body and shorter in legs.

The foregoing descriptive list and scale of points was
drafted by a committee appointed by the American Ken-
nel Club, in the winter of 1884-85, for judging these dogs.
While I do not agree with the committee in some few
minor points, in general the list and scale are safe ones to
follow.

THE SMOOTH-COATED FOX TERRIER

BY AUGUST BELMONT, JR.

I HA YE been earnestly and repeatedly requested by the
Editor of this book to write an article on the Fox Ter-
rier. I declined at first for want of time, and because I
felt that someone else might do the work in a more finished
manner than I; and would gladly have persisted in this
course, but was led to consider it my duty to undertake the
task because I represent so important an interest in the
breed, and because I desire to do everything possible to
promote its growth in public favor.

This beautiful species of Terrier is, it must be admitted,
better and more widely understood and appreciated at nis
home, in England, than here in America. On this side the
water his popularity has but just begun, and his early his-
tory has been more ably treated by English writers than it
is possible for an American to treat it. It will therefore
suffice for the purposes of this article to give a general
sketch of the Fox Terrier's early history which at best is
somewhat vague a description of his characteristics, as
condensed a review as possible of the principal strains, and
a brief survey of what we possess here in America on which
to found a worthy branch of a now magnificent breed in
Great Britain.

Terriers corresponding to the present Fox Terrier, both
wire-haired and smooth, have undoubtedly existed for sev-
eral centuries, although they were, as far as any allusion
to them can be found in the works of early writers on
sporting matters, classed and spoken of under the general
term of " terrier," a corrupted word derived from their
Latin appellation, terrarius, indicating their propensity to
hunt under-ground.

(373;

374 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

The characteristics of the Terrier, whether of one species
or another, were in the main the same as they are to-day,
viz.: a natural inclination to hunt and destroy vermin of
any kind, pursuing it to its refuge wherever it be within
the Terrier's power to reach it; this trait b % eing accompanied
by a sprightly and tense nervous nature, keen sense of
hearing, quick vision, a most unerring nose, and an indom-
itable gameness. The last quality must not be misunder-
stood, as it often is when applied to this breed. Bull-dog
tenacity is not wanted in a dog bred and used for the pur-
poses for which the Fox Terrier is most popular, and there-
fore should not be an attribute.

Being intended, to hunt with and for his master, he
should be ready and eager to attack the object of the hunt,
entering into its hiding-place and indicating the locality by
giving tongue or drawing out the game in the open. It is
not desirable that he should close with and kill the game,
as a Bull Terrier would do. Of course, the Fox Terrier
will do this eventually, as he should as a last resort,
or if urged to it by his master. This style of hunting
and fighting requires great dash, courage, and dexterity.
In trying to succeed in this method of helping to secure
the animal hunted, he is often compelled to receive more
punishment than if his tactics were purely a light to
kill.

His nose is keener for general game than that of any
other breed of Terrier. He was often used by gamekeep-
ers in by-gone days, and even by some of them in modern
times, to do the work of a Spaniel.

It is clearly established that in accordance with the spe-
cial preferences of individual sportsmen, in early times, for
hunting certain animals, so they unquestionably selected,
bred, and used, in accordance with their size and make-up,
the Terriers best suited to each animal hunted, from the
fox and the otter down to the common rat. For the fox,
therefore, a dog of about the size and general conformation
of the Fox Terrier of to-day, weighing from sixteen to
eighteen pounds, was undoubtedly employed; and old

THE SMOOTH-COATED FOX TERRIER. 875

prints and paintings now and then met with illustrate Ter-
riers of this form in a moderately accurate way.

As fox-hunting came in vogue in England, and grew in
popularity, we find attached to the kennels Terriers which

CHAMPION LUCIFER (A. K. C. S. B., 5459).
Owned by Mr. August Belmorvt, Jr., New York City.

are the progenitors of the present Fox Terrier. They ap-
pear to have been bred, however, for use only; and aptitude
for their work must "have been paramount to beauty, as
most old paintings and prints illustrating the bolting of

376 THE AMEKICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

foxes from their earth by dogs represent, as a rule, rather
dark and not prettily marked Terriers, often with prick
ears.

Here and there a clew is given by some author or artist to
white and pied Terriers, both smooth and rough coated ; but
there is no such thing as an absolute and exact type trace-
able in the Fox Terrier, as is the case with Greyhounds
and different species of Hounds used in the chase for cent-
uries past. It will have to satisfy the Fox Terrier lover
who desires to establish the claim of his pet breed to purity
of blood, to say that the best Foxhound kennels in the
beginning of the century were possessed of good Terriers,
and are known to have given their breeding the most care-
ful attention ; so that when recourse was had to such
kennels as the Grove, Belvoir, and Quorn to build the pres-
ent breed of Fox Terriers upon, Terriers were easily found
in and about those kennels as true in type as the best of
to-day, although perhaps not so perfect in the special
points which breeding purely for the bench shows has
since produced.

During the early part of the century, the indications are
that the Terrier which accompanied the earth-stopper or
the pack was often dark in color. I have myself an old
print of 1825, which I found at Oxford ten years ago, rep-
resenting Sir Tatton Sykes' Hounds drawing covert. In
the lower corner is depicted the earth-stopper, spade in
hand, watching the workings of the Hounds, with an excel-
lent pale-colored Black and Tan Terrier by his side ; good
drop ears, straight legs though apparently standing a
little higher from the ground than is desirable at the pres-
ent time.

The history of the Fox Terrier resolves itself into three
periods; the first dating from about the sixteenth century
to the end of the eighteenth, during which time we have
evidence of his existence, along with the rest of the genus
Terrier bred in the stable-yard and by gamekeepers, as
a rule among plebeian masters. Then the Fox Terrier grad-
uates, and we read careful descriptions of him and records

THE SMOOTH-COATED FOX TERRIER. 377

of his having been bred with great care, but for work, pri-
marily, in connection with well established and conducted
packs of Foxhounds in England, ranking as a necessary
adjunct of the hunt, down to the middle of the present
century. At this time the country was rapidly becoming
more open, the pace growing very much faster, and the
chase and preservation of the fox much more artificial. In
consequence, the little Fox Terrier's vocation seems to be
on the wane and his future in doubt.

At the end of this the second period of his history, we
find him suddenly, about 1863, attracting the attention of

FOX TERRIER PUPPIES.

the general public at the then "budding dog shows of Bir-
mingham, Leeds, Manchester, and other midland and
northern cities.

He is immediately taken up by the fancier, and from
that time begins the third and great period of his history,
with all its modern adjuncts noble lineage, jealous and
active competition among his patrons, research and study
of the past for evidences of his royal blood, prominence in
the sporting prints of the day, and later, journals and mag-
azines especially devoted to his interests. An insatiable
demand springs up for him from every quarter, resulting
in most princely prices being paid, and, last but not least,

378 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

associations formed by men of means and prominence to
intelligently perpetuate and improve his type.

The fancier's first care was, naturally enough, directed
to the typical kennel Terrier of the day, keeping in view
symmetry and the accepted features of his anatomy which
his vocation and selection in breeding had produced.

In the hands of breeders, and riders of good hunters,
and the huntsmen and masters of crack packs of Hounds,
the Fox Terrier was in no small degree bred to agree in
general conformation and type with both Hunter and
Hound; the same hard and continuous work, in all sorts of
weather, being required of all three.

The earlier judges at the shows followed this idea, and
the fanciers, through the Fox Terrier Club, later adopted
a standard which confirms this, and which has been incor-
porated in the rules of the American Fox Terrier Club, and
is to-day the standard according to which the Fox Terrier is
judged at all shows in the United States and Great Britain.
Some twelve years ago a cloddy, short-horn pattern of Ter-
rier found a passing support, but was soon dropped with-
out greatly damaging the breed.

STANDARD AND SCALE OF POINTS OF THE AMERICAN FOX

TERRIER CLUB.

Value. Value.

Head and ears 15 Stern 5

Neck 5 Legs and feet 20

Shoulders and chest 15 Coat 10

Back and loin 10 Symmetry and character 15

Hind quarters 5

Total 100

DISQUALIFYING POINTS.

1. Nose, white, cherry, or spotted to a considerable extent with either of
these colors.

2. Ears, prick, tulip, or rose.

3. Mouth, much undershot or much overshot.

The skull should be flat and moderately narrow, and
gradually decreasing in width to the eyes. Not much
4 i stop ' ' should be apparent, but there should be more dip
in the profile between the forehead and top jaw than is seen
in the case of a Greyhound.

The clieeks must not be full.

THE SMOOTH-COATED FOX TERRIER. 379

The ears should be V-shaped and small, of moderate
thickness, and drooping forward close to the cheek, not
hanging by the side of the head like a Foxhound's.

The /aw, upper and under, should be strong and muscu-
lar; should be of fair punishing strength, but not so in any
way to resemble the Greyhound or modern English Terrier.
There should not be much falling away below the eyes.
This part of the'head should, however, be moderately chis-
eled out, so as not to go down in a straight slope like a
wedge.

The nose, toward which the muzzle must gradually taper,
should be black.

The eyes and the rims should be dark in color, small, and
rather deep-set, full of fire, life, and intelligence; as nearly
as possible circular in shape.

The teeth should be as nearly as possible level; i. e. y the
upper teeth on the outside of the lower teeth.

Neck should be clean and muscular, without throati-
ness, of fair length, and gradually widening to the shoul-
ders.

Shoulders should be long and sloping, well laid
fine at the points, and clearly cut at the withers.

Chest deep and not broad.

Back should be short, straight, and strong, with no
appearance of slackness.

Loin should be powerful and very slightly arched.
The fore ribs should be moderately arched, the back ribs
deep; and the dog should be well ribbed up.

Hind quarters should be strong and muscular, quite
free from droop or crouch; the thighs long and powerful;
hocks near the ground, the dog standing well up on them
like a Foxhound, and not straight in the stifle.

Stern should be set on rather high, and carried gaily,
but not over the back or curled. It should be of good
strength, anything approaching a "pipe-stopper" tail
being especially objectionable.

Legs, viewed in any direction, must be straight, show-
ing little or no appearance of ankle in front. They should

380 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

be strong in bone throughout, short and straight in pastern.
Both fore and hind legs should be carried straight forward
in traveling, the stifles not turning outward. The elbows
should hang perpendicularly to the body, working free of
the sides.

Feet should be round, compact, and not large; the
soles hard and tough; the toes moderately arched, and
turned neither in nor out.

Goat should be smooth, flat, but hard, dense, and
abundant. The belly and under side of the thighs should
not be bare.

Color. White should predominate; brindle, red, or liver
markings are objectionable. Otherwise this point is of lit-
tle or no importance.

Symmetry , size, and character. The dog must present
a generally gay, lively, and active appearance; bone and
strength in a small compass are essentials, but this must
not be taken to mean that a Fox Terrier should be cloggy,
or in any way coarse speed and endurance must be looked
to as well as power, and the symmetry of the Foxhound
taken as a model. The Terrier, like the Hound, must on
no account be leggy, nor must t he be too short in the leg.
He should stand like a cleverly made hunter, covering a lot
of ground, yet with a short back, as before stated. He will
then attain the highest degree of propelling power together
with the greatest length of stride that is compatible with
the length of his body. Weight is not a certain criterion
of a Terrier' s fitness for his work general shape, size, and
contour are the main points; and if a dog can gallop and
stay, and follow his fox up a drain, it matters little what
his weight is to a pound or so, though, roughly speaking, it
may be said that he should not scale over twenty pounds in
show condition.

WIEE-HAIEED FOX TERRIER.

This variety of the breed should resemble the smooth
sort in every respect except the coat, which should be
broken. The harder and more wiry the texture of the

THE SMOOTH-COATED FOX TEREIER. 381

coat is, the better. On no account should the dog look or
feel woolly; and there should be no silky hair about the
poll or elsewhere. The coat should not be too long, so as to
give the dog a shaggy appearance; but at the same time it
should show a marked and distinct difference all over from
the smooth species.

The premier honors in the dog classes of the earliest
shows were divided, in the main, between four great Terriers
Jock, Trap, Tartar, and Rattler. The first two became
celebrated at stud, Jock succeeding principally through
the female line, while Trap was successful through both
male and female. Both Trap's and Jock's pedigrees are
obscure, but their origin as far as deciphered points strongly
to the Grove Kennels strain of Terriers; and while white,
with but little markings, it was always claimed that black-
and-tan blood ran in their veins.

The combination of these two great dogs gave to the
fancy a host of Terriers, which made their mark at stud
and on the bench, and which figure to-day in most of
the pedigrees of the prize- winning strains. Tyrant, by Old
Trap, out of Violet, by Old Jock, was the sire of Chance,
who, bred to a daughter of Old Jock, gave to the Terrier
world Tricksey, the dam of Brockenhurst Joe and Cham-
pion Olive, son and daughter of Belgrave Joe, a Belvoir-
bred Terrier. Brockenhurst Joe, who passed his last days
in this country, more than any other dog is responsible,
through his son Brockenhurst Rally, for the celebrated
strain of the Messrs. Clark, of Nottingham. It includes
among its enormous list of winners Result, pronounced
by competent judges the best Terrier of modern times.
Champion Olive produced Pickle II., who, while not a
show Terrier, was the sire of more successful brood bitches
than any dog in the annals of Fox Terrier breeding. Olive
was also the dam of Champion Spice, of whom more later.

Jock's only descendants in the male line which command
our interest to-day was through his grandson Jester II. ,
the sire of many a good one. While the strain has rather

382 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

poor, woolly coats and indifferent heads, it possesses great
character, gameness, and excellent bone.

Champion Bedlamite, the dam of Bacchanal, now the
property of Mr. John A. Logan, Jr., of Youngstown, Ohio,
is a daughter of Jester II. 's son Joker. Bacchanal pos-
sesses probably the truest Terrier character of any dog we
have on this side of the Atlantic.

Tartar, while successful in a measure as a sire, can not
be classed with the first two as a great progenitor of to-
day's breed. Perhaps his best strain is the one which came
through his son Trophy, the grandsire of Corinthian, a dog
who produced so many good ones that his blood became at
one time a very popular and successful one. They were
noted for their rapid maturity, but as they advanced in
years tended to grow coarse and thick in head. Most of
their bench honors were acquired during their puppyhood
and early maturity. Mr. Fred Hoey's Champion Valet,
however, who is directly of this strain, and is now quite
well along in years, is a marked exception, retaining his
form wonderfully. His incurable and unaccountable im-
potence has been a very great loss to American breeders.

The Tartars are all game as wildcats. Old Trophy, who
passed his last days with Sir Bache Cunard's Hounds, in
Leicestershire, sported but half a jaw, having lost the other
half to a badger. Sir Bache told me that this dog remained
unconquerably game to his last hour.

I owned a lovely bitch, Nellie, whom I brought home in
1876, by Old Tartar, said to have been out of Hon. .T. W.
Fitz Williams' Nettle. She bred me some extraordinarily
game Terriers to Bismarck, a son of the Marquis of Hunt-
ley' s Bounce, he a son of Old Trap and the grandsire of the
peerless Buffet. She also bred me some good ones to a son
of Hognaston Joe and Fairy, the dam of Mixture, whom I
got from Mr. Murchison in 1878. I have no more of this
strain; and while not quite as good for the bench as my
present prize-winners, they were true Terriers, and would
be invaluable to me to-day to infuse great character and
gameness in my kennels.

THE SMOOTH-COATED FOX TERRIER. 383

From a bench-show point of view, Tyke was undoubt-
edly Tartar's best son. He never did very much at stud,
and owing to the line coats which appeared in this line of
blood, there is a strong suspicion of a cross of Bull Terrier
somewhere. Shovel, a son of Tartar's good son Trumps,
is now in California, and possessing, as he does, an infusion
of Belvoir blood, ought to do good service in improving
the breed on the Pacific Coast.

Rattler, the fourth of the early great Terriers mentioned
above, represented nothing but a brilliant personal career.
He was a failure at stud, his antecedents were cloud'y, and
yet he for many years was invincible on the bench.

A strain which every breeder to-day can not fail to wish
to know about, considering its phenomenal success through
such dogs as Splinter and all his famous sons, headed by
Lucifer, and female descendants, headed by the great
Vesuvienne and including Champion Diana and Diadem,
the last two having for some years figured as American
matrons, is the Foiler strain. Its origin is principally
from the Grove Terriers, Foiler being by Old Grip, a son
of Grove Willie, out of Judy, one of Rev. Jack Russell's
strain. The characteristics of the strain are excellent heads,
legs, and feet. In the latter point these Terriers, as an
average, excel all others; they are prone, however, to
drooping quarters, hind dew-claws, and, if bred in closely,
large ears. The Foilers are the 'most difficult of all to
handle in breeding, but with care I prefer them to all
others. They are well represented in this country by a
number of stud dogs. Lucifer, Dusky Trap, and Splauger
are direct descendants in the male line from the old dog.

Perhaps the most important of all are the Belvoir Ter-
riers. About sixteen years ago, Belgrave Joe began to
attract attention as a sire, and from Mr. Luke Tanner' s and
Mr. Murchison's kennels came a host of winners. These
Terriers were essentially of the Belvoir Kennels strain.
Every pedigree to-day, whether of one family or another,
is thoroughly saturated with this blood. Freer from Bull
cross than any other, it greatly changed the type of the

384 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

winning Terriers when widely introduced; and with its
extraordinary ability to stand successful inbreeding, it
may be said to have done more to disseminate a good
average Terrier than any other strain. It brought sym-
metry, character, and good coats, although more profuse
than before; and it was not until the advent of Champion
Spice, with his doubtful lineage on his dam's side, that a
branch of the Belvoir strain, through him, went all to
pieces as regards their jackets. The tremendous opportu-
nities given this very good dog at stud resulted in a very
few good ones. Mixture, Brockenhurst Spice, Earl Leices-
ter, and Hysop were about the best. His blood, however,
with careful handling, and tempered with that of strains
of more fixity of type, helped to produce Rachel, First
Flight, Syrup, Raffle, Chattox, and a host of others in the
second, third, and fourth generations. Spice was brought
to America in 1886, by Mr. Kelly, of New York, at the
largest price ever paid by an American exhibitor. His
career was very short. After doing but little service in the
stud, he lost his life in a fight with one of Mr. Kelly's
Deerhounds within the year, so that what Spice blood we
have in this country did not come to us directly from him.
Earl Leicester, his kennel companion, was disposed of in
the same way by Mr. Kelly's Grecian Greyhound last
year. Mixture is in Mr. John E. Thayer's kennels, at
Lancaster, Mass., where he has done excellent service in
the stud.

Just at this moment a strain is becoming of special
interest; it is the Buffer, through his grandson Buff at one
time much thought of, but of recent years little used and
often much abused. The Buffers were always accused of
possessing a cross of Beagle, which brought them heavy,
listless ears and a want of true character. I must say my
own experience with blood akin to it gave me some results
of that very sort. Buffer was a son of the Marquis of
Huntley's Bounce, and the dog I used with my Tartar
bitch Nellie spoken of already in this article was also a
son of his, called Bismarck. Ten years ago, a friend of

THE SMOOTH -COATED FOX TERRIEK. 385

mine and I also tried inbreeding for three generations.

The marked features above alluded to cropped out now and

then, although I will acknowledge one dog a real Terrier

was a game, big brute, and weighed thirty- three pounds.

Buffer produced Buffet, claimed by competent judges to
have been the most perfectly built Fox Terrier that has to
their knowledge existed. He sired little of great value
outside of his famous son Buff. This white dog, possessing
wonderful legs and feet, great character and symmetry,
had a very successful career on the bench, and was exten-
sively used at stud. His get was only fair, with the excep-
tion of two beautiful daughters, Bloom and Blossom.

Buff was cursed with periodical attacks of eczema, and
this, with the fact that careless use of his blood and
attempts at inbreeding brought out large ears and bad
heads, soon caused his blood to be discarded for the more
successful families that followed his period. Certainly,
what Buff produced for Mr. Lawrence to Jeopardy and
some other bitches in this country was not good. I had a
bitch inbred to him, with which I never succeeded in rear-
ing a fit puppy to escape the stable-pail. Messrs. Ruther-
furd had a nice little son of Buff, called Nailer, who got
some very neat Terriers, such as they were in America at
the time he figured on our benches. Mr. Gushing, of Bos-
ton, has, however, to-day a very useful dog by Buff, out of
Jeopardy. If anyone desires the old dog's blood, I dare
say his services might be obtained.

True, Buff enters into the Clark strain, through Rollick,
but it only appears as a small and useful ingredient.
Where, however, we to-day see this blood jump suddenly
to the front, is through Mr. Yicary's kennels. Its cross
with the Foilers, through Splinter, in his hands, has
given us Yesuvienne and Yenio. The extent to which
the latter is being used at stud and I hear with success
and the fact that I have four young sons of his out of
Rachel coming on who are likely, bar accidents, to dis-
seminate the blood in this country, makes the study of
this fortunate combination interesting. The simplest way

386 THE AMEEICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

is to give an extended pedigree of the cross, and by it
will be seen how, throngh Foiler, on the sire, Yesuvian's
side (a litter brother of Lucifer's), the blood of Rollick
predominates. Buff, on the dam, Yenilia's side, appears
through an inbred cross.

To conclude the subject of the different strains of blood
among Fox Terriers, I have selected the Clark, or Brocken-
hurst Rally strain, because it is the most distinct in type,
because it has, in a given period, produced more high- class
bench-winners than any other, and because it furnishes the
best example of a most carefully worked out instance of
successful inbreeding known to Fox Terrier history.

The Messrs. Clark, two brothers living in Nottingham,
founded the family with practically three Terriers one dog
and two bitches. The dog was Brockenhurst Rally, an
excellent son of Brockenhurst Joe and Moss II., a grand-
daughter of Old White Tyrant. The bitches were Jess, a
daughter of Hazlehurst's Grip, he a son of Turk, out of
Patch, a granddaughter of Old Trap, and Rollick, a
daughter of Buff and Nectar II., by Old Foiler. Brocken-
hurst Rally was bred to both Jess and Rollick. The off-
spring of these two unions were bred together for several
generations, and this crossing and recrossing into precisely
the same blood is what produced Result and all the Ter-
riers so closely related to him, including Roysterer, Regent,
Reckoner, Rachel, Radiance, Reckon, Rational, Raffle,
etc., which for the past six years have held almost un-
disputed sway on the English benches. It was but last
year that they finally succumbed to Mr. Yicary's kennels,
although Russley Toff, the best puppy of this year, and
purchased by Mr. F. Redmond from his breeder, Mr. F.
W. F. Toomer, of Swindon, for 200 guineas, is essentially
of the Brockenhurst Rally family.

Now and then an outcross was made, such as that to
Hysop, the best-fronted son of Spice, from which came
Heatherbell and Harmony, respectively the dams of Rachel
and Raffle; and to New Forest, the son of Splinter and Olive
II., from which cross First Flight was the fruit. Reckoner

THE SMOOTH-COATED FOX TERRIER.

387

(O'Grady's)
"Willie.

("Old Foiler" by "Old Grip."
( "Young Belvoir Venom" by "Belvoir Joe."

B* s

"Needle"

("Belvoir Jock" by "Belvoir Joe."
' 1 (O'Grady's) "Nellie" by "White Sam."

"Belgrave Joe"

( "Belvoir Joe'^ by (Cooper's) "Trimmer."

H
Jz;

: ~

'Lady II."

j "Pickle II." by "Tyrant IV."

( ' Lady" by (Foreman's) "Tartar."

'Tweezers"

j "Tyrant IV." by "Rambler."
< "Olive" by "Belgrave Joe."

> I S^ 1 "Baby"

( "Old Foiler" by "Old Grip."
'( "Myrtle" by "White Sam.' r

"Pickle II."

( "Tyrant IV." by "R mbler."
{ "Olive" by "Belgrave Joe."

SIRE~

"Gaudy"

( (Slade's) "Willie" by "White Sam."
1 "Giddy'* by "Old Grip."

g<i

"Belvoir Joe"...

j (Cooper's) "Trimmer."
(His "Tjinket."

?gs

"Old White Vic

"Honest Joe"...

( (O'Grady's) "Willie" by "Old Foiler "
\ "Needle" by "Belvoir Jack."

Q55

"Needle"

j "Brockenhurst Joe'' bv "Belgrave Joe."
( (Branston's) "Nettle" 'by "Belvoir Joe."

' 3-

"Tyrant IV." ...

( "Rambler" by "Artful."
( (Branston's) 'Nettle" by "Belvoir Joe."

"Olive"

( "Belgrave Joe" by "Belvoir Joe."
( "Tricksey" by "Chance."

fc 1 K . f

fc "Old Foiler" .
3 1

( 'Old Grip" by "Grove Willie."
( "Judy," Rev'd Jack Russell's strain.

3 Q "Old Diamond" .

( "Young Trap" by "Old Trap."
i'-Tricksey" by "Tartar."

w "

"Bullet"

( "Buffer" by "Bounce."
} "Frolic" by "Old Foiler."

H
E-i

"Swan"

( "Dazzler" by "Grasper."
("Grace" by "Tyke 11."

H
*

i
"Bolus"

( "Bitters" by "Old Tyrant."
i "Lucy."

: w

("Valiant."

1 -

"Testy"

("Tease."

' "o

"Pickle 11."

i "Tyrant IV." by "Rambler."
( "Olive" by "Belgrave Joe."

"Vashti"

( "Buffet" by "Buffer."

V'Nell" by "Sam" by (Mason's) "Jock."

b "
H

"Artful Joe"

i "Brockenhurst Joe" by "Belgrave Joe."
("Dainty" by "Old Toiler" ex "Dainty," by "Buffer."

1
H

"Busy"

( "Bitters" by "Tyrant."

( "Damsel" by "Buffer."

DAM.

"Buffet"

( "Buffer" by "Bounce."
} "Frolic" by "Foiler."

"Swan"

( "Dazzler" by "Grasper."
( "Grace" by "Tyke II."

fo
JP

"Bolus"

I "Bitters" by "Tyrant."
\ "Lucy."

S "Testy"

( "Valiant."
I'-Tease."

gl.

"Belgrave Joe"..

( "Belvoir Joe" by (Cooper's) "Trimmer."
1 "Old White Vic.''

^ II

sis'

"Tricksey"

("Chance" by "Old Tyrant."
\ "Ruby" by "Old Jock"

- w

^ J f

"Bitters"

("Tyrant" by "Old Trap."
( 9

"Damsel"'

( "Buffer."
"( ''Diamond."

388 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

also is credited with one outcross, in his grandam, Nell, a
bitch of Foiler and Buff blood. In the main, however, the
Clark Terriers trace to Brockenhurst Rally and the two
bitches Jess and Rollick.

It is undoubtedly Brockenhurst Rally' s Belvoir blood, as
well as the care and intelligence of Messrs. Clark's hand-
ling, which has permitted the inbreeding of these Terriers
to be so remarkably successful.

The striking features of the Clark Terriers are a tend-
ency to uniformity in markings, all black, or black with
very little dark tan markings on the head, predominating;
white bodies, of course, or white bodies with black patches
accompanying; a high average of well-carried and excep-
tionally small ears; a smooth outline, their muscles being
beautifully distributed and showing no "bossiness;" excel-
lent coats, legs, and feet; grand ribs and loins; and they
are, from my own experience, very game and good workers.
Their peculiarities naturally appear persistently, and are
domed skulls, shoulders not oblique enough, and con-
sequently a tendency to stand out at the elbows, thereby
sometimes in the judging ring throwing away well-deserved
prizes before a judge fastidious on the question of narrow
and straight fronts.

Returning to Russley Toff, a dog I have not seen, but
which my kennel manager, Mr. German Hopkins, saw
when abroad last spriftg, and has carefully described to me,
I should judge to be a dog with all the best features of
the Clark Terriers, and with neither of their prominent
faults, viz., domed skull or indifferent shoulders. Toff is a
beautifully fronted dog; in fact, that would have to be the
case for Mr. Redmond to own him, he being uncompromis-
ingly wedded to that most important of all points in a Fox
Terrier.

Toff's outcross is, however, right back into the blood the
Messrs. Clark drew from. He is by Stipendiary, a son of
Rachel's son Reckon, out of Shindy, a granddaughter on
both sides of Belgrave Joe. His dam is by Regent, out of
Rutty. Rutty is by Brockenhnrst Joe, Rally' s sire, out of a

THE SMOOTH-COATED FOX TERRIER. 389

granddaughter of Champion Olive, the sister of Brocken-
hurst Joe. It will thus be seen that there is still reason to
expect this great strain to hold its own in the front rank,
although, as it is the world over, the latest champion is
always the most popular.

American breeders, while not having as yet produced a
Result or Vesuvienne, have really a most excellent collec-
tion of Terriers to breed from, including practically every
strain of consequence.

The blood of Jock, Trap, and Tartar first came to us
through the importation by Mr. Newbold Morris of a very
fair Terrier, called Gamester, in 1877. He produced quite
a number of nice puppies at the time, but his blood has

now quite disappeared
from our benches. Noth-
ing very serious was done
in getting out high-class
Terriers until the Messrs.
Lawrence, of Groton,
Mass., and Messrs. Ruth-
erf urd, of Allemuchy,
Warren County, N. J.,
began exhibiting, about the year 1882.

Mr. Lawrence bought Old Buff and Brockenhurst Joe, and
some nice bitches, including Jeopardy and Deacon Rosey,
from Mr. J. C. Tinne. For three or four years these Ter-
riers and their offspring adorned our benches, but, unfortu-
nately, Mr. Lawrence's kennels being far away from the
principal breeders of the time, the old dogs received com-
paratively few outside bitches. When they died, four years
ago, Mr. Lawrence, to the great regret of our fanciers, gave
up active breeding.

Messrs. Rutherfurd made some very useful importa-
tions, beginning in 1881, including Old Bowstring, by Turk,
Swansdown, by Saracen, Old Champion Royal, and a num-
ber of crosses of Buff, among them Nailer, by Buff, im-
ported in utero, and later Old Viola, the grandam of their
famous bitch Diana. The blood of their earlier importa-

390 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

tions has given way to the modern strains, with which they
have liberally sprinkled their kennels, Diana, Splauger,
Raffle and Cornwall Duchess being the most prominent
of their own, while they have availed themselves unstint-
ingly of every stud dog accessible to them.

In Swansdown, by Saracen, a strain came to us which I
have not mentioned, and which possesses some local interest
for us, viz., the Turk. This dog, at one time quite popular
in England, a son of Old Grip, and with probably a predom-
inance of Grove blood in him, got two sons, litter brothers,
who were used considerably Moslem and Saracen. The
strain was noted for gameness. Moslem produced a coarse
branch, while Saracen's get showed quality. A son of
Moslem, Moslem II., was brought to this country, and
received much unmerited puffing He was a fair dog, of
rather common mould. Fortunately for American breeders,
his moderate career on our benches was short, and our
breeders escaped his undesirable blood at stud. Swans-
down, by Saracen, on the other hand, bred to Brockenhurst
Joe, produced Warren Lady, the dam of General Grant, a
very creditable Terrier in his early maturity. She was also
the dam of a lovely bitch, Lady Warren Mixture, by Mix-
ture, which Messrs. Rutherfurd lost through distemper.
Barring a delicate constitution, she was quite the prettiest
quality bitch bred on this side. Mr. James Mortimer, of the
Westminster Kennel Club, Babylon, Long Island, one of our
best judges and a very successful breeder, from Swansdown' s
blood got his excellent puppy Suffolk Risk, by Raffle.

Shortly after the importation of Brockenhurst Joe and
Buff by Mr. Lawrence, Mr. John E. Thayer, of Lancaster,
Mass., brought out the then famous Richmond Olive and
Raby Tyrant, at the highest prices at that time paid by
American breeders, founding with these two Terriers his
celebrated Hillside Kennels of Fox Terriers. They can
hardly be said to represent a strain they represent, rather,
a combination of blood with which Mr. George Raper, a
very clever breeder in England, had much success; but both
Olive and Raby Tyrant seem to have failed to reproduce

THE SMOOTH-COATED FOX TERRIER. 391

themselves or any very remarkable Terriers on this side of
the water. Mr. Thayer later added Mixture, Belgrave,
Primrose, Reckoner, and Richmond Dazzle to his kennels,
arid a large draft from Mr. Fred Hoey's kennels. With
this additional blood, Mr. Thayer is bringing out very cred-
itable youngsters.

Mr. Fred Hoey, whose kennels are at Hollywood, Long
Branch, N. J., one of our good judges and a keen and
intelligent breeder, has been very successful with a smaller
kennel than those above named. From Lurette, a sister
of Spice and Olive II., the dam of New Forest, he bred
a lovely bitch Mace II. to Brockenhurst Joe, which
unfortunately died of distemper after the Boston show of
1886. Most of his Terriers have come from Mr. Vicary's
kennels, including his famous Valet, his sire, Venetian, and
some recent importations of the strains closely related to
Vesuvienne's blood.

Mr. Edward Kelly, of New York, the founder of our
Fox Terrier Club, and a liberal importer of many good Ter-
riers of the Belvoir strains, has done much for our Ameri-
can Fox Terrier family. Of recent years, he has not been
as active, owing to business cares absorbing his leisure.
The debt American breeders owe him must nevertheless not
be forgotten.

Mr. Clarence Rathbone, of Albany, must be counted as
one of the faithful of the faithful. His Beverwyck Kennels,
at Albany, N. Y., contain representatives of every known
strain; and in the hands of so enthusiastic and tireless a
breeder a vast amount of good work is being done, which
should surely one of these days be crowned with the breed-
ing of some clinkers.

With my own, the Blemton Kennels, ends the list of our
kennels of importance up to within two years. Since then,
enthusiastic breeders have started kennels, of which much
will be heard in the near future.

Mr. R. S. Ryan, of Baltimore, has drawn both from our
best home kennels and also somewhat from abroad, to
found his Linden Kennels.

