AMERICAN
CIVIC
ANHUAL"
From
the collection of the
z ^ m
o PreTmger
V Jjibrary
p
San Francisco
2006
California
• • ••
• a • • • •
• , . • •
• •* • • •
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
• • « * • it
• » • •
J ■» 9Jta ^
• 3**0 •
''^>"'' ^
HANDKERCHIEF MAP OF WASHINGTON
Published by the National Capital Park and Planning Commission and copy-
righted by the American Civic Association, being sold to raise funds for the George
Washington Memorial Parkway Fund to aid in carrying out the purposes of the
Capper-Cramton Act which provides for the building of a parkway on both banks
of the Potomac River from Mt. Vernon to Great Falls.
Frederic A. Delano originated the idea of this map and took his inspiration from
a rare map, printed in 1792.
The design was drawn by Mildred G. Burrage, of Kennebunkport, Maine, to
include not only the original L'Enfant Plan but also the developments in the sur-
rounding country, with a border of sketches of notable buildings of the National
Capital.
The map is 28 inches square, printed on fine white cotton in six colors: red
blue, green, brown, plum, and terra-cotta.
Courtesy American Magazine of Art
A RECORD OF RECENT CIVIC ADVANCE
WITH A LIST OF WHO'S WHO IN CIVIC
ACHIEVEMENT AMONG THE MEMBERS
OF THE AMERICAN CIVIC ASSOCIATION
EDITED BY
HARLEAN JAMES
Executive Secretary
American Civic Association
VOL. V
AMERICAN CIVIC ASSOCIATION, Inc.
MEMBER FEDERATED SOCIETIES ON PLANNING AND PARKS
Union Trust Buildinq, Washinqton, D. C.
1934
i /-; ; — « — — -*-a — * #■' t * i, '»
.nrHp,AMi;jaC^N^-€WIC ANNUAL is
;-*■ sep(r t^^^'Qs^ Hf^jSers ajid subscribers of
"the Azriencail*CfviC'* Association, who may
purchase extra copies for $2 each.
Tlie paJHijlCc may purchase ANNUALS for
$3eacfe. :Vols. I, II, HI, and IV are sold to-
gether for $10.
AMERICAN CIVIC ASSOCIATION
Union Trust Building Washington, D. C.
Copyright 1934
By AMERICAN CIVIC ASSOCIATION, Inc.
Refareno^
1>SZ
hv 2Y -8^
7hu*M^>^
J' Horace McFarland Oompany
HarrisburSt Pa.
820943
CONTENTS
PAOi:
PREFACE Frederic A. Delano ix
THE NATION
Land Planning
Federal Responsibility for Planning . . . Harold L. Ickes 9
Progress of the National Planning Board Charles W. Eliot 2d 5
Agricultural Land Planning L. C. Gray 9
The Land-Planning Program as Related to Waterfowl . . .
Jay N. Darling IS
Balancing the Biological Budget . . . George Wilton Field 16
Special Senate Committee on Conservation of Wild-Life
Resources Carl D. Shoemaker 18
National Landscape Survey Bradford WiUiams 21
A National Parkway System The Editor 24
National Parks
Larger Opportunities for Public Service Under the National
Park Service Arno B. Cammerer 25
Emergency Conservation Under the National Park Service .
John D. Coffman 28
Public Works in National Parks A. E. Demaray 80
Historic American Buildmgs Survey . . . Thomas C, Vint 33
National History Told by Parks and Monuments
Verne L. Chatelain 36
Museum Development in the National Parks
Harold C. Bryant 40
The Road to the House of the Sun .... Harold Cofin 44
Making Americans National Park Conscious During 1934 .
Isahelle F. Story 46
The Jackson Hole Controversy The Editor 47
Everglades National Park Authorized 50
National Forests
The Long-Range Forestry Problem F. A. Silcox 51
Emergency Work in the National Forests Robert Y. Stuart 57
Public Campgrounds in the National Forests . L. F. Kneipp 61
Federal City
The Service of the National Capital Park and Planning
Commission Frederic A. Delano 63
The Federal Park Service Takes on the National Capital Parks
C, Marshall Finnan 65
Park, Parkway, and Playground Acquisition in the Washing-
ton Region John Nolen, Jr. 68
The Approach of the Mall Plan to Final Realization . . .
F. Z. Olmsted 71
vi CONTENTS
PAGE
Housing in Washington John Ihlder 73
The Emergence of a Federal Building Group at Washington .
Louis A. Simon 76
U. S. Supreme Court Building David Lynn 80
Housing
A National Housing Program John Ihlder 81
The Real Property Inventory John Dickinson 84
Development of the Federal Home Loan Bank System During
1933-34 John H, Fahey 88
Housing Program Under the Public Works Administration
Horace W. Peaslee 90
Program for Subsistence Homesteads . . . M. L. Wilson 94
The Rebuilding of Blighted Areas . Clarence Arthur Perry
C. Earl Morrow 97
Research on Slums and Housing Policy . . . James Ford 99
National Association of Housing Officials . Charles S. Ascher 101
Better Homes Architectural Contest . Katherine F. Liston 102
REGIONAL PLANNING
Significant Districts
Aims of the Tennessee Valley Authority . Arthur E. Morgan 105
Planning Methods in the Tennessee Valley . EarU S. Draper 108
The Task of the Mississippi Valley Committee of the Federal
Administration of Public Works . . . Morris L. Cooke 111
Aims and Advantages of the New England Plan
Joseph Talmage Woodruff 114
Regional Planning in the Pacific Northwest
Marshall N. Dana 118
County Planning
County Zoning in Wisconsin
W. A. Rowlands, B, H. Hibbard, F. B. Trenk,
and George S. Wehrwein 121
Fairfield County, Connecticut Flavel ShuHleff 123
Ten Years of the Westchester County Park System ....
Stanley W. Abbott 125
Progress of Planning in Monroe County, New York ....
Donald S. Barrows 127
San Mateo County, California .... Hugh R. Pomeroy 128
Six Years' Planning Progress in Los Angeles County . . .
Bryant Hall 130
A Regional Recreation Center
OglebayPark Betty Eckhardt 132
New Regional Highways
The TVA Freeway Earle S, Draper 134
Grand Central Parkway . Meade C. Dobson 135
CONTENTS vii
IN THE STATES
State Planning page
State Planning Boards Charles W. Eliot 2d 139
Taking Stock of Planning in Illinois . . . Karl B. Lohmann 143
Land tltilization as a Basis of Rural Economic Organization
C, F. Clayton and L. J. Peet 147
New Hampshire State Planning . . . James M. Langley 149
Maryland Sets Up a Planning Board . . . Lavinia Engle 153
The Maryland Program Abel Wolman 154
A State Plan for Utah S. R. DeBoer 155
A Plan for Missouri R. W. Selvidge 157
Future Forest Towns in Northern Wisconsin
R. B. Goodman 158
Progress of Iowa State Conservation Plan Margo K. Frankel 160
What States Have Art Commissions? . William N. Ludwig 162
The Pennsylvania State Art Commission
J. Horace McFarland 163
Highway Planning and Roadside Development
Federal Highway Progress .... Thomas H. MacDonald 165
Progress of Roadside Improvement in the Public Works
Highway Program Wilbur H. Simonson 169
Laws and Funds for Roadside Development
Luther M.Keith 172
Recommendations for Roadside Development
Joint Committee 176
Notes from Here and There on Roadside Development . .
Elizabeth B. Lawton 177
State Parks and Recreation
The Civilian Conservation Corps in State Parks
Herbert Evison 181
The South' s Awakening to Conservation and Recreation . .
Fanning Hear on 186
Saving the Redwoods Newton B. Drury 189
Two State Capitals
A Plan for Jefferson City, Missouri , Harland Bartholomew 193
Santa Fe, New Mexico S. R. DeBoer 195
IN THE CITIES AND TOWNS
New Interest in City Planning . . . Harland Bartholomew 199
The Status of Planning in Illinois .... Karl B. Lohmann 202
Williamsburg, a New Old City Kenneth Chorley 205
The TVA Town of Norris, Tennessee . . Earle S. Draper 208
The Plan of Boulder City, Nevada .... S. R. DeBoer 210
Presidio Hill Park George W. Marston 212
How Planning Commissions Have Met the Emergency . .
Harold Merrill 214
WHO'S WHO IN CIVIC ACHIEVEMENT
Members of the American Civic Association 219
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FACING
PAQB
Handkerchief Map of Washington Frontispiece
Devastating Destruction in Salina Canyon, Utah 4
Erosion Control in Hardeman County, Tennessee 5
Trailside Shrine in Yellowstone National Park 26
Telescopes at Yavapai Observation Station 26
Winter in Yosemite 27
A Pack-Train in Yosemite, on Rim of Tuolumne Canyon ... 34
Crater Lake 35
Black Bear in the Yellowstone 42
White Ibis, Everglades National Park, Florida 43
Hemlock and Beech in Tionesta Forest 50
To Land Such as This Came the Pioneers in 1800 51
Mount Vernon Memorial Highway 74
Courtroom, U. S. Supreme Court Building 75
First Honorable Mention, Small House Competition, 1933 ... 82
Rumpus Room, Prize-winning House 82
Honorable Mention, Small House Competition, 1933 88
Residence in Messapequa, L. 1 102
Residence at New Haven, Conn 103
The Tennessee Valley Region 110
Grand Coulee Dam Site on Columbia River Ill
Population Density in Fairfield County 122
Population Growth in Fairfield County 123
Hutchinson River Parkway, New Rochelle Lakes 130
Grand Central Parkway 131
Roadside Planting of Fern and Aster 150
Intersection Planting at Cornwall Bridge 150
"Slum" on the Boston Post Road 151
Boston Post Road at Milbrook 151
West Approach to Darien on Post Road 166
"Slum" Created by Filling Station 166
Billboards on Approach to Berlin, Conn 167
Roadside Clean-up at York, Maine 167
California Highway Vista 198
New England Elms on Connecticut Highway 198
Massachusetts Highway with Screened Pole-Lines 199
Virginia's Colonial Capitol 214
TVA Small Houses at Norris, Tennessee 215
Yiii
PREFACE
Logical Development of Planning
By FREDERIC A. DELANO, President of the American Civic Association
THE conception of making our cities better places in which
to Hve, which came in during the closing years of the last
century, is now being extended to a broader conception of an
intelligent development of our land and water resources. The
early reports offering city plans for American cities were domi-
nated in part by projects to improve the appearance of public
buildings by grouping them in civic centers, but largely also in
expensive repair jobs, correcting serious errors, relieving con-
gestion, and providing parks and playgrounds. There followed
special studies on highway systems which frequently ushered
in an era of street-widenings leading in turn to more intensive
use of the land and so to renewed need for further street-widen-
ings or other methods of improving traffic and transit facilities.
Out of the evils arising from the too-intensive use of land,
both in space covered and in heights of buildings, came the
zoning movement which has been helpful but nevertheless
inadequate. Zoning, where well administered, has accomplished
much in the way of confining business uses to areas suitable in
size and location to serve the present and predictable popu-
lations. Furthermore, a greater stability in residence neighbor-
hoods has been secured, and a pattern of community life has
been worked out the better to meet the needs of the people.
We. now see the advantages likely to flow from building up
neighborhood centers in which schools, libraries, markets, shops,
parks, and playgrounds are placed for convenient patronage of
the people, so tending to more permanent values.
We are learning that in order to prepare a comprehensive,
coordinated and consistent plan for the development of a city,
we must base it on social and economic studies of living, working,
and play conditions affecting the population.
The American Civic Association has been a pioneer in pro-
moting and supporting official planning activities. A bulletin
on City Planning was issued a quarter of a century ago, one on
Zoning nearly twenty years ago, followed by one on Country
Planning. In 1929, in collaboration with other organizations, we
X AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
issued the little book, called "What About the Year 2000?"— an
economic summary, in which we sought to present the relation of
the population to land- and water-uses and ventured to predict
some of the conditions which have since begun to be realized.
The Association was represented on the Committee on
Planning and Zoning, organized some twelve years ago by the
Department of Commerce. The Standard State Enabling Acts
for Planning and Zoning, issued by the Committee, have been
used by many States and municipalities. The Association was
largely represented by many of its officers and members in the
President's Conference on Home Building and Home Ownership
called in 1931 and resulting in the publication of eleven volumes
which have been widely circulated.
Now that a National Planning Board has been set up by the
Public Works Administration, the American Civic Association
is in a position to render important service in promoting this
broad conception of national planning. This explains why the
section on National Planning in this year's Annual is large
while those papers relating to Municipal Planning occupy less
space. In times of depression like the present, it is natural that
the initiative should be taken by the Federal Government.
However, if the articles on Federal activities are read aright, it
will be seen that great local, county, and State activity has been
stimulated by Federal action. The National Planning Board has
deliberately encouraged State, regional, and local planning, not
in order to dominate it, but in the hope of developing a wider
concept and a better cooperation among local communities.
It is most important that civic leaders everywhere appreciate
the value of State and local responsibility for planning. Service
and coordination they may receive from the Federal Govern-
ment, but the aim should be to foster local activity. To this end
it is our idea that members of the American Civic Association
are in the best position to aid in mobilizing citizen understand-
ing and support of State and local planning.
We now present the American Civic Annual for 1933-34
as a condensed text on present-day planning, supplementing
preceding numbers and the book "What About the Year
2000?", and ask your assistance and cooperation in promoting
it as important basic information needed by civic leaders who
would serve their communities.
June 23, 1934
ADDENDA
Since the American Civic Annual went to press in June,
important changes have been made in Federal agencies. These
are recorded here as of July 30, 1934.
Planning
By Executive Order of the President of the United States,
issued June 30, 1934, the National Planning Board of the
Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works and the
Committee on National Land Problems, created by Executive
Order of April 28, 1934, were abolished and in their place there
was established the National Resources Board, consisting
of the Secretary of the Interior (Chairman), the Secretary of
War, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of Commerce,
the Secretary of Labor, the Federal Emergency Relief Ad-
ministrator, Frederic A. Delano, Charles E. Merriam, and
Wesley C. Mitchell. An advisory committee, consisting of
Frederic A. Delano (Chairman), Charles E. Merriam, and
Wesley C. Mitchell, was constituted, to which additional
members may be added by the President. Charles W. Eliot 2d
is Executive Director.
The Board is directed to prepare and present to the President
a program and plan of procedure dealing with the physical,
social, governmental, and economic aspects of public policies
for the development and use of land, water, and other national
resources, and related subjects.
The work of the National Planning Board in relation to
State planning activities will be continued and developed by the
new National Resources Board. It is planned to organize
sections on Land, Water, Minerals, Power, Industrial, and
Transportation .
The Board is directed to prepare a report on land- and water-
use by December 1, 1934. Dr. M. L. Wilson, now Assistant
Secretary of Agriculture, has been named Chairman of the Land
Section, and Dr. L. C. Gray has been made Director for the
Land Section of the Report. The Mississippi Valley Committee,
under the Chairmanship of Morris L. Cooke, has been trans-
xii ADDENDA
ferred to the National Resources Board and will be responsible
for the Water Section of the Report.
Housing
The Housing Division of the Public Works Administra-
tion is charged with the development of a program of low-cost
housing and slum-clearance projects. The Emergency Housing
Corporation is an auxiliary of the Housing Division, estab-
lished to expedite the housing program. These agencies are
concerned mainly with low-cost, low-rental urban housing in
connection with the elimination of slums and blighted areas
or in cases of acute housing shortage not necessarily involving
slum-clearance operations. Developments of these types are
now being undertaken in cooperation with local housing au-
thorities or committees only as Federal projects. Practically
all the funds set aside for Federal slum-clearance rehousing
projects have been tentatively budgeted. A small number of
limited-dividend corporation projects are being carried forward
to completion, but no further applications are being considered
for limited-dividend projects. Neither of these agencies deals
with individual ownership needs. Col. Horatio B. Hackett is
Director of Housing and General Manager of the Corporation.
The Housing Division and the Housing Corporation have
no connection with the Federal Housing Administration and
the Home Owners' Corporation.
The Federal Housing Administration, established by an
Act of Congress, June 27, 1934, was formed to make home-
financing, on reasonable terms, immediately and permanently
safe and attractive for private capital by insurance and redis-
counting by modernizing credits. First-mortgage loans on low-
cost housing projects may be insured. The Act does not provide
for direct loans. Mr. James A. Moffett is Administrator.
The Home Owners' Loan Corporation is authorized to
extend relief to house-owners who are in immediate danger of
losing their homes through foreclosures, or who cannot obtain
funds through normal channels for necessary maintenance and
repairs, but not for additions, enlargements or alterations.
Mr. James H. Fahey is Chairman.
THE NATION
LAND PLANNING
Federal Responsibility for Planning
By HAROLD L. ICKES, Secretary of the Interior, Washington, D. C.
UNTIL comparatively recent times the average American
scoffed at any suggestion of a necessity for orderly plan-
ning for city, State, or Nation. Speed was what we wanted.
Tangible results was our aim. We were a young and prideful
and boastful people. If we could point to the highest building
in the world, it didn't matter to us whether that building was
badly located and constituted a blot on the landscape. If our
particular city contained a building possessing more square feet
of floor-space than any other in the world, we were not concerned
if the building itself was hideous and obstructed the orderly
growth of the city. We were a Nation of eager, pushing go-
getters.
The meandering cow, footing her contemplative way across
the luscious pasturage to quench her thirst in a near-by stream,
little realized that she was laying out streets for the expanding
city of Boston. Subsequent to the cow, the famous Turvy family
were called in as city-planning consultants to help us lay out
many of our cities. The most notorious member of this famous
family of city planners was, of course, Topsy, and so widespread
and potent was her influence that the topsy-turvy type of city
planning is still evident in practically every American com-
munity.
In my own city of Chicago we generously handed over to the
railroads miles of the wonderful shore-line of Lake Michigan.
For more than a generation now, the people of Chicago have
been taxing themselves for millions upon millions of dollars to
recapture their shore-line. The total cost to Chicago of its great
generosity, without taking into account those esthetic values
which cannot be measured in money, has already run into the
hundreds of millions of dollars, with additional hundreds of
millions to come before the shore-line can be completely re-
claimed.
Please do not understand me as implying that Chicago is the
only example of the sort that could be cited. As we come and
8
4 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
go about the land, we see in all sections similar examples of a
want of foresight and of obtuseness to esthetic and social values.
While city planning is still in its adolescence, it has, at any
rate, won a recognized place in our social economy. Now, as
new sections are added to our cities, some attempt is made to
proceed in an orderly manner. Social and esthetic values are
taken into account. We build with both eyes on the future.
We now are taking a further step forward in the matter of
planning. If city planning has been worth while, why not go
in for national planning.? And that is precisely what we are
doing in this administration.
The determination to embark on an extensive program of
public works has furnished us with both the occasion and the
means of making at least a tentative beginning in the direction
of national planning. It is true that it would have been far
better if a National Planning Board had been set up years ago
which would have had ready a chart to guide us in our under-
taking of a speedy and widespread building program of public
works. But since it was not done when it should have been
done, it ought to be done now, and it is bein^ done now.
Let us hope that the catch-as-catch-can method that ignores
the necessity of national planning is a thing of the past. We
believe that at last we realize the importance of looking at
problems in their entirety. Formerly, if one section of the
Mississippi Valley was flooded year after year, no one thought
of doing more than trying to protect that one particular com-
munity, with little regard for the results upon other communities
either up or down the stream. Committed to the policy of a
particular river development, we have built, let us say, two or
three dams out of some fifteen or twenty necessary, leaving it
to some future administration to build a few more until, after
the passing of a generation or so, the project will be completed,
the "improvement" meanwhile being useless for any purpose.
Now we propose not to begin any undertaking unless we can
finish it. We recognize that it is wasteful economically to
expend a little dab of money here and a little there without
finishing anything.
Not only are we studying our rivers as entities with a view
to instituting only such public works in connection therewith
as will be for the best good of the entire rivershed, but we are
^«^^ V
Devastating Destruction in Salina Canyon, Utah
Courtesy American Forests
The iijjpci picture, taken in Hardeman County, Tenn., is typical of hundreds
of thousands of acres in the Tennessee Valley. The lower picture is of the same area
taken three years later, after the gullies were dammed and black locust planted.
Courtesy American Forests
LAND PLANNING 5
seriously addressing ourselves to the matter of highways. Here-
tofore highways have been more or less of a crazy-quilt affair.
The politician with the strongest pull has been able to entice a
concrete road into his community or past his farm even although
from an engineering and a social standpoint the road should
have run elsewhere. When we allocated $400,000,000 out of the
Public Works Fund for roads in the various States we stipulated
that primarily this money should not be used to build a little
bit of road in this township and an unconnected mile of road in
the adjoining township, but to join arterial highways, to connect
up main roads already partly constructed, so as to work towards
a comprehensive and logical network of roads throughout the
country.
In addition to rivers and roads there is a wide range of sub-
jects which the National Planning Board may properly consider.
Questions of transportation and distribution and cost of electric
current can well come within its purview as having an important
bearing upon community life. Redistribution of population,
the necessity and practicability of reclamation projects, harbor
improvements, public buildings, the correction of soil-erosion —
all can be studied by this Board to the profit of the Nation.
Intelligent and comprehensive planning on a national scale
fits into the social vision of the future. If, as I believe, we are
now definitely committed to the testing of new social values,
then national planning will become a major governmental
activity.
Progress of the National Planning Board
By CHARLES W. ELIOT 2d, Executive Officer
THE emphasis placed on national planning by President
Roosevelt in his numerous addresses, and the previous work
along similar lines under way in various private and govern-
mental agencies, bore fruit in July, 1933, when the Adminis-
trator of Public Works, with the President's approval, appointed
a National Planning Board consisting of Frederic A. Delano,
Charles E. Merriam, and Wesley C. Mitchell. The Board's work
was described in the first circular issued by the Public Works
Administration :
6 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
"Its functions are to advise and assist the Administrator in the
preparation of the 'Comprehensive program of public works' required
by the Recovery Act, through
''1. The preparation, development, and maintenance of comprehen-
sive and coordinated plans for regional areas in cooperation with
national, State and local agencies; based upon
"2. Surveys and research concerning (a) the distribution and
trends of population, land-uses, industry, housing, and natural re-
sources, and (b) the social and economic habits, trends, and values
involved in development projects and plans; and through
"3. The analysis of projects for coordination in location and
sequence in order to prevent duplication or wasteful overlaps and to
obtain the maximum amount of cooperation and correlation of effort
among the departments, bureaus, and agencies of the Federal, State,
and local governments."
Using this statement as its charter, the Board has con-
centrated its efforts along four lines :
1. Advising the Administrator on the comprehensive program of
public works.
2. Stimulation of city, State, and regional planning.
3. Coordination of Federal planning.
4. A research project looking toward a continuous planning program.
ADVICE ON PUBLIC WORKS
When the Public Works Administration was first established,
Secretary Ickes found there was no plan or program available
as a guide in the selection of projects to be paid for out of the
$3,300,000,000 Public Works Fund. Under the conditions
controlling the expenditure of that money, it was obviously
undesirable to delay getting projects under way by waiting for
the preparation of long-range plans. Immediate work was
needed for millions of unemployed, and reasonable criteria were
immediately necessary to be applied to the projects which were
flooding the Washington office. The Administrator was deter-
mined that future administrations should not be placed in the
same difficult position in which he found himself, and he there-
fore set up the machinery to provide comprehensive plans for
the future. At the same time the Board endeavored to assist
him in making the necessary immediate decisions through a
series of memoranda on the choice and distribution of public-
work projects.
LAND PLANNING 7
STIMULATION OF PLANNING
Long-range planning of public works, like any other planning
enterprise, must rest on local support of the planning idea.
Fully realizing the importance of decentralization in planning,
the Board has done its utmost to stimulate and assist planning
efforts in the cities, counties, metropolitan areas, and States.
Through the cooperation of the CWA and the FERA, help was
provided for many city-planning agencies and through a '*fund for
the stimulation of planning" allotted by the PWA, substantial
assistance has been made available to the State planning boards.
The establishment of forty State planning boards, over half
of them now served by consultants from the National Planning
Board, indicates that substantial progress has been made in
this field in a very short time. It is not supposed that a national
plan can be created by adding together a series of State- or
city-planning studies. On the contrary, the Board fully realizes
that a basic framework must be provided for the nation as a
whole, in which the State planning boards can experiment and
for which they can gradually provide the sinews and muscles.
Then, again in turn, the cities and regions must provide the
final details in accordance with the main design.
COORDINATING FEDERAL PLANNING AGENCIES
Toward creation of this national framework, the Board has
set up a series of experimental committees which also serve as
coordinating agencies among the Federal planning bureaus.
A Land Policy Committee was organized last September by
appointment of three members each from the Departments of
Agriculture and Interior. This Committee served under the
chairmanship of the Executive Officer of the National Planning
Board in an effort to coordinate policies relating to such difficult
programs as crop-restriction in contrast to reclamation, or
withdrawal of submarginal lands in relation to the continued
"homesteading" of new areas in the public domain, etc. A large
part of the work of the Committee has been taken over by
the Surplus Relief Corporation and the new Land Policy
Section of the AAA, but it has already served a very useful
purpose in bringing together the representatives of these different
agencies and in aiding them to formulate policies and plans.
8 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
A corresponding committee on water policy was projected
early in the decision of the Board's work and later was formally
organized by the President in response to the Norris-Wilson
Resolution by Congress. A Cabinet Committee was set up
which, in turn, had six technical subcommittees composed of
two representatives each from the War, Interior, and Agri-
culture departments. The Executive Officer of the National
Planning Board again served as general secretary to all of these
committees. Perhaps the most important result of this work,
outside of the facts and figures obtained, was in the better
understanding of the problem which was secured by the repre-
sentatives of the different bureaus who served as members of the
technical study groups.
Beginnings have been made on a Transportation Committee,
and at one stage during the winter, a Housing Construction
Committee was organized. This housing work has since been
taken over by the National Emergency Council and developed
to the point of legislation.
Through these and similar committees some of the basic
policies which form the framework of the national plan can
gradually be developed and put into effect. They provide, at
the same time, for coordination of the current planning work
carried on in the various departments of administrations of the
Federal Government.
RESEARCH PROGRAM
Finally the Board is engaged on a research program, divided
into two major divisions. The first research is dealing with what
has been termed as "a plan for a plan." It is an effort to deter-
mine what planning agencies are now functioning, both inside
and outside of the Federal Government, on a nation-wide scale,
so that among these activities some better arrangements can
be made for coordination of their work. This research is being
developed by Dr. Lewis L. Lorwin and Prof. A. Ford Hinrichs,
and their report should be well advanced toward completion
before August 1.
A second research, taking one part of this same general
problem of coordination of planning, has been set up to make a
special study of the public works field. This research is divided
LAND PLANNING 9
into three parts under as many research consultants. From a
research by Mr. Russell Van Nest Black, it is hoped that
information may be obtained on the criteria for choice of public
works, both now exercised by various governmental agencies
and as might be exercised under some improved basis of under-
standing among all the units concerned. Mr. Black is expected
to develop some idea as to the total type of public works con-
struction which can reasonably be termed as desirable in the
next ten years.
From this information as to what public works we should
like or desire, the Board then turned to Dr. John M. Clark, of
Columbia University, to ask him how we can pay for this
program of construction and how we can time it in relation to
other business activities to prevent the return of excessive
prosperity and consequent depression. Finally the Board is
asking Dr. Fred Powell to analyze the governmental set-up for
the carrying out of an improved plan for public works.
Through these four major activities the Board is preparing
the ground for the gradual and continuous development of a
national plan. The work is started and has received surprising
support from all parts of the country. We are "on our way.'*
Agricultural Land Planning
By L. C. GRAY, in charge, Land Policy Section, Division of Program
Planning, Agricultural Adjustment Administration
THE Department of Agriculture has been working for a
number of years to develop an agricultural land policy. The
Division of Land Economics in particular has been carrying on
research in this field in cooperation with the Agricultural
Experiment Stations of several States. The results of this work
and the similar efforts of other agencies gradually aroused
interest in the problems of land-use. In November, 1931, a
National Land-tJse Conference was held in Chicago, under the
auspices of the United States Department of Agriculture and
the Association of Land-Grant Colleges and Universities, with
representatives of a number of agencies interested in land-
utilization. Out of this conference there developed the National
Land-Use Planning Committee and the associated Advisory
10 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
and Legislative Committee on Land-Use. A result of the delib-
erations of these committees was a wider realization of the
importance of developing a sound land-use policy and a better
definition and a greater understanding of some of the more
important land-use problems.
Until the development of the present agricultural adjustment
program, progress in the field of agricultural land-use policy
was confined mainly to research and education. The emergency
crop-adjustment program, however, has emphasized more
definitely than ever the necessity for a long-time policy of land-
use and has resulted in the development of definite steps to that
end. In order to unify the purposes of the agricultural adjust-
ment program so that there may be a gradual transition from
the emergency measures to an orderly program of economic
planning, the Department has established the Program Plan-
ning Division under the immediate supervision of Mr. H. R.
Tolley, Assistant Administrator of the Agricultural Adjustment
Administration. The Land Policy Section of the Division, of
which the present writer is in charge, is responsible for agri-
cultural land-use planning as well as for the Department's
participation in the development of the so-called submarginal
land program.
It may be well to review the recognized disadvantages of
the emergency crop-adjustment program viewed from the
standpoint of agricultural land policy. The cost of the temporary
program, although justified on the basis of the present emer-
gency in agriculture, must necessarily be high. The farmer who
agrees to reduce the acreage of any particular crop not only
has idle land on his hands but also his labor, machinery, build-
ings, other equipment, and his managerial ability are utilized
less fully; necessarily, therefore, he must receive compensation
for the total of his loss in reducing his acreage. In many cases
the necessary compensation is a high percentage of the value
of the land. The reduction of production is on a single-crop
basis and does not take account of inter-relations between crops
and the needful adjustments in farm organization. There is a
flat reduction regardless of the quality of the land and with
little reference to the farm organization requirements or the
type of farming which prevails in the particular area. Mal-
adjustments in farm organization and type of farming have
LAND PLANNING 11
developed over a series of years, and a production program
should be developed with a view to correcting these maladjust-
ments, and particularly with reference to conservation of the
soil.
The Department is also interested in other phases of land-
use besides those for which the Agricultural Adjustment
Administration is responsible. The Forest Service has been
developing a forestry program and a forest land policy. The
Bureau of Biological Survey has been working out a wild-life
program and is interested in wild life as one of the means for
utilizing more effectively large areas of '*idle'* land. The agri-
cultural program and the agricultural land policy should be
closely integrated with these non-agricultural land-uses.
Other departments, particularly the Department of the
Interior, also have important phases of the national land pro-
gram under their jurisdiction. Substantial progress has been
made in the past six months in developing better integration of
the activities of all the Federal agencies concerned wdth land.
An administration land committee has been set up consisting
of Secretaries Ickes and Wallace, Governor Myers, and Mr.
Hopkins. There is a genuine desire on the part of those having
to do with land policy in the Agricultural Adjustment Adminis-
tration to cooperate and to integrate the several programs.
The Land Policy Section of the Agricultural Adjustment
Administration will have a Washington staff and a field-staff.
The States have been grouped into nine Land-Use Regions, in
each of which there is a regional director. At present there are
two phases to the activity of the Section: One has to do with
the submarginal land program of the Federal Government and
the other the development of the long-time agricultural land
policy and program.
The submarginal land program is being carried out jointly
by the Surplus Relief Corporation, the Department of Agri-
culture, and the Department of the Interior. The funds for the
purchase of submarginal land have been allotted to the Surplus
Relief Corporation. The regional representatives of the Land
Policy Section have been appointed, also regional representa-
tives of the Surplus Relief Corporation, in all matters concerning
the purchase of submarginal land. The Land Policy Section has
been made responsible for the selection and planning of all
12 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
projects except the recreational projects and those aimed at
enlarging the holdings of Indian land.
The land purchased under this program is to be poor land
largely in agricultural production. It is to be converted to some
non-agricultural use such as recreation, forestry, or wild life,
which will serve a public purpose. The Regional Directors of
the Land Policy Section will cooperate with all Federal and
State agencies in selecting projects and in developing the proj-
ects for submission to the Surplus Relief Corporation.
The Directors will pass on all projects submitted to determine
whether or not they contain lands which come under the
classification of lands to be retired from cultivation under this
program. All projects on land to be used for recreational pur-
poses will be submitted by the regional representatives to the
Surplus Relief Corporation through the National Park Service,
those in which the land is to be used as additional land for
Indian Reservations through the Indian Service, and those in
which the land is to be used for forestry, game, or wild life
through the Land Policy Section of the Department of Agri-
culture.
The $25,000,000 allotted for this purpose will purchase only
a very small part of the poor land which should be retired from
agriculture. In addition to the retirement of the land from
agricultural production there are several other objectives which
this program will endeavor to further. Costs of local govern-
ment are usually high in poor land areas if the services are at all
adequate according to present-day standards. In many areas
a substantial saving in local government costs can be secured
through the purchase of areas of poor land and removing the
settlers to areas where these services are already provided. The
relief problem in some areas of poor land has been particularly
acute, and the resettlement of families from such areas on better
land will remove this burden from public relief agencies. Another
objective toward which this program can contribute is the
conservation of soil-resources through taking out of cultivation
land now subject to severe erosion.
The second phase of the work of the Land Policy Section is
the development of a report on an agricultural land program
to be presented to Congress. This will be a first approximation
of the adjustments which should be made in land utilization
^ LAND PLANNING 13
Main
with especial emphasis on areas where problems are particularly
acute. The areas where adjustments are desirable will be located
and the desirable changes indicated. It cannot be hoped with
rp^ the staff available to do more than prepare a tentative program
V_ in the next six months. It will be expected that this tentative
V program will be revised as experience and research make avail-
5"^ able additional information on which to build.
O In this task of land-use planning, close working relations
Tc have been established with the National Planning Board.
00
The Land- Planning Program as Related
to Waterfowl
By JAY N. DARLING, Chief, Bureau of Biological Survey,
U. S. Department of Agriculture
f A TWOFOLD national program of conservation and restor-
V a\ ation of the Nation's resources in migratory waterfowl is
^ now in the process of development in the Bureau of Biological
(T" Survey under the stimulus of the tragic conditions which
"^ confront agriculture and the sadly depleted ranks of our game-
bird species. Both are concerned with the utilization of sub-
marginal and distressed farm areas — and both are based on
restoration of human values as well as wild life.
^^ The first is concerned with refuges distributed along all
<C flyways of our wild ducks, geese, and other migratory game-
birds — between the birds' nesting areas in the North and their
wintering grounds in the South. It is planned to provide feeding
e^ and resting refuges at what may be termed "day-flight" intervals
y^ in order that the birds may find the safe havens and enjoy the
stop-over privileges to which the various species were accus-
^^ tomed before civilized man intruded and disrupted their natural
ways of living.
The other plan is concerned with restoration of waterfowl
^•^reeding-grounds. Seventeen million acres of marshes and lakes
y have been drained dry by artificial ditching which has proved
Q^more costly than the crops grown on the new lands could justify.
The result has been a widespread bankruptcy of the landowners,
defaulting of interest on drainage bonds, and a calamitous
sterilization of the natural reproduction of migratory waterfowl.
14 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
The full realization of the drainage folly has become acutely
eloquent in the last few years when the continued drought
brought home the tragic shortage of surface water, the con-
sequent lowering of the subterranean water-table, and the
forced abandonment of the land by the thousands. The acqui-
sition of these distressed lands and the impounding of water in
the old lakes and marshy regions will, while affording relief for
the present owners, make work and sustenance for the unem-
ployed and allow a return of the ducks which once nested in
those areas in great numbers to enjoy again a congenial environ-
ment.
Both programs will require an extensive outlay of funds,
part of which will be derived from the migratory-bird hunting
stamps — ^the popularly known "duck stamps." From that
source perhaps $750,000 may be provided annually. Federal
emergency relief funds are promised for the more immediate
activities of land-acquisition and restoration.
In order that lands for refuges and nesting areas may not be
purchased unwisely, and that the future homes of our restored
game population may be assured of adequate water and natural
food, an extensive survey is being rushed over all the territory
where once the birds thrived in great numbers. Field staffs
from the Biological Survey and submarginal-land purchasing
agencies are in the field, and the preliminary examinations are
being made, reports coordinated, and the program outlined for
a national plan of refuges designed to be ready for execution
whenever money becomes available. The Administration,
believing that the programs of human relief and land conser-
vation run parallel to each other, has held out hopes that not
less than $5,000,000 might be expected for use in the migratory
waterfowl regions and that more ample provisions would be
forthcoming later for both waterfowl and upland game.
The first funds obtained will go to the development of that
most populous major flyway of the birds in the United States —
stretching from Canada through the Mississippi Basin and its
tributaries to the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. In that great
flyway occurs the heaviest toll of the hunters, and it has there-
fore been chosen as the initial experiment for a flyway com-
pletely equipped with rest and refuge areas. The other major
lanes of migration will follow in order of their importance. It
LAND PLANNING 15
is not intended that, in the pursuit of this general plan, crucial
and immediate need for refuges in well-known regions of distress
will be neglected. There are indeed some regions in which water
and food are so widely separated that the only chances for
ducks to stop en route are in places bristling with hunters. Such
regions will be considered at the earliest possible moment.
The ominous clouds of dust from the Prairie States which
darkened the skies of the eastern seaboard cities recently gave
for the first time the picture to the inhabitants of the East
what was happening to their food-producing plains of the West.
The same evidence of wholesale destruction should have served
as an equal warning to the hunter. Food, water, and nesting-
grounds gone for thousands of nesting waterfowl were written
in the sky by those billowing clouds of dust.
Our hope is that by impounding and diverting water in the
upper reaches of the tributaries of the Mississippi drainage
basin, we may be able to create some substitutes for those
natural marshes that have dried up this year. We had hoped
to accomplish this before the nesting season of 1934, but it is
now too late for that. In spite of delays, at least some of the
refuges on the flyways should be available by the time the fall
hunting season opens.
This Department of the Federal Government has never
availed itself to the full of the authority conferred by the terms
of the law known as the Migratory Bird Treaty Act to declare
inviolate refuges wherever needed. Under this law the Secretary
of Agriculture is empowered to designate various areas of land
and water closed to shooting. The threat of infringing upon
private rights has seemed too great to permit such arbitrary
action. In the crisis, however, that now is confronting the duck
population and those of us who are interested in the future of
the birds, it may be necessary to avail ourselves of the provision.
Some supplementary refuges to add to those acquired under
the Federal purchase program may be deemed advisable. In
order that the States may do their part in the important pro-
gram ahead of us, we are now asking the State game officials to
recommend to the Biological Survey such areas of land and
water as in their judgment may be established as sanctuaries
for wild fowl and which may best serve as friendly agents of
both hunters and ducks.
16 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
The sportsmen of the country have seemed unwiUing to
limit themselves and their hunting privileges any further. The
fact remains, however, that with such destructive elements as
now prevail throughout the propagation areas of the waterfowl,
there is apt to be a great shortage of ducks this year which, if
jeopardized by unwise and preventable inroads upon the so-
called seed-stock, will make even more difficult the return of a
normal population in later years.
The restoration of a normal and undiminishing migratory
waterfowl population is not a one-year program — it is a ten- or
fifteen-year battle against heavy odds. Those who expect to see
the skies darkened by great flocks of ducks as the immediate
result of this year's activities are doomed to disappointment.
But there is for the first time a concentrated effort of sportsmen
and the Government to cooperate in a national program of
restoration and in that fact is the greatest encouragement in
the present situation.
Balancing the Biological Budget
By GEORGE WILTON FIELD, Consulting Biologist, Washington, D. C.
THE researches of Louis Pasteur relative to the origin of life
disclosed that microscopic plants and animals are the actual
agents which make possible on this earth, life, business, and
prosperity. This means that here every living being originates
from some form of other living organism. Here was the origin
of the biologic progress which is *'life," that the water, soil, and
atmosphere when acted upon by the various forces and forms of
nature are the habitat of living microscopic single-cell plants
and animals which have the power to transform non-living
matter into living material. The practice therefore is first to
catch, direct, and put to profitable work certain microscopic
plants and animals. But this is not difficult. These useful
micro-organisms outnumber by millions to one the destructive
forms. Here rests the basis of prosperity, because all business
depends on these biologic phenomena, which go on only in the
presence of water in special quantities and qualities. Some of
these phenomena of life can be guided and regulated by man.
The farmer has learned that certain micro-organisms are neces-
LAND PLANNING 17
sary for growing farm crops. The soil may be seeded with those
microscopic plants which collect nitrogen from the atmosphere
and also feed organic nitrogen to clover, alfalfa, and even beans,
and thence to the soil. This production of food for grazing
animals is a direct result. The same procedure can be applied
to aquatic grazing animals, fur-bearing mammals, to useful
wild fowl, all species of fishes, and shellfish, lobsters, oysters,
and pearl mussels.
The makers of our Constitution, whether State or Federal,
did not realize the role which "public waters" was destined to
take in our national life, either for individuals, politics, or
business. The only use of water known to our forefathers was
the mechanical use. Since the dawn of history, navigation had
been the chief function of water. Are we in America likely to
require anything new.f^ Our forefathers came to this country
seeking freedom to worship God, ''first fell on their knees and
then on the aborigines," but did not stop there; they fell upon
the natural resources, upon the fish which were so plentiful
that this plenty was reflected in that State law which inflated,
as we moderns would say, the count of fish so that it required
120 fish to make 100 fish in market count. Until today it is
"good business" to exploit the public waters, soil, and atmos-
phere for private gain, and to devise and even to extend our
now-conspicuous policy in business and political practice to
seek something for nothing; further to develop "business
shrewdness" to make the public pay the costs, and then, at
these times, bitterly criticize officials who seek to set us on the
right road. As an obvious effect of our excessive zeal in our
national political efforts "to outlaw poverty" we failed to
recognize the fallacy of too much water in stocks and bonds
and too little in the soil.
The safeguard of a business is attention to the little things.
Why do we not apply such rules to the public business.? A
logical start would be to increase the municipal and national
income by making municipal sewage an asset instead of a
liability as at present; by making the microscopic plants and
animals our agents for converting the sewage into food for man,
utilizing the same practices as the farmer for increasing these
microscopic plants and animals. Food may also be found for
black bass, shad, mackerel — in short, for all species of fish, as
18 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
well as for canvasback and other ducks and wild fowl, and for
other aquatic forms of life, which, like the vegetables in the
farmer's garden, and all of the poultry, sheep, and cattle, depend
for food upon the presence and activities of the microscopic
organisms as shown by Pasteur's researches. Why increase our
taxes by neglecting to cooperate with Nature? One of Nature's
methods is the "struggle for existence." This results in the
survival of the fittest. This can today be applied to selective
slaughter of the disease-producing bacteria (typhoid, cholera,
dysentery) without sacrificing the good offices of the beneficent
species of germs. The only permanent basis of a sound Govern-
ment is that Democracy which recognizes our full duty to
ourselves and neighbors. A present help in this time of trouble
is to put some of our unemployed to work upon the modern
methods of sewage utilization for the public benefit rather than
to increase State and Federal tax-levies by methods which aim
at disposal merely, rather than beneficent utilization. In no
branch of the Public Works program can greater improvement
be made than in the transformation of many of our obsolescent
methods of sewage disposal into modern methods of sewage
utilization.
Special Senate Committee on Conservation
of Wild- Life Resources
By CARL D. SHOEMAKER, Secretary, Washington, D. C.
After four years of research and study, the Special Senate
jl\ Committee on Conservation of Wild-Life Resources has
witnessed the launching of a great National program for the
restoration of wild life. Through the bills sponsored by the
Committee, passed by Congress and approved by the President,
the machinery has been provided and the course charted. The
problem is now in the hands of the administrative agencies of
the Government.
Senator Frederic C. Walcott, of Connecticut, and Senator
Harry B. Hawes, of Missouri, introduced jointly the resolution
establishing this Committee, and without argument or debate,
the Senate adopted the resolution on April 17, 1930. A special
committee of Senators was authorized to study the factors
LAND PLANNING 19
involved in the rapid decline of our wild-life resources, and to
make recommendations for remedial legislation, looking toward
the restoration and conservation of this natural resource which
has played such an important part in the outdoor and recrea-
tional phases of our people. Senators Walcott, McNary,
Norbeck, Hawes, and Pittman were the original members of
the Committee. When Senator Hawes resigned in January,
19S3, his place was taken by Senator Bennett Champ Clark,
and later on, in June, the Committee was enlarged to seven
members, at which time Senator Josiah W. Bailey, of North
Carolina, and Senator Harry Flood Byrd, of Virginia, were
selected. Each Senator has a genuine and whole-hearted interest
in the problems involved in the depletion and restoration of our
wild life, and whatever accomplishments have been achieved by
the Committee are due to the extraordinary interest which the
members of the Committee have shown in the legislation
proposed.
Of first and immediate importance is the passage of the
Duck Stamp Bill, providing for a $1 postage stamp for migratory
waterfowl shooters, to be aflfixed to State hunting licenses, which
was approved on March 16, 1934. All of the revenue derived
from the sale of these duck stamps will be set aside in an ear-
marked fund for the purchase and maintenance of waterfowl
sanctuaries. It is estimated that this measure will increase the
revenues for this purpose by about a million dollars a year,
which over a period of years will restore substantially all of the
greater and more important breeding, resting, and feeding
marsh areas used by the ducks, geese, and other waterfowl in
their annual migrations north and south across the Continent.
The so-called Coordination Bill makes mandatory certain
types of cooperation between Federal agencies when the interests
of wild life appear in juxtaposition with Federal improvement
projects. In addition to this feature of mandatory cooperation,
the bill lays out an extensive refuge plan for upland game and
four-footed mammals. The Departments of Agriculture, Interior,
and Commerce are drawn close together in so far as their
conservation activities are concerned. This bill was approved
on March 10, 1934.
The Joseph T. Robinson bill, providing for the establishment
of fish and game sanctuaries within the National Forests, is an
20 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
extremely important conservation measure. The President, by
and with the consent of the States, is authorized to establish
refuges for fish and game within the National Forests by
Executive Proclamation. Our National Forests are very
extensive and, particularly in the West, we find the rise of most
of our important streams within them. It is highly important
to protect these watersheds for fish- and game-propagation,
the surplus and overflow spreading out so that the angler and
sportsman will have better opportunity in the future in the
chase. This bill was approved on March 10, 1934.
Much of the work of the Committee has been directed at
studying specific problems and making recommendations for
departmental action. The Committee has held extensive hearings
on the waterfowl shortage, the brown bear problem in Alaska,
the Okefenokee Swamp in Georgia, the Everglades National
Park project in Florida, the Upper Mississippi Wild Life and
Fish Refuge, the preservation of whales, the problem of the
elk herd in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, and the consolidation of
Federal conservation activities. As a result of these hearings
and studies, greater protection has been thrown around the
brown bear, the moose and the sheep in Alaska; the Upper
Mississippi Wild Life and Fish Refuge has been safeguarded
by changing the channel development from one large dam to nine
small ones; the problem of the elk herd in Jackson Hole is about
to reach an amicable solution; machinery has been provided for
migratory waterfowl restoration; and the problem of consolida-
tion of Federal conservation activities has been analyzed and
brought to the attention of the executive departments.
The Committee has stood solidly behind every worth-while
conservation project, whether in Congress or the departments,
since its creation. More than a year ago the Committee made
an unsuccessful effort to receive an allocation for the Biological
Survey from the Public Works Fund for a restoration program
on submarginal lands. After a long series of conferences, the
last one of which was with President Roosevelt himself, the
Committee obtained the assurance of a one-million-dollar
allocation which recently has been increased by five millions.
If there are no further delays or impediments in the way of
these allocations, the restoration program of waterfowl will be
fairly under way within a short time.
LAND PLANNING 21
The Committee has added its weight to the Isle Royale
project in Lake Superior, to the Albemarle Lock in North
Carolina, to the eradication of poisonous matter in the water-
fowl area of Susquehanna Flats, to the restoration of appropri-
ations for the Biological Survey, and the black bass protection,
to the fostering of a splendid spirit of cooperation between the
Federal and State agencies and the working out of a uniform
State administrative law for fish and game and to many other
interesting as well as merited projects and problems.
The Committee has brought together the leading conser-
vationists of the country, including those in oflBcial and private
life, and has been fortunate in bringing about agreement on
much-needed legislative action.
So satisfactory has this Special Senate Committee been to
the wild-life cause in the Senate that it was deemed advisable
to create such a Committee in the House. The House, with
only casual debate, agreed to the establishment of such a Com-
mittee, the Chairman of which is Congressman A. Willis
Robertson, formerly Chairman of the Virginia Commission of
Game and Inland Fisheries. He is an able and aggressive
exponent of progress in conservation and restoration.
The work of the Senate Committee has more than justified
its existence from any viewpoint. The creatures of our wilder-
ness world — ^the birds, the fishes, and the mammals — are seeing
the dawn of a new day for their protection and their increase.
National Landscape Survey
By BRADFORD WILLIAMS, Executive Secretary, American Society
of Landscape Architects
THE National Landscape Survey was inaugurated in 1933
as a long-term program intended to arouse public conscious-
ness to the existence and the value, both economic and recre-
ational, of local scenic beauty and to the need for its preserva-
tion.
The direct practical result of the Survey will be (1) to
provide for State governments a general analysis and evaluation
of the scenery of their region, with information as to what
22 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
different kinds of scenery are typical, where they may be found,
and what is the best example of each; (2) to provide for local
governments a criterion of scenic values to aid them in determin-
ing their own preservation schemes; and (3) to suggest to private
individuals or organizations specific examples of suitable types
of landscape features worthy of preservation through unofficial
action.
These purposes set forth by the American Society of Land-
scape Architects have been formally approved by the following
national organizations concerned with some form of conserva-
tion:
American Automobile Association National Association of Audubon
American Civic Association Societies
American Federation of Arts National Council for Protection
American Forestry Association of Roadside Beauty
American Nature Association National Grange
Ecological Society of America Woman's National Farm and
Garden Club of America Garden Association
Izaak Walton League of America
In authorizing this undertaking, the Trustees of the American
Society of Landscape Architects specified that the project
should be tried first as an experiment in Massachusetts. We
were able to make satisfactory arrangements in this State, and
the Massachusetts Landscape Survey was carried out during
the autumn of 1933. Its report, given in January in the form
of an illustrated talk before a group of distinguished Massachu-
setts people at the annual meeting of the Trustees of Public
Reservations, the local sponsoring group, appears as an appendix
to the Annual Report of that organization for 1933.
As an experiment, the Massachusetts Landscape Survey was
most successful, although it is, of course, still too recent to
measure its achievement. The public interest in this State that
has been stirred by our work is to be turned to good use during
the current year by certain local agencies which have drawn a
program especially directed toward the aims that we have in
mind.
Seven types of Massachusetts scenery are listed in the
special report of the Massachusetts Landscape Survey : Beaches
and dunes, rocky headlands, scenic highway roadsides, moun-
tains, valleys, and gorges — these are some of the outstanding
LAND PLANNING 23
landscape features of the State. Immediate action must be
taken to preserve them if we wish to keep the attractiveness of
this section of New England.
The report lists seventy places or regions of outstanding
scenic or historic interest distributed throughout the Common-
wealth. All are now held by private owners who, in too many
cases, are unaware of the scenic value or historic significance of
their possessions. Each owner may at any time sell his land to
commercial developers who might build cottages on the few
ocean headlands or sandy beaches that are now left to us in
their natural condition, or might strip a mountain of its pro-
tective timber or denude a beautiful laurel woodland of its
forest cover.
Assisting in the survey was an advisory committee of land-
scape architects which comprised Henry V. Hubbard, Norton
Professor of Regional Planning at Harvard University; Arthur
C. Comey, Assistant Professor of City Planning, Harvard;
Charles W. Eliot, 2d, Executive OiEcer, National Planning
Board, Washington; Warren H. Manning and John Nolen,
former Presidents of the Boston Society of Landscape Architects;
Professor Bremer W. Pond, Chairman of the Harvard School
of Landscape Architecture; and Professor Frank A. Waugh, of
Massachusetts State College, Landscape Architect Consultant
to the U. S. Forest Service.
The officers of the Trustees of Public Reservations are Hon.
Herbert Parker, President; Judge Robert Walcott, Vice-Presi-
dent; Henry Channing, Secretary; John S. Ames, Treasurer.
The Standing Committee includes these officers and also Charles
S. Bird, Jr., Chairman; Laurence B. Fletcher; William Ellery;
William Roger Greeley; and Dr. John C. Phillips.
As the result of the Massachusetts experiment we have
already been able to extend our work to adjacent fields. The
Connecticut Survey of Places of Historic and Scenic Interest is
now in progress under the direction of the new State Planning
Board. Mr. John Nolen has instituted a New Hampshire
Landscape Survey under the direction of the new Planning
Board of that State, to which he is adviser.
24 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
A National Parkway System
By THE EDITOR
WITH the authorization, under the Public Works Adminis-
tration, of the surveys for a parkway connection between
the Shenandoah National Park in the Blue Ridge Mountains
and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, came the
conception of parkways on a national scale. Regional parkways
are less than a generation old. The regional parkways of the
Boston Metropolitan District set the fashion. In the last
decade, Westchester County, New York, has been developing
a system of regional parkways which have drawn attention and
favorable comment from all parts of the country. Several new
types of protected highways are described in the section cf this
Annual on Regional Planning.
Even before the authorization of the 500 to 600 miles of
parkway which will traverse Virginia, Tennessee, and North
Carolina, a survey had been authorized for a parkway link in
Vermont. From many sources came the suggestion: Why not
an Appalachian Parkway from Maine to Florida.? Then:
Why not a National Parkway System.?' Most of the highways
of which we were so proud when the smooth concrete was first
laid are now given over to mixed traffic so heavily sprinkled
with huge trucks and buses that those driving for pleasure find
their views to the front quite effectually blocked. The litter of
billboards along the roadsides has completed the ruin of any
satisfaction in using the roads for recreation. Most of them
are beyond redemption. They will ultimately, and perhaps in
the near future, be relegated to commercial traffic.
Recreation seekers will gravitate to the parkway connections
wherever they can be found. Communities will not be slow in
bidding for profitable tourists on recreation bent. Here is an
opportunity for the Federal Government to plan out a consistent
connected National Parkway system with as many feeders as
local enterprise cares to provide. But let us not repeat the
mistakes we made before we had vision to realize the extent to
which we could and would afford a national highway system.
Let us plan largely, and be ready to make the most of the
money which is sure to be spent in protected parkways.
NATIONAL PARKS
Larger Opportunities for Public Service
Under the National Park Service
By ARNO B. CAMMERER, Director
Adapted from address delivered at the Joint Meeting of the American Civic
Association and National Conference on City Planning,
Washington, D. C, October 11, 1933
THE potentialities for service to the public by the Federal
Government are greater at present than at any time in the
history of National Park development, as a result of President
Roosevelt's executive order of June 10, 1933. Through the con-
solidation thereby effected, one organization, for the first time,
is charged with the responsibility of administering and develop-
ing all the park areas set aside by Congress, or by the President
under Congressional authority, on the basis of their educational,
inspirational, and recreational appeal.
The result is the coordination of a magnificent National
Park system — and in the term National Park I include our
Federal scenic, scientific, and historic areas of all classifications —
the like of which has never been known before.
Under the President's regrouping order a new Oflfice of
National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations superseded the
National Park Service as a bureau of the Department of the
Interior; but in the 1935 Interior Department Appropriation
Bill Congress restored the old name of National Park Service to
the enlarged bureau.
In the enlarged bureau, in addition to the duties previously
performed by the National Park Service, were combined the
functions of the old Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks
of the National Capital, the Arlington Memorial Bridge Com-
mission, and the Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway Commis-
sion, and those agencies accordingly abolished.
Still further added duties include the supervision of 11 Na-
tional Military Parks, 2 National Parks, 10 battlefield sites, 10
National Monuments, 4 miscellaneous memorials, and 11 Na-
tional Cemeteries, taken over from the War Department, and
16 National Monuments transferred from the Forest Service of
the Department of Agriculture.
25
26 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
From the Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the
National Capital was brought to the new Service the National
Capital Park System of the District of Columbia, which em-
braces 676 acres, as well as care of most of the public buildings
in Washington.
In bringing the National Capital Parks under the wing of the
Department of the Interior, these areas have merely come back
to their old home. It is an interesting fact that for eighteen
years — ^from 1849 when the Department of the Interior was
established, until 1867 — they were under the jurisdiction of the
Secretary of the Interior. When Rock Creek Park was estab-
lished in 1890, the same year that the Yosemite National Park in
California was created, its organic act designated it as a pleasure-
ground "for the benefit and enjoyment of the people of the
United States." This is the same language used by Congress in
1872 in establishing the Yellowstone National Park.
Further participation in the affairs of the National Capital
accrues to the Service through membership of the Director in the
Zoning Commission of the National Capital, and the National
Capital Park and Planning Commission, particularly concerned
in the improvement of the District of Columbia.
Before taking over the supervision of the above areas, the
National Park Service had three classes of reservations in our
National Park and Monument system — National Parks, Na-
tional Monuments, and one National Historical Park. With the
areas added we are now administering seven classes of reserva-
tions. It undoubtedly will be advisable to request Congress in
the near future to reclassify these areas according to their
exhibits. As the situation now stands, for example, military
areas of historic importance are in seven categories — ^National
Military Parks, National Historical Parks, National Parks,
National Monuments, National Cemeteries, Battlefield Sites,
and Miscellaneous Markers.
Exclusive of the National Capital Parks, which are counted
as one unit in the system, the Service now has supervision over
130 Federal areas throughout the United States, most of the
Federal buildings in Washington, and some in the States.
The Service is glad to bring to the parks of Washington the
experience gained over long years in the development by our
Service of the National Parks of the Nation. Many of the
Trailside Shrine in Yellowstone National I'aik
Courtesy Scientific Monthly
Telescopes at Yavapai Observation Station
Courtesy Scientific Monthly
NATIONAL PARKS 27
problems have great similarity. Our technical experts in land-
scaping, architecture, and engineering are trained planners, and
acquainted with the great traditions which underlie the program
of the National Capital. They will, I am confident, contribute
much to the development of the parks and buildings here. It is
peculiarly appropriate that the same agency which has had
charge of the custody and interpretation of our great scenic,
scientific, and historical Federal treasures throughout the Nation
now should in a large measure have the custody and the inter-
pretation of the national features of that other great repository
of treasures which is the National Capital itself.
Before the *'New Deal" started, back in 1932, Miss Frances
Perkins, now Secretary of Labor, spoke of the vital importance
to the welfare of the country of the type of work which she
classed as "intangible nonconsumables." These intangible non-
consumables are the things for which our higher civilization
stands — those finer things that minister to the spirit. Among
them, in addition to literature and the arts, is the work of de-
veloping National Parks and making these health-giving areas
available for use by the public.
Entirely apart from our desire to preserve the National
Parks and make them accessible to the public, in accordance
with the charge laid upon us by Congress in first establishing
the National Park Service, we feel that a keen responsibility
rests upon all of us at this time in connection with leisure-time
planning and use.
I am convinced that the future of the coimtry in a large
measure rests upon the wise use of its new leisure. If we can
interest people in coming more and more to the parks — and in
this connection I mean the State, country, and city areas as
well — and then can provide for their needs adequately, so that
they are physically comfortable, we will have made the first
step. The next, and perhaps the more important, is to interest
these people in the reasons behind park protection and in the
various manifestations of nature or the historical traditions and
relics of the areas they visit. Once we arouse interest in this
way, a great part of the leisure problem is solved. Interest in
the park leads to use of the museums, to securing reading
matter on plants, geology, history, archeology, and kindred
subjects, to planning future trips.
28 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Emergency Conservation Under the
National Park Service
By JOHN D. COFFMAN, Chief Forester, National Park Service
SOON after the inauguration of the President's reforestation
program, the Superintendent of Sequoia National Park in
California received a letter from a young man he helped to
enroll in the Civilian Conservation Corps :
"I thank you very much for writing the letter which entered me in
the CCC. I stopped several times to thank you in person but each
time you were very busy. I can truthfully say I will do all in my
power to make the CCC a success by working hard."
This letter expresses the sentiment of most of those con-
nected with the movement directed by Robert Fechner, Director
of Emergency Conservation Work. Nights, Sundays, and holi-
days have been recklessly ignored while everyone pitched in to
make the "CCC a success by working hard." There has been
an excellent esprit de corps all along the line.
While there were, here and there, individual cases of delay
and disappointment in the amount of work accomplished, the
program as a whole has met with astonishing success. Where
doubts existed at the start about inexperienced city boys being
assigned to woods work, in nearly all instances such misgivings
changed to expressions of gratification that so many of the new-
comers had developed into good woodsmen in so short a time.
Requests poured in for continuance of the work and for an
increase in the number of camps. Physical, mental, and moral
benefits have accrued to the enrolled men.
The work in the National Park Service was directed by
Conrad L. Wirth, experienced in local as well as National Parks,
ably assisted by Herbert Evison in charge of camps in State
Parks. State Park authorities were energetic in preparing plans
and in the presentation of their projects. Within the National
Parks all departments took an active part in the conservation
activities under the leadership of the park superintendents.
The educational branch, through the naturalist staff, devoted
a large amount of time to the welfare of the enrolled men. They
gave illustrated talks and made trips afield both for instruction
NATIONAL PARKS 29
and for entertainment, and many other members of the park
personnel hkewise contributed their time along similar lines.
The landscape architects, engineers, foresters, and historians
all had an active part in the supervision of the work in order to
insure results in full harmony with park policies and ideals.
For the first enrolment period there were 175 emergency
conservation camps under the supervision of the National Park
Service in National and State Parks. Of this number, 70 camps
were located in 29 National Parks and Monuments, including
the National Military Parks and Monuments consolidated with
the other National Parks under the Executive Order of June 10,
1933. There were 105 camps located in State Parks distributed
through 26 States. During the second enrolment period 300
camps were assigned to National and State Parks, 61 to the
former and 239 to the latter.
For the winter season it was necessary to discontinue the
camps in those areas where heavy snows and low temperatures
seriously handicapped the work or subjected the enrolled men
to unusual hardships. The men were moved to camp-sites at
lower elevations or in more southern locations. This shift
materially decreased the number of park camps in the north-
west and increased those farther south and east. In Virginia
the total number of park camps was increased from 12 for the
summer to 31 for the winter season. In the Great Smoky Moun-
tains National Park in North Carolina and Tennessee the
number was raised from 9 to 15, and would have been increased
still further had additional CCC companies been available.
Without the Emergency Conservation program there would
have been no available means for the accomplishment of work
of the character encompassed by the President's plan. In
addition to the improvement work, our fire suppression organ-
ization has been greatly strengthened through the Civilian
Conservation Corps.
One very important phase of the Emergency Conservation
work has been the rounding of the slopes through cuts along
the park highways to provide for stabilization of these slopes
and prevention of slipping and erosion. This work, accompanied
by planting to hold the soil in place, has beautified park road-
sides to such an extent that demand is being created for the
extension of similar work to highways elsewhere.
80 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Public Works in National Parks
By A. E. DEMARAY, Associate Director, National Park Service
THE first actual allocation of Public Works Funds was made
to the National Park Service by Treasury Warrant, dated
August 4, 1933. The initial allocation was for a sum a little
over $17,000,000. Since then, including that original allocation,
and up to and including May 10, 1934, a total of $32,092,450.26
has been allocated. This enormous sum provides for road- and
trail-building, construction of buildings of many types and uses,
installation of sanitary facilities, and the control of insect and
tree diseases. Besides the old National Park system, projects
are included for the Military Parks and Monuments transferred
to this Service from the War Department and for the National
Capital Parks transferred from the old Office of Public Buildings
and Public Parks of the National Capital under the President's
reorganization order on June 10, 1933.
That most of the 786 projects were under way within eight
months is due primarily to the fact that this Service, in so far
as the old National Park system was concerned, was ready with
master plans for six-year programs. These master plans are
prepared and coordinated by the Branch of Plans and Design
which is the landscape architectural branch of the Service.
They include the plans of the engineering branch and the studies
of the educational, historical, and fores.try branches, and are
designed to carry out the functional operations as foreseen by
the individual park superintendents.
In the case of the National Military Parks and Monuments
transferred from the War Department, it has been necessary to
start from scratch. No coordinated plans of development had
been made and many of the areas were found to be suffering
badly from lack of maintenance funds. Erosion had developed
in a number of areas, and if permitted to continue might have
destroyed thousands of dollars of improvements and monu-
mental markers which had been installed by the States in com-
memoration of the soldiers who fell at the battles which made
these areas historic.
The greater part of the Public Works Program is being done
by contract, according to detailed plans and specifications and
NATIONAL PARKS SI
under competent landscape and engineering supervision. In
some few cases the work is being handled by day-labor forces
employed directly by the Government itself. In both contract
and force-account work, local labor is given preference under
wages and working conditions prescribed by the NRA. Prac-
tically all of the major roadwork under contract is being super-
vised by the Bureau of Public Roads of the Department of
Agriculture, which cooperates with the National Park Service
in all major road-construction.
In the National Capital Parks much rehabilitation work is
being accomplished, and particularly are many of the Capital's
magnificent trees being given attention after a period of neglect
due to lack of ordinary maintenance funds. Tree surgery,
cabling, and feeding are a part of the treatment being accorded
many famous trees of the District of Columbia. The Mall plan
is nearing realization, and the development of Union Square
connecting the Capitol grounds and the Mall will be laid out
under the direction of Frederick Law Olmsted, whose father
before him laid out the Capitol grounds. Nearly a million
dollars has been allocated to road- and trail-building in the
National Capital Parks, and just short of a million dollars is
being devoted to other physical improvements in the National
Capital Parks and in the public buildings under the supervision
of this Service in Washington.
An interesting Public Works project is that providing for
the construction of a parkway connecting the Shenandoah
National Park in Virginia with the Great Smoky Mountains
National Park in North Carolina and Tennessee. An allocation
of $16,000,000 has been approved, provided a right-of-way
not less than 200 feet wide is donated for the project by the
interested States. To expedite surveys and make possible
initiation of work as soon as the lands are available, an allot-
ment of $4,000,000 has been made on this project from Public
Works funds. This parkway is being laid out under the expert
guidance of Major Gilmore D. Clarke, who was the landscape
architect on the Westchester County Park and consulting
landscape architect on the Mount Vernon Memorial Highway,
and who is a member of the national Commission of Fine Arts.
Civil Works projects were made possible by an allotment of
funds under Public Works to give quick employment for a
Sa AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
short period pending the putting into effect of construction
work through contract under PubHc Works grants. Many of
the largest PubUc Works projects in the parks had to be post-
poned until spring because of adverse working conditions in the
mountainous National Parks. There remained other projects
which could be carried on during the winter months, some of
them indoors. As a matter of fact, nature favored the Civil
Workers in the usually very cold National Parks. Yellowstone,
Grand Teton, Mount Rainier, Crater Lake, and other normally
winter-bound parks, with temperatures often far below zero,
reported the mildest weather within the memory of local people,
thus making possible the prosecution of Civil Works projects
without loss of a single day during December and January in
several of these areas.
A total of $3,975,588 was made available for Civil Works
projects under the National Park Service. There are 141 proj-
ects in 42 States and the District of Columbia and Hawaii.
Important among these projects is the Historic American
Buildings Survey, employing about 1,000 architects and drafts-
men to make measured drawings and photographs of historic
buildings throughout the United States, described elsewhere in
this section.
No statement regarding Public Works and the other emer-
gency programs in the National Parks would be complete without
a tribute to the field supervisory officers and engineers, land-
scape architects, historical technicians, and foresters upon
whom the immediate responsibility for the successful working
out of programs and handling of the work falls. With forces
reduced through the curtailments in regular park appropriations,
they have done a tremendous job, and worked enthusiastically
because it has given them an opportunity to make their plans
of development a reality, and even more because of the employ-
ment furnished to the unemployed in the vicinity of the various
areas affected. In the words of one field man:
"There seems to be a general feeling throughout the personnel that
the country is in a hole and that since the President has done such a
thorough job of taking hold of the situation on his end, the least we
can do out here in the field is to show him we are for him from soda to
hock; that we are not just rooting from the side lines but are willing
to get in and hold up our end."
NATIONAL PARKS S3
Historic American Buildings Survey
By THOMAS C. VINT, Chief Architect, National Park Service
THE architecture of the past is an eloquent historical record.
The porticoes and galleries of America's southern mansions
tell the story of their aristocratic owners. No one can visit the
haciendas or missions of California, or the pueblos of the South-
west, without seeming to touch for a moment the j&ngers of
those who first lived there. One needs no book to learn that a
prim generation of Americans was living in genteel imitation of
the classic when the lurid reality of a Civil War stifled the
Greek Revival.
Until 1860 the history of America was written in the visible
forms of her architecture. Since that time even architects have
generally been too busy satisfying the architectural whims and
fads of a commercial age to give much heed to America's perish-
ing heritage of historic buildings.
To lose the relics of the builder's art may be a severe handi-
cap to a nation's culture and its historical records, but to permit
the complete demoralization of architecture would be a severe
handicap to any nation's future. Until the inception of the
Historic American Buildings Survey no national move had been
made to reorganize and save the architectural profession and
its craftsmen for better times.
The idea of bringing together the work of recording our
Historic Monuments before it is too late, and of providing relief
for that profession most interested in such work, was conceived
by Charles E. Peterson, Chief of the Eastern Division of the
Branch of Plans and Design of the National Park Service. On
December 1, 1933, the Historic American Buildings Survey
was approved by the Honorable Harold L. Ickes, Secretary of
the Interior, and Harry L. Hopkins, Federal Civil Works
Administrator, and the administration of the program was
placed under the supervision of Thomas C. Vint, Chief Architect
of the National Park Service.
Unemployed architects and draftsmen, members of a pro-
fession almost wiped out by four long years of inactivity,
eagerly grasped the opportunity to aid in recording those monu-
ments of America's history and art which have not already
perished.
34 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Once under way, it was found that the scope of the Survey
was surprisingly inadequate to cope either with the drastic
unemployment among architects and draftsmen, or with the
staggering amount of available material. The administrators
of the program have been forced to acknowledge regretfully
that they can do little more than scratch the surface. Architects
and draftsmen in most districts had been in the field a very
short time when, on January 18, orders from the Federal Civil
Works Administrator stopped all new employment and com-
mitments.
The Chief Architect was assisted in the national administra-
tion of the Survey by Francis P. Sullivan, Architect; John P.
O'Neill, formerly of the Carnegie Institution of Washington;
and Dudley C. Bayliss, formerly of the architectural faculty of
North Dakota State College. The various chapters of the
American Institute of Architects throughout the coimtry were
closely allied with the Survey and gave valuable assistance and
counsel.
A National Advisory Committee guided the policies of the
HABS. The members were: Dr. Waldo G. Leland, Executive
Secretary, American Council of Learned Societies; William G.
Perry, Architect, Boston; Miss Harlean James, Executive
Secretary, American Civic Association; Dr. Leicester B. Holland,
Library of Congress, Chief, Fine Arts Division; John Gaw Meem,
Architect, Santa Fe; Dr. Herbert E. Bolton, University of
California; Albert Simons, Architect, Charleston; Thomas E.
Tallmadge, Architect and Critic, Chicago; Dr. I. T. Frary,
Curator, Cleveland Museum of Art.
Each district was luider the direct supervision of a resident
district officer. He was aided by a District Advisory Com-
mittee, whose members served as a patriotic duty, without
remuneration.
The quality of the advisory personnel, as well as of the
district officers, was unquestionably very high, partly due to
lack of building activity, which made it possible to draw upon
the best professional resources of the country for men who in
more prosperous days could not give time to such work. Many
district officers had previously held positions of honor in the
American Institute of Architects before that body nominated
them for appointment by the Secretary of the Interior.
'l-^^--'$%m
ft'
M'''
i
f
I
J
im •=«
II
s6
■ii>^'.
\
^.
mi».>
NATIONAL PARKS 35
The field workers of the Historic American Buildings Survey
were organized into squads, working under the supervision of
district officers. The United States was divided into thirty-
nine districts, with a district officer in charge of the work in
each of these zones. All of his employees were, hired through
local Civil Works offices.
District officers were guided in their supervisory work by
instructions from Washington headquarters. They in turn
supervised the actual field-work of measuring, photographing,
and drawing. Each project selected for inclusion in the Survey
was first approved by the District Advisory Committee. Upon
final approval by the Washington headquarters and the National
Advisory Committee, permission was requested from owners or
occupants to have buildings measured. With the granting of
such permission, a squad of men was signed for the work of
measuring. Squads usually consisted of from three to eight men
and were under the supervision of a squad leader, who himself
participated in the work of measuring and drawing.
A systematic routine of detailed measuring and checking in
the field was employed upon each project, to insure exact
recording of each building. In general, records were so made
that it will be possible at any time in the future, should a build-
ing be destroyed, to reproduce such a building from the drawings
made by the squads. District officers and squad leaders were
given discretionary powers as to the inclusion or omission of
various details of any building. Judgment in this matter was
made upon the architectural value of the details, as well as the
peculiar historical interest of the entire building.
It developed that the members of the field organization were
so enthusiastic to do the work of the Survey that they gave
many extra hours of their time to the perfection of the records.
This alone is indication of the worth of the project in giving
employment to men who are intensely interested in the architec-
ture of our native country. Transportation of squads from one
project to another was generally arranged by private auto-
mobiles. Squads were selected so that there would be one man
in each squad who had access to an automobile and who would
transport the other members of the squad from place to place.
Cost of gasoline and oil were paid by the Washington head-
quarters.
36 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Final drawings were made in ink upon white sheets of draw-
ing paper suppHed by the Washington headquarters. These
drawings, together with all other records of the Survey, were
mailed to Washington when completed, and deposited in the
Library of Congress. A complete card index system of all
records of the Survey was prepared by District oj05cers for the
Library of Congress. This card index system included also the
worth-while Historic Monuments of the country impossible to
record in the limited time given the Survey. Photographs are,
in general, 5 by 7 inches in size. They were in most cases made
by professional photographers, employed by District officers
upon the Survey.
The written data pertaining to Survey projects consist of
historic descriptions of a condensed nature which are filed in
the Library of Congress, as supplementary material to the
other records of the Survey.
An exhibit of selected drawings was shown in the new
National Museum, Washington, during the month of April,
1934. The permanent collection will be in the custody of the
Library of Congress.
National History Told by Parks and
Monuments
By VERNE L. CHATELAIN, Chief Historian, National Park Service
THE National Park Service, in the preservation and inter-
pretation of historic sites and objects throughout the
country, is setting a noteworthy example.
It is not possible to preserve every area, or every site, or
every object that has had a leading part in the history of the
nation. A policy attempting to do this would have to include
areas teeming with modern commerce and industry and life,
and it would be sheer folly to attempt to carry out such a plan
on so large a scale. It is not possible to set aside a National
Historical Park or Monument in order to commemorate each
battle of the American Revolution or of the War between the
States. A more reasonable procedure, and one which is basic
in the program of the National Park Service, is to determine
upon areas which are typical of the most significant events in
NATIONAL PARKS 37
national history and to commemorate them by setting aside the
areas as National Parks or National Monuments. From these
bases the larger patterns of American history will be illustrated,
and the system as a whole used to give a more or less complete
picture of American history. There is being established and
developed throughout the country a series of reservations which
commemorate great events and important eras in our national
history from the earliest beginning of prehistoric life to the first
evidence of white settlement upon the continent, including the
landing of the first band of colonists at Jamestown; thence on
through our history, even to the day when the first flight was
made in a heavier-than-air machine at Kitty Hawk, in North
Carolina. It is felt that a limited number of well-chosen areas,
representing the high points in national history, will not only
be more effective because they are inherently of great impor-
tance, but that by using these places of special significance as
sort of * 'landing-places" as it were, the whole continuous story of
national development can be told with this chain as an outline.
The recent additions to the system of National Monuments
and National Historical Parks constitute the first step looking
toward this objective. Without forgetting the significant events
of exploration and discovery which preceded the permanent
settlement on Jamestown Island, it can fairly be said that
Jamestown represents a definite step in national beginnings.
Here were evolved such institutions as the House of Burgesses,
significant as the first representative government in America;
here we find evidence of that frontier spirit, especially displayed
in Bacon's Rebellion, which was to manifest itself time after
time in American history and which finally was to cause the
American Revolution. Other areas are important in national
history as the sites of colonization, but there is little question
that even yet the site at Jamestown almost ideally conveys to
the visitor the impression of conditions which existed at the
time of colonization. It presents an admirable example of
arrested development. It is an area largely forgotten and
seldom visited for over two centuries. Though little remains,
at least in visible form, of the early life and buildings of the
colonists on Jamestown Island, there are many archeological
remains to throw light on that early civilization.
In addition to its significance as the first permanent settle-
38 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
ment, it has an importance as the capital of the colony of
Virginia until the capital was moved to Williamsburg. So, at
the point at which Jamestown leaves off, Williamsburg begins.
There the greatest development in Virginia colonial life took
place in education, art, and political economy. Yorktown is
included in the program of the National Park Service to mark
the termination of the colonial period, as the site of the surrender
of Cornwallis to General George Washington, which brought
the war to an end. Jamestown, Williamsburg, and Yorktown
have been happily combined in one national reservation, a
Colonial National Monument associated with the beginning,
the place of highest development, and the point where colonial
history was brought to a close.
Wakefield, where George Washington was born, has been
rescued from oblivion. Here one may visualize the Washington
plantation, the beautiful and expansive Potomac River, and the
altogether lovely location of the site of the birth of George
Washington.
The story of the Revolution is not only a dramatic and
thrilling epic within itself, but it is also of first importance in
any account of the beginning of our national history. Various
episodes of this war are now being memorialized in parks or
monuments — Cowpens, King's Mountain, Guilford Courthouse,
Moore's Creek, Yorktown — but these places memorialize the
phases of actual combat, battles. There was another side to the
struggle for independence, that of recruiting and training and
holding together an army of raw, imwilling men. The winter
quarters of the army provide as much drama, as great an
example of steadfast courage and determination, as the incidents
of actual combat. Morristown National Historical Park pre-
serves for us the site of one of the most famous winter quarters.
Here many of the social, economic, and political aspects of the
Revolution appear in high relief. Here, again, on ground that
is little changed from its condition in 1779-80, the story of the
winter quarters and the neighboring battles of the Revolution
can be told.
Following out the same principle of preserving one site to
commemorate a series of events or an entire period of history,
the National Park Service has Fort McHenry, in Baltimore,
recalling the attack on Fort McHenry by the British fleet
NATIONAL PARKS 39
during the night of September 13-14, 1814, which led to the
writing of the '*Star-spangled Banner."
The events of Civil War preserved in National Parks and
Monuments are too numerous to itemize here in detail. The
first and second battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville,
The Wilderness, and Spotsylvania Court House are com-
memorated in Fredericksburg National Military Park. Freder-
icksburg, moreover, has rich associations in colonial and early
national history: Washington's family lived there; so did
Monroe and John Paul Jones. Gettysburg is already well
known as a famous battle and a memorial park, yet we should
not overlook the fact that it is located in the valley through
which Scotch-Irish and German migration flowed from early
in the eighteenth century. Antietam, Petersburg, and Appo-
mattox are other highlights in the eastern field of operations
between 1861-65. Petersburg, especially, like Alexandria and
Richmond, was located on the fall line of Virginia rivers and
became famous as a frontier town in early Virginia history.
Looking to the west where the very important matter of control
over communication was determined in the early years of the
war, a field in which General Grant got his training, we find
Donelson, Shiloh, Vicksburg, Chattanooga, and Chickamauga
— all these places preserved in National Parks. Both Vicksburg
and Chattanooga were places of great strategical and historical
importance long before the Civil War, being points from which
transportation and commerce were conducted. In all of these
military park areas the actual conditions and the outline of the
terrain as it was at the time of the battles can still be seen.
The old earthworks, roads, trenches, and fortifications will be
preserved and cared for, and new structures will be planned, as
far as possible, to preserve the old atmosphere.
In the National Park Service program it is not sufficient
simply to preserve historical areas, any more than in the case
of scenic areas, leaving the matter of interpretation to take
care of itself. In order that it may have the fullest significance
for the greatest number of people, the area must be studied and
its meaning made clear to the visitor. This is, perhaps, the
greatest contribution that the National Park Service can make
in its work with historic sites, and it represents a problem to
which much consideration is being given at the present time.
40 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Writers of history have long based their accounts on source
material. More recently it has come to be realized by some that
a complete study must include, in addition to the written
documents, all the evidences and materials drawn from the site
itself. They began to realize that early examples of architecture,
ruins of ancient industrial ventures, the scenes of daily toil and
military combat were all a part of this source material. Out of
this realization has come the movement to preserve for posterity
something of the history that is past.
The methods of treatment used by the National Park Service
are those considered most satisfactory for the scholar and the
layman, for the learned and the average man. Individual
historical educational service is given as far as possible. Essential
roadside markers and orientation maps and markers have been
prepared. In addition, models, guide-books, and museums,
lectures, lantern-slides, and photographs are called into service.
All of these methods have as their purpose the creation of an
interest on the part of the individual so that he may, by a greater
use of his imagination, come to see more clearly what once was
associated with the site.
History has a purpose, or else this program would be wasted
effort. The people of the nation need a wholesome and refresh-
ing contact with the heritage of their past. This association will
not only inspire greater pride in their own lives, but will help
them to live nearer to the fundamentals which have guarded
the development of America.
Museum Development in the
National Parks
By HAROLD C. BRYANT, Assistant Director, National Park Service
THE fimdamental law prescribing the duties inherent in the
administration of National Parks contains the injunction:
"Provide for the enjoyment of the same." The defining and
planning of the opportunities to appreciate and interpret the
primary features of the parks have been receiving special
emphasis in recent years. Coordinated education programs
have been provided in all major parks.
Though most emphasis has been placed upon a trained staff
NATIONAL PARKS 41
of naturalists and historians as the best means of being helpful
to the park visitor, yet the natural history and historical
museum constitute the most important pieces of material
equipment. Every visitor is in need of orientation and of back-
ground information. This, a museum is able to furnish.
Previous to 1924, museum exhibits in the parks were limited
mostly to stuffed birds and animals or Indian relics poorly
housed and exhibited in the information office, though more
comprehensive beginnings had been made in Yosemite and a
few other parks. In that year there was opened in Mesa Verde
National Park the first complete museum unit, built with
donated funds to house the precious relics of those ancient
peoples, the cliff dwellers.
The same year a committee of the American Association of
Museums developed plans for a series of museum projects, and
having secured a grant of $70,500 from the Laura Spelman
Rockefeller Memorial, supervised the building of a fireproof
museum in Yosemite National Park, our chief example of a
centralized working unit with subsidiary branch museums.
Better perspective of the educational opportunities afforded
by National Parks was secured as a result of the appointment,
by the Secretary of Interior, of a Committee on Educational
Problems in National Parks in 1928. Two new experimental
types of museum projects were advocated by this Committee:
a series of trailside museums to be built in Yellowstone and the
construction of a specialized observation station on the rim of
the Grand Canyon.
The scientific features of Yellowstone are widely scattered
and each has a distinctive story. As a consequence, under the
direction of Dr. H. C. Bumpus, Chairman of the American
Museum Association Committee, four attractive museums have
been built to help explain the notable features at stops on the
loop road. At Norris, the story of rocks, their genesis and
chemical properties, is explained; at Madison, the origin of the
National Park idea and the history of Yellowstone; at Old
Faithful, an explanation of geyser activity; at Lake, the biology
of the Park with emphasis on that of the lake itself. As impor-
tant accessories to two of these museums, outdoor lecture
amphitheaters were built.
Several interesting wayside exhibits also have been con-
42 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
structed. The origin and properties of obsidian, an igneous rock,
are portrayed at Obsidian Cliff; the life history and economic
importance of the beaver are portrayed alongside of a beaver
dam; and three other such exhibits explain geologic phenomena.
The specialized observation station erected at Grand Canyon,
at Yavapai Point, was planned under the direction of Dr. John
C. Merriam, President of the Carnegie Institution. After a
group of scientists had selected the spot most adapted for pre-
senting the story of the Grand Canyon, a building was erected
which harmonizes with the surroundings. As aids to the visitor,
binoculars were arranged along the parapet, together with
supporting labels and exhibits in glass-topped boxes. Other
supporting exhibits, including transparencies, specimens, and
motion pictures amplifying the story, were placed in an inner
room. A leaflet is handed to each visitor which explains the
use of the station. By systematically finding significant features
by means of the instruments and reading labels, the \dsitor is
able to have answered four natural questions: How was the
canyon formed.'^ What is the history of earth-building.^ What
record of life is to be found in the rocks.' What are the chief
forms of life present today?
A similar station with like equipment has been erected at
Victor Point on the rim of Crater Lake. In addition to explain-
ing the scientific story, the attention of the visitor is drawTi to
the beauty of the scene presented, a project found more difficult
than that of explaining the geology. In Yosemite there is pro-
jected an unpretentious Station for the Study of Granite to be
placed on Sentinel Dome.
The Southwest monuments present a story of the life and
social customs of a primitive people. In order to protect the
many artifacts that have been found in these areas, small
museums, usually housed in one room, have been started.
More recently, when new headquarters buildings have been
erected, a museum wing has been provided. Thus we find
Petrified Forest and Casa Grande National Monuments with
creditable museums, and Aztec with one under construction.
The newest museum projects pertain to historical parks. A
fine start has been made on a museum display at Colonial
National Monument which will ultimately find suitable housing
in the restored Swan Tavern and Reynolds House. With the
NATIONAL PARKS 43
creation of the Morristown National Historical Park there came
the fine historical collection on display in Washington's head-
quarters gathered by the Washington Association. An appro-
priation of $200,000 made from Public Works funds will provide
a fireproof building with library accommodations which will
give abundant opportunity for the creation of an outstanding
historical museum. Somewhat less pretentious museum dis-
plays are being developed at many other historical sites, notably
at Scotts Bluff, Shiloh, Gettysburg, and Vicksburg.
The Lincoln Museum and the Lee Mansion in Arlington,
now under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service, are
typical of presentations of longer standing.
Present trends in museum development appear to be away
from large centralized natural history museums to localized
roadside exhibits giving the visitor useful explanation while
viewing a prominent feature. Hence there are many plans for
what might well be called wayside exhibits or orientation
stations, simple platforms with suitable exhibits protected from
the weather. Another improvement is the trend from cut-
flower exhibits to botanic gardens devised to show the plant
growing naturally. The largest of such gardens, nearing com-
pletion in Yosemite, has been arranged to show flower relation-
ships and portray typical plant communities. Mindful of the
need for drawing people out to see the real object rather than a
museum specimen representing it, most park museums form
the gateway to some interesting trail leading to the places
explained in the museum.
It must be evident from this description of museum develop-
ment and with several Public Works projects ahead, that it
will be increasingly necessary to plan wisely and coordinate
carefully this rapidly growing part of the park educational
program. The field of museum planning and installation calls
for highly specialized technical knowledge, and consequently a
staff of specialists is the first requirement. There is a nucleus
of such a staff and additions have been made possible tempo-
rarily through emergency funds. The next need is for a complete
development plan providing for the establishment of various
units consecutively according to their importance and in relation
to public need, and giving full details as to exhibit scheme.
Such a museum development plan for the whole park system is
44 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
being prepared and will be included in the master plan for
each park.
It is to be hoped that eventually each park museum will
portray a unique story of its own with little repetition and in
such a clever way that the visitor cannot help but receive a
clear view of chief features and an understandable explanation
of them. Park museums are designed to interpret through visual
presentation the chief scientific and historic features of indi-
vidual park units, so as to provide the visitor with a maximum
of understanding and appreciation.
The Road to the House of the Sun
By HAROLD COFFIN, Honolulu, Hawaii
To GRIDIRON National Parks with roads is against
National Park Service policies, but very occasionally a new
highway is necessary to open up areas of spectacular scenery
that had hitherto been practically inaccessible. The ten-mile
road now under construction to the rim of the great dormant
crater of Haleakala, the section of Hawaii National Park on
the valley island of Maui, may be placed in this category. The
completion of this hard-surfaced road is among a number of
important projects which the Park Service is undertaking with
funds from Public Works.
Haleakala, a native word meaning "House of the Sun," is a
great extinct volcano containing a vast crater 2,000 feet deep
and 21 miles in circumference. Native legends tell that Maui,
a demi-god, climbed to the top of the mountain, set a trap for
the sun, and lassoed its rays as it rose over the rim of the crater.
Modern man also climbs Haleakala because of the sun, to im-
prison in his memory sunset or sunrise over the picturesque
old crater.
Now one may reach the top of the mountain only over a very
difficult old trail, by foot or on horseback. It is a trip for the
hardy. When the road is completed, those of average strength
may ride in comfort to the mountain top and with Maui trap
the rays of the sun. The journey upward leads in and out of
clouds, through beautiful fields of calla lilies. If the Hawaiian
weather gods favor the visitor, a sunset beautiful beyond
NATIONAL PARKS 45
description will be found at the end of tiie 10,000-foot climb.
Pastel-tinted, fleecy clouds roll through Kaupo Gap to fill the
crater, and on clear days the lofty peaks of Mauna Loa and
Mauna Kea on the island of Hawaii, over 100 miles away, are
visible.
But even when the new road is completed it will not take
one down into Haleakala's depths, where the rare silversword
plant grows amid the cinder cones and pyramids. That always
will remain a "sacred area,'* accessible only to the devotee of
the trail.
Haleakala is one of the few places in the world where at
certain times the Brocken Specter can be witnessed. This
phenomenon was named for Mt. Brocken, in Germany, where
it was first seen in 1780. The spectacle is a great shadow image,
which is really that of the person viewing it, surrounded by a
colored halo and projected on the clouds in the crater. The
Haleakala Brocken shadow is usually surrounded by a single
halo or rainbow, although there are those who have seen as
many as seven. The shadow appears to be several miles away.
Actual construction of the Haleakala Road by engineers of
the Bureau of Public Roads started last October, and it is hoped
the highway will be completed early next year. It is on a five
per cent grade and connects with the new Federal Aid highway
built by the Territory from Wailuku and ends at White Hill,
near the pass from which the trail tops off into the crater.
Through this pass Hawaii's great Kamehameha I came in his
capture of Maui, and in it still are the ruins of old native forts.
Construction of the road was not easy, for it leads upward
over a diflficult terrain. Following the lower flat hillside covered
with patches of Hawaiian heather are rough stretches built up
of successive lava flows cut with innumerable small gullies; and
in addition the mountainside is cut by two large ravines running
almost parallel. Above timberline is soil of compact volcanic
ash, and still higher the road-alignment follows hard blue
basalt, sometimes called * 'Kanaka stone" from the fact that
the rock was used by the old natives to make axes and tools.
Numerous places near the top of the mountain show evidences
of old Hawaiian camps aild the manufacture of axes from this
stone.
The road up Haleakala will take this scenic attraction out
46 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
of the classification of "things that you read about" for many
tourists whose itineraries have been Hmited by the time factor
and make it easily accessible to the 40,000 globe-trotters who
go to the Hawaiian Islands every year. By the early part of
1935 visitors will be able to alight at Maui from the Honolulu
plane, step into an auto, and be standing "on top of the world"
within a couple of hours.
Making Americans National Park Conscious
During 1934
By ISABELLE F. STORY, Chief, Division of Public Relations,
National Park Service
THAT "My Own United States" will be the theme-song of
American travelers during the present year is the prediction
of travel experts.
There is every reason why this should be so. First — and
best of all — economic conditions within the United States are
on the upgrade, and travel already has started to increase.
Long-distance carriers are greatly encouraged by the gain in
passengers carried over the same period a year ago.
Next comes the adverse rate of foreign exchange, which
furnishes a very sound reason for traveling in the United States
rather than abroad. Oftentimes in the past it has been cheaper
to go abroad from the eastern seacoast than to travel westward,
but this year the reverse condition prevails. The United States
now has the advantage over international travel, in that money
spent in travel at home in 1934 will go much farther than the
same amount spent in traveling abroad.
Then there is the question of increased leisure under our
changing economic conditions. It is vitally important that our
people learn to utilize their time wisely and healthfully. National
Park enthusiasts point out that nowhere could spare time be
spent as wisely and profitably as in a National Park or allied area.
The National Park Service, as its share in the 1934 travel-
year project, entered upon an intensive publicity campaign
centering around two series of radio broadcasts, given during
the late winter and early spring months when travel plans are
in the making.
NATIONAL PARKS 47
Nine National-Park broadcasts over a network covering the
eastern portion of the United States began March 3, and at
10 P.M. each Saturday night half an hour was devoted to the
programs which included, in addition to the park talks, music
by the Marine Band. Secretary Ickes made the opening address;
Mrs. Roosevelt graciously consented to speak on the subject
of the recreational use of National and State Parks by family
groups; Assistant Secretary Chapman of the Department of the
Interior discussed Indian neighbors of the National Parks; and
former Director Albright gave his inimitable reminiscences of
parks and people. The five other talks were given by officials of
the National Park Service.
A second series of 15 -minute broadcasts, thirteen in number,
was issued to over 200 independent radio stations which have
indicated a desire to use this material weekly. The requests
have come from as far away as Alaska and Puerto Rico.