392 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

Messrs. Granger & VanderpoeP s Regent Kennels, in Bal-
timore, also give great promise. Active and keen, their
kennels are destined to be a creditable support to our lead-
ing shows.

A strong and enthusiastic combination has been formed
by two young breeders of means, Mr. Moses Taylor and Mr.
James T. Burden, Jr., of New York. Their kennels are
known as the Wood Dale Kennels, at Wood Dale, near Troy,
on the Hudson. They spare neither time nor expense, and
will soon appear on our benches with good strings to com-
pete with the old kennels, who must now look to their
laurels, for all these newly organized kennels are on the
right track as far as the blood they possess is concerned.

Mr. John A. Logan, Jr. ,
of Youngstown, Ohio, is
another of our very best
new breeders. With his
already wdde experience
with dogs and horses, be-
ing an excellent sportsman,
and fond of the best of
everything in quadrupeds,
his Oriole Kennels will certainly become familiar to every
Fox Terrier lover in the country.

A very important importation has been made this year by
Mr. H. E,. Astor Carey, of New York, a new acquisition
to the fancy. He brought out First Flight, New Forest' s
best son, a dog combining the Splinter and Spice cross
with the Clark strain ; also a full sister of Champion Rachel,
and one or two other excellent brood bitches. Mr. Carey's
kennels can not fail to meet with success with such blood
to begin with.

On the Pacific Coast, the fancy is well represented by
such breeders as Mr. J. B. Martin, San Francisco, Cal. ;
Mr. C. A. Sumner, Los Angeles, Cal. ; while throughout
the country are scattered lovers of the breed, a list of some
of which I subjoin, and all of which are doing their good
work: Mr. W. T. McAlees, Philadelphia, Penn. ; Mr. John

THE SMOOTH-COATED FOX TERRIER. 393

Wren, Springfield, Ohio; Mr. Lloyd Banks, New York
City; Mr. W. H. Joeckel, Jr., New York City; Mr. Louis
A. Biddle, Philadelphia, Penn. ; Mr. Gr. S. Kissel, Morris-
town, N. J. ; Mr. Warham Whitney, Rochester^ N. Y.;
Carl Heimerle, Bay Ridge, Long Island, N. Y.

Our Canadian cousins have for years had an excellent
list of active and intelligent fanciers, and in their kennels
can be found the blood of their own valuable importations
of prominent strains from England and from our best ken-
nels in the United States. Such well-known breeders and
exhibitors as Mr. Richard Gibson, of Delaware, Ontario;
Messrs. Wheeler & Davy, of London, Ontario; Mr. D. S.
Booth, of Brockville, Ontario, and Mr. J. K. McDonald, of
Toronto, need no praise from me.

It has frequently been claimed that show Terriers are
wanting in courage as compared with Terriers of former
days. This is a common cant among sportsmen not inter-
ested in bench shows. It is true that a Terrier not trained
for his work will frequently disappoint an owner, just as a
Setter or Pointer of the very best strain would disappoint
a sportsman in the field if its natural instincts had not been
cultivated by training.

In proof of the claim that there has been no deteriora-
tion in Fox Terriers if properly bred, I received permission of
Mr. Royal P. Carroll, of New York one of our well-known
sportsmen, who has just returned from the West to relate
a little incident told him by Mr. Beck, son of Senator Beck,
of Kentucky, showing what Fox Terriers are capable of if
put to the test. Mr. Beck, who has a ranch near Cheyenne,
Wyoming, some years ago purchased some of. the Blemton,
Kennels Terriers, from which he has since bred quite a
pack. Mr. Beck was out with his Terriers one day, and
ran across a good-sized cinnamon bear, which the Terriers
promptly attacked. Of course it was out of the question
that they should come out better than "second best."
They made a very creditable fight, however, and were
treated to a violent repulse, which they succumbed to as
reluctantly as the most exacting critic could wish.

THE BEDLINGTON TERRIER.

BY \V r . H. RUSSELL.

>HIS dog first emerged from prehistoric obscurity in
the County of Northumberland, in the extreme north
of England. A distinct breed of Terrier, native
and peculiar to this district, he was known and appreciated
there long before the era of dog shows; and since he has
become more widely known and carefully bred, he has, with
all his improvements, retained the typical characteristics
which we find noted in the earliest descriptions of the best
specimens, and which mark him oif from all other breeds
of Terriers.

The earliest records and traditions we have treat -of him
as the associate of gypsies, rat-catchers, traveling tinkers,
and such people, to whom he was a friend and guard, or an
ally and companion. in sport. However humble his patrons
at that time may have been, they were of a class who, thor-
oughly understood Terrier sport hunting with these dogs
every animal in the country that wore fur.

Mr. W. E. Alcock, the present able secretary of the Bed-
lington Terrier Club, in an article on this breed, states that a
famous Northumbrian piper, James Allan by name, who
was born about 1720. in a gypsy camp in Rothbury Forest,
near the center of the county, has left testimony, which has
been published in his biography, to the effect that his
father and himself kept rough Terriers. The father,
William Allan, was much famed for his skill as an otter-
hunter, and was much in request among the gentry as a
man who could always show them good sport.

The dogs that Allan use^d were called Rodberry (Roth-
bury) Terriers, and were the ancestors of the present-day

(395)

396 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

Bedlingtons. Some old fanciers claim that Rothbury is
tlie proper name and that it ought to have been retained.

Two of the elder Allan's favorite dogs were Peachem
and Pincher, names appearing among later dogs; and we
find the name of Piper, derived from Piper Allan, borne by
the first Bedlington Terrier, so called.

Pedigrees of known dogs of this breed are traced back
to 1792 and 1782, but we have no good description of
such dogs until those written in the early part of this
century.

We must remember that one hundred years ago Terriers
were known only as either rough or smooth; and, generally
speaking, we may say that the rough sorts were found where
the climate and work were the most trying. They there-
fore come rightly by a reputation for being a tough, plucky,
hard-bitten race, their hard, weather-resisting coats en-
abling them to withstand the greatest amount of wear and
tear, whether on land or in water.

Although we do not know so much as we would like to
know about these early Rodberry Terriers, we do know the
strain and its geographical situation. We know the char-
acter and physique of the Northumbrian man. He is stal-
wart and robust, seldom corpulent; is clean, thrifty and
plodding, honest and sincere, shrewd and independent.*
We naturally find similar characteristics in his dogs, and
we may depend upon his appreciation of such animals from
the fact that the first of all dog shows was held in the
Northumbrian city of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. This was in
1859. Subsequently, more important shows were held in the
larger centers of Great Britain; but anyone looking about
Newcastle and its neighborhood can not fail to notice the
keen interest taken in sport on every hand.

In 1825 one Thomas Ainsley, a mason, who had bred a
remarkably good Terrier called Young Piper, and from
whom many of the best dogs are descended, first gave the
breed its present name, after a town some thirteen miles

* Encyclopedia Britannica, ninth edition, Northumberland.

THE BEDLINGTON TERRIER. 397

north of Newcastle. Its present population is about 14,000,
mostly outlying from the original village, which seems to
retain its old-time simplicity.

We have brief descriptions, given in several articles on
this Terrier, of the parents of Young Piper. The sire,
Anderson's Piper, was a slender-built dog, fifteen inches
high, and weighing only fifteen pounds; he was liver-col-
ored, the hair being of a hard, linty texture; ears large,
hanging close to the cheek, and slightly feathered at the
tips. The dam, which was brought from the town of Bed-
lington, in 1820, was black, with brindled legs, and with a
tuft of light-colored hair on the top of her head; she was
thirteen inches high, and weighed fourteen pounds. Thus
we can see that seventy years ago, at least, some of the im-
portant characteristics of the modern Bedlingtons were met
with in their progenitors.

To be a little fanciful, we may imagine that this breed
evolved itself, or was developed, in adaptation to its circum-
stances. The coat is less long and heavy than those of the
rough Terriers farther north, and the build is lighter, with
more pace for, perhaps, mountainous regions, and longer
bursts of speed; in fact, we find the miners of the great
coal-beds in this district using these Terriers to run rabbits,
and seeking pace, and therefore long legs, in their dogs.
When the Bedlingtons were first brought before the public,
they were, in the most part, in the hands of these same
miners. The demand for speed in coursing had caused the
Bedlingtons to be given up, in a measure, for the Whippet
and Greyhound; but he will always be remembered as
having been the companion and pride . and joy of the
"Geordie."

However, our subject has other fanciers as well who are
more able and ready to show and carefully breed their dogs.
Ten years ago, to be sure, the Bedlingtons had been seen
and heard of out of their home county, but were not much
bred elsewhere. Now there are kennels of them all over
England, from Devonshire far north into Scotland. The
Bedlington Terrier Club has a good list of members well

THE BEDLINGTON TERRIER. 399

distributed over Great Britain, and with two members on
this continent.

The English Kennel Club Stud Book records prizes given
to Bedlingtons at Manchester, in 1869, and prize-winners
are named at the succeeding large shows.

On January 1, 1890, a dog show was held at Newcastle-
upon-Tyne, in the same building as the first of all dog
shows, in 1859. The number of Bedlington entries was
eighty -three the largest known.

What crosses helped to produce the Bedlington as we
now have him, whether the Otter Hound contributed his
pendent ears and peaked skull, and the Greyhound his ele-
gant shape, is not known. Exactly when and how the pres-
ent type became inherent in the breed we can only surmise.
The underlying quality of the dog, which has in nowise
been affected by any possible crossing in the remote past,
is Terrier. Everything that can be said in favor of the
aboriginal rough Terrier, from which he is descended, may
be said of the Bedlington. The two names Ainsley and
Pickett mark eras, overlapping each other, in the history of
our subject. There were known previous to 1825, and sub-
sequently, many other fanciers, only less prominent as
such.

Following are the points of the Bedlington Terrier as
defined and adopted by the Bedlington Terrier Club:

Skull. Narrow, but deep and rounded; high at occiput,
and covered with a nice silky tuft or top-knot.

Jaw. Long, tapering, sharp, and muscular; as little
stop as possible between the eyes, so as to form nearly a
line from the nose-end along the joint of the skull to the
occiput. The lips close-fitting, and no flew.

Eyes. Should be small and well sunk in head. The
blues should have a dark eye. The blue and tan ditto, with
amber shade. Livers, sandies, etc. , a light-brown eye.

Nose. Large, well-angled. Blues and blue and tans
should have black noses; livers and sandies have flesh-col-
ored.

Teeth. Level, or pincer- jawed.

400 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

Ears. Moderately large, well forward, flat to the cheek,
thinly covered, and tipped with fine, silky hair. They
should be filbert- shaped.

Legs. Of moderate length, not wide apart, straight and
square set, and with good- sized feet, which are rather long.

Tail. Thick at root, tapering to point, slightly feath-
ered on lower side, nine inches to eleven inches long, and
scimiter-shaped.

Neck and shoulders. Neck long, deep at base, rising
well from shoulders, which should be flat.

Body. Long and well-proportioned, flat -ribbed, and
deep, not wide in chest; slightly arched back, well ribbed
up, with light quarters.

Coat. Hard, with close bottom, and not lying flat to
sides.

Color. Dark blue, blue and tan, liver, liver and tan,
sandy, sandy and tan.

Height. About fifteen to sixteen inches.

Weight. Dogs, about twenty-four pounds; bitches,
about twenty-two pounds.

General appearance. He is a light made-up, lathy dog,
but not shelly.

Pickett preferred the silky top-knot to be darker than
the rest of the coat, but later fanciers prefer the reverse.
The muzzle should be rather narrow, but very deep. There
should be no cheekiness, but the strong jaw muscles should
be there all the same. The ears should hang low, leaving a
clear outline of the head. The position and size of the
eyes minimize the chance of damage to those organs.
When not trimmed for a show, there is no deficiency on the
neck of the protected hair needed by a real working Ter-
rier. Of the various genuine Bedlington colors, the blue-
black has been of late years preferred, the liver-colored dogs
being but rarely seen at the shows, and the other colors
hardly at all; but there is at present a movement in Eng-
land to bring in the livers again, and they, in fact, were in
the old days of the fancy the favorites.

Beauty is not usually claimed for Bedlingtons, but if we

THE BEDLINGTON TEKRIEE. 401

know how to look for it, I think we may see it on them;
for if there is beauty in a Scotch Deerhound, why not in
what is nearly like it, in miniature ? The obstacle to beauty,
I should say, is the coat. This has been greatly improved
of late, and now it ought not to be either woolly or long.
Although hard, the hairs should not be straight, but should
stand almost on end, each one separate and distinct, with a
twist of its own, as if inclined to curl. Scattered over the
body are hairs harder than the rest of the coat, which, as a
whole, should be crisp to the touch and neither hard nor
silky. The coat should be about one and one-fourth inches
long, although it is frequently seen as long as two inches,
which, however, is too long, as it the more readily carries
dirt, and also conceals the animal's elegant contour. To
avoid the latter, the old and long hairs are often removed
for show purposes by hard combing, and even plucking.
How far this is justified will be discussed below.

This coat, from one and one-fourth to one and three-
fourths inches long, c ' hard, with close bottom, and not lying
flat to sides," is certainly an outdoor rural workman's
jacket. Flat coats, over two inches long, on other breeds
may be made ornamental; but the ideal coat of the Bedling-
ton is, to my mind, faultless, all things considered. Hard,
it resists wet, and yet is so short that, coming from the
water, shaking himself, and rolling on the bank, the dog is
quickly dry.

My own dogs, with the run of a farm and neighboring
stream, never need washing, and never have to be forbidden
any part of the house because of the coat carrying dirt.
The feet of any dog on a muddy day will mark a white bed-
spread, and the tidy American housewife, if there are any
dogs about, usually shuts the door to the best parlor.

Good specimens of this breed (I speak from personal
experience) resemble one another even more mentally than
they do physically. There is always the same alert interest
in outdoor matters, with the ever-present penchant for
hunting and excavating. These energies can, of course, be
misdirected, 2 and one's chickens or cats may become the

402 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

unwilling objects of the dog's pursuit; and, if not watchful,
one may even find the house-walls undermined. Young
dogs may, however, be easily taught to conduct themselves
so as to meet with general approbation, even respecting
their owner's flower-beds.

These dogs are happiest when taken for an outing with
their master, searching about at a gallop for anything that
runs wild. I have seen a Bedlington stop a large snake
and prevent its escape until, having had his attention
attracted, the owner came up and relieved the dog of further
responsibility.

They readily learn to take to water with delight, and
do not heed cold or heat or length of road. In repose and
in-doors they usually seem dull, not being carpet knights
naturally; and their coats may seem awry, not being shaken
out as when at liberty. Seen in the snow, of which they
are very fond, the coat often looks like a beautiful suit of
velvet.

They have, in good specimens, something of the appear-
ance of a thorough-bred race-horse, and when animated
show a fiery energy that illumines them. It is this over-
flowing vitality and sporting instinct in the field that has
such a charm for a man who loves what is all about him in
nature as she is found in field, wood, and stream, and who
appreciates a sympathetic canine friend. If the Bedlington
is ugly, at least he is not so ugly that after his coat has
been cared for it is considered, by his admirers, necessary
for him to be mutilated before putting on the show bench.
The following well- written article, taken from the English
St. James Gazette, is interesting as being by an apparently
unbiased witness, and as showing that some of the best
blood has come to this country. The father alluded to is
Sentinel, one of the best-headed dogs of his kind. He is
described by that unerring judge of the breed, Mr. Charles
H. Mason, in his "Our Prize Dogs," volume 1. Sentinel's
pluck is testified to in the quotation :

Two tall and burly men were shown into my study some time ago. Their
names brought to me memories of wild moorland, of rough sport over bleak

THE BEDLTNGTON TERRIER. 403

salt-marshes; but I could not guess their errand. The taller of the pair placed
a basket on my table, and said with gravity:

" We wanted a trip to London, so we thought we'd fetch him with us. We
never trust one of the breed to no railway man."

I then knew that one of a precious strain of Terriers was to be mine, and I
received the information with sober joy. Then spoke the broader of my
visitors:

"His father's gone to America. We thought you would like a puppy of the
old dog's (he was as game as they make them), and we brought you the best
for a little present."

Here the tall man unrolled a sheet that seemed to be dotted with characters
that took the shape of a big triangular blotch.

" There's the pedigree, and nothing better in England."

The pedigree was indeed imposing. I found myself the proud possessor of
a "Blue Bedlington. Date of birth, July 18th; marks, none." In the blood of
this aristocrat mingled strains of Old Topsey, Heron's Bess, Piper, Tip, Shields'
Meg, and the records of these and other breedings wound from the base of the
triangle to the apex, where was written the name of that heir of the ages who
was in the basket. As the big man reverently laid his hands on the lid, he
looked like a bishop about to perform a confirmation ceremony. And then
the prize came to view. I am bound to say that a more sorry object never went
on four legs. He staggered absurdly, and hung his head as if he were under a
sense of crime. His coat, so far from showing a shade of azure, was a mere
rugged pelt of dark slate-color, and a comic mustache of stiff bristles gave
him somewhat of the appearance of a barbel. The two giants gazed on the
creature, and their look was one of pure rapture. Over two hundred miles the
brute had been conveyed, and I knew that no higher honor could be offered
me by my good friends; so I resolved to bestow the utmost care on the scion of
Topsey. He looked up at me for a moment, and then came to fawn on me
in a reserved sort of way; then I saw the gleam of his deep set, fiery eye, and
somehow the impression given by the whole carcass changed. The ladies of
the house came to see my new friend, and their marked restraint increased my
misgivings. The poor blue dog crept after them, one after the other, and
seemed to crave forgiveness for his own ill-favored guise ; but the feminine
mind did not relent, and polite words of commendation were uttered, I fear,
as a matter of form.

Then a rollicking Bull Terrier puppy entered and proceeded to play. He
rolled the blue over, and enjoyed the fun very much until he took the liberty
of bestowing a nip. In an instant the ragged youngster was transformed.
Without making a sound, he fixed his grip and held on. The white puppy
showed all the gallantry of his race, but he was soon in sore straits, and the tall
man said:

"Just like the old dog. They're all the same. Better part them." The
warriors were lifted up and separated.

My vanity was sorely tried during my first public appearance with the
blue puppy. But the ugliness wore off week by week. His limbs grew wiry
and strong. His tail became so muscular that a tap from it was like the blow

404

THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

of a riding-whip, and his head acquired a strange attractiveness. His early
youth went pleasantly by, and, as his character developed, I found he was
quiet and teachable, like all of his breed. His gravity deepened as his beaut}*
became apparent, and even in his gallop over the fields he pounded along as if
he were merely running for the good of his constitution and not out of light -
heartedness. It is odd to see the dog's pride in his feats with vermin; and I
fear that when we go into the country, with its swarms of rats, his vanity will
become excessive.

There is a consensus among writers on the Bedlington
that he is of the highest courage, and instances are adduced
to show his desperate gameness. It was said when he first

BEDLINGTON TERRIER-SYRUP H.
Owned by W. H. Russell, 55 East Sixty-eighth street, New York City.

became generally known that he was quarrelsome. This
has been repeatedly contradicted in print by good authori-
ties. The idea may have arisen from the fact that he was
kept by a certain class of men as a fighting dog, and
because of his undoubted pluck. However, when not
trained by this species of cannibalism, he has been found
peaceable when abroad. He has spirit and energy, which
are most desirable, but they must be properly educated and
directed. A brave man may be either a hero or a desper-
ado. Being a dog capable of the strongest attachment to

THE BEDLINGTON TERRIER. 405

his master, lie is likely to be blindly jealous, and will "bear
no rival near the throne." At home he will usually not
tolerate the intrusion of strange dogs. . This can hardly be
called a peculiarity of the Bedlington, dogs not being
inclined, as a rule, to show hospitality to visitors of their
own species.

Sometimes in America the proud possessor of a well-bred
Bedlington may be asked by some earnest inquirer, or per-
haps curious and utilitarian scoffer, "What is he good
for?" To a true dog-lover his four-footed friend is some-
thing like a child in his affections, whether his usefulness
is great or not; but the Bedlington can be a necessary part
of an establishment.

In the first place, he is eminently a man's dog; and
although when kept in the house from youth as a pet he
loses his fire and restlessness, if he has had a chance to
learn the taste of sport, he will always be begging his mas-
ter for a run. He is able to discharge the duties of a larger
dog about a country place, except in such instances as
require bulk. If his size will not permit him to seize and
hold an intruder, he can at least give the alarm, which
enables his master to look into the matter for himself, and
either supplement or restrain his guard, as he may see fit.
He has pace enough to keep up with the ordinary speed of a
horse, and is small enough to be taken into a vehicle, and
even given a place on the seat if desired.

No rodent, Mephitis Americana, mink, raccoon, or fox
finds the neighborhood of his home a pleasant visiting-
place. He searches diligently above and below ground
for these pests, and when he finds them shows no quar-
ter. This usefulness in the writer's experience, living on a
forest farm, by an Adirondack trout-stream. This Terrier
will also act as an ordinary farm-dog, helping with the cat-
tle. I do not hear of Terriers being used in shooting in
this country, but Bedlingtons are seen advertised in English
papers as " broken to the gun."

Anyone breeding these dogs should of course be careful
to have the parents of pure blood. Such are not difficult

406 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

to procure now in America, and fair specimens may be
obtained at modest prices. Selection in mating should be
on the general principle of a sum of excellences in the two
parents a defect in one counterbalanced by a correspond-
ing excellence in the other; that is, two animals, both of
which are bad in head, or body, or legs, or coat, should not
be bred together. The tendency in such a case is to an
exaggeration of the fault, whereby symmetry is destroyed
and failure becomes sure. The more good qualities each
parent possesses the better, and the descent being from
equally good ancestors, the greater the chance of successful
results. This principle being so well known, it will be nec-
essary to speak of but one point more which is especially to
be noticed about this breed. The coat should be bred hard.
It may be fine, but not soft or silky, except the top-knot
and ear-fringes. Neither should it be coarse or stiff, which
indicates other than pure Bedlington breeding. When
there is too great a tendency to softness of coat, a "liver "
cross is recommended, and this is one reason why that col-
ored dog should not be neglected.

The first Bedlington I ever owned was bought by me in
London, of a man who kept this breed for hunting rabbits,
and who cared only for working qualities, making no note
of colors or pedigrees. One day he appeared at my lodg-
ings on his bicycle, followed by three of these Terriers, one
of which he had caused to be sent from Yorkshire for me.
The dog had been taken care of by a gamekeeper, and when
I took him to Regent's Park he ran to right and to left
ahead of me, and frequently looking back, would be guided
by the direction in which I waved my hand. When so
commanded he came in to heel, which showed me that he
could have been useful with a gun. He afterward, in New
York, learned to retrieve; knd if a lady dropped her hand-
kerchief, would, at a sign from me, pick it up and offer it to
her. Once I remember a little girl was so surprised by this
apparent attention on his part that she said "Thank you,
sir," which made the dog appear very human.

However, dogs that are sharp at vermin generally do not

THE BEDLINGTON TERRIER. 407

retrieve well, and need careful treatment to be taught. They
will pick up an article, but nip and drop it, and look for
something else. All Terriers should be trained to run
ahead and hunt and to come in to heel when required. If
they do not know at least this much, they are likely to be a
nuisance. By not punishing a dog when he comes to you,
he will learn at a cross word to come in to heel, where he
can be well controlled and directed. When it is necessary
to correct a small dog, run at him suddenly and fiercely;
he will usually lie down; then stand over him and scold,
but not loudly, perhaps pretending to beat him with a
switch. He will then, if he understands, be glad to do as
you wish him to do.

Never give a command you can not enforce. Firmness
and consistency will train a dog better than to impress him
by cruelty, besides developing his intelligence and affec-
tion. This is merely the common-sense of dog-training
which has been ably set forth by well-known writers.

These dogs are most hardy. They may be kept where
any live-stock is kept, provided they have a dry bed, as in
a barn in winter or out of doors in summer; in fact, they
are better if not coddled. They should not be fed much
meat unless they have a great deal of exercise. They are
usually spare eaters, and ought never to look fat. If a dog
is active and his nose is moist and cold, he is doing well.
They will be better if allowed great freedom; much chain-
ing is of course bad. Males, if kept shut up together, are
prone to quarrel.

As a rule, Bedlingtons will have few diseases if given
plenty of air and exercise, with a sufficiency of good food
and clean water. It is only when kept confined in num-
bers that they "fall into the hands of the physicians."
They may then be treated according to the rules for dogs of
their size.

To show a Bedlington to advantage some care is neces-
sary, for he does not display in the ring such animation
as he does out of doors at liberty. Therefore he should be
accustomed to the chain and to pleasant associations with

408 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

it. If made a preliminary to an outing in the fields, he-will
learn not to consider it an unpleasant bondage, and will not
droop as if the chain were used merely for purposes of
confinement and punishment. After the first requisites,
health and well -developed and hard muscles, comes the
coat. The attention which it is customary to give to this
before showing is one detriment to the dog's popularity.

. .^^:-.^,^,.^..^.,^^^.:

BEDLINGTON TERRIER PUPPIES.

By Tick Tack, out of Polly Markworth Bred and owned by W. H. Russell, -55 East
Sixty-eighth street, New York City.

There are times when the natural coat is such that the dog
needs no trimming to look his best. At other times, as the
old hairs do not drop simultaneously, and as some remain
irregularly here and there over the dog, light in color and
long, they should be removed to give him a neat look.

This may be done without objection with a fine-tooth
comb, but many people think it fair to remove some hair
by plucking. If any mark of such treatment is shown on

THE BEDLINGTON TERRIER. 409

the skin, disqualification is liable to follow. Honorable
handlers will not, of course, cut or alter the color or texture
of so much as a single hair. Whatever there is on the dog
must be perfectly natural. Some fanciers, on the other
hand, consider the least plucking dishonest, and hold that,
if extensively resorted to, it enables a dog with an excess-
ively long coat to compete advantageously with a naturally
good and short-coated dog. This is no doubt true, and pre-
sents the problem commented on as follows in the English
Stock-Keeper, October 18, 1889 :

The disqualifications and severe penalties for trimming that have fallen
upon certain kennels, again set us thinking of the necessity that exists for lay-
iug down clearly the limits of legitimate hair-dressing in rough-coated Terriers.
It is fair to remove old hairs, and nothing more, is the reply received when old
exhibitors are asked for an opinion; but between you and me, and let us sub-
stitute our conscience for the lamp-post, who is to decide upon the age of the
hairs that abound in places which are, in the opinion of the judge, not eligible
sites for ground game. Of course, gentle reader, the tiny voice of conscience
will be heard in your sensitive ears, ringing like a town-crier's bell; and when
it softly tinkles in the presence of the deaf, and somewhat deft as well, who
will discern the moral slip of the finger and thumb?

We are open to conviction in any direction, but our opinion just now is
that the present vague condemnation of the art puts a premium on skilled bar-
barity. Masters of the art will practice undetected, and parade the ring with
pride, while the wretched, but no more guilty, initiate, with the clumsy marks
on his breast, will walk round in the fear of the judge.

In the present stage of the matter, we are inclined to describe the Kennel
Club committee's penalties as being rather harsh; but we should be misunder-
stood if this opinion were construed into an expression of sympathy with the
professional trimmers. Our sympathy is with the honorable and eminent mem-
bers of the kennel world who have boldly entered the lists to unseat the knaves
of the tonsure; while our inexpressible contempt is reserved for the champions
of trimming, and for those who sneered at the motives of the opponents of trim-
ming.

And also, January 3, 1890:

One of the most trying questions during the year that has just begun
will be the great trimming puzzle; for it is a puzzle to know how much the
Kennel Club or the judges will stand. The Kennel Club ought to solve the
puzzle, of course there is no doubt about that; but the committee fold their
hands a- d shrug their shoulders, and say: Non possumm; we have tried. We
did issue a circular asking exhibitors for information. The novices and the
numskulls replied most copiously, and by return of post; but the rest, who,
from having been more than five minutes in the fancy, knew something,
proved very bad correspondents. The committee think they have done their

410 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

best. They are unable to define trimming in Terriers sufficiently just and com-
prehensive for the purposes of disqualification; so they say we will ask men to
judge these hairy breeds who are acquainted with the peculiar customs of the
fancy, and then we will ask them to tip us the wink if they see how it has been
done. This is a very comfortable temporary arrangement. Some of the
judges have taken to it most seriously, and we expect to give our readers
accounts of several causes celebres of this description in 1890.

The honesty of motive here shown is beyond cavil; still,
as certain modifications of the natural animal are allowed
in the case of some other breeds of dogs, there may be
another point of view that is not dishonest, either. To win
with Bedlingtons under the general run of judges, the coat
must be made to look neat and not disguise the dog' s good
points of shape. If any trace of his ' ' improvement ' ' is
found, scrutineers, disregarding the customs of fanciers
and judges of this breed, think they have grounds for dis-
gracing both animal and owner, which does not encourage
the taking up of this otherwise unexceptionable dog. If
the judges would favor what have been called "honest-
coated" dogs, and not be much influenced by the neatness
that comes from excessively careful and skillful manipula-
tion, it would tend to stimulate the breeding and showing
of dogs with better natural coats.

The latest dictum on this subject, by the English Bed-
lington Terrier Club, is to this effect:

At a meeting of the above club held in Newcastle, on January 7, 1880, it
was voted, unanimously, "that trimming Bedlingt^n Terriers, that is, remov-
ing superfluous hair, be allowable and acknowledged, as it is not done to
deceive, but to smarten the dog and show his shape and general contour; and
that the honorable secretary be instructed to send a copy of the minutes of the
meeting to the Kennel Club committee, and request them to seriously consider
the matter.

By this energetic defense of trimming, the specialty club
openly challenged the highest English tribunal, and the
result is that we have the Kennel Club's definition of a
limit to the practice; for at a meeting held February 4,
1890, it was, after some discussion, voted, unanimously,
"that the committee of the Kennel Club agree with the
Bedlington Terrier Club that the removal of ' superfluous
hair' is allowable, understanding by the words 'superflu-

THE BEDLINGTON TERRIER. 411.

ous hair ' the old or dead coat. Any removal of the new
coat, or trimming of head or ears, they consider improper
tampering." With this decision it is believed that Bed-
lington men in general will be satisfied.

But few Bedlingtons have been shown in the United
States as yet, and they have been mostly imported speci-
mens. If they were shown in larger numbers, so that the
type could be more readily seen and appreciated, it would
greatly help them in popularity. Now, in the poorly filled
classes, they look like survivors of a nearly extinct race.
They are not understood. However, there are opportuni-
ties afforded each year of showing under excellent judges.
New faces appear from time to time on the show benches,
and testify to an appreciation among some few. If these
dogs ever get a favorable start, I do not see why they may
not become favorites in certain parts of the United States.

They are especially adapted to our rigorous northern cli-
mate. They care so little for the luxuries of life that they
thrive where some other dogs would not. So far they have
found the most favor in Canada. One of their best-known
advocates in that country is Mr. W. S. Jackson, of Toronto;
and the blue dogs may be proud of their friend, as people
who have had the pleasure of meeting him will understand.
There is good Bedlington blood in British America, as far
west as Victoria, Vancouver's Island, and as far east as
Halifax, Nova Scotia. In the United States, it is scattered
about north of Mason and Dixon's line.

THE IRISH TERRIER.

BY DR. J. S. NIVEN.

all things Hibernian, the history of this dog is
rj somewhat mixed; in fact, very little is known about
=|> it. From very old men with whom I talked twenty
years ago, some of whom could recollect back sixty years
or more, I have learned that Terriers of a red or badger
color were numerous in the days of their boyhood, and
were largely used for all kinds of field sports, both on land
and water. From what I could learn, these dogs were at
that time of a much larger type than those bred nowadays.
It is only within the last lew years that any prominence
has been given to the Irish Terrier by fanciers. Formerly
they were kept for sport alone, and very little attention was
paid to breeding for any special type, the object being sim-
ply to get good hard workers which were able to endure a
great amount of fatigue and exposure to severe weather.
The principal uses to which these dogs were put in olden
days were hunting the water-rat in the rivers, drawing
badgers in the mountains, and killing rabbits as they were
bolted by ferrets from the warrens. They were also used
as watch-dogs about the cotter houses of Ireland.

About fifteen years ago the breed had become very much
degenerated by the admixture of Scotch Terriers, which
were being largely imported into Ireland as ratters. The
gentlemen who were chiefly interested in bringing this same
breed of Terriers up again to an established type were
Messrs. Mortin, Erwin, Ridgway, Montgomery, Jamison,
Crosby, Smith, and Marks, and later, Messrs. Krehl, Des-
pard, Graham, Pirn, Carey, Waterhouse, and others. In res-
cuing the breed from utter destruction, these gentlemen used
every means within their reach, and have been well rewarded;

(413)

414 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

yet their work has not been done without the national
characteristic of contrariness being strongly exhibited. A
most bitter and still undecided controversy has been the con-
sequence. The principal cause of all the trouble has been
the anomalous decisions of the judges at the various bench
shows.

The question of size has been the bitterest one between
the different factions. There can be no doubt that many of
the finest and purest specimens of the breed were of large
size, weighing thirty to forty pounds, and even more; but
the desire of the most genuine fanciers of this breed has
been to reduce the weight to twenty -live pounds and under.
Another vexed question is that of cropiDing, and this sub-
ject had been coming up from time to time until in 1888,
when the Irish Terrier Club passed a resolution emphatic-
ally condemning the custom. Consequently, the croppers
are in high dudgeon, and it will take years yet of careful
breeding to get the ears of the Irish Terrier to conform to
the uniform drop of those of its contemporary, the Fox
Terrier. At present the anti-croppers have the best of the
argument as far as usefulnesss and cruelty are concerned,
but the advocates of cropping have some strong argu-
ments on their side, also, as only a small percentage of Irish
Terriers, as now bred, are born with perfect ears; and noth-
ing is such an eye-sore to a Terrier man as a badly carried
ear, which judicious cropping does away with in a great
measure.

The English Kennel Club has also taken this question
up, and its latest decree is to the effect that all Irish
Terriers born after December 31, 1889, must be shown
uncropped at all shows held under their auspices. To show
that there are still some of the large specimens, I copy the
following from the "Whispers" of the Stock-Keeper, which
may be attributed to the editor, Mr. Krehl:

It is one of our pet theories* that the Irish Terrier, as he existed in the
Emerald Isle before the cunning hand of the exhibitor had been run over him,
was the descendant of the Irish Wolfhound. We still consider "a miniature
Irish Wolfhound " a good description of what we should like the Irish Terrier
to be. Look at the picture of that grand old bitch Spuds, in Stoneheng ;

THE IRISH TERRIER.

415

there you have the Wolfhound head and outline. Spuds was a rare type; she
had her faults, and we all knew them, but her memory is more pleasant to our
mind than the sight of the modern prize-winners. To call the Irish Terriers of
to-day miniature Wolfhounds wou'd be sarcastic; the majority of them are
sour-faced, yellow-eyed, black-muzzled, chumpy-headed, and thickly built, and
with bone enough for a Clydesdale horse in fact, these overbred creatures are
utterly unlike anything else so ugly as themselves. Of course this is only our
own simple and inexperienced opinion, which judges and connoisseurs of the
breed are at liberty to dismiss with contempt. They may prefer the thick-
legged clodhoppers; we still linger on the memory of the graceful and sym-
metrical Terriers, rather light in build, and with only proportionate bone to
carry their weight.

mt f

IRISH TERRIER NORAH.
Owned by Dr. J. S. Niven, London, Canada.

Spuds and her kind, though, were already cultivated descendants of the
big rough and shaggy dogs that the peasants kept for work. These Irish Ter-
riers were brimful of the splendid character that is attributed to the breed.
,There was a world of love in their expressive brown eyes, their natures were
gentle with children and women in fact, so timid even did they appear that
strangers have been misled into thinking them without courage; but what a
mistake ! The caress-inviting and quiet creature in a moment, if a blow were
aimed at its master, was transformed into a fury. We could tell some won-
derful tales of the tractability, and the prowess, too, of the old sort, but we fear
to grow garrulous on a favorite and much-loved theme.

Our thoughts were led back to "the old sort" by the sight of a dog that

416 THE AMEEICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

Mr. Frank Aspinall, the brother of the Kennel Club secretary, lately brought
to show us. This was one of them, and a fine Wolfhound he would luive
made if he had continued to grow. He stood as high as a Collie, and look- d
to weigh fifty pounds or more; his coat was rough and hard; each hair was
wheaten from the body to the tip, which was red; the under coat was woolly
and dense. The head looked all of ten inches long, rather narrow across
the skull, and the muzzle powerful; and when he opened his mouth and
showed his "graveyard" well, we felt relieved that we were not an Irish
landlord. Mr. Aspinall told us his jaw-power was enormous, and that he
could pull up solid planks and bite through half-inch boards. More joy that
we are not a half -inch board!

But to return to our Irishman and, by the way, we should say that this
dog looked Irish, and we like to see character in a national dog Mr. Aspinall
told us that he purchased him from a Waterford man, who said he came from
Connemara. on the West Coast. Mr. Aspinall told us several instances of his
stanchness. He has seen him swim a mile in a fast and swollen stream which
was thick with floating logs, and as he swam, turning from one bank to the
other after the rats that shot in and out.

The history of i he present Irish Terrier may be said to
date from 1875, several dogs having that year been exhib-
ited at Belfast, Ireland, the home of Mr. G. Jamison. The
first Irish Terriers that were ever exhibited in England were
at the Brighton Show, in October, 1876 Banshee and
Spuds, owned by Mr. Jamison, winning first and second.
Since then the class of Irish Terriers has increased so
much that they almost equal in numbers the Fox Terrier
and surpass the Scotch Terrier classes, showing how popu-
lar the breed has become in a few years. The Irish Terrier
Club was formed in Ireland about the beginning of 1879,
and since that date the Irish have been well represented,
both on the bench and in the public press.

Vero Shaw has devoted more attention to this breed than
any other modern writer, and little more can be said of it
than is found in his works. The information he gives was
obtained, principally, from Mr. G. H. Krehl, one of the
most enthusiastic admirers of the breed.

The Irish Terrier is a true and distinct breed indigenous to Ireland, and
no man can trace its origin, which is lost in antiquity. Mr. Ridgway, of
Waterford, whose name is familiar in Irish Terrier circles from having drawn
up the first code of points, states that they have been known in Ireland "as
long as that country has been an island, and I ground my faith in their age
and purity on the fact that there exist old manuscripts in Irish mentioning the

THE IRISH TERRIER. 417

existence of the breed at a very remote period." In old pictures representing
scenes of Irish life, an Irish Terrier or two are often to be descried. Bally -
mena and County Wicklow may almost claim to be the birthplaces of the
breed. Most of the best specimens hail from Ballymena and the neighbor-
hood, where Mr. Thomas Erwin, of Irish Setter fame, boasts an extensive
experience of this breed,' and has always kept a few of the right old working
sort for sporting purposes; and "in County Wicklow," Mr. Merry says, " it is
well known that the pure breed of Irish Terriers has been carefully kept dis-
tinct and highly prized for more than a century." Mr. E. F. Despard, whose
name is well known in Irish Terrier circles as a very successful breeder and
exhibitor, claims an acquaintance of over forty years with the breed. Mr.
George Jamison, too, has known and kept them many years, and up till a little
while ago had won more prizes than all the rest of the breeders put together.
I mention these proofs of the age of the breed to show those who have lately
come to admire them that it is not a made up, composite, or mushroom breed.
They are part of Ireland's national economy, and are worthily embodied in the
sportsman's toast "Irish women, Irish horses, and Irish dogs" (which means
Irish Terriers, Setters, and Spaniels).

One's first acquaintance with this "prehistoric Terrier" is apt to be dis-
appointing, except to a really " doggy" Terrier man. That is because there is
no meretricious flash about them; but there is that about them which you
learn to like they grow upon you. They supply the want so often expressed
for "a smart-looking dog with something in him." There is that about their
rough-and-ready appearance which can only be described as genuine Terrier, or
more emphatically, ' ' Terrier character." They are facile princeps the sportsman 's
Terrier; and having never yet been made fashion's darlings, still retain in all its
purity their instinctive love of hard work. Their characters do not suit them
for ladies' pets, but render them the best dogs out for the man that loves his
gun and quiet sport.

Amongst those wise old fellows that one comes across in the country, who
like a dog with something in him, and a " Terrier," of course, the Irishman is
prime favorite. And they know what they are about, those old fellows, and
are sportsmen, too, in their own sort of way, when the sun has gone down.
This reminds me of a discreditable fact in the history of Irish Terriers, that they
were not always only "the poor man's sentinel," but oftentimes something
more, when by the aid of their marvelous noses and long legs they, when the
shades of night had fallen, provided the pot with that which gave forth the
savory smell and imparted a flavor to the "spuds." This, however, if it
injured their moral principles, certainly sustained their love and capability for
rabbiting In olden times, too, the larger sizes were bred and used for right-
ing, and there is still a dash of the old fighting blood in their descendants.
They dearly love a mill, and though it would be calumny to say they are quar-
relsome, yet it must be admitted that the male portion of the breed are perhaps
a little too ready to resent any attempt at interfering with their coats; but are
they not Irish, and when did an Irishman shirk a shindy? My dog Sporter is
very true to character in this respect. Small dogs, or even those of his own
size, he never deigns to notice; but if some large specimen of the genus Cants
27

418 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

approaches him, putting on "side" and airs, Sporter immediately stiffens up
visibly, his tail assumes a defiant angle above the horizontal, his ears are cocked
forward alertly, and there is an ominous twitching of his upper lips which says,
as plain as looks can speak, " Lave me alone, ye spalpeen." Should his warning
not be accepted, a scrimmage ensues, which I speedily terminate by whipping
him up under my arm by his tail and marching him off. En passant, I recom-
mend this as a very effectual and safe manner of putting a stop to a canine
melee. " Hitting off" Irish Terriers when fighting I have found useless; they
think the pain comes from their opponent, and this only serves to rouse them
to fresh efforts.

This description, although, written several years ago, is
still held to be correct, and nothing need be added to it.

All that the Irish Terrier breeders now have to bewail
(and the Irish always have a grievance of some kind), is
the want of judges who will adhere to some one type. I
was told not long since, by one of the most prominent
exhibitors in England, that all he needed to know before
exhibiting at a show, in order to take a prize, was the name
of the judge, and that he could then choose from his ken-
nel the dog that would be sure to win. This must be very
nearly correct, as I see his name often, and always among
the first flight. This is not right; and as the Irish Terrier
CJub has adopted a standard, which is accepted by all the
most prominent breeders, it ought to be adhered to. The
standard being established, all that is necessary is for
judges to abide by it, and disqualify all dogs that go over
the recognized weight of twenty-four pounds. If this were
done, and the cropping question permanently disposed of,
there would then be a bright future for the Irish Terrier
and his breeder. The Irish Terrier now stands third or
fourth in numbers at all shows in England and Ireland,
being outnumbered only by Fox Terriers, Collies, and St.
Bernards. This is a good showing, considering how short
a time the modern Irish Terrier has been before the public.

The illustrations which accompany this article are for
the information of breeders and the public. Norah
represents the old type. She is built on the lines of the
Irish Wolfhound, and her weight was twenty-two pounds
when in condition. The same model could have carried
very well thirty to forty pounds; but her day is past, and

THE IRISH TERRIER. 419

the Irish Terrier of to-day is modeled after the second
illustration, which represents a dog that weighed about
twenty pounds. From his shape and build it is clearly im-
possible that a dog of his type would be of any use at much
over that weight, being lower on legs and shorter ribbed;
if he were heavy, he could not get over the ground as easily
as a lighter-built dog.

Perhaps the best all-round dog that has been before the
public lately is Playday, whose death we have lately
seen recorded. He was the lirst uncropped dog that was
ever awarded a prize, and was successful under almost all
the judges at the English shows. He is proving himself a
typical dog, although as an immediate sire he has not
made a good record; but his grandsons and granddaughters
are coming well to the front.

There is one point that can not be passed over in favor
of the Irish Terrier, and that is his ability to adapt himself
to any climate or any surroundings. In this respect, he is
a long way ahead of either the Fox Terrier or the Scotch
Terrier. He is daily in request for India, China, and the
antipodes, where the other breeds fail to acclimatize. He
is just as happy in the closed-up den of the peasant as he
is in the kennel of the millionaire. He is, par excellence,
the dog of the people.

In this connection, the notes of Mr. Ridgway and Mr.
Jamison, both prominent Irish fanciers of the breed in
question, are well worthy of study, and are given below, as
well as the scale of points which has been adopted by the
Irish Terrier Club, and is now accepted by all breeders.

Mr. Ridgway says :

That the Irish Terrier is and has been a pure breed of dogs indigenous to
Ireland, is a fact undoubted, and undisputed by the oldest fanciers and breeders
still living, who can well remember the dog fifty or sixty years ago, and at a
time before the introduction to this country of the Skye, Yorkshire, or English
Bull Terrier, now so fashionable in many parts.

No doubt this breed has of late years been allowed to degenerate sadly,
from want of proper interest having been taken in it; but notwithstanding this,
we can still bring forward specimens of our Irish Terriers, such as have been
seen at several of our leading Irish shows, which for usefulness, intelli-

420 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

gence, and gameness, as well as general appear,: nee, are second to no breed of
Terriers in the kingdom.

As a breed, they are peculiarly adapted to the country, being particularly
hardy, and able to bear any amount of wet, cold, and hardship without show-
ing the slightest symptoms of fatigue. Their coat also being a hard and wiry
one, they can hunt the thickest gorse or furze cover without the slightest
inconvenience. As for the capabilities of these dogs for taking the water, and
hunting in it as well as on land, I may mention, as one instance, that a gentle-
man in the adjoining County of Tipperary keeps a pack of these Terriers, and
has done so for years, with which he will hunt otters as successfully as anyone
can with any pack of pure Otter Hounds.

Within the last few years, and since the introduction of dog shows into
Ireland, a far greater interest than heretofore has been taken in this breed,

IRISH TERRIER MARS.
Owned by W. J. Comstock, 216 Canal street, Providence, R. I.

and consequently a greater amount of care is evinced now in selecting the
proper specimens to breed from ; so that in a short time we may look forward
to see the Irish Terrier just as fashionable and as much sought for in England
as the English Fox Terrier is at present.

Mr. Jamison says :

The Irish Terrier, as his name denotes, is the representative of the Emerald
Isle, and especially suitable for his native damp country, being able to stand
much more wet, cold, and fatigue than most other Terriers. The coat is so
hard and flat on the body that water can not penetrate it, and not being too
long, does not hinder the dog in cover-work. This breed is more used as
vermin destroyers than for any other purpose, which principally accounts for
breeding for size being teglected. However, within the last fifteen years the
breed has been much closer looked after, and at the present time, there are a

THE IRISH TERRIER. 421

number of these clogs that in point of show qualities will vie as near perfection
as most breeds.

There are certain enthusiasts who have been writing this breed up in
fancier papers as the only genuine working Terrier. This, of course, is non-
sense. At the same time it is a recognized fact that from their peculiar hardy,
active habits they, at least, are deserving of a front rank among working
Terriers. The Irish Terrier Club has recently been the means of the breed
being brought something more prominently before the public, but some of the
prominent members will require to exercise a little more patience and forbear-
ance, or the object of the club will be frustrated.

The Irish Terrier Club's scale of points and description
of the true Irish Terrier are here given:

POSITIVE POINTS.

Value. Value.

Head, jaw, teeth, and eyes 15 Hind quarters and stern . 10

Ears 5 Coat 15

Legs and feet 10 Color 10

Neck 5 Size and symmetry 10

Shoulders and chest 10

Back and loin 10 Total 100

NEGATIVE POINTS.

Value. Value.

White nails, toes, and feet. . . .minus 10 Coat shaggy, curly or soft, .minus 10

Much white on chest " 10 Uneven in color " 5

Ears cropped 5

Mouth undershot or cankered'. " 10 Total 50

Disqualifying Points: Nose, cherry or red; brindle color.

Head. Long; skull flat, and rather narrow between
ears, getting slightly narrower toward the eye; free from
wrinkle; stop hardly visible, except in profile. The jaw
must be strong and muscular, but not too full in the cheek,
and of a good punishing length, but not so fine as a White
English Terriers. There should be a slight falling away
below the eye, so as not to have a Greyhound appearance.
Hair on face of same description as on body, but short
(about a quarter of an inch long), in appearance almost
smooth and straight; a slight beard is the only longish hair
(and it is only long in comparison with the rest) that is per-
missible, and that is characteristic.

Teetli. Should be strong and level.

Lips. Not so tight as a Bull Terrier's, but well-fitting,
showing through the hair their black lining.

Nose. Must be black.

422 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

Eyes. A dark hazel-color, small, not prominent, and
full of life, fire, and intelligence.

Ears. When uncut, small and Y-shaped, of moderate
thickness, set well up on head and dropping forward
closely to the cheek. The ear must be free of fringe, and
the hair thereon shorter and generally darker in color than
the body.

Neck. Should be of a fair length, and gradually widen-
ing toward the shoulders, well carried, and free of throati-
ness. There is generally a slight sort of frill visible at each
side of the neck, running nearly to the corner of the ear,
which is looked on as very characteristic.

Shoulders and chest. Shoulders must be fine, long, and
sloping well into the back; the chest deep and muscular,
but neither full nor wide.

Back and loin. Body moderately long; back should be
strong and straight, with no appearance of slackness
behind the shoulders; the loin broad and powerful, and
slightly arched; ribs fairly sprung, rather deep than round,
and well ribbed back.

Hind quarters. Well under the dog; should be strong
and muscular, the thighs powerful, hocks near the ground,
stifles not much bent.

Stern. Generally docked; should be free of fringe or
feather, set on pretty high, carried gaily, but not over the
back or curled .

Feet and legs. Feet should be strong, tolerably round,
and moderately small; toes arched, and neither turned out
nor in; black toe-nails are preferable and most desirable.
Legs moderately long, well set from the shoulders, perfectly
straight, with plenty of bone and muscle; the elbows work-
ing freely clear of the sides, pasterns short and straight,
hardly noticeable. Both fore and hind legs should be
moved straight forward when traveling, the stifles not
turned outward, the legs free of feather, and covered, like
the head, with as hard a texture of coat as body, but not
so loni.

Coat. Hard and wiry, free of softness or silkiness, not

THE IRISH TERRIER. 423

so long as to hide the outlines of the body, particularly in
the hind quarters, straight and flat, no shagginess, and free
of lock or curl.

Color. Should be "whole colored," the most preferable
being bright red; next wheaten, yellow, and gray brindle
disqualifying. White sometimes appears on chest and
feet; it is more objectionable on the latter than on the
chest, as a speck of white on chest is frequently to be seen
in all self-colored breeds.

Size and symmetry. Weight in show condition, from
sixteen pounds to twenty-four pounds say sixteen pounds
to twenty- two pounds for bitches and eighteen pounds to
twenty-four pounds for dogs. The most desirable weight is
twenty-two pounds or under, which is a nice, stylish, and
useful size. The dog must present an active, lively, lithe,
and wiry appearance; lots of substance, at the same time
free of clumsiness, as speed and endurance, as well as
power, are very essential. They must be neither "cloddy"
nor "cobby," but should be framed on the "lines of
speed," showing a graceful "racing outline."

Temperament. Dogs that are very game are usually
surly or snappish. The Irish Terrier, as a breed, is an
exception, being remarkably good-tempered notably so
with mankind; it being admitted, however, that he is per-
haps a little too ready to resent interference on the part of
other dogs. There is a heedless, reckless pluck about the
Irish Terrier which is characteristic, and coupled with the
headlong dash, blind to all consequences, with which he
rushes at his adversary, has earned for the breed the proud
epithet of "the dare-devils." When "off duty" they
are characterized by a quiet, caress-inviting appearance; and
when one sees them endearingly, timidly pushing their
heads into their master's hands, it is difficult to realize that
on occasion, at the "set on," they can prove they have the
courage of a lion, and will fight on to the last breath in
their bodies. They develop an extraordinary devotion to,
and have been known to track their masters almost incred-
ible distances.

424 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

As a matter of information for those interested, I give
below the names and addresses of a few of the prominent
breeders and owners of Irish Terriers in this country:
Chestnut Hill Kennels, Philadelphia, Penn.; J. F. McFad-
den, 121 Chestnut street, Philadelphia, Penn.; Thomas
Pulverstaft, 47 Sands street, Brooklyn, N. Y.; F. P. Kirby,
135 South Eighth street, Philadelphia, Penn. ; E. Wetmore,
343 Lexington avenue, New York City; Associated Fan-
ciers, 140 South Eighth street, Philadelphia, Penn. ; Ogden
Goelet, 608 Fifth avenue, New York City; Somerset Ken-
nels, Bernardsville, N. J. ; W. J. Comstock, 220 Canal
street, Providence, R. I.; W. S. Clark, Linden, Mass.; H.
Denning, 474 Sixth avenue, New York City; P. F. Clancy,
440 Second street, South Boston, Mass. ; Charles F. Leland,
7 Beck Hall, Cambridge, Mass.; W. L. and H. A. Harris,
North Wilmington, Mass.; Edward Lever, 707 Walnut
street, Philadelphia, Penn.; E. P. Saltonstall, Chestnut
Hill, Mass.; William A. Dupee, Chestnut Hill, Mass.;
Lawrence Timpson, Red Hook, N. J.; H. A. Allan, Mon-
treal, Canada, and Joseph Lindsay, Montreal, Canada.

THE BULL TERRIER.

BY FRANK F. DOLE.

speaking, the Bull Terrier is the result,
as tne ^ erm indicates, of a cross between a Bulldog
and a Terrier. The specimens first used in prop-
agating it are believed to have been of the old type of
Bulldog and the White Terrier of the middle counties of
England. Since its origin, however, various side-crosses
have been resorted to, as with the Mastiff, the Foxhound,
Greyhound, etc.

The breed is not believed to be an old one, the earliest
authentic records we have of it dating back only to about
1843, though it doubtless originated some years earlier.

The Bull Terrier is essentially a fighting dog, and was
not always made up of these two constituent parts, as
Hound, Pointer, Greyhound, and Mastiff blood have, at
times, been introduced into his veins, but without materi-
ally improving the breed. Whether considered from a
genealogical point of view, or with reference only to his
bodily formation and general Character, he is as smartly
built as a Terrier, but with substance inherited from the
Bulldog. He is quick and clever in his actions, and pos-
sesses the courage, resolution, and endurance of the Bull-
dog.

He is naturally inclined to be good-tempered and ami-
able with his associates in the kennel; yet fee is possessed of
a wonderful amount of courage, and when provoked to
anger will hold his own in the most approved style.
Always with a bright expression, he never sulks when
punished, if his training has been of the proper sort.

Vero Shaw tersely indicates the character of the breed
in these words: "Treat him kindly, don't knock him

(4-25)

426 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

about, and no dog will have greater love for his master
than the game, handsome, and affectionate Bull Terrier."

By nature he is especially fitted for a companion for
either a gentleman, a lady, or children, while as a house-
dog he has no superior; for, besides being kind and affec-
tionate to children, he is an excellent watch-dog and an
expert ratter.

In breeding the Bull Terrier to the best possible advan-
tage, care should be taken in selecting the sire, which should
be a dog of strong Terrier character. In nearly every
litter there are some puppies that are marked either with
brown, brindle, or black. Most breeders destroy these,
which I think is entirely wrong, for often in this way we lose
some of our best specimens. Although Mark-eyed Victor
took his name from the brindle patch around his eye, he
won numerous prizes, and was undoubtedly the best dog of
his day.

Champion Trentham Dutch, winner and sire of winners,
has a marked ear. This dog was bred by Mr. J. R. Pratt,'
of Stoke-upon-Trent, England, whose name will be handed
down among the Bull Terrier fanciers the world over as the
breeder of the greatest litter of Bull Terriers ever known.
This litter was by Dutch, out of Champion Maggie May.
In the litter was Champion Queen of the May, Harvester,
and Champion Trentham Dutch.

Mr. Pratt retained the two former, which were pure
white, and sold the marked dog for seven dollars and fifty
cents. The purchaser sold him again to Mr. Simon Field-
ing, the well-known Bull Terrier fancier, who kept him, and
had the satisfaction of beating the other two. While in
England, I would have bought Trentham Dutch, but I was
influenced by a disciple of another school not to do so,
which I have always regretted, as he has proved himself a
worthy sire.

The prize-winning strain in the breed of Bull Terriers
assumes the same regularity as in the case of celebrated
horses. Maggie May, whom I imported in 1886, supplied
the show bench in England for several years with winners.

THE BULL TEERIER.

427

Although at the time I bought her she was over eight years
old, I gave fifty pounds for her. She was supposed to be
in whelp to Dutch, but did not prove to be. At the Jubilee
Show, in 1887, I met Mr. J. R. Pratt, from whom I pur-
chased her; and in speaking of Bull Terriers, he said: "If

Owned by F. F. Dole, 115 Blake street, New Haven, Conn

Maggie May will breed, you have the best Bull Terrier in
the world."

Before leaving America I had bred her to Grand Duke,
and his remark made me suspicious of her condition. I
immediately cabled to America, and found, to my relief,
that she was in whelp. This litter produced three bitches
and one dog. Shortly after birth the dog died, but of the
three bitches I sold one, who has since died. The two I

428 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

retained are well-known winners Starlight, the subject of
our illustration, and My Queen.

Starlight has been bred three times, and is the dam of
Don Pedro, who has won second in open and first in puppy
class at Toledo, in 1889, and first in open and first in puppy
class at Toronto, in the same year. When only nine months
old, Sensation, the sire of Don Pedro, was a twenty-pound
dog. Don Pedro weighed fifty -three pounds at one year of
age. I merely mention this instance to show that one can
not breed for size with certainty, as small dogs are liable to
get large ones, and vice versa. I next bred her to Hinks,
and have two six-month-old puppies, the best I ever saw,
and if nothing unforeseen happens, they will do themselves
and their progenitors great credit.

In the rapid advanc.es of show dogs to popularity, few
breeds have made the great strides that the Bull Terrier
has. This advance has undoubtedly been brought about
largely by the importation into this country of some of the
finest specimens obtainable in England. Among the most
prominent dogs of this breed that have been imported to
this country, I would mention the following: Grand Duke
and Little Maggie, owned by Messrs. R. and W. Living-
stone; Dutch, Jr., owned by T. R. Varrick; Champion
Victoria, owned by E. S. Porter; Champion Cairo, Grab-
ber, Bonnie Princess, Enterprise, and Spotless Prince,
owned by W. F. Hobbie; Champion Jubilee, owned by W.
F. Comstock; Champion Count, Champion Maggie May,
Lady in White, Lady Tarquin, Little Dorrit, The Earl,
King Patrick, Queen Bendigo, Hinks, Lady Melville, and
Bendigo, owned by the writer.*

Anyone at all familiar with Bull Terriers, in England or
America, will readily see that this breed of dogs has had

* Among other breeders and owners of good Bull Terriers, may be men-
tioned: C. Albert Stevens, Castle Point, Hoboken, N. J.; W. F. Hobbie, 54
Exchange place, New York City; Retnor Kennels, 4 West Sixty-sixth street,
New York City; Andrew Gerlach, Rochester, N. Y.; Eugene D. Hays, 13
East Sixty-first street, New York City; E. D. Morgan, Hempstead, Long Island;
W. L. and H. A. Harris, North Wilmington, Mass.; Campbell & Blake,

THE BULL TERRIER. '429

good backing, as it takes a great amount of time, patience,
and money to import, breed,. and show them.

The late Mr. James Hinks, of Birmingham, England,
will long be remembered as one who did more than any
other individual to improve the Bull Terrier, and many of
our best specimens bear testimony to that fact, as they date
to his strain. Since Mr. Hinks' death, his son Frederick
has brought out more good Bull Terriers than anyone else.
Most all of the leading breeders have dipped deeply into
Hinks' Old Victor strain.

Of the more modern strains, the Marquis and Dutch are
the most prominent. The former gets the shorter body and
better tails, while the latter gets better eyes and longer
heads, but the dogs have not the Terrier character of the
Marquis strain. Many who own Bull Terriers, and find the
name of Dutch in their pedigree, think, no doubt, that he
was a great winner. Such was not the case, I can assure
them, as I had the pleasure of seeing Dutch in Birming-
ham, England, during the summer of 1887.

When Dutch was a mere puppy he was sent out to keep,
and the man who had charge of him was fond of telling the
eld-r Mr. Hinks how well he was getting on, and particu-
larly of his wonderful chest development. When about
nine months old he was brought in, and was found to be
completely ruined for the show bench, as he had been kept
on a chain for so long a time that he was so far out at
elbows, in front and behind, as to be declared deformed.
Having been ruined for the show bench, he was put at stud,
and made a name greater than any prize-winner.

While speaking of stud dogs, 1 may say that my stud,
dog Bendigo would not rank high as a show dog, being too
much out at elbows, but his record as a sire of prize-win-
ners bids fair to eclipse Dutch's. From this fact it will be

48 Woodward avenue, Detroit, Mich.; William J. Bryson, 204 Dearborn street,
Chicago; William Mariner, 405 Broadway, Milwaukee, Wis. ; J. C. Mahler,
31 Taggert street, Allegheny, Penn.; E. S. Porter, New Haven, Conn.; A.
Wilgren, Clarksburg, Ontario, Canada; Dr. T. Plant, 18 Travers street,
Boston, Mass. ED.

430' THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

seen that a dog, in order to get winners, need not neces-
x sarily be himself a winner.

Many people are prejudiced against Bull Terriers on
account of their alleged temper; but I have owned in the
neighborhood of one hundred of these dogs in the past six
years, and while I acknowledge that there is some founda-
tion for this prejudice, still I unhesitatingly affirm that it is
greatly exaggerated, for, if properly brought up, the Bull
Terrier has more affection for his master than any other
dog.

The Bull Terrier is at a greater disadvantage when shown
out of condition than any other dog, and the following
points in regard to putting specimens of this breed in
proper condition, gleaned from my own experience, should
be of great service to the novice.

It usually takes at least six weeks to put a dog of this
breed into good form; and to do it in that time, the dog
must be physically well at the start.

The first thing to do is to give him a dose of opening-med -
icine. Syrup of buckthorn and castor-oil are my prefer-
ence, and should be given the last thing at night. The
dog's food, for a day or two, should consist of oatmeal
gruel and a little meat, and he should be given gentle
exercise. After that, work begins in earnest. His exercise
should be gradually increased from a slow walk of from two
to five miles in the morning; and the same distance should
be given him in the afternoon. After returning from exer-
cise he should be thoroughly dried with a coarse towel, then
well groomed with a hair-glove, which, in my estimation,
is the best method of grooming.

After this, the dog should be given a good hand-rubbing.
All grooming should be done one way, running with the
hair. The dog should then be put in a kennel supplied
with clean straw, which should' be changed daily. As the
exercise is increased, the meat portion of the food should
also be increased. One Spratt's biscuit, given dry, for
breakfast, and meat and vegetables for supper, with plenty
of the former, are, in my opinion, the best diet. The

THE BULL TERRIER. 431

washing of a Bull Terrier for exhibition is an important
matter, and the following is my method:

First remove the long smellers, eyelashes, and all of the
hair on the inside of the ear. This will sharpen his appear-
ance wonderfully. Next, place the dog in a shallow tub,
with a little lukewarm water, and thoroughly wet him
with clean water. Beginning at his head, he should be
well lathered with white castile soap, and then rinsed with
clean water. Afterward, repeat the operation on all parts
of his body, leaving the tail till the last.

After the bath, he should be well dried with plenty of
clean towels, and then a thorough hand-rubbing should
be given him. He should then be returned to his kennel
of clean straw and kept there for several hours.

The illustration on page 427 is of the well-known Bull
Terrier bitch Starlight, bred by the writer, without doubt
the best specimen ever bred in America. In the opinion
of Mr. Charles H. Mason, she is n't to win at any show.
She was whelped July 28, 1887, is by Champion Grand
Duke, out of Champion Maggie May, who was called in
England the pillar of the Kennel Club Stud Book.

Starlight is the winner of the following prizes : First,
puppy class, Boston, 1888 ; first in both open and puppy
class, New Haven, 1888 ; first, Troy, 1889 ; first, Toledo,
1889 ; first and special, Toronto, 1889 ; first and special,
Danbury, 1889.

Below will be found the points of the Bull Terrier
adopted by the Bull Terrier Club of England:

General appearance. The general appearance of the
Bull Terrier is that of a symmetrical animal, an embodi-
ment of agility, grace, elegance, and determination.

Head. The head should be long, flat, and wide between
the ears, tapering to the nose, without cheek muscles.
There should be a slight indentation down the face, without
a "stop" between the eyes. The jaws should be long and
very powerful, with a large black nose and open nostrils.
Eyes small and very black. The lips should meet as tightly
as possible, without a fold. The teeth should be regular

432 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

in shape, and should meet exactly; any deviation, such as
a " pig- jaw" or "being underhung," is a great fault.

Ears. The ears are always cropped for the show bench,
and should be done scientifically and according to fashion.

Neck. The neck should be long and slightly arched,
nicely set into the shoulders, tapering to the head, without
any loose skin, as found in the Bulldog.

Shoulders. The shoulders should be strong, muscular,
and slanting ; the chest wide and deep, with ribs well
rounded.

Back. The back short and muscular, but not out of pro-
portion to the general contour of the animal.

Legs. The fore legs should be perfectly straight, with
well-developed muscles ; not " out at shoulder," but set on
the racing-lines, and very strong at the pastern. The hind
legs are long, and in proportion to the fore legs, muscular,
with good, strong, straight hocks, well let down near the
ground.

Feet. The feet are not resembling those of a cat or the
Greyhound, but more after the style of the hare, compact,
with well- arched toes.

Color. White.

Coat. Short, close, and stiff to the touch, with a fine
gloss.

Tail. This should be from ten to twelve inches long,
according to the size of the dog ; set on very low down;
thick where it joins the body, and tapering to a fine point.
It should be carried at an angle of about forty-five degrees,
without curl, and never over the back.

Weight. From fifteen to fifty pounds.

THE WHITE ENGLISH TERRIER.

BY E. F. BURNS.

>HIS is an old breed, and a very popular one in Eng-
land, but is as yet little known in this country. It
is destined to become more widely distributed and
more popular here, however, for its bright, merry, sprightly,
affectionate disposition, its elegant and symmetrical shape,
its undaunted courage, its brilliant white coat, its spark-
ling black eye, and its generally handsome appearance are
such as to commend it to everyone who may want a small
dog for the house or for a companion. It is fond of human
society, either of children or adults, and is never more
highly delighted than when petted by master or mistress,
young or old.

The White Terrier, while by no means quarrelsome, is
game from the tip of his nose to the end of his tail. He
will brook no intrusion on his domain, and will assail a dog
five times his own size as savagely and as confidently as he
would a rat, if the stranger but approach his master or
mistress.

He has an excellent nose, is the natural enemy of ver-
min, and no dog is more eager in its pursuit or more suc-
cessful in exterminating it. It is as utterly impossible for
a rat to live, on the premises where a White Terrier is kept,
as for water to run up-stream. This breed differs from the
Black and Tan Terrier principally in the matter of color; in
many other respects the two breeds are nearly identical.