When Secretary Ickes, at a press conference on January 30,
issued a statement designating 1934 as "A National Park Year,"
he did something that met with popular acclaim. Dr. J. Horace
McFarland, past president of the American Civic Association
and Chairman of its National Parks Committee, wrote :
"Reading the press release of yesterday, voicing your suggestion
that 1934 be designated as the 'National Park Year/ I want to have
you realize that my hat is in the air at your suggestion.
"Most good things can best be sold when they can be seen. Such
action as you are suggesting is putting our goods, in the way of a very
great National Park System, *on the counter,' where our own people
can see them and buy to their own everlasting good."
The Jackson Hole Controversy
By THE EDITOR
SOON after the Grand Teton National Park was created by
Congress in February of 1929, Struthers Burt, in Volume I
of the American Civic Annual, drew an unforgettable picture
of this spectacular mountain range, with its rugged peaks
silhouetted against the sky and girt with the chain of mirror
lakes lying close to the steep mountainsides as they rise sharply
from the floor of the valley. Already the damming of Jackson
Lake had won first place as a horrible example of the devastation
48 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
which could overtake great natural beauty. The park line was
drawn to include the eastern slopes of the Tetons from end to
end, to exclude Jackson Lake with its unkempt borders, but to
include Leigh, String, Jenny, Bradley, Taggert, and Phelps
lakes by the narrowest margin. Unfortunately, the valley lands
of the Jackson Hole country had generally passed into private
ownership.
It soon became apparent that the ugliness introduced into
the picture by the commercialization of Jackson Lake was to
extend to the privately owned camps, stores, and filling stations
along the road which skirted the Park outside the boundaries.
Billboards, those unwelcome harbingers of highway slums,
arrived. Disreputable dance halls and noisy places of recreation
offended both the eyes and ears of those who desired the peace
and quiet of the wilderness.
In 1926, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., paid a visit to Yellowstone
and the Grand Tetons. He foresaw the ultimate ruination of
the proposed National Park if it were to be hemmed in by
undesirable "developments" of the type already becoming
prevalent. Since there seemed no feasible way of controlling
the treatment and use of private property, Mr. Rockefeller
offered to buy and donate to the U. S. Government lands
necessary to provide a proper scenic approach to the National
Park, protect the valley views from the mountains, and preserve
the wild life of the region. When the plan became known, the
purchase was opposed by what we now know to have been a
noisy minority but one which was highly vociferous. Bitter
controversies arose. The loss of taxes to the county was feared.
It is said that private enterprise would suffer. Wild tales of
intimidation were circulated.
At first, the plan was to leave in private ownership the
"dude" or guest ranches which had given the Jackson Hole
country distinction; but it was realized that, being private
property, they were subject to change of ownership and could
in the future be used to introduce the very features which the
land-purchase project was undertaken to obliterate. They were
therefore included and leased back to their former owners so
long as they were operated as guest ranches.
The controversy dragged on. There were official and unofficial
investigations. Finally, in the summer of 1933, hearings were
NATIONAL PARKS 49
held by a special Senate Committee composed of Senator Nye,
Chairman, and Senators Norbeck, Adams, Ashurst, and Carey.
The Committee convened early in August in the American
Legion Hall, in the little town of Jackson. Every seat was
taken. Many stood. Every window and doorway framed eager
faces. Excitement ran high.
The testimony showed conclusively that those who had sold
their lands had done so willingly, as well they might, for the
prices paid were more than fair and, under ordinary conditions,
could never have been secured from purchasers who expected
to use the land for its existing purposes. Even the guest ranches
had fallen on evil days, and the stock business was reported to
be suffering from a bad slump. Many of those who still owned
their lands were eager to sell. Most of those who still opposed
the program did so from some patently apparent personal
interest or prejudice. The charges of intimidation, arson, and
unfair dealing were utterly disproved by the testimony. The
hearings seemed to clear the air of the many unfounded rumors
and bring public recognition of the benevolent character of the
undertaking, which is to place in public ownership, under the
protection of the United States Government, enough valley
land to remove forever the rural slums which were already
developing along the highway close to the lakes, streams, and
mountains which are the principal charms of the Park.
Already the demolition of unsightly buildings and fences, the
erection of picturesque camps, and the continuance of the
uniquely western guest ranches have restored in large measure
the appearance of the Jackson Hole country. Those who would
ride or tramp the trails to the tops of the crests may now
approach the Park without being offended by utterly incon-
gruous surroundings.
As a result of the hearing, a bill has been introduced into
Congress to authorize the extension of the Grand Teton National
Park by some 110,000 acres, including Jackson, Emma, Matilda,
and Two-Ocean lakes, and 40,000 acres now held by Mr.
Rockefeller to be given to the U. S. Government for the per-
manent use and enjoyment of the people.
50 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Everglades National Park Authorized
ON MAY 24 the House of Representatives passed the
amended bill to authorize the acquisition, by gift to the
United States, of the Everglades National Park, and the next
day the Senate, which had passed the Fletcher Bill on several
former occasions, agreed to the amendments. On May 30 the
President signed the bill. For some time it has been apparent
that there was a majority in the House in favor of the measure,
but the opposing minority has been able to prevent the bill
from coming to a vote. Finally, the fine work of the Chairman
of the Committee on Public Lands, Mr. DeRouen, of Louisiana,
supported by the Committee which had reported the bill
favorably, of the Chairman of the newly organized Special
Committee on Conservation of Wild Life Resources, Mr.
Robertson, of Virginia, together with the members of the Com-
mittee who had attended extensive hearings on the measure,
and of the sponsor of the bill, Mr. Wilcox, of Florida, secured a
special Rule for consideration of the bill, directing that the
measure come to a vote and so prevent any possibility of a
filibuster.
Through all the years of discouragement and delay, Ernest
F. Coe, Chairman of the Executive Council of the Everglades
National Park Association, has worked unremittingly to bring
to the American people knowledge and appreciation of the
southern Everglades which he and the scientists and specialists
in landscape who have penetrated to the heart of the area believe
will form one of the most alluring units in our already fine
National Park System.
While the Act of Congress is only the first step toward
acquisition of the tropical Everglades, letters have already
begun to come in from owners who covet the honor of making
the first gift of land to the State of Florida which, as soon as the
National Park Service establishes tentative boundaries, will
begin to assemble the area to be given to the U. S. Government.
It is thought that the State can add materially to the lands it al-
ready owns by exchanges of private lands for State lands out-
side the proposed park. Probably most of the land will be
secured from gifts or exchanges.
Hemlock and Beech Stand in Fellowship in Tionesta Forest
Courtesy American Forests
52 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
local communities and of industries upon which the social and
economic welfare of those communities depend.
Any adequate conception of our forest problem must embrace
a field far wider than that of growing trees to maintain a supply
of wood. Forests have a definite influence on water for domestic,
irrigation, and industrial uses; on the navigability of rivers and
the fertility and very existence of agricultural lands. Popular
conceptions and European experiences to the effect that the
destruction of forest cover leads to erosion and that the presence
of such cover is the most effective means of erosion control,
have now been substantiated in the United States. The signifi-
cance of this substantiation is evident when we remember that :
(1) Main urban centers on the east coast from Boston to
Baltimore consume more than 2 million gallons of water daily,
and large cities are bringing their water supplies from distances
up to 450 miles at costs ranging upward to 350 million dollars
for a single project. (2) Nineteen western States now have
reservoir and irrigation systems valued at more than a billion
dollars to supply 193/^ million acres of irrigated lands. The
amount and time at which water is available are limiting factors;
silt from denuded slopes might well clog the system. (3) The
Federal Government has spent more than 2 billion dollars in
the past fifty years to improve rivers and harbors which are
still being clogged by silt from slopes denuded of forest and
vegetative growth. (4) Erosion and floods have caused the
abandonment of at least 83/^ million acres on the Piedmont and
Coastal plains from the Potomac to the Mississippi in the last
twenty years, and trends indicate a total of 12 million acres
by 1950.
These are individual examples in point. The vital importance
of forest influences within the fields just mentioned is indicated
by the fact that there are in the continental United States 308
million acres of forest lands which have a major influence on
stream-flow, erosion, or other water influence, and another 141
million acres which exert a moderate influence thereon.
Forest influences on recreation and wild life are also factors
in our American forest problem. Recreational use in the
National Forests jumped from 3 million to 14 million between
1917 and 1931. Our forest heritage provides all or a part of the
habitat for a large percentage of our remaining wild life. In the
NATIONAL FORESTS 53
publicly owned National Forests game animals are estimated
to have increased 40 per cent between 1926 and 1931, although
on much of our privately owned forest land wild life has de-
creased and is still decreasing. Must this decrease continue?
Which brings us to a group of problems which have to do with
past and future use of forest lands in private ownership. Those
lands total 400 million acres, some four-fifths of all our remain-
ing commercial forest lands, the great bulk of the most highly
productive, the most accessible, and the most easily logged
forest land in the country.
The American people have reason to be proud of the progress
of forestry as applied to most lands in Government (Federal,
State, county and municipal) ownership in the United States.
There is, too, cause for genuine congratulation in that organized
fire-protection has been established on about 225 million
privately owned forest acres; that private owners bore approxi-
mately a million dollars of the cost of that protection in
1932 (although five-sixths was borne by Federal and State
Governments); that nearly 20 million acres more are pro-
tected by the owners themselves at an annual cost of about
$300,000.
This progress is by far the most imposing contribution made
by private owners — up to the close of 1933 — toward American
timber production. It takes a prominent though rather lonely
place on the credit side of the ledger. Entries on the debit side
of that ledger are, however, far more numerous. From a group
of problems resulting from private ownership and operation of
forest lands, the American people now face such vital situations
as:
(1) Forest devastation on 83 million acres, nine-tenths of
which is caused by private operations on privately owned lands.
And an appreciable part of the remainder reached this condition
before coming into public ownership, as a direct result of private
operations.
(2) Logging operations conducted on 9,500,000 privately
owned forest acres (95 per cent of the total acreage logged
annually, in normal times), without conscious regard to future
timber crops or returns therefrom.
(3) No adequate fire-protection on 205 million acres of
privately owned forest lands. And a contribution, by the public,
54 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
of five-sixths the cost of fire-protection on 225 milHon privately
owned forest acres.
(4) A forest area burned over, each year, 98 per cent of which
(41 milUon acres) is in private ownership.
These, again, are but a few examples in point; too few,
perhaps, to drive home — as does the complete evidence — that
most of the major factors of the American forest problem center
in, or have grown out of, private ownership. Most, but not all,
of them. For the Federal Government itself has an unredeemed
responsibility and an unsolved problem in the forested public
domain of the Western States.
Although this public domain still includes nearly 175 million
acres, it is but a remnant — ^not much more than one-tenth —
of the original public domain, and naturally includes, now, the
area of lowest value from the private standpoint. Of this
amount about 23 million acres are forest land, including some-
what over 4i}/2 million acres of commercial forest. It receives
at best only inadequate fire-protection. It is given no timber
management. Unrestricted private use of the range has reduced
the forage cover over large areas to less than half its original
density and on some areas to practically nothing. The valuable
forage plants have suffered most. Under unrestricted private
use it constitutes one of the most critical erosion and flood
problems in the West.
No valid reason exists for delay in giving National Forest
status to the larger part of these lands and thus insuring the
necessary management. The remainder should be placed under
administration with the balance of the public domain.
There is, too, a new public domain, a State and county one
which is growing rapidly from tax revested forest lands. Its
status is so uncertain that its total area is uncertain. It is
known, however, that more than one-third of the forest land
in the Lake States is already virtually abandoned, and one-
half promises to be in involuntary public ownership in ten years.
These are some of the conditions that constitute our American
forest problem, a problem which now ranks as a major national
problem; a long-range one, if you will, but immediate in many
of its vital phases, nevertheless.
Its solution offers the only proved means in sight for ade-
quately utilizing our forest and abandoned agricultural lands
NATIONAL FORESTS 55
which now total 670 million acres, an empire which exceeds by
120 million acres the entire area east of the Mississippi, which
is more than half again as large as the acreage now devoted to
farm crops, which is, in fact, more than one-third the total
land-area of the United States.
Solution of the forest problem offers, too, the only or the
best means for supplying wood and other renewable resources,
the only means for the perpetuation and stabilizing of forest
industries, an important source for the employment of labor.
Witness, by way of illustration, 300,000 members of the CCC
who have been working, largely on forest lands, for more than
a year now, and more than 14,000 people who now have forest
work through Public Works appropriations.
Adequately solved, our forest problem should afford a means
to maintain a balanced rural and economic structure, to national
well-being and international competition, to stability in forest
(and allied) industries and the communities and families
dependent upon those industries.
It seems perfectly evident that the major objectives in the
solution of our American forest problem should be : (1) To bring,
if possible, all our forest land into productive use; (2) to insure,
if possible, supplies of timber and other forest products and
by-products, together with watershed protection and other
services, all of which shall be adequate to meet national require-
ments; (3) to obtain (and this is the ultimate objective) all the
benefits which productive forest land, the forest itself, and
supplies of forest products and services can render to the entire
social and economic structure and our individual, community,
and national life.
To meet these objectives a plan, and national planning, is
necessary. The plan* is prepared. It has been transmitted by
the Forester to the Secretary of Agriculture; by the Secretary
to the (72d) Congress. Some progress under that plan has
already been made. Notable examples are the work of the
Civilian Conservation Corps, the accomplishments in Federal
acquisition of forest lands, and the promise inherent in Article
X of the Lumber Code.
Each of these three marks a start toward accomplishment
*"A National Plan for American Forestry." Published as Senate Dociiment 12, 72d
Congress, 1933.
56 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
of definite objectives of the National Plan. The Civilian Con-
servation Corps has already accomplished an astounding volume
of planned, worth-while work in the National Forests. That
work, plus the even more important effect it has had in building
men and morale, is a strong indication that the organization
might well be planned as a permanent affair.
Results in acquisition, attained by the Department of Agri-
culture with the approval of the National Forest Reservation
Commission, are phenomenal, thanks to the emergency appro-
priation of 20 millions of dollars made available during July,
1933. In the last eighteen months the acreage of areas within
which purchases have been made have been increased from 15
million to 30 million; there has been approved for purchase a
total of 4,000,008 acres of land at an average cost of only $2.23
per acre. In other words, the area approved for purchase, which
stood at 4,727,680 acres at the close of 1932, stands today at
8,735,795 acres!
This land is in twenty-two Eastern States and comprises
sixty Purchase Units. It consists of tracts on the upper head-
waters of navigable streams plus others chosen primarily for
their ability to produce timber.
And if the provisions of Article X — which may be termed
the Conservation Covenant of the Lumber Code — are promptly
translated into adequate action in the woods, a worth-while
entry may in all fairness be entered on the credit side of that
ledger which now records so many debits against the owner and
operator of private forest lands. For, in endorsing and accept-
ing the provisions of Article X, owners of some 400 million
acres of forest land have agreed *'to conserve the forests and
bring about sustained production thereof" by leaving, where
practicable, some of the merchantable timber as a basis for
regrowth; by safeguarding from fire and destructive logging the
small timber and growing stock; and by restocking the land,
after logging, if regrowth is not present.
In the progress just mentioned, Franklin D. Roosevelt has
been the guiding spirit. His was the vision, the understanding,
and the sympathy that made possible the Civilian Conservation
Corps, the enlarged program of acquisition, the Conservation
Covenant of the Lumber Code.
NATIONAL FORESTS 57
Emergency Work in the National Forests
By ROBERT Y. STUART, Late Chief Forester, U. S. Forest Service
Address delivered at the Joint Meeting of the American Civic Association and
National Conference on City Planning, October 12, 1933,
a few days before Major Stuart's death
THE resources of the National Forests are of such large
present and potential value to the public, available for their
use and enjoyment, that the protection and development of
them is of national importance and interest. These public
properties, comprised in greater part of lands withdrawn from
the public domain, are largely in the West. In all there are
162,009,145 acres, of which 133,490,204 acres are in the West,
21,342,474 acres in Alaska, and 7,176,467 acres in the East.
The larger portion of the eastern National Forests has been
obtained by acquisition under the so-called Weeks and Clarke-
McNary laws which authorize such purchases to provide better
watershed protection at the headwaters of navigable streams
and to furnish forests for timber production and demonstration
in the important forest regions. The remaining eastern National
Forest areas were set aside for the purpose from public domain
lands.
Proper administration, protection, and development of
these forest properties require intensive planning. From the
time the National Forests were taken over by the Forest
Service, planning has been an important phase of its activities.
To the limit of personnel and funds available, plans have been
developed for the various National Forest resources and activi-
ties. On these plans the current and prospective work has been
based. Thus, extending over the years, plans have been prepared
for management of the timber, for the use and occupancy of
the lands, for forest ranges, for forest protection, for recreation,
and for miscellaneous forest and range improvements and
development. The plans have been far ahead of performance,
funds not having been available with which to meet the require-
ments either of the plans or for the current needs of adminis-
tration.
The opportunity, therefore, created through the emergency,
to use men and funds for the furtherance of these plans for
needed work on the National Forests, has been eagerly grasped
58 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
by the Forest Service and will mean a tremendous advantage
to the properties and to the public. The outstanding project
to assist in meeting the National Forest needs has been the
Emergency Conservation Work, which has made available
thousands of young men given this opportunity in useful public
work to maintain themselves and to help provide for their
families. Work of very miscellaneous character, covering as it
does the varied needs of forest properties, is under way. Truck-
and horse-trails are being built; lookout towers and cabins are
being constructed; telephone lines are being put up; fences are
being constructed and water developments made to improve
the forest ranges; public campgrounds are being made available
to the traveling public; forest-tree diseases and insects are
being controlled; and in many other ways the men are helping
to put these properties in better condition for administration,
protection, and use.
It is remarkable how rapidly the men have adapted them-
selves to the varied types of work. With very few exceptions
they have been inexperienced in woods or outdoor work. They
have come to the job untried and unskilled. The surprising
thing is that under these conditions they have been able to
make the showing they have. They are engaged in such extreme
types of work as felling of very large Douglas fir snags in the
far Northwest to the refined work of building up the map models
so useful in laying out plans for forest protection, development,
and improvement.
During the first work period there have been 600 camps, out
of a total of 1,468, on the National Forests, and for the next
period plans have been made for 437 camps on the National
Forests. The reduction in number is occasioned by the necessity
of moving some of the camps from high mountainous territory
during the winter as well as to assist in meeting the larger
number of applications for camps in States which heretofore
have not had their enrolment quota fully used within the State.
In addition to the National Forest camps, the Forest Service
has supervision over those camps established on State forests,
private forests, and for soil-erosion work, of which in all there
were 658 during the first period, and 651 approved for the
second period. The benefits to forestry are therefore not con-
fined to the work being done on National Forests. Under the
NATIONAL FORESTS 59
provisions of the Act, the Emergency Conservation Work can be
done on National Forest and Park lands, State forest and park
lands and on private lands in furtherance of cooperative arrange-
ments with the States, particularly in forest protection, tree-
pest control, and in measures for the control of soil-erosion
conducive to floods. Thus, in carrying out this work, the CCC
is far-flung not only in location but in the spread of its beneficial
effects on forest and soil. And in doing this there will come
benefits in other values inherent in better protected forests and
better managed lands.
The President has set aside $20,000,000 for the purchase of
forest lands in furtherance of the forest-land acquisition pro-
gram which has been under way since 1911. I have previously
referred to the fact that there are over 7 million acres of Na-
tional Forest land in the East, of which 4}^ million acres have
been purchased. The plan for the conduct of this work is to
complete purchases within the already established areas in the
East and to lay out additional suitable areas within which
purchases also may be made. The availability of land for pur-
chase in the units which have been established to date is ap-
proximately 14 million acres. Under the enlarged program there
has already been purchased since last August some 941,000 acres
at an average cost of $1.88 per acre. Additional offers are being
received currently and it is our hope and expectation that
within the period of the Emergency Act approximately 7 milHon
acres may be added to the National Forest areas in the East.
THE RECORD OF THE CCC BROUGHT TO JUNE, 1934
It is now possible to report on the first year's accomplish-
ments of the Civilian Conservation Corps. The total is impres-
sive, but it should not lessen the importance of the major
accomplishment of the Emergency Conservation Work in its
building of the young manhood of the country. Some 500,000
young men and veterans have served during the past year in
the CCC. It is believed that the ECW has awakened the con-
sciousness of the American people with regard to the need for
conservation of these resources to a degree never before attained.
The results will be beneficial and far reaching. They amply
60 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
justify the faith of President Roosevelt in his decision to create
the CCC.
The work of the Civilian Conservation Corps, so far as it
relates to the conservation of forest and water resources, is
exceedingly varied. A few of the outstanding classes of work are
given in the following tabulation, which covers the period from
April 5, 1933, to March 31, 1934. For the classes listed, the
figures show the work done by camps under the supervision of
the United States Forest Service on national, State, and private
land.
NEW CONSTRUCTION
Truck-trails 22,689 miles
Foot- and horse-trails 3,833 miles
Bridges of different kinds 13,839
Tool-houses and -boxes 3,668
Cabins, barns, and office buildings 1,416
Other structures 3,141
Telephone lines 13,030 miles
Firebreaks 17,318 miles
Reduction of fire-hazards 486,786 acres
Roadside clearing, fire-prevention 13,009 miles
Lookout houses 247
Lookout towers 334
Fire-presuppression 221,521 man-days
Fire-prevention 31,490 man-days
Fighting forest-fires 636,953 man-days
Landing-fields, airplanes 1,387 acres
Public campground clearing 8,954 acres
Planting 88,837 acres
Nursery development 126,849 man-days
Seed collection, cones 16,488 bushels
Seed collection, hardwoods 251,347 pounds
Insect-pest control, tree 1,534,330 acres
Insect-pest control, other 128,912 acres
Tree- and plant-disease control 2,701,123 acres
Eradication, poisonous and other plants . . . 50,872 acres
Rodent control 3,255,555 acres
{Topographic
Timber estimating, forest type,
range special use 6,377,774 acres
Erosion control (includes
sloping and planting) Dams 407,065
Land benefited 640,132 acres
NATIONAL FORESTS 61
Public Campgrounds in the National Forests
By L. F. KNEIPP, Assistant Forester, U. S. Forest Service
IN THE DAYS of the old West, the roadside campground was
an institution. Cottonwood Camp, or Boxelder Springs, or
Dry Cienaga, or what you would; it was a place of rest, of well-
earned ease and recuperation, an oasis in an unending passage
of toiling miles over roads as often sandy or muddy or rocky as
they were smooth. To the single team with its heavily laden
three-inch wagon, or the fours or sixes with their wagon and
trailer, or the eight-span jerk-line team with two trailers, or the
lone horseman with his pack-horse jogging behind, it marked
the midday break or evening's end of the journey.
Steep, narrow, deeply rutted roads have given way to broad
bands of gravel or macadam or concrete that sweep in wide
curves and easy gradients through canyons and over passes or
across the flats. The teams for which twelve to fifteen or twenty
miles was an entire day of toilsome effort have been replaced by
motor trucks rolling along at thirty to forty miles per hour.
The automobile tourist travels farther in an hour than the
horseman traveled in a day.
Human desire to penetrate the unknown is as strong in the
National Forests as elsewhere. The surface of a newly con-
structed road is hardly settled before it is scarred with the
wheel tracks of some venturesome and curious motorist, seeking
the untouched, unspoiled aspects of nature. Others follow; even-
tually there is a steady traflfic, attracted by the opportunityto view
new scenes, to fish in new pools, to climb new peaks. Immediately
new fire-hazards develop ; new risks threaten the health of dwellers
in cities or towns remote but dependent upon the newly penetrated
watersheds for municipal and domestic water supplies.
Even in these circumstances, rigid exclusion of human use
would be unwise, as well as difficult. From every social and
economic angle, the fullest attainable use of the public forests
is in all respects desirable. Yet it cannot be allowed to defeat
the purposes for which the forests were established nor to send
a stream of water-borne diseases to bring sickness and tragedy
to unsuspecting homes a score or two of miles down stream. The
public campground is the solution of the problem.
Naturally gregarious and imitative, even in the forest, man
62 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
likes to frequent the same places and do the same things as his
contemporaries. If it is neat and clean and scenically attractive,
the place at which others customarily camp is the place where
the average tourist also likes to camp. Atavistic tendencies to
the contrary notwithstanding, he enjoys a few softening touches
with his life in the raw. Sanitary facilities, a convenient fire-
place, a source of pure water supply, close at hand and easy to
get at, a table and benches, all offer an irresistible appeal. One
result is a voluntary concentration of visitors upon the areas
where the risks to public property and public health are most
readily controlled or eliminated, making their presence almost
innocuous and unobjectionable. Another is the enjoyment by
the visitor and his wife and children and mother-in-law of a
greater measure of pleasure, contentment and satisfaction than
would be obtainable in some isolated spot devoid of all comforts
and conveniences. Both results are important, but the first in
and of itseK justifies the cost of developing and maintaining
the public campgrounds. It is far less expensive to build a toilet
and a fireplace and a table and bench and a garbage pit and pipe
water from a spring than to suppress a thousand-acre forest
fire or cure a half dozen cases of typhoid.
There are about 4,200 recognized public campgrounds on
National Forest land. Up until a year ago, slightly less than
half of them had been at least partially developed and equipped
with essential facilities. As the system grew, more and more of
the limited appropriation for sanitation and fire-prevention was
consumed by maintenance requirements, and expansion was
slow. Then came the CCC, followed by the Public Works pro-
gram, still later the Civil Works program. Campground im-
provement afforded a ready opportunity for constructive
employment, its public value was great, its necessity evident.
Final figures are not available, but in all probability the number
of at least partially improved campgrounds within the National
Forests now approaches 3,000.
In 1932 the estimated number of campers in our Forests
was 2,178,200; of picnickers 4,011,600. These are the people
who use the public campgrounds. A method of public-land
development and management whereby 6,190,000 people can
inexpensively and in simple and democratic ways derive from
public properties renewed hope and health has much to justify it.
FEDERAL CITY
The Service of the National Capital Park
and Planning Commission
By FREDERIC A. DELANO, Chairman, National Capital Park
and Planning Commission
CONTINUOUS planning is essential to the economic,
orderly, and efficient development of Washington, both as
the seat of the Federal Government and as a municipality. In
1926 Congress created the National Capital Park and Planning
Commission, charged with the duty of preparing, developing,
and maintaining a comprehensive, consistent, and coordinated
plan for the Nation's Capital. The Commission serves in the
capacity of an advisory staff to the municipal government of
the District of Columbia, the great executive departments of
the Federal Government, and the near-by counties of Maryland
and Virginia, which, for planning purposes, are intimately
related to the Federal City.
Washington is famous as a planned city. L'Enfant's plan of
1791 provided for a population of 100,000, and constitutes
today the solid internal framework of a metropolitan area
reaching beyond the bounds of the original ten-mile square,
now comprising a population of nearly 700,000. Following some
forty years of rapid and largely uncontrolled growth, the Mc-
Millan Commission of 1901 revived, so far as was practicable,
L'Enfant's original conceptions and proposed a park plan and
a grouping of public buildings about the axes of the Mall.
Unfortunately, no continuing agency was created to carry out
these plans, and the lack of continuous planning or execution
became increasingly evident. The result was that the planning
problem of today has required correcting the mistakes of the
past, and at the same time planning for future growth.
The National Capital Park and Planning Commission was
set up as an independent agency with primarily advisory powers
and duties, supplemented by certain defined administrative
functions. The chief administrative powers are, first, the pur-
chase of park and playground lands from funds if and when
authorized and appropriated by Congress; and second, the
6S
64 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
authorization to make changes in the highway plan of the city.
The Commission is also organized to perform the customary
functions of a planning commission, such as the preparation of
plans and the coordination of projects in an economic manner.
The Commission members serve without pay, and acting
independently as they do, are outside the pressure under which
legislative and administrative officials too frequently work.
In the National Capital the coordinating function of a plan-
ning commission in relation to planning activities is of obvious
yet unusual importance. First, the National Capital Park and
Planning Commission is set up to render advice to the Com-
missioners of the District of Columbia in planning matters,
maintaining primarily the long-range viewpoint in making
recommendations, just as the General Staff of the Army does
in relation to current problems of the Army. Second, the
Commission makes reports and recommendations to Congress
and to the executive authorities of the Federal Government,
particularly the Cabinet officers, on Federal developments in
the National Capital. It follows, therefore, that the Commission
becomes the liaison agency in planning and executing Federal
improvements in relation to municipal requirements. Third, the
Commission has a duty to perform in maintaining harmonious
relations with the adjoining Maryland and Virginia counties,
which since the World War have grown up as suburbs of the
National Capital, and where many employees of the Federal
Government have their homes while maintaining their daily
contacts with Washington. Thus, the Commission, as the
regional planning agency, coordinates plans over several juris-
dictions, while at the same time maintaining the planning
standards for the National Capital established more than one
hundred and forty years ago by President Washington.
During the last eight years the Planning Commission of the
National Capital has outlined many of the basic plans for future
growth. These plans are now in the process of being carefully
checked and restudied in line with modern conditions and
changing trends. Already important parts of the basic plan
have been carried into effect. Contrary to the general belief,
the Planning Commission has less actual control over planning
practice than is recommended in the Standard City Planning
Enabling Act drawn up by the Department of Commerce over
FEDERAL CITY 65
five years ago, and its chief reliance depends upon the character
of the Commission itself and upon the soundness of its general
recommendations.
The nation-wide contraction of business in recent years has
aroused a universal demand for a genuine and planned economy
in municipal expenditures, and it is, therefore, natural to forget
that city development depends on foresight and a continuous
process from day to day. The beneficial results of planning con-
sistently with the growth of the city are evident in the Washing-
ton of today. The real economy in planning lies not only in the
making of carefully considered plans, but also in the continuous
process of reviewing and adjusting those plans to the growing and
ever-changing demands. A statesman once said "Eternal vigilance
is the price of liberty,*' and it is equally true that the present
and future needs of our Federal City require eternal vigilance.
The Federal Park Service Takes on the
National Capital Parks
By C. MARSHALL FINNAN, Superintendent, National Capital Parks,
National Park Service
ALTHOUGH National Capital Parks, the oldest Federal
jlV park system in the United States, have been continuously
under the control of the Federal Government for the more than
140 years of their existence, they now enjoy the rather unique
distinction of being among the youngest of the National Parks.
The park system was established under authorization of the
Act of July 16, 1790, in accordance with the scheme of Pierre
Charles L'Enfant, planner of the Federal City, but it was not
until June 10, 1933, that the Executive Order of President
Franklin D. Roosevelt transferred jurisdiction over the public
parks of the National Capital to the Department of the Interior
and placed the National Capital Parks within the National Parks
organization . The transfer actually took place two months later.
In the early history of the National Capital, the parks were
administered by a superintendent who reported directly to the
United States Commissioners appointed by President Wash-
ington to execute the establishment of the Federal City. Re-
sponsibility for the parks was next transferred to the Secretary
66 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
of War. Later, for eighteen years (1849-67), the parks were
under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior, and it is
interesting to note that now, after a lapse of sixty-six years,
during which the parks were administered by officers of the
Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, they have been transferred
back to the Department of the Interior to become permanently
identified as a unit of the National Parks organization.
The National Capital Parks provide the setting for most of
the public buildings in Washington, enhance the beauty of the
National Capital, and, in addition to providing for the recre-
ational requirements of residents and visitors in Washington,
they are an essential ornament to the Federal City. Beginning
with the Mall, a formal parkway extending westward from the
Capitol to the Potomac River, and the President's Park, extend-
ing southward from the Executive Mansion to the river, as
provided by L*Enfant, the park system has grown with the
city until today it embraces 676 reservations, totaling approx-
imately 6,500 acres of land located in various parts of the District
of Columbia and its environs.
In creating the National Capital, President Washington
acquired for the United States 17 reservations by purchase.
These were in addition to the street areas which were donated
by the original owners of the land. Among the 17 purchased
reservations were the Mall, the President's Park, and areas
which, as the city grew in size and importance, were converted
into parks. The foresight of the first President in acquiring these
reservations is attested to by the fact that they have provided
sites for some of the principal small parks of the National
Capital and contribute much to its attractiveness and beauty.
These include Lafayette Park, part of West Potomac Park, the
Monument Grounds, Judiciary Park, and Garfield Park.
The original areas presented to the United States for high-
way purposes were exceedingly wide, permitting the establish-
ment of parks, circles, and triangles at intersections. From
such areas were developed Lincoln Park, Stanton Park, Farragut
Park, McPherson Park, Marion Park, Mt. Vernon Park,
Washington, Dupont, Scott, Thomas, and Logan Circles, and
many smaller reservations. Many of these small parks, circles,
and triangles have provided sites for statues, monuments, and
memorials to the memory of national heroes, erected by Con-
FEDERAL CITY 67
gress or by the grateful citizens of the several States. These
have created a distinctly national character though they are
comparatively small park reservations.
Additional parks and park areas have been acquired from
time to time as the population of the District of Columbia
increased. Principal among the later acquisitions have been
East and West Potomac Parks, reclaimed from the Potomac
Flats by the United States Engineers during the dredging of
the Washington and Georgetown Channels; Rock Creek Park
and the Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway, by purchase;
Anacostia Park, again by reclamation; Theodore Roosevelt
Island, formerly Analostan Island, purchased by the Theodore
Roosevelt Memorial Association and presented to the United
States; and the Mt. Vernon Memorial Highway. This parkway,
joined with West Potomac Park by the new Arlington Memorial
Bridge and extending to the estate of the First President at
Mt. Vernon, Va., some 15 miles to the south, was the contribu-
tion of the United States to the celebration of the bicentennial
anniversary of the birth of George Washington. It is interesting
to note that the language of Congress in establishing Rock Creek
Park is the same as that used by Congress in the dedication of
Yellowstone National Park.
The administration of National Capital Parks as a unit of
the National Parks organization insures the future greatness of
this important park system. The National Parks organization
will bring to the National Capital Parks the benefits of its great
store of resourcefulness, its many facilities and services, and
the invaluable experience of executives and technicians equipped
with the full knowledge of park requirements that can be gained
only through training and long experience in the arts and
practice of park development and park administration.
The National Capital Park and Planning Commission has
prepared plans for a comprehensive park system for the National
Capital and its Environs, designed to meet the future require-
ments of a greater Federal City. Already progress has been
made in acquiring areas in accordance with these plans. The
development of additional areas and the eventual accomplish-
ment of the ultimate plan will give the National Capital a park
system that will be worthy of imitation by park authorities of
other States and municipalities.
68 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Park, Parkway, and Playground Acquisition
in the Washington Region
By JOHN NOLEN, Jr., Director of Planning, National Capital Park
and Planning Commission
TEN years after the establishment of a National Capital
Park Commission, and eight years since its successor, the
National Capital Park and Planning Commission was con-
stituted, it is opportune to review the progress made in the
acquisition of a comprehensive park, parkway, and playground
system for the National Capital and its environs. Although this
program was begun in 1924, the most substantial progress has
been made since the enactment of the Capper-Cramton Act in
1930, the authorizing and enabling legislation for consummat-
ing the broad plan for the entire Washington region. Already,
with appropriations of but 20 per cent of the funds authorized
under this Act, together with previous appropriations of equal
amount, the general framework of a park and recreation system
has been established.
In appraising ten years of accomplishment, especially the
four years under the Capper-Cramton Act, it is important to
remember two general purposes of this later legislation in
reference to the basic 1924 Park Commission Act. In the first
place, the 1930 Act defined the cost-limits of the comprehensive
system authorized, and set up a long-time financial plan for
its speedy accomplishment, in lieu of the less definite and less
adequate financial program of 1924, limited to one cent annually
for each inhabitant of the United States. This provision was
to enable the Commission to "plan its plan" in the most econom-
ical and satisfactory way, and in good faith with Congress. In
the second place, the Act authorized the George Washington
Memorial Parkway, not specifically comprehended in 1924, and
in so doing not only provided for a fitting memorial to the first
President, but also for the preservation of the Great Falls and
gorge of the Potomac River for the enjoyment of the people of
the United States.
Since 1924, nearly $10,000,000 has been appropriated and
expended in the acquisition of the comprehensive regional
system, $5,000,000 of which represents appropriations under
FEDERAL CITY 69
the Cramton Act. About $1,000,000 of the latter sum has been
spent or obUgated for acquisitions in Maryland and Virginia,
$800,000 alone having been advanced and contributed for the
extension of the National Capital Parks in Maryland, along
the valleys of Rock Creek, Sligo Creek, and Cabin John Creek
where nearly 7 miles of stream-valley parks, comprising 580
acres, are already being rapidly developed for the recreation
and enjoyment of citizens and visitors of the National Capital
and suburban Maryland. About $200,000 has been spent or
allocated for acquisitions and necessary surveys along the
George Washington Memorial Parkway in Maryland and
Virginia.
More than $8,000,000, $3,500,000 of which was Cramton
funds, has been expended in the District of Columbia where
needs have been most urgent and where opportunities have
been rapidly diminishing for acquisition of vacant and unsub-
divided land for parks and playgrounds at reasonable cost.
Since the inception of the program in 1924, there have been
1,710 acres acquired, including 72 per cent of the lands for the
city-encircling historic Fort Drive, and 57 per cent of the area
for 6Q recreation center and playground projects, of which
several of the most important and costly are practically com-
plete as to acquisition and in the process of development. Taking
the program for the District as a whole, with 40 per cent of the
total authorized funds expended, almost two-thirds of the area
needed has been acquired.
More progress has been made on the George Washington
Memorial Parkway than expenditures under the Cramton Act
would indicate. The Mt. Vernon Memorial Highway, separately
financed by Congress and now completed, constitutes one-
fourth of the entire project, and the most costly section of the
30 miles between Mt. Vernon and Great Falls. Approximately
another fourth has been added, mostly within the District of
Columbia, by acquisition, transfer, gift, or allocation. South
of Georgetown all but a small per cent of the lands needed are
in public ownership. Theodore Roosevelt Island, at a cost to
the Roosevelt Memorial Association of over one-third of a
million dollars, has been deeded to the United States. Forts
Foote and Hunt, comprising 264 acres, have been transferred
from the War Department. One hundred twenty acres of
70 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
valuable bottom lands at Little Falls and a key property at
Great Falls, 40 acres in extent, have been purchased. Negotia-
tions at the instance of property owners are under way for the
dedication of parkway lands between the District Line and
Fort Foote if assurances can be had for early construction of
the parkway. Owners in the upper Potomac section to Great
Falls are similarly interested.
It may be said that the first decade of park planning also
closes the first stage of the land-acquisition program. All funds
appropriated by Congress have been expended except about
$500,000, temporarily impounded in the Treasury as an economy
measure. The balance of the last appropriation, made in 1931,
was necessarily used by the Park and Planning Commission
with the greatest of care to buy only the most essential and
economical properties, when no new funds were made available
in 1932 as a matter of national economy. Even so, the Com-
mission finds itself today with fifty projects in the District of
Columbia in various stages of completion, in which over $5,500,
000 has been invested for land-acquisition. It would require
$2,000,000 to complete two-thirds of these; $3,500,000 would
complete all of them, and they would then be available for
development and use as fast and completely as may seem
desirable. As they are today, with the purchase of many play-
grounds, only two-thirds completed, these tracts cannot even
be graded and improved with available relief labor in their
present status.
All signs point to renewed real-estate activity in and about
Washington within a short time. Emerging from the depression,
we find people of all classes recreation-minded. During the last
decade, the park and recreation area purchase plan for the Na-
tional Capital has had to be devised to compensate for the
almost total lack of funds for an advance acquisition program
during the previous quarter of the present century. Every
dollar to be expended in the future will contribute to the com-
pletion or realization of some project long in view — of great
need and practical value as well as of permanent use and ex-
ample to a Nation which is striving for new and better standards
of life.
FEDERAL CITY 71
The Approach of the Mall Plan to
Final Realization
By F. L. OLMSTED, Landscape Architect, Brookline, Mass.
IMPORTANT steps toward the visible realization at last of
the essential features of L'Enfant's great plan of 1791 for
the Mall have been taken during the past year, through allot-
ment of funds by the Public Works Administration for the
preparation and execution of definitive plans covering work on
the Mall from the Washington Monument Grounds to Third
Street and for work on Union Square (the old Botanic Garden),
which is the connecting link between the Mall proper at Third
Street and the Capitol Grounds.
Since the Commission of 1901 prepared its interpretation
and adaptation of L'Enfant's plan to meet the condition im-
posed by the early nineteenth century location of the Wash-
ington Monument on a different location from that designed by
him, many successive steps which have been taken affecting the
Mall have been held in line with that general * 'Master Plan,'*
and only one item seriously contrary to the plan has occurred,
namely the construction, during the World War, of "temporary"
office buildings in complete disregard of it, buildings which still
remain and cannot, even yet, be dispensed with.
But with few exceptions the steps thus far taken in accord
with the Mall plan, while of very great ultimate importance,
both negatively as marking the avoidance of one acute danger
after another, of the interposition of new obstacles to the realiza-
tion of the plan, and positively as contributing details which
will fit into the general picture when the latter takes form as a
whole, have not visibly contributed toward the dominant and
outstanding feature of L'Enfant's plan, its great central vista.
The first and most fundamentally important of those steps
did so contribute — the removal of the old Pennsylvania Rail-
road Station from the Mall and cancellation of the plans, on
the very point of execution, for a new and larger station and
permanent railroad trackage right athwart the Mall. The usurpa-
tion of a similar site by a war-time office building is a vastly less
serious obstacle than the one thus successfully removed.
The other steps have been mainly the successive and success-
72 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
ful maintenance of the Mall building-lines in the placing of the
Department of Agriculture, the National Museum and its ap-
proved additions, and the Freer Gallery and the establishment
of the building-line and grades for the next probable great addi-
tion to the Museum group on a site directly opposite the
Department of Agriculture, on a plan permitting the ultimate
elimination of grade crossings of the Mall by the great traffic
arteries of 14th and 12th streets, and the avoidance of an exces-
sive difference in level of the two sides of the Mall between those
streets. In connection with this adjustment of grades and the
completion of the main building of the Department of Agricul-
ture, one direct step was taken toward the opening of the central
vista, at a heart-rending temporary esthetic price in the cutting
and moving of beautiful trees planted in the nineteenth century
in utter disregard of the general plan.
This year's advance provides for the opening through of the
Mall roads on the permanent lines and grades (except for short
temporary adjustments near 12th and 14th streets and the
temporary office building) from the Washington Monument
Grounds to Third Street, for tree planting and for sufficient
cutting of trees along the axis of the central vista to make this
central feature of L'Enfant's great plan begin to be visible for
the first time from the Capitol to the Monument. No wholesale
regrading of the surface, such as was involved opposite the
Department of Agriculture, is now or ever will be required east
of 12th Street.
The plans for Union Square retain the outlines of the old
Botanic Garden unchanged except for the necessary widening
of Third Street. They avoid the extension through it of Second
Street, which was contemplated in the plans of 1901, and also
the curtailment of the Capitol Grounds by a straightening of
First Street indicated in those plans. The plans for Union Square
contemplate a central open space, of the same width as the Mall
vista on the west opposite the Meade Monument, with a
terminal enlargement in front of the very long platform of the
Grant Monument transverse, this central open space being
surrounded by the fine existing trees along the borders of the
area, supplemented by others to be moved out from the central
space where they now blockade the vista to and from the
Capitol and leave the Grant Monument "lost in the woods."
FEDERAL CITY 73
The central open space is to be slightly depressed below the
level of the streets and of the monuments, as at present, formal
in outline but very simply treated and mainly in turf, with pro-
vision for a reflecting pool which may be added later. In several
respects the present general plan for this junction of the Mall
with the Capitol Grounds returns more nearly to L'Enfant's
indication of his ideas than did the studies of 1901.
Housing in Washington
By JOHN IHLDER, Chairman, Housing Sub-Committee, Committee of 100
on the Federal City, American Civic Association
THE purpose of a housing program for Washington, when
stated in general terms, is like that of a housing program
for any other community, to assure an adequate supply of good
dwellings, classified as to type, size, and cost according to the
needs of the population and, so far as practicable, according to
its desires.
When one attempts to apply this general statement, however,
differences at once appear. Washington is a governmental city.
One employer. Uncle Sam, is so predominant that he determines
the character of the community, not only by the monumental
form of his workshops, which differ almost as much from the
office buildings of private business as they do from its factories,
but also in the character of his personnel. Government pay-
rolls, while not lavish, are comparatively steady. The effects of
this have been noticeable during the depression; rents and real-
estate prices have declined less than in most other cities.
Occasionally, however, the personnel itself suffers sweeping
changes, when power shifts from one party to another. This
affects tenants.
Aside from these sweeping changes there are others of
significance. Change of administration within a party sub-
stitutes new faces for old, both in Congress and in the executive
departments. Representatives of the services, such as the Army
and Navy, work in Washington for a few years and then move
on. Single women, many of them holders of Government clerk-
ships, constitute a large proportion of the population.
Outside the ranks of Government employees, Washington's
population has its pecuHarities. Second in significance to
74 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Government employees are those of national agencies that have
headquarters in Washington, business and trade associations,
labor organizations, religious organizations, lobbyists of special
interests, scientific associations, women's organizations from
the D. A. R. and the General Federation of Women's Clubs to
the National Woman's Party, civic agencies, such as the
American Civic Association itself. Their number is great and
growing. So, too, are the numbers of those who, having once
lived in Washington for some definite reason, later retire to it
as their penultimate abiding-place — retired Army and Navy
officers, retired congressmen, retired cabinet officers and
diplomats, retired businessmen, and especially the families of
these businessmen — ^for Washington has an appeal.
The needs and the desires of such a population necessarily
differ, in emphasis at least, from those in a more nearly normal
community. As one stands at the Georgetown end of Dum-
barton Bridge and looks across Rock Creek at the sunset-lighted
western fagades of Washington, he has an impression that he
is looking at a stage where the actors constantly change. This
constant change affects housing. Moreover, this constant
change, plus the fact that Washingtonians have no authorita-
tive voice in their own government — its ordinances are enacted
by Congress; its administration is by presidential appointees —
affects the means of dealing with its housing.
Yet even in this changeful and dependent city an informed
public opinion has influence, especially when it can find expres-
sion through a national organization whose non- Washington
members are constituents of its nationally elected City Council.
So the principal function of the Housing Sub-Committee of the
Federal City Committee is to know and to interpret, i.e., to create
an informed public opinion.
This acquisition of knowledge and its interpretation are not
easy. There is so much to learn, and the significance of a great
part is not at once apparent. The alley slums of Washington,
the little hidden communities found in every part of the old
city, each presents a separate problem. The Alley Dwellings
Law, enacted by Congress this spring after four years of hearings
and promptings, itself the latest expression of thirty years of
constant agitation, will, we hope, provide a means for solving
those problems. The decadent areas — ^for Washington, too, has
Mount Vernon Memorial Highway-
Courtesy American Forests
FEDERAL CITY 75
decadent areas where the population is decreasing and values
crumbling — are quite as difficult to deal with as are those of
other cities. For here the all-powerful national administration,
on the plea of economy, has erected its new monumental build-
ings so crowded together that the resultant transit problem
alone will affect the development of large neighboring areas.
The proportion of one-family houses, of multi-family houses,
is a matter for careful study in terms of the character of the
population. The possibility of erecting apartments for Govern-
ment employees in decadent areas, near new Government build-
ings, seems wise. But is it practicable?
A report on rents in the District of Columbia, presented by
the Public Utilities Commission to Congress just before the
close of the 1934 session, contains many recommendations,
among them Government housing for low-salaried workers;
regulation of rental property in the interest of both owner and
tenant, ultimately through the creation of a new public office
supported by fees, immediately through use by the District
Commissioners of their power to require and revoke licenses for
any business; the enactment of a comprehensive housing law
for the District of Columbia which not only will define standards
and provide penalties for violation, but will deal with over-
expansion and over-financing, usury, and fraud.
These recommendations, having been formally presented to
the Senate by a responsible agency of the District government,
call for the development of an informed public opinion. Some
of the recommendations are novel. If they result in legislation
they may become precedents for action in the States. So they
are of concern to the Housing Sub-Committee because of its
interest in the Federal City and because it is part of a national
organization.
TTT^ITH all the land there is in the Federal City
^ ^ there is no excuse for overloading it with
buildings. Replanning offers a remedy for existing
overcrowding and consequent housing evils.
76 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
The Emergence of a Federal Building
Group at Washington
By LOUIS A. SIMON, Supervising Architect, Procurement Division,
Treasury Department, Washington, D. C.
THE conception of a Capital City for the United States of
America, with all its physical elements properly integrated,
if logically carried out, leads to a far-flung program. To start
with, a city in which the operations of Government overshadow
its every other activity deals necessarily with large elements in
its physical composition. And when, as in the case of Washing-
ton, there is a pre-arranged city plan, the successive stages of
execution take on a scale that reaches into the upper ranges of
even ambitious plans.
It was a fortunate circumstance that the existence of the
L'Enfant plan of Washington was sustained by the restatement
of that plan in the Park Commission's report of 1902; and that,
before the comparatively recent Federal Building Program came
into being, there had been established by that report a conscious-
ness of the real issues to be recognized by the men of succeeding
decades who would have in their hands the building of successive
units of the city. Had not all the study and the travail of the
Park Commission and its succeeding supporters been accom-
plished, the public buildings legislation of 1926 and 1928 might
have been in a very different form or its provisions might have
been interpreted in a different way, with a very different out-
come from that which we now see transpiring. Even as it was,
when the necessity for additional buildings to accommodate
Government personnel became pressing, and when plans were
being formulated to provide new buildings, the idea was first
advanced that a building for the Bureau of Internal Revenue
and another to be used as a depository for the national archives,
might well be placed in some location that would permit of
structures of purely commercial character. To carry out that
idea, a site for the buildings was discussed in the then unde-
veloped territory south of Pennsylvania Avenue, between 15th
and 6th streets, where the presence of small industries and pro-
duce commission houses made the idea of anything like a
monumental building seem preposterous. It is interesting to
FEDERAL CITY 77
note that there was at that time, in many quarters, no recogni-
tion of what part that area should play because of its relation
to the city plan. But due to the groundwork previously laid
and to the vigilance of those who could see the large issues
involved, it was found possible to have the idea of additional
Government buildings coupled with its corollary, i. e., the place-
ment of such buildings in accordance with the recognized and
accepted plan of the city. Thus from the first idea of placing
two Government buildings in the seclusion of the city's byways,
there was evolved the fundamentally different conception of a
great group of nine units to make up what was later to become
known as the Triangle Group, an unfortunate designation that
not only is strikingly inadequate for so formal a composition
but has also the added objection that in a city like Washington,
with a system of streets and avenues that form other important
triangles, the term carries with it no specific descriptive quality
to indicate the group of buildings occupying that particular
triangle bounding the north side of the Mall between 15th and
6th streets.
In that Act of 1926 which related to Federal buildings, Con-
gress placed under the Secretary of the Treasury those to be
located in the so-called Triangle Area and made the Office of
the Supervising Architect the agency through which the project
was to be carried out. Employing the discretionary powers
provided in the Act, the Secretary created a Board of Archi-
tectural Consultants to formulate the scheme, and later the
various members of that Board were commissioned to design
the several buildings.
As an architectural problem, the particular area selected for
the location of this group of buildings carried with it some very
definite factors. Seventy -four acres of land situated in the
midst of a city having a predetermined city plan in which the
centers of interest for the legislative and the executive head-
quarters respectively were already established; a street system
that gives this ground a generally triangular shape with a
historic thoroughfare on one of its long sides and the wide
expanse of the open Mall extending the length of the other side;
a required effective floor-space of unusually great extent and
the need for such a proportion of open space within the group
as would insure against a too great concentration of occupied
78 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
ground on the one hand, and a reasonably economical use of
valuable land on the other. Again, there was the necessity of
recognizing the cross axis of the Mall, occurring opposite the
line of the group toward its easterly end, while toward the west
there occurs the need of some fitting termination of the mile-
length of Pennsylvania Avenue that extends to the base of
Capitol Hill. And, finally, there was that vitally important
question as to what form of architectural expression should be
given to this group of buildings, weighing the present trend
toward the marked freedom from the observance of precedent
against the more conservative school of thought. Not with-
standing all that might be said in support of the idea that the
national life of our time can be expressed only by casting off
what are called the fetters of architectural precedent and reach-
ing out to those newer and freer forms as a means to attain
virility, truth of expression, and functional values regarded by
some as otherwise unobtainable, nevertheless the Board of
Architectural Consultants based its decision on what in its
opinion furnished a cogent reason of unquestionable force when
it looked to some of the best of the earlier Government buildings
in Washington as having so firmly established an architectural
tradition for the Capital City that any violent departure from
the dominant note of its architecture would be unjustifiable at
this time. Accordingly, the buildings of this group are designed
generally in varying degrees of adaptation of the Eighteenth
Century Classic.
Looking back over one year's progress in the group of build-
ings, there stood at the beginning of this period the completed
Commerce Building, stretching its 1,030 feet along the base of
the Triangle, with the Internal Revenue Building rising com-
plete about half-way down the line. Between these two buildings
the structures for the Department of Labor and the Interstate
Commerce Commission with their connecting wing and the
new Post Office Department Building were rearing their steel-
work and lower walls, while to the eastward the lines of the
Department of Justice and the building for the National
Archives were taking shape. And now, as the first half of 1934
approaches its close, the several units emerge from the confusion
of their earlier building operations and begin to take their place
in the group to foreshadow what the final effect will be, in spite
FEDERAL CITY 79
of the absence of the easterly terminal building for which no
appropriation has as yet been forthcoming.
Within a few months all the buildings now under construc-
tion will be completed and, as a crowning feature of the com-
position, the plans for the Great Plaza have been worked out
for that open area, approximately the size of Lafayette Square,
that is to extend from the east front of the Department of
Commerce Building and to terminate in the apsidal treatment
of the Post Office Department Building. The actual execution
of this feature awaits the allocation of the necessary funds.
In the last analysis, the conception and the execution of a
group of buildings like that of the Triangle finds its justification
in the fundamental, motivating principle embedded in archi-
tectural expression, namely, the purpose to create environment
for the enrichment of life. That the effort to express in its
buildings the dignity and sovereign power of the United States
Government will have its effect on those who carry on the work
of the Government, as well as on that great company of citizens
that ever flows through the National Capital, none can doubt.
TJ/TASHINGTON exists because it is the Federal City.
^^ Every American citizen carries a responsibility for
the Nation's Capital. Under the Constitution the Congress
of the United States is charged with the duty of passing
all legislation for the District of Columbia.
80 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
U. S. Supreme Court Building
By DAVID LYNN, Architect of the Capitol, Washington, D. C.
THE United States Supreme Court Building, to be com-
pleted December 14, 1934, is of the Corinthian order of
architecture. The general dimensions of the building are 385
feet east and west, 304 feet north and south, and the principal
front of the building will be to the w^est facing the Capitol. Its
dimensions are such as to impart the qualities of dignity and
proportion becoming to the purpose for which erected — the
permanent home of the Supreme Court of the United States.
It will be strictly fireproof and of the best types of modern
construction and equipment. Vermont, Georgia, and Alabama
marbles are being used in the building.
The courtroom, which is of first importance, is 64 feet square
and approximately 45 feet in height. It is located in the central
section of the building and is approached by a main corridor
whose lofty ceiling rises to a considerable height above those
rooms assigned for offices and lesser functions of the structure;
it is lighted by windows on both sides opening between the
colonnades to the courtyards as well as by artificial lights. Its
floor area will be about 60 per cent larger than the present
courtroom of the Supreme Court in the Capitol Building,
formerly the old Senate Chamber.
The basement will be used for storage and mechanical equip-
ment. The ground floor will provide file-rooms, storage-rooms,
and minor office space; the main floor, the courtroom, conference
rooms, robing-room, chambers of the Chief Justice and Asso-
ciate Justices, with rooms for use of the Attorney General and
the Solicitor General, also the Clerk and Marshal of the Court.
The second floor contains a library for the Court, with an
adjoining reading-room and stack space for approximately
55,000 volumes; a special room for 16,000 volumes of records
and briefs, with rooms for 22,000 future volumes, the Librarian,
Supreme Court reporters and members of the bar. The third
floor provides libraries for 80,000 volumes, with a large reading-
room, consultation and retiring rooms for members of the bar.
Construction of the building is under the supervision of
David Lynn, Architect of the Capitol. The architects were
Cass Gilbert, Cass Gilbert, Jr., and John R. Rockart.
HOUSING
A National Housing Program
By JOHN IHLDER, Boston Housing Association,
Washington Committee on Housing
AN ESSENTIAL of a housing program is that it shall have
L balance. Apparently it is necessary to emphasize this fact
in spite of all that the Nation has suffered since 1929 because
we got out of balance, and in spite of our long and dolorous
succession of housing surpluses and housing shortages. Today
a very vocal part of our population is talking as if the new
Federal housing activities comprised a complete housing pro-
gram. These activities are, in the opinion of some of us, essential
to economic recovery, but in themselves they are not a balanced
housing program.
Even if these activities are expanded,* they will not consti-
tute a balanced program, for they omit, perhaps necessarily,
the regulatory functions now exercised by States and cities. At
present the Federal Government is acting through :
The Emergency Housing Corporation and the Housing Division of
the Public Works Administration.
The Subsistence Homesteads Division of the Interior Department.
The Federal Relief Administration which has inaugurated a vigorous
campaign for the demolition of unfit dwellings — a very important part
of a housing program.
The Reconstruction Finance Corporation, that may make loans to
cities for slum clearance.
The Home Owners Loan Corporation and the Home Loan Bank
Board, which may aid home owners and home-financing agencies.
The Real Property Inventory of the Department of Commerce.
In the States there is evident the same tendency to use an
inclusive title for a partial purpose. Laws creating State hous-
ing boards whose duty is to supervise limited dividend com-
panies are sometimes called ''Housing Laws" though, as in the
case of New York, there is in existence earlier regulatory housing
legislation. And now there are being enacted later State laws
creating public housing authorities which may or may not be
♦See bill in Congress, entitled the National Housing Act, expanding the
Federal Government's powers in home financing.
81
82 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
completely subject to the State boards created by State "Hous-
ing Laws."
The immediate objective of the Federal Government in its
various housing activities is not to provide new houses for all
the people but to promote economic recovery. House-build-
ing and house-renovizing are not the end in view, but are the
means to an end. They are the most promising means because
of the
Volume of work they offer.
Wide variety of industries they will stimulate,
Proportionately great amount of employment they offer — house-
building is the least mechanized of the major trades.
Large proportion of unemployed in this trade.
Fact that the end product, a dwelling, does not compete with other
consumers' goods of which we have an actual or a potential
surplus.
The purpose of a housing program is to assure an adequate
supply of good dwellings classified as to type (one-family, two-
family, multi-family), as to size, and as to cost, in accordance
with the needs, and, so far as practicable, in accordance with
the desires of the population. Desires must be taken into
account, for housing that is really good will make some appeal
to the emotions; it implies more than sanitary habitations.
Obviously it is impossible to detail here a national housing
program. All that can be done in brief space is to indicate factors
that must be included.
First, no matter how much the Federal Government may do,
— and today what it does may prove our economic salvation, —
the States and municipalities also must do essential work. Even
in the field of construction, responsibility should sooner or later
be local. Moreover, in order that construction may be effective
in promoting our immediate economic purpose or in promoting
our long-time social purpose, it is necessary to have regulatory
legislation setting standards for the construction and main-
tenance of all dwellings.
Second, no matter how much the Federal Government, aided
and supplemented by State and local governments, may do to
promote house-building and renovizing, private enterprise will
continue to carry the heavy end of the load.
Consequently, a Federal housing program should have
^^p li# J[
^^^^H^^^^^^^^ _^_^^H
l|
II
!^ OS
C oi 3
III
lag
HOUSING 83
definitely in view the stimulation of State and local action and
the stimulation of private enterprise. Those who are responsible
for present Federal activities clearly realize this, as becomes
evident on careful study of the measures they are sponsoring.
A national housing program then is made up of Federal
activities, supplemented by State and municipal activities, and
all these Government activities, regulatory as well as con-
structive, should be designed to supplement or helpfully to
affect private enterprise.
Underlying this program is recognition of controlling condi-
tions, such as the diminishing rate of population growth and the
migrations of population from old, undesirable neighborhoods.
Decrease of population in our slums and decadent areas seems
to necessitate Government action, for private enterprise has
withdrawn, and these areas have become such serious economic
burdens that they threaten to bankrupt their municipalities.
No city can long stand the strain of paying $1,747,412 a year,
as Cleveland did in 1932, for the privilege of retaining a single
slum. These liability areas force into a housing program two
distinct but related items:
(a) The conversion of liability areas into assets.
(6) The proper rehousing of their population.
With these goes a third item, — necessary if slum-reconstruc-
tion is not to result in the creation of new slums, — the vigorous
enforcement of housing and sanitary laws that set definite
standards below which no dwelling shall be permitted to fall.
These housing and sanitary laws have in view three con-
tinuing activities:
1. Removal of all unfit dwellings.
2. Maintenance, repair, modernizing of dwellings worth pres-
ervation.
3. Erection of new dwellings of a higher standard than is tolerated
in existing dwellings. So as new dwellings succeed old, the
standard automatically rises.
In this housing program there must be recognition of the
fact that while all the population must have fit dwellings, if
only as a matter of community self-protection against disease,
dependency, and crime, yet a part of the population will be
84 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
unable to pay a fair economic rent for fit dwellings. The question
is, shall the dwellings be subsidized, or shall the families be
subsidized? In other words, shall dwellings be rented at less
than cost and the deficit met by taxpayers, or shall relief be
adequate to include rent — again, of course, at the expense of
the taxpayers? The second is surely the sounder policy.
A national housing program, then, has in view assurance of
an adequate supply of good dwellings; it involves coordination
of Federal, State, and local governmental activities; it promotes
and regulates private enterprise; it determines a method by
which families who are unable to pay a fair rent for a proper
dwelling, shall, nevertheless, be properly housed. This national
housing program is today intensely concerned with the pro-
motion of economic recovery, not only because it offers the
best means to promote recovery but also because, without
economic recovery, no housing program can be successfully
carried out. But the program goes beyond the recovery. Its
long-time purpose is a social purpose, to assure an adequate
supply of good dwellings.
The Real Property Inventory
By JOHN DICKINSON, Assistant Secretary of Commerce,
Washington, D. C.
THE Real Property Inventory is a Federal Civil Works Ad-
ministration project cooperatively undertaken by the
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce and the Bureau of
the Census. The project consists of two parts: a general exten-
sive survey conducted on a census basis, and a sample intensive
survey.
The general survey was effected by a complete personal
enumeration of all residential properties in sixty-four cities
selected to give a fair geographic and industrial representation
of the country's urban areas. A total of thirty -two inquiries was
contained in the schedule covering such items as the physical
characteristics of the structure: type, material of construction,
condition, age, number of rooms, stories, etc.; occupancy and
vacancy data; monthly rental or estimated property value;
number and race of occupants; extent of doubling up; and
HOUSING 85
equipment of the home. This information has been obtained
from about 3,000,000 residential units, and complete tabulations
are expected by August, 1934.
The intensive survey was conducted in the same cities on a
sampling basis. Approximately 6 per cent of the homes were
covered by direct enumeration and mail returns were received
from 10 per cent more. Three different schedules were used:
one for tenants, one for owner-occupants, and one for owner-
landlords.
To estimate the adequacy of the sample, the tenant schedules,
of which more than 210,000 have been received, contain some
of the same information as the general schedule as regards
rental, type, materials, rooms, and persons, but it goes into
much fuller detail, particularly on financial inquiries. Family
income, concessions included with rent, amount and length of
time of rental arrears, occupation and percentage of time em-
ployed, lodgers, and servants — all are included. In addition,
whenever possible, comparable data have been secured for each
of the years: 1929, 1932, and 1933.
The two owner schedules follow the same pattern to a large
degree, but add certain significant financial inquiries. Informa-
tion is gathered concerning the year the property was acquired,
how it was acquired, its original cost, the amount of indebted-
ness assumed, the type of loan, the agency holding the loan,
financing cost, year of maturity, method of payment, arrears,
foreclosures, etc. About 220,000 of these schedules have been
received, and final results will be available in the early fall of
1934.
The Real Property Inventory was conceived with the follow-
ing objectives:
1. As a worth-while work project for the white-collar unem-
ployed. The Inventory was able to provide employment for a
considerable number of men and women on the Civil Works
Administration rolls throughout the country. During the first
few months of 1934, several thousand of the white-collar un-
employed were occupied in the house-to-house enumeration of
residential properties of the sixty-four cities. Since then more
than 500 have been employed in Washington, editing, coding,
punching, and tabulating the information that was gathered.
The value of the Inventory as a work project has been further
86 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
demonstrated by the fact that eighteen other cities have
initiated a Real Property Survey as a local project to care for
their distressed white-collar population.
2. As a factual basis for intelligent planning in the construction
industry. Construction, the most depressed of the Nation's
major industries, has been notorious for its lack of good statisti-
cal information. Experts have been unable to agree, even on the
fundamental question of whether the Nation is under-built or
over-built. So little adequate material has been available to
establish the relationship between supply and demand that
construction and renovation programs have often been under-
taken without any coordinated attempt at relation between the
number and kinds of existing facilities.
The Real Property Inventory was designed to alleviate some
of the problems of builders by providing dependable information
which could serve as a working basis for intelligent planning.
More than a mere counting of homes, it offers data pertaining to
the use, the condition, the need for, and the possibilities of resi-
dential properties, and the relation of these data to the financial
and economic factors affecting the properties themselves, their
occupants, and the communities in which they are located.
Properly used, and correctly interpreted, these data should
prove invaluable to those interested in the rehabilitation of the
building industry.
3. As a guide for the control of the flow of credit into housing.
Little has been known of the relationships between the existing
supply of various types of structures, the numbers in use, the
numbers under construction, and the numbers removed from
use due to the economic condition of the owners and tenants of
a community, and their ability to sustain the existing capitaliza-
tion or to support new construction activity. Scant information
has been available as to the existing amount of debt, the arrears,
and the financing practices of particular areas as regards housing.
The intensive survey, functioning in an almost virgin field,
is attempting to discover the facts about construction financing
and make them available for use. As soon as the information is
released, governmental agencies and financial institutions will
be able to safeguard present investments in real property, to
prevent uneconomic construction, and to stimulate further
capital expenditure for housing wherever such expenditures may
HOUSING 87
be necessary to insure the smooth functioning of our economic
system.
4. As merchandising information. Certain items on the
general schedule deal with the equipment of the homes. Counts
are made of the number of homes wired for electricity, the
cooking facilities, the number having running water, water-
closets, tubs and showers, and mechanical refrigerators, the
types of heating apparatus and the fuel used. On the final
tables this information will be correlated with type of dweUing,
number of rooms, and monthly rental.
Preliminary reports from a few cities have been eagerly
seized upon by sales managers and it is expected that the final
presentation of the data will serve as the basis for a large number
of vigorous sales campaigns in the electrical, plumbing, and
heating industries.
5. As source material for sociologists. The information thus
far available has proved to be a striking commentary on what
we are pleased to call our American standard of living. It is
thoroughly to be expected that heating, plumbing, lighting, and
sanitary facilities are to some degree lacking in rural areas, and
we know that the slum areas of large cities are ill equipped, but
the Inventory indicates that our urban areas generally have
much lower standards of living than had been hoped.
A detailed study of the information taken in conjunction with
other data on the schedules covering race, size of family,
doubling-up, incomes, number of servants and lodgers, duration
of occupancy, should prove a fertile field for sociological study.
Although the Federal project plus the independent local
projects, comprises a coverage of almost one-third of the urban
population of the country, it must be realized that the Inventory
cannot pretend to give any more than an indication of the na-
tional situation. The country's problem must be an integration
of various local ones, and any practical solution can be developed
only through the recognition of each small area as a separate
entity which must be dealt with accordingly. However, much
of the information, when subjected to sound statistical analysis,
especially the sample data on the financial status of home
ownership, income data, etc., is a very useful guide to conditions
throughout the country.
88 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Development of the Federal Home Loan
Bank System During 1933-34
By JOHN H. FAHEY, Chairman, Federal Home Loan Bank Board,
Washington, D. C.
THE Federal Home Loan Bank System was created by act of
Congress on July 22, 1932, in answer to a long-felt need for a
Nation-wide reserve system in home-mortgage finance. Carrying
out the intent of Congress, a System embracing twelve regional
Federal Home Loan Banks in strategic locations was established,
each regional bank serving a district composed of two or more
States. The Banks opened for business on October 15, 1932.
The System was designed to attract the membership of building
and loan associations, mutual savings banks, insurance com-
panies, and other financial institutions active in home-mortgage
lending, and to enable such members to make their own re-
sources more flexible and more liquid through access to the
almost unlimited reserve facilities provided by the Federal
Home Loan Banks.
By reason of various obstacles, the System was slow in getting
actively under way. On January 1, 1933, there were only 116
members in the entire System. Its real growth began shortly
after that date. In the ensuing 16 months, the membership has
increased to nearly 2,500 institutions, constituted almost entirely
of important building and loan associations throughout the
United States, but likewise including a number of mutual
savings banks and a few insurance companies.
In this year of its initial active operation, the Federal Home
Loan System has proved of great practical value to its member
institutions. Advances by the regional Banks in the amount of
more than $109,000,000 have been made to members, enabling
them to liquidate outstanding indebtedness to commercial
banks, and to expand their loanable resources, and permitting
them to grant loans to thousands of home-owners, for the build-
ing or repair of residential properties, who otherwise would have
had no means of financing such construction.
The aggregate line of credit available to members on May 15,
1934, exceeded $230,000,000, while outstanding advances to
members on the same date amounted to slightly less than
HOUSING 89
,000,000, indicating that more than $140,000,000 of addi-
tional credit was available. At a time when revival of demand
for loans by home-owner borrowers is definitely in prospect, the
existence of such a source of mortgage money is a strong lever
in stimulating building activity, and a valuable safeguard for
member home-financing institutions from the viewpoint of
credit insurance.
The location and district numbers of the twelve regional
Banks, the number of their respective membership, and the
aggregate volume of credit available to the members of each
regional Bank, as of May 18, 1934, are indicated as follows:
District No. Number of Members
Line of Credit
1 Boston
114
$24,065,300 00
2 Newark
304
25,596,600 00
3 Pittsburgh
375
16,522,794 90
4 Winston-Salem
281
20,226,588 00
5 Cincinnati
381
52,670,875 00
6 Indianapolis
109
22,110,779 76
7 Chicago
267
19,651,321 00
8 Des Moines
134
8,647,582 00
9 Little Rock
148
14,379,415 00
10 Topeka
143
10,495,779 47
11 Portland
88
5,064,360 00
12 Los Angeles
115
10,783,600 00
It should be clearly understood that the Federal Home Loan
Bank System, like the Federal Reserve System, deals only with
its member institutions and not with individual borrowers or
lenders. A home-owner desiring mortgage accommodation would
apply to a home-financing institution, which may or may not
be a member of the Home Loan Bank System. He would be
unable to secure a loan direct from any regional Bank. Its
operations are confined to making advances and to similar
activities in connection with its members. Such advances are
made only upon the direct note of the borrowing institution,
secured by the deposit of home-mortgage collateral and of the
stock held by the member in the regional Bank.
The present capital of the Home Loan Bank System exceeds
$146,300,000, represented principally by a Federal subscription
of $124,741,000, the balance being the subscriptions of member
institutions, each of whom must purchase the stock of its own
district Bank to the amount of 1 per cent of the total volume of
90 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
unmatured mortgages on its books, with a minimum subscrip-
tion of $1,500. The expansion of the System's credit resources is
provided for by the possibiUty of further subscription by member
institutions and by the authority of the Banks to issue bonds,
notes, and debentures secured by approved collateral.
The size and strength of the Home Loan Bank System ap-
pears certain to be increased materially as the result of recent
legislation, and may be further increased if legislation now
pending in Congress should be enacted in the present or a sub-
sequent session of Congress. The effect of such legislation will
be to make membership in the Home Loan Bank System still
more desirable for institutions extensively engaged in home-loan
finance. The present membership embraces the majority of
strictly home-financing institutions. The importance of broader
development of the System is suggested by the fact that the
American urban home-mortgage debt structure exceeds $21,000,
000,000, and represents the largest single type of private or
corporate indebtedness, the largest number of borrowers and
the greatest number of lenders in the United States.
Housing Program under the Public Works
Administration
By HORACE W. PEASLEE, Housing Division, Public Works
Administration, Washington, D. C.
THE Public Works Administration has undertaken an
extensive program in the field of slum-clearance and low-
cost housing. It has made available a total of approximately
$149,000,000 for a demonstration slum-clearance and rehousing
program in congested centers throughout the United States. Of
this amount, $20,000,000 has been tentatively allotted through
the Housing Division for loans to limited-dividend corporations,
and a total of $129,000,000 has been set aside for use by the
Administration of Public Works or by the Public Works Emer-
gency Housing Corporation in major slum-clearance operations.
The original allotment for the Housing Corporation was $100,
000,000. To this has been subsequently added $29,000,000
transferred from rescinded limited dividend allocations.
The Housing Division was established to promote the pro-
HOUSING 91
gram of low-cost housing and slum-clearance projects authorized
by the National Industrial Recovery Act, in accordance with
the Administrator's announced preference for low-rental, sani-
tary housing for those lower income groups for which modern,
sanitary housing is not now available. Provision was made for
loans to limited-dividend corporations and for loans and grants
to properly constituted public bodies.
The Public Works Emergency Housing Corporation was
incorporated on November 21, 1933, under the laws of the State
of Delaware, to expedite the housing program, the experience
of the Housing Division having indicated that local agencies
privately financed were rarely in position to provide the neces-
sary equities.
The Corporation is not designed to make loans, but has been
formed for the purpose of directly or indirectly constructing,
maintaining, and operating housing projects.
The housing projected is of low-cost, low-rental urban type in
connection with the elimination of slums or "blighted areas," re-
placement being on site or elsewhere as may be most advantageous
in each case, and in special cases of acute housing shortages. PWA
is not financing speculative or investment building projects.
It should be noted at this point that the terms "low-cost
housing, low-cost land, and low rentals" are relative expressions
dependent upon variations between different communities in
land-values, building-costs, and incomes. They focus upon a
single object: the provision of decent, sanitary living accommo-
dations for the lower-income groups, requiring lower rentals
than commercial enterprise has been able to provide for com-
parable quarters.
The only types of agencies eligible to apply for housing funds
are duly authorized and properly constituted public bodies and
groups organized not for profit but to perform a public service.
The personnel of such agencies is an important factor.
By "properly constituted public bodies" is meant agencies
which are established, by special enabling legislation, to engage
in housing and slum-clearance activities. Such agencies have
already been established in Delaware, Illinois, Kentucky,
Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and South
Carolina. It is understood that similar legislation is now before
the Massachusetts legislature.
92 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Where needs exist and where legal provision has not yet
been made for housing authorities, the Federal Government
may undertake the execution of the project in its entirety and
either operate the project or make an agency agreement with a
representative local group.
Regardless of financing method, the first step in advancing
a housing project is a demonstration of need for housing in
relation to slums, doubling-up of families, vacancies, local
employment possibilities, local earning capacity, and satis-
factory sponsorship of a project; also relationship of site to
parks, playgrounds, school, and transportation facilities.
By sponsorship is meant active participation by outstanding
socially minded citizens and endorsement by planning agencies
and groups interested in the civic welfare; giving proof that the
project meets the needs of a community instead of the objective
of an individual or limited group and that it will be administered
strictly in the interest of the low-income group for which it was
established.
Projects, urban and suburban, must have a neighborhood
environment protected from undesirable encroachment and
must be of suflficient size and concentration to establish and
maintain the type of development originally intended. A rental
basis is necessary to keep control centralized and to avert loss
of occupants by subsequent additions of unexpected carrying
charges or of operating costs beyond limited incomes.
Location, climate, custom, manner of living, materials, and
methods of construction — factors like these establish such differ-
ent conditions as to preclude any standardization of plan. To
meet such factors and to relieve local unemployment problems,
projects are developed by local agencies and reviewed by the
technical staff at headquarters.
Since latest statistics show only 12 per cent of the population
of the United States with incomes over $2,000, a per-dwelling
rental should be achieved to reach income brackets below this
figure. In more congested areas, multiple-unit housing is neces-
sary. The first consideration is for adequate open spaces in each
group. Apartments must be designed for ample sunlight and
cross- ventilation. Low walk-up types are preferred with ample
stairways and no wasteful corridors. Provision is to be made
for three definite elements — cooking- and eating-space, complete
HOUSING 93
baths, and sleeping-space adequate for the family housed. No
inside rooms or baths are allowed. Not less than 90 per cent of
income should be from room rentals. Design must consider
minimum operating cost.
There are a number of questions regarding housing problems
having interrelated answers, for which no general answer can
be given because of the variety of factors involved in different
cities. Among these questions are the following:
(a) Can decent living quarters be provided at low rents for every-
one in the low-income groups?
(b) Is the small property investor to be wiped out by competition
of huge housing projects everywhere .^^
(c) How can the city equitably right housing wrongs without
wronging property rights.'^
(d) Does the housing program contribute to immediate unemploy-
ment relief?
The following factors concerning housing problems in the
various cities resolve themselves into three groups which must
be carefully weighed and balanced in relation one to another:
Tenants. Unemployed, unable to pay rent, doubling-up with
other families, forced into cheap, insanitary structures, causing
vacancies in reasonably good existing living quarters.
Landlords. Some guilty of profiteering on misfortune, but
many wholly dependent upon small property investment, with
incomes reduced by lowered rents and vacancies, having to meet
mortgages, interest, and taxes, faced with foreclosures and
bankruptcy which would cause more economic distress and
more unemployment.
Cities. Suffering from disease centers which spread contagion
through kitchens and nurseries as well as through the schools
and public places, from hotbeds of crime supported at the
expense of the law-abiding, and from debt-burdened sections
costing many times more for hospitalization and police super-
vision than they contribute in taxes. Cities have not informed
themselves, by social and economic surveys, of the relationship
of housing to their other problems ; nor have they made full use
of the police and health powers which they already possess to
forbid occupancy or to require demolition of insanitary housing.
94 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Program for Subsistence Homesteads
By M. L. WILSON, Director, Division of Subsistence Homesteads,
Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C.
IN SECTION 208 of the National Industrial Recovery Act,
passed June 16, 1933, Congress appropriated $25,000,000
"to aid in the redistribution of the over-balance of population
in industrial centers," which was to take the form of a revolving
loan fund to aid in the purchase of subsistence homesteads.
Power to direct the administration of this fund was given to the
President, who, in an Executive Order of July 21, 1933, author-
ized the Secretary of the Interior to exercise all powers vested
in him by Section 208. Accordingly, the Division of Subsistence
Homesteads was formed in the Department of the Interior to
carry out the purposes of this Section.
The purpose of the Act, as quoted above, implies the neces-
sity for careful planning in carrying out the subsistence home-
stead program. Its aim is not primarily to provide immediate
relief for the unemployed, but rather to demonstrate how
readjustments of population and industry may be effected in
order to create the permanent basis of new and socially more
desirable communities throughout the country.
In carrying out the program it has been determined to
utilize the limited appropriation for the purpose of making a
demonstration of how subsistence homesteads can be utilized
as an aid in the solution of a number of different economic
social problems. Funds, therefore, have not been allocated
according to State lines, but with reference to national economic
regions, such as the industrial Northeast, the Southern textile
regions, the Appalachian coal-fields, or the Pacific Northwest,
where particular problems presented themselves.
Specifically, the subsistence homestead is intended to increase
the income of part-time workers in industry, trade, or other
occupations, whose small cash wage is insufficient to provide a
satisfactory standard of living under urban conditions. Con-
sisting usually of a small but well-built house on 3 to 5 acres
of land, the subsistence homestead is not intended to provide a
full living to its occupant, but merely to enable a family to
raise a considerable portion of its food-supply and thus release
HOUSING 95
a larger portion of its cash income for the purchase of those
products and commodities which cannot be produced at home.
It is estimated that, on an average, the homesteader should be
able to add $200 worth of food-supply to his annual income,
although this food will be consumed at home and not sold on
the market.
The nature of the nation-wide demonstration program now
being undertaken by the Division of Subsistence Homesteads
can best be explained by a description of the various types of
projects included in this program.
(a) Workmen's Garden Homes Near Industrial Centers. Proj-
ects involving 25 to 150 homesteads of 1 to 5 acres will be
established near both large and small industrial cities, thus
encouraging a decentralization of each urban district. These
homesteads are placed as near the edge of town as land-values
will permit. The homesteads will be sold on a long-term payment
basis to part-time workers in local industries. Their location is
planned so that the homesteaders will be within easy reach of
their jobs as well as of the social, business, and cultural facilities
of the respective cities and towns. Projects of this type have
been undertaken in such large industrial centers as Rochester,
N. Y., Youngstown, Ohio, Birmingham, Ala., and Los Angeles,
Calif., and near a number of smaller industrial centers among
which are Austin, Minn., Beaumont, Texas, Taylors, S. C», and
Longview, Wash.
(b) Subsistence Homesteads for Stranded Industrial Groups.
Bituminous coal-miners form the largest group among the
various industrial populations living in regions which have been
abandoned by their basic industries. The permanent shutting
down of numerous coal-mines in a number of the Appalachian
fields has removed the sole means of support from several
hundred thousand families living in these regions, and sub-
sistence homesteads are being established as a demonstration of
one means of rehabilitating these regions and populations.
Subsistence homesteads of this type are planned in locations
where some form of outside employment is available. The
Government does not provide funds for the erection of factories
but is interested in securing the location of private industry as
well as cooperating with already existing Government enter-
prises, such as National Forests.
96 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
In some cases it is necessary to foster native handicraft work
as a means of enabling these otherwise unemployed persons to
provide for their own requirements outside of food. For this
purpose, "self-help" cooperative organizations are sometimes
formed.
Stranded industrial groups projects have been established
at Reedsville, W. Va., Greensburg, Pa., Crossville, Tenn., and
other similar regions.
(c) Subsistence Homesteads and Submarginal Farmers. Home-
steads of larger acreage running up to 20 to 30 acres apiece are
being established in certain afflicted farming regions where the
soil is either eroded, worn out, or too poor to support com-
mercial farming in competition with more fertile regions. In a
project being undertaken in northern Georgia, for example,
families now living on eroded lands will be enabled to purchase
30-acre tracts on good soil. Under proper agricultural direction
they will produce, primarily, food for their own use, and then
diversified crops of a non-competitive nature. Their present
farms will be bought for forest or recreation purposes.
No project involving the establishment of homesteads on
which commercial agriculture is contemplated will be under-
taken unless a proportional amount of submarginal land is
withdrawn from production to eliminate any actual increase in
the net production of farm commodities. Projects of this type
have been undertaken also in Pender County, North Carolina,
in Perry County, Mississippi, and in various counties of northern
Wisconsin where zoning regulations have been adopted.
A small number of cooperatively organized projects are
included in the subsistence homestead program. The Division
is assisting an association of Jewish needle-trade workers from
New York City and other near-by clothing centers to establish
subsistence homesteads in Monmouth County, New Jersey,
adjacent to a clothing factory which the association will con-
struct with private funds. Inasmuch as a cooperative asso-
ciation has already been formed for this project, a general and
dairy farm will be operated on a cooperative basis for the
community, and individual homesteads will therefore comprise
only a small kitchen garden.
Up to the middle of May, 1934, the approval of thirty-six
projects in twenty States had been announced. A manager is
HOUSING 97
appointed to assume the responsibility of the administration of
each project, and associated with him is an architect to draw
plans for dwellings in conformity with local climatic and cultural
conditions. The design of these houses, as well as the size of the
homesteads, will vary in the several projects according to the
purpose which each project fulfils and other local conditions
affecting the plans.
Inasmuch as the subsistence homestead embodies a new
pattern of living, every effort will be made to provide proper
educational guidance in assisting the homesteaders to realize
the full extent of the possibilities which the subsistence home-
stead offers, not only economically, but socially and culturally
as w^ell. Agricultural training, home economics demonstrations,
the fostering of community social activities, and the encourage-
ment of handicraft work are some of the means employed
toward this end.
The Rebuilding of Blighted Areas
By CLARENCE ARTHUR PERRY, Russell Sage Foundation, and
C. EARL MORROW, Regional Plan Association, New York City
Condensed from a Report of the Regional Plan Association issued in 1933
BLIGHT" is an insidious malady that attacks urban resi-
dential districts. It appears first as a barely noticeable
deterioration and then progresses gradually through many
stages toward a final condition known as the slum. How does
residential blemish start.? One fundamental cause is change in
use. A house-owner in a row of buildings may convert his build-
ing into a grocery. This act may increase the income from his
own property but it generally causes a lowering in the desira-
bility, and therefore the value, of the neighboring houses.
Similarly, one owner in a single-family section may enlarge his
structure into a multiple-family building, covering a larger part
of his lot and going higher into the air. Through such an altera-
tion his property could probably be made to yield him a greater
return, but by cutting off light from the adjacent houses and by
compelling his tenants* children to play in other people's yards,
he would lower the desirability, as dwelling-places, of the
properties around him.
98 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
The disease of blight is a collective rather than an individual
condition. It results from the deeds or neglect of many people.
No owner of a single dwelling who lets it run down, and thus
creates blight, can confine such injury to his own property. The
community aspect of blight becomes even more obvious when
one approaches the question of how to remove it.
The tract studied is located in Winfield, an old Long Island
settlement. The two factors most affecting the residential
quality of this section are railways and burial-grounds. The
dismal network of tracks which, with^their subsidiary yards and
connections extending for over 2 miles, and a quarter of a mile
wide in places, is surrounded by a thick belt of industrial estab-
lishments. Their depressing influence upon dwelling-house
values has extended far beyond the direct reach of their noises
and other unpleasant aspects.
It is recognized that not all the ordinary near-in blighted
area can, or should, be devoted to a residential purpose. Much
of it generally has already been preempted by industry or busi-
ness, while some sections are so largely taken up with stores and
service stations that their reclamation for dwelling purposes,
even if desirable, is no longer practicable. Other sections, still
dominantly residential in character, are so crisscrossed by main
thoroughfares as to be unsuitable for treatment as self-contained
neighborhood communities.
Five alternative plans are presented, two with estimated
costs. In all of these designs, obviously the most conspicuous
gain is in open space, both that used for recreational activities
and that which permits the enjoyment of sunlight.
Bearing in mind the weaknesses inherent in a theoretical
study of this sort, and the fact that it is based upon a single site
with characteristics which constitute special conditions, what,
so far as it can be counted as evidence, does it signify .^ Two
points stand out:
1. In a near-in, deteriorated section, if a district large enough
to provide pupils for an elementary school can be replanned
and rebuilt as a self-contained residential unit, a pattern and
character can be given to it which will probably offset the
psychical effect of its surroundings and place its salability
squarely upon the basis of its internal attractiveness and near-
ness to occupational centers.
HOUSING 99
2. In such a development open spaces can be provided that
are not only far superior to those found in the usual commercial
scheme, but greater even than those exhibited so far by the
model undertakings carried out under the segis of the State
Housing Board.
Of course, the neighborhood unit does not perform any
miracle. Its richer open space is partly paid for by stores and
garages, partly gained through perimeter planning, and partly
taken from former interior streets.
Two obstacles remain — ^first, the freedom to replan the in-
terior streets, now within the power of most municipalities.
The second is more formidable. Unless the projector of a large-
scale development already possesses, or holds options upon, all
the land he requires before his plan becomes known, he cannot
ordinarily assemble his plot at a cost his undertaking can afford
to pay. No matter how great the public benefits promised by
his scheme, there is at present no method by which he can
openly and with certainty acquire the needed parcels of land at
a fairly uniform market price.
Research on Slums and Housing Policy
By JAMES FORD, Director, New York City
THE Research on Slums and Housing Policy, sponsored by
the Phelps-Stokes Fund, is a comprehensive and intensive
study of the causes, prevention, elimination, and rebuilding of
slums and blighted areas, with particular reference to New
York City.
This is quite universally recognized as the most serious
aspect of the entire housing problem, and the one most urgently
in need of solution. Further researches in the field have been
recommended by the President's Conference on Home Building
and Home Ownership and for the protection of public funds
are particularly needed at this time so that a use as wise as
possible may be made of the large funds now available for slum-
rebuilding from our Federal Government.
This study will be: (1) Comprehensive and synthetic in that
all literature on slum problems and policies of other cities will
be examined; (2) analytical, in that all conditions and measures
100 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
will be closely analyzed with reference to causes, effects, stand-
ards, and principles; (3) evaluative, in that the question is not
one solely of physical facilities, plans, governmental measures,
etc., but of discovering means of removing those factors in the
home environment of New York wage-earners that thwart
physical environment and of discovering the best practical
means of creating for urban industrial families an environment
in which they can be healthy, industrially efficient, and able to
make the most of their given capacities.
In detail, the study is dealing with slum conditions, causative
factors and their control, slum -demolition and land-acquisition,
the problem of replanning and rehousing, and a recommended
housing policy for New York City. A serious attempt is being
made to deal with the subject in a strictly scientific and dis-
passionate manner in an attempt to work out a long-time
policy, recognizing that the slum problem will be with us for
decades to come.
Considerable progress has already been made in covering the
past history of housing conditions and legislation in New York
City, in studies of comparative housing legislation and the
examination of condemnation proceedings and other public
policies. Rooming-house studies have been conducted in
cooperation with the Social Research Laboratory of the College
of the City of New York. Intensive architectural studies have
been begun together with studies of methods of computation of
housing costs. The experience of limited dividend companies
and model tenement housing are being closely analyzed. Hous-
ing studies in New York City have been examined and evaluated
and data are being correlated.
This Research will be completed in the spring of 1935 and
probably will be published in the summer or fall of that year.
We hope, however, that by bringing together scattered data
and by filling in the gaps between contemporary studies by
means of fresh research wherever the need of such is indicated,
we may be able to make a contribution to the understanding of
conditions and indicate which of the many methods of coping
with this problem would be soundest from the economic and
sociological points of view.
HOUSING 101
National Association of Housing Officials
By CHARLES S. ASCHER, Executive Director, Chicago, 111.
WHEN, in the summer of 1933, Congress authorized the
Federal Emergency Administration of Pubhc Works,
under the terms of the NIRA to lend funds and to make grants
to public corporations for housing purposes, States and munici-
palities began organizing to take advantage of the opportunity.
By November the need for a central organization of housing
officials to coordinate the efforts of the newly established and
rapidly multiplying housing agencies was clearly recognized.
The National Association of Housing Officials came into being
to meet this need, with Mr. Ernest J. Bohn, of Cleveland, a
leader in the housing field, as President, and Mr. Charles S.
Ascher, formerly associated with the Sunny side, N. Y., and
Radburn, N. J., developments, as Executi\e Director.
The National Association of Housing Officials took its place
as one of the group of ten national and international organiza-
tions in the field of Government which have headquarters at
850 East 58th Street, Chicago, close to the University of Chicago
and to the facilities of one of the country's great research centers.
NAHO not only collects and disseminates information but
assists in drafting legislation and sends out technically qualified
field consultants with recent practical experience in cities whose
housing programs are among the most advanced.
Assistance in drafting has already been given to seven States,
and within the past two months the Association's field con-
sultants have visited twenty -one cities as widely separated as
New Orleans and Saginaw, Mich., Los Angeles and New York.
In all its work the Association's emphasis is upon the develop-
ment of administrative standards and sound procedure in the
initiation, construction, and operation of low-cost housing under
public auspices.
Since its organization, the Association has published three
pamphlets designed to give practical assistance on various
phases of the housing problem: "State Laws for Public Hous-
ing," "Public Housing Surveys," and "The Demolition of
Unsafe and Insanitary Housing."
102 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Better Homes Architectural Contest
By KATHERINE F. LISTON, Administrative Assistant,
Better Homes in America
THE 1933 campaign— the twelfth of its kind under the
auspices of Better Homes in America — was formally
launched by Dr. Ray Lyman Wilbur, President of Better Homes
in America, and culminated in Better Homes Week, April 23-30,
1933, at which time thousands of district, county, and local
committees conducted programs consisting of extensive home-
improvements, tours to improved homes and grounds, lectures,
discussions, and contests.
Each successive year shows great advance in the scope of
this year-round educational campaign, evidence of which is
clearly indicated by the 8,542 committees organized in the 1933
caimpaign as compared with 770 in 1924.
Some of the outstanding achievements were the practical
demonstrations of renovating, redecorating, and furnishing of
tenements in Boston. A tenement located in East Boston, con-
sisting of a living-room, bedroom, kitchen, and bath, which
rented for $4.50 per week, was furnished for a total cost of $60
and was the project of the Leaders Group of the Central Square
Center. Other similar apartments were furnished for sums
ranging in cost to $109.33. In addition to their already well-
rounded program, the Boston Committee has started a "model
house" project. The house is of Early American design, consists
of six rooms and a garage, and costs in the vicinity of $6,000.
In Ames, Iowa, where the Highest Merit Award Certificate
in Small Cities was awarded to the Committee working in active
cooperation with the Iowa State College, four houses were
demonstrated to the public. Six different lines of work were
done by students in classes on Textile and Commercial Design,
Beginning Design, Free-hand Drawing, Crafts, Exterior House
Design, and Interior House Design.
The Highest Merit Award in the Village Class was awarded
to the Kohler, Wise, program. A demonstration home of
Colonial design containing six rooms was built for a total cost
of $8,619.97, including the land. The total cost of furnishings
was $728.82. School children studied the plans and visited the
house at intervals during the building process.