Concerning the status of the White Terrier in England,
" Idstone" says:

The English smooth-coated Terrier is a dog seldom seen except in the pos-
session of dog-traders and "fanciers," as they call themselves, being bred for
show more than for use. Ten or twelve years ago it was at most of our dog
28 f433)

434

THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

shows, and the breed commanded considerable attention, especially when the
dog had plenty of courage and intelligence; but this was the exception. As a
rule, the show Terrier is not a hardy nor a courageous dog. Most of his life
has been passed in a highly varnished mahogany kennel, by a bar-parlor fire,
or in the arms of some opulent or quasi-opulent dog-breeder, whose chief voca-
tion is to show his ' ' stud " of Terriers for cups and collars.

Twenty-five years ago the colored or partly colored dog, fallow, or even
brindled, or with head and body markings, would have had a chance of a prize
at these public-house meetings; but since the exhibition of dogs has been a
prominent feature in the fashionable amusements of large cities, the dog has
been so cultivated that white dogs only are admissible.

WHITE ENGLISH TERRIER WHITE PRINCE (A. K. C. S. B. 16733).
Owned by Mr. E. F. Burns, Taunton, Mass.

I have little doubt that these London and Manchester Terriers were ' ' the
pick" of what are now commonly received as Fox Terriers, purchased up and
down the country by those agents who have a roving commission to ' ' snap
up " anything which they can find which is neat and salable. These smart
country Terriers were collected in London by the keen-eyed " fancy," and frmn
these the White Terrier was gradually produced.

None of these breeders can trace their breed for many years; and all the
best white dogs were the sons of one known in London as King Dick. He was
succeeded by his son, known as Young King Dick; but neither of these dogs,
so far as I remember, were equal to some dogs exhibited in 1863, by Frederick
White, of Crescent Lane, Clapham Common, named Fly, Laddie, Nettle, and
Teddy. Twenty dogs were entered in the class, but Mr. White's were the

THE WHITE ENGLISH TEKKIEE. 435

only specimens which had any business there. Birmingham alone produces a
good class in a general way, and the rarity of the best sort may be inferred from
the fact that the same dogs won year after year without fearing rivalry. This
is the case with Mr. Walker's Tim, which has won fifty-six first prizes and
champion cups.

The weight of the White Terrier may vary from nine to
twenty pounds. The description and points for judging are
as follows:

Value. Value.

Head 10 Color 10

Legs . .- 5 General appearance 10

Feet 5 Action 5

Body 5

Total 50

Head narrow, long, and flat; skull narrow between the
ears.

Muzzle must be fine, tapering, sharp, and foxy. Jaw
muscular. Mouth must not be undershot; better the upper
jaw slightly over, if there is any deviation from a level
mouth. The stop or indent between the eyes must be evi-
dent and pronounced. Eye must be sparkling bright, but
not large. The ears must be round, flat to the head; in
repose raised, although falling over when the dog is aroused.
A tulip or prick ear is a great deformity, and shows
mongrel blood. It is customary to crop the ears.

Neck long, tapering, and muscular, and clean where it
joins the lower jaw. Ribs must be well rounded. Shoul-
ders deep and well set back, powerful as possible; loins
strong and back ribs deep. In conformation, the body must
be neither high nor wide. Fore legs should be straight
as arrows ; hind legs moderately straight; feet strong and
muscular; toes slightly arched and well split; form of foot
round and fox-like; thigh large and muscular; Ttock in a
straight line. The tail should be fine at the point and
thick at the root, with a low carriage, but not bare. When
the dog is excited, it should be carried gaily.

Color should be white; coat smooth and hard, yet free
from roughness. Temperament same as in Bull Ter-
rier. Anything approaching coarseness of coat about the
muzzle, thighs, eyebrows, or any part of the profile, is
objectionable.

436 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

Recently some good specimens of the White Terrier
have been imported from England. Several American
breeders and fanciers are becoming aware of the good
qualities of this dog, and are turning their attention to the
development of the breed in this country, and the White
Terrier is destined to win his way to popular favor here at
no distant day.

White Prince* (A. K. C. S. B. 16733, volume 7), the
property of the writer, is one of the best representatives of
his breed in this country. He was imported in 1888 by Mr.
Routley, of Providence, R. I., and was bred by Mr. Bergon,
of Birmingham, England ; sire, Turk ; dam, Slendor ; reg-
istered in English Stud Book.

*In 1890 White Prince won first at Providence, R. I.; Boston, Lynn, New
Bedford, and Taunton. Mass.; and at New York City. He won eight special
prizes in England, before coming to this country. His weight is eighteen
pounds. ED.

THE YORKSHIRE TERRIER.

BY P. H. COOMBS.

little knight of the carpet is eminently an English
production, or manufacture, if we may use the term,
and occupies a most prominent position in the canine
world, being consider- d by many the handsomest of all
long-haired Terriers, and has been appropriately termed by
one writer "the little Yorkshire swell."

Standing out in bold relief from most other toy varie-
ties, by his picturesque arrangement of coat, his color, his
diminutive size, and his stylish form, and being preemi-
nently the ladies' pet, he has a reasonable claim to the dis-
tinction of being the most fashionable toy breed of the day
in this country, as well as in England, where he originated-

We are fortunate in being able to quote from various
writers relating to the origin of the breed, and before com-
mitting ourselves to any opinion concerning this important
subject, it is desirable to read what such writers have learned
from their experience and investigation. Mr. Vero Shaw,
in his "Illustrated Book of the Dog," says on this point:

The origin of the breed is most obscure, for its originators Yorkshire-
like were discreet enough to hold their own pounsel, and kept their secrets to
themselves. Whether this reticence on their part has had the effect of stifling
the inquiries of curious persons, or whether the merits of the breed have
hitherto been sufficiently unappreciated by the public, we can not pretend to
say; but we are aware of no correspondence or particular interest having been
taken on the subject of the Yorkshire Terrier's origin.

In certain works on the dog, however, deductions have been drawn which
no doubt are more or less worthy of respect. The Black and Tan Terrier, the
Skye, and the Maltese are all credited with the paternity of the Yorkshire
Terrier. That the breed in question resembles the Skye in certain details is
evident, but in many important points the two varieties vary widely. For
instance, the back of the Yorkshire Terrier must be short and the back of a
Skye Terrier long; so as regards shape, at least, the Yorkshire man can not be

(437)

438

THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

accused of a great resemblance to his northern neighbor. In our eyes the
breed much more closely resembles the Maltese dog, save in color; but there is
no doubt that some of our more typical breeds of 'Terriers have been also
drawn upon for his production. Many persons who are ignorant on " doggy "
subjects persistently confuse the Yorkshire with what they term the "Scotch
Terrier," thereby meaning the Skye, we presume. There is, however, no
visible ground or reason ever given for their opinions, which are certainly based
on error, and ignorance of the subject

LANCASHIRE BEN (A. K. C. S B. 16278;.
Owned by P. H. Coombs, Bangor, Maine.

Before leaving the subject of the Yorkshire Terrier's origin, it may be
remarked that the puppies are born black in color, as are Dandy Dinmonts,
and do not obtain their proper shade of coat until they are some months old.
Searchers after the truth may here discover some connection, which we our-
selves confess we do not, between the Yorkshire and Dandy Dininont Terriers,
in consequence of this peculiarity in the young of both varieties.

Mr. Hugh Dalziel, in his "British Dogs," says of this
breed :

This dog long went by the name of Rough or Scotch Terrier, and many
dog-show committees in issuing their schedules still include them under that

THE YORKSHIRE TERRIER. 439

heading; but to call them Scotch is quite a misnomer, the true Scotch Terrier
being a much rougher, shorter, and harder coated dog, of greater size and
hardiness, and altogether a rough-and-tumble vermin dog. . . . That the
Yorkshire Terrier should have been called Scotch by those who, although they
may have the credit of producing this dog, probably did not know of the
existence of the real Scotch Terrier as a breed, suggests that at least a Terrier
of Scotland has had something to do with his manufacture. Now, among
Terriers recognized as Scotch, if not now peculiar to the country, we have the
old hard, short coated Scotch Terrier par excellence ; the short-legged and
mixed-coated Dandie; the Skyes, with long, weasel-like bodies, and long, hard
coat ; and the perky little prick-eared, hard and short coated Abeidonian ;
and, in addition, the Glasgow or Paisley Skye, a more toyisli dog, shorter in
back, and comparatively soft and silky in coat, which it probably inherits
from a Maltese Terrier cross. My theory, then, respecting the origin of the
Yorkshire Terriers (and I admit it is only a theory, for the most diligent and
repeated inquiries on my part in all likely or promising quarters have failed
in elucidating reliable facts, and none, certainly, contradictory to my views) is
that the dog was what gardeners call "a sport " from some lucky combination
of one of the Scotch Terriers either the genuine Skye or Paisley Toy and one
of the old soft and longish coated black-and-tan English Terriers, at one time
common enough, and probably a dash of Maltese blood in it.

Mr. G. H. Wilkinson says, in his article published in
the English Stock-Keeper in 1887 and we shall quote from
this quite extensively throughout this chapter, for the
reason that it contains some valuable information relating
to the breed that has not, we believe, appeared in book
form concerning the history as learned by him :

In commencing an article on the Yorkshire Terrier, it is necessary to trace
back its origin as far as possible. With this object in view, I have been at
some trouble in looking up several old fanciers, one of whom, John Richard-
son, of Halifax, is now in his sixty-seventh year. And very interesting it
was to hear this aged man go back to the "good old days" of over half a
century ago. I regret, however, that, although we can find men who have
been in the fancy so long, the origin of the Yorkshire Terrier is somewhat
obscure. Fifty years ago, there was in Halifax, and the immediate neighbor-
hood, a type of dog called at that time (and even within these last twenty
years) a " Waterside Terrier; " a little game dog, varying in weight from six to
twenty pounds, mostly about ten pounds weight a dog resembling very much
the present Welsh and Airedale Terrier on a small scale. At this period, these
dogs were bred for the purpose of hunting and killing rats. They would go
into the river and work with a ferret, and were just in their element when put
into a rat-pit. An almost daily occurrence, at that time, was to back them to
kill a given number of rats in a given time.

It seems almost a pity that such a breed should have become extinct. Mr.

440 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

Richardson himself owned a little bitch called Polly, who weighed six pounds,
and she was frequently put into a rat-pit with a dozen rats, the whole of which
she would speedily kill against time. She would also swim the river and hunt
with the ferret. This little bitch, I am told, had four or five inches of coat on
each side of her body, with a white or silver head. At that time, however,
the average specimen was a short r-coated dog, with grizzle-gray, hardish
coat. It however seems to me, and is also the opinion of many old fanciers
whom I have consulted, that they were the ancestors for the present breed.
There is no doubt, also, that the blood of the Skye Terrier was introduced at
some remote period, which may account for the longer coat and long body
that existed some ten or fifteen years later. No care or definite object, however,
seems to have been aimed at in breeding, at this time, beyond getting a dog
thoroughly game. It seems that it was more by good luck than management
that, about twenty or thirty years ago, a longer and softer coated dog became
known. It must also be borne in mind that at this time their coats were not
cultivated as they were later on. Dog shows were almost unknown in those
days, and even later were scarce.

From these and other earlier writers, we would be led to
infer that the origin of this breed was of the greatest uncer-
tainty, and of a most mysterious nature. That such
writers were, however, highly qualified to offer sound and
most valuable opinions on the subject generally, is proved
by the admirable manner in which they have treated the
principal characteristics descriptive of the breed; and all
specially interested in the breed should read the entire
subject as treated by such writers as Shaw, Dalziel, Wil-
kinson, Bootman, Watson, and others.

No doubt much difficulty has been experienced in
obtaining information relating to its early history; and one
opinion, as expressed by Shaw, seems to be that, substan-
tially, the history was known, but that it was kept a secret.
It would be manifestly unjust to deprive the Yorkshire
Terrier of the title to a pedigree running back to the pro-
genitors of the breed; and the continued correspondence on
and investigation into the subject by those most deeply
interested, together with their better acquaintance with old
breeders and fanciers a condition undoubtedly brought
about through the agency of the improved quality and
increased number of dog shows, and the intense desire on
the part of such people to arrive at an accurate, intelligent
explanation of the origin of such a popular breed relieves

THE YORKSHIRE TERRIER. 441

us from adding any further testimony relating to the
"mystery" of the origin of this breed.

In an interesting article on this breed, published in the
Century Magazine in 1886, and written by Mr. James Wat-
son, of Philadelphia, is given about the first public infor-
mation tending to positively identify its origin to a certain
extent, at least. The writer says :

Some of our authorities have attempted to throw a great deal of mystery
about the origin of the Yorkshire Terrier, where none really exists. If we
consider that the mill operatives who originated the breed by careful selection
of the best long-coated small Terriers they could find were nearly all ignorant
men, unaccustomed to imparting information for public use, we may see some
reason why reliable facts have not been easily attained. Tin se early writers
show but little knowledge of the possibilities of selection. Stonehenge, for
instance, in his early editions, speaks of its being impossible for a dog with a
three-inch coat and seven-inch beard to be a descendant of the soft-coated
Scotch Terrier, without a cross of some kind. The absurdity of this is seen
when we remember that within a few years of the date of his history, York-
shire Terriers were shown with twelve inches of coat. Then, again, he speaks
of the King Charles Spaniel as being employed to give the blue and tan, than
which a more ridiculous statement could not have been penned. To get a blue-
and-tan, long, straight, silky coat, breeders were not likely to employ a black-
and-tan dog with a wide chest, tucked-up loin, a round, bullet head, large,
protruding eyes, and heavy Spaniel ears. The idea is too absurd to be enter-
tained for a moment. As arrayed against all the conjectures of theorists, I
have in my possession a letter from Mrs. M. A. Foster, of Bradford, England,
who in writing of the dog Bradford Hero, the winner of ninety-seven first
prizes, says: " The pedigree of Bradford Hero includes all the best dogs for
thirty-five years back, and they were all originally bred from Scotch Terriers,
and shown as such until a few years back. The name of Yorkshire Terrier
was given to them on account of their being improved so much in Yorkshire."

Following this, and about a year later, Mr. Ed. Boot-
man, of Halifax, England, furnished an article on the
origin of the breed, for publication in the English Stock-
Keeper, which that journal, "feeling the importance of all
facts relating to the origin of the breed," published, as fol-
lows:

Swift's Old Crab, a cross-bred Scotch Terrier, Kershaw's Kitty, a Skye,
and an old English Terrier bitch kept by J. Whittam, then residing in Hatter's
Fold, Halifax, were the progenitors of the present race of Yorkshire Terriers.
These dogs were in the zenith of their fame forty years ago. The owner of
Old Crab was a native of Halifax, and a joiner by trade. He worked at Old-
ham for some time as a journeyman, and then removed to Manchester, where

442 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

he kept a public house. Whether he got Crab at Oldham or Manchester I
have not been able to ascertain. He had him when in Manchester, and from
there sent him several times to Halifax on a visit to Kitty. The last visit
would be about 1850.

Crab was a dog of about eight or nine pounds weight, with a good Terrier
head and eye, but with a long body, resembling the Scotch Terrier. The
legs and muzzle only were tanned, and the hair on the body would be about
three or four inches in length. He has stood for years in a case in a room of
the Westgate Hotel, a public house which h]s owner kept when he returned
to his native town, where, I believe, the dog may be seen to-day.

Kitty was a bitch different in type from Crab. She was a drop-eared Skye,
with plenty of coat of a blue shade, but destitute of tan on any part of the
body. Like Crab, she had no pedigree. She was originally stolen from Man-
chester and sent to a man named Jackson, a saddler in Huddersfield, who,
when it became known that a five-pound reward was offered in Manchester for
her recovery, sent her to a person named Harrison, then a waiter at the White
Swan Hotel, Halifax, to escape detection; and from Harrison she passed into
the hands of Mr. J. Kershaw, of Beshop Blaise, a public house which once
stood on the Old North Bridge, Halifax. Prior to 1851 Kitty had six litters,
all of which, I believe, were by Crab. In these six litters she had thirty-six
puppies, tw T enty-eight of which were dogs, and served to stock the district
with rising sires. After 1851, when she passed into the possession of Mr. F.
Jaggar, she had forty-four puppies, making a total of eighty.

Mr. Whittam's bitch, whose name I can not get to know, was an old Eng-
lish Terrier, with tanned head, ears, and legs, and a sort of grizzle back. She
was built on the lines of speed. Like the others, she had no pedigree. She
was sent when a puppy to the late Bernard Hartley, of Allen Gate, Halifax, by
a friend residing in Scotland. When Mr. Hartley had got tired of her, he gave
her to his coachman, Mason, who in turn gave her to his friend Whittam, and
Whittam used her years for breeding purposes. Although this bitch came
from Scotland, it is believed the parents were from this district.

The last-named writer has so fully identified the three
dogs first employed to manufacture the breed, together
with their names, ownership, characteristics, and other facts
concerning them, that there can be no doubt as to the
authenticity of the history of the origin of the breed. His
history, although published in the Stock-Keeper in 1887,
has never been publicly contradicted, and it is evident that
there can now be no grounds for following the reasoning of
writers who claim that the origin is a mystery.

The development since that time judging from an exam-
ination of the pedigrees of the most prominent dogs of the
breed has been the result of judicious selection from and
breeding with dogs that most nearly approached what fan-

THE YORKSHIRE TERRIER. 443

ciers and breeders thought ought to be the type; and it is
probable that so long as a dog of this breed was known to
have some of the blood of the original Old Crab, Kershaw's
Kitty, and Whittam's bitch the sole progenitors of the
breed former breeders did not inquire too curiously into
the pedigree of all the dogs used. This seems to be a rea-
sonable supposition, and should fully account, in the case
of some prominent dogs, for the lack of a complete pedi-
gree running back to the three dogs above named. It is a
well-established fact that the principal strains have been
most jealously guarded by the people in the north of Eng-
land.

In noting the development of the breed up to its present
standard, it may be stated, to commence with, that it has
been principally accomplished by the people mostly oper-
atives in cotton and woolen mills in the counties of York-
shire and Lancashire, England, where it originated. Un-
fortunately, at its first appearance at our shows, almost
anything in the shape of a Terrier having a long coat, with
some shade or effect of blue on the body, fawn or silver-
more frequently the latter colored head and legs, with
tail docked and ears trimmed, was received and admired
as a Yorkshire Terrier by most everyone except the few
competent judges; and the breed, fashionable as it is, is
still much neglected in this country, for the reason that its
care is not so well understood as that of many other breeds,
and a good specimen soon loses its fine show condition by
reason of lack of that regular and well-directed care
necessary to cultivate and keep the coat looking right.

Dog shews have, however, had the same effect on this
as on other breeds. With the annual improvement, in
quality, of the dogs exhibited, people have learned more
about the points required of a well-bred specimen, and the
worst type of dogs claiming title to the name has almost
disappeared from our shows. Terrier properties should be,
and are, considered by competent judges, for although
toys, they are essentially Terriers, and called Terriers; con-
sequently there is no valid reason why they should not be

444 THE AMEEICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

recognized as such. More competent judges are also now
to be obtained by the managers of our shows, although it
must n t be taken for granted that all acting in this
capacity are thoroughly educated, or united on the stand-
ard as established for the breed, to recognize one regular
type. But it is pleasant to note that much impiovement
has been made within the past few years in this direction,
and that the rapid increase in number of typical specimens
has served to educate fanciers to a better idea of what the
breed ought to be; and the Yorkshire Terrier classes are
now, in the majority of instances, well represented, in point
of numbers as well as quality, at most of our important
shows.

The Yorkshire, like other Terriers, is naturally remark-
able for its sagacity, alertness, courage, and eagerness in
the pursuit of vermin, although many of the small, weak,
inbred specimens have, undoubtedly, lost much of the
Terrier instinct. The natural courage of the breed is
such, however, that it will readily resist attacks from dogs
much larger than itself, and, as a ratter, would quickly obey
the natural instinct if allowed to do so; but wisdom on the
part of the owner usually prevents a small, valuable dog
from enjoying such recreation. They are essentially toys,
and, as a rule, are most interesting and cunning as compan-
ions and house-dogs; and the large number of ladies and
children attracted to their cages wherever they are shown
indicates, to some extent, their popularity.

All previous writers, except Mr. Bootman, state that the
color of puppies when born is black and tan; but the latter
states that "mouse-color and tan, and even fawn, are not
unfrequently seen/' Blue or mouse-colored puppies have
also been observed to some extent in my experience, and
they being bred from the best stock obtainable, I can cor-
roborate the statement made by Mr. Bootman. We also
learn, through some of the English fanciers, that some of
the first prize-winners of that country were born blue and
tan, but it is generally understood that most of the good
ones are born black and tan.

THE YORKSHIRE TERRIER. . 445

In managing, breeding, and exhibiting Yorkshire Ter-
riers, a good and regular amount of exercise is most essen-
tial to their general health, as to that of any toy dog. The
means by which the necessary amount of exercise is given
must be determined by -the owner ; the condition of the
weather having an important bearing upon the question,
owing to the length of its coat, and the absolute necessity
of preserving it if one expects to be successful in the show
ring. A great deal of a dog's appearance depends upon
whether or not he be well groomed; and this important
operation has probably never been practiced with skill and
regularity by many exhibitors, who, on showing their dogs,
are surprised to find that they compare unfavorably with
others as to their coats. Grooming, to be effective, must be
thorough; but it is hard to convince some people of its
benefit. Many appliances are more or less used as aids
to the Yorkshire Terrier's toilet; and perhaps no better
description of the process necessary to be employed in the
management and care of these Terriers' coats can be given
than that by Mr. G. H. Wilkinson, before referred to.
He says :

Beyond taking care of them and keeping their beds dry and warm, very
little notice is taken of them till about three or four months old, when the hair
has got rough and begins to show signs of altering color on the skull and down
the center of the back. Then begins a long and tedious preparation of daily
brushing, to cultivate a parting in the coat. I then slightly grease them all
over with the following, which I have always used: Six ounces of neat's-foot
oil; six drachms of tincture of cantharides; six drops of oil of rosemary; put
into a bottle, and always shake well before applying. This is certain to make
the hair grow. One of the main causes why we always keep them greased is
to keep the coat straight, and free from clots or matting together.

They are usually washed once a week, and greased again the same day. I
also keep each foot tied up in a small stocking or bag, to prevent them scratch-
ing or catching their claws in the coat and dragging it out. It is really won-
derful the great change and improvement that can be seen each week. When
washing, I use a bit of good plain soap. Dog-soaps, as advertised, are too strong
for their delicate skins. After washing, they should be well dried wLh a soft
towel, placed on a stool in front of a good warm fire, and afterward carefully
combed and brushed. I say carefully combed, because it is easy to pull off
more hair at one time than can be grown again in many weeks, and they
should always be combed and brushed till every hair is thoroughly free. If
any small clots are left, it will only be so much worse to get out next time.

446 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

This weekly process must be continued through life, if one desires to have the
dog's coat perfect. Some dogs grow much more coat than others, however,
and all the care and attention in the world won't make some dogs carry more
than a moderate amount.

It is not advisable to give a small dog of this breed much
meat; but a small quantity, well cooked and cut up, mixed
with cooked vegetables or bread and gravy, may be fed, to
advantage, occasionally. Their diet should consist mainly
of plain food, of a farinaceous and not heating quality; and
while some feed but once a day, it is believed to be better
to feed them twice. Care should always be taken not to
overfeed. The long hair on the head should be carefully
tied back on top of the head, especially while feeding; for
if allowed to become dirty, it will rot and break at the ends
until it is eventually spoiled. For their treatment in sick-
ness and disease, the general subject, by " Ashmont," con-
tained in another part of this work, should be carefully
studied. They require very little medicine, however, and
proper care and nursing will frequently do more good in case
of sickness than any other treatment. If a laxative is needed,
there is nothing safer than a tea-spoonful of castor-oil.

It is likely that some suffering is endured by puppies in
shedding their milk, or deciduous teeth; and in the York-
shire Terrier, like most other toy breeds, this begins about
the fifth month, and it is several months before the per-
manent set is established. The complete possession of the
permanent set should occur before they are nine months
old, but this is only the rule.

It is considered necessary by some to extract the milk-
teeth with instruments as soon as they show signs of loosen-
ing; but usually it is best to let nature perform its work in
this respect, and lamb or other soft bones may be given at
this time. A tooth may be extracted with the finger and
thumb if loose enough, but, as they are very sensitive about
an operation of this kind, it is better not to apply the
instrument, except in a case where a tooth bas remained so
long as to become re-fixed, and affects the regular and even
growth of permanent teeth.

THE YORKSHIRE TERRIER.

447

After the permanent set has been established, it is nec-
essary that they be kept clean and white by the same
method employed in cleansing human teeth, and the mouth
should always be carefully looked after. Also avoid giving
whole bones if it is desired to keep the permanent set;
ground or broken bone will do as well, and save the annoy-
ance of a missing tooth, which some people lacking in
experience may regard as a blemish. Teeth extracted to

CHAMPION BRADFORD HARRY f A. K. C. S. B. 13124).
Owned by Mr. P. H. Coombs, Bangor, Maine.

destroy the evidence of an uneven, defective mouth should
not deceive an experienced judge; but the loss of a tooth or
two from accidental causes, or even age, should not be
considered as a fault or blemish, when quality otherwise
really exists.

The remedies used for preventing and exterminating ver-
min are numerous; and a Yorkshire must be kept absolutely
free from such torments, or its coat will soon be ruined.

448 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

Some of the disinfectants in common use are very effective
and convenient for use in exterminating vermin, and should
be used for keeping the surroundings clean, as well as on
the dog.

The practice of docking the tail and cropping the ears
of Yorkshire Terriers is almost universal, and while the
former operation is accompanied with very little pain, being
usually performed at from four to six weeks after birth,
there are good grounds for questioning the practice of crop-
ping the ears an operation which can not be performed
without pain; for even if anaesthetics are employed, and
proper astringents applied to the wound as soon as pos-
sible, there must necessarily be considerable suffering dur-
ing the process of healing; and while it is generally admitted
that an uncropped specimen would stand a small chance of
winning under most judges, yet it is sincerely hoped that the
sentiment against the practice will prevail, and that the
fashion of cropped dogs will be ultimately abolished.

In preparing and keeping a Yorkshire Terrier in condi-
tion for exhibiting, considerable skill is necessary that it may
be properly presented in the show ring. No breed of dogs
owes more to condition for show purposes than the York-
shire; and a dog of this variety exhibited in bad order, or
unskillfully brushed, when presented to the judge, has a
good chance of being beaten by an inferior dog in good
hands. Where they are kept exclusively for the house, of
course less care is required, but the coat should be kept free
and well brushed at all times.

It is quite an undertaking to breed a Yorkshire combin-
ing the proper color, texture of coat, and correct Terrier
type; and no amount of care or attention on the part of the
owner can turn a badly bred, ill-formed specimen into a
good one. Owing to the fact that the female, like that of
other animals, is quite as important an element in breeding
as the male, it is necessary to be as careful in selecting the
dam as the sire. A faulty specimen of either sex should
be avoided for breeding purposes. The theory some people
hold, that the breeding of a bitch possessing certain faults

THE YORKSHIEE TERRIER. 449

to a, dog that is less faulty where the bitch fails, but pos-
sesses opposite ones, is likely to result in the production of
a litter of world-beaters, is simply but quite forcibly
answered by the remark of one of our oldest breeders and
judges, who, in discussing the point at one of our shows,
said: "I never yet discovered that two wrongs would
make one right." In breeding these dogs, experienced
advice should be sought, for injudicious mating is likely to
cause the ultimate destruction of type; and it is impossible
for the breeder to bestow too much attention in this direc-
tion.

A good-looking, well-bred dog is more likely to produce
stock resembling itself than a good-looking one of " un-
known," or even limited, pedigree; and by patient care and
attention intelligent breeders have succeeded in eliminating
faults and developing desired qualities in all breeds. The
result of the most approved mating will not always prove
satisfactory to the breeder; for, as Mr. Wilkinson says,
' ' no matter how well bred, there will always be good, bad,
and indifferent, and more by far of the last;" but there is
no doubt that the only foundation for success and for
obtaining good ones whether it be few or many lies in
the most careful attention to mating. These remarks are
not intended for those who, by extended experience, are
perfectly competent to manage affairs of this kind skill-
fully; but to those who have not had experience in such
matters it is important to point out the necessity of inform-
ing themselves as to the standard type, and of adhering
rigidly to it.

It is doubtful if any attempt to establish large breeding
kennels of Yorkshire Terriers would prove successful; for
while there is, and always has been, a steady demand for
first-class specimens, yet, owing to their peculiar and regu-
lar care, it would be a good day' s work for any person, no
matter how competent, to keep such a number of specimens
constantly in show condition as would be required to
maintain a reputation of the kennel necessary to its ulti-
mate financial success. It is a matter of quality, not quan-

430 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

tity, that tells in this respect; and the aggregate amount
possible to be realized from the business of a large kennel
would hardly be commensurate to the cost of its mainte-
nance. The dealer may, and in some cases probably does,
conduct a profitable business, derived from the efforts of
small breeders; and there is no doubt that those who engage
in breeding to a reasonable extent combining business
with pleasure will be rewarded with success in proportion
to their efforts.

The following detailed description and valuation of the
principal points or characteristics of the breed is from the
standard prepared and established by the Yorkshire Ter-
rier Club of England.

STANDARD AND POINTS OF JUDGING THE YORKSHIRE
TERRIER.

Value. Value.

Quantity and color of hair on back. 25 Ears 5

Quality of coat 15 Legs and feet 5

Tan 15 Body and general appearance 10

Head 10 Tail 5

Eyes 5

Mouth 5 Total 100

General appearance. This should be of a long-coated
pet dog, the coat hanging quite straight and evenly down
each side, a parting extending from the nose to the end of
the tail. The animal should be compact and neat, the car-
riage being very "sprightly," bearing an important air.
Although the frame is hidden beneath a mantle of hair, the
general outline should be such as to suggest the existence
of a vigorous and well-proportioned body.

Head. This should be rather small and flat, not too
prominent or round in skull, rather broad at the muzzle,
with a perfectly black nose; the hair on the muzzle very
long, which should be a rich, deep tan, not sooty or gray.
Under the chin, long hair about the same color as the center
of the head, which should be a bright golden tan, and not
on any account intermingled with dark or sooty hairs.
Hair on the sides of the head should be very long, and a
few shades deeper than the center of the head, especially
about the ear-roots.

THE YORKSHIRE TERRIER. 451

The eyes should be of medium size, dark in color, having
a sharp, intelligent expression, and placed so as to look
directly forward, but should not be prominent. The edges
of the eyelids should also be of a darker color.

Ears cut or uncut. If cut, quite erect; uncut, small,
Y-shaped, and carried semi-erect. Covered with short hair.
Color to be a deep, dark tan.

The mouth should be good and even; teeth as sound as
possible. A dog having lost a tooth or two through acci-
dent not the least objectionable, providing the jaws are
even.

The body should be very compact, with a good loin, and
level on top of the back.

Coat. The hair as long and straight as possible (not
wavy), which should be flossy, not woolly. It should
extend from the back of the head to the root of tail. Color
a bright steel-blue, and on no account intermingled with
fawn, light, or dark hairs.

Legs quite straight, of a bright, golden-tan color, and
well covered with hair, a few shades lighter at the ends than
at the roots.

Feet as round as possible; toe-nails black.

Weight divided into two classes, viz. , under five pounds
and over five pounds, but not to exceed twelve pounds.

Referring to this standard, Mr. Wilkinson says :

Personally, I confess a weakness for color over quantity of coat, as I con-
tend it is quite possible to produce a vast quantity of coat on a specimen other-
wise indifferent.* From boyhood, I remember my father (now deceased) being
a great breeder and fancier of Yorkshire Terriers, and he could not tolerate a
dog without the rich, golden tan, and I certainly inherit his weakness, and
think the points most difficult to o'btain should be thought most highly of
when they are produced. I am rather afraid that, of late years, too much
thought has been given to length of coat in preference to good color and mod-
erate coat combined. A lot of hair with dog attached does not constitute a
perfect Yorkshire Terrier.

Mr. Bootman also says with relation to this point :

Richness of tan on head and legs should, to my mind, be more cultivated
than at present. This property was highly prized by the old breeders. The
craze for length of coat has in a great measure been the means of reducing the
quality of tan.

452 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

In connection with the subject of standard, should be
mentioned some of the most common faults noticed in speci-
mens of the breed exhibited at our shows. The most im-
portant of these are : Too round skull (apple-head), pointed
muzzle ; silver-colored body instead of blue; fawn-colored
head and legs instead of tan; mixed-coated body (made of
two or more colors); curly or wavy coat; lack of anima-
tion in expression; natural drop instead of semi-erect ears;
roached back; light or "dudley" nose; uneven mouth;
long hair on ears; hind legs heavily coated below hocks;
too prominent eyes, and crocked front legs. All these, and
some other faults, should be guarded against in breeding or
selecting Yorkshire Terriers ; but to find a specimen technic-
ally up to the established standard is a practical impossi-
bility.

As most of the future prize and other good dogs of this
breed, in America, may reasonably be expected to spring
at least in part from the best-known winners which
have been exhibited at our shows, a brief summary of the
principal first-prize winners of late years is here given, as
far as we are familiar with them, and most of which are
well known to the fancy. They are as follows :

Champion Bradford Harry, Bradford Lill, Bradford
Leah, and Lancashire Ben ; Campbell's Prince, Dolly,
Spink, Sir Colin, and Dandy; North Fields Kennels' Harry,
Fishpool Gem, Toon's Royal, Daisy, Little Sister, Jenny,
and Floss ; Senn's Teddy and Jessie ; Cassidy' s Ben, Prince,
and Jersey Lily; Clancy's Bill and Ben; Carleton's
Armande and Bravo ; Silvey's Whiskers and Leo ; Bor-
rowscale's Dandy ; Daly's Daisy ; Sullivan's Lucy ; Engel-
hart's Paddy; Dole's Una; Healy's Ebor ; Row's Paddy ;
Kramer's Midge; Cabot's Lancashire Star; Harrison's
Mossey; Meadowthorpe. Fairy, Jessie, Damificare, Actor,
and Spider.

The following persons also own and exhibit good York-
shires:

John F. Campbell, Custom House, Montreal, Canada;
North Fields Yorkshire Kennels, Salem, Mass.; P. H.

THE YORKSHIRE TERRIER. 453

Coombs, 1 Exchange Block, Bangor, Maine; Mrs. J. S.
Bubrer, 3263 Groveland avenue, Chicago, 111. ; J. C. Cullen,
Pittsfield, Mass. ; Dr. George W. Dixon, 406 Main street,
Worcester, Mass. ; R. P. H. Durkee, 10 Ashland Block,
Chicago, 111.; E. E. Dodge, Pittsfield, Mass. ; Michael Gough-
erty, 71 Goffe street, New Haven, Conn. ; John J. Hooley,
Troy, N. Y. j John Hackett, 23 Barton street, Hamilton, On-
tario; John L. Lincoln, Jr., 2 and 4 Wabash avenue, Chicago,
111.; R. S. F. Montgomery, 217 South Fourteenth street,
Omaha, Neb.; W. R. Mack, Rochester, N. Y.; W. D.
Reid, Elmira, N. Y.; E. J. Lillie, 53-59 Water street,
Cleveland, Ohio; Mrs. E. A. Lincoln, 14 Parker street,
New Bedford, Mass. ; J. H. Staats, 3 and 4 Hodge Opera
House, Lockport, N. Y.; R. J. McLaughlin, 1762 Euclid
avenue, Cleveland, Ohio; F. G. Anthony, New Haven,
Conn.; E. G. Caiieton, 38 Court Square, Boston, Mass.;
Henry Smith, Buffalo, N. Y. ; John McKee, 323 Marcey
avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Mrs. L. D. Cutler, 262 West
Thirty-fourth street, New York City; George Bell, Walker
House, Toronto, Canada; Fred Senn, 278 West Eleventh
street, New York City; Peter Cassidy, 135 Varick street,
New York City; Bernard Cummings, 340 West Twenty-
fifth street, New York City; Mrs. W. D. Stewart, Maiden,
Mass.; George McDonnelly, Seventy-seventh street, South
Boston, Mass.; W. A. Pinkerton, 191 Fifth avenue, Chi-
cago, 111. ; Meadowthorpe Kennels, Lexington, Ky. ; J.
Maddox, 4 West Sixty-sixth street, New York City; Will-
iam A. Bragg, 21 Park street, Bangor, Maine, and Mrs. A.
H. Manierre, Saranac Lake, N. Y.

The dogs selected by the Editor for illustration in con-
nection with this chapter are certainly among the best ever
seen in this country, and are distinguished as first-prize
winners at some of the principal shows in the north of
England, where the breed originated, and where the best
specimens in the world meet in competition. They are of
especial interest in connection with this work, as being
prominent prize-winners at American shows.

Bradford Harry is at present (1890) the only champion

454 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

of record of his breed in America. He was first exhibited
here in 1888, and has appeared in Boston, New York, Troy,
Lynn, Buffalo, and New Bedford, where he won nine first
prizes in succession ; and, in addition, he has made the
remarkable record of which few dogs of any breed can
boast, viz., that of winning every special prize for which a
Yorkshire Terrier was eligible to compete at the hows where
he has appeared. In one show alone he won the specials
for "best Yorkshire Terrier," "best rough-coated Terrier
any breed," and " smallest dog in the show." His pedi-
gree is as follows: Sire, Crawshaw's Bruce, dam, Beal's
Lady; Bruce by Hodsdon's Sandy-Patterson's Minnie;
Sandy by Bateman's Sand y- Venus ; Bateman's Sandy by
Spring; Venus by Music; Spring by Huddersfield Ben; Beal' s
Lady by Tyler-Lady ; Tyler by Huddersfield Ben-Bol-
ton's Kitty; Kitty by Bolton's Wonder.

The Yorkshire Terrier Mozart, bred and owned by
Mr. James Alderson, of Leeds, England, won for the breed
the name of Yorkshire Terrier in 1874 or 1875. He lived
to the age of fourteen years and ten months, and won
during his show career 164 prizes, including thirty-six
cups, according to Mr. Bootman's history. Mozart was
by Huddersfield Ben, out of Alderson' s Frisk, both of
which run directly back to the original Old Crab, Kitty,
and Whittam bitch. Huddersfield Ben was the best
stud dog of his breed during his life-time, and one of the
most remarkable dogs of any pet breed that ever lived; and
most of the show specimens of the present day have one or
more crosses of his blood in their pedigree.

Before leaving this engaging breed, we would suggest to
the managers of shows that they hardly do justice to its
advancement and improvement when, in arranging pre-
mium lists, only one class is provided for dogs and bitches,
and frequently without regard to weight. It can hardly
be expected of breeders and fanciers to bear the necessary ex-
penses consequent to a four-days show often being obliged
to ship their dogs long distances for the purpose to make
full entries, when classes are not as liberal as for other

THE YORKSHIRE TERRIER.

455

prominent breeds; and we do not hesitate to say that it
would benefit the show, as well as the exhibitor, if man-
agers would divide the classes by weight (under five
pounds and over five pounds, as established by standard),
and also by sex; but we must condemn the practice of
providing puppy classes, if for no other reason than the
liability of the puppies contracting distemper, and thus
serving as agents through which it may be distributed pro-
miscuously. Furthermore, the Yorkshire Terrier does not
mature in coat and color until three to four years old, and it
must be obvious to all that a first-prize puppy may be
thoroughly unfit for show when matured; and the honor of
winning such a prize can therefore be of but little practical
benefit to the owner.

THE AIREDALE TERRIER.

BY F. H. F. MERCER.

IT requires no slight stretching of the term to include this
giant in the same category with the midgets of his
genus. It seems unnatural to call a dog standing
higher at the shoulder than many Foxhounds, and weigh-
ing fifty to sixty pounds, by the same generic title as the
three-pound Black and Tan, or the sprightly Fox Terrier.
Yet, though he cannot "go to earth," the Airedale is an
inveterate verminer; and if we call him not a Terrier, how
else can he be known \

Hugh Dalziel ( ' ' Corsincon " ) claims the distinction of
having christened this rough-and-ready tyke with the
pretty name he bears. In the earlier dog shows of the
northern counties of England, where specimens first ap-
peared, they were scheduled as " Broken-haired or Work-
ing Terriers," or as "Waterside Terriers," by which latter
name they were known at home.

"I suggested," writes Mr. Dalziel, "that the name
Bingley Terrier would be a more distinctive cognomen, and
applicable, inasmuch as Bingley seemed to me to be the
center around which this Terrier was to be met with in the
greatest numbers. Several of my correspondents, who were
breeders and exhibitors, suggested to me that Airedale
better represented the home of this Terrier. This I adopted,
and the name Airedale Terrier has attached to the breed
ever since."

My information, it may be well to mention, derived from
a Yorkshireman who has had to do with these Terriers all
his life (he is now upward of fifty), fully bears out what
Mr. Dalziel has written.

As the Airedale was bred by the Yorkshiremen simply

(457)

458

THE AMEEICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

with a view to getting a rough-arid-ready dog, useful both
as a watch-dog and by riverside and moor, naturally little or
no attention was paid to "scientific" breeding; a useful
dog was bred to a clever bitch, and for years no records
were kept of any kind, consequently it is impossible to
trace the. origin of the variety.

I am inclined to the belief that there is a strong dash of
the Otter Hound in their composition, backed, perhaps,

AIREDALE TERRIER WEAVER.
Owned by Clumber Kennel ( F. H. F. Mercer), Ottawa, Canada.

with some Bedlington, Scotch, and Irish Terrier blood. I
know, too, that a dash of the Bull Terrier is frequently
introduced to get additional courage.

From my small experience of the Airedale, I have found
that they possess the highest courage; and my mentor in
Airedale matters tells me "they will lick more Bull Ter-
riers than Bull Terriers lick them." Indeed, only the
'other day, I received a letter from him saying that the dam

THE AIREDALE TERRIER. 459

of Weaver, the subject of the illustration, when suckling a
litter of two-week-old puppies, fought a Bull and Terrier
bitch for three-quarters of an hour. The Bull had the
upper hand for the first thirty minutes, but then Floss, the
Airedale, set to and killed her. His men told him that
she wagged her tail all the time, and never made a sound,
though receiving frightful punishment. The Bull and
Terrier weighed half as much again as she did.

Stonehenge gives the breed a very bad name, but I can
not help thinking that the specimens he had to do with
were not typical in disposition, at least.

An Airedale is not a pretty dog no one can accuse him
of being beautiful; but he is such a rough-and-ready look-
ing customer, with such a weird head and face,- and such
human-looking eyes, that one can not help liking him. I
have heard people insist that the Airedale had monkey
blood, as he looks more like ' c our ancestor ' ' than a dog,
and undoubtedly there is a resemblance.

When my first Airedale arrived by express, the box in
which he was delivered, during my absence from home, was
carefully deposited in the kennel-yard. On my return, I
was met at the door by the friend who "keeps house"
with me, and was told excitedly that an "awful-looking
brute had come, and that he had left it in the box, being
afraid to take it out." I went into the kennel-yard,
and there saw this terror-inspiring creature, whom I at
once pronounced to be the champion ugly dog of Can-
ada. I let him out, and he was as affectionate a little, or
rather big, fellow as you could find anywhere. My
friends all ridiculed and laughed at him for the first
few weeks, but now their feelings have changed, and I
am fairly besieged with applications for "one of those
Airedales."

As I am a devoted Spaniel man, I have not yet tested
Airedales afield, but I understand that they are a most
invaluable all-around dog. They can "run" a deer, a fox,
or a hare ; beat for feathered game, and kill a rat, retrieve
a duck, and "draw" a 'coon. They are the least quarrel-

460 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

some of dogs; but when once their wrath is raised, "look
out for squalls " something is going to suffer.

They are much used by poachers in England, being an
improvement on the " lurchers" of olden days, and, more-
over, less likely to arouse suspicion in the gamekeepers, to
whom a lurcher is as a red rag to a bull.

"He's a queer looking 'coon," I overheard a visitor say of
an Airedale at a show, ' ' but he looks like a dandy for work ;' '
and I think this breed exemplifies the adage, "Handsome is
as handsome does."

They are grand watch-dogs and excellent house-dogs,
kind and affectionate with children, and most intelligent.
I am afraid, however, that they will never be popular, looks
being so much against them. There are but few of them in
the country, and very, very few good ones.

The following extract from a letter lately received from
an old friend will be of interest in this connection:

I will try and write you what I know of Airedales. I think the breed
originated from a cross between the Otter Hound and the Bull Terrier. There
used to be a pack of Otter Hounds kept always at Bingley, England. I have
often seen them hunting on the River Aire, which runs through Airedale;
hence the name of the dog, I suppose. It is good sport to take three or four of
these Terriers down the banks of a river hunting rats. They will find the cats
in their holes, and stand back. Then you put in the ferret, the rat will jump
into the water, and the dogs will watch for nis appearance, swim after and
catch him, nine times out of ten. I think they and the Irish Terriers know
more than all the other breeds of Terriers combined.

I think the breed was first known about Salt Aire and Shipley Glen, Bayl-
don, Bingley, and around Keighley. When I wished to get one, I never used to
go to any other place to look for it; and all the really good ones were well known.
I never cared to own any but the best I could get, and 1 10s. to 2 was
then considered a high price. You could get the best to be had for that
amount, if the owner would sell at all.

I owned three Smuggler, Crack, and Ben and they were all as good dogs
as I ever saw. Ben was the best and largest of the three. He would prob-
ably weigh some forty to forty -five pounds when in good condition. They
breed them now much larger than they did then. When I had them, I was
about eighteen or twenty years old now thirty years ago and over. . . .

Crack was first owned by a Leeds gentleman, and weighed not more than
thirty five pounds when in fair condition. He was matched and fought in the
pit, in Leeds, with a Bull Terrier, weight thirty-three and one-half pounds.
Crack was to come any weight; Bull Terrier was to be thirty-two pounds only,
but they let him in at above weight. I saw the fight, and bought Crack for

THE AIREDALE TERRIER. 461

2 10s. as soon as it was over. Crack outfought him, and killed him dead in
forty-eight minutes, and fought fully as quiet as the Bull Terrier. He was
better grit, for if the Bull Terrier could, he would have jumped the pit, I
think; but Crack pinned him and held him until he finished him. Either of the
other two, Ben or Smuggler, would fight just as keen. The Airedale fights much
faster than the Bull Terrier, and their thick hair seems to sicken the dogs they
fight with. They are the best watch-dogs I know of, and will stand by you in
a tight place. The dog Charlie, that I have now in Maine, sleeps in my bed-
room on a mat at the door, and no foot can enter the yard but he knows it. No
one can cross that threshold at night unless he sees fit to allow it. He is three
years old now, aud I think is a perfect type of the breed. He is surely game,
and will hunt rabbits and rats every minute he can get. I think if he was
properly trained that few dogs would beat him. He knows no one but his
master, and completely ignores everyone else. . . .

You can teach the Airedale Terrrier anything. When I was in
Europe the last time, I saw one that I would have brought over if he
could have been bought; but it was of no use, for his owner said 50 would
not take him to America. I think he would weigh fully fifty-five to sixty
pounds, and knew about as much as you would think a dog could be taught.
His owner told me he would dive after a rat like an otter. He could make him
stop anywhere, and he said he thought he would stop there until dead, or
hunger compelled him to leave. He could send him home with a note and tell
him to bring a reply back, and he would do it; and if he said "No reply," dog
would take note and come right back; but if he said "Answer back," he
would bring it, or stop until they gave him a piece of paper. He would bring
that, or whatever they gave him that he could carry, and he would not lose it.
He, was a perfect pet with children, and a regular guardian over his three-year-
old little boy when sent out with the child. He reminded me so much of my
Old Ben, I would have paid well for him, but the owner said: "No, my dog
is one of my family, and will stay with us as long as he lives."

Crack, the Airedale I alluded to before, I have seen point partridges and
pheasants as stiff as any old Pointer; then he would take a look around for
me, as much as to say, " I have them here for you;" and if one was wounded
and run on the ground, he would trail it and bring it to you as sure as it
dropped, and would not injure it. If I wounded a hare, or rabbit, he would
surely kill it, then bring it in; but a bird he would bring alive every time.

He was brought up on the estate of Sir Busfield Ferrand, of Bingley
a thorough spoitsman, if ever one lived and Crack had to be sent off, as he
would not make friends with the other dogs; he was jealous. He was nearly
six years old when he came into my possession. I kept him some three years,
and my brother-in-law kept him until his death. He was said to be about four-
teen years old when he died, and up to about six months of his death was quite
lively. After that he iost the use of his hind quarters, partially, and his sight
failed him. Smuggler was also a grand dog, but not so game as Ben or
Crack.

Now I will tell you a true story about another Airedale that my father
owned, as long ago as I can recollect anything. His name was Nelson. My

462 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

father was on horseback, and had to cross Spring Mill Brook some fifteen to
twenty feet across, usually about a foot deep. Father used to cross it for a
short cut home. One night his horse stumbled, fell, and threw him, his back
striking a rock. He was badly hurt, and could not stand. The horse stood
waiting for him, but he could not get up; said he had lost the use of his lower
parts. The dog tried all he could to lift him, but could not. Then he went to
a mill some two hundred yards or more away, brought the night watchman,
and saved my father's life. He was in the cold water nearly an hour, and had
all he could do to raise himself on his hands to keep his head above water.

The following is the standard for judging Airedale Ter-
riers :

Value. Value.

Head 20 Legs and feet 15

Ears 8 Coat and color 20

Neck, shoulders, and chest 12 Weight 5

Back and loin 15

Hind quarters and stern 5 Total 100

Head. Skull flat and moderately narrow, tapering
slightly to the eyes, and free from wrinkle ; no perceptible
stop or indentation between the skull and the muzzle, ex-
cept in the profile. Jaw long and powerful, free from flews,
rather deep, and moderately square at end. Nose black,
and nostrils large.

Mouth. Level ; teeth large and sound.

Eyes. Small, bright, and dark in color, with Terrier
expression.

Ears. Y-shaped, moderate in size and thickness; car-
ried forward, as in the case of the Fox Terrier, and free
from long, silky hair.

Neck. Fair length, gradually widening to the shoulders,
well carried, and free from throatiness.

Shoulders. Fine, long, and sloping moderately into the
back.

Chest. Should be deep and muscular, but neither full
nor wide.

Back and loin. The back should be short, straight,
and strong ; the ribs well sprung and rounded; the loin
broad and powerful, and well ribbed up.

Hind quarters. Strong and powerful, thick through
the hams ; good muscular second thighs, and stifles fairly
bent. No tendency to " cow-hocks."

THE AIREDALE TERRIER. 463

Stern. The tail should be stout, and docked; set on
rather high, but not raised to a right-angle with .the back.

Legs and feet. The legs should be straight, and well
furnished with bone; the feet round and close, with a thick
sole.

Coat. Rough, or broken, and dense and wiry in texture ;
free from lock or curl.

Color. Dark grizzle back, from occiput to end of tail,
extending also down the sides of the body, with dark mark-
ings on the side of the skull ; rest of body a good tan,
darker on ears than elsewhere.

Weight. Dogs, forty to forty-five pounds ; bitches,
thirty-five to forty pounds.

Disqualifications. A Dudley nose; white on throat, face,
or feet (white on any other part of the body objectionable);
a thoroughly bad mouth i. e., minus a number of teeth, and
others cankered; also undershot; total blindness (partial
blindness objectionable). I may say, parenthetically, that
Airedales of the best breeding sometimes weigh as much as
sixty pounds.

THE SCOTTISH TEKRIER.

BY JOHN H. NAYLOR.

ffiN no other breed of Terriers have so many different

types been shown as in the one commonly called the

(11 Scotch Terrier. Everything in the shape of a Terrier

is called Scotch by persons not versed in the proper types.

Until about ten years ago, the strain no.w recognized
as the Scottish Terrier was scarcely known except by
persons directly in contact with them the breed being in
the hands of gamekeepers and tod-hunters (fox-hunters)
who lived in remote parts of the Scottish Highlands, which
were rarely visited by the outside public, and where bench
shows were unknown. These Terriers were hunted in
packs, and used by their owners in destroying foxes, ot-
ters, badgers, and other vermin which infested the cairns
or rocks of that part of Scotland. The hunters were paid
for all vermin destroyed; and as the livelihood of these men
mainly depended on the amount of vermin destroyed, great
care was taken in mating to dogs which were noted for
their hunting qualities and gameness.

Written pedigrees were unknown at this time, yet great
care was taken to mate for working qualities. The owners
were, in many instances, opposed to going outside their,
own pack for new blood, for fear of introducing some infe-
rior qualities in their packs. Special strains of these dogs
have been kept in some families for almost a hundred years
without a cross.

Several years ago the correct Scot was very scarce, even
in their native districts, I myself having had great difficulty
at one time in finding suitable dogs to import for use as
breeders in my own kennels. Mine were at that time the
only specimens of pure Scottish Terriers in America, and

3O C465)

466 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

being desirous of keeping up my strains, I had to traverse
the entire Highlands in my search for good specimens.

These grand old Scottish; or Highland cairn y Terriers
are now shown in great numbers at all the principal shows
in Scotland and England, and many tine specimens may
often be seen at our American bench shows; but to the
general public, who do not frequent shows, they are almost
as yet unknown.

SCOTTISH TERRIER MEADOWTHORPE DONALD.
Owned by Meadowthorpe Kennels, Lexington, Ky.

As above stated, written pedigrees were not kept by the
tod -hunters; and even at the present a pedigree of one of
our most celebrated dogs does not run far on paper until it
finishes with such and such a dog, from such and such a
pack, well known as workmen in their native country.

These Terriers are also named Die-hards, a name re-
ported to have been given them by George, first Earl of
Dumbarton, who owned a famous pack of them celebrated
for their gameness. It is said that he afterward named
his favorite regiment (the First Royal Scots) "Dumbar-
ton's Die-hards," in compliment to his favorite Terriers,

THE SCOTTISH TERRIER. 467

and the regiment was afterward better known by that
name than by any other.

A Terrier resembling the Scottish, or Die-hard, has been
spoken of by some writers, and introduced in some works
on the dog, as the Aberdeen Terrier, but it is easy for
anyone acquainted with the proper Scot to see at a glance
the difference between it and the true Scot. The Aberdeen
is of very uncertain breeding, and the long feather or fringe
on his ear and the soft hair on his legs will always dis-
tinguish him from the correct Scottish Terrier, whose ears
are covered with a short, velvety coat, free from fringe at
the top or sides, and whose legs are covered with hard, short
hair.

The carriage of ear in the Scottish Terrier is of two
kinds, the semi-erect and the erect ear, either of which is
correct; but a drop-ear is not correct in any case. The
semi-erect ear is now seldom met with, but is considered by
many competent judges of the breed as the old style. My
old semi-erect-eared dog Glenlyon is the only one with this
style of ear I have. He is now gray with years, being over
ten years old. He was born on the night of the great Tay
bridge disaster in Scotland.

Sired by Fosoum, out of Wasp; Fosoum of the Kingussie
pack, Wasp by Botach, out of Fanny. Botach from Lady
Mengiess' kennels, and Fanny of the old Chestille-Glen-
lyon stock, once so famous in the Scottish Highlands, and
which are now extinct. Glenlyon is said to be the very
image of Fosoum, who had also semi-erect ears; while
Wasp, Botach, and Fanny all had erect ears. My Whin-
stone, half-brother to Glenlyon, had erect ears. He has
been dead several years. I had him preserved, and keep
him as a specimen of the correct stock. Many others of my
Terriers are well known to frequenters of American bench
shows, having carried off almost all the prizes for many
years, with Tarn Glen, Bonnie Belle, Heather, Whinstone,
Lowrie Dunbar, Fanny Fern, Glenlyon, and others; and
last, but not least, that old favorite, Rosie, who has now
over twenty first prizes to her credit.

468 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

The Scottish Terriers, I find, make good companions for
either ladies or gentlemen; are good watch-dogs, under good
control, and are easily broken to cleanliness in the house.
They are good on all kinds of game, are easily broken to
ferret or gun, and some of them have proved the best of
retrievers, either on fur or feather. They take to water
readily, and retrieve a duck with any other dog.

The following description and value of points for judg-
ing is generally recognized on both sides of the water:

Value. Value.

Skull 5 Legsandfeet 10

Muzzle 5 Tail 2>

Eyes 5 Coat 20

Ears 10 Size 10

Neck 5 Color 2^

Chest 5 General appearance 10

Body 10

Total 100

STcull (value 5) proportionately long, slightly domed,
rather wide at the back and tapering gradually to the eyes.
The hair on skull should be hard and short, about three -
fourths of an inch long, or less, without any signs of silki-
ness or top-knot. There should be a slight stop or drop
between the eyes.

Muzzle (value 5) long and powerful, gradually tapering
from eyes to nose, which should always be black, of good
size, and well spread; the jaws level, and the teeth fitting
correctly. An overshot or undershot mouth should dis-
qualify. The nose projects somewhat over the mouth, giv-
ing the impression of the upper jaw being slightly longer
than the under jaw.

Eyes (value 5) wide apart, medium size, dark brown or
hazel in color, well sunk in head, piercing, very bright, and
intelligent looking from under heavy eyebrows.

Ears (value 10) small, erect, or semi-erect either are
correct but never dropping. They should be sharp-pointed,
and the hair should be short, resembling fur; should be free
from fringe at top and sides, and should not be cropped.

Neck (value 5) short, thick, and muscular, strongly set on
sloping shoulders.

THE SCOTTISH TERRIER. 469

Chest (value 5) deep; broad, in comparison to size of
dog, but must not be out of proportion.

Body (value 10) of moderate length; ribs flat, but well
ribbed up; loin broad and strong, with no tendency to
weakness in hind quarters.

Legs and feet (value 10). Both fore and hind legs should
be short, and heavy in bone; the fore legs being straight, or
slightly bent, well set under body out at elbows being a
serious blemish. The hocks should be well bent; thighs
muscular, and the feet strong, small, round, and well
padded the fore feet being larger than the hind feet,
and well set down on the ground. Both feet and legs
should be covered with short, hard hair; any tendency to
silkiness or feather on legs is a serious fault.

Tail (value 2J) about seven inches in length, covered
with hard hair, and free from feather; carried with a slight
bend, and often gaily.

Coat (value 20) should be rather short (about two or three
inches), hard and wiry in texture, with dense under-coat.
The outer- coat should be free from any curl or waviness,
and very dense an open coat being a serious blemish.

Size (value 10) about fourteen to eighteen pounds for
dogs; twelve to seventeen pounds for bitches.

Color (value 2-J) steel or iron gray, brindle, black, red,
wheaten yellow, or mustard color (mustard, black, and red
not as popular). All white specimens have occurred, and
are greatly prized, but white markings, such as fore feet
and chest, are objectionable, and, if in large quantities,
should disqualify.

General appearance (value 10). The face should have a
sharp, bright, and active expression; head carried well up.
The dog, owing to shortness of coat, appears to be higher
on the legs than he really is. Viewed from all points, he
should show a nice, compact little Terrier, possessed of
great strength and muscle, without any weak points or light
bones, and without any waste or want of material. In fact,
a Scottish Terrier, though essentially a Terrier, can not be
put too powerfully together, and should have that happy-

470

THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

go-lucky vermin look about him that gives the impression
he is ready for anything that comes along. He should be
from nine to twelve inches in height, and should have the
appearance of being slightly higher on the hind legs than
on the fore legs.

FAULTS.

Muzzle either undershot or overshot; eyes large, or light-
colored; ears large, round at the point, or drop. Too
heavy a coat is a fault. Coat: Any silkiness, wave, or
tendency to curl is a serious blemish, as is also an open
coat. Specimens over eighteen pounds should not be
encouraged.

THE DANDIE DINMONT TEREIER.

BY JOHN H. NAYLOR.

>HE Dandle Dinmont Terrier is but little known in
America to others than fanciers. It is difficult to
understand why he is not more popular, for although
not handsome, he is one of the brightest, most active, and
vivacious of all the Terrier family. The liking for him inva-
riably grows as one becomes more acquainted with his good
qualities, for he embodies all tlmt goes to make up a good,
workmanlike Terrier, with an admirable disposition for a
companion for lady or gentleman, or as a playmate for
children. In Europe, the breed is now one of the most
fashionable, and the entries at bench shows excel those of
most other breeds of Terriers.

Until the year 1814, when the great novelist, Sir Walter
Scott, wrote " Guy Mannering," the breed was unknown by
its present name. The general opinion is that Scott drew
the character of the hero in u Guy Mannering " from <tames
Davidson, a farmer of Hindlee, in the foot-hills of the
Teviotdale Mountains; yet it is a question whether at
the time Scott wrote "Guy Mannering" he really por-
trayed Davidson, or whether the identity was accidental.
Be this as it may, the likeness was so perfect that David-
son was ever afterward known as Dandie Dinmont among
his neighbors and acquaintances.

James Davidson certainly fitted the character to perfec-
tion. He was a great hunter, especially of foxes and badg-
ers; and his Terriers, which became celebrated for their
gameness, were generally named Pepper or Mustard (such
as Old Pepper or Young Pepper, Old Mustard or Young
Mustard), according as their color was.

James Davidson died in January, 1820, and his fondness

(471)

472 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

for hunting was strong to the end. The Hounds having
started a fox, which ran near his window, while he lay on
his death -bed, he insisted on getting out of bed to enjoy
the fun, as he called it. That Davidson was the originator
of this now celebrated breed of dogs is not generally
believed, but they have ever since borne his nickname.
It is believed that they were in the hands of border gypsies
and farmers many years before. Doctor Brown, writing of
one of his dogs, says: "He came of the Piper Allan breed,
who lived some two hundred years ago, in Coquet Water."

Allan was a piper, like Homer, traveling from place to
place, and famous for his dogs, music, and songs. The Earl
of Northumberland offered the piper a small farm for his
dog. Allan remarked: " Na, na, mee lord; keep yer ferum.
What wud a piper do wi' a fernm?"

It is said by Mr. Robert White that the father of Jamie
Allan (Piper Allan) was named William, and was born in
1704. He was a player on the bagpipes, and repaired pots
and pans and made spoons and baskets. He was an excel-
lent angler, and among his other pursuits he excelled in
the hunting of otters, and kept eight or ten Terriers for this
sport. Peachem was William Allan's favorite, and such
confidence had he in the animal, that when hunting he would
at tirhes remark:

"When my Peachem gi'es mouth, I durst always sell
the otter's skin."

Charlie was also an excellent dog. William Allan had
once been employed by Lord Ravensworth to kill otters on
the estate, which he soon accomplished. His lordship
wishing to buy Charlie, .at the piper's own price, Allan
turned round haughtily, and exclaimed:

"By the wuns, this hale estate canna buy Charlie."

William Allan died in 1779, aged seventy-five years.
His son Jamie was born in 1734.

Mr. J. Davidson, an old fancier of the breed, published
a letter in the Field (London) of December 7, 1778, which
sheds more light on the question as to how James Davidson,
the original Dandie Dinmont, came into possession of his

THE DANDIE DIN MONT TERRIER. 473

first Dandies than we have been able to obtain from any
other source. He says:

"The Border Muggers were great breeders of Terriers,
and in their wanderings the different tribes would meet
once or twice a year at some of the border villages. If
they could not get a badger, they would try their dogs on
a foumart (wildcat) or a hedgehog.

" Jock Anderson, the head of the tribe, had a red bitch
that for such work beat all the dogs that came over the
borders. Geordie Faa had a wire-haired dog that was the
terror of all the dogs in the district, and that was good at
badger, fox, or foumart. A badger had been procured, and
both the bitch and dog drew the badger every time. Geor-
die Faa said to Jock Anderson, 'Let's have a big drink,
the man first down to lose his dog.' ' Done,' says
Jock. Down they sat on the green, and in eighteen hours
Jock was laid out, and Geordie started off with the dogs.
They were mated, and produced the first Pepper and Mus-
tard, which were presented by Geordie to James Davidson,
Dandie Dinmont."

Many years ago, E. Bradshaw Smith bought up all the
good Dandies he could lay his hands on, and even offered
Mr. Milnes to cover Old Jenny with 5 notes if he could
have her, but the offer was refused. He, however, bought
up many of the then famous kennels; and Dandies whose
pedigrees show them to contain this blood are eagerly
sought after by breeders of the present day. The Dandie
Dinmont is a very game dog. Some few specimens that
have been spoiled in their puppy hood may show the
white feather, and this may be true of any other breed;
but this is far from being the rule with the Dandie. He is
not a quarrelsome dog, but once aroused, he goes in to win,
and is sure to give a good account of himself.

Many instances of Dandies worrying each other in their
kennels have been noted. I have suffered myself from this.
My Border Clinker killed Bonnie Briton in midday, and
neither made the least noise. That old breeder, Mr. Som-
ner, owned the famous Shem, whose father and brother are

474 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

said to have been found dead in a drain in which the
Hounds had run a fox. The drain had three entrances; the
father was put in at one hole, the son at another, and speed-
ily the fox bolted out at the third, but no appearance of the
little Terriers, and on digging they were found dead, locked
in each other's jaws. They had met, and it being dark,
and there being no time for explanations, they had throttled
each other.

In closing, I must say that anyone wishing a hardy
Terrier, one fit for all kinds of work, a companion for him-
self or children, can not find anything better than a Dandie
Dinmont. The more they become known, the more their
merits will be appreciated. I speak from years of experi-
ence with this breed, having imported some of the finest
blood known; and more Dandies have passed through my
hands, and more prizes have been won by my dogs, than by
those of all other breeders in America combined.

Following is the standard of points of the Dandie Din-
mont Terrier as defined and adopted by the South of Scot-
land Dandie Dinmont Terrier Society. The relative values
of several points in the standard are apportioned as follows:

Value. Value.

Head 10 Legs and feet 10

Eyes 10 Coat 15

Ears 10 Color 5

Neck 5 Size and weight 5

Body 20 General appearance 5

Tail 5

Total 100

Head. Strongly made and large, not out of proportion
to the dog's size, the muscles showing extraordinary de-
velopment, more especially the maxillary. Skull broad
between the ears, getting gradually less toward the eyes,
and measuring about the same from the inner corner of the
eye to back of skull as it does from ear to ear. The fore-
head well domed. The head is covered with very soft, silky
hair, which should not be confined to a mere top-knot, and
the lighter in color and silkier it is the better. The cheeks,
starting from the ears proportionately with the skull, have
a gradual taper toward the muzzle, which is deep and

THE DANDIE DINMONT TEKRIEK. 475

strongly made, and measures about three inches in length,
or in proportion to skull as three is to five. The muzzle is
covered with hair of a little darker shade than the top-knot,
and of the same texture as the feather of the fore legs. The
top of the muzzle is generally bare for about an inch from
the back part of the nose, the bareness coming to a point
toward the eye, and being about one inch broad at the
nose. The nose and inside of mouth black or dark-colored.
The teeth very strong, especially the canine, which are of
extraordinary size for such a small dog. The canines fit
well into each other, so as to give the greatest available
holding and punishing power, and the teeth are level in
front, the upper ones very slightly overlapping the under
ones. (All undershot and overshot specimens will not be
recognized by the society. )

Eyes. Set wide apart, large, full, round, bright, express-
ive of great determination, intelligence, and dignity; set
low and prominent in front of the head; color, a rich,
dark hazel.