REGIONAL PLANNING
SIGNIFICANT DISTRICTS
Aims of the Tennessee Valley Authority
By ARTHUR E. MORGAN, Chairman Board of Directors,
Tennessee Valley Authority
Adapted from remarks at the annual dinner of the American Society of Land-
scape Architects, Washington, D. C, January 29, 1934,
published in Landscape Architecture, April, 1934
IN THE TENNESSEE VALLEY we have a great under-
taking. It has been the wish of the President to use this
undertaking to some extent as a laboratory in social and eco-
nomic life, a place where we may bring order out of chaos. A
good many people think that the problem is very simple, that
it is merely a problem of increasing our economic resources.
Some people, indeed, think that it is even simpler than that: it
is the problem of spending Government money. We would
receive fairly universal applause, in any case, if we should set
our attention solely on increasing economic resources.
We know, however, that in truth the situation is not at all
simple. We have been trying to look over the scene and see what
it is that demands design and plan. One element is that of power.
The enlargement of the power resources will be partly for greater
industry, partly for domestic use. Some people say, "Just
bring that about; all other things will follow. Industries will
come; there will be conveniences at home. If you can get cheap
power, the other problems will solve themselves. Cheap power
is the key."
We are also engaged, by Government dictate, in the develop-
ment of fertilizer. Some people say that if we produce cheap
fertilizer all difficulties will be overcome.
Another problem is that of soil-renewal. The Tennessee
Valley region was a very fertile area a century ago. But over
large areas there, of all the land that has been put into cultiva-
tion during the last 150 years, a third of it has been made
wholly or nearly useless by soil-washing. In the pressure for
land, small farmers go up on steep hillsides, clear pieces of
forest land, and plant corn. In a few years the soil is washed
away and that land is abandoned. They get only three, four,
105
106 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
or five crops before the land is washed and destroyed and is
thereafter left, often hopelessly barren.
There is the element of control of our water resources. The
Tennessee River system has several thousands of miles of
streams with potential water power. That great potentiality
exists, but it has been developed only piecemeal here and there.
If we can make a single integrating system in the Tennessee
Valley, we may possibly cut the cost of power in two.
Then there is the element of the whole balance of social and
industrial life. The region has many more people in agriculture
than agriculture needs, or than can be supported by agriculture.
Three-quarters of the population are rural. The people are
pressed for a way to live. If we can bring in little industries,
and get people to produce what they consume, and unite agri-
culture and industry, we may better the living conditions of
most of the area.
The political organization of the counties is now obsolete.
There is a large number of small counties which were determined
on when there were almost no roads, and it took a man half a
day to get from his home to the county-seat. With our modern
travel, distances are very much less significant. These counties
that were useful in their day as centers of local government are
now a tremendous burden upon the people. Each one has
separate officials. One-half day of work a week is all that is
required of county officials in some counties. In some cases the
county courthouse is open only one day a week. The burden of
taxation is almost impossible to bear. Three-quarters or seven-
eighths of the counties should be eliminated.
Forests have been destroyed and sold as raw material.
Forests are also burned to clear the land. The young trees are
killed off, the humus is burned, and the land is subjected to
erosion which often makes it useless either for crops or for
forests. Reforestation is of great importance, but of course it
can be planned only in relation to other uses of the area. A land-
use survey is essential, and our Mr. Draper is now working on
this. We need an element of design there — indeed, at every turn.
There is the matter of real-estate subdivision. In Muscle Shoals
there has been enormous exploitation of real estate. We have the
problem of planning the land so that such exploitation is no longer
possible. We have not yet gone as far as we should like to go.
SIGNIFICANT DISTRICTS 107
In the development of our water resources we shall eventually
have to create a number, perhaps 40, 50, or 60, of large reser-
voirs. We know where these sites are. In the meantime the
States are building roads, and the communities are building
roads. Through a site that must be the locus of a great reservoir
there is, perhaps, planned to be built a million-dollar road. The
road-system design must be fitted to the reservoir design, so
that the roads will go around where the reservoir is going to be,
that we shall not have a great investment that will be wiped
out shortly afterward.
There is the element of education and vocational adaptation.
The conventional and standardized professions and businesses
are overloaded. Almost every little town has five times as many
merchants as are needed in that town. How are we to readjust
vocations .f^ There are new opportunities not being realized. For
instance, there is community organization. Few are working in
that field. The people who might be giving guidance are now
teachers without schools, lawyers without clients.
Certain very obvious things are to be done. There is the
unified control of water resources, to produce power, to prevent
floods. We have one great regional system with thousands, and
the possibility of millions, of horse-power of energy. It must be
treated as one. It is a very clear-cut job. It will cost only about
half as much in horse-power energy to do in a unified way. Let
us work at it, trying to see the whole effect in terms of human
satisfaction.
There is the matter of soil-erosion. It is wiping out civiliza-
tion, and we have a clear-cut course: It must be checked. In
large areas we must change agriculture from corn and cotton
to legumes. Then we have to reorganize our marketing to pro-
vide for the changed crop, and so on. We must follow out the
consequences of our first decision.
We are beginning with the design of a water-control system,
with flood-control, with forestry, balancing of agriculture and
industry, prevention of land-exploitation, and vocational
reorganization. Any one of these jobs takes us into all the others.
We find ourselves thus working out a philosophy of social
organization.
There are some fundamentals that we can arrive at. There
are great possibilities in the region — human possibilities, power
108 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
possibilities, and natural resources. These possibilities should be
developed with the idea that they are going to continue. We must
see to it that land-erosion does not fill up our reservoirs, that
forests are cropped and not destroyed. We must be living for
the future as well as for today. That is a primary principle. We
need the idea also that the development shall be for the general
welfare of the people, and not for the special interest of the few.
We shall not hand over the benefits to any small group. That
is another primary principle.
What kind of human beings are we making. ? If we keep the
human values in mind, they begin to discipline what we are
doing. The place to begin is not with some complete predeter-
mined design, but right where we are. We want to be guided by
decent human motives. If we can get the habit of beginning
where we are and then proceed with intelligent honesty toward
everyone, we have a good way to start out in any social and
economic planning. If we can see all these problems in good
proportion, and not give all our attention to one while the rest
are forgotten, we shall be making our best contribution to the
increase of human satisfaction.
Planning Methods in the Tennessee Valley
By EARLE S. DRAPER, Director Land Planning and Housing, TVA
LAND PLANNING in the Tennessee Valley Division of
-i Land Planning and Housing refers to physical planning
which, together with social and economic planning, is a part of
broad-scale national and regional planning. Land-planning
procedure must include coordination of social and economic
factors in all phases of activity. The basic data for land planning
will be secured from other divisions to avoid duplication. Social
and economic facts will be used to the best advantage in physical
land planning. The development of national resources, such as
power, minerals, farm and forest, will require special research
and study. But conclusions reached in these fields must be
interpreted and fitted into projects for the general arrangement
and use of the land.
Provision for the everyday use and occupancy of the land
is inextricably interwoven with social and economic studies.
SIGNIFICANT DISTRICTS 109
Land planning provides the physical basis, the framework for
the pattern of life that developing civilization fastens on the
countryside. Physical planning provides the rungs y and social
and economic planning the rails of the ladder on which we may
climb to reach a better civilization with a better-planned
national economy.
The work of the Division of Land Planning and Housing is
concerned with:
The broad allocation of land-uses.
The arrangement of the land to fit the requirements of a
developing civilization.
The servicing of the land with the facilities for life.
The control of usage.
The first three have to do with phases of planning for use
and the fourth with zoning or restrictions of use.
To carry out the principles of land planning, the following
problems will present themselves for solution:
Regional land planning for well-defined subdivisions of the
Tennessee Valley, such as the Norris Watershed of 2,917 square
miles and the Wheeler Region of 4,000 square miles, requires
extensive alterations in arrangement and servicing of the land
to fit the development of a unified system of power, flood-
control, and navigation. Such planning must consider factors
outside the scope of engineering studies and will determine the
relationship and importance of social, economic, and physical
conditions in reaching solutions to problems.
Solving practical problems related to extensive alterations of the
surface of a region requires consideration of physical, social, and
economic conditions outside of the region itself. The relocation
of a through highway within a flooded area may be dependent
on connections with cities a considerable distance away. The
allocation of land-use within a 3,000-square-mile watershed
may be in part determined by the variation of use within a much
larger area. The development of rural electrification lines
radiating from a power-house may be in large part determined
by the possible changes of land-use, communications, and
transportations in .areas considerably outside of the immediate
region affected by the construction. The possible relocation of
population within flooded areas calls for study of settlement
opportunities within a wide radius; and, most important, the
110 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
interrelation of land-arrangement and servicing in one area of
improvement is as inextricably interwoven with the same
featm-es in other areas as the relation which obtains in the
development of power, flood-control, and navigation in the
Tennessee River and its tributaries. So we have the absolute
need and practical justification for national planning in the
seven States of the Tennessee Valley Watershed. Where such
planning becomes an integral part of the economic development
of a great watershed, it will assist in wider distribution of the
benefits of low-cost power and fertilizer, will greatly aid in
promoting a better-balanced economy of the region, and will
provide the necessary physical structure for a fairer social
system.
The drafting of a 'public works development plan in the Ten-
nessee Valley and the checking of improvement plans proposed by
political subdivisions, together with determination of priority of
development y would seem to fall within the scope of the TV A
Act and the Executive Orders of the President placing upon the
TVA the responsibility for developing plans for the orderly
social, economic, and physical growth of the Valley.
The physical changes in watershed areas occasioned by con-
struction of dams, the future development of cooperative colonies,
and the guidance of communities to develop a better relationship
between agriculture and industry and the detailed architectural,
engineering, and town-planning schemes will involve planning
and supervision by the staff of the Division of Land Planning and
Housing if these developments are to become a harmonious
part of the general plan of development.
To insure a maximum of value to the public works and
private investments now existing or under construction, to pre-
vent waste in those inevitably built during the next few years,
and to stimulate desirable improvements, it is essential that a
plan be formulated as rapidly as possible which will cover the
entire Valley as a unit in the National Plan, and which will
denote the major areas suitable for agriculture, grazing, forestry,
or other uses, the main lines of communication, and the areas
considered suitable for resettlement by those necessarily
removed from their present environments.
SIGNIFICANT DISTRICTS 111
The Task of the Mississippi Valley
Committee of the Federal Administration
of Public Works
By MORRIS L. COOKE, Chairman, Washington, D. C.
THERE are no more geographical frontiers for us to conquer.
We must now be content to develop within the settled areas
the means to the good life for ourselves and for posterity. Our
future happiness, in fact national continuity itself, may depend
on the careful preservation of our national resources, the pro-
tection of property, and the safeguarding of health. The simple
word ' 'water " spells what may be found to be the master key
to these objectives.
The use of water for domestic purposes, for sanitation, for
recreation, for industry, for power, and for navigation is obvi-
ously of tremendous importance. But the control, both of
flood-waters and of soil-wash, is vital to an orderly and satis-
factory development of this country, and very possibly to its
survival. We cannot look westward any more and in that way
avoid these problems. We must meet them.
With something of all this in view, the Public Works Admin-
istrator has selected a large drainage area for concentrated
study. The Mississippi Valley Drainage Basin, some 41 per cent
of the United States, has been designated as the theatre for
these efforts. The Mississippi Valley Committee, an agency of
the Public Works Administration, was appointed late in 1933
for the purpose of making a careful, even if rapid, study of that
vast region. For the good of the residents of the region, and, of
course, ultimately for the benefit of the country at large, there
was planned this intensive, wide-angled study covering the
"use and control" of water. The intention is not so much to
point out the immediate needs of the region as to look ahead,
in some cases many years — perhaps half a century. The details
of drafting any such plan are necessarily multitudinous.
Confronting the Committee at the outset were many appli-
cations for allotment of Public Works Funds for specific projects
— ^principally affecting flood-control. Obviously, with no
coordinated plan, the group felt obliged to move with extreme
112 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
care and to avoid approving undertakings that could not be
conclusively correlated with the desired comprehensive program.
Early in 1934 actual planning work was started. Individual
members of the Committee undertook to supervise the develop-
ment of regional plans for the various tributary basins. At this
writing (June, 1934) these separate studies are under way. The
Committee has not been able to turn to any one school of
thought for guidance. The methods of approach to and the
techniques of producing such a plan are distinctly novel.
To accomplish this, something more is required than simply
an emergency study of possible control works. The best method
of physical control must, of course, be thought out, but there
are other considerations. For example, a reservoir for flood-
protection may have power possibilities, it may have recrea-
tional value, it may be needed for maintaining sufficient water-
flow for navigation and also be of value for irrigation. On the
other hand, the inroads of soil-erosion and the lowering of the
water-table may very soon be recognized as catastrophic.
In any event, the cost — immediate as well as eventual — of
carrying out any plan must be accurately estimated and care-
fully considered in the light of total national demands. The
destructive effect of floods, the leaching of plant-nutrients from
the ground, the washing away of the soil itself present problems
so far-reaching that planning in the most comprehensive and
long-term sense must be devised.
The Mississippi Valley Committee is hopeful as to formulat-
ing some such plan. It expects to recommend a line of action
whereby future expenditures. Federal, State, and local, can be
directed not only toward objectives, warranted as individual
projects, but also as fitting into some general scheme of things.
THE PERSONNEL OF THE COMMITTEE
The Chairman of the Committee is Morris Llewellyn Cooke, of
Philadelphia, who has brought to the Public Works Administration a
large experience in many different lines. A mechanical engineer by
degree, he has practiced as a consulting engineer in management; he
is a newspaper man, a public oflBcial, municipal, State and Federal.
He was Director of Public Works of Philadelphia 1911-15, Chairman
of the Storage Section of the War Industries Board, and Executive
Assistant to the Chairman of the U. S. Shipping Board in 1918.
SIGNIFICANT DISTRICTS 113
Other members of the Committee are Charles H. Paul, of Dayton,
Ohio; Herbert S. Crocker, of Denver; Sherman M. Woodward, of Iowa
City; Henry S. Graves, of New Haven; Harlan H. Barrows, of Chicago;
and Harlow S. Person, of New York. The Chief of Engineers, U. S.
Army, is a member ex-qfflcio. At present he is represented by Lt. Col.
Edgerton, Corps of Engineers. Carey H. Brown, formerly of the Corps
of Engineers, is Secretary.
Charles H. Paul is a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. During his career he has been connected with the Massa-
chusetts State Board of Health; the Metropolitan Waterworks, Boston;
the Bureau of Filtration, Philadelphia; and with the U. S. Reclamation
Service. Mr. Paul was Construction Engineer of the Lower Yellowstone
project, was in charge of construction at the Arrowrock Dam at Boise,
Idaho, and has served with the Miami (Ohio) Conservancy District
since 1915.
Herbert S. Crocker is an engineering graduate of the University of
Michigan. He has served as Assistant Engineer of the Public Works
Board of Denver; Assistant Erecting Manager of the American Bridge
Company of Chicago; Bridge Engineer of the Denver City Tramway
Company. Col. Crocker designed and supervised the construction of
many of the most important viaducts in Denver. During the World
War he was Constructing Quartermaster of the Army Supply Base at
Brooklyn which cost $32,000,000. He has been in private practice
since 1921. He is past President of the American Society of Civil
Engineers.
Sherman M. Woodward, Engineer, is a graduate of Washington
University with a Master's degree from Harvard. He has held pro-
fessorships at the University of Arizona and the University of Iowa.
Prof. Woodward has served as Irrigation and Drainage Engineer for
the U. S. Department of Agriculture; Consulting Engineer of the
Miami Conservancy District; and Consulting Engineer, Chicago
Sanitary District. He is the author of many monographs and bulletins
on hydraulics, irrigation, and drainage.
Henry S. Graves, Forester, is a graduate of Yale. He pursued
special studies in forestry at Harvard University and the University of
Munich. Dean Graves was Director of the Forestry School at Yale
from 1900 to 1910 and Chief of the United States Forest Service from
1910 to 1920. He has been Dean of the Forestry School at Yale since 1922.
Harlan H. Barrows, Geographer, is a graduate of Michigan State
Normal College and a post-graduate of the University of Chicago.
Prof. Barrows joined the faculty of the University of Chicago in 1904
as assistant in geography and, after a series of promotions, has been
Chairman of the Department of Geography at that institution since
1919. He is the author of a number of text-books on geographical
subjects.
Harlow S. Person is an economist and Managing Director of the
Taylor Society in New York, having been associated with it since 1919.
He has written and edited a number of books and papers on the history
and the principles of scientific management.
114 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Aims and Advantages of the
New England Plan
By JOSEPH TALMAGE WOODRUFF, Stratford, Conn.
NEW transportation and communication media have marked
great changes in civiHzation. New increases in speed of
transportation and communication have marked new eras in
development. New wealth has been created due to such develop-
ment. The sailboat found new lands; the turnpike, the steam-
boat, the canal, the railroad, the automobile, and the airplane —
each has opened new territory, new fields for development, new
opportunities, new wealth for a rapidly increasing population.
With each new development have come sweeping changes in
the density and distribution of population, and therefore in
modes of living and in business, agricultural, and industrial
pursuits.
The latest great change due to the vast overdevelopment of
industry has been the concentration of the population in our
super-cities. Most of our national energy and capital has been
poured into this development without regard for the many
other necessities for a well-balanced existence.
We have been brought up short in the last few years and
have had a chance to take account of stock. This stock-taking
calls for a redistribution of our population and a replanning of
our land-areas according to a balanced pattern demonstrating
the most appropriate use of these areas. Great sections of the
country will be planned as a whole, and the construction of
flood-control works, utilization of water power, industrial and
agricultural development, reforestation of marginal lands, and
a balanced distribution of population will be contemplated.
The same principles that have been applied to city and regional
planning will be applied to great super-regions.
To project such plans for the whole nation that there may
be a restoration of economic and sociological balance, a central
National Planning Board has been set up which is charged with
the making of a comprehensive plan of public works for the
United States. This will be done through the preparation,
development, and maintenance of comprehensive and coordi-
SIGNIFICANT DISTRICTS 115
nated plans for regional areas in cooperation with national,
regional, State, and local agencies. New England is one of the
twelve regions into which the United States has been divided.
Already State Planning Commissions have been set up in
Maine, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Vermont. Final
arrangements for Massachusetts and Rhode Island boards are
not yet complete.
The New England Regional Planning Commission is com-
posed of one representative from each State Planning Board or
a representative appointed by the Governor.
The members are as follows : George W. Lane, Jr., Lewiston,
Maine, Temporary Chairman; Samuel Stewart, Lewiston,
Maine, Chairman, Maine State Planning Board; James Langley,
Concord, N. H., Chairman, New Hampshire State Planning
Board; George Z. Thompson, Proctor, Vt., Chairman, Vermont
State Planning Board; Frederic H. Fay, Boston, Mass., Chair-
man, Boston City Planning Board; John H. Cady, Providence,
R. I., Chairman, Providence City Plan Commission; William
L. Slate, New Haven, Conn., Chairman, Connecticut State
Planning Board; Victor M. Cutter, Boston, Mass., Member-
at-large representing the New England Council; Mrs. Charles
Sumner Bird, Walpole, Mass., Member-at-large representing
the Women's Clubs.
To this New England Planning Commission, the National
Planning Board has assigned as Consultant, Joseph T. Woodruff
of Bridgeport, Conn.
Following the rules laid down by the President, the National
Planning Board will assist the New England Regional Planning
Commission and the several State boards in putting together
a long-term program of public works.
New England is a logical region for recreational and indus-
trial development. Air-transportation has brought 60,000,000
people within twelve hours of the New England recreational
area, and 120,000,000 people within twenty hours of this
national playground. Television, teletype, and radio have
revolutionized communication. The world hears its own heart
beat today.
Recently new super-highways have increased the accessi-
bility of New England to other parts of the country by auto-
mobile. Bear Mountain Bridge, George Washington Bridge,
116 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
and the New Jersey Meadows Viaduct are notable examples.
The Westchester County New York Parkways bring these
means of access to the New England border, and plans of
development in Fairfield County, Connecticut, carry them
through the First County in New England. New speeds attain-
able over these routes have opened a great potential market
for New England recreation.
Likewise, industrial New England has a great future. As the
super-city proves itself a failure, as men gradually learn that to
live wisely and well they must have more than machines, sub-
ways, and concrete streets, as wise economists and super-
industrialists right-about-face and tear apart the centralized
industries they have created and dot these units over the earth,
putting people back where they belong — New England will
come into its own.
The situation the country over calls for regional planning
on a broad scale, but there is necessarily a lag in the creation
of the mechanism to meet the new situation. Government lags
in its provision for the formation of regional authority to make
and carry out plans. Education lags by its slowness to adapt
itself to new types of training and still turns out, each year,
thousands of men trained for fields already vastly overcrowded.
New England's opportunity lies ahead. Endowed with
every natural requisite for a national playground, she must
bend every effort, through well-considered cooperative plan-
ning, toward the protection, conservation, and development of
her recreational, agricultural, and industrial resources. To that
end, studies will be made and plans developed:
(1) F(yr a broad system of parks and reservations connected
by modern parkways tied in with the developments along the
New York State border.
(2) For freeing her rivers and harbors, great and small, from
'pollution, thereby returning them to their attractiveness for
recreation and to their economic productivity.
(3) For the coordination, protection, and preservation of
attractive byroads, of which the Green Mountain Parkway is
a link.
(4) For the study and rehabilitation of vacated or blighted
city areas not now showing economic return.
(5) For the protection and preservation of suitable areas of
SIGNIFICANT DISTRICTS 117
New England shore rapidly being absorbed by private owners
and thereby taken from potential attraction to recreational
visitors.
(6) For the development and distribution of water power.
(7) For the reclassification of marginal lands and their
reforestation.
(8) For the development of adequate groundwork for the
coming use of air-transportation.
(9) For the analysis of industrial trends and their adap-
tation to New England's opportunities.
In these plans highway projects in one State will coordinate
with similar projects in adjoining States, the resulting program
producing a New England system designed to serve the indus-
trial, commercial, and recreational interests of the whole area.
Getting into and about New England will be an easier and more
comfortable procedure.
The recreational program will include the preservation and
protection of the beauty and charm of New England roads
and countryside through the development of a New England
parks system made accessible to population centers by parkway,
bridle-path, and trail. The plan will show a forestry program
coordinated with the plan for parks and highways.
The plan which the New England Regional Planning Com-
mission will prepare in accordance with the policies of the
National Planning Board will function as a guide for keeping
things together over a large area and across State boundaries.
Such a plan will not mean the spending of more money than
would be normally spent for these purposes, but it can assist in
the regulated spending of the money available.
It is to supply such a plan for the Nation that the National
Planning Board exists. It is to supply such a plan for New
England that the New England Regional Planning Commission
has been set up.
The task can be accomplished only with the wholehearted
cooperation of the many agencies, both public and private,
that have for years made themselves familiar with and expert
in the various phases of the whole problem. It is to these many
agencies that the New England Regional Planning Commission
looks for support, guidance, counsel, and participation in the
program of planning for New England.
118 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Regional Planning in the Pacific Northwest
By MARSHALL N. DANA, Chairman, Pacific Northwest Regional
Planning Commission, Portland, Oregon
THE Pacijfic Northwest Planning Conference was held at
Portland, Ore., on March 5 to 7, 1934, under the auspices of
the Pacific Northwest Regional Planning Commission, set up
at the instance of the National Planning Board as a part of the
program of the Federal Emergency Administration of Public
Works. The Regional Planning Commission, composed of the
Chairmen or other representatives of the State Planning Boards
of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana, was set up to
develop a regional plan, with four main objectives:
1. Developed economy of the Pacific Northwest integrated with
national interests, including immediate relief of unemployment.
2. Effective plans toward profitable use of public works projects.
3. Establishment of long-range social and economic values.
4. Widened human opportunities for this and succeeding gener-
ations.
At the outset we realized that, although we speak of long-
range social and economic planning, the interest of the regional
plan transcends the purely technical. We have a human pro-
gram. We seek a nobler and finer pattern of life for every person.
The first white men who came to the Pacific Northwest found
all the opportunities and potentialities that now exist. Yet
they discovered aborigines in squalor and poverty, who sub-
sisted miserably and in accordance with accidental opportunity.
These aboriginal inhabitants were representative types of
adherents of the doctrine of laissez faire, for to them planning
was abhorrent and to let well enough alone was sufficient.
Certainly we must now see that only by the effective plan and
action we use, we make progress and we hold opportunity and
possession.
We believe in planning, and we know that it is indispensable
in any public works program. How to make each of the projects
under the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works
pay its way in the practical as well as the broader sense, and
how to make each a working unit of a working regional mechan-
ism, has become a paramount interest to the Government, to
States, and to localities, and to the people of the entire region.
SIGNIFICANT DISTRICTS 119
Recent experience has shown the necessity for technological
efficiency. Output has outrun distribution. Distribution has
been hampered by reduced buying power interrupted by un-
certain employment and reduced earnings. Labor-saving has
outstripped labor-use. We are compelled to strike a balance
between the supply of necessities on one hand and the adjust-
ment of wages and hours on the other. It challenges our ability
to provide recreational and educational uses of time. Land-
classification and use, transportation and river research and use
are of high importance.
Here it is that planning enters. Planning without a public
works program was necessary. Planning is emphasized and
rendered timely by the clear need to provide for the planned
uses of projects to serve future requirements of communities,
States, and the region, and thus to strengthen our national
position. It is imperative that we parallel construction with
plans for use and keep public understanding and support
abreast with progress.
Realizing the need, we have sought to set up the necessary
machinery for action. The State Planning Boards of the four
States in the region have been appointed and are now organized.
In three of them, advisory-technical committees, composed of
experts in various fields of planning activity, have been formed
to assist the State boards. In the fourth State, such a com-
mittee will be formed in the near future. A corresponding
regional committee is partly organized. Each member of these
committees will head a subcommittee to engage in active
research and planning in its field.
There are now over seventy cities and counties of the Pacific
Northwest which have organized planning commissions, sixty
since the first of the year.
During the present year, a series of regional conferences, to
organize research, fact-finding, and other basic work in planning,
for each major resource of the region, will be held under the
sponsorship of the Regional Planning Commission and the
regional subcommittee for that resource. These will focus into
the next general conference, to be held about February, 1935.
Under the technical supervision of Roy F. Bessey, who is
acting as Regional Planning Consultant, studies are being
carried on for the four States and for the three major physical
120 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
and economic divisions — the Puget Sound, the Columbia Basin,
and the Upper Missouri in Montana. These major divisions and
States are subdivided into economic areas, which in turn are
divided into economic subareas. Within these subareas are the
final planning areas of counties, metropolitan districts, cities,
and towns.
We are gathering our information under eight topics: (1)
Land Resources, including Agriculture, Forests, etc.; (2)
Mineral Resources; (3) Water Resources, including Power;
(4) Industry and Commerce; (5) Transportation: Railway,
Highway, Waterway and Airway; (6) Utilities, including Power,
Light, Heat, Refrigeration, Communications, Sanitary Services,
etc.; (7) Communities, including Towns, Cities, and Metro-
politan Districts; and (8) Welfare and Instruction.
Among other advantages we hope to present plans for a
proposed integrated transportation system, correlating various
methods, and a general classification of areas of States into the
principal recommended land-uses.
Our aims and methods were set forth clearly at the March
conference which was attended by some 500 interested persons
who pledged their cooperation in making the program a success.
At the conference attention was called to the National Power
Survey now being carried on by the Federal Power Commission,
including the development of markets for electrical energy
through its use by basic industries and other classes of consumers
and Lester S. Ready, Chief Consulting Engineer of the Survey,
suggested the advantages of cooperation between his group and
the regional planning group.
Judge Robert Sawyer, Chairman of the Columbia Gorge
(Recreation and Conservation Zone) Committee, plead for the
preservation of the landscape and for thought of the amenities
in the construction of public utilities.
The reports of the chairmen of the eight sections outlined
above indicated that we shall have at our command a wealth of
information about ourselves never before assembled where it
could be used as the basis for actual plans covering a region
comprising four States and constituting an important district
in the United States. All this is useful in the present emergency
but when the emergency is over we shall need these plans and
the projects developed under them for our permanent progress.
COUNTY PLANNING
County Zoning in Wisconsin
By W. A. ROWLANDS, B. H. HIBBARD, F. B. TRENK, and
GEORGE S. WEHRWEIN,
Committee on Zoning, College of Agriculture, University of Wisconsin
ZONING in cities is a well-established method of controlling
the use of privately owned land in the public interest.
However, city -zoning laws do not function outside of the politi-
cal boundaries of the city. Areas which were, in fact, parts of
the city from an economic and social standpoint were violating
every principle of orderly land-use, yet nothing could be done
about it. To meet this situation, Wisconsin passed a zoning law
in 1923 granting to counties the right to zone land outside of
incorporated cities and villages. Under this law Milwaukee
County passed the first county zoning law based upon a State
enabling act, as the Los Angeles County zoning ordinance was
under a charter, not a general law. The Milwaukee County
ordinance regulated the land for residential, industrial, and
commercial purposes, but left agriculture and all other land-
uses unrestricted.
However, the need of controlling the use of land arose in an
entirely different situation when tax-delinquency, the reverting
of land to the county, and the high costs of local government,
due to scattered settlement, created problems of a different
character in the North. Zoning in this area was recommended
in 1929 by the Interim Committee on Forestry and Public
Lands, and in the circular, "Making the Most of Marinette
County Land." In the same year, the zoning act was amended
to permit regulation of land-uses for agriculture, forestry, and
recreation.
Oneida County has enacted the first ordinance under this
act as amended. Other counties have become interested. Wis-
consin's experience in this unique field has become known in
other parts of the United States. To meet the demand we have
prepared a tentative form of ordinance.
More difficult than the passing of the ordinance will be its
administration. It should be emphasized that there are three
essential features in the enactment of an ordinance: (1) The
121
122 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
ordinance, setting forth the regulations; (2) the official map,
delineating the zones; (3) educational work, to familiarize the
people with the purpose of zoning, with the ordinance itself, and
with the areas in their county which will be affected by it.
Under the law, when a county has a county park commission
or rural planning board, the procedure for enacting the ordi-
nance requires that these bodies shall first formulate a tentative
report and shall hold public hearings thereon before submitting
the final report to the county board. If a county does not have
a county park commission or a rural planning board, it is sug-
gested that the county board designate a committee of the
board to do this work.
Two principal uses are defined. In the forestry and recreation
district no building, land, or premises will be used except for
for one or more of the following specified uses: (1) Production
of forest products; (2) forest industries; (3) public and private
parks, playgrounds, campgrounds, and golf -grounds; (4)
recreational camps and resorts; (5) private summer cottages
and service buildings; (6) hunting and fishing cabins; (7) trap-
pers' cabins; (8) boat liveries; (9) mines, quarries, and gravel-pits;
(10) hydro-electric dams, power plants, flowage areas, trans-
mission lines and substations. All other uses, including family
dwellings, are prohibited. In the unrestricted district the land
may be used for any purpose not in conflict with law.
Non-conforming uses, existing at the time of the passage of
the ordinance, would be permitted under conditions similar to
those in most city ordinances.
It is recommended that three preliminary maps should be
prepared: (1) A map showing the location of tax-delinquent
land by stages of delinquency; (2) the location of farms (operat-
ing and abandoned) ; (3) the location of public lands, especially
the forest-crop lands, private and public. A recreational land-
map may be necessary in counties with lakes and rivers on
which large numbers of summer homes and resorts have been
built.
It should be emphasized that every zoning ordinance should
be "tailor made" to suit the particular county. The number of
zones or districts, the restrictions for each type of zone, the
lands to be included in each district, the non-conforming uses
must fit the needs and conditions of the county.
COUNTY PLANNING 123
Fairfield County, Connecticut
By FLAVEL SHURTLEFF, Secretary, National Conference on
City Planning, New York City
THE pioneer planning county of New England is Fairfield
County, Connecticut. A preliminary report was published
in 1933, and, beginning with June, 1934, a series of reports will
deal with all phases of a county plan. The planning accomplish-
ments of the county are due to the activities of the Fairfield
County Planning Association, a citizens' group which for
several years carried on effective educational work, and then,
in 1932, almost at the low point of the depression, had the
courage to finance a plan. For two years an annual budget of
about $8,500 has been raised entirely from contributions, and
a small technical staff has been maintained, with Joseph T.
Woodruff as Supervising Engineer.
Fairfield County is strategically located at the entrance to
New England from the Nev/ York metropolitan area and next
door to Westchester (New York) County's world-famous park
system. One of the rare assets of the county is its shore-front
of 125 miles on Long Island Sound, pleasantly broken by bays
and inlets which afford haven for small boats in almost every
town on the shore and a considerable commercial harbor at
Bridgeport, a city of 140,000, by far the largest city in the
county. Public beaches, with one exception owned by the
towns, occupy 5 per cent, or approximately Q}/2 miles of the
shore-front. The county's steadily and rapidly growing popu-
lation, which reached 386,000 in 1930, and its vigorous and
varied industries are largely concentrated in the towns and
cities on the shore, which are connected by the Boston Post
Road, one of New England's great commercial highways,
carrying a very heavy commercial and pleasure traffic between
New York and New England. Three-fourths of the county's
area is unspoiled country of exceptional charm which every
year is luring New York businessmen to settle for at least a
long summer in Connecticut.
The planners of Fairfield would first of all preserve the rural
charm of the county. This ideal influences the design of the
new highways which are recommended to improve the cross-
124 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
country (east to west) circulation. They would make the shore-
front more available to the back-country population by pro-
viding more public beaches. They would preserve for all time
some of the fine scenic spots in the county by making them
public reservations. They are constantly urging the towns and
cities to preserve their good appearance and economic stability
by zoning regulations and by restrictions of land subdivision.
Their most important single recommendation, a parkway for
pleasure traffic to relieve the Boston Post Road, has been put
in the State Highway program, and in 1934 a portion of the
road will be built on a 300-foot right-of-way with east and west
traffic-lanes divided by a central park strip of varying width.
The plan in Fairfield is a cooperative enterprise to which the
governmental set-up peculiarly lends itself. Counties in Con-
necticut are organized almost solely as judicial units. There is
no county governmental agency which is concerned with public
improvement projects. The town is the important governmental
agency. For success in planning there must be cooperation
between the towns of the county. The Association has, there-
fore, in making up its directorate, selected two representative
citizens from each town, and its technical advisory committee
which passes upon all the planning recommendations is made
up in much the same way.
The Association is continuing its educational efforts along
with its plan-making. It carries its message to the citizens by
its bulletins, its frequent meetings, and its lecture service. It
is in constant contact with town authorities, and particularly
the planning and zoning commissions which are established in
several Fairfield communities. Since the start of the planning
work the Association has made its technical staff available at
cost to the towns and cities of the county and to civic organi-
zations. Town plans have been made and several less considerable
planning projects have been carried out by employees of the
Civil Works Administration under the supervision of the Asso-
ciation's engineers.
Beside the fine grasp of the planning problem which the
Association's technical staff has shown, the work in Fairfield
is a good example of the value of a county plan to stimulate
local planning and cooperative handling of problems common
to several municipalities. The esteem in which the Association's
COUNTY PLANNING 125
work is held throughout the county is reflected in the comment
of Congressman Schuyler Merritt, one of the leaders in the
county-planning movement:
"The work done by the Association has confirmed and
broadened the belief throughout the county that a well-con-
sidered plan is vital both to its artistic and to its economic
interests, while a haphazard development is destructive not
only because natural beauties are destroyed or not taken advan-
tage of, but because whole neighborhoods may be spoiled by
the introduction of buildings or industries which would better
be placed elsewhere.'*
Ten Years of the Westchester County
Park System
By STANLEY W. ABBOTT, Salem, Va.
Adapted from article in Parks and Recreation, March, 1933
THE Westchester County Park System now embraces over
17,000 acres of land including 160 miles of parkway which
represents an investment of $64,000,000 in county funds. The
opportunities for recreation, widely distributed over the county's
area, range from the passive enjoyment of field and forest
reservation to bathing-beaches, swimming-pools, golf-courses,
and seaside amusement-park features.
The creation of the Westchester County Park Commission
was authorized in 1922 by the State legislature, vesting power
in the county government to appoint an unpaid administrative
board to acquire, develop, and operate the park system. In
the following year, the Commission was selected to act as local
agent for the State in developing a 28-mile drive extending from
the Bronx River Parkway to the Bear Mountain Bridge.
Constituting the only mainland approach to New York City,
and embracing 450 square miles of territory probably unsur-
passed for its diversity of natural beauty, Westchester is
inherently a residential community. In its broadest aspects,
the planning problem was to secure this suburban personality
and direct the county's growth along lines consistent with its
logical function in the greater metropolitan region. Following
126 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
hard upon this fundamental was the requirement that the
ideaHstic conception be combined with the intensely practical.
The parkway system, as laid out, forms a skeleton basis for
a complete highway system as well as a connection to the
various recreation parks. In attaining an effective result, three
elements were recognized to be of great importance: first, a
right-of-way of sufficient width to provide a "buffer'* on both
sides of the paved motorway, excluding private frontage and
giving opportunity for screen planting; second, the elimination
of principal intersections by grade-separation bridges over or
under the drive; and, finally, the spacing of access roadways at
infrequent intervals to minimize the friction with the main
traffic streams.
Though a large part of the system now in use is restricted to
passenger traffic, developments well under way will provide
mixed traffic parkways or *'freeways." Foot-paths, bridle-
trails, and woodland picnic areas into which the motorist can
retire for more intimate appreciation of nature, are added
features. Though the recreation value of the parkway is less
tangible, the benefits of ever-assured natural surroundings free
from such increments as billboards and "hot-dog" shacks are
perhaps the greatest contribution.
Concurrently with the parkway program, Westchester has
developed recreational opportunities which, during the past
year, were used by over 7,000,000 people. As in the case of the
parkway developments, the effort has been to set a high standard
of design.
It may be said that the program is comprehensive and
regional in character, that speed has been exhibited in the
purchase of land and construction, and that a sound financial
basis has been attained through building up an income from
special park facilities and through preservation and enhance-
ment of property values.
TTZESTCHESTER COUNTY has not only
^^ improved its own living conditions hut has
set a new pattern for other regions.
COUNTY PLANNING 127
Progress of Planning in Monroe County,
New York
By DONALD S. BARROWS, Chairman, Regional Planning Board
DURING the past year the Planning Board continued its
program to assist the county administration in meeting
the problems of the present "Emergency'* period. Projects were
continued and new ones inaugurated which have advanced the
planning program many months and at the same time provided
employment for a large number of skilled "white-collar"
workers. Members of the stajff have been loaned to various
public agencies in order to assist with special tasks. A complete
analysis has been made of the physical, economic, and social
conditions in the town of Gates, and similar studies started in
Riga and Webster. A survey has been undertaken to determine
potential sources of ground water-supply. Special district maps
and tax maps are being made of additional towns. Further
cooperation has been established with the State College of
Agriculture at Ithaca and with the U. S. Bureau of Chemistry
and Soils, in the development of the land-use program, which
will serve as a basis and guide in the laying out of the master
plan.
The lands of the county are being classified into six groups:
1. Lands best adapted for reforestation.
2. Lands best adapted for urban subdivision.
3. Marginal lands whose agricultural worth fluctuates
periodically. (A large part of this type of land should be
reforested.)
4. Lands best adapted to extensive or general farming, with
home wood-lots.
5. Lands best adapted to specialized cash crops.
6. Lands best adapted to intensive farming or gardening.
This information will be of value to (1) farmers in determin-
ing what investments to make and how extensively to use the
land; (2) prospective buyers in the choice of farm-lands; (3)
credit agencies in appraising the land; (4) assessors in making a
fairer land valuation; (5) county officials in planning a county
economic program.
128 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
San Mateo County, California
By HUGH R. POMEROY, Planning Adviser, Palo Alto, Calif.
DIRECTLY south of the city and county of San Francisco
Hes San Mateo County, occupying the greater part of the
peninsula between San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean,
and extending south of it on the ocean side. The county has a
land-area of 447 square miles and a population of approximately
80,000. It consists of a strip of land along the bay, occupied
by thirteen municipalities and several unincorporated towns,
largely suburban to San Francisco; a range of mountains down
the backbone of the peninsula being increasingly used for
recreational and resort purposes and estate development; and
a strip of land along the ocean, primarily used for agriculture,
with increasing recreational use.
The County Planning Commission began its work in Sep-
tember, 1931, with a program based definitely upon the broad
functional relationships of the county. It conceived its task to
be not suburban planning or an expansion of urban planning,
but land-use planning in the broadest sense, and felt its function
to be primarily that of preparing and administering a county
plan which should serve as an actual and controlling pattern
for the growth and development of the county.
Its work thus far has consisted principally of the following:
(a) Establishment of comprehensive subdivision regulations,
including the publication of an illustrated manual which may
be considered almost a handbook of subdividing; (6) preparation
of a land-use and acquisition plan for the 60 miles of ocean-
shore of the county; (c) preparation of a major land-use and
development plan for the bay frontage of the county; (d)
thorough survey of the road and highway system of the county,
serving as a basis for an official classification (which has been
made) for administrative purposes; (e) preparation of a tenta-
tive county highway plan and development of procedure for
entailing upon the land the lines of future rights-of-way; (/)
inauguration of a transit study; and (g) adoption of the basic
structure of a land-use plan (zoning) ordinance, applied in
detail to a series of unincorporated communities and now being
extended to the other like communities and highway margins.
COUNTY PLANNING 129
In addition to the foregoing, the Commission is consulted by
the Board of Supervisors on numerous phases of county govern-
ment, such as sanitation, public buildings, and details of road
administration, is serving as the planning agency for the county
recreation department, outlined the county's public works
program, and has been useful in numerous other ways.
Of particular interest has been the development of the Land-
Use Plan, which is conceived in terms of the functional com-
posite of the county. It sets up two types of districts, the
"non-urban group" and the "community group," and provides
certain combining regulations, dealing with incidental agri-
cultural uses and with various minimum building-site area
regulations. In this manner zoning has a far broader than
urban application and is definitely being used to mould the
future character and development of the county, rather than
being confined to the preservation of existing conditions.
An interesting phase of county zoning has been the establish-
ment of marginal protection along highways, under which land-
use characteristics adjacent to highways are considered to be
integral parts of a regional land-use structure rather than being
confined to an appurtenant relationship to adjacent areas. The
protection of roadsides against outdoor advertising, although,
in some cases, permitting "service" types of roadside business,
and the establishment of definite architectural supervision are
parts of this roadside control.
The work of the County Planning Commission exemplifies
the provisions for county planning written into the new County
Charter, which became effective in July, 1933, and which, in
part, are as follows:
"The County Planning Commission shall prepare a master
plan which shall include all subject matter relating to the
physical form and development and to the appearance of the
county. Upon the adoption of the master plan or any part or
section thereof by the board of supervisors, the recommenda-
tions of said master plan or part or section thereof shall be
deemed to be the policy of the county, and it shall thereupon
be the duty of the board of supervisors, upon recommendation
of the planning commission, to determine the means of effectuat-
ing said recommendations. The manner and extent of land-use
shall, in so far as it is possible, be so regulated that the master
130 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
plan will serve as a pattern and guide for the physical growth
and development of the county. The board of supervisors shall
establish a land acquisition fund which shall be used solely for
the purcha<^e of land, rights-of-way, easements and rights in
land, as recommended by the master plan."
Six Years' Planning Progress in
Los Angeles County
By BRYANT HALL, Research Engineer, The Regional Planning Commission
FOR six years Charles H. Diggs has been Director of the
Regional Planning Commission in Los Angeles County.
During that time a long list of accomplishments might be cited,
but perhaps the following may serve to give some idea of
progress made.
1. Completion of large-scale base maps of the county; the estabHsh-
ment of a tentative regional plan of highways covering the entire
4,085 miles of the county's area, and completed highway plans ready
for official approval in six areas.
2. Coordination of the highway plans of the incorporated cities of
the county, with official approvals secured from 37 out of 44 of these,
and publication of two printed reports recording details of the work
in two areas.
3. Adoption of an official plan approved by all the railroads and
public officials concerned for location and construction of needed grade
separations and the closing of unnecessary and dangerous existing
crossings.
4. Completion of a traffic survey of the county, involving over 100
intersections and 1,700 miles of traffic thoroughfares.
5. The extension of the protection of County Zoning Ordinance to
52 square miles of unincorporated territory, involving 24 communities.
6. Regulation of ill-advised oil-drilling in subdivided residential
areas.
7. Allocation of certain objectionable property uses, such as
wrecking-yards, poultry slaughter-houses, through operation of county
zoning ordinance, to locations where they can operate without damage
to surrounding property owners.
8. Development of standard zoning symbols, used by city, county,
and 22 other municipalities and 3 counties elsewhere.
9. Preliminary surveys for regional studies of land-use and develop-
ment.
10. Preparation of plans and drawings for development of over
400 acres of park areas involving employment of needy persons through
charity and welfare funds.
COUNTY PLANNING 131
11. Establishment of plan for cooperation with County Forester
concerning proposed future width of arterial highways so as to prevent
misplacing of trees.
12. Design of the first plan for development of the City and County
Administrative Center to receive general and official approval, and
guidance of progress to avoid costly errors in location and construction
of needed public buildings.
13. Completion of detailed recreation survey of one area to serve
as a model for work to be extended throughout the county.
14. Continuance of campaign of public education.
15. Enactment of 155 building-line ordinances protecting 356 miles
of proposed major and secondary highways against building encroach-
ments.
16. Establishment of building-lines on local streets in many apart-
ment house districts to prevent serious traffic hazards, overcrowding
of land, and darkened streets.
17. Securing dedication in connection with subdivisions without
cost to the people of the county of 102 miles of highways, representing
a saving of some $12,000,000 to the public, through regulation of
2,073 proposed subdivisions.
18. Intensive survey of lot- vacancy problem, leading to a 43 per
cent diminishing of lot- vacancy.
19. Protection of rights of abutting land-owners in connection with
new land subdivision and new highway extensions and realignments
through adoption of county ordinance regulating subdivisions.
20. Establishment of sound policy of cooperation with highway
officials of the State and of neighboring counties and cities, to produce
regional unity in highway plans.
21. Establishment of definite cooperation with all county and city
departments doing engineering work, and provision of central coordi-
nating agency for all city and county authorities, including 44 municipal-
ities, 26 local city planning commissions, and chambers of commerce
and civic associations.
22. Establishment of a Building Bureau to provide adequate
restrictions and inspections. The Bureau has introduced an adequate
building, plumbing and electrical code into county territory.
23. Active cooperation with the Federal Emergency Administration
of Public Works in the preparation of projects and applications for
funds intended to relieve unemployment.
24. Development of a program for budgeting funds available for
highway construction, to provide relief of traffic congestion in the
order of actual need and avoid premature expenditures for new pave-
ments not yet required.
25. Supervision of the activities of more than 800 men for varying
periods employed by various welfare agencies.
26. Development of nation-wide recognition of this office as an
outstanding example of planning as a function of government.
A REGIONAL RECREATION CENTER
Oglebay Park
By BETTY ECKHARDT, Executive Secretary, Oglebay Institute,
Wheeling, W. Va.
IN 1926, when Col. E. W. Oglebay died, he left a farm of 754
acres to the city of Wheeling for park purposes. The city
was given three years in which to accept or reject the estate.
In 1928 the City Council accepted the property and the Park
Commission began its administration of the farm, which lies
some 5 miles from the center of the city. The executors of the
estate, Mr. Crispin Oglebay, a nephew, and the National Bank
of West Virginia, in cooperation with Dr. Nat T. Frame, then
Director of the Agricultural Extension Division of West Virginia
University, undertook the development of a regional center for
educational and recreational activities.
From 1926 to 1929 the park was maintained by the Oglebay
estate. Since that time the maintenance has been provided by
the city of Wheeling through city taxes and has been adminis-
tered through the Park Commission.
The plan for the financing of the activities program has been
quite different. At no time has city tax money been used to
finance directly the activities program. It is true, of course,
that buildings and grounds which have been utilized for the
activities program have been maintained through city funds,
and without this the program would not have been possible.
It has often been said, however, that without the program,
sponsored by the Institute, the use of the park by the public
would be only a small fraction of what it is today.
At first a large part of the financial support for the activities
program came from the Oglebay estate. These funds were
supplemented by Federal, State, and county funds which were
obtained through the Agricultural Extension Division of the
University because of its interest in the development of a rural-
urban program in adult education and recreation. The amount
of local participation in the financing has increased from year
to year. Many of the committees have raised money to promote
their work.
132
A REGIONAL RECREATION CENTER 133
The activities were first organized under a committee, but
in 1930 Oglebay Institute was organized to provide for the
participation of the citizens of Wheeling in sponsoring the pro-
gram. Membership classes in Oglebay Institute during the first
season were limited to associate memberships carrying $100 fee.
In 1932 this plan was broadened to include active memberships
at $10, with various other classes up to founders at $1,000. At
the end of 1932 the membership in Oglebay Institute numbered
242. The number of town and country organizations in the
Wheeling area represented on the Activities Committee grew
from 40 in 1929 to 110 in 1933.
An effort is made to attract to the park all sorts of rural
organizations. The opportunities offered by the park for Four-H
Camps and leaders' training schools have been well received.
Three counties have held their annual Four-H Camps in the
park. Leaders' training schools for Four-H Club leaders have
been held each spring and at the time when Four-H Club
members were exhibiting at the State Fair, the park served as
their headquarters. The Farm Women's Club camp, which was
held for two seasons, has adapted itself to a more suitable plan
of vacation days for farm women at intervals during the season.
The tree-planting program has been responsible, since 1927,
for the planting in the panhandle area of over 370,000 trees and
shrubs. Arbor Day celebrations are made a feature of the park
program.
On the staff is a park naturalist who organizes nature field-
trips. The Sunday Morning Bird-Walks are well attended and
meet with growing interest and enthusiasm. Oglebay Park is
beginning to influence nature-teaching in the schools. A Nature
Leaders' Training School is now conducted. The Astronomy
Club has constructed an 8-inch telescope and conducts classes
in astronomy. A Nature Museum is being developed.
The Music Committee arranges music festivals, operettas,
pageants, and plays. The Day Camp Committee arranges for
Mothers' Vacation Days. Handcraft, music, games, nature
walks and general sociability mark these days. For several
seasons a "Caddy Camp" provided regular and comfortable
living for the caddies congregated around the golf-houses.
Fifty-five picnic-sites are in great demand.
NEW REGIONAL HIGHWAYS
The TVA Freeway
By EARLE S. DRAPER, Director Land Planning and Housing,
Tennessee Valley Authority
THE new road being built by the Tennessee Valley Authority
through the region of Norris Dam represents a departure
from ordinary highway design and control. It has been called
a "freeway" because of its comparative freedom from inter-
ference by intersecting roads, either present or future. Also due
to perpetual control by the TVA or other delegated agency, no
roadside stands or other structures may be built within its
25 0-foot- wide fee-simple right-of-way unless officially approved
both as to location and design. Further, a part of the contract
with the original owners, from whom the right-of-way was
purchased, prohibits the erection of billboards, signs, or business
structures of any kind upon the land adjoining the freeway.
But, subject to TVA regulation, adjacent property owners are
permitted to allow fields and meadows to overlap the right-of-
way, thus merging the freeway with the countryside and pre-
serving the rural character of the road.
Twenty -one miles long, the freeway forms an important
link between existing highways leading into the region from
north and south. Though the route of the freeway was laid out
for utilitarian purposes, a sustained effort has been made to
develop the natural possibilities for a scenic drive through this
rugged country with its views of the Cumberland Mountains
and the Great Smokies. Through expedient planning the free-
way is not only made to serve as a main traffic artery for the
countryside, but also to provide a unique and impressive means
of access for sightseers visiting the vicinity of Norris Dam.
The first stretch of the freeway extends from the TVA rail-
head at Coal Creek to the site of Norris Dam. This section has
been concreted and is now in service as a heavy-duty highway
along which are flowing thousands of tons of materials and equip-
ment to be used in the construction of Norris Dam.
Upon completion of the dam the crest will be utilized as a
causeway conducting the freeway across the river. From this
134
NEW REGIONAL HIGHWAYS 135
vantage-point, visitors may view the impounded waters of the
storage reservoir on one hand, and, on the other, the huge
power-house and the Chnch River 250 feet below.
Though the freeway abounds in curves made necessary
by the rugged nature of the terrain, hazardous thrills have
been eliminated from it by careful planning throughout the
entire route.
From a standpoint of both economy and esthetics, natural-
ness was an important objective in the design of the freeway.
Instead of building just another road, an attempt was made to
mould it into the earth in such a manner that it would enhance
the surroundings rather than detract from them.
Thinning of existing trees and undergrowth will be under-
taken only where necessary to open up a vista or expose a
particularly attractive view. As the greater portion of the route
of the freeway traverses forest and woodland, general roadside
planting would be superfluous, but where necessary to effect
good planting composition, native shrubs and trees will be set
out. Close-growing plants and ground-covers will be established
and maintained on slopes and banks wherever needed to check
erosion.
Grand Central Parkway
By MEADE C. DOBSON, Managing Director, Long Island
Chamber of Commerce
ONE of the noteworthy parkway improvements in the New
York Metropolitan District on Long Island has been
largely completed during the past year and is now in daily use.
This is the Grand Central Parkway in the borough of Queens,
extending 7 miles from Queens Boulevard at Kew Gardens,
Long Island, to the Nassau County line, and its extension, the
Northern State Parkway, running 5 miles eastward into the
county.
This parkway route, beautifully landscaped, follows the
backbone ridge of Long Island through several miles of natural
forest growth touching two city parks and penetrating a lovely,
unspoiled countryside amidst beautiful estates in the suburban
area of Nassau. Its four-lane concrete roadway has no inter-
sections with crossroads, these being carried over by artistic
136 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
bridges, and hence motorists are treated to 12 miles of free
running, amidst forest trees and landscaped borders that retain
all the charm of nature.
By all those familiar with the parkways of America, it is
accorded a foremost place for sheer beauty in addition to its
great convenience.
It was initiated, designed, and constructed by the Long
Island State Park Commission, of which Robert Moses, now
Park Commissioner of the City of New York, is President. Mr.
Moses has won a name for himself in the planning and construc-
tion, of this gorgeously beautiful parkway, its companion route
farther south in Nassau County, the Southern State Parkway,
and the magnificent Jones Beach State Park along the outer
beach of Nassau County. Mr. Moses' technical assistants have
been Arther E. Rowland, Chief Engineer, W. Earl Andrews,
Deputy Engineer, and C. C. Combs, Landscape Engineer.
In addition to the beauty of the Grand Central-Northern
State Parkway route, its utility to that vast army of motorists
traveling from New York City to the suburban counties of
Nassau and Suffolk is deeply appreciated after many years of
waiting for such a traffic artery.
This parkway is now being extended westward from Kew
Gardens into the borough of Brooklyn through Forest and
Highland parks and connecting with the Eastern Parkway of
that populous borough of New York City. It will also be
extended eastward in Nassau County as funds are obtainable
from coimty officials, the State of New York, and the Federal
Government.
An extension of the Grand Central Parkway is now being
projected and planned northerly to connect with the great Tri-
Borough Bridge being constructed by the City of New York
with a Federal loan and grant. Mr. Moses is a member of the
Tri-Borough Bridge Authority, and has direct charge of this
$40,000,000 project. He has planned not only this four-mile
Grand Central Parkway approach to the bridge, but also a
parkway connection through the borough of the Bronx from
the bridge to the Bronx River Parkway and the famous West-
chester County parkway system.
IN THE STATES
STATE PLANNING
State Planning Boards
By CHARLES W. ELIOT, 2d, Executive Officer, National Planning Board
A YEAR AGO State planning was an experiment in such
forward-looking States as New York and Wisconsin.
Today forty State planning boards are looking forward into the
future of their States, and, in at least eight of those Common-
wealths, legislation has been enacted to put the work on a
continuing basis.
Apparently, public opinion and the State governments were
anxious and ready to start this new planning work, for when the
National Planning Board offered its cooperation to the governors
in the hope that ten or a dozen States might take up the task,
a flood of applications for assistance came in from almost every
State in the Union.
New Hampshire was the first State heard from. Governor
Winant telephoned rather than wait for the mails. He appointed
a State Planning Board, including various State officials, well-
known citizens, and representatives from the universities. With
the help of three consultants assigned to the work by the
National Planning Board, and through the cooperation of the
Civil Works Administration, a program and staff were set up
and the new undertaking launched.
That was one State planning board, but now there are forty
— each on a slightly different basis in order to meet the peculiar
situations and special needs of the several States. Most of the
new State planning boards have about nine members, although
there is one with twenty-one, and one with five. Every board
so far appointed includes important State officials, such as the
heads of the highway, conservation, or health departments.
Most of the boards also include one or more representatives of
the universities of the State among the citizens drawn from
private life. Of course, some of the boards among the forty
have a political complexion, but it is noteworthy that almost
all of them are definitely non-political in their membership and
are so regarded by the governors who set them up.
The National Planning Board offered to supply services of
139
140 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
consultants to State planning boards which qualified under the
six conditions as follows:
1. Appointment by the governor of an unpaid State planning board,
including perhaps four department heads, such as public works,
highways, conservation, and health, together with three citizens.
2. Assurance by the governor that if this State planning board gets
under way he will sponsor some legislation to put it on a con-
tinuing basis.
3. Assurance of reasonable office space and drafting and steno-
graphic help to carry on the work of the proposed board.
4. Development of a planning program giving the status of planning
work already done and outlining specific studies to be undertaken
in, say, the next six months. It is hoped that this program will
include a land-use study, a ten-year program of public works,
and perhaps a study for the integration of the transportation
system within the State.
5. Any suggestions the governor or the new board may wish to
make of a qualified planner to direct the work.
6. Statement of the governor's willingness to appoint the planner,
or the chairman of the State Planning Board, as the State repre-
sentative on a regional or interstate planning committee, if
such committee is organized.
In accordance with this understanding, planning consultants
and associate consultants had been sent to forty States up to
June 1, and many more applications were pending in the
Washington oflSce. These consultants have been serving on a
part-time basis to provide the boards with their experience in
organizing planning programs. Some of the men appointed by
Administrator Ickes for this work had previous experience in
the city and regional planning field, while others have been
drawn from engineering or from statistical work in connection
with commercial organizations.
All of the consultants have been asked by the National
Planning Board to prepare preliminary reports within a six-
month period, covering at least such matters as land-use, the
integration of transportation methods, and a ten-year public
works program for the State to which they were assigned. This
requirement of a report to the National Planning Board will
provide at least one element of uniformity in the work of the
various State planning boards. It has been the policy, however,
of the national agency to encourage experimentation and special
studies of problems peculiar to the States so as to develop
special needs and possible solutions in a variety of fields. State
STATE PLANNING 141
planning is still so new that no single road to success is obvious,
and the State unit provides unusual opportunities for experi-
mentation in new lines of planning work.
In addition to supplying help through assignment of consul-
tants to the States, the National Planning Board has endeavored
to help along the work through preparation and dissemination
of a series of circular letters developing various problems and
methods of attack. Legislation for establishment of continuing
planning bodies has been suggested and contacts provided with
useful sources of information.
As in the case of New Hampshire, many States have taken
advantage of the opportunity provided through the cooperation
of the Civil Works Administration and Emergency Relief
Administration to secure drafting and stenographic help, and
in some cases supervisory assistance in the organization of the
work. A cordial relationship between the State planning boards
and the State Emergency Relief Administrators has been set
up which may provide useful information and assistance to the
relief organization and personnel for the work of the State
planning boards. These evidences of Federal cooperation and
assistance will not in any way affect the obligation of the
responsibility of the States for the work of their own State
planning boards, but they are proofs of the desire of the Federal
Government to help in every reasonable way.
The programs of work adopted by State planning boards
vary enormously, outside of the three fields of transportation,
land -use, and public works, which was especially indicated to
the consultants assigned from Washington. In the arid West
it was natural that water resources would play a large part,
while in New England the recreational possibilities of the area
seem to be the principal interest of the State planning units.
A number of States are making studies into the possibility of
reorganizing the county governments by consolidating the
jurisdictional units of the States. Similar studies of consolida-
tion of rural school districts have been undertaken in other
States. At least one State planning board has assumed respon-
sibility for encouraging and assisting city- and town-planning
projects, and the New Hampshire Board has issued a special
bulletin on this subject.
A brief review of the work of the State planning boards to
142 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
date shows their interest in such a variety of subjects as scenic
and historical sites, pollution of streams, shore fisheries, electri-
cal equipment in rural homes, mineral resources, submarginal
land, etc.
The work of the State planning boards has naturally devel-
oped a number of topics involving interstate cooperation, and
to meet this natural evolution of planning procedure the Board
has secured approval from Administrator Ickes for the establish-
ment of a series of twelve planning districts, each with a district
chairman. In two cases, these districts have been organized
with regional planning commissions, consisting of representatives
of the State planning boards in the area. Special studies on
interstate problems are being conducted through these regional
organizations.
The Northwest Regional Planning Commission, under the
chairmanship of Marshall N. Dana, has achieved notable
success in stirring the enthusiasm of large numbers of people in
the Columbia River Basin for planning work. The chief problem
facing the Commission is the use of the power now being
developed through the construction of the Grand Coulee and
Bonneville dams, but the Commission has a very much wider
program outlined for its immediate work. In New England, a
similar New England Regional Planning Commission has been
established with the cooperation of numerous private agencies
led by the New England Council. This New England group is
making a study of the Connecticut River Valley and of inter-
state parkways and freeways as a first step in coordination with
various State planning projects.
State and interstate planning is a lusty infant, but the work
is only beginning. It is expected that the District Chairman and
the State planning consultants appointed from Washington will
be helpful in starting the work, but the critical test will come
later when bills are pending in various legislatures for the
establishment of continuing planning organizations with
reasonable appropriations. The movement has grown rapidly
and far beyond the expectations of the National Planning Board
which launched it. The future of State planning will largely
depend on the usefulness and realism of the preliminary reports
on their work which are expected in the next few months.
STATE PLANNING 143
Taking Stock of Planning in Illinois
By KARL B. LOHMANN, Professor of Landscape Architecture,
University of Illinois
From a talk delivered before the Conference on New Planning Opportunities
in Illinois held at the University of Illinois, January 10, 1934
AMONG the most conspicuous forms of planning activity
. over the State at large are those associated with highways,
resources, recreational facilities, housing, and public buildings.
No phase of planning in Illinois gives more occasion for
intensive activity and thought than the highways of the State.
This responsibility is largely in the hands of the State Highway
Division. That organization seems to be largely concerned with
the construction of road-extensions and cut-offs, ways through
and around municipalities, the continuation of important
traffic and economic studies, intersection improvements, more
effective traffic signs and signals in behalf of greater safety, and
more expeditious flow of traffic. Attention is also being given to
the exercising of the fullest authority in keeping advertising
signs off the rights-of-way, the elimination of railroad grade
crossings on the State highways, the guidance of new road-
developments under fuel-tax allotments, and beautification of
the roads.
The land and other resources of our State are being subjected
to special inventory and planning in order to secure more
effective usefulness for them. The inventory is going on through
various agencies. Work under the Geological Survey takes the
form of examination and location of surface and subsurface
resources, investigations to determine best uses, new uses and
improved uses of geological resources. The State Water Division
continues to gather and make available data relating to the
water resources of the State, which data are of inestimable value
to cities contemplating additional water supplies. At present,
with the aid of the Civil Works Administration, the State Water
Division has an extended study under way for the collection of
data on wells in each county of the State.
For over thirty years the Soil Survey of the University of
Illinois has been gathering data on the soils and has information
about every farm in Illinois. During the last two years this
144 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
inventory has been concentrated on questions of most advan-
tageous use, adaptation, and producing capacity of each soil.
With such basic studies as these, supplemented by infor-
mation on other resources and facts, boundaries of proposed-use
districts for the State could readily be delineated and certain
natural areas dedicated and restricted to the most adaptable
uses. Areas could be set apart for forestry, agriculture, industry,
and recreation. In this way zoning in the counties and in the
State could readily become an actuality and prove of value
commensurate to the acknowledged value of zoning where
reasonably applied in a thousand cities of America.
Constructive efforts to husband the resources are seen in the
erosion-control activities and in the establishment of great
forest areas in the State. A large-scale erosion-control demon-
stration is under way on 140,000 acres of land in the Sangamon
River watershed of McClean County, a section where erosion
wastage has destructively decreased agricultural yields. Every
acre of land in that area needing protection will be treated
according to the particular needs. The program will include
cropping methods, timber plantings, engineering structures,
terraces, trees and grass, or when necessary, reorganization of
entire farm layouts.
Important constructive efforts are to be noted also in the
forest proposals for the State. Efforts under way are confined
mostly to the southern part of the State where, through clearing
and cutting, the original timbered areas have so largely dis-
appeared.
On August 30, 1933, the National Forest Reservation Com-
mission approved the establishment of the Shawnee National
Forest Purchase Unit in Pope, Hardin, Gallatin, and Saline
counties and the Illinois National Forest Purchase Unit in
Union, Jackson, and Alexander counties. These two units have
approximately 600,000 acres. This progress is indeed remarkable
in view of the fact that no definite plans for National Forests in
Illinois have been under way for more than two years.
The State Department of Conservation, which is directly in
charge of all State Forest land, has, since 1929, purchased
3,482 acres for State Forests in Union County. Seven counties
in Illinois have taken advantage of the law permitting them to
establish forest-preserve districts, and these seven counties have
STATE PLANNING 145
acquired approximately 35,000 acres. Additional counties in the
State are interested in the establishment of these forest-preserve
districts.
Recreational planning. State-wide physical-planning activity
is seen in connection with another of our resources, the parks.
According to Robert Kingery, Director of Public Works and
Buildings, there were 22 Civilian Conservation Corps units at
work last summer on State, county, and city parks and forest-
preserve districts in Illinois. This winter there have been 28
units. The work is being done in all of the larger State Parks by
Civilian Conservation Corps boys. There have been 5 units,
totaling 1,000 men, and there will be 10 units, totaling 2,000
men, in a section of Cook County Forest Preserve property.
Six units were busy making a public park out of the Camp
Grant Military Reservation.
Director Kingery further states that, while there are ap-
proximately 5,000 acres of State Park lands, he entertains
the hope of having transferred to the Division of Parks a
sizable amount of land which is owned by the State of Illinois
and either being used for other purposes or not used at all.
If this happens, a substantial addition to the State park system
will take place.
Housing and public buildings. In this State, as elsewhere, we
are making every effort possible to provide better low-cost
housing for the less fortunate portions of our population. For
this purpose a State Housing Act was passed in July and a
State Board of Housing appointed. This Board has been busily
occupied in a study of the housing situation, and has been pre-
paring additional legislation to fit new Federal policies regarding
loans for low-cost housing, and has been cooperating with a
number of organizations in selecting sites for clearance and
rebuilding in the blighted areas of Chicago, the recommendations
to be placed before the Federal Housing Division.
Under other agencies the field of rural housing is also being
explored at the present time through the medium of an extensive
survey to understand more completely the farm-housing situ-
ation, with reference to adequacy and farm-home facilities.
The possible development of new subsistence communities in
the State of Illinois is also being anticipated in another separate
study to discover the nature and extent of part-time farming
146 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
as related to the possible subsistence homestead movement for
this State.
The planning from the architectural side not only reaches
into the realm of housing but finds expression in such develop-
ments as the remodeling of the Lincoln Tomb, as dedicated last
year, or the more recent dedication of log-cabins at New Salem
on October 26, replicas of the cabins that were extant at the
time Lincoln lived in New Salem from 1831 to 1837. Roads
and parking areas are now being constructed in this interesting
and beautiful development. In some instances old churches are
being taken over and renovated for community meeting-places.
The status of ^planning education in Illinois. Just a word
regarding the status of planning education in Illinois. Since the
boundaries of planning activity are as broad as life itself, we
can expect to find courses in educational institutions every-
where that are dealing with at least some physical planning
questions. The University of Illinois has been one of the pioneers
of America in the teaching of city and regional planning as such.
The physical planning under way in this State is stupendous,
has many ramifications, but little discoverable coordination.
Too many separate projects are being planned without regard
for the combined demands of the larger unit of city, region, and
State. The city planning and zoning commissions have had
problems in common but no medium of exchange within the
State, with the possible exception of the Illinois Municipal
League and of the half dozen regional planning oflSces of Illinois.
The recent appointment of a State Planning Board, therefore,
is good news for the cause of planning in this State.
It should be possible, through the aid of the Board, to help
synchronize the various planning endeavors into a properly
functioning instrument. It should be possible to establish a
clearing-house of information for all of the existing planning
and zoning commissions in Illinois. It should be possible to
provide an educational and guiding service to encourage and
help existing planning agencies in this State to three or four
times their present number.
STATE PLANNING 147
Land Utilization as a Basis of Rural
Economic Organization
By C. F. CLAYTON, Senior Agricultural Economist, and L. J. PEET, Assis-
tant Agricultural Economist, Division of Land Economics, U. S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
Adapted from Bulletin issued by University of Vermont Agricultural College and
Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, June, 1933
THE study deals with uses of land and related problems in
thirteen hill towns* of Vermont. The problems presented by
these towns arise mainly from the perpetuation of communities
after migration, induced by changed economic conditions, which
has greatly reduced the population. The physical characteristics
— rugged topography, stony soils, long winters, heavy snowfall
— are also conducive to the development of economic and social
conditions associated with isolation and the utilization of meager
physical resources.
The trend of population in the thirteen towns has been down-
ward since 1850. Each decade has witnessed a percentage de-
crease in population greater than the previous decade. The
number of operated farms probably will continue to decrease,
and partially operated and abandoned farms will revert to
woodland, barring sweeping changes in economic conditions,
even though counter tendencies, such as the slow decline in the
urban population, may take place. The physical and economic
limitations to substantial agricultural or industrial expansion
in the hill towns preclude serious consideration of an increase
of the population by immigration. The present tendency to
associate part-time farming with employment in city industries
might have the effect of drawing young people from the more
isolated rural areas to engage in rural-urban employment. If
diffusion of industry operates to give added importance to
small-scale, semi-seasonal local industries which draw on the
local farm population for a considerable portion of their labor
supply and on farm and forest products for their raw materials,
these may provide a basis for the organization and maintenance
of small, but reasonably prosperous, rural communities.
*It should be remembered that in New England the town is a subdivision of the State,
and not a village.
148 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
A land-use program should include six major objectives :
1. Concentration of the population of each town on the land
best adapted to agricultural use. The maps prepared in con-
nection with the report clearly show the localities in which
population might best be concentrated, and they serve to
indicate the approximate limitations and possibilities of agri-
cultural development in each of the towns.
2. Protection, development, and conservation of present
forest stands and reforestation of selected areas that are espe-
cially adapted to forest use. The forestry program should pro-
vide for such recreational uses of forest lands as are not incon-
sistent with the primary purposes of producing timber.
3. Utilization as parks, resorts, game-preserves, and hunting-
or fishing-grounds of lands which are especially adapted to
recreational uses, to the preservation of desirable species of
game and fish, or which possess unusual scenic features.
4. Development of the water-power resources in selected
locations in combination with flood-control projects, rural
electrification, and encouragement of local industries.
5. Limited reorganization of town government, including
changes in the present boundaries of some towns.
6. Continued development of extension instruction in house-
hold management and in farm management, including farm
wood-lots and development of cooperative organizations.
Concentration of population can be achieved only through
the cooperation of State and local governments. Regardless of
the course pursued, legislative action will be required.
Zoning provides another method for securing concentration
of the population. Areas might simply be zoned against occu-
pancy or they might be zoned as to use. Under the police powers
of the State, either procedure probably would be possible.
In the last analysis, material improvements in conditions in
the hill towns can be achieved only through broad policies
directed toward promoting the concentration of population on
the better land, the elimination of the excessive costs of schools
and roads which are associated with sparse population, and the
development of forest and recreational resources with a view to
a combination of a limited amount of farming with employment
in local woodworking industries and with incidental services
provided for tourists and summer residents.
STATE PLANNING 149
New Hampshire State Planning
By JAMES M. LANGLEY, Chairman, New Hampshire State Planning Board
NEW HAMPSHIRE suspects that planning may supply the
additional efficiency necessary if democracy or its peculiar
virtues are to survive. As was natural, democracy originally
invited a considerable amount of disorganized individual free-
dom. The evolution of an organized and more enlightened
individual freedom must presumably proceed from cooperative
planning.
This matter of attitudes is significant, for from it springs the
inspiration for and the direction of New Hampshire's efforts
at State planning. These efforts embrace three natural objec-
tives :
1. The encouragement of local planning.
2. The extension and correlation of State planning.
3. Participation in interstate and national planning.
Inasmuch as planning is a function of government if it is to
have any force or authority, cities and towns are the basic
planning units. Together they cover the whole land area, with
a few exceptions, and the central forms of government, State
and National, are superimposed upon their structure, an im-
portant distinction because it implies the necessity for an
intelligent division of planning activities between the State, or
the Nation, and the local government.
Local planning is an orderly expression of the best foresight
of local citizens. We have all indulged in mental planning in our
own communities. We have considered civic development from
a thousand angles, wishfully. Now and then we have done
something about this or that situation, but usually not until
it became pressing. But if we think back we discover that all
these things came independently, that they were often ill-
considered, and that in no city or town in New Hampshire have
they been based upon a comprehensive plan for the develop-
ment of the whole community. Furthermore, there exists in
this State no planning enabling act which would permit official
adoption of a city or town plan, if one existed. Enactment of
such an enabling act, which is merely permissive legislation
giving any city or town that wishes to plan officially the privi-
150 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
lege, would seem to be inevitable, and possibly no further away
than the next regular session of the Legislature.
There is a State Zoning Enabling Act, passed in 1925. This
Act permits cities or towns to regulate the use of private
property. But public property can only be regulated effectively
under a planning enabling act. Public property includes streets,
which often occupy from a quarter to a third of the land area
in a city; bridges, waterways, boulevards, parkways, play-
grounds, squares, parks, aviation fields, public buildings, and,
in the words of the Department of Commerce model planning
enabling act, "public utilities for water, light, sanitation, trans-
portation, communication, power and other purposes," whether
publicly or privately owned.
Because there is as yet no planning enabling act does not
mean that towns and cities which would plan must be idle. In
the planning and zoning primer issued by the State Planning
Board we suggest the formation of local planning councils.
These councils, if well manned, can do good preliminary plan-
ning work, for the first step in comprehensive local planning is
an exact determination of existing uses and conditions. Until
a city or town plan can be officially adopted under the authority
of a planning enabling act, plans prepared by planning councils
may provide information and inspiration for the local depart-
ments of government, if the plans are well made and are sup-
ported by convincing evidence of their desirability.
No community plan is ever really completed. Planning must
be a continuing thing, an effort constantly to show intelligent
foresight. If the cities and towns of New Hampshire had had
plans prior to last year they would have reaped a tremendously
greater benefit from the CWA and ERA work-relief programs
than they have. Yet no matter how much of the then-existing
plan might have been completed, there still would be need for
planning. Cities and towns grow, especially those which are
well planned. No plan at all is a poor plan and conducive to
local ugliness. Ugliness is bound to invite the forces of com-
munity disintegration. That is why lack of planning is really
expensive, while planning is economical.
The State Planning Board cannot and does not wish to plan
any city or town. That each community must do for itself. Not
all will do the job well. But taste is a thing which can be
liaiik Planted with Sweet Fern mid Wild Purple Aster
Courtesy American Nature Association
Intersection IManling aL Cornwall Jiridge. A Large Triangle Treated as a
Part of the Larger Landscape
Courtesy American Nature Association
Al'ler the ( undc Nasi Oasis Comes the Post Road "Slum'
Courtesy American Nature Association
;:^^w* ^
^inv,,
The Boston Post Road at Milbrook Has Been Protected by Rigid Zoning
Courtesy American Nature Association
STATE PLANNING 151
acquired, if it is lacking, and it is acquired most rapidly by try-
ing to express it. What inspiration and advice as to methods of
procedure, and what general knowledge we have as to what
communities are doing, the State Planning Board is eager to
impart.
There is no law in this State which describes the duties of a
State planning board, any more than there is a law which
describes the duties or powers of a local planning group. Were
there a law creating a State planning board it might, as it does
in other States where such a law has been enacted, say that the
board shall, among other things :
"Prepare and adopt plans for complete systems of State or
regional highways, expressways, parkways, parks, water-supply
and forest reservations, and airways and air terminals." This
wording is taken verbatim from an actual State planning law.
In New Hampshire we have had highway planning up to a
certain point, based on traffic surveys made at five-year inter-
vals, but we have not yet attempted other than wishfully to
control the land adjacent to a system in which the State has in
the past fifteen years spent upward of a hundred million
dollars. It is the proposal in the act from which I quote that
there be regulations to protect the State's investment which is
most important in this State. The act continues:
"Such plans and regulations shall be designed to promote
health, safety, and the general welfare; to facilitate the move-
ment of through traffic; to provide for the accommodation of
local traffic, cross traffic, and traffic to and from the abutting
frontages; to establish front yards or set-back lines along
abutting frontages; to regulate the location of filling stations
(we have about 7,000 in New Hampshire), garages, lunch-
stands, outdoor advertising signs, and other uses of property
along the adjacent frontages; to regulate the subdivision of
land along such highways and parkways; and to conserve scenic
and historic places, and (most important to a State like New
Hampshire) the natural beauty of the countryside."
All this is by way of hypothesis in so far as New Hampshire
is concerned. The State Planning Board as it now exists has
no assigned tasks beyond the terms of a gentleman's agreement
between the Governor and the National Planning Board. The
principal points in that agreement were the appointment of an
152 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
unpaid board, assurance that the Governor would sponsor
legislation which would create a permanent planning board,
and the promise of cooperation of State departments with the
temporary board.
What form of permanent State Planning Board legislation
either the Governor or the temporary board may ultimately
recommend in New Hampshire is undetermined. A study of
planning legislation is one of the tasks which the State Planning
Board has assumed.
Years ago Daniel Webster said this :
"Civilization is based upon the soil. Therefore, the better
the nation learns to use its land, the more time it will have for
the art of civilization."
Since Webster's time we have proceeded quite a way, but
the task is far from ended. National planning is an effort to
learn better how to use the land, no less than is State and local
planning. But national planning is primarily a correlation of
State planning. The intimate planning studies done by the
States need not be duplicated to become the basis for intelligent
interstate planning.
In New England the six States have organized a regional
planning commission to provide a medium for common dis-
cussion of interstate problems, such as the pollution of the
Connecticut River. The regional commission is really a regional
office of the National Planning Board.
In this whole problem of planning I think Lewis Mumford
has struck a note which will appeal to New Hampshire people
with their agricultural tradition, which was superseded by
great industrialization and finally by commercialized recreation.
Mumford says this:
"Home, meeting-place, and factory; polity, culture, and art
have still to be united and wrought together, and this task is
one of the fundamental tasks of our civilization. Once that
union is effected, the long breach between art and life, which
began with the Renaissance, will be brought to an end.'*
I believe we have begun to glimpse this vision in New
Hampshire, and that we can gradually bring it into being.
STATE PLANNING 153
Maryland Sets Up a Planning Board
By LAVINIA ENGLE, Member House of Delegates, Maryland General
Assembly and Member State Planning Commission
THE Maryland State Planning Commission was created by
act of the special session of the General Assembly of Mary-
land in December, 1933, and was appointed by the Governor
immediately following the session. Its membership consists of
the director or a member of the board from each of three State
departments — ^roads, health, and charity — and two members-
at-large, all appointed by the Governor.
Since the act establishing the Commission was adopted at a
special session and has for its immediate purpose the carrying
out of the Federal planning program which the National Plan-
ning Board is attempting to secure through the State or regional
bodies, it is functioning at present on Federal funds. A planning
consultant was appointed by the National Planning Board, and
clerical and research assistance has been given by the CWA.
The help of various State and local departments has been given
the Commission. It is expected that the new agency will be
put on a more permanent financial basis by the next session of
the Maryland Assembly.
The program outlined by the National Planning Board, and
which the Board has asked all State bodies to prepare within
the six months following their organization, includes a study
of a long-range public works program, a land-utilization survey,
a transportation survey, and a social survey, with direct relation
to the relief needs of the States.
Collection of planning data from the files of the various
State and city departments has been one of the first activities
of the Commission. Analysis of this material, with special
reference to its place in a general State-wide program of plan-
ning, will be a major task. Upon the basis of a study of these
data and of the material collected and reports made for the
immediate use of the national body, the State Commission will
outline the plan of study upon which permanent planning
activities for Maryland will be based.
154 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
The Maryland Program
By ABEL WOLMAN, Chairman State Planning Commission,
Baltimore, Md.
WE HAVE DIVIDED our studies into two primary fields,
one dealing with purely physical planning and the other
with social, economic, and financial planning.
The following enterprises are actively under study :
1. A detailed population study.
2. A study of the financial status of the counties and incorporated
towns of the State of Maryland. This is about one-half completed.
3. A study of the administrative structure of county government.
This study will take approximately nine months.
4. A survey of park and recreational areas.
5. A study of the sea-food industry of the State of Maryland, with
particular reference to the formulation of a long-term State policy.
This study is under way and should be completed in the near future.
6. A detailed program is under preparation on the mental hygiene
problem of the State.
7. A similar study will shortly be undertaken on the public schools
of the State.
8. Two or three counties will be selected in the immediate future
for intensive study with reference to health and social service, in order
to develop typical programs for future appHcation to other counties.
9. A ten-year highway program is now in preparation which will
be coordinated with a similar study of a transportation plan, including
water, rail, and highways.
10. A statistical study of the past public-works expenditures for all
purposes in the State and its subdivisions has been under way for
approximately sixty days. Upon this background an estimate will be
prepared as to the future public-works expenditures to be expected.
In addition to these undertakings, we hope to have started
in the near future a study of the coal-mining situation in the
Georges Creek area of western Maryland; of a strictly rural
problem of the canning industry on the Eastern Shore; of a
one-crop area in southern Maryland, and of a heavy industrial
unit adjacent to Baltimore City.
We are attempting to restrict, as much as possible, the
various avenues of investigation so that our energies will not be
so diffused as to make it impossible to accomplish any real
progress.
STATE PLANNING 155
A State Plan for Utah
By S. R. DeBOER, Denver, Colo.
IN MODERN TIMES nearly all States and nations are
interdependent to a very large degree, and the planning of
one must therefore affect many others. The State of Utah lends
itseK better to planning as one entity than, perhaps, any other
State in the Union. Surrounded as it is by large, nearly unin-
habited open spaces, some of desert character, Utah has the
isolation of an island or, better, of an oasis.
The heart of the State is the irrigated district west of the
Wasatch Mountains, and this district is often, and quite appro-
priately, called "The Oasis." It is here that the State's largest
cities. Salt Lake and Ogden, are located. Nearly seventy-five
per cent of the population of the State lives here on a narrow
strip of land one hundred miles in length. It is here that the
Mormon pioneers located, and this is their chosen land.
The moisture-laden winds of the Pacific Coast pass over the
desert areas of western Utah and Nevada and hit against the
western slope of the Wasatch Mountains. Here they are cooled
off and the moisture is condensed into rain or snow, which again
is collected in streams and becomes available for irrigation.
The original development of this oasis by the Mormon
settlers was of an agricultural character. All families lived on
small or large tracts of land. Professional men, mechanics, and
tradesmen received only small tracts and farming families the
larger tracts. It may be said that the Utah villages were nothing
but what we now call "Subsistence Homesteads."
Industry based on the mining of lead, copper, silver, gold,
and many other metals, of which the Utah mountains contain
large quantities, was only reluctantly welcomed in these agri-
cultural settlements. It led to a different type of town, the
industrial one, and today typical cities of this type are found
near the large copper smelters and similar industries.
The industrial development caused a great influx of popu-
lation, and today more than half of the State's people are
dependent on industry. This greater population was bound to
bring with it problems, many of which have become very urgent
during the past few years.
156 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Water was, and is, the great problem of this arid country.
There is only a limited amount of it available. The flows of all
streams of the western slope of the Wasatch run into the Great
Salt Lake. The drought which has been witnessed by all the
Mountain States in recent years is also felt by this region.
Studies on water-supply and water-distribution have been
made by various commissions, and much material is available
on this subject. The work of the Utah Planning Board in this
respect is only that of coordination and digesting of this study
material. It must weigh the importance of water-use for agri-
culture against the need of water for industry. The answer to
this problem may be one of location, in other words, zoning.
The maximum use of water may require the location of industries
below the agricultural fields.
A study was prepared last winter by Jacob L. Crane, Jr., in
regard to the problem of diking in part of the Great Salt Lake,
and this study was the first important step in State planning.
It is proposed to dike off the eastern bay of the lake and store
in it the run-off from the Wasatch Mountains. This lake would
be a fresh-water body, and its water would be available for
industrial use.
Similar studies are now in progress for Utah Lake, and it
seems likely that the drought period will bring to Utah a
definite solution of its water problem, with all possibilities and
limitations carefully worked out.
The question of the use of land runs parallel to the one of
water. In the desert areas the usable soil is shallow but in the
moister areas the soil is deep. Land-use for agricultural purposes
therefore becomes one of putting the valuable water on the
best soil.
The use of land has another rather unusual aspect. Due to
its high altitude, the farm of the Mountain States produces a
product which contains a high amount of vitamins. Cool
nights and bright sunlight seem to put something into the pro-
duce here which makes it of unusual quality. Further experi-
ments are necessary to determine this factor more definitely,
but Utah's agricultural future seems to point toward quality
rather than quantity production.
Transportation is a major item in the State plan. Like all
the Mountain States, Utah suffers from freight-rates which
STATE PLANNING 157
make competition against other regions difficult.
The State's educational system is known for its high calibre.
Like all other States, Utah is now going through a period which
will test its ability to support financially a system of mass
education. Social studies, housing particularly, will receive
much attention in the State plan.
Part of the work of the State plan will be an intensive study
of a special town and surrounding country, for the purpose of
showing a more or less ideal development.
Recreation will receive a good deal of attention. The Utah
mountain areas are beautiful, and the further development of
recreation facilities may be made a source of revenue.
There are many problems of great difficulty and urgency to
be studied by the State Planning Board, but in addition to its
geographic unity there is one great advantage for planning
work. This advantage is the feeling of friendly unity which
pervades the people of this area. Like everywhere, there is here
a test of human ingenuity against the forces of Nature, and
accomplishment will be in direct ratio to the amount of unity
the people of a region possess.
A Plan for Missouri
By R. W. SELVIDGE, Chairman Missouri Planning Board,
Columbia, Mo.
THE Missouri Planning Board has assembled a vast amount
of basic planning material concerning the natural resources
of Missouri, population, population trends. State institutions,
social and economic conditions, land-classification and use,
sanitary and health conditions, transportation, parks, and
recreational opportunities. In this work the Board has had the
interested and active cooperation and assistance of all State
agencies. The people of the State as a whole appear to be deeply
interested in the work that is being done.
The Board and its technical consultants, Harland Bar-
tholomew and S. Herbert Hare, are now engaged in the study
of these data with a view of coordinating and interpreting them
for the purpose of developing definite plans and recommenda-
tions. A preliminary report on the plan will be ready within the
next thirty days.
158 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Future Forest Towns in Northern Wisconsin
By R. B. GOODMAN, Member State Planning Board,
Marinette, Wis.
PINE-LUMBERING reached industrial significance in
Wisconsin about eighty years ago and rapidly expanded,
reaching its peak in 1892, and for the next ten years Wisconsin
was the leading lumber-producing State. The white-pine oper-
ations were a destructive selective cutting, leaving the hard-
woods and hemlock. The pine logs were floated down the
streams to the rivers, and on the rivers sawmills were built.
Surrounding the sawmills came the sawmill towns, and gradu-
ally there developed a scattered crop-farming to supply the
local markets.
Following the decline of the pine-lumber industry, two
forest industries arose which pushed their way into the northern
forests. These are the hardwood-hemlock lumber industry and
the wood-pulp paper industry. Sawmill towns, transient in
character, dotted the northern unpopulated wilderness. The
early pulp and paper-mills were built up-river at the water-
power sites.
The failure of independent agricultural development in the
absence of sustained forest industry is evidenced throughout
these northern regions by the emergence of the mendicant
townships, the pauper communities, maintained almost wholly
or in part by Federal, State, and county gratuities or grants-
in-aid. There is wholesale tax-delinquency which has turned
back more than one-third of the land in the northern counties
to public ownership. The most serious of all results is the lowered
social status of the unfortunate families so situated. Many of
these isolated settlers now find themselves hopelessly insolvent.
For the most part they live in physical, and not infrequently in
moral, squalor. They are outside the confines of civilized life.
Back of this maladjustment lies the lack of forest conserva-
tion consciousness in the public during those years in which the
foundations of this maladjustment were laid. Unregulated,
unplanned, unprofitable forest industry, wasteful, destructive
logging practices, unchecked slash fires, confiscatory local
property taxation, unenforced and disregarded fish and game
laws, soil-exhaustive cropping, unchecked erosion, unwise
STATE PLANNING 159
drainage — all are details of a generally promoted, practically
universal opportunism of exploitation.
The Federal acquisition of forest land in the northern
counties is proceeding in authorized Federal forests having an
area of 2,000,000 acres. Forestry in Wisconsin is no longer a
paper program, but the regular and continued administrative
activities of the Conservation Department and the Federal
Forest Service involving more than $2,000,000 of annual
expenditures. These activities include commercial and all-
purpose forestry, prevention of erosion, fire-prevention, regula-
tion of stream-flow, propagation and preservation of wild life,
the development of recreational use and enjoyment. These
activities are recognized in the public consciousness as the
responsibility of the Federal, State, and local governments,
arising from the failure of private ownership in the management
of actual and potential forest land in those regions submarginal
to agricultural development.
In the past we have thought of the sawmill as the employer.
For the future we think of the forest as the employer. As the
sawmill town declines, the forest town will necessarily develop.
An analysis of employment discloses that there is more actual
expenditure of labor payroll in the conversion of the forest tree
into the sawlog in the woods and in its transportation to the
sawmill than there is for employment in converting the sawlog
into lumber, seasoned, graded and milled, ready for shipment.
Under our town government system there is a necessary local
government expense over and above all grants from general
taxation. This also must be borne largely by the forest area
served by the forest town, for these towns must have good
schools and good roads, and they must have this with a low tax
rate. In one form or another, forest taxation, which formerly
supported the mill towns, will be called upon to support the
forest towns. This makes it necessary for the conservation
agencies concerned to overcome the high local government costs
of sparse and isolated settlement.
In northern Wisconsin, the conservation field of activity is
(1) development of all forest resources, including wild life;
(2) the protection and culture of these resources; and (3) the
utilization, commercial or in other ways, of these resources.
160 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Progress of Iowa State Conservation Plan
By MARGO K. FRANKEL, Iowa State Board of Conservation,
Des Moines, Iowa
WHEN J. N. Darling (better known as "Ding," the cartoon-
ist), the dynamic Iowa conservationist and present Chief
of the U. S. Biological Survey, promoted the making of a Con-
servation Plan for Iowa in 1931, no CCC or CWA was in sight.
But the value of a well-coordinated plan has never been more
evident.
The Iowa Conservation Plan was made under the direction
of Jacob L. Crane, Jr., of Chicago and Washington, Planning
Consultant. When the Federal relief work was announced, Iowa
had a working basis not trumped up on a moment's notice nor
made to suit the demands of selfish interests, but based on
scientific studies of roads and parks, streams and lakes, wood-
land and soil, from an economic as well as a recreational and
esthetic point of view.
Dr. G. B. MacDonald, Professor of Forestry, Ames, as
Director of ECW for Iowa, used the Plan as a guide in laying
out the work.
First and foremost was pointed out the need of conservation
of the soil. And what did we gain from having this emphasized.?
Just this : In a State where over 96 per cent of the land was in
agricultural use, with no State or Federal forests, 17 forestry
camps were awarded to the State to stop soil-erosion on private
lands.
Some 25,000 erosion-control dams on 1,000 farms, to benefit
300,000 acres, have been built. Five State Park camps were
established and details from the forestry camps have built
dams and improved streams for fishing. Many miles of stream
in northeast Iowa are being improved by construction of wing
dams and waterfalls along 56 trout streams.
CWA workers, paid out of Federal funds, made detailed
maps of some of the major wooded areas of the State in order
to be ready to obtain authorization for National Forests in
Iowa, if possible. The Legislature passed a bill permitting
acquisition by the Federal Government of forest land and game-
preserves in Iowa. A new State Forest Preserve, acquired by
gift, has been improved with CWA labor at Peterson in Clay
STATE PLANNING 161
County. Tree-planting in numerous parks and preserves is now
getting under way as well as on eroded private land. A Forestry
and Cover Survey in 70 counties has been made by CWA forces,
laying the foundation for plans for Federal buildings. Tree-
disease survey and eradication work has been carried on.
Work is going on in the majority of our 40 State Parks. In
4 parks, camps have been established which do nothing but
State Park development work, bringing to the parks not only
labor but materials for shelter-houses, dams, trails, and bridges.
Some communities have purchased additional lands for some
of the parks, and others are waking up to their opportunities.
What of the lakes.? Perhaps the biggest showing will be
made there. The Conservation Plan points out the need of pro-
tecting existing lakes, restoring some that have been partially
drained and creating new ones in areas of the State that have
no water recreation (or inspiration) in the hot summer months.