Ears. Large and pendulous, set well back, wide apart,
and low on the skull, hanging close to the cheek, with a
very slight projection at the base; broad at the junction of
the head, and tapering almost to a point, the fore part of
the ear tapering very little the taper being mostly on the
back part, the fore part of the ear coming almost straight
down from its junction with the head to the tip. They are
covered with a soft, straight, brown hair (in some cases
almost black), and have a thin feather of light hair starting
about two inches from the tip, and of nearly the same color
and texture as the top -knot, which gives the ear the appear-
ance of a distinct point. The animal is often one or two
years old before the feather is shown. The cartilage and
skin of the ear should not be thick, but rather thin.
Length of ear, from three to four inches.

Neck. Very muscular, well developed, arid strong,
showing great power of resistance, being well set into
the shoulders.

Body. Long, strong, and flexible; ribs well sprung and

476 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

round; chest well developed, and let well down between the
fore legs; the back rather low at the shoulder, having a
slight downward curve and a corresponding arch over the
loins, with a very slight gradual drop from top of loins to
root of tail; both sides of backbone well supplied with
muscle.

Tail. Rather short, say from eight to ten inches, and
covered on the tipper side with wiry hair of darker color
than that of the body, the hair on the under side being
lighter in color, and not so wiry, with a nice feather about
two inches long, getting shorter as it nears the tip; rather
thick at the root, getting thicker for about four inches,
then tapering off to a point. It should not be twisted or
curled in any way, but should come up with a regular curve
like a scimiter, the tip, when excited, being in a perpendic-
ular line with the root of the tail. It should neither be set
on too high nor too low. When not excited it is carried
gaily, and a little above the level of the body.

Legs. The fore legs short, with immense muscular
development and bone, set wide apart, the chest coming
well down between them. The feet well formed, and not
flat, with very strong brown or dark-colored claws. Bandy-
legs and flat feet are objectionable, but may be avoided
the bandy-legs by the use of splints when first noticed, and
the flat feet by exercise, and a dry bed and floor to the
kennel. The hair on the fore legs and feet of a blue dog
should be tan, varying according to the body-color from a
rich tan to a pale fawn; of a mustard dog they are of a
darker shade than its head, which is a creamy white. In
both colors there is a nice feather, about two inches long,
rather lighter in color than the hair on the fore part of the
leg. The hind legs are a little longer than the fore ones,
and are set rather wide apart, but not spread out in an un-
natural manner, while the feet are much smaller; the thighs
are well developed, and the hair of the same color and text-
ure as the fore ones, but having no feather or dew-claws;
the whole claws should be dark; but the claws of all vary
in shade according to the color of the dog's body.

THE DANDIE DINMONT TEKKIER. 477

Coat. This is a very important point; the hair should
be about two inches long, that from skull to root of tail a
mixture of hardish and soft hair, which gives a sort of crisp
feel to the hand. The hard should not be wiry; the coat is
what is termed pily or penciled. The hair on the under
part of the body is lighter in color and softer than on the
top. The skin on the belly accords with the color of the
dog.

Color. The color is pepper or mustard. The pepper-
color ranges from a dark bluish-black to a light silvery
gray, the intermediate shades being preferred; the body-
color coming well down the shoulder and hips, gradually
merging into the leg-color. The mustards vary from a red-
dish-brown to a pale fawn, the head being a creamy white,
the legs and feet of a shade darker than the head. The
claws are dark, as in other colors. (Nearly all Dandie Din-
mont Terriers have some white on the chest, and some have
also white claws. )

Size. The height should be from eight to eleven inches
at the top of shoulder. Length from top of shoulder to
root of tail should not be more than twice the dog's height,
but preferably one or two inches less.

Weight. From fourteen pounds to twenty-four pounds;
the best weight as near eighteen pounds as possible. These
weights are for dogs in good working order.

THE SKYE TERRIER

BY LAWRENCE TIMPSON.

ROBABLY no other subject in relation to doggy
affairs has been more written about or has given rise
to more controversies, all more or less rancorous, in
the past twenty years, than the origin and true type
of the Skye Terrier. At the same time, these controver-
sies have left the subject in dispute pretty much as they
found it, and although more or less light has been thrown
on the different points at issue, no conclusion has ever yet
been reached that was satisfactory to all fanciers of this
breed; the disputants, after airing their theories and attack-
ing their neighbors', ending as they began, each with his
own opinion unaltered.

I shall not attempt to notice and sum up these various
controversies; even if an article such as this would admit
of it, which it does not, the matter would be too tedious
and unprofitable. I shall take the type of Skye Terrier
that is recognized to-day, and confine myself to a slight-
sketch of what is known of its origin and history, not
entering into any speculations on the subject.

Scattered throughout the whole of Scotland are various
strains of rough-coated Terriers, the Terriers of one district
having a certain similarity of type and differing more or
less from those of other districts. Of these, there appears
at present to be but two strains that are generally recog-
nized as distinct breeds the Skye and the Dandie Dinmont.
Besides these, the hard-haired Scotch and the Airedale have
lately come in for some notice in England, but have not
yet attracted much attention in this country. Among
other strains of more or less local celebrity are the Aber-
deenshires, Dry nocks, Mogstads, and others whose day on

(479)

480 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

the show bench may come sometime when some circum-
stance or other has brought them to the notice of the
public, and they will emerge from the obscurity of their
native dales.

The Dandie Dinmont would have been as little known,
perhaps such a breed would not have been in existence at
all to-day, if their praises and those of old James Davidson,
of Hindlee, the stout old Liddesdale yeoman, had not been
sung by Sir Walter Scott in his "Gruy Mannering." The
Skye, though a native of the island whose name he bears,
and of the adjacent coast, like his cousin the Dandie Din-
mont, who originally came from the borders of Liddesdale
and the Teviot district, has left his native place, and has
been for so long a time established generally all through
the Highlands that comparatively few come from or ?ire to
be found now at the original home of the breed.

There is a story current to the effect that the strain of
Terriers on the island of Skye, and the adjacent mainland,
got that silky texture of coat which distinguishes them
from the other strains from some mythical white Spanish
dogs that came ashore from the wreck of some ships of the
Spanisli armada that were lost among the Hebrides.
Whether this be true or not, we find the Skye Terrier
possessed of a longer and comparatively more silky coat
than the other strains. The breed is pretty generally
divided into two classes, the drop-eared and the prick-eared,
about the only difference between them being the carriage
of the ears and tail, and in the drop -eared variety a smaller
head, a longer body, and a somewhat longer and softer coat.

They are practically the same, however, this difference in
type being brought about merely by selection, owing to the
preference of some for the longer, silkier coated dog for a
pet, over his more workmanlike cousin. For the purposes
of this article I will treat them as one and the same, having
at the outset pointed out what differences do exist between
them.

The Skye Terrier is a long, low, well-built, wiry little
fellow, with a good hard jacket, an intelligent, alert ex-

THE SKYE TERRIER.

481

pression, and a sound constitution, which enables him to
go almost anywhere, do almost anything, and rough it with
his master in any climate. He is a born sportsman, always
ready for a quiet bit of sport in a barn, or along the hedge-
rows, displaying the utmost keenness and sagacity in the
pursuit of all sorts of vermin; and he is death to any
animal of his own weight. Although always ready to
defend himself or his master, and never showing the " white

SKYE TERRIER LOVAT.
Owned by Lawrence Timpson, 16 Exchange Place, New York City.

feather," no matter what the odds may be against him, in
size or numbers, he, unlike the Fox, Dandie, and Irish
Terrier, is not at all quarrelsome.

The Skye is a peaceful, well-conducted little citizen, and
attends strictly to his own affairs, unless those affairs are
interfered with by others. This quarrelsome characteristic
tells seriously against the other breeds mentioned, espe-
cially as ladies' companions. The red Irishman, in particu-
lar, dearly loves a "mill," and, figuratively speaking, is
always trailing his coat-tails behind him, and trying to have

482 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

them walked on. The Skye's temper can always be relied
on, and he can be implicitly trusted with children.

No other breed is better adapted to going to earth; their
long and low conformation, resembling that of weasels
and other earth-frequenting vermin, giving the greatest
amount of size and strength possible for the small "caliber"
required. Their disposition resembles very much that of the
Highlanders themselves in their love of home, and in
war by their dash, pluck, and dogged courage and endur-
ance, and by a loyalty and devotion to their master, through
fair and foul weather, only equaled by that of the old
Scotch Jacobites for the head of the House of Stuart.

The Skye is an exceptionally good house-dog, and his
coat, though so long, is entirely free from any unpleasant
odor. In spite of its length, too, it requires very little care
to keep it in order. After a run in the country, on a
muddy road, or over plowed land, he requires to be quar-
antined in the lower regions for awhile before being allowed
in the house; and in the autumn, whenever he gets his coat
full of burs, it requires a free use of the scissors and the
sacrifice of considerable hair to remove them. Under ordi-
nary conditions, however, in town or country r his coat
requires no more attention than that of other breeds.

All this applies to dogs with outer coats of the proper
texture; straight and comparatively hard, parting down
the center of the back naturally, without any tendency to
kink or curl. Skyes, especially drop-eared ones, whose
coats are too soft, approaching more nearly that of the
Yorkshire, of course give much more trouble in this respect,
requiring frequent thorough soakings in tepid water, and
considerable brushing and combing, to keep their jackets
straight.

The Skye is a good water-dog, taking to it without the
least hesitation, be it ever so cold; and he is the best of
watch- dogs a vigilant little Skye being the surest burglar-
alarm one can have. Of course I am speaking now of the
Skye as he naturally is, and as he should be. His natural
disposition, his intelligence, and his love of sport, are, in

THE SKYE TEKKIEK. 483

many instances, spoiled by his being made, from puppy-
hood, a pampered house-pet, and his coat and constitution
likewise suffer from warm quarters, overfeeding, and lack
of proper exercise.

He is deservedly popular among gamekeepers through-
out both England and Scotland, and equally so about the
stables or in the laborer's cottage. And for work, and on
country rambles, or by his fireside, the squire can have no
better companion than this friendly, cheerful, little fellow.
He is particularly well adapted for a town house, and, on
the whole, is all around the most companionable of small
dogs, and especially for ladies.

It may appear to some, especially to those who admire
the unquestionable merits of other breeds, that I have been
showing the Skye through rose-colored glasses; but I am
speaking from experience. I have owned, at one time or
another, Terriers of about all the breeds, and none of my
old friends are forgotten. As I write, I can see, in fancy,
a row of little wistful faces white ones and red ones, blue,
tan, and grizzle, stretching away back to my school-boy
days; and apart from all feelings for particular individuals,
I can truly say that the Skye has proved himself to be, to
me, the best, and I am glad to have an opportunity, such
as this, of paying him the tribute he deserves.

The history of the Skye Terrier in America commences, as
does that of the majority of our breeds of dogs, with the
institution by the Westminster Kennel Club of their first
annual bench show, in 1877. Previous to that time, almost
any blue, rough -coated Terrier was called, in this country, a
Skye, and at the first few shows the exhibits were generally
pretty much all of the nondescript order; but the winners
were nearly all of the right stamp, and the dog-loving public
soon learned, in a general way, what a Skye should really
look like.

Among the first exhibitors were Mr. W. P. Sanderson,
of Philadelphia, who showed Donald, and Mr. Robert
McLelland, of New York, with Tom. Later, came Mr.
Robert Sewell, of Tarrytown, with Tatters and others.

484 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

The most successful dog that has yet appeared on the bench,
over here, is Mr. W. P. Sanderson' s Jim, whose winnings are:
First, Pittsburgh; champion, New York; champion, Cleve-
land, 1882; champion, New York; champion, Washington,
1883; champion, New York; champion, Philadelphia, 1884;
champion, Philadelphia, 1885; champion, New York, 1886;
first, Boston, 1887; first, Philadelphia, 1887. Boss, imported
by Mr. George Peabody Wetmore, of Newport, the best
Skye that had, up to then, appeared on this side, with the
exception of Mr. Sanderson's Jim, was shown at New York
in 1884, and in the same year, Mr. George Sanderson,
of Moncton, New Brunswick, entered the lists with Watty
and Fanny.

Among the principal breeders and exhibitors of the Skye
in America, besides those already mentioned, are: Mr, A. W.
Powers, of Lansingburgh, N. Y. ; Dr. M. H. Cryer, of Phil-
adelphia; Mr. S. S. Howland, of Mount Morris, N. Y. ; Mr.
Cornelius Stevenson, of Philadelphia; Messrs. Oldham and
Wiley, of Mamaroneck, N. Y. ; the Meadowthorpe Kennels,
of Lexington, Ky., and Mr. F. W. Flint, of New York.*

The following is the standard and scale of points of the
Skye Terrier :

Value. Value.

Head 15 Coat 20

Ears and eyes 10 Color 5

Body and neck 15 Size and symmetry 15

Legs and feet 10

Tail 10 Total 100

The head should be long, rather narrow between the
ears, increasing in width between the eyes, with a flat
skull, little or no brow, and a pointed nose. The teeth

* Other breeders and exhibitors of Skye Terriers in this country are: J.
L. Banks, 120 Broadway, New York City; Lewis H. Spence, 78 Broad street,
New York City; C. H. Smith, St. Stephen, New Brunswick; W. W. Silvey,
1428 South Pennsylvania Square, Philadelphia, Penn. ; W. P. Sanderson, 4202
Baltimore avenue, Philadelphia, Penn.; H. P. McKean, Jr., Pulaski avenue,
Germ;intown, Penn.; J. S. Garner, 1134 Baltimore street, Philadelphia, Penn.;
Miss Sarah Stewart, 143 North Eleventh street, Philadelphia, Penn.; C. A.
Shinn, 1543 Filbert street, Philadelphia, Penn.; A. McGregor, 353 Forty-
seventh street, West Chicago; M. H. York, 307 North Third street, West
Camden, N. J. ED.

THE SKYE TERKIER. 485

should be perfectly level and evenly set in good, strong
jaws. Nose and roof of mouth black, or very dark brown.

Ears and eyes. The ears are set on rather high, not
large, being less than three inches 'long; but the hair on
them, mixing with that of the head, neck, and cheeks,
makes them look much larger. In the drop-eared variety
they should fall perpendicularly and lie close to the cheek,
and in the prick-eared variety they should stand well up,
without any outward inclination. The eyes should be dark-
brown or hazel, of medium size, and sharp in expression,
though at the same time bespeaking wisdom and kindli-
ness.

Body and neck. The back is long, but strongly coated
with muscle and perfectly straight, any tendency toward
the roach -back of the Dandie Dinmont being especially
objectionable. The ribs are round, the chest barrel-like,
and the back ribs should extend well toward the hips.
The neck is long and well clothed with muscle, rising evenly
out of the chest. Shoulders strong and rather upright.

Legs and feet. The legs should be straight, and the
elbows and stifles not turned out. The thighs should be
well clothed with muscle down to the hocks. Feet round
and well covered with hair. There should be no dew-claws.

Tail. This should be carried low by the drop-eared
variety, and about level with the back by the prick-eared.
Under excitement, it is sometimes carried gaily.

Coat. The outer coat should consist of hard, long,
straight hair, and the under coat should be close, soft, and
woolly in texture. On the back, the coat should be straight
and free from curl, and should part naturally down the
middle. This parting is usually assisted with the comb;
but it can not be so trained by this alone, if the outer coat is
naturally curly and of a woolly texture. Although the
outer coat is hard and straight, the inner woolly coat is so
thick on the body that when the dog is wet it prevents the
outer coat from collapsing and adhering to his sides. On
the head and legs, this is not the case; and when the dog is
wet, his head presents a very different aspect from that

486 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

shown when in the natural state it looking so much smaller
and longer. The length of coat on the body should be con-
siderable, but should not be so great as to entirely hide the
animal's shape or to touch the ground. On the head, it
should be long, overhanging the eyes, often so as to com-
pletely conceal them. The tail should be well feathered,
but not so as to make it appear bushy or woolly. The legs
also should have a certain amount of feather, but without
any approach to matting.

The colors should be black and slate, or black with white
hairs, silver gray, or fawn. Silver gray is certainly the
handsomest for a lady's pet, especially. This latter
should be tipped with black, and the fawn with black or
dark-brown.

Size and symmetry. The Skye Terrier should stand
from nine to ten inches high at the shoulder, and his length
from end of nose to tip of tail should be from thirty -five to
forty inches; the prick-eared variety a trifle shorter in
proportion to his height. The weight should be from six-
teen to twenty pounds. He should display perfect sym-
metry in his proportions.

In preparing the Skye for the bench, the all-important
point to be looked after is the coat. No matter how good a
dog may be otherwise, if his coat is in bad shape when he
faces the judge, he has to go to the wall. The principal
thing to do to get the coat in good shape is to keep the
skin healthy by means of proper exercise and feeding; this,
together with protecting the coat for the time from wet and
dirt, and by proper washing and brushing, which, however,
must not be overdone, will bring about the desired result.

The subject of our illustration, Lovat, the property of
Mr. Cornelius Stevenson, of Philadelphia, was bred by Mr.
A. Cromby, of Edinburgh, and was whelped April 10, 1887.
His sire is Sir William Wallace; dam, Daisy. His winnings
are: Second, Ayr; second, Glasgow; second, Greenock;
second, Paisley; first and special, Dundee; first and special,
Dunfermline; first, New York, 1889, and first and special,
Philadelphia, 1889.

THE SKYE TEKRIEK.

487

I hope that the Skye will continue to advance in popu-
larity in the future as rapidly as he has in the past, and
that I may have brought his merits to the notice of new
friends and been instrumental in establishing him in a
higher niche among the dogs of America.

THE BLACK AND TAJST TERRIER.

BY H. T. FOOTE, M. D., V. S.

>HIS breed has the distinction, if previous writers are
correct, of being the source of nearly or quite all
breeds of Terriers. According to the earliest his-
tory of the dog, there existed in England a rough-haired
Black and Tan Terrier thicker in skull, shorter in head,
and stockier in body. The tan of these dogs was extensive,
and of a lighter shade than that usually seen on modern
specimens. They went to earth after game, and had great
stamina and courage. According to Youatt, smooth-coated
Terriers came from crossing these dogs with Hounds, and
long- coated Terriers from crossing with curs. From cross-
ings with other pure breeds, the various fancy breeds of
Terriers have been established.

So far as the Black and Tan is concerned, he has, during
the past few centuries, evoluted into a more delicately and
gracefully built animal, with short, fine, smooth, and jet-
black coat over the greater part of the body, and with a
small amount of much darker tan. The thumb-marks,
pencilings, and " kissing- spots " have been developed, the
head has lengthened, and, like his body, is narrower than
formerly. With this change in his physical make-up, it is
not surprising that he has, at the same time, lost some of
his cornbativehess and courage; yet one now occasionally
sees a specimen that manifests all the fighting qualities and
Terrier instincts that the early Terrier was so famous for,
and, as a whole, no breed can surpass the modern Black and
Tan for natural rat-killing abilities. He gives a sharp nip,
and turns from one rat to another without delay.

Early in 1889, a great rat-baiting contest was held in
Antwerp. The rats came from the sewers of Paris, and

(489)

490

THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

were large and ferocious. The Black and Tan won, killing
the most rats, and in the shortest time. The competition
was large, pretty much all breeds of Terriers being repre-
sented. What the best record is for killing rats I do not
know, but an example of the rapidity of movement of a
Black and Tan Terrier is shown in the record of Shaw's
Jacko, who killed one hundred rats in less than seven
minutes.

BLACK AND TAN TERRIER PUPPIES.
By Dick ex Meersbrook Maiden. Owned by Dr. H. T. Foote, 120 Lexington avenue, New York City.

It is as a clean, alert house-dog and a bright, handsome
companion that the Black and Tan Terrier has gained a
reputation equaled by no other breed; and this is one of the
few points upon which all authorities on doggy matters
seem to agree. His color and shortness of coat render the
few hairs he may leave about unnoticeable. He is quickly
house-broken, and as a burglar-alarm no modern electrical
contrivance can compare with him. He is not quarrelsome,
and avoids trouble with other dogs or people so far as possi-

THE BLACK AND TAN TERRIER. 491

ble; but once he is aroused, the instinct of his ancestry
gives him all the necessary courage and cunning to stay in
the fight to the finish. In the kennel, a number of this breed
can be kept together regardless of sex, and it is rare that
any ill-nature crops out.

On the bench, length and narrowness of head and cor-
rectness of markings have had great weight, and perhaps
not enough attention has been given to other points, espe-
cially to Terrier character in expression, and to good legs
and feet. The specimen I have selected for illustration,
Meersbrook Maiden (13744), is strong in these particulars,
and has not the extreme of length and narrowness of head.
She has twenty wins to her credit in England, and during
1887 and 1888 competed successfully with the best speci-
mens of the breed in that country. Since coming to Amer-
ica, she has added to her list of wins, and recent criticisms
in our sporting papers, giving reports of shows, are to the
effect that she outclasses all other specimens in this country
at present. This bitch has improved wonderfully since she
came here, and I do not believe that she was ever shown in
as good form when in England as she is now in, although
at the time this photograph was taken she was too fat.

Kaiser, owned by John F. Campbell, of Montreal, and
his litter sister, Rochelle Lass, are next in order of merit
among those in this country. Both have manifested
excellence in competition on the bench, and are important
acquisitions to the breed. Edward Lever was one of the
earliest to introduce the breed here, and the blood of his
Champion Vortigern flows in the veins of about all the good
home-bred ones that have been seen. Vortigern was a
thoroughly game dog, and he held in no fear the drawing
of a badger or a tussle with a Bull Terrier. Now that
more perfect specimens are being imported, we may look
for marked and rapid improvement in this breed, and it is
to be hoped they will receive the recognition that they so
much deserve.

There have been but few successful breeders, and among
those most prominent in England was Mr. Samuel Handley,

492 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

of Manchester. He developed the most perfect specimens
of the breed in his time, and his kennels became so noted
that the breed has since been known in England as the
"Manchester Terrier." As, however, it was known as the
Black and Tan Terrier for a long period before Mr. Handley
became prominent, it would be better to go on with the
breed with its original name. Among later breeders and
exhibitors, Mr. Henry Lacy and Mr. Thomas Ellis have
been prominent.

Among noted dogs that can be found in the pedigrees
of most good specimens of the present day, are Saff,
Belcher, General, Sir Edward, Burke', Wallis, and General
III., and the most noticeable of our present specimens are
Lord George, Prince George, Kenwood Queen, Broomfield
Turk, Pearl, Vesper, and the subject of my illustration,
Meersbrook Maiden.

The idea that cropping is essential to the breed has done
much to retard its way into popular favor. Breeders have
given no attention to natural ears, and have rather devel-
oped coarse ears that would carry well when cropped.
There is no more reason for cropping the Black and Tan
than there is for cropping the Fox Terrier, Pug, Bulldog,
and other breeds that not many years ago were considered
unsightly with their natural ears. It will take some time to
breed the natural ears on the Black and Tan, but there will
be every inducement for breeders to strive in this direction
if owners will be satisfied to put up with and accustom
themselves to the uncropped ears, and bench-show judges
will follow the example set by the judge of this breed at the
New York show of 1890, in giving the uncropped dogs an
equal chance, and perhaps showing them more favor than
he did the cropped dogs. At all events, a Black and Tan
with good natural dropped ears, similar to those of a Fox
Terrier, is just as sprightly in appearance as is this Terrier;
and once the cropped ears go out of fashion, we will wonder
why cropping was ever tolerated.

It is not surprising that in a breed that has depended so
much on marks as has the Black and Tan, it is difficult to

THE BLACK AND TAN TERRIER.

493

approach, the goal of perfection. Few specimens develop
with anything like perfect marks. The tendency is to one
or more of the following faults: Too much tan, too little
tan, indistinctness of outline between the tan and the black,
tan on the outside of the hind quarters, tan on upper sur-
face of the ears; and while tan may be too extensive on
some parts, it may be wanting in others. Another, and
perhaps worse fault, is white under the breast; and in

BLACK AND TAN TERRIER MEERSBROOK MAIDEN.
Owned By Dr. H. T. Foote, 120 Lexington avenue, New York City.

spite of all efforts to breed them without such markings, it
will appear on about one puppy in every six or eight.
Some puppies will show it when first born, and it will dis-
appear with surprising rapidity within a fortnight, while
others are thus blemished for life. It is a fault that is con-
sidered fatal to bench-show form; and although I think too
much stress is laid upon this point, it is undoubtedly right
to consider the lack of proper tan markings a serious defect.
Much has been said and written about the faking prac-
ticed with the Black and Tan, but so far as I can observe,

494 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

there is no more of it done in this breed than in most others.
Of course, where correctness of markings is so essential, the
closest scrutiny must be exercised by the judge to detect
fraudulent practices.

I have referred in this writing to the Black and Tan
Terrier proper, whose weight ranges from about seven to
twenty-two pounds.

The following is the latest standard of points of the Black
and Tan Terrier, as set forth by the Black and Tan Terrier
Club of England:

Head, Should be narrow, almost flat, with a slight
indentation up the forehead; long and tight - skinned,
level in mouth, with no visible cheek muscles; it should be
slightly wedge-shaped, tapering to the nose, and well filled
up under the eyes with tight-lipped jaws.

Eyes. Should be small, bright, and sparkling, set mod-
erately close together, as near black as possible, oblong in
shape, slanting upward on the outside; they shall neither
protrude nor sink in the skull.

Nose. Should be perfectly black.

Ears. Should be button, small, and thin; small at the
root, and set as close together as possible at the top of the
head.

Neck and shoulders. The neck should be slim and
graceful, gradually becoming larger as it approaches the
shoulders, and perfectly free from throatiness, slightly
arched from the occiput. The shoulders slope off elegantly.

Chest. Narrow between the legs, deep in the brisket.

Body. Short, with powerful loin, ribs well sprung out
behind the shoulders, the back being slightly arched at the
loin, and falling again to the joining of the tail to the same
height as the shoulder.

Legs. Perfectly straight, and well under the body,
strong, and of proportionate length.

Feet. Compact, split up between the toes, and well
arched, with jet-black nails; the two middle toes of the
front feet rather longer than the others, and the hind feet
shaped like those of a cat.

THE BLACK AND TAN TERRIER. 495

Tail. Should be moderately short, and set on where
the arch of the back ends, thick where it joins the body,
and gracefully tapering to a point, and not carried higher
than the loin.

Goat. Close, short, and glossy, not soft.

Color. Black and tan as distinct as possible; the tan
should be a rich mahogany color; a tan spot over each
eye, and another on each cheek, the latter as small as pos-
sible; the lips of the upper and lower jaws should be tanned,
the tan extending under the jaw to the throat, ending in
the shape of the letter V; the inside of the ear is partly
tanned; the fore leg is tanned to the knee, with a black
patch ("thumb-mark") between the pastern and the knee;
the toes have a distinct black mark running up each, called
the " pencil-mark ;" the tan on the hind legs should con-
tinue from the penciling on the feet up the inside of the
legs to a little below the stifle-joint, and the outside of the
legs should be perfectly black. There should be tan under
the tail and on the vent, but only of such size as to be
covered by the tail. In every case, the tan should meet the
black abruptly.

Weight. A medium-sized dog should not exceed four-
teen pounds, and a large-sized twenty-two pounds.

THE MALTESE TERRIER.

BY Miss A. H. WHITNEY.

before the existence of other "toy" or
exquisite little creature was the ad-
mired companion and faithful friend of the ladies
highest in rank in Greece. Later, when Rome ruled the
world, he continued to be first favorite with the fair sex.
Historians considered him worthy of mention, sculptors
carved his image, he was the darling of wealth and luxury;
truly a "gentle dogge," as Doctor Caius describes him. In
the first century of our era, Strabo extols his beauty, his
diminutive size, the esteem in which he was held, and adds:
"Yet are they not small in their intelligence or unstable in
their love." What a pity that in modern times the dainty,
quick-witted, affectionate little Canis Melitceus should be
so nearly extinct, so little known. From sturdy Skye to
pampered Blenheim, Spaniels owe more than a little of
their beauty to a cross, more or less remote, with the Mal-
tese; yet it is now well-nigh impossible to obtain a really
fine specimen, for love or money.

Malta is as barren of them as America, at the present
time; poor ones, indeed average specimens, are to be found
both in the East and West Indies, but the best are in Eng-
land, where they have been carefully bred, with more or less
success, by a few fanciers during the past forty years. Of
course unscrupulous dealers have always a supply of long-
haired little mongrels, glossy white, and freshly combed
and flat-ironed into smoothness of coat, to palm off upon
the unsuspecting customer in search of a "pure Maltese;"
but anyone who has seen both Poodles and Maltese need not
be imposed upon. Reclining upon his cushion by the side
of his mistress, a pure-bred little Maltese looks more like a

32 C497)

498 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

handful of brilliant white spun silk than a living creature;
but pay him a little attention, and he will spring to his feet,
lift his fine, short ears, and hasten to show you how keenly
alive and alert he is, from the black tip of his atom of a
nose to the waving end of his snowy plume of a tail. As
an in-door companion of rank and beauty the tiny fellow is
peerless, and his devotion to his owner is absolute. It is
said that the faithful pet of hapless Mary, Queen of Scots,
found at her feet after her execution, was one of this breed.

Out of doors he is sharp and full of frolic, but his long
coat sadly interferes with his fun. Then, too, he is not as
vigorous in constitution as dogs of common clay, and is very
susceptible to cold and chills; in short, he pays the penalty
of living in the boudoir. A cMen de luxe emphatically, he
will always be precious, he can not condescend to become
popular; and as for his utility, why demand any such com-
monplace quality of a gem! "Beauty is its own excuse
for being," and truly a typical Maltese is beautiful when in
full coat and well groomed.

Numberless are the stories of the quick-witted devotion
of these little pets, as excitable as they are affectionate,
and as sagacious as the wisest philosophers of dogdom.
One incident worth recounting occurred many years ago.
A baby boy was asleep in an upstairs bedroom, the serv-
ants in the kitchen, and the master and mistress at a pub-
lic assembly. Suddenly the gentleman's attention was
attracted by the unexpected appearance of his tiny Maltese
dog, whom he supposed was safe at home. The little
creature was in a frenzy of excitement, barking, whining,
and tugging at his coat as if to pull him from the room.
His master, trusting to the sense of his pet, yielded to his
frantic entreaties, and allowed himself to be led home, the
dog jumping up and barking all the way. Upon reaching
the house, it was found that a candle burning by the bed-
side of the baby had set the curtain on fire, and the dog,
after rushing down-stairs and calling the servants to the
rescue, had made his way out of doors and to the assembly
rooms in search of his master. We hope that dear dog lived

THE MALTESE TERRIER. 499

as long and happily as Lady Clifford's wonderful Bren-
doline, who at nineteen years of age enjoyed good health.

One little four-pound Maltese was so fond of her mistress
that she would make incredible efforts to keep near her,
and one day the dauntless creature leaped from a second-
story window in order to share the morning drive.

These dogs are wonderfully alert watchmen, and not a
sound escapes their keen ears. Like their relatives the
Poodles, they are quick to acquire tricks and eager and
proud to "show off" their accomplishments.

1 2 345

MALTESE TERRIERS.

1. Lord Clyde, prize-winner 2. Queenie, winner of many prizes, weight three pounds. 3. Brendo-

line, over nineteen years old. 4 Champion Hugh, winner of twenty-three prizes, weight four

pounds. 5. Sir Roger, prize-winner. 6. Blanche, very fine in head and coat. Lord

Clyde, Sir Roger, and Champion Hugh are grandsons of Brendoline.

To Mr. R. Mandeville, of London, Mr. J. Jacobs, of Ox-
ford, and more recently the late Lady Gifford, of Red Hill,
and Mrs. Bligh Monk, of Coley Park, are we indebted for
the patient and persevering breeding which has produced
the best modern strains of the Maltese dog. Indeed, their
specimens, or specimens bred by them, or of their stock,
are tolerably sure to ' ' sweep the board ' ' at all the leading
English shows. Here in America the breed is practically
unknown. I doubt whether anyone can be found among
our impatient fanciers willing to keep a Maltese more than

500 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

two years, waiting for it to appear in full coat; but four,
and often five, years elapse before he is quite furnished and
in full bloom.

It is said that a pair, Cupid and Psyche, were brought
from the East Indies at great expense, in 1841, by Captain
Lukey, of the East India Company' s service. They were
purchased to present to the Queen of England; but after a
rough voyage of nine months, and little or no grooming,
their coats were so matted and soiled that they remained in
private life, and never knew how great an honor they had
missed! A dog needs a court costume as much as a man, if
he is to be presented to royalty.

I fear the lot of these dainty creatures would hardly be
a happy one in our Northern States, save in the palace
homes of millionaires. They are very delicate during pup-
pyhood, and the litters rarely number more than two or
three. To make amends, however, when they do live,
nature grants them a remarkably long lease, and they keep
their faculties unimpaired many years after the majestic
Mastiff and the noble St. Bernard have gone to their long
rest.

For in-door pets and ladies' companions they will always
be desirable, and we live in the hope of seeing some good
specimens at our important shows ere long. Of course such
precious dogs must have every care. During their first year
they must be handled like our "best china," kept from all
risk of cold, fed simple food, and handled but little. The
less meat the better; bread, and a scant allowance of butter
or milk; vegetables and gravy make the best diet. Heat-
ing food spoils the beauty of the coat, and causes many
internal diseases. Regularity in feeding and in exercise is
of vital importance. They are hardly mature under two
years of age, but if they survive the first year and the perils
of puppyhood, become fairly strong and able to bear ordi-
nary exposure.