There are 18 lake improvements under way for both existing
and created lakes. Oskaloosa this year raised $22,000 — a large
sum for the town. West Union, Iowa City, Carroll, Spirit Lake
have made generous gifts of land to the State, thereby making
possible the restoration of old lake-beds and the creation of
several beautiful new lakes.
Great progress has been made in that part of the Conserva-
tion Plan that deals with fish and game. Fishing is being
restored through stream-improvement and proper stocking of
the waters. Improvement work in the trout streams is being
carried on by the sportsmen and CCC workers.
Game-management on an extensive scale has been introduced
with the very generous aid of the farmers and organized sports-
men. Cover for nesting areas is being provided through the
cooperation of farmers who are allowing grassy thickets to
remain undisturbed. With Federal aid, 8 sewage plants are
under construction or completed, and 14 other projects have
been forwarded to Washington.
The Conservation Plan calls for roadside improvement.
With Federal funds, a 25-mile highway project on U. S. No. 65,
between Ames and Blairsburg, is now being planned for road-
side plantings and landscaping.
In a time of confusion and rapid changes, the Plan is proving
a steadying force directed toward a definite aim.
162 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
What States Have Art Commissions?
By WILLIAM N. LUDWIG, Administrative Officer, Pennsylvania Art
Commission
ONLY four States other than Pennsylvania have even a
semblance of art commission relations, so far as our
records go.
In Indiana, the Indiana Monument Commission passes on
all war memorials erected in consequence of legislative provision.
Connecticut has a Commission of Sculpture, legislatively
created, which passes on statues and works of art relating to the
decoration of the Capitol buildings and grounds in Hartford.
Massachusetts has an Art Commission of the Common-
wealth, which passes upon all works of art to be installed in
State-owned buildings.
Virginia has the Art Commission of Virginia, which considers
the design of all public buildings and works of art purchased
by, or presented to, that State.
It is apparent that Pennsylvania is better provided with a
mechanism for adequate supervision than any other State.
The Pennsylvania State Art Commission is the only assistance
the Commonwealth has in maintaining a high standard of
design in all work done under its jurisdiction.
Professional men are coming to recognize the value of the
art commission more in the direction of consultation than of
mere approval or disapproval. Records on file show apprecia-
tion of the criticisms and suggestions offered on designs sub-
mitted for approval, and also prove that the percentage of
preliminary submissions increases year by year. This means
not only better work generally, but insures immediate approval
without loss of time when the final submission in any case
reaches the administrative oflfice.
An art commission founded upon comprehensive and satis-
factory legislation is of major importance, tending not only
toward better design, but not infrequently toward high econ-
omy. Every State in the Union would profit by the establish-
ment and maintenance of an art commission with adequate
powers and appointed under conditions such as in Pennsylvania
assure the attention of men and women who serve the State
for its advantage without charge.
STATE PLANNING 163
The Pennsylvania State Art Commission
By J. HORACE McFARLAND, Chairman, Harrisburg, Pa.
THE Keystone State, it appears, is unique in having set up
by statute a mechanism for safeguarding the location and
design of "all public monuments, memorials, buildings, or other
structures, and certain private structures proposed to be
erected anywhere in this Commonwealth, other than in cities of
the first and second class." This statute, approved May 1,
1919, and yet in force with slight amendment, operates in all of
Pennsylvania, save Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Scranton,
each of which cities has its own Art Jury or Art Commission
authorized by statute.
When it is understood that the control of the design and
location thus authorized includes all school buildings, all
bridges, as well as all buildings and memorials erected anywhere
in the State on public property, or paid for by public money
on private property, the scope of the Act may be better realized.
The best determination of what this means is to consider
briefly items reported, as required by law, to the Governor at
the end of November, 1933, for the preceding year. Notwith-
standing the apparent building paralysis, consideration was
given during that year to 316 designs, of which 36 were designs
for State-owned buildings. There were also 61 designs for public
school-buildings, 12 for city or county buildings, 11 memorials,
75 county bridges, and 121 State bridges, erected under the
jurisdiction of the Secretary of Highways. This total was nearly
20 per cent less than that for the preceding year, and involved
public expenditure in excess of $7,000,000. At present, the
average estimated cost of structures being dealt with exceeds
$1,000,000 per month.
In the last seven years the Commission has steadily held to
the idea that its function was not merely to reject unsatisfactory
designs or locations, but to suggest how good designs might be
substituted. Thus, there is unofficial insistence that preliminary
discussions be had concerning plans for structures about to be
submitted, so that rejections could be avoided. In the last
year, 96 projects were modified through this sort of relation
and consequent conferences, and indeed there is record of 208
such conferences with designers for that year.
164 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
The effect of the authority thus given in protection of the
expenditure of the money of the pubHc is distinctly beneficial,
it is believed. For example, 11 State highway garages have
been designed so as not to hurt the eye. One 7,000-foot bridge
across the Susquehanna was made a thing of beauty. A great
memorial to a veteran of the Civil War, erected in combination
with two jurisdictions in Philadelphia, but paid for by the
State, has been made a creditable work of art. A most important
water-conservation enterprise in northwestern Pennsylvania,
involved in what is known as the Pymatuning Dam project,
has been modified in cooperative relations toward satisfactory
appearance. The further advantage to the public through the
operations of this Commission occurs when by cooperating
with other State and national bodies unnecessary projects are
either held up or abandoned. When, for example, attempts were
made to erect two unnecessary bridges across the Susquehanna,
so that public money could be used to private advantage,
relation to the Public Service Commission, to the Secretary of
Forests and Waters, and indeed to the War Department,
choked off these enterprises.
It has been a matter of pride to the Pennsylvania State Art
Commission that its consideration is promptly given. In more
than 90 per cent of the cases, decisions are rendered within one
or two days of the submission of the designs. This practice,
obviously, is promoted by the urgent effort to have informal
discussions before final and formal submissions.
The Commissioners serve without pay. An executive secre-
tary and his necessary assistants involve all the cost, with the
exception of traveling expenses as the Commission goes about
in pursuance of its duties. The personnel at present includes,
in addition to myself as the chairman. Dr. Warren Powers
Laird, former Dean of the School of Fine Arts of the University
of Pennsylvania; Mrs. Letitia W. Malone, who has peculiar
proficiency in the study of sculpture and its relations; Mr.
Frederick Bigger, a distinguished architect of Pittsburgh;
Dr. R. Tait McKenzie, equally distinguished as a World War
surgeon and as a sculptor to whose credit are many great
creations.
HIGHWAY PLANNING AND ROADSIDE
DEVELOPMENT
Federal Highway Progress
By THOMAS H. MACDONALD, Chief U. S. Bureau of Public Roads,
Washington, D.C.
THE Federal and State highway organizations were called
into action when the Nation united to use its great strength
to overcome depression and to restore a normal national life.
To achieve effective results, agencies capable of functioning on
a country-wide scale were essential; and it was inevitable that
the existing highway organizations should be called upon to
take a prominent position in the front line of the offensive
operations. These organizations became the shock troops to
point the entering thrust of the "war against unemployment'*
army which the PWA has marshalled into action.
The National Industrial Recovery Act provided $400,000,
000 for highway and bridge construction, practically all of which
is now involved in work under way. This money was directly
employing over 172,000 men on May 19, with a rapid increase
indicated as the construction season swings into full action. The
construction program will be at its peak this summer, and the
various projects will be largely completed by fall. A large
number of projects already have been finished. Moreover, it
appears probable that all Federal and State highway employ-
ment this summer will provide jobs for at least a half -million
men directly employed. An idea of the extent and speed of the
highway program provided may be gained by considering that
in the six months between July, 1933, and January, 1934, con-
struction under the supervision of the Bureau of Public Roads
had been undertaken by the State Highway Departments on a
road-mileage sufficient to build six transcontinental highways.
Actually, this highway work has not been concentrated upon
any single line or class of highways, but has been distributed
widely to reach into nearly every county in every State. There
are included secondary roads, municipal streets that are a part
of important highway routes, and principal rural roads on the
Federal-aid highway system.
165
166 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
From the beginning of the Federal highway work, policies
have been directed toward the building of a national system of
highways as the principal objective. Employment is the first
consideration and the most important reason for making avail-
able to the highway departments an appropriation more than
three times as large as the annual Federal contribution for
highways heretofore.
Coupled with the relief of unemployment, a number of new
Federal highway policies as well as modifications of old ones
have been made effective. Of these, one of the most important
is the use of Federal funds for the improvement of extensions
of the Federal-aid system into and through municipalities
without regard to size. The minimum of 25 per cent of the funds
allocated by the regulations for this purpose has been increased
voluntarily by the States.
For the first time also Federal funds are being used for the
improvement of secondary roads. As defined, this class com-
prises any roads not on the Federal-aid system. The regulations
provide that not more than 25 per cent of the total funds may
generally be used for this purpose.
Particular emphasis is placed in the law upon projects to
eliminate highway safety hazards. For the first time the entire
cost of the construction necessary to improve grade crossings
is being paid from the Federal highway apportionments, but
this does not include any land or property damages. The pro-
gram includes many grade separations between railroads and
highways and a number between highways. In addition,
narrow roads are being widened to meet traffic demands,
dangerous bridges replaced by modern structures, and numerous
other highway traffic hazards removed.
One of the most important causes of serious accidents charged
against highway traffic is the use by pedestrians of roadways
designed for vehicular traffic only, particularly in the suburban
districts of metropolitan areas. For the first time Federal funds
are being used to provide footpaths, and a reasonable start is
being made in the furnishing of such facilities.
There has been so widespread and insistent a demand for
the extension of adequately improved roadways on which to
operate motor vehicles that it has been the general practice to
confine the expenditures to this purpose and to design the
A Sample of the Boston Post Road "Slum" at the West Approach to Darien
Courtesy American Nature Association
A Sizable "Slum" Created by the One Tilling Station.
The Number of Signs Can Be Limited by Law
Courtesy American Nature Association
Sixteen Billboards on a Two-Mile Approach to Berlin, Conn. The Tax Law Discourages
the Small Signs But the Big Ones Flourish
Courtesy American Nature Association
How the Piscataqua Garden Club of York, Maine, Set to Work
to Clean up the Roadsides of the Community
Courtesy American Nature Association
HIGHWAY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 167
roadways themselves without the comfortable margins desirable
to contribute to safety, durability, and beauty. While practice
has required that the construction be brought to a workmanlike
finish, the conception of roadside improvement has heretofore
stopped with the finishing and seeding of cut slopes and the
careful cleaning up behind the construction operations. There
is a substantial change in this attitude in the direction of road-
side improvements by supplementary construction and planting.
Proper landscaping is coming rapidly to be recognized as a
necessary part of adequately improved highways.
A summary of the public works highway projects under the
supervision of the Bureau of Public Roads as of April 30, 1934
(exclusive of the loan and grant highway projects recently
transferred by the Public Works Administration to the super-
vision of the Bureau) shows 8,050 projects on 29,533 miles of
highways. Of this mileage, 21,042 miles were under way or
completed using funds from the $400,000,000 appropriation;
the remainder was divided between forest, park, public lands,
and work-relief roads. The total estimated cost of work in
progress on that date was $428,528,937, of which $386,404,558
was from the Public Works Fund. Of the 21,042 miles using
funds from the $400,000,000 appropriation, types of construc-
tion were divided as follows: graded and drained, 4,854; sand-
clay and gravel, treated and untreated, 7,974; macadam,
treated and untreated, 809; bituminous mix, macadam and
concrete, 4,134; Portland cement concrete and block, 3,157;
bridges, railroad-highway and highway-highway grade sepa-
rations, 114. On May 19, of the 7,791 projects under way using
the $400,000,000 appropriation a total of 1,379 had been com-
pleted, and 4,958 projects were under construction.
The experience in handling the present as well as the previous
highway programs has emphasized the necessity for broad
planning on a national scale of the future highway improve-
ments. This planning comprises two phases:
First, the division of the highways themselves into service
classifications; and, second, the surveys and other investigations
of both an economic and an engineering character necessary to
plan the specific improvements upon the systems as classified.
It will be recognized that the classification of highways is in a
constant state of flux. There are the Federal-aid system, the
168 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
State highway systems, local roads, such as county and town-
ship, and also city streets. These classifications have been
largely jurisdictional. There is need of continuation of the
studies now in progress in some States and the beginning of
such studies in States not now engaged in such work, for the
purpose of classification on the basis of present and future
utilization. It is only by such a classification that we can build
the long-time jurisdictional, financial, and engineering policies
that are sound.
As to the second phase, the more important the improvement
the longer the time necessary to make the detailed studies to
insure a sound plan. Also, when public works are to be expanded
to absorb unemployment, it is necessary that these studies and
plans be ready for such an emergency. It is recommended that
the policy of future planning be recognized as a necessary con-
tinuous operation, and appropriations provided for such plan-
ning on a cooperative basis with the State highway departments
and the other Federal agencies.
The self -liquidating character of highway construction is too
generally overlooked. The highway user is very heavily taxed.
The Bureau of Public Roads has in final preparation a study of
the returns through taxation of the road user by Federal, State
and local authorities. The returns to the Federal Treasury
during the calendar year 1933, as reported by the Bureau of
Internal Revenue, of taxes levied directly upon the road user
and indirectly through sales taxes, shows that the payments
into the Federal Treasury totaled $257,217,517. At this rate
the $400,000,000 set aside for highway construction will be
returned from these sources to the Federal Treasury within the
period that the funds are actually paid out.
As a final thought, while the major accent has been placed
upon the need for furnishing employment as widely and as
rapidly as possible, the other principles here touched upon are
highly important from the standpoint of the future development
of our highways. The planning of highways to meet both
metropolitan and rural needs, the coordination of highway
transportation with other forms, the inauguration of a national
campaign for beautiful highways, and the inauguration of wide-
spread activities to do away with safety hazards of all kinds on
our highways, are worthy of our most intelligent efforts.
HIGHWAY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 169
Progress of Roadside Improvement in the
Public Works Highway Program
By WILBUR H. SIMONSON, Senior Landscape Architect, U. S. Bureau
of Public Roads, Washington, D. C.
PROPER landscaping is rapidly coming to be recognized as a
necessary part of adequately improved highways. In the
rules and regulations for the planning of the emergency highway
program provided for by the National Industrial Recovery Act,
certain classes of work were listed as worthy of prior consider-
ation. High in this list was included "... the appropriate land-
scaping of parkways or roadsides on a reasonably extensive
mileage. . ."
To permit a widespread demonstration of the added values
that may be secured through very moderate expenditure for
roadside treatment, the policy has been instituted of requiring
in every State definite projects of roadside improvement as a
part of the Public Works highway program. At least one-half
of one per cent of the money apportioned to each State is re-
quired to be spent for this purpose. In imposing this require-
ment, Thomas H. MacDonald, Chief of the Bureau of Public
Roads, emphasized that the particular percentage mentioned
was not to be construed as the recommended allotment to road-
side improvement projects, but rather as the minimum com-
pliance with the requirements of the rules and regulations. It
is the expectation of the Bureau that roadside landscaping will
have a regular place in highway construction in the future.
The provisions of the recovery measure, as the first step in
that direction, have quickened roadside progress in the majority
of States. Advancement has been particularly far-reaching and
rapid in the development of engineering methods and organi-
zations necessary to carry on such work on an extensive mileage.
Less than a year ago, the number of States definitely organized
to administer work of this kind could be counted on the fingers
of one's hands. By May, 1934, no less than 45 States were in
position to say that their highway departments were doing
development work. The majority were handling the demonstra-
tion projects with either their regular maintenance or construc-
tion forces.
170 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Some idea of the character of the organizations that are
being developed may be suppHed by the kind of men that have
been put in charge of the work. In 25 States they bear the title
of landscape engineer, but there are technically trained land-
scape architects among the incumbents. In 6 States the road-
side men are known as landscape foresters; in 4 they are land-
scape architects, one of whom serves in an advisory capacity
only. Three States employ arboriculturists or horticulturists;
2 depend upon State University speciahsts; 2 have delegated
the job to their maintenance engineers; 2 have made it the
function of assistant engineers with the advice of specialists;
and 1 State highway department has the cooperation of the
State Parks Engineer.
In practically all of these States notable progress has been
made during the past year in placing this phase of highway work
on a scientific footing. Especially encouraging is the evidence
that the regular highway engineers are rapidly becoming
familiar with the objectives of roadside development through
their collaboration with the landscape men in the preparation
of plans and specifications.
Roadside-improvement projects are handled in the same
manner as other road-work administered by the Bureau.
Initiative in the selection of projects for improvement rests
with the State highway departments, which also are required
to make surveys, prepare plans and specifications with detailed
estimates of cost, let contracts, and supervise the work done.
All of these steps are subject to the approval of the Secretary
of Agriculture, acting through the Bureau of Public Roads.
Programs of expenditure for roadside improvement had been
approved by the Bureau on April 30, 1934, in 32 States. The
tentative selection of projects indicated a total of 721.8 miles of
improvement of all classes at a total estimated cost of $1,314,307.
80, an average of more than $1,800 per mile. The projects were
selected on main arteries of travel, adjacent to the corporate
limits of the larger cities, where sufficient right-o*-way is avail-
able to undertake work of this sort.
By June 1 detailed plans, specifications, and estimates for
roadside projects had been received from 32 States, representing
a total of 169 projects and 550 miles of road. The estimated cost
of the work on these projects is $1,024,271.48, or an average of
HIGHWAY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 171
$1,862 per mile for projects averaging 3.25 miles in length. Of
the 550-mile total, 524 miles are located on the Federal-aid
highway system, 16 miles are on city extensions of the system,
and 10 miles are on important secondary roads.
The natural or informal development of country highways
has been emphasized in this initial demonstration work. The
use of native types of materials in natural groupings has been
stressed in the planting plans. Approved landscape and horti-
cultural specifications for tree and plant units and for the
associated items of work have been required as the best safe-
guard in the planning and execution of roadside improvements;
and the use of appropriate local materials has been considered
a primary requisite for the sake of economy.
Contrary to a somewhat general belief, the cost of a com-
prehensive roadside improvement is not absorbed largely in the
purchase and planting of trees and shrubs, for only about one-
third of the estimated cost of the improvement is spent for the
purchase of plants and seeds and the actual planting operations.
The detailed roadside projects cover a wide range and variety
of work, in addition to planting and seeding. Landscape-
forestry conservation and improvement practices are important
where wooded sections of the highway are to be developed, or
where vistas may be opened up for the convenience and enjoy-
ment of the public. The careful and thorough advance prepa-
ration of planting and seeding areas often involves considerable
rough grading to obliterate ugly construction scars, and to
flatten and round earth slopes in a proper manner. Soil-im-
provement operations are often essential for successful erosion-
control. Footpaths and walks are frequently necessary for
pedestrian safety.
The cooperation of all parties engaged in planning the work
is essential to obtain final harmony and attractive results. The
value of the present work lies largely in the opportunity it
presents to develop this requisite cooperation and prove its
results both to the highway builders and to the public. It is
the confident expectation of Federal authorities that the results
will be generally satisfactory and that what is now a national
demonstration will very quickly become an accepted national
policy.
172 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Laws and Funds for Roadside Development
Compiled by LUTHER M. KEITH, Chairman Joint Committee American
Association of State Highway Officials and Highway Research Board
Following is a digest of information received from several
States concerning their laws, funds, and administrative prac-
tices for roadside development.
California. In general, the work is done by the Division of
Highways under its authority to construct and maintain State
highways. In 1931 the Highway Commission was given author-
ity to secure lands adjoining highways for public parks, and also
land and trees within 300 feet of the center line on each side of
any State road, for culture or support of trees when such
acquisition is an aid in maintaining or preserving the roadbed
or an aid in the maintenance of scenic beauties. Under an act
passed in 1933, provision is made for carrying on as maintenance
such general utility services as roadside plantings. The funds
are from specific maintenance moneys, not detailed in the
budget. Work is financed as projects develop and funds become
available. Much help has been given by individuals and
organizations who deposit sufficient funds with the Department
to plant and maintain trees for one year. The work is handled
by the regular maintenance organization, T. H. Dennis, Main-
tenance Engineer, and an Arboriculturist who supervises the work
throughout the State. He advises district-maintenance engineers
and superintendents and prepares plans for particular projects.
Connecticut. The law requires any person to secure a permit
from the Highway Commissioner to remove or prune any tree,
shrub, or vegetation in the right-of-way. The Commissioner
may plant in the highway or on adjoining land by agreement
or by condemning easement. Funds are budgeted from State
highway funds. In 1932 $425,223 was spent for planting,
maintenance, mowing, construction of gardens, picnic-grounds,
etc. The Bureau of Roadside Development, L. M. Keith,
Director, has supervision and maintenance of everything except
drainage, on the roadsides outside of the outer gutter edge and
of waste areas. The work includes mowing, removal of trees,
maintenance of slopes and embankments, planting, seeding,
maintenance of picnic-grounds, etc.
HIGHWAY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 173
Illinois. The Department of Public Works may issue permits
for planting of trees, shrubs, and flowers to persons, associations,
or societies. The Department prepares the ground, supervises
the planting, and maintains it with regular forces. The work
is largely of an advisory nature. All trees, shrubs, etc.,
are protected by law. Funds to care for and maintain plant-
ings are taken from the Highway Department maintenance
budget.
Massachusetts. In 1921 an oflfice was created to be filled by
one with special training in landscape planting to "beautify the
State highway roadsides." The program has since progressed
with definite aims and accomplishments. Planting is done under
the maintenance engineer and is supported by a separate allot-
ment of funds for that specific purpose.
Michigan. Trees and shrubs on all highways are protected
by law. It is the State Highway Commissioner's duty to plant
trees along State trunk and State reward roads, with the consent
of the owners of adjoining property. Money is budgeted from
construction funds for development on new trunk lines. Money
for yearly roadside maintenance is budgeted from general
maintenance funds. The work is in charge of a Landscape
Forester.
Minnesota. The Commissioner of Highways designates the
necessary width of right-of-way. One hundred feet is the stand-
ard width. All highways, roads, and trails within forest areas
are established as firebreaks. The Division of Forestry has
authority to remove or clean up any inflammable material for
200 feet on either side of the center line of the firebreak roads.
Any money used is taken from the highway funds, but local
groups are encouraged to plant and maintain the plantings.
An Assistant Engineer and Forester have been assigned to
development work, under the joint supervision of the Construc-
tion and Maintenance Engineers.
Missouri. The law provides for construction and mainte-
nance and all work incidental thereto. This is interpreted to
provide for roadside planting and development. Trees, shrubs,
etc., on the highway are protected by law. No signs or places
of business are allowed on the right-of-way. Funds are approved
for expenditure by the Commission from general highway funds.
The commission urges cooperation of local groups interested in
174 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
planting. The work is handled by the Bureau of Maintenance.
An experienced landscape designer is employed.
New Hampshire. There is no special law to provide authority
or funds for roadside work. About $6,000 is budgeted annually
for highway marking and roadside development. Dependence
is placed on cooperative effort with local groups. F. A. Gardner,
assistant engineer, is in charge of the work.
New Jersey. The Highway Commission is empowered to
plant and care for trees and shrubbery along State highways, or
otherwise beautify the highway. The money is to be expended
under the supervision of a landscape architect employed by the
Commission. Funds for roadside projects are to be not more
than one per cent of the amount expended in the preceding year
for construction of highways. The appropriation must be ap-
proved by the Governor. There have been no funds approved
the past two years. Appropriation for maintenance of projects
is made from the motor-vehicle registration money.
New projects are recommended to the State Highway
Engineer for his approval and that of the Commission. O. A.
Deakin, Landscape Engineer.
New York. The Superintendent of Public Works may plant,
remove trees, or trim trees, and may seed or sod within the
highway. Trees and shrubs are protected by law. Special permit
is required for signs in Adirondack Park. Any highway money
may be used for tree or shrub planting, seeding, or sodding.
Lack of funds has handicapped the work.
Oregon. The State Highway Commission is empowered to
acquire by purchase, gift, or condemnation, land necessary for
the culture of trees and preservation of scenic places adjacent
to State highways and for parks and recreation grounds; also
to improve, maintain, and supervise the same. Trees, shrubs,
and flowers on the highway and on private land within 500 feet
of the highway are protected. The costs are paid from State
highway funds. The law is administered by the State Highway
Commission and the State Parks Engineer.
Pennsylvania. The law authorizes planting of trees, shrubs,
vines, and grasses on or along State highways; also the establish-
ment and maintenance of live snowbreaks. Highway authorities
may, when necessary to construct or widen a highway, remove
trees up to 4 inches diameter, at 2j^ feet above the ground;
HIGHWAY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 175
for larger trees they must have the consent of the owner. All
trees, plants, etc., on public or private property are protected
by law. Money for planting, etc., comes from the regular road
fund. A large amount of the work is done in cooperation with
interested organizations or individuals. The work is carried on
by a Highway Forester and six Division Foresters, under the
direction of the Secretary of Highways.
Rhode Island. The State Board of Public Roads is empowered
to plant trees, shrubs, and otherwise beautify the area within a
State highway. Trees, shrubs, etc., are protected by law. The
work is paid for from the general highway fund. It is classed as
betterment work under the construction item of the budget.
The work is done under the direction of the Maintenance
Engineer.
Virginia. The law provides for a landscape architect who is
a regular member of the Highway Commission staff, to devise
methods to beautify and improve the rights-of-way. The High-
way Department may make rules for the protection of trees,
plants, etc., on the right-of-way. On new work an allocation of
funds is made for seeding and planting the right-of-way. Main-
tenance work is paid for from maintenance funds. The State
Landscape Engineer, H. J. Neale, under the Assistant Engineer
in charge of Maintenance, makes an intensive study of condi-
tions and makes recommendations to the Construction and
Maintenance Departments.
Wisconsin. Highway authorities may acquire land for high-
way purposes and it may be used for any purpose deemed
for the public benefit. Irregularly shaped parcels and corners
along the highway may be acquired. Suitable plantings to
improve the highway are authorized. Trees, shrubs, and vegeta-
tion are protected by law. On new construction or relocations,
any roadside work is charged to the project. Maintenance of
planting is handled by the regular maintenance forces. Beauti-
fication is made a part of the construction project and plans
are prepared by a part-time Landscape Horticulturist from the
University of Wisconsin, under the direction of the Highway
Commission. J. C. Schmidtmann, Vice-Chairman; M. W.
Torkelson, Director of Regional Planning. Work is also carried
on in cooperation with cities, clubs, etc.
176 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Recommendations for Roadside
Development
Recommendations of the Joint Committee of the American Association
of State Highway Officials and the Highway Research Board
1. Every road-building agency should contain a person com-
petent to design and carry out roadside-development work.
His work should be considered an essential part of the design,
construction, and maintenance.
2. Absolute control of the highway right-of-way and all its
appurtenances should be vested in the highway authority.
3. Highway authorities should have power to acquire
adequate right-of-way for present or future roadside develop-
ment. They should also be empowered to keep or acquire title
or easements in strips or parcels of land along the highway for
the benefit and enjoyment of the public.
4. Highway authorities should budget a definite part of
their funds for roadside development and its maintenance.
5. There should be cooperation by the highway authorities
with individuals, organizations, and local communities interested
in roadside development.
6. This Committee endorses the following resolution of the
Roadside Development Committee of the American Association
of State Highway Officials: "The Committee further recom-
mends the establishment of State Highway Department
nurseries only for the development of salvaged or collected
native plant material, for the storage of surplus purchased plant
material, and for the growing of such stock as is not obtainable
from commercial nurseries."
^T\ TIRING the past year there have been more
"*-^ miles of roadside planting than ever before
in our history. Nature will cooperate with these
works of Man to blot out the billboards.
HIGHWAY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 177
Notes from Here and There on Roadside
Development
By ELIZABETH B. LAWTON, Chairman, National Roadside Council
THE last five years have seen remarkable progress in the
movement for beautiful highways. The U. S. Bureau of
Public Roads recently gave marked impetus to the movement
by its ruling that in the allocation of the $400,000,000 NRA
highway fund each State is required to set aside one-half of one
per cent for roadside development. Many States which had
done nothing before are now coming into line.
In fairness to the civic groups it must be noted that this
action of the U. S. Bureau could never have been taken had not
a demand for roadside development been created by the public-
opinion campaigns of recent years, carried on by the American
Civic Association, the American Nature Association, the Garden
Clubs, and the National Roadside Council* with its State and
regional councils now functioning in fifteen States. The Highway
Research Board in its recent Report on Roadside Development
calls attention to this fact, and states that education of the tax-
payer to appreciate the need and the possibility of roadside
development is fundamental.
As roadside work gets under way, we find in many States
an urgent need for a better understanding of the problem.
What is our aim.? What is our beautified highway to look like?
Even the landscape architects in some cases have failed to
appreciate that this is a new problem in landscaping. The rules
and regulations laid down for the formal landscaping of a park
or an estate are not always applicable. To some enthusiasts
roadside development means planting beds of pansies and
peonies along our rural roads. To others it means lining our
highways with rows of trees. One worthy but misguided gentle-
man in Alabama has a national plan to border every highway
in the United States with trees. It would be a crime still further
to standardize our highways with formal or intensive planting,
or to use exotics. Our aim is to get away from the standard-
ization already too prevalent in highway construction and to
restore as far as possible the natural characteristic beauty of
♦Formerly National Council for Protection of Roadside Beauty.
178 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
each road. Frequently this means no planting whatever beyond
that necessary to heal the scars of construction, but means
instead the conservation of the natural growth already present.
In other cases it may mean additional trees or shrubs, material
which "belongs" and set in natural groups where it will frame,
not hide, the view. In all cases the first fundamental step is the
healing of the construction scars; raw shoulders and slopes must
be covered with green and borrow pits screened.
The Florida Highway Department is stressing this point,
that much of the roadside development is strictly engineering,
and Florida has begun the reshaping of the earthwork along
her entire system. Slopes will be flattened, rounded, and
covered with green. There is to be no bare earth visible between
the pavement and the property line.
When highway and roadsides are completed, if the landscape
director has done his work well. Nature will get the credit. The
effect will be so natural that the average motorist will not real-
ize that much of the beauty is due to the highway department.
The National Roadside Council has made a valuable contri-
bution to the movement for beautiful roadsides through its
Roadside Surveys. With the support of the American Nature
Association these surveys have now covered ten States and
three regions. The survey of the Approaches to the Federal City
was made with the cooperation of the American Civic Associa-
tion. Two of the recent surveys, Michigan and Connecticut,
offer illustrations of the points under discussion.
These two States lead in roadside development today. Both
began the work about seven years ago, creating a landscape
division in the Highway Department with subdivisions in the
highway districts of the State, and in both States crews of the
maintenance men have been given practical training throughout
the State.
Both States have an important economic reason for making
highways beautiful. Michigan is a summer playground for the
entire region with 78 per cent of her motor travel recreational.
Connecticut is the corridor through which must pass the great
flow of tourist traffic pouring from New York City and beyond
into New England. Also, Connecticut is a residential State
where property values depend very largely upon the beauty of
the surroundings.
HIGHWAY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 179
Michigan has strict supervision over the use of the highways
by pubhc utihty companies. Poles are granted a place on the
right-of-way only when this can be done without sacrifice of
the trees. Permits must be secured for all tree-trimming and
cutting, with a separate permit for each tree to be cut. Skilled
tree men must be used for the work. You will find few examples
of tree butchery along the State highways.
At the time of the survey Michigan was budgeting $250,000
annually for roadside maintenance, including care of trees and
shrubs. For each new construction job there was included in
the appropriation an estimate to cover the cost of roadside
improvement, tree trimming, transplanting of trees which
should be saved, and the planting of additional trees and shrubs
where needed. Probably two-thirds of the new highway would
need no planting. In 1931 these appropriations for landscaping
new jobs amounted to $140,000, bringing the total spent on
roadsides in Michigan in 1931 up to $390,000, a little more
than one per cent of her total highway funds. The beauty of the
State is reckoned as a sound business asset in Michigan.
The physical characteristics of Michigan and Connecticut
are in sharp contrast, the one an agricultural State of great area
and vast unsettled spaces, the other a residential State, small,
compact, almost like a big park or a private estate, with com-
paratively little agricultural land left. The roadside problem
differs accordingly.
Connecticut stresses two projects which are very noticeable
as you motor through the State : the Highway Gardens and the
Roadside Rests. Waste areas between old and new roadbeds,
perhaps where a curve has been eliminated, are landscaped and
made into Highway Gardens. At the outset, when roadside
landscaping was still experimental, these waste areas were
treated rather too formally. Too often exotics were used and
ugly "concrete teeth" stood about the garden border to keep
off the cars. But today, while the treatment of these small areas
must still remain more or less formal since they are hemmed in
on all sides by the formal roadbed, they are planted with native
material rather than exotics, fewer concrete teeth are in evidence,
and the general effect is in pleasing contrast to the rough treat-
ment or neglect of similar areas in other States.
The true parkway, with limited abutters' rights and with
180 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
sufficient right-of-way to prevent unsightly or inappropriate
roadside development, is, of course, the ideal solution of all our
roadside problems. Unfortunately, only a small percentage of
our highways can be parkways. For our average highways we
must still find roadside control through zoning, easement, or
State law. We may plan a wonderful boulevard, following
natural contours, with traffic divided, but unless roadside con-
trol is secured, time and traffic will soon develop another Post
Road. The costly boulevard from Worcester to Boston is an
illustration. The only roadside control provided is a short set-
back for roadside enterprises, and such protection from bill-
boards as the Massachusetts regulations provide.
Already in New England and on Long Island you find
examples of town zoning which restricts business to certain
districts and allows billboards only in limited zones. Bristol,
Rhode Island, allows billboards only in the second commercial
district, and permits any place of business to have only 40
square feet of signs on the premises. County zoning in Prince
Georges and Montgomery counties, Maryland, allows bill-
boards only in the industrial zones and restricts the signs on
the place of business. Monterey County, California, permits
billboards only in the third commercial district. Montecito
County, California, like the Town of Oyster Bay, L. I., is zoned
as residential, and no billboards are permitted.
Kern County, California, desiring to protect a new highway
leading to the county seat, Bakersfield, passed an * 'interim
ordinance" to hold until the entire county should be zoned.
This interim ordinance controls the roadsides for 200 feet back
from the right-of-way. For 30 feet back no buildings except
fences may be erected. Back of the 30-foot line architectural
supervision is exercised over any buildings not used strictly for
agricultural purposes. No signs can be erected except in strictly
business districts as defined by the California Motor Vehicle
law. On any place of business no sign may exceed 24 square
feet and the total area of signs is limited to one square foot for
each linear foot of frontage occupied by the business.
County zoning is developing also in Wisconsin. State zoning
of the State highway system as an entity is now suggested, and
the idea is winning favor.
STATE PARKS AND RECREATION
The Civilian Conservation Corps in
State Parks
By HERBERT EVISON, in Charge, under the National
Park Service
THE Emergency Unemployment Act of March 31, 1933, was
generally interpreted by the forestry profession as likely to
apply almost wholly to public and private forests. Since even
today there are a tremendously greater number of Civilian
Conservation Corps companies working under direction of the
U. S. Forest Service than under all other agencies, this original
idea, and particularly the concept of a * 'Reforestation Army,"
is still accepted as correct by most Americans.
Contrary to this idea, however, there are today at work in
parks, — national. State, county, and metropolitan, — about
75,000 members of the Civilian Conservation Corps. Of these
some 20,000 are on National Parks and Monuments; the other
55,000 are on parks of other types.
None of us who knows much of anything about parks and
park problems is unaware of the tremendous potentialities, for
benefit or damage, of 55,000 men thrown into properties so
valuable and so easily injured as our parks. Most of us have
had visions — even examples — of men turned loose with ax and
saw and grubbing hoe, undirected or badly directed, slashing
and scarring lovely natural landscape. It is quite natural that
those who possess a tender regard for natural beauty should be
somewhat fearful of the results of this tremendous undertaking.
It is an extremely fortunate thing that park work was, from
the very beginning, placed under the National Park Service.
For nearly two decades, the primary concern of the Service has
been the preservation of natural beauty. Though the immensely
enlarged responsibility entailed by what is generally known as
State Park Emergency Conservation Work required creation
of a new organization **from scratch," the principles that have
been dominant in the National Park Service's conduct of its
regular duties have likewise been dominant in this. Thoughtful
and comprehensive planning and development calculated to
181
182 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
make the parks more useful and which at the same time treat
their natural features with an understanding regard for their
values, are the keynotes of the Park Service attitude.
State Park authorities had very short advance notice of the
possibility of obtaining the services of Civilian Conservation
Corps units, when the Emergency Conservation Work was
inaugurated. Thus, during the first period of operation, State
Parks, as well as county parks and metropolitan sections of
municipal park systems — to which the provisions of the Act
were extended by executive order — had but 105 out of the 1,466
camps in operation. With the beginning of the second period,
on October 1, 1933, however, this number jumped to 238.
During the present period, which started April 1, there are 269,
and the number is likely to be further increased in October.
Conduct of the work of these thousands of men was placed
with the Branch of Planning, for which Conrad L. Wirth is
assistant director, and the set-up which is handling the job is
his '*brain child." The keynote of it seems to be a reasonable
balance between centralization and decentralization.
The whole country is divided into five districts, each headed
by a park man of real administrative ability. Each has under
him, in the one to five or six camps in his district, a group of
inspectors, men of technical training and park experience.
Inspectors are almost constantly in the field. It is their task,
in the first place, to cooperate with the park authorities in
preparing work programs for the parks and setting them forth
on the applications that are submitted to and approved by the
Washington office. Once these are approved, it is up to them
to keep on intimate terms with the work itself, to see that it
conforms with the program approved, and that its quality is
up to the requirements of the National Park Service.
Major policies are, of course, established in Washington.
The budget of each camp for actual conduct of the work, and
all contracts, are also valid only when approved in Washington;
appointments, with the exception of certain artisans assigned
to each camp, are all made by the Secretary of the Interior.
On the other hand, all plans, general or detailed, are approved
by the District Officers, who can also permit certain changes in
the budget. In most respects, the District Officers run the show.
The work projects themselves go considerably beyond the
STATE PARKS AND RECREATION 183
commonly accepted forest protective measures. Recognizing
that parks are to be subjected to very heavy wear and tear,
and that conservation of their natural resources is possible only
if proper provision is made for use of them and for control of
that use, the President at the outset approved a comprehensive
group of work types, broad enough so that when a park's work
program is completed, that park is well prepared to take care
of the public that will use it.
One of the many excellent features of the Emergency Con-
servation Work program is that provision has been made for
employment of an adequate supervisory personnel in the camps
themselves. These men, — the camp superintendent and his staff
of foremen, — have charge of the "enrollees" during eight hours
of work each day; they not only direct the work, but in many
cases they plan it as well. Most supervisory groups contain one
or more graduate landscape architects, one or more engineers,
usually one or two men of forestry training, as well as men
accustomed to * 'bossing" construction. A first requirement for
any park on which work is undertaken is a general development
plan. While some States have had competent planning for many
years, others have not, nor do they have employees qualified to
undertake it; hence, the work of making general plans in a
large number of camps devolves upon the technical employees.
There is equal insistence on the preparation of proper plans for
roads and trails, camp- and picnic-grounds, and all structures.
Aside from the vastly increased usefulness of the parks
themselves. Emergency Conservation Work is having a number
of interesting and valuable results. One of the most important
of these, undoubtedly, has been that it has impressed on State
Park authorities the value of adequate planning. There has been
a very considerable amount of rule-of-thumb development of
State Parks, but it is natural to expect that there will be much
less of this in the future.
An interesting and valuable consequence of the requirement
that general plans — master plans, if you like — be prepared for
each park has been to show up strongly the inadequacy of many
of the States' holdings, in many cases so serious as to render
the making of such plans diflScult or impossible. In an encourag-
ing number of cases, the States have either found funds or done
effective begging to round out deficient parks. A permanent
184 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
effect is likely to be that future acquisitions will be on a more
adequate scale.
Emergency Conservation Work has brought into the State
Park picture a large number — ^probably as many as 700 alto-
gether— of architects, landscape architects, and engineers. A
number of them have told me of their appreciation of the
opportunity it has offered and the broadening of their profes-
sional viewpoint that has resulted. Its effect on these profes-
sions should be excellent; certainly it should focus the attention
of their members on the special character of State Park work
as it never has been before. Also it is building up a body of
technically trained men, under the most favorable auspices.
Undoubtedly the most remarkable consequence of Emer-
gency Conservation Work has been the tremendous extension
of State Park acreage during the thirteen or fourteen months
in which it has been in operation. It is doubtful if there
has ever before been a period of comparable length, in bad times
or good, during which so many new parks were established or
during which so many extensions of existing parks were con-
summated. Five States which previously had no parks at all
have, since the first of April a year ago, acquired from one to
six parks apiece. At least twenty others have acquired new
parks, many of them having also extended existing parks.
While no exact figures are available as to what this new acreage
amounts to, the total is probably somewhere between 300,000
and 400,000 acres.
At least 95 per cent of the reason for this rapid extension of
State Park properties has been the immediate possibility of
developing them for public use through Civilian Conservation
Corps companies. By no means all of the new acquisitions have
been desirable. In some States, enthusiasm for acquisition has
undoubtedly outrun the better judgment of the State Park
authority. Some of the acquisitions, chiefly gifts, are of purely
local importance from any viewpoint, and these and others are
likely to prove a considerable burden upon the States from a
maintenance and operation standpoint. More than balancing
these facts, however, is the fact that among the new acquisitions
are some of the finest State Parks in the United States. New
parks in Texas, for instance, include such possessions as some
15,000 acres of the magnificent Palo Duro Canyon in the
STATE PARKS AND RECREATION 185
Panhandle and 105,000 acres in the gloriously rugged and wild
Chisos Mountain section of the Big Bend, down near the Rio
Grande; and Texas has finally incorporated into a State Park,
known as Bastrop State Park, an extensive and representative
example of virgin longleaf pine. Georgia recently acquired an
extensive section of the interesting hill and forest region close
to Warm Springs, but her prize new possession undoubtedly is
the Santo Domingo Mission not far from Brunswick. This is a
property of 500 acres on which are situated the ruins of the
Mission, established some 200 years before the earliest of those
in California. Virginia has established what almost deserves to
be called a State Park System in less than a year, each of its
acquisitions being genuinely distinctive. One of the first acquired
of her new parks was 1,000 acres of the famous Cape Henry
Desert, with which visitors to the 1932 annual meeting of the
National Conference on State Parks had some opportunity to
become acquainted. Minnesota's new Gooseberry Falls State
Park on the north shore of Lake Superior is one of the most
scenic bits of land and water to be found anywhere along this
extraordinarily beautiful stretch of Great Lakes coast.
The final result of all this tremendous undertaking on State
Parks appears almost certain to be some sort of permanent tie-
up between the National Park Service and the various park
authorities in the States. Until this work was undertaken, the
relationship between the Service and the States had been
entirely unoflacial, but the Secretary of the Interior and the
Director of the National Park Service are furthering legislation
which will permit the Park Service to cooperate with the many
State agencies in selecting and planning their parks. In justi-
fication of this extension of the functions of the National Park
Service, it may be said, briefly, that State Parks are coming to
have a greater and greater interstate significance and they are
becoming increasingly linked into what should ultimately be a
comprehensive national system of State Parks and recreation
grounds. It is felt that the National Park Service is splendidly
equipped to render to the States a type of cooperation that will
tend to keep State Park development as a whole on a high level
of quality and to make of this far-flung group of properties a
system of which all Americans can justly be proud.
186 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
The South 's Awakening to Conservation
and Recreation
By FANNING HEARON, National Park Service, Washington, D. C.
MARKED gloriously with places of natural beauty that cry
out for development into recreational areas, and grown
over with fortunes in timber that have become legend with the
white columns that stand back in the wisteria, the South in all
probability had come upon no full realization of these simple,
evident facts until little more than a year ago.
Abundance, conservation, and appreciation are strangers to
each other. And the abundance of beauty and value in the
South's natural covering has been beyond the conception of
those who have not seen the smoothness of her valleys, the
rugged strength of her mountains, the dripping gray of the oaks
and moss in the coast country, and the endless stretches of
white beaches upon which man may drive his car, but upon
which as yet few men have even bothered to look.
Since Jamestown, the South has neglected herself and given
herself over to exploitation by others. It is diflficult to say
which has wrought the most havoc; nor does it matter. Neglect,
largely through a one-crop system of growing nothing but
cotton for cash, has sucked the life from her soil and left it to
erode away with the rains and make plantations under the sea.
Exploitation through an almost wanton slashing down of her
most valuable tree, the towering longleaf pine, and tapping it
for resin to make turpentine has laid bare spots that once were
twilight at noon. Turkeys strutted up and down the winding
sand roads and scratched in the needles, and deer lifted their
white flags and sailed over the palmetto stubble. Where these
straight brown giants still stick their green tufts into the sun,
turkeys and quail and deer live and multiply in such rank
abundance that those able to afford the happiest hunting
ground have chosen the coastal Southeast.
Because the immediate natural beauty of the place was im-
pressive to a point of sanctity and because the visitors gasped
about it so loudly in the presence of the natives, there have
always been spots in the South conscious of conservation. Some
things can become so beautiful that no man can tear them down.
STATE PARKS AND RECREATION 187
The best known of such locahties are in the mountains of
east Tennessee, western North Carolina, and central and eastern
West Virginia; the green velvet of Virginia from Warrenton
across to Winchester and down through the Southwest; the
grass and white-railed track fences of Kentucky and Maryland;
the tropical playgrounds of Florida, and the opiate glory of the
azaleas and magnolias of the South Carolina Low Country.
And even these have been exploited. The subdividers and
boomers have been there. On the North Carolina slopes and in
the Florida sand, toads hop along buckled, weed-grown side-
walks and lizards pant and sun themselves on blistered bungalow
porches. A million-dollar, half -finished monument to it all
stands on a high place near Henderson ville, N. C, so all who
took $200 options on $4 acreage may look at it forever more:
a Times Square hotel crying in the wilderness; $50,000 worth
of bathtubs alone standing in the rhododendron.
Such has been the conservation-recreational program in the
South: the passive contentment of the natives to save and look
at the things which those from the outside say are so pretty,
and the feverish antics of the promoters. Meantime, her game
is shot down for fun and her fish seined out to polish off an all-
day singing on the river-bank, her forests burned every season
through carelessness, or hacked down and sent through the mill.
Now come conservation and recreation in what are un-
doubtedly the most extensive forms they have taken — direct
results of the President's recovery program. It was the perfect
time to strike, the natural hour. The South, like all the rest,
had exploited her natural and financial resources. She was on
the wheel. The suggestion to save and not destroy lifted her up
as if she were a frightened child.
The suggestion went farther: You of the South not only
have things of natural beauty to save; you have things to
develop and enjoy. You should have State Parks — many of
them. There must be State-owned land. There must be acreage
suitable for timber and game conservation; trails, bridges,
cabins, and lakes. It will be developed, but you must provide it.
And she did!
Virginia, whose Commission on Conservation and Develop-
ment has been trying to tell the people about forestry conserva-
tion since 1914, moved into action. With the beginning of the
188 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
third CCC enrolment period, April 1, 1934, she had acreage in
her own name warranting the development of 8 State Parks
with 15 Conservation Corps companies assigned to the projects.
West Virginia, whose Kanawha River gorge reminds travelers
of the Alps, surprised even her own people by securing immedi-
ately land for three State Parks and much more for forestry
and game preserves. Parks were a new thing in West Virginia,
though she has had what she calls public reservations for years.
Tennessee and Alabama, held up to the world by mention
of Tennessee Valley Authority, drew many a CCC camp for
forestry and erosion work, and five of these have been taken
over for park development. Two are at Muscle Shoals and one
at Wheeler Dam in Alabama, and two are stationed near Norris
Dam, 22 miles north of Knoxville in Tennessee. Alabama, with
her mountains and her unknown beach country below Mobile,
has six other State Park projects.
South Carolina, Georgia, and Mississippi offer for park
development types of timberland and coast country no other
States produce, unless it be Louisiana. The South Carolina Low
Country is as historic as the Old South itself, but as yet there is
no park here, though there is one at Cheraw in the eastern
foothills. Georgia has done better, offering, besides four proj-
ects inland, the ancient Santo Domingo Mission, near Bruns-
wick, for restoration — the perfect example of a personal gift to
conservation, this one from Cator Woolford of Atlanta. Missis-
sippi has also done well, having secured three tracts for develop-
ment.
Maryland, talking about forestry since 1906, broke into the
picture when the third CCC period began with two parks.
Kentucky, keenly aware of the value of developed nature from
generations of looking across her quarter stretches and along
her rock walls and rail fences, was unable to do a great deal
more than create a State Park Commission in 1924 and start a
program. And she has been rewarded, presenting now seven
State Park projects, any one of which will stop a tourist.
However many she may have let go by, sitting there in all
her magnificent abundance of beauty and peace and quiet, this
is one opportunity the South seized by the nape of the neck.
STATE PARKS AND RECREATION 189
Saving the Redwoods
By NEWTON B. DRURY, Secretary "Save-the-Redwoods" League,
San Francisco, Cal.
PROTECTION of the $6,000,000 investment in redwood
parks already established in California, so as to preserve
their naturalness, enhance their beauty, and increase their use-
fulness and inspiration to nature lovers all over the world, is
now one of the primary aims of the *'Save-the-Redwoods"
League.
A comprehensive program of activity for their protection —
particularly the 20,000-acre Bull Creek-Dyerville Park in
Humboldt County — had already been formulated through the
League's efforts when invaluable help was forthcoming in the
form, first, of the State Unemployment Camps and, later, of
the Civilian Corps under the Federal Government. It was
possible, because of this concrete plan, to put men to work
without delay in clearing out fire-hazards, in building trails,
firebreaks, roads, and lookouts, as a part of the fire -protective
system. Certain important phases, such as planning and super-
vision, not entirely provided by Governmental agencies, have
to a considerable extent fallen to the lot of the League.
PLANS FOR PUBLIC USE
While the work which has been done is primarily for pro-
tection of the redwood parks, it also serves the purpose of
opening up many of these areas to wider public use and enjoy-
ment, particularly through the construction of trails. Coincident
with the problem of fire-protection is that of planning the
development and use of the parks so as to retain their primitive
qualities and avoid destruction of the very elements that were
the motive for establishing these reservations.
Frederick Law Olmsted, internationally known landscape
architect, was engaged by the League early in 1932 to make a
survey of the Bull Creek-Dyerville Park and other important
redwood tracts, and to render the League a report on his findings
as well as recommendations on how best to administer and
protect these areas in future. Collaborating with him was
Lawrence C. Merriam, Forestry Engineer.
190 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
This master plan for the redwood parks includes a program
of necessary development in the way of roads, campgrounds,
buildings, bridges, and the like, and planting which will har-
monize with the surroundings and leave the great bulk of the
area in an absolutely primitive state, penetrable only on foot.
Much thought and study is being given to this problem by the
State Park Commission and the *'Save-the-Redwoods" League.
It is only by far-sighted, experienced planning, carefully
executed, that perpetuation of the scenic and inspirational
qualities of our redwood groves can be fully realized.
THE PROBLEM OF CAMPING
Much thought has been given by the State Park Commission
and the "Save-the-Redwoods" League to the question of pro-
viding properly managed campgrounds, where the traveling
public can enjoy the experience of living amidst these giant
trees, at the same time recognizing that the general use of all
the redwood groves for this purpose would rapidly rob them of
much of their attractiveness. In the Humboldt State Redwood
Park and the Bull Creek-Dyerville area this problem has been
met by establishing some 400 sites, in five different areas,
where a camping party for a nominal fee can secure a clean,
well-kept camp-site, with a fireplace, running water, and
sanitary facilities. Each campground is in the charge of a
custodian. They are conveniently located, yet screened from
the main highway. The number of camps provided is in excess
of the present demand, except perhaps for one or two days of
intensive travel, such as the period around July 4. There has
been general public recognition of the soundness of the Park
Commission's policy in restricting camping to those areas
which can be properly administered from the standpoint of
fire-protection and sanitation; and also of the policy of making
a small charge (50 cents per camp-site for the first night, and
25 cents per night thereafter) in order that in part, at least, the
cost of this special use of the parks may be borne by those who
enjoy it. This policy is in conformity with an act passed by
the California State Legislature, in 1933.
r
W ^■:^
-w
. : it;.;^
1 p
k
■■^fts/*"
^__.^ ^'^^
K...
-:|**. .;y *
if
^W5--^:-^^^rr^v '^^m
Dm
^^^^k >-
^^^^i\*
P i
■^
P " 1
Sc, "■" 1
■jM.
^. 1
»-
^M
f5: ^
-A., 4*4^^^
-J
,
^>-".^*.,--;^^'rT;t-..^
^ i
Kf^^^^H
^.A..---'— - "
:^:1^B
_^^&
^<:^i
WNSM .■'• -'^-
^^.
■1. :
^B^&^vw^glHBIi3>B*!!^^^^3Bi^^^B
i ■'^
^1^^^^;; -:
■■ ■ i 1
i^C^^^^HI
STATE PARKS AND RECREATION 191
EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM
A Committee on Education is working on a program which
aims to increase understanding and appreciation of redwood
parks. A botanical survey of the Bull Creek-Dyer ville region
is being made. There is an educational exhibit at Richardson
Grove, using a fallen redwood 12 feet in diameter to illustrate
important facts about the redwoods, as interpreted by its rings
and root-systems.
The types of educational activity include:
1. Directional: (a) Headquarters; (b) maps and published
guides; (c) signs; (d) ranger guides.
2. Protective: Education as to fire-prevention and pro-
tection of native flora.
3. Interpretive: (a) Writings; (6) museum material — photo-
graphs, specimens, diagrams.
A Committee on Taxation has been making a study of the
effect upon tax-revenues of the redwood counties of the with-
drawal of park lands from the tax-rolls, and has cooperated with
local interests in endeavoring to secure relief for one school
district which was particularly affected by the establishment of
the Humboldt State Redwood Park.
A committee having to do with highways has assisted in the
solution of problems arising from construction of new highways
through redwood parks.
SUMMARY OF LANDS PRESERVED
Several years ago, the League, after extensive study, formu-
lated a definite plan of preservation involving four major
projects. As opportunity arose, the League has assisted in other
projects, like the Calaveras Big Trees and Point Lobos, but, in
the main, effort has been concentrated upon the four primary
objectives.
Much of the redwood acquisition was made possible by the
hearty cooperation of the California State Park Commission
and the application of funds from the State Park Bond Issue to
match contributions secured by the League. Generous contri-
butions by John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Edward S. Harkness, and
many individuals and organizations were of primary importance
in this achievement.
192 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Redwood Park Lands Preserved . Cost or
T, . . Acres appraised
Project value
I. Bull Creek-Dyerville (Humboldt
State Redwood Park) 19,298 $4,305,000
II. Prairie Creek and Humboldt La-
goons 7,737 1,078,000
IIL Del Norte Coast Park 2,766 442,000
IV. Mill Creek-Smith River 141 36,000
29,942 $5,861,000
Mendocino County 52 1,300
Calaveras North Grove 1,891 275,000
Point Lobos 336 600.000
32,221 $6,737,300
FUTURE PROGRAM OF THE LEAGUE
While the first three main projects of the League have in
large measure been accomplished, lands are still being acquired
to round out their boundaries. North of Dyerville, the ''Avenue
of the Giants,*' one of the most spectacular stretches of the
Redwood Highway, still remains in private ownership.
By far the most important acquisition yet before the League,
how^ever, is that of the Mill Creek-Smith River redwoods,
located northeast of Crescent City. This is the League's Project
IV. Comprising approximately 20,000 acres, this forest is
typical of the redwoods at their finest. It contains one of the
heaviest average stands of timber in the world. Through the
generosity of Mrs. Frank D. Stout and family of Chicago, one
superb grove of 44 acres at the junction of Mill Creek and the
Smith River has been added to the State Park System of
California. But before the larger area there remains the menace
of exploitation or destruction. To prevent this, and to add to
the system of redwood parks one of the most inspiring forests,
the League will continue its efforts. Looked at now, the task
seems formidable, but no more so than did some of the League's
projects of ten years ago, the realization of which, through
persistent effort, has been brought about.
TWO STATE CAPITALS
A Plan for Jefferson City, Missouri
By HARLAND BARTHOLOMEW, St. Louis, Mo.
A COMPREHENSIVE city plan, concerned with practi-
cally all phases of physical growth and improvement, has
recently been completed for Jefferson City, Mo. Approximately
110 years have elapsed since the first plan was prepared for the
capital city, yet the early planners showed remarkable vision
considering the conditions under which they worked. Some
criticism might be directed at the fact that the early street
system was not properly related to the topography, but the
street-width was quite generous and in keeping with the needs
and character of a State capital. The area embraced in the first
plan was absorbed many years ago, but if the general pro-
visions of this first plan had been extended in advance of urban
growth, a more desirable physical structure would undoubtedly
be found today.
The complete planning report included studies upon all of
the more important elements of the city's physical structure.
An adequate system of major streets was especially needed and
this problem was complicated by the irregular topography.
The proposed system will not only facilitate traffic movement,
but will also encourage a balanced growth within the urban
area. Coordinated with the system of major streets is a system
of pleasure drives. The irregular terrain provides excellent
opportunities for developing parkways, and the proposed routes
provide pleasing approaches to the Capitol Building as well as
making possible pleasant drives about the city.
The city is not well served by parks and recreational facilities.
Due to the large amount of vacant urban areas and the open,
unspoiled character of the surrounding territory, the need for
such improvements has not been appreciated. Much of the
undeveloped land is well adapted to park purposes, and a few
large areas, particularly along the river, should be acquired at
an early date. The proposed neighborhood parks and play-
grounds have primarily been combined with school areas, to
enable maximum efficiency and economy.
193
194 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
The future improvement of the area around the Capitol
Building is one of the most important concerns of the present
plan. Although this beautiful structure is erected upon the high
bluff overlooking the river, the site is limited in size and the
surrounding development does not permit the building to be
properly seen or appreciated. Fortunately, this surrounding
development is of such character that much of it could be
acquired at reasonable cost.
The plan proposes that the present Capitol Grounds be
enlarged. The additions to the east will enable a park-like
treatment between the present Governor's mansion and the
Capitol, and will also provide an excellent overlook area on the
river. The acquisition to the west would remove a number of
small industries that are now objectionable, because of their
proximity to the Capitol. Here would be an informal park area.
A mall treatment is proposed south of the Capitol. The main
entrance to the building is on this side and a suitable approach
is most desirable. Interesting views could be obtained of the
Capitol from practically all sections of the city by this proposed
treatment.
The several State and municipal buildings that may be
needed eventually are proposed to be grouped around the
enlarged Capitol Grounds. Thus all of the public buildings will
be conveniently related to each other and will front upon, as
well as frame, a large open area. A new Post Office Building is
now being erected and will form an integral part of the future
development.
A preconceived plan is essential for successful and desirable
municipal growth. In addition, however, the active interest
and support of both officials and citizens is necessary. Much
interest and cooperation is evidenced by the citizens of Jefferson
City, so that a capital city should result that will not only
compare favorably with any other State capital, but will also
be a source of pride to the citizens of Missouri.
TWO STATE CAPITALS 195
Santa Fe, New Mexico
By S. R. DeBOER, Denver, Colo.
SANTA FE has a rather unique reputation to maintain. It
is the oldest capital city in America, and perhaps the most
unusual one. Its crooked and narrow streets are European in
character. Some of its buildings date back to the early history
of the Nation. In the process of modernization through which
all of our cities have gone during the last half century, Santa
Fe has had to trade some of its quaint character for wider
streets, modern sanitation, lighting, and so on. That it was able
to go through this change and still retain its unusual character
shows the ability of its people. In this process Santa Fe has,
perhaps by necessity, developed what is destined to become a
typical South west- American type of architecture.
The Santa Fe River cuts through the middle of the city.
For a quarter of a century efforts have been made to improve
the banks of this river. These efforts always were wasted because
of the difficulty of acquiring the land from many private owners.
Three years ago the State Legislature declared the Santa Fe
River a State Park, but no work was done on the acquisition of
land or improvement. Last fall the State was allowed one of
the State park camps of the National Park Service. The enthu-
siasm of the citizens for the work of the Government grew so
remarkably that, one after another, the owners of small tracts
donated their river frontage to the State of New Mexico. At
present nearly one hundred tracts of this kind have been
donated or promised, and work has steadily gone forward.
The improvement of the Santa Fe River banks had to be in
harmony with the unusual character of the city, and this is,
perhaps, the first conscious effort toward a southwestern land-
scape treatment of a modern city boulevard.
On account of the topography of the ground, this river
improvement can be accomplished without any damage to the
existing unusual character of the city. In fact, it will rather
redeem and protect this character because it will eliminate from
the narrow streets some of the crowded auto traffic. Small dams
have been put in the river to retard the flow of the stream and
create small reflecting pools. Planting is all done in native
material.
196 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
If the National Park Service had accomplished only this
much for the city of Santa Fe and the State of New Mexico, it
would have reason to be proud. The plans, however, go much
beyond this. A master plan was prepared for the whole Santa
Fe territory in which a mountain park development of unusual
size will be directly connected with the Alameda along the
Santa Fe River.
This river boulevard will run upstream until it reaches the
mountains 4 miles east. From there the boulevard climbs along
tree-covered slopes to the very highest tops. Lofty views through
high trees, shaded dells, and picnic-grounds will enhance this
mountain boulevard.
From the bottom of the Santa Fe River it will connect with
a road built along the little Tesuque River, thence it will run
to the tops of Lake Peak and Santa Fe Baldy over 12,000 feet
high. A return road will go down the big Tesuque River to the
Indian pueblo of Tesuque. Another loop road will follow the
divide and run around the headwaters of the Santa Fe River
to the mountain peaks on the south side of the river, and from
there back to the city.
Sixty miles of mountain roads, and about that much in
horse-trails, will form the skeleton of this State-park develop-
ment. Lodges and shelter-houses are to be placed at strategic
points; lakes and waterfalls will be created.
This mountain-park plan compares favorably with the
Denver mountain-park development which has done so much
toward realizing the goal of the Mountain States, which is to
be the playground of the Nation.
The announcement of the proposed plan for a mountain-
park development showed again the same confidence in the
work of the CCC organization. As in the case of the boulevard
along the Santa Fe River, offers of land were made. One tract
of several hundred acres was donated outright; another tract
of about 1,000 acres is still waiting for further completion of
the plans.
With the snow-covered peaks clothed in heavy timber as
one part of the park, and with the unusual city of Santa Fe
with century-old buildings and pueblos at the other end of this
State park, it would seem that New Mexico may acquire some-
thing unusual in State-park development.
IN THE CITIES AND TOWNS
IN THE CITIES AND TOWNS 199
New Interest in City Planning
By HARLAND BARTHOLOMEW, St. Louis, Mo.
Adapted from address given before Civic Development Department Round
Table, Chamber of Commerce of the United States,
Washington. D.C., May 2, 1934
THE objective of all planning is to achieve a satisfactory
standard of living for all groups of the population. Much
of our new interest in planning centers around the possibilities
of improvement in rural living standards through State and
national planning. Since our population is divided about
equally between rural and urban dwellers, we must not lose
sight of the need for improvement of urban living conditions.
Economic necessity compels a new consideration of the
structural form of the American City. The measures now most
needed to bring about social and economic stability and strength
throughout the whole urban structure are :
1. Comprehensive plans {city, county, or regional) should be
officially adopted. Our city-planning work has been ineffective
because of inadequate enforcement. It is futile to expend large
sums of money for comprehensive city plans and then fail to
give them official sanction.
The Standard City Planning Act should be adopted sub-
stantially in its present form in every State. Each city should
prepare, adopt, and follow a comprehensive city plan, revising
it from time to time as changing conditions necessitate. Where
the city boundary -line does not include all growth, there should
be an official plan adopted by the county or regional government.
2. Zoning ordinances should be revised. Most zoning ordi-
nances were prepared primarily with a view to preserving the
more desirable residential districts. There was no knowledge of
the laws of supply and demand in urban real estate. The growth
of cities was expected to continue indefinitely. The net result of
all this has been that our zoning ordinances are badly out of
scale with social and economic needs. The older residence dis-
tricts have been inadequately protected. Unnecessarily large
areas have been zoned for industry and for commerce. Specu-
lative practices have resulted in still further destroying the
effectiveness of zoning plans.
3. Slum areas should be reconstructed. Apart from the desir-
200 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
ability of providing work in the present emergency, slums
should be removed and new housing built as a matter of sound
economic as well as social policy. A city cannot long endure
which is half sound and half slum. People have escaped the
slums whenever possible, because the buildings are obsolete and
insanitary, and there is insufficient light, air, and open space.
4. Blighted areas should be rehabilitated. An attack should be
made on the problem of blighted districts. Through properly
conceived re-zoning of our cities, there will automatically come
about a revitalization of blighted residential areas. Where there
is now only a remote prospect of resale for commercial use, a
proper re-zoning will indicate either the validity of a prospective
commercial or industrial use, or the necessity for higher stan-
dards of maintenance based upon permanent residential use.
HOUSING
Our Federal Government has wisely created a Federal
Emergency Housing Corporation with full powers to acquire
land and build low-cost housing on a large scale. Only through
the instrumentality of the Federal Government can we bridge
the gap between past inadequate piece-meal methods of building
and the large-scale undertakings which are now needed to
demonstrate the desirability and the feasibility of neighborhood
unit construction in the low-cost housing field. It is to be hoped
that the Federal Emergency Housing Corporation can soon
construct ten or twenty genuine large-scale neighborhood unit
projects in as many cities. It will be a lesson worth whatever
its cost may be.
While definite policies appear undetermined as yet, the
following suggestions are submitted for consideration as a
means of bringing about the most desirable standards :
1. Projects should be very definitely an integral part of the
comprehensive plan of the city in which they are located. A
division of city and community planning could well be estab-
lished in the Federal Emergency Housing Corporation.
2. Local housing authorities should be created to construct,
manage, and operate properties. Such local authorities are
necessary to avoid the difficulties of remote control by the
Federal Government. These local authorities should be thor-
IN THE CITIES AND TOWNS 201
oughly representative of the finest leadership in each com-
munity— civic, charitable, industrial, and commercial.
3. Buildings should be designed and equipped to provide a
decent standard of living for the lower-income group of our
population as distinguished from becoming merely competitive
with other types of housing and which is more distinctly within
the field of private building. This is a matter of careful study in
each city. Projects should return in taxes to the local munici-
pality a sum equivalent to taxes heretofore normally collected
in such areas. There is no justification for taxation of new con-
struction as such. The cost of normal public service, such as
water, lights, and the like, should also be paid by the project.
4. Rentals should be determined upon as nearly a self-
liquidating basis as possible. The rent schedule should be deter-
mined only after careful study in each particular case and
should be subject to revision from time to time, based upon
economic conditions. Since we already subsidize the slums, it
is only reasonable that a subsidy should be provided for new
housing to replace the slums, but this subsidy should be no
more than sufficient to meet the differential in cost warranted
by the economic conditions of the tenants.
PUBLIC INTEREST NEEDED TO SUPPORT PLANNING
Can we really build good cities? Good plans will be carried
out only to the extent demanded by an enlightened public
interest. Are the present financial problems of American cities
sufficient to arouse citizens to a realization of basic causes.?
Can sufficient public interest be sustained and organized to
acquaint the full citizenship with these problems and the
measures which must be undertaken to build sound cities .f^
Unless we deliberately wish to invite economic collapse and
social disintegration, we must learn to organize as effectively
for civic achievement as we have heretofore organized for com-
mercial and industrial achievement. Our cities lack unity and
balanced design because there is no organized public opinion
demanding something else. With increasing growth and com-
plexity of arrangement there is an ever-growing need for united
effort and constructive action to preserve unity and balanced
design of the city.
202 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
The Status of Planning in Illinois
By KARL B. LOHMANN, Professor of Landscape Architecture,
University of Illinois
THE best spokesmen of what the communities are trying to
do in a planning direction presumably are the planning
commissions. The replies which came from 30 different
cities in response to inquiries sent to the 42 city planning com-
missions and 93 zoning commissions in Illinois, served as a
reasonable basis for an appraisal of activity.
In regard to the numbers of Illinois commissions that were
active or were pursuing the even tenor of their way, those
which admitted inactivity greatly surpassed those which pro-
fessed activity. In a sense, the lethargy so represented was
understandable when viewed against the retrenchments and
other happenings of the previous two or three years. There
were far too many communities that forgot the opportunities
of planning and neglected to foresee the significant develop-
ments immediately ahead. Fortunately, there were commis-
sions keenly aware of the challenge to action. Those commissions
were meeting regularly and were earnestly concerned with the
problems that faced them.
The majority of the replies indicated that the planning
commissions had prepared some kind of preliminary general
plans, but only half of these were regarded as officially accepted
plans. Only five out of the entire thirty had availed themselves
of air-maps. Only one-tenth of the cities had adopted programs
of projects to be followed according to a definite sequence.
From the Chicago City Planning Commission we were
impressively reminded of the swift and steady advancement
made on the Chicago City Plan. Examination of a brief record
of progress entitled "The Chicago Plan in 1933," or better yet,
a tour of the city, shows that work has been pushed to com-
pletion in every department of the Plan. Arterial streets have
been opened and widened. The river-front has been improved
with a beautiful drive, and the river itself straightened and
bridged (five times in the central district alone). The railway
terminal has been completed and the Illinois Central Suburban
System has been electrified. Practically the whole of the forest
preserve system has been acquired. Finally, the lake-front
IN THE CITIES AND TOWNS 203
parks have gone ahead. To the south, the very site of the
Century of Progress Exposition itself was a Chicago Plan
Improvement. To the north, the filled-in land which is extending
Lincoln Park now reaches to Foster Avenue. A new connection
(the outer drive bridge) between the north and south-side
systems is about half completed and is to be finished with the
help of a Federal loan. Attention is being trained upon the
rehabilitation of run-down sections of the older parts of the city.
A second large loan of some $34,000,000 to the Sanitary
District of Chicago brings the total amount for the Sanitary
District to nearly $42,000,000 and promises important new
intercepting sewers, treatment works, pumping station, and
necessary connecting conduits for the Chicago territory.
The distributed questionnaires also contained an inquiry
concerning zoning activities in Illinois. The replies revealed
that some of the zoning commissions \7ere not active, had not
been active in several years, or were active only in a minor way.
The inactivity was said to be due in large part to the absence
of new problems during that space of time. Some of the boards,
however, are active, and although active, in some cases they
are seemingly free from particular diflSculties. This seems to be
true of Chicago and of Aurora. We learn from the zoning com-
mission of the latter city that for several years they have been
very quiet, simply endeavoring to consolidate and interpret
the laws in a very conservative manner. They believe that their
practices have conformed very closely with the rulings of the
higher courts. The bases of their actions have been caution and
common sense and as a result they have had but little difficulty.
They have tried to see reasonableness in all their decisions. On
the whole, they have felt that their citizens have appreciated
their zoning regulations and they have had no cases going to
higher courts after the first one of Burns which was decided
against Burns. Many requests have been received to change
residence property to local business for the sale of beer and other
similar beverages or to carry on other business within residences.
There were other replies that indicated difficulty in the
protecting of ordinances or in combating of new troubles. In
the city of Elgin they have been busy trying to keep down
small ice-houses and hamburger stands. An official of Des
Plaines, in somewhat the same strain, believes that depression
204 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
times are the most dangerous for zoning laws, because there is
such demand for re-zoning, especially because some people
want to use their residences for business uses and because many
want to remodel residences for two-family uses.
Difficulties are met with even in connection with good ordi-
nances. Although the commission of Hinsdale has prepared a
good zoning map, its Board of Appeals is constantly called on
to protect that map. There have been many attempts to obtain
reclassification, but the Board has stood firm and no one has
yet upset the ordinance.
Difficulties in Kenilworth revolve around the last application
to re-zone a group of 25 -foot lots in a cheap residence district
for English terrace residence buildings which met with decided
public objection.
As might be expected, the replies on zoning voiced the mis-
understandings and difficulties that arose from the Supreme
Court decision affecting Boards of Appeal. (Welton vs. Hamil-
ton, April 23, 1931.) Consequently, for two years or more the
Boards have tried to exercise great care in their rulings until
such time as the Illinois zoning statute might be amended.
This statute has been amended to take care of the objections
raised in 1931. An amendment to Section 3 of the zoning law
was passed by the Illinois State Legislature and became effective
on July 1, 1933. This amendment deals only with variations
which may be permitted by official action. The power of the
municipality to amend zoning ordinances to re-zone, which is
granted by Section 4 of the statute, is not affected by the new
law.
As a consequence of the amendment, all of the zoning ordi-
nances in Illinois are subject to revision to make them conform
to the revised statute. While the ordinances are in the process
of revision, the Boards might also be on the watch for any
zoning regulations that might be interfering with the working
out of new concepts in city planning.
IN THE CITIES AND TOWNS 205
Williamsburg, a New Old City
By KENNETH CHORLEY, Vice-President Colonial Williamsburg,
Incorporated
WILLIAMSBURG, eighteenth-century capital of the
Virginia colony, is emerging from a transformation that
gives this historic city special significance to those who are
interested in city planning.
Six years ago Williamsburg resembled the average American
city with a population of upwards of 3,000. It was a college
community, for the College of William and Mary — second
oldest in the United States — ^has been located here since the
last decade of the seventeenth century. Many of the city*s
ancient buildings were still standing, although others identified
with Williamsburg's colonial history had vanished. Duke of
Gloucester Street presented an extraordinary appearance with
the variety of the ancient colonial structures and miscellaneous
modern buildings which had been erected along this historic
thoroughfare as the city had grown and changed during the
preceding fifty years.
Today, Duke of Gloucester Street and the older portion of
the city present an entirely different appearance. Williamsburg
is recapturing its colonial charm and appearance, as the work
of restoring the city's eighteenth-century public buildings, homes,
and gardens approaches completion. Gone are many of the
modern edifices which struck a strangely discordant note in
an otherwise genuine colonial setting. In their place will be
found old homes and public buildings that have been restored
or reconstructed, and gardens so typical of colonial Virginia.
All of these changes blend with the fine traditions of the city
which are such an important part of its colonial "atmosphere."
Most of the external changes which have come to the city
during the past six years have been due to the unique restoration
project undertaken by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. This work was
not undertaken as an effort in city planning but rather to
restore and reestablish, with the utmost accuracy, one of the
most historic and typical colonial cities in America. Step by
step as the old city has been re-created many interesting
features have been brought to light. It has, for example, been
revealed that Williamsburg was a planned city. It was one of
206 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
the first cities — ^possibly the first — in this country to have an
orderly arrangement and design of its principal streets and the
settings for its principal public buildings. The chief character-
istics of this plan have survived to such an extent that notwith-
standing the changes wrought by intervening years and the
disappearance of many buildings, it has been possible to restore
the city, with its impressive buildings, greens, and streets, to
their appearance during the eighteenth century.
Briefly, it may be explained that those parts of the city
which are included in the restoration area are not restored to
any specific date. From the standpoint of historic interest and
value it would be impractical to do so. It was considered more
desirable to let the undertaking represent the architectural
development of the city in the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries, and every effort has been made, and will continue to
be made, to have the restored city colonial in its feeling and
appearance. Those in charge of the restoration have three
specific objectives: First, to provide and preserve a visual
record of the life and history of the Virginia colony which played
a leading r6le in shaping the early history of America; secondly,
to make this record available to the public and students of
colonial architecture, gardens, furniture, and decoration; and,
finally, to make the restored city a shrine of patriotic interest
where great events of early American history and the lives of
many of the men who made it may be visualized in their proper
setting.
The restoration has been especially fortunate in having from
the outset the fullest cooperation and support of the residents
of the community and the city government. Their cooperation
has been an important factor in enabling the work to be carried
out on such a large scale. Furthermore, it is responsible for
many of the features which ultimately will make restored
Williamsburg of special interest to those who are concerned
with city planning.
In establishing a new business district, two blocks along
Duke of Gloucester Street and outside the restoration area
have been reserved for this purpose. Here new buildings that
harmonize with the colonial architecture of the restoration have
been erected. Already these buildings have attracted the atten-
tion of many persons who are interested in city planning. With
IN THE CITIES AND TOWNS 207
respect to location and the convenience of merchants, shop-
keepers, and patrons using the buildings, these units are de-
signed to meet present and prospective requirements of the
community. Twenty-five shops are contained in these two
business units.
One of the concluding phases of the present restoration pro-
gram is concerned with the utilities program. This embraces
extensive changes in the public utility services of the city, such
as the removal of a modern power plant and its relocation out-
side the area under restoration, the relocation of a modern
w^ater-storage tank to a new and less conspicuous position
outside the colonial area, the discontinuance of certain streets
that came into use after the colonial period, the construction of
new streets made necessary by changes within the restoration
area, and the undergrounding of all telephone and electric power
wires within the area under restoration.
This latter change, together with the resurfacing and land-
scaping of Duke of Gloucester Street, will alter the appearance
of the city probably more than any other single imdertaking.
Meanwhile, the city authorities have undertaken extensive
civic improvements that will greatly enhance the appearance
and conveniences of the community. Grants of Federal Emer-
gency Funds have enabled the construction of curbs, gutters,
and sidewalk improvements in certain sections of the city. At
the present time the city is building a new sewage system, a
new and up-to-date incinerator, and making additions to its
water-supply system through a grant of $224,000 authorized
by the Public Works Administration.
Thus, historic Williamsburg is emerging from a period of
great change. Its fine colonial traditions are retained and
reemphasized by the restoration of 63 colonial buildings and
the reconstruction of 72 colonial structures. As symbols of its
eighteenth-century importance — to Virginia and America — it
now has the reconstructed Governor's Palace, Capitol, and
Raleigh Tavern, which have been duplicated as faithfully and
accurately as possible. All of this and much more has been done
in a Uving community. Williamsburg will continue to be such
in its own distinctive setting — a new old city authentically
restored "That the Future May Learn from the Past."
208 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
The T VA Town of Norris, Tennessee
By EARLE S. DRAPER, Director of Land Planning and Housing,
Tennessee Valley Authority
IN BUILDING the new town of Norris, the Tennessee Valley
Authority has given emphasis to the principle that adequate
physical planning of the land must be based on an environment
that is constantly changing. This rapidly expanding manner of
life is arousing new needs and desires, not only among the
people of the Tennessee Valley, but throughout America — if
not the entire world.
Norris, then, is a planned effort to provide for a rapidly
changing standard of life. It is not so much a paternalistic
attempt to foster a different way of living among the people of
the Valley as it is an effort to meet the larger requirements and
demands which they themselves will make in the near future.
Norris covers an area of some 3,000 acres, lying about 4 miles
by road from Norris Dam. A large part of this acreage, together
with natural barriers, forms an unbroken protective zone pre-
venting hit-or-miss development along the outskirts of the
town. This protective zone is not entirely idle land, as it includes
the TVA demonstration farms and the subsistence farm plots
which are expected to play a large part in integrating local
industrial work and a small-scale, but intensive farm economy
in the community.
At Norris, streets and roadways give consideration to the
natural contours of the ground. Thus, grading and maintenance
costs are reduced, and the winding roadways seem to fit the
irregular topography and rural setting. The freeway passing
around the town, but with direct access to the town center,
will ensure freedom from through traffic for the narrow road-
ways of the local streets.
The irregular location of the houses on the most favorable
site on the deep lots makes it possible to develop a path system
through the open blocks to serve houses and group garages
effectively without the necessity of considering the relation of
walks to the roadways and giving in most cases a desirable and
complete separation between vehicular and pedestrian traffic.
Foot-paths in a number of instances pass under the roadways
when grades favorable to such treatment exist.
IN THE CITIES AND TOWNS 209
The first unit of 151 houses was completed in June, 1934,
and a second group of 80 is under construction. By December,
1934, housing for a total of 350 families will be completed.
About a dozen basic floor-plans, ranging from 3 to 6 rooms,
with 4-room types predominating, were employed in the first
unit of houses at Norris. These are of frame-and-brick construc-
tion, varied in exterior treatment to avoid monotony. Heavy,
hand-split shingles and native stonework, introduced here and
there, add local character to the houses. Porches and fireplaces
are important features of these houses, not only because they
are traditional throughout the Valley, but largely on account
of their practical usefulness in this comparatively mild climate.
Complete electrification of 151 houses is an innovation made
practicable by the cheap power rates established by the TVA.
Electric house-heating also made it feasible to eliminate base-
ments, service drives, and other expenses incident to a type of
heating giving comparable results.
Though the houses of the first unit at Norris are of an ex-
tremely economical type, the second unit offers a distinct
innovation in low-cost housing. Their walls, including interior
partitions, are of cinder concrete blocks with pre-cast concrete
slab and joist floor construction. The wall surfaces, both outside
and in, are finished with cement paint, and the floors have an
integral cement finish similar to tile. Roofs are of metal,
painted, and the ceilings are insulated. Though inexpensive,
these houses are durable, sightly, and comfortable.
The construction camp which was necessary for housing the
1,500, or more, single workers engaged in the construction of
Norris Dam, and the town, has been designed for long-time
usefulness. After the completion of the dam, these buildings
may be easily converted to use as a training school or convention
center.
The features necessary for the functioning of a self-contained
community are provided in a town center where are grouped
the buildings required for commercial and administrative pur-
poses, with the public school and recreation grounds made a
part of the unit. This group will be completed in the fall of 1934.
Complete systems for electric distribution, water-supply,
and sewage disposal are provided, all based upon probable future
requirements as well as upon present needs.
210 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
The Plan of Boulder City, Nevada
By S. R. DeBOER, Denver, Colo.
THE location of a new town in a desert, dependent on
artificial features which all have to be created, presents
many difl&culties. Those in charge of the reclamation work,
Dr. Elwood Mead, Commissioner, and Raymond Walter, Chief
Engineer, were anxious that the men working on this project
should have the coolest and most attractive town to live in.
Recording thermometers placed in five spots near the pro-
posed Hoover Dam showed the selected location as the coolest
by several degrees. They proved that it is altitude which
determines temperature to a large degree. Soil and beauty of
location were also taken into consideration. Estimating the
size of the proposed city had its difficulties. There was to be a
small permanent town of some 1,500 people and a larger tem-
porary town of 5,500 people. Water-supply and sewage were the
next problems, — the first difficult, due to the lift of the water
from the Colorado River to the town 1,800 feet higher.
The site is a saddle between two hills. The higher west hill
was selected for water-supply, the east one for residential use.
In the saddle, overlooking an abrupt slope to the proposed lake,
was placed the Government office building, the central feature
of the city.
The plan of Boulder City is based on the character of the
topography. From the saddle the land stretches in a V-shape
to the south, and the plan of the city shows this same V-shape,
or perhaps a double V-shape. Three main arteries of traffic, all
focusing on the central Government building, make the skeleton
of the plan. The west artery is the main traffic line from Las
Vegas, and through it traffic by-passes the business district.
The middle artery is the main business street, and the east
artery connects with the residential artery.
The business district, however, is not a street, but a plaza,
placed on the axis of the central artery. Nearly all cities suffer
from automobile congestion caused by the use of the streets for
parking. The business district, however, is the terminal of all
automobile traffic of a city. Without terminal facilities there
can be no business district. In a wide business street the cohe-
IN THE CITIES AND TOWNS 211
sion between the two sides of the street is lost. This does not
exist if a plaza is used where shoppers can circulate around an
open space along continuous sidewalks. By using this treatment
it was possible to treble the amount of parking facilities and
still prohibit curb parking and thus prevent obstruction of view.
Three of these squares were planned, one for retail stores,
one for light industry, and one adjoining the main west traffic
artery for automobile service.
The architectural design of the plaza walls was Spanish,
with all sidewalks covered by Spanish portales. The central part
of the plaza is a small park, the axis of which coincides with the
axis of the central artery. Delivery alleys are built with un-
loading courts behind the store buildings. The store buildings
were to have been placed according to the principle of natural
zoning, which keeps retail clothing stores in one group and
groceries and food stores in another group.
Around the business plaza is a circle of residential blocks of
greatest density. The blocks are 900 feet long, with play spaces
in the interior of the blocks and houses set with their rear front
to the street and close to the streetlines. The facades are turned
to the interior and here also are the sidewalks. Around this first
circle of blocks is a wide strip of tree-planted area. After the
construction period is past, the section inside of the tree girdle
will become the permanent town.
Outside the tree circle is a new system of open residential
blocks. This system provides for easy traffic connection for
every home, but without any home being on a traffic street.
Each home fronts on a small park and has a rear connection
with a playground. Government buildings are placed around
an open park of a civic-center character. Schools, churches,
hospital — all were carefully located.
The plan was not executed with that degree of painstaking
accuracy which is needed in a conception of this type. The
contractor built a store group away from the business center
which has monopolized business so far and made the building
of the designed district impossible until construction work is
finished. Changes made in the residential district placed the
best section in the hottest location. In spite of these details,
however, the little town has become a show-place in the Nevada
desert and today is one of the features of the Hoover Dam work.
218 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Presidio Hill Park
By GEORGE W. MARSTON, San Diego, Cal.
PRESIDIO HILL is a high tract of land on the northern edge
of San Diego, Cal., overlooking Mission Valley to the
north and the bays and shores of the Pacific to the west. This
picturesque place has been called the Plymouth Rock of the
Pacific because it marks the first settlement of the white race
on the western coast of our country. It was here that Fra
Junipero Serra founded the first mission in California on
July 16, 1769.
For sixty years after this, Spain maintained a small garrison
of soldiers on this hill. Mexico obtained control in 1830, and
in 1846 it was captured by United States forces. At one time
nearly 500 Spanish and Indian people were living within the
walls of the Presidio, a puny community in the wilderness,
differing greatly from the Puritans and Pilgrims of New England
but sharing with them in religious zeal and pioneering spirit.
Soon after the Mexican occupation, this historic place
was abandoned, and for eighty years it was scarcely touched
by the hand of man. In 1907 a small group of citizens pur-
chased the old mission and Presidio site, a limited area in the
present park grounds. This was the beginning of a movement
to secure and preserve the site as an Historical Monument. By
1929, 31 acres had been acquired and dedicated as a public park.
In the seven years from 1927 to 1934 the brown hillsides of
this barren and forsaken spot have been transformed as if by a
miracle. Broad roadways have been built, a complete water
system installed, pathways, parking-places and picnic-grounds
provided with trees, shrubs, and grassy openings.
There are also these structural features : the Serra Museum,
an imposing building, the park lodge, a wall surrounding the
old Presidio ground, a cross of Indian-made tiles, a Spanish
bastion, a handsome pergola, and the earthworks and flag-staff
on Fort Stockton. In the foreground of the museum building
there are two beautiful statues of heroic cast, the Priest and
the Indian, the work of California's greatest sculptor, Arthur
Putnam. The city is indebted to the Estate of E. W. Scripps
for these appropriate historical treasures.
IN THE CITIES AND TOWNS 213
The crowning feature of Presidio Hill is the Junipero Serra
Museum, a noble building and a landmark of remarkable signifi-
cance. In the opinion of the writer this building is an architec-
tural masterpiece. Its beauty and simplicity are its supreme ex-
pression of the spirit that animated the lives of Father Serra and
his devoted companions. William Templeton Johnson, of San
Diego, designed it and has written its best description as follows :
"The Junipero Serra Museum is designed in close sympathy
with the spirit of the architecture of the missions, but built of
enduring concrete. The architect has endeavored to preserve the
feeling of the missions without making the building too eccle-
siastical in appearance.
"The walls are white stucco, the roofs covered with tile of mossy
shades, the floors and steps tile of a texture very similar to the
old ones dug from the ruins and laid in the south entry of the
building. The woodwork is as simple as it must have been when
made by the monks with their scanty supply of tools.
"The building proper consists of a great room with an open
timber roof with balconies at either end. There are offices at one
end of the structure and at the other end a vaulted library. In
these rooms the valuable collections of the Pioneer and Historical
Societies of San Diego are housed and open to the public.
"A tower seventy feet in height, surmounted with a bronze
weather-vane, the 'Bear' of California, is the crowning feature of
the composition and from the balcony at the base of the dome
there is a wonderful panorama of mountain, valley land, and
seacoast."
This building and the Presidio area just below have an
admirable setting in groves of stately eucalypts, native pines
and cypresses, gray-leaf olives and bright green pepper trees.
On sunny banks springtime brings a gleam of golden hypericums
and sky-blue lilacs. Along the trails and on the borders of grassy
places are red-berried hawthorns, pink and white escallonias,
red and white abelias, cassias, genistas, honeysuckles, and cacti,
giving a vivid coloring. At the very foot of the hill on the edge
of "Old Town" stands a date palm, the oldest palm in California,
planted by the padres in the eighteenth century, "the lone
surviving guard, linking the present with the storied past.'*
"Facing the sunset streamers,
Opening vistas vast,
This is a shrine for dreamers -^
Who venerate the past."
214 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
How Planning Commissions Have Met
the Emergency
By HAROLD MERRILL, Assistant to the Executive Officer,
National Planning Board, Public Works Administration
Digest of the Eleventh Circular Letter of the National Planning Board,
"Status of City and Regional Planning in the United States,"
a report prepared under the direction of the writer
DURING the past year a new impetus has been given to
State and local planning which has revitalized many
planning boards and stimulated the creation of new boards.
This has been largely the result of the recognition and
assistance given to city, county, regional, and State planning
activities by various agencies of the Federal Government, such
as PWA, CWA, EWA, Department of Commerce, Department
of Agriculture, etc.
The Public Works Administration emphasized the impor-
tance of sound planning from the beginning of its work. In its
Circular No. 1, issued July 31, 1933, the first of five tests to
determine the eligibility of public works projects was stated as
the "relation of the particular project to coordinated planning,
and its social desirability." In the same circular first preference
is given to those projects "integrated with and consistent with a
State plan." The instructions to State engineers, issued as
Bulletin No. 1, also recognized the importance of planning and
laid down a series of planning considerations for every project
including conformity with city or regional plans.
Direct assistance to State and interstate planning boards has
been made possible through funds allotted by the Special Public
Works Board to the National Planning Board for the purpose of
stimulating planning. Upon application to the National Plan-
ning Board and agreement to meet six reasonable conditions,
there may be assigned to a State or interstate planning board, a
qualified consultant appointed by the Administrator of Public
Works.
The Civil Works Administration soon after its organization
cooperated with the National Planning Board by giving its
sanction to planning studies, surveys, and mapping as favored
State and local CWA projects. The National Planning Board
informed all city and regional planning boards of this action.
Virginia's Colonial Capitol
Reconstructed on Old Foundations as Part of the Restoration of
Colonial Williamsburg by John D. Rockefeller, Jr.
Courtesy Colonial Williamsburg, Inc.
IN THE CITIES AND TOWNS 215
stressing the value of such services, and urged the organization
of local projects.
STATUS OF PLANNING
To obtain information as to the status of planning work by-
city, county, and regional planning organizations and possible
effects of the depression, the National Planning Board under-
took a questionnaire survey by mail in the fall of 1933. To
supplement and check the results of this survey, to assist in the
stimulation and organization of State and local planning activ-
ities, the National Planning Board secured from the Federal
Civil Works Administrator the approval of a Federal CWA
project (designated F-92) under which field investigators, all
with experience in city planning, were employed for several
weeks, together with necessary engineering, drafting, and
stenographic assistance. By mail or field visit, every city in the
United States having a population of 10,000 or more was can-
vassed, also all other cities and towns reported in 1933 by the
Division of Building and Housing of the U. S. Department of
Commerce to have a planning board. Field visits were restricted
to the larger cities.
From this survey* a definite record was obtained of 739
existing city planning boards, 30 municipal zoning boards,
61 county planning boards, 1 county zoning board, and
23 regional planning organizations. These include 63 new city
planning boards, 12 new county, and 6 new regional planning
boards appointed within the past year. It should also be noted
that in addition, 40 State planning boards have been created
since January 1, 1934. During the year 44 city, 1 county, and
2 regional planning boards were definitely reported abolished
while at least 125 city, 2 county, and 4 regional boards were
inactive.
Of the 739 city planning boards, 417, or 57 per cent, have no
funds for the current year; 19 per cent have a budget of $500
or less; 4 per cent have from $500 to $1,000; 6 per cent from
$1,000 to $5,000, and 5 per cent have a budget of more than
$5,000, seven having a budget of more than $20,000. Sixty-
eight boards did not report on this question.
♦Results of this survey are available in mimeographed form (Eleventh Circular^ from
the National Planning Board, PubUc Works Administration, Interior Building, Wash-
ington, D. C.
216 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
The county and regional planning agencies fared a little
better with 20, or 24 per cent having no funds for the current
year; 14 per cent having a budget of $1,000 or less; 7 per cent
from $1,000 to $5,000; and 19 per cent having in excess of
$5,000, seven having more than $20,000 each. Thirty -one
organizations did not report on this question.
In 218 cities a comprehensive city plan has been prepared,
163 of which have been adopted or approved by the City Council
or Planning Board and 36 have plans in preparation. Approxi-
mately 125 are known to be based on careful surveys and may
be called ''master plans," as defined by the Standard Planning
Act prepared by the U. S. Department of Commerce and by the
planning laws of several States. There are 212 that report the
existence of a thoroughfare plan and 90 have plans in a pre-
liminary stage; 176 have a park and parkway plan while 102
others have plans in preparation; 130 have a general playground
plan with 98 additional plans in preparation. These plans in
most cities are quite generally adhered to. There are 269 plan-
ning boards that exercise mandatory control, and 156 have
advisory powers over land-subdivision. In 33 cities, financial
programs, based on the plan, have been prepared, and in a
number of others the plan or the planning board is consulted in
making up the budget for capital improvements. Zoning ordi-
nances have been adopted by 1,244 cities in the United States,
but only 575 of these are cities now having a planning board.