As the coat of a Maltese is his greatest beauty, and
exceedingly liable to become matted or soiled, too much
attention can not be paid to it. It is very long, sometimes

THE MALTESE TERRIER. 501

from six to seven inches on a four-pound dog, perfectly
straight, glistening, and brilliant; even in length, from tip
of nose to end of tail, and unless parted and brushed aside
from the forehead it completely hides the bright, intelli-
gent eyes. Many owners braid the long locks and tie them
back with ribbons for the comfort of their pets, and it is
not uncommon for exhibitors to fasten back the ears at
meal-times, to keep the hair which covers them from being
soiled by the food. Daily grooming, from puppyhood, is
desirable, but nothing harsher than a soft hair- brush of
good quality must be used. The best time for this is
always just before a meal, and the dog will enjoy his food
the more for his toilet. If the hair is matted or snarled, it
may be necessary to disentangle the knotted locks with a
pin before combing. A fine comb must never be used, as
it would be sure to do harm, but a coarse-toothed one saves
time and aids the brush. Some exhibitors are so anxious
to keep their pets from indulging in the luxury of scratch-
ing that they make little wash-leather boots for the hind
legs, so that the nails can not penetrate the skin or take off
a single hair. We do not recommend the use of these.
Proper diet and careful daily grooming are far better pre-
cautions against skin irritation.

The Maltese is a merry, frolicsome creature, and full of
vivacity. Some writers accuse him of snappishness; but
some writers call all dogs snappish, so we will forgive their
ignorance of the sweet temper, as well as the wonderful
intelligence, of this breed.

As an in-door pet, companion, and watchman, few other
"toy " dogs can compare with the exquisite tiny Maltese.
The chief objections to him are the dangerous delicacy of
his constitution and the care required to keep him in pre-
sentable condition as to his jacket. To prepare him for
exhibition is not difficult, if he has been dressed regularly.
Let not the novice think an all-over " tubbing " necessary.
That would invite a severe cold, unless given by an experi-
enced assistant. Far better and easier is the egg-bath, pre-
pared and applied as follows: Break two fresh eggs in a

502 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

hand-basin; beat them sufficiently to mix yelks and whites
well, add a gill of warm water, and then apply with a soft,
small sponge, or the hands, working it thoroughly and gen-
tly in through the coat to the skin, beginning at the head,
and carefully avoiding the eyes and the inside of the
ears. When the dog is well lathered, wash off with tepid
water and a sponge, but no soap, as you value the brilliancy
of your future prize-winner's jacket; then wrap up your
pet in a big bath-towel, wipe him dry gently, give him a
good meal, and do not think of combing him until after his
nap. A hand-smoothing makes a good finish; and then
beware lest the little dandy catches cold, and has to be kept
at home from the show after all. A quarter-grain pill of
quinine night and morning before feeding, continued for
three days, will usually put him in good health and spirits
and enable him to throw off the threatened illness. Of
course no one interested in this valuable and delicate
breed will be so unwise as to exhibit puppies, no matter
how promising. For them u the paths of glory lead but to
the grave."

The points of a Maltese, according to the present stand-
ard of judging, are as follows:

Value. Value.

Skull, muzzle, and nose 5 Coat 10

Eyes 3 Color 10

Ears 7 General appearance and size 5

Body and legs 5

Tail ... 5 Total 50

The skull is somewhat broad and slightly rounding, but
not like that of Toy Spaniels, the muzzle tapering gradually
to the jet-black little nose.

The eyes should be of fair size, neither prominent like
those of the King Charles and Pug, nor very small and deep-
set. Brilliant and black they must be, and the roof of the
mouth is of the same color.

The jaws are level, and the teeth good enough for a
Terrier.

The ears are small, thin, and fall close to the head.
When excited, the dog lifts them a little.

THE MALTESE TERRIER. 503

The body is rather long, deep- chested, level in back, mus-
cular, and well knit.

The legs are shortish, straight, strong, and barefooted.

The tail, an exquisite little white plume, is carried grace-
fully curving over the side and back.

The coat, the all-important, must be long the longer the
better from seven to eleven inches on a dog standing no
more than seven inches high at shoulder, and as soft and
silky as nature and art can make it; dazzlingly brilliant and
snowy white. Lemon markings sometimes occur upon the
ears, but they are a disqualification, even on the best speci-
mens, and even worse than any tendency to curl in the
coat.

The weight should not exceed seven pounds, and many
prize-winners are under five.

It may interest our readers to study the accompanying
group of the creme de la creme of Maltese prize-winners,
owned by the late Lady Gifford, of England. The illustra-
tion is taken from a photograph from life.

Tiny little Brendoline was a wonder, as frisky and strong
at nineteen years of age as most dogs are at four. She was
the dam and grandam of many prize-winners. Lord
Clyde and Sir Roger are exquisite specimens, and well
known on the show bench. Sir Roger is rather the better
in head and coat, and strongly resembles the famous Cham-
pion Hugh. Queenie is a tiny, charming atom of three
pounds weight, the sister of Hugh, and probably the small-
est of her breed yet exhibited. Champion Hugh was
whelped in 1875, and first shown in 1877, at the Royal
Aquarium, where he won second prize. His career was a
series of triumphs from that time on until his death. He
took his twenty-third and last prize at the Crystal Palace,
July, 1885, and died in that year, after a very brief illness.
He was devotedly attached to his mistress, and never happy
in her absence.

His proportions and measurements are worth knowing.
We quote them from Cassell' s ' * Book of the Dog: ' ' ' ' From
nose to stop, one inch; stop to top of skull, two and one-

504

THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

half inches; length of back, eight inches; girth of muzzle,
four inches; girth of skull, nine inches; girth of neck, seven
inches; girth of brisket, eleven and one-half inches; girth
round shoulders, eleven inches; girth of loins, nine inches;
girth of fore-arm, two and one-half inches; girth of pastern,
one and three-fourths inches; height at shoulders, seven and
one-half inches; height at elbows, four inches; height at
loins, seven and one-fourth inches; length of tail, five inches;
hair on tail, seven inches; length of coat, eleven inches;
length of ear, with hair, seven and one-half inches; weight,
four pounds and ten ounces."

THE COLLIE.

BY HENRY JARRETT AND J. E. DOUGHERTY.

>HE origin of the Collie, like that of most other breeds
of dogs, is unknown. Many different theories have
been advanced by various writers on the subject, most
of them, however, being without any foundation. The
theory offered by Hugh Dalziel, in his excellent work on
the Collie, is that the breed is the result of selection
carried on through a long series of years, and this is no
doubt as near the truth as we may ever expect to get. The
name Collie is supposed to have been derived from the
same root as collar, and to refer to the white collar or band
around the dog's neck. The Collie is probably the most
useful of all our non-sporting dogs. Many authentic in-
stances are recorded showing the almost human intelligence
of these dogs in the execution of their duties in driving and
herding sheep and cattle; in fact, it is well-nigh impossi-
ble to overestimate the intelligence of a well-trained Collie.

Besides being indispensable to the farmer, they make
most excellent watch-dogs and companions, and may also
be trained for retrieving game, both on land and from the
water.

Although much has been done in this country to encour-
age the breeding of show dogs, the working qualities of
this breed have been sadly neglected, and it is to be regret-
ted that sheep-dog trials have never been encouraged here.
There are plenty of well-trained dogs in the United States,
and if trials were once established they would soon become
popular. There are numerous trials held in England every
year for sheep dogs, which are invariably successful, and
which act as reminders to breeders that Collies are sheep

dogs.

C505)

506 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

The importation of so many first-class specimens by the
Chestnut Hill Kennels, of Philadelphia, has been a great
assistance to American breeders, and has done much toward
raising the breed to its present popularity. I know of no
breed that has advanced so rapidly in public favor in
America as has the Collie. I am often asked why nothing-
has yet been bred in America to equal the best of the
imported dogs. The reason is that there are very few
really first-class brood bitches in this country. We have
some of the best stud dogs in the world, and what we need
now is a large number of good brood bitches. Many people
seem to attach no importance to the quality or breeding of
the bitch, so long as they have a good dog to breed to. In
England you will find at least a hundred first-class bitches
to one in this country, and this means so many more thor-
oughly good puppies.

There is generally one extra-good one in each well-bred
litter, and that one frequently dies before reaching matur-
ity. This being the case, it will easily be understood that
America can not compete successfully with England in breed-
ing ollies until the number of our brood bitches is largely
increased by importation.

The fault to be found with most American -bred Collies
is a want of character and "Collie expression."

The best Collie ever bred in this country was probably
Glenlinat, by Strephon, out of Mavis. He was bred by Mr.
A. R. Kyle, of Sound Beach, Conn., and was a very fine
specimen of the breed. He won first prize at Winsted in
1886, and gave considerable promise of making a great name
for himself, but was, unfortunately, killed on the railroad by
a passing locomotive while he was at exercise. Mavis is
one of our few good brood bitches. She is now owned by
Mr. James Watson, of Philadelphia, who is one of our best
Collie judges. Unfortunately, good Collie judges are, like
good Collie brood bitches, rather scarce.

The most difficult point to produce is a good coat, and
in spite of all that has been written to the contrary, there is
no danger at present of our breeding Collies with coat so

THE COLLIE. 507

heavy as to interfere with their movements while working.
A great many writers seern to think that the Collie when
working has always to contend with a blizzard, or a mud
pond, and that if his coat is long the snow or mud will
cling to him in such quantities as to soon tire him out.
This, however, is the exception rather than the rule, and
the texture of the coat is of much more importance than its
length. The most important point is the under coat.

CHAMPION SCOTILLA.

Owned by Chestnut Hill Kennels, Philadelphia, Penn. Winner of forty-two firsts, champions,

and cups.

Although color is immaterial, the sable with white points
is at present the most fashionable. In the early days of
shows, black and tan was considered the best color, and to
improve the color of the tan markings' it is said that the
Gordon Setter blood was introduced, which would account
for the large saddle-flap ears and soft, open coat frequently
found in dogs of this color.

It is probable that we shall soon have a strain of pure
white Collies, several having recently been bred in England;
and the Chestnut Hill Kennels have two white puppies by
Metchley Wonder. These white Collies are pretty, but do

508 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

not look like workers, and for this reason will probably
never become popular.

The dog selected for illustration is Champion Scotilla,
owned by the Chestnut Hill Kennels, Philadelphia. He was
whelped" October 28, 1885, and is by Dublin Scot-Flurry II.
He was imported in 1887, and has won over forty cham-
pion prizes. He is the sire of a large number of first-prize
winners, and is considered the best Collie in the country.

H. J.

The rough-coated Collie is one of the oldest breeds of
dogs in existence. He is the true "sheep dog," from which,
no doubt, all other "shepherd" dogs derived their origin.

Beauty, intelligence, and usefulness are all to be counted
in the highest degree to his credit. The marvelous stories
told of his sagacity and cunning are almost incredible, and
yet it does not seem so strange when we take into considera-
tion that he has been in training, and the constant companion
of the shepherd, for hundreds of years. No other dog is so
constantly with his master in his proper calling. This nat-
urally increases the intelligence of each individual, and
reacts on the whole breed; so that, independent of the con-
<stant weeding out of puppies which were useless from lack
of intelligence, the superiority of the whole variety in
mental attributes is easily accounted for.

There is no authentic history as to the origin of the Col-
lie. He was supposed by some authors to have been bred
from the wild dog, or Dingo, whose form he strongly
resembles. This theory is a plausible one, as his fine muzzle,
dense coat, carriage of tail and ear, and his restless habits
are not unlike those of the wild dog, the wolf, and the fox.

Following is the Collie standard and scale of points
adopted by the English Collie Club and the Collie Club of
America:

Value. Value.

Head and expression 15 Back and loin 10

Ears 10 Brush 5

Neck and shoulders 10 Coat, with frill 20

Legs and feet 15 Size 5

Hind quarters 10

Total.. .100

THE COLLIE. 509

The skull of the Collie should be quite flat and rather
broad, with fine, tapering muzzle of fair length, and mouth
slightly overshot.

The eyes widely apart, almond-shaped, and obliquely set
in the head; the skin of the head tightly drawn, with no
folds at the corner of the mouth.

The ears as small as possible, semi-erect when surprised
or listening, at other times thrown back and buried in the
"ruff."

The neck should be long, arched, and muscular. The
shoulders also long, sloping, and fine at the withers. The
chest to be deep and narrow in front, but of fair breadth
behind the shoulders.

The back to be short and level, with the loin rather long,
somewhat arched, and powerful.

Brushing, "wf upward swirl" at the end, and nor-
mally carried low.

The fore legs should be perfectly straight, with a fair
amount of flat bone; the pasterns rather long, springy, and
slightly lighter of bone than the rest of the leg; the foot
with toes well arched and compact, soles very thick.

The hind quarters, drooping slightly, should be very long
from the hip-bones to the hocks, which should be neither
turned inward nor outward, with stifles well bent. The hip-
bones should be wide and rather ragged.

The coat, except on legs and head, should be as abundant
as possible, the outer coat straight, hard, and rather stiff;
the under coat furry, and so dense that it would be difficult
to find the skin. The ' ' ruff ' ' and ' ' frill ' ' especially should
be very full. There should be but little ' ' feather ' ' on the
fore legs, and none below the hocks on the hind legs. Color
immaterial.

Symmetry. The dog should be of fair length on the
leg, and his movements wiry and graceful. He should not
be too small; height of dogs from twenty-two to twenty-
four inches, of bitches from twenty to twenty-two inches.

The Greyhound type is objectionable, as it gives little
brain-room in the skull, and with this there is to be found

510 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

a fatuous expression and a long, powerful jaw. The Setter
type is also to be avoided, with its pendulous ears and
straight, short flag.

The smooth Collie only differs from the rough in the
coat, which should be hard, dense, and quite smooth.

Point-judging is not advocated, but figures are only made
use of to show the comparative value attached to the differ-
ent properties; no marks are given for "general sym-
metry," which is, of course, in judging, a point of the
utmost importance.

" Color immaterial," as placed in the standard, although
virtually correct, is somewhat misleading. In these days
of scientific breeding, nothing seems impossible, and by
careful selection as to color, almost any color may be pro-
duced. After a careful study of the subject, and several
years of breeding, the writer has formed the opinion that
the following colors are essential, and can not be looked
upon with any suspicion of a cross: Black, white, and tan,
sable, sable and white, red foxy colors, and, in fact, all
the shades of tan, and colors formed by the mingling of
the above colors. It is a well-known fact that nearly or
quite all of the greatest prize-winners and most typical
specimens of the breed are of these colors.

The Collie is affectionate and obedient, is extremely sen-
sitive, and will seldom bear punishment without becoming
sulky. When once you gain his confidence, he will obey
your commands at all times without restraint or compul-
sion. A large per cent, of Collies are gun-shy, and afraid
of thunder. There is a peculiar craf ty and cunning look
about the Collie possessed by no other species of the canine
race.

He is a faithful companion, and a watchful guardian of
his master's property. He is the ideal farm-dog, and has
no equal in that capacity. Except for the Collie, much of
the highlands of Scotland and England would be absolutely
worthless. The sheep graze where a man can not follow to
advantage. A trained Collie will take out a flock of sheep
in the morning, remain with them during the day, and

THE COLLIE.

611

bring them home to the fold at night, alone and unaided.
The Collie will work on cattle and hogs as well as on sheep,
and can be taught to herd all kinds of poultry.

He makes a capital retriever, has a fair nose, and with
proper training becomes a tolerable hunter. He is quick
to attack and kill all kinds of vermin.

BOSS.
Owned by J. E. Dougherty, Lotus, Ind.

The training of the Collie for all kinds of farm -work is
not a difficult matter. As soon as the whelp is old enough
to leave the nest and follow the dam, it will be " tagging"
after her to the field to bring up the stock, and in a few
short weeks the little fellow will go to the field alone. It
is then necessary to curb him, to teach him to come and go
at your bidding. The most effectual plan to get complete
control is to attach a light cord, of sufficient length, to the
collar, and when the puppy goes too rapidly, pull him up
sharply, and at the same time give the command "Slow."

512 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

A few repetitions of this will teach, him to stop at the word.
A Collie instinctively chases sheep, and although not hurt-
ing them, will run a flock to death. He must be taught to
drive, not chase. Teach him to go slow by the use of the
cord; be patient and painstaking in this work, and you
will surely be rewarded.

It is necessary to use gestures when giving commands,
and in a short time the dog will obey the motion of the
hand. This is advantageous in case of a strong wind, or of
the noise made by a herd, or of the dog being too far away
to hear the word of command. It should be considered the
work of several weeks or months to properly train a puppy;
but remember that he is likely to live many years, and
hence it will pay you to lay the foundation of your teach-
ings on solid principles to keep him close in hand till your
precepts are deeply grounded, and not to discharge him
until you are sure that his education is complete, and of a
lasting character.

The rearing of the Collie does not require any different
treatment from that necessary in the case of other canines,
except in the care of the coat. In the summer season, he
should be washed at least once a week. When shedding
his coat, the dead loose hair should be kept well combed
out, otherwise it may become " fleece-grown. " Keep the
skin clean, and the new coat will grow vigorously. The dog
should have a cool, dark place to lie in, away from the flies,
during the day. An old piece of carpet or bagging to lie
on is sufficient for a bed. Straw, shavings, or any kind of
litter, is a harbor for fleas, and hangs to the coat.

In winter, the dog requires less care. Cold does not seem
to affect him in the least, and he delights to roll and bur-
row in the deepest snow-banks, thus cleansing and adding
luster to his coat. A Collie that has been kept as above
directed, and that has been habitually well fed on whole-
some food, may be considered at any time, after receiving a
good combing and brushing, as ready for the show bench.

The Collie is constantly growing in favor, not only with
stockmen and farmers, but with lovers of the dog every-

THE COLLIE. 513

where, and we predict for this noble breed a brilliant
future. In Europe, he has been transplanted from the hut
of the Gillie to the palace, and has become (to use the
words of a well-known English breeder) " the gentleman' s
dog." The credit is due to England for breeding the Collie
up to its present high standard, but America is not far
behind in this matter. The Collie has a strong hold in the
States, and numbers among his friends men of wealth and
influence, who strive to obtain the best specimens, regard-
less of price. It is not an uncommon thing to-day to see
the Collie on the plains of the Far West, following the
"bands" of sheep, guarding and protecting them from the
hungry coyote; and when his qualities are better known,
every farmer in our country will be the happy possessor of
one of these faithful animals.

The following are the names of a few of the Collie
breeders and exhibitors in America:

Hempstead Farm Kennels, Hempstead, Long Island, N.
Y. ; Chestnut Hill Kennels, Philadelphia, Penn. ; J. Van
Schaick, 32 Broad street, New York; James Watson, 114
Seymore street, Germantown, Penn.; J. D. Shotwel, Rail-
way, N. J. ; James Lindsay, Jersey City, N. J. ; J. A.
Long, St. Louis, Mo. ; Sans Souci Kennels, Station B, Phil-
adelphia, Penn.; J. L. Lincoln, Jr., Wabash avenue, Chi-
cago, 111. ; George A. Fletcher, Milton, Mass. ; A. R. Kyle,
South Norwalk, Conn.; McEwen & Gibson, Byron, Canada;
Meadowthorpe Kennels, Lexington, Ky. ; Curry & Parks,
Season, 111.; W. A. Burpee & 'Co., Philadelphia, Penn.;
Dr. T. A. Cloud, Kennett Square, Penn.; J. P. and W. W.
Gray, Rochester, N. Y.; L. C. Root, Stamford, Conn.; F.
D. Proctor, Proctor, Yt. ; Kilmarnock Collie Kennels, Bos-
ton, Mass. ; D. Q. Curry, Decatur, Mich. ; C. G. Hinkley,
Lee, Mass.; John D. Dunnin, Montreal, Canada; W. D.
Hughes, Wayne, Delaware County, Penn. ; Long Island
Kennels, 354 Fourth street, New York City; F. R. Cars-
well, 101 West Sixth street, Wilmington, Del.; Orange
Kennels, 81 Maiden Lane, New York City, John S. Bacon,
612 East Seventeenth street, New York City; A. R. Kyle,

514 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

Norwalk, Conn.; Mrs. William Yardly, Newton, Conn.;
Dr. H. S. Quinn, Utica, N. Y.; J. S. Rogers, Paterson, N.
J.; Y. S. Kennedy, Auburn Park, 111.; Schoellkopf & Co.,
Niagara Falls, N. Y.

Boss (A. K. C. S. B. 12656), the subject of illustration,
is a black-and-tan Collie owned by the writer; was whelped
August 15, 1886; is a large, upstanding dog, weighing
seventy pounds; has abundance of coat, the outer coat long
and hard; has a long, lean head, good expression, ears a
trifle large, but correctly carried. He is a grand specimen,
and shows a deal of Collie character; yet, like many other
good ones, he has his faults. He lacks finish, is a little too
straight in the stifle, and for the latest craze would be con-
sidered a little coarse. He was sired by Donald III., by
Long's Rob Roy, out of Bessie B., by Champion Cocksie,
out of Belle III.; dam, Zella (A. K. C. S. B. 11696).

- Boss has never been shown outside of his own State;
has won three firsts in the pet-stock shows held at Indian-
apolis and Richmond, and won the two special premiums
(1889 and 1890) offered by J. Van Schaick for the best
Collie bred and owned in Indiana. J. E. D.

THE OLD ENGLISH SHEEP DOG.

BY WILLIAM WADE.

is more promising for the future position of
dogs of actual usefulness than the recent revival
of interest in this breed. They are not handsome
dogs, by any means; and that such uncompromisingly
ugly customers are becoming fashionable, demonstrates
that real value for practical purposes is being recognized.
They are one of the oldest of breeds, and certainly with-
out a superior in value as farm -working dogs; yet they
were so neglected for many years that the breed was almost
lost.

That they are a very old breed is shown by references
to them by early English writers. G. R. Jesse quotes from
the "Passionate Pilgrim : "

My curtail dog that wont to have play'd,
Plays not at all, but seems afraid.

And from " Merry Wives of Windsor: "

Hope is a curtail dog in some affairs.

In Drayton, Tenth Eclogue, these exquisite lines occur:

He called his dog (that sometimes had the praise)
Whitefoot, well known to all that keep the plain,

That many a wolf had worried in his days
A better cur there never followed swain;

Which, though as he his master's sorrows knew,

Wagg'd his cut tail his wretched plight to rue.

Poor cur, quoth he, and him therewith did stroke,

Go to our cote and there thyself repose;
Thou with thine age my heart with sorrow broke.

Begone ere death my restless eyes do close;
The time is come thou must thy master leave,
Whom this vile world shall never more deceive.

(515)

516 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

These lines were written about the year 1600, and show
that at that time dogs with short or cut tails were well
known.

In Marryat's "Mr. Midshipman Easy," written about
1835, Bobtails are introduced as a factor in the naming of
that distinguished hero. Mrs. Easy wishes to call the boy
after Mr. Easy (Nicodemus), but papa objects.

"As there will be two Nicks, they will naturally call my
boy Young Nick, and of course I shall be styled Old Nick,
which will be diabolical."

Then when Mrs. Easy selects Robert, Mr. Easy inter-
poses :

"I can not bear even the supposition, my dear.
You forget that in the county in which you are residing
the downs are covered with sheep. I will appeal to any
farmer in the country, if ninety-nine shepherd' s dogs out
of one hundred are not called Bob. Now observe, your
child is out of doors, somewhere in the fields or plantations;
you want and you call him. Instead of your child, what
do you find? Why, a dozen curs, at least, who come run-
ning up to you, all answering to the name of Bob, and
wagging their stumps of tails."

Marryat was a close observer of dogs, mentioning many
breeds, and always associating them with their own pecul-
iarities and vocations.

How the Scotch Collie came to supplant the original
English Sheep Dog is well described by Mr. F. Freeman
Lloyd, in his admirable monograph on Bob tails> originally
published in the columns of Turf, Field, and Farm, and
by that paper published in very handsome pamphlet form.
To this I would refer all inquirers for more minute partic-
ulars as to Bobtails, merely confining myself to general
statements that Mr. Lloyd seems to have somewhat over-
looked.

As to the appearance of Bobtails, it may be said that they
average about the same as the Collie in size, being gener-
ally much more cobby in build, with immense power in
their hind quarters, and not infrequently higher behind

THE OLD ENGLISH SHEEP DOG.

517

than at the shoulder. The head should be somewhat
pointed, but nothing like that of the Collie in either length
or narrowness; the ears should be small, set on fairly high,
and easily raised. There are two varieties of coats, the
single and double, which perhaps might be better denned
as the short and the very heavy ones. Fashion, or the
weight of authority, undoubtedly has gone for the very
profuse double coat, although it is admitted that the other
type is equally characteristic of the old breed. The heav-

TaiHHb-;-

OLD ENGLISH SHEEP DOG SIR CAVENDISH

ily coated legs, clear down to the feet, and the densely
coated face, are also the "correct type," but although the
authorities have so decreed, I must dissent most strongly
from the desirability of either characteristic. The densely
coated legs can not but collect mud, snow, and slush, and
seriously impede the dog in his work. Any shepherd will
tell you that the same holds good with sheep; that those
with heavily wooled legs clear down to their feet tire much
more quickly than the cleaner-legged ones. The useless
hair of the face can only collect the ice and snow of a
winter storm to distract the dog's vision.

The absence of tail is the special characteristic of this

518 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

breed, and in the best-bred specimens it is not a stump or
a short tail, but absolutely no tail at all, the extremity of
the spine being free from any lump or vestige of a tail.
Half, or even whole tails are not at all uncommon, even in
well-bred litters, but this is to be attributed to a cross of
foreign blood at some period; and these long- tailed puppies,
mated with others naturally long-tailed, will throw short-
tailed or tailless puppies. I know a dog, the produce of
litter brother and sister, both naturally long-tailed, who is
bobtailed naturally, and never got a full-tailed pup, although
tried with mongrels with full tails, Black and Tan Terriers,
etc. ..The common supposition is that this short tail is a
relic of the days when dogs with shortened tails were
exempt from taxation, but this is clearly inadmissible.

Cropping the ears of Terriers and Boarhounds, docking
the tails of Spaniels, Fox Terriers, etc. , and shaving the coats
of Poodles has been practiced from time immemorial, yet
no change in the natural conformation of either breed has
been the result. The cats of the Isle of Man are naturally
tailless, and so must the bobtailed dog have originally been.

It is for practical work that the bobtailed dog stands
unequaled. Apparently his uncompromisingly ugly looks
have saved him from being a victim to the pranks of
" fancy," and having no use but use, he has naturally been
bred for use alone. It would be but natural that the owner
of a good working bitch should select a good working dog
as her mate, and thus the instinct of work has been kept
alive in the breed, and in fact stimulated to the highest
possible degree. Then the breed has been more used around
households than the Collie. In Scotland, sheep-farming
has been carried on on lands remote from habitations, and
the shepherd and his dog were often separated from human
associations for a considerable time. Thus the Collie is less
a household dog, hence his shy and suspicious nature;
while the Bobtail, being employed to herd, drive, and watch
stock, to guard his master's premises, drive trespassing
stock away, and being in general the friend and associate
of his master's family, has developed that charming dispo-

THE OLD ENGLISH SHEEP DOG. 519

sition that makes him by far the best companion among
dogs, and has stimulated his wits under the incentive of
constant praise and affection.

No dog can have a stronger instinctive disposition for
work than the Bobtail, and none can do his work with less
training. Queen Vick at six months old would bring up
the cows to be milked half a dozen times a day, being too
impatient to work to wait for the proper time. When the
mare is plowing, Vick keeps a sharp watch on the colt, and
will not let it stray a dozen yards from the mare's side.
Dame Bruin at nine months old, never having been worked
on sheep, met a bunch of lambs stuck where a small stream
crossed the road; without an order from her master (the
lambs did not belong to him), she tried to force them across,
and failing, grabbed one and tugged it over. Dropping it,
she served another the same way. Agricola had not seen
stock for a year (other than horses on the streets of Bos-
ton), yet the second day he was on a farm near here, he
took a walk with his master, and on seeing a dozen cows
turned out of a field half a mile from home, took charge of
them without a word of instruction, taking them straight
home without any assistance. Bob stopped fights between
rams, and drove the hogs away from the corn thrown down
to the chickens, entirely on his own notion, and so I might
go on ad infinitum.

No dog is possessed of higher courage than the Bobtail,
and none is less quarrelsome. They go their way, molest-
ing no dog and tolerating meddling from nothing that
wears hair. Agricola bristled up as quickly at my Mastiff
Baldur as he would at the merest cur; and when a Bobtail
fights, it is not for fun; it is serious business, and the busi-
ness is to kill the other dog in the shortest possible time.
With their powerful jaws and strong teeth, they must be
heavily overmatched if they do not come off victorious.

The picture of Gwen shows the crack specimen of the
English show benches, and certainly shows a capitally strong,
cobby, well-made animal, while the one copied from Stone-
henge is the best illustration of a Bobtail in action that can

520 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

be imagined, showing the immensely powerful hind quarters,
the shaggy coat, and the peculiar fashion of running with the
fore part of the body very low down, or, as it is sometimes
described, "running on the breast-bone." This picture
looks as though the dog were an inch or two higher behind
than at the shoulder, yet, if carefully scaled, it will be
found that the dog is almost exactly level on the back.

Although an English breed, the Bobtail is peculiarly
fitted for the needs of American stockmen. The CoDie is
rather more of a herder than a driver, and in herding
speed is a matter of prime necessity; while the Bobtail is
rather more of a driver, a work in which patience and
deliberation is a main point. Thus, although as fast a dog
as any, barring Hounds, the Bobtail is a much slower,
quieter driver, much less apt to hurry stock, and in general
more deliberate in his work.

Any stockman will recognize the value of this trait
when the dog is intrusted with driving cattle or sheep in
our intensely hot summers, where so much mischief can be
done by overheating the stock. One thing which should
always be borne in mind is constantly overlooked in use of
Sheep Dogs, i. e., that a dog is but a dog after all. Great
may be his instinctive knowledge, and wonderful are the
many manifestations of wisdom in dogs; but, after all, there
is a point they can not pass. Now apply to Sheep Dogs
some of the principles of ordinary good judgment. Don't
expect that a dog can be used for the most diverse purposes
and yet be perfect in all. You could not expect that a man
just through with a fight for life with a vicious tramp would
be in a proper frame of mind to lead a prayer-meeting. St.
Vincent de Paul himself would be but human in such a
case; therefore, do not expect the dog you use to chase
swine out of your yard, where battles royal between the
dog and vicious old sows are a matter of course, to be
taken at once and set to drive a bunch of choice sheep; he
can not dismiss at once from his remembrance the effects of
his battle with the sow. So if your dog is used to chase
and kill rabbits, ground-hogs, to play fetch and carry, etc.,

THE OLD ENGLISH SHEEP DOG. 521

he will not be fully up to the mark for handling a lot of
cows heavy with calf. The same dog can and will do both
classes of work (or play), but you must not expect him to
go directly from one to the other and to be perfect at both.

I would not be understood to mean depreciation of the
Collie as compared with the Bobtail; each has his own char-
acteristics and each his peculiar merits and demerits, and
the lovely and useful Collie can well spare his unhandsome
but invaluable compeer his due meed of praise.

The rudiments of training Sheep Dogs are simple; the
fine points need a master's hand, and no instructions can
fully supply the knack, or really genius, required. First,
you should breed your worker. See to it that the parents
of your puppy were workers that is half the battle; then
make your puppy fond of you secure his entire confidence
and affection. Never speak a cross word to him; if he
needs reproof, administer it in kind and warning tones, for
such are far more effectual than the blustering, savage
howls some "breakers" think indispensable. Teach the
dog to lie down at the word, the initial step being to gently
press him to the ground with the hand, with the word
"down." Now move away from the dog, and if he rises,
return and repeat the lesson. After he will keep his posi-
tion when you have gone some distance from him, take him
out with sheep and make him lie down; then go around the
flock with a pan of salt, gathering the sheep until they are
between you and the dog; then call the latter. If he is the
"right kind," a few lessons will enable him to comprehend
what you desire him to do, and by waving either hand he
will soon understand which side of the flock you wish him
to pass by.

This is the foundation of training, and, once acquired,
the rest of the dog's education is a comparatively simple
matter. Remember that it is "education" you want your
dog to have, not the ability to perform certain tricks at the
command of his master; for it is not what a Sheep Dog does
at command that gives him great value, it is what he knows
should be done without urging.

522 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

The above directions on training are simply a condensa-
tion of the admirable paper prepared by Mr. S. M. Cleaver,
of East Bethlehem, Penn. They are, however, sufficient to
qualify any good dog-handler with the faculty of teaching
dogs to train a Sheep Dog to any work that can be required
of him; and without "dog knack" nobody should attempt
the work.

Remember that each lesson must be thoroughly learned
before the next is essayed, and always praise the dog when
he does anything well; above all things, never punish a dog
except for doing what he knows is wrong.

The essentials for rearing puppies, whatever be the
breed, are exceedingly few and simple. In a general way,
we may say if one studies nature, profits by her teachings,
and applies her principles, he will meet all the require-
ments. But this is scarcely definite enough, and we will
go a little deeper into the subject.

When a bitch is about to whelp, the fact is very evident
in her manner. She busies herself with her bedding, paw-
ing over her straw, placing and replacing the same. When
these manifestations appear, it may be assumed that whelp-
ing is likely to occur within twenty-four hours. It is
always best that a bitch at such an important time be in
quarters to which she has been accustomed; she is always
more or less uneasy for a time if a comparative stranger to
her surroundings. Yet she should be in a quiet place, safe
from intrusion from all but her master or mistress. This
matter of seclusion is so important it should be one of the
first considerations, and she must be guarded against acci-
dental blows or crushes.

In cold weather, the room in which a bitch is whelping
should always be provided with plenty of soft, dry bedding,
and should be artificially heated. The temperature therein
should not fall below 60 Fahrenheit in the first week,
and it had best be kept up to 70 Fahrenheit during the
first twenty-four hours at least. The reason for this is
obvious the puppies are drenched with the amniotic fluid
when they come into the world, and the darn keeps them

THE OLD ENGLISH SHEEP DOG. 523

for a time more or less wet by frequent licking with her
tongue. Hence it will be seen that for them to become
chilled would be easy; and a chill to a young puppy means
danger.