A relatively small number have general plans for transit,
sewerage, water-supply, public buildings, or school-buildings.
Thirty-four per cent of the city planning boards have been
actively cooperating in the formulation of local emergency
public works programs and the planning of specific projects,
while a number indicated their desire to be of assistance if called
upon.
Comprehensive plans have been prepared by 15 county and
regional planning organizations, 33 have prepared thoroughfare
plans, and 31 have prepared park and parkway plans. Manda-
tory control over land-subdivision is exercised by 13, while 17
perform an advisory function in connection with subdivisions.
Active assistance on local emergency public works programs has
been rendered by 45 per cent of the organizations.
IN THE CITIES AND TOWNS 217
SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
Local authorities concur in the belief that existence of a
definite comprehensive plan, which is intelligently followed,
greatly facilitated the choice of economically and socially
necessary or desirable PWA and CWA construction projects
and resulted in the most advantageous and efiicient use of
Federal, State, and local funds. There was found a large variety
of PWA and CWA construction projects which confirmed this
belief. A majority of the projects were development of recreation
areas, street-openings and -widenings, grade-crossing elimina-
tions, water-supply, sewage-disposal and flood-prevention work
which fitted into a general or master plan, and sites or rights-of-
way for which had been selected or acquired prior to the inaugu-
ration of PWA and CWA. Conversely, in many localities where
there was no comprehensive plan or where the plan was not
being followed, construction projects under way evidenced the
need for planning.
The value of far-sighted planning in a program of public
works has been proved without question by the experience of the
last four years. Cities and counties with well-thought-out plans
were ready, or within a very short time could be prepared, for
actual construction of public works either as locally financed
projects, as projects to be financed by the Federal Public Works
Administration through loans and grants, or as emergency work
projects.
It is, therefore, of prime importance that there be adequate
plans formulated deliberately and approved in advance, based
on far-sighted and intelligent study and determination of
future as well as immediate needs. Hastily conceived and
adopted plans often result in wasteful and ill-adjusted im-
provements which are liabilities to the communities thereafter.
Except in small cities, there should be an adequately paid
secretary -planning engineer who is, in fact, the interpreter and
the administrator of the plan. His place in the smaller city may
be taken by the periodic services of a city planner or by a com-
petent city engineer who is thoroughly sympathetic with plan-
ning, or several small cities may jointly employ the services of
a city planner.
There must be understanding of the nature of the plan on
218 AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
the part of the other members of the local administration,
particularly the mayor, the county commissioner, the city or
county engineer, or the director of public works. This will help
to assure continuity and freedom from political pressure and
will give weight to the advice of the planning commission.
Planning must appeal to the public as the sensible and
economical method of determining the long-time public works
program. This can be accomplished, however, only by con-
tinuous educational efforts aimed at thoroughly acquainting
each and every citizen with the purposes or objectives and
advantages of planning well in advance of development.
All this means that there is much work ahead. Planning must
be started in many cities and counties, especially in those cities
with a population of 25,000 or more. Many planning commis-
sions must take up their jobs more eflBciently and with broader
vision applied to solution of their problems. Appropriations for
planning must be increased to provide for an effective, perma-
nent, service-rendering office. Active citizen support, participa-
tion, and leadership must be developed. There must be wider
exchange of experience gained in overcoming difficulties and
obstacles encountered in planning in various parts of the country.
There is a need for codification of experience in the administra-
tion of planning, in technical procedure for preparing plans, and
in the application of principles and desirable standards.
The National Planning Board fully appreciates the impor-
tance of city and regional planning to the whole national plan-
ning process, in familiarizing people with planning ideas and
procedure to ffil in the special details in larger State, regional,
or national planning outlines. The healthy growth of city,
county, and regional planning must ultimately rest on local
interest, initiative, and responsibility. While a new impetus
may be provided by direct financial and personnel assistance
from the Federal Government, the long-range undertaking of
stimulating, advising, and guiding local planning effort is the
proper function and responsibility of the State and local plan-
ning boards and civic organizations. The National Planning
Board as a clearing-house can, and should be, in a position to
help through circulars and bulletins on standards, procedure
and experience which may be generally applicable throughout
the Nation.
Who's Who in Civic Achievement
MEMBERS OF THE AMERICAN CIVIC ASSOCIATION
t Life Member
t Member of Executive Board
* Member of a Federal City Committee
§ Member of a Federal City Committee, also General Member
9 OflSicers of Subscribing Organizations
♦Abbott, Clinton G., San Diego, Cal.
Dir. Nat. Hist. Mus.
Abbott, Mrs. Edville G., Portland, Me.
Abbott, Mrs. Gordon, Boston, Mass.
Sec. Soc. for the Preservn. of the Local
Landscape Features of Essex Co.
Abbott, Stanley W., Salem, Va.
Abell, Mrs. Edwin F., Baltimore, Md,
♦Abrams, Leroy, F. a. a. A. S., Palo Alto,
Cal. Botanist, Stanford U., Cal. Mem.
Am. Bot. Soc: Cal. Acad, of Sci.
AcHESON, M. W., Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Lawyer. Trustee Washington & Jeffer-
son Coll., Shady Side Acad.; Pres. Leg.
Aid Soc; Housing Assn.; Nat. Assn. of
Leg. Aid Orgs.; Allegheny Cemetery;
Chmn. Pa. Com. for Old Age Security;
a dir. Am. Assn. Social Security; Publ.
Charities Assn. of Pa.
Adams, Byron S., Washington, D. C.
Printer. Mem. U. S. C. of C; Wash-
ington C. of C; Bd. of T.; Better Bus.
Bur.; Oldest Inhabitants Assn.; Mt.
Pleasant Citizens' Assn.; Boys Club
of Washington.
Adams, Charles C, Albany, N. Y. Dir.
N. Y. St. Mus. Mem. N. Y. St. Council
of Parks; Reg. Plan Assn., Inc., N. Y. C;
Cons. Bd., Emerg. Conservn. Com.;
Ecol. Soc. Am.; Am. Soc. Mammalo-
gists; Wild Life Com., Nat. Res. Coun-
cil.
Adams, F. J., Omaha, Nebr. Organizer
& Pres. Fontenelle Forest, a Natural
Park, Bird & Wild-life Sanctuary;
Mem. C. of C.
♦Adams, Howard A., Seattle, Wash.
Adams, Joseph, F. A. G. S., Chicago, 111.
Hon. Trustee Chicago Orchestr. Assn.;
Trustee Chicago Hist. Soc. ; 111. Humane
Soc; Mem. Field Mus. of Nat. Hist.;
Nat. Assn. of Audubon Socs.; Art Inst.;
Chicago Crime Commn.; Citizens'
Assn.; Mun. Voters' League; Legisl.
Voters' League; Civ. Serv. Assn. of
Chicago; Civ. Serv. Reform Assn.
N. Y. C; Anti-Cruelty Soc; Civic
Music Assn.; Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
N. Y. C; Civic Fed. & Bur. of Publ.
Efficiency, Chicago,
t Adams, Thomas, Cambridge, Mass., &
London, Eng. Professor. Consultant,
Reg. Plan Assn., Inc., N. Y. C; Assoc.
Prof, of Res., Sch. of City Planning,
Harvard U.; Lecturer on Civic Design,
Mass. Inst, of Tech.; Mem. City Plan-
ning Inst.; past Pres. Town Planning
Inst., London, Eng.; Hon. Mem. A. I. A.
Addams, Jane, Chicago, 111. Settlement
Worker. Lecturer. Author of numer-
ous books on civic affairs. Founder
social settlement, "Hull House"; Mem.
Woman's City Club; Woman's Club;
Nat. Child Labor Com.; Nat. Conf.
on Social Work.
Affleck, Benjamin F., Chicago, 111.
Pres. Universal Atlas Cement Co.
Mem. Chicago Reg. Planning Assn.
IAhlstrom, C. F., New York City.
♦Ainsworth, Mrs. C. F., Phoenix, Ariz.
t§AiNSwoRTH, J. C, Portland, Ore. Banker.
Chmn. U. S. Nat. Bank; Chmn. City
Planning Commn.; past Chmn. St.
Highway Commn.
t Albright, Horace M., New York City.
V.P. & Gen. Mgr., U. S. Potash Co.
Past Dir. U. S. Nat. Park Serv.; Mem.
Am. Forestry Assn.; Am. Soc. Mam-
malogists; Am. Bison Soc; Sierra Club,
§Alden, Charles H., F. A. I. A., Seattle,
Wash. Architect, St. Chmn. Publ.
Works of Art Project; Chmn. Traffic
Com., Seattle Traffic & Safety Council;
Mem. Civic Design Com., Wash. St.
Chap. A. I. A.; past Trustee & Chmn.
City Plan & City Dev. Coms., Mun.
League of Seattle; past Mem. Seattle
Zoning Commn.; past Mem. & Chmn.
Zoning Com., Seattle Planning Commn. ;
past V.P. Bldg. Ordinance Revision
Commn.
Alexander, Mrs. A. J. A., Spring Sta-
tion, Ky. Bulletin correspondent. Gar-
den Club of Lexington; Co. V.P, Wo-
man's Club, Lexington.
9 Alexander, H. W., Louisville, Ky. Sec.
City Planning & Zoning Commn.
Allen, Fulton, Salisbury, Md.
Allen, Harold, Washington, D. C.
Special Attorney, Bur. of Internal
Revenue. Mem. Potomac Appalach.
Trail Club; Bd. of Govs. Art Club;
Oregon Trail Memor. Assn. Editor
"Guide to Paths in the Blue Ridge."
Allen, Raymond C, Manchester, Mass.
Civil Engineer. Pres. Soc. for Preservn.
of Natural Features of Essex Co.;
Chmn. Manchester Planning Bd.
♦Allen, R. C, Bonita, Cal.
Ames, George M., Grand Rapids, Mich.
Building Contractor, retired. Chmn.
City Planning Dept.; Park & Blvd.
Assn.; Assoc, G. R. Chapt,, Izaak
Walton League of Am.; Mem. Mich.
Planning Conf.
Ames, John S., Boston, Mass.
fAMES, Oakes, North Easton, Mass.
Professor of Botany, Harvard U.
Anders, James M., Philadelphia, Pa.
Physician. Chmn. Better Homes Com.,
Phila.; Mem. Bd. of Mgrs., City Parks
Assn.; Reg. Planning Fed., Phila.
Tri-St. Dist.
219
220
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Andrews, Charles E., Jr., New Bethle-
hem, Pa. Pres. Ist Nat. Bank.
Andrews, Francis, Minneapolis, Minn.
♦Ansfbld, Frederick, Montgomery, Ala.
Architect.
♦Armstrong, L. K., F. A. A. A. S., Spo-
kane, Wash. Mem. N. W. Sci. Assn.;
Hon. Mem. Assn. of Engrs. of Spokane.
9A8CHER, Charles S., Chicago, 111. Dir.
Nat. Assn. Housing Officials.
Ashman, Mrs. George C, Peoria, 111.
Chmn. City Planning Commn.; Mem.
Greater Peoria Civic Assn. ; (past Pres.)
Women's Civic Fed.; Woman's Club;
Mothers' Club; past Mem. Libr. Bd.
lAspiNWALL, Clarence A., Washington,
D. C. Corporation President.
Atherton, Mrs. Peter Lee, Glenview,
Ky, V.P. Ky. Forestry Assn.; PubHcity
Chmn., Beautification League of Louis-
ville & Jefferson Co.; Mem. Conservn.
Com., Glenview Garden Club; Nomi-
nating Com., Ky. Fed. of Garden Clubs.
Atwater, Helen W., F. A. A. A. S.,
Washington, D. C. Home Economist.
Editor Journal of Home Economics.
Mem. scientific staff, office of Home
Economists, Dept. of Agr., 1909-23.
Served as Exec. Chmn., Dept. of Food
Production of Woman's Com., Council
of Nat. Defense. Mem. Am. Home
Econs. Assn. ; Nat. Publ. Housing Conf . ;
White House Conf. on Child Health &
Protection; President's Conf. on Home
Bldg. & Home Ownership.
AuB, Darrell P., Washington, D. C.
Mem. C. of C; Bd. of T.; Press Club.
Avery, Myron H., Washington, D. C.
Admiralty Attorney, U. S. Shipping
Bd. Maine Guide. Chmn. Bd. of
Mgrs., Appalach. Trail Conf.; Pres.
(one of Founders) Potomac Appalach.
Trail Conf. Jt. Author Katahdin
Bibliography.
fBACKEs, H. J., Humphrey, Nebr. Nur-
seryman.
♦Bacon, John L., San Diego, Cal.
Bade, William Frederic, F. A. A. A. S.,
Berkeley, Cal. Educator, Archeologist.
Pres. Cal. Assoc. Socs. for Conservn. of
Wild Life; Dir. "Save-the-Redwoods"
League; Sierra Club; Mem. Soc. for
Protection of Roadside Beauty; Lit.
Executor of John Muir.
Baer, Frank L., Washington, D. C.
Writer. Mem. Nat. Press Club; 111.
St. Hist. Soc.
♦Bailey, Wheeler J., San Diego, Cal.
Merchant. Dir. (past Pres.) San Diego
Mus.; Pres. Archseol. Soc; Mem.
La Jolla Civic League.
Baker, George Bramwell, Chestnut
Hill, Mass. Retd. Banker. Dir. Brook-
line Trust Co.; Mass. Soc. Prevention
Cruelty to Children; Dir. Boys' Club
Fed. of Am.; Trustee Boston U.; Mem.
(past Pres.) Chestnut Hill Garden
Club; Mem. (past Pres.) Bd. of Over-
seers, Boys' Clubs of Boston.
Baker, Horace F., Pittsburgh, Pa. At-
torney at Law. Mem. (past Pres.)
Civic Club of Allegheny Co.; Chmn.
Finance Com., Community Fd.; Dir.
Woods Run Settlement; V.P. Pa. Publ.
Charities Assn.; Trustee, Family Wel-
fare Assn.
Baker, Hugh Potter, Amherst, Mass.
Pres. Mass. State College.
Baker, Sibyl, Washington, D. C. Dir.
of Playgrounds, District of Columbia.
9 Baldwin, Frank C, Washington, D. C.
Architect. Sec. A. I. A.; Dupont Circle
Citizens Assn.; past Sec. Mun. Plan
Commn., Detroit, Mich.
Baldwin, Mrs. Porter, West Palm
Beach, Fla. Sec. West Palm Beach
Planning Bd. & Zoning Commn.; Hon.
Pres. West Palm Beach Garden Club;
Publicity Chmn. St. Fed. of Garden
Clubs; Mem. Am. Hort. Soc; Mass.
Hort. Soc.
fBALL, George A., Muncie, Ind. Manu-
facturer. Mem. "Save-the-Redwoods"
League; Kenmore Assn., Fredericks-
burg, Va.; National Trust of England.
§Ballou, Frank W., Washington, D. C.
Supt. of Schools. Mem. (past Pres.
Dept. of Superintendence) N. E. A.;
Trustee Publ. Libr.; Mem. A. A. A. S.;
Nat. Assn. Dirs. of Ednl. Res.; C. of
C; Bd. of T.; Am. Hist. Assn. &
numerous ednl. orgs.
Bankbon, Paul A., New Rochelle, N. Y.
Pres. Westchester Planning Fed.
Bannerman, Mrs. William T., Wash-
ington, D. C. Nat. Chmn., Com. on
Legisl., Nat. Congress of Parents &
Teachers; Mem. D. A. R.
9Bannwart, Carl, Newark, N. J. Supt.
Dept. of Parks. Dir. (past Pres.) N. J.
Fed. Shade Tree Commns.; State
Sec, State Assn. of Lions' Clubs.
♦Barber, A. B., Bethesda, Md. Mgr.
Transportation & Communication
Dept., U. S. C. of C. Dir. (past Pres.)
Bradley Hills Community League;
Nat. Conf. on Street & Highway
Safety; Mem. Interfed. Conf. of Civic
Feds, of Greater Washington Met.
Area; Advisory Com. (past Pres.),
Montgomery Co. Civic Fed.
♦Barber, Oscar, Berkeley, Cal.
Bard, Albert S., New York City.
Lawyer. Mem. Exec, Legisl., & City
Coms. of Citizens Union; Legisl. Com.,
City Club; V,-Chmn., Counsel &
Mem. Exec. Com., National Roadside
Council; Mem. Nat. Mun. League;
Prop. Rep. League; Treas. Fine Arts
Fed. of N. Y.
♦Bard, Howard B., San Diego, Cal. V.P.
San Diego Mus. Mem. Civic Assn.;
Bd. State-County Parks Assn.; Civic
Com., C. of C; Exec. Dir. Open
Forum.
JBarker, Sarah Minchin, Providence,
R. I. Mem. Bd. of Civic Impr. &
Park Assn.; Providence Players (past
Dir. Drama & Pageantry for Provi-
dence) .
♦Barnes, James P., Detroit, Mich.
fBARNES, Julius H., New York City.
Barnett, B. D., Dallas, Tex. Dir.
Oakcliff C. of C. (Chmn. Com. on
Planting & Roadside Beautification).
WHO'S WHO IN CIVIC ACHIEVEMENT 221
Barnett, Robert C, Jefferson City,
Mo. Statistician. V.-Chmn. City
Planning & Zoning Commn.
Barney, W. Pope, Philadelphia, Pa.
Architect. Adv. Archt. Middle Atlan-
tic Reg. Council, Nat. Adv. Council on
School Bldg. Problems; Mem. Com.
on Plans, Archts.' Mun. Dev. Council,
Phila.; V.-Chmn. Edn. Dept., Beaux
Arts Inst, of Design of N. Y.; Mem.
Penn Club; Phila. Art Alliance; Art
Club; Print Club; Fairmount Park Art
Assn.; Pa. Acad, of Fine Arts; Archtl.
League of N. Y.; A. I. A.
♦Barrows, David, Berkeley, Cal. Pro-
fessor of Polit. Sci.; Dean (past Pres.)
U. of Cal. Mem. Cal. St. Commn. on
Rural Credit & Colonization; Dir. East
Bay Publ. Utility.
|§Bartholomew, Harland, St. Louis, Mo.
City Planner. Engr. City Planning
Commn.; Mem. Nat. Conf. on City
Planning; Am. City Planning Inst.;
A. S. C. E.; Am. Inst, of Consulting
Engrs.
Bartram, Frank M., Kennett Square,
P?.
Baruch, Bernard M., New York City.
fBASSELiN, Theodore B., Croghan, N. Y.
Bassett, Mrs. Carroll, Summit, N. J.
Bassett, Edward M., New York City.
Lawyer. Dir. (past Pres.) Nat. Conf.
on City Planning (Asst. Ed. City Plan-
ning Quarterly); Counsel Zoning Com.,
N. Y. City; Mem. Am. Inst, of City
Planning.
Bates, Mrs. Albert, Cleveland, O.
Past Chmn. Conservn. Com., Cleve-
land Town & Country Garden Club.
Bates, Onward, Augusta, Ga. Retired
Civil Engineer.
Bauhan, Rolf W., Princeton, N. J.
Architect. Active in development of site
& highway adjustment for Woodrow
Wilson Memorial.
Baylies, Walter C, Boston, Mass.
Merchant.
Bayliss, Mrs. Willard, Chisholm,
Minn. Mem. (past Minn. Dir.) Gen.
Fed. Women's Clubs; past St. Pres.,
Minn. Fed. Women's Clubs; Mem.
Nat, Club of past St. Presidents;
Nat. Dirs. Council; Col. Chapt.,
D. A. R. of Minneapolis; Miss. Valley
Conf.; St. Conf. of Social Work; St.
Louis Co. Emerg. Relief Commn.,
Federal Works Adm.; St. Louis Co.
Club & Farm Bur. (Chmn. Child Wel-
fare) ; Sec. St. Louis Co. Child Welfare
Bd.
Baylor, Adelaide S., Washington, D. C.
Chief, Home Econs. Ed. Serv.
♦Beach, E. L., Palo Alto, Cal. U. S. N.
Author.
§Bebb, Charles H., F. A. I. A., Seattle,
Wash. Architect. Superv. Archt.
Washington St. Capitol group; firm
Archts. U. of Washington bldgs.
Beckman, F. Woods, Knoxville, Tenn.
Personnel Assistant, Tenn. Valley
Authority. Dir. Pa. Housing & Town
Planning Assn.; Mem, Internat, Fed.
Housing & Town Planning; Nat. Conf.
on City Planning; Internat. City Mgrs,*
Assn.; Govt. Res. Assn.; Nat. Mun.
League.
Beckwith, Mrs. Daniel, Providence,
R. I.
§Beer, Paul, Des Moines, la. Prea. The
Flynn Dairy Co. Mem. Exec. Com.,
Bur. of Mun, Res.; Mem. City Plan-
ning Commn.; City Zoning Commn.;
Greater Des Moines Com.; Playground
Com.
Beggs, Mrs. Frederick, Wykoff, N. J.
Chmn. Dept. of Internat. Relations,
N. J. St. Fed. of Women's Clubs;
V.-Chmn. N. J. Com. Cause & Cure of
War; Mem. Adv. Bd., Passaic Co.
Planning Assn.; (past Pres.) Paterson
Bd. of Recr.; Paterson Woman's Club.
♦Belcher, Frank J., Jr., San Diego, Cal.
Bement, Alon, New York City, Artist.
Dir. Nat. Alliance of Art & Industry.
§Bennett, Edward H., Chicago, 111.
Bennett, J. M., Detroit, Mich. Supt. of
Parks & Forestry, Bd. of Wayne Co.
Rd. Commrs. & Bd. of Wayne Co.
Park Trustees. Author "Roadside
Development."
Berckmans, p. J. A., Augusta, Ga.
IBerliner, Mrs. Emile, Washington,
D. C.
Berney, Morris E., Fort Worth, Tex.
Chmn. Park Bd.
Bernheim, Isaac W., F. A. G. S., Den-
ver, Colo. Capitalist. Mem. Am.
Assn. for Labor Legisl.; Am. Forestry
Assn.; Am. Econ. Assn.; Acad, of
Polit. Sci.; Nat. Recr. Assn.; Nat.
Com. on Prisons & Prison Labor.
Donor of Abraham Lincoln statue, by
George Grey Barnard, Louisville, Ky.;
of statue of Henry Clay & Ephraim
McDowell in Statuary Hall, Washing-
ton, D. C; of 13,000 acres of land near
Louisville, Ky., for public use as
arboretum & herbarium, of addition
to Carnegie Publ. Library Bldg.,
Paducah, Ky. & of Library Bldg. to
Hebrew Union Coll., Cincinnati, O,
fBERNHEIMER, ChARLES L., F. A. G. S.,
New York City. Merchant. Chmn. of
Bd., Bear Mill Mfg. Co.; Hon. Pres.
Am. Arbitration Assn.; Patron Mus.
Nat. Hist.; V.P. N. Y. Bd. of T.; Mem.
N. Y. St. C. of C. (Chmn. Arbitration
Com., apptd. 21 consecutive times);
Internat. Law Assn.; Am. Geog. Soc:
Met. Mus. Art; Adv. Com., Sch. of
Bus., Columbia U. Author of numer-
ous publications, including "Rainbow
Bridge." Largely instrumental in open-
ing up desert country between Colorado
River & Navajo Mtn. in northern
Arizona & southern Utah. Discovered
many unknown cliff ruins & dinosaur
tracks, pronounced by Am. Mus. of
Nat. Hist, as most perfect specimens
ever discovered.
J§Bettman, Alfred, Cincinnati, O. Law-
yer, Pres. Ohio St. Conf. on City Plan-
ning; Nat. Conf. on City Planning;
V.P. Reg. Planning Commn. of Hamil-
ton Co., Ohio; Chmn. Cincinnati
Planning Commn,; local Fed. City
222
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Com., A. C. A,; Mem. Am. City Plan-
ning Inst.; St. Planning Commn. of
Ohio; Legal Mem., Brit. Town Plan-
ning Inst.
BiCKEL, Reddick H., San Francisco, Cal.
Architect & City Planner. Mem.
Internat. Fed. Housing & Town Plan-
ning; C. of C; Bur. of Mun. Res.;
Commonwealth Club; City Planning
Com.
♦BicKLEY, Howard L., Santa Fe, N. M.
Justice Supreme Court, N. M. Mem.
Citizens' Park Com. apptd. by Com.
of City Council.
tJ§BiDDLE, Gertrude Bosler (Mrs.
Edward W.), Carlisle & Philadelphia,
Pa. Dir. Nat. Recr. Assn.; City Parks
Assn.; Dir. Art Alliance; Mem. (by
appmt. of Governor) St. Council of
Edn.; Bd. of Govs. Phila. Forum;
Founder & for 10 yrs. Pres. Civic Club
of Carhsle; for 7 yrs. Pres. Civic Club
of Phila.; Pres. 1907-11 St. Fed. Pa.
Women's Clubs, speciaUzing in civic
improvements; V.P. & Chmn. Phila.
Fed. City Com., A. C. A.; V.P. A. C. A.
With brothers & sisters built & en-
dowed Publ. Libr. in Carhsle; with
husband presented equipped athletic
field to Dickinson Coll.
♦Bigger, Frederick, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Architect & Town Planner. Consultant
Citizens' Com. on City Plan; Sec. Pa.
Housing & Town Planning Assn. ; Mem.
Bd, Pittsburgh Housing Assn.; Mem.
(past Pres.) Am. City Planning Inst.;
Pittsburgh City Planning Commn.
(Chmn. Com. on General Plans); St.
Art Commn.; Exec. Com. for Com-
munity Housing, Allied Archts. of
Pittsburgh; Staff of Consultants, Div.
of Housing Federal Emerg. Public
Works Adm.; Com. on Econs. of Site
Planning & Housing, A. I. A.; Nat.
Conf. on City Planning.
BiNG, Alexander M., New York City.
Pres. City Housing Corp.; Mem. Exec.
Com., Reg. Plan of N. Y.; N. Y. Slum
Clearance Com.
BiNNEY, Edwin, New York City.
*Bi8HOP, Carl, Santa Fe, N. M.
Black, Russell Van Nest, New Hope,
Pa., & Princeton, N. J. City Planner.
Consultant Dir. N. J. St. Planning
Bd., apptd. by Nat. Planning Bd.;
Planning Res. Consultant, Nat.
Planning Bd.; Mem. Nat. Mun.
League; Nat. Conf. on City Planning;
Am. City Planning Inst.; A. S. C. E.;
A. S. L. A.; Engl. Garden City &
Town Planning Fed.
Blaqden, Mrs. Francis, New York City.
Blain, Mrs. Thomas J., Port Chester,
N. Y. Mem. Westchester Co. Recr,
Commn.
fBLAiNE, Mrs. Emmons, Chicago, 111.
Founder Sch. of Edn., U. of Chicago.
§Blair, Henry P., Washington, D. C.
Lawyer. Mem. C. of C; Bd. of T.
*Blair, John J., Raleigh, N. C. Field Dir.
Highway Beautification. Mem. Nature
Study Club; Garden Club, N. C;
St. Art Soc.
Blaib, Joseph C, Urbana, 111. Chief
Dept. of Hort., U. of 111. Pres. Urbana
Park Bd.; Mem. 111. Assn. of Parks
Dists.; Urbana Rotary Club; A. A. A. S.
tBLAKE, Mrs. Arthur Welland, Brook-
line, Mass.
♦Blake, Harry, Washington, D. C.
Blakiston, Emma, Ft. Washington, Pa.
Mem. Bd., Sch. of Hort., Ambler, Pa.;
Council Mem. Nat. Farm & Garden
Assn.; Mem. Nat. Assn. of Audubon
Socs.; Nat. Forestry Assn.; Pa.
Forestry Assn.; Nat. Conf. on St.
Parks.
9BLANCHARD, RAYMOND W., EvansviUe,
Ind. Planning Engineer. Exec. Sec.
City Plan Commn.; Assoc. Consultant,
St. Planning Bd.; Sec. Bd. of Zoning
Appeals; Mem. Bd. of Dirs., Soc. of
Fine Arts & Hist.
Blankenburq, Lucretia L. (Mrs.
Rudolph), Philadelphia, Pa. Mem.
Phila. City Club (40 yrs.). Recipient
of Gimbel Award as outstanding
woman in Philadelphia in 1932; of
L. H. D. (Temple U.) in recognition of
outstanding value in pubUc service.
JBliss, Robert Woods, Washington,
D. C. Diplomat, retd. Life Mem. Am,
Forestry Assn.; Am. Hort. Assn.; Am.
Nature Assn.; "Save-the-Redwoods"
League.
♦Bloom, Sol, New York City. Congress-
man. Assoc. Dir. U. S. George Wash-
ington Bicentenn. Commn., 1932;
Hon. Mem. Federal Employees' Assn.
9BLUCHER, Walter H., Detroit, Mich.
Planning Consultant. City Planner &
Sec, Detroit City Plan Commn. Pres.
Mich. Planning Conf.; Planning Con-
sultant, Nat. Planning Bd.; Dir. Mich.
Housing Assn.; Mem. Detroit Housing
Commn.; Am. City Planning Inst.;
Internat. Fed. for Housing & Town
Planning.
§BoARDMAN, Mabel T., Washington,
D. C. Volunteer Nat. Sec. A. R. C.
BoARDMAN, Queen W., Los Angeles,
Cal. Dir. Los Angeles C. of C.
BoARDMAN, RosiNA C, Huntington,N.Y.
Artist. Mem. Cold Spring Harbor
Chapt., A. R. C; Roadside Com.,
L. I. C. of C.
Boasberg, Emanuel, Buffalo, N, Y.
Pres. Buffalo Better Bus. Bur.
*Boehl, Herbert F., Louisville, Ky.
9B0GG8, Lucille, Bellehaven, Va. Sec.
Accomack Woman's Club.
BoHN, Ernest J., Cleveland, O. Pres,
Nat. Assn. of Housing Officials.
fBoK, Mary Louise Curtis (Mrs.
Edward W.), Merion, Pa. Dir. Phila.
Orchestr., succeeding Edward Bok;
Mem. Civic Club; Art Alliance; Cos-
mopoUtan Club; Print Club (all of
Phila.); Enghsh-Speaking Union; Am,
Rose Soc; For. Policy Assn.; Pa. Hist.
Soc; Nat. Inst, of Social Sci.; Merion
Civic Assn.; Pa. Soc. of N. E. Women;
Nat. Assn. of Audubon Socs.; Edward
A. MacDowell Memor. Assn.; Cosmo-
pohtan Club, N. Y. C; Civic Repertory
Theatre (N. Y.). Created & endowed
WHO'S WHO IN CIVIC ACHIEVEMENT 2^3
Curtis Inst, of Music, supplying &
furnishing buildings, placing many fine
ohjets d'art therein. Built Casimir Hall
(H. W. Sellers, Archt.) for concerts at
the Inst, (wrought-iron door by S.
Yellin) . Erected building of Settlement
Mus. Sch. Interested in Publ. Libr.,
Camden, Me.; contributed landscape
garden surrounding it (work of Fletcher
Steele, Boston); gave bronze statue
(by B. T. Kurts, Baltimore) for library
lot beautification & contributed to pur-
chase of Camden Village Green, land-
scaped by F. L. Olmsted. Originated
& presented, under the auspices of
Curtis Inst, of Music, a yearly series of
free Sunday Evening Chamber Music
Concerts in the Pa. Mus.
*BoNDY, Robert E., Bethesda, Md. Pres.
Montgomery Co. Civic Fed.
Bonner, J. Franklin, Rochester, N. Y.
Regional Planner. Sec. Monroe Co.
Reg. Planning Bd.; Rochester-Monroe
Co. Joint Harbor Survey; Lake On-
tario Country Assn.; Sec. & Dir.
Monroe Co. Homestead, Inc. (sub-
sidiary of Fed. Subsistence Homestead
Corp.); Chmn. & Sec. Monroe Co.
NRA Compliance Bd.
BoRQESON, Melvin B., White Plains,
N. Y. Landscape Architect. Mem.
A. S. L. A.
Boss, Harry K., Washington, D. C.
Realtor. Mem. Bd. of T. Created &
developed Foxhall Village & Colony
Hill.
BoTTOMLET, Myrl E., Cincinnati, O,
Professor. Mem. Faculty, U. of Cin-
cinnati. Mem. Cincinnati Art Commn.
♦BoTTORFF, H. C Sacramento, Cal.
V.P. & Treas. Cal. Western States Life
Ins. Co. Past City Manager. Chmn.
St. & Nat. AiTairs Com.; Mem. Bd. of
Dirs., C. of C; Exec. Bd. (past Pres.),
League of Cal. Municipalities; Bd. of
Control, Community Chest; Silver
Creek (Mtn. Water Supply) Com.
Bourne, E. Russell, New York City.
Clergyman. Rector, Church of the
Resurrection, N. Y. C. Pres. Berkshire
Hills Protective Assn., Mass.; Chmn.
Highway Beautification Com., Auto-
mobile Club of Berkshire Co.; Con-
servn. & Rd. Com., Lenox Garden
Club; V.-Chmn. for Work on Roads,
Conservn. Dept., Garden Club of Am.
BouTON, Mrs. Edward H., Baltimore,
Md. Mem. Mun. Art Soc; Mus. of
Art; Friends of Art; Roland Park Civic
League; Amateur Gardeners Club of
Md.
♦Bowerman, George F., Washington,
D. C. Librarian, Public Library.
Mem. Literary Soc; Councilor, Wash.
Fine Arts Soc.
Bowes, H. G., St. Paul, Minn. Land-
scape Architect. Landscape Archt.
for Roadside Dev., Minn. Dept. of
Highways.
Bowman, Mrs. Geline MacD., Rich-
mond, Va. Pres. Nat. Fed. of Bus. &
Prof. Women's Clubs; V.P. Community
Recr. Assn., Richmond.
9 Bowman, Isaiah, New York City. Dir.
& Ed. Am. Geog. Soc. of N. Y. C.
9 Boyd, Jean, San Francisco, Cal. Exec.
Sec. Garden Club of San Francisco.
*Boyle, E. R., Washington, D. C.
Bracken, F. B., Philadelphia, Pa.
Lawyer.
fBRADLEY, Abby A., Hiugham, Mass.
Mem. Council, Girl Scouts of Am.;
A. R. C; Hist. Soc.
Bradley, Richards M., Boston, Mass.
*Brady, Peter J., New York City.
Brainerd, Harry B., New York City.
Architect & City Planner. Mem. Am.
City Planning Inst.; Nat. Conf. on City
Planning; City & Reg. Planning Com.,
A. I. A.; City Planning & Archtl.
Adviser, East Side C. of C, Inc. (1929-
1932); 42d St. Property Owners &
Merchants Assn., Inc.; Borough Plan-
ning Com. of Queensborough C. of C,
& other similar groups.
♦Branch. H. B., Raleigh, N. C.
Braucher, Howard S., New York City.
Social Worker. Sec. Nat. Recr. Assn.
Mem. Nat. Conf. of Social Work; Am.
Assn. Social Workers; Reg. Plan Assn.;
Nat. Mun. League; & numerous ednl.
orgs.
§Braun, John F., Philadelphia, Pa.
Manufacturer. Mem. Bd. of Dirs.,
Phila. Orchestr. Assn.; Presser Fdn.;
Sch. of Industrial Art; Art Alliance.
fBRAZiER, E. Josephine, Philadelphia,
Pa., & Kennebunkport, Me. Mem.
Civic Club of Phila.
Brewer, Mrs. Joseph H., Belmont,
Mich. Pres. Fed. Garden Clubs of
Mich.
♦Bricken, Mrs. Charles R., Mont-
gomery, Ala.
♦Bridgham, Carlton T., Wilmington,
Del. Dir. C. of C; Kiwanis Club;
Mem. Wilmington Civic Assn.; Social
Serv. Club.
Briqgs, Asa G., St. Paul, Minn. Past
Pres. St. Paul Assn.
♦Briqgs, Edson W., Washington, D. C.
Created & developed "Colonial Vil-
lage" of Rock Creek Park Estates.
Briggs, George W., Dallas, Tex.
♦Brigham, Henry R., Boston, Mass.
Brimmer, George E., Cheyenne, Wyo.
§Brinckerhoff, a. F., F. A. S. L. A., New
York City. Past Pres. N. Y. Chapt.
A. S. L. A.; V.P. Archtl. League of
N. Y.; Mem. Adv. Com., Park Assn. of
N. Y. C, Inc.; Mayor's Adv. Com. on
Employment of CWA workers; Exec.
Com. N. Y. St. Com. for Billboard
Legisl.
9BRINLEY, Katharine, Philadelphia, Pa.
V.P. Civic Club of Phila. Jt. Chmn.
Pure Streams Legisl. Campaign Com.;
Mem. Bd., Pa. Housing & Town
Planning Assn.; Phila. Health Council
& Tuberculosis Com.; City Charter
Com.; Zoning Fed. of Phila.; Mem.
Inter Club Council.
Brinton, Walter, Philadelphia, Pa.
Mem. Fairmount Park Art Assn.; Pa.
Hist. Soc; Friends of the Wissahickon
Assn. ; Mus. of Art.
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Brix, Joseph, Berlin, Germany. En-
gineer.
Brock, Clarence L., Houston, Tex.
Supt. of Parks; Mem. Park Bd.
fBROEKSMiT, J. S., Chicago, 111.
♦Brooke, Frederick H., Washington,
D. C. Architect.
Brooks, Alfred H., Monroe, N. Y.
Planner. Asst. Planner Orange Co.
Planning Bd.; Mem. Monroe Impr.
Assn.
Brown, Mrs. Allen, Normal, III.
♦Brown, Annie Florence, Oakland, Cal.
♦Brown, Arthur L., New York City
§Brown, Carey H., Rochester, N. Y.
Engineer & City Planner. Past Acting
Chmn., Techn. Bd. of Review, PWA;
V.P. Nat. Conf. on City Planning;
Mem. Am. City Planning Inst.
Brown, Franklin Q., Dobbs Ferry,
N. Y. Banker. Pres. Village of Dobbs
Ferry (11 terms); Westchester Co.
C. of C; Dobbs Ferry Hosp.; Dobbs
Ferry Free Libr.
♦Brown, Robert, Santa Fe, N. M.
Physician. Pres. St. Bd. of Publ. Wel-
fare; Kiwanis Club of Santa Fe.
♦Browne, K. L., Kansas City, Kans.
Bank Official. Pres. Fairfax Drainage
Dist., Wyandotte Co.; Mem. C. of C.
Brownlow, Louis, Chicago, 111. Muni-
cipal Administrator. Dir. Publ. Admn.
Clearing House. V.P. Nat. Mun.
League; Fellow Am. Publ. Health
Assn.; Hon. Mem. Nat. City Mgrs.
Assn.
♦Bruce, Helm, Jr., Memphis, Tenn.
Bryan, John Stewart, Richmond, Va.
Pres. News-Leader.
fBRYANT, Owen, Cohasset, Mass.
BuDD, Britton I., Chicago, III. Public
Utility Executive. Founder & V.P.
Katharine Kreigh Budd Memor. Home;
one of the Founders, Union League
Boys' Club; Trustee & V.P. St. Luke's
Hosp.; Trustee Chicago World's Fair
Centennial; Dir. John Crerar Libr.;
Mem. St. C. of C.
BuELL, Mrs. Charles E., Madison,
Wis. Pres. Old Indian Agency House
Assn., Inc.; Chmn. Dept. of Hist. &
Landmarks, Wis. Fed. Women's Clubs;
Mem. Budget Com., Madison Com-
munity Union; (past Pres.) Wis. Fed.
of Women's Clubs; (past Pres.) Madi-
son Woman's Club; (past Chmn.)
Civics Club.
9BuLKLEY, Mrs. Jonathan, Ridgefield,
Conn. Pres. Garden Club of Am.
Bullock, Waller O., Lexington, Ky.
Surgeon.
BuMPus, Hermon C, Duxbury, Mass.
Educator. Sec. Brown U.; Hon. Mem.
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.; Hon. Fellow,
Met. Mus. Art; Chmn. Ednl. Adv.
Bd., Nat. Park Serv.; Mem. Com. on
Outdoor Edn., Am. Assn. of Museums.
Mem. of numerous scientific orgs, in
America & abroad.
♦Bunting, Henry S., Lake Bluff, 111.
Burdell, Edwin S., Columbus, O. In-
structor in Sociology, Ohio State U.
V.P. Ohio St. Planning Conf.; Chmn.
Mayor's Com. on Housing; V.-Chmn.
Bd. of Zoning Appeals, City of Colum-
bus; Exec. Dir. Ohio Emerg. Schools
Adm.; St. Rehef Commn.
fBuRNAP, George, Washington, D. C.
Park & Town Planner. Consultant
Mun. Center; Mem. Bd. of T.; Planner
Civic Center, St. Joseph, Mo. Designer
park systems, Omaha, Nebr., Council
Bluffs, la., & many parks in Washing-
ton, D. C.
BuRNHAM, Mrs. Addison C, Newton
Centre, Mass. Chmn. Housing &
Town Planning Com., Mass. Civic
League; Mem. Bd. Boston Housing
Assn.; Governing Council, Nat. Assn.
for Better Housing; Adv. Com. on Hous-
ing, City Planning Bd.; Bd. Women's
Mun. League; Dir. Boston U. Women's
Council (Student Housing); Prof.
Beale's Com.
9BUR8ON, R. E., Richmond, Va. Dir. of
Parks, Conservn. Dev. Dept., Rich-
mond.
JBuRT, Struthers, Southern Pines, N. C.
& Moran, Wyo. Author & Rancher.
Chmn. Carolina Motor Club Highway
Beautification Com.; Dir. Nat. Council
for Protection of Highways; Mem.
Am. Forestry Assn.; Southern Pines
C. of C.
fBuRTON, Charles W., Detroit, Mich.
Bush, Peter H., Monroe, N. Y. Engi-
neer. Sec. Orange Co. (N. Y.) Planning
Bd.; Engr. Monroe Village Planning
Bd.
§Bu8h-Brown, H. K., Washington, D. C.
Sculptor. Mem. Nat. Arts Club; Nat.
Sculpture Soc; Archtl. League (all of
N. Y.) ; Arts Club, Washington. Con-
tributor to National Capital Magazine,
Municipal A^airs, etc.
♦Butler, Ovid, Washington, D. C. Exec.
Sec. Am. Forestry Assn. Editor
American Forests. Mem. Soc. of Am.
Foresters; Nat. Parks Assn.
♦Butler, P. J., Wilmington, Del.
Butler, Smedley D., Newtown Square,
Pa. U. S. M. C, retd. Responsible for
development of first road system,
Haiti, 1917. Lecturer on Law En-
forcement.
Butt, Mrs. L. Havemeyer, Tuxedo
Park, N. Y.
§Buttenheim, Harold S., New York
City. Editor The American City. Hon.
Mem. Am. City Planning Inst.; Bd.
Mem. Nat. Conf. on City Planning;
Chmn. Zoning Bd. of Adjust., Madi-
son, N. J.
Cabana, Oliver, Jr., Buffalo, N. Y.
Banker. Dir. Niagara Frontier Plan-
ning Assn.; U. of Buffalo; Chmn.
Buffalo Fdn.; Mem. Exec. Com., N. Y.
St. Waterways Assn.; Mem. Bur. of
Mun. Res.; Hist. Soc; Soc. of Nat.
Sci.; Am. Scenic & Hist. Preservn. Soc;
Am. Forestry Assn.; Nat. Rivers «fe
Harbors Congress; N. Y. Housing
Commn.
Cady, John Hutchins, Providence, R. I.
Architect. Chmn. City Plan Commn.;
WHO'S WHO IN CIVIC ACHIEVEMENT 225
Pres. Swan Point Cemetery Corp.; Dir.
Audubon Soc. of R. I.; Mem. Civic
Impr. & Park Assn.; A. I. A.; N. E.
Reg. Planning Commn.; Nat. Conf. on
City Planning; Appalach. Mtn. Club;
Sec. "The Players" (Providence).
Caemmerer, H. p., Washington, D. C.
Sec. Nat. Commn. of Fine Arts. Mem.
Am. Fed. of Arts; Archseol. Inst, of
Am.; Nat. Geog. Soc.
Cameron, Mary, Harrisburg, Pa.
Cammerer, Arno B., Washington, D. C.
Dir. Nat. Park Serv. Mem. Nat. Conf.
of Park Execs.; Nat. Capital Park &
Planning Commn.; D. of C. Zoning
Commn.
♦Campbell, Frank G., Alexandria, Va.
Patent Attorney. Mem. Park & Plan-
ning Com., Arlington Co. Civic Fed.;
Dir. Arlington Co. C. of C.
J§Caparn, Harold A., New York City.
Landscape Architect. Treas. Nat. Road-
side Council. Mem. A. S. L. A. (past
Pres. N. Y. Chapt.); Archtl. League;
Council on Nat. Parks, Forests, & Wild
Life; City Gardens Club; Nat. Park
Assn.; Nat. Conf. on St. Parks; Citizens'
Union; City Club; Nat. Conf. on City
Planning. Author of numerous articles
on parks & park design, billboard re-
striction, & kindred subjects.
♦Capper, Arthur, Topeka, Kans. U. S.
Senator. Publisher. Gov. of Kansas,
1915-19. Past Mem. Nat. Cap. Park
& Planning Commn.
Carkener, George S., Kansas City, Mo.
Pres. Liberty Memor. Assn.
fCARLSON, Carl Oscar, Fairfield, Conn.
Mem. Am. Rose Soc.
Carpenter, E. L., Minneapolis, Minn.
Carpenter, George O., St. Louis, Mo.
Dir. Publ. Libr.; Trustee Washington
U.; Mem. Tower Grove Park Bd.;
A. L M. E.
♦Carpenter, J. S., Des Moines, la.
Carrington, a. B., Danville, Va.
♦Carroll, John E., Seattle, Wash. Pres.
City Council. Dir. Nat. Conf. on City
Planning; Mem. Plan Commn. ; C. of C.
Carson, A. C, Riverton, Va. Judge.
Past Pres. Council for Protection of
Roadside Beauty in Va.
Case, A. C, Washington, D. C. Chmn.
Greater Nat. Cap. Com., Bd. of T.;
Mem. C. of C.
Case, Mrs. Charles M., Minneapolis,
Minn.
Case, J, Herbert, Plainfield, N. J.
9 Casey, Daniel N., Harrisburg, Pa.
Sec. C. of C.
♦Casey, George A., Wilmington, Del.
V.P. Wilmington Civic Assn.
Cauchon, Noulan, Ottawa, Can. City
Planner. Chmn. & Techn. Adviser,
Town Planning Commn.; Mem. Coun-
cil, Town Planning Inst, of Can. ; Mem.
Nat. Conf. on City Planning.
Cautley, Mrs. Marjorie, Ridgewood,
N. J. Landscape Architect. Mem.
N. Y. Chapt. A. S. L. A.; Landscape
Consultant, Recreational Dev. Proj-
ects, St. of N. H.
Cellarius, Charles F., Cincinnati, O.
Architect. Engaged in preparation of
plans for slum-clearance projects of
Cincinnati, for Cincinnati Met. Hous-
ing Commn.
♦Chalmers, Mrs. L. H., Phoenix, Ariz.
Chmn. local Com. on Fed. City, A. C. A.
fCHANDLER, Alice G., Lancaster, Mass.
Pres. Libr. Art Club; Trustee (past
Ln.) Town Libr.; Sec. Mass. Libr. Aid
Assn.; Mass. Libr. Club.
t§CHANDLER, Henry P., Chicago, 111.
Attorney. Dir. Citizens' Assn.; Reg.
Planning Assn.; Mem. City Club;
Union League Club.
Chapman, David C, Knoxville, Tenn.
Past Chmn. Tenn. Great Smoky Mtns.
Park Commn.; Pres. Great Smoky
Mtns. Conservn. Assn.
Chapman, Ellwood B., Swarthmore &
Philadelphia, Pa. Manufacturer. Pres.
Chestnut St. Assn.; Pa. Parks Assn.;
V.P. Phila. Housing Assn.; Dir. Nat,
Conf. on St. Parks; Pa. Forestry Assn.;
Chmn. Swarthmore Tree Commn.;
Mem. Pa. St. Parks Commn.
Charlton, Mrs. Max R., Tillamook,
Ore. Pres. Lioness Club; Mem. St.
Exec. Bd., & Co. Chmn., Women's
Greater Ore. Assn.; Women's Overseas
Serv. League.
Chase, Frederick S., Waterbury, Conn.
Manufacturer. Dir. Citizens & Mfrs.
Nat. Bank; Chmn. Conn. Mfrs. Assn.
(Com. on Roadside Beauty & Safety) ;
Pres. Boys' Club; V.P. Mattatuck
Hist. Soc; Mem. Exec. Com., Nat.
Roadside Council; A. S. M. E.; Water-
bury Park Commn.
Chase, Harold S., Santa Barbara, Cal.
♦Chase, Harold T., Topeka, Kana.
Editor Capital.
Chase, John Carroll, Derry, N. H.
Genealogist. Historian. Fellow Am.
Publ. Health Assn.
Chase, Pearl, Santa Barbara, Cal.
Volunteer Civic Worker. Dir. Com-
munity Arts Assn. (Chmn. Plans &
Planting Br. & Garden Tours Com.);
Adv. Chmn. City & Co. Better Homes
Com.; St. Chmn. Pilgrimage Com.,
St. Garden Club Fed.; Co. Chmn.
Campaign to Clean-up & Beautify
Com.; Chmn. Co. Roadside Com.;
Chmn. Com. on Home Information
Servs. & Centers, President's Conf. on
Home Bldg. & Home Ownership; Dir.
Recr. Center; Co. Council of Social
Agencies; Mem. Health Conservn.
Com., C. of C.
Cheney, Charles H., Palos Verdes
Estates, Cal. Consultant in Housing,
City & Reg. Planning, & on Design,
Layout & Restrictions for large sub-
urban tracts at Palos Verdes & Rancho
Santa Fe, Cal. Pres. Trustees Palos
Verdes Libr.; Art Gallery; Sec. Palos
Verdes Art Jury.
Chesnut, Victor K., Hyattsville, Md.
Chemist. Mem. (& one of founders)
Hyattsville Hort. Soc; The Grange,
Beltsville, Md.
Chess, T. Louis, San Mateo, Cal. Exec.
Sec. San Mateo Co. Fed. of Impr.
226
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Clubs & Assns.; Chmn. Ednl. Com.,
Peninsular Grade Crossing Conf.; Dir.
Peninsular Industrial Conf., S. F.-
San Mateo Peninsular Dist.; Mem.
C. of C; San Mateo City Planning
Commn.; Financial Sec. San Mateo
Heights Impr. Assn.
tCniLD, Mrs. H. W., Helena, Mont.
Child, Stephen, F. A. S. L. A., Paines-
ville,0. City Planner. Mem. A.S.C.E.;
Am. City Planning Inst.; Brit. Town
Planning Inst.
Childs, Richard S., New York City.
Publicist. Pres. City Club; Treas.
Publ. Admn. Clearing House.
Chii/ton, Mrs. William E., Charleston,
W. Va. St. Chmn. of Roadside Beau-
tification & Conservn., W. Va, Fed.
Garden Clubs; St. Chmn. of Roadside
Beautification & Conservn. in W. Va.,
Garden Club of Am.; Mem. Kanawha
Garden Club.
Chorley, Kenneth, New York City.
Executive. V.P. Colonial Wilhamsburg
Restoration, Inc.; Colonial Williams-
burg, Inc.
tCLAFLiN, Mrs. John, Morristown, N. J.
Mem. N. Y. & N. J. Woman's Dept.,
Nat. Civic Fed.
♦Clagett, Charles T., Washington,
D. C. C. of C; Mem. Exec. Bd.,
Bd. of T.
Clapp, Frederick Mortimer, New York
City. Organizing Director, The Frick
Collection. Chief, Fine Arts Dept.,
U. of Pittsburgh.
§Clark, Appleton p., Jr., Washington,
D. C. Architect. Pres. Washington
San. Housing Co.
fCLARK, Mrs. Charles D., Philadelphia,
Pa. Founder (past Pres.) Acorn Club;
Founder & Hon. Pres. Soc. Little
Gardens; Mem. Civic Club.
fCLARK, Clarence M., Philadelphia, Pa.
Banker. Mem. Nat. Recr. Assn.;
Playgrounds Assn., Phila.; Warwick
Boys' Club.
Clark, Mrs. E. Walter, Philadelphia,
Pa. Oflacer Playground Assn.; Mem.
Civic Club; Housing Assn.
9 Clark, Roscoe N., Hartford, Conn.
City Engineer. Sec. Commn. on City
Plan. Mgr. Bur. of Publ. Works of
Met. Dist.; Mem. Reg. Planning
Commn. of Met. Dist.
Clark, Walter E., Charleston, W.
Va. Journalist. Mem. (past Pres.) Am.
Rose Soc.
Clarke, Gilmore D., F. A. S. L. A.,
Pelham, N. Y. Landscape Archt.
Westchester Co. Park Commn.; Cons.
Landscape Archt., Park Dept. N. Y. C. ;
L. I. St. Park Commn.; Niagara
Frontier St. Park Commn.; Shenan-
doah-Great Smoky Parkway; past
Cons. Landscape Archt., Mt. Vernon
Memor. Highway, Va.; Taconic St.
Park Commn., N. Y.; Chmn. Com. on
Bldgs. & Structures, N. Y. St. Council
of Parks; Mem. Archtl. Adv. Bd.,
Cornell U.; Adv. Com., Sch. of City
Planning, M. I. T.; Com. Bd. of Over-
seers, Sch. of Landscape Archt., Har-
vard U.; Adv. Com., Dept. of Land-
scape Archt., Coll. of Architecture,
Cornell U.; Mem. Am. City Planning
Inst.; Nat. Commn. of Fine Arts.
fCLAS, Alfred C, Milwaukee, Wis.
Architect.
Clifford, Edward, Washington, D. C.
Lawyer. Past Asst. Sec. of Treas.;
Mem. Am. Bar Assn.
Clothier, Mrs. Walter, Wynnewood,
Pa. Mem. Fairmount Park Art Assn.;
Am. Forestry Assn.; Bur. of Mun. Res.;
Housing & Town Planning Assn.;
Playground Assn.
Clyde, Margaret, Philadelphia, Pa.
CoBURN, Louise H., Skowhegan, Me.
Park Commissioner. Pres. Somerset
Woods Trustees; Pres. Adv. Bd., Publ.
Libr.
CocKSHUTT, Frank, Brantford, Ont.,
Can. Manufacturer. Mem. Town
Planning Commn.; Bd. of Park Man-
agement (for 21 yrs.).
*CoHEN, James J., Wilmington, Del.
*Cohen, Manuel, Wilmington, Del.
9 '•'Colby, William E., San Francisco, Cal.
Lawyer. Sec. Sierra Club; Chmn. Cal.
St. Park Commn.; Councilor "Save-
the-Red woods" League; Mem. Am.
Alpine Club; Boone & Crockett Club.
9 Coleman, Laurence Vail, Washington,
D. C. Dir. Am. Assn. of Museums.
Mem. Exec. Com. Internat. Museums
Oflaee; Nat. Council Inter-Am. Inst,
of Intellectual Coop.; Commn. on
Enrichment of Adult Life; Internat.
Commn. on Folk Arts; President's
Conf. on Home Bldg. & Home Owner-
ship.
§Colladay, Edward F., Washington,
D. C. Lawyer. Mem. Com. of 100 on
Federal City.
'•'CoLLiNGWOOD, G. H., Washington, D. C.
Collins, Alfred Morris, Philadelphia,
Pa. Retd. Manufacturer. Pres. Bryn
Mawr War Memor. & Community
House Assn.; V.P. Community Health
& Civic Assn.; Mem. Acad, of Nat. Sci.;
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.; Phila. Geog. Soc.
& many others. Participated in expe-
ditions for Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Field
Mus., & Smithsonian Instn.
Collins, James C, Providence, R. I.
Mem. Civic Impr. & Park Assn.
♦Colombo, Louis J., Detroit, Mich.
CoLTON, Harold D., Flagstaff, Ariz.
Museum Director. Pres. Northern Ariz.
Soc. of Sci. & Art; Dir. Mus. of North-
ern Ariz.; Mem. C. of C; Adv. Com. on
Water Supply to City Council; Custo-
dian, Wupatki Nat. Monument; Acting
Custodian, Sunset Crater & Walnut
Canyon Nat. Monument.
Combs, C. C, Babylon, L. I., N. Y.
CoMEY, Arthur C, F. A. S. L. A., Cam-
bridge, Mass. Consulting City Planner.
Asst. Prof., Harvard U. City Planning
Sch. Consultant St. Planning Bd. of
Me. Mem. Publ. Works Planning
Res. Adv. Com. of Nat. Planning
Bd. Chmn. N. E. Trail Conf.; Wapack
Trail Com., S. P. N. H. F.; Mem. Bd.
of Govs., Am. City Planning Inst.;
WHO'S WHO IN CIVIC ACHIEVEMENT 227
Bd. of Mgrs. Appalach. Trail Conf.;
A. I. Cons. Engrs.; A. S. C. E.; Gov.'s
Com. on Needs & Uses of Open Spaces
in Mass.; Trustees of Publ. Reservns.
for Mass.; Councilor Appalach. Mtn.
Club.
CoMPTON, Mary S., Orlando, Fla. V.P.
St. Fed. of Garden Clubs.
Cone, H. I., Washington, D. C. Retd.
Naval Ofl&cer.
Cone, Mrs. Sidney M., Pikesville, Md.
CoNNELL, Wm. H., Philadelphia, Pa.
Ex. Dir. Reg. Planning Fed. of the
Phila. Tri-St. Dist.
Connelly, Milton E., Chicago, 111.
Sec. South Park Commrs.
Conner, Julia D., Washington, D. C.
§CoN8AUL, Charles F., Washington,
D. C. Lawyer. Chmn. Com. on Parks
& Reservns., Bd. of T.; V,-Chmn. Com.
of 100 on Fed. City; Chmn. Sub-Com.
on Parks & Parkways; Mem. Bar
Assn.; Mt. Pleasant Citizens' Assn.
Converse, Mary E., Rosemont, Pa.
Treas. Rosemont Civic Assn.; Mem.
Mun. Art Com. ; Civic Club of Phila,
CooGAN, Clement F., Pittsfield, Mass.
Banker. Pres. City Savings Bank; Dir.
Finance Com., Berkshire Life Ins. Co.;
V.P. Berkshire Athenaeum; Dir. Boys'
Club; Assoc. Charities; Mem. C. of C.
§CooK, Mrs. Anthony Wayne, Cooks-
burg, Pa.
*CooK, A. R., Seattle, Wash. Civil
Engineer (retd.).
*CooK, C. Lee, Louisville, Ky.
Cooke, Mrs. Morris L., Mt. Airy, Pa.
Cooper, Anna P., Washington, D. C.
Prof, of English, George Washington U.
Cooper, Madison, Calcium, N. Y.
Bulb Grower. Editor The Flower
Grower.
CoRBETT, Harvey Wiley, F. A. I. A.,
New York City. Architect. Fellow
Royal Inst. Brit. Archts.; Coop. Archt.
N. Y. Reg. Plan; Cons. Archt. West-
chester Park Commn.; L. I. St. Park
Commn.; N. Y. & N. J. Tunnel
Commn.; Chmn. Archtl. Bd., Chicago
World's Fair, 1933; Archt. Mun.
Group, Springfield, Mass., Bush House,
London, Eng.; Mem. (past Pres.)
Archtl. League; Soc. Beaux Arts
Archts. (past Pres.); Bldg. Congress;
Mayor's Com. on Planning of N. Y.;
St. Commn. of Fine Arts. Author of
numerous magazine articles.
♦CoRBETT, Henry L., Portland, Ore.
Corbin, Mrs. Wm. Lee, Washington,
D. C. Past Pres., Women's City Club.
JCoRKRAN, Mrs. Benjamin W., Jr.,
Baltimore, Md. Hon. V.P. (past Pres.)
Women's Civic League; Hon. Pres.
(Chmn. Civ. Serv. Com. & past Pres.)
Md. Fed. of Women's Clubs; past Pres.
Md. Consumers League; Y. W. C. A.;
past V.P. Council of Defense; past
Mem. Civ. Serv. Com., Gen. Fed.
Women's Clubs; Mem. Exec. Com.,
Md. Enghsh-Speaking Union; Exec.
Com., Md. League of Nations Assn.;
Woman's Dept., Md. Civ. Serv. Assn.;
Council, Nat. Civ. Serv. Ref. League.
CoRWiN, Robert G., Dayton, O. Law-
yer. Pres. Council Social Agencies;
Art Inst.; Trustee (past Pres.) Bur.
Community Serv.; V.P. Boys' Club;
Boys' Opportunity Farm; League of
Hard of Hearing; Dir. Assn. for Day-
ton; Chmn. Forum Assn.; Charter
Revision Com.; Mem. Plan Bd.
Coulter, Stanley, Indianapolis, Ind.
§CoviLLE, Frederick V., Washington,
D. C. Botanist. Acting Dir. Nat.
Arboretum, U. S. Dept. of Agr.; Mem.
Com. of 100 on Federal City.
tCowAN, Mrs. Andrew, Louisville, Ky.
fCowELL, Arthur W., State College, Pa.
Professor, Landscape Architect. Mem.
Pa. Parks Assn.; Am. Forestry Assn.;
Tech. Adv. Com., Greater Pa. Council.
*CowELL, J. R., Toledo, O.
*Cram, Ralph A., Litt. D., LL.D.,
F. R. G. S., Boston, Mass. Architect,
Author. Superv. Archt., Bryn Mawr
Coll.; Pres. Mediaeval Acad, of Am.;
Nat. Inst. Arts & Letters; Am. Acad.
Arts & Sci.; A. I. A.; Am. Fed. of Arts.
Cramer, Stuart W., Cramerton, N. C.
Cramton, Louis C, Lapeer, Mich. Ex-
congressman (1913-31), Lawyer. Past
Sp. Attorney to Sec. of Interior. Author
George Washington Memor. Parkway,
Colonial National Monument, Mather
Memor., Isle Royale National Park
bills; also of Resolution of Congress for
Restoration of Arlington Mansion. In
charge Appropriations for National
Parks, 1923-31.
JCrane, Caroline Bartlett, Kalama-
zoo, Mich. Minister & Lecturer. Dir.
Mich. Housing Assn.; League of
Women Voters.
fCRANE, Clara L., Dalton, Mass.
Crane, Jacob Leslie, Jr., Highland
Park, 111. Planning Consultant. Mem.
A. S. C. E.; Am. City Planning Inst.;
Brit. Town Planning Inst.; A. S. L. A.;
Am. Park Soc; Nat. Conf. on St.
Parks; President's Conf. on Home
Bldg. & Home Ownership; Am. Soc.
Mun. Imprs.; Chicago City Club;
Highland Park Plan Commn. Planning
Consultant to Govts, of China &
U. S. S. R. (1931) ; Consultant, la. Con-
servn. Plan 1932; Nat. Planning Bd.,
PWA.
Crane, Mrs. W. Murray, New York
City.
Crane, Z. Marshall, Dalton, Mass.
Paper Manufacturer. Gov. (past Pres.)
Community Recr. Assn.; Trustee (past
Pres.) Free Publ. Libr.; Trustee Mus.
Nat. Hist. & Art, Pittsfield; Dir. Boys'
Club, Pittsfield.
Cree, J. W., Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. Mem.
Civic Club of Allegheny Co.; Art Soc;
100 Friends of Pittsburgh Art.
Creighton, Mrs. Thomas S., Blue Ridge
Summit, Pa. Mem. Blue Ridge Sum-
mit & Monterey Impr. & Protective
Assn.
Cret, Paul Phillippe, Philadelphia, Pa.
Architect. Dir. City Park Assn.; Mem.
Art Jury of Phila.; Com. on City Plan-
ning Chapt., A. I. A.; Cons. Archt.,
228
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
A. B. M. C; Com. Archt. & Mem.
Fairmount Park Art Assn.; Mem. Reg.
Planning Fed. of Phila. Tri-St. Dist.
Crosby, Wm. Howard, Pasadena, Cal.
fCROSBY, Mrs. Wm. Howard, Pasadena,
Cal. Mem. Woman's Civic League;
Better Am. Fed.
tCROSS, Price, Dallas, Tex. Hon. V.P.
Bd. of United Charities; Hon. Mem.
Rotary Club; Chmn. Bd. Publ.
Welfare.
Cross, Whitman, Chevy Chase, Md.
Geologist. Mem. Nat. Acad, of Sci.;
Wash. Acad, of Sci.; Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Phila.; Am. Rose Soc.
♦Crosser, C. a., Des Moines, la. Sec.
Bur. of Mun. Res.
♦Crowley, Ernest A., Oakland, Cal.
Cummer, Mrs. Arthur Gerrish, Jack-
sonville, Fla. Hon. Pres. Fla. Fed.
Garden Clubs; Mem. Bd. of Dirs., Nat.
Recr. Assn.; Beautification Com., St.
C. of C; Dir. Highlands Hammock,
Bot. Garden & Arboretum; Subsist-
ence Homestead Project; Chmn. in
Fla., Campaign for Mobihzation of
Human Needs; State & Duval Co.
Chmn., Women's Work Projects Com.,
Fed. Emerg. Relief Adm.; Mem. City
Planning Bd. (repres. Garden Clubs).
♦Cunningham, Andrew, Detroit, Mich.
fCuRLEY, James M., Boston, Mass. Ex-
Congressman. Ex-Mayor. Mem. C.
of C; United Impr. Assn.; Mass. Civic
League; past Mem. Boston Common
Council; Mass. House of Reps.; Bd. of
Aldermen; City Council.
♦Curtis, E. N., San Jose, Cal. Architect.
Pres. City Planning Commn.; Dir.
C. of C.
Curtis, James F., New York City.
Lawyer. Mem. Reg. Planning Commn.
Donor first chair of regional planning
in an American university (Harvard).
CuRTiss, Harold L., Laramie & Chey-
enne, Wyo. Town Planner. Landscape
Archt., U. of Wyo. U. S. Dept. of
Agr. State Exp. Farms & State of Wyo.
Institl. Devs. Mem. A. S. L. A.; Am.
Inst. Park Execs.; Nat. Conf. on
St. Parks.
Cutler, Thomas H., Jefferson City, Mo.
Chief Engineer, St. Highway Dept.
Mem. St. Planning Bd.
♦Damon, George Alfred, Los Angeles
& Pasadena, Cal. Consulting Engineer.
Techn. Dir. City Planning Com.,
Pasadena; Cons. Engr. City Plan, San
Jose & Long Beach; V.P. Pasadena
Hist. Soc; Mem. Zoning Commn.,
Pasadena; Am. City Planning Inst.;
Charter Mem. City Planning Assn.,
Los Angeles; Los Angeles Co. Reg.
Planning Commn.
♦Dana, Marshall N., Portland, Ore.
Assoc. Editor Oregon Journal. Reg.
Chmn. of Planning Publ. Works Adm.;
Pres. Nat. Reclamation Assn.; Dir.
Publ. Welfare Bur.; Community Chest;
Mem. C. of C.
Daniel. Mrs. R. H., Dallas, Tex.
9 Davidson, C. A., Edmonton, Alberta.
Dir. of Town Planning, Dept. of Publ.
Works, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
§David80n, Gilbert Aubrey, San Diego,
Cal. Banker. Past Pres. C. of C.
Davis, Mrs. Bancroft, Washington,
D. C.
Davis, Betsey B., Pearl River, N. Y., &
St. Augustine, Fla.
♦Davis, Charles Henry, New York City.
Davis, J. Lionberqer, St. Louis, Mo.
Banker. Treas. St. Louis Reg. Plan-
ning Assn.; Chmn. Publ. Works Sect.,
St. Louis Co. Div., NRA.
§Davi8, Mrs. Seymour, Philadelphia, Pa.
Davis, Walter G., Portland, Me. Pres.
Me. Hist. Soc; Mem. Bd., Community
Chest, Inc.; Publ. Library; Family
Welfare Soc; St. Adv. Com. on Health
& Welfare, Home for Aged Men.
§Day, Mrs. Frank Miles, Mt. Airy,
Phila., Pa. Sec. Friends of the Wissa-
hickon Soc; Mem. New Century Club,
Phila.; Conf. on City Govt., Reg.
Planning Assn.; City Parks Assn.
tt§DEALEY, G. B., Dallas, Tex. Newspaper
Pubhsher. Pres. United Charities;
Dallas Hist. Soc; V.P. A. C. A.; Tex.
Children's Hosp.; Mem. Nat. Housing
Assn.; Nat. Mun. League; Nat. Road-
side Council; Am. City Planning Inst.;
Bd., Nat. Conf. on City Planning; Adv.
Council, Planning Fedn. of Am.
§DeBoer, S. R., Denver, Colo. City
Planner. Landscape Architect. Con-
sultant, Denver Planning Commn.;
Boulder Planning Commn.; Utah St.
Planning Bd.; Designer Boulder City,
Nev., model city built by U. S. Dept.
of Interior at Hoover Dam; Landscape
Archt., Denver, Boulder, Colo., &
Cheyenne, Wyo.; Mem. Am. City
Planning Inst.; A. S. L. A.; A. S. M. E.;
Am. Inst. Park Execs.; Rotary Club.
♦Decker, Corbin J., Athens, Ga. Phy-
sician.
Deering, Tam, Cincinnati, O. Dir.
Recr. Commn. of Cincinnati.
♦De La Mater, John, Washington, D. C.
Sec. Mt. Pleasant Citizens' Assn.;
Mem. Bd. of T.
t:l:§DELANO, Frederic Adrian, Washing-
ton, D. C. Regent & Chmn. Exec.
Com., Smithsonian Instn.; Chmn.
Nat. Planning Bd.; Nat. Cap. Park &
Planning Commn.; Dep. Chmn. Fed-
eral Reserve Bank of Richmond; Mem.
Exec. Com., Carnegie Inst, of Wash-
ington; Exec. Com., Carnegie Endow-
ment for Internat. Peace; past Chmn.
Reg. Plan of New York & Its Environs;
past Mem. Chicago Plan Commn.
♦Delano, Laura F., New York City.
Chmn. N. Y. Fed. City Com., A. C. A.
§Delano, William Adams, F. A. I. A.,
New York City. Architect. Mem.
(past Pres.) N. Y. Chapt. A. I. A.;
Nat. Cap. Park & Planning Commn.;
Reg. Plan Assn. of N. Y. C.
♦Delk, Edward C, Kansas City, Mo.
Demaray, Arthur E., Washington, D. C.
Assoc. Dir. U. S. Nat. Park Serv.
Mem. Am. Game Assn.
WHO'S WHO IN CIVIC ACHIEVEMENT 229
J§Dermitt, H. Marie, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Sec. Civic Club of Allegheny Co. Sec.
Nat. Assn. of Civic Sees.; Pa. Mun.
Charter Com.; Mem. Bd. of Fed. of So-
cial Agencies; Nat. Mun. League; Nat.
Housing Assn.; Endorsement Com.,
Community Fd.; Citizens' Com. on
City Plan; Econs. Club of Pittsburgh;
Woman's City Club.
Desloge, Joseph, St. Louis, Mo.
Desmond, Thomas C, Newburgh, N.Y.
State Senator. Retd. Engineer. Dir.
City Housing Corp.; Hon. V.-Chmn.
Orange Co. Planning Commn.; Mem.
Adv. Bd., Regional Plan Assn., Inc.,
N. Y. C. Sponsor in St. Legislature of
present N. Y. St. County Planning
Bd. Law.
Deverell, Mrs. H. F., Cleveland, O.
♦DiACK, Mrs. and Mrs. Archibald, Ann
Arbor, Mich.
Dick, Mrs. William A., Philadelphia,
Pa. Mem. (past Chmn. Conservn.
Com.) Phila. Garden Club; Garden
Club of Am.
Dickson, Arthur G., Philadelphia, Pa.
Mem. Bd. of Mgrs., City Parks Assn.;
Tri-St. Reg. Planning Fed.; Com. of 70.
Diehl, George C, Buffalo, N. Y. En-
gineer. Cons. Engr. Erie Co.; Cons.
Engr. Erie Co. Park Commn.; Commr.
Allegheny St. Park Commn.; Engr. to
Niagara Frontier Bridge Commn.;
Mem. City Plan Commn.; C. of C.
9D1GGS, Charles H., Los Angeles, Cal.
Landscape Architect. Dir. Los Angeles
Co. Reg. Planning Commn.; Mem.
Am. City Planning Inst.; A. S. L. A.;
Art & Edn. Com., L. A. C. of C; «fe
many others.
Dill, Malcolm H., Knoxville, Tenn.
Landscape Architect. Asst. to Town
Planning, Tenn. Valley Authority.
Dimmick, Mrs. J. Benjamin, Scranton,
Pa. Organizer & Mem. City Tree
Commn.; Mem. C. of C; Pa. Oral Sch.
for Deaf (apptd. by Governor) ; Charter
Mem. (past Pres.) Scranton Century
Club; Mem. (past Bd. Mem.) Y. W,
C. A.
Dixon, George W., Chicago, 111. Mem.
Chicago Plan Commn.
9D0B8ON, Meade C, New York City.
Mng. Dir. L. I. C. of C. Mem. N. Y. C.
Civic Conf.
JDoDDS, H. W., Princeton, N. J. Presi-
dent, Princeton U. Mem. N. J. Reg.
Planning Commn.
t§DoDGE, Clarence Phelps, F. A. G. S.,
Washington, D. C. Pres. Wash. Com-
munity Chest; Chmn. Wash. Housing
Com.; Dir. George Washington Memor.
Parkway Assn.; Mem. Bd. of Trustees,
Brookings Inst.; Assoc. Charities; Mem.
Civic Com., Nat. Symphony Orchestr.;
U. S. C. of C.
*DoNALDSON, Thomas, Wilmington, Del.
Donnelley, Thomas Elliott, Chicago,
III. Officer Civic Fed.; Asso. Em-
ployers of 111.; Mem. Bd., Crime
Commn.; Employers' Assn.; Trustee
Y. M. C. A.; Sunday Evening Club, U.
of Chicago.
♦DooLiTTLE, Dudley, Wichita, Kans.
Past Congressman, Representative
U. S. Treasury to Italy. Lawyer. Gen.
Agent Farm Credit Adm.; Mem. St.
Bd. of Regents, Trustee, Coll. of
Emporia.
Dorr, George B., Bar Harbor, Me.
Supt. Acadia Nat. Park. Figured
prominently in original movement to
preserve the "unique" Mt. Desert
Island Area, now known as Acadia
National Park.
DouBLEDAY, Mrs. Frank N., Oyster
Bay, N. Y.
9*DouQHTY, Mrs. W. J., Kansas City,
Mo. Exec. Sec. Woman's City Club.
§DouGLA8, Mrs. Henry W., Ann Arbor,
Mich. Chmn. local Fed. City Com.,
A. C. A.
§DouGLAS, Louise, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Mem. Garden Club; Art Assn.
Douglas, Mrs. Walter, Chauncey,
N.Y.
§DowNER, Jay, Bronxville, N. Y. Chief
Engr. Westchester Co. Park Commn.
& Westchester Co. Engineer. Mem.
A. S. C. E.; N. Y. City Club; Reg.
Plan Assn., Inc., N. Y. C.
Downs, Myron D., Cincinnati, O.
Sec.-Engr. City Planning Commn.;
Hamilton Co. Reg. Planning Commn.
Doyle, Mrs. Henry Grattan, Wash-
ington, D. C. V.P. Bd. of Edn.
*DoziER, Melville, Los Angeles, Cal.
Educator. Mem. City Planning Assn.;
City Club; So. Cal. Hist. Soc; So.
Cal. Acad, of Sci.; Council on Internat.
Relations.
Draper, Earle S., F. A. S. L. A., Knox-
ville, Tenn. Mem. Am. City Planning
Inst.; Dir. of Land Planning & Housing,
Tenn. Valley Authority.
Dreier, Mrs. H. Edward, Brooklyn,
N. Y. Pres. Woman's City Club of
N. Y. C; V.P. Brooklyn Garden Apts.;
Civic Conf. on Charter Revision.
§Drexel, Mrs. George W, Childs,
Bryn Mawr, Pa.
Driscoll, Mary E., Boston, Mass.
Social Worker. Asst. St. Chmn. Better
Homes in Am.; Mem. Adv. Com.,
Boston City Planning Bd.; Mass. Bd.
of Probation; Boston Licensing Bd.;
Adv. Com., Boston Publ. Schs.; Field
Worker, Mass. Com., Nat. Civic Fed.
♦Driver, John R., Berkeley, Cal.
♦Drury, Newton B., Berkeley, Cal.
Sec. "Save-the-Redwoods" League;
Officer in charge of Acquisition of
Lands, Cal. St. Park Commn.; Mem.
Adv. Com., Reg. Park Bd., Alameda
Co.; Sierra Club; Conservn. Section,
Commonwealth Club of Cal.
fDu Bois, John E., Du Bois, Pa.
Capitalist.
*Du Bois, Mr. and Mrs. William,
Cheyenne, Wyo.
*Duckett, T. Howard, Washington,
D. C. Lawyer. Chmn. Suburban San.
Commn.; Mem. Md. Nat, Cap. Park
& Planning Commn.
♦Dudley, Mrs. G., Topeka, Kans.
Dunn, W. H., Kansas City, Mo. Super-
230
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
intendent of Parks. Mem. (past Pres.)
Am. Inst. Park Execs.; Kansas City
Safety Council.
DupRE, Dallas D., Jr., Columbus, O.
Landscape Architect. Senior Land-
scape Archt., O. Dept. of Highways.
*DuRAND, William F., Palo Alto, Cal.
Mechanical Engineer. Prof. Mech.
Engring., Stanford U. Mem. Nat. Res.
Council; Nat. Acad, of Sci.; Am. Acad.
Arts & Sci.
♦DuTTON, Orison J. C, Seattle, Wash.
Retired.
Dyche, W. a., Evanston, 111. Mem. Bd.
of Trustees, Inst, for Econ. Res.
Dyer, J. F., North Haven, Me. Land-
scape Architect. Past Sec-Forester,
Shade Tree Commn., Union Co.; past
Sec. Plainfield Shade Tree Commn.
*Eakin, Mrs. John Hill, Nashville, Tenn.
Earle, Elinor, Philadelphia, Pa.
Earle, Samuel L., Birmingham, Ala.
Chmn. Bd. of Trustees, Old Ft. Wil-
liams Memor. Assn.; Adv. Bd., K. D. S.
& D. A. R. Sch. for Mountain Children;
V.P. Birmingham Publ. Mus.; Treas.
Audubon Soc; Mem. Libr. Bd. &
many others.
Earle, Walter F., Cambridge, Mass.
♦Easton, Stanly a., Kellogg, Ida. Mining
Engineer. Pres. Bd. Regents U. of Ida.
& St. Bd. of Edn.; Chmn. local Fed.
City Com., A. C. A.; Mem. Am. Inst.
Mining & Metall. Engrs.; Am. Mining
Congress.
Eckstein, Louis, Chicago, 111.
*Eddy, John W., Seattle, Wash.
Eddy, Mrs. John W., Seattle, Wash.
Pres. Garden Club.
Edmonds, Franklin S., Philadelphia, Pa.
Edmunds, Mrs. Page, Baltimore, Md.
*Ed80n, John Joy, Washington, D. C.
Chmn. Bd. of Publ. Welfare; Trustee
(past Treas.) George Washington U.;
Nat. Geog. Soc; Washington San.
Impr. Co. ; past Treas. Assoc. Charities;
Dir. U. S. C. of C; Mem. of numerous
civic & philanthropic orgs. Years of
public service formally recognized by
fellow-citizens on 75th birthday.
Edwards, Grace O., Winter Park, Fla.
Trustee, Fla. Bot. & Arbor. Assn.;
Mem. Fla. Publ. Health Assn.; Nat.
Recr. Assn.; Nat. Child Labor Assn.
Edwards, Miriam B., Santa Barbara,
Cal. Treas., Plans & Planting Br.,
Community Arts Assn.; Sec. City
Planning Commn.
Edwards, William, Zellwood, Fla.
Pres. Apopka Community Hotel Co.;
Chmn. Community Serv., Apopka
Rotary Club; Dir. Orange Gen. Hosp.;
Mem. Orlando C. of C; (past Pres.)
Orange Co. C. of C.
♦Elfendahl, Victor, Seattle, Wash.
Eliot, Amory, Manchester, Mass.
Banker.
♦Eliot, Charles W., 2d., Washington,
D. C. Architect & Planner. Exec. Dir.
Nat. Planning Bd.
♦Eliot, W. G., Jr., Portland, Ore. Mem.
City Club; Nat. Mun. League;
Peace Org.
Ellicott, Mrs. Charles E., Baltimore,
Md. Pres. Md. League of Women
Voters; Mem. Women's Civic League.
§Ellicott, William M., Baltimore, Md.
Architect. Mem. Balto. Chapt. A. I.
A.; Soc. Archseol. of Am.; Adv. Com.,
Com. of 100.
♦Eltinq, Victor, Chicago, 111. Lawyer.
Past Pres. City Club; past Pres. City
Homes Assn.; Sch. of Civics & Phil-
anthropy; Mem. Bd. of Dirs., Nat.
Housing Assn.; Mem. Winnetka Zoning
Commn.
§Elwood, p. H., Jr., Ames, la. Professor
& Head, Dept. of Landscape Archi-
tecture, la. St. Coll. Dir.-Consultant,
la. St. Planning Bd.; Chmn. Ames
Fed. City Com., A. C. A.; Trustee
A. S. L. A. (Chmn. Roads & Highways
Coms., & Internat. Peace Garden, also
Chmn. pro tem., la. Roadside Impr.
Council) ; Mem. City Planning Commn.
♦Emerson, Frank H., Peoria, 111.
♦Emerson, Guy, New York City. Banker.
Mem. Civ. Serv. Reform Assn.;
English-Speaking Union; Nat. Geog.
Soc. ; Nat. Parks Assn.
Engle, Lavinia, Baltimore, Md. Mem.
Md. House of Delegates. Res. Dir.
Md. League of Women Voters; V.-
Chmn. Md. St. Planning Commn.;
Chmn. Montgomery Co. Welfare Bd.;
Mem. Nat. Mun. League.
§Eno, William Phelps, Washington,
D. C. Chmn. Bd. of Dirs., Eno Fdn.
for Highway Traffic Regulation; Mem.
Bd. of T.; Com. of 100; C. of C; Nat.
Inst, of Social Sci.; Nat. Highway
Traffic Assn.; Pilgrims of the U. S.
Nat. Safety Council.
♦Ensign, Frank, Boise, Ida.
Eppich, L. F., Denver, Colo. Realtor.
Mem. (past Pres.) Nat. Assn. of Real
Estate Bds.; Denver R. E. Exchange
(past Pres.); Exec Com., City Plan-
ning Commn.; Bd. of Zoning Adjust-
ment (past Chmn.) ; C. of C.
fERDMAN, Charles R., Princeton, N. J.
Theologian. Prof. Pract. Theol.,
Theol. Seminary, Princeton, N. J.
Estabrook, Mrs. George L., German-
town, Pa. Mem. Civic Club of Phila.;
Germantown & Chestnut Hill Impr.
Assn.; Friends of the Wissahickon Soc;
Pa. Mus. of Art; Phila. Playground
Assn.; Pocono Forest Preserve Assn.
Eubank, B. N., Roanoke, Va. Architect.
Mem. City Planning & Zoning Commn.
♦Evans, Anne, Denver, Colo.
§Evans, Joshua, Jr., Washington, D. C.
Banker. V.P. Hamilton Nat. Bank;
Mem. Bd. of T.; Exec. Com., Com. of
100; Exec. Com., Budget Com., Com-
munity Chest; Nat. Parks Assn.; past
Mem. Adv. Com., Civic Development
Dept., U. S. C. of C.
EvisoN, Herbert, Washington, D. C.
Newspaperman. Supervisor, St. Park
Emerg. Conservn. Work. Past Exec
Sec. Nat. Conf. on St. Parks. Editor
State Park Anthology (1930).
fEwiNG, Mrs. Hazle Buck, Bloomington,
111. Dir. League of Nations Assn. of
WHO'S WHO IN CIVIC ACHIEVEMENT 231
111.; Victory Hall Home for Boys;
Life Mem. & Dir. Bloomington Art
Assn.; Dir. "Friends of Our Native
Landscape" of 111.; Community Camp
Assn.; Mem. Community Players;
Woman's Club.
9EWING, Ross, Des Moines, la. Sec. St.
Bd. of Conservn.
*EwiNG, Thomas, New York City. Law-
yer. Past U. S. Commr. of Patents.
§EwiNG, Mks. Thomas, New York City.
*Fairbank, Mrs. Kellogg, Chicago, 111.
Past Pres. Bd. of Dirs., Lying-in Hosp.;
Mem. Woman's Div., 111. Council Nat.
Defense Com.; Exec. Com. Gov.'s
Commn. on Unempl. Relief; Exec.
Com., A Century of Progress.
§Fairclough, Henry Rushton, Stanford
University, Cal. Philologist. Past
Mem. Faculty, Leland Stanford U.;
U. of Wis.; Columbia U.; U. of Chicago;
U. of Cal.; Harvard U.
Falk, Otto H., Milwaukee, Wis. Manu-
facturer. Mem. Wis. Home & Farm
Sch.; Nat. Recr. Assn.; Washington
Park Zoo. Received medal as Milwau-
kee's foremost citizen.
Farny, George W., Morris Plains, N. J.
Consulting Mining Engineer. Mem.
N. J. St. Planning Bd.; Dir. Am. Road
Builders' Assn.; Chmn. Nat. County
Roads Planning Commn.; Pres. Morris
Co. Assn.; Chmn. (for Morris Co.),
Local Govt. Plan Commn. of N. J.;
V.P. Taxpayers Assn. of N. J.
Farquhar, Francis, York, Pa. Chmn.
local Chapt., A. R. C; local Council,
Boy Scouts; Mem. Bd., Family Serv.
Bur.; Welfare Fed.; York Hosp.
*Farquhar, Francis P., San Francisco,
Cal. Certified Public Accountant.
Pres. Sierra Club; Am. Alpine Club;
Commonwealth Club of Cal. (past
Mem. Bd. of Govs.); Mem. Cal. St.
Geog. Bd.; Editor Sierra Club Bulletin
since 1926.
Ferguson, Homer C, Newport News,
Va. Ship-builder. Trustee Carnegie
Inst, of Washington, D. C.
fFERQusoN, John W., Paterson, N. J.
Ferry, Dexter Mason, Jr., Detroit,
Mich. Pres. Mus. of Art Founders
Soc; Chmn. Nat. Adv. Com., U. of
Mich. Alumni; Mem. Council, Village
of Grosse Pointe.
Ferry, Mrs. Dexter M., Jr., Detroit,
Mich. Past Pres. Garden Club of
Mich.; V.P. Neighborhood Club,
Grosse Pointe.
Field, Kirke H., Redlands, Cal. Retd.
Lawyer. Pres. A. K. Smiley Publ.
Libr.; V.P. Assoc. Charities; Mem.
Hort. & Impr. Soc.
FiLENE, Edward A., Boston, Mass.
Founder & President 20th Century
Fd. Past Mem. Exec. Com., U. S.
C. of C; Exec. Chmn., Met. Plan
Commn.; Mem. Acad. Polit. & Social
Scis.; Am. Econ. Assn.; Nat. Mun.
League, & many other national or-
ganizations.
FiLENE, Lincoln, Boston, Mass. Mer-
chant. Mem. Mass. Adv. Bd. of Edn.;
N. E. Voc. Guidance Assn.; Boston
C. of C; Nat. Econ. League; Am.
Econ. Assn.; Am. Acad, of Polit. &
Social Sci.; Acad. Poht. Sci.; Chmn.
Com. on Edn. & Voc, University Club.
9F1NDLAY, Mrs. James, Hagerstown, Md.
Pres. Hagerstown Civic League; Dir.
Orphans Home.
Fink, Paul M., Jonesboro, Tenn.
Banker. Dir. Great Smoky Mtns.
Conservn. Assn. Mem. Exec. Com.,
Appalach. Trail Conf. Aided move-
ment to secure Great Smoky Mtns.
Nat. Park, working with Southern
Appalach. Nat. Park Com., Great
Smoky Mtns. Conservn. Assn., Great
Smoky Mtns. Park Commn., & Nat.
Park Serv.
♦Finkelstein, I. B., Wilmington, Del.
Executive. Chmn. Bd. of Dirs., Wil-
mington Civic Assn.; Pres. C. of C;
Hebrew Charity Assn.; Del. Safety
Council; Trustee Taxpayers' Res.
League; Mem. Professional & Social
Workers' Club; Social Serv. Club;
Kiwanis Club.
♦Firestone, Clark B., Cincinnati, O.
Firestone, H. S., Akron, O. Manufac-
turer. Mem. City Planning Commn.;
Highway Ednl. Bd.; U. S. C. of C.
fFiSHBURN, J. B., Roanoke, Va.
jFiSHBURN, J. P., Roanoke, Va. Publisher
& Editor. Pres. Times-World Corp.
Pub. Roanoke Times & Roanoke World-
News. V.P. U. S. C. of C; Mem. St.
Conservn. & Development Commn.;
St. Hist. Highway Assn.; St. C. of C;
Roanoke C. of C.; Am. Hist. Assn.;
Am. Econ. Assn.; Am. Polit. Sci. Assn.
Fisher, Charles F., Akron, O. City
Planner. Sec. Bd. of Zoning Appeals;
Engr., City Plan Commn.; past Sec.
City Plan Commn., Portland, Ore.;
Mem. Bd. of Govs., Am. City Planning
Inst. ; Nat. Conf. on City Planning.
F18K, Everett O., Boston, Mass. Edu-
cator. Mem. Nat. Mun. League;
Brookline C. of C; Am. Polit. Sci.
Assn.; Boston City Club; Mass. Club;
20th Century Club; Nat. Edn. Assn.,
& many others.
Flaniqen, C. D., Athens, Ga. V.P. Ga.
Power Co. Dir. Ga. Mfrs. Assn.; St.
C. of C; Athens Tuberculosis Assn.;
Mem. (past Pres.) C. of C; Rotary
Club; City Bond Commn.; Art Assn.
Flannery, John S., Washington, D. C.
Lawyer.
Flannery, Mrs. John S., Washington,
D. C.
Fleisher, Samuel S., Philadelphia, Pa.
Retd. Manufacturer. Hon. V.P. Art
Alliance; Phila. Playgrounds & Recr.
Assn.; Mem. Adv. Bd., Pa. Emerg.
Aid Soc; Hon. Pres. Phila. Sch. Art
League; Trustee Neighborhood Center
Settlement House; Mem. Bd. of
Founders, Phila. Soc. for Preservn. of
Landmarks; Founder & Supporter
Graphic Sketch Club; Mem. Am. Fed.
of Arts; City Club; Pa. Hist. Soc;
Phila. Commn. for Beautification of
Met. Area; Fairmount Park Art Assn.;
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Phila. Met. Dist. Housing Com. ; Com.
for employment of artists under
PWA, & many others. 1924 received
Phila. Award for "advancing the best
& largest interest of Philadelphia."
Fleming, Robert V., Washington, D. C.
Banker. Pres. Riggs Nat. Bank. Mem.
Bd. of Dirs., Bd. of T. (Chmn. Greater
Nat. Cap. Com.); Treas. Community
Chest.
♦Fletcher, E., San Diego, Cal.
FoLGER, Mrs. Henry Clat, Glen Cove,
N. Y. Donor (with Henry C. Folger)
Folger Memorial Library, Washing-
ton, D. C.
tFoRBBS, Alexander, Milton, Mass.
Physiologist.
Forbes, Edward W., Cambridge, Mass.
Dir. Fogg Art Mus.
Forbes, Jane D., Baltimore, Md.
fFoRBEs, Mrs. J. Malcolm, Milton, Mass.
Mem. Playground Assn.; A. R. C;
Am. Geog. Soc; Am. Forestry Assn.;
Women's Mun. League, & many others.
Forbes, J. Murray, Milton, Mass.
Ford, Mrs. George B., Northampton,
Mass. Trustee-in-Residence, & V.P.,
Bd. of Trustees, Smith Coll.
Ford, Mrs. Henry, Dearborn, Mich.
Pres. Woman's Nat. Farm & Garden
Assn.; Designer of Model Wayside
Stand.
JFoRD, James, Cambridge, Mass. Pro-
fessor of Sociology, Harvard U. Dir.
Phelps-Stokes Research on Slums &
Housing Policy. Consultant, Better
Homes in Am.; Mem. Exec. Bd., In-
ternat. Housing Assn.; Sec. Section
K., (Econ. & Social Scis.), A. A. A. S.
Com. on Family & Parents Edn.,
White House Conf. on Child Health
& Protection; Chmn. Res. Com.,
President's Conf. on Home Bldg. &
Home Ownership (Jt. Editor, final
Conf. Reports).
FoRRER, V. Grant, Harrisburg, Pa.
City Forester. Dir. Am. Inst. Park
Execs.
Foster, David N., Ft. Wayne, Ind.
Pres. Bd. of Park Commrs. (29 yrs.).
Foster, Samuel M., Fort Wayne, Ind.
Banker.
Fowler, Clarence, F. A. S. L. A., New
York City. Landscape Architect.
Chmn. Com. on Edn., Mem. Com. on
Nat. Cap. & Com. on Am. Acad, in
Rome, A. S. L. A.; Trustee Cambridge
Sch. of Domestic & Landscape Archi-
tecture; Dir. City Garden Club; Mem.
Park Assn. of N. Y. C, Inc.; City
Club of N. Y. (Mem. Com. on Parks
& Playgrounds); Archtl. League; Art-
in-Trades Club; Met. Mus. Art; Hort.
Soc. of N. Y.; Am. Fed. of Arts; N. H.
Hist. Soc.
Fox, William Henry, New York City.
Dir. Brooklyn Mus.
Fraim, Mrs. Clarence, Wilmington,
Del.
Frame, Nat T., Morgantown, W. Va.
Pres. Country Life Assn.
Francke, Mrs. Luis J., Glen Head, L. I.,
N. Y. Pres. North Country Community
Assn. of L. I.; Bd. of Edn., Brookville
Sch.; Mem. Exec. Com., North
Country Garden Club, L. I. (Chmn.
Conservn. Com.); Mem. Garden Club
of Am. (Mem. Nature Training Sch.
Com.).
*Frankel, Henry, Des Moines, la. Mer-
chant. Dir. C. of C; Mem. Greater
Des Moines Com., Good Roads Com.,
& many others.
♦Frankel, Mrs. Henry, Des Moines, la.
Mem. (past Chmn.) la. St. Bd. of
Conservn.; Woman's City Club;
Founders Group Garden Club; la.
Fed. Garden Club; Des Moines
Woman's Club; Conservn. Com., la.
Fed. Women's Clubs; Ornitholog.
Clubs (local. State & national); Adv.
Bd., Am. Sch. of Wild Life Protection
(Adv. Park Com.); Audubon Soc;
Women's Club, & many others.
TFranklin, H. H., Syracuse, N. Y.
Manufacturer.
*Freeman, Mrs. F. W., Topeka, Kans.
♦Freeman, James E., Bishop of Wash-
ington, D. C. Leading movement for
completion of National Cathedral.
Freiberg, Maurice J., Cincinnati, O.
Trustee City Sinking Fund. Mem.
Charter Com.; Treas. & Mem. Exec.
Com., Community Chest; Treas. &
Mem. Bd., Inst, of Fine Arts.
Friedlander, Mrs. Alfred, Cincinnati,
O. Mem. Woman's City Club.
Friedmann, Albert T., Milwaukee, Wis.
Merchant. Chmn. Bd. Milwaukee Co.
Community Fd.; Trustee Art Inst.;
Citizens' Bur.; Dir. Assn. of Commerce.
Friedmann, Max E., Milwaukee, Wis.
Merchant. Trustee, Milwaukee Art
Inst.; Citizens' Bur. of Milwaukee.
Frissell, J. Martin, Muskegon, Mich.
Landscape Architect and City Planner.
Organizer & Sec. Mich. Council of
Roadside Impr.
tFuERTES, James H., New York City.
Civil Engineer. Mem. A. S. C. E.
Fuller, Richard E., Seattle, Wash.
Geologist. Assoc. Prof, of Geol., U. of
Wash. Pres. & Dir. Seattle Art Mus.
Fulton, Kerwin H., New York City.
Pres. Outdoor Advertising, Inc. Mem.
Mchts. Assn.; C. of C; Reg. Planning
Commn.; Bd. of Govs., Advertising
Fed. of Am.
Gage, Mrs. Homer, Worcester, Mass.
Dir. Garden Club of Am.
Gale, Horace Bigelow, Natick, Mass.
Retired Consulting Engineer. Chmn.
Mass. Billbd. Law Defense Com.;
Mem. Mass. Fed. of Planning Bds.;
Mass. Civic League; Bd. of Appeals,
Natick Zoning & Bldg. Laws.
Gang, John V., Cincinnati, O. Insurance
Salesman. Mem. League of Nations
Assn.; Cincinnati Peace League; Con-
sumers League of Cincinnati; Better
Housing League of Cincinnati.
9 Gardner, Clarence, Philadelphia, Pa.
Sec. The Am. Fdn., Inc.; The Phila.
Award; Treas. The Am. Peace Award;
Mem. Bd. of Govs., Phila. Forum;
WHO'S WHO IN CIVIC ACHIEVEMENT 233
Mem. City Parks Assn.; Fairmount
Park Art Assn.; Union League of Phila,
Gardner, George P., Boston, Mass.
Corporation Official. Mem. Bd. of
Mgrs., Mass. Eye & Ear Infirmary;
Pres. Emeritus Children's Hosp.;
Trustee Mus. of Fine Arts.
Gardner, Harry L., Cranston, R. I.
Corporation Official. Pres. Dist.
Nursing Assn.
§Garfield, Abram, F. A. I. A., Cleveland,
O. Architect. Chmn. City Plan
Commn.; Mem. A. I. A.
fGARFiELD, Charles W., Grand Rapids,
Mich. Banker. Chmn. Emeritus, City
Planning Commn.; Dir. Park & Blvd.
Assn.; Playground Assn.; Hon. Dir.
Kent Co. Humane Soc; Dir. Mich.
Forestry Assn.; Hon. Mem. Internat.
Rotary; Mem. Audubon Soc; Assn. of
Commerce; Am. Forestry Assn.; Nat.
Conf. on City Planning; Nat. Recr.
Assn.
Garfinckel, Julius, Washington, D. C.
Merchant. Trustee George Wash-
ington U.; Dir. Emergency Hosp.;
Pot. Electric Power Co.; Riggs Nat.
Bank; Mem. U. S. C. of C; Bd. of T.
♦Garges, Daniel, Washington, D. C.
Sec. Bd. of D. C. Commrs.; Mem. Soc.
of D. C. Natives.
fGARLAND, William May, Los Angeles,
Cal. Realtor. Past Pres. Nat. Assn.
of Real Estate Bds.; Cal. C. of C;
Mem. & Pres. X. Olympiad, Los
Angeles, 1932; past Mem. Bd. of Edn.;
Publ. Libr. Bd.; Pacific Coast delegate
Internat. Olympic Com.
Garrett, Mrs. Edward, Seattle, Wash.
Gartside, Frank T., Washington,
D. C. Asst. Supt., Nat. Capital Parks.
Garvin, Milton T., Lancaster, Pa.
Chmn. Co. Mus. of Hist., Sci. & Art;
Mem. C. of C; Gen. Hosp.; Shippen
Sch. for Girls.
Gaus, John Merriman, Madison, Wis.
Teacher of Political Science, U. of
Wis. Mem. & Sec. Gov.'s Com. on
Land Use & Forestry, St. of Wis.;
Mem. Reg. Plan Assn., Inc., N. Y. C;
Nat. Mun. League; Am. Polit. Sci.
Assn.; Am. Hist. Assn.; Minn. Hist.
Soc; Wis. Hist. Soc; Friends of Our
Native Landscape.
§Geiffert, Alfred, Jr., F. A. S. L. A.,
New York City. Landscape Architect.
Mem. Exec. Com., Com. on Parks;
N. Y. Chapt., A. S. L. A.; Dir. Mun.
Art Soc. of N. Y.; Mem. Archtl.
League of N. Y.; Landscape Adv.
Com., Park Assn. of N. Y.
Gelineau, Victor, Jersey City, N. J.
Dir. of Commerce & Navigation of the
St. of N. J. Mem. N. J. Planning Bd.;
Sec-Treas. Am. Shore & Beach
Preservn. Assn.
tJGiANNiNi, Amadeo p., San Francisco,
Cal. Banker. Chmn. Bank of America;
Trans-America Corp.; Mem. Com-
monwealth Club; Regent, U. of Cal.
TGibson, Mary K., Wynnewood, Pa.
Dir. Phila. Housing Assn.
Gibson, Peter B., Bellefontaine Road,
St. Louis Co., Mo. V.P. Boyd Gibson
Realty Co. Developer of Green Acres
subdivision.
Gifford, John C, Miami, Fla. Forester.
Lecturer, U. of Miami.
fGiLBERT, Mrs. Lyman D., Harrisburg,
Pa. Hon. Pres. Civic Club; Mem.
C. of C; Garden Club.
*GiLLEN, Francis F., Washington, D. C.
Gillespie, Kate S., Philadelphia, Pa.
GiLLETT, Mrs. H. T., Oxford, Eng.
9G1LMARTIN, Tom, St. Louis, Mo. Sec.
City Plan Commn.; Sec. St. Louis Reg.
Plan Commn.; Sec. Jefferson Nat.
Expansion Memor. Assn.; Mem. Gen.
Council on Civic Needs.
9Glenn, John M., New York City. Past
Gen. Dir. Russell Sage Fdn. (endowed
by Mrs. Russell Sage with $15,000,000,
the income from which is used for the
improvement of social & living condi-
tions.) Dir. Reg. Plan Assn., Inc.;
Planning Fdn. of Am.; past Pres. Nat.
Conf. Charities & Correction; Mem.
Exec. Com. & Social Serv. Commn.,
Fed. Council of Charities.
t§GLisAN, Rodney L., Portland, Ore.
Attorney. Pres. Portland Chapt.,
Archseol. Inst, of Am,; V.P. Mus. Nat.
Hist.; Chmn. Outdoor Recr. Com.,
C. of C.
♦Glossop, W. Edwin, Louisville, Ky.
♦Glover, Charles C, Washington, D. C.
Mem. Exec. Com., Assoc. Charities;
Trustee Exec. Com., George Washing-
ton U.; Corcoran Gallery of Art; Home
for Incurables; Mem. Bd. of Govs.,
Columbia Hist. Soc; Mem. Am.
Legion.
§GoDDARD, Edwin C, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Professor of Law. Chmn. Com. on
Roadside Impr., Fed. Garden Clubs of
Mich.; Council for Roadside Impr.;
Mem. City Park Bd.
§Goddard, Mrs. Edwin C, Ann Arbor,
Mich. Past Pres. Garden Club.
§Godward, Alfred C, Minneapolis,
Minn. Consulting Engineer. Dir.
Met. Planning Commn., St. Paul &
MinneapoUs area; Hennepin Co. Good
Roads Assn.; Engr. Advis. Bd., Nat.
Safety Council; past City Planning
Engr. (1922-1928); Mem. Charter
Commn.
♦Godwin, Blake-Morb, Toledo, O.
Curator, Dir. Art Mus.
Goldsmith, Charles A., Washington,
^ D. C.
jGooD, Jessie M., Springfield, O. Author.
♦Goodwin, E. S., Seattle, Wash.
Goodwin, Francis, 2d, Hartford, Conn.
Pres. Bd. of Park Commrs.
GoRBACH, August B., Los Angeles, Cal.
Gordon, Hugh S., Santa Cruz, Cal.
9 Gordon, Seth, Washington, D. C. Pres.
Am. Game Assn. Sec. Am. Game Conf. ;
Sec-Treas. Am. Fisheries Soc; Nat.
Com. on Wild Life Legisi.; Mem. Bd.
of Dirs. Nat. Rifle Assn.; Migratory
Bird Adv. Bd.; past Conservn. Dir.,
Izaak Walton League.
GoRDY, Mrs. Wilbur F., Hartford,
Conn. Mem. Art Club; Art Soc;
234
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
League of Women Voters; & many
others.
GoTT, Francis H., Rochester, N. Y.
Landscape Architect. Chmn. Com-
munity Council, Rochester C. of C;
Mem. Port of Rochester Com.; A. S. L.
A. ; Rochester Engring. Soc. ; Rochester
Soc. of Archts.
t§GouLD, Carl F., Seattle, Wash. Archi-
tect. 1st Pres. Art Inst.; V.P. N. W.
Acad, of Arts; Mem. A. L A. Com. on
Nat. Cap.; President's Conf. on Home
Bldg. & Home Ownership; Soc. Beaux
Arts Archts., N. Y.; Archtl. League of
N. Y.; City Affairs Com., C. of C;
Garden Club; Seattle Mun. League.
Designer U. of Washington Campus,
Archt. new Art Inst. Bldg., Associated,
Capitol BIdgs., Olympia.
*GouLD, E. B., Jr., San Diego, Cal.
TSGraham, E. C, Washington, D. C.
Merchant and Banker. Dir. (past
Pres.) Community Chest; D. C. Com.
on Recr. Facilities; past Pres. Bd. of
Edn.; Bd. of T.; Rotary Club; Mem.
C. of C; Engrs. Club of N. Y.
♦Granger, Alfred, F. A. I. A., Sc. D.,
Washington, D. C. Mem. (past Pres.)
Archts. Club; Com. of 100 on the
Federal City (Chmn. Subcom. on
Entrances to Washington) ; 111. Soc. of
Archts. (past Pres.); A. I. A.; Am.
Assn. of Engrs.
Grant, Joseph D., San Francisco, Cal.
Merchant. V.P. "Save-the-Redwoods"
League; Life Trustee Stanford U.;
Trustee Cal. Acad, of Sci.
Grant, Madison, New York City.
Lawyer.
JGrant, Ulysses S., 3d, F. A. G. S.,
Washington, D. C. U. S. Army. Past
Dir., Publ. Bldgs. & Parks; Exec.
Officer & Mem. Nat. Cap. Park &
Planning Commn.; Publ. Bldgs.
Commn.; Ariington Memor. Bridge
Commn.; Hon. Mem. A. I. A.; Am.
City Planning Inst.; Mem. Nat. City
Planning Conf.
Graves, Harvey B., Rochester, N. Y.
Dir. Highland Hosp.; Mem. C. of C;
Miami, Fla., C. of C; Adv. Com. Y. M.
C. A.; City Club. Originator & land-
scape architect. Sunny Side develop-
ment, Miami Beach, Fla.
Graves, Henry S., New Haven, Conn.
Dean Yale Sch. of Forestry. Dir. Am.
Forestry Assn.; Pres. New Haven
Park Commn.; Mem. Am. Geog. Soc;
Miss. Valley Com. of PWA; Nat.
Parks Assn.; Am. Bot. Soc; Am.
Farm Econ. Assn.; Soc. of Am. Fores-
ters; Campfire Club of Am.; Am. Game
Assn.; A. A. A. S.; Adv. Bd., Nat.
Arboretum; "Save-the-Redwoods"
League; Adirondack Mtn. Club; N. Y.
Forestry Assn.; Md. Forestry Assn.;
Sierra Club; Soc. for Protn. of N. H.
Forests; Conn. Forestry Assn.; &
other scientific & civic organizations.
♦Gray, Gordon, San Diego, Cal.
Gray, Mrs. Leslie H., Orange, Va.
Mem. (past Pres.) Garden Club of Va.;
Garden Club of Am.
*Greely, Rose, Washington, D. C.
Landscape Architect. Mem. A. S. L. A.
*Greenbaum, Mrs. S. R., Wilmington,
Del.
Greensfelder, Albert P., St. Louis,
Mo. Consulting Constructor. Dir.
Civic Dev. Dept., U. S. C. of C; Pres.
St. Louis Co. Plan Assn.; Chmn.
University City Plan Commn.; Mem,
Civic Dev. Com., St. Louis C. of C;
St. Louis Reg. Plan Assn.; Mo. State
Planning Bd.
Gregg, John W., Berkeley, Cal. Land-
scape Architect. Prof, of Landscape
Design, U. of Cal.; Cons. Landscape
Archt. for CCC & CWA at U. of Cal.
at Berkeley & Los Angeles; Mem.
A. S. L. A.
fGRBGG, William Burr, Hackensack,
N.J.
tJGREGG, Wm. C, Hackensack, N. J.
Manufacturer, Inventor, & Art Col-
lector. Fellow Nat. Acad.; V.P.
A. C. A.; V.-Chmn. Southern Appalach.
Nat. Park Commn.; Mem. Council on
Nat. Parks, Forests & Wild Life; Au-
dubon Soc; Nat. Parks Assn. Ren-
dered distinguished service for conser-
vation of National Parks & defender of
southwest corner Yellowstone Park.
TGribbel, Mrs. John, Philadelphia, Pa.
:}:§Grie8, John M., Conover, O. Economist.
Chief, Div. of Publ. Construction,
U. S. Dept. Commerce, 1929-30;
Exec. Sec. President's Conf. on Home
Bldg. & Home Ownership; past Chief,
Div. of Bldg. & Housing, Dept. Com-
merce; V.P. Nat. Mun. League; Mem.
Bd. of Dirs., Better Homes in Am.;
Nat. Conf. on St. & Highway Safety;
Nat. Conf. on City Planning; Hon.
Mem. City Planning Inst. Represented
U. S. Dept. Commerce at Internat.
Housing & Town Planning Congress,
Vienna, 1926; Chmn. U. S. Deleg. 5th
Internat. Congress of Bldg. & Publ.
Works, London, Eng., 1930.
IGries, Mrs. John M., Conover, O.
Griffin, Emmett P., East St. Louis, 111.
Supt. & Engr., Park District; Pres.
St. Clair Co. Reg. Planning Commn.;
V.P. St. Louis Reg. Planning Assn.
(Mem. Parks & Recr. Com.); Mem,
111. St. Planning Commn.
Gross, Mrs. Alfred S., Evanston, 111,
Mem. Garden Club of Am.
Grundy, Joseph R., Bristol, Pa. Past
U. S. Senator.
GucKER, Frank T., Philadelphia, Pa.
*GuNTER, W, A., Montgomery, Ala.
Mayor. Pres. Bd. of Commrs.; Mem.
C. of C.
§GuTHRiE, Francis S., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Banker. 1st V.P. Civic Club of
Allegheny Co.
*Haff, Delbbrt J., Kansas City, Mo.
§Hagedorn, Joseph H., Philadelphia, Pa.
Dir. Housing Assn.; V.P. Publ. Edn.
& Child Labor Assn.; Trustee Bur. of
Mun. Res.; Phila. Commn.; Phila.
Forum,
WHO'S WHO IN CIVIC ACHIEVEMENT 235
Hagbr, Kurt, Dresden, Germany. City
Planner.
Haldeman, B. Antrim, Philadelphia,
Pa. Town Planner. Chief Div. of City
Planning, & Mun. Engr., Pa. Dept. of
Intern. Affairs, 1919-28; Mem. Nat.
Housing Assn.; Nat. Conf. on City
Planning; Am. City Planning Inst.;
Pa. Housing & Town Planning Assn.;
Pa. Forestry Assn. ; Reg. Planning Fed.
of Phila. Tri-St. Dist.
*Hall, Mr. and Mrs. Louis P., Ann
Arbor, Mich.
Haller, Mr. and Mrs. T. Stuart,
Frederick, Md.
Ham, William F., Washington, D. C.
Pres. Washington Ry. & Elec. Co.;
Mem. Bd. of T.; C. of C.
♦Hamill, Mrs. Charles, Chicago, 111.
Hamlin, Mrs. Charles S., Mattapoisett,
Mass. Pres. Mattapoisett Impr. Assn.
JHamlin, Chauncey J., Buffalo, N. Y.
Pres. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci.; Buffalo
Symphony Orchestr.; Hon. V.P. Mus.
of the City of N. Y.; Dir. Am. Assn. of
Museums; Buffalo City Planning
Assn., Inc.; Niagara Frontier Planning
Assn.; V.-Chmn. Alleghany St. Park
Commn.; Trustee Am. Scenic & Hist.
Preservn. Soc; Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.;
Treas. Am. Assn. for Adult Edn.; Mem.
Bd., Fed. Socs. on Planning & Parks;
Internat. Inst.; Mem. Council of Boy
Scouts; Adv. Council Yosemite Mus.
Assn.; Roosevelt Wild-Life Station;
Com. on Canal Terminals, N. Y. St.
Waterways Assn.; Leg. Aid Bur.;
Buffalo Jt. Charities Exec. Com.;
C. of C; Mun. Res. Bur.; Explorers'
Club; Sierra Club; Trustee N. Y. St.
Roosevelt Memor. Commn.; Nat. Econ.
League.
Hammel, W. C. a., Greensboro, N. C.
Chmn. Civic Bur., C. of C; City Plan-
ning Commn.; Civic Section, Rotary
Club; Publ. Amusements Bd., City of
Greensboro.
fHAMMOND, John Hays, F. A. A. A. S.,
New York City. Mining Engineer.
Sp. expert U. S. Geol. Survey, 1879;
Cons. Engr. with Cecil Rhodes in
South Africa; Sp. Ambass. & Repre-
sentative of Pres. Taft at Coronation
of King George V, in 1911; Pres.
Panama-Pac. Expn. to Europe, 1912;
Chmn. World Court Congress, 1914-
15; Pres. Am. Inst. Mining Engrs.;
Mem. Nat. Civic Fed. & other civic
& political bodies.
Hammond, John Henry, New York City.
§Hanna, John H., Washington, D. C.
Pres. Capital Transit Co. Mem.
Georgetown Citizens Assn.
Hansen, A. E., New York City. Mem.
Staten Island Civic League; Plumbing
Standardization Com., U. S. Dept.
Commerce; Boys' Work Com., N. Y.
Rotary Club; Am. Assn. for Pro-
motion of Hygiene & Publ. Baths;
Fellow, Am. Publ. Health Assn.
Hanson, August H., Washington, D. C.
Landscape Architect, National Capital
Parks.
Harbison, Wiluam Albert, White
Plains, N. Y. Pres. (& an incorporator)
Am. Commonwealth League; Mem.
Citizens' Com. of 1,000; White Plains
C. of C; U. S. C. of C; N. Y. St. C.
of C; Philippine-Am. C. of C.
Harding, Gena Russell, Washington,
D. C.
♦Harding, John T., Kansas City, Mo.
Attorney. Chmn. Fed. Labor Bd.;
Gov. Art Inst.; Trustee Liberty
Memor. Assn.; Harner Inst.; Mem.
C. of C; Fed. Rehef & Reconstruction
Commn.
Hardy, Karl J., Washington, D. C.
Lawyer.
§Hare, S. Herbert, F. A. S. L. A., Kan-
sas City, Mo. Landscape Architect,
City Planner. Mem. Bd. of Govs., Am.
City Planning Inst.; Sr. Fellow, Am.
Inst. Park Execs.; Mem. Nat. Conf.
on St. Parks.
Hare, Sid J., F. A. S. L. A., Kansas City,
Mo. Landscape Architect, City Plan-
ner. Fellow, Am. Inst. Park Execs.;
Mem. Am. Assn. Preservn. of Wild
Flowers; Kansas City Soc. Preservn.
of Wild Flowers.
Harkin, J. B., Ottawa, Can. Commr.,
Nat. Parks of Can.
♦Harlan, Edgar R., Des Moines, la.
Curator Hist. Dept. la. Chmn. local
Fed. City Com., A. C. A.; A Founder,
Miss. Valley Hist. Assn.; Mem. Am.
Hist. Assn.
Harmon, H. E., Watertown, N. Y.
Harper, Clarence L., Germantown, Pa.
Pres. Pa. Civ. Serv. Assn.; V.P. Bur.
of Mun. Res.; Phila. City Charter
Com.; Mem. Com. of Seventy; Exec.
Com., Civ. Serv. Ref. League; Treas.
Criminal Justice Assn.
*Harper, J. C, La Jolla, Cal.
♦Harper, Robert N., Washington, D. C.
Retd. Banker. Pres. Washington &
Leesburg Good Roads Assn.; Mem.
(past Pres.) C. of C; Bd. of T.
♦Harris, Credo, Louisville, Ky. Author.
Mem. Ky. St. Hist. Soc. Connected
with Louisville Courier Journal.
Harris, Mrs. H. F., Philadelphia, Pa.
Hart, Olive Ely, Philadelphia, Pa.
Principal, Phila. High Sch. for Girls.
Hartley, G. Russell, Englewood, N. J.
City Engineer. Sec. Englewood City
Planning Bd.; Mem. Nat. Conf. on
City Planning.
fHARVEY, Frederick Henry, Kansas
City, Mo.
Harvey, Mrs. John S. C, Radnor, Pa.
♦Haskell, Henry J., Kansas City, Mo.
Publisher.
IHathaway, Ellen R., New Bedford,
Mass.
Havenner, George C, Washington,
D. C. Investigator, U. S. Govt. Pres.
Fed. of D. C. Citizens' Assns.; Ana-
costia Citizens' Assn.; Exec. V.P.
D. C. George Washington Bicentenn.
Commn.; Mem. Bd. of Dirs., C. of C;
Bd. of Trustees, Community Chest.
fHAY, Logan, Springfield, 111. Attorney
at Law. Pres. Abraham Lincoln Assn. ;
236
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
V.P. Springfield Council of Social
Agencies; Chmn. Lincoln Memor.
Conunn.; St. Chmn. Nat. World Court
Com.; Mem. Am. Law Inst.; League of
Nations Assn.; Wash. Nat. Monu-
ment Soc.
Hatnes, J. E., St. Paul, Minn. Pho-
tographer.
Hazard, Mrs. Rowland G., F. A. G. S.,
F. R. H. S. (England), Peace Dale,
R. I. Hon. Pres. Mus. of Nat. Hist.,
Santa Barbara, Cal., dedicated to the
memory of R. G. Hazard; Dir. Cottage
Hosp., Wakefield, R. L; Mem. Hort.
Soc. of N. Y.; Life Mem. Forestry
Assn.; (past Pres.) South Co. Garden
Club.
Head, Walter W., St. Louis, Mo.
Banker. Nat. Chmn. Bd. of Mgrs.,
Boy Scouts of Am. ; Chmn. Nat. Boys'
Week Com., Rotary Internat.; V.-
Chmn. Nat. Com. on Boys & Girls
Work; Mem. Gen. Bd. & Treas., Coun-
cil, Y. M. C. A. (Chmn. Nat. Father
& Son Com.) ; Trustee Hastings (Neb.)
Coll.; Grinnell (la.) Coll.
Heard, Mrs. Dwight B., Phoenix, Ariz.
Chmn. Bd. of Trustees, Heard Mus.;
Bd. of Trustees, Woman's Club; Art
Exhibition Com.; Sec.-Treas. Bd. of
Publ. Charities; Sec. Social Serv.
Center; Community Chest; Dir.
Phoenix Fine Arts Assn.; St. Luke's
Home; Y. W. C. A.; Mem. Am. Fed.
of Arts; Archseol. Inst, of Am.; Bus.
& Profl. Women's Club; Berkeley
Woman's City Club; C. of C. (Recr.
Com.) ; Nat. Conf . of Social Work.
Hecht, Frank A., Barrington, 111.
Heiligenthal, R., Karlsruhe, Germany.
City Planning Prof, at the Inst, of
Technology. Author. Mem. Exec.
Com., Internat. Fed. Housing & Town
Planning; German Acad, of Town
Planning; Mem. Bd., German Soc. of
Garden Cities; past Town Planning
official for city of Berlin.
9 Heine, H. Eugene, Philadelphia, Pa.
Attorney at Law. Sec. City Parks
Assn.; Penn Athletic Club; Mem.
Optimist Internationale of Phila.
*Hellen, Arthur, Washington, D. C.
Lawyer.
♦Heller, M. F., San Diego, Cal.
T§Hench, John B., Santa Barbara, Cal.
Elec. Ry. Engr. Past Sec. faculty,
Mass. Inst, of Techn.; past Pres. Bd.
of Park Commrs.; Mem. A. A. A. S.;
Am. Acad. Polit. & Social Sci.; Nat.
Econ. League; C. of C; past Mem.
City Council; Bd. of Free Holders
which prepared new city & county
charter for Santa Barbara.
Henderson, Charles, New York City.
Horticulturist.
IHenderson, Edgar B., Washington,
D. C. Pres. Piney Br. Citizens' Assn.
(Chmn. Coms. on Zoning, & Police &
Fire Protection); Delegate of Piney
Br. Citizens' Assn. to Fed. of Citizens'
Assns. of Washington; Mem. Com. of
100 on Fed. City.
♦Henderson, William G., Washington,
D. C. Patent Attorney. Mem. Bd. of
T.; Cosmos Club.
♦Hendren, Mrs. L. L., Athens, Ga.
Henry, Mrs. Robert, Jackson, Miss.
Hentz, Leonard S., Madison, N. J.
♦Herkimer, Bert S., New York City.
9HERLIHY, Miss Elisabeth M., Boston,
Mass. Sec. City Planning Bd.; Clerk
Bd. of Zoning Adjustment; Mem. Bd.
of Govs., Am. City Planning Inst.
(Mem. Adv. Com. on Housing) ; Mem.
Mass. Fed. of Planning Bds.; Mass.
Civic League; Nat. Civic Fed.;
Women's City Club. Ed., Memorial
Volume, "Fifty Years of Boston." Sp.
Lecturer, Simmons Sch. for Social
Work.
Herr, Mrs. Albert M., Lancaster, Pa.
Pres. Iris Club; Civic Council; Pa.
Hort. Soc; Chmn. of Rose-Planting on
Lincoln Highway from York to Chester
Co.
Herrick, Charles M., Yonkers, N. Y.
Mem. Am. City Planning Inst.; Nat.
Conf. on Social Work; Am. Publ.
Health Assn.
9^Herrold, George H., St. Paul, Minn.
City Planner. Mng. Dir. & Engr.
City Planning Bd.; Mem. St. Planning
Bd.; Chmn. City Planning Div.,
A. S. C. E.; Consultant, Met. Dist.
Planning Assn., St. Paul-MinneapoHs
& Environs; Sec. Jt. Correlating Com.,
St. Paul-MinneapoHs Planning Dept.;
Engr. CWA Res. & Planning Surveys;
Chmn. local Fed. City Com., A. C. A.
Hersey, Ada H., Roxbury, Mass.
Mem. Mass. Civic Assn. ; 20th Century
Club; Women's Mun. League; Billbd.
Law Defense Fd.; Mass. Forestry Assn.
Hershey, Milton S., Hershey, Pa.
Hert, Mrs. Alvin T., Louisville, Ky.
Heurich, Christian, Washington, D. C.
Mem. C. of C; Bd. of T.; Columbia
Hist. Soc; Nat. Geog. Soc; & various
citizens' associations.
§Hewett, Ainslie, Louisville, Ky. Artist.
Mem. Art Center; Arts Club.
♦Hewett, Edgar L., F. A. A. A. S., Santa
Fe & Albuquerque, N. M. V.P. Am.
Fed. of Arts; A. I. A.; Dir. Sch. Am.
Res. & Mus. of N. M.; Dir. Am. Res.
for Archseol. Inst, of Am. ; Author An-
cient Life in the American Southwest,
& numerous papers on Am. Archae-
ology, Sociology, & Education. Studied
Cliff Dwellers region of Pajarito Plateau,
N. M.; made archaeol. survey for Mesa
Verde, 1906.
Hewlett, Walter J., New York City.
Hickox, Mrs. Charles V., New York
City. Dir. Nat. Recr. Assn.
Hicks, Mrs. Frederick C, Washing-
ton, D. C.
♦Hicks, V. M., Raleigh, N. C.
HiERONYMUS, R. E., Urbana, 111. Com-
munity Adviser, U. of 111. Chmn. Ex-
tension Com., (past Pres.) 111. Conf. on
Publ. Welfare; Exec. Com., 111. Dis-
ciples Fdn., U. of 111.; Dir. City Club
of Chicago; 111. Art Extension.
§Hie8teb, Mrs. Isaac, Reading, Pa.
WHO'S WHO IN CIVIC ACHIEVEMENT 237
♦HiETT, Irving B., Toledo, O. Realtor.
Mem. Zoning & Planning Com., U. S.
Dept. Commerce; past Pres. Nat.
Assn. of R. E. Bds.
♦Hill, Mrs. A. Ross, Kansas City, Mo.
Hill, Elizabeth G., Lynnhaven, Va.
HiLPERT, Meier George, Bethlehem,
Pa. Consulting Engineer. Mem. A. S.
C. E.; A. S. M.E.
♦HiNCH, R. L., Kansas City, Kans.
HiNSHAW, Anne M., Ann Arbor, Mich.
Chmn. Conservn. Com., Ann Arbor
Garden Club; Washtenaw Roadside
Council; Mem. Mich. Hort. Soc.
•j-HixoN, J. M., Pasadena, Cal.
Hoadley, Mrs. Charles, Englewood,
N. J. Chmn. Civics & Legisl. Dept.,
Englewood Woman's Club; Mem.
N. J. St. Com. for Protection of Road-
side Beauty.
♦Hoffman, Arthur J., Detroit, Mich.
tHoFFMAN, Bernhard, Santa Barbara,
Cal., & New York City.
*HoiT, Henry F., Kansas City, Mo.
Architect. Mem. C. of C; past Chmn.
Country Club Dist. Homes Assn.
HoLBROOK, Waldo E., Lakewood, N. J.
Boy Scout Executive. Pres. Y. M,
C. A.; Mem. Bd., Paul Kimball Hosp.;
Bd. of Edn.; Exec. Ofl&cer Boy Scouts
of Am. (Ocean Co.).
§Holcombe, Amasa M., Washington,
D. C. Patent Lawyer. Mem. Bd. of
T.; Fed. Citizens Assns.; C. of C; City
Planning Com.; Mt. Pleasant Citizens'
Assn. (past Pres.).
■fHOLUNGSHEAD, MrS. GeORGE GiVEN,
Montclair, N. J.
HoLLiSTER, George H., Hartford, Conn.
Superintendent of Parks. Mem. (past
Pres.) Am. Inst, of Park Execs.
*HoLME8, E. Clarence, San Francisco,
Cal.
Holmes, Edward J., Cincinnati, O.
Civil & Landscape Engr. Pres. Prac-
ticing Engrs.' Assn.; Dir. Civic Club
of Mt. Washington.
Holmes, Edward J., Boston, Mass. Dir.
Mus. Fine Arts.
HoNEYMAN, Mrs. Jessie M., Eugene,
Ore. Pres. Ore. Roadside Council;
Eugene Oriental Art Class; Am. Fed.
of Arts; Garden Club of Am. ; Am.
Forestry Assn.; Portland Y. W. C. A.
♦Hoover, William D., Washington, D. C.
HoppiN, G. Beekman, New York City.
Hostetter, Harry B., Lancaster, Pa.
Landscape Architect. Mem. Adv. Com.,
Hist. Am. Bldgs. Survey; City Plan-
ning Com., C. of C; President's Conf.
on Home Bldg. & Home Ownership.
tHotJGHTON, Clement S., Boston, Mass.
Houghton, Elizabeth G., Boston, Mass.
9 Howard, Mrs. Edyth, Des Moines, la.
Sec. City Plan & Zoning Commn.
Howe, George A., Los Angeles, Cal.
♦Howe, Thomas, Indianapolis, Ind. Past
Pres. Butler Coll.; Mem. C. of C.
§HowELL, Beaudric L., Washington, D.
C. Civil Engineer. Mem. Alexandria,
Va. C. of C; Assoc. Mem. A. S. C. E.;
Wash. Soc. of Engrs.; Soc. of Am.
Mil. Engrs.
♦Howell, Clark, Atlanta, Ga. Editor.
Past Pres. Ga. Senate; past Speaker
Ga. House of Rep.; Dir. Assoc. Press.
Editor Atlanta Constitution. Author
"History of Georgia."
♦Howlett, Blanche C, Washington,
D. C.
Hoyt, Mrs. Clare J., Walden, N. Y.
♦Hoyt, John Clayton, Washington,
D. C. Hydraulic Engineer. Mem.
(past Pres.) Wash. Soc. of Engrs.
Hubbard, Henry V., Cambridge, Mass.
Landscape Architect. Mem. firm of
Olmsted Bros. Norton Prof, of Reg.
Planning; Chmn. Harvard Sch. of City
Planning; Pres. A. S. L. A.; Trustee,
Am. Academy in Rome; Housing Con-
sultant, Tenn. Valley Authority; Dir.,
Nat. Conf. on City Planning; Mem.
Nat. Cap. Park and Planning Commn.;
Am. City Planning Inst.; Internat.
Fed. Housing & Town Planning; Nat.
Conf. on Outdoor Recr.; Brit. Town
Planning Inst. Editor: Landscape
Architecture Quarterly; City Planning
guarterly; Report of U. S. Housing
orp. (Vol. II) ; Land. Arch. Classifica-
tion (with T. Kimball). Author: "An
Introduction to the Study of Landscape
Design" (with T. Kimball); "Our
Cities Today and Tomorrow" (with
T. K. Hubbard); "Parks and Play-
grounds as Elements in the City Plan";
"Airports, Their Location, Administra-
tion and Legal Basis" (with Miller
McClintock and Frank B. Williams).
Hubbard, Theodora Kimball (Mrs.
Henry V.) , Cambridge, Mass. Author
& Editor. Hon. Ln. Am. City Plan-
ning Inst.; Corresp. Mem. A. S. L. A.;
Assoc. Mem. Brit. Town Planning Inst. ;
past Chief Ref. Libr. Section, U. S.
Bur. of Housing & Transportation;
1921-23 Expert on Zoning Inform.,
Sec. Hoover's Adv. Com. on City
Planning & Zoning; Assoc. Editor
Landscape Architecture Quarterly; Con-
trib. Editor City Planning Quarterly;
Co-author (with Henry V. Hubbard) of
"An Introduction to the Study of
Landscape Design" & "Our Cities
Today & Tomorrow." Author "Manual
of Information on City Planning &
Zoning"; Co-editor with F. L. Olmsted
Papers, Vols. I & II.
♦Hubley, George W., F. A. I. E. E.,
F. A. S. M. E., Louisville, Ky. Con-
sulting Engineer. Engr. Publ. Utilities
Bur., City of Louisville; Sec. Engrs. &
Archts. Club.
♦Hughes, Charles C, Seattle, Wash.
fHuLL, Morton D., Chicago, 111. Con-
gressman, former Mem. 111. House of
Rep. Mem. 111. Constl. Conv., 1920;
68th-71st Congresses of U. S.
Hull, Roy B., West Lafayette, Ind.
Landscape Architect. Dept. of Hort.
Extension Serv., Purdue UT; Mem. Bd.
of Dirs., St. Fed. of Garden Clubs.
tHuNNEWELL, MrS. ArTHUR, BostOD,
Mass.
Hunt, Mrs. Roy Arthur, Pittsburgh,
Pa. V.P. (past Pres. & Sec.) Garden
238
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Club of Allegheny Co.; Mem. Garden
Club of Am.; Civic Club of Allegheny
Co.
♦Hunt, Sumneb P., Los Angeles, Cal.
Architect. Mem. A. I. A.; past Pres.
Southern Cal. Chapt., A. I. A.; City
Plan Commn.
♦Huntington, D. R., Seattle, Wash.
♦HtrssEY, Ernest B., Seattle, Wash.
Cons. Engr., Intercounty River Impr.
of King & Pierce Counties. Chmn.
Seattle Terminal Bd.; Mem. Grade
Separation Commn.
HusTED, Albert M., Cincinnati, Ohio.
Landscape Architect. Dir.-Sec. Hamil-
ton Co. Park Dist. Mem. A. S. L. A.;
Am. Inst. Park Execs.; Ohio Planning
Conf,
♦HuTCHENS, Mrs. M. J., New Haven,
Conn.
§HuTCHE80N, Martha Brookes (Mrs.
Wm. a.), New York City. Landscape
Architect. Mem. A. S. L. A. (N. Y.
Chapt.); Nat. Soc. of Col. Dames;
Met. Mus. Art; "Save-the-Redwoods"
League; Garden Club of Am.
9 Hutchison, George W., Washington,
D. C. Sec. Nat. Geog. Soc.
Huttenloch, Ralph L., Upper Mont-
clair, N. J. Pres. & Dir. N. J. Fed. of
Shade Tree Commns. ; Supervisor Dept.
of Parks & Publ. Property; Shade Tree
Div.; Mem. City Garden Club.
Huttenlocher, Mrs. Forest, Des
Moines, la. Chmn. Park Com., Garden
Club (past Pres.); V.P. la. Fed. of
Garden Clubs (Co-Chmn. Roadside
Beautification Com.) ; Nat. Council
St. Garden Club Feds.; Organizer Jr.
Garden Club of Am.
IcKES, Mrs. Harold L., Washington,
D. C. Past Mem. HI. State Legislature.
*Iden, Susan, Raleigh, N. C. Feature
Writer, The Raleigh Times. Mem.
Garden Club; N. C. Garden Club;
Woman's Club.
♦Ideson, Ethel F., Cincinnati, O. Social
Worker. Asst. Exec. Sec. Better Hous-
ing League; Chmn. Living Cost Com.,
League of Women Voters; Sec. Cin-
cinnati Peace League; Mem. City
Charter Com.; Consumers League.
Ihlder, John, Boston, Mass. & Wash-
ington, D. C. Exec. Dir. Boston Hous-
ing Assn.; Washington Com. on Hous-
ing; Techn. Dir. Housing Adv. Com.,
Boston City Planning Bd.; Coord.
Com., Boston Housing Projects; Con-
sultant Housing Div., Publ. Works
Adm.; Chmn. Housing Com., Wash-
ington Council of Social Agencies;
Housing Com., Monday Evening Club;
Housing Com., Com. of 100 on Federal
City; Housing Consultant, Nat. Cap.
Park & Planning Commn.; Mem. Bd.
of Dirs., Am. City Planning Inst.;
Mem. City Planning & Zoning Adv.
Com., U. S. Dept. of Commerce.
9IMMELL, Ralph M., Madison, Wis.
Directing Commr. Conservn. Dept.
Inqhram, Mrs. John T., Quincy, 111.
Chmn. Quincy Civic Music Club;
Mem. Bd. Quincy Garden Club;
Woman's City Club; Art Club; Mem.
Little Community Theatre; Adams Co.
Home Bur.
Ingle, Arthur H., Rochester, N. Y.
Manufacturer. Pres. Civic Impr.
Assn.; V.P. C. of C.
♦Inglis, James, Ann Arbor, Mich. Manu-
facturer. Dir. Fed. Res. Bank, De-
troit; Chmn. Am. Blower Corp.; Nat.
Bank of Detroit; past Pres. Detroit Bd.
of Commerce.
*Ingli8, Mrs. James, Ann Arbor, Mich.
*Insull, Mrs. Samuel, Chicago, 111.
flsELiN, Mrs. Charles Oliver, New
York City. Sec. Nat. Roadside Coun-
cil; Chmn. Billbd. & Roadside Com.,
Nat. Council Fed. Garden Clubs; Sust.
Mem. Civic Impr. & Park Assn.,
Providence, R. I.; Mem. Exec. Com.,
N. Y. St. Com. for Billbd. Legisl.I
Roadside Com., L. I. C. of C.
§Ittner, William B., St. Louis, Mo.
Architect. Archt. Bd. of Edn.; Pres.
Plaza Commn.; past Dir. & Treas.
A. I. A.; past Pres. St. Louis Chapt.,
Inst, of Archts. ; local Chmn. Washing-
ton PI an Commn.
Jackson, Mary L., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Mem. Civic Club of Allegheny Co.;
Citizens Com. on City Plan.
*Jack80n, Wm. T., Toledo. O.
♦Jacobs, Mrs. Solon, Birmingham, Ala.
Jacobsen, Charles, Washington, D. C.
Cashier, Nat. Met. Bank. Mem. Bd.
of T.
James, Harlean, Washington, D. C.
Exec. Sec. A. C. A. Exec. Sec. Fed.
Socs. on Planning & Parks; Sec. Appa-
lach. Trail Conf.; Chmn. Sec. & Mem.
Corns., President's Conf. on Home
Bldg. & Home Ownership; Mem. Adv.
Com., Hist. Am. Bldgs. Survey; local
Br. A. A. U. W. (past Chmn. Legisl.
Com.) ; past Chmn. Women's Jt. Con-
gressional Com.; Mem. Am. City Plan-
ning Inst.; Nat. Assn. Civic Sees.; Nat.
Conf. on City Planning; Nat. Mun.
League; Nat. Arts Club. Editor
"American Civic Annual." Author
"The Building of Cities," "Land Plan-
ning in the U. S. for the City, State &
Nation."
James, Lee Warren, Dayton, O.
♦James, Stephen, Linden, Md.
Jameson, John A., Santa Barbara, Cal.
Attorney at Law. Chmn. Santa Bar-
bara Co. Planning Commn.; Chmn.
Montecito Co. Water Dist.
Janssen, Henry, Reading, Pa. Manu-
facturer. Chmn. Street Com., Wyomis-
sing Borough Council; Mem. Reading
Community Council; Am. Forestry
Assn.; Nat. Assn. of Audubon Socs.
Jantzer, George E., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Mem. Nat. Conf. on City Planning.
Jayne, Mrs. A. M., Oklahoma City,
Okla.
tjEFFERSON, Mrs. J. P., Santa Barbara,
Cal.
Jelleff, Frank R., Washington, D. C.
Merchant. Pres. Bd., Boys' Club";
Mem. Bd. of T.; C. of C; Rotary Club.
WHO'S WHO IN CIVIC ACHIEVEMENT 239
§Jemi80n, Robert, Jr., Birmingham, Ala.
Realtor. Mem. President's Conf. on
Home Bldg. & Home Ownership;
C. of C.
Jencks, Mrs. Francis M., Baltimore,
Md. V.P. (past Pres.) Women's Civic
League; Mem. Lady Mgrs. Union
Memor. Hosp.; Mem. Directors' Train-
ing Sch., Md. Home for Delinquent
Colored Girls.
Jenkins, Mrs. Helen Hartley, Nor-
folk, Conn.
Jennings, Arthur John, Springfield,
N. J. Horticulturist. Mem. Nat.
Roadside Council.
§Jenning8, Coleman, "Washington, D. C.
Chmn. Exec. Com., Toe H.; Mem. Bd.
Trustees, Community Chest; Nat. Com.
Washington Cathedral; Bd. Y. M. C.
A.; Assoc. Charities (past Pres.).
Jennings, Mrs. Hennen, Washington,
D. C.
♦Jester, Lewis A., Des Moines, la.
Realtor. Mem. Zoning Commn. ; Play-
ground Commn.; City Planning
Commn.
fJoHNSON, Alba B., Philadelphia, Pa,
Pres. St. C. of C; V.P. Phila. C. of C;
Chmn. Planning Com., Lower Merion
Township; Mem. Phila. Art Jury; Am.
Acad. Poht. & Social Sci.; Fairmount
Park Art Assn.; Pa. Hist. Soc; City
Parks Assn.; & many others.
Johnson, Mrs. Alba B., Rosemont, Pa.
*JoHN80N, E. Dana, Santa Fe, N. M.
Editor New Mexican.
Johnson, Mrs. Elmer H., North Ben-
nington, Vt. Chmn. for Vt. N. E. Wild
Flower Soc.
Johnson, Ida B., Washington, D. C, &
Ipswich, Mass. Mem. Y. W. C. A.;
Hist. Soc, Ipswich.
Johnson, O. H. P., Washington, D. C.
Banker. Mem. Bd. of T.
*JoHNSON, Pyke, Washington, D. C.
V.P. Automobile C. of C; Pres. Chevy
Chase Home & Sch. Assn.; Master,
Potomac Grange; Mem. Bd. of Govs.,
A. A. A.
Johnson, Mrs. Robert Wood, Prince-
ton, N. J.
♦Johnson, S. M., Washington, D. C.
Gen. Dir., Lee Highway Assn.; V.P.
Nat. Highways Assn.; Mem. & Dir.
Nat. Co. Roads Planning Commn.
§t Johnson, Wm. Tempi,eton, San Diego,
Cal. Architect. V.P. St. Parks «fe
Beaches Assn.; local Chapt., A. I. A.
fJoHNSTON, William B., Washington,
D. C. Retd. Physician.
Jones, Fred K., Spokane, Wash.
Realtor. Pres. C. of C; Mem. City
Plan Commn.
9 Jones, Howard P., New York City.
Sec. Nat. Mun. League.
♦Jones, James, St. Louis, Mo.
♦Jones, O. G., Toledo, O. Mem. faculty,
U. of Toledo.
Jones, Randall L., Cedar City, Utah.
Special Representative, Union Pacific
System Park Service. Chmn. Town
Planning Com.; Mem. Utah St. Park
Com.
♦Jones, Reuben, Seattle, Wash. Sec. Bd.
of Edn.; past Mem. City Plan Com.
Jones, Mrs. Robert D. V., New Bern,
N. C. Chmn. of Civics, N. C. St. Fed.
of Women's Clubs; Local Sch. Lunch-
room.
JuDD, Mrs. George H., Washington,
D. C.
JuDD, Mrs. M. E., Dalton, Ga. Land-
scape Architect. Pres. Dalton Woman's
Club; Chmn. A. R. C; St. Park
Authority for Ga.
♦JusTEMENT, Louis, Washington, D. C.
Architect.
♦Kales, William R., Detroit, Mich.
Kansas City Star, Kansas City, Mo.
Karcher, Mrs. W. L., Freeport, 111.
Pres. Garden Club of 111.
Kauffmann, Rudolph Max, Washing-
ton, D. C. Lit, Editor Evening Star;
Sec. Evening Star Newspaper Co.;
Trustee Corcoran Gallery of Art; Mem.
Bd. of T.; C. of C; Soc. of Natives,
D, C: Instr. Visiting Nurse Soc,
Kay, W. E., Jacksonville, Fla. Lawyer.
Mem, City Planning Bd.; Am. Forestry
Assn. (active in Fla. movements);
Civitan Club; Nat. Recr. Assn.; Exec,
Council for N, Fla. Boy Scouts; &.
many others.
fKEATOR, Mrs. John Frisbee, German-
town, Pa.
9K1BBON, Eric, New York City. Sec.
N. Y. Chapt., A. I. A.
♦Keeler, Charles, Berkeley, Cal. Au-
thor, Past Dir, Mus, Cal, Acad, of
Sci.; past Mng. Dir, C. of C,
Keer, Frederick J,, Newark, N, J.
Estate Appraiser. Dir, Broad Street
Assn,
Kehr, Cyrus, Washington, D. C, Mem.
Am. Assn. of Port Authorities; Am.
Fed. Arts; Am, Forestry Assn.; Bd, of
T,; Cosmos Club; Garden Cities &
Town Planning Assn., London, Eng.;
Internat. Garden Cities & Town Plan-
ning Fed.; Nat. Conf. on City Plan-
ning; Nat, Geog. Soc; Nat. Housing
Assn.; Nat. Mun. League; Nat. Geneal.
Soc. Author "A Nation Plan with a
Suggestion for a World Plan."
♦Kehrli, Herman, Portland, Ore, Exec.
Sec, City Club,
Keith, Luther M,, Hartford, Conn,
Dir, Roadside Dev., St. Highway Dept.
Chmn., Com. on Roadside Dev. &
Planting, Am. Assn. of St. Highway
Officials; Chmn. Jt. Com., Highway
Res. Bd., Washington, D, C. Mem.
Am. Forestry Assn,; Conn. Forest
& Park Assn. ; Conn. Hort. Soc,
Kellogg, Mrs. Frederic R., Morris-
town, N. J. Hon. Pres. Nat. Council,
St. Garden Club Fed,; Centr, Bur, of
Social Serv,; Co, Dir, St. Emerg.
Relief Admn,
♦Kelly, Bliss, Oklahoma City, Okla.
Asst. Mun. Counselor, Sec, City
Planning Commn.
Kelly, Howard A., Baltimore, Md.
Surgeon. Mem. A. A. A. S,; Nat, Assn,
of Audubon Socs,; N. Y. Bot, Garden;
S40
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.; Exec. Bd., Mt.
Royal Impr. Assn. Donor, Howard A.
Kelly Park, Orange Co., Fla. Fellow
& Hon. Mem. of many foreign societies.
Kelset, Albert, Philadelphia, Pa.
Architect. Mem. A. I. A.; Trustee,
Fairraount Park Art Assn.
JKelsey, Frederick W., New York City.
Pres. F. W. Kelsey Nursery Co. Past
Park Commr. Essex Co., N. J.; Mem.
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.; N. J. Hist. Soc;
N. E. Soc. of Orange (past Pres.);
Met. Mus. Art; Am. Forestry Assn.;
Am. Game Assn.; Am. Park Soc;
Am. Scenic & Hist. Soc; Am. Acad.
Polit. & Social Sci.; N. Y. Parks &
Playgrounds Assn. (Mem. Exec. Com.) ;
For. Policy Assn. Author "The First
Country Park System." Prepared
N. J. Shade Tree Commn. Law of 1885.
Kelsey, Harlan P., E. Boxford, Mass.
Nurseryman. Landscape Architect.
Collaborator for Nat. Park Serv. ; Trus-
tee Mass. Hort. Soc. (Chmn. Exhibi-
tion Com.); Mem. Am. City Planning
Inst.; Am. Inst, of Park Execs.; Mass.
Civic League; Nat. Conf. on St. Parks;
Nat. Parks Assn.
Kemp, William S., Brookhne, Mass.
Kemper, James Scott, Chicago, 111.
Pres. James S. Kemper & Co. & Lum-
bermen's Mut. Casualty Co. of Chicago.
Fellow, Insurance Inst, of Am. Mem.
Bd. of Govs.. Y. M. C. A.; Am. Com.,
Internat. C. of C. & many others. Dir.
Y. M. C. A.; Mem. Am. Acad. Polit.
& Social Sci.; Exec. Com., U. S. C. of
C; Ohio Soc, Chicago.
Kennedy, F. L., Cambridge, Mass.
Educator. Mem. faculty. Harvard U.;
A. S. M. E.; Am. Forestry Assn.;
Harvard Engring. Soc; Nat. Conf. on
Social Work.
♦Kenyon, J. Miller, Washington, D. C.
Attorney at Law. Past Pres. D. C.
Bar Assn.; Mem. Bd. of Govs., Episco-
pal Eye, Ear & Throat Hosp.
Keppler, Arie, Amsterdam, Holland.
Dir. of Housing.
§Kerr, Mrs. John Clapperton, New
York City. Pres. Woman's League for
Protection of Riverside Park; Mem.
Bd. Bethany Day Nursery; V.P.
N. Y. C. Fed. of Women's Clubs; Dir.
N. Y. Park Assn.
§Ke88ler, William H., Birmingham,
Ala. Landscape Architect.
Ketterer, Mrs. Gustav, Philadelphia,
Pa. Recipient of Gimbel Award as out-
standing woman in Philadelphia, 1933.
Pres. Phila. Fed. of Women's Clubs &
Allied Orgs.; Hon. Pres. & Founder
Mem., Temple U. Women's Club; Dir.
Com. of 1926 (Strawberry Mansion);
Dir. & Sec. Phila. Leg. Aid Soc; Dir.
Hillcreek Park Homes Inc.; Chmn.
Women's Exec Com., Phila. Operatic
Soc; V.P. Women's City Club; Mem.
NRA local Compliance Bd.; Adv.
Bd. Salvation Army, Phila.; Lieut.-
Gen. C. of C. NRA Campaign Com.
(Chmn. Child & Home Safety Com.) ;
Mem. St. Fed. of Pa. Women (V.-Chmn.
Am. Citizenship Dept.); Valley Forge
Park Commn. (apptd. by Governor);
Fairmount Park Art Assn.; Art Alli-
ance; Adv. Council, City Charter
Com.; Am. Social Hygiene Assn.;
Phila. World Court Com.; Child
Health Soc; & many others.
t§KiBBEY, Bessie J., Washington, D. C.
*Kimball, Allen H., Ames, la. Mem.
faculty. Iowa State Coll.
King, Mrs. Francis, South Hartford,
N. Y. Writer & Speaker on gardening.
Hon. Pres. Woman's Nat. Farm &
Garden Assn.; Mem. Garden Club of
Am.; Hon. Mem. of numerous Garden
Clubs.
♦King, Genevieve, San Francisco, Cal.
Christian Science Practitioner. Mem.
Sierra Club; Tamalpais Conservn.
Club; "Save-the-Redwoods" League;
Cal. Council for Roadside Beauty.
King, Mrs. Henry P., Boston, Mass.
9K1NGERY, Robert, Chicago, 111. Acting
Dir. Dept. of Publ. Works & Bldgs.
Gen. Mgr. Chicago Reg. Planning
Assn. Sec. 111. Bd. of Park Advisors;
Cook Co. Forest Preserve Adv. Com.;
Mem. 111. Commn. on Future Road
Program.
tKiNGSLEY, Mrs. Willey Lyon, Rome,
N. Y.
KiRBY, Hugh Lee, Cherrydale, Va.
Pres. Fed. Sanitation Corp. Pres.
Wyo.-Mont. R. R. Co. Dir. Arhngton
C. of C; Mem. Lee Blvd. Assn.
§Kirby, John H., Houston, Tex. Lumber-
man. Pres. Kirby Lumber Co.
KiRKBRiDE, Mrs. Franklin B., Darien,
Conn.
KiRKHUFF, Dan, Washington, D. C.
9K1RKLEY, Mrs. Richard, Los Angeles,
Cal. Cor. Sec. Cal. Garden Club Fed.
KiRKPATRicK, Mrs. Clifford, Adrian,
Mich. Pres. Adrian Park Commn.;
Chmn. Conservn. Com., Fed. Garden
Clubs of Mich.; Mem. Conservn. Com.,
Mich. Hort. Assn.
KiRKWOOD, Mrs. Robert C, Palo Alto,
Cal.
KiTCHELL, Mrs. Allan F., Old Green-
wich, Conn. Dir. Fairfield Co. Plan-
ning Assn.; Greenwich Tree Assn.;
Pres. Garden Club of Old Greenwich;
Legisl. Chmn. Bd. Fed. Garden Clubs
of Conn.; Life Mem. Conn. Forest &
Park Assn.; Mem. Merritt Highway
Com. of Greenwich; Conn. Arboretum.
Kizer, B. H., Spokane, Wash. Lawyer.
Pres. City Plan Commn.; Chmn.
Washington St. Planning Council;
Mem. Bd. Pacific Northwest Reg.
Planning Commn.; Mem. C. of C; St.
Bar Assn.; Spokane Co. Bar Assn.;
Trustee Spokane Welfare Assn.
♦Klauber, Melville, San Diego, Cal.
Klein, Elmer B., St. Louis, Mo. Broker.
V.-Chmn. Gen. Council on Civic
Needs; past Pres. Fed. of Impr. Assns.
of St. Louis; Mem. C. of C.
Kletzsch, Alvin p., Milwaukee, Wis.
Realtor. Pres. Milwaukee Auditorium
Bd.; Mem. Gov. Bd. Milwaukee Co.
WHO'S WHO IN CIVIC ACHIEVEMENT 241
Park Commn.; "Washington Park
Zool. Soc.
Klorer, John, New Orleans, La. Civil
Engineer. Chief Engr. Orleans Levee
Bd.; Mem. City Planning & Zoning
Commn.
Knapp, George O., New York City.
9KNISELY, J. Herman, Harrisburg, Pa.
Chief, Bureau of Municipal Affairs.
Sec. Pa. St. Assn. of Boroughs; Dele-
gate (apptd. by President) at Conf. of
5th Internat. Congress of Local Au-
thorities (Europe).
KoHLER, Marie C, Kohler, Wis. Wis.
Chmn. Better Homes in Am.; Kohler
Village Chmn. Better Homes in
America, Inc.
fKoHLER, Walter J., Kohler, Wis.
Manufacturer. Pres. Kohler Co.;
Kohler Impr. Co. organized "to make
Kohler Village an American Garden
City"; Sheboygan Home for the
Friendless; Dir. Planning Fdn. of Am.,
N. Y. C.
KoHN, Robert D., Ossining, N. Y., «fe
Washington, D. C. Architect. Dir.
Housing Div., PWA.
Krebs, Mrs. H. C, Williamsburg, Va.
Com. Chmn., Civic League; Sec. Gar-
den Club; Planning & Zoning Commn.
*Krieger, a. a., Louisville, Ky. City
Engineer.
Kruesi, Paul J., Chattanooga, Tenn.
Manufacturer. Past Dir. U. S. C. of C;
Mem. (past Pres.) Chattanooga C. of
C; Trustee U. of Chattanooga, U. of
Tennessee.
*Kru8e, Walter O., Davenport, la.
Architect.
Kurtz, Charles C, Wilmington, Del.
Realtor. Chmn. Wilmington City
Zoning Commn.; New Castle Co. Reg.
Planning Bd.
ILaird, Warren P., Sc. D., F. A. I. A.,
Philadelphia, Pa. Architect & Edu-
cator. Mem. Bd. of Dirs., Phila. Tri-
Sti Reg. Planning Fed.; Hon. Mem.
Soc. of Archts., Uruguay, S. A.; Cent.
Soc. of Archts., Argentina; Mem.
Church Bldg. Commn., P. E. Diocese
of Pa.; Pa. St. Art Commn.; Com. on
Church Architecture, Gen. Council,
Lutheran Churches of N. A.
Lake, Mrs. William F., Hot Springs
National Park, Ark. Pres. Ark. Fed. of
Women's Clubs; Mem. Com. on Re-
conditioning, Remodeling & Moderniz-
ing, President's Conf. on Home Bldg.
& Home Ownership.
♦Lamb, Robert Scott, Washington, D. C.
Ophthalmologist. Mem. Am. & D. C.
Med. Socs.; Bd. of T.; C. of C.
§Lamont, T. W., New York City. Banker.
Trustee Carnegie Fdn. for Advance-
ment of Teaching; Phillips Exeter
Acad.
Lamont, Mrs. T. W., New York City.
♦Lamping, George B., Seattle, Wash.
♦Lampman, B. H., Portland, Ore. Pub-
lisher. Staff Mem. Oregonian.
§Lande8, Bertha K. (Mrs. Henry),
Seattle, Wash. Past Mayor. Hon.
Pres. Women's City Club; delegate to
White House Conf. on Child Welfare;
Mem. Bd., Community Fd.; Chmn.
Mayor's Commn. on Improved Em-
ployment for Women; past Mem.
City Council.
♦Landes, Henry, F. Geol. S. A., Seattle,
Wash. Geologist. Dean Coll. of Sci.,
U. of Wash.; St. Geologist, 1901-21.
Mem. Nat. Geog. Soc; Am. Inst, of
Mining & Metall. Engrs.
Landis, Mrs. Mbrkel, CarUsle, Pa.
Lane, Joseph J., New York City.
fLANG, Mrs. Robert B., Racine, Wis.
§Langworthy, Mrs. B. F., Winnetka,
111. V.P. Nat. Congress of Parents &
Teachers ("School Beautiful" move-
ment) .
Lanier, Mrs. Charles D., Greenwich,
Conn.
§Lansburgh, Mrs. Julius, Washington,
D. C. Volunteer Social Worker. V.P.
Social Hygiene Soc; Mem. Civic Sec-
tion, 20th Century Club; Monday
Evening Club; Columbian Women;
Kalorama Citizens' Assn.; Women's
City Club; League of Women Voters.
Latsch, John A., Winona, Minn.
Laughlin, Mrs. J. L., Washington,
D. C.
Lausen, a. F., Jr., San Francisco, Cal.
Lawrence, Arthur W., Bronxville,
N. Y. Pres. Westchester Co. Park
Commn.; Mem. N. Y. St. Council of
Parks; Westchester Co. C. of C;
Transit Commn.
§Lawbence, Ellis F., F. A. I. A., Port-
land, Ore. Architect. Dean Sch. of
Fine Arts, U. of Ore.; Mem. C. of C.
(Chmn. Com. on Urban Land Utiliza-
tion) ; Portland City Planning Commn.
♦Lawrence, F. E., Jr., St. Louis, Mo.
Exec. Sec, Reg. Planning Fed., St.
Louis Dist. Asst. Dir. Council on Civic
Needs; Civic Bur., C. of C; past Sec.
City Plan Commn.; Mem. Nat. Conf.
on City Planning.
Lawrence, Mrs. John W., Sharpsburg,
Pa. Mem. Civic Club of Pittsburgh;
St. Forestry Commn.; Garden Club of
Am.; Garden Club of Allegheny Co.
(Chmn. Billbd. & Roadside Com.) .
Lawton, Mrs. W. L., Glens Falls, N. Y.
Chmn. Nat. Roadside Council. Pioneer
in St. Roadside Surveys.
Lazarus, Fred, Jr., Columbus, O. Mer-
chant. Pres. Jewish Orphan Home,
Cleveland, O.; Mem. Bd. of Dirs.,
Community Fd.; Jewish Welfare Fed.;
Exec Com., Am. Jewish Com.
Lazarus, Simon, Columbus, O. Mer-
chant. Trustee Children's Hosp.; Mt.
Carmel Hosp.; Dir. Better Bus. Bur.;
Humane Soc.
Lea, Arthur H., Philadelphia, Pa.
Mem. Exec. Com., Com. of 70; Mem.
City Charter Com.; New City Charter
Com. (Exec. Cqm.) ; Bur. of Mun. Res.;
Pa. Elections Assn.; Bus. Progress
Assn.; All-Phila. Conf. on Mun. Govt.;
City Parks Assn.; Fairmount Park Art
Assn.; Reg. Planning Fed. Phila.
242
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Tri-St. Dist.; Contrib. Mem. Civic
Club.
Lea, Mrs. Charles M., Devon, Pa.
Mem. Exec. Bd., Women's City Club of
Phila. (Chmn. Publ. Affairs Com.);
Exec. Bd., Emerg. Aid, Phila.; Adv.
Bd., Phila. Gen. Hosp.; Mem. Reg.
Planning Fed. Phila. Tri-St. Dist.;
Phila. Progress Assn.; Bur. of Mun.
Res.; Pa. Mus.; Com. of 1926 (Straw-
berry Mansion) ; Civic Club of Phila.
Leavitt, Gordon, New York City.
Landscape Engineer. Mem. Nat. Conf .
on City Planning; Nat. Conf. on St.
Parks; Park Assn.; St. C. of C.
§Lee, E. Brooke, Silver Spring, Md.
Speaker Md. House of Delegates. Past
Sec. of St. of Md.; Pres. N. Washington
Realty Co.; & many others.
*Lee, Frederick P., Washington, D. C.
Lee, Guy H., Boston & Wellesley, Mass.
Landscape Architect. Mem. A. S. L. A.;
Mem. CWA Slum-Clearance Project,
under City Planning Bd., Boston.
Leeds, Arthur N., Germantown, Pa.
§Leetch, Frank P., Washington, D. C.
Asst. Treas. Bd. of T.; Chmn. Exec.
Com., Georgetown Citizens' Assn.
(past Pres.); Mem. Exec. Com., Com.
of 100 on Federal City (Chmn. Com.
on Waterfront Dev.); Rotary Club.
Leffingwell, R. C, New York City.
Banker. Lawyer. Past Asst. Sec.
U. S. Treas.
fLEHMAN, Albert C, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Steel Manufacturer. Mem. Bur. of
Govt. Res.; Fine Arts Com., Carnegie
Inst.; Civic Club of Allegheny Co.;
Unempl. Relief Com.; Pittsburgh Fed.
City Com.
Lehman, Leo, Pittsburgh, Pa. Mem.
Civic Club of Allegheny Co.; Golden
Triangle Assn.
Lehmann, George D., Toledo, O. Civil
Engineer. Chmn. Lucas Co. Planning
Commn.; Dir. Maumee River Scenic
& Hist. Highway Assn. ; V.-Chmn. City
Plan Commn.; Mem. C. of C. (City
& Co. Planning Com.) ; Reg. Plan Com.,
City Bd. of Zoning Appeals; Citizens'
Plan Assn.; St. Conf. on City Planning;
Nat. Conf. on City Planning; Am.
Assn. of Engrs.
Leighton, Mrs. E. F., St. Paul, Minn.
Pres. Pioneer Civic League; Minn.
Hut Assn.; Needlework Guild (for
20 yrs.); Sec.-Treas. George Washing-
ton Memor. Assn., Inc.; past Chmn.
Better Homes in Am.; past Mem. City
Planning Bd.; organizer & past Dir.,
Children's Preventorium, Lake Owasso;
Mem. Adv. Bd. of Edn. & numerous
other orgs.
Leimert, Walter H., Los Angeles, Cal.
Mem. Exec. Com., Citizens Com. on
Parks, Playgrounds, & Beaches; Com.
on R. E.; City & Co. Planning Com.;
C. of C.
Leonard, Mrs. Henry, Washington,
D. C.
Lepawsky, Albert, Chicago, 111. Mem.
Social Sci. Res. Com., U. of Chicago.
Levison, J. J., Sea Cliff, N. Y, Consult-
ing Landscape Forester. Author,
Lecturer. Past Chief Forester N. Y. C. ;
past Lecturer on Landscape Forestry
at Yale U. Sch. of Forestry; Forester
Am. Assn. for Planting & Preservn. of
City Trees; V.P. Tree Planting Assn.;
St. Mem. Soc. of Am. Foresters; Sr.
Fellow Am. Assn. of Park Supts.; Mem.
Am. Forestry Assn.; Nat. Geog. Soc.
Cons. Forester to Met. Mus., Green-
wood Cemetery, & many estates on
L. I. & vicinity.
Levy, Harry M., Cincinnati, O.
Lewis, Charles F., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Dir. The Buhl Fdn.; Dir. Civic Club
of Allegheny Co.; Nat. Conf. on City
Planning; Mem. City Plan Commn.
Lewis, Mrs. Fulton, Washington, D. C.
Lewis, Harold M., New York City.
Consulting Engineer. Engr., Reg. Plan
Assn., Inc. Consultant Town Planning
Bd., Montclair, N. J.; Mem. A. S. C. E.
(Exec. Com., City Planning Div.);
Mem. & Gov., Am. City Planning Inst,
(past Dir.) ; Mem. Nat. Conf. on City
Planning; Soc. of Term. Engrs. (past
Pres.).
Lewis, Mrs. Howard W., Philadelphia,
Pa. Pres. Soc. Little Gardens; Mem.
Bd., City Parks Assn.; Mem. Bd. of
Dirs., John Bartram Assn.; Mem. (past
V.P.) Civic Club.
§Lewis, Marcus W*. Washington, D. C.
U. S. Civic Engineer. Life Mem.
A. S. C. E.; Mem. Mt. Pleasant
Citizens' Assn. (Chmn. Coms. on
Zoning, Streets & Highways) .
Liggett, Thomas, Pittsburgh, Pa. St.
V.P. Izaak Walton League (Chmn.
Stream Pollution Com.); V.P. Alle-
gheny Tableland Assn.; Pa. Parka
Assn.; Sec. Cook Forest Assn.;
McConnell's Mill Park Assn.; Mem.
Civic Club of Allegheny Co.; Am.
Forestry Assn.; Pa. Forestry Assn.;
Nat. Parks Assn.; Nat. Conf. on St.
Parks; Nat. & Local Audubon Socs.;
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.; Carnegie Mus.
of Pittsburgh; Am. Game Assn.
♦Light, Charles P., Washington, D. C.
Investment Broker. Dir. Franklin Nat.
Bank. Mem. Bd. of T.; Nat. Press
Club; Enghsh-Speaking Union.
Lincoln, Mrs. Robert, Washington,
D. C.
Lindberg, Gustaf a.. Oak Park, 111.
Pres. Am. Inst, of Park Execs.; Am.
Park Soc.
Lindsay, George F., St. Paul, Minn.
Chmn. Bd. of Trustees, Children's
Hosp.; Capitol Approach Com., St.
Paul Planning Bd. ; St. Paul Symphony
Com., MinneapoUs Orchestr. Assn.;
V.-Chmn., Jt. Correl. Com., City
Planning Depts. of St. Paul & Minneap-
olis; Hon. Mem. A. I. A.; Am. Guild of
Organists; St. Paul Civic Opera Assn.;
St. Paul Music Soc. Awarded Dis-
tinguished Service Medal as "Citizen
who has done the most for St. Paul
in 1928."
WHO'S WHO IN CIVIC ACHIEVEMENT 243
LiNDSLEY, Mary A., Washington, D. C.
Mem. Washington Hotel Assn.; C. of
C; Jt. Congressional Com., Am.
Dietetic Assn. & Home Econs. Assn.;
Women's Overseas Serv. League; Zonta
Club. Has acted as Consultant in con-
nection with Restoration Project at
Williamsburg, Va., in regard to furnish-
ing, equipping, organizing & operating
of the Inns, Taverns & Ordinaries being
opened as part of restoration work.
§LiPPiNCOTT, Mrs. J. Bertram, Phila-
delphia, Pa. V.P. Women's Repub.
Club; Mem. Bd. of Mgrs., Swarthmore
Coll.; Strawberry Mansion Com.; Com.
of 70; Hort. Soc; Hist. Soc.
Lisle, Martha B. (Mrs. Arthur B.),
East Greenwich, R. I. St. Chmn. R. I.
Council for Protection of Roadside
Beauty; Com. on Billbds., Civic Impr.
& Park Assn.; Women's Com., Wash-
ington Cathedral; South Co. Garden
Club (Chmn. Billbd. Com.); Mem.
Exec. Com., Nat. Council for Protec-
tion of Roadside Beauty.
J§Litchfield, Electus D., New York
City. Architect. Pres. & Dir. Mun.
Art Soc; Chmn. Com. on City Plan,
City Club; Mem. N. Y. Chapt.,
A. I. A.; Archtl. League; Am. Fed.
of Arts.
Littlepage, Thomas P., Washington,
D. C. Lawyer, Mem. (past Pres.)
Wash. C. of C.
Lloyd, Demarest, Washington, D. C.
Publisher. Pres. Dupont Circle Citi-
zens' Assn.; Mem. Taxpayers' Union;
Am. Coalition of Patriotic Socs.
Lloyd, William F., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Lloyd-Smith, Wilton, New York City.
Lodge, William F., Monticello, 111.
♦Logan, Frank G., Chicago, 111. Capi-
talist, Patron of Arts. Hon. Pres. Art
Inst.; one of the founders Am. Coll. of
Surgeons; Res. Fd. in Pathology, Sur-
gery, & Experimental Medicine, U. of
Chicago; Logan Fd. for medal & prizes.
Art Inst. ; Trustee & Founder, Chair of
Anthrop., Beloit Coll.; also of Logan
Archseol. Mus., financing scientific
expeditions. One of the builders of
Orchestra Hall. Patron of Grand
Opera. Dir. Chicago Galleries Assn.;
Trustee Ferguson Monument Fd.;
Grand Centr. Galleries, N. Y. C;
Mem. Assn. of Arts & Industries;
Mun. Art League; Hist., Archseol. &
Geog. Socs.; Sons of Am. Revolution;
& many others.
Logan, Robert R., Eddington, Pa.
Mem. "Save-the-Redwoods" League;
Publ. Parks Assn.; Playground Assn.;
Phila. Art AUiance; Am. Fed. of Arts.
Lohmann, Karl B., Urbana, 111. Prof,
of Landscape Architecture, U. of 111.
Mem. A. S. L. A.; Am. City Planning
Inst. Author "Principles of City
Planning."
♦Lombard, Warren P., Ann Arbor, Mich.
College Professor. Past Asst. Prof.
Physiol., Clark U.; Prof. Physiol., U.
of Mich. Mem. Am. Physiol. Soc;
Soc. Experimental Biol. & Medicine,
U. of Mich.; Res. Club.
Long, Mrs. Maurice A., Baltimore,
Md. Pres. Arundell Club; Mem. Gen.
Fed. Women's Clubs; Md. Fed. of
Garden Clubs; Woman's Club of
Roland Park; Roland Park Garden
Club; Balto. Civic League; Hon. Mem.
from Md., Nat. Farm & Garden Assn.
Long, Mrs. Sim Perry, Chattanooga,
Tenn. V.P. Tenn. Garden Club; (past
Pres.) Riverview Garden Club.
jLoNNQUiST, Axel, Chicago, 111. Realtor.
Mem. Com. on Billbd. Restriction,
Nat. Assn. R. E. Bds.
♦Lorch, Emil, Ann Arbor, Mich. Pro-
fessor & Dir. Coll. of Archt., U. of
Mich. Mem. A. I. A.; Mich. Soc. of
Archts.
♦Lorch, Mrs. Emil, Ann Arbor, Mich.
♦LoTT, Louis, Dayton, O. Architect.
Chmn. local Federal City Com.,
A. C. A.
Loud, Joseph P., Boston, Mass. Archi-
tect. Mem. Mass. Civic League; Nat.
Recr. Assn.; Community Serv. of
Boston; Good Govt. Assn.; Mass.
Child Labor Com.
9^LovETT, William P., Detroit, Mich.
Sec. Detroit Citizens League; Pres.
Nat. Assn. of Civic Sees.
LowDEN, Frank O., Oregon, 111. Lawyer.
Pres. Bd. of Dirs., Pullman Free Sch.
of Manual Training; Chmn. Bd. of
Trustees, Publ. Admn. Clearing House;
Mem. Bd. of Trustees, Nat. Inst, of
Publ. Admn.; Mem. Bd. of Trustees,
Carnegie Endowment for Internat.
Peace.
Lowndes, Mrs. Bladen, Baltimore, Md.
fLowNES, Albert E., Providence, R. I.
Manufacturer. Commr. Narragansett
Council, Boy Scouts of Am. (Mem.
Nat. Council); Dir. Audubon Soc. of
R. I.; Providence Boys' Club; Mem.
Appalach. Mtn. Club; Soc for Pre-
servn. of N. E. Antiquities; C. of C;
Mass. & R. I. Hort. Socs.; R. I. Hist.
Socs.; Civic Impr. & Park Assn.; N. Y.
Bot. Gardens.
LuBiN, Simon J., Sacramento, Cal. Mer-
chant. Founder (past Pres.) St.
Commn. of Immigration & Housing;
Pres. Sacramento Region Citizens
Council for Econ. & Social Develop-
ment of 21 northern Cal. counties.
Mem. Am. Acad. Poht. & Social Sci.;
Am. Assn. Labor Legisl.; Cal. Conf. on
Social Work; Taylor Soc; Nat. Econ.
League.
LuDEN, William H., Villanova, Pa.
Retd. Manufacturer.
9LUDWIG, Walter D., Harrisburg, Pa.
Highway Forester, Dept. of Highways,
Commonwealth of Pa. Sr. Mem. Soc.
Am. Foresters; Sec. Roadside Beauti-
fication Com., Am. Assn. St. Highway
Officials.
LuEDTKE, Charles L., Washington,
D. C. Mem. Foreign Serv. Div., U. S.
Dept. of Agr.
244
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
LusTia, Mrs. Alfred L., Providence,
R. I.
9LYF0RD, Mrs. Katherinb Van Etten,
Boston, Mass. Sec. Mass. Civic
League.
♦Lyman, D. R,, Louisville, Ky.
MacDonald, Mrs. Barry L., Lake
Geneva, "Wis.
MacDougall, Edward A., Jackson
Heights, New York City. Real Estate
Operator. Pres. The Queensboro Corp.
Mem. Queens C. of C; N. Y. St. C. of
C; The Reg. Plan Assn.; Queens Plan-
ning Commn.; President's Conf. on
Home BIdg. & Home Ownership; Nat.
Assn. R. E. Bds.; R. E. Bd. of N. Y.;
L. I. R. E. Bd.; L. I. C. of C; Nat.
Assn. for Better Housing.
MacElwee, Roy S., Cambridge, Mass.
Economist, Port Authority. V.P. Soc.
Term. Engrs.; Mem. Am. Mil. Engr.
Soc; A. S. M. E.; A. S. C. E.; Am.
Bur. of Shipping; Am. Assn. of Port
Authorities, & numerous foreign orgs.
9 Mack, Edward R., "Wilmington, Del.
Engr. & Supt. of Parks. Sec. Bd. of
Park Commrs. ; Assoc. Mem. A. S. C. E. ;
Mem. Techn. Adv. Com., Reg. Plan-
ning Fed. Phila. Tri-St. Dist.; Am.
Inst, of Park Execs.; Nat. Conf. on St.
Parks; New Castle Co.-Del. Reg.
Planning Commn.
§Mackenzie, Clinton, New York City.
Architect. Mem. Nat. Housing Assn.;
Nat. Conf. on City Planning; Am.
Forestry Assn.
♦MacNaxtghton, E. B., Portland, Ore.
Banker. Pres. Bd. of Trustees, Reed
Coll.; Bd. of Trustees, Libr. Assn. of
Portland; Treas. Ore. Hist. Soc;
Wemme Endowment Trust.
MacNeil, Gordon E., "Washington, D. C.
J§Macomber, Irving E., Toledo, O. Trus-
tee & Sec. Mus. Art; Mem. Bd. of
Trustees, Toledo Hosp.; Mem. (past
Pres.) C. of C; Bd. of Edn.; Ohio Assn.
R. E. Bds.; Boy Scouts; St. Conf. on
City Planning.
MacRae, Hugh, "Wilmington, N. C. Re-
altor. Mem. Nat. Conf. on St. Parks.
§Mac"Vbagh, Eames, Chicago, 111. Mer-
chant. Banker.
Magnusson, Leifur, "Washington, D. C.
Social Econom st. Dir. "Washington
Branch, Internat. Labor Office, Geneva,
Switzerland.
♦Maiden, F. Bruce, Oakland, Cal. Real-
tor. Chmn. City Planning Commn.
Mann, Frederick M., Minneapolis,
Minn. Prof, of Architecture, U. of
Minn. Pres. City Planning Commn.;
Mem. St. Planning Commn.
tJMANNiNG, "Warren H., Cambridge,
Mass. Landscape Designer, Regional
Planner. Organizer Am. Park & Out-
door Art Assn. (now A. C. A.); Mem.
(organizer & past Pres.) A. S. L. A.;
Boston Soc. L. A.; Am. City Planning
Inst.; Am. Inst, of Park Execs.; Mass.
Forest & Park Assn.; Mass. Fed. Plan-
ning Bds.; Mass. Hort. Soc; Billerica
(Mass.) Garden Club; Minn. St. Hort.
Soc; Hon. Mem. Lookout Mountain
Garden Club, Chattanooga, Tenn.;
Bd., Fed. Socs. on Planning & Parks.
fMARBURG, Theodore, Baltimore, Md.
Publicist. Pres. Mun. Art Soc. ; League
of Nations Assn., Md. Br.; Trustee
Johns Hopkins U.; past "V.P. Am. Econ.
Assn.; Internat. Fed. League of Na-
tions Socs.; Mem. Am. Poht. Sci.
Assn.; Am. Soc. Internat. Law.
♦Marion, A. F.. Seattle, "Wash.
Mark, Clayton, Chicago, 111. Manu-
facturer. Pres. Civic Fed.; past Pres.
Bd. of Edn.; Mem. Art Inst.; Field
Mus.; Hist. Soc; Z06I. Soc; Am. Mus.
Nat. Hist.
Markoe, Mrs. John, Philadelphia, Pa.
♦Marquette, Bleecker, Cincinnati, O.
Housing Specialist. Sec. Better Hous-
ing League; Publ. Health Fed.; Anti-
Tuberculosis League; Pres. Ohio Men-
tal Hygiene Assn.
Marsh, Harry "W., New York City.
Civic Director, City Club of New York.
Chmn. Exec. Com., N. Y. St. Civ.
Serv. Ref. Assn.; Mem. Exec Com,,
Nat. Civ. Serv. Ref. League.
♦Marston, Anson, Ames, la. Civil
Engineer. Dean la. St. Coll.; Mem.
(past Pres.) la. Engring. Soc; Land
Grant Coll. Engring. Assn. (past Pres.) ;
A. S. C. E. (past Pres.) ; Soc. Promotion
Engring. Edn. (past Pres.) ; Am. Assn.
of Land Grant Colls. & Universities
(past Pres.) ; Miss. River Engring. Bd.
of Review; & many others.
§Mar8ton, Arthur H., San Diego, Cal.
Merchant.
§Mar8ton, George "W., San Diego, Cal.
Merchant. Hon. Pres. Hist. Soc;
Chmn. Civic Center Com . of San Diego ;
Pres. Emer., Parks & Beaches Assn. of
San Diego Co. Builder of Presidio
Park, Marston Hills subdivision, &
Presidio Hills subdivision.
9 Martin, Darwin D., BufTalo, N. Y.
Cor. Sec. Soc. of Nat. Scis.
Marvin, Mrs. Robert N., Jamestown
N. Y.
J§Marx, Charles David, Palo Alto, Cal.
Prof . Emeritus. Consulting Engr. Past
Mem. faculty, Stanford U.; Chmn.
local Fed. City Com., A. C. A.; Chmn.
Bd. of Publ. "Works, City of Palo Alto.
fMASON, George G., New York City.
Mason, Mrs. Gertrude E., Tucson,
Ariz. Sec. City Planning Commn.; Co.
Chmn. Pima Co. Consumers Council,
Nat. Emerg. Council; "V.P. Ariz. Fed.
Bus. & Profl. "Women's Clubs; Mem.
Kino Memor. Assn.; Fine Arts Assn.;
Woman's Club.
f Mather, "William G., Cleveland, O. Iron
& Steel Manufacturer. Pres. Cleveland
Cliffs Iron Co.; Trustee Trinity Coll.;
Kenyon Coll.; "Western Reserve U.;
U. Hosps. of Cleveland; Mem. Am.
Antiq. Soc; "Western Res. Hist. Soc
Mather, Mrs. "William G., Cleveland,
O. Chmn. Farm & Garden Com.,
Cuyahoga Co. Relief Adm.; Ohio
Council for Roadside Impr.; Garden
Center of Greater Cleveland; Conservn.
WHO'S WHO IN CIVIC ACHIEVEMENT 245
Com., Garden Club of O.; St. Chmn,
Conservn. Com., Garden Club of Am.
Matthies, Katharine, Seymour, Conn.
St. Chmn., Conservn. & Thrift, Conn.
D. A. R.; Sec. Arboretum Assn., Conn.
Coll., New London, Conn.
§May, Arthur, Washington, D. C. Mer-
chant. Pres. & Treas. F. P. May Hard-
ware Co.; Trustee Community Chest;
Dir. Local Council, Boy Scouts; Mem.
(past Pres.) Rotary Club; Bd. of T.
§May, Samuel C, Berkeley, Cal. Uni-
versity Prof. Dir. Bur. of Publ. Admn.,
U. of Cal.; Dir. of Res., Commonwealth
Club of Cal.; Mem. Res. Com., Inter-
nat. City Mfrs. Assn.; Council Nat.
Mun. League; Ednl. Bd. of Publ.
Mngt.; Govt. Res. Conf., U. S. Com.
to Internat. Union of Local Authorities;
Met. Park Com., San Francisco
Region; & other orgs, for good govt.
*Maybeck, B. R., Berkeley, Cal. Archi-
tect. Pres. Art Assn.; Founder Council
of Allied Arts; Mem. local Soc. Archts.;
Berkeley City Planning Commn.;
A. I. A.; past Prof, of Archt., U. of Cal.;
past Dean Dept. of Archt., U. of Cal.;
Hon. Mem. San Francisco Chapt.,
A. I. A.
IMayer, Richard, Kendall Green, Mass.
McAlpine, Mrs. David H., Morristown,
N.J.
McAneny, George, New York City.
Pres. Reg. Plan Assn., Inc.; Mem.
N. Y. St. Planning Bd.; V.P. Nat. Civ.
Serv. Reform League; Past Pres. Boro
of Manhattan; Bd. of Aldermen; City
Club of N. Y.; past Acting Mayor of
N. Y. C; past Chmn. Com. on City
Plan; Transit Commn.; past V.P. Nat.
Mun. League; & many others.
*McClintock, James Harvey, Phoenix,
Ariz. Author. Past newspaper editor;
St. Historian, 1919-23; past Pres.
Folklore Soc; Rough Riders Assn.
McClintock, Miller, Cambridge, Mass.
Lecturer on Government. Traffic
Expert. Dir. Albert Russel Erskine
• Bur., Harvard U.; City-wide Traffic
Commn., Kansas City, Mo.; Traffic
Survey Com., San Francisco, Cal.; Fire
Ins. Com., Boston, Mass.; Mem. Nat.
Conf. on Street & Highway Safety,
U. S. Dept. Commerce; V.P. Nat.
Safety Council; Mass. Safety Council.
*McClure, C. a., Portland, Ore.
♦McCoMB, Mr. and Mrs. David, Santa
Fe, N. M.
*McCoRMicK, Cyrus H., Chicago, 111.
Manufacturer. Pres. Internat. Har-
vester Co., 1902-19; Dir. Presbyn.
Theol. Sem.; Trustee Princeton U.;
Field Mus. Nat. Hist.; Y. M. C. A.;
EHzabeth McCormick Memor. Fd.;
Ferry Hall.
McCormick, Donald, Harrisburg, Pa.
McCormick, Henry B., Harrisburg, Pa.
*McCormick, Robert J., Wilmington,
Del.
McCormick, Mr. and Mrs. Stanley,
Chicago, 111., & Santa Barbara, Cal.
tJMcCoRMiCK, Vance C, Harrisburg, Pa.
Newspaper Publisher. Publisher The
Patriot & Evening News. Pres. Bd.,
Harrisburg Acad.; Mem. Yale Corp.;
Trustee & Mem. Exec. Com., Pa.
State Coll.; Pres. Mun. League; Assoc.
Aid Socs.; V.P. Assn. of Community
Chests & Councils; V.P. A. C. A.
*McCrary, Irvin J., F. A. S. L. A., Den-
ver, Colo. Landscape Architect. City
Planner. Consultant, Colo. St. Plan-
ning Bd.; Mem. Am. City Planning
Inst.
McDonald, Mrs. George, Wyoming, O.
Pres. "Save-Outdoor-Ohio" Council;
V.P. Cincinnati Art Center; Dir. Wild
Flower Preservn. Soc. of Ohio; St.
Chmn. of Conservn.; Chmn. Radio Pro-
gram, WLW, Ohio Fed. Women's
Clubs; Chmn. for Conservn., Ohio
Assn. of Garden Clubs; Ohio Repre-
sentative to Reg. Parks Conf.; Life
Mem. Izaak Walton League; League of
Ohio Sportsmen; Mem. Nat. Conf. on
St. Parks; Woman's City Club of Cin-
cinnati; five Garden Clubs; Nat. Assn.
of Audubon Socs.; & many other con-
servation organizations.
§McDuFFiE, Duncan, Berkeley, Cal.
Dir. Sierra Club; Trustee Nat. Parks
Assn.; Mem. Bd. of Dirs., "Save-the-
Redwoods" League.
McEldowney, Mrs. Henry C, Pitts-
burgh, Pa. Past Pres. Woman's City
Club; Mem. (past Pres.) 20th Century
Club; Past Regent, Pittsburgh Chapt.
D. A. R.
§McEwAN, Mrs. Alexander Fraseh,
Seattle, Wash. Organizer & Pres. St.
Soc. for Conservn. of Wild Flowers &
Native Trees; St. Conservn. Chmn. for
Garden Club of Am.; Chmn. Memor.
Highway Com., Seattle Garden Club;
Mem. Bd. of Dirs., Wild Flower
Preservn. Soc; Mem. St. Forestry
Conf.; Am. Forestry Assn.; City Affairs
Com., C. of C; Nat. Conf. on St.
Parks; Garden Club, Ltd., London,
Eng.; Royal Hort Soc; Puget Sound
Acad. Sci.
♦McFadden, Mrs. Parmalee, J., Chicago,
111.
tt§McFARLAND, J. Horace, L. H.D., Har-
risburg, Pa. Master Printer. Chmn.
St. Art Commn. ; past V.P. Nat. Mun.
League; Sec. Mun. League; past Pres.
& Founder A. C. A., 1904-24; Pres.
J. Horace McFarland Co.; McFarland
Publicity Service; Chmn. A. C. A.
Coms. on Nat. Parks & Forests, Road-
side Impr. & local Fed. City; V.P.
A. C. A.; Pres. Emeritus, Am. Rose
Soc; Trustee Dickinson Coll.; Mem.
Greater Pa. Council; Adv. Com. on
Zoning, U. S. Dept. Commerce; Am.
Mem. Sp. Internat. Niagara Control
Bd.; Mem. Commn. on Living Condi-
tions of War Workers, Dept. of Labor,
1918-19; Nat. Conf. on City Planning;
Am. Assn. Nurserymen; Chmn. Am.
Jt. Com. on Hort. Nomenclature; Com.
on Hort. Quarantines. Awarded 1933
by Mass. Hort. Soc, the George
Robert White Medal of Honor for
Horticulture. Former printer of &
246
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
contributor to American Gardening,
Country Life in America & Countryside
magazines. Editor "American Rose
Annual." Author of numerous books
on gardening & contributor to Outlook,
Atlantic Monthly, Better Homes &
Gardens, Country Gentleman, House &
Garden, Ladies' Home Journal. Led
campaigns for preservation of Niagara
Falls, for preserving & developing
National Park system, resulting in
establishment of National Park Service
by Act of Congress. As President of
A. C. A., visited some 500 towns &
cities in pursuance of the aim of that
organization to make American com-
munities better places in which to live.
♦McGann, Mks. Robert G., Lake Forest,
111.
McGoRTY, John H., Chicago, 111. Judge
in Chambers, Superior Court of Cook
County.
McGovERN, J. E., Spokane, Wash. V.P.
City Plan Commn.
McHale, Kathryn, Washington, D. C.
Psychologist, Educator. Gen. Dir.
Am. Assn. of U. Women.
*McKee, Bert, Des Moines, la. Charter
Mem. Town Planning Commn.; Rotary
Club.
♦McKee, Margaret, Des Moines, la.
McKeon, Mrs. Edward H., Eccleston,
Md. St. Chmn. for Billbds. & Road-
sides, Co-Chmn. for Conservn., Gar-
den Club of Am. & of the Fed. Garden
Clubs of Md.; Mem. (past Pres. &
Billbd. Chmn.) Green Spring Valley
Garden Club; Originator, permanent
Highway Planting Prize Fd. for Mary-
land.