Protection against cold is, then, one of the first essen-
ti^ls. Another, equally important, is that the puppies
should nurse soon after birth. If strong and hardy, they
will seek the breast of their own accord, but if weakly they
will need assistance. Any puppy which does not nurse
voluntarily must be held to the breast and encouraged to
suck within two or three hours after birth. This essential
is very often neglected, and the fault is largely accountable
for the great mortality among puppies. Once a puppy
nurses well, it can sal'ely be left to the mother; and the
' ' let alone treatment ' ' is the best, coddling being most mis-
chievous.

A bitch should nurse her puppies just as long as she and
they do well. Probably between the third and fourth week
their gain will be less rapid, and the circumstance may be
held as evidence that the dam needs assistance, and that
feeding the puppies artificially should be commenced.' The
first food should be cow's milk, diluted with two parts
water, and slightly sweetened with a little cane sugar. One
such feeding a day is enough for the first week; during
the second, two feedings at least will be needed, and the
following week three. After weaning, four meals a day up
to the fifth or sixth month are needed. The milk at first,
as already stated, should be diluted with two parts water.
How rapidly to lessen the dilution is a matter of experi-
ence no fixed rule can be established; all depends upon
how the food acts. Probably in the early part of the
second week half milk and half water will be suitable; in
the latter part, very likely, the milk can be given without
dilution. The puppies' discharges should be watched, for
they give evidence as to whether or not the food is too rich.

As early as the sixth week, puppies should begin to have
meat broths, given very sparingly at first, however. Grad-
ually a more generous diet should be allowed. To secure

524 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

growth and development, the first essential is abundant
food, and it should be largely of meat. Scarcely less im-
portant are decent cleanliness and free exercise. After a
puppy is once accustomed to solid food, the matter of feed-
ing becomes simple. All the provoking minutiae of exact
quantities, particular -qualities, and fixed periods in the
matter of food and feeding are of little moment. If a
young dog has sufficient exercise, there is no danger of his
being overfed. It is with dogs as with men, give them
enough muscular work to do, and no amount of food which
they can eat will be likely to hurt them.

Dogs should have bones given them at frequent inter-
vals, but of course small bones should be kept from pup-
pies, for they might be swallowed whole and produce
serious trouble; or, if broken, the sharp points would be
likely to play the mischief with the internal arrange-
ments.

Where puppies must be reared in crowded kennels, with
the scantiest exercise, I can not suggest any course of pro-
cedure; the conditions are so unnatural, justice can scarcely
be done them.

Worms are the principal cause of puppy mortality;
"Ashmont," in another part of this book, gives full and com-
plete directions for treating animals afflicted with them;
but "a pound of prevention," etc. About a week before
a bitch is due to whelp, she should be dosed for worms;
should then be shut uj)inher kennel, on abundant bedding,
until she has thoroughly evacuated. The bedding should
then be carefully removed and burned, and the kennel well
washed and cleansed with some insecticide boiling hot
water, carbolic acid solution, sulphate of soda solution, etc.
Then wash the bitch carefully all over, so that every "nit"
sticking to her coat may be removed or destroyed; even
taking care that the water used is accounted for. Puppies
nosing and rooting around in search of the teat are likely
to get into their mouths any nits that may be attached to
the dam' s hair, and a full crop of worms may be the result.
I have thought that the eggs of worms are like the old say-

THE OLD ENGLISH SHEEP DOG. 525

ing as to certain tough cases in weeds, u burn them, and be
careful what you do with the ashes."

If a dog is fed onions and turnips pretty regularly, he is
not likely to be troubled with worms. I do not know
whether these vegetables are vermifuges, strictly speaking,
but I have often noted worms being passed by dogs after
being fed these articles of diet; and I know it is the case
with mankind, which brings me to the point that a dog is
so much like a man in disease, that it is a pretty safe rule
to do about the same for a dog as would be the right thing
for a man. It is also a safe rule in giving medicine to a
large dog, Mastiff, St. Bernard, or Newfoundland, to give
the same amount as would be given to a human subject of
the same weight.

Mr. Gr. W. Moore made some very sensible suggestions in
Forest and Stream some time since as to care of dogs at and
after dog shows, and advises thorough washing of an animal
after returning from a show, that no contagium may remain
attached to its coat and thus infect its kennel companions.

You should be exceedingly careful about approaching a
bitch just after whelping. It makes no difference whether
her usual disposition is amiable or the reverse, a bitch
peculiarly gentle at other times may be extremely savage
when she has young puppies; and I have known bad-
tempered bitches who were very indifferent about their
puppies. Therefore, until this point is thoroughly deter-
mined by experience, use particular care to always approach
the new mother with circumspection. Do not bolt into
where she is suddenly, but go quietly; speak to her kindly;
prepare her for your coming before she sees you, and when
you come to her, first devote your attentions to her, not
appearing to notice her puppies, and after she allows you
to fondle her, you may handle her puppies with care; but
in all cases disturb her as little as possible, and do not visit
her for mere curiosity. See that she is comfortable, and let
her alone. Take particular care that other dogs do not
approach her; she has objects of tender care under her
charge, and will fight for them to the death.

526 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

As a matter of prime necessity, every dog-lover should
provide himself with "Ashmont's" book on dog diseases.
There are many works on canine disease and management,
but nothing approaches u Ashmont." It is so peculiarly
simple and plain in description that by consulting it a
layman can recognize what is the trouble with his dog in a
majority of cases, and its directions are so clear that the
danger of making a mistake is reduced to a minimum.

But as the layman will sometimes be at a loss to deter-
mine from the symptoms what the trouble is, he should
call on his family physician. For instance, the non-profes-
sional will not be able to determine from the breathing of
the animal whether it has catarrh, pneumonia, or distemper.
The physician can determine whether it be either of the
former, thus reducing the elements in doubt to narrow lim-
its. If your physician is a snob, he may be affronted by being
asked to examine a dumb animal, but if he is a man of
standing, he will do it for you with pleasure.

One of the most-distinguished surgeons of America once
operated on a puppy for me, opening a deep-seated abscess
with as much care and skill as though the President of
the United States were his patient. The late Dr. E. Dyer,
one of our most-distinguished oculists, and a most thorough
surgeon and physician, who would not go out of his
specialty for a man, would cut his office hours short to
attend his friend's dog in an urgent case. What such
men are willing to do ought not to be objectionable to the
man of lesser fame. As a rule, the veterinarian knows
little of canine diseases; and as the symptoms and diseases
of dogs approach much more nearly those of the human
subject than they do to those of horses, cattle, etc., without
special training in canine diseases the veterinarian is not
as well prepared to treat them as is the regular physi-
cian.

It must be remembered, however, that when you avail
yourself of the kind assistance of your physician you
must not insist on paying for it. That terra incognita to
the layman, "professional etiquette," has among its mani-

THE OLD ENGLISH SHEEP DOG.

527

fold unwritten laws one against receiving pay for treatment
of dumb animals.

I have jotted down the foregoing as that which experi-
ence has taught a layman in a somewhat lengthy course of
"dog-raising;" but, distrusting my expert knowledge, and
fearing that I might have made some statement that might
bring down on me the wrath of the faculty, I have sub-
mitted it to a distinguished physician, who pronounces it
"OK."

THE GREAT DANE (GERMAN DOGGE).

BY PROFESSOR J. H. H. MAENNER.

>HE noblest of all the canine race is undoubtedly the
German Dogge, generally called Great Dane in this
country and England. He possesses all the good
qualities by which the large breeds are distinguished, and
surpasses all others in vivacity, gracefulness of movement,
elegance of form, and imposing size. The symmetry of his
limbs; his proud carriage; his beautifully shaped head,
supported proudly by a long, finely arched, perfectly
molded neck; his bright eye, the eloquent index of intelli-
gence, fidelity, and courage; his deep, broad chest and
long, muscular legs, indicating swiftness and fortitude; the
short, glossy coat, displaying his magnificent, muscular
frame all parts are so admirably and harmoniously com-
bined as to render him the most perfect specimen of the
canine race. Affectionate, strongly attached to his owner,
and especially fond of children, he is a brave, faithful
friend, ever ready, if necessary, to risk even his life in
defense of his master' s person or property.

This breed has been known by various names in different
countries and at different times, viz. : Ulmer Dogge, Great
Dane, Boarhound, Fanghund, Altdeutsche Dogge, etc.
Such a variety of appellations naturally caused much con-
fusion and misunderstanding. The German dog-fanciers,
therefore, met during the bench show at Berlin, in 1880,
adopted a standard of points, and agreed to drop the dif-
ference between the heavy and light strains and to call the
breed Deutsche (German) Dogge. Previously the Germans
had usually called the breed Ulmer Dogge, after the City
of Ulm, in Wurtemberg, Germany, because the breeders in
Wurtemberg had been most successful in their endeavors

34 (529)

530 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

to improve the Dogge and raise him to such perfection that
the fanciers in other parts of Germany soon vied with
them ; and now the Germans call the German Dogge, with
just pride, their national dog, while the Great Dane,
according to the Gartenlaube of April, 1885, has gone to
the dogs in Denmark.

On the title-page of the book "Die Deutsche Dogge,"
published in July, 1888, we read as follows:

We have used in the English translation the term the ' ' German Dogge "
in preference to that of "Great Dane," the name the breed has in England,
because we consider that the fatherland of the Dogge, the country in which
they have been brought to their present state of perfection, has the right to
choose the name which it considers correct. The ''Great Danish Dog"
(Danske Hunde) is an entirely different breed, which is found in Denmark,
and the points of which were fixed at the exhibition in Copenhagen, 1886.

The niustrirte Zeitung of February 5, 1887, contains a
picture, "Three Kindred Races of Dogs, the English Mas-
tiff, the Danish Dog, and the German Dogge," and the
following remarks:

The Danish Dog, little known in Germany, is unquestionably closely
related to the English Mastiff, but has better legs and feet than the thorough-
bred Mastiff, and is faster, livelier, and not so clumsy. The best specimens
are said to have been raised thirty or forty years ago on an estate called
Broholm, and are, therefore, also called Broholmer Dogs. The Danish or
Broholm Dog does not at all resemble our German Dogge, as may be readily
seen from our illustration, and it is proof of ignorance if many a fancier still
classifies our German Dogge as Danish or Ulmer Dogge. The distinction
appears to have been invented by dealers, for now we find the light, then the
heavy strain mentioned as Danish or Ulmer Dogge.

During the great international exhibition of dogs of all races at Ham-
burg, in the year 1876, it was evident that none of the breeders and connois-
seurs present were able to classify and distinguish the numerous entries as
Ulmer or Danish Dogges. During the following shows at Hanover (1879) and
Berlin, it was resolved to abolish this unwarranted distinction entirely, and to
designate the breed as German Dogges, which they have been in reality for the
last three centuries. At the same time, a standard of points was agreed upon
after the best specimens. According to them, the German Dogge must neither
be too heavy nor too light, but must keep exactly the medium between the
Greyhound and Molossus Dog. Later attempts to have a heavier kind
acknowledged, besides the one recognized by the standard, have always been
rejected with overwhelming majority by the friends and breeders of this finest
and largest of all canine races.

THE GEEAT DANE.

531

The origin and descent of the German Dogge are not
definitely known, but we do know that the breed is of great
antiquity. In the agricultural, forest, and hunting laws
of the old Gferman tribes, which were not collected until
the middle of the tenth century, under the title 4 4 Geopo-
nica," seven kinds of dogs are enumerated in the " Lex Ale-
manorum." Of these, the Canis porcaritius (Boarhound),

MINCA MIA.
Owned by Prof. J. H. H. Maenner, Baltimore, Md.

"that catches the swine," or the Canis ursaritius (bear-
catcher), "that catches the bear, the cow, or the bull," and
the Veltris leporalis (the Greyhound or Harehound), are
thought to be the progenitors of the German Dogge, that
probably owes his origin to the efforts made to raise a breed
in which the principal qualities of the above-mentioned
varieties, i. e., strength and fleetness, are combined.

A savage, strong, and courageous dog, whose origin is a

532 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

mystery, existed in ancient times. In the book, "The
Varieties of Dogs, as They Are Found in Old Sculptures,
Pictures, Engravings, and Books," by Th. Charles Berjeau,
we find pictures, copied from the British Museum, of this
dog the Canis molossus, now extinct bearing a striking
resemblance to the German Dogge. Aristotle mentions the
Canis moloticus after Molossis or Molossia, the central
part of Epirus, in ancient Greece 350 years B. C., in his
"Historia Animalium." The Canis venations (hunting
dog) mentioned in Marcus Terentius Varro' s work, l ' De re
Rustica, 1 ' in the last century B. C., is probably the same
dog as the Canis moloticus, or molossus, as well as the
Canis venaticus that Junius Moderatus Calnmella writes
of in the first century of the Christian era. Shortly before
that time, Gratlus Faliscus, in his "Cynegeticon," treats of
the manner of using the dogs for hunting, of raising and
training them, of their qualities, diseases, etc. ; also Oppi-
anus of Anazarbos, in the second century, in his didactic
poem, "De Venatione," Marc. Aurelius Olympius Neme-
sianus of Carthage, in his " Cynegeticon," and Titus Julius
Calpurnius of Sicily, in his "Cynegeticon sen de re Vene-
tica Eclogse," describe explicitly the qualities of the dogs,
and their being employed for hunting. Many other histo-
rians and poets, among whom Virgil, Horace, Caius Plinius
Secundus, living shortly before or in the beginning of the
Christian era, describe and extol the Canis molossus and
his valorous deeds.

The Romans are said to have become acquainted with
these dogs in England, and to have exported many of them
for the purpose of using them in the circus to light with
wild beasts. Tlnve of them could overpower a bear, and
four even a lion. The Romans, finding extreme delight in
these contests, valued the pugnacious Molossus Dogs, whose
daring exploits historians and poets extolled so highly that
they appointed officers in their British provinces whose
business was the selection and training of the dogs to be
sent to Rome. Long after the decline of the Roman Em-
pire these dogs were employed for such bloody contests,

THE GREAT DANE ( GERMAN DOGGE ). 533

and when bears and lions became scarce, the bull was sub-
stituted for them.

John Stow describes a contest between three of these
dogs and a lion, in the presence of James I. One of the
dogs being put into the den, was soon disabled by the lion;
the second met with a similar fate, but the third immedi-
ately seized the lion by the lip and held him for a long
time, till, being considerably torn by the lion's claws, he
was obliged to quit his hold. The lion, greatly exhausted
by the conflict, refused to renew the engagement, but,
taking a sudden leap over the dogs, fled into the interior
part of his den. Two of the dogs soon died of their
wounds; the last survived, and was taken care of by the
king's son, who said: " He that has fought with the king
of beasts shall never fight with an inferior creature."

The dogs, however, were not the antagonists of wild
beasts only; they or their descendants were also trained to
attack persons. During the conquest of Cuba and San
Domingo, in 1511, the Spaniards under Diego Velasquez
employed the dogs in subduing the natives and pursuing
them into the forests, where they had sought refuge. Hor-
rible deeds are recorded of the famous dog, Berezillo, that
was killed by an Indian with a poisoned arrow during the
conquest of Porto Rico, in 1514. A descendant of Bere-
zillo, Yasco Nunez de Balboa's dog, Leoncico, was also
famous for killing and tearing to pieces numbers of Indi-
ans. In 1519, the Spaniards J under Hernando Cortes em-
ployed these dogs in the same cruel manner to hunt down
and kill the natives in Mexico.

During the reign of Charles the Great, in the eighth
century, the Canis molossus is mentioned, and in the for-
est laws of King Henry II. of England, of the twelfth
century, we read of the Canis mastivus.

Many varieties are the descendants of the Canis mo-
lossus, the most popular of which are the Bulldog, his
diminutive relative the Pug, the English Mastiff, and the
German Dogge.

In pictures painted by celebrated artists in the begin-

534 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

ning of the sixteenth century, notable among which are
the u Wild Boar Hunt," by Jurgen Jacobsz; the "Bear
Hunt," by Francis Snyders; the "Wild Boar Hunt," by
Peter Paul Rubens, we find a species of dogs of the same
size and shape as the present German Dogge. These dogs
also enjoyed high favor with the German nobility, and were
the constant companions of their noble masters. Famous
dogs of this kind were owned by the Emperor Wenzel,
Charles V., and the Duke Ulrich of Wurtemberg. The
latter, when dispossessed of his throne by his enemies,
in the beginning of the sixteenth century, had to seek
refuge in the caves, near the Castle of Lichtenstein, for some
months, where, principally through the sagacity, vigilance,
and courage of his dog, he escaped several murderous
assaults made against his life.

There are at present three varieties of the German Dogge,
viz., the brindled or tiger-striped, the spotted or Harlequin,
commonly called Tiger-doggen in Germany, and those of
one color. While a distinction should be strictly main-
tained with regard to color, no difference is to be made in
size, coat, or form. It must be admitted, however, that
those of one color sometimes have finer hair, lighter forms,
and a more pointed head, whereby some are induced to
believe that there is more Greyhound blood in them.
Others are of the opinion that the fawn, or the red variety,
descended from the brindled Dogge by a disappearance of
the dark streaks, and also the'black one by an increase of the
dark stripes, and that the gray, or blue one, was produced
by crossing the fawn, or the sandy-red, and the black
Dogge.

The origin of neither the spotted nor the brindles being
known, their color is to be considered original. It is
supposed that the spotted variety received his wall-eye
and spotted or flesh-colored nose by a crossing of Albinos
with black Dogges, which theory is plausible, since a simi-
lar coloring of the eyes and noses of the progeny from
spotted and white horses is observed.

The spotted specimens have white, silver-gray, or bluish

THE GREAT DANE.

535

ground-color, with irregular black, gray, or blue spots or
patches. Those with white ground-color and black spots
are the most beautiful; the lighter the ground-color and

the darker the spots, the better. Some persons entertain
the mistaken idea that these dogs were used for hunting
or attacking tigers, because they are generally called
Tiger-doggen in Germany.

536 THE AMEEICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

In France, the whole-colored variety, especially the
blue or black, is preferred, although of late the Tiger as
well as the brindled Dogge finds admirers there. At the
exhibition at Paris, in 1889, Charles Goute's Tiger bitch
Calypso, his Tiger dog Roland II., and his brindled dog
Fidelio won lirst prizes. These dogs are very large; and their
receiving the highest honors at an exhibition in France,
where the smaller, elegantly shaped dog has always been
valued highest, indicates a modification of taste in that
country, where specimens over thirty inches high were not
much thought of. Fidelio, one of the finest specimens
known, is a powerful dog, of strong bone, about thirty-
four inches high, weighing 183 pounds. He is much
admired in France now, though the brindled Dogge is called
there, by many, a butcher-dog.

In England it is entirely different. There the Tiger
and the brindled varieties rank highest; great size is
highly appreciated there, and Mr. Riego's Cid Campea-
dor, a dog of about the same height as Fidelio, is much
admired. The admirers of the large specimens will even
overlook a little dewlap, which is more frequently found
on those over thirty-one inches high than on smaller ones.
Besides, we find many very large Dogges with coarse hair
and a faulty frame. The yellow-dun Dogge, with black
mask, is generally considered the result of a cross with
the Mastiff, in England, while in Germany the black mask
is a desirable feature, preventing the appearance of red
or flesh-colored noses in puppies. .Brindles will often
whelp yellow or dun puppies with black masks, which
fact proves the erroneousness of the above-mentioned
supposition.

Another erroneous opinion, prevailing in England, is
that dew-claws indicate a cross with the smooth- coated
St. Bernard. They are not an ornament or a desirable
appendage, but are found on specimens of the purest
strains. Sometimes they are cumbersome and hurtful;
they may grow into the flesh, or the dog may be wounded
by them in another manner. Therefore it is advisable

THE GREAT DANE. 587

to relieve the puppies of them, with a pair of sharp
scissors, when about two weeks old, or even sooner. The
operation will cause little pain, and the loss of blood will
be slight at so early an age.

In Germany, all varieties have their admirers, but the
preference is generally given to the brindles. First-class
specimens of that variety were scarce at the exhibition at
Oannstadt, in 1889, because they are in such demand that
few of them remain in Wurtemberg for a long time.
The German breeders endeavor to raise large specimens;
but those not possessing a correct frame, or being deficient
in bone, muscle, or otherwise, are but slightly valued.

With reference to the size of Dogges, we often find
exaggerated statements; but it may be safely asserted that
the German Dogge is superior to all other breeds in height.
Mr. Riego declares his Champion Cid Campeador, bred in
Germany, to be the largest dog ever raised in Europe his
height being thirty-four inches at shoulder and that the
largest St. Bernard measures about thirty-three and one-half
inches, but that his owner makes him thirty-six inches.
According to the Jagd-und ScJiutzen-Zeitung of April
15, 1889, the height of the German Dogge Victor, then
exhibited at Chicago, is thirty -eight inches. The Witten-
berger Kreisblatt stated, some years ago, that Friedrich's
Csesar was 1.02 meters, or about forty and one-sixth inches,
high. The latter assertions have to be taken cum grano
sails. 'Not many dogs will attain a height of thirty-four
inches, and few of those exceeding it will have a correct
frame.

Actual measurements of Boppel's Sandor, one of the
largest and finest Dogges, taken not long ago, may be of
interest:

Length of head, 12-J inches; length of neck, llf inches;
length from neck to set-on of tail, 32 inches; length of tail,
25J inches; girth of skull, 23 inches; girth of chest, 38f
inches; girth of loin, 28-J inches; girth of thigh, 10J inches;
height, 34-J inches

The above measurements were taken and guaranteed

538 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

correct by Mr. Ziebert. Sandor is young and not fully
developed yet.

The ears of the German Dogge are generally cropped,
because it gives the head a bolder and livelier expression
and appearance. In England, however, a strong opposition
prevails against the cropping of the ears of any breed, and
the wish of the Queen of England, as well as the exertions
made by the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Ani-
mals to put a stop to this so-called cruelty, may be of no
little consequence.

The Queen of Wurtemberg, who visited the exhibition
at Cannstadt, in 1889, expressed also a wish, when admiring
the class of beautiful German Dogges, that the ears might
be left to them just as God created them. The French,
on the contrary, do not want a Dogge with uncropped ears;
and a German sporting paper, the Hunde- Sport, remarked
not long ago:

There is danger that America will follow the example of England. We
in Germany do not crop the ears of our Hatzriide since the day before yester-
day; our ancestors did so centuries ago, and if it will be admissible to draw a
general conclusion from a Greek coin, the cropping of ears was customary two
thousand years ago, and neither England nor America will alter it.

The same paper had in its issue of January 22, 1890,
the following:

We have been informed that in two cases owners of young Dogges were
indicted by societies and fined for cropping the ears of dogs. Should any one
of our readers be fined on that account, he is requested to enter protest against
ft, and to ask us to name him two experts who are ready to declare under oath
that the non-cropping of ea's was the cause of continual suffering in the ears,
so that the cropping had to be performed in advanced age. Not the cropping
of the ears is tormenting, but their remaining uncropped. We are convinced
that on such evidence the parties indicted will be acquitted.

On the other hand, experts spoke and wrote against the
fashion of cropping ears. Professor Weiss, of the Veter-
inary College at Stuttgart, says in his book, " The Dog,
His Qualities, Breeding, and Treatment in Healthy and
Sick Condition:"

The operation of cropping ears consists in a tormenting for the sake of
satisfying a nonsensical taste; besides, according to the opinion of the greatest
dog-fanciers, the dog looks, in his natural condition, much better than after

THE GREAT DANE. 539

squandering any cruel art on him; moreover, the consequences of this useless
mutilation do not cease when the ear is healed. The irritation caused by it
often has an injurious effect on the internal ear, and frequently deafness is the
result.

Not a few dog-fanciers affirm that the exterior ear of the
dog, being movable, prevents the free entrance of insects,
dust, rain, snow, hail, etc., protects against the changes of
temperature, assists the animal in catching the sound-
waves, and thereby renders the sense, of hearing more
acute.

Thus we see that the opinions of experts, as well as of
fanciers, differ, and are even diametrically opposite, with
reference to the cropping of ears. The taste for cropping,
however, is predominant, and we may predict a continuance
of the fashion, in spite of arguments and protests.*

STANDARD OF POINTS.

The Great Dane Club of England, whose object is the
breeding and improvement of the German Dogge, has
adopted the following standard of points, which is, a few
unessential differences excepted, the same as the one laid
down by the breeders in Germany:

General appearance. The Great Dane is not so heavy
and massive as the Mastiff, nor should he too nearly
approach the Greyhound type. Remarkable in size and
very muscular, strongly though elegantly built, move-
ments easy and graceful; head and neck carried high; the
tail carried horizontally with the back, or slightly upward,
with a slight curl at the extremity. The minimum height
and weight of dogs should be thirty inches and one hun-
dred and twenty pounds; of bitches, twenty-eight inches
and one hundred pounds. Anything below this shall be
debarred from competition. Points: General appearance,
3; condition, 3; activity, 5; height, 13.

Head. Long, the frontal-bone of the forehead slightly

* I wish to record here a most earnest and emphatic protest against crop-
ping, docking, or otherwise mutilating dogs of any breed. In my judgment,
these practices are cruel and useless, and the taste or notion that fosters them
is erroneous. EDITOR.

540

THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

raised, and very little indentation between the eyes. Skull
not too broad. Muzzle broad and strong, and blunt at the
point. Cheek muscles well developed. Nose large, bridge
well arched. Lips in front perpendicularly blunted, not
hanging too much over the sides, though with well-defined

MAJOR.
Owned by Mr. Paul Merker, 78 State street, Chicago.

folds at the angle of the mouth. The lower jaw slightly
projecting about a sixteenth of an inch. According to
German standard, the lower jaw must be neither projecting
nor receding, so as to make the teeth meet evenly. Eyes
small, round, with sharp expression and deeply set. Ears
very small, and Greyhound-like in carriage when un-
cropped; they are, however, usually cropped. Points, 15.
Neck. Rather long, very strong and muscular, well

THE GREAT DANE. 541

arched, without dewlap or loose skin about the throat.
The junction of head and neck strongly pronounced.
Points, 5.

Chest. Not too broad, and very deep in the brisket.
Points, 8.

Back. Not too long or short, loins arched and falling
in a beautiful line to the insertion of th* tail. Points, 8.

Tail. Reaching to the hock, strong at the root, and
ending fine with a slight curve. When excited, it becomes
more curved, but in no case should curve over the back.
Points, 4.

Belly. Well drawn up. Points, 4.

Fore quarters. Shoulders set sloping; elbows well
under, neither turned inward nor outward. Leg fore-arm
muscular and with great development of bone, the whole
leg strong and quite straight Points, 10.

Hind quarters. Muscular thighs, and second thigh
long and strong, as in the Greyhound, and hocks well let
down, and turning neither in nor out. Points, 10.

Feet. Large and round, neither turned inward nor out-
ward. , Toes well arched and closed. Nails very strong
and curved. Points, 8.

Hair. Very short, hard, and dense, and not much
longer on the under part of the tail. Points, 4.

Color and markings. The recognized colors are the
various shades of gray (commonly termed "blue"), red,
black, or pure white, or white with patches of the before-
mentioned colors. The colors are sometimes accompanied
with markings of a darker tint about the eyes and muzzle,
and with a line of the same tint (called a "trace") along
the course of the spine. The above ground- colors also
appear in the brindles, and also the ground-colors of the
mottled specimens. In the whole-colored specimens, the
china or wall-eye but rarely appears, and the nose more or
less approaches black, according to the prevailing tint of
the dog, and the eyes vary in color also. The mottled
specimens have irregular patches or "clouds" upon the
above-named ground-colors; in some instances, the clouds

542 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

or markings being of two or more tints. With the mot-
tled specimens, the wall or china eye is not uncommon, and
the nose is often parti-colored or wholly flesh-colored.

Faults. Too heavy a head, too highly arched frontal-
bone, and deep "stop" or indentation between the eyes;
large ears and hanging flat to the face; short neck; full
dewlap; too narrow or too broad a chest; sunken or hollow
or quite straight back; bent fore legs; overbent fetlocks;
twisted feet; spreading toes; too heavy or too much bent,
or too highly carried tail, or with a brush underneath; weak
hind quarters, and a general want of muscle. .j

The diseases peculiar to this race are the same as those
of other large smooth -coated dogs, and are generally the
consequence of overfeeding and want of exercise, or of not
being properly protected against dampness or the inclem-
encies of the weather. The Dogges are very hardy and
easily acclimated; they can live in a cold climate, and bet-
ter than rough-coated breeds in warm countries. If prop-
erly fed and cared for, they will rarely be sick. The best
food for them is broth, milk, vegetables, corn-meal, boiled
or baked, meat, cooked or raw, and bones.

THE FUTUKE OF THE GERMAN DOGGE IN THE UNITED

STATES.

An enthusiastic admirer wrote not long since, "Make
room for the Great Dane, for lie is coming." And it is no
wonder that he is coming; the more generally his noble
qualities, his superiority to other breeds, are known, the
more rapidly will the number of his friends and admirers
increase.* It is strange that this variety is comparatively

* Among the many American breeders and owners of Great Danes may by
mentioned the following: R. P. Alden, 3 East Thirty-eighth street, New York
City; Miss M. E. Simonson, East Orange, N. J.; Paul Merker, 78 State street,
Chicago, 111.; Edward Kelly, 55 West Twenty-sixth street, New York City;
Carl Heimerle, Bay Ridge, Long Island, N. Y.; X John Getz, 220 Fifth avenue,
New York City; W. A. Armstrong, New Brighton, Staten Island, N. Y.; T.
Roedler, Milton, Ontario, Canada; Welz & Zerweck, Myrtle and Wyckoif ave-
nues, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Theo. Honegger, 33 Broad street, New York City; H. A.
Lawson, 107 Cherry street, New York City; Osceola Kennels, Osceola Mills,

THE GREAT DANE. 543

little known here yet, and that not many years ago there
were not enough in this country to have a class for them in
the shows. In New York, they were iirst exhibited in 1886,
when there were eleven of them; in 1887, only six were
exhibited; in 1888, seven; in 1889, seventeen, and this year
(1890), twenty-five. In Chicago, there were fifty- three
exhibited at the Mascoutah Kennel Club Show this year.
The Great Dane or German Mastiff Club of that city, organ-
ized last year for the purpose of popularizing this breed,
has now a large membership, and has already done and
will doubtless do a great deal to call the attention of dog-
fanciers to the German Dogge. The efforts of the members
of that club will certainly be appreciated by those who
may acquire a specimen of this breed, and thus become
acquainted with the beauty and admirable disposition of
the Dogge.

It is, however, difficult to get the best specimens, and
they command high prices. For importations we must
rely principally on Germany, the home of the breed. In a
review of the remarkable events in the dogdom of Germany
during the year 1889, a German sporting paper prints the
following:

Foreign countries carried off several Dogges. Two went to Mr. Riego, in
England, Mr. Onderwater, in Holland, got Diana-Essig, and Professor Maen-
ner, in Baltimore, bought Bravo Pluto and Minca Mia. To the kennel of Mr.
Goute, in France, went Fidelio, Libussa, Roland, and Rheinperle.

Thus we see that few specimens worthy of being men-
tioned left Germany last year, but a greater number will
surely leave during this year and thereafter.

As illustrating the noble disposition of the German

Wis. ; Prof. J. H. H. Maenner, 404 South Paca street, Baltimore, Md. ; G.
Leihbacher, Myrtle avenue and Grove street, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; M. Martin,
601 East Fourteenth street, New York City; F. M. Wilder, 2515 Wabash
avenue, Chicago, 111.; Andrew Schultz, 697 Noble street, Chicago, 111.; F. C.
Smith, Bloomington, 111. ; H. A. Williams, 1101 Washington boulevard, Chi-
cago, 111.; E. R. Bacon, 73 Board of Trade, Chicago, 111.; Hawthorn Kennels,
Elmhurst, 111.; William Pfeifer, 2 Elston avenue, Chicago, 111.; August Trin-
kle, Cincinnati, Ohio; Joseph Zilligen, Jr., 552 Thirty-first street, Chicago,
111. ; J. W. Eliel, 3440 Indiana avenue, Chicago, 111. ED.

514

THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.

Dogge, I quote some extracts from a communication to the
American Field. One in the issue of September 14, 1889,
from Baltimore, signed "Wisp," reads as follows:

The recent importation of several fine specimens of the Great Dane, by a
gentleman of this city, has created more than a passing interest in this noble
breed of dogs. I was attracted to this breed, a few years ago by witnessing a
most remarkable case of transition of temperament, i. e., from a playful mood

Owned by Mr Pai

JUNO.
Meiker, 78 State street, Chicago.

to one of intense earnestness and courage I was walking along a suburban
road, and saw ahead of me two little children crawling and climbing all over a
large, fallow-colored, supple-looking dog, that seemed to enjoy the romp as
much as the children. It was an engaging picture, and the more I looked
the more interested I became in the "kind " of dog; for when I first looked I
thought, "What an athletic-built Mastiff that is;" yet, on closer observation,
I knew it could not be the ordinary English Mastiff, for his head was not so
broad, and was carried more proudly on a longer neck, and higher; and the
way he jumped over those children, and stood aside, grandly erect, a moment,

THE GREAT DANE. 54.5

to allow them to look up in his eyes and try to pull themselves over his back,
was a position I never knew an English Mastiff to assume.

While debating in my mind what kind of a strain, breed, or type of dog it
was, I suddenly heard a growl; the dog " positioned" himself firmly where he
was standing, about quarter way across the road , threw his head up, curved
his neck, and looked a very Vulcan of courage, immobility, and defiance
as he gazed up the road. The children, meantime, had rushed up to him,
clinging around his neck and fore shoulders. The scene was worthy the brush
of well, I doubt if there ever lived an artist capable of transferring that life-
picture to canvas.

The cause of all the commotion was the sudden appearance of two tramps,
who had a large, vicious-looking specimen of a fice dog with them. Talk
about Indians steal