*McKiNLEY, Charles, Portland, Ore.
Chmn. Com. on Zoning & City Plan-
ning, Housing & Planning Assn. Mem.
faculty. Reed Coll.; Bd. of Govs., City
Club; Am. Polit. Sci. Assn.
McKiNLOCK, Mrs. George Alexander,
Chicago, & Lake Bluflf, 111. Pres. Gar-
den Club; Chmn. Town Planning
Commn.; Mem. Exec. Bd., Chicago
A. R. C.; Bd., Passavant Memor.
Hosp.
McKnight, T. H. B., Washington, D. C.
Past Treasurer, Pa. R. R. Co. (40 yrs.).
McKnight, Mrs. T. H. B., Washington,
D. C. Ed., Bulletin of Garden Club
of Am. Mem. Garden Club of Am.
McLaughlin, Mrs. John L., Kansas
City, Mo.
♦McMechen, Edgar G., Denver, Colo.
McNiTT, RoLLiN L., Los Angeles, Cal.
Mem. (past Pres.) Assn. of City Plan-
ners; (past Pres. Bd.), City Planning
Commn.; City Planning Assn. En-
gaged in preparation of book on "Law
of City Planning."
Mead, George W., Wisconsin Rapids,
Wis. Paper Manufacturer. Past
Mayor (3 terms); past Chmn. Park
Bd.; Regent Wis. U.
♦Mead, Marcia, New York City, Town
Planner & Adviser. Mem. A. I, A.;
Nat. Housing Assn.; Zonta Club;
Women's City Club. Author "Homes
of Character."
*Mechlin, Leila, Washington, D. C.
Writer & Lecturer. Art Critic Wash-
ington Star. Sec. Washington Soc. of
Fine Arts; past Sec. Am. Fed. of Arts;
Assoc. Ed. American Magazine of Art.
Meigs, Mrs. Edward B., Washington,
D. C.
fMsLLON, Andrew W., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Past U. S. Ambassador to Great
Britain. Past Secretary of the Trea-
sury. Pres. Mellon Nat. Bank., Pitts-
burgh; Trustee Smithsonian Instn.;
Carnegie Inst., Pittsburgh.
Melville, Mrs. Frank, Stony Brook,
L. I., N. Y. Pres. Three Village Gar-
den Club.
fMERCHANT, Mrs. Francis D., Kensing-
ton, Md. Mem. Women's City Club.
Merkel, Hermann W., White Plains,
N. Y. Gen. Supt., Westchester Co.
Parks.
*Merriam, C. B., Topeka, Kans.
♦Merriam, Mrs. F. D., Topeka, Kans.
Merrill, Harold, Washington, D. C.
City Planner. Asst. Exec. Officer, Nat.
Planning Bd.; Sec. Sp. Com. on Stan-
dard Planning Symbols, Scales, &
Terminology, Federal Bd. of Surveys
& Maps; past Planning Coordinator,
Federal Empl. StabiUzation Bd., Dept.
of Commerce; past Asst. Planning
Engr., Reg. Planning Fed., Phila.
Tri-St. Dist.; Reg. Plan of N. Y. & Its
Environs; past Landscape Archt.,
Finger Lakes St. Park Commn.; past
Asst. City Planner, City Planning Bd.,
Boston; past Zoning Investigator, Bd.
of Zoning Adjustment, Boston; Mem.
Am. City Planning Inst.; Nat. Conf.
on City Planning; President's Conf. on
Home Bldg. & Home Ownership; Am.
Acad. Polit. & Social Sci.
§Merrill, R. Dwight, Seattle, Wash.
Lumberman. Mem. Fine Arts & Ar-
boretum Assn.
Merrill, Mrs. R. Dwight, Seattle,
Wash. Hon. Pres. (& organizer) St.
Council for Protection of Roadside
Beauty; past Zone-Chmn. Billbd. &
Roadside Com., Garden Club of Am.;
Mem. City Affairs Com., C. of C; St.
Forestry Bd.; Com. on Parks & High-
way Beautification, Automobile Club
of Wash.; Planting Com., Pres.
Hoover's Conf. on Home Bldg. &
Home Ownership.
Metson, W. H., San Francisco, Cal.
♦Mettler, Mrs. Charles P., Toledo, O.
V.P. (past Pres.) Woman's Club;
Mem. Woman's Protective Assn.;
Y. W. C. A.; Community Chest.
§Metzerott, Oliver, Washington, D. C.
Republican Floor Leader, Md. House
of Delegates. V.P. Md. Forestry Assn.;
Mem. Bd. of T.; Prince Georges Co.
Community Council. Author & co-
author of three measures to regulate
billboards.
Meyer, Heloise, Lenox, Mass. V.P.
Pleasant Valley Bird & Wild Flower
Sanctuary Assn. of Berkshire Co.;
WHO'S WHO IN CIVIC ACHIEVEMENT 247
Mass. Audubon Soc; Mass. Conservn.
Chmn., Garden Club of Am.; Mem.
Bd. Nat. Assn. of Audubon Socs.; Bd.,
Soc. for Preservn. of N. E. Wild Flow-
ers; Soc. for Preservn. of N. E. Antiqui-
ties; Am. Forestry Assn.; Mass. &
N. H. Forestry Assn.; "Save-the-
Redwoods" League; & other conserva-
tion societies.
MiBHLE, Edith, Pottsville, Pa. Volun-
teer Welfare Worker. Sec. Law
Enforcement League of Schuylkill Co. ;
Mem. local Mission (Settlement
House); Bd., Schuylkill Co. Hist.
Soc; organizer of Parent-Teachers'
Association.
MiLAR, Mrs. Wilbur W., Akron, O.
Past Chmn. of Conservn., Gen. & St.
Fed. of Women's Clubs; Mem. (past
Chmn.) Conservn. Com., Akron Fed.
Women's Clubs; Pres. Akron Women's
Chapt., N. A. A.; Mem. Bd. of Trus-
tees, Summer Home for the Aged;
past Pres. Akron Parent-Teachers'
Assn.; Mem. Park Com., Akron Garden
Club; Hon. Mem. Akron Fed. Garden
Clubs; Hon. Mem. (& organizer)
Akron Girl Scouts; past Mem. Met.
Park Bd.; Garden Club of Ohio; Ohio
Assn. of Garden Clubs.
MiLBANK, Albert Goodsell, New York
City. Lawyer.
Miles, Mrs. George H., New York
City. Chmn. Roadside Beautification
Com., St. Com. for Protection of
Roadside Beauty; Billbd. & Roadside
Com., Rumson Garden Club; Legisl.
Chmn. N. J. Div. Women's Dept., Nat.
Civic Fed.; Pres. Women's St. Repub.
Club of N. J.; Mem. Exec. Com., Nat.
Council for Protection of Roadside
Beauty; Exec. Com., Roadside &
Billbd. Com., Garden Club of Am.;
Bd., Efl&ciency & Govt. Dept., League
of Women Voters; N. J. Shade Tree
Commn.
Millar, John H., Washington, D. C.
Asst. on Sp. Projects, Work Div., Fed.
Emerg. Relief Admn.
Miller, Allison N., Washington, D. C.
Realtor. Mem. Bd. of T.; C. of C;
R. E. Bd.; Exec. Com., Operative
Builders' Assn.; Cathedral Heights
Citizens' Assn.
tMiller, Mrs. E. C. T., Cleveland, O.
f Miller, Frank A., Riverside, Cal.
Founder, Owner Glenwood Mission
Inn. Founder Chemawa & Huntington
Parks. Originator Mt. Rubidoux
Easter Sunrise Pilgrimage & Armistice
Day Sunset Services; Promoter River-
side Civic Center; Mem. Spanish Art
Soc; Southwest Soc; Cal. Archaeol.
Inst, of Am.; Landmarks Club; Exec.
Com., A. R. C.
fMiLLER, George P., Milwaukee, Wis.
Attorney at Law. Chmn. City Sewer-
age Commn.; Met. Sewerage Commn.,
Co. of Milwaukee.
Miller, Herman P., Harrisburg, Pa.
Senate Librarian. Mem. Bd., Mun.
League; C. of C; Pres. Union R. E.
Investment Co., which developed
Bellevue Park as restricted residence
park.
Miller, Joseph T., Wilkinsburg, Pa.
Public Utility Official. Chmn. Jt. Bd.
of Control, Tableland Council of the
Pittsburgh C. of C. of the Allegheny
Tableland Assn.; V.P. Pittsburgh
Acad, of Sci. & Art; Mem. Exec. Com.
Garden Homes.
Miller, William H., Cincinnati, O.
Miller, William Tyler, Los Angeles,
Cal. Past University Prof. & Editor.
Mem. Parliament of Man.
Mitchell, C. Stanley, New York City.
Mixer, Charles A., Rumford, Me. Sec-
Treas. Park Commn.; Trustee Publ.
Libr.; Mem. Fed. Socs. on Planning &
Parks; A. S. C. E.; Boston Soc. C. E.;
N. E. Water Works Assn.; & others.
Monroe, William S., Chicago, 111. Cons.
Engineer. Mem. (past Pres.) Western
Soc. of Engrs.; City Club.
♦Montgomery, J. T., Wilmington, Del.
♦Moody, Mrs. Agnes C, Berkeley, Cal.
Chmn. Publ. Affairs Section, Coll.
Women's Club; Mem. (past Pres.)
League of Women Voters; City Coun-
cil; Commn. on Publ. Charities.
Moore, Barrington, Taunton, England.
Forester. Sec. Council on Nat. Parks,
Forests, & Wild Life; past Editor
Ecology; Mem. Ecol. Soc. Am.; Am.
Bot. Soc; Soc. Am. Foresters; Am.
Soc. Naturalists; Am. Geog. Soc.
♦MooRB, Charles, Washington, D. C.
Chmn. Nat. Commn. Fine Arts. Mem.
Am. Inst. Arts & Letters; Hon. Mem.
A. I. A.; past Pres. Detroit City Plan-
ning Commn. Editor "The Plan of
Chicago" by D. H. Burnham & E. H.
Bennett; "Plan for the Improvement of
Washington" by D. H. Burnham, C. F.
McKim, Augustus Saint Gaudens, F.
L. Olmsted. Author "Lives of D. H.
Burnham & C. F. McKim," & of
"Washington Past & Present."
♦MooRE, George T., St. Louis, Mo. Bot-
anist. Dir. Mo. Bot. Garden; Pres. Bd.
Tower Grove Park; Pres. Trustees,
St. Loms Co. Day Sch.; Mem. Am.
Philos. Soc; Washington Acad. Sci.;
Am. Bot. Soc.
♦Morel, Louise, Louisville, Ky. Treas.
Nat. Assn. of Civic Sees.; Mem. Bd.,
Women's City Club; Adv. Council,
Louisville Tuberculosis Assn.; V.P.
Ky. Tuberculosis Assn.; Asst. to Dir.,
Food & Drug Bur.; St. Bd. of Health;
Chmn. Dept. of Publ. Welfare & Publ.
Health, Ky. Fed. of Women's Clubs;
Mem. Citizens' Com. of 100 on City
Planning; Sp. Appointee in Sanitation
& related Depts. in City Admn.
MoREY, Mrs. C. R., Princeton, N. J.
fMoRGAN, Henry W., Rochester, N. Y.
Manufacturer. Dir. Civic Impr. Assn.;
Civic Music Assn.; Trustee Bur. of
Mun. Res.; Mem. Adv. Council, C. of
C; Hist. Soc; Art Gallery, U. of
Rochester; Rochester Engring. Soc.
JMoRGAN, Josephine P. (Mrs. Junius
S.), Princeton, N. J. A V.P. N. J.
St. Com. for Protection of Roadside
248
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Beauty; Chmn. Roadside Com., Garden
Club of Princeton; Com. Chmn. Pres.
Hoover's Conf . on Home Bldg. & Home
Ownership.
*MoRGENTHAU, Henry, New York City.
Banker. Author. Dir. Inst, of Internat.
Edn.; Pres. Bronx House Settlement;
an incorporator A. R. C; V.-Chmn.
Near East Relief, Inc.
fMoRRis, Effingham B., Philadelphia,
Pa. Lawyer. Chmn. Bd., Girard Trust
Co.; past Treas. Council of Defense &
Com. on Publ. Safety.
Morris, Henry Curtis, Washington,
D. C. Mining Engineer. Pres. Aurora
Hills Homes, Inc.; V.P. Va. R. E.
Assn.; Chmn. Bd. of Trustees,
Y. W. C. A.
fMoRRis, Ira Nelson, Chicago, 111.
Diplomat. Author. Mem. Acad. Polit.
Sci.; Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.
Morris, Mrs. Ray, Oyster Bay, L. I.,
& New York City. Chmn. for N. Y.
St., Conservn. & Roadside Com.,
Garden Club of Am.; Chmn. Roadside
Com., North Country Garden Club of
L. I.; V.-Chmn. Roadside Com., L. I.
C. of C; Mem. Exec. Com., St. Com.
for Billbd. Legisl.
♦Morrison, A. Cressy, New York City.
Morrison, R. C, Fort Worth, Tex.
City Forester. Consultant Landscape
Archt., Texas Fed. of Garden Clubs;
Dir. Am. Inst, of Park Execs.; Mem.
N. Texas Biol. Soc.
tMoRROw, Mrs. Dwight W., Englewood,
N.J.
Morse, Lucius D., Chimney Rock, N. C.
Pres. Chimney Rock Co.
MoRss, John Wells, Boston, Mass.
Morton, Mrs. Arthur V., Devon, Pa.
§MoRTON, George T., Omaha, Nebr.
Realtor. Chmn. local Federal City
Com., A. C. A.; past Mem. City Plan-
ning Commn.
♦Morton, Mrs. R. A., Cheyenne, Wyo.
State Superintendent of Public In-
struction. Dir. St. Edn. Asssn.; Nat.
Edn. Assn. ; St. Fed. of Women's Clubs;
Chmn. Com. on Sch. Activities, George
Washington Bicentenn. Celebration
for Wyoming; Chmn. Div. on Edn. &
Training, Wyo. White House Conf.
meeting May, 1932, 1933, & 1934;
St. Edn. Com., Bus. & Professl.
Women's Clubs; Mem. St. Bd. of
Charities & Reform; St. Land Bd.;
St. Bd. of Pardons; St. Fiscal Bd.; St.
Farm Loan Bd.; St. Bd. of Edn.; Bd. of
Trustees, U. of Wyo.
Moseley, I. D., Tulsa, Okla. Mem.
(past Pres.) C. of C.
♦Moses, A. C, Washington, D. C. Pres.
Burlington Hotel Co.; Travelers' Aid
Soc; Trustee Community Chest
(Mem. Budget Com.) ; Mem. Bd. of T.;
C. of C.
♦Moses, Robert, New York City. Park
Commissioner, N. Y. C; Pres. L. I.
St. Park Commn.
Moss, Frank H., Philadelphia, Pa.
Movius, Hallam L., F. A. S. L. A.,
Millis & Boston, Mass. Landscape
Architect. Pres. Boston Soc. of Land-
scape Archts.; Mem. Mass. Billbd.
Law Defense Com.
fMuDGE, E. W., Pittsburgh, Pa. Manu-
facturer. Pres. Edmund W. Mudge &
Co. V.-Chmn. City Plan Commn.;
Mem. Bd. of Dirs., Allegheny Gen.
Hosp.; Assoc. Charities & Children's
Serv. Bur.; Citizens' Com. on City
Plan.
9 Mulryan, James, San Mateo, Cal. Sec.
City Planning Commn.
Mulvihill, Francis J., Harrisburg &
Germantown, Pa. Consultant on
planning, zoning, parks, recreation,
housing, land economy, public works,
municipal engineering, local govern-
ment affairs. Planner, City of Pitts-
burgh & Asst. Chief Engr., Pittsburgh
Dept. of City Planning 1927; past
Chief, Div. of City Planning & Mun.
Engring., Bur. of Mun. Affairs, Pa.
Dept. of Internal Affairs. Lecturer,
author, editor; Mem. various orgs,
on local government.
♦Murphy, James Cornelius, F. A. I. A.,
Louisville, Ky. Architect. Chmn.
City Planning & Zoning Commn.
Murphy, John Frederic, Santa Bar-
bara, Cal. Architect. Mem. City
Planning Commn.
♦Murray, A. J., Kansas City, Kans.
MussER, Mrs. Charles S., Lansdowne,
Pa. Chmn. Co. Feds. & Extension,
St. Fed. of Pa. Women; V.-Chmn.
Rural Cooperation & Fed. Extension,
Gen. Fed. Women's Clubs; Conservn.
Chmn. Delaware Co.; Mem. Tri-St.
Reg. Planning Fed.; New Century
Club; Philomusian Club; Art Alliance,
Phila.; various garden clubs & musical
orgs.
Nagel, Charles, St. Louis, Mo. Law-
yer. Mem. Jefferson Nat. Expansion
Memor. Assn.
fNAST, CoND]6, New York City. PubHsher.
Pres. Cond6 Nast Press. Mem. Citi-
zens' Union; Assn. for Rd. Betterment.
9 Nelson, Herbert U., Chicago, 111.
Trade Association Executive. Sec-
Mgr. Nat. Assn. of R. E. Bds.; Mem.
Exec. Com. Am. Trade Assn. Execs.
♦Nelson, Murry, Chicago, 111. Attorney.
Nelson, Seymour G., Glenview, 111.
Landscape Gardener. Mem. Chicago
Art Inst.; Am. Park Soc.
♦Ness, Mrs. Henry, Ames, la. Instruc-
tor, Applied Art, la. St. Coll. Chmn.
Div. of Art, Gen. Fed. of Women's
Clubs; Dir. Home Econs. Radio Pro-
grams, la. St. Coll.; Adviser, Art
Dept., la. Fed. of Women's Clubs;
Supt. la. Art Salon, la. St. Fair.
Neville, Mrs. Arthur Courtenay,
Green Bay, Wis. Chmn. Com. for
Protection of Roadside Beauty, Wis.
Fed. of Women's Clubs; City Beautiful
Dept., Woman's Club.
♦Newcomer, E. W., Toledo, O.
♦Newell, J. P., Portland, Ore. Engineer.
Consultant City Planning Commn.
Chmn. local Fed. City Com., A. C. A.;
Mem. City Club.
WHO'S WHO IN CIVIC ACHIEVEMENT 249
fNEWHALL, Mrs. Thomas, Ithan, Pa.
Hon. Pres. Garden Club Fed. of Pa.;
Chmn. Grounds Com., Strawberry
Mansion; Dir. Com. of 1926, Phila.
Landmark Preservn. Soc; V.-Chmn.
Garden Com., Powel House Restora-
tion; Women's Bd., Bryn Mawr Hosp.;
Mem. Exec. Council, Pa. Hort. Soc;
Finance Com., "Wayne Neighborhood
League; Emerg. Aid of Pa.; Garden
Club of Phila. ; Colonial Dames of Am. ;
Policy Com. Garden Club of Am.; past
Dir. Sch. of Hort. for Women, Ambler.
Nichols, Acosta, New York City.
*NicHOLS, Elmer E., Berkeley, Cal.
tl§NiCHOL8, J. C, Kansas City, Mo.
Realtor. Mem. St. Planning Bd.; Nat.
Cap. Park & Planning Commn.; Chmn.
William Rockhill Nelson Gallery of
Art; Atkins Mus. Fine Arts; V.P.
Kansas City Art Inst.; Missouri River
Navigation Assn.; 1st V.P. & Chmn.
local Fed. City Com., A. C. A. As
President of Country Club District
developed 4,000 acres in highly
restricted residential subdivisions,
with architectural & landscape control.
♦Nicholson, George L., Washington,
D. C.
Nicholson, William Ramsey, Jr.,
Philadelphia, Pa. Merchant. Dir.
Boys' Clubs of Am.; Sec. (Organizer,
1921) Phila. Law Enforcement League;
Germantown Boys' Club; Mem. Pa.
St. Fish & Game Prot. Assn.; C. of C.
♦Nitze, Mrs. William A., Chicago, III.
♦NoERENBERG, C. E., Los Augcles, Cal.
Architect, Engineer. Mem. Bd. of
Bldg. & Safety Commrs.; past Mem.
City Planning Commn.; Mem. (past
Pres.) City Planning Assn.
NoKES, Tom, Johnstown, Pa. Dir.
Advertising Club; V.P. (Chmn. Camp-
ing Com.) Boy Scouts; Dir. Rotary
Club ; past Sec. Amateur Recr. Commn. ;
Mem. C. of C; Y. M. C. A.; Greater
Pa. Council (Chmn. Functional Com.
on Publ. Information).
f JNoLEN, John, F. A. S. L. A., Cambridge,
Mass. Local & Regional Planner.
Landscape Architect. Pres. Internat.
Fed. of Housing & Town Planning;
Fed. Socs. on Planning & Parks; past
Pres. (Mem. Bd. of Dirs.) Nat. Conf.
on City Planning; past Pres. (Mem.
Bd. of Govs.) Am. City Planning Inst.;
V.P. Nat. Publ. Housing Conf.; Sp.
Consultant, Div. of Subsistence Home-
steads, U. S. Dept. of Interior; Mem.
Bd. of Dirs., Planning Fdn. of Am.;
Adv. Housing Com., Emerg. Fleet
Corp. & Chief Bur. of Housing & Town
Planning, Army Ednl. Commn. (World
War); A. S. C. E.; Am. Inst, of Cons.
Engrs.; Am. Fed. of Arts. Received
award from Oberlaender Trust for pro-
motion of closer relation in field of city
planning between Germany & United
States (1931).
§NoRRi8, George W., Philadelphia, Pa.
Lawyer, Banker. Gov., Fed. Res.
Bank; Pres. Criminal Justice Assn.;
Trustee Welfare Fed.; Mem. Am.
Acad. Polit. & Social Sci.; Am. Econ.
League; Am. Fdn.
NoRRis, Lester James, St. Charles, 111.
Publisher. Pres. Fox Valley Fed.;
Founder Mem. Chicago World's Fair
Centennial Celebration; Mem. C. of C.
(past Pres.); 111. St. Planning Commn.;
Reg. Planning Assn., Chicago, 111.
NoYES, Bertha, Washington, D. C.
NoYES, Frank B., Washington, D. C.
PubUcist. Pres. Assoc. Press & Evening
Star Newspaper Co.; Mem. Bd. of T.;
Mid-City Citizens' Assn.
NoYES, Mrs. Frank B., Washington,
D. C. Mem. Garden Club of Am.
(past Chmn. Com. of the Nat. Capital).
Rendered distinguished service in
development of park system of Wash-
ington, D. C; in the promotion of
garden planting; & in roadside improve-
ment.
§NoYES, Theodore W., Washington,
D. C. Journalist. Editor Evening Star
since 1908; past Pres. Evening Star
Newspaper Co.; Bd. of T.; Pres. Bd. of
Trustees, Publ. Libr.; Geo. Washington
U.; Assn. of Oldest Inhabitants; Mem.
C. of C; Columbia Hist. Soc; West
End Citizens' Assn.; Nat. Press Club;
City Club; Cosmos Club; Soc. of D. C.
Natives. Secured establishment of
Publ. Libr. Advocate of 50-50 system
for financing D. of C; Codification of
D. C. Laws & National Representation
of Citizens of the District.
*Oatman, Homer C, San Diego, Cal.
Oberholtzer, Ernest C, Minneapolis,
Minn. Pres. Quetico-Superior Council.
*0'Brien, Arthur, Washington, D. C.
Lawyer. Dir. Nat. Met. Bank; Chil-
dren's Hosp.; Mem. Am. Bar Assn.
§Ochs, Adolph S., New York City.
Newspaper Publisher. Publisher &
controlling owner New York Times;
Chattanooga Times. Dir. Exec. Com.,
Assoc. Press. Originator & Supporter
Lookout Mtn. & Chattanooga Park;
Supporter Saratoga Battlefield; Mem.
N. Y. & Chattanooga C. of C; Am.
Philos. Soc, & numerous others.
Ochs, Milton B., Chattanooga, Tenn.
Newspaper Publisher. V.P. (& Chmn.
Exec. Com.) Chattanooga Lookout
Mtn. Park.
§Odum, Howard W., Chapel Hill, N. C.
College Professor. Kenan Prof, of
Sociology; Dir. Southern Reg. Study;
Inst, for Res. in Social Sci., U. of N. C.
Editor Social Forces. Gen. Editor
Henry Holt Am. Social Sci. Series,
U. of N. C; Social Study Series. Pres.
Am. Sociol. Soc; Mem. President's
Res. Com. on Social Trends.
§Ogilby, C. F. R., Washington, D. C.
Attorney at Law. Dir. Nat. Met.
Bank; Mem. Am. Bar Assn.; D. C. Bar
Assn.; Bd. of T.; Soc. Sons of the
Revolution; C. of C.
Oglebay, Crispin, Cleveland, O. Hon.
Trustee, Oglebay Inst.
O'Grady, John, Ph.D., Washington,
D. C. Professor Catholic University.
250
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Chmn. Com. on Housing, Am. Assn. of
Social Workers; Mem. Am. Econ.
Assn.; Am. Assn. for Labor Legisl.;
Am. Sociol. Soc; Social Security; Com.
on Federal Action, Am. Assn. of Social
Workers; Wash. C. of C; Bd. of T.
tOHAGE, Justus, St. Paul, Minn. Physi-
cian, Surgeon. Commr. of Health,
1899-1907. Donor of Harriett Island
for park & recreational purposes.
O'Haba, Edward H., Syracuse, N. Y.
Publisher & Managing Dir. Syracuse
Herald. Past Pres. Mun. Serv. Bd.;
Trustee St. Coll. of Forestry; Mem.
Nat. Deeper Waterways Bd.; C. of C.
Oke, Mrs. Elinor R., Washington, D. C.
Exec. Sec. Women's City Club.
tt§0LM8TED, Frederick Law, Brookline,
Mass. Landscape Architect. Mem.
Park Commn., 1901, which prepared
plans in extension & elaboration of
L'Enfant Plan, including parks &
public buildings, D. C; past Mem. Nat.
Commn. of Fine Arts, 1910-18 & Nat.
Cap. Park & Planning Commn.; past
Chmn. BrookUne (Mass.) Planning
Bd.; Exec. Com., Nat. Conf. on City
Planning; Bd. Govs. & past Pres.,
A. S. L. A.; during World War Mem.
Emerg. Constrn. Com., War Indus-
tries Bd.; Dir.-in-Charge Town Plan-
ning Div., U. S. Housing Corp.; Mem.
Adv. Com. on City Planning &
Zoning, U. S. Dept. Commerce; Bd.,
Prof. Advisers on City Planning for
Reg. Plan of N. Y. & Environs; Dir.
Survey of Cal. St. Parks, to determine
desirable lands for ultimate compre-
hensive St. Park system; Mem. Mass.
Civic League; Am. Fed. Arts; Am. Soc.
Mun. Impr.; Nat. Mun. League; Nat.
Housing Assn. ; Nat. Conf. on Street &
Highway Safety; Am. Forestry Assn.;
Mass. Forestry Assn.; Nat. Conf. on
St. Parks. Responsible for city & park
plans for numerous cities.
Olmsted, George W., Ludlow, Pa.
Manufacturer. Mem. Ludlow Com-
munity Assn.; Pa. Parks Assn.
fOLMSTED, Mrs. John C, Brookline,
Mass.
O'Neil, Grover, Oyster Bay, L. I., N. Y.
Investment Banker. Dir. Reg. Plan
Assn., Inc.; Trustee Village of Oyster
Bay Cove; Chmn. (temp.) Nassau Co.
Planning Fed.; Planning Commn.,
Oyster Bay C. of C; past Chmn.
Zoning Commn., Town of Oyster Bay.
Oppenheimer, William H., St. Paul,
Minn. Lawyer. Past Pres. Rotary
Club; past V.P. Assn. of Commerce in
charge of Civic Affairs; Mem. Exec.
Com. (past Chmn.), United Impr.
Council; New City Hall & Court House
Bldg. Commn.; New Auditorium Bldg.
Commn.; past Mem. Charter Commn.
of St. Paul. Received Cosmopolitan
Club Medal for Civic Service to City
of St. Paul, 1930.
90rton, Lawrence M., New York City.
Sec. Reg. Plan Assn., Inc.
*Orum, W. J., Montgomery, Ala.
OsBORN, William Church, New York
City. Lawyer.
Oseroff, Abraham, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Dir. Fed. of Jewish Philanthropies;
Jewish Family Welfare Soc; Bur. of
Jewish Children; Bur. for Preventive
& Corrective Work; V.P. Montefiore
Hosp.; (& an organizer) Housing Assn.;
Mem. Finance Com., Fed. of Social
Agencies; Council Assoc. Charities;
Civic Club; Endorsement Com., Wel-
fare Fd.; Bd. Mental Health Clinic;
Com. on Sci. & Tech., Hebrew U.,
Palestine; Com. on Study of Social
Needs of Hill Dist. Author of numer-
ous papers on community advance.
Osgood, Mrs. Charles G., Princeton,
N.J.
*Owen, Claude W., Washington, D. C.
Lawyer. Pres. Bd. of T.; Mem. Com.
of 100 on Fed. City.
Owen, Mrs. Ruth Bryan, Copenhagen,
Denmark. U. S. Minister to Denmark.
Past Member of Congress. Mem. Nat.
Council of Women; League of Am.
Pen Women; Bus. & Professl. Women's
Club; D. A. R.; Women's Overseas
League; Nat. Council for Child Wel-
fare.
fPABST, GusTAVE, Milwaukee, Wis.
Pack, Arthur N., Princeton, N. J. Pres.
Am. Nature Assn., publishing Nature
Magazine & Roadside Bulletin; Chas.
Lathrop Pack Forestry Fdn.; Assoc.
Editor, Nature Magazine; Sec. Am.
Tree Assn.; Dir. Nat. Roadside Council;
Chmn. N. J. Com. for Protection of
Roadside Beauty; Mem. Am. Forestry
Assn.; Canadian Forestry Assn.
Padelford, Mrs. Chester O., Glen
Ridge, N. J. Old Age Relief Investiga-
tor, Essex Co., N. J. Chmn. Civic
Dept., N. J. St. Fed. of Women's
Clubs; Legislative Rep., N. J. Com.
for the Protection of Roadside Beauty;
Mem. N. J. Land-Use Conf.; Com. on
Flood-Control & Mosquito Extermina-
tion,
*Padelford, F. M., Seattle, Wash. Uni-
versity Professor, Author. Prof, of
Engl., U. of Wash.; Trustee St.
Nicholas Sch., Seattle; Lakeside Sch.,
Seattle; Art Mus.; Mem. C. of C.
*Page, William Tyler, Washington,
D. C.
Paige, J. M., Pomona, Cal. Sec. St.
C. of C. (Mem. Planning Com.).
Commr., (past Chmn.) Co. of Los
Angeles Reg. Planning Commn.; Mem.
(past Pres.) Los Angeles Co. City
Planners Assn.; Mem. Community
Welfare Council; St. Planners Assn.;
Adv. Com., Fed. Garden Clubs of Cal.;
Bd. of Mgrs., Pomona City Garden
Club; City Planning Commn.
§Palmer, Theodore S., Washington,
D. C. Naturalist. Past Biologist,
U. S. Biological Survey. Mem. Com.
of 100 on J'ed. City (Chmn. sub-
Com. on Street Trees & Parking);
Mem. numerous scientific, conserva-
WHO'S WHO IN CIVIC ACHIEVEMENT 251
tion, & ornithological organizations.
Contributor to ornithological journals.
§Pari8h, Mr. and Mrs. Henry, New
York City.
*Parkbr, Mrs. F. W., Santa Fe, N. M.
fPARKER, Mrs. Gordon, Colorado
Springs, Colo.
Parker, Robert Chapin, Westfield,
Mass. Justice, Dist. Court of Western
Hampden. Past Chmn. Planning
Commn.; Mem. Mass. Forestry Assn.;
Y. M. C. A.
Parker, William Stanley, Boston,
Mass. Architect. V.-Chmn. Boston
City Planning Bd.; past Pres. Bldg.
Congress; past Mem. A. I. A.
Parrish, M. L., Philadelphia, Pa. Mem.
City Parks Assn.; Reg. Planning Assn.
Pattangall, Mrs. Gertrude Manning
(Mrs. William R.), Augusta, Me.
1st V.P. West Side Welfare Assn.; Dir.
St. Publicity Bur.; Chmn. Kennebec
Co. Roadside Beautification Com.;
Com. on Billbd, Restriction, St, Fed.
Garden Clubs; Mem. Exec. Bd.,
Augusta Chapt., A. R. C; Com. on
Billbd. Restriction, St. Fed. of Wo-
men's Clubs; Legisl. Com., Current
Events Club; Roadside Com., Kenne-
bec Valley Garden Club.
Paul, Florence A., York Village,
Me. V.P. York Co. Impr. Assn.; Dir.
Me. Publicity Bur., Portland, Me.;
Chmn. Com. on Billbd. Restriction,
Women's League of York, Me.; Road-
side Beautification Com. of two clubs
in Me. belonging to Garden Club of
Am.; Me. St. Com. on Roadside
Beautification; Women's Com. co-
operating with N. E. Council; Mem.
Com. on Roadside Beautification, Fed.
Garden Clubs of Me.; Conservn. Com.,
Piscataqua Garden Club of York; Old
York Hist. & Impr. Soc.
fPAUL, J. Rodman, Philadelphia, Pa.
Lawyer. Dir. Pa. Forestry Assn.;
V.P. Fairmount Park Art Assn.; Mem.,
founder & past Pres. City Parks Assn.;
Mem. Friends of the Wissahickon
Assn.; Playgrounds Assn. of Phila.
9Paull, Mrs. A. S., WheeHng, W. Va.
Sec. Oglebay Inst.
9 Payne, Evelynn, Denver, Colo. Sec.
Planning Commn.
JPayne, John Barton, Chicago, 111., &
Washington, D. C. Lawyer. Chmn.
A. R. C; Gen. Counsel Shipping Bd.,
1917-18; U. S. R. R. Admn., 1917-19;
Chmn. U. S. Shipping Bd., 1919-20;
Sec. of Interior (Dir. emeritus of Rail-
roads), 1920-21; past Pres. Bd. South
Park Commrs., Chicago; Chicago Law
Inst.; past Chmn. Nat. Conf. on St.
Parks; V.P. A. C. A.; Mem. Am., 111.,
& Chicago Bar Assns.
♦Payson, George, Chicago, 111. Lawyer.
Mem. Art Inst.; Field Mus. of Nat.
Hist.
t§PEABODY, George Foster, New York
City. Retd. Banker. Trustee Am.
Church Inst, for Negroes, Hampton
Normal & Agrl. Inst. ; Penn Normal &
Indust. Schl; Colorado Coll., Colorado
Springs, Colo.; Skidmore Coll.; Lake
Placid Ednl. Fdn.; Mem. Nat. Inst.
Arts & Scis.; Olympic Winter Games
Commn., Lake Placid, N. Y.
Peale, Elizabeth H., Lock Haven, Pa.
Pres. Civic Club.
Peale, Rembrandt, New York City.
Coal Operator. Pres. Peale, Peacock
& Kerr. Mem. Nat. Civic Fed.
Pearse, Langdon, Winnetka, HI. San.
Engr., San. Dist., Chicago, since 1909.
Mem. A. S. C. E.; Western Soc. of
Engrs.; Am. Publ. Health Assn.; Inst,
of Mun. & Co. Engrs.; Inst, of C. E.;
City Club of Chicago.
Pearson, John, Concord, N. H. Mem.
N. H. St. Planning Bd.
§Pea8lee, Horace W., Washington, D. C.
Architect. Park Consultant. Asst. to
Dir. of Housing, PWA; Chmn. A. I. A.
Com. on Nat. Cap.; Com. on Archi-
tecture, Washington Com. of 100;
V.-Chmn. A. I. A. Com. on City &
Reg. Planning; Organized Archts. Adv.
Council, Washington, D. C, Bicentenn.
Conf. on Nat. Cap.; 2d V.P. A. I. A.
Pedrick, William J., New York City.
Pres. & Gen. Mgr. Fifth Ave. Assn.;
Hon. Pres. Madison Ave. Assn.; Dir.
First Ave. Assn.; Mem. Exec. Com.,
Save N. Y. Com.; Exec. Com., Com.
of 20 on Street & Outdoor Cleanliness;
Exec. Com., Unempl. Relief Com.;
Zoning Com. of N. Y. C; Mayor's
Com. on Sites for Airports in N. Y. C;
Mayor's Com. on Taxation.
Peeples, Mrs. Euzabeth K., Wash-
ington, D. C. Dir. Community Center,
D. of C.
9Peet, Fred N., Chicago, 111. Dir, &
Sec. Izaak Walton League of Am.
Mem. Rotary Club; C. of C.
fPENNOYER, N. A., Kenosha, Wis. Phy-
sician. Founder & head Pennoyer
Sanitarium.
Pepler, George L., F. S. I., P. P. T. P. I.,
London, Eng. Hon. Mem. Inst. M. &
Cy. E., F. R. San. Inst., London, Eng.;
Mem. Council of Garden Cities & Town
Planning Assn.; Exec. Com., Internat.
Fed. Housing & Town Planning;
Council for Preservn. of Rural Eng.;
Council Nat. Playing Fields Assn.
§Perkin8, Dwight H., F. a. I. A., Evans-
ton, 111. Architect. Hon. Pres. Reg.
Planning Assn.; Mem. Chicago Chapt.,
A. I. A.
Perkins, Ellen G., Athens, Pa.
Perkins, H. O., Storrs, Conn.
Perry, William G,, Boston, Mass.
Architect.
*PetEr, C. Robert, Louisville, Ky.
♦Peter, Walter G., Washington, D. C.
Architect. Mem. A. I. A.; Soc. of the
Cincinnati.
Peterson, Elmer T., Des Moines, la.
Editor Better Homes & Gardens. Mem.
Des Moines City Plan Commn.
Peterson, Frederick, New York City.
Physician.
fPETERSON, William A., Chicago, 111.
Retd. Nurseryman. Mem. Plan
Commn.
252
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Pettibone, W. B., Hannibal, Mo.
*Pew, John B., Kansas City, Mo. Law-
yer. Past City Counselor. Formerly
employed by city to annotate new
Charter & revise Ordinance Law; now
specializing in zoning cases.
fPFAFF, William, New Orleans, La.
Printer. Dir. (past Pres.) New Orleans
Assn. of Commerce; Chmn. St. Bd. of
Charities & Corrections; Pres. Motor
League of La.; past Dir. U. S. C. of C.
♦Philip, John W., Dallas, Tex. Chmn.
local Fed. City Com., A. C. A.
Philipp, Richard, Milwaukee, Wis.
Architect.
Phillips, Duncan, Washington, D. C.
Founder & Dir. Phillips Memor.
Gallery.
Phillips, Mrs. Howard C, Winnetka,
111. 111. St. Chmn., Conservn. & Road-
side Com., Garden Club of Am.
Phillips, Mrs. Robert B., Paducah, Ky.
Mem. Garden Club of Am.
IPhillips, T. Glenn, F. A. S. L. A.,
Detroit, Mich. Landscape Architect.
City Planner. Pres. Ohio-Mich. Chapt.,
A. S. L. A.; Chmn. local Fed. City
Com., A. C. A.; Mem. Nat. Conf. on
City Planning; Am. Inst. City Planning;
A. S. L. A.; Mich. Housing Assn. Con-
sultant to many towjis & colleges
in Michigan.
Phillips, William L., Lake Wales, Fla.
fPniPPS, Lawrence C, Denver, Colo.
Past U. S. Senator. Past V.P. &
Treas. Carnegie Steel Co. Founded
Agnes Memor. Sanatorium for treat-
ment of tuberculosis.
PicKMAN, Dudley L., Boston, Mass.
♦Pierce, Mrs. Walter M., La Grande,
Ore.
Pike, Ch.^rles B., Chicago, 111.
PiNCHOT, GiFFORD, Milford & Harrisburg,
Pa. Governor of Pa. Past Forester &
Chief, U. S. Forest Serv.; past Commr.
of Forestry of Pa. ; past Prof. Forestry
Yale U.; F. A. A. A. S.; past Pres. Nat.
Conservn. Assn.; Mem. Soc. Am. For-
esters; Am. Forestry Assn.; Royal
Engl. Arboricult. Soc; Am. Mus. Nat.
Hist.; Washington Acad. Sci.; Am.
Acad. Polit. & Social Sci.
♦Plachek, James W., Berkeley, Cal.
Architect. Chmn. St. Archts. Commn.
(apptd. by Gov.).
fPLANKiNTON, WiLLiAM WooDS, Mil-
waukee, Wis.
§Plum, William R., Washington, D. C.
Landscape Architect. Plant & Tree
Expert. Mem. Com. of 100 on Fed.
City (Subcom. Street Trees & Parking) ;
past Mem. 111. Mun. League.
§PoLK, Frank L., New York City. Law-
yer. Corporation Counsel. Trustee
Publ. Libr.; Mus. of Art; Cathedral of
St. John the Divine; past Pres. Civ.
Serv. Commn.; former Counselor U. S.
State Dept.; former Under-Sec. of
State; V.P. Nat. Mun. League; Dir.
Park Assn.; Reg. Plan Assn., Inc.;
Mem. N. Y. C. Bar Assn.; County
Lawyers Assn.
Polk, William T., Warrenton, N. C.
Lawyer. Mem. N. C. Social Serv. Conf.
Pollard, W. L., Los Angeles, Cal.
Attorney. Dir.-at-Large Cal. R. E.
Assn.; Chmn. St. City Planning Com.;
Sp. Zoning Com., C. of C; All Parties
Reapportionment Com. of Cal.; Pres.
Rainbow Park Impr. Assn.; Mem. Am.
Acad. PoHt. & Social Sci.; City Plan-
ning Assn.; Assn. of City Planners,
L. A. Co.; Aril., Cal., & L. A. Bar
Assns.; Boulder Dam Conservn. Com.
of Cal. Editor issue of: "The Annals
of the American Academy of Political
& Social Science" on Zoning (May,
1931).
♦Pollock, Adelaide, Seattle, Wash.
♦Pomeroy, Hugh R., Palo Alto, Cal.
Pres. & Organizer Assn. of City Plan-
ners, L. A. Co.; City Planning Assn.;
Exec. Sec. Citizens Com. on Parks,
Playgrounds, & Beaches, L. A. Co.;
Pres. Hollydale C. of C; Dir. Cal.
Conf. on City Planning; Mem. (past
Pres.) City Club; First Pres. City &
Reg. Planning Section, League of Cal.
Municipalities; Mem. {& Organizer)
City & Co. Engrs. Assn.; C. of C;
Southgate C. of C; Southgate City
Planning Commn. Participated in
Met. Park Program for L. A. Co., in
Cal. St. Park Program, developed Reg.
Highway & Civic Center Plan for city
& county.
Pond, Bremer W., Cambridge, Mass.
Sec. Am. Soc. of Landscape Archts.
t§PoND, Irving K., Arch. D., F. A. I. A..
Chicago, III. Architect. Founder &
Hon. Mem. Archtl. Sketch Club; Hon.
Mem. San Francisco, Los Angeles, &
South Bend Archtl. Clubs & Archts.
Club of Chicago; Inst, of German
Archts.; Cor. Mem. Centr. Soc. of
Austrian Archts.; Hon. Cor. Mem.
R. I. B. A. (England); Mem. (past
Pres.) A. I. A.; Nat. Inst. Arts &
Letters; Soc. Midland Authors; Chi-
cago Literary Club; Cliff Dwellers;
University Club.
Pontefract, Mrs. Elizabeth W. (Mrs.
James G.), Shields, Pa. Mem. Civic
Club of Allegheny Co. ; Garden Club of
Allegheny Co.; Am. Forestry Assn.
Poole, Mrs. Grace Morrison, Brock-
ton, Mass. Lecturer. Pres. Gen. Fed.
Women's Clubs (Chmn. Com. for Pro-
tection of Roadside Beauty); Hon.
V.P., Am. Pure Food League; Mem.
Consumers' Adv. Bd., NRA; Nat. Inst,
of Social Scis.
Poole, John, Washington, D. C. Public
Consultant. V.P. Fed. Am. Co.; Treas.
Y. M. C. A.; D. of C. Memor. Commn.;
D. of C. Bicentenn. Commn.; past
Treas. Roosevelt Memor. Assn.; past
Pres. Community Chest; Mem. Bd. of
T. ; C. of C, & many others.
Pope, Gustavus D., Detroit, Mich.
Manufacturing Chemist.
§PoRTER, Evangeline, San Jose, Cal.
Life Mem. "Save-the-Redwoods"
League; Mem. Sempervirens Club of
Cal. ; Outdoor Art League.
WHO'S WHO IN CIVIC ACHIEVEMENT 253
♦Porter, F. F., Oakland, Cal,
*PoRTER, Frederic H., Cheyenne. Wyo.
Architect. Consultant, St. Bd. of
Charities & Reform for Institl. Land-
scaping under CWA & CCC; Sub-
committeeman for Wyo., U. S. Treas.
Dept. Publ. Works of Art Project;
Mem. for Wyo., Nat. City Planning
Com., A. I. A,
Post, George B., New York City.
Architect.
fPowERS, Thomas H., Colorado Springs,
Colo.
Pratt, Frederick B., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Pres. & Trustee, Pratt Institute.
fPRATT, George D., New York City.
Pres. Am. Forestry Assn.; V.P. Am.
Fed. Arts; Art Commn., N. Y. C;
Treas. Am. Assn. Mus.; Met. Mus. of
Art; Trustee Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.;
Mem. Nat. Conf. on St. Parks.
§Pratt, Mrs. John T.. New York City.
Mem. Nat. Repub. Com.
Prentice, Mrs. William K., Princeton,
N. J. Mem. Billbd. Com., Garden
Club of Am.; Adv. Council, N. Y. Bot.
Gardens; past Chmn. Conservn. Com.,
Princeton Garden Club.
fPRESCOTT, Mary R., Saranac Lake, N. Y.
Price, Fred Somers, Wilmington, Del.
Mem. C. of C. Participated in move-
ments for city planning of Wilmington
& the Metropolitan District.
fPRicKETT, W. S., Sidnaw, Mich.
Prince, Mrs. Benjamin, New York City.
Proskauer, Mrs. Joseph M., New York
City.
Prosser, Mrs. William A., Tiverton,
R. I.
Pruyn, Mrs. Robert C, Albany, N. Y.
J§PuRDY, Lawson, New York City. Law-
yer. Pres. Tax Reform Assn.; Planning
Fdn. of Am.; V.P. City Club; past
Pres. Nat. Conf. on City Planning;
Nat. Mun. League; Treas. Russell Sage
Fdn.; past V.-Chmn. Commn. on Bldg.
Heights & Restrictions; Commn. that
secured passage of Zoning Ordinance
for N. Y. C; Mem. Exec. Com., Nat.
Mun. League; Com. on Reg. Plan of
N. Y. & Its Environs; Bd. Reg. Plan
Assn.; past Mem., Commn. to Examine
& Revise Tenement House Law.
♦Pyle, Clarence T., Wilmington, Del.
QuiER, Mrs. Edwin A., Reading, Pa.
♦Radcliffe, William L., Washington,
D. C. Pres. Radchffe Chautauqua
System; Mem. Bd. of T.; Internat.
Lyceum & Chautauqua Assn.; U. S.
C. of C.
Rafferty, Mrs. D. G., Pass Christian,
Miss. Mem. (past Pres.) Garden Club
ot Miss.
♦Ramsay, Erskine, Birmingham, Ala.
Pres. Bd. of Edn.; Dir. C. of C; Chil-
dren's Hosp.; A. R. C; Community
Chest.
Ramsperger, H. G., Leonia, N. J.
fRANDOLPH, Anna, Philadelphia, Pa.
Life Mem. City Parks Assn.; Fair-
mount Park Art Assn.; & mem. of
numerous civic organizations in Phila-
delphia.
§Ratcliff, W. H., Jr., Berkeley, Cal.
Architect. Past City Archt.; Mem.
Bd. of Dirs., A. R. C; Bd. of Dirs.,
Y. M. C. A.; A. I. A.; past Mem.
Planning Commn.
t§REA, Mrs. Henry, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Chmn. Bd., OUver Iron & Steel Co.
Mem. Pittsburgh Civic Club; Town
Planning Commn., Palm Beach; Centr.
Com., A. R. C.
♦Reade, J. M., F. a. a. a. S., Athens, Ga.
Professor of Botany, U. of Ga. Dir.
Biol. Labs. Mech. Soc; Ecol. Soc. of
Am.; Ga. Acad. Sci.; Chmn. local Fed.
City Com., A. C. A.
♦Reed, Mrs. Howard S., Phoenix, Ariz.
Pres. Phoenix Garden Club; V.P. Nat.
Flower & Fruit Guild of Am.
Rees, J. Arlington, Kingston, Pa.
Regan, Mrs. John W., Providence, R. I.
Mem. Civic Impr. & Park Assn.
Reinecke, E. W., Southern Pines, N. C.
Chmn. Emerg. Relief; Supervisor,
CWA construction.
§Remon, John A., Washington, D. C.
Trustee, Nat. Capital Civic Fd.; Mem.
U. S. C. of C; Washington C. of C;
Bd. of T. (River & Harbor Imprs.
Com.); Budget Com., Community
Chest; Street, Highway & Transit
Problems, & Industrial Development
& Limitations Subcom., Fed. City Com.
of 100.
Reynolds, George M., Chicago, 111.
Banker. Chmn. Exec. Com., Cont.
111. Bank & Trust Co.; Dir. Fed. Res.
Bank of Chicago; past Pres. Am.
Bankers' Assn.
Rhoades, Mrs. Lyman, New York City.
Mem. Garden Club of Am.
Richardson, Mrs. Anna Steese, New
York City. Writer.
♦Richardson, Hugh, Atlanta, Ga. Cap-
italist. Past Trustee Princeton U.;
Mem. Bd. of Dirs., Oglethorpe U.
9 Richardson, Mrs. James A., Philadel-
phia, Pa. Cor. Sec. Civic Club of Phila.
♦Richardson, Leon J., Berkeley, Cal.
Dir. Extension Div., U. of Cal.; Sec.
The Berkeley Club.
Ridge, Mrs. Frank I., Kansas City, Mo.
9R1DSDALE, Percival S., Washington,
D. C. Editor. Dir. & Treas.-Sec. Am.
Nature Assn.; Dir. & Treas. Am. Tree
Assn. Mng. Ed. The Nature Magazine.
Riis, Paul B., Rockford, 111.
RiKE, Frederick H., Dayton, O. Mer-
chant. Dir. Community Chest; Pres.
Assn. for Dayton; past Pres. "Greater
Dayton" Assn. (C. of C). Mem.
Charter Commn.
Ringgold, Mrs. Rowland C, Shep-
herdstown, W. Va. Dir. for W. Va.,
Nat. Cap. Div., Woman's Nat. Farm
& Garden Assn.
♦Roach, Charles L., Los Angeles, Cal.
Roberts, Coleman W., Charlotte,
N. C. Pres. Carolina Motor Club.
Roberts, Mrs. Thurston, Jacksonville,
Fla. Mem. (past V.P.) Fla. Fed. of
Garden Clubs.
254
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
9 Robertson, Anne M., New Orleans, La.
Sec. City Planning & Zoning Commn.
♦Robertson, Harrison, Louisville, Ky.
Journalist. Editor-in-Chief Courier-
Journal. Mem. local Fed. City Com.,
A. C. A.
9 Robinson, David L., Jr., Dallas, Tex.
Engr.-Dir. City Plan Commn.
§RoBiN80N, Mrs. Theodore Douglas,
New York City & "Washington, D. C.
tRoBiNSON, W, H., Pittsburgh, Pa. V.P.
H. J. Heinz Co.
Rockefeller, John D., Jr., New York
City. Chmn. Bd., Rockefeller Fdn.
Rockefeller, Mrs. John D., Jr., New
York City. Chmn. Com. on Housing,
Y. W. C. A. during War; Mem. Nat.
Bd., Y. W. C. A.; Chmn. Dodge Hotel
Com.; Trustee & Treas., Mus. of Mod.
Art; Trustee Internat. House; Mem.
Women's City Club of N. Y. Initiated
Wayside Refreshment Stand Competi-
tions conducted through Art Center of
N. Y. & A. C. A.
RocKNEY, Mrs. A. E., Portland, Ore.
RocKwoOD, Chelsea J., Minneapolis,
Minn. Lawyer. Pres. Taxpayers Assn.
♦RoGAN, Nat, San Diego, Cal.
fRoGERS, Julia, Baltimore, Md. Sec.
Women's Civic League.
♦Rogers, R. R,, Spokane, Wash.
RoLFE, Mary A., Champaign, 111.
Writer. Mem. 111. Art Exten. Com.
Author "Our National Parks," book
for children & various articles.
♦Rollins, Mr. and Mrs. Harry, Des
Moines, la.
t§RoosEVELT, Mrs. Franklin D., Wash-
ington, D. C.
§Roo8EVELT, Mrs. W. Emlen, New York
City.
9 Root, Irving C, Silver Spring, Md.
City Planner, Md. Nat. Cap. Park &
Planning Commn. Dir. Md. Assn. of
Engrs.; Mem. Am. City Planning Inst.;
Sr. Fellow, Am. Inst, of Park Execs.
RoRTY, Philip A., Goshen, N. Y.
♦Rose, David B. G., Louisville, Ky.
Mem. Louisville Fdn.; Bd. of T.
Rose, G. B., Little Rock, Ark. Lawyer.
Mem. Am. Bar Assn.; Internat. Law
Assn.; Am. Inst, of Law; Commn. on
Uniform St. Laws; Judicature Soc;
past Pres. Ark. & Little Rock Bar
Assn.
Rosenthal, Benjamin J., Chicago, 111.
Merchant. Mem. City Club; Legisl.
Voters League; Civic Fed.; Safety
Commn.; Mun. Voters; Benjamin J.
Rosenthal Charities, Inc.; past Mem.
Bd. of Edn.
Ross, Frederick R., Denver, Colo.
Realtor. Mem. Denver Planning
Commn.; past Dir. C. of C; Art Mus.
Ross, Helen, Kingston, Pa.
9 Ross, Mrs. Hugh, Absecon, N. J. Civic
Pride Chmn.; Woman's City Club.
tRoss, Mary L., Kingston, Pa.
Ross, Mrs. W. C, Knoxville, Tenn.
♦RossELL, John S., Wilmington, Del.
Banker. Mem. Nat. Civic Fed.; At-
lantic Deeper Waterways Assn.; U. S.
C. of C; Wihnington C. of C; Del.
Citizens' Assn.; Wilmington Civic
Assn.; Exec. Bd., Wilmington Council,
Boy Scouts of Am.; Treas. Hist. Soc.
of Del.
§RowELL, Chester H., Berkeley, Cal.
Educator. Pres. Cal. League of Nations
Non-partisan Assn.; past Editor &
Publisher, Fresno Republican; Mem.
faculty U. of Cal.; lecturer on political
science, educational, civic & political
subjects; organizer & past Pres.
Lincoln-Roosevelt Rep. League.
§RowLAND, Mrs. William O., Phila-
delphia, Pa.
♦RuMBOLD, Charlotte, Cleveland, O.
Sec. Com. on City Plan, C. of C; Sec-
Asst. Treas. Cleveland Homes, Inc.;
Chmn. local Fed. City Com., A. C. A.;
Mem. City Plan Commn.
♦Rumsey, Mrs. Charles C, Washington,
D. C. Chmn. Consumers' Adv. Bd.,
N. R. A.
§Rus8ELL, E. J., F. A. I. A., St. Louis,
Mo. Architect. Chmn. City Plan
Commn.; V.-Chmn. St. (Mo.) Plan-
ning Bd. ; Pres. St. Louis Reg. Planning
Assn.; Civic Dev. Dept., U. S. C. of C;
Mem. A. I. A.; Gen. Council on Civic
Needs, St. Louis C. of C.
§Rus8ELL, Herbert L., Detroit, Mich.
Cons. Civil Engr. & City Planner.
Engr. Mem. City Planning Commn.;
Mem. President's Com. on Unempl.;
Civic Com., Rotary Club.
Russell, James S., Milton, Mass.
Farmer. Mem. Planning Bd.
Rust, H. L., Jr., Washington, D. C.
Treas. H. L. Rust Co.
Ryerson, Edward L., Chicago, 111.
Pres. Commercial Club; Mem. Chicago
Plan Commn.; Metrop. Housing
Council.
Ryerson, Joseph T., Chicago, 111.
♦Sadowski, R. J., Detroit, Mich. Phy-
sician.
§St. George, Mr. and Mrs. George,
Tuxedo Park, N. Y.
Saltonstall, Mrs. R. M., Chestnut
Hill, Mass. Mem. Nat. Civic Fed.
(Chestnut Hill Br.); Bd. of Trustees
of Publ. Reservns.
Sanders, Joseph, Washington, D. C.
Mechanical Engineer, Financier. Offi-
cer, Bur. of Health Edn.; Mem. Colum-
bia Hist. Assn.; Forest Hills Citizens'
Assn.; Am. Forestry Assn.; Boy Scouts
of Am.; Nat. Assn. of Audubon Socs.;
Nat. Geog. Soc; Valley Forge Hist.
Soc; Fed. of Citizens' Assns.
Sanger, Mrs. Charles R., Cambridge,
Mass.
♦Sanger, Prentice, New York City.
Architect & Landscape Architect.
Mem. firm Sanger & Tichy.
Saunders, Bertram H., Paterson, N. J.
Industrial Executive. Passaic Co. Dir.
N. J. St. Emerg. Rehef Plan (of N. Y.)
Assn., Inc.; V.P. Reg. Plan Assn., Inc.,
N. Y. C; Mem. Passaic Co. Planning
Assn.
♦Saunders, Charles W., Seattle, Wash.
Architect. Representative State Legis-
WHO*S WHO IN CIVIC ACHIEVEMENT 255
lature (Chmn. Forestry & Logged-off
Lands Com.; Mem. House Com. on
Parks & Playgrounds). Pres. Publ.
Schs. Athletic League; Mem. Adv. Bd.,
St. Soc. for Conservn., Wild Flowers
& Native Trees; C. of C. (Chmn.
Parks Com.).
Saunders, Mrs. H. T., Cincinnati, O.
Mem. "Woman's City Club; League of
Women Voters; United City & Reg.
Planning Com.; Woman's Div., City
Charter Com.; Consumers' League.
♦Sawyer, Ralph E., Des Moines, la.
Sawyer, Robert W., Bend, Ore. News-
paperman. Editor The Bend Bulletin.
Pres. Ore. Reclamation Congress; Dir.
Ore. Hist. Soc; Mem. C. of C. (past
Pres.) ; past Mem. St. Highway Commn.
*Saylor, John C, Wilmington, Del.
*ScARRiTT, W. C, Kansas City, Mo.
ScATTERGOOD, Mrs. Thomas, Philadel-
phia, Pa. Mem. Am. Forestry Assn.;
Audubon Soc; Pocono (Pa.) Lake
Preserve.
*ScHACK, J. H., Seattle, Wash.
ScHAFFER, Otto G., Urbana, 111. Land-
scape Architect. Chief, Dept. of Land-
scape Architecture., U. of 111.
ScHAiN, Josephine, New York City.
ScHARFF, Maurice R., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Consulting Engineer. Dir. Civic Club
of Allegheny Co. ; Sec. & Treas. Greater
Pittsburgh Parks Assn.; Mem. Exec.
Com., Citizens' Com.; Council, Nat.
Civ. Serv. Reform League; City Club
of N. Y.
♦Schilling, Edward A., Detroit, Mich.
Mem. local Chapt., M. S. A.; City
Planning Commn.; Chmn. Com. on
Publ. Bldgs. & Monuments.
Schmeckebier, Laurence Frederick,
Washington, D. C. Economist. Mem.
Inst, of Govt. Res.; Am. Assn. Polit.
Sci. ; Am. Econ. Assn. ; Potomac Appa-
lach. Trail Clubj Appalach. Mtn.
Club; Author "Statistical Work of
National Government," "The District
of Columbia, Its Government &
Administration," & numerous other
works dealing A^dth Government ac-
tivities.
♦Schmidt, Lorentz, Wichita, Kans.
Architect. Mem. C. of C; Rotary
Club; original City Planning Commn.
fScHOELLKOPF, Paul A., Niagara Falls,
N. Y. Pres. Niagara Falls Power Co.
Mem. Niagara Frontier St. Park
Commn.; Niagara Falls City Park Bd.
ScHRADER, Otto U. von, Washington,
D. C.
Scott, Mrs. Arthur Hoyt, Media, Pa.
Sponsor, Arthur H. Scott Fdn. of Hort.,
Swarthmore Coll.
Scully, Arthur M., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Attorney. Dir. Civic Club of Allegheny
Co. ; Allegheny Co. Council Boy Scouts;
V.P. St. Margaret Memor. Hosp.
Sears, Thomas W., Philadelphia, Pa.
Seasongood, Murray, Cincinnati, O.
Lawyer. Past Mayor & Mem. City
Council. Pres. Nat. Mun. League;
past Chmn. City Planning Commn.;
Trustee, Art Mus.; V.P. & Counsel,
Smoke Abatement League; Author,
1933, "Local Government in the United
States — a Challenge and an Oppor-
tunity"; 1934 "Cases on Municipal
Corporations."
Seeler, Mrs. Edgar V., Newtown
Square, Pa.
♦Sefton, J. W., San Diego, Cal. Banker.
Pres. Soc. of Nat. Hist., operating Nat.
Hist. Mus., Balboa Park; Treas. St.-
Co. Park & Beaches Assn.
♦Sessions, C. H., Topeka, Kans. News-
paper Editor. Mng. Editor Capital;
Dir. St. Savs. & Loan Assn.; Chmn.
Citizens' Ednl. Council of Kans. ; Mem.
St. Utilities Commn.
♦Settle, Mrs. Anna Hubbuch, Louis-
ville, Ky. Chmn. Problems of Industry,
Ky. Fed. of Women's Clubs; Ky. Civic
Com. on the Loan Shark Problem;
Mem. Bd. of Dirs., Travelers' Aid;
Mayor's Citizens Com. of 100 for Plan
for Louisville; Exec. Com., St.-wide
Welfare Com.; Mem. (past Pres.)
Louisville League of Women Voters;
Ky. League of Women Voters (past
Pres.); Louisville Women's City Club
(past Pres.) ; & many others.
Sexton, Roy Lyman, Washington, D. C.
Physician. Mem. Appalach. Mtn.
Club; Potomac Appalach. Trail Club;
Bd. of T.
Seymour, Mrs. Robert Morris, Miami,
Fla. St. Chmn. Fla. Fed. of Garden
Clubs; Pres. S. Fla. Garden Club; V.P.
Miami Garden Club; Mem. Sociol.
Soc, London, Eng. Drew up & pre-
sented outline for State Plan for Fla.
(Nat. Conf. on City Planning). Or-
ganizer & Dir. of numerous movements
for civic improvement.
Shanklin, R. v., Gary, W. Va.
Shannon & Luchs, Washington, D. C.
Realtors.
§Sharp, James, Washington, D. C.
§Sharpe, C. Melvin, Washington, D. C.
Dir. Potomac Electric Appliance Co.
Mem. Bd. of T.; C. of C; Fed. of
Citizens' Assns.; Traffic Adv. Council;
Nat. Symphony Orchestr. Assn.
Sharples, Philip M., West Chester, Pa.
Manufacturer. Trustee Swarthmore
Coll.; Pres. Chester Co. Forest & Park
Assn. & Planning Council; V.P. (Mem.
Exec. Com.) Reg. Planning Fed.,
Phila. Tri-St. Dist.
Shattuck, Mrs. C. H., Idaho Falls, Ida.
Chmn. & Landscape Archt., Beauti-
fication Com., C. of C.
♦Shaver, Charles W., Salina, Kans.
Architect. Mem. Water Bd. (Mun.
Water Plant) ; C. of C.
tJSHAW, Albert, F. A. G. S., New York
City. Editor, Publicist. Editor Ameri-
can Review of Reviews; Minn. Tribune,
1883-88. Pres. Review of Reviews
Corp. Lecturer in many universities
& colleges. Awarded John Marshall
Prize by Johns Hopkins U., 1895, for
books on mun. govt. Senator, United
Chapts. of Phi Beta Kappa; V.P.
A. C. A.; Fellow Am. Statis. Assn.;
Mem. Am. Antiq. Soc; Am. Econ.
256
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Assn.; Am, Hist. Assn.; Am. Assn.
Polit. Sci. Rendered distinguished
service in civic education through
columns of Minn. Tribune & American
Review of Reviews.
Sheaffer, Arthur W., Pottsville, Pa.
Mining Engineer. Pres. City Planning
Commn.
Sheble, Mrs. Frank J., Philadelphia,
Pa. Mem. Civic Club; City Parks
Assn.; Zool. See. of Phila.; & numerous
others.
♦Sheudon, Charles, Topeka, Kans.
Minister. Past Editor-in-Chief Chris-
tian Herald, N. Y. C; Contributing
Editor Christian Herald since 1925.
tSHEPARD, C. Sidney, New Haven, N. Y.
Capitalist. Dir. Mobile & Ohio R. R.
Co.; Mem. Met. Mus. Art; Am. Mus.
Nat. Hist.; Am. Pathol. Soc; Am.
Social Sci. Assn.; Buffalo Fine Arts
Acad.
Shepherd, Harry W., Berkeley, Cal.
Landscape Architect. Assoc. Prof., Div.
of Landscape Design, U. of Cal.; Chmn.
Berkeley Com. on Eastbay Reg. Park;
Sec. Pacific Coast Chapt., A. S. L. A.;
Mem. Commn. of Recr. & Parks, City
of Berkeley.
§Sheridan, Lawrence V., IndianapoHs,
Ind. Consultant on City Planning,
Landscape Architect. Consultant St.
Planning Bd. of Ind.
Sherrill, Cla-Rence O., Cincinnati, O
V.P. Kroger Co. Past City Mgr.
Chmn. Permanent Com. for Stabihza
tion of Employment; Com. on Mun
Reporting, Am. Mun. Assn.; Govt
Res. Assn.; Internat. City Mgr. Assn.,
Nat. Mun. League; Mem. A. S. C. E.;
U. S. C. of C; past Executive Officer
Arlington Memor. Bridge Commn.,
Washington, D. C; past Executive
Officer, Nat. Cap. Park & Planning
Commn.
Sherwin, Belle, Washington, D. C.
Mem. Nat. League of Women Voters;
Past Pres. Women's City Club of
Cleveland.
*Shientag, B. F., New York City.
♦Shirer, H. L., Topeka, Kans. Merchant.
Mem. Topeka City Planning Bd.
Shirley, Joseph W., Baltimore, Md.
Civil Engineer. Pres. Commn. on City
Plan; Trustee Commn. on Govt!.
Efficiency & Economy, Inc.; Mem. (&
Park Adviser), Mun. Art Soc; Nat.
Conf. on City Planning (past Dir.);
City Planning Engr. for Balto.
(1900-27).
9 Shoemaker, Mrs. Warren W., Hubbard
Woods, 111. Chmn. of Legisl., Garden
Club of 111.; Nat. Council, St. Garden
Club Feds.
♦Shorett, John B., Seattle, Wash.
Shove, Margaret, Fall River, Mass.
♦Showalter, J. J., Cheyenne, Wyo.
Shurcliff, Arthur A., Boston, Mass.
Landscape Architect. Mem. (past
Pres.) A. S. L. A.; A. I. A.; Am. City
Planning Inst.; Boston Soc. C. E.; Art
Commn.; Mass. Art Commn.; past
Adviser, Boston Planning Div., Boston
Met. Dist.; Adviser to Boston Park
Dept.; Met. Dist. Commn. U. S. Nat.
Park Serv. (in connection with develop-
ment of Yorktown); Restoration of
Williamsburg, Ya.
Shurtleff, Flavel, New York City.
Sec. Nat. Conf. on City Planning. Sec.
Am. City Planning Inst.; Dir. Planning
Fdn. of Am.
SiQLER, Mrs. F. C, Indianola, la. Hon.
Pres. Fed. Garden Clubs of la.; past
Pres. Woman's Club; Garden Club;
Hon. Mem. Sch. Garden Assn. of Am.;
Mem. (one of three), Indianola Park
Bd.
Simmons, John J., Dallas, Tex. Dir.
Kessler Plan Assn.; past Pres. City
Plan Commn.; Chmn. Bd. of Super-
visors, City & Co. of Dallas Levee
Impr. Dist.; V.P. Highway Com., C.
of C; Mem. Park Bd.; North Dallas
Development League; Ten-year Pro-
gram Publ. Impr. Com., C. of C.
fSiMMONS, Mrs. Z. G., Greenwich, Conn.
Simon, Franklin, New York City.
Merchant. Dir. Fifth Ave. Assn.;
Retail Dry Goods Assn.; Arbitration
Soc.
§SiMON, Louis A., Washington, D. C.
Architect. Mem. Bd. of Archtl. Con-
sultants, Treas. Dept.
Simon, Robert E., New York City.
Realtor. Dir. City Housing Corp.; Reg.
Plan of N. Y. ; Zoning Com. of N. Y. C. ;
Mem. Tenement House Com., Charity
Orgs. Soc.
Simonds, Marshall G., Chicago, 111.
Landscape Designer. Mem. firm of
Simonds & West. Past Supt. Parks, &
City Forester, Green Bay, Wis.; Mem.
City Club. Responsible for winning of
first prize by Green Bay in Playground
Beautification Contest conducted by
Nat. Recr. Assn.
SiMONSON, Wilbur H., Washington,
D. C. Landscape Architect. St. Land-
scape Archt., U. S. Bur. of Publ. Roads.
Mem. A. S. L. A.; Conservationist,
Empire St.
Simpson, James, Chicago, 111. Merchant.
Chmn. Plan Commn.; River-Straight-
ening Commn.; as Chairman Plan
Commission actively engaged in pro-
moting work on Outer Drive Bridge
& lake-front parks, & river-front &
super-highway development. As chair-
man Citizens' Traction Settlement
Committee actively engaged in the
coordinating of local transportation
systems & the evolution of the subway
project.
§SiNKS, Frederick N., Columbus, O.
Lawyer. Dir. Columbus Club; Chmn.
local Fed. City Com., A. C. A.;
Trustee Female Benevolent Soc;
Hannah Neil Mission; Mem. C. of C.
SiNNOCK, Mrs. W. H., Quincy, 111. Pres.
Quincy Art Club.
JSiPPEL, Mrs. John F., Baltimore, Md.
Past Pres. Gen. Fed. of Women's Clubs.
♦Skinner, C. D., Topeka, Kans. Mem.
C. of C.
*Skinner, D. E., Seattle, Wash.
WHO'S WHO IN CIVIC ACHIEVEMENT 257
Skoglund, "Walter S., St. Joseph, Mo.
Superintendent, Dept. of Parks.
Slade, George T., New York City.
Retd. railway official.
Slade, William A., Washington, D. C.
Dir. Folger Shakespeare Library.
Slade, Mrs. William A., Washington,
D. C. Mem. (past Pres.) Bd., Y. W.
C. A.
Sloane, Mrs. William, Norfolk, Va.
Art Chmn. Norfolk Soc. of Arts;
Chmn. Mus. Working Unit, Norfolk
Mus. of Arts & Scis. (Mem. Bldg.
Com.); Chmn. Garden Centers, Va.
Fed. Garden Clubs.
Sloss, Mrs. Marcus C, San Francisco,
Cal.
♦Small, John H., 3d, Washington, D. C.
Landscape Architect.
Smith, Clement C, Milwaukee, Wis.
♦Smith, Delos H., Washington, D. C.
Architect. Mem. A. I. A.
Smith, Mrs. Dudley C, Normal, 111.
Smith, F. A. Gushing, Wilmette, 111.
Landscape Architect. Town Planning
Engineer. F. A. S. L. A. Mem. Bd. of
Trustees, Fdn. for Archt. & Landscape
Archt., Lake Forest, 111.; Mem. Reg.
Planning Assn.
§Smith, George Otis, F. A. A. A. S.,
Skowhegan, Me. Geologist. Past
Chmn. Fed. Power Commn.; past
Dir. U. S. Geol. Survey; past Pres. Am.
Inst. Mining & Metall. Engrs.
Smith, J. Spencer, Tenafly, N. Y. Pres.
Bd. of Commerce & Navigation, State
of N. J.; Am. Shore & Beach Preservn.
Assn.; Tenafly Bd. of Edn.; Mem. Soc.
of Term. Engrs.; Am. Assn. of Port
Authorities; Permanent Internat. Assn.
of Navigation Congresses.
♦Smith, Leonard S., Redondo Beach, Cal.
City Plan Consultant. Prof, of City
Planning, U. of Wis., 1910-28; City
Planning Engr., National City, Cal.;
Mem. Los Angeles City Plan Assn.;
past Mem. City Plan Com., Madison,
Wis.
Smith, L. V., Wilmington, Del. Mech.
Engr. Sec. St. Bd. of Housing; V.P.
& Sec. Del. Homestead Community
Inc. (Fed. Subsistence Homestead
Project) .
♦Smith, O. C, Kansas City, Kans.
Smith, Peter A., South Orange, N. J.
Manufacturer. Banker. Dir. (Mem.
Exec. & Finance Corns.) Welfare Fed.
of the Oranges; C. of C. of the Oranges
& Maplewood; N. J. St. C. of C; St.
Mary's Hosp., Orange; S. Orange Com-
munity House (Mem. Exec. & Finance
Corns.); S. Orange Garden Club; V.P.
Orange Mtn. Council, Boy Scouts;
Trustee S. Orange Village; & numerous
other civic & philanthropic orgs.
Smith, Mrs. Philip Sidney, Washington,
D. C. Past Mem. Bd. of Edn.
Smith, Mrs. William Watson, Pitts-
burgh, Pa. V.P. 20th Century Club;
Chmn. Children's Div., Assn. for
Impr. of the Poor; Mem. Soc. of Pa.
Women; Art Soc; Civic Club of
Allegheny Co.; Travelers' Aid Soc;
Women's City Club; Y. W. C. A.;
Garden Club of Allegheny Co.; Farm
& Garden Assn.; Pa. Soc. of Colonial
Dames; Charities Assn.
Snyder, John W., San Diego, Cal.
Helped secure new city charter &
rendered important service as member
Board of Freeholders which drafted
council-manager charter for the city.
Spahr, Boyd Lee, Philadelphia, Pa.
♦Spaid, W. W., Washington, D. C.
Banker, Broker.
Spalding, S. M., Los Angeles, Cal.
Speer, Mrs. Joseph McK., Augusta,
Ga. Pres. Garden Club of Ga.
Spencer, Eldridge T., San Francisco,
Cal. Architect. In charge of Architec-
ture & Landscape for concessions
operating in Yosemite Nat. Park.
Architect Diploma d'Ecole des Beaux
Arts, Paris; Mem. A. I. A.
Speyer, James, New York City. Banker.
§Sprague, a. a., Chicago, 111. Merchant.
Dir. Cont. 111. Bank & Trust Co.;
Chmn. Chicago Zoning Bd. of Appeals;
V.-Chmn. Chicago Plan Commn.;
Trustee Field Mus. of Nat. Hist.; John
Crerar Libr.; Children's Memor. Hosp.;
Rush Med. Coll.; Shedd Aquarium;
Mus. of Sci. & Industry; Orchestr.
Assn.; Otho S. A. Sprague Memor. Inst.
♦Springer, A. R., Topeka, Kans.
♦Stark, C. W., Washington, D. C.
Steever, Mrs. D. M., Easton, Pa.
Mem. Woman's Club.
♦Steilberg, Walter E., Berkeley, Cal.
Steinh.^rt, John W., Nebraska City,
Nebr. Chmn. Nebr. City Planning
Commn.; Trustee Memor. Bldg. Assn.;
Mem. Arbor Day Memor. Assn.; St.
Hist. Assn.; C. of C.
Steininger, G. Russell, Reading, Pa.
Architect. Planner of Park System
along Wyomissing Creek.
Stephens, Hugh, Jefferson City, Mo.
Banker. Chmn. Citizens Road Com. of
Mo.; Mem. Mo. St. Planning Bd.;
Jefferson City Planning Bd.; past V.P.
Mo. St. Highway Commn.
fSTEPHENSON, J. F., Lakewood, N. J.
Bank President. Pres. Shade Tree
Commn.; Dir. N. J. Fed. of Shade Tree
Commns.; V.P. N. J. Taxpayers' Assn.;
Mem. Lakewood Food Garden Commn.
Stetson, Mrs. J. M., Williamsburg, Va.
V.P. Williamsburg Garden Club
(Chmn. Nature Trail Com.); Mem,
Nat. Conf. on St. Parks.
fSTEVENS, John Calvin, Portland, Me.
Architect. Pres. Soc. of Art; past
Chmn. Com. of C. of C. to investigate
city govts.; past Pres. C. of C; past
Chmn. Commn. on Zoning; Mem. Soc.
Preservn. N. E. Antiquities; Soc. for
Preservn. of N. H. Forests; Am. Fed.
Arts; U. S. C. of C; Publ. Com. Re-
vision Bldg. Code of Portland, 1926.
Participated actively on Committee to
revise City Charter, which now pro-
vides for City Manager & Council of
Five.
♦Stevens, Theodosius, New York City.
258
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
9 Stevens, Vincent S., Akron, O. Sec.
C. of C. Mem. Izaak Walton League;
Ohio St. Conf. on City Planning; Ohio
Commercial Org. Sees.; Nat. Assn.
Commercial Org. Sees.
Stieff, Mks. Gideon, Baltimore, Md.
Stifel, Carl G., St. Louis, Mo. Realtor.
Chmn. City Plan Com., R. E. Ex-
change; Dir. Engrs. Club; Mem. C. of
C; Bd. of Adjust., Bd. of Equalization,
City of St. Louis.
Stimson, Mrs. Charles Douglas,
Seattle, Wash.
t§STiM80N, Henry L., Washington, D. C.
Past Secretary of State; Sec. of War;
Gov.-Gen. of Philippine Islands.
♦Stimson, Mrs. Henry L., Washington,
D. C.
Stimson, Mrs. Thomas, Seattle, Wash.
Stokes, Anson Phelps, Washington,
D. C. Canon of Washington Cathedral.
Pres. Phelps-Stokes Fdn.; Mem. Wash-
ington Com. on Housing. Author of
numerous works on religion, history,
& education.
Stokes, Harold Phelps, New York
City. Editorial Writer. Dir. Phelps
Stokes Corp. Mem. City Club; Reg.
Plan Assn. ; Assn. for the Protection of
the Adirondacks.
IStokes, J. G. Phelps, New York City.
Publicist. Pres. Phelps-Stokes Corp.
During many years Mem. Gov. Bds. of
social, ednl., & philanthropl orgs.;
Mem. many city & St. coms.; past
Chmn. People's Inst.; past Y.-Chmn.
Mun. Ownership League; for 20 yrs.
Chmn. Hartley House. Awarded N. Y.
State decorations for "long & faith-
ful service," "conspicuous service,"
& "service in aid of civil authority."
Mem. Soc. Am. Mil. Engrs.; Sulgrave
Inst.; N. E. Soc; N. Y. Acad. Sci.; Am.
Acad. Polit. & Social Sci. (Phila.);
Acad. Polit. Sci. (Columbia U.) ; Met.
Mus. of Art; Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.;
V.P. Roerich Soc. of N. Y.
fSTONE, Edward L., Roanoke, Va. Chmn.
City Planning & Zoning Commn.
Stone, Robert B., Boston, Mass.
Lawyer. Pres. Council of Social
Agencies; Chmn. Children's Aid Assn.;
Mem. Exec. Com., Good Govt. Assn.
Storrow, James J., Jr., Boston, Mass.
Treas. Soc. for Protection of N. H.
Forests, (which owns Franconia Notch
& other forest reservations), & is
actively engaged in a campaign for
Highway Forest Reservations.
Storrow, Mrs. James J., Boston, Mass.
2d V.P. Women's City Club; Chmn.
Mass. Better Homes Com.; Dept.
Commr. Mass. Girl Scouts; Mem.
World Com. Girl Guides & Girl Scouts.
fSTORRS & Harrison, Painesville, O.
t§STOTESBURY, Mrs. Edward T., Phila-
delphia, Pa.
Stout, Mrs. C. H., Short Hills, N. J.
Stovall, Pleasant, Savannah, Ga.
Ed. Savannah Evening Press.
Stowell, Ellery C, Santa Barbara,
Cal. Educator.
Straus, Mrs. Aaron, Baltimore, Md.
Strawbridgb, Mrs. George H., Bala,
Pa.
♦Street, Edgar, New York City.
Street, Elwood, Washington, D. C.
Past Dir. Coznmunity Chest. OfBcer
Monday Evening Club; Mem. C. of C;
Bd. of T.; Foxhall Village Citizens
Assn.; Potomac Appalach. Trail Club.
♦Stringer, Henry E., Washington, D. C.
Stuart, James L., Pittsburgh, Pa. Pres.
Kingsley House Assn., Pittsburgh;
Chmn. Bldg. Com., Allegheny Gen.
Hosp.; Mem. Bd. of Mgrs., Allegheny
Co. Indust. Training Sch. for Boys,
Warrendale; Sewickley Water Commn.
Sturgis, R. Clipston, Portsmouth, N.
H. Architect. Mem. (past Pres.) A. I.
A.; Am. Acad, of Arts & Scis.
Sullivan, Francis P., Washington, D.
C. Architect. Pres. Cathedral Heights
Cleveland Park Citizens' Assn.; Mem.
A. I. A.
♦Sullivan, Herbert, San Diego, Cal.
Sulzberger, Arthur Hays, New York
City. Newspaper Executive. V.P.
«fe Dir. The New York Times.
♦Summer, Charles K., Palo Alto, Cal.
9^SuRRATT, John E., Dallas, Tex. Sec.
Kessler Plan Assn.; Mem. Nat. Conf.
on City Planning; Southwestern Conf.
on Town & City Problems.
Suydam, Mrs. Frank D., Perrysburg, O.
♦SwoFFORD, Mrs. Ralph, Independence,
Mo. Mem. Bd., Y. W. C. A.; Soc. for
Crippled Children; Woman's City
Club; Social Hygiene Soc; & other
civic organizations.
Symington, Mrs. Donald, Garrison,
Md. Chmn. Com. on Roadside Plant-
ing, Fed. Garden Clubs of Md.
Tabor, Grace, Huntington, L. I., N. Y.
Landscape Architect. Editor, Garden
Dept., Woman's Home Companion;
Mem. Roadside Com., L. I. C. of C.
♦Tafel, Arthur G., Louisville, Ky.
Architect. Mem. Bd. of Adjustment
& Appeals, City Zoning Commn.
Taft, Charles P., 2d, Cincinnati, O.
Lawyer. Mem. Bd. City Charter
Com.; Treas. Reg. Crime Com.; past
Pres. Cincinnatus Assn.
fTAFT, Elihu Barber, Burlington, Vt.
Mem. Sierra Club.
J§Taft, Lorado, Chicago, 111. Sculptor.
Instructor, Art. Inst., 1886-1901.
Lecturer on Art, Extension Dept., U.
of Chicago, 1892-1902, Prof. Lecturer
1909-. Non-Resident Prof, of Art, U.
of 111. Mem. Am. Acad. Arts & Letters;
Chicago Reg. Planning Assn.; Nat.
Sculpture Soc; Nat. Commn. of Fine
Arts, Washington, D. C, 1925-29;
Hon. Mem. A. I. A. Creator of many
notable works of art, such as the
"Fountain of Time," Chicago; "Lin-
coln," Urbana, 111.
Talcott, George S., Hartford, Conn.
§Taylor, Albert D., Cleveland, O.
Landscape Architect. Town Planner.
Mem. City Plan. Commn.; City
Planning Inst.
WHO'S WHO IN CIVIC ACHIEVEMENT 259
fTATLOR, Alexander S., Cleveland, O.
Realtor. Trustee Soc. for Savings in
City of Cleveland; past Pres. R. E.
Bd.; Nat. Assn. of R. E. Bds.; Mem.
Ohio Assn. of R. E. Bds.; C. of C.
♦Taylor, Hunter, Klamath Falls, Ore.
Lumber Merchant.
Taylor, James P., Burlington, Vt. Exec.
Sec. St. C. of C; Mem. Nat. Conf. on
City Planning.
Taylor, James S., "Washington, D. C.
Acting Chief Dir. of Bldg. & Housing,
Bur. of Standards, U. S. Dept. of
Commerce (Sec. Adv. Com. on City
Planning & Zoning) ; Mem. Nat. Conf.
on City Planning.
Taylor, Roland L., Philadelphia, Pa.
§Tealdi, Aubrey, F. A. S. L. A., Ann
Arbor, Mich. Landscape Designer.
Prof. Landscape Design, U. of Mich.
Trustee Ohio-Mich. Chapt., A. S. L. A.;
Mem. Nat. Conf. on City Planning;
Internat. Fed. Housing & Town
Planning.
fTEMPLE, Edward B., Swarthmore, Pa.
Railway Engineer. Chief Engr. East-
ern Region, Pa. R. R. Co.; Mem. Tech.
Adv. Com., Reg. Planning Fed., Phila.
Tri-St. Dist.
♦Temple, Grace Lincoln, Washington,
D. C. Mem. Com. of 100 on Fed.
City. (Mem. Subcom. on Schs. &
Playgrounds.)
§Thaw, Mrs. William, Jr., Pittsburgh,
Pa. V.P. Publ. Charities Assn.; Pa.
Birth Control League of Allegheny
Co.; Am. Rose Soc; Treas. Civic Club
of Allegheny Co.; Housing Assn.;
Mem. Bd. local Chapt., D. A. R.;
Family Welfare Soc; League of Women
Voters; Mental Hygiene Soc. Erected
& presented to Civic Club of Allegheny
Co. first publ. bath-house in Pittsburgh.
Initiated Traveling Art Exhibit in
publ. schs.
Thomas, Mrs. Clara I., St. Petersburg,
Fla. Landscape Architect. St. Chmn.
of Conservn., Fed. Garden Clubs of
Fla.; Exec. Sec, Fla. Bot. Garden &
Arboretum Assn.
Thomas, Ernest K,, Providence, R. I.
Fellow, Royal Hort. Soc. (England).
Supt. of Parks. Mem. Am. Inst, of
Park Execs.; N. E. Park Execs.;
Nat. Recr. Assn.; Sec R. I. Hort. Soc;
Park Commn.; Dir. Civic Impr. &
Park Assn.
♦Thompson, A. W., Philadelphia, Pa.
Thompson, Mrs. M. S., Lima, O. Pres.
O. Assn. of Garden Clubs.
Thorn, Mary, Philadelphia, Pa. Mem.
Fairmount Park Art Assn.
Thorne, Mrs. Oakleigh, Millbrook,
N. Y. V.P. Garden Club of Am.
Thorne, Samuel, New York City.
Lawyer. Dir. Bank of Am. Nat. Assn.;
Nat. Council on Religion in Higher
Edn.; Trustee Yale in China; Am. U.
in Cairo, Egypt; Mem. Boston Post
Road Assn.; N. Y. Civ. Serv. Reform
Assn.
♦Thorpe, Merle, Washington, D. C.
Magazine Editor. Editor & Publisher,
Nation's Business, U. S. C. of C.
Trustee, George Washington U.; Dir.
Centr. Dispensary & Emerg. Hosp.;
Bethesda (Aid.) C. of C; Asst. Dir.
President's Org. on Unempl. Relief;
Mem. D. C. Com. on Employment;
D. C. George Washington Bicentenn.
Commn.; Greater Nat. Cap. Com.
fTnoRPE, Samuel S., Minneapolis, Minn.
V.P. Civic & Commerce Assn.; past
Pres. Nat. Assn. of R. E. Bds.; Mem.
Minneapolis R. E. Bd.
Thum, William S., Pasadena, Cal. Past
Mayor of Pasadena.
Thun, Ferdinand, Reading, Pa. Manu-
facturer. Pres. Borough Council of
Wyomissing; Wyomissing Fdn., Inc.;
Mem. Reading Community Council
for Reg. Planning.
JThurman, Eleanor Marshall, Wash-
ington, D. C. Successively Asst. Sec,
Sec, & Assoc. Sec. A. C. A.; past
Editor Civic Comment.
9*'Piefenthaler, Leo, Milwaukee, Wis.
Sec City Club; Mem. local Fed. City
Com., A. C. A.
Tillinghast, Carlton W., Philadelphia,
Pa. Field Sec, Reg. Planning Fed.,
Phila. Tri-St. Dist. Mem. Nat. Assn.
of Commercial Org. Sees.; C. of C.
Tilney, Mrs. I. Sheldon, New York
City.
$TiLTON, L. Deminq, F. a. S. L. a.
Santa Barbara, Cal. Dir. of Planning,
Santa Barbara Co. Planning Commn.;
Pres. Cal. Planners Inst.; Mem. Am.
City Planning Inst.
♦Tingle, Charles W., Wilmington, Del.
TiPPETTS, Mrs. Katherine B., St.
Petersburg, Fla. Founder (past Pres.)
St. Audubon Soc; St. Petersburg
Audubon Soc; Chmn. Com. on Con-
servn. of Natural Resources, Gen. Fed.
of Women's Clubs (past Chmn. Com.
on Nature Study, Wild-Life Refuges);
Trustee Nat. Parks Assn.; V.P. Am.
Forestry Assn.; Mem. (past Pres.)
Fla. Fed. of Women's Clubs; (past
Dir.) Fla. St. C. of C. (Chmn. of Edn.) ;
Nat. Flower Com.; Campfire Girls of
Am.; St. Reclamation Bd.; Ednl.
Survey Commn. (apptd. by Gov.).
TiTCHE, Edward, Dallas, Tex. Mem. Bd.,
United Charities; Bd., Kessler Plan
Assn.; Bd., Publ. Libr.; Bd., Tex. St.
Fair; Exec. Com., A. R. C; C. of C.
♦Tompkins, Chas. H., Washington, D. C.
Engineer. Dir. Riggs Nat. Bank; Exec.
Bd., D. C. Council, Boy Scouts of Am.;
Mem. A. S. C. E.; Am. Forestry Assn.;
Columbia Hist. Soc; Nat. Econ.
League; U. S. C. of C; Bd. of T.; Bd. of
Mgrs., Y. M. C. A.; Bd. of Dirs.,
Children's Hosp.
fToRRANCE, Mrs. Francis J., Sewickley,
Pa. Mem. Civic Club of Allegheny Co.;
Bd., Woods Run Settlement, Pitts-
burgh; Supporter, Manchester Ednl.
Center.
TowNSEND, Sylvester D., Jr., Wilming-
ton, Del. Banker. Mem. Reg. Plan-
ning Fed., Phila. Tri-St. Dist.; New
Castle Co. Reg. Planning Commn.
260
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
fTRACY, John M., Rochester, N. Y.
Architect. Engineer. Past Supt. of
Sch. Bldgs. (retd.)
*Tracy, Pratt, Toledo, O.
9 Tracy, W. Richmond, Elizabeth, N. J.
Sec. & Engr. Union Co. Park Commn.
Tranter, Henry, Pittsburgh, Pa. Dir.
C. of C; Pres. South Hills & North
Boroughs Highway Assn.; past Pres.
West End Bd. of T.; past V.P. AUied
Bds. of T.; Mem. Nat. Conf. on St.
Parks; Pa. Parks Assn.
♦Trembly, William, Kansas City, Kans.
Trigg, Mrs. Henry B., Ft. Worth, Tex.
Reg. Pres. So. Centr. Sts. Garden Club;
Perpetual Dir. (past Pres.) ; Tex. Fed,
of Garden Clubs; Exec. Chmn. Tex.
Highway Beautification Commn.; Dir.
Tex. Centenn. Commn.; Ft. Worth
Social Serv. Assn.; Dir., Southern Home
& Garden Magazine.
♦Trimble, William Pitt, Seattle, Wash.
Trout, Mrs. George W., South Jack-
sonville, Fla. Chmn. City Planning
Adv. Bd.; V.P. Woman's Club; past
Pres. & Hon. Mem. Fed. Circle of
Jacksonville Garden Clubs; Mem. Fine
Arts Assn.; Little Theatre; D. A. R.;
Hon. Mem. Gen. Fed. of Women's
Clubs; 111. Women's Clubs; Chicago
Woman's Club. Helped initiate move-
ment to create City Planning Adv. Bd.
resulting in adoption of City Plan &
Zoning Ordinance. Awarded Civic
Gold Medal by American Legion as
"Most public-spirited citizen in Jack-
sonville for 1928."
Tubby, Mrs. Josiah T., Jr., Westfield,
N. J. Lecturer on Gardens & Garden-
ing. Chmn. Billbd. & Roadside Com.,
St. Fed. of Garden Clubs; Mem. Nat.
Roadside Council; N. J. St. Council
for Protection of Roadside Beauty;
N. J. Land-Uses Com. & many others.
§TucKER, Evan H., Washington, D. C.
Retd. Merchant. Pres. (for 38 yrs.)
Northeast Washington Citizens' Assn.;
Citizens' Relief Assn.; Mem. Bd. of
Dirs. (past Pres.), Casualty Hosp.;
Mem. Citizens' Jt. Com. on Fiscal
Relations between U. S. & D. C;
Council of Social Agencies; Social
Hygiene Soc. of D. C; Citizens' Jt.
Com. on Nat. Representation for D.
C; Com. on marking hist, sites in
D. C; Monday Evening Club.
Tudor, Mrs. Henry D., Boston &
Cambridge, Mass. Pres. Women's
Mun. League of Boston; V.P. Mass.
Civic League; Mem. Exec. Com.,
Mass. Chapt., Nat. Civic Fed.
♦TuESDALL, Henry C, Toledo, O.
Tufts, Joseph P., Pittsburgh, Pa. Exec.
Dir., Pittsburgh Housing Assn. Mem.
Bd. of Dirs., Fed. of Social Agencies of
Allegheny Co.; Community Fd. of
Allegheny Co.; Mem. Civic Club of
Allegheny Co.; Long Range Plan
Com., Allegheny Co. Emerg. Assn.;
Nat. Housing Assn.; Am. Assn. Social
Workers; Pres. Hoover's Conf. on
Home BIdg. & Home Ownership.
Turnbull, Ethel, Princeton, N. J.
Mem. Present Day Club.
9 Turner, Albert M., Hartford, Conn,
Field Sec. Conn. St. Park & Forest
Commn. Am. Inst. Park Execs.
9TUTTLE, Donald D., Concord, N. H.
Exec. Sec. St. Dev. Commn.
TwiTCHELL, Pierrepont E., New York
City & Setauket, N. Y. Lawyer.
Pres. Suffolk Soc. of Arts; Chmn., N.
Y. St. Com. for Billbd. Legislation;
Legisl. Com. & Billbd. Com., Roadside
Com., L. I. C. of C; Planning Council,
Town of Brookhaven, Suffolk Co., N
Y.; Suffolk Citizens' Com. on Mosquito
EHmination; Pres., Civic Fed. of
Northern & Middle Suffolk; Old Field
Impr. Assn.
♦Upham, a. H., Oxford, O. University
President. Pres. Miami U.; past Pres.
U. of Idaho; past Mem. faculty, Agrl,
Coll. of Utah; Bryn Mawr Coll.;
Sec.-Treas. Nat. Assn. State Uni-
versities.
Utter, George Benjamin, Westerly,
R. I., Newspaper Publisher. Pres.
C. of C; Mem. R. I. Forestry Assn.;
Sec. Westerly Publicity Bur.; past
Mem. Town Council (Chmn. Com. on
Zoning & City Plan Ordinance).
Vanderpool, Mrs. Wynant Davis,
Morristown, N. J.
♦Van Patten, A. E., Topeka, Kans.
fVAN ScHAicK, John, Jr., Boston, Mass.
Minister, Editor Christian Leader.
Representative for Netherlands,
Rockefeller Fdn. War Relief Commn.;
past Pres. D. C. Bd. of Edn.; Mem.
Exec. Com., Assn. of Charities; past
Mem. D. C. Bd. of Publ. Charities.
Donor of park for Cobleskill & a
founder of Cobleskill Free Libr.
Van Siclen, G. S., Brooklyn, N. Y.
♦Van Stone, Mrs. G. H., Santa Fe, N. M.
Mem. Am. Sch. of Res.; Mus. of N. M.
Van Voorhis, Mrs, H. N., Pittsburgh,
Pa.
Vaughan, Mrs. Henry G., Sherborn,
Mass.
Vaughan, Leonard H., Chicago, 111.
Merchant.
Veeder, Curtis H., Hartford, Conn.
Inventor, Retd, Manufacturer. Park
Commr., City of Hartford. Mem,
A. S. M. E.; A. A. A. S.; Am. Geog.
Soc; U. S. C. of C; Franklin Inst.;
Archseol, Inst, of Am.; Am. Forestry
Assn.; Children's Mus.; Sp, Com. for
Bldg. Mun. Hosp.
9VEILLER, Lawrence, New York City,
Sec. Nat. Housing Assn.
Verrill, H. M., Portland, Me. Lawyer.
Chmn. Bd. of Dirs., Cumberland Co.
Power & Light Co.; Salvation Army;
Campaign Com., Community Chest;
Trustee Me. Gen. Hosp.; Mem. Me.,
N. Y., Cumberland Co, & Am, Bar
Assns,
♦Vickrey, O, a,, Los Angeles, Cal.
Vogel, Fred, Jr., Milwaukee, Wis.
Vogel, Mrs. William E., Toledo, O.
WHO'S WHO IN CIVIC ACHIEVEMENT 261
Wadhams, Sanford H., Hartford, Conn.
Dir. State Water Commn.; Mem.
Conn. St. Planning Bd.; Nat. Rivers &
Harbors Congress; Tri-St. Commn.,
N. Y., N. J., & Conn.
Wadsworth, C. S., Middletown, Conn.
Mem. City Planning Commn.
Wagner, H. S., Akron, O. Dir.-Sec.
Met. Park Dist. Mem. Nat. Conf. on
City Planning; Nat. Conf. on St.
Parks; Nat. Parks Assn.; Nat. Recr.
Assn.; Am. Inst. Park Execs.
Wagner, Hugh K., St. Louis, Mo.
Lawyer. Pres. Greater St. Louis Conf.;
Sec. & Treas. Lake Meramec Assn.;
past Pres. Million Population Club;
past Mem. Bd. of Freeholders for
extension of boundaries of St. Louis
City.
Walcott, Mrs. Charles D., Washing-
ton, D. C.
§Walker, Francis R., F. A. I. A., Cleve-
land, O. Architect. Trustee Mus. Nat.
Hist.; Sch. of Architecture, Western
Reserve U. (also Mem. Faculty); Life
Mem. Mus. of Art; Mem. Adv. Bd.,
Sch. of Art; Cleveland Chapt., A. L A.
(past Pres.); Soc. of Artists; City
Planning Com., C. of C.
9 Walker, J. Alexander, Vancouver,
B. C. Engr.-Sec. Town Planning
Commn.
*Walker, Wallace H., Washington, D.
C. Senior Asst. Attorney, Home
Owners Loan Corp. Mem. Com. of 100
on Fed. City (Mem. Subcom. on
Housing) .
Walker, William E., Fennville, Mich.
Walker, William H., South Bend, Ind.
Superintendent of Parks. Sec. Am.
Park Soc; Am. Inst. Park Execs.
§Wallace, Tom, Louisville, Ky. Editor
Louisville Times. Hon. V.P. Am.
Forestry Assn.; past Pres. Exec. Com.,
Southern Forestry Congress; one of
founders Ohio Valley Reg. Conf. on
St. Parks; Mem. Exec. Com., Mam-
moth Cave Nat. Park Assn.; Nat.
Conf. on St. Parks; Nat. Life Conservn.
Soc; Izaak Walton League; Am. Game
Assn. Conducted campaign to save
Cumberland Falls.
Wallis, Frank J., Harrisburg, Pa. Coal
Merchant. Dir. C. of C; Y. M. C. A.;
Polyclinic Hosp.; Pres. Social Serv.
Exchange; Treas. Safety Council;
Mem. Exec. Com., Welfare Fed.
§Walli8, Rolland S., Ridley Park, Pa.
Engineer. Reg. Planning Fed., Phila.
Tri-St. Dist.; Field Agent for Pa. &
Del., Am. Alun. Assn.
♦Wangenheim, Julius, San Diego, Cal.
Warburg, Felix M., New York City.
Banker. Dir. Internat. Acceptance
Bank. Chmn. Bd., Fed. for Support
of Jewish Philanthropic Socs.; Bd.,
Am. Arbitration Assn.; Pres. Henry
St. Settlement; N. Y. Fdn.; V.P.
Charity Org. Soc; Mus. of Sci. &
Industry, N. Y. C.
W^arburg, James P., New York City.
Banker.
§Warburton, Mrs. Barclay, Jenkin-
town. Pa.
Ward, Anita S., Boston, Mass.
fWARD, Charles W., Brookline, Mass.
Ward, Henry B., Urbana, 111. Zoolo-
gist. Prof. Zoology, U. of 111. Per-
manent Sec. A. A. A. S.; Mem. (past
Pres.) Izaak Walton League of Am.
Trustee Nat. Parks Assn.
♦Ward, Ossian P., Louisville, Ky. Dir.
Publ. Forum. Mem. Art Assn.
§Warden, Charles G., Washington, D.
C. Mem. Georgetown Citizens' Assn.
(past Chmn. Com. on Parks) ; Bd. of T.
(past Mem. Com. on Parks).
Warden, W. G., Philadelphia, Pa.
Waring, A. J., Savannah, Ga.
Warner, M. Stephen, Oregonia, O.
Landscape Architect, Nat. Park Serv.
engaged in work at Ft. Ancient State
Park.
Warren, Edward R., Boston, Mass.
Warren, Frank M., Minneapolis, Minn.
Nat. Dir. Izaak Walton League
(Dir. Minnesota Div. & Minneapolis
Chapt.); Mem. Nat. Parks Assn.; Am.
Forestry Assn.; Nat. Audubon Soc;
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.; Minneapolis
Engrs. Club; Cook Co. (Minn.) Hist.
Soc; Nat. Hist. Soc. (Minneapolis);
Civic & Community Assn.
Warren, George C, Brookline, Mass.
Mem. Am. Rd. Bldg. Assn.; A. S. C. E.;
A. S. M. E. (Gen. Chmn. Com. on
Highway Sidewalks); Mass. Highway
Assn. ; Nat. Planning Assn.
♦Warren, William T., Birmingham, Ala.
Architect. Assoc. Mem. R. E. Bd. ; Mem.
Bd. of Dirs., Little Theater; Com. for
Annual Community Chest Drive;
C. of C. ; past Pres. Ala. Chapt., A. I. A.
Wasson, Mary M., Altamont, Albany
Co., N. Y. Mem. Bd. of Dirs., City
Club of Albany, N. Y.; Mem. Fort
Orange Garden Club, Albany, N. Y.
Watchorn, Robert J., Oklahoma City,
Okla.
♦Waterhousb, Mrs. L., Santa Cruz, Cal.
Watres, Mrs. L. A., Scranton, Pa.
Mem. Nat. Soc. of N. E. Women;
Century Club; Audubon Soc; C. of C;
Life Mem. Scranton Bird Club; Hist.
Socs. of Lackawanna Co., Wyoming,
& Pa.
Watrous, George D., New Haven,
Conn. Attorney at Law. Past Prof,
of Law, Yale Sch. of Law; past Pres.
St. Bar Assn.; Mem. C. of C; Conn.
Civic Assn.; League of Nations Assn.
(Conn. Branch); Am. Bar Assn.; Am.
Hist. Assn.; Am. Forestry Assn.; Am.
Social Sci. Assn.; Am. Acad. Polit. &
Social Sci.; Bd. Trustees, SheflSeld Sci.
Sch., Yale U.
JWatrous, Richard B., Providence, R. I.
Gen. Sec. C. of C. Sec. Civic Impr. &
Park Assn.; Mng. Editor Providence
Magazine; past Sec. A. C. A. (1909-
17) ; Mem. Adv. Com., City Plan Com. ;
Nat. Mun. League; Nat. Conf. on City
Planning.
Watrous, Mrs. Richard B., Provi-
dence, R. I. Dir. Y. W. C. A.; Mem.
262
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Civic Impr. & Park Assn.; Handicraft
Club.
fWATSON, Mrs. James S., Rochester, N.
Y. Donor (with husband) of Mun.
Art Gallery to U. of Rochester.
Waxjgh, Frank A., Amherst, Mass.
University Professor. Professor Mass.
State Coll. Pres. Old Hampshire
Planning Council.
Weaver, John L., Washington, D. C.
Realtor. Past Pres. Nat. Assn. R. E.
Bds.; Mem. Bd. of T.; C. of C;
Rotary Club; City Club.
♦Weaver, Rudolph, Gainesville, Fla.
Architect. Archt. to Bd. of Control,
Fla. Instits. of Higher Learning; Mem.
City Plan Commn.; City Adjustment
Bd.
Webb, S. George, Newport, R. I.
Public Relations Manager. Mem.
C. of C. 1st V.P. Serv. Soc.
Webb, Vanderbilt, New York City.
Lawyer. Sec. «&; Treas. Taconic St.
Park Commn. of N. Y.
♦Webster, Ben T., Washington, D. C.
Realtor. Dir. (past Pres.) Washington
Bd. of T.
Weddell, Alexander W., Richmond,
Va. U. S. Ambassador to Argentina.
♦Wegeforth, H. M., San Diego, Cal.
Pres. (& Organizer) Zool. Soc; Mem.
C. of C.
fWEiNMANN, Mrs. John F., Little Rock,
Ark. Mem. Bd. of Park Commrs.
Weir, L. H., New York City. Field Sec.
Nat. Recr. Assn.; Dir. of Study:
"Parks, A Manual of Municipal &
County Parks."
Weisberg, Alex F., Dallas, Tex. Law-
yer. Chmn. City Plan Commn.;
Citizens' Com. on Supervision of
Expenditures.
Weller, W. Earl, Rochester, N. Y.
Dir. Bur. of Mun. Res.
Welling, Richard W. G., New York
City. Lawyer. Founder & Trustee
N. Y. C. Club; Founder & Mem. Nat.
Mun. League; Founder N. Y. C. Park
Assn.; Chmn. Nat. Self -Govt. Com.;
V.P. Nat. Arts Club; City Club (mem.
City Plan Com.) ; Mun. Art Soc.
♦Wells, A. Coulter, Washington, D. C.
t§WELL8, Chester, Chevy Chase, Md.
U. S. N., Retd.
Wells, Mrs. L. A., Amarillo, Tex. V.P.
Amarillo Art Assn.; Mem. (past Pres.)
Amarillo Garden Club; Palo Duro
Park Assn.; Bd. of Dirs., Tex. Fed. of
Women's Clubs.
Weston, Mrs. Charles S., Scranton, Pa.
Mem. Planning Com., C. of C.
♦Wetherill, Frank E., Des Moines, la.
JWethebill, Samuel P., Jr., Phila-
delphia, Pa. Past Pres. Reg. Planning
Fed., Phila. Tri-St. Dist.; Art AlUance;
Penn Club; Dir. Community Health
& Civic Assn., Ardmore, Pa.; V.P.
Phila. City Parks Assn.; V.-Chmn.
Commn. on City Planning; Mem. Bd.
of Dirs., C. of C; Hancock Co. (Me.)
Trustees of Publ. Reservations; Bd.
of Govs., Phila. Forum; Am. Acad.
Polit. & Social Sci.; Am. Assn. for
Labor Legisl.; Trustee Fairmount
Park Art Assn.; Phila. Coll. of Phar-
macy & Sci.; Mem. President's Conf.
on Home Bldg. & Home Ownership;
Phila. World Court Com.
Wharton, Mrs. Richard W. H., Harris-
burg, Pa. Mem. Bd., Y. W. C. A.; Bd.,
Mont Alto Soc; Mem. Nat. Hist.
Soc; Hist. Soc. of Harrisburg & Dau-
phin Co.; Mem. Welfare Fed.; Am.
Forestry Assn.; Civic Club; Garden
Club; Sunshine Soc; & numerous
others.
♦Wheat, L. P., Jr., Washington, D. C.
Architect.
Wheeler, Dan H., Chevy Chase, Md.
Office Mgr., Legal Div. PWA., past
Chief City Planning & Zoning Sect.,
Div. of Bldg. & Housing, Bur. of
Standards, Dept. of Commerce; past
Sec. Dept. of Commerce Adv. Com. on
City Planning & Zoning; Mem. Nat.
Conf. on City Planning.
Wheeler, Mary Y., Washington, D. C.
9 Wheeler, William R., San Diego, Cal.
Sec San Diego Planning Commn.
♦Wheelock, Harry B., F. A. I. A.,
Chicago, 111. Architect. Past Pres.
Chicago Chapt., A. I. A.; 111. Soc. of
Archts.; Archts. Bus. Assn.
Wheelwright, Robert, Philadelphia,
Pa. Landscape Architect. Prof. Land-
scape Architecture, U. of Pa. Mem.
A. S. L. A.
♦Whitcomb, David, Seattle, Wash.
Builder. Pres. Arcade Bldg. & Realty
Co.; The Lakeside Sch. (for Boys);
Trustee (past Pres.) C. of C; Rainier
Nat. Park Co.
White, Aubrey Lee, Spokane, Wash.
Hon. Life Mem. C. of C; Rotary Club;
Chmn. Yard & Garden Contest Com.;
Sec. -Mgr. River Parkways Assn.;
Editor, Garden Dept., Spokesman
Review (Mem. Civic Development
Dept.); Veteran Scout, Boy Scouts
Org.; Nat. Dir. Izaak Walton League
of Am. (Hon. V.P. Los Angeles Chapt.).
White, Mrs. Eva Whiting, Boston,
Mass. Pres. Women's Ednl. & In-
dustrial Union; Head Resident EUza-
beth Peabody House; Mem. Boston
Community Serv.; Nat. Civic Fed.;
Women's Mun. League; Women's
City Club; Boston City Fed. of
Women's Clubs; Bd. of Publ. Welfare,
City of Boston; Div. of Immigration &
Americanization, Mass. Bd. of Edn.
JWhite, George W., Washington, D. C.
Banker. Pres. Nat. Met. Bank. Treas.
A. C. A.; Am. Peace Soc; Mem.
Peace Soc; Bd., Emerg. Hosp.
White, Mrs. Kemble, Fairmount, W.
Va.
White, W. Pierrepont, Utica, N. Y.
Sec. Oneida Co. League for Good
Roads; Mem. Mohawk Valley Towns
Assn.; Valley Hist. Assn.; Oneida Hist.
Soc.
White, William T., Princeton, N. J.
Mem. Princeton Township Com. (for
9 years).
WHO'S WHO IN CIVIC ACHIEVEMENT 263
Whitb, Mrs. William T., Princeton,
N. J. Mem. Garden Club of Princeton.
Whiting, Frederic Allen, Washington,
D. C. Pres. Am. Fed. of Arts; past
Dir. Cleveland Mus. of Arts; Mem.
Am. Forestry Assn.; Nat. Parks Assn.
(representing Am. Fed. of Arts) ; Nat.
Roadside Council; Ogunquit (Me.)
Village Impr. Soc.
§Whitnall, C. B., Milwaukee, Wis.
Mem. Milwaukee Co. Park Commn.
& Rural Planning Bd.; Sec. City Publ.
Land Commn., promoting cooperation
between city & county.
♦Whitnall, Gordon, Los Angeles, Cal.
City Planner. Lecturer on City Plan-
ning, U. of Southern Cal. Mem. Am.
City Planning Inst.; City Planning
Assn. (Pioneer Group); Assn. of City
Planners of Los Angeles Co.; Assoc,
City Planning Sect., A. S. C. E.; Coor-
dinator, Com. on Govtl. Simplification.
*Whitney, Mrs. Casper. New York City.
♦Whitney, Clarence W., Berkeley, Cal.
Engineer. Mem. Berkeley Recr. &
Park Commn.
Whittemore, H. O., Ann Arbor, Mich.
Whitten, Robert, New York City.
Planning Consultant. Consultant Bos-
ton City Planning Bd.; past Consul-
tant, City Planning Commn., Cleve-
land, O., & on planning Studies for
Regional Plan of N. Y. & Its Environs;
past Pres. Am. City Planning Inst.;
Mem. Am. Econ. Assn.; Nat. Mun.
League; Nat. Conf. on City Planning;
British Town Planning Inst. Author
"Economics of Land Subdivision";
Jt. Author "Neighborhoods of Small
Homes."
Whitten, Mrs. Robert, Brooklyn,
N. Y. Mem. Civic Dept., Women's
Club; Town Hall Club.
9 Whitten, Walter S., Lincoln, Nebr.
Sec. C. of C. Mem. Garden Club;
Y. M. C. A.
WicKE, Louise, New York City. Mem.
Am. Roads Soc; Internat. Garden
Club, Pelham, N. Y.
Widener, Joseph E., Philadelphia, Pa.
Capitalist.
WiLBER, Rena E., Seattle, Wash. Rose
Hybridist. Hon. Pres. (Organizer &
past Pres.) North End Flower Club;
Organizer Central Flower Com. (repre-
senting 15 garden clubs); Mem. Bd.,
St. Council for Protection of Roadside
Beauty (Chmn. Planting Com.); Mem.
Woman's City Club (Organizer Garden
Class).
Wilbur, Ray Lyman, Stanford U., Cal.
Pres. Stanford U. Past Sec. of Interior.
Chmn. Better Homes in Am.; Social
Relations Council, Commonwealth
Club of Cal.; Mem. "Save-the-Red-
woods" League.
Wilcox, Edwin A., San Jose, Cal.
fWiLcox, Walter D., F. R. G. S, Chevy
Chase, Md. Art Photographer.
*WiLD, Mrs. H. D., New Brunswick, N. J.
Wilder, Mrs. George W,, East Rindge,
N. H. Chmn. Sch. Bd.; Unempl. Re-
Uef Com.; Trustee Ingalls Memor. Libr.
fWiLDEH, Helen A., Germantown, Pa.
♦Wiley, Louis, New York City. Business
Manager, The New York Times. V. P.
Broadway A.ssn.; 42d St. Property
Owners & Mchts. Assn.; Dir. Mun. Art
Soc; West Side C. of C; Mchts.' Assn.
of N. Y.
♦WiLGus, Horace, Ann Arbor, Mich.
University Professor. Prof, of Law,
U. of Mich.; Mem. Internat. Law
Assn.; Am. Assn. Polit. Sci.; Com-
mercial Law League of Am.
♦WiLGUs, Mrs. Horace, Ann Arbor,
Mich.
♦Wilkinson, H. B., Phoenix, Ariz.
WiLLARD, Daniel, Baltimore, Md.
Pres. B. & O. R. R. Co.; Pres. Bd. of
Trustees, Johns Hopkins U.; Trustee
Johns Hopkins Hosp.
♦Willard, Ernest C., Portland, Ore.
Consulting Engineer. Mem. (past
Pres.) City Club (Chmn. City Plan-
ning Sect.) ; Mem. C. of C; A. S. C. E.;
Professl. Engrs. of Ore.
Willet, George S., Norwood, Mass.
WiLLETS, Elmore A., Belmont, N. Y.
Mem. Nat. Inst, of Social Sci.
9 Williams, Bradford, Boston, Mass.
Exec. Sec Am. Soc of Landscape
Archts.
Williams, Mrs. Carroll R., Phila-
delphia, Pa. Mem. Bd. & Founding
Life Mem., Art Alliance; Mem. Phila.
Mus. of Art; Fairmount Park Com. of
1926 (Upkeep of Strawberry Mansion) ;
Soc. for Preservn. of Landmarks; U. of
Pa. Mus. & Sch. of Industrial Art;
City Parks Assn.; Am. Fed. of Arts;
Pa. Acad, of Fine Arts; Soc. of Little
Gardens.
Williams, F. A., Denver, Colo. Lawyer.
Past City Solicitor.
Williams, Frank Backus, New York
City. City Planning Lawyer. Mem.
Bd. of Dirs., Nat. Conf. on City Plan-
ning; Bd. of Trustees, City Club; past
Assoc Dir. Leg. Dept., Reg. Plan of
N. Y. & Its Environs; Treas. Planning
Fdn. of Am. ; Mem. Am. City Planning
Inst. Editor "Zoning Notes," Ameri-
can City Magazine, "Legal Notes,"
City Planning; Author "The Law of
City Planning & Zoning," & (with
Hubbard & McClintock) "Airports"
(Harvard City Planning Studies, Vol.
1); also of numerous articles on city
planning.
♦Williams, G. Crift, Columbia, S. C.
♦Williams, Lloyd, Toledo, O. Lawyer.
Chmn. City Plan Commn.; Mem.
Lucas Co. Plan Commn.
♦Williamson, Thomas, Topeka, Kans.
WiLMER, Mrs. William H., Baltimore,
Md. Founder & Pres. Amateur
Gardeners of Balto.
♦Wilson, Charles C, Columbia, S. C.
Architect.
♦Wilson, E. P., Kansas City, Kans. -•
♦Wilson, Mrs. Francis C., Santa Fe,
N. M. Sec. (past Pres.) St. Bd of
Publ. Welfare; Mem. Exec Bd., Santa
Fe Co. Welfare Assn.; Mem. Woman's
Club; N. M. Assn. on Indian Affairs.
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Wilson, Lloyd B., Washington, D. C.
Pres. Chesapeake & Potomac Tele-
phone Co. Dir. Wash. Bd. of T. Mem.
Greater Nat. Cap. Com. ; U. S. C. of C ;
Wash. C. of C.
Wilson, Ray W., Kansas City, Mo.
Sec. Civic Dept., C. of C; Govt. Res.
Assn.; Mem. Nat. Assn. of Civic Sees.;
Nat. Mun. League; Mo. Commercial
Sees. Assn.; Internat. City Managers'
Assn.
♦Wilson, Willard, Wilmington, Del.
9W1NANS, Charles A., Paterson, N. J.
Sec. Passaic Co. Park Commn.
§WiNQ, Charles B., Palo Alto, Cal. Civil
Engineer. Prof. Emeritus Structural
Engring., Stanford U. Mem. Council
"Save-the-Red woods" League; Sem-
pervirens Club; Commonwealth Club
of San Francisco; Nat. Econ. League;
City Council; Exec. Officer Cal. St.
Park Commn.
Wing, Mrs. David L., Greenway, Va.
WiNGO, Mrs. Julian E., Savannah, Ga.
fWiNSOR, Frederick, Concord, Mass.
Educator. Headmaster, Middlesex
School. Organizer Country Sch. for
Boys, Baltimore; Mem. Nat. Econ.
League; Am. Forestry Assn. & others.
§WiN8TON, G. Owen, New York City.
WiRTH, Conrad L., Washington, D. C.
Asst. Dir. (in charge of planning) Nat.
Park Serv.
§WiRTH, Theodore, Minneapolis, Minn.
General Superintendent of Parks &
Administrator of City Park System.
Officer Bd. of Park Commrs.; Mem.
Civic & Commerce Assn.; Twin City
Florists Club; Nat. Conf. on St. Parks;
Engrs. Club; Am. Forestry Assn.; St.
Hist. Soc; Am. Inst, of Park Execs. &
Am. Park Soc; Soc. of Am. Florists &
Ornamental Horticulturists.
*WiscHMEYER, HERMANN, Louisville, Ky.
Architect. Mem. A. I. A.; Chmn.
local Fed. City Com., A. C. A.
♦Wiseman, D. E., Pasadena, Cal.
fWiSTER, John C, Germantown, Pa.
Landscape Architect. Sec. Pa. Hort.
Soc; Pres. Am. Iris Soc; V.P. The
John Bartram Assn.; Mem. Am.
Forestry Assn.; Pa. Forestry Assn.;
Mass. Forestry Assn.; Soc. for Pro-
tection of New Hampshire Forests;
Appalachian Mtn. Club; & others.
tWiTTER, Isaac P., Wisconsin Rapids,
Wis.
♦Wolf, Mrs. C. A., Topeka, Kans. Pres.
Y. W. C. A.; Community Concert
Assn.; Sorosis Club; V.P. Victory
Highway Assn.; Mem. Art Guild;
(past Pres.) Woman's Club (Chmn.
Music Dept.) ; City Charity Commn.
§WooD, Charles, Washington, D. C.
Minister, Author.
§WooD, Edward A., Dallas, Tex. Con-
sulting Engineer, City Planner,
Brownsville & Amarillo, Tex, Mem.
A. S. C. E.; Am. City Planning Inst.;
Nat. Conf. on City Planning; Nat.
Recr. Assn.
Wood, Mrs. Frederick W., Baltimore,
Md. Past Treas. Women's Civic
League; Mem. League of Women
Voters.
Wood, Mrs. George Ellery, Bethesda,
Md. Mem. Nat. Assn. of Constitu-
tional Govt.; Nat. Roadside Council.
Wood, Howard, Jr., Conshohocken, Pa.
9 Wood, Mrs. Richard D. Philadelphia,
Pa. Cor. Sec. Pa. Council for the
Preservn. of Natural Beauty.
Wood, Spencer S., Washington, D. C.
U. S. N. Retd. V.P. Georgetown Citi-
zens' Assn. (Chmn. Publ. Utilities
Com.) ; Archts. Com. ; Mem. Bd. of T.,
Jamestown, R. I.
♦Wood, Waddy B., F. A. I. A., Washing-
ton, D. C. Architect. Pres. Albemarle
Investment Assn.; Mem. (past Pres.)
Wash. Chapt., A. I. A.; Bd. of T.;
C. of C.
§WooDBURY, Mrs. John L., Louisville,
Ky. Chmn. Jefferson Davis Nat. High-
way, sponsored by United Daughters
of the Confederacy.
§Woodhou8E, Henry, New York City.
Author. Founder & Publisher of
aeronautical magazines; Founder Am.
Soc. Aeronautic Engrs., combined with
Soc. Automotive Engrs.; V.P. Aerial
League of Am.; Gov. & Trustee Nat.
Inst. Efficiency; Mem. Soc. Auto-
motive Engrs.; Frankhn Inst.; A. A.
A. S.
tJWooDRUFF, Clinton Rogers, Phila-
delphia, Pa. Lawyer. Dir. of Publ.
Welfare; Chmn. Jt. Com. on Electoral
Reform in Pa.; Chmn. Bldg. Com.,
Free Libr.; Com. for Active Citizen-
ship; Hon. Sec. Nat. Mun. League
(Sec, 1894-1920); past Chmn. Regis-
tration Commn.; Civ. Serv. Commn.;
Sp. Asst. City Solicitor; past V.P.,
Sec, & Treas. A. C. A. (Pres. Am.
Park & Outdoor Art Assn. which, con-
solidated with Am. League for Civic
Impr., became the Am. Civic Assn.).
Woodruff, Joseph T., Stratford, Conn.
Consultant, N. E. Reg. Planning
Commn.; Fairfield Co. Planning
Commn.; also to the following Conn,
towns: Stratford, Norwalk, Darien &
Trumbull.
Woodward, George, Philadelphia, Pa.
Physician; State Senator. Pres. Chil-
dren's Aid Soc; Trustee Chestnut Hill
Acad.; past Mem. Bd. of Health; Pa.
Relief Commn.
Woodward, Mrs. George, Chestnut
Hill, Pa. Chmn. Chestnut Hill Com-
munity Center; Adv. V.P. Civic Club
of Phila.
♦Worth, Howard F., San Diego, Cal.
WORTHINGTON, MrS. ChARLES CaMP-
bell, Washington, D. C. Pres. Wake-
field Nat. Memor. Assn.; Mem. Nat.
Parks Assn.; Worcester Hist. Soc,
Worcester, Mass.; N. Y. Chapt., Soc
Mayflower Descendants; D. A. R.;
Woman's Nat. Repub. Club, N. Y. C.
fWozENCRAFT, Frank W., New York
City. Past Mayor of Dallas., Tex.
§Wright, Henry C, New York City.
Consultant on Institutions. Pres.
WHO'S WHO IN CIVIC ACHIEVEMENT 265
Queensboro T. B. & Health Assn.;
past Investigator, Russell Sage Fdn.;
Trustee United Hosp. Fd.; City Club;
Mem. Nat. Mun. League; Fed. Coun-
cil Assos.; Reg. Plan of N. Y.; Co-
ordinating Com. on Unempl.
Wright, John D., Santa Barbara, Cal.
Pres. Cal. County Planning Commrs.
Assn.; past Pres. Community Arts
Assn., Santa Barbara; V.-Chmn. (past
Chmn.) Santa Barbara Co. Planning
Commn.; Chmn. Co. Planning Com.,
Cal. St. C. of C; St. Chmn. Roadside
Beautification Com., Cal. Garden Club
Fed.; Roadside Beautification Com.,
Garden Club of Am.; Mem. Nat.
Roadside Council; Cal. Council for
Protection of Roadside Beauty.
§Wkight, Richardson L., New York
City. Author. Editor House &
Garden. Past special correspondent
New York World; Chicago Daily News;
& London Daily Express in Siberia &
Manchuria. Past literary critic New
York Times.
Wright, Mrs. Robert C, Haverford,
Pa. Nat. Chmn. Conservn. & Road-
side Com., Garden Club of Am.; V.P.
Emerg. Aid of Pa.; Com. of 1926,
Phila., Pa.; Mem. Exec. Com., Nat.
Roadside Council; Am. Game Assn.
Wrzesien, Waclaw, Warsaw, Poland.
Civil Engineer. Chief City Planning
Div., Technorol Co., Warsaw. Engr.
in Charge, Warsaw Airport. Past
Asst. Engr. Roland Park Co., Balti-
more, Md.; Mem. Soc. of Polish
Urbanists.
Wylie, Mrs. Walter L., St. Petersburg,
Fla. Pres. Garden Club; Dir. Fifth
Dist., Fla. Fed. of Garden Clubs;
Chmn., Protection of Roadside Beauty,
St. Fed. of Garden Clubs; V.P. Lake
Maggiore Assn.; Mem. Fla. Forestry
Assn.; Am. Forestry Assn.; St. Beauti-
fication Com., C. of C; Conservn.
Com., St. C. of C.
Wyman, Phelps, F. A. S. L. A., Mil-
waukee, Wis. Landscape Architect.
Fellow Inst, of Park Execs. Mem.
City Planning Com., City Club; Nat.
Conf. on City Planning; City Plan-
ning Inst. Editor Dept. L. A. Design
& Art, Parks & Recreation.
♦Yard, Robert Sterling, Washington,
D. C. Exec. Sec. Nat. Parks Assn.
Author of books & articles on Federal
land subjects, speciahzing in National
Parks.
fYARDLEY, Mrs. Farnham, West Orange,
N. J. Chmn. Billbd. Com., Orange
Garden Club; Mem. Woman's Dept.,
Nat. Civic Fed.
Yeatman, Georgina Pope, Philadelphia,
Pa.
Yeatman, Mrs. Pope, Philadelphia, Pa.
Pres. Sch. of Occupational Therapy;
V.P. Pa. Birth Control League; Mem.
Civic Club; Women's City Club; Art
Alliance.
9 York, Samuel A., Cummington, Mass.
Commr., Dept. of Conservn., Common-
wealth of Mass. Mem. Mass. Forest &
Park Assn.; Am. Forestry Assn.;
Northeastern Forest Res. Adv. Coun-
cil, 1934-38.
♦Young, Clyde L.. Bismarck, N. D.
Attorney. Chmn. local Fed. City
Com., A. C. A.; Pres. Zoning Commn.;
Mem. St. Hort. Soc; Bismarck Garden
Club.
♦Young, Robert H., Washington, D. C.
Patent Attorney. Sp. Asst. to U. S.
Atty.-Gen. Mem. Bd. of T.; Mt.
Pleasant Citizens' Assn.
Zantzinger, C. C, Philadelphia, Pa.
Mem. Tech. Adv. Com., Reg. Planning
Fed. of Phila. Tri-St. Dist.; Bd. of
Mgrs., City Park Assn.; Founders'
Com.: Bd. of Archtl. Consultants to
Sec. of the Treas.; Phila. Commn.;
Fairmount Park Art Assn.; Awbury
Arboretum.
Zantzinger, Mrs. C. C, Philadelphia,
Pa. V.P. Eastern Div., Fed. Garden
Clubs of Pa.; Chmn. George Washing-
ton Bicentenn. Tree Planting Com.,
Council for Preservn. of Natural
Beauty in Pa. ; Vis. Nat. Gardens Com.,
Nat. Council of St. Garden Club Feds.;
Mem. Bd., Ambler Sch. of Hort.; Mem.
Weeders' Garden Club (Chmn. Billbd.
Com.); Pa. Hort. Soc; Strawberry
Mansion.
fZoBEL, Frederick C, New York City.
Architect. Past Sec. Soc. of Archts.;
Conf. to Promote Commerce of Port of
N. Y.; Mem. Bd. of Dirs., Bldg. In-
dustries; Mem. Nat. Conf. on City
Planning; Met. Mus. Art; Park Assn.;
Com. on Bldg. Conditions.
9Z00K, George F., Washington, D. C.
Sec. Am. Fed. of Arts.
fZuo, George B., New York City. Past
Professor of Modern Art, Dartmouth
Coll. Mem. Boston Soc. of L. A.;
Nat. Conf. on City Planning; Planning
Div., A. S. C. E.
266
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Subscribing Organizations
California
California Garden Club Federation,
Los Angeles
Pres. Mrs. Leonard B. Slosson.
Cor. Sec. Mrs. Richard Kirkley.
City Planning Dept., Los Angeles
Regional Planning Commission, Los
Angeles
Dir. Charles H. Diggs.
Civic Dept., Chamber op Commerce,
San Diego
San Diego Planning Commission, San
Diego
Pres. Raymond R. Bradley.
Sec. William R. Wheeler.
Year's Achievements: Actual development
of portions of the City Plan was accom-
pUsned; cooperative project by City,
County, & State Highway Commission re-
sulted in beautiful wide new highway en-
trance into city via famous Torrey Pines
Park & Mission Bay State Park, past
United States Marine Base, the Municipal
Airport, & the proposed Civic Center, with
very few intersecting streets; improvement
of this highway was followed by passage of a
setback ordinance of 60 feet from the center
line of highway; architectural review by
Planning Commission of all buildings
erected along the highway. Other improve-
ments: construction of streets & parks shown
on the Major Street Plan through CWA
assistance. A traffic count was made on 80
important intersections.
Garden Club, San Francisco
Exec. Sec. Jean Boyd,
Sierra Club, San Francisco
Pres. Francis P. Farquhar.
Sec. William E. Colby.
Publication: "Sierra Club Bulletin."
Outdoor Art League, San Jos^
CiTT Planning Commission, San Mateo
Pres. A. W. Deuel.
Sec. James Mulryan.
Year's Achievements: New zoning of city.
County Planning Commission, Santa
Barbara
Chmn. John A. Jameson.
Sec. L. Deming Tilton.
Year's Achievements: Completed plans for
three county & one State Park with CWS
aid as basis of CWA work ; completed report
& plan of airport, made complete study of
existing subdivisions, cooperated in numer-
ous highway planting schemes, inaugurated
work on comprehensive waterfront plan for
city of Santa Barbara & completed interim
zoning ordinance for city of Santa Maria.
Colorado
Denver Planning Commission, Denver
Pres. C. M. Lightburn.
Sec. Evelynn Payne.
Year's Achievements: Sponsored & super-
vised CWA projects engaged in various
phases of city & regional planning which in-
clude: flood prevention, channel improve-
ment of Cherry Creek; surveying & acquir-
ing right-of-way for 100 miles monumental
scenic driveway along foothills from
Boulder to Colorado Springs; & three
street-widening surveys within city related
to the Major Street Plan; initiated regional
plan movement & published an outline-plan
for the Denver Region.
Connecticut
Commission on the City Plan, Hartford
Pres. Anthony J. Pagano.
Sec. Roscoe N. Clark.
Connecticut Forest & Park Commission,
Hartford
Field Sec. Albert M. Turner.
Delaware
Board of Park Commissioners, Wil-
mington
Pres. Edgar L. Haynes.
Sec. Edward R. Mack.
Year's Achievements: Improvement of ex-
isting parks, largely under local work rehef
& CWA; extension of winter recreation
program for boys & young men, & siimmer
program for adults.
District of Columbia
National Geographic Society, Wash-
ington
Pres. & Editor. Gilbert Grosvenor.
Sec. George W. Hutchison.
Hawaii
Outdoor Circle, Honolulu
Illinois
Garden Club of Illinois, Chicago
Pres. Mrs. Euclid Snow.
Legislative Chmn. Mrs. Warren W.
Shoemaker.
Year's Achievements: Eighth Annual
Flower & Garden Show attended by 140,000
visitors; intensive State work carried on
through committees, whose activities in-
clude Conservation. Roadside Improvement,
Weed Extermination, Education (Radio,
Lectures, Library, Garden Tours, Speakers'
Bureau, Monthly Meetings, Junior Work).
There are 140 garden clubs in the Fed-
eration.
National Association of Real Estate
Boards, Chicago
Pres. Hugh Potter.
Sec. Herbert U. Nelson.
Year's Achievements: Sales Conferences
held throughout the country for the purpose
of rendering practical assistance to mem-
bers; courses in Real Estate & Land
Economics sponsored in 70 colleges; Li-
brary, Information Bureau, & other
services continued.
SUBSCRIBING ORGANIZATIONS
267
Regional Planning Association,
Chicago
Pres. Daniel H. Burnham.
Sec. Robert Kingery.
Year's Achievements: Continued to co-
operate in advisory capacity with city,
county, & State officials & civic organiza-
tions, as principal source of authentic infor-
mation on planning & zoning, & on prepara-
tion & carrying out of highway & park
acquisition & improvement programs.
Illinois Municipal League, Urbana
Indiana
City Plan Commission, Evansville
Pres. & Acting Sec. Henry M. Dickman.
Exec. Sec. R. W. Blanchard (on leave) .
Year's Achievements: During April, 1933,
a city-wide Housing Survey was launched
by the Commissioner of Buildings as an Un-
employment Relief Project; in November
the following activities were undertaken
with CWA labor: (1) Thoroughfare Plan
Maps completed; (2) Field work on Major
Street Building Line completed on 45 per
cent of major streets; (3) Zoning Detail
Sheets completely revised; (4) Location &
extent of Bhghted Districts determined. In
addition, the Commission compiled data for
a Proposed Slum Clearance & Low-cost
Housing Project, comprising an area of 14
acres, & contemplating 220 housing units, a
commercial building, & 2.7 acres of parks
& playground.
Department op Conservation, Indian-
apolis
Commr. V. M. Simmons.
Iowa
City Plan & Zoning Commission, Des
Moines
Chmn. Harley H. Stipp.
Sec. Mrs. Edyth Howard.
Year's Achievements: Many projects dur-
ing past year were facilitated & accom-
plished through funds allocated by the
Federal Works Program & by contmuance
of the CWA. Among these were the con-
struction of permanent river walls & inter-
cepting sewer through Des Moines Civic
Center, & considerable improvement & de-
velopment work on the city streets.
State Board op Conservation, Des
Moines
Chmn. Wilham P. Woodcock.
Sec. Ross Ewing.
Kentucky
City Planning & Zoning Commission,
Louisville
Chmn. J. C. Murphy.
Sec. H. W. Alexander.
Year's Achievements: Slum-clearance proj-
ect promoted, to be carried out by the
Pubhc Works Emergency Housing Cor-
poration.
Woman's City Club, Louisville
Louisiana
City Planning & Zoning Commission,
New Orleans
Chmn. John Mort Walker, Jr.
Sec. Anne M. Robertson.
Year's Achievements: Prepared detailed
plans for three Major Street projects,
for relocation of Major Streets in City
Park extension & in area proposed for hous-
ing project; conducted a city-wide traffic-
flow study with ERA labor; prepared plan
of development for 100-acre Algiers Park;
prepared tentative plan for enlargement of
school, playgrounds, & location of additional
schools & playgrounds; also for pleasure
drive along Bayou St. John to tie in with
proposed development of City Park; pre-
pared map showing distribution of popula-
tion by squares for 1930.
Maine
Society op Art, Portland
Maryland
Roland Park Civic League, Baltimore
Sec. R. Brooke Maxwell.
Woman's Civic League, Baltimore
Pres. Mrs. Herbert E. Pickett.
Cor. Sec. Julia R. Rogers.
Year's Achievements: Three playgrounds
operated in congested sections of Baltimore;
operated Community Thrift Gardens; held
annual Garden Contest in which 3,555 con-
testants were enrolled; hundreds of local
problems, such as Zoning, Smoke Abate-
ment, Sewage, Street Lighting, Waste Dis-
posal, cared for by Civic League Group
Committee which operates in 28 city wards.
Maintained classes in Citizenship. Con-
ducted successful annual flower market.
Civic League, Hagerstown
Pres. Mrs. James Findlaj'.
Year's Achievements: In spite of financial
losses, Milk Stations were continued
throughout winter with the help of indi-
vidual members; talks on forestry & good
citizenship continued by the President in
the schools.
Maryland National Capital Park &
Planning Commission, Silvbe
Spring
Chmn. George N. Palmer.
Sec. Thomas Hampton.
Planner. Irving C. Root.
Year's Achievements: Purchase of 300
acres of park land; development of natural
woodland for general park purposes in Rock
Creek Park, Shgo Creek Parkway, & Cabin
John Creek Parkway; received gift of Jesup
Blair Park, 13-acre property, given as a
memorial to the brother of Mrs. Violet
Janin, the historical homestead now being
rebuilt as a hbrary & community building.
Massachusetts
American Society op Landscape Archi-
tects, Boston
Pres. Henry V. Hubbard.
Sec. Bremer W. Pond.
Exec. Sec. Bradford Williams.
Year's Achievements: Cooperation with
other organizations: (1) In working for
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Federal legislation favorable to development
of plan of National Capital; (2) In further-
ing interests of National Parks; (3) In
sponsoring a movement for the preservation
of natural beauty either outstanding in a
region or characteristic of it. Cooperation
with the National Park Service in making
the services of qualified landscape architects
available for Emergency Conservation
Work. Preparation of a code for profes-
sional practice of landscape architecture.
City Planning Board, Boston
Chmn. Frederic H. Fay.
Sec. Ehsabeth M. Herlihy.
Year's Achievements: Developed outline
for CWA project & directed 461 workers in
housing, recreation, & engineering studies;
recommended & assisted in securing enact-
ment of legislation providing for State
Board of Housing; cooperai^ed in preparing
draft of bill providing for municipal housing
authorities; organized Local Joint Planning
Committees in 14 different sections of city;
sponsored creation of Noise Nuisance Bu-
reau in Sanitary Division of Health Dept.;
cooperated with public officials in develop-
ment of PWA and CWA programs; studies
of zoning, playgrounds, streets, intersec-
tions, & other related subjects continued.
Massachusetts Civic League, Boston
Pres. Joseph Lee.
Sec. Katharine Van Etten Lyford.
Year's Achievements: Worked to secure
passage of legislation for protection of neg-
lected children, for creation of State Hous-
ing Board, & for abolition of county training
schools; helped defeat legislation restricting
activities of school committees, tearing
down Civil Service standards, limiting
manufacture & sale of prison-made goods;
active educational campaign to secure better
motion pictures through aboUtion of mo-
nopolistic trade practices of block booking
& blind selling, thereby securing community
freedom in choice of films; Committee on
Streets & Alleys active in promoting better
care of city & town dumps; in cooperation
with Boston Housing Association, promoted
State-wide conference on housing for con-
sideration of zoning, housing, & town plan-
ning problems; Massachusetts Billboard
Law Defense Committee continued its fight
in defense of constitutionality of this law
(case now being considered by Massachu-
setts Supreme Court); Town Room
Research Committee compiled third yearly
bulletin of Current Social Research in
Massachusetts; Committee on Cause &
Cure of Crime compiling data on problem
of unification of police & also defended
methods & theories being used in the Nor-
folk Prison Colony; sponsored three months'
research study on the problems of unem-
ployed 16- to 21-year-old boys & girls, &
five months' research on juvenile crime
prevention in Boston.
Massachusetts State Forester, Boston
(Under Dept. of Conservation)
Commr. & State Forester. Samuel A.
York.
Sec. Helen G. Talboy.
Michigan
Village of Birmingham, Birmingham
City Plan Commission, Detroit
Sec. Walter H. Blucher.
Citizen's League, Detroit
Sec. William P. Lovett.
Minnesota
City Planning Board, St. Paul
Chmn. William Mahoney.
Dir. & Engr. George H. Herrold.
Year's Achievements: Secured the adop-
tion of plans for the removal of the 1,400-ft.
Minnesota Transfer Viaduct on University
Avenue at a cost of $450,000 (approved as a
PWA Highway Project). Made a compre-
hensive Traflfic Survey, Housing Survey, &
Leisure Time Activities Survey with CWA
funds.
Missouri
Woman's City Club, Kansas City
Exec. Sec. Mrs. W. J. Doughty,
City Plan Commission, St. Louis
Chmn. E. J, Russell.
Sec. Tom Gilmartin.
Year's Achievements: Acquisition of land
for Memorial & Aloe (Union Station)
Plazas completed; extensive study of hous-
ing conditions in region; widening of
Gravois Avenue & Natural Bridge Road.
Nebraska
Chamber of Commerce, Lincoln
Pres. Frank D. Throop.
Sec. W. S. Whitten.
Year's Achievements: Continued coopera-
tion in all civic activities; city planning
committee proceeding with study of projec-
tive thoroughfares, intersections, & park
areas, & cooperating with City Council's
Greater Lincoln Planning Commission;
working with State Capitol Commission in
landscaping streets & grounds adjacent to
Capitol; actively engaged in movement to
provide connecting thoroughfare between
State Capitol & University of Nebraska
campus; emphasized value of public health
& fire-prevention activities.
New Hampshire
State Development Commission, Con-
cord
Chmn. Edgar H. Hunter.
Exec. Sec. Donald D. Tuttle.
A State Department financed by State
appropriations to create, assemble, &
distribute ideas that will help build New
Hampshire.
City Planning Board, Manchester
New Jersey
Woman's City Club, Absecon
Pres. Mrs. William Hurd.
Civic Pride Chmn. Mrs. Hugh Ross.
Union County Park Commission, Eliza-
beth
Pres. Arthur R. Wendell.
Sec. & Engr. W. Richmond Tracy.
Year's Achievements: Continued progress
in the acquisition, development, & main-
SUBSCRIBING ORGANIZATIONS
269
tenance of the county system of parks &
recreation representing approximately 4,200
acres, the number of visits by the public
during 1933 exceeding 5,600,000; real-estate
donations to the Park System exceed
$750,000 in value to date; extensive plant-
ings of iris, magnolias, & Japanese cherries
received as gifts; considerable new develop-
ment through CCC and CWA.
Woman's Club, Moorestown
Essex County Park Commission, Newark
Shade Tree Division, Newark
Supt. Carl Bannwart.
Year's Achievements: Three hundred
street trees were planted during 1933.
Grading was supervised for six large school
& neighborhood playgrounds with relief
labor. Sixty thousand street trees trimmed
by Shade Tree Division gangs, augmented
by relief labor.
Passaic County Park Commission,
Paterson
Pres. Garret A. Hobart.
Sec. Charles A. Winans.
Year's Achievements: Developments
started on two new units with CWA help;
work on two other units continued.
County of Mercer, Trenton
State Forester, Trenton
New York
Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo
Pres. Chauncey J. Hamlin.
Cor. Sec. Darwin D. Martin.
Year's Achievements: Exhibition program
(ultimately to show story of Man & the
Universe) progressing; education & radio
programs continued & expanded. Average
number of visitors 9,000 per week.
Long Island Chamber op Commerce of
Kings, Queens, Nassau, & Suffolk
Counties, New York City
Pres. Henry R. Swartley, Jr.
Mng. Dir. Meade C. Dobson.
Year's Achievements: Advancement of
arterial highways & parkways; improve-
ment of roadside conditions; progress in
port & waterway projects, & planning &
zoning methods; development of conserva-
tion projects; progress in cooperative
activities of civic organizations & develop-
ment of community spirit in Kings, Queens,
Nassau, & Suffolk counties. Long Island,
N. Y.
New York Chapter, A. I. A., New York
City
Pres. Ralph Walker.
Sec. Eric Kebbon.
Regional Plan Association, Inc., New
York City
Pres. George McAneny.
Sec. Lawrence M. Orton.
Year's Achievements: General planning
assistance given municipalities in Region;
instrumental in creating new planning
boards & zoning commissions throughout
area; special cooperation with newly organ-
ized State planning boards & with New
York City authorities in estabUshing plan-
ning on an official basis. PubHcation of two
bound volumes: (1) "From Plan to Reality,"
an account of four years' progress towards
the realization of the Regional Plan of New
York and Its Environs; (2) "The Rebuilding
of Blighted Areas," an application of neigh-
borhood principles to the rehabihtation of a
blighted area in the borough of Queens.
Continued series of Information Bulletins
& other miscellaneous publications. Started
special project for introducing planning in
the curriculum of high schools in the Region.
Monroe County Regional Planning
Board, Rochester
Chmn. Frank C. Blackford.
Sec. J. Franklin Bonner.
Year's Achievements: During 1933 the
Board continued the arrangement of its
program to assist the county administration
in meeting the problems of the present
"emergency period" & also in providing em-
ployment for a large number of skilled
"white-collar" workers; projects were con-
tinued & new ones inaugurated which have
advanced the planning program many
months; a complete analysis has been made
of the physical, economic, & social condi-
tions in the town of Gates, similar studies
started in Riga & Webster; survey for po-
tential sources of ground-water supply has
been undertaken; studies & surveys which
will serve as a basis in the laying out of the
master plan being continued.
North Carolina
State Department of Conservation &
Development, Raleigh
Dir. R. Bruce Etheridge.
Asst. Dir. Paul Kelly.
Year's Achievements: Supervised planting
of 711,000 bushels of oysters as a CWA
project; increased capacity of forest nursery
& expect to produce 2,500,000 seedlings
next year; obtained Fort Raleigh, birth-
place of Virginia Dare, & began reconstruc-
tion of fort as a State Park (CWA project) ;
improved & enlarged all five State hatch-
eries; obtained road to Fort Macon &
secured CCC Camp for rehabilitation of old
fort; launched program for establishment of
National Forest on "the banks" of eastern
North Carolina; arranged with Federal
Government to create three new National
Forests in North Carolina, one in moun-
tains, one in Piedmont, & one in East.
Ohio
Chamber of Commerce, Akron
Pres. George H. Meyers.
Sec. Vincent S. Stevens.
Year's Achievements: Action by Munici-
pal Research Bureau & Chamber of Com-
merce taxation committees resulted in
reduction of City, County, & Board of
Education operating budgets, representing
a saving of several hundred thousand dollars
to taxpayers. Assisted in handling case for
reduction of coal rates on railroads, making
a saving of over $400,000 for coal-users of
Akron last year.
Better Housing League, Cincinnati
Exec. Sec. Bleecker Marquette.
Chamber of Commerce, Cleveland
270
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Pennsylvania
Community Health & Civic Association,
Akdmore
Valley Planning Association, East
Pittsburgh
Civic League, Hanover
Bureau op Municipal Affairs, Dept. op
Internal Affairs, Harrisburg
Dir. J, Herman Knisely.
Chamber of Commerce, Harrisburg
Pres. N. B. Bertolette.
Sec. Daniel N. Casey.
Year's Achievements: One of the first to
organize NRA service to members; aided in
location of a number of new payroll enter-
prises; secured record number of conven-
tions for Harrisburg.
Civic Club, Harrisburg
Department of Highways, Harrisburg
Highway Forester. Walter D. Ludwig.
Municipal League, Harrisburg
Pres. Vance C. McCormick.
Sec. J. Horace McFarland.
Year's Achievements: League acts mostly
as a watchdog; when need arises, it moves
quickly & quietly, but with considerable
efficiency.
State Chamber op Commerce, Harris-
burg
City of Johnstown, Johnstown
City Planning Commission, Johnstown
American Foundation, Inc., Phila-
delphia
Pres. Philip S. Collins.
Sec. Clarence Gardner.
Year's Achievements: Maintaining organ-
ization for the American Peace Award,
The Mountain Lake Sanctuary, Florida,
The Philadelphia Award, & The Citizens'
Award of Philadelphia. During 1933-34
actively continued its efforts to promote
international relations through recognition
of the "World Court; through its Committee
on Russian-American Relations made an
extensive research & report on the control-
ling factors in the relation between the
U. S. & the U. S. S. R.
The Art Club, Philadelphia
City Parks Association, Philadelphia
Pres. Samuel Price Wetherill, Jr.
Sec. H. Eugene Heine.
Year's Achievements: Charter Amend-
ment to permit Association to act as
trustees for public reservations in the Phila-
delphia Tri-StateRegional area ; maintenance
of Awbury Arboretum & slum playground;
dissemination of parks & open space & civic
beauty propaganda through monthly bulle-
tins; formulation of plans for more energetic
action in immediate future.
Civic Club, Philadelphia
Pres. Mrs. George Morley Marshall.
Vice-Pres. Katherine Brinley.
Gen. Sec. Claire B. MacAfee.
Past Achievements: The Civic Club cele-
brated its Fortieth Anniversary this year.
Among other equally important activities
it has been responsible for the first School
for Backward Children; the first Free Sum-
mer Concerts; the first movement for the
Preservation of Creek Valleys; the first
Committee on Smoke Nuisance; the first
Joint Committee on Unnecessary Noises.
Council for the Preservation of
Natural Beauty, Philadelphia
Pres. Mrs. Clarence C. Zantzinger.
Cor. Sec. Mrs. Richard D. Wood.
Year's Achievements: Bird Sanctuary
Exhibit at Phila. Flower Show; campaign
for Christmas Greens Conservation; Cam-
paign against Tent Caterpillars; fall &
spring broadcasts on all topics of conserva-
tion; establishment of State Wild-Flower
Preserve in Washington's Crossing Park;
promotion of legislation for the regulation of
outdoor advertising.
Fairmount Park Art Association,
Philadelphia
Regional Planning Federation op the
Philadelphia Tri-State District,
Philadelphia
Pres. Herbert L. Badger.
Exec. Dir. W. H. Connell.
Civic Club of Allegheny County,
Pittsburgh
Pres. M. K. McKay.
Sec. H. Marie Dermitt.
Year's Achievements: Published two
Voters' Directories containing information
on candidates; secured the cooperation of
city, county, press, «& individuals in cam-
paign against posting of political placards;
active in city budget sessions, in State legis-
lative matters, in zoning problems, in gar-
bage-& rubbish-disposal hearings; sponsored
outdoor Christmas fighting & two psycho-
logical tests for exceptionally able youths of
secondary schools in county; contributed to
public welfare through the cooperation of
two open-air schools & the Soho PubUc
Baths, Day Nursery & Laundry.
Chamber of Commerce, Wiluamsport
Rhode Island
Chamber of Commerce, Providence
Pres. Hugh F. MacCoU.
Sec. Richard B. Watrous.
Year's Achievements: Chamber has co-
operated closely with Providence City Plan
Commission, through its representatives on
the Advisory Committee of the Commis-
sion; cooperated with Frederick L. Acker-
man, Adviser to the City Plan Commission,
in survey to determine valuation of all land
properties in Providence; through its Com-
mittee on Fire Prevention, has cooperated
with the Providence Fire Department in the
demolition of many unsightly structures
that are fire hazards. Properties so cleared
have been planted & made attractive to
surrounding neighborhoods.
Crvic Improvement & Park Association,
Providence
Sec. Richard B. Watrous.
Metropolitan Park Commission, Provi-
dence
SUBSCRIBING ORGANIZATIONS
271
Tennessee
Tennessee Gabden Club, Memphis
Pres. Mrs. Robin Mason.
Cor. Sec. Mrs. W. T. Michie.
Texas
City Plan Commission, Dallas
Acting Chmn. Henry S. Miller.
Engr.-Dir. David L. Robinson, Jr.
Year's Achievements: Initiation of studies
preliminary to the preparation of an
Arterial Street Map & the formulation of
plan for a Boulevard System.
Kessler Plan Association, Dallas
Sec. John E. Surratt.
Virginia
Accomack Woman's Club
Pres. Mrs. G. W. McMath.
Sec. Lucille Boggs.
Year's Achievements: Roadside planting;
Xmas gifts for poor children of county ; two
flower shows & garden tour & contest given.
Division of Parks, Conservation &
Development Department, Rich-
mond
Chmn. William E. Carson.
Exec. Sec. & Treas. Richard A. Gilliam.
Dir. of Parks. R. E. Burson.
Year's Achievements: The sum of $50,000
has been appropriated by the State of
Virginia for acquisition or purchase of
property within that sum by the Division of
Parks. A total of approximately 18,815
acres has now been acquired or purchased
for development & use as State Parks
throughout the State; in addition, comple-
tion of George Washington Mill has been
accomplished & preparations for construc-
tion of scenic parkways into three State
Parks under CWA & other funds begun;
the Division now operates 15 camps & has
used CWA labor to the extent of 1,000
persons.
Williamsburg Restoration, Inc., Wil-
liamsburg
West Virginia
Oqlebat Institute, Wheeling
Pres. D. A. Burt.
Sec. Mrs. A. S. PauU.
Exec. Sec. Betty Eckhardt.
Activities: The Institute carries on a
program of educational-recreational activi-
ties in Oglebay Park & in urban & rural
communities within the Wheeling Metro-
politan District; in rural communities staff
members have cooperated with county ex-
tension workers & community leaders in
encouraging & promoting music, dramatics,
community picnic places & nature trails,
sports, & other efforts by the people to pro-
vide their own entertainment.
Wisconsin
Conservation Department, Madison
Directing Commr. Ralph M. Immell.
Year's Achievements: Maintenance of
adequate forest protection program & State
forest planting program ensuring the plant-
ing of 10,000,000 trees annually; main-
tenance & improvement of 50 wild-life
refuges; maintenance & improvement of 14
existing State Parks; production & planting
of 432,000,000 game fish; production &
distribution of 90,000 pheasant eggs &
10,000 pheasants; maintenance of efficient
conservation-law enforcement agency; dis-
semination of publicity to all State publica-
tions; cooperation with educational agencies
& conservation educational program.
City Club, Milwaukee
Pres. C. F. Pattison.
Civic Sec. Leo Tiefenthaler.
Year's Achievements: Assisted in organiza-
tion & in work of "Joint Committee on Con-
solidation in Milwaukee County"; assisted
in referendum campaign for simplification of
charter; made studies of modernization of
county government; took prominent part in
organization of "Governor's Committee on
Street and Highway Safety"; continued
advocacy of creation of comprehensive
master plan; prepared study of consolida-
tion of freight & passenger terminals; active
during legislative session on measures
affecting city government.
Foreign Organizations
Department of Public Works, Edmon-
ton, Alberta, Canada
Dir. of Town Planning. C. A. Davidson.
Ontario Horticultural Association,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Town Planning Commission, VANcotrvER,
B. C, Canada
Chmn. Frank E. Buck.
Engr.-Sec. J. Alexander Walker.
Year's Achievements: Preliminary studies
undertaken relative to the "West End"
(land area of 0.86 square mile), contiguous
to the central business district, & at one
time the high-class residential district of
the city (now zoned mainly for six-story
apartments). City Council now being
approached by the Commission with a view
to making provision for comprehensive
survey, in order to find solution to one of
Vancouver's major problems. Vancouver
has acquired the necessary legislation to
put into effect architectural control in
regard to all future buildings erected in the
city. A course of lectures on town planning
was prepared for students in the High
Schools of the city.
Ministry of Health, London, England
Siedlungsverband Ruhrkohlenbezirk,
Essen, Germany
Nederlandsch Instituut Voor Volk-
Shuisvestinq en Stedebouw, Am-
sterdam. Holland
272
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Subscribing Libraries
Alabama
Alabama Polytechnic Institute Library,
Auburn. Ln.: Mary E. Martin.
University of Alabama Library, Univer-
sity. Ln.: Alice S. Wy man.
Arizona
State Library of Aiizona, Phoenix. Law
and Legislative Reference Ln. : Mulford
Winaor.
Public Library, Phoenix. Ln.: Jane
Hudgins.
California
Public Library, Berkeley. Ln.: Susan T.
Smith.
University of California Library, Berke-
ley. Ln.: Harold L. Leupp.
State Teachers' College, Chico. Ln.:
Alice Anderson.
County of Los Angeles Free Library, Los
Angeles. Ln.: Helen E. Vogleson.
Public Library, Los Angeles. Ln.: Althea
H. Warren.
University of California at Los Angeles
Library, Los Angeles. Ln.: John
Edward Goodwin.
University of Southern California Li-
brary, Los Angeles. Acting Ln.:
Christian R. Dick.
Oakland Free Library, Oakland. Ln.:
John Boynton Kaiser.
California State Library, Sacramento.
Ln.: Mabel R. Gillis.
City Free Library, Sacramento. Ln.:
Grace R. Taylor.
Colorado
University of Colorado Library, Boulder.
Ln.: C. Henry Smith.
PubUc Library, Denver. Ln.: Malcolm
G. Wyer.
Connecticut
Pubhc Library, Hartford. Ln.: Truman
R. Temple.
State Library, Hartford. Ln.: George
S. Godard.
Yale University Library, New Haven.
Ln.: Andrew Keogh.
District of Columbia
Library of Congress. Ln.: Herbert
Putnam .
Florida
University of Florida Library, Gaines-
ville. Ln.: Cora Miltimore.
Public Library, Jacksonville. Ln.: Joseph
Marron.
Hawaii
Municipal Reference Library, Honolulu.
Ln.: Mrs. Grace M. Bartlett.
Illinois
John Crerar Library, Chicago. Ln.: J.
Christian Bay.
PubHc Library, Chicago. Ln.: Carl B.
Rodan.
University Libraries, University of
Chicago. Dir.: M. Llewellyn Raney.
Northwestern University Library, Evans-
ton. Ln.: Theodore W. Koch.
Municipal Reference Library, Galesburg.
Dir.: Anna F. Hoover.
Illinois, continued
Legislative Reference Bureau, Spring-
field. Ln.: Mrs. Gladys H. Peterson.
State Library, Springfield. Supt.: Harriet
M. Skogh.
University of Illinois Library, Urbana.
Ln.: P. L. Windsor.
Indiana
Public Library, Indianapolis. Ln.:
Luther L. Dickerson.
State Library, Indianapolis. Dir.: Louis
J. Bailey.
Purdue University Library, Lafayette.
Ln.: William M. Hepburn.
Iowa
Iowa State College Library, Ames. Ln.:
Charles H. Brown.
State Library, Des Moines. Ln.: Johnson
Brigham.
Kansas
Bureau of Governmental Research, Uni-
versity of Kansas, Lawrence. Ln.:
Bessie Wilder.
University of Wichita Library, Wichita.
Acting Ln.: M. Ahce Isely.
Louisiana
Howard Memorial Library, New Orleans.
Ln. : Robert J. Usher.
Maine
University of Maine Library, Orono. Ln. :
Louis T. Ibbotson.
Maryland
Department of Legislative Reference,
Baltimore. Executive: Horace E.
Flack.
Enoch Pratt Free Library, Baltimore.
Ln.: Joseph L. Wheeler.
Maryland Public Library Advisory Com-
mission, Baltimore. State Dir.:
Adelene J. Pratt.
Massachusetts
Bureau of Government, Amherst College,
Amherst. In Charge: Prof. Phillip
Bradley.
Massachusetts State College Library,
Amherst. Ln.: Basil B. Wood.
Pubhc Library, Boston. Dir.: Milton E.
Lord.
School of Architecture, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Boston. Ln.:
W. N. Server.
State Library, Boston. Ln.: Edward H.
Redstone.
Harvard College Library, Cambridge.
Ln.: Alfred C. Potter.
School of City Planning Library, Har-
vard University, Cambridge. Ln.:
Katherine McNamara.
City Library Association, Springfield.
Ln.: Hiller C. Wellman.
PubUc Library, Waltham. Ln.: Leshe
T. Little.
Michigan
Bureau of Government, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor. Ln. & Sec:
lone M. Ely.
General Library, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor. Ln.: W. W. Bishop.
SUBSCRIBING LIBRARIES
273
Michigan, continued
Public Library, Detroit. Ln.: Adam
Strohm.
Michigan State College Library, East
Lansing. Ln. : Jackson Edmund Towne.
Public Library, Grand Rapids. Ln.:
Samuel H. Ranck.
State Library, Lansing. Ln.: Mrs. Mary
E. Frankhauser.
Dorsch Memorial Library, Monroe. Ln.:
Mary J. Crowther.
Minnesota
Public Library, Minneapolis. Ln.: Gratia
A. Countryman.
Public Library, St. Paul. Ln.: Mrs.
Jennie T. Jennings.
State Library, St. Paul. Ln.: Paul
Danzingberg.
Missouri
Public Library, Kansas City. Ln.: Purd
B. Wright.
Public Library, St. Joseph. Ln.: Irving
R. Bundy.
Municipal Reference Library, St. Louis.
Ln.: Lucius H. Cannon.
Public Library, St. Louis. Ln.: Arthur
E. Bostwick,
Nebraska
University of Nebraska Library, Lincoln.
Ln.: Gilbert H. Doane.
Public Library, Omaha. Ln.: Edith
Tobitt.
New Hampshire
Dartmouth College Library, Hanover.
Ln.: Nathaniel L. Goodrich.
New Jersey
Drew University Library, Madison. Ln.:
Octo Gerald Lawson.
Free Pubhc Library, Newark. Ln.:
Beatrice Winser.
Rutgers University Library, New Bruns-
wick. Ln.: George A. Osborn.
Princeton University Library, Princeton.
Ln.: James Thayer Gerould.
Free Public Library, Trenton. Ln.:
Howard L. Hughes.
New York
State Library, Albany. Dir.: James I.
Wyer.
Pratt Institute Free Library, Brooklyn.
Ln.: Edward F. Stevens.
Pubhc Library, Buffalo. Ln.: Alexander
Gait.
Colgate University Library, Hamilton.
Chief Ln.: Dr. Charles Worthen
Spencer.
Cornell University Library, Ithaca. Ln.:
Otto Kinkeldey.
Columbia University Library, New York
City. Ln.: Roger Howson.
Pubhc Library, New York City. Dir.:
Edwin H. Anderson.
Teachers' College Library, Columbia
University, New York City. Ln.:
Eleanor M. Witmer.
Pubhc Library, Rochester. Ln.: John A.
Lowe.
North Carolina
Duke University Library, Durham. Ln.:
Joseph Penn Breedlove.
School of Law, Duke University, Dur-
ham. Ln.: Wm. R. Roalfe.
North CaroHna, continued
N. C. State College of Agriculture &
Engineering, Raleigh. Ln.: Frank
Capps.
Ohio
Pubhc Library, Akron. Ln.: Will H.
Collins.
Municipal Reference Bureau, City of
Cincinnati, Cincinnati. Dir.: Emmett
L. Bennett.
Municipal Reference Bureau, University
of Cincinnati, Cincinnati. Dir.:
Edward A. Henry.
Pubhc Library, Cincinnati. Ln.: Chal-
mers Hadley.
Adelbert College Library, Western
Reserve University, Cleveland. Ln.:
George F. Strong.
Public Library, Cleveland. Ln.: Linda
A. Eastman.
State University Library, Columbus.
Ln.: Earl N. Manchester.
Oregon
University of Oregon Library, Eugene.
Ln.: Matthew H. Douglass.
State Library, Salem. Ln.: Harriet C.
Long.
Pennsylvania
J. Herman Bosler Memorial Library,
Carlisle. Ln.: William Homer Ames.
Pubhc Library, Harrisburg. Ln.: Alice
Rhea Eaton.
State Library, Harrisburg. Dir.:
Gertrude MacKinney.
Lippincott Library, Wharton School of
Finance & Commerce, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Ln. :
Dorothy Bemis.
University of Pennsylvania Library,
Philadelphia. Ln.: C. Seymour
Thompson.
Allegheny Carnegie Free Library, Pitts-
burgh. Ln.: David D. Cadugan.
Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, Pitts-
burgh. Dir.: Ralph Munn.
Swarthmore College Library, Swarth-
more. Ln.: Charles B. Shaw.
Rhode Island
Public Library, Providence. Ln.:
Clarence E. Sherman.
State Library, Providence. Ln.: Herbert
O. Brigham.
Tennessee
Pubhc Library, Chattanooga. Dir.:
Nora Crimmins.
Texas
State Library and Historical Commis-
sion, Austin. Acting Ln.: Fannie M.
Wilcox.
Public Library, Dallas. Ln.: Cleora
Clanton.
Public Library, El Paso. Ln.: Mrs.
Maud D. Sulhvan.
Rosenberg Library, Galveston. Ln.:
Frank C. Patten.
Utah
Free Public Library, Salt Lake City.
Ln.: Joanna H. Sprague.
Vermont
State Library, Montpelier. Ln.: Harrison
J. Conant.
274
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Virginia
Virginia Polytechnic Institute Library,
Blacksburg. Ln.: Ralph M. Brown.
College of William & Mary Library,
Williamsburg. Ln.: E. G. Swem.
Washington
State College of Washington, Pullman.
Ln.: William W. Foote.
Pubhc Library, Seattle. Ln.: Judson
Toll Jennings.
Public Library, Spokane. Ln.: George
W. Fuller.
West Virginia
West Virginia University Library, Mor-
gantown. Ln.: Lonna D. Arnett.
Wisconsin
Kellogg Public Library, Green Bay. Ln.:
Sybil Schuette.
Municipal Reference Library, Milwaukee
Public Library, Milwaukee. Ln.:
Matthew S. Dudgeon.
Wyoming
University of Wyoming Library, Laramie.
Ln.: Mary E. Marks.
Exchange Members
American Association of Museums,
Washington, D. C.
Pres. Paul J. Sachs.
Dir. Laurence Vail Coleman.
Year's Achievements: Pubhcation of
"Historic House Museums" by Laurence
Vail Coleman, a manual for those in charge
of historic house museums, containing a
directory of more than 400 such museums;
completion of field work for a general re-
port on museums in the United States & the
beginning of a study of college & university
museums; completion of program for the
building of museums in National Parks;
annual meeting in Chicago, regional meet-
ings in New England, Middle West, &
South.
^^ Publications: "The Museum News";
"Pubhcations of the American Association
of Museums, New Series."
American Federation of Arts, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Pres. Frederic Allen Whiting.
Sec. George F. Zook.
Year's Achievements: A weekly series of
radio talks under the title "Art in America"
was conducted from February to June;
scope & importance of the American Maga-
zine of Art have been greatly increased
through the acquisition of Creative Art,
formerly published by Albert & Charles
Boni, Inc., the new magazine combining
many of the best features of both; among
the important activities of the Department
of Educational Work have been special
projects conducted in cooperation with
Government extension workers in rural
districts, a special type of exhibit having
been successfully developed for this purpose;
routine services, such as exhibitions, lec-
tures, loans from library, & the development
of art-educational projects continued.
Publications: "American Magazine of
Art"; "American Art Annual."
American Forestry Association, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Pres. George D. Pratt.
Sec. Ovid Butler.
Year's Achievements: Successfully pro-
moted establishment of an educational
program in the CCC ; cooperated in series of
conferences which formulated a program of
conservation for the management of private
timberlands & an enlarged Federal & State
forestry program; promoted more effective
forest-fire protection for all forest lands of
the nation; conducted a national photo-
graphic contest to stimulate public interest
in trees; sponsored planting of nut trees
with historical traditions by over half a
million people under National Nut-Tree
Planting Project; stimulated forest knowl-
edge & activities among' school children by
conferring tree medals in fifteen States,
Alaska, & the District of Columbia; ex-
tended cooperation to schools throughout
the country in teaching forest conservation;
promoted passage of bills to bring Public
Domain under conservation management,
to add the Everglades to the National Park
System, & to add an area of 3,000 acres of
virgin timber to the Allegheny National
Forest; conducted promotion of recrea-
tional use of the National Forests & revision
of mining laws to protect forest areas
against fraudulent locations; carried for-
ward its program of stimulating action to
control soil erosion.
Publication: "American Forests."
American Game Association, Washing-
ton, D. C.
Pres. Seth Gordon.
Sec. A. S. Houghton.
Year's Achievements: Continued to pro-
mote wild-hfe research, game management,
need of trained man-power, & coordination
of effort of all agencies interested in wild-
life restoration. Assisted in securing funds
& Federal rehef workers for important con-
servation work, such as water conservation,
stream improvement, & in having forest
workers give due consideration to needs of
wild-life. Urged passage of the Duck Stamp
Bill & other Federal legislation, & aided
many States in securing needed laws.
Assisted in developing the idea of warden
training schools in various States. Urged
the need of crow-control & the use of the
flushing bar. Continued operation of game
management demonstration units in co-
operation with U. S. Biological Survey.
Publication: "American Game."
American Geographical Society, New
York City
Pres. Roland L. Redmond.
Dir. & Ed. Isaiah Bowman.
Publication: "Geographical Review."
EXCHANGE MEMBERS
275
American Institutb of Architects,
Washington, D. C.
Pres. E. J. Russell.
Sec. Frank C. Baldwin.
Year's Achievements: 66th Convention
held at Washington, D. C, when the Insti-
tute's committees reported on their activi-
ties for the past year.
Publication: "The Octagon."
American Nattjre Association, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Pres. Arthur Newton Pack.
Sec. Percival S. Ridsdale.
Year's Achievements: Furthering conser-
vation in general, roadside beautification &
billboard elimination in particular; conser-
vation of wild-hfe actively continued.
Publications: "American Nature Maga-
zine"; "Roadside Bulletin."
Garden Club op America, New York
City
Pres. Mrs. Jonathan BulLIey.
Sec. Mrs. Samuel Seabury.
Year's Achievements: Dedication of the
Garden Club of America Redwood Grove
at Canoe Creek, May 19, 1934. PubUcation
of the second & last volume of "Gardens of
Colony & State," compiled & edited by
Mrs. Luke Vincent Lockwood, first authen-
tic history of gardens & gardeners of the
American Colonies & of the Republic before
1840. Further Garden Centers, on Cleve-
land Garden Club plan, estabHshed by
Garden Clubs of Pasadena, Detroit, Day-
ton, & Augusta, Georgia. These Centers
give to the public in their localities informa-
tion regarding planting the small home;
each month exhibitions are placed in the
Centers arranged so as to increase knowl-
edge & interest in planting. Establishment
of two Nature Camps through generosity of
Santa Barbara Garden Club in Cahfornia,
& Chestnut Hill Garden Club of Massa-
chusetts.
Publication: "Bulletin of the Garden
Club of America."
IzAAK Walton League, Chicago, III.
Pres. Dr. Preston Bradley.
Sec. Fred N. Peet.
Year's Achievements: Continued cam-
paign for acquisition of wild-life refuges &
virgin areas to safeguard scenic, historic,
scientific, & recreational values throughout
the country; League is also encouraging the
development of farmer-hunter partnerships
in order to bring about a better under-
standing between rural residents & city
hunters.
Publication: "National Waltonian."
National Alliance op Art & Industry,
New York CIty
National Association op Housing Offi-
cials, Chicago, III.
Pres. Ernest J. Bohn.
Dir. Charles S. Ascher.
Year's Achievements: Publication of man-
uals: "State Laws for PubUc Housing,"
"Housing Surveys," "Demolition of Unsafe
and Unsanitary Housing." Aided in draft-
ing enabling legislation in seven States;
furnished field consulting service on ad-
ministrative problems in over 20 cities.
National Housing Association, New
York City
Sec. Lawrence Veiller.
Year's Achievements: The Association
continued to serve as information center
& clearing house on all aspects of housing
for the United States; various publications
were issued during the year, including the
quarterly journal, "Housing."
National Municipal League, New
York City
Pres. Murray Seasongood,
Sec. Howard P. Jones.
Year's Achievements: Campaigns for
adoption of City Manager Plan carried on
in 45 cities (plan adopted in 9 cities, making
a total of 450 to date) ; work in support of
County Manager Plan, home rule for cities,
election-law reform, budget-law reform,
short ballot, administrative reorganization
of State government & centralized purchas-
ing continued; inaugurated movement for
formation of citizen's councils for con-
structive economy; launched national
"Pay Your Taxes" campaign & cooperated
in presenting series of nation-wide radio
broadcasts; League activities also included
distribution of news releases & editorials,
public addresses, & publication of pamph-
lets & magazine articles.
Publication: "National Municipal Re-
view."
National Roadside Council, New York
City
Chmn. Mrs. W. L. Lawton.
Year's Achievements: Roadside Surveys
in Florida and Connecticut; compilation of
Council Letter as an interchange of ideas
between the 15 State & Regional Councils
now organized for Roadside Development;
compilation & distribution of White List of
the 190 firms agreeing not to advertise out-
side of commercial districts.
Publication: (with American Nature
Assn.) "Roadside Bulletin."
Department op Civic Design, School of
Architecture, University op Liv-
erpool, Liverpool, England
Publication: "The Town Planning Re-
view."
276
AMERICAN CIVIC ANNUAL
Federated Societies on Planning and Parks
(Published in 1929 ;'What About the Year
2000?" — An Economic Survey of Land Uses)
President, John Nolen
American Civic Association
Pres. Frederic A. Delano.
Exec. Sec. Harlean James.
Year's Achievements: Held Joint Annual
Meeting with National Conference on City
Planning in Baltimore & Washington,
National Park & Housing Conference Din-
ners, & 12 field meetings; called National
Park & Roadside Development Councils;
prepared reports on reorganization of plan-
ning & park agencies; continued to maintain
Watch Service & Civic Information Bureau.
Publications: "American Civic Annual";
"Civic Comment."
American Institute of Park Executives
Pres. Gustaf A. Lindberg.
Sec. William H. Walker.
Year's Achievements: Official magazine
"Parks & Recreation" issued monthly,
covering all phases of park activities as well
as articles on all branches of park-manage-
ment.
Publication: "Parks & Recreation,"
issued monthly.
American Park Society
Pres. Gustaf A. Lindberg.
Sec. William H. Walker.
Branch society of the American Institute
of Park Executives with a membership
composed of persons interested in park &
recreation activities.
Publication: "Parks & Recreation,"
issued monthly.
Honorary President, J. Horace McFarland
Executive Secretary, Harlean James
Appalachian Trail Conference
Pres. Major William A. Welch.
Chmn. Bd. of Mgrs. Myron H. Avery.
Sec. Harlean James.
Year's Achievements: Construction &
marking of 175 miles of Trail from Katahdin
to Mt. Bigelow in Maine, with result that
only 80 miles remain to be completed out of
the entire 2,054-mile Appalachian Trail;
publication of pamphlet, detailing the
history, route, Bibliogiaphy & Guidebook
data for the entire Trail; pubh cation of
"Guide to Appalachian Trail in Maine"
(four of the five Guidebooks to the entire
Trail have been issued by Trail Conference
or by groups affiliated with it) ; continued
activity in organization of new trail groups
& increasing utiHzation of recreational re-
sources of the Southern Appalachian region.
National Conference on City Planning
Pres. Alfred Bettman.
-Sec. Flavel Shurtleff.
Year's Achievements: Baltimore Confer-
ence held October, 1933; conducted publi-
city & fund-raising campaigns; cooperated in
State, regional, & local conferences.
Official Organ: "City Planning," issued
quarterly.
Publications: "Proceedings," issued an-
nually; "Broadcasts," issued bi-monthly.
National Conference on State Parks
Pres. Richard Lieber.
Year's Achievements: Held successful
meeting at Bear Mountain, N. Y.; the
Conference has been the principal outside
agency assisting in State Park Emergency
Conservation work under National Park
Service.
INDEX
Abbott, Stanley W., 125.
Agricultural Adjustment Admin., 7, 10, 11.
Albright, Horace M., 47.
Alley Dwellings Law, 74.
Am. Assn. of Museums, 41.
Am. Assn. of State Highway Officials, 176.
Am. Automobile Assn., 22.
Am. Civic Assn., 22, 47, 177. 178.
Am. Federation of Arts, 22.
Am. Forestry Assn., 22.
Am. Institute of Architects, 34.
Am. Nature Assn., 22, 177.
Am. Soc. of Landscape Architects, 22, 105.
Ames, John S., 23.
Art Commissions, 162-4.
Ascher, Charles S., 101.
Bailey, Josiah W., 19.
Barrows, Donald S., 127.
Barrows, Harlan H., 113.
Bartholomew, Harland, 157, 193, 199.
Bessey, Roy F., 119.
Better Homes in America, 102.
Biological Survey, 11, 13, 14, 15, 160.
Bird, Charles S., Jr., 23.
Black, Russell Van Nest, 9.
Bohn, Ernest J., 101.
Boston, Mass., 3.
Boulder City, Nev., 210.
Brown, Carey H., 113.
Bryant, Harold C, 40.
Bumpus, H. C, 41.
Burt, Struthers, 47.
Byrd, Harry Flood, 19.
Cammerer, Arno B., 25.
Capper-Cram ton Act, 68.
Chamber of Commerce of the U. S., 199.
Channing, Henry, 23.
Chapman, Oscar L., 47.
Chatelain, Verne L., 36.
Chicago, Ills., 3.
Chorley, Kenneth, 205.
City Planning, 199-218.
Civil Works Admin., 7, 84, 85, 124, 139,
141, 143, 150, 160, 161, 214, 217.
Civilian Conserv. Corps, 29, 55, 56, 59, 60,
62, 145, 181, 184, 188, 189, 196.
Clarke, Gilmore D., 31.
Clayton, C. F., 147.
Coe. Ernest F., 50.
Coffin, Harold, 44.
Coffman, John D., 28.
Colonial National Monument, 38.
Columbia Gorge Com., 120.
Comey, Arthur C, 23.
Conserv. of Wild-Life Resources, Com., 18.
Cook County Forest Preserve, 145.
Cooke, Morris L., 111.
Crane, Jacob L., Jr., 156, 160.
Crater Lake National Park, 42.
Crocker, Herbert S., 113.
Dana, Marshall N., 118, 142.
Darhng, Jay N., 13, 160.
DeBoer, S. R., 155, 195, 210.
Delano, Frederic A., 5, 63.
Demaray, A. E., 30.
DeRouen, Ren6 L., 50.
Dickinson, John, 84.
Diggs, Charles H., 130.
Dobson, Meade C, 135.
Draper, Earle S., 105, 108, 134, 208.
Drury, Newton B., 189.
Duck Stamp Act, 19.
Eckhardt, Betty, 132.
Ecological Soc. of Am., 22.
EHot, Charles W., 2d, 5, 23, 139.
EUery, Wilham, 23.
Emergency Conserv. Work, 29, 58, 59,
181-5.
Emergency Housing Corp., 81, 90, 91, 200.
Emergency Works Admin., 214.
Engle, Lavinia, 153.
Everglades National Park, 50.
Evison, Herbert, 28, 181.
Fahey, John H., 88.
Fairfield County, Conn., 123-5.
Fechner, Robert, 28.
Federal City, 63-80.
Federal Emergency Rehef Admin., 7, 81,
141, 150.
Field, George Wilton, 16.
Finnan, C. Marshall. 65.
Fletcher, Laurence B., 23.
Ford, James. 99.
Forest Service, 11, 159.
Forest Towns, Wisconsin, 158-9.
Forests, National. See National Forests.
Frankel, Margo K., 160.
Fredericksburg National Military Park. 39.
Garden Club of Am., 22, 177.
George Washington Memorial Parkway,
68, 69.
Gilbert, Cass, 80.
Gilbert, Cass, Jr., 80.
Goodman, R. B., 158.
Grand Central Parkway 135-6.
Grand Coulee Dam, 142.
Grand Teton National Park, 47.
Graves, Henry S., 113.
Gray, L. C, 9.
Great Smoky Mtns. Nat. Park, 24, 29, 31.
Greeley, Wilham Roger, 23.
Hall, Bryant, 130.
Hare, S. Herbert. 157.
Harkness, Edward S., 191.
Hawaii National Park, 44.
Hawes, Harry B., 18.
Hearon. Fanning, 186.
Hibbard. B. H.. 121.
Highway Research Board, 176, 177.
Hinrichs, A. Ford, 8.
Historic Am. Bldgs. Survey. 32, 33-6.
Home Loan Bank Board, 81.
Home Owners Loan Corp., 81.
Hoover Dam, 210.
Hopkins, Harry L., 11, 33.
Housing, 81-102.
Housing Div.. PWA, 81, 90-1.
Hubbard, Henry V., 23.
Ickes, Harold L., 3, 6, 11, 33, 47, 140.
Ihlder, John, 73. 81.
Indian Affairs, Bur. of, 12.
Iowa State Conserv. Plan^ 160-1.
Izaak Walton League of Am.. 22.
Jackson Hole. Wyo., 20, 47-9.
Jefferson City, Mo., 193.
Keith, Luther M., 172.
Kneipp, L. F., 61.
Land Economics, Div. of, 9.
Land Planning, 3-24, 108.
Land Policy Com., 7.
Land Policy Section, AAA, 7, 10, 11, 12.
Land-Grant Colls, and Univs., Assn. of, 9.
277
278
INDEX
Land-Use, Adv. & Legis. Com. on, 10.
Land Utilizlation, 147-?.
Langley, James N., 149,
Lawton, Elizabeth B., 177.
Library of Congress, 36.
Liston, Katherine F., 102.
Lohmann, Karl B., 143, 202.
Lorwin, Lewis L., 8.
Los Angeles Co. Reg. Plan, Commn., 131.
Ludwig, William N., 162.
Lynn, David, 80.
MacDonald, G. B., 160.
MacDonald, Thomas H., 165.
Manning, Warren H., 23.
Marston, George W., 212.
McFarland, J. Horace, 47, 163.
McNary, Charles L., 19.
Mead, Elwood, 210.
Merriam, Charles E., 5.
Merriam, John C, 42.
Merrill, Harold, 214.
Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 15.
Mississippi Valley, 4.
Mississippi Valley Com., 111.
Mitchell, Wesley C, 5.
Monroe County, N. Y., 127.
Morgan, Arthur E., 105.
Morristown Nat. Historical Park, 38, 43.
Morrow, C. Earl, 97.
Moses, Robert, 136.
Mt. Vernon Memorial Highway, 69.
Mumford, Lewis, 152.
Muscle Shoals, 106.
Myers, W. I., 11.
Nat. Assn. of Audubon Socs., 22.
Nat. Assn. of Housing Officials, 101.
Nat. Cap. Park & Planning Commn., 63-70.
Nat. Capital Parks, 26, 30, 65, 67.
Nat. Conf. on State Parks, 185.
Nat. Forest Reserv. Commn., 56.
National Grange, 22.
Nat. Industrial Recovery Act, 91, 94.
Nat. Park Serv., 12, 25, 28-30, 32, 36,
39-40, 43-4, 46, 181-2, 185, 196.
Nat. Roadside Council, 22, 177, 178.
National Emergency Council, 8.
National Forests, 19, 20, 51-62, 160.
National Landscape Survey, 21.
National Land-Use Conf., 9.
National Land-Use Planning Com., 9.
National Parks, 25-50.
National Planning Bd., 4, 5, 7, 8, 13, 114-8,
139-42, 151, 153, 214-8.
National Recovery Admin., 31, 101, 165.
New England Reg. Plan Commn., 115-7.
Nolen, John, 23.
Nolen, John, Jr., 68.
Norbeck, Peter, 19.
Norris Dam, 134-5, 208-9.
Norris, Tenn., 208.
Oglebay, Crispin, 132.
Oglebay Park, 132-3.
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 31, 71, 189.
Pac. NW. Reg. Plan Commn., 118-20, 142.
Parker, Herbert. 23.
Parks, National. See National Parks.
Parks, National Capital. See National
Capital Parks.
Parks, State. See State Parks.
Paul, Charles H., 113.
Peaslee, Horace W., 90.
Peet, L. J., 147.
Pennsylvania Art Commn., 162, 163-4.
Perkins,, Frances, 27.
Perry, Clarence Arthur, 97.
Person, Harlow S., 113.
Peterson, Charles E., 33.
Phillips, John C, 23.
Planning, City. See City Planning.
Planning in Illinois, 143-6.
Planning, Land. See Land Planning.
Planning, State.. See State Planning.
Pomeroy, Hugh R., 128.
Pond, Bremer W., 23.
Powell, Fred, 9.
President of the U. S. See F. D. Roosevelt.
Pres. Conf. on Home Bldg. & Ownership, 99.
Presidio Hill Park, 212.
Public Roads, Bur. of, 31, 45, 165, 167,
168,169,177.
Public Works Admin., 5-7, 24, 71, 81, 90,
101, 111, 118, 167, 214, 217.
Ready, Lester S., 120.
Real Property Inventory, 81, 84-7.
Reconstruction Finance Corp., 81.
Recreation, State Parks and, 181-92.
Regional High,vays, 134-6.
Regional Plan Assn., 97.
Regional Planning, 105-36.
Roadside Development, 165-80.
Robertson, A. Willis, 21, 50.
Rockart, John R., 80.
Rockefeller, John D., Jr.. 48, 191, 205.
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 20, 25, 56, 60, 65.
Roosevelt, Mrs. Franklin D., 47.
Roosevelt, Theodore, Memorial Assn., 67-9.
Rowlands, W. A., 121.
San Mateo County, Cal., 128-30.
Santa Fe, N. M., 195-6, 197-8.
Save-the-Redwoods League, 189-94.
Sawyer, Robert, 120.
Selvidge, R. W., 157.
Shenandoah National Park, 24, 31.
Shoemaker, Carl D., 18.
Shurtleff, Flavel, 123.
Silcox, F. A., 51.
Simon, Louis A., 76.
Simonson, Wilbur H., 169.
State Capitals, 193-6.
State Parks, 29, 181-92.
State Planning, 139-64.
Story, Isabelle F., 46.
Stuart, Robert Y., 57.
Subsistence Homesteads Div., 81, 94-7.
Surplus Relief Corp., 7, 11, 12.
Tenn. Valley Authority, 105-10, 134, 208-9.
TVA Freeway, 134.
Tolley, H. R., 10.
Trenk, F. B., 121.
Trustees of Public Reserv., 22.
Vint, Thomas C, 33.
Wallace, Henry A., 11.
Waugh, Frank A., 23.
Wehrwein, George S., 121.
Westchester County Park System, 125-7.
Wilbur, Ray Lyman, 102.
Wilcox, J. Mark, 50.
Williams. Bradford, 21.
WiUiamsburg, Va., 205-7.
Wilson, M. L., 94.
Wirth, Conrad L., 28, 182.
Wolman, Abel, 154.
Woman's Nat. Farm & Garden Assn., 22.
Woodruff, Joseph Talmage. 114.
Woodward, Sherman M., 113.
Zoning, 121, 122, 148, 150.
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11